கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: உயிர்ப்பு 2001.01

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kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Kjd;ikahd cw;gj;jpahf tptrhak; ,Ue;jJ. rpW tptrhapfspdhYk; ngUksT epyq;fis nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUe;j epyTlikahsHfspdhYk; tptrha cw;gj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. NghbkhH> td;dpaH> KjypahH vd miof;fg;gl;l ngUk; epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuHfisr; #o;e;J Fj;jif tptrhapfSk; tptrha Ntiyahl;fSk; ,Ue;jhHfs;. gy ,lq;fspy; tptrha Ntiyahl;fSk; mtHfs; FLk;gj;jpdHfSk; epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuHfSld; jsHthd mbik cwtpy; itf;fg;gl;L ; ,ize;J
,Ue;jhHfs;. gpujhd tpthra cw;gj;jpg; nghUshf muprp tpsq;fpaJ. njhlH fq;iffSk; MWfSk; fzprkhf ,Ue;jjhy; ney; cw;gj;jp nropg;ghf mike;jJ. ,jNdhL Vida czTg; gapHr;nra;ifAk;
kzyhW Nkw;Nf .
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. cs;SH NjitfSf;Fg; Nghf kpFjpahf ,Ue;j muprp gpw ,lq;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Page 6
fly;> kw;Wk; MWfis mz;b tho;e;jtHfs; kPd;gpb kw;Wk; fly;rhH njhopy;fspy;  vQ;rpait fUthLfshf;- fg;gl;L> Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. ,tw;NwhL Fwpg;ghf> rq;Ffs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L gpw ,lq;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. flw;rpw;gpfs; kw;Wk; Rz;zf;fw;fs; vd;git Rz;zhk;Gfshf Mf;fg;gl;L cs;SHj; Njitf;Fk; Vw;Wkjpf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
,tw;iwtpl kl;lf;fsg;gpy; fhy;eil tsHg;G Kf;fpa njhopyhf tpsq;fpaJ. gue;j Nka;r;ry; epyq;fSk; Nghjpa ePH epiyfSk; fhzg;gl;l- jhdJ fhy;eil tsHg;Gf;F cfe;jjhf mike;jpUe;jd. khLfs;> vUikfs; kw;Wk; MLfs; vd;git ngUk;gz;izfspy; tsHf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf> md;iwa Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gJ ngupJk; khl;L tz;bfs; rhHe;jjhf ,Ue;jjhy;> caHju khL tsHg;G Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. njd;dpe;- jpahtpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l jhtsk; vd;w khl;bdk; fw;gpl;b Gj;jsg; ghijapDlhf kl;lf;fsg;Gf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L> mq;F tsHf;fg;gl;ld.
,tw;NwhL cs;SHj; Njitf;Fk; Vw;Wkjpf;- fhfTk; kl;ghz;l cw;gj;jpAk; xusTf;F ,lk;ngw;wJ.
fpof;Fj; jkpoHfs; ,Wf;fkhd Ml;rp Kiwapd; fPo; tho;e;jJ ,y;iy. mt;tg;NghJ jkpo; kd;dHfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Ff; fPo; tho;e;j NghJk; nkhop kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu uPjpahf NtWgl;bUe;j rpq;fs kd;dHfspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;jhd; ,tHfs; ePz;l fhyk; tho;e;jpUf;- fpd;whHfs;. ,Ue;Jk; $l ,tHfs; rpq;fs kd;dHfspdJk; jkpo; kd;dHfspdJk; Neubahd> ,Wf;fkhd fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F cl;gltpy;iy. vg;NghJk; jsHthd ngupJk; RahjPdkhd cwTfis jkJ Ml;rpahsHf-
Sld; ,tH spd; gpujpepj gpuptpdH> , ,Ue;jhHfs mjpfhuKk td;Kiw e fl;Lg;gLj;J ,j;jifa jkpoupilN epWtdq;fS thtij r Mzhjpf;f jsHthd X tjw;Fk; , epWtdg;g fyhr;rhukh epiyikfs
kl;lf;fsg;G kl;lf;fsg;G kl;lf;fsg;G kl;lf;fsg;G kl;lf;fsg;G fhzg;gl;l fhzg;gl;l fhzg;gl;l fhzg;gl;l fhzg;gl;l gpupTfSk; m gpupTfSk; m gpupTfSk; m gpupTfSk; m gpupTfSk; m mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; tbtj;jpy; tbtj;jpy; tbtj;jpy; tbtj;jpy; tbtj;jpy; r%f toi r%f toi r%f toi r%f toi r%f toi wpw;$lhf r wpw;$lhf r wpw;$lhf r wpw;$lhf r wpw;$lhf r NghjpYk; , NghjpYk; , NghjpYk; , NghjpYk; , NghjpYk; , epWtg;glt epWtg;glt epWtg;glt epWtg;glt epWtg;glt NtWgl;l r NtWgl;l r NtWgl;l r NtWgl;l r NtWgl;l r xusTf;F r xusTf;F r xusTf;F r xusTf;F r xusTf;F r
ngz;fs; x ,Ue;jhHfs tpjitfspd Nghd;w Ki uPjpahf> jh gpupitr; Nr NrHe;j ngz Sf;Fs; x Mjpf;fg; Fwpg;gpl;ls ,Ue;jhHfs KOtJk; FLk;gj;Jld ,jdhy; jp Mz; Ngha
6

o;e;jtHfs; py;  mq;F
Vw;Wkjpf;- xusTf;F
p Kiwapd; hJ jkpo; Po; tho;e;j u uPjpahf ; Ml;rpapd; ho;e;jpUf;- s; rpq;fs fspdJk; ;ghl;bw;F d ngupJk; ;rpahsHf-
Sld; ,tHfs; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. kd;dHf- spd; gpujpepjpfshf nraw;gl;l cs;SH Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdH> ,tHfis fl;Lg;gLj;JgtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,e;j cs;SH gpujpepjpfs; mjpfhuKk; nry;thf;Fk; ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk;> td;Kiw epWtdq;fspd; JizAld; kf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w kuG ,q;F epyttpy;iy. ,j;jifa Fwpg;ghd epiyikahdJ fpof;Fj; jkpoupilNa mjpfhu cwTfSk; mjpfhu epWtdq;fSk; ,Wf;fkhd Kiwapy; cU- thtij rhj;jpakw;wjhf;fpd. rhjp> kjk;> Mzhjpf;fk; rhHe;j mjpfhu Kiwikfspy; jsHthd XusT RahjPdkhd cwTfs; epyT- tjw;Fk; ,k;kf;fspd; fyhr;rhu tbtq;fs; epWtdg;glhky; ngupJk; ntF[d fyhr;rhukhf tpsq;Ftjw;Fk; ,f;Fwpg;ghd epiyikfs; fhuzkhfpd.
kl;lf;fsg;G jkpoHfs; kj;jpapy; rhjPa Kiwik kl;lf;fsg;G jkpoHfs; kj;jpapy; rhjPa Kiwik kl;lf;fsg;G jkpoHfs; kj;jpapy; rhjPa Kiwik kl;lf;fsg;G jkpoHfs; kj;jpapy; rhjPa Kiwik kl;lf;fsg;G jkpoHfs; kj;jpapy; rhjPa Kiwik fhzg;gl;lJ. njhopYf;F Vw;w rhjpg; fhzg;gl;lJ. njhopYf;F Vw;w rhjpg; fhzg;gl;lJ. njhopYf;F Vw;w rhjpg; fhzg;gl;lJ. njhopYf;F Vw;w rhjpg; fhzg;gl;lJ. njhopYf;F Vw;w rhjpg; gpupTfSk; mtw;wpf;fpilNa mjpfhug; gbepiy gpupTfSk; mtw;wpf;fpilNa mjpfhug; gbepiy gpupTfSk; mtw;wpf;fpilNa mjpfhug; gbepiy gpupTfSk; mtw;wpf;fpilNa mjpfhug; gbepiy gpupTfSk; mtw;wpf;fpilNa mjpfhug; gbepiy mikg;Gk; epytpd. ,Ue;Jk;> ,J jPtpukhd mikg;Gk; epytpd. ,Ue;Jk;> ,J jPtpukhd mikg;Gk; epytpd. ,Ue;Jk;> ,J jPtpukhd mikg;Gk; epytpd. ,Ue;Jk;> ,J jPtpukhd mikg;Gk; epytpd. ,Ue;Jk;> ,J jPtpukhd tbtj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. kPwKbahj tbtj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. kPwKbahj tbtj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. kPwKbahj tbtj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. kPwKbahj tbtj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. kPwKbahj r%f toik kw;Wk; mf kzKiw vd;gtw;- r%f toik kw;Wk; mf kzKiw vd;gtw;- r%f toik kw;Wk; mf kzKiw vd;gtw;- r%f toik kw;Wk; mf kzKiw vd;gtw;- r%f toik kw;Wk; mf kzKiw vd;gtw;- wpw;$lhf rhjPa Kiwik Ngzg;gl;L te;j wpw;$lhf rhjPa Kiwik Ngzg;gl;L te;j wpw;$lhf rhjPa Kiwik Ngzg;gl;L te;j wpw;$lhf rhjPa Kiwik Ngzg;gl;L te;j wpw;$lhf rhjPa Kiwik Ngzg;gl;L te;j NghjpYk; ,J xU mjpfhu Kiwikahf ,q;F NghjpYk; ,J xU mjpfhu Kiwikahf ,q;F NghjpYk; ,J xU mjpfhu Kiwikahf ,q;F NghjpYk; ,J xU mjpfhu Kiwikahf ,q;F NghjpYk; ,J xU mjpfhu Kiwikahf ,q;F epWtg;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; r%f mstpy; epWtg;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; r%f mstpy; epWtg;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; r%f mstpy; epWtg;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; r%f mstpy; epWtg;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; r%f mstpy; NtWgl;l rhjpfisr; NrHe;j kf;fspilNa NtWgl;l rhjpfisr; NrHe;j kf;fspilNa NtWgl;l rhjpfisr; NrHe;j kf;fspilNa NtWgl;l rhjpfisr; NrHe;j kf;fspilNa NtWgl;l rhjpfisr; NrHe;j kf;fspilNa xusTf;F rkj;Jtkhd cwT epytpaJ. xusTf;F rkj;Jtkhd cwT epytpaJ. xusTf;F rkj;Jtkhd cwT epytpaJ. xusTf;F rkj;Jtkhd cwT epytpaJ. xusTf;F rkj;Jtkhd cwT epytpaJ.
ngz;fs; xg;gPl;lstpy; Rje;jpukhdtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ghy;a tpthfk;> rjp Kiw> tpjitfspd; jiyKb kopg;G> Njtjhrp Kiw Nghd;w Kiwfs; ,q;F epyttpy;iy. rhjp uPjpahf> jho;e;j epiyapy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpupitr; NrHe;j ngz;fSk; mbikg;gpupitr; NrHe;j ngz;f Sk; jj;j kJ r%f vy;i yf- Sf;Fs; xusT RahjPdkhf ,Ue;jhHfs;. Mjpf;fg; gpupitr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lsT nrhj;Jupik ngw;wtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ngz;fs; jkJ tho;f;iff; fhyk; KOtJk; jkJ ngw;Nwhupfspy; jha;topf; FLk;gj;Jld; thof;$batHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,jdhy; jpUkzj;jpd; gpd; ngz;zpd; tPl;by; Mz; Ngha; tho Ntz;ba toik epytpaJ.
6

Page 7
,t;thW ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jupik ,Ue;jhYk; jkJ ngw;NwhHfspy; jkJ jha;topf; FLk;gj;Jld; thof;$ba epiyapypUe;jjhYk; ngz;fspd; epiy XusT caHe;jpUe;jJ. ,jdhy; ,k;kf;fspilNa Mzhjpf;f Kiwik xg;gPl;lstpy; mlf;FKiwj; jd;ikfs; Fiwe;jjhf epytpaJ.
kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpoupilNa epytpa xusT jd;dpiwthd nghUshjhuKk; mjpfhuj;Jt jd;ik Fiwe;j jsHthd r%f cwTfSk; mtHfspilNa tpUe;Njhk;Gk; gz;ig caHj;jpapUe;jd. gu];gu kupahijAk; cjtp nra;Ak; kdg;ghd;ikAk; fpof;fpd; fpuhkpag; gz;Gld; ,ize;jjhf ,Ue;jd.
,tHfspilNa tskhd ntF[df; fyhr;rhu kuGfs; epytpd. ehl;lhH ghly;fSk; ehl;Lf;$j;J tbtq;fSk; ,q;F ed;F Nt&d;wpapUe;jd. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jkpoHfs; nrwpthf tho;e;Jte;j gFjpfspy; ,g;ghuhk;gupa fyhr;rhu tbtq;fs; jkf;Fupa jdpj;Jt milahsq;fSld; nrOikngw;W tpsq;fpd. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; rpwe;j GytHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;. Ml;rpahsHfSf;- fhfNth my;yJ nry;te;jtHfSf;fhfNth ghly;fis ,aw;wNtz;ba mtrpak; Fiwthf ,Ue;jjhy; ,tHfs; jkJ ghly;fis Kw;wpYk; ,yf;fz tuk;gpw;Fs; cl;gLj;jptplhky; Ngr;R kuGld; neUq;fptuf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ghbdhHfs;.
,t;thW kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpoupilNa r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu mk;rq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l jdpj;Jtq;fs; mk;kf;fspd; tho;epiyAlDk; mtHfs; kj;jpapy; epytpa Ml;rp KiwAlDk; neUq;fpa njhlHGfisf; nfhz;litahf ,Ue;jd.
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jkpoUf;F mUNf fzprkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; K];yPk;fSk; tho;e;J te;jhHfs;. ,tHfSk; jkpioj; jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. ,tHfSila mbg;gilg; nghUshjhuKk; jkpoHfisg; Nghd;Nw tpthrhak; fly;rhH njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;eil tsHg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. fpof;Fj; jkpoHfspdJk;
tptrha e mtHfspd njhiytpY ,Ue;jd. , (cOjy;> ePH (fhl;L tp fhy;eilfi ,tHfs; gu] ,Ue;jhHf jkpoHfSf neUf;fkhd kl;lf;fsg;G ,ilNa epy nghJnkho ,t;tpU kf;f neUq;fpa c
,tHfNshL fpof;fpy; th gFjpfspy; r tho;f;if te;jhHfs nfhz;bUe;j ngupJk; jk jkpoHfs; k cwTfis NghJ fhl gupkhWt njhlHGfi td;dpj; j (kj;jpa j njw;Nf kz tiuAk; fpo Gj;jsk; t td;dpg;gF mz;ba x ikag; gpu gug;gpy; ml mw;w nj ,tHfspil vspjhf r epyg;gug;g fhLfsJk ,j;jifa
7

,Ue;jhYk; jha;topf; pUe;jjhYk; e;jpUe;jJ. Kiwik d;ikfs;
pa xusT jpfhuj;Jt wTfSk; ; gz;ig Ak; cjtp ; fpuhkpag;
; fyhr;rhu ly;fSk; ;F ed;F jkpoHfs; g;ghuhk;gupa jdpj;Jt tpsq;fpd. pYk; rpwe;j hsHfSf;- f;fhfNth mtrpak; ghly;fis ;gpw;Fs; kuGld; Hfs;.
Na r%f hzg;gl;l iyAlDk; iwAlDk; ;litahf
fzprkhd ; tho;e;J ;nkhopahff; mbg;gilg; Nghd;Nw k; fhy;eil HfspdJk;
tptrha epyq;fSk; Nka;r;ry; epyq;fSk; mtHfspd; FbapUg;Gf;fspypUe;J mjpf njhiytpYk; mlHfhLfSf;F mUNfAk; ,Ue;jd. ,jdhy; tptrhar; nrad;Kiwfs; (cOjy;> ePHgha;r;Rjy;> mWtil vd) ghJfhg;G (fhl;L tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J gapHfisAk; fhy;eilfisAk; ghJfhj;jy;) vd;git rhHe;J ,tHfs; gu];guk; jkf;fpilNa jq;fpatHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,jd; tpisthf ,q;F jkpoHfSf;Fk; K];yPk;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa neUf;fkhd cwTfs; epytpte;jd. ,t;thW kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpoHfSf;Fk; K];yPk;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa epytpa cw;gj;jp rhHe;j ey;YwTfSk; nghJnkhopAk; mUfUfhd FbapUg;Gf;fSk; ,t;tpU kf;fspilNa r%ff; fyhr;rhu uPjpapYk; neUq;fpa cwTfs; epyTtjw;F fhuzkhapd.
,tHfNshL g+HtPff; Fbfshd NtLtHfSk; fpof;fpy; tho;e;J te;jhHfs;. fhLfis mz;ba gFjpfspy; rpWrpW Fbirfspy; jkJ ghuk;gupa tho;f;if KiwfSld; ,tHfs; tho;e;J te;jhHfs;. xU rpy NtWghLfisf; nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk; ,tHfsp;d; nkhopahdJ ngupJk; jkpo; nkhopia xj;jpUe;jJ. ,tHfs; jkpoHfs; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fSld; neUf;fkhd cwTfisg; Ngzhj nghOjpYk; mt;tg; NghJ fhl;L tpisr;riy (Njd;> goq;fs;) gupkhWtjd; Clhf nghUshjhuj; njhlHGfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. td;dpj; jkpoHfs; (kj;jpa jkpoPok;) njw;Nf kzyhwpypUe;J tlf;Nf MidapwT tiuAk; fpof;Nf Ky;iyj;jPtpypUe;J Nkw;Nf Gj;jsk; tiuAk; xU mfd;w epyg;gug;ig td;dpg;gFjp cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. fliy mz;ba xug; gFjpfSk; tptrhaj;jpw;Fupa ikag; gpuNjrq;fSk; td;dpg; ngUepyg; gug;gpy; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ngupJk; ,ilaPLfs; mw;w njhlH epyg;gug;ghf ,Ue;jhy; ,tHfspilNa r%fj;njhlHGfs; xusTf;F vspjhf rhj;jpakhapd. ,Ue;Jk;> mfd;w epyg;gug;ghfTk;> Mq;fhq;Nf mlHe;j fhLfsJk; fhzg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf ,j;jifa njhlHGfs; ,Wf;fkhd r%f
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Page 8
cwTfshf khw;wk; ngwtp;y;iy. ,tHfs; khwpf; nfhz;bUe;j Ml;rp Kiwapd; fPo; tho;e;jhHfs;. jkf;Fupa murHfspd; fPOk; aho;g;ghz my;yJ njd;dpe;jpa murHfspd; fPOk; rpy re;jHg;gq;fspd; rpq;fs murHfspd; fPOk; ,tHfs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lhHfs;. ,j;jifa epiyikfspd; fhuzkhf ,tHfsJ r%f ,af;fk; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jJ.
td;dpapy; ney; cw;gj;jp Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpj;jJ. cg czTg; gapHfSk; nra;if gz;zg;gl;ld. td;dpg; ngUk;epyg; gug;G gapHr;nra;iff;Fupa tskhd kz;izf; nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk; mq;F ePH tsk; Fiwe;jjhf ,Ue;jJ. njhlH fq;iffNsh ngUk; MWfNsh ,y;yhjjhYk; kio ePH Njq;Fk; Fsq;fNs tptrhaj;jpw;fhd ePiu toq;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jjhYk; tptrhakhdJ gUtfhy epiyikfs; rhHe;jjhf mike;- jpUe;jJ. vdNt cw;gj;jpahdJ> nropg;Gkpf;- fjhfNth ngUkstpy; tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wj; jUtjhfNth Vw;Wkjp rhHe;jjhfNth mikatpy;iy. ,t;thW tptrha cw;gj;jp vy;iyg;gl;ljhfTk; tpisr;ry; epr;rakw;- wjhfTk; mike;jpUe;jjhy; ,k;kf;fspilNa epyTlik cwTfSk; mbik KiwikAk; ,Wf;fkhf epyttpy;iy. ngUk;ghNyhNdhH Jz;Lepyq;fis nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUe;- jhHfs; my;yJ Fj;jif tptrhapfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;.
,q;F fly;rhH njhopy; nropg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. Fwpg;ghf> kd;dhH> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk; Gj;jsk; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; kPd;gpbj; njhopy; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. kPd;fs; fUthLfshf;fg;gl;L gpw ,lq;fSf;F mDg;gg;gl;ld. ,q;F rq;Ffs; Nrfupj;J Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. flw;nwhopypy; rk;khl;b Kiw epytpaJ. Gj;jsk;> kd;dhH kw;Wk; jiykd;dhHg; gFjpfs; fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fupa ikaq;fshf tpsq;fpajhy; ,g;gFjpfisr; #o;e;J efuthf;fk; ,lk;ngw;- wNjhL tHj;jfKk; ed;F tsHr;rpaile;- jpUe;jJ.
td;dpj; j td;dpj; j td;dpj; j td;dpj; j td;dpj; j epytpa Ng epytpa Ng epytpa Ng epytpa Ng epytpa Ng mike;jpUe mike;jpUe mike;jpUe mike;jpUe mike;jpUe Kiw mt;t Kiw mt;t Kiw mt;t Kiw mt;t Kiw mt;t gbepiy x gbepiy x gbepiy x gbepiy x gbepiy x gLtij rhj gLtij rhj gLtij rhj gLtij rhj gLtij rhj mq;F epyt mq;F epyt mq;F epyt mq;F epyt mq;F epyt gbepiy N gbepiy N gbepiy N gbepiy N gbepiy N epytpa Ngh epytpa Ngh epytpa Ngh epytpa Ngh epytpa Ngh uPjpapy; jPt uPjpapy; jPt uPjpapy; jPt uPjpapy; jPt uPjpapy; jPt gpd;gw;wg;gl gpd;gw;wg;gl gpd;gw;wg;gl gpd;gw;wg;gl gpd;gw;wg;gl
,q;Fk; Mz ,Wfpa jd cs;s kpfg ngz;fs; c Ntz;bapUe ,Ue;jjhY Jk; ngw;Nw thof;$ba epiy xg;gPl
td;dpj; jk dJkhd M ,tHfs; kj tbtq;fs; tho;f;if $j;J tbt $lNt> kf ,q;F epyt kw;Wk; fyhr jdpj;Jtk epiyNahLk Ml;rp Ki cs;sd. x ,Ue;jika tbtq;fs; tptrha r% ngWtJ v wtHfis jpuz;bUf;F mt;thwpy;y vd;gJ ng tha;nkho mikfpd;w
8

Hfs; khwpf; pd; fPo; pd; fPOk; urHfspd; urHfspd; l;lhHfs;. ,tHfsJ ;Gfisf;
,lj;ij ; nra;if pyg; gug;G kz;izf; ePH tsk; ;iffNsh ; kio ePH ;fhd ePiu rhakhdJ f mike;- ropg;Gkpf;- g; ngw;Wj; jjhfNth cw;gj;jp epr;rakw;- ;fspilNa iwikAk; hNyhNdhH fhz;bUe;- rhapfshf
,Ue;jJ. k; Gj;jsk; ; rpwg;ghf g;gl;L gpw rq;Ffs; w;nwhopypy; k;> kd;dhH ; fg;gy; sq;fpajhy; ; ,lk;ngw;- r;rpaile;-
td;dpj; jkpoHfspilNa rhjPa Kiwik td;dpj; jkpoHfspilNa rhjPa Kiwik td;dpj; jkpoHfspilNa rhjPa Kiwik td;dpj; jkpoHfspilNa rhjPa Kiwik td;dpj; jkpoHfspilNa rhjPa Kiwik epytpa NghJk; mJ jsHthd tbtpNyNa epytpa NghJk; mJ jsHthd tbtpNyNa epytpa NghJk; mJ jsHthd tbtpNyNa epytpa NghJk; mJ jsHthd tbtpNyNa epytpa NghJk; mJ jsHthd tbtpNyNa mike;jpUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf> tptrha cw;gj;jp mike;jpUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf> tptrha cw;gj;jp mike;jpUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf> tptrha cw;gj;jp mike;jpUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf> tptrha cw;gj;jp mike;jpUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf> tptrha cw;gj;jp Kiw mt;tsT nropg;ghf ,y;yhjjhy; rhjPag; Kiw mt;tsT nropg;ghf ,y;yhjjhy; rhjPag; Kiw mt;tsT nropg;ghf ,y;yhjjhy; rhjPag; Kiw mt;tsT nropg;ghf ,y;yhjjhy; rhjPag; Kiw mt;tsT nropg;ghf ,y;yhjjhy; rhjPag; gbepiy xOq;F ,Wf;fkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;- gbepiy xOq;F ,Wf;fkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;- gbepiy xOq;F ,Wf;fkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;- gbepiy xOq;F ,Wf;fkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;- gbepiy xOq;F ,Wf;fkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;- gLtij rhj;jpakhf;ff; $ba nghUspay; jsk; gLtij rhj;jpakhf;ff; $ba nghUspay; jsk; gLtij rhj;jpakhf;ff; $ba nghUspay; jsk; gLtij rhj;jpakhf;ff; $ba nghUspay; jsk; gLtij rhj;jpakhf;ff; $ba nghUspay; jsk; mq;F epyttpy;iy. vdNt> rhjp uPjpapyhd mq;F epyttpy;iy. vdNt> rhjp uPjpapyhd mq;F epyttpy;iy. vdNt> rhjp uPjpapyhd mq;F epyttpy;iy. vdNt> rhjp uPjpapyhd mq;F epyttpy;iy. vdNt> rhjp uPjpapyhd gbepiy NtWghLfSk; mfkz KiwAk; gbepiy NtWghLfSk; mfkz KiwAk; gbepiy NtWghLfSk; mfkz KiwAk; gbepiy NtWghLfSk; mfkz KiwAk; gbepiy NtWghLfSk; mfkz KiwAk; epytpa NghJk; rhjpa KiwikahdJ r%f epytpa NghJk; rhjpa KiwikahdJ r%f epytpa NghJk; rhjpa KiwikahdJ r%f epytpa NghJk; rhjpa KiwikahdJ r%f epytpa NghJk; rhjpa KiwikahdJ r%f uPjpapy; jPtpukhd mlf;FKiwj; jd;ikAld; uPjpapy; jPtpukhd mlf;FKiwj; jd;ikAld; uPjpapy; jPtpukhd mlf;FKiwj; jd;ikAld; uPjpapy; jPtpukhd mlf;FKiwj; jd;ikAld; uPjpapy; jPtpukhd mlf;FKiwj; jd;ikAld; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy.
,q;Fk; Mzhjpf;f Kiwik epyTlikf;Fupa ,Wfpa jd;ikald; epyttpy;iy. r%fj;jpy; cs;s kpfg; ngUk;ghyhd gpupTfisr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; cw;gj;jp rhHe;j ciog;gpy;  ,Wf;fkh- dJkhd Ml;rp Kiwapd; fPo; tho;e;jpuhjjhy;> ,tHfs; kj;jpapy; epWtd tbtk; ngw;w fiy tbtq;fs; cUthftpy;iy. gjpyhf> fpuhkpa tho;f;if KiwNahL ,ire;jjhd ehl;Lf; $j;J tbtq;fs; ,q;F tsHr;rpaile;jd. $lNt> kf;fNshL ,ize;j GytH kuGk; ,q;F epytpaJ. td;dpj; jkpoHfspilNa r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu mk;rq;fspy; epytpa ,j;jifa jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs; mtHfspd; tho; epiyNahLk; mq;F epytpa khwpf;nfhz;bUe;j Ml;rp KiwfNshLk; njhlHGilatdthf cs;sd. xUGwk; cgupj; jpul;rp Fiwthf ,Ue;jikahy; epWtd jd;ik ngw;w fiy tbtq;fs; ,q;F Njhd;w Kbatpy;iy. xU tptrha r%fj;jpy; fiyfs; epWtdj; jd;ik ngWtJ vd;gJ mjpy; gq;F nfhs;fpd;- wtHfis Ngh\pf;ff; $basTf;F cgup jpuz;bUf;Fk; NghJ kl;LNk rhj;jpag;gLk;. mt;thwpy;yhJ NghJ mq;F fiy tbtq;fs; vd;gJ ngupJk; kf;fNshL ,ize;jjhf tha;nkhop kw;Wk; $j;J kuGfshf mikfpd;wd. kWGwk; td;dpapd; Ml;rp
8

Page 9
KiwahdJ mbf;fb khwpf; nfhz;bUe;jjhYk; NtWgl;l Ml;rp Kiwfs; epytpajhYk; ,j;jifa Ml;rp Kiwfspd; ikakhdJ rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fSld; vy;iyg;gl;L tpl;ljhYk; td;dpapy; mjpfhu epWtdj;jpd; MjuTld; fiyfs; cUthfNth epWtd tbtk; ngwNth Kbatpy;iy.
td;dpapy; Fwpg;ghf Gj;jsk; kw;Wk; kd;dhupy; XusT nrwpthfTk; tTdpah Ky;iyj;jPTg; gFjpfspy; rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapYk; K];yPk;fs; tho;e;J te;jhHfs;. tptrhak; kw;Wk; fly;rhH njhopy;fNshL Gj;jsk; kw;Wk; kd;dhHg; gFjpfspy; ,tHfspy; xU gpuptpdH tHj;jfj; njhopiyAk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jhHfs;. td;dpj; jkpoHfspilNa mjpfhu cwTfs; jsHthf ,Ue;jjhYk;> rhjpa Kiwikia ,Wf;fkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;glhjjhYk; jkf;fUNf jdpahd r%fkhf tho;e;J te;j K];yPk;fSld; Kuz;ghLfsw;w cwTfis mtHfs; Ngzp te;jhHfs;. aho;g;ghzj; jkpoH (tl jkpoPok;) njw;Nf Mizapwtpyp;Ue;J tlf;Nf fhq;Nfrd;Jiw tiuAk; fpof;Nf ntw;wpiyf;- NfzpapypUe;J Nkw;Nf jPTg;gFjpfs; tiuapyhd ghfq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf aho;g;ghzk; mikfpd;wJ. fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dpAld; xg;gpLifapy; rpwpa epyg;gug;gpy; kf;fs; nrwpthf thOfpd;w gpuNjrkhf ,J epyTfpd;wJ. rpwpa epyg;gug;gpy; nrwpthd Fbg;guk;giyf; nfhz;l gpuNjrkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,q;F kpf neUf;fkhd r%fj; njhlHGfs; epytpd. ,k;kf;fs; aho;g;ghz muRfspd; fPOk; rpy rkak; njd;dpe;jpa murHfspd; fPOk; tho;e;J te;jhHfs;. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf ,tHfspd; r%f ,af;fk; Kw;wpYk; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
mNdfkhf KOg;gFjpAk; flyhy; #og;gl;l xU jPgfw;gkhf aho;g;ghzk; mike;jpUf;- fpd;wJ. $lNt gy rpW jPTg;gFjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. njhlH fq;iffs; kw;Wk; ngupa MWfs; Nghd;wdTk; ,q;fpy;iy.
vdpDk; e gapHnra;Ak ,t;thW ts ePiuAk; nf #og;gl;bU nropg;Gw;W
,q;F ney nra;ifAk tptrhaj;j nts;shsHf cw;gj;jp epy nrhe;jf;fhu mbikfS Kiwik e lg;gl;lJk Mo;fpzw;W gl;lJk; mb nfhz;lJk tUkhdj;i
aho;g;ghz wpUe;jJ. , flw;nwho kPd;gpbNahL Nrfupg;Gk; Nghf;Ftuj kwtH rhj kd;dHfs; nrYj;jpAk njd;dpe;jpa Nghd;w eh tHj;jfj;Jl
aho;g;ghzj aho;g;ghzj aho;g;ghzj aho;g;ghzj aho;g;ghzj gpd;gw;wg;g gpd;gw;wg;g gpd;gw;wg;g gpd;gw;wg;g gpd;gw;wg;g Nghd;w rhj Nghd;w rhj Nghd;w rhj Nghd;w rhj Nghd;w rhj FWfpa e FWfpa ep FWfpa e FWfpa ep FWfpa e neUf;fkhd neUf;fkhd neUf;fkhd neUf;fkhd neUf;fkhd njhlHr;rpah njhlHr;rpah njhlHr;rpah njhlHr;rpah njhlHr;rpah epiyahd epiyahd epiyahd epiyahd epiyahd rhjpa Ki rhjpa Ki rhjpa Ki rhjpa Ki rhjpa Ki fhuzq;fsh fhuzq;fsh fhuzq;fsh fhuzq;fsh fhuzq;fsh
,tw;NwhL nfhz;l r%
9

Ue;jjhYk; tpajhYk; khdJ rpy ;iyg;gl;L tdj;jpd; h epWtd
; kd;dhupy; ;iyj;jPTg; K];yPk;fs; k; fly;rhH kd;dhHg; tHj;jfj; s;. td;dpj; ; jsHthf Wf;fkhfg; jdpahd Pk;fSld; fs; Ngzp
kpoPok;)
tlf;Nf tw;wpiyf;- ;gFjpfs; f;fpajhf ;F kw;Wk; pyg;gug;gpy; rkhf ,J nrwpthd uNjrkhf d r%fj; aho;g;ghz d;dpe;jpa ;. ,tw;wpd; ; Kw;wpYk; hz;ljhf
; #og;gl;l ke;jpUf;- jpfisAk; fs; kw;Wk; q;fpy;iy.
vdpDk; epyj;jpy; Mo;fpzWfspd; %yk; gapHnra;Ak; kuig ,k;kf;fs; ngw;wpUe;jhHfs;. ,t;thW tskpf;f kz;izAk;> tw;whj fpzw;W ePiuAk; nfhz;bUe;jjhy; tptrhaKk; flyhy; #og;gl;bUe;jhy; flw;nwhopYk; ,q;F nropg;Gw;W tpsq;fpd.
,q;F ney; cw;gj;jpNahL tHj;jfg; gapHr; nra;ifAk; gpujhd ,lj;ij tfpj;jd. tptrhaj;jpy; epyTlik cwTfs; epytpd. nts;shsHfs; Nghd;w Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;Nf cw;gj;jp epyq;fs; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jd. ,e;epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuHfspd; fPo; Fj;jif tptrhapfSk; mbikfSk; fl;Lg;gl;bUe;jhHfs;. mbik Kiwik ed;F ,Wf;fkhf epytpaJ. jpl;lkp- lg;gl;lJk; ed;F Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;;lJk; Mo;fpzw;W ePiuf; nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;- gl;lJk; mbik ciog;gpd; jpuz;l cgupiaf; nfhz;lJkhd tptrhaj;Jiw epiwe;j tUkhdj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; flw;nwhopYk; nropg;Gw;- wpUe;jJ. ,q;F rk;khl;bahH vd;w gpuptpdH flw;nwhopypy; Mf;fk; nrYj;jpdH. kPd;gpbNahL rq;Ffs; rpw;gpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Nrfupg;Gk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,tw;NwhL fg;gw; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; Kf;fpa njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. kwtH rhjpiar; NrHe;jtHfs; njd;dpe;jpa kd;dHfs; kw;Wk; tHj;jfHfspd; fg;giyr; nrYj;jpAk; jhNk fg;gy;fisf; fl;bAk; njd;dpe;jpah> gHkh> fpof;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs;> Nuhk; Nghd;w ehLfSldhd Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tHj;jfj;Jld; njhlHGw;wpUe;jhHfs;.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjPa Kiwik ,Wf;fkhfg; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjPa Kiwik ,Wf;fkhfg; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjPa Kiwik ,Wf;fkhfg; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjPa Kiwik ,Wf;fkhfg; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjPa Kiwik ,Wf;fkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. nts;shs> kilg;gs;sp gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. nts;shs> kilg;gs;sp gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. nts;shs> kilg;gs;sp gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. nts;shs> kilg;gs;sp gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. nts;shs> kilg;gs;sp Nghd;w rhjpfs; Mjpf;f epiyapy; tpsq;fpd. Nghd;w rhjpfs; Mjpf;f epiyapy; tpsq;fpd. Nghd;w rhjpfs; Mjpf;f epiyapy; tpsq;fpd. Nghd;w rhjpfs; Mjpf;f epiyapy; tpsq;fpd. Nghd;w rhjpfs; Mjpf;f epiyapy; tpsq;fpd. FWfpa epyg;gug;gpy; nrwpe;J tho;e;jJk; FWfpa epyg;gug;gpy; nrwpe;J tho;e;jJk; FWfpa epyg;gug;gpy; nrwpe;J tho;e;jJk; FWfpa epyg;gug;gpy; nrwpe;J tho;e;jJk; FWfpa epyg;gug;gpy; nrwpe;J tho;e;jJk; neUf;fkhd r%fj; njhlHGfs; epytpaJk;> neUf;fkhd r%fj; njhlHGfs; epytpaJk;> neUf;fkhd r%fj; njhlHGfs; epytpaJk;> neUf;fkhd r%fj; njhlHGfs; epytpaJk;> neUf;fkhd r%fj; njhlHGfs; epytpaJk;> njhlHr;rpahf ngUfpf; nfhz;bUe;j cgupAk;> njhlHr;rpahf ngUfpf; nfhz;bUe;j cgupAk;> njhlHr;rpahf ngUfpf; nfhz;bUe;j cgupAk;> njhlHr;rpahf ngUfpf; nfhz;bUe;j cgupAk;> njhlHr;rpahf ngUfpf; nfhz;bUe;j cgupAk;> epiyahd muR KiwikAk;> ,q;F epytpa epiyahd muR KiwikAk;> ,q;F epytpa epiyahd muR KiwikAk;> ,q;F epytpa epiyahd muR KiwikAk;> ,q;F epytpa epiyahd muR KiwikAk;> ,q;F epytpa rhjpa Kiwikia ed;F epiyngWtjw;F rhjpa Kiwikia ed;F epiyngWtjw;F rhjpa Kiwikia ed;F epiyngWtjw;F rhjpa Kiwikia ed;F epiyngWtjw;F rhjpa Kiwikia ed;F epiyngWtjw;F fhuzq;fshfpd. fhuzq;fshfpd. fhuzq;fshfpd. fhuzq;fshfpd. fhuzq;fshfpd.
,tw;NwhL ,q;F Nfhapy;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l r%f epHthf Kiwikfs; epytpaJk;>
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njd;dpe;jpahTld; neUf;fkhdJk; njhlHr;rpahd njhlHGfs; epytpaJk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjp Kiwik mjd; jPtpu tbtj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLtij rhj;jpakhf;fpd. ,q;F rhjpa KiwikahdJ cWjpahd gbepiyaikg;igf; nfhz;ljhfTk; epWtd tbtk; nfhz;ljhfTk; Ngzg;gl;lJ.
,q;F Mzhjpf;f KiwikAk; xg;gPl;lstpy; ,Wf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. Fwpg;ghf rhjp uPjpahf Mjpf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;jtHfs; kj;jpapy; ngz;fspd; RahjPdk; fzprkhf fl;Lg;gLj;- jg;gl;L te;jJ. fyhr;rhuk;> kjk; Nghd;wit ,q;F ed;F epWtdkag;gl;L ,Ue;jjhy; xOf;fnewpfs; fyhr;rhu kuGfs; Nghd;w- tw;iwg; gpd;gw;WtJ ,g;ngz;fs; kPJ tpjpahf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk;> ,tHfs; nrhj;Jupik ngw;wpUe;jjhYk; jkJ tho;f;iff; fhyk; KOtJk; ngw;NwhHfspd; jha;topf; FLk;gj;jpy; thof;$batHfshf ,Ue;jjhYk; ,j;jifa kj kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu ,Wf;fq;fisAk; kPwp rhjp uPjpapy; Mjpf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;j gpuptpdup;d; ngz;fs; xg;gPl;lstpy; RahjPdk; ngw;wtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,e;jpahtpy; epytpa ghy;a tpthfk;> rjpKiw> fl;lha ifk;ik> Njtjhrp Kiwik vd;gd ,q;F epyttpy;iy. ,tHfis tpl rhjpa xOq;fiktpy; fPo;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;NghJ ngz;fspd; epiyapy; $ba RahjPdk; fhzg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf> ngz;fs; cw;gj;jpapy;  ed;F epWtdkag;gl;l fiy tbtq;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tsHr;rp ngw;wpUe;jd. epiyahd Ml;rp Kiw njhlHr;rpahf epytpajhYk; jilaw;w cgupj; jpul;rp rhj;jpakhfpajhYk; neUf;fkhd njd;dpe;jpaj; njhlHGfs; Vw;gl;bUe;jjhYk;
fyhr;rhu C fYk; ed;F vd;W nrhy Nt&d;wp nry;te;jH ghuk;gupak epWtdg;gl gFjp Nfha guhkupg;gj Kiwik M Nghd;wtw epWtdkhf Mjpf;fg fl;Lg;ghl;b Nt&d;wpapU Nfhapy;fi tpsq;fpaJ.
,t;thW a mq;F epyt KiwAk; jdpf;Fwpg;g kf;fspd; V kl;lf;fsg cgupj; jpul cwTfSk $ba r% tpsq;fpdhH
aho;g;ghz K];yPk;fS xU gpuptpdH $ypj; njh ,tHfs; jk nfhz;bUf;f epytpa ah Mjpf;f rh nfhz;bUe fPo;epiya r%fq;fis nrhe;jkh te;jpUe;jj epyq;fs; jkpoHfspi K];yPk;fs
10

khdJk; pytpaJk; jd; jPtpu pakhf;fpd. Wjpahd k; epWtd ;lJ.
;gPl;lstpy; jp uPjpahf kj;jpapy; l;Lg;gLj;- Nghd;wit Ue;jjhy; ; Nghd;w- ;fs; kPJ ;> ,tHfs; tho;f;iff; jha;topf; Ue;jjhYk; ; q;fisAk; py; ,Ue;j ; RahjPdk; py; epytpa ifk;ik> ttpy;iy. ;fiktpy; ; epiyapy; Fwpg;ghf> 

Page 11
NghjpYk; fUj;jpay; uPjpahf rhjpag; gbepiy xOq;fpy; mtHfs; MfTk; fPo;epiyapy; cs;stHfshf fUjg;gl;lhHfs;. rhjp kj fyhr;rhu ,Wf;fq;fSk; mjpfhug; gbepiy mikg;Gk; jPtpukhf gpd;gw;wg;gl;l aho;g;- ghzj;jpy; jkpoHfSf;Fk; K];yPk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT gy re;jHg;gq;fspy; Kuz;ghl;Lf;F cupajhf epytpaJ. ,j;jifa Kuz;ghLfs; jPtpukilfpd;w epiyapy; mJ K];yPk;fs; kPjhd td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjy;f- shfTk; mtHfsJ tho;tplq;fspypUe;J mtHfis ntspNaw;WtjhfTk; mike;jp- Ue;jd. ,j;jifa td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjy;fs; ngupJk; Mjpf;fg; gpuptpduhy; Kd;ndLf;- fg;gl;L te;jd.
,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; %d;W ngUk; gpuptpdUk; jkf;nfd jdpj;jdpahd r%f
,af;fq;fi ,tHfSf;F nghUshjh te;Js;sd uPjpahd nj cwTfSk ,tw;NwhL nfhz;bUe fyhr;rhuk; njhlHr;rpa ,it ,k ,af;fj;jpw NghJkhd t ,t;thW e jkf;Fupa j nfhz;bUe Mf;fpukpg;G
11

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1. Gjpjhf
kw;Wk; e xU gpu gq;Nfw; Vw;fdNt nfhz;l kd;dh kl;lf;fs tpsq;fpd Mjpf;f mwpKf fl;lik khwpajh ekJ k ,g;gpuptp tpsq;Ft
2. 1833 ,y Ml;rp eltbf;i fhuzk mJti milah ,yq;if xd;whf kf;fspd cupikf gpd;dhl;f kf;fs; mike;j murpay ekJ k Vw;fdNt Mjpf;f jpUNfhz fsg;ig jk;ik ,
14

PrH kw;Wk; f; fpof;fpy; k;ngw;wd. H> Gj;jsk;> Fjpfspy; kj;jNjhL pl;l uPjpapy; ; fhuzkhf Uk; ekJ ;fpdhHfs;. ;dhl;fspy; ; tho;tpy; ;jdH.
k;
kf;fspd; l;gl;lJ. hUshjhu> sAk; Gjpa ; mtHfs; ; cUthfp
;ghsHfsp- ;ghsHfsp- ;ghsHfsp- ;ghsHfsp- ;ghsHfsp- s; ,uz;L s; ,uz;L s; ,uz;L s; ,uz;L s; ,uz;L s;. xd;W> s;. xd;W> s;. xd;W> s;. xd;W> s;. xd;W> pYk; Gjpa pYk; Gjpa pYk; Gjpa pYk; Gjpa pYk; Gjpa wikfis wikfis wikfis wikfis wikfis ;F epytpa ;F epytpa ;F epytpa ;F epytpa ;F epytpa wTfspy; wTfspy; wTfspy; wTfspy; wTfspy; ;wq;fis wq;fis ;wq;fis wq;fis ;wq;fis
Nd jkJ tj;jpUf;- r;rtbtpy; Njitah- lkhfTk; sq;fis ykhfTk; ;. vdNt> > fyhr;rhu ; rhjfkhd tJk; Gjpa
murpay;> ePjp epHthf KiwfisAk; epWTtJk; mtHfSf;F mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ.
,tw;wpd; tpisTfs; ekJ kf;fis typTld; jhf;fpd. ekJ kf;fspd; gd;Kf ,af;fq;fs; kPJ> mbg;gilahd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa ,e;epfo;Tfis ehk; gpd;tUkhW njhFf;fyhk;.
1. Gjpjhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; ePjp kw;Wk; epHthfj; Jiwfspy; ekJ kf;fspy; xU gpuptpdH gq;Nfw;whHfs;. ,t;thW gq;Nfw;wtHfspd; Kf;fpa gpuptpduhf Vw;fdNt nfhOk;gpy; jk;ik epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUk; aho;g;ghzk;> kd;dhH> jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;Gr; rhHe;j Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUk; tpsq;fpdhHfs;. ,t;thW ekJ r%fj;jpd; Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdH Mq;fpNyaH mwpKfg;gLj;jpa mur kw;Wk; epHthf fl;likg;Gf;fspy; cs;SH epHthfpfshf khwpajhdJ> gpd;te;j ePz;l fhyq;fSf;F> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy;> ,g;gpuptpdH jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wtHfshf tpsq;Ftjw;F fhuzkhfpaJ.
2. 1833 ,y; Mq;fpNyaH KOehl;ilAk; xNu Ml;rp Kiwapd; fPo; epHtfpg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhHfs;. ,jd; fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;gpd; fPo; mJtiu jdpahd r%fkhf ,aq;fpAk;> milahsk; fhzg;gl;Lk; te;j ekJ kf;fs; ,yq;ifapYs;s Vida r%fq;fSld; xd;whf ,izf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ekJ kf;fspd; RahjPdj;ijAk;> jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; cupikfisAk; kWj;j ,e;j epfo;thdJ> gpd;dhl;fspy; rpq;fs Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;> ekJ kf;fs; mlf;fg;gLtjw;fhd fUthf mike;jJ. Gjpjhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; ePjp kw;Wk; epHthfj; Jiwfspy; ekJ kf;fspd; xU gpuptpdH nfhOk;gpy; Vw;fdNt jk;ik epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mjpf;fg;gpuptpdUk; aho;g;ghzk;> jpUNfhzkiy> kd;dhH kw;Wk; kl;lf;- fsg;igr; rhHe;j Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUk; jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;. ,jDlhf
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Page 15
gy;NtW Kuz;ghLfis vjpHnfhz;l NghjpYk; ekJ kf;fs; xNu r%fkhf ,iztjw;fhd mj;jpthuk; ,lg;gl;lJ.
3. 1844k; Mz;L Mq;fpNyaH ,q;F epytpa mbik Kiwia ePf;fpdhHfs;. ,J ekJ kf;fspd; r%f cwTfspy; fzprkhd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. td;dp> kl;lf;fsg;G jkpoHfisg; nghWj;jtiu mbik Kiwikfspd; ePf;fkhdJ Vw;fdNt jsHthfg; gpizf;fg;gl;bUe;j fzprkhd gpuptpdiu Rje;jpukhd ciog;- ghsHfshf khw;wpaJ. aho;g;ghzj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; mbik Kiwik ePf;fg;gl;ljhdJ cldbahf ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. Vnddpy;> mq;F epytpa ,Wf;fkhd rhjpaf; fl;liktpy; ,e;j mbikfs; Vw;fdNt fPo;epiyapy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy; mbik Kiwik ePf;fg;gl;l gpd;Gk; $l mtHfs; njhlHe;Jk; rhjpg; gbKiwapd; mNjepiyapy; ePbf;f Ntz;batHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. vdpDk;> ,tHfs; mbik epiyapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;ljhdJ Rje;jpukhd Kiwapy; ,aq;fTk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; rhjpa Kiwf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fspy; ,tHfs; jPtpukhfg; gq;Fnfhs;sTk; Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa rf;jpahf khwTk; topNaw;gLj;jpaJ.
4. KOehl;ilAk; xNu epHthf kw;Wk; Ml;rp Kiwf;Fs; itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis jilapd;wp Nkw;nfhs;- tjw;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;J vspjhf;fg;gLtJ mtrpak;. vdNt> Mq;fpNyaHfs; ehl;bd; gy gFjpfisAk; ClWj;Jr; nry;fpd;w ePz;l tPjpfisAk; ,uapy; ghijfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpdhHfs;. ,J ekJ kf;fis ntspaplq;fSld; njhlHGgLj;jpa mNjNeuj;jpy; ,Jtiu fhyKk; jkf;fpilNa neUq;fpa njhlHGfs; ,d;wp ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; jdpj;J tho;e;J te;j ekJ kf;fspilNa mbf;fbAk; neUf;fkhdJkhd njhlHGfs;
Vw;gLt mtHfs Gwepiy Jhz;lY
5. 1833,y fl;Lg;gh jdpahupd Vw;fdNt fPo; nfh ,izg;g cUthf muRf;F tHj;jj; J ,J tp Vw;gLj;j re;iji gapH cw Fwpg;ghf gapH cw MHtkh
6. Mq;fpNy
mf;fi cUthf fTk; xO fw;w c mtrpa tpupti mtrpaK vz;zpf cUthf ghlrhi dhHfs;. Nahfk; mtrpak ePf;fg;g fzprkh khwpdhH
,g;NghJ Nkw;nfhz fyhr;rhu k Gjpa cwT gpuptpdHfS
15

pHnfhz;l r%fkhf g;gl;lJ.
;F epytpa ,J ekJ fzprkhd td;dp> Wj;jtiu Pf;fkhdJ g;gl;bUe;j d ciog;- hzj;ijg; Kiwik f ghupa Vnddpy;> rhjpaf; Vw;fdNt hy; mbik mtHfs; iwapd; atHfshf ; mbik l;ljhdJ aq;fTk; vjpuhd Ptpukhfg; pLjiyg; f khwTk;
;Wk; Ml;rp ghUshjhu kw;nfhs;- ;fg;gLtJ s; ehl;bd; nry;fpd;w jfisAk; kf;fis GgLj;jpa fhyKk; fs; ,d;wp ;J tho;e;J bf;fbAk; hlHGfs;
Vw;gLtjw;Fk; toptFj;jJ. ,jdhy; mtHfs; xNu r%fkhf xd;wpiztjw;fhd Gwepiy tha;g;Gf;fSk; czHTj; Jhz;lYk; mjpfupj;jd.
5. 1833,y; tHj;jfj; Jiwapy; murpd; fl;Lg;ghL mfw;wg;gl;ljhy; mj;Jiwapd; jdpahupd; gq;Nfw;G Jupjkhf mjpfupj;jJ. Vw;fdNt KOehl;ilAk; xNu Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jjhYk; KOehl;ilAk; ,izg;gjw;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;J khHf;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhYk; ,g;NghJ tHj;jfj;jpy; muRf;F ,Ue;j VfNghfk; ePf;fg;gl;ljhYk; tHj;jj; JiwahdJ ngUk; tsHr;rp ngw;wJ. ,J tpthraj; JiwapYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. tptrhakhdJ NkYk; NkYk; re;ijia ,yf;fhff; nfhz;ljhf tHj;jfg; gapH cw;gj;jpahf khw;wk; mile;J te;jJ. Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghz tptrhapfs; tHj;jfg; gapH cw;gj;jpapy; Kd;idtplj; jPtpukhfTk; MHtkhfTk;  $Ljy; vz;zpf;ifapy; fy;tp fw;wtHfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhf mjpf kp\dupg; ghlrhiyfis Mq;fpNyaHfs; epWtp- dhHfs;. ghlrhiyapy; fw;gjw;Fk; cj;jp- Nahfk; ngWtjw;Fk; kjk; khWtJ mtrpak; vd;wpUe;j Kd;ida tpjpKiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> ekJ kf;fspy; fzprkhNdhH ,g;NghJ fy;tp fw;gtHfshf khwpdhHfs;.
,g;NghJ Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsH Nkw;nfhz;l r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu khw;wq;fspdhy; ekj kf;fspilNa Gjpa cwTfSk;> Gjpa eyd;fisf; nfhz;l gpuptpdHfSk; Ntfkhf cUthfp te;jhHfs;.
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Page 16
mur epHthfj; Jiwfspy; gq;Nfw;NwhH> tHj;jfHfs;> fy;tp fw;NwhH... vd njhlHr;rpahf mjpfupj;J te;j ,g;gpuptpdHfspd; eyd;fs; g+Hj;jp nra;ag;gLtjw;F> murpay; uPjpapYk;> nghUshjhu fyhr;rhu uPjpapYk; njhlHr;rpahf khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpaJ. $Ljy; murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> epHthfj; Jiwfspy; mjpfkstpy; gq;Nfw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; epHthfj; Jiwapy; Eiotjw;Fk; fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk; jilahf mike;j fhuzpfs; mfw;wg;gLjy;> tHj;jfj;jpw;Fk; cw;gj;jp Kaw;rpfSf;Fk; NkYk; $Ljy; tha;g;Gfs; vd . . . Gjpjhf cUthfpa gpuptpdupd; eyd;fs; tpupe;J nrd;wd. ,t;thW> Gjpa gpuptpdHfs; mjpfupj;j mstpy; cUthtJk; mtHfspd; eyd;fs; g+Hj;jp nra;ag;gLtjw;F Gjpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;JtJk; xU mtrpa Roy;Nghd;W ,q;F khwp> khwp epfo;e;jd. ,jd; tpisthf> ,yq;ifapy; murpay; jpUj;jq;fs;> rl;lj; jpUj;jq;fs; . . . vd xU FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
vdpDk; ,j;jifa khw;wq;fs;> Gjpjhf cUthfp te;j gpuptpdupd; eyd;fis g+Hj;jp nra;af; $ba mstpYk;> Ntfj;jpYk; mike;jpUf;- ftpy;iy. Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xt;nthU khw;wKk; xt;nthU murpay; rPHjpUj;jKk; ,yq;ifapd; kPjhd mtHfspd; Mjpf;fg;gpbia gytPdg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;jd. ,jdhy; ,j;jifa khw;wq;fis rpwpa mstpYk;> ePz;lfhy ,ilntspapYk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; Mq;fpNyaH mf;fiw nfhz;lhHfs;. ,t;thW Ntfkhf mjpfupj;J te;j Gjpa gpuptpdupd; eyd;fs; Nghjpa mstpYk;> Nghjpa Ntfj;jpYk; g+Hj;jp nra;ag;glhky; njhlHe;- jjd; fhuzkhf> ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf nraw;- glf;$ba gpuptpdHfs; gbg;gbNa cUthfp te;jhHfs;. ,e;j vjpHg;Gfs; kjj;jsj;jpYk; murpay; jsj;jpYk; ntspg;gl;ld.
xU r%fk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH> xU r%fk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH> xU r%fk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH> xU r%fk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH> xU r%fk; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH> Mf;fpukpg;ghsUf;F vjpuhf me;j r%fj;jplk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsUf;F vjpuhf me;j r%fj;jplk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsUf;F vjpuhf me;j r%fj;jplk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsUf;F vjpuhf me;j r%fj;jplk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsUf;F vjpuhf me;j r%fj;jplk; ,Ue;J ntspg;gLfpd;w vjpHg;Gj; jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspg;gLfpd;w vjpHg;Gj; jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspg;gLfpd;w vjpHg;Gj; jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspg;gLfpd;w vjpHg;Gj; jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspg;gLfpd;w vjpHg;Gj; jsq;fspy;
xd;whf kj xd;whf kj xd;whf kj xd;whf kj xd;whf kj topghl;Lf;F topghl;Lf;F topghl;Lf;F topghl;Lf;F topghl;Lf;F xU r%fj;j xU r%fj;j xU r%fj;j xU r%fj;j xU r%fj;j fyhr;rhuj;J fyhr;rhuj;J fyhr;rhuj;J fyhr;rhuj;J fyhr;rhuj;J
,e;epiyapy kf;fspd; ghjpg;Gf;Fs ek;gpf;iff Mf;fpukpg;g jsj;jpYk;
NghHj;Jf Mq;fpNya nfhs;iff njhlHr;rpa te;jpUf;fpd Nfhapy;fi jil tpjpj td;Kiw NghjpYk;> tbtj;jpY Ntiytha "tpUg;gg+H nraw;ghLf Fwpg;ghf e gpd;gw;Wfpd;w jhf;Fjy;fi INuhg;gpa M uPjpahd j kf;fspilN Kd;ndLf rq;fpypad jPtpukhf n Mjpf;fk; , gpd;dhl;f eltbf;if gltpy;iy.
19k; Ehw;w khw;wj;jp Mjpf;fj;jpw Kd;ndL MWKfeht Lf;fg;gl;lJ
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;Nfw;NwhH> hlHr;rpahf ; eyd;fs; ; uPjpapYk;> hlHr;rpahf pakhfpaJ. epHthfj; w;gjw;fhd otjw;Fk; fhuzpfs; cw;gj;jp ;g;Gfs; vd ; eyd;fs; puptpdHfs; mtHfspd; w;F Gjpa mtrpa ;jd. ,jd; pUj;jq;fs;> U FWfpa j;jg;gl;ld.
f cUthfp p nra;af; ke;jpUf;- Hfspdhy; khw;wKk; yq;ifapd; g;gpbia ,jdhy; mstpYk;> fhs;tjpy; ;. ,t;thW gpuptpdupd; Nghjpa ; njhlHe;- kj;jpapy; f nraw;- cUthfp ;jsj;jpYk;
gpd;dH> gpd;dH> gpd;dH> gpd;dH> gpd;dH> %fj;jplk; %fj;jplk; %fj;jplk; %fj;jplk; %fj;jplk; sq;fspy; sq;fspy; sq;fspy; sq;fspy; sq;fspy;
xd;whf kjKk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. kjk; vd;gJ xd;whf kjKk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. kjk; vd;gJ xd;whf kjKk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. kjk; vd;gJ xd;whf kjKk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. kjk; vd;gJ xd;whf kjKk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. kjk; vd;gJ topghl;Lf;Fupa xU mk;rk; kl;Lky;y. mJ topghl;Lf;Fupa xU mk;rk; kl;Lky;y. mJ topghl;Lf;Fupa xU mk;rk; kl;Lky;y. mJ topghl;Lf;Fupa xU mk;rk; kl;Lky;y. mJ topghl;Lf;Fupa xU mk;rk; kl;Lky;y. mJ xU r%fj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifAlDk; tuyhw;WlDk; xU r%fj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifAlDk; tuyhw;WlDk; xU r%fj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifAlDk; tuyhw;WlDk; xU r%fj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifAlDk; tuyhw;WlDk; xU r%fj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifAlDk; tuyhw;WlDk; fyhr;rhuj;JlDk; gpd;dpg; gpize;J epw;fpd;wJ. fyhr;rhuj;JlDk; gpd;dpg; gpize;J epw;fpd;wJ. fyhr;rhuj;JlDk; gpd;dpg; gpize;J epw;fpd;wJ. fyhr;rhuj;JlDk; gpd;dpg; gpize;J epw;fpd;wJ. fyhr;rhuj;JlDk; gpd;dpg; gpize;J epw;fpd;wJ.
,e;epiyapy; xU Mf;fpukpg;ghsupdhy; RNjrpa kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuk; kjk; vd;git ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; nghOJ mr;rKfj;jpd; ek;gpf;iffs; Nfs;tpf;Fs;shf;fg; gLk;NghJ Mf;fpukpg;ghsUf;F vjpuhd tpj;J kjj; jsj;jpYk; Kistp;lj; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ.
NghHj;Jf;fPrUk;> xy;yhe;jUk; gpd;dH Mq;fpNyaUk; ,e;J kjj;jpd; kPJk; mjd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; topghLfs; kPJk; njhlHr;rpahd jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. Muk;gj;jpy; ,it> ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fis mopj;jy;> kj topghLfSf;F jil tpjpj;jy;> fl;lha kjkhw;wk; . . . Nghd;w td;Kiw tbtq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghjpYk;> gpd;dH ngupJk; fUj;jpay; tbtj;jpYk; mike;jd. gpur;rhuk;> fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;G> nghUshjhu trjpfs;> "tpUg;gg+Htkhd" kjkhw;wk; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfSf;$lhf ,e;J kjj;jpd; kPJ> Fwpg;ghf ekJ kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH gpd;gw;Wfpd;w irt kjj;jpd; kPJ ,tHfs; jkJ jhf;Fjy;fis njhLj;J te;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. INuhg;gpa Mf;fpkpg;ghsHfspd; ,j;jifa kj uPjpahd jhf;Fjy;fSf;F vjpuhf ,e;J kf;fspilNa ntspg;gilahd Nghuhl;lq;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gltpy;iy. Muk;gepiyapy; rq;fpypad; kd;dd; kjkhw;wj;jpw;F vjpuhf jPtpukhf nraw;gl;l NghjpYk;> INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fk; ,q;F cWjpahf epiyngw;Wtpl;l gpd;dhl;fspy;> ,tw;Wf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffs; gfpuq;fkhf Kd;ndLf;fg;- gltpy;iy.
19k; Ehw;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy;jhd; kj khw;wj;jpw;Fk; Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhu Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf> gfpuq;f nraw;ghLfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j vjpHg;G MWKfehtyH vd;w kdpjUlhf Kd;nd- Lf;fg;gl;lJ. INuhg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy;>
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irt kjj;jpw;Fk;> mjd; mD\;lhdq;fSf;Fk; Vw;gl;bUe;j ghjpg;GfSf;Fk;> jkpo; fyhr;rhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;L te;j khw;wq;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf jdpj;J> JzpTld; Fuy; nfhLj;j kdpjuhf MWKfehtyH tpsq;fpdhH. Kw;wpYk; kjj;jsj;jpy;> kjj; Jha;ikahf;fk; rhHe;Nj ,tuJ vjpHg;Gfs; mike;jpUe;j NghjpYk;> Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd xU FuyhfTk;> jkpoj; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; njhlf;fkhfTk; ,tuJ nraw;ghLfs; mike;jd.
iggpis nkhopngaHf;f cjtpajhy; fpwp];jt kjk; gw;pa mwpTk;> Rafw;wypd; tpisthf Mo;e;j irtkj mwpTk; ngw;wtuhf ehtyH tpsq;fpdhH. vdNt> xNu Neuj;jpy; fpwp];j- tj;jpw;F vjpuhf cWjpAld; thjplf; $ba- tuhfTk;> irt kjj;ij epWtdg;gLj;- JgtuhfTk; ehtyH nraw;gl;lhH. fpwp];jt kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fk; Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf> irt rkaj;ijAk; irtj;ij mbg;- gilahff; nfhz;l tho;f;if KiwiaAk; mtH Kd;dpWj;jpdhH. ,jd; fhuzkhf> ehtyupd; nraw;ghLfs;> Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf mike;j fyff; Fuyhf ntspg;gl;l mNjNeuj;jpy;> kWGwk; ekJ kf;fspilNa rhjpa KiwikAk;> ir kjKk;> Mzhjpf;f fUj;jpaYk; kWthHg;G nra;ag;- gLtjw;Fk; epWtd tbtk; ngWtjw;Fk; fhuzkhapd.
kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fk; Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhu Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf MWKfehtyH Kd;ndLj;j nraw;ghLfs;> md;iwa aho;g;ghz r%fj;jpd; Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fSld; XusTf;F neUf;fkhf gpize;jpUe;jd. INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fj;jpDlhf> nts;shs rhjpapdH> Vida rhjpfis tpl> jk;ik Mjpf;f epiyapy; epWj;jpapUe;jhHfs;. INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Kd;dH> r%f uPjpapy; nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;j Vida Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdHfshd kilg;gs;sp> kwtH Nghd;w rhjpfis gpd;Df;Fj; js;sp> nts;shsHfs; jk;ik Mjpf;f epiyapy; ,Uj;jpapUe;jhHfs;. INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Kd;Ng> nts;sh-
sHfs; epyr Mjpf;fk; n INuhg;gpa M Jiwfspd ,tHfs; , Mjpf;fkhd kl;lq;fis nry;thf;F Vw;gLj;jpa ,g;gpuptpdHf Jiwfspy fpilj;jd. VfNghfk; r%fj;ijr; Eioa K mLj;jLj;j fy;tp> Nt Nghd;wtw nry;thf;Fk r%f Mjpf ,t;thwhd Mq;fpNya kjr;rPHjpUj
kjkhw;wj;j kjkhw;wj;j kjkhw;wj;j kjkhw;wj;j kjkhw;wj;j vjpuhf eht vjpuhf eht vjpuhf eht vjpuhf eht vjpuhf eht irt-Ntsh irt-Ntsh irt-Ntsh irt-Ntsh irt-Ntsh ,ire;jjh ,ire;jjh ,ire;jjh ,ire;jjh ,ire;jjh mwpKfg;gL mwpKfg;gL mwpKfg;gL mwpKfg;gL mwpKfg;gL my;yJ M my;yJ M my;yJ M my;yJ M my;yJ M Jiwfspd Jiwfspd Jiwfspd Jiwfspd Jiwfspd ehtyH vjpH ehtyH vjpH ehtyH vjpH ehtyH vjpH ehtyH vjpH cj;jpNahf cj;jpNahf cj;jpNahf cj;jpNahf cj;jpNahf mtH vjpHj mtH vjpHj mtH vjpHj mtH vjpHj mtH vjpHj
kj khw;w NrHe;jtHfs $bajhfT r%f Mjpf epiyapy;> ,j;jifa ,Ue;jJ. k kjj;ijr; N ahky; ghJ kjkhw;wj;j
17

q;fSf;Fk; ;> jkpo; q;fSf;Fk; ; nfhLj;j H. Kw;wpYk; k; rhHe;Nj NghjpYk;> puhd xU f;fj;jpd; w;ghLfs;
; fpwp];jt tpisthf hf ehtyH ; fpwp];j- plf; $ba- tdg;gLj;- fpwp];jt huj;jpw;Fk; ;ij mbg;- iwiaAk; huzkhf> q;fpNya f; Fuyhf wk; ekJ r kjKk;> ;G nra;ag;- Wtjw;Fk;
fyhr;rhu fehtyH md;iwa gpuptpdupd; Uf;fkhf j;jpDlhf> fis tpl> pUe;jhHfs;. %f uPjpapy; Mjpf;fg; H Nghd;w ;shsHfs; pUe;jhHfs;. > nts;sh-
sHfs; epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuHfshfTk;> fyhr;rhu Mjpf;fk; nfhz;ltHfshfTk; ,Ue;jhHfs;. INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fj;jpd; gpd;dH> mur epHthfj; Jiwfspd; mjpfstpy; gq;Nfw;gtHfshfTk; ,tHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;. vdpDk; INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fkhdJ rhjpag; gbepiyapy; mLj;jLj;j kl;lq;fisr; NrHe;jtHfs; Mjpf;fKk; nry;thf;Fk; ngwf;$ba rhj;jpaj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghf> kjkhw;wj;jpDlhf> ,g;gpuptpdHfs; fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk; mur> epHthfj; Jiwfspy; Eiotjw;Fkhd tha;g;Gfs; fpilj;jd. 1830fspy; tHj;jf; Jiwapy; murpd; VfNghfk; mfw;wg;gl;ljhy;> flNyhbfs; r%fj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfSk; tHj;jfj;Jiwf;Fs; Eioa Kbe;jJ. ,t;thW rhjp uPjpahf mLj;jLj;j epiyfspy; ,Ue;j gpuptpdHfs; fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;G> tHj;jfk; . . . Nghd;wtw;wpDlhf r%f Mjpf;fKk; nry;thf;Fk; ngw;W te;jjhdJ nts;shsupd; r%f Mjpf;fj;jpw;F xU rtyhf mike;jJ. ,t;thwhd xU #oypy;jhd; MWKfehtyupd; Mq;fpNya vjpHg;G eltbf;iffSk;> kjr;rPHjpUj;j eltbf;iffSk; ,lk;ngw;wd.
kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fk;> Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fk; kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fk;> Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fk; kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fk;> Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fk; kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fk;> Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fk; kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fk;> Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf ehtyH Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs;> vjpuhf ehtyH Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs;> vjpuhf ehtyH Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs;> vjpuhf ehtyH Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs;> vjpuhf ehtyH Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs;> irt-Ntshs gpuptpdupd; Mjpf;f eyd;fSf;F irt-Ntshs gpuptpdupd; Mjpf;f eyd;fSf;F irt-Ntshs gpuptpdupd; Mjpf;f eyd;fSf;F irt-Ntshs gpuptpdupd; Mjpf;f eyd;fSf;F irt-Ntshs gpuptpdupd; Mjpf;f eyd;fSf;F ,ire;jjhf mike;jpUe;jd. Mq;fpNyaH ,ire;jjhf mike;jpUe;jd. Mq;fpNyaH ,ire;jjhf mike;jpUe;jd. Mq;fpNyaH ,ire;jjhf mike;jpUe;jd. Mq;fpNyaH ,ire;jjhf mike;jpUe;jd. Mq;fpNyaH mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fy;tpiaf; fw;gijNah mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fy;tpiaf; fw;gijNah mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fy;tpiaf; fw;gijNah mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fy;tpiaf; fw;gijNah mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fy;tpiaf; fw;gijNah my;yJ Mq;fpNyaupd; mur> epHthfj; my;yJ Mq;fpNyaupd; mur> epHthfj; my;yJ Mq;fpNyaupd; mur> epHthfj; my;yJ Mq;fpNyaupd; mur> epHthfj; my;yJ Mq;fpNyaupd; mur> epHthfj; Jiwfspd; cj;jpNahfq;fs; ngWtijNah Jiwfspd; cj;jpNahfq;fs; ngWtijNah Jiwfspd; cj;jpNahfq;fs; ngWtijNah Jiwfspd; cj;jpNahfq;fs; ngWtijNah Jiwfspd; cj;jpNahfq;fs; ngWtijNah ehtyH vjpHf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk;> ehtyH vjpHf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk;> ehtyH vjpHf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk;> ehtyH vjpHf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk;> ehtyH vjpHf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk;> cj;jpNahfk; ngWtjw;Fk; kjk; khWtijNa cj;jpNahfk; ngWtjw;Fk; kjk; khWtijNa cj;jpNahfk; ngWtjw;Fk; kjk; khWtijNa cj;jpNahfk; ngWtjw;Fk; kjk; khWtijNa cj;jpNahfk; ngWtjw;Fk; kjk; khWtijNa mtH vjpHj;jhH. mtH vjpHj;jhH. mtH vjpHj;jhH. mtH vjpHj;jhH. mtH vjpHj;jhH.
kj khw;wj;jpDlhf irt kjg;gpupitr; NrHe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if XusT Fiwaf; $bajhfTk;> nts;shsuy;yhj gpuptpdupd; r%f Mjpf;fk; mjpfupf;ff; $bajhfTk; ,Ue;j epiyapy;> kjkhw;wk; epWj;jg;gLtjd; %yk; ,j;jifa Nghf;if jtpHf;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. kjkhw;wk; epWj;jg;gLtjhy;> irt kjj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiw- ahky; ghJfhf;fg;glf; $bajhf ,Ue;jNjhL> kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fl;glhkNyNa nts;shHfs;
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Page 18
,d;Dk; mjpfstpy; fy;tp fw;fTk; cj;jpNah- fq;fspy; EioaTk;> vdNt mtHfspd; Mjpf;fk; njhlHe;Jk; Ngzg;glf; RbajhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
Mq;fpNyaf; fyhr;rhuk;> rhjpa Kiwikf;F Mq;fpNyaf; fyhr;rhuk;> rhjpa Kiwikf;F Mq;fpNyaf; fyhr;rhuk;> rhjpa Kiwikf;F Mq;fpNyaf; fyhr;rhuk;> rhjpa Kiwikf;F Mq;fpNyaf; fyhr;rhuk;> rhjpa Kiwikf;F vjpuhdjhfTk; ngz;fspd; cupikfis vjpuhdjhfTk; ngz;fspd; cupikfis vjpuhdjhfTk; ngz;fspd; cupikfis vjpuhdjhfTk; ngz;fspd; cupikfis vjpuhdjhfTk; ngz;fspd; cupikfis typAWj;JtjhfTk; mike;jJ. ,j;jifa typAWj;JtjhfTk; mike;jJ. ,j;jifa typAWj;JtjhfTk; mike;jJ. ,j;jifa typAWj;JtjhfTk; mike;jJ. ,j;jifa typAWj;JtjhfTk; mike;jJ. ,j;jifa Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf> ehtyH Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf> ehtyH Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf> ehtyH Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf> ehtyH Mq;fpNya fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf> ehtyH Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs; rhjpa Kiwik- Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs; rhjpa Kiwik- Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs; rhjpa Kiwik- Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs; rhjpa Kiwik- Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs; rhjpa Kiwik- fis jPtpukhf typAWj;JtjhfTk; Mzh- fis jPtpukhf typAWj;JtjhfTk; Mzh- fis jPtpukhf typAWj;JtjhfTk; Mzh- fis jPtpukhf typAWj;JtjhfTk; Mzh- fis jPtpukhf typAWj;JtjhfTk; Mzh- jpf;f Kiwikia NkYk; tYthf caHj;J- jpf;f Kiwikia NkYk; tYthf caHj;J- jpf;f Kiwikia NkYk; tYthf caHj;J- jpf;f Kiwikia NkYk; tYthf caHj;J- jpf;f Kiwikia NkYk; tYthf caHj;J- tjhfTk; mike;jd. tjhfTk; mike;jd. tjhfTk; mike;jd. tjhfTk; mike;jd. tjhfTk; mike;jd.
,t;tifapy; ehtyH Kd;ndLj;j Mq;fpNya vjpHg;G eltbf;iffs; md;iwa epiyapy;> irt - Ntshs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fSf;F ,irthditahf mike;jpUe;jd. ,e;j vjpHg;ghdJ> xUGwk; Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpd; kPjhd fz;ldkhfTk; kWGw irtrkaj;ijAk; rhjp kw;Wk; Mzhjpf;f Kiwik kw;Wk; NkYk; mOj;jkhf kWthHg;Gr; nra;tjhfTk; mike;jJ.
vdpDk;> MWKfehtyH Kd;ndLj;j Mq;fpNya vjpHg;G eltbf;iffs; ekJ kf;fspilNa xU fpsHr;rpf;Fupa #oiy Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. ,t;thW epfohikf;F gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshd ehk; milahsk; fhzKbAk;.
1. aho;g;ghz irt Ntshs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdH> Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsHf- Sld; neUf;fkhd cwTfis Ngzpte;- jhHfs;. xg;gPl;lstpy; rpwpa epyg;gug;gpy;> mjpf nrwptpy; tho Ntz;batHfshf ,Ue;jjhy;> ,e;j Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdH> jkJ eyd;fisAk;> tsq;fisAk; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; fpilf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; mtw;iw gw;wpg; gpbf;fpd;w jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;fpd;whHfs;. INuhg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;ghdJ> Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;G mur> epHthfj; Jiwfspy; gq;Nfw;gjw;Fk;> jkJ gpuNjr vy;iyiaf; fle;J njd;dpyq;iff;F
kl;Lkd $ba toq;fpa Mq;fpN jPtpukhf mw;wtH mjDl nry;thf XusTf jpYk;> kjkhw;w ahf;Fti Fiwe;J vjpuhf eltbf xU v ngw;wpUe
2. ehtyupd
kPSUt mOj;j mike mLj;jL Ue;jtH tpspk;Ge vjpHg;G e ftug;gl Nghd;w vjpHj;J
3. ekJ
MWKf aho;g;gh bUe;jd kl;lf;fs mtuJ mwpag;g
,t;thW Mq;fpNya ,af;fkhf gpuptpdH vt tpy;iy. ,j r%fj; js rydj;ij
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cj;jpNah- tHfspd; bajhfTk;
iwikf;F iwikf;F iwikf;F iwikf;F iwikf;F upikfis pikfis upikfis pikfis upikfis ,j;jifa ,j;jifa ,j;jifa ,j;jifa ,j;jifa f> ehtyH f> ehtyH f> ehtyH f> ehtyH f> ehtyH Kiwik- Kiwik- Kiwik- Kiwik- Kiwik- k; Mzh- k; Mzh- k; Mzh- k; Mzh- k; Mzh- caHj;J- caHj;J- caHj;J- caHj;J- caHj;J-
Mq;fpNya epiyapy;> puptpdupd; itahf > xUGwk; kPjhd jAk; rhjp k; NkYk; ;tjhfTk;
;ndLj;j fs; ekJ #oiy ohikf;F ilahsk;
Mjpf;fg; kpg;ghsHf- Ngzpte;- g;gug;gpy;> atHfshf pdH> jkJ ngUf;fpf; fpilf;Fk; gpbf;fpd;w ;whHfs;. Fwpg;ghf epHthfj; J gpuNjr yq;iff;F
kl;Lkd;wp> gpw ehLfSf;Fk; Fbngauf; $ba tha;g;GfisAk; ,tHfSf;F toq;fpapUe;jJ. ,jdhy;> ,g;gpuptpdH Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F vjpuhf jPtpukhfg; Nghuhl Ntz;ba mtrpak; mw;wtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. kjkhw;wKk; mjDldhd tpisTfSk; ,tHfspd; nry;thf;fpd; kPJk;> Mjpf;fj;jpd; kPJk; XusTf;F ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jp te;jNgh- jpYk;> Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfs; kjkhw;wj;ij mtrpakhd epge;jid- ahf;Ftij jtpHj;jpUe;jjhy;> mjd; ghjpg;G Fiwe;J te;jJ. vdNt kjkhw;wj;jpw;F vjpuhf MWKfehtyH> Kd;ndLj;j eltbf;iffs; ,e;j Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdhy; xU vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l MjuitNa ngw;wpUe;jJ.
2. ehtyupd; nraw;ghLfs; rhjpa Kiwikia kPSUthf;fk; nra;tjhfTk;> NkYk; mOj;jkhf epWtdg;gLj;JtjhfTk; mike;jjhy;> rhjpag; gbepiyapy; mLj;jLj;j kl;lq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;b- Ue;jtHfSk;> mlf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; tpspk;Gepiy kf;fSk; ehtyupd; Mq;fpNya vjpHg;G eltbf;iffspdhy; vt;tpjj;jpYk; ftug;gltpy;iy. khwhf> flNyhbfs; Nghd;w rpy gpuptpdH MWKfehtyiu vjpHj;J nraw;gl;lhHfs;.
3. ekJ kf;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> MWKfehtyupd; nraw;ghLfs; ngupJk; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fs;NsNa vy;iyg;gl;- bUe;jd. ,jdhy; td;dp kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G jkpoHfs; kj;jpapy;> ehtyUk;> mtuJ nraw;ghLfSk; ngupJk; mwpag;glhjtdthfNt ,Ue;jd.
,t;thW ehtyH jdpj;J Kd;ndLj;j Mq;fpNya vjpHg;G eltbf;iffis xU r%f ,af;fkhf Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yf;$ba r%fg; gpuptpdH vtUk; ekJ kf;fspilNa ,Uf;f- tpy;iy. ,jdhy; ehtyupd; nraw;ghLfs;> ekJ r%fj; jsj;jpy;> rpW mjpHit> nky;ypa rydj;ij kl;Lk; Vw;gLj;jpa vjpHg;ghfNt
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mike;Jtpl;lJ.
ehtyH irtj;jpd; caHepiyiag; NgZt- jw;fhf jkpo; nkhopiaAk; irtj;ijAk; xd;wpizj;jhH. ,J Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpa czHtpd; nkhop uPjpahd ntspg;ghlhfTk; nkhop czHthdJ ekJ kf;fspilNa jpl;ltl;lkhd murpay; czHthf khw;wkiltjw;fhd xU Kjy; njhlf;fkhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
irtKk; jkpOk; vd;w ,izthdJ irtKk; jkpOk; vd;w ,izthdJ irtKk; jkpOk; vd;w ,izthdJ irtKk; jkpOk; vd;w ,izthdJ irtKk; jkpOk; vd;w ,izthdJ gpd;dhl;fspy; irtj;jpw;F ntspNaAs;s gpd;dhl;fspy; irtj;jpw;F ntspNaAs;s gpd;dhl;fspy; irtj;jpw;F ntspNaAs;s gpd;dhl;fspy; irtj;jpw;F ntspNaAs;s gpd;dhl;fspy; irtj;jpw;F ntspNaAs;s kf;fs; jkpOf;F Mw;wpapUf;fpd;w gq;fspg;ig kf;fs; jkpOf;F Mw;wpapUf;fpd;w gq;fspg;ig kf;fs; jkpOf;F Mw;wpapUf;fpd;w gq;fspg;ig kf;fs; jkpOf;F Mw;wpapUf;fpd;w gq;fspg;ig kf;fs; jkpOf;F Mw;wpapUf;fpd;w gq;fspg;ig Kjd;ikg;gLj;jhj kuG irtj;ijg; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jhj kuG irtj;ijg; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jhj kuG irtj;ijg; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jhj kuG irtj;ijg; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jhj kuG irtj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w ekJ kf;fspilNa cUthtjw;F gpd;gw;Wfpd;w ekJ kf;fspilNa cUthtjw;F gpd;gw;Wfpd;w ekJ kf;fspilNa cUthtjw;F gpd;gw;Wfpd;w ekJ kf;fspilNa cUthtjw;F gpd;gw;Wfpd;w ekJ kf;fspilNa cUthtjw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; kWGwj;Nj> nkhop fhuzkhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; kWGwj;Nj> nkhop fhuzkhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; kWGwj;Nj> nkhop fhuzkhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; kWGwj;Nj> nkhop fhuzkhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; kWGwj;Nj> nkhop Fwpj;J MWKf ehtyH ntspg;gLj;jpAs;s Fwpj;J MWKf ehtyH ntspg;gLj;jpAs;s Fwpj;J MWKf ehtyH ntspg;gLj;jpAs;s Fwpj;J MWKf ehtyH ntspg;gLj;jpAs;s Fwpj;J MWKf ehtyH ntspg;gLj;jpAs;s jPtpukhdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa jPtpukhdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa jPtpukhdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa jPtpukhdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa jPtpukhdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa cUthf;fj;jpYk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpYk; xU cUthf;fj;jpYk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpYk; xU cUthf;fj;jpYk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpYk; xU cUthf;fj;jpYk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpYk; xU cUthf;fj;jpYk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpYk; xU cWjpahd njhlf;fkhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. cWjpahd njhlf;fkhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. cWjpahd njhlf;fkhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. cWjpahd njhlf;fkhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. cWjpahd njhlf;fkhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf murpay; jsj;jpy; xg;gPl;lstpy; cWjpahd vjpHg;G ntspg;gl;lJ. ,e;j vjpHg;G> Muk;gj;jpy; KO ,yq;ifiaAk; jOtpajhf Kd;ndLf;fg;- gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyaH mwpKfg;gLj;jpa mur Kiwikf;Fs; ,ize;J nfhz;l jkpo;> rp;q;fs> K];yPk; jiyikfspdhy; ,j;jifa vjpHg;G Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yq;ifia gd;Kf Ruz;lYf;Fupa ,lkhf khw;wp te;j Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfs;> ,j;jifa Ruz;liy jilaw;w Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w> mur> epHthf Kiwik- fis ,q;F Vw;gLj;jpdhHfs;. jhk; Mf;fpukpj;- Js;s ,yq;if kf;fSld; Vw;glf; $ba ,zf;fkhd cwthdJ> jkJ Mjpf;fj;ijAk; Ruz;liyAk; jilaw;W> ePbf;f cjTk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; mur> epHthf Jiwfspy; ,yq;ifiar; NrHe;jtHfisAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w Kiwikia Mq;fpNyaH eil- Kiwg;gLj;j Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. ,jw;fika> ,q;F murpay; tptfhuq;fis ifahs;tjw;fhf rl;lrigiaAk;> epHthf tplaq;fis Nkw;- nfhs;tjw;fhf epHthf rigAk; cUthf;fg;-
gl;ld.
Muk;gj;jpy cj;jpNahf ww;wtHfs; cj;jpNahf cj;jpNahf cWg;gpdHf rigapy; m jpdHfspy; fg;gl;ltHf ,Ue;jJ. (1 rl;l riga zpf;if 15 gw;Ws;s c gw;ww;w c gwq;fpaH 1 ,Ue;jdH.) rigapy; k gpupitr; NrH kf;fspd; g kpg;ghsHfs Mq;fpNya cwitf; n jk;ik e Nkl;Lf;Fb rhHgpy; Kj
1833 ,y; ei rigapy; m MWKfk; tiu> xU E jkpo; Nkl murpay; gpu vkJ kf;f ,g;gpuptpd NgZfpd;w jhk; gpujpe eyd;fis ,tHfspd; N gpujpepjpfs me;j kf;fi jk;ik , nfhOk;Gj; khwhf rpq;f
19

g; NgZt- tj;ijAk; pf;fj;jpw;F p uPjpahd dJ ekJ murpay; xU Kjy;
.
zthdJ zthdJzthdJ zthdJzthdJ pNaAs;s pNaAs;s pNaAs;s pNaAs;s pNaAs;s q;fspg;ig q;fspg;ig q;fspg;ig q;fspg;ig q;fspg;ig tj;ijg; tj;ijg; tj;ijg; tj;ijg; tj;ijg; Uthtjw;F Uthtjw;F Uthtjw;F Uthtjw;F Uthtjw;F ;Nj> nkhop ;Nj> nkhop ;Nj> nkhop ;Nj> nkhop ;Nj> nkhop Lj;jpAs;s Lj;jpAs;s Lj;jpAs;s Lj;jpAs;s Lj;jpAs;s ; Njrpa ; Njrpa ; Njrpa ; Njrpa ; Njrpa ;jpYk; xU ;jpYk; xU ;jpYk; xU ;jpYk; xU ;jpYk; xU f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ.
murpay; d vjpHg;G j;jpy; KO ;ndLf;fg;- ;jpa mur kpo;> rp;q;fs> a vjpHg;G
pa ,lkhf g;ghsHfs;> Kiwapy; Kiwik- Mf;fpukpj;- lf; $ba f;fj;ijAk; jTk; vd;w iwfspy; izj;Jf; aH eil- jw;fika> s;tjw;fhf is Nkw;- Uthf;fg;-
gl;ld.
Muk;gj;jpy;> rl;lrigf;Fupa cWg;gpdHfs;> cj;jpNahfg; gw;Ws;stHfs;> cj;jpNahfg;gw;- ww;wtHfs; vd;w mbg;gilapy; gq;Nfw;whHfs;. cj;jpNahfg;gw;Ws;s cWg;gpdHfs; jkJ cj;jpNahfq;fs; rhHe;Jk;> cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;w cWg;gpdHfs; epakd mbg;gilapYk; rl;l rigapy; mq;fk; tfpj;jhHfs;. ,e;j mq;fj;- jpdHfspy; ,yq;if kf;fspd; rhHgpy; epakpf;- fg;gl;ltHfspd; vz;zpf;if kpff; Fiwthf ,Ue;jJ. (1833,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l KjythJ rl;l rigapy;> nkhj;j cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;- zpf;if 15 MfTk;> ,tHfspd; cj;jpNahfg;- gw;Ws;s cWg;gpdH 9 MfTk;> cj;jpNahfg;- gw;ww;w cWg;gpdHfspy; Mq;fpNyaH 3> gwq;fpaH 1> jkpo; 1> rpq;fstH 1 MfTk; ,Ue;jdH.) ,t;thW cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;l rigapy; kpf neUf;fkhf ,Ue;j Mjpf;fg; gpupitr; NrHe;jtHfisNa jkpo; kw;Wk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshf Mq;fpNya Mf;fpu- kpg;ghsHfs; epakpj;jhHfs;. ,t;tifapy; Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfSld; neUq;fpa cwitf; nfhz;bUe;j> Vw;fdNt nfhOk;gpy; jk;ik epiyg;gLj;jpapUe;j jkpo; Nkl;Lf;FbapdNu> jkpo; K];yPk; kf;fspd; rhHgpy; Kjypy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;.
1833 ,y; eilKiwf;F te;j KjyhtJ rl;l rigapy; murpay;g; gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;l MWKfk; Fkhurhkpapy; njhlq;fp> 1940fs; tiu> xU Ehw;whz;Lf;Fk; Nkyhf> nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf; FbapdNu ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpfshf epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. vkJ kf;fsplkpUe;J me;epag;gl;bUe;j ,g;gpuptpdH ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fis NgZfpd;w tifapy; nraw;gltpy;iy. khwhf> jhk; gpujpepj;Jtg;gLj;jpa xU rpWgpuptpdupd; eyd;fisAk;> me;j];ijAk; NgZtNj ,tHfspd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ve;j kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshf ,tHfs; epakpf;fg;gl;lhHfNsh> me;j kf;fisr; NrHe;j ve;jg; gpuptpdUlDk; jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;buhj ,e;j nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf; FbapdH> ,jw;F khwhf rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUld; neUq;fpr;
19

Page 20
nraw;gLtjd; %yk; jkJ eyd;fis caHj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F Kad;wH. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (Ceylon National Congress-CNC) vd;w mikg;G ,uhkehjdpd; jiyikapy; cUthf;fk; ngw;wJ.
,t;thW jkpo;> rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupilNa ,t;thW jkpo;> rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupilNa ,t;thW jkpo;> rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupilNa ,t;thW jkpo;> rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupilNa ,t;thW jkpo;> rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupilNa murpay; uPjpapy; ,izT Vw;gl;ljd; %yk; murpay; uPjpapy; ,izT Vw;gl;ljd; %yk; murpay; uPjpapy; ,izT Vw;gl;ljd; %yk; murpay; uPjpapy; ,izT Vw;gl;ljd; %yk; murpay; uPjpapy; ,izT Vw;gl;ljd; %yk; Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHg;gjw;fhd xU Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHg;gjw;fhd xU Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHg;gjw;fhd xU Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHg;gjw;fhd xU Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHg;gjw;fhd xU gue;j jsk; cUthfpaJ. mNjNtis gue;j jsk; cUthfpaJ. mNjNtis gue;j jsk; cUthfpaJ. mNjNtis gue;j jsk; cUthfpaJ. mNjNtis gue;j jsk; cUthfpaJ. mNjNtis nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikahdJ> nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikahdJ> nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikahdJ> nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikahdJ> nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikahdJ> ,yq;if K];yPk;fspdJk;> r%f uPjpapy; ,yq;if K];yPk;fspdJk;> r%f uPjpapy; ,yq;if K];yPk;fspdJk;> r%f uPjpapy; ,yq;if K];yPk;fspdJk;> r%f uPjpapy; ,yq;if K];yPk;fspdJk;> r%f uPjpapy; mlf;fg;gl;L te;j kf;fspdJk; ngz;fspdJk; mlf;fg;gl;L te;j kf;fspdJk; ngz;fspdJk; mlf;fg;gl;L te;j kf;fspdJk; ngz;fspdJk; mlf;fg;gl;L te;j kf;fspdJk; ngz;fspdJk; mlf;fg;gl;L te;j kf;fspdJk; ngz;fspdJk; cupikfSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLfpd;w epiyf;F> cupikfSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLfpd;w epiyf;F> cupikfSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLfpd;w epiyf;F> cupikfSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLfpd;w epiyf;F> cupikfSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLfpd;w epiyf;F> ,e;j ,izT ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,e;j ,izT ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,e;j ,izT ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,e;j ,izT ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,e;j ,izT ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.
jkpo;> rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupilNa> Muk;gj;jpy; murpay; uPjpahf neUf;fkhd cwTfs; epytpd. rl;lrigapYk; epHthf rigapYk; ,yq;ifaHfSf;fhd gpujpepj;Jtk; mjpfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itj;J ,tHfs; thjpl;lhHfs;. ,t;tpU r%fq;fs; kj;jpapy; fy;tpfw;w gpuptpdUk;> Gjpa r%fg; gpuptpdHfSk; Mjpf;fk; ngw;W te;jjw;Nfw;g> ,f;Nfhupf;iffs; cWjpahfTk; mOj;jkhfTk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk;> ,g;gpuptpdHfspd; tsHr;rpNa xU epiyapy; nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikf;F murpay; neUf;fbfisAk;> murpay; gytPdj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjhf mike;jJ. ,j;jifa Kjy; neUf;fbia> ,yq;if K];yPk;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd;w tbtpy; ,e;jj; jiyik vjpHnfhz;lJ.
1889 tiu  ,yq;if K];yPk;fSk; xNu ,dkhff; fUjg;gl;L mtHfspd; murpay; gpujpepjpfshf nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikNa epakpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. vdpDk;> 1880 fspy; ,yq;if K];yPk;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthfp te;j Gjpa r%fg; gpuptpdHfSk;> fy;tp fw;w gpuptpdUk; jkf;nfd jdpahd murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Nfhu Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. jkJ murpay; Mjpf;fj;jpy; gytPdk; Vw;glg; Nghfpd;wJ vd;gij czHe;j nfhOk;G Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik
K];yPk;f gpujpepj;Jt
jdJ nrh nfhOk;G j murpay; M jiyikAl nraw;gl;lJ rpq;fs ji sg;gl;l ,d gl;l rpq;fs jkpo; jiy
xU murpay neUf;fkhf r%f> m cupikfspd gytPdg;gL ,t;thwhd nrhe;j kf epiyf;Fr; n nfhOk;Gj; Vw;gl;L te jsj;jpy; V jiyikapd jhf;fq;fis ePf;fg;gl;l NtWghLfs rhjpa to 1931,y; m ngz;fs; c toq;fg;gl jiyika gytPdg;gL ,it mi ,j;jiyik
,t;thW> j ,t;thW> j ,t;thW> j ,t;thW> j ,t;thW> j rpWgpuptpdu rpWgpuptpdu rpWgpuptpdu rpWgpuptpdu rpWgpuptpdu nraw;gl;l nraw;gl;l nraw;gl;l nraw;gl;l nraw;gl;l jiyik> e jiyik> e jiyik> e jiyik> e jiyik> e Fwpj;J mf Fwpj;J mf Fwpj;J mf Fwpj;J mf Fwpj;J mf #oy; ,yq #oy; ,yq #oy; ,yq #oy; ,yq #oy; ,yq
Muk;gj;jpy jiyikah
20

caHj;jpf; fl;lj;jpy; n National hkehjdpd;
pdupilNa pdupilNa pdupilNa pdupilNa pdupilNa jd; %yk; jd; %yk; jd; %yk; jd; %yk; jd; %yk; w;fhd xU w;fhd xU w;fhd xU w;fhd xU w;fhd xU NjNtis NjNtis NjNtis NjNtis NjNtis ikahdJ> ikahdJ> ikahdJ> ikahdJ> ikahdJ> f uPjpapy; f uPjpapy; f uPjpapy; f uPjpapy; f uPjpapy; ;fspdJk; ;fspdJk; ;fspdJk; ;fspdJk; ;fspdJk; epiyf;F> epiyf;F> epiyf;F> epiyf;F> epiyf;F>
dupilNa> Uf;fkhd k; epHthf ujpepj;Jtk; upf;ifia ;. ,t;tpU Uk;> Gjpa k; ngw;W jpahfTk; . vdpDk;> epiyapy; yikf;F murpay; ike;jJ. ,yq;if tk; vd;w ;lJ.
,yq;if fUjg;gl;L nfhOk;G kpf;fg;gl;L K];yPk;fs; a r%fg; ; jkf;nfd ;ij Nfhu jpf;fj;jpy; czHe;j jiyik
K];yPk;fSf;nfd jdpahd murpay; gpujpepj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLtij vjpHj;jJ.
jdJ nrhe;j kf;fSld; neUq;fpapuhj nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik jdJ murpay; Mjpf;fj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhf rpq;fsj; jiyikAld; NkYk; neUf;fkhf ,ize;J nraw;gl;lJ. 1915,y; ,yq;if K];yPk;fs; kPJ rpq;fs jiyikapd; gq;Nfw;Gld; Nkw;nfhs;- sg;gl;l ,dtd;Kiwfspy; Fw;wQ; rhl;lg;- gl;l rpq;fs jiyikfSf;F rhHghf ,e;jj; jkpo; jiyik nraw;gl;lJ.
xU murpay; jiyik> jdJ nrhe;j kf;fSld; neUf;fkhf ,ize;jpuhj NghJ me;j kf;fs; r%f> murpay; uPjpapy; ngWfpd;w cupikfspdhy;> me;jj; jiyikapd; Mjpf;fk; gytPdg;gLfpd;w epiy cUthfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd epiyapy; me;jj; jiyik> jdJ nrhe;j kf;fSf;Nf vjpuhfr; nraw;gLfpd;w epiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa epiyikjhd; nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikf;Fk; Vw;gl;L te;jJ. ,yq;ifapd; r%f> murpay; jsj;jpy; Vw;gl;L te;j khw;wq;fs; ,e;jj; jiyikapd; mjpfhuj;jpy; gy KdifspypUe;J jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. 1844,y; mbikepiy ePf;fg;gl;lik> ghlrhiyfspy; rhjp NtWghLfs; mfw;wg;gl;lik? r%f uPjpapy; rhjpa toikfs; kPwg;gl;lik> ,Wjpapy; 1931,y; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdH kw;Wk; ngz;fs; cl;gl midtUf;Fk; thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lik Nghd;w midj;Jk; ,e;jj; jiyikapd; r%f murpay; Mjpf;fj;ij gytPdg;gLj;Jgitfshf mike;jd. vdNt ,it midj;ijAk; vjpHf;fpd;w epiyf;F ,j;jiyik nrd;wJ.
,t;thW> jhk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa xU ,t;thW> jhk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa xU ,t;thW> jhk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa xU ,t;thW> jhk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa xU ,t;thW> jhk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa xU rpWgpuptpdupd; eyd;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L rpWgpuptpdupd; eyd;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L rpWgpuptpdupd; eyd;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L rpWgpuptpdupd; eyd;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L rpWgpuptpdupd; eyd;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; eyd;fs; jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; eyd;fs; jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; eyd;fs; jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; eyd;fs; jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; eyd;fs; Fwpj;J mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;ba murpay; Fwpj;J mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;ba murpay; Fwpj;J mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;ba murpay; Fwpj;J mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;ba murpay; Fwpj;J mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;ba murpay; #oy; ,yq;ifapy; gbg;gbNa cUthfp te;jJ. #oy; ,yq;ifapy; gbg;gbNa cUthfp te;jJ. #oy; ,yq;ifapy; gbg;gbNa cUthfp te;jJ. #oy; ,yq;ifapy; gbg;gbNa cUthfp te;jJ. #oy; ,yq;ifapy; gbg;gbNa cUthfp te;jJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikahdJ rpq;fs murpay; jiytHf-
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Sld; ,ize;J murpay; rPHjpUj;jj;jpw;fhf Nghuhba NghjpYk;> ,j;jifa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l murpay; tpisTfs; rpq;fs murpay; jiyikf;Nf rhjfkhf mike;J te;jJ. ,t;thW miktij ekJ jiyikahy; rpwpJk; jLf;fKbatpy;iy. nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ> mjDld; ,ize;J nraw;gl;l rpq;fs murpay; jiyik xU mbg;gil NtWghl;ilf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. jkpo; murpay; jiyikahdJ ekJ kf;fSld; njhlHe;Jk; me;epag;gl;bUe;j NghJ> rpq;fs murpay; jiyikNah jdJ Mjpf;f epiyiaAk; fle;J> jdJ kf;fSld; Fiwe;jJ jdJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Gjpjhf cUthfp te;j gpuptpdUld; neUf;fkhfg; gpize;jpUe;jJ. ,d;Dk; Jy;ypakhff; $wpdhy;> rpq;fs murpay; jiyik> jhd; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa> xg;gPl;lstpy; gue;jjhf ,Ue;j gpuptpdupd; eyd;fisAk; Nfhupf;iffisAk; murpay; uPjpapy; cWjpahf ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. vz;zpf;if uPjpapYk;> gpuNjrk; rhHe;Jk; ngUk;ghd;- ikapduhf ,Ue;j jkJ kf;fspd; murpay; jiyik vd;w tifapy;> jkJ kf;fs; rhHghf rl;l rigapYk;> epHthfj; JiwapYk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mjpfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W rpq;fs murpay; jiyik Nfhupf;if vOg;gpaJ. eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ,duPjpahd gpujpepjpj;JtKk;> epakd KiwAk; ,tHfspd; Nfhupf;iffis g+Hj;jp nra;af;$bajhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vdNt rpq;fs murpay; jiyik> ,d uPjpahd gpujpepj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; epakd Kiwf;Fk; gjpyhf> gpuNjr uPjpapyhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk;> njupT KiwiaAk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;gb Nfhu Muk;gpj;jJ.
Mq;fpNya muirg; nghWj;jtiu> jdJ Mjpf;fj;ij ,q;F njhlHtjw;F> vz;zpf;if uPjpapy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf cs;s rpq;fs kf;fspd; murpay; jiyikapdJ Nfhupf;iff;F $Ljy; mf;fiw nfhLg;gJ Mq;fpNyNa muR jdJ Mjpf;fj;ij ,q;F njhlHtjw;F mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt jkpo; murpay;
jiyika Mq;fpNyNa xt;nthU murpay; ji Ehw;whz;bd ,dthj rh jiyikAl ,dpAk; rhj jkpo; Nkl;L nghd;. m fhq;fpu]pypU jdpahd m rig ia c
nfhOk;Gj; nfhOk;Gj; nfhOk;Gj; nfhOk;Gj; nfhOk;Gj; nrhe;j kf nrhe;j kf nrhe;j kf nrhe;j kf nrhe;j kf mtHfspd mtHfspd mtHfspd mtHfspd mtHfspd nraw;gLt nraw;gLtj nraw;gLt nraw;gLtj nraw;gLt cUthfp> cUthfp> cUthfp> cUthfp> cUthfp> epiyikfs epiyikfs epiyikfs epiyikfs epiyikfs ,izj;Jf ,izj;Jf ,izj;Jf ,izj;Jf ,izj;Jf ,j;jiyik ,j;jiyik ,j;jiyik ,j;jiyik ,j;jiyik
rpq;fs kf fy;tpfw;w Kiwikf tHj;jfg; gpu tpupe;j ms nghUshjh khw;wq;fs NfhupdhHfs rpq;fs kf;f jkpo;> K rkdhdjhf Fiwthdj Jiwiag; Jiwapy; M ,wf;Fkjp nfhz;l Mjpf;fj;Nj jkpoHfspd tYthf Nt  rpq;fs bg;gil o; murpay; jhlHe;Jk; murpay; Ak; fle;J> J kf;fs; puptpdUld; ,d;Dk; murpay; g;gLj;jpa> gpuptpdupd; ; murpay; Ntz;ba z;zpf;if gUk;ghd;- ; murpay; s; rhHghf iwapYk; ;Lk; vd;W vOg;gpaJ. uPjpahd ,tHfspd; ;$bajhf murpay; tj;jpw;Fk; uPjpapyhd iwiaAk; ;gpj;jJ.
u> jdJ z;zpf;if rpq;fs hupf;iff;F yNa muR hlHtjw;F ; murpay;
jiyikapd; fz;ldq;fisAk; kPwp Mq;fpNyNa murpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xt;nthU murpay; rPHjpUj;jKk; rpq;fs murpay; jiyikf;F rhjfkhf mike;jJ. 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; Kjy; fhy;g; gFjpapd; ,Wjpapy;> ,dthj rhuk; ngw;Wtpl;l rpq;fs murpay; jiyikAld; jhd; ,ize;J nraw;gLtJ ,dpAk; rhj;jpakw;wJ vd;w KbTf;F nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf; Fbj;jiyik te;jJ. 1921,y; nghd;. mUzhr;ryk; ,yq;ifj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]pypUe;J ekJ kf;fSf;nfd KjyhtJ jdpahd murpay; mikg;ghd jkpoH kfh[d rig ia cUthf;fpdhH.
nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik jdJ nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik jdJ nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik jdJ nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik jdJ nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik jdJ nrhe;j kf;fspypUe;J me;epag;gl;ljhfTk;> nrhe;j kf;fspypUe;J me;epag;gl;ljhfTk;> nrhe;j kf;fspypUe;J me;epag;gl;ljhfTk;> nrhe;j kf;fspypUe;J me;epag;gl;ljhfTk;> nrhe;j kf;fspypUe;J me;epag;gl;ljhfTk;> mtHfspd; ntF[d eyd;fSf;F vjpuhf mtHfspd; ntF[d eyd;fSf;F vjpuhf mtHfspd; ntF[d eyd;fSf;F vjpuhf mtHfspd; ntF[d eyd;fSf;F vjpuhf mtHfspd; ntF[d eyd;fSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLtjhfTk; ,Ue;Jk; $l> Gwj;Nj nraw;gLtjhfTk; ,Ue;Jk; $l> Gwj;Nj nraw;gLtjhfTk; ,Ue;Jk; $l> Gwj;Nj nraw;gLtjhfTk; ,Ue;Jk; $l> Gwj;Nj nraw;gLtjhfTk; ,Ue;Jk; $l> Gwj;Nj cUthfp> tsHr;rpaile;J te;j murpay; cUthfp> tsHr;rpaile;J te;j murpay; cUthfp> tsHr;rpaile;J te;j murpay; cUthfp> tsHr;rpaile;J te;j murpay; cUthfp> tsHr;rpaile;J te;j murpay; epiyikfs;> jdJ nrhe;j kf;fSld; jk;ik epiyikfs;> jdJ nrhe;j kf;fSld; jk;ik epiyikfs;> jdJ nrhe;j kf;fSld; jk;ik epiyikfs;> jdJ nrhe;j kf;fSld; jk;ik epiyikfs;> jdJ nrhe;j kf;fSld; jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij ,j;jiyikf;F Vw;gLj;jpd. ,j;jiyikf;F Vw;gLj;jpd. ,j;jiyikf;F Vw;gLj;jpd. ,j;jiyikf;F Vw;gLj;jpd. ,j;jiyikf;F Vw;gLj;jpd.
rpq;fs kf;fspilNa Gjpjhf cUthfpte;j fy;tpfw;w gpuptpdUk;> mur> epHthf Kiwikf;Fs; ,ize;J nfhz;ltHfSk; tHj;jfg; gpuptpdUk; jkJ eyd;fs; jilaw;Wk;> tpupe;j mstpYk; Ngzg;gLtjw;F murpay;> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu epiyikfspy; jPtpu khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W NfhupdhHfs;. eilKiwapypUe;j rl;lrigapy;> rpq;fs kf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;JtkhdJ Vwf;Fiwa jkpo;> K];yPk; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;F rkdhdjhfTk;> Mq;fpNya gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;F FiwthdjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. nghUshjhu Jiwiag; nghWj;jtiu> ngUe;Njhl;lj;- Jiwapy; Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fKk;> Vw;Wkjp ,wf;FkjpapYk; nfhOk;ig ikakhff; nfhz;l tHj;jfj;jpYk; Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fj;NjhL> K];yPk;fsJk;> ,e;jpaj; jkpoHfspdJk;> 

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kl;LNk> jkJ eyd;fs; Ngzg;gLtJk; tsHr;rpailtJk; rhj;jpakhFk; vd rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdHfSk; Gjpjhf cUthfp te;j gpuptpdHfSk; czHe;jhHfs;. vdNt> murpay; nghUshjhu> epHthf uPjpapy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf kl;Lkd;wp> jkpo;> K];yPk;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; nraw;gLfpd;w Nghf;F> ,r;rpq;fsg; gpuptpdupilNa cUthfpaJ. ,e;ehl;bd; rfy JiwfspYk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhapd;> murpay; jsj;jpy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;LtJ mtrpak; vd;w KbTf;F ,tHfs; te;jhHfs;. Mq;fpNyaH>  ,e;jpaj; jkpoH kw;Wk; ,yq;if K];yPk;fs; Mfpa r%fq;fspd; Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdHfspd; Xl;Lnkhj;j Mjpf;fj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy;> rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdH gytPdkhdtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. vdNt jkJ gyj;ijAk;> Mjpf;fj;ijAk; tYg;gLj;jf; $ba khHf;fk; vd;wtifapy;> ,tHfs; jkJ kf;fSld; NkYk; NkYk; neUf;fkhf jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;.
,t;thW rpq;fs kf;fSld;> rpq;fsj; jiyikfs; (murpay;> nghUshjhu> fyr;rhuj; jiyikfs;) ,ize;J nfhz;ljhdJ> rpq;fs kf;fs; xNuNjrkhf jpus;tijAk;> mtHfs; jkf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLg;gijAk; Jupjg;gLj;jpd. Mq;fpNya Mq;fpNya Mq;fpNya Mq;fpNya Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> rpq;fsj; Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> rpq;fsj; Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> rpq;fsj; Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> rpq;fsj; Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> rpq;fsj; jiyik kpfg; gytPdkhf ,Ue;jjhy;> jiyik kpfg; gytPdkhf ,Ue;jjhy;> jiyik kpfg; gytPdkhf ,Ue;jjhy;> jiyik kpfg; gytPdkhf ,Ue;jjhy;> jiyik kpfg; gytPdkhf ,Ue;jjhy;> mtHfspd; jiyikapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l mtHfspd; jiyikapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l mtHfspd; jiyikapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l mtHfspd; jiyikapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l mtHfspd; jiyikapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ> rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ> rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ> rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ> rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ> ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j K];yPk;fs;> kiyafj; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j K];yPk;fs;> kiyafj; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j K];yPk;fs;> kiyafj; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j K];yPk;fs;> kiyafj; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j K];yPk;fs;> kiyafj; jkpoH kw;Wk;  ,dntwpAlDk;> jpl;lkpl;l uPjpapYk;> kpfntspg;gilahfTk; rpq;fsj; jiyikfs; Kiwg;gLj;jpf;> ifahz;ld. Kjypy;> K];yPk;fs; kPJk;> gpd;dH kiyafj; jkpoHfs; kPJk;> ,Wjpapy;  ,yq;ifapYs;s rpq;fs jiyikfs; kj;jpapy;> ,yq;ifapYs;s rpq;fs jiyikfs; kj;jpapy;> ,yq;ifapYs;s rpq;fs jiyikfs; kj;jpapy;> ,yq;ifapYs;s rpq;fs jiyikfs; kj;jpapy;> ,yq;ifapYs;s
Vida r Vida r Vida r Vida r Vida r ntspg;gl ntspg;gl ntspg;gl ntspg;gl ntspg;gl ,dntWg ,dntWg ,dntWg ,dntWg ,dntWg ,af;fj;jpy ,af;fj;jpy ,af;fj;jpy ,af;fj;jpy ,af;fj;jpy te;jpUf;f te;jpUf;f te;jpUf;f te;jpUf;f te;jpUf;f ,yq;ifa ,yq;ifa ,yq;ifa ,yq;ifa ,yq;ifa ntWg;Gk;> ntWg;Gk;> ntWg;Gk;> ntWg;Gk;> ntWg;Gk;> Mf;fpukpg Mf;fpukpg Mf;fpukpg Mf;fpukpg Mf;fpukpg jPtpukilt jPtpukilt jPtpukilt jPtpukilt jPtpukilt
,t;thW r kf;fsplKk Njrpa ,a Vida r eyd;fisA Nt&d;wpaJ Mjpf;fj;i jsq;fspy; vd;gij nj murpay; ji epakd Ki uPjpahd vd;gtw;iw tpisthf Vwf;Fiwa rkkhd K nfhOk;G j murpay; gwpf;fg;gLf te;jJ. ,W murpay; rPH jiyikapd epWtg;gl;lJ nra;ag;gl;l vz;zpf;if jkpo;g; gpujpe ,Ue;jJ.
Mq;fpNya jkJ eyd;f tjw;Fupa uPjpapy; ng kf;fspd; m Sf;F Kf jkpoHfs;
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g;gLtJk; d rpq;fs thfp te;j > murpay; pNyaUf;F Pk;fSf;F r;rpq;fsg; l;bd; rfy Wjpg;gLj;j py; jkJ pak; vd;w q;fpNyaH> ; ,yq;if ; Mjpf;fg; pf;fj;Jld; ; gpuptpdH dNt jkJ g;gLj;jf; Hfs; jkJ hf jk;ik
rpq;fsj; > fyr;rhuj; J> rpq;fs ;> mtHfs; af;fj;ij Mq;fpNya Mq;fpNya Mq;fpNya Mq;fpNya Mq;fpNya ;> rpq;fsj; ;> rpq;fsj; ;> rpq;fsj; ;> rpq;fsj; ;> rpq;fsj; Ue;jjhy;> Ue;jjhy;> Ue;jjhy;> Ue;jjhy;> Ue;jjhy;> Lf;fg;gl;l Lf;fg;gl;l Lf;fg;gl;l Lf;fg;gl;l Lf;fg;gl;l f;fkhdJ> f;fkhdJ> f;fkhdJ> f;fkhdJ> f;fkhdJ> kiyafj; kiyafj; kiyafj; kiyafj; kiyafj; vjpuhd vjpuhd vjpuhd vjpuhd vjpuhd ;jJ.;jJ.;jJ.;jJ.;jJ. ,e;j ;ghLfis> uPjpapYk;> iyikfs; Kjypy;> ; jkpoHfs; ; td;Kiw jiyik
; fapYs;s fapYs;s ; fapYs;s fapYs;s ; fapYs;s
Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ njhlHr;rpahf Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ njhlHr;rpahf Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ njhlHr;rpahf Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ njhlHr;rpahf Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ njhlHr;rpahf ntspg;gl;L te;j ,df;FNuhjKk; ntspg;gl;L te;j ,df;FNuhjKk; ntspg;gl;L te;j ,df;FNuhjKk; ntspg;gl;L te;j ,df;FNuhjKk; ntspg;gl;L te;j ,df;FNuhjKk; ,dntWg;Gk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,dntWg;Gk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,dntWg;Gk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,dntWg;Gk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,dntWg;Gk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Mokhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp ,af;fj;jpy; Mokhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp ,af;fj;jpy; Mokhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp ,af;fj;jpy; Mokhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp ,af;fj;jpy; Mokhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp te;jpUf;fpd;wd. rpq;fs kf;fspilNa> te;jpUf;fpd;wd. rpq;fs kf;fspilNa> te;jpUf;fpd;wd. rpq;fs kf;fspilNa> te;jpUf;fpd;wd. rpq;fs kf;fspilNa> te;jpUf;fpd;wd. rpq;fs kf;fspilNa> ,yq;ifapYs;s Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ ,yq;ifapYs;s Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ ,yq;ifapYs;s Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ ,yq;ifapYs;s Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ ,yq;ifapYs;s Vida r%fq;fs; kPJ ntWg;Gk;> FNuhjKk;> Mjpf;f czHTk;> ntWg;Gk;> FNuhjKk;> Mjpf;f czHTk;> ntWg;Gk;> FNuhjKk;> Mjpf;f czHTk;> ntWg;Gk;> FNuhjKk;> Mjpf;f czHTk;> ntWg;Gk;> FNuhjKk;> Mjpf;f czHTk;> Mf;fpukpg;G kNdhghtKk; Njhd;wp> Mf;fpukpg;G kNdhghtKk; Njhd;wp> Mf;fpukpg;G kNdhghtKk; Njhd;wp> Mf;fpukpg;G kNdhghtKk; Njhd;wp> Mf;fpukpg;G kNdhghtKk; Njhd;wp> jPtpukiltjw;F ,it fhuzkhfpd. jPtpukiltjw;F ,it fhuzkhfpd. jPtpukiltjw;F ,it fhuzkhfpd. jPtpukiltjw;F ,it fhuzkhfpd. jPtpukiltjw;F ,it fhuzkhfpd.
,t;thW rpq;fs jiikaplKk;> rpq;fs kf;fsplKk;> ,tHfspdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Njrpa ,af;fj;jpYk;> ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j Vida r%fq;fspd; cupikfisAk; eyd;fisAk; kWf;fpd;w Nghf;F cUthfp> Mo Nt&d;wpaJ. Fwpg;ghf> murpay; jsj;jpy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epWTtjpDhlhfNt> Vida jsq;fspy; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; Ngz KbAk; vd;gij njspthf czHe;J nfhz;l rpq;fs murpay; jiyik> ,duPjpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> epakd Kiw vd;gtw;Wf;F gjpyhf> gpuNjr uPjpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> njupTKiw vd;gtw;iw cWjpahf NfhupaJ. ,jd; tpisthf> mJtiuf;Fk; rl;lrigapy; Vwf;Fiwa rpq;fs murpay; jiyikf;F rkkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;j nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyikapd; murpay; me;j];Jk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; gwpf;fg;gLfpd;w epiy gbg;gbNa cUthfp te;jJ. ,Wjpapy;> 1921,y; khdpq; Kd;itj;j murpay; rPHjpUj;jj;jpDlhf> rpq;fs murpay; jiyikapd; Mjpf;fk;> rl;l rigapy; cWjpahf epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; rPHjpUj;jj;jpDlhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l rl;lrigapy;> rpq;fs gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 13 Mf ,Ue;j mNjNeuj;jpy; jkpo;g; gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;if ntWk; 3 Mf ,Ue;jJ.
Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfs;> ,yq;ifapy; jkJ eyd;fs; njhlHe;Jk; cj;jputhjg;gLj;J- tjw;Fupa xU topKiwahf> vz;zpf;if uPjpapy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Ue;j rpq;fs kf;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpfspd; Nfhupf;iff- Sf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhHfs;. 

Page 23
kl;Lkd;wp> jkJ Mf;fpukpg;gpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiu> jhk; mtHfis jdpahf epHtfpj;J te;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk; vd;gijAk; cjhrPdg;- gLj;jpa Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfs;> rpq;fs murpay;thjpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;> ekJ kf;fs; mlf;fg;glf;$ba murpay; #oiy gbg;gbNa cUthf;fp te;jhHfs;. ,Jtiu fhyKk; ekJ kf;fSlDk; mtHfspd; eyd;fSlDk; vt;tpjj; njhlHGkw;- wpUe;jNjhL> mtHfspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhupd; eyd;fSf;F tpNuhjkhfTk; nraw;gl;L te;j nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik> ,g;NghJ rpq;fs murpay;thjpfshy; jkJ mjpfhuKk;> nry;thf;Fk; mfw;wg;gl;L tUtijAk;> Mq;fpNya Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfis mjw;F rl;l mq;fPfhuk; nfhLg;gijAk; jLf;f Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; jdJ kf;fSld; neUq;Ffpd;w xU murpay; Kaw;rpahf> 1921,y; ,e;jj; jiyik "jkpoH kfh[d rig" vd;w jdpahd murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ.
1830 fspypUe;J 1920 fs; tiu nfhOk;Gj;jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fb murpay; jiyikapd; nraw;ghLfs; jkpo;g; ghuk;gupak; Nehf;fpAk; jkpo; Njrpa murpay; Nehf;fpAk; xU gbKiw rhHe;j tsHr;rpia ngw;W te;jpUg;gij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. 1833 ,y; KjyhtJ jkpoH gpujpepjpahf rl;lrigf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l MWKfk;gps;is FkhuRthkp Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsuplk; kpf neUf;fkhd cwTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhH. me;j Ml;rpahsupd; kjpg;Gf;Fupa gpuKfuhfTk; fUjg;gl;lhH. 1844,y; Mq;fpNya muR ekJ kf;fspilNa epytpa mbik Kiwia ePf;Ftjw;fhf ,aw;wpa rl;lj;ij vjpHj;jijj; jtpu NtW ve;j tifapYk; ,tH Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHf;ftpy;iy.
,tUf;Fg; gpd;dH ,tuJ FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfNs rl;lrigf;F epakpf;fg;gl;Lk; njupTnra;ag;gl;Lk; te;jhHfs;. MWKfk;- gps;is FkhuRthkpf;Fg; gpd;dH rl;lrigf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l mtuJ kUkfd; vjpHkzrpq;fKk; jkJ khkd; topia
mg;gbNa Mq;fpNya vdpDk;> , nra;ag;gl;l kfd; Kj;J xU khw;w Muk;gj;jpy; Ntfkhd nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;ij vdpDk;> gpw uPjpapy; M nraw;gLgt
Kj;Jf;Fk fw;wtHfs nra;ag;gl;l fhyq;fspy %o;fpatuhf Mq;fpyf; f Nkhfj;jpw;F Mq;fpNya ghuk;gupa j gtuhf kh ghzj;ij ,tH efu aho;g;ghzj ,e;J kfs ,tuJ efH murpay; js ,af;fj;jpy Ml;rpf;F v ntspg;gl;l Mjpf;fj;jp nraw;gl;l tpsq;fpdh nra;ag;gl;l KO ,yq;i ,Ue;J nj kf;fsf;nf Njhw;Wtpj;j
,t;thW M ,t;thW M ,t;thW M ,t;thW M ,t;thW M fhy jkpo fhy jkpo fhy jkpo fhy jkpo fhy jkpo tsHr;rpia tsHr;rpia tsHr;rpia tsHr;rpia tsHr;rpia
23

Fwpg;gpl;l epHtfpj;J cjhrPdg;- s;> rpq;fs fPo;> ekJ y; #oiy ;. ,Jtiu tHfspd; hlHGkw;- yhNdhupd; ;gl;L te;j jiyik> hy; jkJ w;wg;gl;L ;ghsHfis Ak; jLf;f py; jdJ murpay; k "jkpoH murpay;
Ok;Gj;jkpo; ikapd; Nehf;fpAk; gbKiw ;jpUg;gij tJ jkpoH pf;fg;gl;l q;fpNya wTfisf; pahsupd; jg;gl;lhH. ;fspilNa tjw;fhf NtW ve;j jpf;fj;ij
k;gj;ijr; pf;fg;gl;Lk; MWKfk;- ;lrigf;Fj; kUkfd; ; topia
mg;gbNa gpd;gw;wpdhH. xU NeHikahd Mq;fpNya tpRthrpahf mtH nraw;gl;lhH. vdpDk;> ,tUf;Fg; gpd;dH 1861,y; njupT nra;ag;gl;l MWKfk;gps;is Fkurhkpapd; kfd; Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpapd;; nraw;ghLfspy; xU khw;wg; Nghf;F Vw;gl;lJ. ,tH> Muk;gj;jpy; Nkw;fj;ija fyhr;rhuj;jpYk; mjd; Ntfkhd tho;f;ifapYk; MHtk; nfhz;bUe;jhH. jdJ tho;f;ifapd; fzprkhd fhyj;ij mtH yz;ldpy; fopj;jpUe;jhH. vdpDk;> gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,tH kj kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf nraw;gLgtuhf khwpdhH.
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpf;Fg; gpd;dH fy;tp fw;wtHfshy; rl;lrigf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l nghd;. ,uhkehjd; Muk;gf; fhyq;fspy; Mq;fpNyaf; fyhr;rhuj;jp;y; %o;fpatuhf ,Ue;jhH. vdpDk; gpw;fhyq;fspy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpf;Fk; Mq;fpNyaf; fyhr;rhu Nkhfj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf ,tH nraw;gl;lhH. Mq;fpNyaf; fyhr;rhuj;jpypUe;J tpyfp ghuk;gupa jkpo;f; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gpd;gw;W- gtuhf khwpdhH. nfhOk;gpypUe;J aho;g;- ghzj;ij mjhtJ jkpo; kz;iz Nehf;fp ,tH efuj; njhlq;fpdhH. Kjd;Kjyhf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,tH Muk;gpj;j ,uhkehjd; ,e;J kfspH fy;Yhup jha; kz;iz Nehf;fpa ,tuJ efHTf;F rhl;rpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. murpay; jsj;jpy; KO ehLk; jOtpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ,ize;jpUe;j NghJk; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd vjpHg;Gf; Fuy; ,tuplkpUe;J ntspg;gl;lJ. ,t;tifapy; Mq;fpNyauJ Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf murpay; jsj;jpy; nraw;gl;l Kjy; eguhf ,uhkehjd; tpsq;fpdhH. ,tUf;Fg; gpd;dH njupT nra;ag;gl;l ,tuJ rNfhjuH mUzhr;ryk; KO ,yq;if vd;w murpay; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ,Ue;J njspthf Kwpj;Jf; nfhz;L ekJ kf;fsf;nfd jdpahd murpay; ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jhH.
,t;thW Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapy; xU Ehw;whz;L ,t;thW Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapy; xU Ehw;whz;L ,t;thW Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapy; xU Ehw;whz;L ,t;thW Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapy; xU Ehw;whz;L ,t;thW Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapy; xU Ehw;whz;L fhy jkpoH jiyikahdJ xU gbKiw fhy jkpoH jiyikahdJ xU gbKiw fhy jkpoH jiyikahdJ xU gbKiw fhy jkpoH jiyikahdJ xU gbKiw fhy jkpoH jiyikahdJ xU gbKiw tsHr;rpiag; ngw;W te;jpUg;gij njspthf tsHr;rpiag; ngw;W te;jpUg;gij njspthf tsHr;rpiag; ngw;W te;jpUg;gij njspthf tsHr;rpiag; ngw;W te;jpUg;gij njspthf tsHr;rpiag; ngw;W te;jpUg;gij njspthf
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Page 24
mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,e;jg; gbKiw mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,e;jg; gbKiw mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,e;jg; gbKiw mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,e;jg; gbKiw mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,e;jg; gbKiw tsHr;rpahdJ Kjypy; Mq;fpNya rhHG tsHr;rpahdJ Kjypy; Mq;fpNya rhHG tsHr;rpahdJ Kjypy; Mq;fpNya rhHG tsHr;rpahdJ Kjypy; Mq;fpNya rhHG tsHr;rpahdJ Kjypy; Mq;fpNya rhHG murpay; epiyapypUe;J> gpd;dH KOehl;- murpay; epiyapypUe;J> gpd;dH KOehl;- murpay; epiyapypUe;J> gpd;dH KOehl;- murpay; epiyapypUe;J> gpd;dH KOehl;- murpay; epiyapypUe;J> gpd;dH KOehl;- bw;Fkhd Njrpa murpay; vd;w ghijapDlhf> bw;Fkhd Njrpa murpay; vd;w ghijapDlhf> bw;Fkhd Njrpa murpay; vd;w ghijapDlhf> bw;Fkhd Njrpa murpay; vd;w ghijapDlhf> bw;Fkhd Njrpa murpay; vd;w ghijapDlhf> ,Wjpapy; ekJ jkpo; Njrpa murpaYf;Fs; ,Wjpapy; ekJ jkpo; Njrpa murpaYf;Fs; ,Wjpapy; ekJ jkpo; Njrpa murpaYf;Fs; ,Wjpapy; ekJ jkpo; Njrpa murpaYf;Fs; ,Wjpapy; ekJ jkpo; Njrpa murpaYf;Fs; Eiotij fhzKbAk;. Eiotij fhzKbAk;. Eiotij fhzKbAk;. Eiotij fhzKbAk;. Eiotij fhzKbAk;.
,e;j ,af;fg; Nghf;F jw;nrayhdNjh my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l jdpegHfspd; nrhe;j tpUg;Gr; rhHe;jNjh my;y. khwhf> ,J Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;L te;j r%f murpay; khw;wq;fspy; jtpHf;fKbahj Jy;ypakhd ntspg;ghlhf mike;jpUe;jJ. ,e;j r%f murpay; khw;wq;fis gpd;tUkhW njhFf;f KbAk;.
xUGwk;> rpq;fs murpay; jiyikf;Fs; jpuz;L te;j ,dthj czHTfs;; ,e;j ,dthj czHTfSf;F Clhf rpq;fs kj;jpapy; ,lk;ngw;W te;j Njrpa ,af;fk;; jkJ eyd;fisg; NgZtjw;fhf Mq;fpNya muR rpq;fsj; jiyikAld; ,zq;fpg; Nghd epiy. kWGwk;> ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;L te;j r%fg; nghUshjhu khw;wq;fSk; mjd; tpisthf mq;F Njhd;wpa Gjpa r%fg; gpupTfspd; murpay; mgpyhirfSk;.
ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy;> Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;jpy;> 20 k; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gpj;jpNyNa fy;tp fw;w gpuptpdH fzprkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; cUthfpapUe;jhHfs;. ,tHfspy; xU gpuptpdH jhuhz;ikthj [dehaff; fUj;Jf;fSld; gupr;rpak; nfhz;ltHfshfTk; ,e;jpahtpy; fhe;jpapdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Njrpa ,af;fj;jpdhy; vOr;rp Cl;lg;gl;ltHfshfTk; ,Ue;jhHfs;. nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; jiyikf;F Kw;wpYk; khwhf> jkJ nrhe;j kz;zpy; nrhe;j kf;fSld; ,ize;j ntF[d murpaypy; ,tHfs; MHtk; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. ,tHfs; xU rpWgpuptpdupd; eyd;fSf;fhf md;wp> ekJ kf;fspd; mNdfkhf midj;Jg; gpuptpduJk; eyd;fis cs;slf;fpa murpay; cupikfSf;fhf Nghuhlf;$batHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;.
,t;tifapy;> aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;j fy;tp
fw;w gpuptpd nfhq;fpu] mikg;gG c Kw;Nghf;F nfhz;l n mikg;G j Kd;ndLj;j thf;Fupik rk cupik Nfh\q;fs kf;fspd; [ Nt&d;wpaJ tutiof;f typikAk 1935,y; yq nraw;gl;l njhlf;fj;j NghJk; [dehafg; njhlHe;J Kf;fpaj;Jt
,it mi jskhff; jiyikapd gz;Gkhw;w tpisthf nfhOk;gpypU Nehf;fp> F murpay; ef
aho;g;ghz Njhy;tpahd Kjyhf c murpay; , Njhy;tpahf kf;fs; xU epfo;Tg; N kf;fspilN ,af;fj;Jl kf;fs; kj ,izTk; nfhOk;G j ekJ kf;fs ekJ kf
24

gbKiw gbKiw gbKiw gbKiw gbKiw ya rhHG ya rhHG ya rhHG ya rhHG ya rhHG KOehl;- KOehl;- KOehl;- KOehl;- KOehl;- japDlhf> japDlhf> japDlhf> japDlhf> japDlhf> paYf;Fs; paYf;Fs; paYf;Fs; paYf;Fs; paYf;Fs;
jh my;yJ tpUg;Gr; q;fpNya te;j r%f ;fKbahj e;jpUe;jJ. pd;tUkhW
; s; jpuz;L ,dthj kj;jpapy; ;fk;; jkJ pNya muR ghd epiy. ;gl;L te;j k; mjd; pa r%fg; k;.
;g;ghzj;jpy;> fy;tp fw;w f;ifapy; U gpuptpdH f;fSld; e;jpahtpy; ;l Njrpa HfshfTk; yikf;F py; nrhe;j murpaypy; ;. ,tHfs; d;wp> ekJ puptpduJk; murpay; tHfshf
He;j fy;tp
fw;w gpuptpduhy;> 1924,y; aho;g;ghz thypgH nfhq;fpu]; vd;w ngaupy; xU murpay; mikg;gG cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. md;iwa #oypy; Kw;Nghf;Fj; jd;ikAk; [dehafg; gz;Gk; nfhz;l nfhs;ifg; gpufldj;Jld; ,e;j mikg;G jdJ murpaw; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLj;jJ. Ra uh[;[pak;> midtUf;Fk; thf;Fupik> jPz;lhik xopg;G> ngz;fSf;F rk cupik.... vd ,e;j mikg;G Kd;itj;j Nfh\q;fs; etPd murpaypy; ntspg;gl;l ekJ kf;fspd; [dehafg; ghuhk;gupaj;jpd; tpj;jhf Nt&d;wpaJ. fhe;jpia aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F tutiof;ff; $basTf;F ,t;tikg;G typikAk; kf;fs; MjuTk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. 1935,y; yq;fh rkh[f; fl;rpAld; ,ize;J nraw;gl;l ,e;j mikg;G 1940fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; nrayw;w epiyf;F Mshd NghJk; mjdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l [dehafg; ghuk;gupak; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; njhlHe;J epiyngwf; $basTf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
,it midj;Jk; ,ize;J nfhOk;igj; jskhff; nfhz;bUe;j jkpo; murpay; jiyikapd; gbg;gbahdJk; njspthdJkhd gz;Gkhw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpd. ,jd; tpisthf ekJ murpay; jiyikahdJ nfhOk;gpypUe;J nky;y nky;y ekJ jhafj;ij Nehf;fp> Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;ij Nehf;fp murpay; efHit Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
aho;g;ghz thypgH nfhq;fpu]pd; murpay; Njhy;tpahdJ> ekJ kf;fspilNa Kjd; Kjyhf cUg;ngw;w Kw;Nghf;F [dehaf murpay; ,af;fj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l jw;fhypfj; Njhy;tpahf mike;jJ. 1930fspypUe;J ekJ kf;fs; xU Njrkhf xz;wpiza Ntz;ba epfo;Tg; Nghf;fpy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. rpq;fs kf;fspilNa vOr;rp ngw;W te;j Njrpa ,af;fj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy;> 1930fspy; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Njrpa czHTk;> Njr ,izTk; gytPdkhfNt ntspg;gl;ld. nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fb murpay; jiyik> ekJ kf;fspypUe;J Kw;whf tpyfpapUe;jJk;> ekJ kf;fSld; ,ize;j murpay;
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nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fhjJk; NtWgl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; jdpj;Jtkhf tho;e;J te;j ekJ kf;fspilNa neUq;fpa cwTfs; ,d;dKk; Vw;glhjpUe;;jJk; ,jw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fshf ,Ue;jd. vdpDk; 1921,y; jkpoH kfh[d rig vd;w jdpahd murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;fp> ekJ kf;fSf;F vd jdpahd murpay; ,af;fk; xd;W mjd; jspHepiyapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lNjhL ,ize;jjhf ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Njr cUthf;fk; fUf;nfhz;lJ. 1931,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l rHtrd thf;Fupik> ekJ kf;fspd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdUk; murpay; jsj;jpw;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gLtij rhj;jpakhf;fpaJ.
,t;thW ekJ kf;fs; murpay; jsj;jpy; xd;Wjpusj; njhlq;fpajd; Clhf> ekJ Njr cUthf;fk; tsHr;rp ngw Muk;gpj;jJ. 1940fspy; ekJ kf;fs; Njrkhf jpus;fpd;w Nghf;F Ntfk; ngw;wNjhL> 1950 fspy; mtHfs; jplkhd Njrkhf jk;ik epWtpf; nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;. vdNt md;iwa #oypy; ekJ kf;fis KOtJk; jOtpajhf mtHfSf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLf;ff; $ba murpay; mikg;Ng tuyhw;W mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; aho;g;ghz thypgH nfhq;fpu]; ,e;j tuyhw;W mtrpaj;jpw;F khwhf> ,yq;ifj; Njrpak; vd;w nfhs;if caHj;jpg; gpbj;jNjhL mjd; nraw;ghLfs; ngupJk; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fs; vy;iyg;gl;ljhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; czHTlDk; tuyhw;wpd; md;iwa mtrpaj;JlDk; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahjpUe;j aho; thypgH nfhq;fpu]; jkpo;j; Njrpaj;ij cWjpahf Kd;itj;J KOj; jkpo; kf;fspdJk; murpay; jiyikahf jk;ik cUthf;fp te;j [p. [p. nghd;dk;gyk; Nghd;wtHfshy; Njhw;fbf;fg;glf; $ba epiyikf;F MshfpaJ. aho; thypgH nfhq;fpuRf;F vjpuhf [p. [p. nghd;dk;gyk; jiyikapyhd gpuptpdH> fpwp];jt vjpHg;G vd;w Nfh\j;ij Kd;itj;jpUe;j NghjpYk; aho; thypg nfhq;fpurpd; murpay; Njhy;tpf;F
mJ xU K tpy;iy. ,d fpwp];jtuh Njrpa ,af jhq;Fgtuhf aho; thypgH xg;gpLk;Ngh Kd;ndLf;f jPHf;fkhd f vd;gij c thypgH nfh kf;fs; kj;j czHTld ,af;fj;ij gytPdNk K
midtUf jkpoupd; N 1931 ,ypUe rLjpahd K thf;Fupi gpujpepjpj;J murpay; , nrd;wd. thf;Fupik rfy gpupt ,Oj;Jtpl;l Fwpg;gpl;l thf;fspf;F mNjNeuk;> ,lk;ngw;w mike;jJ ,duPjpahd gpuNjr mwpKfg;gL ,ize;J e murpay; jiyikapY
midtUf gpujpepjpj;J kf;fSf;Fk mtrpakhf
25

; NtWgl;l te;j ekJ ; ,d;dKk; Kf;fpa ,y; jkpoH murpay; Sf;F vd ;W mjd; l;lNjhL papy; Njr 1931,y; upik> ekJ ; murpay; ;gLtij
; jsj;jpy; ekJ Njr . 1940fspy; f;F Ntfk; ; jplkhd fhs;sj; a #oypy; tpajhf af;fj;ij mikg;Ng . Mdhy; tuyhw;W rpak; vd;w hL mjd; j;jpw;Fs; ;thW ekJ tuyhw;wpd; izj;Jf; nfhq;fpu]; j;J KOj; hf jk;ik d;dk;gyk; lf; $ba ; thypgH d;dk;gyk; t vjpHg;G NghjpYk; jhy;tpf;F
mJ xU Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;f- tpy;iy. ,d;Dk; rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dH xU fpwp];jtuhd> v];.N[.tp. nry;tehafk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Gjpa fl;lj;jpw;F jiyik jhq;Fgtuhf khw ,Ue;jhH vd;w cz;ikAld; aho; thypgH nfhq;fpu]pd; murpay; Njhy;tpia> xg;gpLk;NghJ [p. [p. Nghd;wtHfspdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jf; fpwp];jt vjpHg;G xU jPHf;fkhd fhuzpahf mike;jpUf;f KbahJ vd;gij czu KbAk;. ,t;tifapy; aho; thypgH nfhq;fpu]pd; murpay; Njhy;tpf;F ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; md;W cUthfp te;j Njrpa czHTld; jk;ik ,izj;J jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLf;f KbahjpUe;j mjd; gytPdNk Kf;fpa fhuzpahf mikfpd;wJ.
midtUf;Fk; thf;FupikAk;  rHtrd thf;Fupikapd; Clhf ,lk;ngw;w NjHjyhdJ njhFjp mbg;gilapy; mike;jJ. mjhtJ> ,Jtiu epytpa ,duPjpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mfw;wg;gl;L gpuNjr uPjpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,it midj;Jk; ,ize;J ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;jpYk; murpay; Nfhupf;iffspYk; murpay; jiyikapYk; ghupa khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd.
midtUf;Fk; thf;FupikAk; njupTKiw gpujpepjpj;JtKk;> murpay; jiyikf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd neUq;fpa ,izg;ig mtrpakhf;Ffpd;wd. kf;fs; VNjhtifapy;
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jkf;F neUf;fkhf cs;s murpay; gpujpepjpfis Mjupg;gJk;> mtHfisj; njupT nra;tJk; ,q;F epfo;fpd;wd. kf;fSf;Fk; kf;fspd; murpay; vjpHghHg;GfSf;Fk; me;epakhdtHfs>; mtHfs; vj;jifa jpwikrhypfshf ,Ue;jhYk; njupT nra;ag;gLtJ rhj;jpakw;wjhfpd;wJ. vdNt> murpay; jiytHfSk; murpay;thjpfSk; kf;fspd; murpay; czHTfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;ltHfshfTk; kf;fspdhy; mq;fPf- upf;fg;gl Ntz;batHfshfTk; ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ,dthupg; gpujpepjp;j;Jtk; epytpa NghJ mg;gpujpepj;Jtj;jpd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjw;fhf Nghl;baplf; $batHfs; kw;Wk; thf;fspf;ff; $batHfspd; jFjpAk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy; kf;fSld; vt;tpjj; njhlHGkw;w mtHfspd; murpay; gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gLtJ my;yJ njupT nra;ag;gLtJ rhj;jpakhfpaJ (,jdhNyNa jkpoupd; murpay; gpujpepjpfshf nfhOk;Gtho; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik epakpf;fg;gl;lJk; mt;thW epakpf;fg;gl;ltHfspy; xUtuhd Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp jdJ murpay; flikfis xJf;fptpl;L tUlf; fzf;fpy; yz;ldpy; jq;fpapUe;jJk; rhj;jpakhfpaJ.) ,jw;F khwhf rHtrd thf;FupikAk; gpuNjrthupg; gpujpepjp;j;JtKk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; %yk; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j ntt;NtW r%f kl;lq;fisr; NrHe;j gpuptpdH murpay; gpujpepjpfshf njupT nra;ag;glf; $ba tha;g;G cUthfpd;wJ. ,J xU r%fj;jpd; murpay; ,af;fj;ij Kw;whfNt khw;wf;$baJ. gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fisAk; r%fg; gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j murpay; gpujpepjpfs; xd;wpiztJk; NtWgl;l kf;fspd; eyd;fs; xd;Wfyg;gJk; mtw;wpypUe;J nghJ ,yf;Ffs; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLtJk; ,q;F epfo;fpd;wd.
mNjNtis gpuNjr uPjpapyhd gpujpepjpj;- JtkhdJ vz;zpf;if uPjpapy; ngUk;ghd;- ikahf cs;s kf;fspd; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij tYTld; epiyepWj;jf; $baJ. Kjyhspj;Jt ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; vd;gJ ,j;jifa
vz;zpf;if jdJ murpa ,g;ghuhSk vg;NghJk ngUk;ghd;i fUtpahf nfhz;bUf
,j;jifa md;iwa vjpHnfhz nra;ag;gLf xd;wpizf;f Mjuitg mNjNtis Mjpf;fk; rl $ba tifa Kd;ndLf;f vjpHnfhs;s epiwNtw;wf r%fj; jsj jiyik n rl;lrig cWjpg;gLj jiyika vjpHg;gjw;F ,iza Nt Mshd Ngh uPjpahdjhf $bajhfNt Mokhf gb Nkl;Lf;Fb ,WjptiuA uPjpapy; ,i jLj;J te;j
1920fspNyN mikg;ig , 1931,y; j ngz;fSf thf;Fupik vjpHf;fpd;w k jd;id n ,j;jiyi ,dthjj;i
26

murpay; sj; njupT ;fSf;Fk; fSf;Fk; vj;jifa ; njupT J. vdNt> ;thjpfSk; g; Gupe;J ; mq;fPf- ,Ug;gJ epjp;j;Jtk; Jtj;jpd; hl;baplf; atHfspd; kf;fSld; ; murpay; ;yJ njupT jdhNyNa hOk;Gtho; ;fg;gl;lJk; xUtuhd likfis yz;ldpy; w;F khwhf jrthupg; g;gl;ljd; r; NrHe;j ;j gpuptpdH ra;ag;glf; ,J xU Kw;whfNt q;fisAk; murpay; ;l kf;fspd; e;J nghJ k; ,q;F
gpujpepjpj;- gUk;ghd;- jpfhuj;ij yhspj;Jt ,j;jifa
vz;zpf;if rhHe;j ngUk;ghd;ikapd; %yNk jdJ murpay; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; ,g;ghuhSkd;w murpay; KiwikahdJ vg;NghJk; vz;zpf;if uPjpapy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf cs;s r%fj;jpd; murpaw; fUtpahf khwptplf; $ba rhj;jpaj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
,j;jifa midj;J murpay; epiyfisAk; md;iwa ekJ murpay; jiyik vjpHnfhz;lJ. kf;fspdhy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;w Gjpa murpaw; gpujpepjpfis xd;wpizf;ff; $ba tifapYk; jkJ kf;fspd; Mjuitg; ngwf; $ba tifapYk; mNjNtis ngUk;ghd;ik rpq;fstHfspd; Mjpf;fk; rl;lrigapy; Vw;gLtijj; jtpHf;ff; $ba tifapYk; jdpahd murpay; ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; mg;NghJ vjpHnfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa mtrpaj;ij epiwNtw;wf; $ba murpay; MSikiaNah> r%fj; jsj;ijNah nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fb jiyik nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. 1910k; Mz;by; rl;lrigf;fhd jdJ njupit cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> gpd;dH rpq;fs murpay; jiyikapd; ,dthj Nghf;Ffis vjpHg;gjw;Fk; ekJ kf;fspd; rpy gpupTfSld; ,iza Ntz;ba epiyikf;F ,j;jiyik Mshd NghjpYk;> ,e;j ,izg;G cs;shHe;j uPjpahdjhfNth typikahd gpizg;Gld; $bajhfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,j;jiyikaplk; Mokhf gbe;J tpl;bUe;j me;epaj; jd;ikAk;> Nkl;Lf;Fb kNdhghtKk;> mjpfhuj;JtKk;> ,WjptiuAk; jkJ kf;fSld; cs;shHe;j uPjpapy; ,iza Kbahky; ,j;jiyikia jLj;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
1920fspNyNa ekJ kf;fSf;nfd xU murpay; mikg;ig ,j;jiyik cUthf;fpa NghjpYk;> 1931,y; jkJ nrhe;j ,dj;ijr; NrHe;j ngz;fSf;Fk;> mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik toq;fg;gLtij jPtpukhf vjpHf;fpd;w kf;fs; tpNuhj jiyikahfNt ,J jd;id ntspg;gLj;jp te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jiyik rpq;fs Mjpf;fj;ijAk; ,dthjj;ijAk; vjpHj;J te;j NghjpYk;> me;j
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vjpHg;G njhlHr;rpahdjhfNth> cWjpahd- jhfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,j;jiyikapd; filrp thuprhd mUzhr;ryk; kfhNjth 1944,y; rpq;fs murpay; jiyikAld; ,izaf; $basTf;Nf> ,j;jiyikapd; rpq;fs ,dthjj;jpw;Fk; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fkhd vjpHg;G mike;jpUe;jJ. ,yq;ifapd; murpay; jsj;jpy; njspthf Vw;gl;L te;j ,duPjpayhd gpsTfis Gupe;J> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhs;shjJ kl;Lkd;wp> jkJ nrhe;j eyd;fisAk; me;j];ijAk; Ngzpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> rpq;fs murpay; jyiikAld; mUzhr;ryk; kfhNjth ,ize;J nfhz;ljhdJ> nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik> ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpypUe;J Kw;whfNt mfw;wg;gLtjw;F fhuzkhfpaJ.
nfhOk;Gj; jkpo;Nkl;Lf;Fb murpay; jiyikapd; filrp thupR> rpq;fs murpay; jiyikAld; ,ize;J nfhz;l Neuj;jpy;> Gjpa murpay; jiyahf cUthftpUe;j gpuptpdH> nfhOk;gpy; ikag;gFjpapypUe;J tpyfp> ekJ kz;iz Nehf;fp tpiuthf efu
Muk;gpj;jh neUq;f> n rpq;fs M jPtpukile Mjpf;fj;jp mr;RWj;J ,j;jifa jtpHg;gjw;f nraw;gl N jsj;jpy; c gpujpepjpfi mikg;ig Fwp;j;J> vy;yhtw;W Ntz;ba m midtupdJ Ntz;ba ,itaid midtupdJ [p. nghd;d ,yq;ifj; j
27

Wjpahd- apd; filrp h 1944,y; ,izaf; ; rpq;fs d vjpHg;G y; jsj;jpy; uPjpayhd ; murpay; hs;shjJ ;fisAk; hf> rpq;fs hr;ryk; > nfhOk;G murpay; g;gLtjw;F
murpay; murpay; Neuj;jpy;> hftpUe;j papypUe;J uthf efu
Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. ,yq;if "Rje;jpuj;ij" neUq;f> neUq;f mjd; murpay; jsj;jpy; rpq;fs Mjpf;fk; tYthf Nt&d;WtJk; jPtpukile;jJ. ,yq;if muR> rpq;fs Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fs; cl;gltpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ mr;RWj;Jk; vjhHj;jkhf ntspg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa Mjpf;f epiy Vw;gLtij jtpHg;gjw;fhf> tpiue;Jk; cWjpahfTk; nraw;gl Ntz;ba Njit ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy; czug;gl;lJ. ekJ kf;fspd; gy;NtW gpujpepjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpa xU murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpak; Fwp;j;J> jPtpukhf tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf Gjpjhf cUthf Ntz;ba murpay; jiyikahdJ> ekJ kf;fs; midtupdJk; murpay; jiyikahf mika Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ. ,itaidj;ijAk; epiwNtw;wp ekJ kf;fs; midtupdJk; murpay; fl;rpahf 1944 ,y; [p. [p. nghd;dk;gyj;jpd; jiyikapy; mfpy ,yq;ifj; jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; cUthdJ.
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Rje;jpuj;jpd; (1) murpay; rl;l tuk;gpw;Fs;  ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fis rhug;gLj;Jtjhf> ngaustpy; kl;Lk; ekJ kf;fSf;Fupa murpay; mikg;ghf jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; cUthftpy;iy. khwhf> mJ  rpq;fs ,dthj Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf jdJ cWjpahd> rkurkw;w vjpHg;ig jkpo; nfhq;fp]; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
vdpDk;> jkpo; nfhq;fpu]pd; ngUk;ghyhd cWg;gpdHfSk; murpay; gpujpepjpfSk; jkpo; r%fj;jpd; Mjpf;fg; gpuptpduhfTk; ngupJk; rl;lj;Jiw rhHe;jtHfshfTk; ,Ue;jhHfs;. vdNt rpq;fs ,dthjj;jpw;F vjpuhf ,tHfsJ Nghuhl;lkhdJ kf;fis
xd;iwNa rpq;fsj; ji jkpo; nfh gpd;gw;wp te JhuNehf;f mNjNeuj;j ,of;fhky;> mjd; Ngh ntspg;gLj
50 : 50 v md;iwa e ,yq;ifa gpujpepjpfs NgZtjhf cUthftpU murpay; epiyngWt murpay; n vdpDk; ,f nfhq;fpu] ntF[dg; jkpo; nfhq gz;igg; Mr;rupag;gL nfhq;fpu]; cUg;ngw;w
28

w;whz;Lf;F murpay; Uthf;fk; 1921,y; ig Nghy;> j;Jtjhf> Sf;Fupa fhq;fpu]; ; jkpoHfs; pizj;jJ. af;fj;jpd; psq;fpaJ. miyapd; J. ekJ murpay; njspthf ,dthj Wjpahd> fhq;fp];
Uk;ghyhd Sk; jkpo; k; ngupJk; Ue;jhHfs;. vjpuhf kf;fis
Rje;jpuj;jpd;
gpd;  ekJ nrhe;j eyd;fis rpwpJk; ,of;fhky;> murpay; cupikfis ngwtpUk;gpa mjd; NghHf;Fzhk;rkw;w jd;ikiaAk; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
50 : 50 vd;w murpay; Nfhupf;ifahdJ> md;iwa epiyapy; Kd;Ndw;wfukhdjhfTk; ,yq;ifapYs;s r%fq;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpfspilNa mjpfhur; rkepiyia NgZtjhfTk; mike;jJ. ,yq;ifapy; cUthftpUe;j Gjpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rpq;fs murpay; gpujpepjpfspd; Mjpf;fk; epiyngWtij> nfhs;if mstpy; jLf;fpw murpay; nghwpKiwahf ,J tpsq;fpaJ. vdpDk; ,f;Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itj;j jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; mij ntd;nwLg;gjw;F vt;tpj ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; 

Page 29
jdJ fhiy ekJ kz;zpy; cWjpahf Cd;wtpy;iy. mjd; murpay; ,yf;F vd;gJ ekJ Njrj;jpd; eyd;fs; vd;gijf; fhl;bYk; jhd; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fshfNt mike;jpUe;jd. mJ ekJ Njrj;jpd; eyd;fis rhug;gLj;jpaJ cz;ikjhd;. 50 : 50 vd;w murpay; Nfhupf;ifahdJ> mjd; cz;ikahd mHj;jj;jpy;> md;iwa murpay; #oypy; ekJ Njr murpay; eyd;fspd; rhukhf mike;jpUe;jJ. Mdhy; jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; jiyikahdJ eilKiwapy; ,f;Nfhupf;- ifia ekJ Njrj;jpd; eyd;fis cj;jpu- thjg;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fp tsh;j;njLf;fhky; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; vd;w gyj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; mjd; %yk; fpilf;ff;$ba tYthd Nguk; NgRk; gyj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; jhd; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fis cWjpg;gLj;JtNjNa mj;jiyik ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
50 : 50 murpay; Nfhupf;ifia> ekJ Njrj;jpd; murpay; czHTld; neUf;fkhf ,izg;- gjw;F jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; jiyik Kaw;rpf;- ftpy;iy. mf;Nfhupf;ifia ntd;nwLg;g- jw;fhf> K];yPk; kw;Wk; kiyaf kf;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpfSld; ,ize;J nraw;gLtjpy; jkpo;f; nfhq;fpu]; jiyik murpay; NeHikAld;  ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpfis cs;slf;fpa xU gue;j murpay; mikg;ghfTk; nraw;gl Kbahj gytPdj;ij jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jg; gytPdk;jhd;> 1947 ,y;
,lk;ngw;w aho;g;ghzj jkpo; nfh gFjpfspy midj;Jj jOTtjw;F
1940 fspy; Nfhupf;ifi murpay; g nfhs;tjw;f nfhq;fpu]; 1947 NjHj mf;fl;rp n 50 : 50 vd nrhe;j eyd jiyik r nfhs;tjw;F
,t;thW ek murpay; c Nghuhl;lj; mNjNeuj;j ,izj;Jf mikg;ghf nfhq;fpu] tpiutpNyN jsj;jpy;> r jPtpukhfT #oypy;> ek jiyik jh nry;fpd;w Ntz;ba ngw;wpUe;jJ jiyik> e jiyik> e jiyik> e jiyik> e jiyik> e eyd;fis eyd;fis , eyd;fis eyd;fis , eyd;fis eyd;fis eyd;fis eyd;fis eyd;fis eyd;fis Kbahj ji Kbahj ji Kbahj ji Kbahj ji Kbahj ji kf;fspd; kf;fspd; kf;fspd; kf;fspd; kf;fspd; nfhq;fpuRk nfhq;fpuRk nfhq;fpuRk nfhq;fpuRk nfhq;fpuRk mfw;wg;gl;l mfw;wg;gl;l mfw;wg;gl;l mfw;wg;gl;l mfw;wg;gl;l ,af;fj;j ntspg;ghlh
29

cWjpahf f;F vd;gJ ; fhl;bYk; Mjpf;fg; e;jd. mJ ;gLj;jpaJ murpay; ;ikahd ypy; ekJ rhukhf fhq;fpu]; f;Nfhupf;- s cj;jpu- jLf;fhky; gyj;ijf; f;ff;$ba nfhz;Lk; f Mjpf;fg; ;JtNjNa ;jJ.
Njrj;jpd; ,izg;- Kaw;rpf;- d;nwLg;g- kf;fspd; ize;J ; jiyik tpy;iy. f rpq;fsj; ;Fk; ,lk; j;jpa jkpo; s ntd;W ntt;NtW Sld; $l ; mf;fiw d;itj;j lKiwr; fq;fspd; ;Jk;> ekJ s;slf;fpa ; nraw;gl fhq;fpu]; ;> 1947 ,y;
,lk;ngw;w KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj; NjHjypy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mNkhf ntw;wp ngw Kbe;j jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; td;dp kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; jpUNfhzkiy jtpHe;j Vida midj;Jj; njhFjpfspYk; Njhy;tpiaj; jOTtjw;F fhuzkhfpaJ.
1940 fspy; ekJ Njrj;jpd; gpujhd murpay; Nfhupf;ifia jhd; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w murpay; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd xU fUtpahf gad;gLj;j jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; Kaw;rpj;jJ. ,e;j Kuz;ghLjhd; 1947 NjHjypy; Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mf;fl;rp ntw;wpngwTk; 48 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; 50 : 50 vd;w Nfhupf;ifia iftpl;L jdJ nrhe;j eyd;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mjd; jiyik rpwpyq;fh murhq;fj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ.
,t;thW ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; KjyhtJ murpay; cUtkhfTk; jPtpukhd mNjNeuj;jpy; Nghuhl;lj; jpuhzpaw;w> czHr;rpfukhd mNjNeuj;jpy; kf;fspd; eyd;fSld; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahj murpay; mikg;ghfTk; gfl;Lld; nraw;gl;l jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; jdJ murpay; kFlj;ij tpiutpNyNa ,oe;jJ. ,yq;ifapd; murpay; jsj;jpy;> rpq;fs ,dthjk; gfpuq;fkhfTk;> jPtpukhfTk; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jp te;j #oypy;> ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;ij jiyik jhq;fp> mij cWjpahf Kd;ndLj;J nry;fpd;w murpay; mikg;ghf nraw;gl Ntz;ba flg;ghl;il jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,jw;F khwhf> jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fSld; jdJ jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fSld; jdJ jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fSld; jdJ jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fSld; jdJ jiyik> ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fSld; jdJ eyd;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;shjjhfTk; me;j eyd;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;shjjhfTk; me;j eyd;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;shjjhfTk; me;j eyd;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;shjjhfTk; me;j eyd;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;shjjhfTk; me;j eyd;fis ntd;W nfhs;tjw;F Nghuhl eyd;fis ntd;W nfhs;tjw;F Nghuhl eyd;fis ntd;W nfhs;tjw;F Nghuhl eyd;fis ntd;W nfhs;tjw;F Nghuhl eyd;fis ntd;W nfhs;tjw;F Nghuhl Kbahj jiyikahfTk; nraw;gl;ljhy; ekJ Kbahj jiyikahfTk; nraw;gl;ljhy; ekJ Kbahj jiyikahfTk; nraw;gl;ljhy; ekJ Kbahj jiyikahfTk; nraw;gl;ljhy; ekJ Kbahj jiyikahfTk; nraw;gl;ljhy; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; muq;fpypUe;J jkpo; kf;fspd; murpay; muq;fpypUe;J jkpo; kf;fspd; murpay; muq;fpypUe;J jkpo; kf;fspd; murpay; muq;fpypUe;J jkpo; kf;fspd; murpay; muq;fpypUe;J jkpo; nfhq;fpuRk; mjd; jiyikAk; tpiutpNyNa nfhq;fpuRk; mjd; jiyikAk; tpiutpNyNa nfhq;fpuRk; mjd; jiyikAk; tpiutpNyNa nfhq;fpuRk; mjd; jiyikAk; tpiutpNyNa nfhq;fpuRk; mjd; jiyikAk; tpiutpNyNa mfw;wg;gl;ld. mfw;wg;gl;ld. mfw;wg;gl;ld. mfw;wg;gl;ld. mfw;wg;gl;ld. 1949 khHfopapy; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,d;ndhU gupkhzj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf jkpouR fl;rp cUthfpaJ.
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 mJ ekJ; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhfNth KOj; jkpo; kf;fisAk; ,izj;jjhfNth mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,jw;F khwhf> jkpouRf; fl;rp vd;gJ Njrk; jOtpa Nghuhl;lj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; murpay; mikg;ghf> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; czHTlDk; Nghuhl;l Mw;wYlDk; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l mikg;ghf cUg;ngw;wJ.
jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wNk fpsHr;rpkpf;fjhf mike;jJ. 1947y; ntw;wp ngw;w gpd;dH> 1948 ,y; rpq;fs murpay; jiyikAld; ,ize;Jtpl;l jkpof; nfhq;fpu]; jiyik "Rje;jpuj;jpd;" gpd;duhd KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kiyafj; jkpoupdJk; ekJ kf;fspdJk; eyd;fSf;F Kuzhfr; nraw;gl;lij vjpHj;J mf;fl;rpapypUe;J JzpTld; ntspNawpa murpay; XHkj;ijAk; kf;fspd; eyDld; jd;id gpizj;Jf; nfhz;ljd; murpay; NeHikiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mjd; cUthf;fk; mike;jpUe;jJ. ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf jhd; rhHe;Js;s fl;rpapypUe;J ntspNawf; $ba murpay; kugpd; cWjpahd ntspg;ghlhf ,e;j ntspNaw;wk; mike;jJ. ,J ntWkNd murpay; uPjpahd ntspNaw;wj;ij kl;Lk; Fwp;f;ftpy;iy> $lNt ekJ kf;fSlDk; ekJ kz;ZlDk; jd;id Kw;whfg; gpizj;Jf; nfhz;l KjyhtJ murpay; fl;rpapd; cUthf;fj;ijAk; Fwpj;jJ.
jkpo; nfhq;fpu]pd; murpay; Njhy;tpAk; jkp- ouRf; fl;rpapd; Gj;JzHr;rp kpf;f cUthf;fKk;
md;iwa m jpUe;jd. , mg;NghJ , njspthf e
"Rje;jpuj;j murhq;fk; Mjpf;fj;ij mJ rpq;fs ntspg;gLj cldbahf nfhb tpt cupik gw jpl;lkpl;l Nghd;wtw;w ,dthj n te;jJ. kW gpuptpdH kj Gjpjhf c cj;jpNahfj gpuptpdupd; ,Ue;jd. mjpfhuk; m ekJ gpuNj jpl;lkpl;l tptrhapfS ghjpg;ig V gapHr;nra flw;nwhopy ,t;thwhd xd;W jpul;b ntd;W n eyd;fis eilKiwr murpay; m ,Ue;jJ. M fyf;fhkY eyd;fis murhq;fj; nfhq;fpu] epiwNtw;w NkYk;> m jiyika ,oe;Jtpl;b
30

;jpy;
kpo; Njrpa ;lq;fspd; d;dH ekJ ;fj;jpy; ntF[dg; ;Fupikapd; J NjHjy; og;Gld; e;Jk;> mJ ;ghlhfNth ;jjhfNth > jkpouRf; uhl;lj;ij hf> ekJ ; Nghuhl;l ; nfhz;l
;rpkpf;fjhf pd;dH> 1948 ikAld; ; jiyik jyhtJ Jk; ekJ uzhfr; papypUe;J Hkj;ijAk; pizj;Jf; kiaAk; Uthf;fk; ; murpay; ; rhHe;Js;s murpay; hf ,e;j ntWkNd j kl;Lk; lDk; ekJ pizj;Jf; fl;rpapd;
;tpAk; jkp- Uthf;fKk;
md;iwa murpay; mtrpaj;Jld; ,ize;- jpUe;jd. ,yq;ifapd; r%f murpay; jsj;jpy; mg;NghJ ,lk;ngw;W te;j khw;wq;fs; ,ijj; njspthf ep&gpf;ff; $bad.
"Rje;jpuj;jpd;" gpd;dH mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;j murhq;fk; rpq;fs murpay; gpujpepjpfspd; Mjpf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. Muk;gk; KjNy mJ rpq;fs ,dthjj;jpd; gpujpepjpahf jd;id ntspg;gLj;jp te;jJ. "Rje;jpuj;NjhL" cldbahf ,ize;jjhf ntspg;gl;l Njrpaf; nfhb tptfhuk;> kiyaf kf;fspd; gpu[h cupik gwpg;G> jkpoPoj;jpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lkpl;l rpq;fs FbNaw;wq;fs; . . . Nghd;wtw;wpDlhf rpq;fs murpay;thjpfspd; ,dthj nrh&gk; mg;gl;lkhf ntspg;gl;L te;jJ. kWGwk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; gy;NtW gpuptpdH kj;jpapYk; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspYk; Gjpjhf cUthfp te;j gbj;j> murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jpy; ,ize;j> ,izaf; fhj;jpUe;j gpuptpdupd; murpay; vjpHghHg;Gfs; tpupe;jjhf ,Ue;jd. jilaw;w Rje;jpukhd murpay; mjpfhuk; mtHfSf;F mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. ekJ gpuNjrq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;j jpl;lkpl;l rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fs; ekJ tptrhapfSf;Fk; kPdtHfSf;Fk; fLikahd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpd. mtHfspd; gapHr;nra;ifAk; fhy;eil tsHg;Gk; flw;nwhopy;fSk; ghjpg;Gwj; njhlq;fpd. ,t;thwhd #oy;fspy; ,tHfs; midtiuAk; xd;W jpul;b ,tHfspd; murpay; cupikfis ntd;W nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ,tHfsJ eyd;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; jPtpukhd eilKiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; ,wq;ff;$ba murpay; mikg;Ng mg;Nghija mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; kf;fspd; czHTfSld; fyf;fhkYk; r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fis Kjd;ikg;gLj;JtjhfTk; rpq;fs murhq;fj;Jld; ,ize;JkpUe;j jkpo;f; nfhq;fpu]pdhy; ,e;j murpay; flikia epiwNtw;w Kbatpy;iy. vdNt ,jw;F NkYk;> mJ ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; jiyikahf ,Ug;gjw;fhd jFjpia ,oe;Jtpl;bUe;jJ. ,t;thW jkpo; nfhq;fpurpd;
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murpay; Njhy;tp vd;gJ xU jtpHf;fKbahj epfo;thfpaJ.
ekJ kf;fspd; mNefkhf rfy gpupTfisAk; NrHe;jtHfspd; NrHf;ifahf jkpouRf; fl;rp cUthdJ. rhjp> kj> tHf;f> gpuNjr> ghy; uPjpahf NtWgl;bUe;j ekJ kf;fspd; rfy gpuptpdHfSk; jkpouRf; fl;rpf;Fs; mzpjpuz;lhHfs;.
ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kjyhf xU fpwp];jtH KOj; jkpo; Kjd;Kjyhf xU fpwp];jtH KOj; jkpo; Kjd;Kjyhf xU fpwp];jtH KOj; jkpo; Kjd;Kjyhf xU fpwp];jtH KOj; jkpo; Kjd;Kjyhf xU fpwp];jtH KOj; jkpo; kf;fspdJk; mgpkhdk; ngw;w murpay; kf;fspdJk; mgpkhdk; ngw;w murpay; kf;fspdJk; mgpkhdk; ngw;w murpay; kf;fspdJk; mgpkhdk; ngw;w murpay; kf;fspdJk; mgpkhdk; ngw;w murpay; jiytuhf mq;fPfupf;fg;;gLfpd;w msTf;F jiytuhf mq;fPfupf;fg;;gLfpd;w msTf;F jiytuhf mq;fPfupf;fg;;gLfpd;w msTf;F jiytuhf mq;fPfupf;fg;;gLfpd;w msTf;F jiytuhf mq;fPfupf;fg;;gLfpd;w msTf;F jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdHfspilNa jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdHfspilNa jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdHfspilNa jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdHfspilNa jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdHfspilNa murpay; uPjpahd If;fpaKk; Njrpa rpe;jidAk; murpay; uPjpahd If;fpaKk; Njrpa rpe;jidAk; murpay; uPjpahd If;fpaKk; Njrpa rpe;jidAk; murpay; uPjpahd If;fpaKk; Njrpa rpe;jidAk; murpay; uPjpahd If;fpaKk; Njrpa rpe;jidAk; tYg;ngw;wpUe;jd. tYg;ngw;wpUe;jd. tYg;ngw;wpUe;jd. tYg;ngw;wpUe;jd. tYg;ngw;wpUe;jd.
ekJ kf;fspilNa Gjpjhf cUthfp te;j r%f kw;Wk; murpay; rf;jpfspd; murpay; Clfkhf jkpouRf; fl;rp mike;jJ. gbj;j gpuptpdH murhq;f CopaHfs; tptrhapfs; kPdtHfs; Nghd;w kj;jpa jug; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fis murpay; uPjpapy; gpujpgypg;gjhf jkpouRf; fl;rp tpsq;fpaJ. ,g;gpuptpdH midtUk; rpwpyq;fh murpd; jpl;lkpl;l ,dthj eltbf;iffspdhy; Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. jkJ eyd;fis murpay; uPjpahf cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij czHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; cupikfisAk; eyd;fisak; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa murpay; Vw;ghlhf Rahl;rp Kiwapd; mtrpak; jPtpukhf czug;gl;lJ. ,t;tifapy; md;iwa #oypy; ekJ kf;fs; jkJ murpay; tptfhuq;fs; jkJ murpay; gpujpepjpfspd; %yk; nraw;gLj;- jg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w murpay; Kiwikahf rk\;b Ml;rp mike;jpUe;jJ. ,e;jf; Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itj;jjd; %ykhf jkpouRf; fl;rp ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; jiyikahf jd;id epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wk; vd;gJ ekJ kf;fspilNa gyk;ngw;W te;j Gjpa r%f rf;jpfspd; murpay; typikiar; Rl;bf; fhl;baJ. ,Jtiu fhyKk; nfhOk;gpy; tho;e;j
r%f Mjpf rhjp kw;W epiyapy; , murpay; ,g;NghJ , Vw;gl;bUe;j gpuptpdHfs kf;fspilN nry;thf;F Njrpaf; nf vOe;j Ng mjpfupj;J ,g;gpuptpd murpay;  Njrpa czHTk; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpajw;F> mjpy; ,ize;jpUe;j ,isQHfNs mbg;gilahf mike;jhHfs;. 1950 ,ypUe;J 65 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; njhluhd ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;j jPtpu mikg;ghf mJ tpsq;fpaJ. mjd; jiytH nry;tehafk; mf;fl;rp mikf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;Ng JzpTkpf;f xU jPtpu Njrpathjpahf jd;id ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jhH. 1948y; Njrpaf; nfhbahf rpq;ff; nfhbia rpwpyq;fh muR mwptpj;j NghJ mij vjpHj;J rq;fpyp kd;ddpd; ee;jpf; nfhbia jdJ fhupy; Vw;wpagb nfhOk;gpy;
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mtH JzpTld; tyk; te;jhH.
1950 ,y; jPtpukpf;f ,isQHfspd; gykhd Mjuitg; ngw;wpUe;j jkpouRf; fl;rp md;iwa kfhNjrhjpgjpahf ,Ue;j Nrhy;ngupapd; aho;g;ghz tUifia ntw;wpfukhf gfp\;fupj;jjpd; Clhf mjd; ntF[dg; Nghuhl;l murpay; tuyhW njhlq;fpaJ. mjd; gpd;dH nkhopr; rl;lk;> rpq;fs = vOj;J> FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw vjpHj;J khngUk; rj;jpahf;fpufq;fisAk; `Hj;jhy;fisAk; mJ Kd;ndLj;jNjHL> ,j;jifa Nghuhl;lq;fspd; cr;rtbthf> jkp;oUf;nfd jdpahd jghy; jiyiaAk; mJ ntspapl;lJ. ,j;jifa Nghuhl;lq;fspy; mjd; jiytHfNs Kd;dpd;W topelhj;jpdH. rpq;fsg; gilfspd; jhf;FjYf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;ldH> rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;ldH. ,j;jifa Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;Fnfhz;l jpUNfhzkhiy ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdH Vfhk;guk; cLg;gpl;b ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdH fe;ijah Nghd;wtHfs; jhf;FjYf;Fs;shfp kuzkilfpd;w msTf;F jkpouRf; fl;rp cWjpahfTk; czHTg+HtkhfTk; ,g;Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;F nfhz;lJ. ,t;thW ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ntF[dg; Nghuhl;l tbtk; cWjpahf epiyg;gLtjw;F fhuzkhf mike;jpUe;j> tuyhw;W epidTf;Fupa jkpouRf; fl;rpj; jiyik ,Wjpapy; 1965y; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp murhq;fj;jpy; ,ize;jjpd; Clhf jdJ ntF[dg; Nghuhl;l murpaiyf; iftpl;lNjhL ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; gbg;gbNa kiwa Muk;gpj;jJ.
rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdupd; r%f murpay; vOr;rpfSk; kuGtopj; jkpo; ,lJrhupfSk;
rhjpak; kughHe;j r%fj;jpy; rhjpak; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l tpjj;jpyike;j Ntiyg; gphptpidahf njhlf;fj;jpy; mike;J gpd; rpj;jhe;jj;Jld;
,ize;J Mfptpl;lJ NgZtjpy Kf;fpakhd
rhjpak; vd cwthFk;. rhjpfSk; nghUshj cwTfi cwTfspy rhjpf;nfd ,d;ndhU nfhz;Ls;s fl;likg;G mbg;gila rhjpapdUk rhHe;j ghj nfhz;Ls;s cgrhjpf cwtpdhN capNuhl xOq;fikf
,g;gbahf r mk;rj;jp mjpfhug;gb fUj;jhf;fj mfkzKi mk;rq;fSk
,e;J kjj tHzq;fis gilf;fg;gl mk;rq;fsh flikfis vd typAW stpy; Vw njd;dhrpa Vw;fdNt fSld; r Ntz;ba ,Wf;fkhdj Nghy rhjpa jiyg;glh
32

d; gykhd p md;iwa y;ngupapd; ;wpfukhf ntF[dg; paJ. mjd; vOj;J> w vjpHj;J fisAk; Lj;jNjHL> ;rtbthf> aAk; mJ spy; mjd; lhj;jpdH. FjYf;F ;fg;gl;ldH. ;Fnfhz;l cWg;gpdH cWg;gpdH f;Fs;shfp uRf; fl;rp khfTk; . ,t;thW g; Nghuhl;l fhuzkhf a jkpouRf; pa Njrpaf; lhf jdJ paiyf; af;fj;jpy;
pj;jJ.
Lfpd;w pay; jkpo;
Fwpg;gpl;l pidahf he;jj;Jld;
,ize;J xU Mokhd r%fg; gpupthfTk; Mfptpl;lJ. rhjpa Kiwikia epiyahf NgZtjpy; rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; ghj;jpuk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
rhjpak; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l tpjj;jpyike;j r%f cwthFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpYs;s gy;NtW rhjpfSk; jkf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl;l tpjj;jpyhd nghUshjhu> murpay;> rlq;FuPjpahd cwTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;j cwTfspypUe;J gpupj;Jtpl;lhy; Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpf;nfd ve;jnthU mHj;jKk; ,Uf;fhJ. ,d;ndhU rhjpAld; Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpapdH nfhz;Ls;s cwtpNyNa rhjpak; vd;w r%ff; fl;likg;G mHj;jk; ngWfpwJ. rhjpa mbg;gilapyhd rKjhaj;jpy; xt;nthU rhjpapdUk; jkf;nfd Fwpg;ghd eilKiw rhHe;j ghj;jpuj;ijf; (Funtional Role) nfhz;Ls;shHfs;. ,g;gbahf gy;NtW rhjpfs;> cgrhjpfs; vd;gtw;wpw; fpilapyhd cwtpdhNyNa r%f KOikahdJ capNuhl;lKs;s KOikahf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,g;gbahf rhjpak; vd;gjpy; cw;gj;jp cwT vd;w mk;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkyjpfkhf mjpfhug;gbepiytupir> Jha;ik - jPl;L vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;ij cs;slf;fpa jPz;lhik> mfkzKiw> rlq;Ffs; . . . Nghd;w gy;NtW mk;rq;fSk; njhlHGilajhfpd;wd.
,e;J kjj;jpd; "kDjHk rhj;jpuk;" ehd;F tHzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mit ,iwtdhy; gilf;fg;gl;l> ,aw;ifahd> khw;w Kbahj mk;rq;fshf fhl;LfpwJ. jj;jkJ rhjpf;Fhpa flikfis kPwhJ filg;gpbg;gNj ,e;J jHkk; vd typAWj;JfpwJ. rhjpaj;ij nfhs;ifa- stpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj kjq;fs; $l njd;dhrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; guTk; NghJ Vw;fdNt r%fj;jpYs;s rhjpa gphptpid- fSld; rkurk; nra;J nfhz;Nl Nghf Ntz;ba mstpw;F rhjpaj;jpd; gpbg;G ,Wf;fkhdjhFk;. ,k; kjq;fs; ,e;J kjj;ijg; Nghy rhjpaj;ij ntspg;gilahfNt Mjhpf;fj; jiyg;glh tpl;lhYk; jkJ kjq;fspd; %yf;
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Nfhl;ghLfSf;F Vw;g rhjpa Vw;wj;jho;Tfisfisa Nghuhl Kidatpy;iy.
kDjHkg;gb gpuhkzHfs; kpfTk; caHe;j rhjpapduhtH. ,e;jpahtpy; gpuhkzHfsJ fuq;fspNyNa epyk;> %yjdk;> njhlHGrhjd Mjpf;fk;> murpay; mjpfhuk;> fy;tpf; $lq;fs; midj;Jk; cs;sd. ,jdhy; ,tHfNs gpujhd Mjpf;f rf;jpfshtH. Mdhy;  fy;tp> mjpfhuk;> njhlHGrhjdq;fs; Nghd;w midj;Jk; ,tHfsJ fuq;fspNyNa ,Ue;J te;Js;sd. ,d;Dk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. ,q;F gpuhkzHfs; vd;NghH kughd mHj;jj;jpy; Ntshsiu tpl caHe;j rhjpapduhff; fUjg;gl;lhYk;> mJ ntWkNd ngaustpyhd> rlq;FuPjpahdJ kl;LNkahFk;. r%f mjpfhuq;fs; vJTNk gpuhkzHfspd; fuq;fspy; fpilahJ. gpuhkzHfs; nts;shsUf;F Nrit nra;Ak; - mjhtJ kjf;fphpiffis nra;Ak; - rhjpapduhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wdH. nts;shshplk; Cjpak; ngWgtHfshfNt ,tHfs; cs;sdH.
,e;j tpjkhf r%fk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJjhd; mbepiy kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J mgfhpf;fg;gLk; rpWgFjp cghpfs; xd;whf jpuz;L Nky; epiyapy; ,Ug;gtHfsJ fuq;fspy; ngUk; nry;tkhf jpusKbAk;. ,jd;%yk; mg;gphptpdhpd; cy;yhr tho;it cj;juthjg;gLj;JtJk; rhj;jpag;gLk;. mbikAilik r%jhaj;jpy; gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd> ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd mbikfSf;F rpy EhW> rpy Mapuk; v[khdHfs; ,Ue;jdH. epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;jpYk; gpuGf;fspdJk; gz;izabikfspdJk; vz;zpf;if tpfp- jhrhuk; ,t;thNw ,Ue;jJ. Kjyhspj;Jtj;- jpYk; nghpa KjyhspfSf;Fk;> ghl;lhspf- Sf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s tpfpjhrhuk; ,g;gbg;gl;lNj. ,e;jpahtpy; fPo; epiyapy; cs;stHfSf;Fk; gpuhkzHfSf;Fk;; ,ilapYs;s tpfpjk; ,g;gbg;gl;lNj.
aho;g;ghz epiyik jiyfPofhTs;sJ.
mjhtJ vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if jd;ikf;fh G+Htkhf ah tpjk;> aho jd;ik> a fl;likt mk;rq;fS Ntz;Lk;. tbtkhdJ khj;jpuk; nr kl;Lg; gLj;j nfhs;sj; rhjpaj;j tbtkhjphpa Fwpg;ghd g Vida njd rhjpaKiw rhjpa Ki Njitg;gLf
Njrtoik 40 rhjpfi nts;shsH ,tHfis Neubahf mbik> F RahjPdkhf ngWfpd;wd epyk; rhHe vd;wtifa tuhjtHfs nts;shsU fUjg;gLt ,Wf;fkhd lhYq;$l f mjpfhuj;j gbg;gbahf jk;ik c Nky;epiya Nky;epiyg "fs;sH> kw nky;y te
33

rhjpa Nghuhl
; caHe;j kzHfsJ hlHGrhjd f; $lq;fs; Ns gpujhd  fy;tp> ; Nghd;w Na ,Ue;J ;wd. ,q;F Hj;jj;jpy; papduhff; tWkNd ;LNkahFk;. zHfspd; kzHfs; - mjhtJ apduhfNt k; Cjpak;
H.
;gl;bUf;Fk; ; ,Ue;J ; xd;whf ;gtHfsJ usKbAk;. r tho;it pag;gLk;. y;yhapuf; kfSf;F ; ,Ue;jdH. ;fspdJk; ;if tpfp- hspj;Jtj;- hl;lhspf- pjhrhuk; epiyapy; fSf;Fk;; Nj.
hTs;sJ.
mjhtJ nts;shsH kpfTk; $ba vz;zpf;ifapYk;> jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapYk; cs;sdH. ,e;j Fwpg;ghd jd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fis ehk; tuyhw;W G+Htkhf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; FbakHT eilngw;w tpjk;> aho;g;ghzj;jpd; Fwpg;ghd tsq;fspd; jd;ik> aho;g;ghzj;jpd; nghUshjhu fl;liktpd; jd;ik> Nghd;w gy mk;rq;fSld; ,izj;Jg; ghHf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l jiyfPo; gpukpl; tbtkhdJ jdpj;J rhjpa cw;gj;jp Kiwapy; khj;jpuk; nry;tk; jpus;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis kl;Lg; gLj;jpNa itj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gJk; Ghpe;J nfhs;sj; jf;fNj. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; epyTk; rhjpaj;jpy; ,e;j jiyfPo; gpukpl; tbtkhjphpahdJ aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjpaj;jpw;F Fwpg;ghd gz;Gfis nfhLf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; Vida njd;dhrpa r%fq;fspy; tof;fpYs;s rhjpaKiwfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfis aho;g;ghz rhjpa Kiwf;F gpuNahfpg;gjpy; mjpf ftdk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
Njrtoikr; rl;lkhdJ aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s 40 rhjpfisg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ,tHfSs; nts;shsH Kjy; epiyapy; cs;sdH. ,tHfis mLj;J rhjpa cw;gj;jp Kiwapy; Neubahf ,tHfSld; gpizf;fg;gl;l mbik> Fbik KiwfSlDk;> xusT RahjPdkhfTk; gy;NtW rhjpfs; mLf;fikT ngWfpd;wdH. fiuahH nghJthf Neubahf epyk; rhHe;j cw;gj;jpfspy;  fwhuhd ghFghlhff; fUjg;gl;- lhYq;$l fhy Xl;lj;jpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy;> mjpfhuj;jpy; gyk; ngw;WtUk; rhjpfs; gbg;gbahf rhjpa mjpfhug; gbepiytupirapy; jk;ik caHj;jpf;nfhs;s my;yJ jkf;F Nky;epiyapYs;s rhjpapdUld; fye;J Nky;epiyg;gLk; epiyAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. "fs;sH> kwtH> fdj;j mfk;gbahH nky;y nky;y te;J NtshsH MdhHfs;" vd;w xU
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gonkhopAk; $l ,Uf;fpwJ. Gs;sp tpguq;fSk; XusT ,jid ep&gpf;fpd;wd. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 1790 ,y; 30 tPjk; Mf ,Ue;j nts;shsH jw;NghJ fpl;lj;jl;l 50 tPjk; Mf mjpfhpj;Js;sdH. ,e;j khw;wkhdJ xUtpj Nky; epiyahf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;ljhFk;.
nfhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsHfs; nfhz;L te;j rPHjpUj;jq;fSk;> gpd;G eilngw;w nghUshjhu> murpay; khw;wq;fSk; rhjpa mikg;gpy; ngUksT jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,e;j tpjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy mk;rq;fs; tUkhW. . . . 1844 ,y; mbik Kiw rl;lthf;fk; %ykhf ePf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;G Vw;gl;l fy;tp mwpKfk;> ghlrhiyapy; rk Mrdk;> rkge;jp Nghrd eltbf;iffs;;> 1930 ,y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rHtrd thf;Fhpik> mLj;J te;j fpwpj;jt Myaq;fspYk;> nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdq;fspYk; rk Mrdj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lk;> 1960 fspy; te;j gRikg; Gul;rpAld; $ba ,ae;jpu ghtidfs; gyiu rhjpa cw;gj;jp KiwapypUe;J tpLtpj;jik> 60 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; ,lJrhhpfs; jiyikapy; eilngw;w Mya gpuNtr> cztf> rYhd; gpuNtr Nghuhl;lq;fs; ... Nghd;wit ,jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy epfo;TfshFk;. ,e;j epfo;Tfs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; %ykhf rhjpa mikg;G Kiw XusT jsHe;J NghAs;sJ vd;gJ cz;ik. INuhg;gpaH tUiff;F Ke;jpapUe;j epiyik my;yJ Rje;jpuj;jpw;F cldbahf mLj;J te;j epiyik ,g;NghJ fpilahJ. Mdhy; ,t;thW $WtJ rhjpa xLf;F Kiwia xopj;Jtpl;ljw;F rkkhf MfhJ. nghJf; fpzWfSk;> gy Myaq;fSk; ,d;Wq;$l jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jpwf;fg;glhkNy cs;sd. aho; gy;fiyfof "nrdl;" Nghd;w mikg;GfspNy "rhjpa gpuf;iQ" epyTfpwJ. ,e;j tpjkhd gpur;ridfs; ntWkNd mw;gkhd> ntWk; milahsg;gLj;jy; kl;lj;jpyhd gpur;ridfs; my;y. ,it ,d;W tiu r%fj;jpy; Mokhfg; GiuNahbg; NghAs;s xU gpur;ridapd; ntspg;ghLfNs. ,d;W tiuapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH gapH nra;a epyNkh
my;yJ m trjpfNsh jhd; tho epahakhf jhu> murpa tha;g;Gfs; kWf;fg;gl mtkjpf;f Ls;sdH. mjpfhuj;i vd;nwd;iw cs;sdH. " xLf;FKiw Nfhtpa r CHtyj;jp jLj;jjw;F toikr; rl
 mikg;gpy; ;sd. ,e;j s; tUkhW. k; %ykhf mwpKfk;> ;jp Nghrd ;Ltug;gl;l fpwpj;jt f;Ftuj;J Nghuhl;lk;> ld; $ba cw;gj;jp 60 fspd; yikapy; f> rYhd; t ,jpy; k;. ,e;j hf rhjpa ghAs;sJ Uiff;F e;jpuj;jpw;F ,g;NghJ J rhjpa ;F rkkhf yaq;fSk; f;fSf;F ;fiyfof "rhjpa tpjkhd > ntWk; ur;ridfs; ; Mokhfg; ;ridapd; o;j;jg;gl;l ;a epyNkh
my;yJ mbg;gilahd tPl;L> Rfhjhu trjpfNsh ,d;wp jpl;bfspy; cs;s Nrhpfspy; jhd; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH. ,tHfSf;F epahakhf fpilf;f Ntz;ba r%f> nghUsh- jhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu eltbf;iffSf;fhd tha;g;Gfs; caH rhjpapduhy; kpfTk; El;gkhf kWf;fg;gl;L> ,opTgLj;jg;gl;L md;whlk; mtkjpf;fg;gl;L %iyapy; ,Uj;jg;gl;- Ls;sdH. ,jdhy; ,tHfs; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhd tha;Gfs;> vd;nwd;iwf;Fk; kWf;fg;gl;ltHfshfNt cs;sdH. "Njrtoikr; rl;lk;" vd;gJ rhjpa xLf;FKiwfis epahag;gLj;Jk; xU rl;lNk. Nfhtpa rhjpiar; NrHe;j xUtuJ kuz CHtyj;jpy; giw mbj;jij nts;shsH jLj;jjw;F Mjuthf nghd;.,uhkehjd; Njr toikr; rl;lj;ij Mjhukhff; fhl;bAs;shH.
 mJ rhjpa xLf;F Kiwf;F rhTkzp mbg;gjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rhjp Kiwik vd;gJ ekJ kf;fspilNa vq;Fk; xNutpjkhd tbtj;jpy; epyttpy;iy. fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dpg; gFjpfspy; ,J jsHTw;Wf; fhzg;gl> aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhd tbtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gij ehk; Kd;dH ghHj;jpUe;Njhk;. ehtyupd; fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kPSUthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l rhjpa KiwikahdJ 1920 fspy;
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,Ue;J vjpHg;igr; re;jp;f;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. 1920 fspy; Mq;fpNya muR ghlrhiyfspy; rkge;jp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpa NghJ mij vjpHj;J nts;shsHfs; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffspd; fhuzkhf mtHfSf;Fk; rhjp uPjpapy; mlf;fg;gl;bUe;j kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa td;Kiw Nkhjy;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. rhjpa Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fsplkpUe;J r%f mstpy; ntspg;gl;l FKwyhf ,e;j td;Kiw Nkhjy;fs; mike;jd. mjd; gpd;dH rhjpa ,Wf;fkhdJ fpl;lj;jl;l miu Ehw;whz;L fhyj;jpw;F r%f uPjpapyhd gykhd vjpHg;Gfs; ,d;wp gpd;gw;wg;gl;L te;jJ. vdpDk;> 1960 fspy; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ntbj;Jf; fpsk;gpa ngUikf;Fupa vOr;rpapd; %ykhf ,e;j rhjpa ,Wf;fj;jpy; ghupa jsHTfs; Vw;gl;ld.
rhjpa cwTfs; Mjpf;fj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. rhjpa cwTfs; Mjpf;fj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. rhjpa cwTfs; Mjpf;fj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. rhjpa cwTfs; Mjpf;fj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. rhjpa cwTfs; Mjpf;fj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. jkf;Fs; jPuhj gifikiaf; nfhz;bUg;git. jkf;Fs; jPuhj gifikiaf; nfhz;bUg;git. jkf;Fs; jPuhj gifikiaf; nfhz;bUg;git. jkf;Fs; jPuhj gifikiaf; nfhz;bUg;git. jkf;Fs; jPuhj gifikiaf; nfhz;bUg;git. rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdupilNa rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdupilNa rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdupilNa rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdupilNa rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdupilNa r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rp Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rp Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rp Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rp Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; tsHr;rp vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf ,e;jg; gifikahdJ vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf ,e;jg; gifikahdJ vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf ,e;jg; gifikahdJ vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf ,e;jg; gifikahdJ vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf ,e;jg; gifikahdJ gfpuq;fj; jsj;jpy; ntbj;Jf; fpsk;Gfpd;wJ. gfpuq;fj; jsj;jpy; ntbj;Jf; fpsk;Gfpd;wJ. gfpuq;fj; jsj;jpy; ntbj;Jf; fpsk;Gfpd;wJ. gfpuq;fj; jsj;jpy; ntbj;Jf; fpsk;Gfpd;wJ. gfpuq;fj; jsj;jpy; ntbj;Jf; fpsk;Gfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa xU gfpuq;f Nkhjy; 1960 fspy; ,j;jifa xU gfpuq;f Nkhjy; 1960 fspy; ,j;jifa xU gfpuq;f Nkhjy; 1960 fspy; ,j;jifa xU gfpuq;f Nkhjy; 1960 fspy; ,j;jifa xU gfpuq;f Nkhjy; 1960 fspy; aho;g;ghz rhjpa Kiwikapy; ntspg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghz rhjpa Kiwikapy; ntspg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghz rhjpa Kiwikapy; ntspg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghz rhjpa Kiwikapy; ntspg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghz rhjpa Kiwikapy; ntspg;gl;lJ.
aho;g;ghz rhjpa xOq;fpy; rhjpa uPjpapy; Mjpf;f epiyapy; ,Ug;gtHfs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapYk; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapYk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH. ,e;jf; Fwpg;ghd epiyahdJ> mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; njhlHe;Jk; mNjepiyapy; itf;fg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzpfspy; xd;whfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fk; gpd;dH ,yq;ifapd; "Rje;jpuk;" mjd; gpd;duhd r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu khw;wq;fs; Nghd;wit epfo;e;J te;j NghjpYk; ,k;kf;fspd; mlf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; ghupa khw;wq;fs; VJk; epfotp;y;iy. vdpDk;> ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpd; Clhf mtHfs; kj;jpapy; njspthd tsHr;rpg; Nghf;F jplkhf cUg;ngw;W te;jJ.
1844 ,y; Nk xopg;G rhj itf;fg;gl khw;wpaik njhlHe;Jk epiyapypUe khwpdhHf mlf;fg;gL rhjpapdH k te;j fpwp] ,Wf;fj;ij mlf;fg;gl KiwrhH f (,t;thW M fw;Wte;j vd;gtH n rthyhf t ahdJ ,k cs;Suhl;r Rje;jpuj;jpd tho;tpy; g $ba tha;g
nghUshju te;j khw jd;ikapy; Mjpf;fj;J jPtpu tsH tHj;jfk; N ,jw;Nfw;g mtw;iw , ,j;jifa njhopyhs mjpfupj;j nra;tjw;f gpuptpdH Nr
Rje;jpuj;j mikf;fg;g mlf;fg;gL fzf;fhN nfhz;ldH KjyhtJ ,tHfs; m gpd;dH c
35

;fpaJ. 1920 py; rkge;jp J mij ;nfhz;l f;Fk; rhjp k; ,ilNa d. rhjpa g;gLfpd;w tspg;gl;l khjy;fs; f;fkhdJ ;jpw;F r%f s; ,d;wp fspy; rhjp ; kj;jpapy; vOr;rpapd; py; ghupa
nfhz;lJ. nfhz;lJ. nfhz;lJ. nfhz;lJ. nfhz;lJ. ;bUg;git. ;bUg;git. ;bUg;git. ;bUg;git. ;bUg;git. pdupilNa pdupilNa pdupilNa pdupilNa pdupilNa ;rhu uPjpapy; ;rhu uPjpapy; ;rhu uPjpapy; ;rhu uPjpapy; ;rhu uPjpapy; ; tsHr;rp ; tsHr;rp ; tsHr;rp ; tsHr;rp ; tsHr;rp ikahdJ ikahdJ ikahdJ ikahdJ ikahdJ k;Gfpd;wJ. k;Gfpd;wJ. k;Gfpd;wJ. k;Gfpd;wJ. k;Gfpd;wJ. 960 fspy; 960 fspy; 960 fspy; 960 fspy; 960 fspy; spg;gl;lJ. spg;gl;lJ. spg;gl;lJ. spg;gl;lJ. spg;gl;lJ.
pa uPjpapy; s; mjpf ;w kf;fs; dH. ,e;jf; pd;w kf;fs; Ltjw;fhd ;wJ. vdNt q;ifapd; ghUshjhu> ghd;wit ;kf;fspd; q;fs; VJk; fl;lj;jpd; tsHr;rpg; .
1844 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mbik Kiwik xopg;G rhjpa mLf;fpy; Mff; fPo;epiyapy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;tHfspd; r%f epiyikia khw;wpaikj;jJ. mtHfspd; rhjpa mikT njhlHe;Jk; ePbj;j nghOjpYk; mbik vd;w epiyapypUe;J Rje;jpug; gpui[fshf mtHfs; khwpdhHfs;. aho;g;ghzj; jkpoHfspy; mlf;fg;gLfp;d;w gpuptpdupilapYk; rfy rhjpapdH kj;jpapYk; mg;NghJ ,lk;ngw;W te;j fpwp];jt kjkhw;wk; Kd;ida rhjpa ,Wf;fj;ij rw;Wj; jsHj;jpaJ. rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gl;bUe;j kf;fSf;Fk; gbg;gbNa KiwrhH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. (,t;thW Mq;fpNyaH mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fy;tp fw;Wte;j giwaH rhjpia NrHe;j Nghy; vd;gtH nghd;. ,uhkehjDf;F ngUj;j rthyhf tpsq;fpdhH.) rHtrd thf;Fupik- ahdJ ,k;kf;fisAk; ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; cs;Suhl;rp murpaYf;Fs; ,Oj;Jtpl;lJ. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dH fy;tp fw;gjpYk; murpay; tho;tpy; gq;Fgw;WtjpYk; ,g;gpuptpdUf;F $ba tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ.
nghUshjuj; jsj;jpy; njhlHr;rpahf Vw;gl;L te;j khw;wq;fSk; ,g;gpuptpdupd; r%fj; jd;ikapy; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fj;Jld; ,ize;jjhf Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; jPtpu tsHr;rp Vw;gl;ljhy;> aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tHj;jfk; NkYk; nropj;J tsu Muk;gpj;jJ. ,jw;Nfw;g nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;FtJk; mtw;iw ,lk; khw;WtJk; mjpfupj;jd. vdNt ,j;jifa gzpfisg; Guptjw;fhd njhopyhsHfspd; Njit NkYk; NkYk; mjpfupj;jJ. ,f;fbdkhd gzpfisr; nra;tjw;fhf rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gl;l gpuptpdH Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldH.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dH fhq;Nfrd;Jiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;l rPnke;Jj; njhopw;rhiyapy; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspy; gy Ehw;Wf; fzf;fhNdhH njhopyhsuhf NrHe;J nfhz;ldH. ekJ Njrj;jpy; cUthfpa KjyhtJ njhopw;Jiw ghl;lhsp tHf;fkhf ,tHfs; mike;jdH. NkYk;> Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dH cs;SH cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs;
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ehnlq;Fk; jilaw;w gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cs;shdJ. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; tHj;jfKk; NkYk; tsHr;rpaile;jd. vdNt> nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Ftjpy; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhf mlf;fg;- gLfpd;w gpuptpdH ,izf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ,j;jifa epiyikfs; mtHfis efHrhH njhopyhsHfshf khw;wpaJld; mtHfs; kj;jpapy; mikg;GUthf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpd. jkf;nfd cUthf;fg;gl;l "tFg;Gj; njhopyhsH rq;fk;" Nghd;w njhopw;rq;fq;fspy; ,tHfs; jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldH.
,tw;NwhL tptrhak; etPd kakhf;fg;gl;l- jhYk; mJ Kw;wpYk; tHj;jf ,yf;fhf;fg;- gl;ljhYk; mj;Jiwapy; ,ae;jpuq;fs;> nraw;if cuk; kw;Wk; ,urhad kUe;Jfs; vd;gtw;wpd; ghtid mjpfupj;jJ. ,Jtiu fhyKk; tptrha $ypahl;fshf nraw;gl;L te;j ,k;kf;fspd; xU gpuptpdH ,e;j ,ae;jpuq;fis ifahs;gtHfshf khwpdhHfs;. ,jdhy; ,j;jifa ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;iwnahl;ba tplaq;fs; rhHe;j mwpT ,tHfSf;Fs; tsu Muk;gpj;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,j;jifa ,ae;jpuq;fis gOJghHg;gtHfshfTk; ,tHfs; khwpdhHfs;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,ae;jpuj;jpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; njhopw;ghL gw;wpa mwpT Vida ,ae;jpuq;fs; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngWtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ,e;jg; gpuptpdH tptrha ,ae;jpuq;fshd l;uhf;lH> njspfUtpfs; vd;gtw;NwhL gpw thfdq;fisAk; gOJghHf;ff; $ba mwpitg; ngw;whHfs;. ,jd; tpisthf rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspy; xU gpuptpdH efH rhHe;J fuh[; njhopy; nra;gtHfshf khwpdhHfs;. ,t;tpjk; njhopy;rhHe;j mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdHfspd; xU rhuhupilNa Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fspdhy;> mj;njhopy;fspy;  mjpfupj;j mstpYk; Clhl;lq;fs; epfoj; njhlq;fpd.
,t;thW fy;tp mwpT> Gjpa njhopy;fSldhd
mwpKfk;> mjpfupj;j ,tHfspd gq;fspg;G mlf;fg;g nghUshjh tsHr;rpngw fhyk; fhy te;jpUf;fpd ,opTgLj;j tHfshf , mlf;FKi ,dpAk; r ngw;wtHf khwpte;jhH jpuz;L te;j nfhLg;gtH nraw;gl;lh
1960fs; c tpthjq;f gpsTfis tpsq;fpaJ. Kuz;ghL c ,lJrhup , rhHghf gp ,af;fq;fs fUj;Jf;fS fpsHr;rpia ,e;j ,af mDgtkhf
cyf mu epfo;Tfspd ,lJrhup ,yq;if , Kfhk;fshf ,lJrhup m jd;ikf;F rz;Kfjhr nfhk;Adp] mikg;ghf vOr;rpapdh aho;g;ghzj kf;fs; k
36

s;shdJ. hzj;jpy; ; NkYk; is Vw;wp mlf;fg;- l;lhHfs;. s efHrhH mtHfs; w;gLj;jpd. "tFg;Gj; q;fq;fspy; ;ldH.
hf;fg;gl;l- f;fhf;fg;- ;jpuq;fs;> kUe;Jfs; . ,Jtiu nraw;gl;L dH ,e;j hwpdhHfs;. s; kw;Wk; e;j mwpT J. ,jd; puq;fis hwpdhHfs;. g;G kw;Wk; ae;jpuq;fs; Tfpd;wJ. tptrha pfUtpfs; ;fisAk; gw;whHfs;. ;fg;gLfpd;w h[; njhopy; ,t;tpjk; tpdHfspd; ;fspdhy;> tHfspd; HfSf;Fk; k; ,ilNa mstpYk;
;fSldhd
mwpKfk;> njhopw;rq;fq;fspy; ,izjy;> mjpfupj;j efHrhH Clhl;lk; ,tw;NwhL ,tHfspd; thf;Fupik rhHe;j murpay; gq;fspg;G Nghd;w fhuzpfs; rhjpuPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdH kj;jpapy;> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu> murpay; uPjpahf tsHr;rpngw;w gpuptpdHfis Njhw;Wtpj;jd. fhyk; fhykhf jk;kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w mlf;FKiwfisAk; r%f ,opTgLj;jy;fisAk; Nfs;tpf;Fs;shf;Ffpd;w- tHfshf ,tHfs; khwpdhHfs;. ,j;jifa mlf;FKiwfisAk; ,opTgLj;jy;fisAk; ,dpAk; rfpf;f Kbahj czHTfis ngw;wtHfshf ,g;Gjpa gpuptpdHfs; khwpte;jhHfs;. ,t;tpjk; ,tHfs; kj;jpapy; jpuz;L te;j czHTfSf;F murpay; tbtk; nfhLg;gtHfshf jkpo; kuGtop ,lJrhupfs; nraw;gl;lhHfs;.
1960fs; cyf ,lJrhup murpaypy; ngUk; tpthjq;fisAk; vOr;rpfisAk; gpsTfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpa fhyfl;lkhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Nrhtpaj; - rPd Kuz;ghL cr;r epiyia mile;jNjhL cyf ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fs; ,t;tpuz;L ehLfspd; rhHghf gpupe;J epd;wd. cyf ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit khNthtpd; fUj;Jf;fSld; ,ize;J nfhz;ld. ngUk; fpsHr;rpia Njhw;Wtpj;j rPdf; fyhr;rhug; Gul;rp ,e;j ,af;fq;fSf;F Gj;JzHr;rp Cl;Lk; mDgtkhf mike;jJ.
cyf muq;fpy; ,lk;ngw;w ,j;jifa epfo;Tfspd; jhf;fk; ,yq;ifapd; kuGtop ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fspYk; vjpnuhyp;j;jJ. ,yq;if ,lJrhupfs; rPd> Nrhtpaj; vd ,U Kfhk;fshfg; gpupe;jhHfs;. cynfq;Fk; rPd rhHG ,lJrhup mikg;Gf;fspy; epytpa vOr;rpkpf;f jd;ikf;F ,ire;jjhf ,yq;ifap;y; rz;Kfjhrdpd; jiyikapyhd ,yq;if nfhk;Adp];l; fl;rp; jPtpu nraw;ghL nfhz;l mikg;ghf ,aq;fpaJ. Gjpa murpay; vOr;rpapdhy; Jhz;lg;gl;L ,Ue;j ,tHfs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cUg;ngw;W te;j
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vjpHg;GzHTfSld; jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;. ,j;jifa ,izg;ghdJ ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; ,d;DnkhU Nghuhl;l ,af;fk;> jPtpu gupkhzj;jpy; ntspg;glf; fhuzkhfpsJ.
,Jtiu fhyKk; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,Jtiu fhyKk; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,Jtiu fhyKk; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,Jtiu fhyKk; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,Jtiu fhyKk; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fkhdJ jk;kPjhd Gw Mjpf;fj;jpw;F ,af;fkhdJ jk;kPjhd Gw Mjpf;fj;jpw;F ,af;fkhdJ jk;kPjhd Gw Mjpf;fj;jpw;F ,af;fkhdJ jk;kPjhd Gw Mjpf;fj;jpw;F ,af;fkhdJ jk;kPjhd Gw Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd murpay; ntspg;ghlhfNt vjpuhd murpay; ntspg;ghlhfNt vjpuhd murpay; ntspg;ghlhfNt vjpuhd murpay; ntspg;ghlhfNt vjpuhd murpay; ntspg;ghlhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jw;F khwhf> ,g;NghJ rhjp mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jw;F khwhf> ,g;NghJ rhjp mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jw;F khwhf> ,g;NghJ rhjp mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jw;F khwhf> ,g;NghJ rhjp mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jw;F khwhf> ,g;NghJ rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; Kd;ndLj;j uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; Kd;ndLj;j uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; Kd;ndLj;j uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; Kd;ndLj;j uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; Kd;ndLj;j Nghuhl;l khdJ ekJ kf;f spd; xU gpuptpdH Nghuhl;l khdJ ekJ kf;f spd; xU gpuptpdH Nghuhl;l khdJ ekJ kf;f spd; xU gpuptpdH Nghuhl;l khdJ ekJ kf;f spd; xU gpuptpdH Nghuhl;l khdJ ekJ kf;f spd; xU gpuptpdH jk;kPjhd ,d;ndhU gpuptpdupd; jk;kPjhd ,d;ndhU gpuptpdupd; jk;kPjhd ,d;ndhU gpuptpdupd; jk;kPjhd ,d;ndhU gpuptpdupd; jk;kPjhd ,d;ndhU gpuptpdupd; mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;njOe;j murpay; mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;njOe;j murpay; mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;njOe;j murpay; mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;njOe;j murpay; mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf fpsHe;njOe;j murpay; ,af;fkhf ntspg;gl;lJ. ,af;fkhf ntspg;gl;lJ. ,af;fkhf ntspg;gl;lJ. ,af;fkhf ntspg;gl;lJ. ,af;fkhf ntspg;gl;lJ.
jkpo; ,lJrhupfspd; g+uz MjuTlDk; gq;Fgw;WjYlDk; ,k;kf;fs; jk; kPjhd rhjpa mlf;FKiwf;Fk; ,opTgLj;jYf;Fk; vjpuhf cWjpahfTk; jPtpukhfTk; NghuhbdhHfs;. jkJ cupikfSf;fhfTk; jk;kPJ kughf;fg;gl;Ls;s r%f ,opepiyia mfw;Wtjw;fhfTk; jhk; rkj;Jtkhf elhj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W NfhupAk; ,tHfs; ePz;l cWjpahd Nghuhl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhHfs;. mlf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; ,e;jj; jPukpf;f vOr;rpahdJ rhjp uPjpahf Mjpf;f epiyapypUe;j gpuptpdupd; ifahl;fshYk; nghyp]huhYk; nfhLukhf eRf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yk;> jkJ jPuj;ijAk; Nghuhl;l czHitAk; mk;kf;fs; cWjpahf ntspg;gL;j;jpdhHfs;. ekJ kf;fspd; etPd tuyhw;wpy; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; Nghuhl;l czHitAk; xw;WikiaAk; ntF[d vOr;rpahf ntspg;gLj;jpa KjyhtJ re;jHg;gkhf ,J jpfo;fpd;wJ.
rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; ,e;j vOr;rp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; mJ aho;g;ghz rhjpaikg;gpd; ,Wf;fj;jpy; $upa jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. ,jd; gpd;dH rhjpa Kiwikapd; gfpuq;f ntspg;ghLfSk; ,opTgLj;jy;fSk; jtpHf;fg;gl;ld. rkge;jp Nghrdk; vd;git eilKiwf;F te;jd. rhjpg; ngaH nfhz;L miog;gJ xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
cs;Suhl;r jpYk; ,t nra;ag;glf; uPjpahf ml ,g;Nghuhl;l Kiwiki r%fg; g cwTfspY ,af;fj;j EiotjpYk khw;wq;fi Fwpg;ghf r kj;jpa Gjpj me;j];Jk;> mq;fPfhuk; rhjp uPjpahf Kbahj cUthfpapU ngUf;nfLj jhf;fk; epf ,tHfs; kh
1960fspy; 1960fspy; 1960fspy; 1960fspy; 1960fspy; uPjpahf ml uPjpahf ml uPjpahf ml uPjpahf ml uPjpahf ml kuGtop , kuGtop , kuGtop , kuGtop , kuGtop , epidT $u epidT $u epidT $u epidT $u epidT $u ,k;kf;fis ,k;kf;fis ,k;kf;fis ,k;kf;fis ,k;kf;fis uhl;lq;fspy uhl;lq;fspy uhl;lq;fspy uhl;lq;fspy uhl;lq;fspy tjpYk; , tjpYk; , tjpYk; , tjpYk; , tjpYk; , ,k;kf;fspd ,k;kf;fspd ,k;kf;fspd ,k;kf;fspd ,k;kf;fspd ,tw;iwj ,tw;iwj ,tw;iwj ,tw;iwj ,tw;iwj rhug;gLj;J rhug;gLj;Jt rhug;gLj;J rhug;gLj;Jt rhug;gLj;Jt nraw;gl;lh nraw;gl;lh nraw;gl;lh nraw;gl;lh nraw;gl;lh
,t;tifa me;j];j;jpy top ,lJ Kf;fpaj;Jt ,tHfshy my;yJ tH itj;jpUf;f jiyikg; mt;tpaf;fj nraw;gl K gpw;gFjpapy
37

izj;Jf; hdJ ekJ d;DnkhU hzj;jpy;
; murpay; ; murpay; ; murpay; ; murpay; ; murpay; pf;fj;jpw;F pf;fj;jpw;F pf;fj;jpw;F pf;fj;jpw;F pf;fj;jpw;F hlhfNt hlhfNt hlhfNt hlhfNt hlhfNt ;NghJ rhjp ;NghJ rhjp ;NghJ rhjp ;NghJ rhjp ;NghJ rhjp d;ndLj;j d;ndLj;j d;ndLj;j d;ndLj;j d;ndLj;j gpuptpdH gpuptpdH gpuptpdH gpuptpdH gpuptpdH ptpdupd; ptpdupd; ptpdupd; ptpdupd; ptpdupd; ;j murpay; ;j murpay; ;j murpay; ;j murpay; ;j murpay;
juTlDk; P hd rhjpa k; vjpuhf Hfs;. jkJ ;fg;gl;Ls;s fTk; jhk; ;Lnkd;W Wjpahd lf;fg;gl;l hdJ rhjp gpuptpdupd; nfhLukhf ;jpd; %yk;> zHitAk; hHfs;. ekJ p uPjpahf Nghuhl;l ntF[d jyhtJ
spd; ,e;j pYk; mJ ;jpy; $upa ;dH rhjpa ;ghLfSk; . rkge;jp ;jd. rhjpg; ;fg;gl;lJ.
cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspYk; ghuhSkd;wj;- jpYk; ,tHfspd; gpujpepjpfs; njupT nra;ag;glf; $ba epiyikfs; cUthdJ. rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; Kd;ndLj;j ,g;Nghuhl;lkhdJ aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjpa Kiwikia Kw;whf mfw;whj NghjpYk;> gpw r%fg; gpuptpdHfSldhd mtHfspd; cwTfspYk;> mtHfspd; RahjPdkhd ,af;fj;jpYk; gy;NtW JiwfSf;Fs; EiotjpYk;> murpaypy; gq;Nfw;gjpYk; ngUk; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. ,jd; gpd;dH Fwpg;ghf rhjpuPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; kj;jpa Gjpjhf cUthfp te;j gpuptpdHfspd; me;j];Jk;> ,Ug;Gk; cWjpahd Kiwapy; r%f mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wd. 1970fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; jtpHf;f Kbahj murpay; rf;jpfshf cUthfpapUe;jhHfs;. ,jd; gpd;dH 1980fspy; ngUf;nfLj;j ekJ jPtpu Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; jhf;fk; epfo;j;Jfpd;w Kf;fpa gpuptpduhf ,tHfs; khwpdhHfs;.
1960fspy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w rhjp 1960fspy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w rhjp 1960fspy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w rhjp 1960fspy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w rhjp 1960fspy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; vOr;rpapy; uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; vOr;rpapy; uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; vOr;rpapy; uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; vOr;rpapy; uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; vOr;rpapy; kuGtop ,lJrhupfspd; gq;Nfw;G vd;Wk; kuGtop ,lJrhupfspd; gq;Nfw;G vd;Wk; kuGtop ,lJrhupfspd; gq;Nfw;G vd;Wk; kuGtop ,lJrhupfspd; gq;Nfw;G vd;Wk; kuGtop ,lJrhupfspd; gq;Nfw;G vd;Wk; epidT $uj;jf;f Kiwapy; mike;jpUe;jd. epidT $uj;jf;f Kiwapy; mike;jpUe;jd. epidT $uj;jf;f Kiwapy; mike;jpUe;jd. epidT $uj;jf;f Kiwapy; mike;jpUe;jd. epidT $uj;jf;f Kiwapy; mike;jpUe;jd. ,k;kf;fis mikg;ghf;FtjpYk; mg;Ngh- ,k;kf;fis mikg;ghf;FtjpYk; mg;Ngh- ,k;kf;fis mikg;ghf;FtjpYk; mg;Ngh- ,k;kf;fis mikg;ghf;FtjpYk; mg;Ngh- ,k;kf;fis mikg;ghf;FtjpYk; mg;Ngh- uhl;lq;fspy; jhNk Neubahfg; gq;Fgw;W- uhl;lq;fspy; jhNk Neubahfg; gq;Fgw;W- uhl;lq;fspy; jhNk Neubahfg; gq;Fgw;W- uhl;lq;fspy; jhNk Neubahfg; gq;Fgw;W- uhl;lq;fspy; jhNk Neubahfg; gq;Fgw;W- tjpYk; ,tHfs; jPtpukhf  murpay; me;j];j;jpy; jPtpu khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ljpy; kuG top ,lJrhupfspd; gq;fspg;G tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhz;ljhf mike;jJ. vdpDk;> ,tHfshy; ,k;kf;fis njhlHe;Jk; rhjpa my;yJ tHf;f mbg;gilapy; xNu mzpapy; itj;jpUf;fNth jkpo; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; jhk; jiyikg; ghj;jpuk; tfpf;fNth my;yJ mt;tpaf;fj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JthHfNsh nraw;gl Kbatpy;iy. khwhf> 1970 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; kuGtop ,lJrhupfspd; murpay;
37

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nry;thf;F jkpo; murpay; ,af;fj;jpypUe;J Kw;whfNt kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iw milahsk; fhzKbAk;.
1. md;iwa fl;lj;jpy; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; vOr;rpapy; cs;s lq;f papUe;j r%f kw;W k; murpay; ,yf;Ffs; milag;gl;lik. mjhtJ> jk;kPJ kughf;fg;gl;bUe;j rhjpa mlf;FKiwfSk;> ,opTgLj;jy;fSk; mfw;wg;gl;L jkJ r%f murpay; me;j];J cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gNj ,e;j kf;fspd; Fwpg;ghf ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jPtpukhf gq;Nfw;w Gjpa gpuptpdHfspd; gpujhd ,yf;fhf mike;jpUe;jJ. ,J epiwNtwpaJk; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij xOq;fikj;J topelhj;jpa kuGtop jkpo; ,lJrhupfspd; md;iwa tuyhw;Wg; gzp Kbtile;J tpl;lJ.
2. md;iwa fl;lj;jpy; ekJ kf;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j murpay; ,af;fkhdJ> vOr;rp ngw;w Njrpa ,af;fkhf jdpahd murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ntd;W nfhs;tjw;fhd jpirapy; jplkhf Kd;Ndwpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdNt md;iwa murpay; #oyhdJ ekJ kf;fspd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdUk; xNu Njrk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; xU nghJthd murpay; ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; xd;Wjpus;tij mtrpakhf;fpapUe;jJ. ,e;j mtrpaj;jpw;F khwhf> KOehl;bw;Fkhd tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;w murpay; ,yf;iff; nfhz;bUe;j kuGtop jkpo; ,lJrhupfspdhy; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; kl;Lky;y ,jd; gpd;dH mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; murpay; tho;tpYk; nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;j Kbatpy;iy.
3. ehl;bd; KO murpay; #o;epiyapYk; Vw;gl;L te;j khw;wq;fs; kuGtopj; jkpo; ,lJrhupfspd; nry;thf;fpd; kPJ Xq;fpj; jhf;fpd. 1970,y; gjtpf;F te;j rpwpyq;fh muR rPd murhq;fj;Jld; neUq;fpa
cwTfi murpay ngsj;j rPd rhH caph;Jb jiyik jdpahd dhHfs;. rl;l t Kiwr; jiyki Uf;ftpy me;jf; gpLq;fp md;Wti cs;sh ,f;fl;r ,lJrh ,Ue;J my;yJ uPjpahf Nghuhl ,lJrhu ,izg;G
,tHfs mlf;fg murpay mtHfs gpuptpdH tjw;Fk gpujhd fhuzpf tifapy gLtjw lj;jpy; kuGtopj Njrpa toq;fpa  rhjpa ;jy;fSk; ; me;j];J ;gNj ,e;j hl;lj;jpy; pdHfspd; ;jJ. ,J l;lj;ij Gtop jkpo; w;Wg; gzp
kf;fspd; J> vOr;rp murpay; ;tjw;fhd z;bUe;jJ. hdJ ekJ xNu Njrk; ghJthd jpus;tij rpaj;jpw;F tHf;fg; ,yf;iff; jkpo; ; murpay; ; gpd;dH murpay; nrYj;j
piyapYk; opj; jkpo; PJ Xq;fpj; rpwpyq;fh neUq;fpa
cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ; rpwpyq;fh muR murpay; ahg;G khw;wj;jpd; Clhf jd;id ngsj;j rpq;fs murhf epWtpf; nfhz;lJ. rPd rhHGf; fk;Adp];l; fl;rpapy; mjd; caph;Jbg;Gkpf;f xU gpuptpdH - tp[atPu jiyikapyhd rpq;fsg; gpuptpdH - gpupe;J jdpahd murpayikg;ig cUthf;fp- dhHfs;. rPdf; fk;Adp];l; fl;rp Kw;wpYk; rl;l topg;gl;Lk; fLikahd mlf;F- Kiwr; rl;lq;fisAk; kPwp nray;gLk; jiykiwT NtiyKiwfis nfhz;b- Uf;ftpy;iy. ,it midj;Jk; NrHe;J> me;jf; fl;rpapd; murpay; MzpNtiuNa gpLq;fp vwpe;Jtpl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;dH md;Wtiu ekJ kf;fspd; ve;jg;gpupTlDk; cs;shHe;j ,izg;igf; nfhz;buhj ,f;fl;rpiar; NrHe;j kuGtop jkpo; ,lJrhupfs; jkpo; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J vspjhf mfw;wg;gl;L tpl;lhHfs; my;yJ mfd;W tpl;lhHfs;. (1960 fspy; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdHfspd; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; kuGtop jkpo; ,lJrhupfspd; gq;fspg;G vd;gJ cs;shHe;j ,izg;G rhHe;jjhf mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy.
,tHfspy;; xU gpuptpdH> rhjpuPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdHfspd; r%f> murpay; me;j];J mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhdJ> mtHfs; ekJ kf;fspd; Vida gpuptpdHfSld; xNu Njrkhf ,iz- tjw;Fk;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; xU gpujhd rf;jpahf khWtjw;Fk; toptFj;j fhuzpfspy; xd;whf mike;jJ. ,t;- tifapy;> ,j;jifa #oiy cUthf;fg;- gLtjw;F fhuzkhf mike;j Nghuhl;- lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wtHfs; vd;w tifapy; kuGtopj; jkpo; ,lJrhupfs; ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;F> gq;fspg;G toq;fpatHfshf mikfpd;whHfs;. 

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Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjy;fs; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; fLikahd jhf;fq;fis epfo;j;jpd. rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,dthjf; Nfhu Kfk; mg;gl;lkhf ntspg;gl Muk;gpj;j NghJ mjw;F vjpuhd murpay; rf;jpfSk; murpay; Nghuhl;l KiwAk; ekJ kf;fspilNa Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd mtrpak; cUthdJ.
ekJ kf;fspd; ntF[df; fl;rpahf cUg;- ngw;wpUe;j jkpouRf; fl;rp> mk;kf;fspd; eyd;fis murpay; jsj;jpy; njhlHr;rpahf gpujpgypj;J te;jJ. rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,dthj eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhf khngUk; ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lq;fis njhluhf Kd;ndLj;jJ. vdpDk;> ,f;fl;rpapd; jiyikahdJ> ngupJk; r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpduJk; rl;lj;Jiwia NrHe;jtHfsJk; NrHf;ifahf ,Ue;jjhy; ,tHfspd; Nghuhl;l vy;iyahdJ rkur kw;Wk; kpjthj tbtj;jpw;Fs;Sk; murpay; rl;l vy;iyf;Fs;Sk; tuk;gplg;gl;bUe;jd. rl;lj; jpUj;jq;fs; murpay; xg;ge;jq;fs; mikjp topg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; vd;w topKiwfSf;F Clhf ,tHfs; jhk; Kd;itj;j murpay; ,yf;Ffis ntd;W nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jhHfs;. ,e;j Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jNjhL ,tw;Wf;F Kw;wpYk; vjpuhd jpirapy; rpwpyq;fh muR murpay; mikg;G uPjpahfTk; td;Kiw uPjpahfTk; jd;id rpq;fs ngsj;j murhf ];jhgpj;J te;jJ.
jPtpukile;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,dthj td;Kiwg; Nghf;FfSf;F vjpuhf jkpouRf; fl;rp `Hj;jhy;> filailg;G> cz;zhtpujk;> rj;jpahf;fpufk; ,Wjpapy; jkpouRj; jghy; Nrit Nghd;wit nghUj;jkhd Nghuhl;l tbtq;fshf mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,g;Nghuhl;l tbtkhdJ rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,dthj eltbf;iffSf;F vjpHg;G vd;w tifapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jdNt jtpu> ,tw;wpdhy; ekJ Njrj;jpd; eyd;fis vt;tpjj;jpYk; cWjpg;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. ,t;thwhd epiyapy; Gjpa Nghuhl;l tbtq;fs; Fwpj;J jkpouRf; fl;rp rpe;jpj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk;> mf;fl;rpf;Fs;
Mjpf;fk; cs;slf;f ikakhff; fhff; nfhz Kd;ndLf;F Mdhy; cz murpay; to ngw;Wj; jut
rpq;fs m Nkw;nfhz fpopj;njwpa jiyika thf;FWjpf kPwg;gl;lij mtkhdj mtkhdK czHr;rpfS Ngr;Rf;fsh Nghuhl;l t cWjpahf Nkilfs czHr;rpkp murpay; cj;jputhjj ekJ kf;fs Kd;ndLf mike;jd.
1960 fspd gy;NtW gpu czHr;rpfi typika+l NjHjy; g xt;nthU mj;jiyi tpLfpd;w Ngzg;glh te;jjhy;> czHr;rpg njhlHe;Jk
rpwpyq;fh m ,d mlf fdd;W nfh
39

s;sg;gl;l ,af;fj;jpy; . rpwpyq;fh g;gl;lkhf ;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l Njhw;wk; .
hf cUg;- k;kf;fspd; hlHr;rpahf d; ,dthj ; ntF[dg; ;ndLj;jJ. J> ngupJk; ;Jiwia Ue;jjhy; J rkur urpay; rl;l d. rl;lj; ; mikjp wfSf;F murpay; ;rpj;jhHfs;. jhy;tpapy; k; vjpuhd ; mikg;G d rpq;fs
; ,dthj jkpouRf; ;zhtpujk;> ghy; Nrit Nghuhl;l tpy;iy. h murpd; pHg;G vd;w dNt jtpu> yd;fis atpy;iy. tbtq;fs; Ntz;ba ;fl;rpf;Fs;
Mjpf;fk; ngw;wpUe;j gpuptpdupd; r%f cs;slf;fkhdJ NjHjy; ntw;wpfis ikakhff; nfhz;l rkurj; jPHTfis ,yf;- fhff; nfhz;Nl jdJ murpay; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;Fk;gb mf;fl;rpia epHg;ge;jpj;jJ. Mdhy; cz;ik vd;dntd;why;> ,j;jifa murpay; topKiwfs; xUNghJk; ntw;wpiag; ngw;Wj; jutpy;iy.
rpq;fs murpay; jiyikAld; jhk; Nkw;nfhz;l xt;nthU xg;ge;jKk; fpopj;njwpag;gl;lijAk; rpq;fs murpay; jiyikapdhy; jq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l thf;FWjpfs; JNuhfj;jdkhd Kiwapy; kPwg;gl;lijAk; jkpouRf; fl;rpj; jiyik mtkhdj;Jld; vjpHnfhz;lJ. ,e;j mtkhdKk; mjDlhfj; jpuz;l jd;khd czHr;rpfSk; NjHjy; Nkilfspy; MNtrg; Ngr;Rf;fshf ntspg;gl;ld. nghUj;jkhd Nghuhl;l tbtq;fisj; jPHkhdpj;J mtw;iw cWjpahf Kd;ndLg;gijj; jtpHj;J murpay; Nkilfspy; ,tHfs; ntspg;gLj;jpa czHr;rpkpf;f gpur;rhuq;fs; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; eyd;fSf;F vt;tpj cj;jputhjj;ijAk; toq;fhj NghjpYk;> mit ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fk; Gjpa jpirapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd Cf;fpfshf mike;jd.
1960 fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; ekJ kf;fspd; gy;NtW gpuptpdupilNa jpuz;L te;j murpay; czHr;rpfis xd;W Ftpg;gjhfTk; mtw;iw typika+l;LtjhfTk; jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; NjHjy; gpur;rhuq;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. xt;nthU NjHjYk; Kbtile;j gpd;dH mj;jiyikapd; murpay; MNtrk; jzpe;J tpLfpd;w nghOjpYk; jkJ eyd;fs; Ngzg;glhkYk; cjhrPdg;gLj;jg;gl;Lk; te;jjhy;> ekJ kf;fspilNa Njhd;wpa czHr;rpg; gpok;Gfs; mtpe;J tplhky; njhlHe;Jk; fdd;W nfhz;NlapUe;jd.
rpwpyq;fh muR njhlHr;rpahf Nkw;nfhz;L te;j ,d mlf;FKiwfs; ekJ kf;fspilNa fdd;W nfhz;bUe;j czHr;rpf; fdiy ngUk;
39

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gpsk;Gfshf;fpd. 1950 fspd; ,Wjpapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l nkhopr; rl;lKk; thfdq;fspy; rpq;fs = vOj;J ghtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpwpyq;fh murpd; rl;lKk; ekJ kf;fspilNa ngUq;nfhe;jspg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. rpq;fs nkhopahdJ mur kw;Wk; epHthf vy;iyfisAk; fle;J ekJ kf;fspd; tPLfSf;Fs;Sk; Eioe;jJ. jhk; ntWf;fpd;w mjpfhu nkhopia jkJ nrhe;j thfdq;fSf;Fg; ghtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epHg;ge;jk; mtHfspd; vjpHg;GzHit gd;klq;F mjpfupj;jJ. ,J = vjpHg;G ,af;fkhf cUthfp tsHr;rpaile;jJ. ekJ kf;fspilNa ntF[dj; jd;ikiag; ngw;w ,e;j rpwp vjpHg;Gg; Nghuhl;lk; 60fspd; Kw;gFjpapy; Mq;fhq;Nf td;Kiw tbtpYk; ntspg;gl;lJ. rpq;fs = vOj;Jg; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;j g];fs; jPf;fpiuahf;- fg;gl;ld. ,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; td;Kiwg; Nghuhl;l tbtj;jpw;fhd fU nky;y nky;y cUthfpaJ.
nkhopr; rl;lj;jpw;Fk; rpq;fs =; rl;lj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; jkpo; ,isQHfisAk; khztHfisAk; murpay; ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; tYthf ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jPtpuKk; Mq;fhq;Nf ntspg;gl;l td;KiwAk; jkpoH murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; gyk;ngw;W te;j> me;j ,af;fj;ij tpiutpy; jiyikNaw;ftpUe;j Gjpa jiyKiwapd; tuit fpsHr;rp nghq;f mwptpj;jd. ,t;thW ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy; cWjpahf jpfo;e;j ,isa jiyKiwapd; gpur;rd;dkhdJ ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;ij njspthd Kiwapy; khngUk; Njrpa vOr;rpahf khw;wpaikj;jJ. 1960fspypUe;J 1970fs; tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy;> ekJ ,isQHfspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;ghdJ> xU Gwk; jkpouRf; fl;rpapYk; gpd;dH Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;tiu jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpapYk; kuGtop murpay; jiyikfspd; fPo; mike;jjhfTk;> ,d;ndhU Gwk; jkf;nfd RahjPdkhd> jPtpuj; jd;ik nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jp nraw;gLtjhfTk;
,lk;ngw;wJ
rpwpyq;fh m tpisTfS gpuptpdiu Ehw;whz;L nfhz;bUe ,it Neub mbj;jsq;f me;j];jpd mike;jpU gjtpAaHT ,g;gpuptpd jhf;Fjy ,g;gpuptpdHf #o;e;J j jkpouRf; f cj;jpNahfj r%fj;jp NrHe;jtHf fw;gjw;Fk ,iztjw midj;Jg toq;fg;gl murpd; ,d r%fj;jpd; fy;tpfw;w , eyd;fisA cWjpg;gLj nfhz;l , r%fepiy . . rhHe;j) N ,ize;J n
,t;thW ,t;thW ,t;thW ,t;thW ,t;thW gpupTfisA gpupTfisA gpupTfisA gpupTfisA gpupTfisA fl;rpf;Fs; j fl;rpf;Fs; j fl;rpf;Fs; j fl;rpf;Fs; j fl;rpf;Fs; j cWg;gpdH cWg;gpdH cWg;gpdH cWg;gpdH cWg;gpdH khw;wj;ij khw;wj;ij khw;wj;ij khw;wj;ij khw;wj;ij czHntO czHntO czHntO czHntO czHntO NtWgl;l r NtWgl;l r% NtWgl;l r NtWgl;l r% NtWgl;l r ,tHfs; , ,tHfs; , ,tHfs; , ,tHfs; , ,tHfs; , cs;slf;f cs;slf;f cs;slf;f cs;slf;f cs;slf;f ifapYk; G ifapYk; G ifapYk; G ifapYk; G ifapYk; G mtrpak; mtrpak; mtrpak; mtrpak; mtrpak;
40

,Wjpapy; rl;lKk; htpf;fg;gl ;lKk; ekJ spg;igj; ur kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tWf;fpd;w nrhe;j ;Lk; vd;w ;GzHit vjpHg;G ;jJ. ekJ ag; ngw;w ; 60fspd; tbtpYk; vOj;Jg; ;fpiuahf;- pd; Njrpa ghuhl;l UthfpaJ.
;lj;jpw;Fk; HfisAk; ;fj;jpw;Fs; uhl;lj;jpd; spg;gl;l af;fj;jpy; tpiutpy; Kiwapd; . ,t;thW f jpfo;e;j hdJ ekJ njspthd Or;rpahf 1970fs; ;> ekJ hdJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l ;lzpapYk; spd; fPo; jkf;nfd nfhz;l LtjhfTk;
,lk;ngw;wJ.
rpwpyq;fh murpd; nkhopf; nfhs;ifAk; mjd; tpisTfSk; ekJ kf;fspilNa ,Ue;j gbj;j gpuptpdiu fLikahfg; ghjpj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf Ehw;whz;L fhykhf cWjpahd fy;tp kuigg; nfhz;bUe;j aho;g;ghz gbj;j gpuptpdiu ,it Neubahfj; jhf;fpd. jkJ nghUshjhu mbj;jsq;fspy; xd;whfTk; jkJ r%f me;j];jpd; ntspg;gilahd FwpaPlhfTk; mike;jpUe;j murhq;f cj;jpNahfk;> gjtpAaHT vd;git ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhdJ ,g;gpuptpdupd; eyd;fs; kPjhd Neubj; jhf;Fjy;fshf mike;jd. ,jdhy; ,g;gpuptpdHfspy; xU rhuhH jkpouRf; fl;rpiar; #o;e;J jpus Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. ,t;tpjk; jkpouRf; fl;rpf;Fs; jpuz;l fy;tp fw;w> mur cj;jpNahfj;jpypUe;J te;j ,isQHfs;> ekJ r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfisr; NrHe;jtHfshfTk; ,Ue;jhHfs;. caHfy;tp fw;gjw;Fk;> mur cj;jpNahfq;fspy; ,iztjw;fhd tha;g;G> r%fj;jpYs;s midj;Jg; gpuptpdHfSf;Fk; Vw;fdNt toq;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy; ,g;NghJ rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,dxJf;fy; nfhs;iffspdhy; ekJ r%fj;jpd; midj;Jg; gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j fy;tpfw;w ,isQHfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. jkJ eyd;fisAk;> cupikfisAk; murpay; uPjpapy; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij czHe;J nfhz;l ,tHfspy; xU gpuptpdH> jkJ r%fepiy gw;wpa (rhjp> ghy;> tHf;f> gpuNjrk; . . . rhHe;j) NtWghLfspd;wp> jkpouRf; fl;rpf;Fs; ,ize;J nfhz;lhHfs;.
,t;thW ekJ r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW ,t;thW ekJ r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW ,t;thW ekJ r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW ,t;thW ekJ r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW ,t;thW ekJ r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j ,isQHfs;> jkpouRf; gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j ,isQHfs;> jkpouRf; gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j ,isQHfs;> jkpouRf; gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j ,isQHfs;> jkpouRf; gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j ,isQHfs;> jkpouRf; fl;rpf;Fs; jpushf ,ize;jjhdJ> mf;fl;rpapy; fl;rpf;Fs; jpushf ,ize;jjhdJ> mf;fl;rpapy; fl;rpf;Fs; jpushf ,ize;jjhdJ> mf;fl;rpapy; fl;rpf;Fs; jpushf ,ize;jjhdJ> mf;fl;rpapy; fl;rpf;Fs; jpushf ,ize;jjhdJ> mf;fl;rpapy; cWg;gpdH NrHf;ifapYk; gz;gpYk; Mo;e;j cWg;gpdH NrHf;ifapYk; gz;gpYk; Mo;e;j cWg;gpdH NrHf;ifapYk; gz;gpYk; Mo;e;j cWg;gpdH NrHf;ifapYk; gz;gpYk; Mo;e;j cWg;gpdH NrHf;ifapYk; gz;gpYk; Mo;e;j khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NghHf;Fzhk;rKk;> khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NghHf;Fzhk;rKk;> khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NghHf;Fzhk;rKk;> khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NghHf;Fzhk;rKk;> khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NghHf;Fzhk;rKk;> czHntOr;rpAk;> jPtpuKk; nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> czHntOr;rpAk;> jPtpuKk; nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> czHntOr;rpAk;> jPtpuKk; nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> czHntOr;rpAk;> jPtpuKk; nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> czHntOr;rpAk;> jPtpuKk; nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> NtWgl;l r%fg; gpupTfis NrHe;jtHfshfTk; NtWgl;l r%fg; gpupTfis NrHe;jtHfshfTk; NtWgl;l r%fg; gpupTfis NrHe;jtHfshfTk; NtWgl;l r%fg; gpupTfis NrHe;jtHfshfTk; NtWgl;l r%fg; gpupTfis NrHe;jtHfshfTk; ,tHfs; ,Ue;jjhy; jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; ,tHfs; ,Ue;jjhy; jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; ,tHfs; ,Ue;jjhy; jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; ,tHfs; ,Ue;jjhy; jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; ,tHfs; ,Ue;jjhy; jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; cs;slf;fj;jpYk;> mjd; murpay; nfhs;- cs;slf;fj;jpYk;> mjd; murpay; nfhs;- cs;slf;fj;jpYk;> mjd; murpay; nfhs;- cs;slf;fj;jpYk;> mjd; murpay; nfhs;- cs;slf;fj;jpYk;> mjd; murpay; nfhs;- ifapYk; Gjpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba ifapYk; Gjpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba ifapYk; Gjpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba ifapYk; Gjpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba ifapYk; Gjpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpak; Njhd;wpaJ. ,jdhy; mf;fl;rp mtrpak; Njhd;wpaJ. ,jdhy; mf;fl;rp mtrpak; Njhd;wpaJ. ,jdhy; mf;fl;rp mtrpak; Njhd;wpaJ. ,jdhy; mf;fl;rp mtrpak; Njhd;wpaJ. ,jdhy; mf;fl;rp
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mfKuz;ghl;Lf;Fupa fskhf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mfKuz;ghl;Lf;Fupa fskhf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mfKuz;ghl;Lf;Fupa fskhf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mfKuz;ghl;Lf;Fupa fskhf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mfKuz;ghl;Lf;Fupa fskhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; Mjpf;fk; ngw;wpUe;j kuGtopj; jiyikahdJ> r%f Mjpf;fk; ngw;wpUe;j gpuptpdHfsJk; ngupJk; aho;g;- ghzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfsJk; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ. ,j;jiyik ekJ kf;fspd; gy;NtW gpuptpdHfSlDk; neUf;fkhd murpay; gpizg;igf; nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk;> mJ NjHjy;f; fhy cwthf ,Ue;j msTf;F ekJ kf;fspd; mbg;gil eyd;fSld; cs;shHe;j ,izg;Gf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. nfhOk;G> aho;g;ghz jkpo; tHj;jfHfspd; eyd;fisAk; caH epHthfg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fisANk ,j;jiyik mjpfk; gpujpgypj;jJ. ,jd; rpe;jid kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; rhjpa gbkq;fs; ePq;fhky; njhlHe;jd. aho; Mjpf;f kNdhghtk; mfyhky; ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; ekJ kf;fspy; midj;Jg; gpupTfSlDk; mtHfspd; eyd;fs; rhHe;Jk; czHTg+HtkhfTk; cs;shHe;Jk; xd;W fyf;fKbahj epiyapy; jkpouRf; fl;rp kuGtop jiyik fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j vjhHj;j epiyikahdJ jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; kuGtopj; jiyikahdJ ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; cupikfisAk; eyd;f- isAk; ntd;W nfhs;tjw;fhf mHg;gzpg;Gld; $ba Nghuhl;lq;fis njhlHr;rpahf Kd;ndLf;f Kbahj epiyia Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
Mdhy;> ,e;j kuGtopj; jiyikf;F khwhf gbj;j ,isa guk;giuapdH jPtpuKk; cj;NtfKk; czHntOr;rpAk; nfhz;l- tHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. rkur topKiwfis epuhfupj;J cWjpahd Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Clhf murpay; cupikfis ntd;W nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij ,tHfs; czHe;J nfhz;lhHfs;. jkJ nrhe;j eyd;fNshL ekJ kf;fspd; Vida gpuptpdHfspd; eyd;fSk; rpwpyq;fh murpdhy; Nkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;L tUtij ,tHfs; Gupe;J nfhz;lhHfs;. vdNt kf;fSld; ,ize;jjhd kf;fspd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdHfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhd jPtpu murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; Njitia czu Muk;gpj;jhHfs;.
,t;thW jk Kuz;gl;l Nghuhl;lf; f ngw;wpUe;j fUj;jpay jiyKiw czHntO gbg;gbNa te;j rpwpyq ekJ kf; mjpHTfSk typik Cl rhjp uPjpahf Vw;gl;l v rpe;jidapy rhjpa ,o mtrpaj;i czHj;jpd. fl;rp uPjpah ,tHfs; j fl;rpf;Fs; jiyKiw Kuz;ghLf tpthjj;jpd ngw;wJ. jPz rkge;jp Ng jkpuRf; fl cUthdJ ,ize;jpUe ,y; cUt kWgjpg;ghf tuyhw;wpy Gul;rpfug; g ,J tpsq;f
jPtpu mu ,isQHfs fl;rpf;F n mikg;ig murpay; nr khwpdhHfs gl;l jug;gLj ngsj;j-rpq Nghd;w epf
41

;wg;gl;lJ. ;wg;gl;lJ. ;wg;gl;lJ. ;wg;gl;lJ. ;wg;gl;lJ.
gw;wpUe;j Mjpf;fk; k; aho;g;- ;ghl;bd; fPo; pd; gy;NtW murpay; pYk;> mJ Tf;F ekJ s;shHe;j ;ftpy;iy. ;jfHfspd; gpuptpdupd; mjpfk; kw;Wk; ; ePq;fhky; Ndhghtk; kf;fspy; tHfspd; tkhfTk; epiyapy; zg;gl;lJ. jkpouRf; J ekJ k; eyd;f- ;gzpg;Gld; Hr;rpahf w;Wtpj;jJ.
;F khwhf jPtpuKk; nfhz;l- iwfis f;F Clhf nfhs;s czHe;J shL ekJ yd;fSk; jpf;fg;gl;L fs;. vdNt midj;Jg; hd jPtpu a czu
,t;thW jkpouRf; fl;rpahdJ Kw;wpYk; vjpuhd Kuz;gl;l ,U gpuptpdHfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l Nghuhl;lf; fskhf khwpaJ. kuGtopj; jiyik ngw;wpUe;j rhjpa> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; Mjpf;fj;jpYk; ghHf;f Gjpa jiyKiwapdupd; jPtpuKk; NtfKk; czHntOr;rpAk; kf;fSldhd ,izTk; gbg;gbNa typik ngw;W te;jd. mjpfupj;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,d mlf;FKiwfSk; ekJ kf;fspilNa mit Vw;gLj;jpa mjpHTfSk; Gjpa jiyKiwapdUf;F NkYk; typik Cl;bd. ,tw;NwhL md;iwa #oypy; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l vOr;rpfs; ,g;Gjpa gpuptpdupd; rpe;jidapy; jPtpu khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jd. rhjpa ,opepiy mfw;wg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij ,g;Nghuhl;lq;fs; mtHfSf;F czHj;jpd. vdNt rhjpa ,opepiyf;F vjpuhf fl;rp uPjpahfNt Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLf;f ,tHfs; jPHkhdpj;jhHfs;. ,jd; tpisthf fl;rpf;Fs; kuG topj; jiyikf;Fk; ,g;Gjpa jiyKiwf;Fk; ,ilNa fLikahd Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;wpd. ,Wjpapy;> jPtpu tpthjj;jpd; Kbtpy; ,isQH mzp ntw;wp ngw;wJ. jPz;lhik xopg;G> Myag; gpuNtrk;> rkge;jp Nghrdk; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis jkpuRf; fl;rpNa Kd;dpd;W elj;Jk; epiyik cUthdJ. ,t;thW jkpouRf; fl;rpAld; ,ize;jpUe;j ,isQH mzp rhuhk;rj;jpy; 1924 ,y; cUthd aho; thypgH nfhq;fpu]pd; kWgjpg;ghf mike;jJ. ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; [dehaf Kw;Nghf;F kw;Wk; Gul;rpfug; gz;Gfspd; mopahj; njhlHr;rpahf ,J tpsq;fpaJ.
jPtpu murpay; czHT ngw;w ekJ ,isQHfspd; ,d;ndhU gpuptpdH> jkpouRf; fl;rpf;F ntspNa "khztH Nguit" vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fp> RahjPdkhd Kiwapy; murpay; nraw;ghLfspy;  1971,y; mjpfg;gLj;jg;- gl;l jug;gLj;jy; Kiw> 1972,y; ,yq;if muR> ngsj;j-rpq;fs Fbaurhf khw;wg;glik... Nghd;w epfo;Tfs; ekJ khztHfisAk;>
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,isQHfisAk; NkYk; mjpfstpy; murpaYf;Fs; ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;ld. Vw;fdNt jkpouRf; fl;rp> I.Nj.f. murhq;fj;jpy; ,ize;Jk;> jdJ Nghuhl;l kuig ,oe;Jk; te;jpUe;j epiyapy;> murpay; rl;l tuk;gpw;Fs;> ekJ kf;fspd; cupikfs; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l KbahJ vd;gJ murpay; rl;l uPjpahfNt epWtg;gl;L tpl;l epiyapy;> jkpouRf; fl;rp ekJ Njrj;jpd; murpay; jiyik vd;w epiyapypUe;J mfyj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;- epiyapy; rpwpyq;fh murpd; jug;gLj;jy; Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Lk;> murpay; ahg;G jpUj;jj;jpdhy; MNtrKw;Wk; ,Ue;j ekJ khztHfSk;> ,isQHfSk; Gjpa murpay; topKiwfis Nehf;fp cWjpahf efHe;jhHfs;. ,J "khztH Nguit" vd;w jPtpu mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ.
etPd murpay; tuyhw;wpy;> ekJ Njrpa etPd murpay; tuyhw;wpy;> ekJ Njrpa etPd murpay; tuyhw;wpy;> ekJ Njrpa etPd murpay; tuyhw;wpy;> ekJ Njrpa etPd murpay; tuyhw;wpy;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa KjyhtJ jiykiwT ,af;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa KjyhtJ jiykiwT ,af;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa KjyhtJ jiykiwT ,af;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa KjyhtJ jiykiwT ,af;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa KjyhtJ jiykiwT mikg;ghf khztH Nguit cUthfpaJ. mikg;ghf khztH Nguit cUthfpaJ. mikg;ghf khztH Nguit cUthfpaJ. mikg;ghf khztH Nguit cUthfpaJ. mikg;ghf khztH Nguit cUthfpaJ. ghuhSkd;w ghij> murpay; rl;l tuk;- ghuhSkd;w ghij> murpay; rl;l tuk;- ghuhSkd;w ghij> murpay; rl;l tuk;- ghuhSkd;w ghij> murpay; rl;l tuk;- ghuhSkd;w ghij> murpay; rl;l tuk;- gpw;Fl;gl;l vjpHg;Gfs; . . . Nghd;wit fhyk; gpw;Fl;gl;l vjpHg;Gfs; . . . Nghd;wit fhyk; gpw;Fl;gl;l vjpHg;Gfs; . . . Nghd;wit fhyk; gpw;Fl;gl;l vjpHg;Gfs; . . . Nghd;wit fhyk; gpw;Fl;gl;l vjpHg;Gfs; . . . Nghd;wit fhyk; fle;j> tpidgadw;w Nghuhl;l Kiwahf khwpf; fle;j> tpidgadw;w Nghuhl;l Kiwahf khwpf; fle;j> tpidgadw;w Nghuhl;l Kiwahf khwpf; fle;j> tpidgadw;w Nghuhl;l Kiwahf khwpf; fle;j> tpidgadw;w Nghuhl;l Kiwahf khwpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. nfhz;bUe;jJ. nfhz;bUe;jJ. nfhz;bUe;jJ. nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,e;epiyapy;> Gjpa jiyKiwapdH> jPtpu tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jf; $baJk;> ekJ kf;fspd; cupikfis epiyepWj;jf; $baJkhd Nghuhl;l Kiwapy; mf;fiw nfhz;lhHfs;. ,j;jifa Nghuhl;l Kiw Fwpj;j njspthd tiuaiwfs; vijAk; mk;kf;fs; cUthf;fpauhj NghjpYk;> ,g;Nghuhl;l Kiw rpwpyq;fh muirAk;> mjd; gilfisAk; Neubahfg; ghjpf;f $bajhf mika Ntz;Lk; vdw; cWjpahd Gupjy; mtHfspilNa epytpaJ. ,j;jifa Gupjy; jiykiwTr; nraw;ghl;bd; mtrpaj;ij mtHfSf;F czHj;jpd. ,t;thW khztH NguitahdJ njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj xU jiykiwT mikg;ghf ,aq;fpaJ.
khztH Nguit xU jdpahd mikg;ghf ,aq;fpa NghjpYk;> mJ ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l jiyikiaNah> tiuaiwfisf; nfhz;l
epWtdj; j rj;jparPyd ,aq;fpa ikag;gl;lj ,Uf;ftpy;i gpuNjrq;f khztHfS nfhz;l tiuaiwf epiyapy; , ,tHfs; jd ,t;thW j mike;jpU murpaypd; tuk;gpw;Fl;g NghapUe;j Ntz;ba N njhU td Njhw;Wtpj;j jpd gpufld ,aq;fpa , vupj;jy;> rpw murpay;th . . . Ngh Kd;ndLj ,af;fj;jp mikg;G t tUlq;fspy vOr;rpAld Kd;ndLj;J %y Cw;wh Nguit tps
jkpouRf; f mzpAk; ji khztH Ng Nghd;Nw ikag;gl;bU $ba epfo kf;fspd; m vg;NghJk; te;jpUe;jJ. ,uz;L g epyg;gug;gpy
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jpfstpy; . Vw;fdNt hq;fj;jpy; g ,oe;Jk; uk;gpw;Fs;> Lj;jg;gl;l uPjpahfNt uRf; fl;rp ik vd;w paJ. ,e;- ug;gLj;jy; pay; ahg;G e;j ekJ murpay; fHe;jhHfs;. mikg;gpd;
J Njrpa J Njrpa J Njrpa J Njrpa J Njrpa iykiwT iykiwT iykiwT iykiwT iykiwT UthfpaJ. thfpaJ. UthfpaJ. thfpaJ. thfpaJ. l;l tuk;- l;l tuk;- l;l tuk;- l;l tuk;- l;l tuk;- it fhyk; it fhyk; it fhyk; it fhyk; it fhyk; ahf khwpf; ahf khwpf; ahf khwpf; ahf khwpf; ahf khwpf;
pdH> jPtpu k;> ekJ baJkhd z;lhHfs;. njspthd k;kf;fs; hl;l Kiw lfisAk; a Ntz;Lk; fspilNa ykiwTr; HfSf;F itahdJ ykiwT
ikg;ghf Lj;jg;gl;l f; nfhz;l
epWtdj; jd;ikiaNah nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. rj;jparPyd; vd;gtupd; jiyikapy; ,J ,aq;fpa NghjpYk; mtuJ jiyik ikag;gl;ljhfNth> mjpfhuk; nfhz;ljhfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fis NrHe;j ,isQHfSk;> khztHfSk; khztH Nguitapy; ,ize;J nfhz;l NghjpYk;> nghJj; jiyik> tiuaiwfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F fl;Lg;gl;l epiyapy; ,tHfs; nraw;gltpy;iy. gjpyhf> ,tHfs; jdpj;jdpf; FOf;fshf ,aq;fpdhHfs;. ,t;thW jdpj;jdpf; FOf;fspd; njhFg;ghf mike;jpUe;j> khztH Nguit td;Kiw murpaypd; fUt+ykhf tpsq;fpaJ. rl;l tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l Nghuhl;l Kiwfs; gadw;Wg; NghapUe;j epiyapy;> rl;l tuk;ig kPw Ntz;ba Nghuhl;l Kiwapd; mtrpakhd- njhU td;Kiwg; Nghuhl;l tbtj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. 1972,y; rpwpyq;fhtpd; FbauR jpd gpufldj;jpw;F vjpuhf> khztH Nguitapy; ,aq;fpa ,isQHfs;> mur thfdq;fis vupj;jy;> rpwpyq;fh muRld; ,ize;jpUe;j jkpo; murpay;thjpfspd; tPLfSf;F Fz;L tPRjy; . . . Nghd;w td;Kiw eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;jhHfs;. ,t;thW ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; td;Kiw Nghuhl;lkhdJ> mikg;G tbtpy; Kfpo;e;jJ. ,d;Dk; rpy tUlq;fspy;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ij khngUk; vOr;rpAld;> MAjg; Nghuhl;l tbtj;jpy; Kd;ndLj;J nry;ytpUf;fpd;w mikg;Gf;fspd; %y Cw;whfTk;> tpisepykhfTk; khztH Nguit tpsq;fpaJ.
jkpouRf; fl;rpapy; ,ize;jpUe;j ,isQH mzpAk; jiykiwT murpaiy Kd;ndLj;j khztH NguitAk; aho; thypgH nfhq;fpu]; Nghd;Nw ngupJk; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F ikag;gl;bUe;jik xU Gupe;J nfhs;sj;jf;f $ba epfo;thfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; aho;g;ghzkhdJ vg;NghJk; murpay; nfhjpfskhf tpsq;fp te;jpUe;jJ. ekJ kf;fspy; Vwf;Fiwa %d;wpy; ,uz;L gFjpapdH xg;gPl;lstpy; rpwpa epyg;gug;gpy; jpuz;bUe;jjhYk; fy;tp> murhq;f
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cj;jpNahfk;> epHthfk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Eioaf;$ba tha;g;Gf;fis mjpfsT ngw;wpUe;jjhYk; mirtpaf;fKk; jPtpuj; jd;ikAk; nfhz;l gpuptpdH mjpfstpYk; tpiuthfTk; cUthff; $ba rhj;jpak; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; vg;NghJk; epytpaJ. ,jdhy; ve;j xU murpay; jpUg;gj;jpdhYk; cldbahfTk; NeubahfTk; ghjpf;ff;$ba gpuptpdupd; jpul;rpia aho;g;ghzk; vg;NghJk; nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdNt jkpouRf; fl;rpapy; xU mq;fkhf ,Ue;j ,isQH mzpAk; RahjPdkhf ,aq;fpa khztH NguitAk; aho;g;ghzj;jpNy fUf;nfhz;L> tsHe;jd vd;gJ Gupe;J nfhs;sj;jf;f murpay; ntspg;ghLfshf mike;jpUe;jd
jkpouRf; fl;rp ,isQH mzpAk; khztH NguitAk; ngupJk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ikag;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk; mtu;fsJ murpay; ghijfs; KOj; jkpoHfspdJk; czHitg; gpujpgypg;gijAk; rhug;gLj;JtijAk; Nehf;fp Ftpe;jpUe;jd. ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fk; Fwpj;Jk; jhk; vj;jifa ghijiag; gpd;gw;WtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; ,d;dKk; ,tHfspilNa njspthd fUj;Jf;fs; cUj;jpushj NghJk; jkJ rpe;jidapy; ekJ kf;fs; midtiuAk; cs;slf;fpa xU gue;j tPr;ir ,tHfs; cUthf;fp te;jjhHfs;. ,t;thW gbj;j ,isQH gpuptpdH ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; gykile;J te;j epiyapy; mtHfspd; Kw;whd jiyikia rhj;jpakhf;fpa epfo;Tfs; Gwj;Nj ,lk;ngwyhapd.
43

;wtw;wpy; mjpfsT k; jPtpuj; pfstpYk; rhj;jpak; . ,jdhy; ;jpdhYk; pf;ff;$ba ; vg;NghJk; ;rpapy; xU mzpAk; NguitAk; tsHe;jd murpay;
; khztH hzj;jpy; murpay; zHitg; k; Nehf;fp y; ,af;fk; gpd;gw;WtJ fspilNa hj NghJk; dtiuAk; ,tHfs; W gbj;j ; murpay; epiyapy; yikia Gwj;Nj
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2.
 gy;fiyf;
MAjg; fof mDkjpapy; jug;gLj;jy; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
Nghuhl;l $lNt> jhd; ngw;wpUe;j %d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ikg; gyj;Jld;
tbtk; ,yq;ifia murpay; ahg;G uPjpahfNt xU ngsj;j rpq;fs ehlhf mJ khw;wpaJ. ,itapuz;Lk; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tho;tpy; mbg;gilj; jpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa Kf;fpa epfo;Tfshf mike;jd.
jug;gLj;jy; KiwahdJ ekJ khztHfspd;> Fwpg;ghf aho; khztHfspd; gy;fiyf; fof mDkjpf;fhd tha;g;ig ngUkstpy; gwpj;Jtpl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf> ekJ kf;fspilNa kpf mjpfstpy; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gl;L te;j aho;g;ghz kj;jpaju tHf;fg; gpuptpdH ,j;jpl;lj;jpdhy; fLikahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ,tHfisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; fy;tp vd;gJ nghUshaj %yq;fspy; xd;whf> nghUshjhu mbg;gilfspy; xd;whf tho;tpd; ,yf;if epHzapg;gjhf mike;jpUe;jJ. fy;tpapd; %yk;> mjDhlhd murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jpd; %yk; jkJ nghUshjhu epiyia cWjpg;gLj;j ,tHfshy; Kbe;jJ. ngUtPjj; njhopy;JiwAk; jdpahH epWtdq;fSk; mjpf tsHr;rpiag; ngw;wpuhj r%fj;jpy; murhq;f cj;jpNahfk; vd;gJ nghUshjhu Cw;W%yq;fspd; xd;whf mikfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa murhq;f cj;jpNah- fq;fspy; EiotJk; caHgjtpfis miltJk; ngupJk; xUtH ngWfpd;w KiwrhH fy;tpapd; mstpy; ngupJk; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. ve;jsTf;F
r%f mik r%f mik r%f mik r%f mik r%f mik epiyia epiyia c epiyia epiyia c epiyia c $lNt> ,j $lNt> ,j $lNt> ,j $lNt> ,j $lNt> ,j cWjpg;ghL cWjpg;ghL cWjpg;ghL cWjpg;ghL cWjpg;ghL fy;tpahdJ fy;tpahdJ fy;tpahdJ fy;tpahdJ fy;tpahdJ $bajhf> j $bajhf> j $bajhf> j $bajhf> j $bajhf> j ifaspf;ff ifaspf;ff ifaspf;ff ifaspf;ff ifaspf;ff ,j;jifa r ,j;jifa r ,j;jifa r ,j;jifa r ,j;jifa r nrhj;J tb nrhj;J tb nrhj;J tb nrhj;J tb nrhj;J tb
,t;tifa aho;g;ghzj vd;gJ xU gj;jpduJk fhuzpfspy zkhdJ x ,Ue;jjhY midj;Jk nrhe;jkhf Gjpa cw;gj tha;g;G kpfT Kaw;rpfis kpfTk; k te;jpUf;fpd tho;tpw;Fs NrHe;j> xU nghUshjhu
44

hlhf mJ kf;fspd; pUg;gj;ij ike;jd.
tHfspd;> yf; fof Ukstpy; pilNa kpf j; njupT ju tHf;fg; ikahfg; nghWj;j %yq;fspy; py; xd;whf pg;gjhf jDhlhd k; jkJ ,tHfshy; k; jdpahH ; ngw;wpuhj k; vd;gJ ; xd;whf cj;jpNah- miltJk; fy;tpapd; ve;jsTf;F
2.
 ,jd; %yk; fpilf;fpd;w nghUshjhu $lNt> ,jd; %yk; fpilf;fpd;w nghUshjhu $lNt> ,jd; %yk; fpilf;fpd;w nghUshjhu $lNt> ,jd; %yk; fpilf;fpd;w nghUshjhu $lNt> ,jd; %yk; fpilf;fpd;w nghUshjhu cWjpg;ghL kw;Wk; r%f me;j];jpd; tpisthf cWjpg;ghL kw;Wk; r%f me;j];jpd; tpisthf cWjpg;ghL kw;Wk; r%f me;j];jpd; tpisthf cWjpg;ghL kw;Wk; r%f me;j];jpd; tpisthf cWjpg;ghL kw;Wk; r%f me;j];jpd; tpisthf fy;tpahdJ jiyKiwahf;fk; nra;ag;glf; fy;tpahdJ jiyKiwahf;fk; nra;ag;glf; fy;tpahdJ jiyKiwahf;fk; nra;ag;glf; fy;tpahdJ jiyKiwahf;fk; nra;ag;glf; fy;tpahdJ jiyKiwahf;fk; nra;ag;glf; $bajhf> jdJ re;jjpfSf;F njhlHr;rpahf $bajhf> jdJ re;jjpfSf;F njhlHr;rpahf $bajhf> jdJ re;jjpfSf;F njhlHr;rpahf $bajhf> jdJ re;jjpfSf;F njhlHr;rpahf $bajhf> jdJ re;jjpfSf;F njhlHr;rpahf ifaspf;ff; $bajhf khWfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ifaspf;ff; $bajhf khWfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ifaspf;ff; $bajhf khWfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ifaspf;ff; $bajhf khWfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ifaspf;ff; $bajhf khWfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ,j;jifa r%fq;fspy; fy;tp vd;gJ xUtif ,j;jifa r%fq;fspy; fy;tp vd;gJ xUtif ,j;jifa r%fq;fspy; fy;tp vd;gJ xUtif ,j;jifa r%fq;fspy; fy;tp vd;gJ xUtif ,j;jifa r%fq;fspy; fy;tp vd;gJ xUtif nrhj;J tbtkhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. nrhj;J tbtkhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. nrhj;J tbtkhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. nrhj;J tbtkhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. nrhj;J tbtkhfTk; mikfpd;wJ.
,t;tifapy; ekJ kf;fis Fwpg;ghf> aho;g;ghzj; jkpoHfisg; nghWj;jtiu> fy;tp vd;gJ xU jdpegupdJk; mtuJ FLk;- gj;jpduJk; r%f ,Ug;igj; jPHkhdpf;fpd;w fhuzpfspy; xd;whf khwpapUe;jJ. aho;gh- zkhdJ xg;gPl;lstpy; rpwpa epyg;gug;ghf ,Ue;jjhYk; mjd; cw;gj;jp epyq;fs; midj;Jk; Vw;fdNt Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jjhYk;> my;yJ epyk; rhHe;J Gjpa cw;gj;jp Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba tha;g;G kpfTk; vy;iyg;gl;ljhf Gjpa cw;gj;jp Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba tha;g;G kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiy> Gjpjhf r%f tho;tpw;Fs; fhyb itf;fpd;w aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;j> xU egupdJk;> mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdJk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilahf fy;tpia
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fUJfpd;w Nghf;if NkYk; tYg;gLj;jpaJ. xUtuJ fy;tp tsHr;rpapy; mtuJ jpwik MHtk; vd;gJ kl;Lky;y mtuJ FLk;gj;jpd; mf;fiw mHg;gzpg;G xWj;jy; Mfpa midj;Jk; jkJ jlq;fis cWjpahfg; gjpj;jpUe;jd. ,e;epiyapy; jug;gLj;jy; Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhdJ aho;g;ghz kj;jpajug; gpupitr; NrHe;j Mapuf;fzf;fhd FLk;gq;fspd; nghUshjhu eyd;fspYk; r%f ,Ug;gpYk; Neubahd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpajhf mike;jJ. mtHfsJ tho;tpd; ,Ug;gpd; NtiuiaNa mJ mirj;Jtpl;lJ. Vw;fdNt nkhopr;rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf jkJ gjtp caHTfSf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; kWf;fg;gl;l mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;j aho;g;ghz gbj;j kj;jpajug; gpuptpdH kj;jpapy;> ,g;NghJ mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l jug;gLj;jy; Kiw MNtr czHTfis vOg;gpd. ,e;j MNtrkhdJ jPtpug; Nghuhl;lq;fshf ntbj;Jf; fpsk;gpaJ.
,yq;if xU ngsj;j rpq;fs ehlhf khw;wg;gl;ljhdJ> ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ngUk; czHntOr;rpfis Njhw;Wtpj;jd. murpay; ahg;G uPjpahfNt jhk; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w ,dkhf khw;wg;gl;L tpl;Nlhk; vd;w czHT ekJ kf;fis gykhfj; jhf;fpaJ. jkJ eyd;fisAk; cupikfisAk; NgzNtz;ba epiyNahL> ,g;NghJ ,e;j murpay; ahg;G khw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf> ekJ r%f ,Ug;igNa cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Kjd;ik mtrpak; ekJ kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. epyTk; muRf;Fs; gpui[fs; vd;w epiy jkf;F kWf;fg;gl;- Ls;sij jpl;ltl;lkhf czHe;J nfhz;- lhHfs;. jkf;F Kd;Nd epl;rakw;wJk; jhk; Kw;whf Mf;fpukpg;glf; $baJkhd vjpHfhyk; cUthfp tUtij ekJ kf;fs; milahsk; fz;lhHfs;. ,it midj;Jk; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy;> Gjpa Nghuhl;l Kiwfspd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jpaNjhL> jkf;nfd xU jdpahd ehL mtrpak; vd;w fUj;J jplkhf fUf;nfhz;L tsHtjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ.
,t;thW Gwj;NjAk;> vkJ kf;fspd; mf czHTfspYk; Vw;gl;L te;j khw;wq;fs;
ntF[d N ,lk;ngw;w ntspg;gl;l lq;fspd; fzf;fhd k rpq;fs mur nfhs;s Ka gilfisf mlf;f K %Hf;fj;jdk cupikfi Nghuhl;l t NkYk; tY czHj;jpd ntF[dg; murpd; gjpy ntspg;gl;l kf;fspd; m Nghuhl;lk Muk;gpj;jJ
1971 ,y; r ,isQHf fpsHr;rpahd ,d;dKk; Kd;Djhuz fpsHr;rpapd vOr;rpkpf;f Mo;e;j jh Nguitapy jdpj;jdpf iffspy; ,g;NghJ rpt Nghuhl;l t Nghuhl;lj;j 1974 ,y; rpwpyq;fhg; n MAjg; Ngh murpay; tbtkhf k mstpy; c tsHr;rpai ,ize;jj ,af;fkhd
45

;gLj;jpaJ. J jpwik Lk;gj;jpd; y; Mfpa Wjpahfg; ;jy; Kiw ho;g;ghz ;fzf;fhd pYk; r%f Lj;jpajhf ; ,Ug;gpd; . Vw;fdNt J gjtp Wf;fg;gl;l hz gbj;j ,g;NghJ y; Kiw d. ,e;j ;lq;fshf
ehlhf papy; ngUk; . murpay; ;w ,dkhf HT ekJ d;fisAk; piyNahL> hw;wj;jpd; g;igNa mtrpak; ; muRf;Fs; Wf;fg;gl;- nfhz;- ;wJk; jhk; vjpHfhyk; ilahsk; J kf;fs; iwfspd; f;nfd xU ;J jplkhf hfpaJ.
spd; mf khw;wq;fs;
ntF[d Nghuhl;l tbtj;jpYk;> Mq;fhq;F ,lk;ngw;w td;Kiw Nghuhl;l tbtpYk; ntspg;gl;ld. vdpDk; ,j;jifa ,g;Nghuhl;- lq;fspd; cl;nghUis> mJ gy;yhapuf;- fzf;fhd kf;fSf;F Vw;gLj;jpa ghjpg;Gf;fis rpq;fs murhf khwptpl;;l rpwpyq;fh muR Gupe;J nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> jdJ MAjg; gilfisf; nfhz;L ,g;Nghuhl;lq;fis mlf;f Kw;gl;lJ. rpwpyq;fh murpd; %Hf;fj;jdkhdJ ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fisAk; cupikfisAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F Gjpa Nghuhl;l topKiwfs; mtrpak; vd;gij NkYk; tYthfTk; NkYk; njspthfTk; czHj;jpd. ekJ kf;fs; Kd;ndLj;j ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;fhd rpwpyq;fh murpd; gjpy; td;Kiw ,ae;jpuj;jpd; tbtpy; ntspg;gl;ljhy; mjd; vjpHtpidahf ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; td;Kiwg; Nghuhl;lkhdJ cWjpahf NtHnfhs;s Muk;gpj;jJ.
1971 ,y; rpwpyq;fh muRf;F vjpuhf rpq;fs ,isQHfs; Kd;ndLj;j MAjf; fpsHr;rpahdJ ekJ ,isQHfspd; Kd;Nd ,d;dKk; #L Mwhj MfH\pg;Gf;Fupa Kd;Djhuzkhff; fhl;rpaspj;jJ. ,e;j MAjf; fpsHr;rpapd; Njhy;tp my;y> khwhf mjd; vOr;rpkpf;f ntspg;ghNl ekJ ,isQHfspy; Mo;e;j jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. khztH Nguitapy; ,ize;jpUe;j ,isQHfs; jdpj;jdpf; FOf;fshf td;Kiw eltbf;- iffspy;  ,g;NghJ rptFkhud; jiyikapyhd FO xU Nghuhl;l tbtk; vd;w mHj;j;jpy; MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd jahupg;Gf;fspy; 

Page 46
vOj;Jf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;glg; Nghfpd;w khngUk; Njrpa ,af;fkhf vOr;rp ngw;wJ. murpay; rl;l tuk;gpw;Fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l  mwpKfg;gLj;jpa muR> epHthf KiwikfspYk;> rl;l KiwikapYk; rPHjpUj;jq;fis Vw;gLj;JtNj ,j;jiyikapd; gpujhd murpay; ,yf;fhf mike;jJ. ,tHfs; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsHfSlDk; rpq;fs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdHfSlDk; neUf;fkhd cwTfisf; nfhz;be;jhHfs;. vdpDk;> 1920fspypUe;J ,g;Nghf;fpy; xU jpUg;gk; Vw;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. rpq;fs murpay; jiytHfspd; ,dthjg; Nghf;FfSk; murpay; JNuhfq;fSk; jkpo; kf;fSf;F vd xU jdpahd murpay; ,af;fkhf jkpoH kfh[d rigia cUthf;Ffpd;w epiyf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.
1940 fspypUe;J 1950fs; tiu ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fkhdJ ,k;kf;fspd; murpay; eyd;fspd; rhukhf mike;jpUe;j Nfhupf;- iffis Kd;ndLj;j Njrpa ,af;fkhf khw;wkile;jpUe;jJ. vdpDk;> mjd; jiyikahdJ ngupJk; nfhOk;gpy; jd;id
epiyepWj;j gpuptpdupd; e rkurg; Ngh nfhOk;G k Mjpf;fg; jsj;jpy; gpu tHf;f c Mog;gjpe;j fpof;ifr; N mtHfspd; ,izj;Jf ntspg;gLj gpu[hTupi Mjupj;jjpd rpq;fsf; F %ykhfTk mJ njspt
1950 fspy ,af;fkhd eyd;fis gjw;fhf nj Kd;ndL tsHr;rpai Kd;ndLj;j kf;fSlD njhlf;f f Fzhk;rk ,ize;J gq;Nfw;gj ,j;jiyi aho;g;ghzj cs;SzHe rkurg; Nghf kf;fspd; N midj;J njhlHr;r Kd;ndLf;f
1970fspd; n jkf;fpil nraw;ghLf Muk;gj;jpy Kd;dzp ahg;ig jpU
46

Nghfpd;w p ngw;wJ.
poH ;Wg;
yfl;lj;jpy; pYk; mjd; njspthd zKbAk;.
kf;fspd; gpuptpdupd; Lj;Jfpd;w epiyepWj;- gpuptpdupd; ;gLfpd;w . nrhe;j ; njhlHG rHe;j ,e;j fs; ekJ ;tjpypUe;J q;fpNyaH> epHthf ikapYk; iyikapd; . ,tHfs; ; rpq;fs Uf;fkhd vdpDk;> jpUg;gk; murpay; k; murpay; vd xU H kfh[d ;F ,l;Lr;
kf;fspd; ; murpay; ;j Nfhupf;- af;fkhf ;> mjd; py; jd;id
epiyepWj;jpapUe;jjhfTk; r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fis fhf;f Kaw;rpg;gjhfTk; rkurg; Nghf;Ff; nfhz;ljhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. nfhOk;G kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;j jkpo; Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fis murpay; jsj;jpy; gpujpgypj;j ,j;jiyikaplk;> rhjpa> tHf;f czHTk; aho; ikathjKk; Mog;gjpe;jpUe;jd. ,jdhy; td;dp kw;Wk; fpof;ifr; NrHe;j ekJ kf;fSld; kl;Lky;y> mtHfspd; murpay; gpujpepjpfSlDk; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhs;shj Nghf;if ,j;jiyik ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; gpu[hTupikia gwpf;fpd;w rl;lj;ij Mjupj;jjpd; %ykhfTk; fpof;fpy; jpl;lkpl;l rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fSf;F JizNghdjd; %ykhfTk; jdJ kf;fs; tpNuhjg; gz;Gfis mJ njspthf ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jJ.
1950 fspypUe;J 1970 tiu jkpo; Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; eyd;fis xd;Wjpul;b mtw;iw ntd;nwLg;- gjw;fhf njhluhd ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;j murpay; ,af;fkhf tsHr;rpaile;jJ. ,e;j murpay; ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;j jiyik nrhe;j kz;ZlDk; kf;fSlDk; jd;idg; gpizj;jpUe;jJ. njhlf;f fhyq;fspy;> ,j;jiyik NghHf;- Fzhk;rk; nfhz;ljhfTk; kf;fSld; ,ize;J jhNk Neubahf Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;gjhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. vdpDk; ,j;jiyikapd; Mjpf;f epiyapypUe;j aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;j murpay;thjpfsplk; cs;SzHe;jpUe;j rhjpa> tHf;f Mjpf;f gz;Gk; rkurg; Nghf;FfSk; aho; ikathjKk; ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;ij KO tPr;RlDk; midj;J kf;fSk; jOtpajhfTk; njhlHr;rpahd NghHf;Fzhk;rj;Jld; Kd;ndLf;f KbahJ jLj;jd.
1970fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; kuGtopj; jiyikfs; jkf;fpilNa xd;wpize;J> murpay; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;lhHfs;. 1970 fspd; Muk;gj;jpy;> SLFP jiyikapyhd If;fpa Kd;dzp murhq;fk; ,tq;if murpay; ahg;ig jpUj;Jtjw;F jPHkhdpj;jJ. mJtiu>
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gpd;gw;wg;gl;L te;j murpay; ahg;gpy;> ,yq;ifapYs;s Vida r%fq;fspd; murpay; cupikfis ghJfhj;jy; vd;w mbg;gilapy; NrHf;fg;gl;bUe;j 29tJ \uj;ij mfw;wpaNjhL> ,yq;ifia ngsj;j-rpq;fs ehlhf milahsg;gLj;jpa Gjpa murpay; ahg;igAk; ,e;j murhq;fk; cUthf;fpaJ. murpay; ahg;G uPjpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,e;j Mjpf;f eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhf> cWjpAld; Nghuhl Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij ekJ murpay; jiyikfs; vjpHnfhz;ld. ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdiuAk; Neubahfg; ghjpf;ff; $ba> ,e;j murpay; ahg;G khw;wj;jpw;F vjpuhf> mNdfkhf midj;J jkpo; murpay;thjpfSk; xd;wpize;jhHfs;. ,tHfs; midtUk; xU murpay; mikg;gpd; fPo; ,ize;J> nraw;glf; $ba tpjj;jpy;> jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp vd;w Gjpa murpay; fl;rp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. rpwpyq;fh murpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G uPjpahd Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf> xU gue;j murpay; vjpHg;G jsj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd ,e;j Kaw;rp> mjd; Muk;g epiyapy;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Gj;JzHr;rpAk; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; Cl;Lfpd;w epfo;thf ,Ue;jJ. ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;Jg; gpuptpduhYk; kuGtopj; jiyikfs; kj;jpapy; ,lk;ngw;w ,e;j murpay; If;fpak; kfpo;r;rpAld; tuNtw;fg;gl;lJ. vOr;rp ngw;W te;j khztHfSk; ,isQHfSk; $l> ,e;j epfo;tpdhy; ftug;gl;lhHfs;. Gjpjhf epWtg;gl;l jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpapy; xU mq;fkhf ,ize;jpUe;j ,isQH mzpapdH kl;Lkd;wp> RahjPdkhfTk;> td;Kiw rhHe;jJkhd murpaiy Kd;ndLf;f vj;jdpj;j khztH Nguit Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fisr; NrHe;j ,isQHfSk; kw;Wk; MAjf; FOf;fSk; $l> kuGtopj; jiyikfSf;- fpilapyhd murpay; ,iztpdhy; ek;gpf;ifa+l;lg;gl;lhHfs;.
jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd jpUg;GKidf;F xU fhuzkhf mike;jJ. 1976k; Mz;L tl;Lf; Nfhl;ilapy; ,lk;ngw;w
jkpoH tpLj kf;fSf;nf NghuhLtJ jPHkhdk; nghJj;NjH nghJj;NjH nghJj;NjH nghJj;NjH nghJj;NjH muir mi muir mi muir mi muir mi muir mi rHtrd th rHtrd th rHtrd th rHtrd th rHtrd th jkpoH t jkpoH t jkpoH t jkpoH t jkpoH t Nkw;nfhz;l Nkw;nfhz;l Nkw;nfhz;l Nkw;nfhz;l Nkw;nfhz;l vd jdpa vd jdpa vd jdpa vd jdpa vd jdpa Nfhupf;iff Nfhupf;iff Nfhupf;iff Nfhupf;iff Nfhupf;iff Mjuit Mjuit Mjuit Mjuit Mjuit rl;lg+Ht rl;lg+Ht m rl;lg+Ht rl;lg+Ht m rl;lg+Ht tpLjiyf tpLjiyf; tpLjiyf tpLjiyf; tpLjiyf; vdpDk; ,f tpl;bUe;j gpuptpdupd; nfhs;tJk;> Kw;whfNt ekJ kf;fS vd;w kfj;j cWjpAld jLj;jd.
,t;thW ek fhy murpa nfhOk;gpy; mjd; mur gpuptpdupd; eyd;fis te;jpUg;gi tsHr;rpa tpUg;gj;jpd kf;fspd; r% epiyikf te;jpUf;fpd ,af;fj;jpy Gw fhuzp ce;Jtpirf gpd;tUkhW spilNa G spdJk;> r% kuGtopj; ,ilNa epy
47

ahg;gpy;> pd; murpay; g;gilapy; \uj;ij j;j-rpq;fs murpay; thf;fpaJ. g;gl;l ,e;j cWjpAld; murpay; Njrj;jpd; g; ghjpf;ff; w;F vjpuhf> ;thjpfSk; tUk; xU nraw;glf; l;lzp vd;w . rpwpyq;fh pay; ahg;G xU gue;j ;Ftjw;fhd apy;> ekJ Hr;rpAk; f ,Ue;jJ. ptpduhYk; ,lk;ngw;w o;r;rpAld; ;W te;j l> ,e;j Gjpjhf zpapy; xU mzpapdH td;Kiw vj;jdpj;j ;Gf;fisr; ; MAjf; ikfSf;- tpdhy;
;fg;gl;lJ> f;fpakhd ike;jJ. ,lk;ngw;w
jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp kfhehl;by;> ekJ kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd muir Vw;gLtjw;fhfg; NghuhLtJ vd;w tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jkpf;f jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L tpl;lJ. 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 nghJj;NjHjy;> ekJ kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd nghJj;NjHjy;> ekJ kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd nghJj;NjHjy;> ekJ kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd nghJj;NjHjy;> ekJ kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd nghJj;NjHjy;> ekJ kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd muir mikj;jjy; vd;w Nfhupf;if kPjhd muir mikj;jjy; vd;w Nfhupf;if kPjhd muir mikj;jjy; vd;w Nfhupf;if kPjhd muir mikj;jjy; vd;w Nfhupf;if kPjhd muir mikj;jjy; vd;w Nfhupf;if kPjhd rHtrd thf;nfLg;ghf gad;gL;j;JtJ vd;W rHtrd thf;nfLg;ghf gad;gL;j;JtJ vd;W rHtrd thf;nfLg;ghf gad;gL;j;JtJ vd;W rHtrd thf;nfLg;ghf gad;gL;j;JtJ vd;W rHtrd thf;nfLg;ghf gad;gL;j;JtJ vd;W jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jPHkhdk; jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jPHkhdk; jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jPHkhdk; jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jPHkhdk; jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jd; %yk;> ekJ Njrj;jpw;F Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jd; %yk;> ekJ Njrj;jpw;F Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jd; %yk;> ekJ Njrj;jpw;F Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jd; %yk;> ekJ Njrj;jpw;F Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jd; %yk;> ekJ Njrj;jpw;F vd jdpahd muir mikj;jy; vd;w vd jdpahd muir mikj;jy; vd;w vd jdpahd muir mikj;jy; vd;w vd jdpahd muir mikj;jy; vd;w vd jdpahd muir mikj;jy; vd;w Nfhupf;iff;F ekJ kf;fspd; czHr;rpapy; Nfhupf;iff;F ekJ kf;fspd; czHr;rpapy; Nfhupf;iff;F ekJ kf;fspd; czHr;rpapy; Nfhupf;iff;F ekJ kf;fspd; czHr;rpapy; Nfhupf;iff;F ekJ kf;fspd; czHr;rpapy; Mjuit jpul;Ltjw;Fk; ,f;Nfhupf;if Mjuit jpul;Ltjw;Fk; ,f;Nfhupf;if Mjuit jpul;Ltjw;Fk; ,f;Nfhupf;if Mjuit jpul;Ltjw;Fk; ,f;Nfhupf;if Mjuit jpul;Ltjw;Fk; ,f;Nfhupf;if rl;lg+Ht mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;Fk; jkpoH rl;lg+Ht mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;Fk; jkpoH rl;lg+Ht mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;Fk; jkpoH rl;lg+Ht mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;Fk; jkpoH rl;lg+Ht mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;Fk; jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jiyik toptFj;jJ. tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jiyik toptFj;jJ. tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jiyik toptFj;jJ. tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jiyik toptFj;jJ. tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jiyik toptFj;jJ. vdpDk; ,f;$l;Lj; jiyikf;Fs; ciwe;J tpl;bUe;j rkurg; Nghf;FfSk;> Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fisNa ,Wjp ,yf;fhff; nfhs;tJk;> ,tw;NwhL ,j;jiyikaplkpUe;J Kw;whfNt mfd;Wtpl;l NghHf;Fzhk;rKk; ekJ kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd muir mikj;jy; vd;w kfj;jhd ,yf;if ntd;W nfhs;tjw;fhf cWjpAld; nraw;gl Kbahky; ,f;fl;rpiaj; jLj;jd.
,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; xd;wiu Ehw;whz;L fhy murpay; tuyhw;wpy; ekJ jiyikahdJ nfhOk;gpy; ,Ue;J jkpo; kz;iz Nehf;fpAk; mjd; murpay; ,yf;Ffs; r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fspy; ,Ue;J ntF[d eyd;fis Nehf;fpAk; gbg;gbNa efHe;J te;jpUg;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,e;jg; gupzhk tsHr;rpahdJ me;jj; jiyikfspd; tpUg;gj;jpdhy; ,lk;ngw;wjy;y. khwhf> ekJ kf;fspd; r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu fyhr;rhu epiyikfspy; njhlHr;rpahf ,lk;ngw;W te;jpUf;fpd;w khw;wq;fSk;> ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jp te;jpUf;fpd;w mf> Gw fhuzpfSk; ,e;j tsHr;rpg; Nghf;fpd; ce;Jtpirfshf mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iw gpd;tUkhW rhug;gLj;jyhk;. ekJ kf;f- spilNa Gjpjhf cUthfp te;j gpuptpdHf- spdJk;> r%f rf;jpfspdJk; eyd;fSf;Fk;> kuGtopj; jiyikfspd; eyd;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa epytp te;jpUf;fpd;w Kuz;ghLfSk;>
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Nkhjy;fSk; njhlHr;rpahfTk; td;kkhfTk; mjpfupj;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; mlf;F- KiwfSk;> Mf;fpukpg;Gk; ,tw;wpd; tpisthf ekJ kf;fspy; gy;NtW gpuptpdHfspilNa Mokhfp te;j murpay; tpopg;GzHTk; Nfhupf;iffSk;> ,tw;wpDlhf ,g;gpuptpdHfs; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; epfo;j;jp te;Js;s jhf;fq;fs; . . . ,it midj;Jk; ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpYk; mjpy; nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w jiyikfspd; gz;GfspYk; cWjpahd tsHr;rpg; Nghf;F epfo;tjw;F fhuzkhfp- As;sd.
,e;j 150 tUlfhy murpay; ,af;fkhdJ> xU rpWgpuptpdupd; Mjpf;f eyd;fis NgZt- jpypUe;J> gbg;gbNa gue;j> Njrk; jOtpa eyd;fis cs;slf;Ftjhf khw;wkile;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ:
1920 fspy; ekJ kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd murpay; mikg;ghf jkpoH kfh[d rig cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; %ykhf> ekJ kf;fsp- ilNa jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fk; fUf;nfhz;lJ. 1940fspy; ,J> rl;lthj Njrpa ,af;fkhf khw;wkile;jJ. 1950fspy; ,Ue;J ekJ kf;fspd; ntF[d Nghuhl;lq;fspDlhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l rl;l vjpHg;G Njrpa ,af;fkhf ,J tsHr;rpaile;jJ. 1970fspy;> xU jdpahd muir epWTtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L> ekJ kf;fspd; kfj;jhd vOr;rpAld; ,ize;j khngUk; Njrpa ,af;fkhf ,J gupzhkk; mile;jJ. ,t;thW ekJ Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ> murpay; jiikfspdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rl;lthjq;fs;> murpay; jiytHfSf;fpilapyhd xg;ge;jq;fs; vd;w Nghuhl;l tbtpy; Muk;gpj;J> ekJ kf;fspd; Neubg; gq;Nfw;Gld; $ba ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; vd;w tbtj;jpDlhf ekJ kf;fspd; vOr;rpAld; ,uz;lwf; fye;J MAjg; Nghuhl;l tbtkhf khw;wkile;jJ.  xU NgZt- k; jOtpa ;wkile;J
jdpahd [d rig kf;fsp- ;nfhz;lJ. af;fkhf J kf;fspd; spDlhf ;G Njrpa 0fspy;> xU f; nfhz;L> ; ,ize;j gupzhkk; f;fkhdJ> tf;fg;gl;l murpay; q;fs; vd;w kf;fspd; tF[dg; hf ekJ e;J MAjg;
. pAk;
kf;fspd; gpuptpdH
kj;jpapYk; jdpehL vd;w czHT cUg;ngw;W tsHe;J te;jJ. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dH rpwpyq;fh murpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpl;lkpl;l rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fspdhy; Fwpg;ghf> fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dpapy; tho;e;j tptrhapfspd; cw;gj;jp Kaw;rpfSk; fhy;eil tsHg;Gk; fLikahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ljd; gyH jkJ tho;tplq;fspypUe;Jk; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhHfs; my;yJ ntspNaw Ntz;ba epHg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,ijnahj;j epiyikfs; mq;F tho;e;j jkpo; kPdtHfSf;Fk; Vw;gl;ld. FbNaw;wg;gl;l rpq;fs kPdtHfspdhy; ,tHfspd; fly;rhH njhopy;fs; gy ,lq;fspy; Kw;whfNt ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. gyH jkJ ,Ug;gplq;fspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhHfs;. 1970 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; I.Nj.f. murhq;fj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPtpu rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lk; ,j;jifa epiyikia NkYk; Mog;gLj;jpaJ.
gbj;j murhq;f cj;jpNahfq;fspy; ,ize;J nfhz;l kw;Wk; jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Kad;w gpuptpdH 1956 ,y; nkhopf; nfhs;ifahYk; gpd;dH 1972 ,y; jug;gLj;jy; KiwahYk; fLk; ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shdHfs;. Vw;fdNt jkpouRf; fl;rpapy; xU rf;jpahf khwpapUe;j gpuptpdH 1970 fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpapd; jPtpug; gpupthf khwpdhHfs;. jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpf;F ntspNa gbj;j gpuptpdUk; khztHfSk; RahjPdkhf xd;wpize;J khztH Nguit Nghd;w jiykiwT mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;fp td;Kiwg; Nghuhl;l topapy; nraw;gl Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. 1970fspd; gpd; miug;gFjpapy;> jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpapy; ,ize;jpUe;j ,isQH mzpapd; xU gpuptpd;> mjpypUe;J tpyfp 

Page 49
xopg;G eltbf;iffSk; Myag; gpuNtrk; Nghd;w rhjpa ,opepiyf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fSk; mtHfspd; Kw;Nghf;fhd fUj;Jf;fSk; ,e;j mlf;fg;gl;l gpuptpdiu ftuf;$batdthf ,Ue;jd. rpwpyq;fh murpd; tuptpjpg;G KiwAk; nghyprhupd; nfLgpbfSk; ,tHfspd; xU gFjpapdupd; njhopy;fshd> rPty; njhopy;> frpg;G cw;gj;jp> ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; nghUl;fisf; flj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iw ghjp;j;J te;jd. vdNt mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdHfSk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhs;sf; $ba epiyapy; ,Ue;jhHfs;.
ekJ ngz;fs; murpay; czHr;rpkpf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;Nj Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzg; ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;igg; ngw;wpUe;jhHfs;. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dH ,tHfspilNa fy;tp fw;Fk; tPjk; Ntfkhf mjpfupj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf> tlf;F td;dp kw;Wk; fpof;fpd; efug;gFjpfspy; Mz;fSf;F ,izahf ngz;fSk; fy;tp fw;gtHfshfTk; murhq;f cj;jpNahfq;fspy;  jkJ fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;Gfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL> rpwpyq;fh murpd; mlf;FKiwfspdJk; Mf;fpukpg;gpdJk; tpisTfis NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; vjpHnfhs;gtHfshfTk; ,tHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;. vdNt> jkJ eyd;fNshL> ekJ Njrj;jpd; eyd;fisAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w czHT ekJ ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; Nt&d;wp te;jd.
rpq;fs ,dthjpfshy; Kjypy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;-
shf;fg;gLf ,Ue;jhHfs Nkw;nfhs eltbf;if Kaw;rpfi tHj;jfHf te;jpUf;fpd NghJ> njw;f efuq;fspy; jkpo; ,dtd;Ki Mf;fg;gl;L gFjpfspy ntspNaw;w Njrpa ,af $ba gpuptpd khwpapUe;jh
,Jtiu ek If;fpaj;jpy Kf;fpa fh kj;jpapy; mike;jpUe kf;fs; %d jkf;Nfaup tho;e;J te ghHj;jpUe aho;g;ghz mbg;gila neUf;fkhd njhlHGfNs r%f ,a ,Ue;jd. R murhq;fj; tHj;jf Clhl;lq;f ,jd; tpi NrHe;j ek cUthfp n gpuNjr k jdpj;Jtq jk;kpypUe fhuzj;jpw kjpf;fpd;w
49

; gpuNtrk; vjpuhd ;Nghf;fhd gpuptpdiu ;fh murpd; LgpbfSk; opy;fshd> pahtpw;Fk; flj;Jjy; . vdNt J Njrpa f; $ba
; epiyapy; ;jpypUe;Nj ;tp fw;Fk; e;jpuj;jpd; ;Fk; tPjk; f;F td;dp z;fSf;F HfshfTk; ;  jkpo; tHj;jfHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;. 1958,y; ,Ue;J mjpfupj;j mstpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;j ,d mopg;G eltbf;ifapdhy;> rpwpyq;fhtpy; njhopy; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L te;j jkpo; tHj;jfHfs; fLikahf ghjpf;fg;gl;;L te;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. INuhg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ> njw;fpy; fhyp> nfhOk;G Nghd;w JiwKf efuq;fspy; tHj;jfj;jpy;  ,j;jifa ,dtd;Kiwfspd; Kjy; ,yf;Ffshf Mf;fg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. njw;fpd; rpy gFjpfspypUe;J ,tHfs; Kw;whfNt ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhHfs;. ,t;tifapy; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jPtpukhf gq;F nfhs;sf; $ba gpuptpdHfspy; xd;whf tHj;jfg; gpuptpdH khwpapUe;jhHfs;.
,Jtiu ekJ kf;fspd; xd;wpize;j murpay; If;fpaj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jp te;jpf;fpd;w Kf;fpa fhuzpfspy; xd;whf ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epytpa gpuNjr NtWghLfs; mike;jpUe;jd. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;Gtiu ekJ kf;fs; %d;W ntt;NtW ngUk; gpuNjrq;fspy; jkf;Nfaupa jdpj;Jtkhd gz;GfSld; tho;e;J te;jpUf;fpd;whHfs; vd;gij Kd;dH ghHj;jpUe;Njhk;. kl;lf;fsg;G> td;dp> aho;g;ghzk; vd;w ngUk;gpupTfspd; mbg;gilapy; tho;e;j jkpo; kf;fspilNa neUf;fkhd FLk;g cwTfNsh r%fj; njhlHGfNsh Vw;gl;buhj epiyapy; ,tHfspd; r%f ,af;fq;fs; jdpj;Jk; NtWgl;Lk; ,Ue;jd. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dH ,tHfspilNa murhq;fj; njhopy; rhHe;Jk; fy;tp uPjpahfTk; tHj;jf uPjpahfTk; njhlHGfSk; Clhl;lq;fSk; mjpfupj;jstpy; Vw;gl;ld. ,jd; tpisthf NtWgl;l gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j ekJ kf;fspilNa Kuz;ghLfs; cUthfp ntspg;glj; njhlq;fpd. xt;nthU gpuNjr kf;fspilNaAk; ntspg;gl;l jdpj;Jtq;fs; Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;glhky; jk;kpypUe;J NtWgl;bUf;fpd;whH vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhfNt mtHfis jho;thf kjpf;fpd;w Nghf;F ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
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cUthfj; njhlq;fpaJ. Fwpg;ghf> aho;g;- ghzj;ijr; NrHe;j gpuptpdH tHj;jfj;jpYk; murhq;f cj;jNahfq;fspYk; mjpfstpy;  KOikahf xd;wpizf;Fk; Mw;wiy md;iwa ekJ jiyikfs; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ekJ kf;fSld; cs;shHe;j mHj;jj;jpy; ,izahjpUe;j ,j;jiyikfspd; murpay; Nghf;Ffs; kl;Lkd;wp ,tHfspd; kj;jpapYk; epytpa gpuNjrthjq;fs; ,j;jifa ,izg;ig rhj;jpakw;wjhf;fpd. Fwpg;ghf ekJ kuGtopj; Fwpg;ghf ekJ kuGtopj; Fwpg;ghf ekJ kuGtopj; Fwpg;ghf ekJ kuGtopj; Fwpg;ghf ekJ kuGtopj; jiyikfspy; mNdfkhf vg;NghJk; (xU jiyikfspy; mNdfkhf vg;NghJk; (xU jiyikfspy; mNdfkhf vg;NghJk; (xU jiyikfspy; mNdfkhf vg;NghJk; (xU jiyikfspy; mNdfkhf vg;NghJk; (xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiuapy; jyiikahf Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiuapy; jyiikahf Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiuapy; jyiikahf Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiuapy; jyiikahf Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiuapy; jyiikahf nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbapd; nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbapd; nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbapd; nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbapd; nraw;gl;l nfhOk;G jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbapd; jtpu) aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfNs Mjpf;f jtpu) aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfNs Mjpf;f jtpu) aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfNs Mjpf;f jtpu) aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfNs Mjpf;f jtpu) aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfNs Mjpf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,tHfspy; mNdfkhf epiyapy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,tHfspy; mNdfkhf epiyapy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,tHfspy; mNdfkhf epiyapy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,tHfspy; mNdfkhf epiyapy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,tHfspy; mNdfkhf midtupYk; aho;ikathjk; ,Wfg;gbe;- midtupYk; aho;ikathjk; ,Wfg;gbe;- midtupYk; aho;ikathjk; ,Wfg;gbe;- midtupYk; aho;ikathjk; ,Wfg;gbe;- midtupYk; aho;ikathjk; ,Wfg;gbe;- jpUe;jJ. ,e;j aho;ika thjkhdJ Vida jpUe;jJ. ,e;j aho;ika thjkhdJ Vida jpUe;jJ. ,e;j aho;ika thjkhdJ Vida jpUe;jJ. ,e;j aho;ika thjkhdJ Vida jpUe;jJ. ,e;j aho;ika thjkhdJ Vida gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j ekJ jkpo; kf;fspd; gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j ekJ jkpo; kf;fspd; gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j ekJ jkpo; kf;fspd; gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j ekJ jkpo; kf;fspd; gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j ekJ jkpo; kf;fspd; eyd;fs; cupikfis kl;Lkd;wp mtHfspd; eyd;fs; cupikfis kl;Lkd;wp mtHfspd; eyd;fs; cupikfis kl;Lkd;wp mtHfspd; eyd;fs; cupikfis kl;Lkd;wp mtHfspd; eyd;fs; cupikfis kl;Lkd;wp mtHfspd; murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; cjhrPdg;- murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; cjhrPdg;- murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; cjhrPdg;- murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; cjhrPdg;- murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; cjhrPdg;-
gLj;Jtjhf gLj;Jtjhf gLj;Jtjhf gLj;Jtjhf gLj;Jtjhf
,j;jifa N aho;g;ghzj murpay; gp jkpo; mur nraw;gLt fhuzkhfpa fl;rpf;Fs; , ,e;j murpa murpay; If ntt;NtW g gpujpepjpfs cupikfis nraw;gLfp tiu Nghuh vdNt> ,e xw;Wik vd kf;fspd; ey jkJ eyd ,yf;fhf mike;jpU ngUk; Mj jiyikah njhFjp c Nghd;w fpo Neubahfg jpl;lq;fs; njhlHghf mf;fiwaw
,t;thW ek epytpa K midtiu ,izf;ff jiyikfs tiuapyhd kf;fspd; M jsj;jpy; nfhz;bUe midtUk Njrkhf ,i cUthdJ nkhopuPjpa FbNaw;wq
50

f> aho;g;- ;jfj;jpYk; jpfstpy; ,tHfNs HfshfTk; e;jhHfs;. k; ,tHfs; ; tptrha fbdkhf hYk; jkJ WgLfpd;w kf;fis ; Nghf;Fk; . ,jd; HfspilNa gpuNjrk; ;jd. xU ;w ngaupy; cUthfp ; vjpuhf fspilNa zHTfs;
le;J ekJ murpay; pizf;Fk; yikfs; f;fSld; ahjpUe;j ghf;Ffs; ; epytpa izg;ig kuGtopj; kuGtopj; kuGtopj; kuGtopj; kuGtopj; hJk; (xU hJk; (xU hJk; (xU hJk; (xU hJk; (xU iikahf iikahf iikahf iikahf iikahf ;Lf;Fbapd; ;Lf;Fbapd; ;Lf;Fbapd; ;Lf;Fbapd; ;Lf;Fbapd; s Mjpf;f s Mjpf;f s Mjpf;f s Mjpf;f s Mjpf;f mNdfkhf mNdfkhf mNdfkhf mNdfkhf mNdfkhf Wfg;gbe;- Wfg;gbe;- Wfg;gbe;- Wfg;gbe;- Wfg;gbe;- J Vida J Vida J Vida J Vida J Vida ; kf;fspd; ; kf;fspd; ; kf;fspd; ; kf;fspd; ; kf;fspd; mtHfspd; mtHfspd; mtHfspd; mtHfspd; mtHfspd; cjhrPdg;- cjhrPdg;- cjhrPdg;- cjhrPdg;- cjhrPdg;-
gLj;Jtjhf ntspg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. gLj;Jtjhf ntspg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. gLj;Jtjhf ntspg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. gLj;Jtjhf ntspg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. gLj;Jtjhf ntspg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ.
,j;jifa Nghf;F njhlHe;J ePbj;J te;jjhdJ> aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F ntspapNy cUthd jkpo; murpay; gpujpepjpfs; rkj;Jtkhd Kiwapy; jkpo; murpay; fl;rpfSf;Fs; ,ize;J nraw;gLtjw;F jilahf mikaf; fhuzkhfpaJ. te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; xNu fl;rpf;Fs; ,ize;J nraw;gl;l NghjpYk; $l> ,e;j murpay; gpujpepjpfspilNa cWjpahd murpay; If;fpak; epyt Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; ntt;NtW gpuNjq;fisr; NrHe;j ,e;j murpay; gpujpepjpfspd; mNdfkhNdhH> ekJ kf;fspd; cupikfis ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf cWjpAld; nraw;gLfpd;wtHfshfNth mjw;fhf ,Wjp tiu NghuhLfpd;wtHfshfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vdNt> ,e;j murpay;thjpfSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik vd;gJ jhk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w kf;fspd; eyd;fs; rhHe;j If;fpakhf ,y;yhky; jkJ eyd;fis> jkJ NjHjy; ntw;wpfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;ljhfNt ngupJk; mike;jpUe;jd. jkpo; murpay; fl;rpfspy; ngUk; Mjpf;fk; ngw;wpUe;j aho;g;ghzj; jiyikahdJ> fy;Nyhaj; jpl;lk;> NrUtpyj; njhFjp cUthf;fk;> ntypXaf; FbNaw;wk; Nghd;w fpof;F> td;dpj; jkpoHfspd; tho;it Neubahfg; ghjpj;j rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ,dthjj; jpl;lq;fs; njhlHghf aho;g;ghzj; jiyik jPtpu mf;fiwaw;W ,Ue;jJ.
,t;thW ekJ kf;fspilNa gpuNjr uPjpahf epytpa Kuz;ghLfisf; fle;J mtHfs; midtiuAk; xNu murpay; ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; ,izf;ff; $ba murpay; gz;ig kuGtopj; jiyikfs; nfhz;buhj epiyapy;> md;W tiuapyhd ekJ murpay; ,af;fkhdJ> ekJ kf;fspd; Mo;e;j capNuhl;lkhd gpizg;gpd; jsj;jpy; ,lk;ngw Kbahj epiyia nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;epiy khwp ekJ kf;fs; midtUk; xNu murpay; ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; xNu Njrkhf ,izaf;$ba rhj;jpak; 1970fspy;jhd; cUthdJ. jug;gLj;jYk; njhlHr;rpahd nkhopuPjpahd ghFghLfSk; rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fspd; Ntfkhd mjpfupg;Gk;
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,tw;wpd; tpisTfSk; Gjpa jiyKiwapd; Kw;Nghf;fhd fUj;Jf;fSk; ekJ kf;fs; midtiuAk; gpuNjr NtWghLfisAk; kPwp xd;wpizj;jd.
ekJ kf;fis xNu Njrkhf tsHj;jjpy;> ekJ kf;fis xNu Njrkhf tsHj;jjpy;> ekJ kf;fis xNu Njrkhf tsHj;jjpy;> ekJ kf;fis xNu Njrkhf tsHj;jjpy;> ekJ kf;fis xNu Njrkhf tsHj;jjpy;> njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuk; tfpj;jd. njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuk; tfpj;jd. njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuk; tfpj;jd. njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuk; tfpj;jd. njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kf;fpa ghj;jpuk; tfpj;jd. nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;> ftpijfs; . . . vd;gd nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;> ftpijfs; . . . vd;gd nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;> ftpijfs; . . . vd;gd nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;> ftpijfs; . . . vd;gd nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;> ftpijfs; . . . vd;gd ,tw;wpy; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jd. xNu murpay; ,tw;wpy; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jd. xNu murpay; ,tw;wpy; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jd. xNu murpay; ,tw;wpy; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jd. xNu murpay; ,tw;wpy; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jd. xNu murpay; jiytpjpapdhy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs; jiytpjpapdhy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs; jiytpjpapdhy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs; jiytpjpapdhy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs; jiytpjpapdhy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs; cyfpy; ve;j %iyapy; tho;e;j NghjpYk;> cyfpy; ve;j %iyapy; tho;e;j NghjpYk;> cyfpy; ve;j %iyapy; tho;e;j NghjpYk;> cyfpy; ve;j %iyapy; tho;e;j NghjpYk;> cyfpy; ve;j %iyapy; tho;e;j NghjpYk;> mtHfis xNu Njrkhf czur;nra;tjpYk;> mtHfis xNu Njrkhf czur;nra;tjpYk;> mtHfis xNu Njrkhf czur;nra;tjpYk;> mtHfis xNu Njrkhf czur;nra;tjpYk;> mtHfis xNu Njrkhf czur;nra;tjpYk;> gpizg;gpYk; njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kjd;ikg; gpizg;gpYk; njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kjd;ikg; gpizg;gpYk; njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kjd;ikg; gpizg;gpYk; njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kjd;ikg; gpizg;gpYk; njhlHg+lfq;fs; Kjd;ikg; ghj;jpuk; tfpf;fpd;wd. ghj;jpuk; tfpf;fpd;wd. ghj;jpuk; tfpf;fpd;wd. ghj;jpuk; tfpf;fpd;wd. ghj;jpuk; tfpf;fpd;wd. ntt;NtW gpuptpdHfshfTk;> ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspYk;> gd;Kfj; jd;ikfSlDk; tho;fpd;w xU Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fs; kPjhd mlf;FKiwfisAk;> Jauq;fisAk; mtHfspd; Nghuhl;lq;fisAk;> ntw;wpfisAk;> rhjidfisAk; czHr;rpg+Htkhf ntspg;gLj;JtjpDlhf> mk;kf;fs; midtiuAk; xU czHr;rpapdhy; njhlHg+lfq;fs; gpizf;fpd;wd. jhk; xNu ,dj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs;> jkf;fpilNa xj;j jd;ikfSk;> nghJthd tuyhw;WzHTfSk; epyTfpd;wd vd;w cz;ikfNshL jk;kPjhd mlf;FKiwfSk; xNu khjpupahdit vd;w vjhHj;jj;ijAk; njhlHr;rpahf ntspg;gLj;J- tjpDhlhf> xU Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fs;> xNu Njrkhf jpus;tjw;F> njhlHg+lfq;fs; xU Kf;fpa mbg;gilapy; mikfpd;wd.
1970 fspy;> ekJ kf;fis Kd;ndg;NghijAk; tpl xNu Njrkhf ,Wfg; gpizg;gjpy; "Rje;jpud;" gj;jpupif Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jJ. Rje;jpud; gj;jpupif thrpf;fhj> Nfl;lwpahj jkpoH ,y;iynaDk; mstpw;F mJ kf;fis  tYthd Njrkhf;fpaJ.
jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jiyik NghHf;Fzhk;rj;ij ,oe;J> rkurg; Nghf;FilajhfTk; ekJ kf;fspilNa jpuz;L te;j Njrpa vOr;rpia Kiwahf Kd;ndLj;J nry;y KbahjjhfTk; ,Ue;j NghJ> ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Njrpa czHitAk; Njrpa Ntl;ifiaAk; kq;fhky; xspa+l;ba gzpia
Rje;jpud; tpLjiyf Mokile;J Jy;ypakhf vOr;rpkpf;f Kiwapd; njhlHr;rpa tpLjiyf; murpay; el kf;fis m Clfkhf R
,yq;if x khw;wg;gl;l murpy; ,U gl;lhHfs;. gpui[fsh mtHfis typikahd jkf;nfd Nfh\j;jpd ize;jdH. ,y; jkpouh gilfs; Nk ekJ kf;fs czHr;rpia rpwpyq;fh m td;Kiwah uPjpahd m isAk; m te;jpUf;fpd nghUshjh fspypUe;J te;j td;K Njrj;ijr; ghjpf;fg;gl;l td;Kiw e tpLjiy c Mog;gLj;j
,t;tpjk; ek Njrpa vO epr;rak; jd ek;gpf;if gq;fshNj\
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Kiwapd; J kf;fs; sAk; kPwp
sHj;jjpy;> sHj;jjpy;> sHj;jjpy;> sHj;jjpy;> sHj;jjpy;> ; tfpj;jd. ; tfpj;jd. ; tfpj;jd. ; tfpj;jd. ; tfpj;jd. . . . vd;gd . . . vd;gd . . . vd;gd . . . vd;gd . . . vd;gd u murpay; u murpay; u murpay; u murpay; u murpay; ;s kf;fs; ;s kf;fs; ;s kf;fs; ;s kf;fs; ;s kf;fs; NghjpYk;> NghjpYk;> NghjpYk;> NghjpYk;> NghjpYk;> ra;tjpYk;> ra;tjpYk;> ra;tjpYk;> ra;tjpYk;> ra;tjpYk;> jd;ikg; jd;ikg; jd;ikg; jd;ikg; jd;ikg; tt;NtW rq;fspYk;> ;fpd;w xU wfisAk;> q;fisAk;> fisAk; jpDlhf> Hr;rpapdhy; jhk; xNu lNa xj;j HTfSk; jk;kPjhd it vd;w spg;gLj;J- Nu Njrkhf Kf;fpa
;NghijAk; zg;gjpy; tfpj;jJ. fl;lwpahj kf;fis
jiyik rkurg; Na jpuz;L d;ndLj;J hJ> ekJ Ak; Njrpa a gzpia
Rje;jpud; gj;jpupif Nkw;nfhz;lJ. jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpj; jiyikaplk; Mokile;J te;j murpay; gytPdj;ij Jy;ypakhf gfpuq;fg;gLj;jpaNjhL. Gjpa> vOr;rpkpf;f> rkurj; jd;ikaw;w Nghuhl;l Kiwapd; mtrpaj;ijAk; ,g;gj;jpupif njhlHr;rpahf typAWj;jp te;jJ. jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jiyikf;Fk;> mjd; murpay; eltbf;iffSf;Fk; ntspNa ekJ kf;fis murpay;kag;gLj;jpa fUj;jpay; Clfkhf Rje;jpud; gj;jpupif nraw;gl;lJ.
,yq;if xU ngsj;j rpq;fs ehL vd;W khw;wg;gl;ljd; %yk; ekJ kf;fs; rpwpyq;fh murpy; ,Ue;J Kw;whf me;epag;gLj;jg;- gl;lhHfs;. jhk; njspthfNt ,uz;lhk; jug; gpui[fshf;fg;gl;L tpl;Nlhk; vd;w czHT mtHfis jdpj;Jtkhf If;fpag;gLj;Jfpd;w typikahd murpay; ,ioahf khwpaJ. jkf;nfd nrhe;j ehL Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfh\j;jpd; fPo; mtHfs; cWjpahf xd;wp- ize;jdH. ,t;thwhd nfhjpepiyapy;jhd; 1974 ,y; jkpouha;rp khehl;bd; NghJ rpwpyq;fhg; gilfs; Nkw;nfhz;l td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjy;fs; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; vupAk; jPahf tpLjiy czHr;rpia gutr; nra;jd. 1970 k; Mz;by; rpwpyq;fh muRk;> rpq;fsg; gilfSk;> rpq;fs td;KiwahsHfSk;> ekJ kf;fs; kPJ ngsjPf uPjpahd mlf;FKiwfisAk;> td;Kiwf- isAk; mjpfupj;j mstpy; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. ifJ nra;jy;> jhf;Fjy;> nghUshjhu %yq;fis vupj;jy;> ,Ug;gplq;- fspypUe;J ntspNaw;Wjy; . . . vd tpuptile;J te;j td;Kiw eltbf;iffspdhy;> ekJ Njrj;ijr; NrHe;j mNdfkhd gpuptpdHfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ,j;jifa ngsjpf uPjpahd td;Kiw eltbf;iffs;> ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tpLjiy czHr;rpia NkYk; jplg;gLj;jp> Mog;gLj;jpd.
,t;tpjk; ekJ kf;fspilNa cUj;jpuz;L te;j Njrpa vOr;rpiaj; Jhz;LtjhfTk; jkf;F epr;rak; jdpehL fpilf;Fk; vd;w cWjpahd ek;gpf;ifapd; gpufhrkhd xspahfTk; gq;fshNj\; jdpehlhf khwpaJ mike;-
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jpUe;jJ. jk; fhyj;jpy; jk; fz;nzjpNuNa Njrpa mlf;FKiwfSf;F vjpuhf Nghuhba gq;fshNj\; kf;fs; jkf;nfd xU jdpehl;il cUthf;fpaik ekJ kf;fspilNa Fwpg;ghf ,isQHfspilNa MHtj;ijAk; jplkhd ek;gpf;ifiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,t;thW 1970fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; ekJ kf;fspd; mNdfkhf midj;Jg; gpuptpdUk; jdpehL vd;w murpay; ,yf;fpd; fPo; xNu Njrkhf jkf;Fs; xd;wpize;jtHfshfTk; khngUk; Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLf;ff; $batHfshfTk; ,Ue;jhHfs;. jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpapd; murpay; jiyikf;F ntspNa ,t;tpjk; jd;ndOr;rpahfj; jpuz;L te;j ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa czHitAk; Njrpa vOr;rpiaAk; xd;wpizj;J Kd;ndLf;ff; $ba murpay; MSikiaAk; jFjpiaAk; me;j murpay; jiyik Vw;fNt ,oe;J tpl;bUe;jJ. ,t;thW jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpapy; ,ize;jpUe;j kuGtopj; jiyik jdJ murpay; tho;tpd; me;jpkf; fl;lj;jpy; ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa Ntl;ifahf ntspg;gl;l jdpehl;Lf; Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itj;J> 1977 nghJj; NjHjiy jdpehl;Lf;fhd rHtrd thf;nfLg;ghf khw;wpaJ.
1977 NjHjypd; gpd;dH jkpoupd; kPJ rpwpyq;fh murpdhy;; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,d mopg;G eltbf;iffSk;> ,yq;if xU ngsj;j rpq;fs ehL vd mwptpj;J rp;q;fsj; jiyikapd; Kw;whd mjpfhuj;ij NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jpa murpay; ahg;G khw;wq;fSk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; xd;Nw ek; Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;- fhd xNu top vd;gij jPHf;fkhf mwptpj;jd. 1970fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; fUf;nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; 1970 fspd; ,Wjpapy; cWjpahd ghijapy; tsHr;rpaile;jJ. ,jDhlhf ekJ Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ kuGtopj; jiyikap- lkpUe;J Gjpa jPtpu Nghuhl;lj; jiyikf- Sf;F ifkhWfpd;w epfo;Tg; Nghf;F ,lk;ngw;wJ.
jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpj;; jiyik jdJ murpay; gytPdj;ijAk;> murpay; muq;fp-
ypUe;J j njspthf Kaw;rpahf murpay; Nk Koq;fpj; j ,af;fj;ij murpay; N Kbtile;J Aj;jj;jpy; njhlq;fp jiyika cgNjrq;f mtHfspd; Gjpa MAj kf;fspd; Nj nfhz;ld. Njrj;jpd; gbg;gbNa #oy; cUt
ekJ kf;fs ekJ kf;fs ekJ kf;fs ekJ kf;fs ekJ kf;fs Gjpa gpuptpd Gjpa gpuptpd Gjpa gpuptpd Gjpa gpuptpd Gjpa gpuptpd my;yJ vs my;yJ vs my;yJ vs my;yJ vs my;yJ vs gj;J tUl gj;J tUl gj;J tUl gj;J tUl gj;J tUl Nkhjypd; t Nkhjypd; t Nkhjypd; t Nkhjypd; t Nkhjypd; t ,J epfo;e;j ,J epfo;e;j ,J epfo;e;j ,J epfo;e;j ,J epfo;e;j jkpoH tpLj ntspNaAk jiyKiw Kuz;ghLf uPjpahfTk; ,lk;ngw;W jw;fhypfr; tpjj;jpy; g ,e;jg; N jiyKiw mtHfspd; gFjpapy;jh $l mg;g rhj;jpakhft Xahky; j mtHfspd mbj;jskh
ekJ Njrj
52

zjpNuNa Nghuhba jdpehl;il Fwpg;ghf ; jplkhd
J kf;fspd; k; jdpehL u Njrkhf ; khngUk; dLf;ff; ;. jkpoH iyikf;F j; jpuz;L Ak; Njrpa ;ndLf;ff; FjpiaAk; t ,oe;J pLjiyf; ; jiyik ; fl;lj;jpy; ntspg;gl;l j;J> 1977 rHtrd
rpwpyq;fh d mopg;G j;j rpq;fs yikapd; pg;gLj;jpa ; MAjg; pLjiyf;- wptpj;jd. ;l MAjg; Wjpahd hlhf ekJ iyikap- iyikf- ; Nghf;F
ik jdJ y; muq;fp-
ypUe;J jhd; mfw;wg;gl ,Ug;gijAk; njspthf czHe;J nfhz;lJ. xU> ,Wjp Kaw;rpahf jdJ KOg;gyj;ijAk; ghtpj;J murpay; Nkilfspy; "jk;gpkhUf;F" vjpuhf Koq;fpj; js;spaJ. vdpDk;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu gpur;rhu Nkilfspy; murpay; Nghuhl;lk; elhj;Jfpd;w fhyk; Kbtile;J NghHf;fsj;jpy; NeUf;F Neuhd Aj;jj;jpy;  Ruj;jpoe;J tpl;l cgNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhupf;iffNshL mtHfspd; murpay; ,Ug;igAk; xJf;fptpl;L Gjpa MAjg; Nghuhl;lj; jiyikfs;> ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;ij ifafg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ld. ,e;jj; jiyikiar; #o;e;J ekJ Njrj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpapdH murpaypy; gbg;gbNa Neubahfg; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w Gjpa #oy; cUthdJ.
ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikia ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikia ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikia ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikia ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikia Gjpa gpuptpdH ntd;W nfhz;lik jw;nrayhf Gjpa gpuptpdH ntd;W nfhz;lik jw;nrayhf Gjpa gpuptpdH ntd;W nfhz;lik jw;nrayhf Gjpa gpuptpdH ntd;W nfhz;lik jw;nrayhf Gjpa gpuptpdH ntd;W nfhz;lik jw;nrayhf my;yJ vspjhfNth ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. khwhf> my;yJ vspjhfNth ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. khwhf> my;yJ vspjhfNth ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. khwhf> my;yJ vspjhfNth ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. khwhf> my;yJ vspjhfNth ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. khwhf> gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,lk;ngw;w jPuh gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,lk;ngw;w jPuh gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,lk;ngw;w jPuh gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,lk;ngw;w jPuh gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,lk;ngw;w jPuh Nkhjypd; tpisthf> xU tuyhw;W mtrpakhf Nkhjypd; tpisthf> xU tuyhw;W mtrpakhf Nkhjypd; tpisthf> xU tuyhw;W mtrpakhf Nkhjypd; tpisthf> xU tuyhw;W mtrpakhf Nkhjypd; tpisthf> xU tuyhw;W mtrpakhf ,J epfo;e;jJ. ,J epfo;e;jJ. ,J epfo;e;jJ. ,J epfo;e;jJ. ,J epfo;e;jJ. jkpouRf; fl;rpf;Fs;Sk; gpd;dH jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpf;Fs;Sk; mtw;Wf;F ntspNaAk; kuGtopj; jiyikf;Fk; Gjpa jiyKiwapdUf;Fk; ,ilNa fLikahd Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;wp ntbj;jd. nfhs;if uPjpahfTk; Nghuhl;l tbtk; njhlHghfTk; ,lk;ngw;W te;j ,j;jifa Nkhjy;fs;> jw;fhypfr; rkurq;fs; kPz;Lk; ntbg;G vd;w tpjj;jpy; gj;J tUlq;fshfj; njhlHe;jd. ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Clhf Gjpa jiyKiwapdH gyk; ngw;W te;j NghjpYk; mtHfspd; ,Wjp ntw;wp 1970fspd; filrpg; gFjpapy;jhd; rhj;jpakhfpaJ. ,e;j ntw;wpAk; $l mg;gpuptpdupd; gyj;jpdhy; kl;Lk; rhj;jpakhftpy;iy. khwhf> ekJ kf;fspilNa Xahky; jpuz;L te;j Njrpa vOr;rpjhd; mtHfspd; ntw;wpf;Ff;Fupa cWjpahd mbj;jskhf mike;jJ.
ekJ Njrj;ijr; NrHe;j mNefkhf midj;Jg;
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gpuptpdUk; jdpehL vd;w czHtpdhy;  mtHfSf;F vjpNu mtHfshy; milahsk; fhzf;$ba nghUshf khwpapUe;jJ. jdpehL xd;Nw jkJ eyd;fisAk; cupikfisAk; ghJfhg;igAk; ,Ug;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; vd;w mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;if mtHfspilNa Mo;e;J> gjpe;jJ. ,e;j caHe;j jdpehl;il ntd;nw- Lf;ff; $ba Mw;wy; kuGtopj; jiyikfsplk; ,y;iy vd;gij ekJ kf;fs; njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhz;lhHfs;. czHr;rpkpf;f Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;- fSk; tf;fPy; thjq;fSk; rkur xg;ge;jq;fSk; jdpehl;ilg; ngWtjw;Fupa topKiwfs; my;y vd;gij ekJ kf;fs; jkJ nrhe;j mDgtj;jpd; Clhf czHe;jpUe;jhHfs;. jkJ nrhe;j eyd;fSf;Fk; kuGtopj; jiyikapd; eyd;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa flf;f Kbahj ,ilntsp ,Ug;gij ,g;NghJ milahsk; fz;lhHfs;. xU fl;lj;jpy; jk;Kld; ,ize;J> Neubahf Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;w kuGtopj; jiyikfspd; NghHf;Fzhk;rKk; tpLjiy Ntl;ifAk; mfd;Wtpl;lij> ekJ kf;fs; Gupe;J nfhz;lhHfs;. rpwpyq;fh murpd; td;KiwAk; Mf;fpukpg;Gk; ,dmopg;Gk; jPtpukile;J te;j epiyapy;> ,tw;Wf;F vjpuhf tpl;Lf;nfhlhj> rkurj;jd;ikaw;w> Nghuhl;l Kiwfs; mtrpakhapUe;jd. Mdhy; ,tw;Wf;F khwhf> ekJ kuGtop murpay; jiyikapd; rkurthj murpay; topKiw> fhyj;jpw;F xt;thj> tpidjpwdw;w Nghuhl;l tbtkhf ,Ug;gij ekJ kf;fs; czHe;J nfhz;lhHfs;. vdNt ,jw;Fg; gpd;dH ,e;j kuGtopj; jiyik jdpehl;il ntd;W juf;$Lk; vd;gjpy; ekJ kf;fs; mwNt ek;gpf;if ,oe;Jtpl;bUe;jdH.
kf;fspd; mDgtk; gue;jJ. $HikahdJ. kf;fspd; mDgtk; gue;jJ. $HikahdJ. kf;fspd; mDgtk; gue;jJ. $HikahdJ. kf;fspd; mDgtk; gue;jJ. $HikahdJ. kf;fspd; mDgtk; gue;jJ. $HikahdJ. tskhdJ. ,j;jifa mDgtj;jpd; Clhf tskhdJ. ,j;jifa mDgtj;jpd; Clhf tskhdJ. ,j;jifa mDgtj;jpd; Clhf tskhdJ. ,j;jifa mDgtj;jpd; Clhf tskhdJ. ,j;jifa mDgtj;jpd; Clhf mtHfs; vg;NghJk; jkJ eyd;fSf;F mtHfs; vg;NghJk; jkJ eyd;fSf;F mtHfs; vg;NghJk; jkJ eyd;fSf;F mtHfs; vg;NghJk; jkJ eyd;fSf;F mtHfs; vg;NghJk; jkJ eyd;fSf;F rhjfkhd KbTfisNa vLf;fpd;whHfs;. jhk; rhjfkhd KbTfisNa vLf;fpd;whHfs;. jhk; rhjfkhd KbTfisNa vLf;fpd;whHfs;. jhk; rhjfkhd KbTfisNa vLf;fpd;whHfs;. jhk; rhjfkhd KbTfisNa vLf;fpd;whHfs;. jhk; ngUikAld; Jhf;fpf; nfhz;lhLfpd;w ngUikAld; Jhf;fpf; nfhz;lhLfpd;w ngUikAld; Jhf;fpf; nfhz;lhLfpd;w ngUikAld; Jhf;fpf; nfhz;lhLfpd;w ngUikAld; Jhf;fpf; nfhz;lhLfpd;w
jiyik v jiyik v jiyik v jiyik v jiyik v vjpuhfr; n vjpuhfr; n vjpuhfr; n vjpuhfr; n vjpuhfr; n mijj; Jhf mijj; Jhf mijj; Jhf mijj; Jhf mijj; Jhf jaq;fpajpy jaq;fpajpy jaq;fpajpy jaq;fpajpy jaq;fpajpy rHtNjrg; jk;ik m xNuehspy; mopj;Jtpl;l tpLjiyf; jkJ cz kf;fs; , ,oe;Jtpl;l jauhfptpl;l
jkJ cz ngw;Wj; ju Njrk; Vw;f jq;fSf;fhf tbtj;jpYk JNuhfkpi nfhy;tjpy jkpo;g; Gyp kw;Wk;  ntd;nw- ikfsplk; hfg; Gupe;J g; Ngr;Rf;- ; e;jq;fSk; pKiwfs; J nrhe;j Hfs;. jkJ yikapd; Kbahj ilahsk; ; ,ize;J> kuGtopj; ; tpLjiy J kf;fs; h murpd; mopg;Gk; f;F vjpuhf > Nghuhl;l Mdhy; p murpay; topKiw> Nghuhl;l ; czHe;J ;dH ,e;j ntd;W s; mwNt
kahdJ. kahdJ. kahdJ. kahdJ. kahdJ. pd; Clhf pd; Clhf pd; Clhf pd; Clhf pd; Clhf d;fSf;F d;fSf;F d;fSf;F d;fSf;F d;fSf;F hHfs;. jhk; hHfs;. jhk; hHfs;. jhk; hHfs;. jhk; hHfs;. jhk; ;lhLfpd;w ;lhLfpd;w ;lhLfpd;w ;lhLfpd;w ;lhLfpd;w
jiyik vg;nghOJ jq;fs; eyd;fSf;F jiyik vg;nghOJ jq;fs; eyd;fSf;F jiyik vg;nghOJ jq;fs; eyd;fSf;F jiyik vg;nghOJ jq;fs; eyd;fSf;F jiyik vg;nghOJ jq;fs; eyd;fSf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wNjh me;jf; fzNk vjpuhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wNjh me;jf; fzNk vjpuhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wNjh me;jf; fzNk vjpuhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wNjh me;jf; fzNk vjpuhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wNjh me;jf; fzNk mijj; Jhf;fp vwptjw;F mtHfs; xU NghJk; mijj; Jhf;fp vwptjw;F mtHfs; xU NghJk; mijj; Jhf;fp vwptjw;F mtHfs; xU NghJk; mijj; Jhf;fp vwptjw;F mtHfs; xU NghJk; mijj; Jhf;fp vwptjw;F mtHfs; xU NghJk; jaq;fpajpy;iy. jaq;fpajpy;iy. jaq;fpajpy;iy. jaq;fpajpy;iy. jaq;fpajpy;iy. [p. [p. apd; thjj; jpwikapYk; rHtNjrg; GfopYk; ngUkpjg;gl;L> mtupy; jk;ik milahsk; fz;l mNj kf;fs; xNuehspy; mtupd; murpay; tpyhrj;ij mopj;Jtpl;lhHfs;. jkpouRf; fl;rpapdJk; jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpapdJk; tPu Kof;fj;jpy; jkJ czHr;rpfis milahsk; fz;l ekJ kf;fs; ,g;NghJ murpay; XHkj;ij ,oe;Jtpl;l me;jj; jiyikia Jhf;fp vwpaj; jauhfptpl;ldH.
jkJ czHTfSld; fye;Jtpl;l jdpehl;il ngw;Wj; juf;$ba Gjpa jiyikfis ekJ Njrk; Vw;fdNt milahsk; fz;Ltpl;lJ. jq;fSf;fhf jdJ capiu ,oe;j rptFkhudpd; tbtj;jpYk; ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa eyd;fSf;F JNuhfkpioj;j te;j Jiuag;ghitf; nfhy;tjpy; Jzpr;rYld; nraw;gl;l Gjpa jkpo;g; Gypfs;> jkpo;  jq;fSf;fhf> jq;fsJ tpLjiyf;fhf> jq;fSf;nfd xU jdpahd ehl;ilg; ngw;Wj; jUtjw;fhf jk;ik mHg;gzpf;fj; jahuhfp tpl;l ,e;j ,isQHfis jkJ jiyikfshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;s ekJ Njrk; jauhf epd;wJ. ,Jehs; tiu ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; epWtg;gl;bUe;j kuGfs; midj;Jk; ,g;NghJ kwf;fg;gl;ld. murpay; jiyik vd;why; vd;dntd;W tpjpahf;fg;- gl;bUe;j Kd;ida tiutpyf;fzq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. fy;tpg; Gyik> rl;l mwpT> r%f me;j];j;J> czHr;rp nfhg;gspf;Fk; Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Nghd;w midj;Jk; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. Kfe;njupahj ,isQHfis jhk; ,Jtiu Nfl;buhj> mwpe;jpuhj egHfis> jq;fs; jiyikfshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ekJ kf;fs; MHtj;Jld; jpuz;lhHfs;. ,Jjhd; Njrpa czHtpd; typik. ekJ kf;fSf;F mtrpag;gl;lnjy;yhk; jkJ cupikfis
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ntd;W juf;$ba jkf;nfd jdpehl;ilg; ngw;W juf;$ba mjw;fhf ,Wjptiu Nghuhlf; $ba jyiikfisNa. mj;jifa jiyikfshf Gjpa MAjg; Nghuhl;lj; jiyikfs; cUntLj;j NghJ vt;tpjj; jaf;fKkpd;wp mtHfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhHfs;. mtHfsJ gpwg;ig kwe;jhHfs;. rhjpia kwe;jhHfs;. gpuNjrj;ij kwe;jhHfs;. kjj;ij kwe;jhHfs;. ,it vy;yhtw;iwAk; kwe;J mtHfSf;F cztspj;jhHfs;. mtHfSf;F ciwtplk; je;jhHfs;. jq;fSf;F Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jf;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shJ mtHfisg; ghJfhj;jhHfs;. ,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kjyhf kf;fSld; ,ize;j> kf;fSld; cwthba> kf;fspdhy; njhl;Lj; jltg;gl;l> kf;fspdhNyNa ghJfhj;J> tsHf;fg;gl;l murpay; jiyikfs; cUthfpd.
,t;thW> Gjpa jiyKiwapdH ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikfshf khWtjpy; ekJ kf;fspilNa jpuz;nlOe;j Njrpa czHTk; ,g;Gjpa jiyKiwf;F mtHfs; toq;fpa g+uz MjuTk; mbg;gilg; ghj;jpuk; tfpj;jd. ekJ Njrj;jpd; jiyikahf ekJ Njrj;jpdhNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;l ,g;Gjpa gpuptpdH ekJ Njrj;jpd; g+uz jiyikfshf khWtij 1982,y; aho;g;ghz Ehyfk; vupf;fg;gl;lJk;> 1983,y; ekJ kf;fs; kPJ epfo;j;jg;gl;l jpl;lkpl;l ,d mopg;GfSk; Jupjg;gLj;jpd. rpq;fs murpd; g+uz MjuTld; ekJ Njrj;jpd; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;- sg;gl;l ,j;jifa jpl;lkpl;l mopg;gpw;Fg; gpd;dH jdpehL vd;gNj ekJ Njrj;jpd; xNu murpay; ,yf;fhfTk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; xd;Nw mij miltjw;fhd Nghuhl;l tbtkhfTk; cWjpAld; epWtg;gl;ld.
MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; 1960 fspd; Kw;gFjpapy; rpq;fs = vjpHg;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ Mq;fhq;Nf eilngw;w jd;ndOr;rpahd td;Kiwg; Nghuhl;l tbtkhdJ 1970 fspd; Kw;gFjpapy; gpuf;iQ-
g+Htkhd K khwj; njh MAjf; fps MAjg; Ngh 1970fspy; MAjg; Ng Kf;fpaj;J cUthfp rpe;jidfs Vw;gLj;jpd FOf;fshf jkpouha;r;r MAjg; Ngh Kd;ndLf typAWj;jpd
jkpouRf; f $l;lzpap mzpapd; x nraw;gl;l gpw;gFjpapy cUthf;Ft ,tHfspy; tho;e;j rpy jkpoPoj;jpy Gypfs; m tpiutpNy ,lk;ngw;w ,tw;wpy; c fhyj;jpw;Fs Nkw;gl;l cUthfpd tpLjiyg;  tg;gl;l> Hf;fg;gl;l
kJ Njrpa jpy; ekJ czHTk; ; toq;fpa ; tfpj;jd. hf ekJ ,g;Gjpa ikfshf Ehyfk; f;fs; kPJ opg;GfSk; pd; g+uz kw;nfhs;- opg;gpw;Fg; j;jpd; xNu Nghuhl;lk; Nghuhl;l ;ld.
;fs;
vjpHg;Gg; eilngw;w Nghuhl;l ; gpuf;iQ-
g+Htkhd Kiwapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtjhf khwj; njhlq;fpaJ. rpq;fs ,isQHfspd; MAjf; fpsHr;rp> gq;fshNj\pd; tpLjiyapy; MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jik> 1970fspy; gy];jPd tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; ngw;wpUe;j gugug;ghd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;..vd;git ekJ kf;fspilNa cUthfp te;j Gjpa jiyKiwfspd; rpe;jidfspy; mOj;jkhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. Kjypy;> rpyH ,ize;J rpW FOf;fshf ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. 1974,y; jkpouha;r;rp khehl;by; ,lk;ngw;w epfo;Tfs; MAjg; Nghuhl;lkhdJ jPHf;fkhd Kiwapy; Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jpd.
jkpouRf; fl;rpapYk; gpd;dH jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpapYk; ,ize;jpUe;j ,isQH mzpapd; xU gpuptpdUk; khztH Nguitapy; nraw;gl;l gpuptpdUk; ,ize;J 1970 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; MAjg; Nghul;l mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; jPtpukhfr; nraw;gl;lhHfs;. ,tHfspy; xU gpuptpdUld; Gyk;ngaHe;J tho;e;j rpyUk; ,ize;J  jkpoPoj;jpy; tho;e;jtHfspdhy; jkpo;g; Gjpa Gypfs; mikg;Gk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. tpiutpNyNa ,t;tpU mikg;Gf;fspYk; ,lk;ngw;w mfKuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhf ,tw;wpy; cilTfs; Vw;gl;ld. ,t;thW FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; cUthfpd. 1980fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs;>  nuNyh> Gnshl;>  nlyh> nlyp> uP> jkpo; kf;fs; ghJfhg;G Nguit> ghriw> ehfgil> fOFgil Nghd;w "rpwpa" mikg;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld.
ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; ,J xU Fwpg;ghd epiyikahf mikfpd;wJ. ,jw;F Kd;dH xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; mNefkhf jdpj;jdp egHfs;> jdpahd murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; my;yJ fl;rpfNs ekJ kf;fspd; xNu jiyikahf nraw;gl;bUe;jd. mjhtJ
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jdpj;jiyik vd;gNj> ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; nghJg;gz;ghf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. 1920 fspy; kuGtopj; jiyikf;F ntspNa> aho;. thypgH nfhq;fpu]; ,aq;fpaNghjpYk;> mjd; murpay; nraw;ghl;Lg; gug;Gk;> nraw;ghl;Lf; fhyKk;> vy;iyf;Fl;gl;bUe;jd. gpd;dH> 1950 fspy; jkpouRf; fl;rp ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikia ntd;W nfhz;l NghjpYk;> jkpouRf; nfhq;fpu]pd; nry;thf;F fzprkhd fhyj;jpw;F ePbf;fNt nra;jJ. vdpDk;> jkpo;f; nfhq;fpu]pd; nry;thf;F gbg;gbNa vy;iyf;Fl;gl;L te;jNjhL> tpiutpy; mJ mNdfkhf kiwe;Jk; tpl;lJ. 1960 fspy; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpduhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l rhjp vjpHg;G Nghuhl;lj;- jpw;F jiyik tfpj;j jkpo; ,lJrhupfspd; nraw;ghLfSk; $l> nraw;gug;gpYk; fhymstpYk; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;lhfNt ,Ue;jd. ,t;thW xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk;> xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk;> xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk;> xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk;> xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk;> jdpj;jiyikapd; g+uz nry;thf;F vd;gNj jdpj;jiyikapd; g+uz nry;thf;F vd;gNj jdpj;jiyikapd; g+uz nry;thf;F vd;gNj jdpj;jiyikapd; g+uz nry;thf;F vd;gNj jdpj;jiyikapd; g+uz nry;thf;F vd;gNj ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; nghJepfo;thf ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; nghJepfo;thf ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; nghJepfo;thf ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; nghJepfo;thf ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; nghJepfo;thf njhlHe;jpUf;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; njhlHe;jpUf;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; njhlHe;jpUf;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; njhlHe;jpUf;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; njhlHe;jpUf;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; jdpj;jiyikahf nry;thf;Fld; tpsq;Ffpd;w jdpj;jiyikahf nry;thf;Fld; tpsq;Ffpd;w jdpj;jiyikahf nry;thf;Fld; tpsq;Ffpd;w jdpj;jiyikahf nry;thf;Fld; tpsq;Ffpd;w jdpj;jiyikahf nry;thf;Fld; tpsq;Ffpd;w murpay; mikg;gpd; jiyik> jdf;F ntspNa murpay; mikg;gpd; jiyik> jdf;F ntspNa murpay; mikg;gpd; jiyik> jdf;F ntspNa murpay; mikg;gpd; jiyik> jdf;F ntspNa murpay; mikg;gpd; jiyik> jdf;F ntspNa nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; kPJ nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; kPJ nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; kPJ nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; kPJ nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; kPJ fLikahd tpkHrdq;fisAk;> fUj;jpay; fLikahd tpkHrdq;fisAk;> fUj;jpay; fLikahd tpkHrdq;fisAk;> fUj;jpay; fLikahd tpkHrdq;fisAk;> fUj;jpay; fLikahd tpkHrdq;fisAk;> fUj;jpay; jhf;Fjy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jhf;Fjy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jhf;Fjy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jhf;Fjy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jhf;Fjy;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jkf;F ntspNa nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; jkf;F ntspNa nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; jkf;F ntspNa nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; jkf;F ntspNa nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; jkf;F ntspNa nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; mikg;Gf;fspd; murpay; ,Ug;ig mikg;Gf;fspd; murpay; ,Ug;ig mikg;Gf;fspd; murpay; ,Ug;ig mikg;Gf;fspd; murpay; ,Ug;ig mikg;Gf;fspd; murpay; ,Ug;ig mfw;Wtjpy; jdpj;jiyikfs; jpl;lkpl;Lk;> mfw;Wtjpy; jdpj;jiyikfs; jpl;lkpl;Lk;> mfw;Wtjpy; jdpj;jiyikfs; jpl;lkpl;Lk;> mfw;Wtjpy; jdpj;jiyikfs; jpl;lkpl;Lk;> mfw;Wtjpy; jdpj;jiyikfs; jpl;lkpl;Lk;> td;kj;Jld; nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. td;kj;Jld; nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. td;kj;Jld; nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. td;kj;Jld; nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. td;kj;Jld; nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd.
gpuNjrk;> rhjp> tHf;fk;> ghy;> fyhr;rhuk; . . . vd gd;Kf uPjpapy; NtWgl;Lk; jdpj;JtkhfTk; ,aq;fp te;jpUf;fpd;w ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapypUe;J gd;Kf murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; ntspg;gl;ld. ,it jhk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w kf;fs; gpuptpd; eyd;fis murpay; jsj;jpy; gpujpgypf;f Ntz;batdthf ,Ue;jd. Mdhy; jdpj;jiyikahf jk;ik epWj;jpf; nfhz;l kuGtopj; jiyikfs; ,tw;Wf;F vjpuhf> kf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fSf;Fk; eyd;fSf;Fk;
vjpuhf nr kf;fspd; eyd;fS nfhs;shjp jkf;F nt gpujpgypf;fg gLtijAk kf;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;b murpay; j cWjpg;gL nghUshjh Ngzg;gLk; rhuhk;rj;jpy eyd;fSk ,yf;fhff;
,g;NghJ Njrkhf x Nghuhl;l m nraw;glj; kf;fs; kf;fs; kf;fs; kf;fs; kf;fs; ,af;fj;jpw ,af;fj;jpw ,af;fj;jpw ,af;fj;jpw ,af;fj;jpw KbahjpUe KbahjpUe KbahjpUe KbahjpUe KbahjpUe xd;whf ,U xd;whf ,U xd;whf ,U xd;whf ,U xd;whf ,U khwhf> e khwhf> e khwhf> e khwhf> e khwhf> e xd;wpiz xd;wpiz xd;wpiz xd;wpiz xd;wpiz jiyik jiyik jiyik jiyik jiyik cUthfpa cUthfpa cUthfpa cUthfpa cUthfpa epiyik e fhuzq;fs milahsk
1. Kd;id ghj;jpuj NjHjy; gLj;jpa mjhtJ gpujpepj ,yf;fhf kf;fSf If;fpaj gpujpepj If;fpaji ,J ng
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murpay; ,Ue;J kuGtopj; nfhq;fpu]; murpay; ; fhyKk;> 950 fspy; af;fj;jpd; NghjpYk;> fzprkhd k;> jkpo;f; bg;gbNa utpy; mJ fspy; rhjp uptpduhy; ghuhl;lj;- rhupfspd; ;gug;gpYk; ,Ue;jd. j;jpYk;> j;jpYk;> j;jpYk;> j;jpYk;> j;jpYk;> ;F vd;gNj ;F vd;gNj ;F vd;gNj ;F vd;gNj ;F vd;gNj epfo;thf epfo;thf epfo;thf epfo;thf epfo;thf fl;lj;jpYk; l;lj;jpYk; fl;lj;jpYk; l;lj;jpYk; fl;lj;jpYk; psq;Ffpd;w psq;Ffpd;w psq;Ffpd;w psq;Ffpd;w psq;Ffpd;w ;F ntspNa ; ntspNa ;F ntspNa ; ntspNa ;F ntspNa f;fs; kPJ f;fs; kPJ f;fs; kPJ f;fs; kPJ f;fs; kPJ fUj;jpay; fUj;jpay; fUj;jpay; fUj;jpay; fUj;jpay; pUf;fpd;wd. pUf;fpd;wd. pUf;fpd;wd. pUf;fpd;wd. pUf;fpd;wd. murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; ,Ug;ig ,Ug;ig ,Ug;ig ,Ug;ig ,Ug;ig pl;lkpl;Lk;> pl;lkpl;Lk;> pl;lkpl;Lk;> pl;lkpl;Lk;> pl;lkpl;Lk;> pd;wd.pd;wd.pd;wd.pd;wd.pd;wd.
r;rhuk; . . . Wgl;Lk; pd;w ekJ murpay; it jhk; ; gpuptpd; pujpgypf;f Mdhy; f; nfhz;l vjpuhf> ;fSf;Fk;
vjpuhf nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ekJ kf;fspd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdHfspd; eyd;fSlDk; jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhs;shjpUe;j ,k; kuGtopj;jiyikfs;> jkf;F ntspNa mg;gpuptpdHfspd; eyd;fs; gpujpgypf;fg;gLtijAk;> gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;- gLtijAk; vjpHg;gitahf ,Ue;jd. ekJ kf;fspd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdiuAk; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUg;gjhy; kl;;LNk> murpay; jsj;jpy; jkJ gpujpepjpj;Jtk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtJk;> jkJ r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu Mjpf;fk; njhlHe;J Ngzg;gLk; vd;gjpy; cWjpahf ,Ue;jd. ,J> rhuhk;rj;jpy; Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; mjpfhuKk;> eyd;fSk; njhlHe;Jk; Ngzg;gLtijNa ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,g;NghJ ekJ kf;fs; midtUk; xNu Njrkhf xd;wpize;Jtpl;l epiyapy; gy Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; nraw;glj; njhlq;fpapUe;jd. Kd;G ekJ Kd;G ekJ Kd;G ekJ Kd;G ekJ Kd;G ekJ kf;fs; midtUk; xNu murpay; kf;fs; midtUk; xNu murpay; kf;fs; midtUk; xNu murpay; kf;fs; midtUk; xNu murpay; kf;fs; midtUk; xNu murpay; ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; KOikahf xd;wpizf;fg;gl ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; KOikahf xd;wpizf;fg;gl ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; KOikahf xd;wpizf;fg;gl ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; KOikahf xd;wpizf;fg;gl ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; KOikahf xd;wpizf;fg;gl KbahjpUe;jNghJ> murpay; jiyikahdJ KbahjpUe;jNghJ> murpay; jiyikahdJ KbahjpUe;jNghJ> murpay; jiyikahdJ KbahjpUe;jNghJ> murpay; jiyikahdJ KbahjpUe;jNghJ> murpay; jiyikahdJ xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ ,jw;F Kw;wpYk; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ ,jw;F Kw;wpYk; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ ,jw;F Kw;wpYk; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ ,jw;F Kw;wpYk; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ ,jw;F Kw;wpYk; khwhf> ekJ kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf khwhf> ekJ kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf khwhf> ekJ kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf khwhf> ekJ kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf khwhf> ekJ kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf xd;wpize;jpUe;j epiyapy; murpay; xd;wpize;jpUe;j epiyapy; murpay; xd;wpize;jpUe;j epiyapy; murpay; xd;wpize;jpUe;j epiyapy; murpay; xd;wpize;jpUe;j epiyapy; murpay; jiyikahdJ gpupe;J> gythf jiyikahdJ gpupe;J> gythf jiyikahdJ gpupe;J> gythf jiyikahdJ gpupe;J> gythf jiyikahdJ gpupe;J> gythf cUthfpapUe;jJ. cUthfpapUe;jJ. cUthfpapUe;jJ. cUthfpapUe;jJ. cUthfpapUe;jJ. ,j;jifa Kuz;gl;l epiyik eilKiwr; rhj;jpak; ngw;wjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf ehk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw milahsk; fhzKbAk;.
1. Kd;ida jiyikfs; kf;fspd; murpay; ghj;jpuj;ijAk; gq;fspg;igAk; ngupJk; NjHjy; fhyr; nraw;ghLfshf vy;iyg;- gLj;jpapUe;jd. NjHjy; ntw;wp vd;gNj mjhtJ> murpay; rigfspy; jq;fs; gpujpepj;Jtk; vd;gNj ,tw;wpd; gpujhd ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jJ. ,j;jifa ,yf;fhdJ kf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd czHTg+Htkhd If;fpaj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf mtHfsJ murpay; gpujpepjpfSf;fpilapyhd re;jHg;gthj If;fpaj;ijNa Kjd;ikahff; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,J nghJ ,yf;F Nehf;fp kf;fis
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mzpjpul;Ltjw;Fg; gjpyhf kf;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpfis xNu jiyikf;Fs; mzpjpul;Ltij gpujhdkhff; fUJfpd;wJ. jdJ nrhe;j kf;fspilNa rhjp uPjpahf> gpuNjr uPjpahf> kj uPjpahf Nkhjy;fSk; ,uj;jf; fsupfSk; epfo;fpd;w NghJ me;j kf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w murpay;thjpfspilNa neUf;fkhd cwTfs; epyTfpd;w ~mw;Gjk;| ,jd; %yk;jhd; rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ.
2. ekJ kf;fspd; kj;jpapy; xU typikahd fUj;jpay; Mjpf;fk; njhlHr;rpahf epWtg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjhtJ gbj;j> Ngr;rhw;wYk; thjj; jpwikAk; nfhz;l> rhjpa kw;Wk; tHf;f uPjpapy; Mjpf;f epiyapYs;s egHfNs jiytHfshFk; jFjp nfhz;ltHfs; vd;w kuG ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy; epiyehl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,j;jifa kugpy; kf;fs; jkf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisf; fle;J jkf;F Kd;Nd tifkhjpupahf epWj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;w jiytHfSf;F Mjutspg;gJ rhj;jpa- khfpd;wJ. jkf;Fs; Kuz;gl;Lk; Nkhjpf; nfhz;LkpUf;fpd;w kf;fs; xNu jiytUf;F xNu jiyikf;F Mjutspg;gij> rhj;jpakhf;fpd;w fhuzpfspy; xd;whf ,j;jifa fUj;jpay; Mjpf;fk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
3. ,jw;F Kd;dH jkpo; jiytNuh my;yJ jiyikNah kf;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;g- ltpy;iy. khwhf> kf;fspd; Kd;dhy; epWj;jg;gl;lhHfs;. MWKfk; FkhuRthkp Kjy; mg;ghg;gps;is mkpHjypq;fk; tiu ,JNt kughf ,Ue;jJ. ,t;thW kf;fSf;F ntspNa jiytHfs; my;yJ jiyik cUthf;fg;gLtJ vd;gJ xNu jiyik my;yJ murpay; gpujpepjpfSf;fpilapyhd cld;ghL %yk; cUthfpd;w If;fpag;gl;l jiyik vd;gij vspjpy; rhj;jpakhf;- Ffpd;wJ.
4. ,tw;Wf;F khwhf> kf;fspdhy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;w jiyik
cUthf Kiwa czHT rpahdi Jha;ik mit [ jkJ c neUf;f njhl;Lu jiytH czHT vjpHghH jkJ ji gpuNjrk kjk; rh NtWgl kf;fs; kf;fspd vd;gJ xd;Wf;F ,aw;if
,t;thW kf ,t;thW kf ,t;thW kf ,t;thW kf ,t;thW kf jiyikfi jiyikfi jiyikfi jiyikfi jiyikfi kj;jpapy; If kj;jpapy; If kj;jpapy; If kj;jpapy; If kj;jpapy; If Fwpf;ftpy;i Fwpf;ftpy;i Fwpf;ftpy;i Fwpf;ftpy;i Fwpf;ftpy;i rhHe;J> mi rhHe;J> mi rhHe;J> mi rhHe;J> mi rhHe;J> mi kj;jpapy; kj;jpapy; kj;jpapy; kj;jpapy; kj;jpapy; If;fpaj;i If;fpaj;i If;fpaj;i If;fpaj;i If;fpaj;i kf;fspd; m kf;fspd; m kf;fspd; m kf;fspd; m kf;fspd; m jiyika jiyika jiyika jiyika jiyika Ltijf; F Ltijf; F Ltijf; F Ltijf; F Ltijf; F midtUf midtUf midtUf midtUf midtUf fis cz fis cz fis cz fis cz fis cz mtw;iw n mtw;iw n mtw;iw n mtw;iw n mtw;iw n topfspy; topfspy; topfspy; topfspy; topfspy; kf;fspd; m kf;fspd; m kf;fspd; m kf;fspd; m kf;fspd; m
kf;fs; gd;K rhjp uPjpahd kj uPjpahd gpuptpdHfi jkf;NfAupa kf;fs; kj NtWghLfS
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kf;fspd; yikf;Fs; UJfpd;wJ. jp uPjpahf> hjy;fSk; ghJ me;j j;Jfpd;w Uf;fkhd k;| ,jd;
ypikahd Hr;rpahf gbj;j> ; nfhz;l> ; Mjpf;f HfshFk; kuG ekJ l;bUe;jJ. pilapyhd Kd;Nd bUf;fpd;w rhj;jpa- k; Nkhjpf; iytUf;F spg;gij> ; xd;whf jpf;fk;
h my;yJ thf;fg;g- Kd;dhy; khuRthkp q;fk; tiu kf;fSf;F jiyik jiyik pilapyhd f;fpag;gl;l j;jpakhf;-
y; kf;fs; jiyik
cUthf;fk; vd;gJ Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l Kiwapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. kf;fspd; czHTfs; RahjPdkhdit. jd;ndOr;- rpahdit. capHj;Jbg;G kpf;fit. Jha;ikahdit. vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf mit [dehafj; jd;ik nfhz;lit. jkJ czHTfSld;> jkJ eyd;fSld; neUf;fkhf cs;stHfis> jk;khy; njhl;Luzj;jf;ftHfis mtHfs; jkJ jiytHfshf njupT nra;fpd;whHfs;. jkJ czHTfspd; capUs;s gpk;gkhf> jkJ vjpHghHg;Gfspd; capHr;rhukhf mtHfs; jkJ jiytHfisf; fhz;fpd;whHfs;. jkJ gpuNjrk; rhHe;J> jkJ rhjp rhHe;J> jkJ kjk; rhHe;J> jkJ tHf;fk; rhHe;J... vd NtWgl;l jiytHfis> jiyikfis kf;fs; cUthf;Ffpd;whHfs;. vdNt kf;fspdhy; njupTnra;ag;gLfpd;w jiyik vd;gJ gd;Kfj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhf xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;ljhf miktJ xU ,aw;if tpjp Nghd;Nw tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,t;thW kf;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l NtWgl;l ,t;thW kf;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l NtWgl;l ,t;thW kf;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l NtWgl;l ,t;thW kf;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l NtWgl;l ,t;thW kf;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l NtWgl;l jiyikfis cUthf;FtjhdJ kf;fs; jiyikfis cUthf;FtjhdJ kf;fs; jiyikfis cUthf;FtjhdJ kf;fs; jiyikfis cUthf;FtjhdJ kf;fs; jiyikfis cUthf;FtjhdJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; If;fpakpd;ik epyTfpd;wJ vd;gijf; kj;jpapy; If;fpakpd;ik epyTfpd;wJ vd;gijf; kj;jpapy; If;fpakpd;ik epyTfpd;wJ vd;gijf; kj;jpapy; If;fpakpd;ik epyTfpd;wJ vd;gijf; kj;jpapy; If;fpakpd;ik epyTfpd;wJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> xNu murpay; ,yf;Fr; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> xNu murpay; ,yf;Fr; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> xNu murpay; ,yf;Fr; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> xNu murpay; ,yf;Fr; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> xNu murpay; ,yf;Fr; rhHe;J> mij ntd;W nfhs;tJ Fwpj;J kf;fs; rhHe;J> mij ntd;W nfhs;tJ Fwpj;J kf;fs; rhHe;J> mij ntd;W nfhs;tJ Fwpj;J kf;fs; rhHe;J> mij ntd;W nfhs;tJ Fwpj;J kf;fs; rhHe;J> mij ntd;W nfhs;tJ Fwpj;J kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTfpd;w czHTg+Htkhd kj;jpapy; epyTfpd;w czHTg+Htkhd kj;jpapy; epyTfpd;w czHTg+Htkhd kj;jpapy; epyTfpd;w czHTg+Htkhd kj;jpapy; epyTfpd;w czHTg+Htkhd If;fpaj;ij ,J typTld; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. If;fpaj;ij ,J typTld; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. If;fpaj;ij ,J typTld; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. If;fpaj;ij ,J typTld; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. If;fpaj;ij ,J typTld; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ xNunahU kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ xNunahU kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ xNunahU kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ xNunahU kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ xNunahU jiyikapd; fPo; mtHfs; mzpjpul;lg;g- jiyikapd; fPo; mtHfs; mzpjpul;lg;g- jiyikapd; fPo; mtHfs; mzpjpul;lg;g- jiyikapd; fPo; mtHfs; mzpjpul;lg;g- jiyikapd; fPo; mtHfs; mzpjpul;lg;g- Ltijf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> kf;fs; jk; Ltijf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> kf;fs; jk; Ltijf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> kf;fs; jk; Ltijf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> kf;fs; jk; Ltijf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> kf;fs; jk; midtUf;Fk; nghJthd murpay; ,yf;F- midtUf;Fk; nghJthd murpay; ,yf;F- midtUf;Fk; nghJthd murpay; ,yf;F- midtUf;Fk; nghJthd murpay; ,yf;F- midtUf;Fk; nghJthd murpay; ,yf;F- fis czHTg+Htkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tijAk; fis czHTg+Htkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tijAk; fis czHTg+Htkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tijAk; fis czHTg+Htkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tijAk; fis czHTg+Htkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tijAk; mtw;iw ntd;W nfhs;tjw;fhf jj;jkf;Fupa mtw;iw ntd;W nfhs;tjw;fhf jj;jkf;Fupa mtw;iw ntd;W nfhs;tjw;fhf jj;jkf;Fupa mtw;iw ntd;W nfhs;tjw;fhf jj;jkf;Fupa mtw;iw ntd;W nfhs;tjw;fhf jj;jkf;Fupa topfspy; cWjpahfg; NghuhLtijANk topfspy; cWjpahfg; NghuhLtijANk topfspy; cWjpahfg; NghuhLtijANk topfspy; cWjpahfg; NghuhLtijANk topfspy; cWjpahfg; NghuhLtijANk kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kf;fspd; murpay; If;fpak; vd;gJ Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
kf;fs; gd;Kfk; nfhz;ltHfs;. jkf;fpilNa rhjp uPjpahd> gpuNjr uPjpahd> tHf;f uPjpahd> kj uPjpahd> ghy; uPjpahd ,d;Dk; ,JNghd;w gpuptpdHfisAk; NtWghLfisAk;> vdNt jkf;NfAupa jdpj;Jtq;fisAk; nfhz;ltHfs;. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTfpd;w ,j;jifa NtWghLfSk; jdpj;Jtq;fSk; mtHfs;
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cUthf;Ffpd;w jiyikapYk; mtHfspd; Nghuhl;l tbtq;fspYk; njspthfg; gbe;jpUf;Fk;. ve;jsTf;F kf;fsJ RahjPdkhd ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fupa mjhtJ jkf;Fupa jiyikfisAk; Nghuhl;l tbtq;fisAk; cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; epyTfpd;wNjh me;jsTf;F Fwpj;j Nghuhl;lkhdJ> kf;fspd; Neubg; gq;Fgw;WjYld; $ba cz;ikahd ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lkhf khw;wkilfpd;wJ. me;jsTf;F Nghuhl;lj;jpd; nghJ,yf;F milag;gLtJ rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ. me;jsTf;F kf;fspd; xt;nthU gpuptpduJk; eyd;fSk; cupikfSk; mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; cWjpahf epiyehl;lg;gLtJk; rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa czHr;rpAk; fpsHr;rpAk; epiwe;J jJk;gpa xU fhyfl;lkhf 1980 fspd; Kw;gFjp khwpaJ. kf;fs; jkf;Fupa jiyikia milahsk; fz;lhHfs;. jkf;Fupa jiyikia cUthf;fpdhHfs;. jkJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Neubahf gq;Fgw;wpdhHfs;. jdpehL vd;W nghJthd ,yf;fpy; jkJ nrhe;j eyd;fis jkJ nrhe;j cupikfis mtHfs; milahsk; fz;lhHfs;. jkpoPo tpLjiyf;fhfg; NghuhLtjd; Clhf jkJ nrhe;j tpLjiyiaAk; ntd;W nfhs;tjw;F jkpo; Njrj;jpd; xt;nthU gpuptpdUk; MHtk; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. tptrhapfs; epyj;jpd; kPJk; cw;gj;jpapd; kPJk; jkf;Fupa cupik cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W ek;gpdhHfs;. kPdtHfs; jkJ tho;tplKk; jkJ njhopYk; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W ek;gpdhHfs;. ngz;fs; jkf;F Rje;jpuKk; tpLjiyAk; fpilf;Fk; vd;W ek;gpdhHfs;. khztHfs; jkJ fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;Gk;> gbj;jtHfs; jkf;fhd cj;jpNahfKk;> murhq;f CopaHfs; jkf;fhd gjtp caHTfSk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLnkd ek;gpdhHfs;. rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdH jkJ r%f ,opepiyAk; Jauq;fSk; Kw;whf kiwAk; vd;W ek;gpdhHfs;. ciog;ghsHfSk; tpspk;Gepiy kf;fSk; jkf;F epr;rak; rpwg;ghd tho;f;if xd;W fpilf;Fk; vd;W ek;gpdhHfs;. vdNt jkpoPo tpLjiyf;fhf jk;ik mHg;gzpg;gjw;F
vj;jifa jhq;Ftjw ,Ue;jhHfs. cz;ikah czHTfS
1983 ,d m ntF[dg caHj;jpaJ xt;nthU Nghuhl;lj;j %ykhf kh NkYk; Mo czHTfs ghJfhg;Gf cupikfS jdpehl;il Nghuhl;lj; ,isa ji Mapuf;fz
1980fspd; K ,af;fj;jpy ,j;jifa eLg;gFjpa ,g;NghJ M mjpfhuj;J mtHfspd; ,lk;ngwj Ngh\pj;j> jaf;fKk;k ijAk; ,i ntspg;ghl jilnra;j mikg;Gfs mit Kw idj;Jk; e mtek;gpf;i Njhw;Wtpj;j ,uz;L tUl MAjg; Ng kf;fs; tpN Kuz;gLgi vg;gb epfo
57

tHfspd; spthfg; ahjPdkhd jkf;Fupa q;fisAk; Tfpd;wNjh > kf;fspd; ;ikahd lfpd;wJ. hJ,yf;F e;jsTf;F yd;fSk; cWjpahf ;wJ.
; epiwe;J ; Kw;gFjp yikia iyikia af;fj;jpy; ehL vd;W eyd;fis ilahsk; yf;fhfg; nrhe;j w;F jkpo; ; MHtk; j;jpd; kPJk; cupik ;gpdhHfs;. njhopYk; ;gpdhHfs;. pLjiyAk; Hfs; jkJ ; jkf;fhd ; jkf;fhd g;gLnkd g;gLfpd;w auq;fSk; pdhHfs;. kf;fSk; ;if xd;W Nt jkpoPo pg;gjw;F
vj;jifa ,lHfisAk; RikfisAk; jhq;Ftjw;F kf;fs; midtUk; jauhf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,t;thW ekJ Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ cz;ikahd kf;fs; ,af;fkhf kf;fspd; czHTfSld; fye;j ,af;fkhf khwpaJ.
1983 ,d mopg;Gf;fs; ekJ Njr ,af;fj;jpd; ntF[dg; gz;ig NkYk; gy klq;F caHj;jpaJ. ,g;NghJ xt;nthU gpuNjrKk; xt;nthU tPLk; xt;nthU egUk; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ikakhf> Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Cw;W %ykhf khwpaJ. jdpehL mikg;gJ vd;gJ NkYk; Mokhf> NkYk; cWjpahf kf;fspd; czHTfspy; fye;jJ. jkJ ,Ug;Gf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; tho;Tf;Fk; nfsutj;jpw;Fk; cupikfSf;Fk; cj;juthjkhf mikaf;$ba jdpehl;il cUthf;Ftjw;fhd MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngz;fSk; Mz;fSkhf ,isa jiyKiwapdH gy Ehw;Wf;fzf;fpy; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; jpuz;lhHfs;.
1980fspd; Kw;gFjpapy; ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ek;gp;f;iffSld; ntspg;gl;l ,j;jifa fpsr;rpkpf;f epiy 1980fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; jiyfPohf khw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,g;NghJ MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; KO mjpfhuj;Jld; gtdp te;jd. kf;fSlhd mtHfspd; ciuahly;fs; MAj nkhopapy; ,lk;ngwj; njhlq;fpd. jk;ikg; ghJfhj;j> Ngh\pj;j> cUthf;fpa kf;fs; kPJ vt;tpjj; jaf;fKk;kpd;wp td;KiwiaAk; mjpfhuj;- ijAk; ,it gpuNahfpj;jd. kf;fspd; Ra ntspg;ghl;Lr; Rje;jpuj;ij Kw;whfj; jilnra;jd. ,tw;NwhL MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;GfspilNaAk; Kuz;ghLfs; cUthfp> mit Kw;wp ntbf;f Muk;gpj;jd. ,ita- idj;Jk; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mr;rKk; mtek;gpf;ifAk; epiwe;j ,Wfpa #oiy Njhw;Wtpj;jd. tuyhW vd;Wk; fz;buhjsTf;F ,uz;L tUlq;fs; vd;w kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; MAjg; Nghuhl;lj; mikg;Gfs; midj;Jk; kf;fs; tpNuhj mikg;Gf;fshfTk; jkf;Fs; Kuz;gLgitahfTk; khw;wkile;jd. ,J vg;gb epfo;e;jJ?
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,ij tpsf;Ftjw;F MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa xU tptuzj;ij Kd;itg;gJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Muk;gj;jpy; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; ,ize;J nfhz;ltHfspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH khztHfisAk;> ,isQHfisAk; kj;jpaju tHf;fj;ijAk; NrHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. khztg; gUtKk;> ,staJk;> r%f ,af;fk; Fwpj;J> MokhdJk;> mf;fiwf;FupaJkhd fz;Nzhl;lq;fis ngWtjpy; fzprkhd ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. ,tHfsplk; NghHf;Fzhk;rKk;> tpLjiy czHr;rpAk; epiwe;jpUe;j msTf;F> Njrpa ,af;fk; Fwpj;Jk; Njr tpLjiyia ghjpf;ff; $ba mf> Gw fhuzpfs; gw;wpAkhd Gupjy;fs; Mokhf ,Uf;ftp;y;iy. xU tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kf;fSf;Fs;s Kjd;ikg; ghj;jpuk; Fwpj;Jk; kf;fSf;Fk; murpay;> Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpupf;f Kbahj cwT Fwpj;Jk; ,tHfspilNa mf;fiwAld; $ba Gupjy;fs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf> MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; kf;fs; toq;fpa MjuTf;Fk; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; kf;fs; toq;fpa MjuTf;Fk; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; kf;fs; toq;fpa MjuTf;Fk; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; kf;fs; toq;fpa MjuTf;Fk; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; kf;fs; toq;fpa MjuTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa cwit ve;j mikg;Gk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa cwit ve;j mikg;Gk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa cwit ve;j mikg;Gk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa cwit ve;j mikg;Gk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa cwit ve;j mikg;Gk; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. jk;ikg; ghJfhj;jtHfs; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. jk;ikg; ghJfhj;jtHfs; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. jk;ikg; ghJfhj;jtHfs; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. jk;ikg; ghJfhj;jtHfs; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. jk;ikg; ghJfhj;jtHfs; czT toq;fpatHfs; jkf;Fupa nghUs;tif czT toq;fpatHfs; jkf;Fupa nghUs;tif czT toq;fpatHfs; jkf;Fupa nghUs;tif czT toq;fpatHfs; jkf;Fupa nghUs;tif czT toq;fpatHfs; jkf;Fupa nghUs;tif cjtpfis toq;fp tUgtHfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F cjtpfis toq;fp tUgtHfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F cjtpfis toq;fp tUgtHfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F cjtpfis toq;fp tUgtHfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F cjtpfis toq;fp tUgtHfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F Nkyhf jkJ mikg;GfSf;fhd kdpj Nkyhf jkJ mikg;GfSf;fhd kdpj Nkyhf jkJ mikg;GfSf;fhd kdpj Nkyhf jkJ mikg;GfSf;fhd kdpj Nkyhf jkJ mikg;GfSf;fhd kdpj tsq;fisAk; toq;FgtHfs; kf;fs;jhd; vd;w tsq;fisAk; toq;FgtHfs; kf;fs;jhd; vd;w tsq;fisAk; toq;FgtHfs; kf;fs;jhd; vd;w tsq;fisAk; toq;FgtHfs; kf;fs;jhd; vd;w tsq;fisAk; toq;FgtHfs; kf;fs;jhd; vd;w mbg;gil cz;ikia ve;j mikg;Gk; mbg;gil cz;ikia ve;j mikg;Gk; mbg;gil cz;ikia ve;j mikg;Gk; mbg;gil cz;ikia ve;j mikg;Gk; mbg;gil cz;ikia ve;j mikg;Gk; czutpy;iy. jhNk jkJ kf;fspd; xU czutpy;iy. jhNk jkJ kf;fspd; xU czutpy;iy. jhNk jkJ kf;fspd; xU czutpy;iy. jhNk jkJ kf;fspd; xU czutpy;iy. jhNk jkJ kf;fspd; xU $Wjhd; vd;w vspikahd cz;ik $l> $Wjhd; vd;w vspikahd cz;ik $l> $Wjhd; vd;w vspikahd cz;ik $l> $Wjhd; vd;w vspikahd cz;ik $l> $Wjhd; vd;w vspikahd cz;ik $l> ,tHfsplk; Mog;gjpatpy;iy. ,tHfsplk; Mog;gjpatpy;iy. ,tHfsplk; Mog;gjpatpy;iy. ,tHfsplk; Mog;gjpatpy;iy. ,tHfsplk; Mog;gjpatpy;iy.
NkYk;> kf;fs; gy gpuptpduhf cs;sdH vd;w cz;ikAk; xt;nthU kf;fs; gpupTk; jkf;Fupa mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; jhk; tpUk;Gfpd;w mikg;Gf;F Mjutspg;gjw;Fk; cupik ngw;wtHfs; vd;w cz;ikAk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fshy; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;- gltpy;iy. khwhf> ,d;ndhU mikg;Gf;F kf;fs; toq;Ffpd;w MjuT vd;gJ jd;kPjhd epuhfupg;G vd;W xt;nthU mikg;Gk; mHj;jg;gLj;jpaJ. ,J jk;ik Mjupf;fhj
kf;fs; gpupt kNdhght Njhw;Wtpj;j
kf;fspilN iaAk; mt Gupe;J nfh ntd;W nfh gpd;gw;whji mikg;Gf ,yf;Ff;F ,ilapyhd mjDhlhf gjpyhf gpw gpur;rhug;g Mjuitg; Nghuhl;l m NkhjYk; fhuzkhfpa
NkYk; M ,ize;J n spilNa e kf;fSf;F Sf;Fk; , gz;Gfs; N fhuzpahf mikg;gpy;> kj;jpa ju vy;iyf;Fs $bajhf , cs;stHfi mNjNtis ghHj;J gpuk re;jHg;gq;f rpe;jidapy jhf;fKs;s tha;g;Gf; f gha;r;rypy; ,e;j Kaw;r Vw;gLfpd;w ,tHfs; mf eyd;f is jkf;F fPNo mlf;FK
58

Nghuhl;l uzj;ij k;.
g;Gf;fspy; ;ghyhNdhH ; kj;jpaju Ue;jhHfs;. f ,af;fk; upaJkhd fzprkhd tHfsplk; zHr;rpAk; k; Fwpj;Jk; mf> Gw ; Mokhf uhl;lj;jpy; ; Fwpj;Jk; ghuhl;l ;f Kbahj ;fiwAld; y. ,jd; g;Gf;fspd; g;Gf;fspd; g;Gf;fspd; g;Gf;fspd; g;Gf;fspd; juTf;Fk; juTf;Fk; juTf;Fk; juTf;Fk; juTf;Fk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; hj;jtHfs; hj;jtHfs; hj;jtHfs; hj;jtHfs; hj;jtHfs; ghUs;tif hUs;tif ghUs;tif hUs;tif hUs;tif ;gtw;Wf;F ;gtw;Wf;F ;gtw;Wf;F ;gtw;Wf;F ;gtw;Wf;F d kdpj d kdpj d kdpj d kdpj d kdpj ;jhd; vd;w ;jhd; vd;w ;jhd; vd;w ;jhd; vd;w ;jhd; vd;w mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; mikg;Gk; spd; xU spd; xU spd; xU spd; xU spd; xU ;ik $l> ;ik $l> ;ik $l> ;ik $l> ;ik $l>
;sdH vd;w ; jkf;Fupa ;Fk; jhk; pg;gjw;Fk; Ak; MAjg; nfhs;sg;- ikg;Gf;F jd;kPjhd ikg;Gk; jupf;fhj
kf;fs; gpuptpdiu> jkJ vjpupfshff; fUJfpd;w kNdhghtj;ij mikg;GfspilNa Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
kf;fspilNa epyTfpd;w gd;Kfj; jd;ik- iaAk; mtHfspd; NjHTf;fhd Rje;jpuj;ijAk; Gupe;J nfhs;shjNjhL kf;fis jk; gf;fk; ntd;W nfhs;tjw;F murpay; topKiwfis gpd;gw;whjitfshfTk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. jkJ murpay; ,yf;Ff;Fk; kf;fspd; eyd;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa cwit ntspg;gLj;jp> mjDhlhf kf;fspd; Mjuitj; jpul;Ltjw;Fg; gjpyhf gpw mikg;Gf;fspd; gytPdq;fis gpur;rhug;gLj;jp mjDlhf jkf;Fupa Mjuitg; ngw Kaw;rpj;jd. ,J MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLk; NkhjYk; NkYk; jPtpukiltjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ.
NkYk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; ,ize;J nfhz;l ngUk;ghyhd cWg;gpdHf- spilNa epytpa kj;jpatHf;f kNdhghtk;> kf;fSf;Fk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;f- Sf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTfspy; mjpfhug; gz;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf mike;jJ. xU r%fj;jpd; gbepiy mikg;gpy;> ,ileLtpy; ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf kj;jpa ju tHf;fj;jpd; gz;Gfs; xU tpupe;j vy;iyf;Fs;> fPopUe;J Nkyhf khWglf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,tHfs; jkf;Ff; fPNo cs;stHfisg; ghHj;J mDjhgk; nfhs;fpd;w mNjNtis jkf;F NkNy cs;stHfisg; ghHj;J gpukpg;gilfpd;whHfs;. vdpDk;> mNef re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,k;kj;jpajug; gpuptpdupd; rpe;jidapy; "mDjhgj;ij" tpl "gpukpg;Ng" jhf;fKs;sjhf mikfpd;wJ. vdNt jkf;F tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk; NghJ ,tHfs; xNu gha;r;rypy; NkNy nrd;Wtplj; Jbf;fpd;whHfs;. ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; jkf;Ff; fPNo cs;stHfSf;F Vw;gLfpd;w vj;jifa ghjpg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ,tHfs; mf;fiw nfhs;tjpy;iy. $lNt jkJ eyd;f is ngWtjw;F k; jf;f itg;g jw;F k; jkf;F fPNo cs;stHfs; kPJ mjpfhuj;ijAk; mlf;FKiwfisAk; gpuNahfpf;f
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$batHfshfTk; ,tHfs; khWfpd;whHfs;.
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ekJ kf;fspilNa rhjp> tHf;fk;> ghypdk; rhHe;j mjpfhug; gbepiy Kiwik epyTfpd;w epiyapy>; jkJ Nky;Nehf;fpa efHTf;F jhk; rhHe;Js;s mikg;ig fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Nghf;F rfy MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fsplKk; fhzg;gl;lJ. MAjg; Nghuhl;lr; #oypy; MAjq;fSk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lr; #oypy; MAjq;fSk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lr; #oypy; MAjq;fSk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lr; #oypy; MAjq;fSk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lr; #oypy; MAjq;fSk; mijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ngwg;gLfpd;w mijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ngwg;gLfpd;w mijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ngwg;gLfpd;w mijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ngwg;gLfpd;w mijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ngwg;gLfpd;w mjpfhuKk; Kjd;ikr; rf;jpfshf khWtjhy; mjpfhuKk; Kjd;ikr; rf;jpfshf khWtjhy; mjpfhuKk; Kjd;ikr; rf;jpfshf khWtjhy; mjpfhuKk; Kjd;ikr; rf;jpfshf khWtjhy; mjpfhuKk; Kjd;ikr; rf;jpfshf khWtjhy; me;j MAjq;fspd; %yk; r%fj;ijf; me;j MAjq;fspd; %yk; r%fj;ijf; me;j MAjq;fspd; %yk; r%fj;ijf; me;j MAjq;fspd; %yk; r%fj;ijf; me;j MAjq;fspd; %yk; r%fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; mjpfhu Nky;epiyahf;fKk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; mjpfhu Nky;epiyahf;fKk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; mjpfhu Nky;epiyahf;fKk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; mjpfhu Nky;epiyahf;fKk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; mjpfhu Nky;epiyahf;fKk; vspjpy; rhj;jpakhfpd;wd. vdNt xt;nthU vspjpy; rhj;jpakhfpd;wd. vdNt xt;nthU vspjpy; rhj;jpakhfpd;wd. vdNt xt;nthU vspjpy; rhj;jpakhfpd;wd. vdNt xt;nthU vspjpy; rhj;jpakhfpd;wd. vdNt xt;nthU MAjg;Nghuhl;l mikg;Gk; mjpfhug;gb MAjg;Nghuhl;l mikg;Gk; mjpfhug;gb MAjg;Nghuhl;l mikg;Gk; mjpfhug;gb MAjg;Nghuhl;l mikg;Gk; mjpfhug;gb MAjg;Nghuhl;l mikg;Gk; mjpfhug;gb epiyapd; cr;rpapy; jd;id epWj;Jtjw;F epiyapd; cr;rpapy; jd;id epWj;Jtjw;F epiyapd; cr;rpapy; jd;id epWj;Jtjw;F epiyapd; cr;rpapy; jd;id epWj;Jtjw;F epiyapd; cr;rpapy; jd;id epWj;Jtjw;F Kw;gl;lJ. Kw;gl;lJ. Kw;gl;lJ. Kw;gl;lJ. Kw;gl;lJ. MAjq;fspd; %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;- sg;gl;l ,j;jifa mjpfhu Nky;epiyahf;f Kaw;rpahdJ> xU Gwk; mjpfhug; gbepiyapy; fPOs;s kf;fs; gpuptpdNuhL NkYs;s gpuptpdiuAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;gb nra;fpd;wJ. vdNt kf;fspd; fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuk;> NjHTr; Rje;jpuk;> mikg;ghFk; Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w midj;ijAk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;- Gf;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jpd.
kWGwk; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; jkf;Fs;NsNa Kuz;gl;L Nkhjj; njhlq;fpd. ngUk;ghyhd MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; NtnwhU MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;gpypUe;J Kuz;gl;L ntspNaWfpd;w egHfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;- ltHfshf ,Ue;jd. xU MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;gpy; egHfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLfpd;w Kuz;ghLfspd; gpd;Nd cs;s nfhs;if uPjpapyhd NtWghLfs; Fwpj;J ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;lg;gLtjpy;iy. jhk; Kuz;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis njspthf Kd;itf;fNth> jkJ epiyg;ghLfs; kf;fspd;
eyd;fSl vd;gij Kuz;gLfpd ngUk;ghyh Kuz;ghLf khwpd@ m fhzg;gl;l Wfpd;w egH Kd;ida Ngz Nt Kuz;ghLfs fhzg;gl;l nra;ag;gl;L gifikah Nghuhl;l m jkf;fpilN nfhz;lit gbepiyapd xt;nthU ,tw;Wf;F jPtpukile;j xU mik #oy; Njhd ,Wfp xU ntbj;Jf; f
gy MAj gpd;jskhf mjpfupj;J mlf;FKi kl;Lkd;wp> ngWtjw;F gad;gLj;j mikg;Gf;f mjpfhupfsp cUthfpaJ kz;zpy; n jplkhf mg;Nghuhl;l Kjy; epg cz;ikia nfhs;stpy tpLjiyg Nkw;nfhz;l
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f;FKiwg; Kiwapy; Lk; NghJ> yg;ghl;il gpuptpdH
pdk; rhHe;j pyTfpd;w Tf;F jhk; tpahfg; MAjg; g;gl;lJ. Ajq;fSk; jq;fSk; Ajq;fSk; jq;fSk; jq;fSk; g;gLfpd;w g;gLfpd;w g;gLfpd;w g;gLfpd;w g;gLfpd;w khWtjhy; khWtjhy; khWtjhy; khWtjhy; khWtjhy; fj;ijf; fj;ijf; fj;ijf; fj;ijf; fj;ijf; ahf;fKk; ahf;fKk; ahf;fKk; ahf;fKk; ahf;fKk; xt;nthU xt;nthU xt;nthU xt;nthU xt;nthU jpfhug;gb jpfhug;gb jpfhug;gb jpfhug;gb jpfhug;gb j;Jtjw;F j;Jtjw;F j;Jtjw;F j;Jtjw;F j;Jtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;- piyahf;f bepiyapy; NkYs;s a;fpd;wJ. k;> NjHTr; k; Nghd;w mikg;-
;Fs;NsNa Uk;ghyhd NtnwhU Kuz;gl;L thf;fg;gl;- ; Nghuhl;l w;gLfpd;w nfhs;if J Njrpa Ltjpy;iy. njspthf ; kf;fspd;
eyd;fSld; vt;thW ,ize;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;fNth KbahjtHfshf Kuz;gLfpd;w egHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,jdhy; ngUk;ghyhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,j;jifa Kuz;ghLfs;> jdpegH Kuz;ghLfshf khwpd@ my;yJ mt;thW milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; Kuz;gl;L ntspNa- Wfpd;w egHfspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G> Kd;ida mikg;Gld; gifik cwitg; Ngz Ntz;bajhf ,Ue;jJ. jdpegH Kuz;ghLfshf mike;j my;yJ milahsk; fhzg;gl;l gifik gpd;dH mikg;ghf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L mikg;Gf;fspilNaahd jPuhj gifikahf khw;wg;gl;ld. vdNt MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpaJ KjNy jkf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfSk; gifikAk; nfhz;litfshf ,Ue;jd. ,g;NghJ mjpfhug; gbepiyapd; cr;rpapy;> jk;ik ,Uj;Jtjw;F xt;nthU mikg;Gk; Nghl;bapl;ljhy; ,tw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd gifik NkYk; jPtpukile;jJ. kw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; tPo;;r;rpNa> xU mikg;gpd; ntw;wpahf fUjg;gLfpd;w #oy; Njhd;wpaJ. ,j;jifa gifik tsHe;J> ,Wfp xU epiyapy; ,af;f Nkhjy;fshf ntbj;Jf; fpsk;gpd.
gy MAjg;Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs;> jkJ gpd;jskhf ,e;jpahitg; gad;gLj;jpd. mjpfupj;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; Neub mlf;FKiwfspypUe;J jg;gpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf kl;Lkd;wp> jkf;fhd MAjg; gapw;rpfisg; ngWtjw;Fk; ,it ,e;jpahitg; gpd;jskhf gad;gLj;jpd. ,jd; tpisthf> ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; ,e;jpa murpdJk;> mjd; gil mjpfhupfspdJk; fl;Lghl;bw;Fl;gLfpd;w epiy cUthfpaJ. xU tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk;> nrhe;j kz;zpy; nrhe;j kf;fSld; ,ize;jjhf> jplkhf tsHr;rpailtJjhd; mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; cz;ikahd ntw;wpf;Fupa Kjy; epge;jid vd;w mbg;gilahd cz;ikia ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; czHe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. ,jdhy; gq;fshNj\pd; tpLjiyg; Nghupy; ,e;jpag; gilfs; Nkw;nfhz;l nfhba mlf;FKiwfs; gw;wpa
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vr;rupf;if nfhz;bUe;j mikg;Gf;fs; $l> ,Wjpapy; ,e;jpa murpdJk; ,e;jpg; gil mjpfhupfspdJk; fl;Lghl;bw;Fl;gLfpd;w epiy cUthfpaJ.
MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs;> ,e;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fl;gl;ljpy; me;j mikg;Gf;fspd; jiikfSf;F gpujhdkhd gq;F ,Ue;jJ. jkJ nrhe;j mikg;gpYk;> tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l jsj;jpYk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;Ltjw;Fupa Mjhukhf> ,e;jpa murpd; Mjuitg; gad;gLj;j ,j;jiyikfs; Kaw;rpj;jd. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa murpay; jiytHfspd; - Fwpg;ghf jkpo;ehl;L murpay; jiytHfspd; Mjuitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> ,e;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; jiyikfs; Nghl;b NghLfpd;w epiy Vw;gl;lJ. Mjpf;f ntwpAk; Mf;fpukpg;G jd;ikAk; nfhz;l ,e;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fl;gl;ljd; tpisthf> ekJ kz;zpy;> ekJ kf;fSld; ,ize;J Nghuhl Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij> ,j;jiyikfspy; mNefkhdit iftpLfpd;w epiy cUthfpaJ. ,e;jpa murpd; Mjutpy; jkpoPo tpLjiy ntd;W nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gij jhk; xU epiyg;ghlhf nfhz;lNjhL> ekJ kf;fisAk; ek;g itf;fpd;w epiyf;F ,j;jiyikfs; ngw;wd.
,t;thW MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; Muk;gk; KjNy jkf;fpilNa gifik nfhz;ljhfTk; kf;fspd; eyd;fis xJf;fp mtHfs; kPJ td;KiwiaAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; gpuNahfpg;gitahfTk; ,e;jpa murpd; MjuTld; jkpoPo tpLjiyia ntd;W nfhs;s KbAk; vd;w epiyg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;litahfTk; nraw;gl;ld. ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspy; vJTNk kf;fspd; eyd; rhHe;J jkJ nraw;jpl;lq;fis cUthf;ftp;y;iy. mj;jifa vz;zNk mtw;Wf;F ,Ue;jjpy;iy. ve;j topapyhtJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpdJk; ekJ ve;j topapyhtJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpdJk; ekJ ve;j topapyhtJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpdJk; ekJ ve;j topapyhtJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpdJk; ekJ ve;j topapyhtJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpdJk; ekJ Njrj;jpdJk; Mjpf;f jiyikahf khwptpl Njrj;jpdJk; Mjpf;f jiyikahf khwptpl Njrj;jpdJk; Mjpf;f jiyikahf khwptpl Njrj;jpdJk; Mjpf;f jiyikahf khwptpl Njrj;jpdJk; Mjpf;f jiyikahf khwptpl Ntz;Lnkd;W vd;w Ntl;if xt;nthU Ntz;Lnkd;W vd;w Ntl;if xt;nthU Ntz;Lnkd;W vd;w Ntl;if xt;nthU Ntz;Lnkd;W vd;w Ntl;if xt;nthU Ntz;Lnkd;W vd;w Ntl;if xt;nthU mikg;igAk; ce;jpj; js;spaJ. rf mikg;igAk; ce;jpj; js;spaJ. rf mikg;igAk; ce;jpj; js;spaJ. rf mikg;igAk; ce;jpj; js;spaJ. rf mikg;igAk; ce;jpj; js;spaJ. rf mikg;Gf;fis rkj;Jtkhff; fUjNth mikg;Gf;fis rkj;Jtkhff; fUjNth mikg;Gf;fis rkj;Jtkhff; fUjNth mikg;Gf;fis rkj;Jtkhff; fUjNth mikg;Gf;fis rkj;Jtkhff; fUjNth
mtw;Wld mtw;Wld; mtw;Wld mtw;Wld; mtw;Wld Kd;dzpi Kd;dzpi Kd;dzpi Kd;dzpi Kd;dzpi mikg;Gk; K mikg;Gk; K mikg;Gk; K mikg;Gk; K mikg;Gk; K
ekJ kf xg;gpLk;Ngh kpfTk; gpd kf;fspd; kj kuig epuhf fyhr;rhuj;i xd;wpize mjd; %yk tpUk;gpdhH ekJ kf;fs mikg;Gf;f Mjpf;fkpf;f tjpy; jPtpu jkJ eyd ,izj;jhH Mdhy;> ,e xJf;fp> jk mila t tpLjiyf;f gq;Fnfhs mikg;Gf;f mtHfspd jpdhHfs;. k Mdhy; , mlf;FKi
,t;thW n mikg;Gf;f jkf;fpilNa kWGwj;N mlf;FKi ngWtjw;F mtw;wpd; j jiyikah jkJ mi Kuz;ghLf tpLk; vd;w ,j;jifa Gf;Fs; Ku gpypUe;J fLikahd
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kg;Gf;fs; gifik s xJf;fp huj;ijAk; murpd; ntd;W ;ghl;ilf; d. ,e;j yd; rhHe;J ;ftp;y;iy. e;jjpy;iy. dJk; ekJJk; ekJ dJk; ekJJk; ekJ dJk; ekJ f khwptpl f khwptpl f khwptpl f khwptpl f khwptpl xt;nthU xt;nthU xt;nthU xt;nthU xt;nthU paJ. rf paJ. rf paJ. rf paJ. rf paJ. rf fUjNth fUjNth fUjNth fUjNth fUjNth
mtw;Wld; murpay; NeHikAld; If;fpa mtw;Wld; murpay; NeHikAld; If;fpa mtw;Wld; murpay; NeHikAld; If;fpa mtw;Wld; murpay; NeHikAld; If;fpa mtw;Wld; murpay; NeHikAld; If;fpa Kd;dzpia mikf;fNth ve;jnthU Kd;dzpia mikf;fNth ve;jnthU Kd;dzpia mikf;fNth ve;jnthU Kd;dzpia mikf;fNth ve;jnthU Kd;dzpia mikf;fNth ve;jnthU mikg;Gk; Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. mikg;Gk; Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. mikg;Gk; Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. mikg;Gk; Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. mikg;Gk; Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy.
ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; czHTld; xg;gpLk;NghJ MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpapUe;jd. ,Jtiu ekJ kf;fspd; kj;jpapy; epytpa jdpj;jiyik vd;w kuig epuhfupj;J gd;Kfj; jiyikfs; vd;w fyhr;rhuj;ij tpUk;gpdH. mjhtJ> mit xd;wpize;J Nghuhl;lj;ij elhj;JtijAk; mjd; %yk; jkpoPok; mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhHfs;. ,j;jiyikfisg; gpd;gw;w ekJ kf;fs; jahuhf ,Ue;jhHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fNsh kPz;Lk; jdpj;jiyikahf> Mjpf;fkpf;f jiyikahf jk;ik epiyepWj;J- tjpy; jPtpu MHtk; nfhz;bUe;jd. kf;fs; jkJ eyd;fisAk; Njr eyidAk; xd;whf ,izj;jhHfs;. xd;whf ,dk; fz;lhHfs;. Mdhy;> ,e;j mikg;Gf;fNsh Njr eyd;fis xJf;fp> jkJ nrhe;j eyd;fis> mjpfhuj;ij mila tpUk;gpdhHfs;. kf;fs; jkJ tpLjiyf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Neubahfg; gq;Fnfhs;s tpUk;gpdhHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fNsh> jkJ MAjq;fspd; %ykhf mtHfspd; Rje;jpuq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;- jpdhHfs;. kf;fs; [dehafj;ij tpUk;gpdhHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; mtHfSf;F mlf;FKiwia murpay; guprhff; nfhLj;jd.
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Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. mjpfhu ntwpAk; gifik czHTk; nfhz;bUe;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l jiyikfs;> jkJ mikg;Gf;Fs; jkf;F neUf;fkhf ,Ue;jtHfSld; ,ize;J jk;Kld; Kuz;gLfpd;wtHfis FUukhd Kiwapy; mlf;fpdhHfs;. gLnfhiy nra;jhHfs;.
,t;thW kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; gy MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; kf;fs; tpNuhj vNjr;rjpfhu mikg;Gf;fshfTk; xd;Wld; xd;W jPtpu gifikfs; nfhz;l mikg;- Gf;fshfTk; khwpd.  ,it vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl "Mw;wy;" tha;e;j Jg;ghf;fpf; Fz;Lfs; gad;gLj;- jg;gl;ld.
 ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; ,d;Dk; xU Kf;fpa jpUg;GKidiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,Jtiu fhyKk; ekJ kf;fspd; murpaypy; xU tpjpahf epiy ngw;wpUe;j Nkd;epiy irt Ntshsj; jiyik mfw;wg;gl;L tpl;lij ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. jkJ rhjpa> tHf;f> fy;tp kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; Mjpf;fj;jpd; %yk; 150 tUlq;fshf ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; jiyikahf tpsq;fpa irt Ntshsj; jiyik ,g;NghJ
Kjy;jli mfw;wg;gl;L mtrpakhf midj;Jg te;jpUf;fpd mtHfSi jpul;rpahf ,af;fj;Jl khw;wk; mi
INuhg;gpa M ,dkhfTk; Njrpa ,d kf;fspd; m 1930fspypU Kd;ndLf;f epfohikf epiyikfs Kd;itf;f Muk;gj;jpN Muk;gj;jpNy Muk;gj;jpN Muk;gj;jpNy Muk;gj;jpNy ,ize;J> ,ize;J> ,ize;J> ,ize;J> ,ize;J> ,af;fj;ij ,af;fj;ij ,af;fj;ij ,af;fj;ij ,af;fj;ij nfhs;Sk; N nfhs;Sk; N nfhs;Sk; N nfhs;Sk; N nfhs;Sk; N kf;fSf;nf kf;fSf;nf kf;fSf;nf kf;fSf;nf kf;fSf;nf ngwhky; , ngwhky; , ngwhky; , ngwhky; , ngwhky; , ekJ jiy ekJ jiy ekJ jiy ekJ jiy ekJ jiy Fwpg;ghd f Fwpg;ghd f Fwpg;ghd f Fwpg;ghd f Fwpg;ghd f vd;gij m vd;gij m vd;gij m vd;gij m vd;gij m
1830 fs; n Ehw;whz;L kz;zpypU tho;tplkhf ngw;w xU r Mjpf;fj;jp jiyikfs gpd;dH KO ,Wjpapy; j xU gbK te;jNghjpY eyd;fs; e ,ize;jpUf gpuptpdupd; gpujpgypg;gJ ,tHfspd
61

; gifik Nghuhl;l s; jkf;F ,ize;J FUukhd Lnfhiy
gy MAjg; ; tpNuhj ; xd;Wld; mikg;- ; ntbj;j yg; Gypfs; mopj;Jk; a;Jk; ekJ jk;ik hW ekJ vd;w kuG ;L tpl;lJ. mikg;G ;F nghU- fy;tp Mw;- ltpy;iy. "Mw;wy;" gad;gLj;-
;jpd;
a MAjg; murpay; af;fj;jpd; dJ> ekJ d;Dk; xU pf;fpd;wJ. murpaypy; piy irt ;lij ,J y;tp kw;Wk; Ulq;fshf tpsq;fpa ,g;NghJ
Kjy;jlitahf mjd; ,lj;jpypUe;J mfw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j epfo;T xU> tuyhw;W mtrpakhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdH kj;jpapYk; Vw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w murpay; tpopg;GzHtpdJk;> mtHfSila murpay; gq;Nfw;gpdJk; jpul;rpahf vOr;rp ngw;Ws;sd. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;Jld; xj;jpire;jjhf> ,e;jj; jiyik khw;wk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Kd;dH xU jdpahd ,dkhfTk; INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fj;jpd; Clhf xU Njrpa ,dkhfTk; cUthfpapUe;j ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fkhdJ Fwpg;ghf 1930fspypUe;J jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fkhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW epfohikf;F md;iwa r%f murpay; epiyikfs; vd;w Gwf;fhuzpfis fhuzkhf Kd;itf;f KbAk;. vdpDk;> 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; vdpDk;> 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; vdpDk;> 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; vdpDk;> 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; vdpDk;> 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa rpq;fs kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf Muk;gj;jpNyNa rpq;fs kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf Muk;gj;jpNyNa rpq;fs kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf Muk;gj;jpNyNa rpq;fs kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf Muk;gj;jpNyNa rpq;fs kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf ,ize;J> jkf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,ize;J> jkf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,ize;J> jkf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,ize;J> jkf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,ize;J> jkf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;J te;jij> ftdj;jpy; ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;J te;jij> ftdj;jpy; ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;J te;jij> ftdj;jpy; ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;J te;jij> ftdj;jpy; ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;J te;jij> ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sk; NghJ> ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy;> ekJ nfhs;Sk; NghJ> ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy;> ekJ nfhs;Sk; NghJ> ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy;> ekJ nfhs;Sk; NghJ> ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy;> ekJ nfhs;Sk; NghJ> ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy;> ekJ kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fk; vOr;rp kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fk; vOr;rp kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fk; vOr;rp kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fk; vOr;rp kf;fSf;nfd jdpahd Njrpa ,af;fk; vOr;rp ngwhky; ,Ue;jikf;F Gwf; fhuzpfis tpl ngwhky; ,Ue;jikf;F Gwf; fhuzpfis tpl ngwhky; ,Ue;jikf;F Gwf; fhuzpfis tpl ngwhky; ,Ue;jikf;F Gwf; fhuzpfis tpl ngwhky; ,Ue;jikf;F Gwf; fhuzpfis tpl ekJ jiyikapd; murpay; eyd;fs;> xU ekJ jiyikapd; murpay; eyd;fs;> xU ekJ jiyikapd; murpay; eyd;fs;> xU ekJ jiyikapd; murpay; eyd;fs;> xU ekJ jiyikapd; murpay; eyd;fs;> xU Fwpg;ghd fhuzpahf mike;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd> Fwpg;ghd fhuzpahf mike;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd> Fwpg;ghd fhuzpahf mike;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd> Fwpg;ghd fhuzpahf mike;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd> Fwpg;ghd fhuzpahf mike;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd> vd;gij mwpa KbAk;. vd;gij mwpa KbAk;. vd;gij mwpa KbAk;. vd;gij mwpa KbAk;. vd;gij mwpa KbAk;.
1830 fs; njhlq;fp 1930fs; tiuapyhd xU Ehw;whz;L fhyj; ekJ jiyikahdJ jkpo; kz;zpypUe;J me;epag;gl;l> nfhOk;ig tho;tplkhff; nfhz;L tpl;l> r%f Mjpf;fk; ngw;w xU rpy FLk;gq;fisr; NrHe;j egHfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jj; jiyikfspy; Muk;gj;jpy; Mq;fpNya rhHG> gpd;dH KOehLk; jOtpa Njrpa ,af;fk; ,Wjpapy; jdpahd ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; vd;w xU gbKiw rhHe;j efHT ,lk;ngw;W te;jNghjpYk; ,j;jiyikfspd; murpay; eyd;fs; ekJ Njr eyd;fSld; Neubahf ,ize;jpUf;ftpy;iy. jhk; rhHe;Js;s Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fis murpay; jsj;jpy; gpujpgypg;gJk; mtw;iwg; Ngz Kaw;rpg;gJNk ,tHfspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfshf
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mike;jpUe;jd. 1844 ,y; mbik Kiwik xopg;Gr; rl;lj;ij MWKfk; FkhuRthkp vjpHj;jJk; 1915,y; K];yPk;fSf;F vjpuhf rpq;fsj; jiyikf;F Mjuthf ,uhkehjd; thjpl;lJk; 1920 fspy; fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; rk Mrdk; kw;Wk; rkge;jp Nghrdk; vd;gtw;iwAk; gpd;dH> thf;FupikahdJ ngz;fSf;Fk; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdUf;Fk; toq;fg;gLtijAk; ,tH vjpHj;jJk; jw;nrayhd epfo;Tfs; my;y. ,it jhk; rhHe;Js;s Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ,tHfshy; gpuf;iQg+Htkhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lit. 19k; Ehw;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapypUe;Nj rpq;fsj; jiyikfs; fz;b> fiuNahuk; vd;Wk; XusTf;F rhjp uPjpahfTk; gpsTgl;bUe;j rpq;fs kf;fis xNu Njrkhf xd;wpizj;J tUtij ekJ jiyikfs; mtjhdpj;Nj te;Js;sd. vdpDk;> jkJ nrhe;j kf;fis mtHfspd; NtWghLfisf; fle;J xNu Njrkhf xd;wpizg;gjpy; ,tHfs; vt;tpj mf;fiwAk; nfhs;shj msTf;F ,tHfspd; eyd;fs; ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fspyp;Ue;J me;epag;gl;bUe;jd.
1931 ,y; rHtrd thf;Fupikapd; mwpKfj;- NjhLk; 1948 ,y; "Rje;jpuj;NjhL" cUthd rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,dthjg; Nghf;NfhLk; ,ize;jjhf ekJ kf;fis xNu Njrkhf ,izj;J xU gykpf;f Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLf;ff; $ba epiyikfs; ,Ue;jd. vdpDk;> ,uhkehjd; rHtrd thf;Fupikia vjpHj;Jk; [p. [p. kiyaf kf;fspd; gpu[hTupikiag; gwpf;Fk; rl;lj;ij Mjupj;Jk; nraw;gl;lhHfs;. FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs; %yk; fpof;F mgfupf;fg;gLtij vjpHj;J> xU ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf rPnke;Jj; njhopw;rhiyapYk; fhfpjj; njhopw;fhiyapYk; ,j;jiyik mlq;fp;g; NghdJ. ,t;thW jdJ nrhe;j kf;fspd; murpay; kw;Wk; Njrpa cupikfspYk; rpq;fs ,dthjj;jpdhy; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w jkpo; nkhopiag; NgRfpd;w ,d;ndhU ,dj;jpd; tho;TupikapYk; jhk; nfhz;bUe;j
mf;fiwapd tpNuhjg; g ntspg;gLj ,d;ndhU tho;Tupi murpay;th ,dthjkh jpUg;gg;gLk msTf;F , eyd;fspyp
gpd;dH 19 mwpKfg;gL Mz;Lfspy NghJk;> ek czHtpid ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLf;f jiyikfS murpay; ji %yKk; vj mw;w kht MjuT ms Njrpa c mf;fiwapd ntspg;gLj cupikfis jkJ nrhe Ngzpf; nf
1950fspd; Nghuhl;lq;f ,j;jiyik ntspg;ghlh ,j;jiyi cWjpahd te;j kf;fs jpdhy; ce mike;jpUe cWjpahf murpay; c jiyikfs mfw;wg;gLt
1920 fspypU
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Kiwik khuRthkp ;F vjpuhf uhkehjd; q;fspy; rk Nghrdk; pikahdJ ; g;gLfpd;w Ak; ,tH y;y. ,it puptpdupd; tHfshy; ;lit. 19k; rpq;fsj; ; vd;Wk; gl;bUe;j ;wpizj;J jhdpj;Nj kf;fis e;J xNu s; vt;tpj ,tHfspd; spyp;Ue;J
mwpKfj;- cUthd hf;NfhLk; u Njrkhf af;fj;ij ; ,Ue;jd. ;Fupikia kf;fspd; Mjupj;Jk; ;fs; %yk; Hj;J> xU Lg;gjw;Fg; k; fhfpjj; mlq;fp;g; kf;fspd; k; rpq;fs ;w jkpo; ,dj;jpd; z;bUe;j
mf;fiwapd;ikiaAk;> ,jDhlhf jkJ kf;fs; tpNuhjg; gz;igAk; ,tHfs; gfpuq;fkhf ntspg;gLj;jpdhHfs;. ,e;ehl;by; tho;fpd;w ,d;ndhU ,dkhd kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; tho;Tupikia gwpg;gjpy;> rpq;fs murpay;thjpfsplk; ntspg;gl;l %Hf;fkhd ,dthjkhdJ> jdJ ,dj;jpd; kPJk; jpUg;gg;gLk; vd;gij Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbahj msTf;F ,j;jiyikfspd; eyd;fs; ekJ Njr eyd;fspypUe;J NtWgl;bUe;jd.
gpd;dH 1958 y; rpq;fs nkhopr; rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l NghJk; 1972> 1978 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; murpay; ahg;G khw;wg;gl;l NghJk;> ekJ kf;fspilNa ntspg;gl;l Njrpa czHtpid xd;WFtpj;J khngUk; Njrpa ,af;fj;ij njhlHr;rpahfTk; cWjpahfTk; Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;ba flg;ghL md;iwa jiyikfSf;F ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; rpq;fs murpay; jiyikAld; xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;jjd; %yKk; vj;jifa murpay; mjpfhuq;fSk; mw;w khtl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rigfSf;F MjuT mspj;jjd; %yKk; ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa cupikfspy; jhk; nfhz;bUe;j mf;fiwapd;ikia ,j;jiyikfs; njspthf ntspg;gLj;jpd. ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fisAk; cupikfisAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F gjpyhf> jkJ nrhe;j mjpfhuj;ijAk;> eyd;fisAk; Ngzpf; nfhz;ldH.
1950fspd; gpw;gFjpfspypUe;J ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;g;ld vd;gJ ,j;jiyikfspd; Nghuhl;lf; Fzhk;rq;fspd; ntspg;ghlhf kl;Lk; mikatpy;iy. $lNt> ,j;jiyikf;F ntspNa njhlHr;rpahfTk; cWjpahd tbtpYk; murpay; czHT ngw;W te;j kf;fspd; Nghuhl;l czHtpd; jPtpuj;- jpdhy; ce;jpj; js;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfshf mike;jpUe;jd. ,t;thW ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cWjpahf tsHr;rpaile;J te;j ntF[d murpay; czHTjhd; ,Wjpapy; kuG topj; jiyikfs; ekJ murpay; muq;fpypUe;J mfw;wg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ.
1920 fspypUe;J ekJ kf;fspilNa ntF[d
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murpay; czHT> njhlHe;J tsHr;rpaile;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j ntF[d murpay; czHthdJ ekJ kf;fspilNa rhjp uPjpahf> tHf;f uPjpahf> gpuNjr uPjpahf> ghypd uPjpahf> mlf;fg;gLfpd;w> cupikfs; kWf;fg;gLfp;d;w kf;fs; gpuptpdupilNa fUf;nfhz;L jpuz;nlOe;J tsHe;J te;jpUg;gij njspthf milahsk; fhzKbAk;.
1920 fspy; ghlrhiyfspy; rk Mrdk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w rl;lj;ij nts;shsH vjpHj;jjpdhy; Vw;gl;l NkhjyhdJ> ntF[d murpay; czHtpd; cWjpahd tpj;jhf Kistp;l;lJ. rhjp uPjpahf mlf;;fg;gl;L te;j kf;fs; jkJ r%f cupikfSf;fhf Kd;ndLj;j Nghuhl;lkhf ,J tpsq;fpaJ. 1924 ,y; aho; thypgH nfhq;fpu]; jdJ murpay; ,yf;Ffspy; jPz;lhik xopg;G> midtUf;Fk; thf;Fupik Nghd;w mk;rq;fis cs;slf;ff; $ba msTf;F mlf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
1931 ,y; midtUf;Fk; thf;Fupikfs; toq;fg;gl;lijj; njhlHe;J ekJ kf;fsp- ilNa gy;NtW mbg;gilfspd; fPo; mlf;fg;- gl;L te;j kf;fspd; murpay; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; murpay; czHTk; rLjpahf mjpfupj;jd. jkJ murpay; ,Ug;igg; NgZtjw;Fk; njhlHt- jw;Fk; kf;fspd; Mjutpy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij md;iwa murpay; jiyik Kfq;nfhLj;jJ. ,J kf;fspd; eyd;fs; Fwpj;J mf;fiw nfhs;Sk;gb> Fiwe;j gl;rk; mit Fwpj;Jg; NgRk;gb mtHfis epHg;ge;jpj;jJ. ,t;thW kf;fspd; eyd;fSk; cupikfSk; NgRnghUshtjhdJ> kWGwk; kf;fspd; murpay; czHtpy; Mo;e;j jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kf;fs; jkJ eyd;fs; kw;Wk ;cupikfs; Fwpj;J NkYk; NkYk; rpe;jpf;Fk;gb Jhz;Lfpd;wJ. jkJ eyd;fis GjpJ Gjpjhf milahsk; fhz;gij> mtw;iw njhlHr;rpahf tpupj;Jr; nry;tij ,J rhj;jpakhf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW ekJ kf;fspilNa ntF[d murpay; czHthdJ Gwepiy rhHe;Jk; jd;ndOr;rpahfTk; njhlHr;rpahfTk; tsHr;rpaile;J te;jJ. ntF[d czHtpd;
,j;jifa mUzhr;r Njhy;tpf;F ntw;wpf;Fk gFjpapy; xJf;fg;gl jiyik fhuzkhf
Rje;jpuj;j Kd;ndLj; kf;fspd; , mike;jpU kf;fisAk ,d;dKk; j ekJ kf jiyikapY epWtg;gl;bU tho;fpd;w cupikfS xU ePl;rp jkpoHfspd jiyikfs cl;gLj;jj jPtpukhd N kw;Wk; t kPdtHfS Vw;gLj;jg fhq;Nfrd;J rPnke;J nj Kf;fpaj;J jq;fSil murpay; mf;fiwf;F rpwpyq;fh m murpay; c mtHfspd ,e;j mur ,af;fj;jpy Ftptjw;Fk mbg;gil tPupak; nj Kf;fpa mike;jpUf
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;rpaile;J murpay; jp uPjpahf> pd uPjpahf> ;fg;gLfp;d;w ;nfhz;L njspthf
Mrdk; rl;lj;ij khjyhdJ> hd tpj;jhf ;gl;L te;j d;ndLj;j ,y; aho; yf;Ffspy; hf;Fupik ;ff; $ba d; ,e;jg;
;jJ.
;Fupikfs; kf;fsp- ; mlf;fg;- paj;JtKk; ;jd. jkJ ; njhlHt- ;fpapUf;f murpay; kf;fspd; hs;Sk;gb> ; NgRk;gb kf;fspd; htjhdJ> py; Mo;e;j ;fs; jkJ ;J NkYk; ;wJ. jkJ ; fhz;gij> ;tij ,J ;fspilNa Gwepiy r;rpahfTk; czHtpd;
,j;jifa tsHr;rpjhd; 1940fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; mUzhr;ryk; kfhNjthtpd; murpay; Njhy;tpf;Fk; jkpo;f; nfhq;fpu]pd; murpay; ntw;wpf;Fk; gpd;dH 1940 fspd; filrpg; gFjpapy; jkpo;f; nfhq;fpu]; jiyik xJf;fg;gl;L jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; murpay; jiyik epWtg;gLtjw;Fk; mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jpUe;jd.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dH rpwpyq;fh muR Kd;ndLj;j ,dthj eltbf;iffs; ekJ kf;fspd; ,d;ndhU mlf;fg;gl;l gpuptpduhf mike;jpUe;j fpof;F kf;fisAk; td;dp kf;fisAk; jhf;fpd. gpuNjr Kuz;ghLfs; ,d;dKk; jPtpukhf ntspg;glhj nghOjpYk;> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; jsj;jpYk; jiyikapYk; aho; Mjpf;fkhdJ cWjpahf epWtg;gl;bUe;jJ. aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F ntspNa tho;fpd;w ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fSk; cupikfSk; (tpjptpyf;fhf aho; jkpoHfspd; xU ePl;rpahd nfhOk;G Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jkpoHfspd; eyd;fs; jtpu) ,e;j murpay; jiyikfspdhy; NeHikahd mf;fiwf;F cl;gLj;jjg;gltpy;iy. murpay; jsj;jpy; jPtpukhd NgRnghUshf;fg;gltpy;iy. fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dp jkpo; tptrhapfSf;Fk; kPdtHfSf;Fk; rpwpyq;fh murpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j ghjpg;Gf;fis tpl fhq;Nfrd;Jiwapy; epHkhzpf;fg;gltpUe;j rPnke;J njhopw;rhiy ,e;jj; jiyikfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f tplakhf mike;jJ. jq;fSila eyd;fSk; cupikfSk; jkJ murpay; jiykfspdhy; Nghjpa mf;fiwf;Fl;gLj;jg;glhj NghjpYk; ,e;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; mlf;FKiwfshy; kf;fspd; murpay; czHT gytPdg;gltpy;iy. khwhf> mtHfspd; czHT gd;klq;F gyg;gl;lJ. ,e;j murpay; czHTjhd; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ,e;j kf;fs; gpujhd rf;jpahf Ftptjw;Fk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; gz;gpy; mbg;gil khw;wk; Vw;gLtjw;Fk; mjd; tPupak; njhlHr;rpahf Ngzg;gLtjw;Fkhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fspy; xd;whf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
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1960 fspy; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gl;l kf;fspilNa gputfpj;j vOr;rpahdJ mtHfsJ murpay; czHtpd; ,d;ndhU tsHr;rp epiyiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. 1920 fspy; Nghyy;yhJ ,k;Kiw ,tHfspd; vOr;rp> mikg;G tbitAk; jiyik topfhl;liyAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,J> ,e;j 40 tUl fhyj;jpw;Fs; ,tHfspd; murpay; czHT mile;J te;Js;s cWjpahd tsHr;rpiaj; njspthf vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sJ. ,J mlf;fg;gl;l kf;fspy; vOr;rpia kl;Lk; ntspg;gLj;- jtpy;iy. $lNt md;iwa jkpoH jiy- ikf;Fs; Gije;jpUe;j rhjpa cs;slf;fj;ijAk; kf;fs; tpNuhjg; gz;igAk; mk;gyg;gLj;jpaJ. rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gl;l kf;fspilNa tsHe;J te;Js;s murpay; czHTjhd; 1975 ,ilj;NjHjypy;> nfsutj;jpw;Fk; Nerpg;Gf;F- Kupa ekJ jiytuhf tpsq;fpa nry;tehafj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; Nghl;bapl;l fk;Adp];l; fl;rp Ntl;ghsH tp. nghd;dk;gyk; fzprkhd thf;Ffisg; ngWtjw;Fk; 1977 NjHjypy; ,uh[ypq;fj;jpd; ntw;wpf;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ.
ngz;fspd; vOr;rpahdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ngz;fspd; vOr;rpahdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ngz;fspd; vOr;rpahdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ngz;fspd; vOr;rpahdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ngz;fspd; vOr;rpahdJ ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; epHzafukhd jhf;fj;ij epfo;j;jpa ,af;fj;jpy; epHzafukhd jhf;fj;ij epfo;j;jpa ,af;fj;jpy; epHzafukhd jhf;fj;ij epfo;j;jpa ,af;fj;jpy; epHzafukhd jhf;fj;ij epfo;j;jpa ,af;fj;jpy; epHzafukhd jhf;fj;ij epfo;j;jpa ,d;DnkhU fhuzpahf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,d;DnkhU fhuzpahf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,d;DnkhU fhuzpahf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,d;DnkhU fhuzpahf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,d;DnkhU fhuzpahf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ekJ kf;fspd; rfy r%fg; gpuptpdupilAk; ekJ kf;fspd; rfy r%fg; gpuptpdupilAk; ekJ kf;fspd; rfy r%fg; gpuptpdupilAk; ekJ kf;fspd; rfy r%fg; gpuptpdupilAk; ekJ kf;fspd; rfy r%fg; gpuptpdupilAk; ngz;fspd; epiyikahd xg;gPl;lstpy; ngz;fspd; epiyikahd xg;gPl;lstpy; ngz;fspd; epiyikahd xg;gPl;lstpy; ngz;fspd; epiyikahd xg;gPl;lstpy; ngz;fspd; epiyikahd xg;gPl;lstpy; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wpUe;jJk; nrhj;Jupikapy; gq;F> Rje;jpuk; ngw;wpUe;jJk; nrhj;Jupikapy; gq;F> Rje;jpuk; ngw;wpUe;jJk; nrhj;Jupikapy; gq;F> Rje;jpuk; ngw;wpUe;jJk; nrhj;Jupikapy; gq;F> Rje;jpuk; ngw;wpUe;jJk; nrhj;Jupikapy; gq;F> tho;ehs; KOtJ jdJ ngw;Nwhupd; tho;ehs; KOtJ jdJ ngw;Nwhupd; tho;ehs; KOtJ jdJ ngw;Nwhupd; tho;ehs; KOtJ jdJ ngw;Nwhupd; tho;ehs; KOtJ jdJ ngw;Nwhupd; FLk;gj;Jld; tho;fpd;w epiy Nghd;witAk; FLk;gj;Jld; tho;fpd;w epiy Nghd;witAk; FLk;gj;Jld; tho;fpd;w epiy Nghd;witAk; FLk;gj;Jld; tho;fpd;w epiy Nghd;witAk; FLk;gj;Jld; tho;fpd;w epiy Nghd;witAk; ePz;lfhykhfNt ngz;fspd; tho;tpYk; ePz;lfhykhfNt ngz;fspd; tho;tpYk; ePz;lfhykhfNt ngz;fspd; tho;tpYk; ePz;lfhykhfNt ngz;fspd; tho;tpYk; ePz;lfhykhfNt ngz;fspd; tho;tpYk; czHtpYk; xusT Rje;jpuj; jd;ik Vw;gl czHtpYk; xusT Rje;jpuj; jd;ik Vw;gl czHtpYk; xusT Rje;jpuj; jd;ik Vw;gl czHtpYk; xusT Rje;jpuj; jd;ik Vw;gl czHtpYk; xusT Rje;jpuj; jd;ik Vw;gl fhuzkhf mike;jd. fhuzkhf mike;jd. fhuzkhf mike;jd. fhuzkhf mike;jd. fhuzkhf mike;jd. 20 k; Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ngz;fs;> Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; KiwrhH fy;tpfw;f Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapy; fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dp gFjpfspy; efuthf;fk; JupjkhdNjhL ,ize;jjhf mq;Fk; ngz;fspd; fy;tp fw;Fk; MHtk; mjpfupj;jJ. 1931 ,y; ngz;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l thf;Fupik mtHfspd; murpay; gq;Fgw;wiy mjpfupj;jJ. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dH mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
jha;nkhopf ngz;fs; Nghd;wit r%fg; gpupi tha;g;ig Vw Vwf;Fiw vz;zpf;if fw;gtHfsh Clhf xU NkYk; mj gd;Kf mw tpisthf Mog;gl;lJ
,g;NghJ 1 fy;tpf;fhd ahg;gpd; % ehlhf kh murpay; rhj;jpakhf;f muRf;F vj vOe;j Ngh gbj;j ,i ngz;fspd jPtpug;gLj;j murpay; Nk gpur;rhufHfs $l;lzp ng epoy; ghu fhyj;ij Nfhuf;$ba czHT jPt mopg;Gfspd czHthdJ nfhz;lJ ntd;nwL;g jpushfTk gq;Fnfhs;f czHT t ngz;fspd gbg;gbahd kuGtopj; ji ghupa jhf mj;jiyi
64

f;fg;gl;l r;rpahdJ ,d;ndhU 1920 fspy; ; vOr;rp> hl;liyAk; hyj;jpw;Fs; mile;J ; njspthf lf;fg;gl;l tspg;gLj;- poH jiy- f;fj;ijAk; ;gLj;jpaJ. ;fspilNa jhd; 1975 Nerpg;Gf;F- psq;fpa ghl;bapl;l hd;dk;gyk; w;Fk; 1977 tw;wpf;Fk;
spd; Njrpa spd; Njrpa spd; Njrpa spd; Njrpa spd; Njrpa epfo;j;jpa epfo;j;jpa epfo;j;jpa epfo;j;jpa epfo;j;jpa f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. pdupilAk; pdupilAk; pdupilAk; pdupilAk; pdupilAk; Pl;lstpy; Pl;lstpy; Pl;lstpy; Pl;lstpy; Pl;lstpy; apy; gq;F> apy; gq;F> apy; gq;F> apy; gq;F> apy; gq;F> w;Nwhupd; w;Nwhupd; w;Nwhupd; w;Nwhupd; w;Nwhupd; d;witAk; d;witAk; d;witAk; d;witAk; d;witAk; tho;tpYk; tho;tpYk; tho;tpYk; tho;tpYk; tho;tpYk; ;ik Vw;gl ;ik Vw;gl ;ik Vw;gl ;ik Vw;gl ;ik Vw;gl w;whz;bd; Fwpg;ghf y;tpfw;f py; fpof;F uthf;fk; mq;Fk; jpfupj;jJ. thf;Fupik jpfupj;jJ. Lj;jg;gl;l
jha;nkhopf; fy;tp> ,ytrf; fy;tp> jdpahd ngz;fs; ghlrhiyapd; mjpfupg;Gg; Nghd;wit ekJ kf;fspd; ngUk;ghyhd r%fg; gpupitr; NrHe;j ngz;fs;> fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpd. 1970 fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa Mz;fSf;F rkkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; ekJ kf;fs; ngz;fSk; fy;tp fw;gtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. fy;tp tho;Tf;F Clhf xUGwk; ngz;fspd; mirtpaf;fk; NkYk; mjpfupj;jJ. kWGwk; mtHfspilNa gd;Kf mwpTj;jpul;rp ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf ngz;fspd; Rje;jpu czHT NkYk; Mog;gl;lJ. jPtpukile;jJ.
,g;NghJ 1972 ,y; jkJ gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;G gwpf;fg;gl;lJk; murpay; ahg;gpd; %ykhf ,e;j ehL ngsj;j rpq;fs ehlhf khw;wg;gl;lJk; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; murpay; czHT Ntfkhfj; jpus;tij rhj;jpakhf;fpd. 1970 fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; rpwpyq;fh muRf;F vjpuhf ekJ kf;fspilNa Gayha; vOe;j Nghuhl;lq;fs;> ngz;fspd; Fwpg;ghf> gbj;j ,isa jiyKiwiar; NrHe;j ngz;fspd; murpay; czHit NkYk; jPtpug;gLj;jpd. jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpapd; murpay; Nkilfspy; ngz;fs; czHr;rpkpf;f gpur;rhufHfshf khwpdhHfs;. jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp nghJr;rig mkHtpy; jdpehl;Lf;Fupa epoy; ghuhSkd;wj;ij mikg;gjw;fhd fhyj;ij tiuaWf;Fk;gb Jzpr;rYld; Nfhuf;$ba mstpw;F ngz;fspd; murpay; czHT jPtpuk; ngw;wpUe;jjJ. 1977> 1983 ,d mopg;Gfspd; Clhf ngz;fspd; murpay; czHthdJ vd;Wkpy;yhj msTf;F vOr;rp nfhz;lJ. jkpoPo tpLjiyia ntd;nwL;g;gjw;fhd MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jpushfTk; NeubahfTk; jPtpukhfTk; gq;Fnfhs;fpw msTf;F ngz;fspd; murpay; czHT tsHr;rpaile;jJ. ,t;thW ekJ ngz;fspd; murpay; czHtpy; Vw;gl;L te;j gbg;gbahdJk; cWjpahdJkhd tsHr;rp> kuGtopj; jiyikfspy; murpay; mbj;jsj;jpy; ghupa jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL 

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fhuzkhfpaJ.
,tw;NwhL ,isa jiyKiwapd; kj;jpapy; murpay; czHthdJ Ntfkhf gutpf; fdpe;jJ. xU r%fg; gpupT vd;w tifapy; ,isa jiyKiwapd; murpay; jPtpuk; 1920 fspy; njspthf ntspg;gl;lJ. aho; thypgH nfhq;fpu]pd; Clhf> fpsHr;rp kpf;f tbtpy; jkJ [dehafj; jd;ikahd> Kw;Nghf;fhd murpay; czHtpid ,tHfs; ntspg;gLj;jpdhHfs;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 1931j; NjHjiy ntw;wpfukhf gfp];fupj;jjd; %yk;> jkJ Nghuhl;l Mw;wiy ,tHfs; njspthf ntspg;gLj;jpdhHfs;. mjd; gpd;dH Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F kuGtopj; jiyikfspd; murpay; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F ,tHfs; fl;Lg;gl;L ,Ue;j NghJk;> rpq;fs murpay; jiyikapd; ,dthj Kd;ndLg;Gf;fSk; ekJ jiyikapd; kf;fs; tpNuhj> rkurg; Nghf;FfSk; ,tHfspd; murpay; czHit njhlHr;rpahf tsHj;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ekJ kf;fspd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdHfspdJk; murpay; eyd;fis cjhrPdg;gLj;jpa jkpof; nfhq;fpui] murpay; muq;fpypUe;J mfw;Wtjpy; ,e;j ,isa jiyKiwapdupilNa jpul;rpaile;j murpay; czHT Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jJ. jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; mjd; tsHr;rpf;Fk; ,g;gpuptpdNu mr;rhzpahf mike;jhHfs;. nkhopf; nfhs;iff;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;> rpq;fs = vjpHg;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;> rhjpa vjpHg;Gg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gtw;wpy; jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; KJnfYk;ghfTk; mjd; Nghuhl;l Md;khfTk; ,g;gpuptpdNu tpsq;fpdhHfs;. 1972 jug;gLj;jNyhL ngUfpj; jpuz;l ,tHfspd; murpay; czHT> kuGtopj; jiyikapd; murpay; gytPdj;jpd; kPJ fLe;jhf;Fjiy njhLj;jJ. ,Wjpahf> 1974> 1977> 1981> 1983 ,d mopg;GfSk;> 1982,y; aho;g;ghz Ehyfk; vupf;fg;gl;lJk; ,g;Gjpa jiyKiwapdiu NrHe;j midj;Jg; gpuptpdupd; murpay; czHtpYk; Vw;gLj;jpa jPHf;fkhd jhf;fkhdJ> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; ,tHfs; jiyikg; ghj;jpuk; ngwTk; kuGtopj; jiyikia murpay; muq;fpypUe;J Kw;whff;
nfy;yp vwpt
,t;thW e kw;Wk; m te;jpUf;fpd te;jpUf;fpd Njrpa ,af ce;Jrf;jpa czHT> e cs;slf;fj Nghuhl;l cWjpahf te;jpUf;fpd murpay; c vd;w Nfhh Nfhhpf;ifa Njrj;jpw;nf caH tbtj ,af;fj;jpd; tHf;f uPjpah epiyapy; NgZtjpy gy;NtW cs;slf;fg Njr ey mbg;gila ekJ Njrpa rl;l thj tbtq;fspy Nghuhl;lq;f Nghuhl;l t gupzhkki Nghf;fpd; ikakhdJ kw;Wk; f jiyika Mjpf;f e mlf;fg;gL nrd;wpUf;f midj;Jk murpay; uPj gpuptpdH k te;Js;s rhj;jpakhf
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; kj;jpapy; pf; fdpe;jJ. ; ,isa 920 fspy; ; thypgH btpy; jkJ d murpay; ;jpdhHfs;. w;wpfukhf Mw;wiy fs;. mjd; kuGtopj; ;F ,tHfs; murpay; g;Gf;fSk; j> rkurg; czHit ;wd. ekJ fspdJk; ;jpa jkpof; ;fpypUe;J ,isa ;j murpay; jkpouRf; Hr;rpf;Fk; ke;jhHfs;. ghuhl;lk;> pa vjpHg;Gg; ; fl;rpapd; Nghuhl;l hHfs;. 1972 ,tHfspd; yikapd; hf;Fjiy 1> 1983 ,d Ehyfk; iwapdiu murpay; hf;fkhdJ> y; ,tHfs; kuGtopj; Kw;whff;
nfy;yp vwptjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpd.
,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahf xJf;fg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Njhd;wp> tsHe;J te;jpUf;fpd;w murpay; czHthdJ ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,af;fg; Nghf;fpy; mbg;gil ce;Jrf;jpahf mike;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j czHT> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; murpay; cs;slf;fj;jpYk; murpay; ,yf;FfspYk; mjd; Nghuhl;l tbtj;jpYk; gbg;gbahfTk; cWjpahfTk; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. jkpo; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; murpay; cs;slf;fkhdJ> Muk;gj;jpy; 50:50 vd;w Nfhhpf;ifapypUe;J> gpd;dH rk\;b Nfhhpf;ifahf khw;wkile;J> ,Wjpapy; ekJ Njrj;jpw;nfd jdpahd muir epWTjy; vd;w caH tbtj;ij ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; murpay; ,yf;Ffs;> rhjp uPjpahfTk; tHf;f uPjpahfTk; fUj;jpay; uPjpahfTk; Mjpf;f epiyapy; cs;s gpuptpdupd; eyd;fisg; NgZtjpy; ,Ue;J gbg;gbNa ekJ kf;fspd; gy;NtW gpuptpdHfspd; eyd;fisAk; cs;slf;fg;gLtjhf khw;wkile;J>  rl;l thjq;fs;> tpz;zg;gk; Nghd;w tbtq;fspy; ,Ue;J xg;ge;jq;fs; ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; vd;w tbtj;jpd; Clhf MAjg; Nghuhl;l tbtkhf ekJ kf;fspd; Nghuhl;lk; gupzhkkile;Js;sJ. ,j;jifa ,af;fg; Nghf;fpd; Clhf> murpay; Nghuhl;l ikakhdJ aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;J td;dp kw;Wk; fpof;F Nehf;fpAk; murpay; jiyikahdJ rhjp kw;Wk; tHf;f uPjpapy; Mjpf;f epiyapy; ,Ug;gtHfsplkpUe;J mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdiuAk; Nehf;fpAk; nrd;wpUf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa khw;wq;fs; midj;Jk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; mlf;fg;gl;Lk; murpay; uPjpapy; xJf;fg;gl;Lk; te;jpUf;fp;d;w gpuptpdH kj;jpapy; jplkhf tsHr;rpaile;J te;Js;s murpay; czHtpdhy; rhj;jpakhffg;gl;Ls;sd.
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1970 fspd; ,Wjpg; gFjp tiu ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ikakhf mjd; nfhjpfskhf aho;g;ghzNk mike;jpUe;jJ. r%fg; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu uPjpahd fhuzpfSk; rhjpa> tHf;f Mjpf;fKk; ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jd. vdpDk;> ekJ kf;fspilNa r%fg; nghUshjhu fyhr;rhu mk;rq;fspy; Vw;gl;L te;j njhlHr;rpahd khw;wq;fSk; Gwj;Nj njhlHr;rpahf mjpfupj;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,dntwp mlf;FKiw- fSk; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ikaj;ij aho;g;- ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dpf;F ,lk;ngaHj;Js;sd. Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ,yf;Ffs; ngupJk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; nrwpe;jpUe;j rhjpa> tHf;f Mjpf;f rf;jpfspd; eyd;fisAk; gbj;j> murhq;f CopaHfspd; eyd;fisAk; fhg;gjpy; ,Ue;J tpyfp fpof;fpYk; td;dpapYk; nrwpe;Js;s tptrhapfspdJk; kPdtHfspdJk; tpspk;Gepiy kf;fspdJk; eyd;fisAk; cupikfisAk; ghJfhg;gij Nehf;fp gbg;gbNa efHe;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW Nghuhl;l ,yf;Ffspy; mjd; cs;slf;fj;jpYk; Nghuhl;l tbtj;jpYk; Vw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g Nghuhl;lj; jiyikapYk; khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,J aho; irt Ntshs Mjpf;fg; gpuptpduJk; tHf;f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdJk; jiyikapy; ,Ue;Jk; gpd;dH gbj;j caH kj;jpa tHf;fg; gpuptpypUe;Jk; tpyfp> rhjp uPjpahf tHf;f uPjpahf ghypd uPjpahf kw;Wk; gpuNjr uPjpahf mlf;fg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w gpuptpdiu Nehf;fp cWjpahf efHe;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW ekJ Njrj;jpYs;s gy;NtW mlf;fg;gLfp;d;w gpuptpdupd; murpay; gq;Nfw;gpd; jpul;rpahf MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; cUthfpd. jkf;fpilNa epytpa NtWghLfs; fle;J> xNu Njrk; vd;w czHtpd; mbg;gilapy; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhz;l mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; gpuptpdiu cs;slf;fpa murpay; epWtdq;fshf> MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; cUthfpd. ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; gz;G uPjpapy; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; eyd;fis cWjpahf gpujpgypf;fhj NghjpYk;> msTuPjpahf ,k;kf;fspd; murpay;
jiyikfs Vida M mopj;Jk;> m jilnra;Jk jdpj;jiyi epiyepWj;j mlf;fg;gL jdpj;jiy nfhz;Ls;s
ekJ kf ekJ kf ekJ kf ekJ kf ekJ kf ve;jsTf;F ve;jsTf;F ve;jsTf;F ve;jsTf;F ve;jsTf;F kf;fspd; c kf;fspd; c kf;fspd; c kf;fspd; c kf;fspd; c muRf;F muRf;F muRf;F muRf;F muRf;F me;jsTf;F me;jsTf;F me;jsTf;F me;jsTf;F me;jsTf;F epuhfupf;fg epuhfupf;fg epuhfupf;fg epuhfupf;fg epuhfupf;fg mfw;wg;gl mfw;wg;gl mfw;wg;gl mfw;wg;gl mfw;wg;gl murpay; kwf;fg;gl;l uPjpahfTk; Mq;fpNya nraw;gl;l kUkfd; Kj;Jf;Fkh murpay; t Kw;wfhf Mq;fpNya Fuy; nfhLj ,uhkhehjd epidtha; ciuahly ,dthjj;j tifapy; m tuyhw;wpy; KbfpwJ. j khwhf rpq;f ,ize;J epidT$Ht ahUNk ,U ekJ kf;f nfhq;fpu]; fspd; ,W ,ize;jj tpl;lJ. 19
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kf;fspd; jpfskhf . r%fg; uPjpahd k; ,jw;Ff; k;> ekJ fyhr;rhu lHr;rpahd mjpfupj;J lf;FKiw- j aho;g;- ; td;dpf;F ,yf;Ffs; e;j rhjpa> Ak; gbj;j> k; fhg;gjpy; d;dpapYk; HfspdJk; ;fisAk; Nehf;fp . ,t;thW f;fj;jpYk; ;jpUf;fpd;w yikapYk; . ,J aho; Jk; tHf;f ; ,Ue;Jk; tHf;fg; f;f uPjpahf uPjpahf iu Nehf;fp ;thW ekJ g;gLfp;d;w jpul;rpahf Uthfpd. le;J> xNu apy; ekJ nfhz;l s;slf;fpa ; Nghuhl;l kg;Gf;fs; kf;fspd; NghjpYk;> murpay;
jiyikfshf ,it tpsq;fpd. ,Wjpapy; Vida MAjg;Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fis mopj;Jk;> mtw;wpd; murpay; nraw;ghLfisj; jilnra;Jk;> jd;id ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;jiyikahf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G epiyepWj;jpa NghJ> $lNt me;j mikg;G mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; msTuPjpahd jdpj;jiyikahfTk; jd;id epWtpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; jiyikfs; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; jiyikfs; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; jiyikfs; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; jiyikfs; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; jiyikfs; ve;jsTf;F kf;fspd; eyd;fisf; iftpl;L ve;jsTf;F kf;fspd; eyd;fisf; iftpl;L ve;jsTf;F kf;fspd; eyd;fisf; iftpl;L ve;jsTf;F kf;fspd; eyd;fisf; iftpl;L ve;jsTf;F kf;fspd; eyd;fisf; iftpl;L kf;fspd; czHTfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mjpf;f kf;fspd; czHTfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mjpf;f kf;fspd; czHTfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mjpf;f kf;fspd; czHTfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mjpf;f kf;fspd; czHTfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mjpf;f muRf;F rhjfkhf nraw;gl;ldNth muRf;F rhjfkhf nraw;gl;ldNth muRf;F rhjfkhf nraw;gl;ldNth muRf;F rhjfkhf nraw;gl;ldNth muRf;F rhjfkhf nraw;gl;ldNth me;jsTf;F mj;jiyikfs; kf;fspdhy; me;jsTf;F mj;jiyikfs; kf;fspdhy; me;jsTf;F mj;jiyikfs; kf;fspdhy; me;jsTf;F mj;jiyikfs; kf;fspdhy; me;jsTf;F mj;jiyikfs; kf;fspdhy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. murpaypypUe;J mit epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. murpaypypUe;J mit epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. murpaypypUe;J mit epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. murpaypypUe;J mit epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. murpaypypUe;J mit mfw;wg;gl;ld. ,Wjpapy; mfw;wg;gl;ld. ,Wjpapy; mfw;wg;gl;ld. ,Wjpapy; mfw;wg;gl;ld. ,Wjpapy; mfw;wg;gl;ld. ,Wjpapy;> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; epidTfspypUe;J vspjpy; kwf;fg;gl;ld. ekJ kf;fsplkpUe;J gpuNjr uPjpahfTk; czHT uPjpahfTk; tpyfpapUe;j> Mq;fpNya murpd; KO tpRthrpfshfr; nraw;gl;l MWKfk; FkhuRthkp mtuJ kUkfd; vjpHkd;d rpq;fk; kfd; Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp Nghd;NwhH ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;Wg; gf;fq;fspy; ,Ue;J Kw;wfhfNt mopf;fg;gl;L tpl;ldH. Mq;fpNyaHfSf;F vjpuhf murpay; uPjpapy; Fuy; nfhLj;jtH vd;w xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhfNt ,uhkhehjdpd; ngaH nky;ypa murpay; epidtha; ,d;dKk; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ciuahly;fspy; njhf;fp epw;fpd;wJ. rpq;fs ,dthjj;jpypUe;J Kwpj;Jf; nfhz;ltH vd;w tifapy; mUzhr;ryk; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; kq;fhg; Gs;spaha; epiyj;J epw;f KbfpwJ. jdJ jfg;gdpd; murpay; Nghf;Ff;F khwhf rpq;fs murpay; jiyikAld; kPz;Lk; ,ize;J nfhz;l kfhNjthit epidT$Htjw;F ekJ kf;fspy; ,Jtiu ahUNk ,Ue;jjpy;iy. 1940 fspd; Muk;gj;jp;y; ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ghijapy; jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; Vw;gLj;jpa cWjpahd jlk; 1940 fspd; ,Wjpapy; mJ rpwpyq;fh murpy; ,ize;jjd; %yk; Kw;whf mopf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ. 1950fspy; Gj;njOr;rpAld; jkpoH
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jiyikahf caHe;J epd;w jkpouR fl;rp> 1965,y; rpwpyq;fh muRld; $l;Lr; NrHe;jjd; %yk; jdJ ngUikkpF milahsj;ij ,oe;Jtpl;lJ. kuGtop Mjpf;fj; jiyikapd;; filrpf; $l;lhf mike;jpUe;j jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj rpwpyq;fh murpdJk; ,e;jpa murpdJk; fhybapy;> mtw;wpd; Mjutpy; jq;fpapUe;jjd; %yk; jdJ murpay; kiwit jhNd cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. 1980 fspy; cUthd MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; jtpHe;j Vida midj;J mikg;- Gf;fspd; jiyikfs;> gy;NtW fhuzq;f- spdhy;> ,Wjpepiyapy; ,e;jpa murplKk; gpd;dH rpwpyq;fh murplKk; ruzile;jjd; %yk; ekJ kf;fspd; kdq;fspy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thW jkpoH murpay; jiyikfs; jkJ kf;fSld; ,ize;J epw;Fk;tiu mit> kf;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gL- tJk; kf;fspd; eyd;fSf;F tpNuhjkhf> kf;fs; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w muRfSld; ,izAk;NghJ> mj;jiyikfs; kf;fspdhy; Jhf;fpnawpag;gLtJk; xU tpjp Nghd;Nw jkpo;Njr murpaypy; epyTfpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ> ,g;NghJ> ,g;NghJ> ,g;NghJ> ,g;NghJ> tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G> ekJ Njrpa tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G> ekJ Njrpa tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G> ekJ Njrpa tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G> ekJ Njrpa tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikahf khwpapUg;gjw;Fk; ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikahf khwpapUg;gjw;Fk; ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikahf khwpapUg;gjw;Fk; ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikahf khwpapUg;gjw;Fk; ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikahf khwpapUg;gjw;Fk; kf;fspd; Mjuit ngw;wpUg;gjw;Fkhd Kf;fpa kf;fspd; Mjuit ngw;wpUg;gjw;Fkhd Kf;fpa kf;fspd; Mjuit ngw;wpUg;gjw;Fkhd Kf;fpa kf;fspd; Mjuit ngw;wpUg;gjw;Fkhd Kf;fpa kf;fspd; Mjuit ngw;wpUg;gjw;Fkhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fshf kf;fspd; Njrpa eyd;fSld; fhuzq;fshf kf;fspd; Njrpa eyd;fSld; fhuzq;fshf kf;fspd; Njrpa eyd;fSld; fhuzq;fshf kf;fspd; Njrpa eyd;fSld; fhuzq;fshf kf;fspd; Njrpa eyd;fSld; mJ ,ize;J epw;gijAk; rpwpyq;fh kw;Wk; mJ ,ize;J epw;gijAk; rpwpyq;fh kw;Wk; mJ ,ize;J epw;gijAk; rpwpyq;fh kw;Wk; mJ ,ize;J epw;gijAk; rpwpyq;fh kw;Wk; mJ ,ize;J epw;gijAk; rpwpyq;fh kw;Wk; ,e;jpa muRfSf;F vjpuhf mJ cWjpAld; ,e;jpa muRfSf;F vjpuhf mJ cWjpAld; ,e;jpa muRfSf;F vjpuhf mJ cWjpAld; ,e;jpa muRfSf;F vjpuhf mJ cWjpAld; ,e;jpa muRfSf;F vjpuhf mJ cWjpAld; Nghuhb tUtijAk; milahsk; fhz Nghuhb tUtijAk; milahsk; fhz Nghuhb tUtijAk; milahsk; fhz Nghuhb tUtijAk; milahsk; fhz Nghuhb tUtijAk; milahsk; fhz KbAk;.KbAk;.KbAk;.KbAk;.KbAk;.
MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fSk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jdpj;jiyikAk;: kuGtopj; jiyikfis kl;Lkd;wp> jdf;fUNf> jd;Dld; Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fisAk; murpay; muq;fpypUe;J mfw;wp> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj; jiyikahf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G vt;thW jd;id epWtpf; nfhz;lJ? rhjpa>
tHf;f> fU nfhz;bUe;j kw;Wk; rpwpy ngw;wpUe;j Gf;fisAk ntspNaw;w jiyiki epiyehl;l
ekJ Njr Nghuhl;l epiyngw;wj mike;jJ. vd;w ,yl;r $ba jpw mtrpakhd Nghuhl;lk; c mlf;FKi epWtd ,ire;jjh nghUj;jkh Njrpa ,af cWjpahd
1983 ,d mikg;Gf;f Gwf;fhuzpa "rpwpaJk;" MAjg;Nghu ,af;fj;jpy yhdit a cUthfpa zkiy> ikakhff; cUthfpd.
,e;j MA ,e;j MA ,e;j MA ,e;j MA ,e;j MA ,ize;J ,ize;J ,ize;J ,ize;J ,ize;J kf;fspd; t kf;fspd; t kf;fspd; t kf;fspd; t kf;fspd; t nfhz;bUe nfhz;bUe nfhz;bUe nfhz;bUe nfhz;bUe jdpahd e jdpahd e jdpahd e jdpahd e jdpahd e Rje;jpu c Rje;jpu c Rje;jpu c Rje;jpu c Rje;jpu c ,Ue;jhHfs ,Ue;jhHfs ,Ue;jhHfs ,Ue;jhHfs ,Ue;jhHfs mile;J n mile;J n mile;J n mile;J n mile;J n mHg;gzpf mHg;gzpf mHg;gzpf mHg;gzpf mHg;gzpf
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ouR fl;rp> ; NrHe;jjd; ahsj;ij yikapd;; ;j jkpoH ;jpypUe;Nj murpdJk; papUe;jjd; t jhNd ; cUthd tpLjiyg; mikg;- fhuzq;f- murplKk; ile;jjd; y; ,Ue;J H murpay; ,ize;J hpf;fg;gL- hf> kf;fs; uRfSld; f;fspdhy; p Nghd;Nw . ,g;NghJ> ,g;NghJ> ,g;NghJ> ,g;NghJ> ,g;NghJ> J Njrpa J Njrpa J Njrpa J Njrpa J Njrpa Ug;gjw;Fk; g;gjw;Fk; Ug;gjw;Fk; g;gjw;Fk; g;gjw;Fk; hd Kf;fpa hd Kf;fpa hd Kf;fpa hd Kf;fpa hd Kf;fpa d;fSld; d;fSld; d;fSld; d;fSld; d;fSld; ;fh kw;Wk; ;fh kw;Wk; ;fh kw;Wk; ;fh kw;Wk; ;fh kw;Wk; WjpAld; WjpAld; WjpAld; WjpAld; WjpAld; k; fhzk; fhzk; fhzk; fhzk; fhz
;fSk; ;gpd;
l;Lkd;wp> Nghl;Lf; Nghuhl;l ;fpypUe;J pd; jdpj; ; mikg;G J? rhjpa>
tHf;f> fUj;jpay; Mjpf;fj;ij jk;trk; nfhz;bUe;j kuGtopj; jiyikiaAk; ,e;jpa kw;Wk; rpwpyq;fh muRfspd; g+uz Mjuitg; ngw;wpUe;j Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;- Gf;fisAk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wp tpLjiyg; Gypfshy; jkJ jiyikia NkYk; NkYk; cWjpahf epiyehl;l Kbe;jik vg;gbr; rhj;jpakhfpaJ?
ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Kjd;ikahd Nghuhl;l tbtkhf> MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; epiyngw;wjhdJ> xU ngUk; jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ. ekJ kf;fspd; fdit> jdpehL vd;w ,yl;rpaj;ij eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhf;ff; $ba jpwd;kpf;f Nghuhl;l tbtkhfTk; mtrpakhd Nghuhl;l KiwahfTk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; cUg;ngw;wJ. rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,d mlf;FKiwfSk; ,d mopg;Gk; Mf;fpukpg;Gk; epWtd tbtk; ngw;W te;jJld; ,ire;jjhfTk; ,tw;iw vjpHg;gjw;Fupa nghUj;jkhd Nghuhl;l tbtkhfTk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;> MAjg; Nghuhl;l tbtk; cWjpahd tsHr;rp ngw;wJ.
1983 ,d mopg;Gf;fs;> MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; tsHr;rpia ce;jpj;js;spa Gwf;fhuzpahf mike;jd. FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; "rpwpaJk;" "ngupaJkhf" 25f;F Nkw;gl;l MAjg;Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; cUthfpd. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;gh- yhdit aho;g;ghzj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L cUthfpa NghjpYk;> kl;lf;fsg;G> jpUNfh- zkiy> tTdpah Nghd;w ,lq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l rpy rpwpa mikg;Gf;fSk; cUthfpd.
,e;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; ,e;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; ,e;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; ,e;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; ,e;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; ,ize;J nfhz;l midtUNk> ekJ ,ize;J nfhz;l midtUNk> ekJ ,ize;J nfhz;l midtUNk> ekJ ,ize;J nfhz;l midtUNk> ekJ ,ize;J nfhz;l midtUNk> ekJ kf;fspd; tpLjiyia jkJ ,yl;rpakhf kf;fspd; tpLjiyia jkJ ,yl;rpakhf kf;fspd; tpLjiyia jkJ ,yl;rpakhf kf;fspd; tpLjiyia jkJ ,yl;rpakhf kf;fspd; tpLjiyia jkJ ,yl;rpakhf nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. ekJ kf;fSf;F vd nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. ekJ kf;fSf;F vd nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. ekJ kf;fSf;F vd nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. ekJ kf;fSf;F vd nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. ekJ kf;fSf;F vd jdpahd ehl;il cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w jdpahd ehl;il cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w jdpahd ehl;il cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w jdpahd ehl;il cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w jdpahd ehl;il cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Rje;jpu czHr;rpahy; ce;jg;gl;ltHfshf Rje;jpu czHr;rpahy; ce;jg;gl;ltHfshf Rje;jpu czHr;rpahy; ce;jg;gl;ltHfshf Rje;jpu czHr;rpahy; ce;jg;gl;ltHfshf Rje;jpu czHr;rpahy; ce;jg;gl;ltHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,e;j caupa ,yl;rpaj;ij ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,e;j caupa ,yl;rpaj;ij ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,e;j caupa ,yl;rpaj;ij ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,e;j caupa ,yl;rpaj;ij ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,e;j caupa ,yl;rpaj;ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf jk;ik KOikahf mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf jk;ik KOikahf mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf jk;ik KOikahf mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf jk;ik KOikahf mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf jk;ik KOikahf mHg;gzpf;ff; $batHfshf ,tHfs; mHg;gzpf;ff; $batHfshf ,tHfs; mHg;gzpf;ff; $batHfshf ,tHfs; mHg;gzpf;ff; $batHfshf ,tHfs; mHg;gzpf;ff; $batHfshf ,tHfs;
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,Ue;jhHfs;. ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,Ue;jhHfs;.
,t;thW gy MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; nraw;gl;ljhdJ> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; gd;Kfj; jiyikfis gpujpgypg;gjhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> rpwpyq;fh murpdJk; mjd; gilfspdJk; mlf;FKiwfs; jPtpukile;J te;jjhy;> gy rpwpa MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ ,Ug;ig Ngz Kbahj epiyikia vjpHnfhz;ld. fLik- ahd rl;lq;fspdhYk; jPtpu NjLjy;fspdhYk; ,r;rpwpa mikg;Gf;fspd; rpy jkJ nraw;ghLfis iftpl Ntz;ba epiyikf;F Mshapd. mNjNeuk; rpy "ngupa" mikg;- Gf;fs; "rpwpa" mikg;Gf;fspd; jiytH- fisAk;> Kf;fpa cWg;gpdHfisAk; jpl;l- kpl;Lf; nfhd;wjd; %yk; me;j "rpwpa" mikg;Gf;fis nrayw;w epiyf;F Mshf;fpd. ,j;jifa epiyfSf;F Clhf> 1985y; Ie;J "ngupa" mikg;Gf;fNshL vd;.vy;.vg;.up.> gp.vy;.vg;.up.> jkpo; kf;fs; ghJfhg;Gg; Nguit> jPg;nghwp... Nghd;w rpy Fwpg;gpl;l "rpwpa" mikg;Gf;fNs nraw;glf; $badthf ,Ue;jd. ,tw;wpy; jkpoPo tpLjiyg; GypfSk;> jkpoPo tpLjiy ,af;fKk; ngupJk; "tyJrhup" Nghf;if gpujpgypg;gitahfTk; Vida mikg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; ",lJrhup" Nghf;iff; nfhz;litahfTk; ,Ue;jd.
ekJ murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; aho;. thypgH nfhq;fpu]pdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Kw;Nghf;F> [dehaf ghuk;gupaj;jpd;> MAjg; Nghuhl;l thupRfshf> ",lJrhup" Nghf;if gpujpgypj;j MAjg; Nghuhl;lf; mikg;Gf;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; tpsq;fpd. ngz;tpLjiy> rhjpa vjpHg;G> KOikahd r%f tpLjiy> tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lk;> Nrhryprj; jkpoPok;... Nghd;w fUj;jhf;fq;fis ntF[dkag;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; jPtpukhfr; nraw;gl;ld. <.k.G.tp.Kd;dzp> rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gL- fpd;w gpuptpdfisAk;> ngz;fisAk; mikg;Gf;Fs; cs;thq;Ftjpy; MHtj;Jld; nraw;gl;lJ. MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ ntWk; ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjy;fs; vd;W FWf;fg;gLtij jtpHj;J> mij kf;fspd;
gq;Nfw;G Nghuhl;lkh Kaw;rpj;jJ Njr tpLji tHf;fg; N kiyafj; vy;iyf;F vj;jdpj;j aho;g;ghzj NghjpYk;> fpof;fpYk; tYthf epW
"rpwpa" m gp.vy;.vg;.up Kd;itj;J jkpoPo tp Nghuhl;lkhf fshfTk; , Nguit> K Nghuhl;lj;j ghJfhj;jy ghriwahdJ Kd;dpWj;j MAjg; N Xq;fpapUe;j vd;gtw;Wf Nghuhl;l mlf;FKi vjpuhfTk ghijapy; Kd;ndLf mikg;Gf;f ikag;gl;b Nghuhl;lk; ghj;jpuk; n mtrpak; MHtKk; n
jkpoPo tpLj tpLjiy , ikag;gl;b rhjPak;> r% Nghd;wit ,e;j ,U
68

kg;Gf;fs; af;fj;jpy; ypg;gjhf murpdJk; Kiwfs; pa MAjg; ;ig Ngz d. fLik- ;fspdhYk; py jkJ piyikf;F " mikg;- jiytH- Ak; jpl;l- j "rpwpa" Mshf;fpd. 85y; Ie;J ;.vy;.vg;.up.> g; Nguit> ;l "rpwpa" badthf ; GypfSk;> "tyJrhup" ; Vida lJrhup" e;jd.
;. thypgH Kw;Nghf;F> ; Nghuhl;l pujpgypj;j uk;gj;jpy; vjpHg;G> tHf;fg; .. Nghd;w Lj;Jtjpy; aw;gl;ld. lf;fg;gL- ;fisAk; Htj;Jld; k; vd;gJ s; vd;W kf;fspd;
gq;Nfw;Gld; $ba xU ePz;lfhy Nghuhl;lkhf tiuaWg;gjw;F j.k.tp.fofk; Kaw;rpj;jJ. jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Njr tpLjiy vd;w vy;iyiaAk; fle;J> xU tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lkhf milahsg;gLj;jp> kiyafj; jkpoHfisAk; vkJ Nghuhl;l vy;iyf;Fs; cl;gLtjw;F <.G.mikg;G vj;jdpj;jJ. ,k;%d;W mikg;Gf;fSk; aho;g;ghzj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L ,aq;fpa NghjpYk;> mjw;F ntspNa td;dp kw;Wk; fpof;fpYk; jkJ murpay; nraw;ghLfis tYthf epWtpapUe;jd.
"rpwpa" mikg;Gf;fspy;> vd;.vy;.vg;.up.> gp.vy;.vg;.up Nghd;wit murpay; jpl;lj;ij Kd;itj;Jr; nraw;gLfpd;w mikg;Gf;fshAk;> jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lkhf Kd;ndLf;f Kad;w mikg;Gf;- fshfTk; ,Ue;jd. jkpo; kf;fs; ghJfhg;Gg; Nguit> KO ,yq;if rhHe;j tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpDlhf> jkpoHfspd; cupikfis ghJfhj;jy; vd;w mbg;gilapy; nraw;gl;lJ. ghriwahdJ> kf;fs; Aj;jk; vd;w nfhs;ifia Kd;dpWj;jpr; nraw;gl;lJ. jPg;nghwpahdJ> MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fSf;Fs; Xq;fpapUe;j mlf;FKiwfs;> mjpfhuj;Jtk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vjpuhfTk;> kf;fs; kPJ MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w mlf;FKiwfs;> kw;Wk; td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhfTk; nraw;gl;lNjhL> Nrh\yprg; ghijapy; jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLf;f Kaw;rpj;jJ. ,e;j "rpwpa" mikg;Gf;fSk; $l> ngupJk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ikag;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk; Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; njhlHghfTk; mjpy; kf;fspd; ghj;jpuk; njhlHghfTk;> r%f khw;wj;jpd; mtrpak; Fwpj;Jk; ,it mf;fiwAk; MHtKk; nfhz;bUe;jd.
jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gk; jkpo;  rhjPak;> r%f khw;wk;> tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lk;... Nghd;wit Fwpj;J MNuhf;fpakhd ghHitfs; ,e;j ,U mikg;Gf;fsplk; epyttpy;iy.
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Vida "ngupa" mikg;Gf;fNshL xg;gpL- ifapy; tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;if Fiwthdjhf ,Ue;jJ. cWg;gpdHfs; ngupJk; aho;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfshfTk;> rhjp uPjpahf Mjpf;fg; gbepiyapy; ,Ue;j gpuptpdHfis mjpfk; nfhz;ltHfshfTk; ,Ue;jhHfs;. aho;g;gh- zj;jpw;F ntspNa kpff; Fiwe;j cWg;gpdHf- isAk;> nraw;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. ngz;fs; MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;gij fLikahf vjpHf;fpd;w mikg;ghf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ,Ue;jJ. ,t;thW> cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;ifapYk;> fUj;jpay; uPjpahfTk; nraw;gug;gpYk; FWfpa jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUe;j tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gj;jhd; 1986 eLg;gFjpapy; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj; jiyikahf jd;id epWtpf; nfhz;lJ.
",lJrhup" Nghf;iff; nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs;> mtw;wpd; jiyikfs; $l> jhk; Kd;itj;j nfhs;iffis czHTg+Htkhf Gupe;J nfhs;shjitfshf ,Ue;jd. ekJ Nghuhl;lr; #oypy;> ,j;jifa nfhs;iffs; eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhtjw;fhd VJepiyfs; gw;wpa njspthd guprPyidfis ,e;j jiyikfs; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> ekJ Njrj;jpy; "tifkhjpupahd" (classical) njhopyhs tHf;fk; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> kiyaf jkpo; njhopyhsHfis ekJ Njrj;Jld; ,ize;J> ekJ Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lkhf Kd;ndLg;gjw;F rpyH Kw;gl;ldH. rpq;fs njhopyhsHfspd; jiyikapd; fPo;> ekJ Njrj;jpd; cupikfis epiyehl;LtJ Fwpj;J NtW rpyH rpe;jpj;jhHfs;. rpyH> rPd khjpupiag; gpd;gw;wp> Gjpa [dehag; Gul;rpia ,q;Fk; rhj;jpakhf;FtJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jhHfs;. jkJ nrhe;j kf;fspd; vjhHj;j epiyapypUe;Jk; jhk; nraw;gLfpd;w Nghuhl;l #oypypUe;Jk; jkJ epiyg;ghLfisAk; Nghuhl;l topKiwfis- Ak; cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf> NtW r%fq;fspy; Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l Nghuhl;lr; #oy;fspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nfhs;iffisAk; topKiwfisAk; ,q;F nghUj;jpg; ghHg;gjpy;
,tHfs; m
,t;thW> " MAjg; N kf;fSlD cs;shHe;J Njrpa ,a rhuj;ij Gupe muRk;> rpq mlf;FKi ,af;fj;jp mike;jpU njhopyhsH ekJ Njr Mf;fpukpg;g If;fpag;gl khwhd xU jkpoHfis %yk; ekJ Nghuhl;lkh epiyg;ghL> kiyafj; j epuhfupf;f ntspg;gLj
kf;fs; Aj;j Nrh\yprk Kw;Nghf;f Lj;jpaNjhL ngz;fis gpuptpdHf Nghuhl;lj;jp gzpiaAk MAjg; Ngh vdpDk; jhk czHTg+Ht fshf ,i Nghuhl;lr; # ypUe;J e topKiwf Kbatpy;i vJTNk Nj Gupjiy n fhuzkhf , ,af;fj;jpy
69

L xg;gpL- cWg;gpdH ,Ue;jJ. zj;ijr; Mjpf;fg; s mjpfk; ;. aho;g;gh- Wg;gpdHf- f ,Ue;jJ. q;Nfw;gij tpLjiyg; cWg;gpdH PjpahfTk; ;ikiaf; kg;Gj;jhd; af;fj;jpd; ; nfhz;lJ.
MAjg; iyikfs; ;iffis itfshf ,j;jifa htjw;fhd idfis ;ftpy;iy. hjpupahd" k; ,y;yhj fis ekJ tpLjiyg; uhl;lkhf H. rpq;fs fPo;> ekJ J Fwpj;J khjpupiag; a ,q;Fk; Hfs;. jkJ e;Jk; jhk; ;Jk; jkJ iwfis- f> NtW Nghuhl;lr; ffisAk; ; ghHg;gjpy;
,tHfs; mjpf mf;fiw nrYj;jpdhHfs;.
,t;thW> ",lJrhup" Nghf;ifg; gpujpgypj;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; ekJ kf;fSlDk; Nghuhl;l #oYlDk; jk;ik cs;shHe;J ,izf;f KbahjpUe;jjhy;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; cl;nghUis> mjd; rhuj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;sj; jtwpdhHfs;. rpwpyq;fh muRk;> rpq;fs ,dthjKk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w mlf;FKiwfSk; Mf;fpukpg;GNk ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Gwepiy ce;Jtpirfshf mike;jpUf;fpd;w epiyapy;> rpq;fs njhopyhsHfs; cl;gl KOr; rpq;fs NjrKk;> ekJ Njr ,Ug;ig mopg;gjpYk; ek;ik Mf;fpukpg;gjpYk; xd;Wgl;bUe;j epiyapy; If;fpag;gl;l Gul;rp vd;gJ vjhHj;j epiyf;F khwhd xU Kbthf ,Ue;jJ. kiyafj; jkpoHfis ekJ Njrj;jpDs; cl;gLj;jtjd; %yk; ekJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lkhf Kd;ndLf;f KbAk; vd;w epiyg;ghL> Njrk; gw;wpa Gupjypd;ikNahL> kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; jdpj;Jtkhd ,Ug;ig epuhfupf;fpd;w "mjpfhug; Nghf;ifAk;" ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
kf;fs; Aj;jk;> tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lk;> [dehafk;> Nrh\yprk;> ngz; tpLjiy . . . Nghd;w Kw;Nghf;fhd fUj;Jf;fis gpur;rhug;g- Lj;jpaNjhL td;dp kw;Wk; fpof;F kf;fisAk; ngz;fisAk; rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdHfisAk; Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jp;w;Fs; cWjpahf ,izj;j Kf;fpa gzpiaAk; ",lJrhup" jd;ik nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; epiwNtw;wpd. vdpDk; jhk; gpur;rhug;gLj;jpa nfhs;iffis czHTg+Htkhf Gupe;Njw;Wf; nfhs;shjtH- fshf ,it ,Ue;jd. ekJ kf;fspdJk;> Nghuhl;lr; #oypdJk; vjhHj;j epiyikfsp- ypUe;J epiyg;ghLfisAk; Nghuhl;l topKiwfisAk; cUthf;f ,tw;wpdhy; Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspy; vJTNk Njrpa ,af;fk; gw;wpa njspthd Gupjiy nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,tw;wpd; fhuzkhf ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspdhy; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; typikahd jhf;fq;fs; vjidAk;
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epfo;j;j Kbatpy;iy.
kf;fs; Aj;jk;> kf;fspd; [dehaf cupikfs; gw;wp jPtpukhfg; Ngrpa ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; jhNk kf;fs; kPJ mlf;FKiwfis gpuNahfpg;gditfshf tpiutpy; khwpd. r%f khw;wk; Fwpj;J gpur;rhuk; nra;tjpy; mf;fiw fhl;ba ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs;> jk;kstpy; fUj;jpay; uPjpahfNth> nraw;ghl;bNyh Gjpa r%f cwTfis Ngz Kaw;rpf;fhjitfshf ,Ue;jd. Nrh\yprj; jkpoPok; Fwpj;J gpur;rhuk; nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;> ,ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;F> Njrq;fspd; rpiwf; $lkhf cs;s ,e;jpa Mjpf;f murpd; jatpy; jq;fpapUe;jd. ngz;tpLjiy gw;wpg; Ngrp> ngz;fis cs;nsLj;j mikg;Gf;fs;> ,Wjpapy; ,e;jg; ngz;fspd; murpay; Md;khit ,opTgLj;J- gitfshf khwpd. ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F ntspNaAk; ekJ nraw;gug;ig tpupj;jpUe;j NghjpYk;> aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fs; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf jPtpukhf gpuaj;jdg;gl;ld.
,t;thW jkJ nrhy;Yf;Fk; nraYf;Fk; ,ilNa ghupa ,ilntsp nfhz;ltHfshf nraw;gl;L te;j ",lJrhup" Nghf;Ff; nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs;> ekJ kf;fspd; msg;gupa mHg;gzpg;Gf;fspdhy; Kd;ndLf;- fg;gl;L nfhz;bUe;j ekJ Njrpak; Fwpj;J cWjpahd epiyg;ghLfis nfhz;buhjit- fshf ,Ue;jd. ve;jj; jdpehl;il Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf ekJ kf;fs; jk;ik mHg;gzpj;J te;jhHfNsh> me;jj; jdpehL Fwpj;J ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; cWjpaw;w epiyg;ghLfis nfhz;bUe;jd. "jdpehlh> If;fpag;gl;l Gul;rpah?" " jPtpu NghHf;Fzhk;rk; mw;witahfTk;> rpwpyq;fh gilfSf;F vjpuhf cWjpahd Kiwapy; jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahjitfsh- fTk; khwpd. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; mtrp-
akhd Ngh MAjg; Ngh Kd;ndLf gytPdki MAjg; N ek;kplk; gytPdj;ij ,it jPtpu ,jd; gpd Rtnuhl;bf mikg;Gf;f isAk; MH gpuRuq;fs; Xa;e;J tplh jPuj;ij nt ,e;j mik MAjg; Ngh nrhw;fspy nfhz;ld. dhy; Fwpf gpuRuq;fs; elj;jg;glhj ntw;wpahf mikg;Gf;fs gytPdj;ij gytPdq;fi ,e;j mi muRf;Fk;> mHg;gzpg jkf;fpilN Rkj;Jtjpy nrYj;jpd.
,t;thW> ek Nghuhl;l Nghuhl;lj;i Kd;ndLf ",lJrhup" mikg;Gf;f rhjpg;gjw;f mikg;Gf;f Nghuhl;lr; n czHTfs mikg;Gf;f
70

cupikfs; kg;Gf;fs; iwfis hwpd. r%f ; mf;fiw k;kstpy; Nyh Gjpa itfshf gpur;rhuk; mile;J khf cs;s ;fpapUe;jd. gz;fis py; ,e;jg; opTgLj;J- kg;Gf;fs; k; ekJ ghjpYk;> pf;fj;ij ;jdg;gl;ld.
raYf;Fk; ;ltHfshf f; nfhz;l kf;fspd; d;ndLf;- k; Fwpj;J ;buhjit- pehl;il ; jk;ik ; jdpehL Wjpaw;w "jdpehlh> ;gJ KO ;nwy;yhk;
Nghf;Ff; ;fs;> jPtpu rpwpyq;fh Kiwapy; jitfsh- ;jpd; mtrp-
akhd Nghuhl;l Kiwahf gupzkpj;jpUe;j MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ij mjd; cr;r epiyapy; Kd;ndLf;f Kbahjitfshf ,it gytPdkile;jd. NghHf;Fzhk;rj;jpYk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLg;gjpYk; ek;kplk; njhlHr;rpahf ntspg;gl;l gytPdj;ij kiwg;gjw;Fupa khw;W topahf> ,it jPtpu gpur;rhu eltbf;iffspy; ,wq;fpd. ,jd; gpd;dH> jkpoPoj;jpd; RtHfs; Rtnuhl;bfshy; kiwf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspd; jPur; nray;fisAk; ntw;wpf- isAk; MHg;ghl;lj;Jld; ntspg;gLj;Jfp;d;w gpuRuq;fs; ehs;NjhWk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;ld. Xa;e;J tplhJ Jg;ghf;fp Kof;fq;fspdhy; jkJ jPuj;ij ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;bapUe;j epiyapy;> ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; (Fwpg;ghf mstpy; "ngupa" MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs;) fdy;ff;Fk; nrhw;fspy; jkJ tPuj;ij> jhNk ghuhl;bf; nfhz;ld. ntw;wp vd;gJ> mjd; tpisTfsp- dhy; Fwpf;fg;gLtjw;F gjpyhf> ,g;NghJ gpuRuq;fs; %yk; gpur;rhug;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. elj;jg;glhj jhf;Fjy;fisAk; $l> khngUk; ntw;wpahf tHzpf;fpd;w msTf;F ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspd; capuhw;wy; tbe;J te;jJ. jkJ gytPdj;ij kiwf;f> Vida mikg;Gf;fspd; gytPdq;fis gpur;rhug;gLj;Jfpd;w epiyf;F> ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; fPopwq;fpd. rpwpyq;fh muRf;Fk;> mjd; gilfSf;Fk; vjpuhf mHg;gzpg;Gld; NghuhLtjw;F gjpyhf> jkf;fpilNa gu];guk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis Rkj;Jtjpy; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; mjpf mf;fiw nrYj;jpd.
,t;thW> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; mtrpakhd Nghuhl;l tbtkhf mike;j MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ij typTlDk; mHg;gzpg;GlDk; Kd;ndLf;f Kbahj mikg;Gf;fshf> ",lJrhup" jd;ik nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; khwpd. jkpoPo tpLjiyia rhjpg;gjw;fhf cWjpAld; Nghuhl Kbahj mikg;Gf;fshf gytPdKw;wd.  ekJ kf;fspd; czHTfspy; jhf;fk; epfo;j;j Kbahj mikg;Gf;fshf ,it nraypoe;J Nghapd.
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,e;j ",lJrhup" jd;ik nfhz;l mikg;Gf;f- Sf;F khwhf> "tyJrhup" jd;ik nfhz;l jkpoPo tpLjiy ,af;fKk;> jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gk; NghHf;Fzhk;rk; epiwe;j- tHfshfTk;> MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ij jPtpukhf Kd;ndLg;gtHfshfTk; tpsq;fpd. Kw;Nghf;- fhd fUj;Jf;fs; kPNjh> r%f khw;wk; Fwpj;Njh mjpf MHtk; nfhz;buhj NghjpYk;> jkpoPok; vd;w ,yl;rpj;jpYk; rpwpyq;fhg; gilfis jkJ vjpupahf ,yf;fhf;FtjpYk; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; cWjpahfTk; czHTg+HtkhfTk; nraw;gl;ld. jkJ nfhs;iffspdhNyh> gpur;rhuq;fspdhNyh my;yhky;> rpwpyq;fh gilfSf;F vjpuhd jkJ ntw;wpfukhd jhf;Fjy;fs; %yk; ,it jk;ik milahsg;gLj;jpd. xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf> gy jhf;Fjy;fis rpwpyq;fhg; gilfs; kPJ njhLj;jjd; Clhf> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; capHj;Jbg;ig njhlHr;rpahf NgZfpd;w- itfshf ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; tpsq;fpd.
,t;thW ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; nraw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j ,Utpjg; Nghf;Ffs; nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;GfSf;fpilNa nfhs;if uPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp> nray; uPjpapYk; njspthd NtWghLfs; ntspg;gl;ld. xUGwk; Kw;Nghf;fhd fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;bUe;j mNjNeuj;jpy;> cWjpAld; nraw;gl KbahjpUe;j ",lJrhup" Nghf;F nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs;. kWGwk;> eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j kWGwk;> eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j kWGwk;> eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j kWGwk;> eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j kWGwk;> eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j Mjpf;f fUj;jpaiyAk;> mjpfhu Mjpf;f fUj;jpaiyAk;> mjpfhu Mjpf;f fUj;jpaiyAk;> mjpfhu Mjpf;f fUj;jpaiyAk;> mjpfhu Mjpf;f fUj;jpaiyAk;> mjpfhu KiwikfshfTk; gpd;gw;wpa mNjNeuj;jpy;> KiwikfshfTk; gpd;gw;wpa mNjNeuj;jpy;> KiwikfshfTk; gpd;gw;wpa mNjNeuj;jpy;> KiwikfshfTk; gpd;gw;wpa mNjNeuj;jpy;> KiwikfshfTk; gpd;gw;wpa mNjNeuj;jpy;> jPHf;fkhfTk;> jPtpukhfTk; nraw;gl;l "yJrhup" jPHf;fkhfTk;> jPtpukhfTk; nraw;gl;l "yJrhup" jPHf;fkhfTk;> jPtpukhfTk; nraw;gl;l "yJrhup" jPHf;fkhfTk;> jPtpukhfTk; nraw;gl;l "yJrhup" jPHf;fkhfTk;> jPtpukhfTk; nraw;gl;l "yJrhup" Nghf;F nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs;. xU murpay; Nghf;F nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs;. xU murpay; Nghf;F nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs;. xU murpay; Nghf;F nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs;. xU murpay; Nghf;F nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs;. xU murpay; mikg;gpd; nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghLfSk; mikg;gpd; nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghLfSk; mikg;gpd; nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghLfSk; mikg;gpd; nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghLfSk; mikg;gpd; nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghLfSk; vt;tsT caHe;jjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,it vt;tsT caHe;jjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,it vt;tsT caHe;jjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,it vt;tsT caHe;jjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,it vt;tsT caHe;jjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,it me;j mikg;gpdhy; czHTg+Htkhf me;j mikg;gpdhy; czHTg+Htkhf me;j mikg;gpdhy; czHTg+Htkhf me;j mikg;gpdhy; czHTg+Htkhf me;j mikg;gpdhy; czHTg+Htkhf gpd;gw;wg;glhj NghJ> jkJ kf;fspd; gpd;gw;wg;glhj NghJ> jkJ kf;fspd; gpd;gw;wg;glhj NghJ> jkJ kf;fspd; gpd;gw;wg;glhj NghJ> jkJ kf;fspd; gpd;gw;wg;glhj NghJ> jkJ kf;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;Jld; neUf;fkhf gpize;jpuhj Nghuhl;lj;Jld; neUf;fkhf gpize;jpuhj Nghuhl;lj;Jld; neUf;fkhf gpize;jpuhj Nghuhl;lj;Jld; neUf;fkhf gpize;jpuhj Nghuhl;lj;Jld; neUf;fkhf gpize;jpuhj NghJ> tpLjiyia Nehf;fp cWjpahf ,l;Lr; NghJ> tpLjiyia Nehf;fp cWjpahf ,l;Lr; NghJ> tpLjiyia Nehf;fp cWjpahf ,l;Lr; NghJ> tpLjiyia Nehf;fp cWjpahf ,l;Lr; NghJ> tpLjiyia Nehf;fp cWjpahf ,l;Lr; nry;yhj NghJ> ,f;nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghL- nry;yhj NghJ> ,f;nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghL- nry;yhj NghJ> ,f;nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghL- nry;yhj NghJ> ,f;nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghL- nry;yhj NghJ> ,f;nfhs;iffSk; epiyg;ghL- fSk; kf;fSld; ,iza Kbahky;> fhw;wpy; fSk; kf;fSld; ,iza Kbahky;> fhw;wpy; fSk; kf;fSld; ,iza Kbahky;> fhw;wpy; fSk; kf;fSld; ,iza Kbahky;> fhw;wpy; fSk; kf;fSld; ,iza Kbahky;> fhw;wpy; njhf;fp tpLfpd;wd. njhf;fp tpLfpd;wd. njhf;fp tpLfpd;wd. njhf;fp tpLfpd;wd. njhf;fp tpLfpd;wd. ,it kf;fspdhy; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;glhjitfshf> kf;fspdhy; gw;wpf; nfhs;sg;glhjitfshf> vdNt kf;fshy;
epuhfupf;fg;g ,e;jf; nfh NrHe;J> , mikg;Gf;f fpd;w epiy
,j;jifa x jd;ik nf fSf;Fk; ,af;fj;jpy Kd;dpWj;j cWjpAld; nfhs;iff gpur;rhug;gLj fl;Lg;gLj;j ekJ Njrp Rikahf> Jy;ypakhff Fbf;fpd;w nfhz;bUe Nghuhl;lj;i zpaw;wpUe gNj> ngUk g;gl;lJ. , fisAk;> R ,dpAk; rf kf;fspdhy kf;fspd; Nj fsj;jpypUe;J TfspypUe;J ",lJrhup" mikg;Gf;f
,jw;F khw jkpoPo tpL tpLjiy , ngw;W te ,af;fk; ,e cjtpfis ,Ue;jJ. 19 kpg;G gil ntw;wpfukh kf;fspd; Vw;gLj;jpa gpw;gFjpapy
71

ikg;Gf;f- nfhz;l tpLjiyg; ; epiwe;j- jPtpukhf . Kw;Nghf;- k; Fwpj;Njh k;> jkpoPok; is jkJ ikg;Gf;fs; raw;gl;ld. ;fspdhNyh puhd jkJ t jk;ik d;whf> gy lfs; kPJ af;fj;jpd; gZfpd;w- q;fpd.
raw;gl;Lf; ; nfhz;l f;fpilNa ; uPjpapYk; d. xUGwk; hz;bUe;j nraw;gl nfhz;l py; ,Ue;j py; ,Ue;j py; ,Ue;j py; ,Ue;j py; ,Ue;j mjpfhu mjpfhu mjpfhu mjpfhu mjpfhu Neuj;jpy;> Neuj;jpy;> Neuj;jpy;> Neuj;jpy;> Neuj;jpy;> ;l "yJrhup" ; "yJrhup" ;l "yJrhup" ; "yJrhup" ; "yJrhup" murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; ;ghLfSk; ;ghLfSk; ;ghLfSk; ;ghLfSk; ;ghLfSk; pYk;> ,it pYk;> ,it pYk;> ,it pYk;> ,it pYk;> ,it g+Htkhf g+Htkhf g+Htkhf g+Htkhf g+Htkhf kf;fspd; kf;fspd; kf;fspd; kf;fspd; kf;fspd; ze;jpuhj ze;jpuhjze;jpuhj ze;jpuhjze;jpuhj hf ,l;Lr; hf ,l;Lr; hf ,l;Lr; hf ,l;Lr; hf ,l;Lr; epiyg;ghL- epiyg;ghL- epiyg;ghL- epiyg;ghL- epiyg;ghL- y;> fhw;wpy; y;> fhw;wpy; y;> fhw;wpy; y;> fhw;wpy; y;> fhw;wpy; hy; Gupe;J hy; gw;wpf; kf;fshy;
epuhfupf;fg;gLgitfshf khWfpd;wd. ,Wjpapy;> ,e;jf; nfhs;iffNshL epiyg;ghLfNshLk; NrHe;J> ,tw;iw Kd;nkhopfpd;w murpay; mikg;Gf;fSk; kf;fspdhy; epuhfupf;fg;gL- fpd;w epiy cUthfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa xU Nrhf epiyikjhd; ",lJrhup" jd;ik nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;- fSf;Fk; Vw;gl;L te;jd. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;> mtrpakhd Nghuhl;l tbtkhf Kd;dpWj;jg;gl;bUe;j MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ij cWjpAld; Kd;ndLf;fhky;> jkJ Kw;Nghf;F nfhs;iffisAk;> "ntw;wpr;" nra;jpfisAk; gpur;rhug;gLj;jpAk;> ekJ kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpAk; te;j ,uz;L mikg;Gf;fs;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Njitaw;w xU Rikahf> gadw;w cUthf;fkhf> ,d;Dk; Jy;ypakhff; $wpdhy;> ekJ kf;fis cwpQ;rpf; Fbf;fpd;w murpay; xl;Lz;zpfshf khwpf; nfhz;bUe;jd. ekJ kf;fspd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij tPupakhf Kd;ndLf;Fk; jpuh- zpaw;wpUe;j ,e;j mikg;Gf;fis Ngh\pg;- gNj> ngUk; Rikahf ekJ kf;fspdhy; czu- g;gl;lJ. ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspd; mlf;FKiw- fisAk;> Rje;jpu kWg;Gf;fisAk; jhq;FtJ> ,dpAk; rfpf;f Kbahj nfhLikahf ekJ kf;fspdhy; czug;gl;lJ. ,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpypUe;Jk; Nghuhl;lf; fsj;jpypUe;Jk;> ,Wjpapy;> ekJ kf;fspd; czH- TfspypUe;Jk; mfw;wg;glf; $ba epiyikia ",lJrhup" Nghf;F nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; mile;jd.
,jw;F khwhf> "tyJrhup" Nghf;Ff; nfhz;l jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gk; jkpoPo tpLjiy ,af;fKk; NkYk; NkYk; typik ngw;W te;jd. ,tw;wpy; jkpoH tpLjiy ,af;fk; ,e;jpa murpd; MjuitAk;> ,uhZt cjtpfisAk; mjpfk; ngw;W te;j mikg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. 1984 gpw;gFjpapy;> rpwpyq;fh Mf;fpu- kpg;G gilfspd; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l rpy ntw;wpfukhd jhf;Fjy;fspd; %yk;> ekJ kf;fspd; kj;jpapy; Mo;e;j jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa mikg;ghf ,J tpsq;fpaJ. 1985 gpw;gFjpapy; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gld;
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Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf> me;j mikg;Gld; Neubahf NkhJfpd;w mikg;ghf jkpo;  jkpoH tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gf;F MAj uPjpapy; Nghl;bahd mikg;ghf jkpo;  fl;Lf; Nfhg;Gk; nfhz;l mikg;ghf cUthfp te;jJ. rpwpyq;fh murpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J ekJ Njrj;ij tpLtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; mjw;fhf MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyik Crhyhl;lk; vJTkw;w cWjpiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. Nfhl;ghl;Lg; gpd;Gyj;jpyp- Ue;Njh> jHf;f mbg;gilfspd; ,Ue;Njh my;yhky;> rpwpyq;fh muRk; mjd; Mf;fpkpg;Gg; gilfSk; ekJ kf;fspd; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;L te;j mlf;FKiwfs;> Mf;fpukpg;G vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl> jkpoPok; cUthf;fg;gLtJ mtrpak; vd;w njspthd Gupjiy tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyik ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,j;jifa GupjypDlhf> rpwpyq;fh gilfis ekJ kz;zpypUe;J ntspNaw;Wtjw;F> MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; xd;Nw cupa top vd;w cWjpahd KbTf;F mj;jiyik te;jJ. ,j;jifa GupjYk;> KbTk; rpwpyq;fh gilfSf;F vjpuhf jPuj;Jld; Nghuhlf; $ba typikAk;> Mw;wYk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpw;Fs; jplkhf Nt&d;Wtjw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzkhfpd. rpwpyq;fh gilfSld; NghuhLtjw;F Njitahd MAjq;fs;> gapw;rpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; ngWtjw;fhf> Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;jpa kz;izAk; ,e;jpa murpd; cjtpfisAk; ehba NghjpYk;> jkpoPoj;jpy; jkf;Fupa jsq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gl;lJ. ,t;thW> gbg;gbNa nrhe;j kz;zpy;> nrhe;jg; gyj;jpy; mjpfk; jq;fpapUf;fpd;w mikg;ghf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G khwpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf> rpq;fsg; gilfSf;F vjpuhf
mjpfstpY Nkw;nfhs tpsq;fpaJ fpilj;j m kz;Zld; tFf;ff; $ tpLjiyg; Vida M xg;gpLifa czHTg+Ht caHepiyf tpLjiyg; G
,t;thW gy xd;whf , mikg;G> jdpj;jiy Kbe;jjpy tfpj;jpUf;f
1. 83f;Fg;
tsHr;r Nghuhl;l mtw;wpd ,af;fj jk;ik e NkNyhq Vida gpur;rhuq mtw;wpd tiu g te;jpUf fspy; f spypUe gifik Mjpf;f NkYk; khwpaJ mikg;G kw;Wk; j vd;gtw Kuz;gh Mq;fhq td;Ki mtHfi
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hf> me;j mikg;ghf paJ. xU yg; Gypfs; ghl;bahd ;fk; typik
;jpypUe;Nj k; nfhz;l ;fh murpd; tpLtpf;f MAjg; Ntz;Lk; mikg;gpd; Wjpiaf; ;Gyj;jpyp- ,Ue;Njh f;fpkpg;Gg; w;nfhz;L vd;gtw;iw jkpoPok; njspthd ikg;gpd; pjypDlhf> ;zpypUe;J ;lk; xd;Nw KbTf;F GupjYk;> vjpuhf ypikAk;> kg;gpw;Fs; g;gilf; lfSld; Ajq;fs;> tjw;fhf> ;jpa murpd; kpoPoj;jpy; ; tpLjiyg; aw;gl;lJ. y;> nrhe;jg; ikg;ghf J. ,jd; ;F vjpuhf
mjpfstpYk; ntw;wpfukhfTk; jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba mikg;ghf mJ tpsq;fpaJ. ,j;jifa jhf;Fjy;fs; %yk; fpilj;j mDgtq;fSk;> RaNjly;fSk;> ekJ kz;Zld; ,ize;j Nghuhl;l cj;jpfis tFf;ff; $ba Mw;wy; nfhz;l mikg;ghf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;ig cUthf;fpd. Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fSld; xg;gpLifapy;> MAjg; Nghuhl;l tbtj;ij> czHTg+HtkhfTk; njhlHr;rpahfTk; mjd; caHepiyf;F tsHj;Jr; nry;fpd;w mikg;ghf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; tpsq;fpaJ.
,t;thW gy MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; xd;whf ,aq;fp te;j tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;jiyikahf jd;id epiyehl;l Kbe;jjpy; gd;Kff; fhuzpfs; gq;F tfpj;jpUf;fpd;wd:
1. 83f;Fg; gpd; Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; tsHr;rp ngw;wJld;> "ngupa" MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; kj;jpapy;> Fwpg;ghf mtw;wpd; jiyikfs; kj;jpapy;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fkpf;f jiyikahf jk;ik epiyehl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w MHtk; NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ. ,e;j MHtkhdJ Vida mikg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J jtwhd gpur;rhuq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; njhlq;fp> mtw;wpd; kPJ td;Kiw jhf;Fjy;fis tiu gy topfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Vw;fdNt ,e;jj; jiyik- fspy; fzprkhdit> Vida mikg;Gf;f- spypUe;J ntspNawp> Kuz;ghLfSk; gifikAk; nfhz;bUe;jjhy;> ,g;NghJ Mjpf;f jiyikf;fhd Nghl;b vd;gJ NkYk; gifikj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhf khwpaJ. Fwpg;ghf> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gf;Fk;> jkpoPo tpLjiy ,af;fk; kw;Wk; jkpoPo kf;fs; tpLjiyf; fofk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; ,ilNa jPtpukhd Kuz;ghLfs; epytpd. ,e;j Kuz;ghLfs; Mq;fhq;Nf rf Nghuhspfspd; kPJ td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ> mtHfis gLnfhiy nra;tJ vd;w
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msTf;F Kw;wpapUe;jd. MAjq;fis nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mikg;Gf;fspilNa Vw;gLfpd;w Kuz;ghLfSk;> gifikfSk; ,Wjpapy; fLikahd mopTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w td;Kiw Nkhjy;fshf khWtJ vd;gJ xU nghJepfo;thf ,lk;ngw;W te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Mjpf;fj; jiyikahf khwNtz;Lk; vd;w MHtKk;> mjDlhf Vw;gLfpd;w gifikfSk;> jdpj;jiyik vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;jpw;F kpf neUf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Gupe;J nfhs;Sk;NghJ> ,e;j Nkhjy;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;w tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G jdpj;jiyikahf khwpajd; rhj;jpaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
2. Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;f- Sld; xg;gpLifapy;> caHe;j fl;Lf; Nfhg;Gk;> jhf;Fjw;jpwd; nfhz;l mikg;gh- fTk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G tpsq;fpaJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G jdJ mikg;gpd; tpupthf;fj;ij njspthf tiuaWj;jpUe;jJ. jd;dplKs;s tsk; kw;Wk; nraw;glf; $ba gug;G vd;gtw;wpw;F Vw;g jdJ cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;- ifiaj; jPHkhdpj;jJ. ,t;thW jd;dhy; ntw;wpfukhf ifahsf; $ba mq;fj;- jtHfis itj;jpUe;jjhy>; xU fl;Lf; Nfhg;ghd> jpwDk; Mw;wYkpf;f> Ntfkhf efHe;J nraw;glf;$ba mikg;ghf mJ ,Ue;jJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gplk; fhzg;gl;l ,j;jifa gz;Gfs;> gpw mikg;Gf;fSld; td;Kiw Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;l NghJ> me;j mikg;G ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLtij rhj;jpakhf;fpd.
3. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G Vida mikg;Gf;fisj; jhf;fp> jdpj;jiyikahf jd;id epiyepWj;jpajpy;> me;j mikg;gpd; jiyikapd; gz;GfSk; Fwpg;ghd ghj;jpuk; tfpj;Js;sd. ekJ murpay; ekJ murpay; ekJ murpay; ekJ murpay; ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy; ,Jtiu nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w jsj;jpy; ,Jtiu nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w jsj;jpy; ,Jtiu nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w jsj;jpy; ,Jtiu nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w jsj;jpy; ,Jtiu nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w jiyikfs; midj;jpypUe;Jk;> tpLjiyg; jiyikfs; midj;jpypUe;Jk;> tpLjiyg; jiyikfs; midj;jpypUe;Jk;> tpLjiyg; jiyikfs; midj;jpypUe;Jk;> tpLjiyg; jiyikfs; midj;jpypUe;Jk;> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyik Kw;whf Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyik Kw;whf Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyik Kw;whf Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyik Kw;whf Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyik Kw;whf NtWgl;bUf;fpd;wJ. r%f> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; NtWgl;bUf;fpd;wJ. r%f> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; NtWgl;bUf;fpd;wJ. r%f> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; NtWgl;bUf;fpd;wJ. r%f> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; NtWgl;bUf;fpd;wJ. r%f> fyhr;rhu uPjpapy;
vj;jifvj;jifvj;jifvj;jifvj;jif xU jixU jixU jixU jixU ji fpd;wJfpd;wJfpd;wJfpd;wJfpd;wJ cUg;ncUg;ncUg;ncUg;ncUg;n jdJ NjdJ NjdJ NjdJ NjdJ N nfhs;fnfhs;fnfhs;fnfhs;fnfhs;f tpsq;Ftpsq;Ftpsq;Ftpsq;Ftpsq;F mikg buhj x jhd; n nra;J> khdtw gpuNahf Gypfs fpd;wJ ,uhZ Lj;Jr; Vw;glf Kd;$l KbTf Gypfs; Uf;fpd;w gd;Kf #og;gl jg;gpg;g gpd; K tplaq tjw;F> ,ufrpa kf;fSl NjHTfs ,Ue;j $ba mtw;i tJk; x ,Wjpj mikg
4. MAjg kPJ Nk dhYk;> Gf;fs; k nfhz;b Nghuh
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Ajq;fis spilNa fikfSk; opTfis hjy;fshf epfo;thf Mjpf;fj; MHtKk;> ikfSk;> j;jpw;F kpf ij Gupe;J py; ntw;wp mikg;G j;jpaj;ij
ikg;Gf;f- ;j fl;Lf; mikg;gh- mikg;G ; mikg;G njspthf ;s tsk; ;gtw;wpw;F vz;zpf;- jd;dhy; mq;fj;- U fl;Lf; > Ntfkhf g;ghf mJ ikg;gplk; fs;> gpw khjy;fs; w;wpfukhf
Vida yikahf mikg;gpd; Fwpg;ghd murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; e;jpUf;fpd;w e;jpUf;fpd;w e;jpUf;fpd;w e;jpUf;fpd;w e;jpUf;fpd;w tpLjiyg; tpLjiyg; tpLjiyg; tpLjiyg; tpLjiyg; Kw;whf Kw;whf Kw;whf Kw;whf Kw;whf ;rhu uPjpapy; ;rhu uPjpapy; ;rhu uPjpapy; ;rhu uPjpapy; ;rhu uPjpapy;
vj;jifa Mjpf;f epiyiaAk; nfhz;buhj vj;jifa Mjpf;f epiyiaAk; nfhz;buhj vj;jifa Mjpf;f epiyiaAk; nfhz;buhj vj;jifa Mjpf;f epiyiaAk; nfhz;buhj vj;jifa Mjpf;f epiyiaAk; nfhz;buhj xU jiyikahf ,j;jiyik tpsq;F- xU jiyikahf ,j;jiyik tpsq;F- xU jiyikahf ,j;jiyik tpsq;F- xU jiyikahf ,j;jiyik tpsq;F- xU jiyikahf ,j;jiyik tpsq;F- fpd;wJ. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpDlhf fpd;wJ. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpDlhf fpd;wJ. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpDlhf fpd;wJ. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpDlhf fpd;wJ. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpDlhf cUg;ngw;w Nghuhl;lj; jiiyahfTk;> cUg;ngw;w Nghuhl;lj; jiiyahfTk;> cUg;ngw;w Nghuhl;lj; jiiyahfTk;> cUg;ngw;w Nghuhl;lj; jiiyahfTk;> cUg;ngw;w Nghuhl;lj; jiiyahfTk;> jdJ Nghuhl;l mDgtq;fspypUe;J fw;Wf; jdJ Nghuhl;l mDgtq;fspypUe;J fw;Wf; jdJ Nghuhl;l mDgtq;fspypUe;J fw;Wf; jdJ Nghuhl;l mDgtq;fspypUe;J fw;Wf; jdJ Nghuhl;l mDgtq;fspypUe;J fw;Wf; nfhs;fp;d;w jiyikahfTk; ,j;jiyik nfhs;fp;d;w jiyikahfTk; ,j;jiyik nfhs;fp;d;w jiyikahfTk; ,j;jiyik nfhs;fp;d;w jiyikahfTk; ,j;jiyik nfhs;fp;d;w jiyikahfTk; ,j;jiyik tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; jiyikfspy; fhzg;gl;- buhj xU tpN\r mk;rk; vd;w tifapy;> jhd; ngWfpd;w mDgtq;fis NjHT nra;J> mtw;wpy; jdf;Fg; nghUj;j- khdtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf cs;thq;fTk;> gpuNahfpf;fTk; $ba Mw;wiy tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyik nfhz;bUf;- fpd;wJ. ,e;jg; gz;G> jdJ mikg;ig ,uhZt uPjpapy; ntw;wpfukhf Kd;nd- Lj;Jr; nry;tjw;F kl;Lkd;wp> jdf;F Vw;glf; $ba mr;RWj;jy;fs; Fwpj;J Kd;$l;bNa njspthd Gupjy;fisAk;> KbTfisAk; ngWtjw;Fk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyikf;F cjtpap- Uf;fpd;wJ. xU MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;G gd;Kf vjpupfspdhy; njhlHr;rpahf #og;gl;bUf;fpd;w NghJ> jw;fhg;Gk;> jg;gpg;gpioj;jYk; vd;gJ me;j mikg;- gpd; Kjd;ikahd mf;fiwf;Fupa tplaq;fshfpd;wd. ,tw;iw vjpHnfhs;- tjw;F> Kw;whd jiykiwT> fz;bg;ghd ,ufrpa Kiw> ,Wf;fkhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;> kf;fSld; neUf;fkhd cwT . . . vd gy NjHTfs; cs;sd. ,tw;NwhL> jdf;fUNf ,Ue;j jdf;F mr;RWj;jyhf mikaf; $ba mikg;Gf;fis mop;g;gJk;> mtw;iw murpay; muq;fpypUe;J mfw;W- tJk; xU njupthf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j ,Wjpj; njupitj;jhd; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiyik nraw;gLj;jpaJ.
4. MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; kf;fspd; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;L te;j mlf;FKiwfsp- dhYk;> td;KiwfspdhYk; ,t;tikg;- Gf;fs; kPJ ekJ kf;fs; mr;rKk; ntWg;Gk; nfhz;bUe;jdH. ngUk;ghyhd MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; Gwj;Nj
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kf;fSldhd cwTfspYk; mfj;Nj jhgd uPjpahfTk; gytPdg;gl;L te;jd. NkYk; rpy MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; rpwpyq;fh gilfSf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> jkf;Fs; Kuz;gl;lNjhL> ntWk; gpur;rhuq;fspYk;> ngha;ahd kpifg;gLj;jy;fspYk; Kk;kukhf  ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; rypg;igAk; ek;gpf;ifaPdj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpd. NghHf;Fzhk;rj;ij ,oe;J nfhz;Lk;> Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cl;nfhiyfspdhy; rPHFiyf;fg;gl;Lk;> jk;kPJ mlf;FKiw gpuNahfpj;Jk; tUfpd;w ,e;j mikg;Gf;fis ehshe;jk; Ngh\pf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJk;> ,tw;Wf;Fj; Njitahd midj;J tsq;fisAk; toq;f Ntz;bapUe;jJk; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; rfpf;f Kbahj ntWg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. kpfj; njspthfNt ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; ekJ kf;fsplkpUe;J Ntfkhf me;epag;gl;L te;jd.
mf epiyapy; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; jtpHe;j> Vida mikg;Gf;fspy; Kuz;ghLfSk; ntspNaw;wq;fSk; njhluhf epfo;e;jd. ,jdhy; me;j mikg;Gfs; jhgd uPjpahf gytPdg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd. jkpoPo kf;fs; tpLjiyf; fofj;jpd; cl;nfhiyfs;> rpj;jputijfs;> mlf;FKiwfs; . . . vd;gtw;iw vjpHj;j xU FOtpdH moptpypUe;J ntspNawp "jPg;nghwp" vd;w ngaupy; nraw;gl;lNjhL jkpoPo kf;fs; tpLjiyf; fofj;ij kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Mokhf mk;gyg;gLj;jpdH. ,jNdhL ,ize;J jkpoPo kf;fs; tpLjiyf; fofk; NkYk; gy gpupTfshf rpjwpaJ. jkpo;  m rpwpa m up.Ak; g
,t;thW kf;fsp mfj;Nj ntspNa gl;Lk; , mikg eltbf Gypfs  V my;yJ Gld; n
jkpo;  ;fspYk; Nkw;gb kj;jpapy; j;ijAk; j ,oe;J ; kw;Wk; ;fg;gl;Lk;> ahfpj;Jk; ehshe;jk; tw;Wf;Fj; ;fisAk; J kf;fs; tWg;igj; fNt ,e;j plkpUe;J .
s; jtpHe;j> ;ghLfSk; epfo;e;jd. d uPjpahf . jkpoPo ;nfhiyfs;> fs; . . . FOtpdH ghwp" vd;w Po kf;fs; ; kj;jpapy; ,jNdhL yf; fofk; . jkpo;  me;j mikg;G gytPdg;gl;lJ. xU rpwpa mikg;ghf ,aq;fp te;j vd;.vy;.vg;.- up.Ak; gpupe;J> ,uz;L mikg;Gf;fshfpd.
,t;thW Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; Gwj;Nj kf;fsplkpUe;J me;epag;gl;L te;jNjhL> mfj;Nj Kuz;ghLfs;> cl;nfhiyfs;> ntspNaw;wq;fs; Nghd;wtw;why; gytPdg;- gl;Lk; ,Ue;j Neuj;jpy;> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G jdJ mopj;njhopf;Fk; eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; Kjy; jhf;Fjy; jkpo;  jPtpu td;kj;Jld; ntspg;gl;lJ. Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; jkpo;  Vw;fdNt tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; kPJ Neubj; jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;l mikg;ghfTk; ,Ue;jJ. md;iwa epiyapy; kf;fs; kPJ jPtpukhd mlf;FKiw gpuNahfpj;jjd; %yk;> kf;fspd; vjpHg;Gf;fis mjpfk; ngw;wpUe;j mikg;ghfTk;> Kf;fpa cWg;gpdHfspd; ntspNaw;wj;jpdhYk;> cl;nfhiyfsp- dhYk; gytPdg;gl;Lk; ,Ue;j jkpo;  Vida mikg;Gf;fis mopg;gjpy;> my;yJ jilnra;tjpy; NkYk; Kidg;- Gld; nraw;gLtij rhj;jpakhf;fpd.
jkpo;  tpLj- iyg; Gypfs; mikg;G KO mstpyhd jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;l NghNj> Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; mj;jhf;Fjy; Fwpj;J vr;rupf;if mile;- jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa xU jhf;Fjiy ek;ik Nehf;fpAk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs;

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mikg;G Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vd;gij Cfpj;J> mij vjpHg;gjw;fhf Vida mikg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; xNu mzpapy; jpuz;L> nraw;- gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; kj;jpapy; gu];guk; epytpa gifikfSk;> NghHf;Fzhk;rk; tw;wptpl;l epiyAk; ,j;jifa ,izg;igr; rhj;jpakw;wjhf;fpd. kf;fSld; ,ize;Jk; nrhe;jg; gyj;jpYk; nraw;gl Kbahj jkJ gytPdj;ij ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs;> Fwpg;ghf "ngupa" mikg;Gf;fs; njspthf ntspg;gLj;jpd. ,d;Dk; xU tUlj;jpd; gpd;dH> ,e;jpa gilfs; jkpoPoj;ij Mf;fpukpj;j NghJ> ,e;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; vt;tsT "jPtpukhf"> "Or;rpAld;" nraw;gl;lit vd;gij xg;gpLk;NghJ> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jhf;Fjy;fSf;F vjpuhf jkJ> nrhe;jg; gyj;jpy; ,aq;f KbahjpUe;j mtw;wpd; gytPdj;ij njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. xUtifapy; ghHj;jhy;> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;jiyikahf jd;id epWtpf; nfhz;lij rhj;jpakhf;fpa Kf;fpa fhuzpfspy; xd;whf> ,e;j Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; gytPdKk;> NghHf;Fzhk;rkpd;ikAk; mike;jpUe;jd vd;gij milahsk; fhz KbAk;.
jkpo;   mJ gytPdKw;wpUe;j NghJ> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G mjd; kPJ jkJ jhf;Fjy;fisj; njhLj;jhHfs;.  mopj;jNjhL> me;j mikg;Gk; gbg;gbNa murpay; muq;fpypUe;J mfw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;dH> Vw;fdNt kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Nkhrkhf mk;gyg;gl;Lk;> jdf;Fs; gy gpupTfshf cile;J> gytPdg;gl;L ,Ue;j jkpoPo kf;fs; tpLjiyf; fofj;jpd; kPJ> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G jhf;Fjy; njhLf;f
75
Ntz;ba mjd; fl;lis vd;.vy;. gp.vy;.v jPg;nghw jiyk Ug;gjhf mikg mile mjd; j mikg Vw;gl;l Fwpg;gpl nraw;g
,t;thW MAjg Jk;> ji Kw;whd mikg zf;fhd kPJ> jd nfhbi rtyhf cWg;gpd ntspN nraw;gL vNjr;r FwpaPl jd;id
,jd; g tpLji Js;s kf;fs; jiyi tpLjiy tpLji mjd; m jPg;ng jiyi murpay nraw;g mikg

j Cfpj;J> ikg;Gf;fs; ;L> nraw;- hy; ,e;j uk; epytpa ; tw;wptpl;l zg;igr; ,ize;Jk; ahj jkJ ;> Fwpg;ghf jspthf tUlj;jpd; kpoPoj;ij g; Nghuhl;l Ptpukhf"> vd;gij ; Gypfs; puhf jkJ> ahjpUe;j hfg; Gupe;J ; ghHj;jhy;> kJ Njrpa f jd;id pa Kf;fpa a MAjg; ytPdKk;> e;jpUe;jd bAk;.
mopj;njh- u tpLjiy l;L> mJ yg; Gypfs; jy;fisj; u tpLjiy puptpdiuj; mikg;Gk; ;fpypUe;J Vw;fdNt ;gyg;gl;Lk;> cile;J> Po kf;fs; tpLjiyg; njhLf;f
75
Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,Uf;ftp;y;iy. gjpyhf> mjd; nraw;ghl;il epWj;Jk;gb fl;lisapLtNj NghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. vd;.vy;.vg;.up. mikg;G jiykiwthfpaJ. gp.vy;.vg;.up. ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrd;wJ. jPg;nghwpf; FOtpdH> jkJ mikg;ig jiykiwthf;fp tpl;L> jhk; nraw;glhjp- Ug;gjhf fhl;bf; nfhz;ldH. Vida rpwpa mikg;Gf;fSk; nrayw;w epiyia mile;jd.  mjd; jiyikf;Fk; tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; mikg;gpd; jiyikf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l cld;ghl;bd; %yk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;;l fhyj;jpw;F jdJ murpay; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLj;jJ.
,t;thW xU FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs;> Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fis mopj;- Jk;> jilnra;Jk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jpAk; jdJ Kw;whd Mjpf;fj;ij tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G epWtpf; nfhz;lJ. Ehw;Wf;f- zf;fhd Nghuhspfspd; rlyf; Ftpay;fs; kPJ> jdpj;jiyik vd;w jdJ Mjpf;ff; nfhbia mJ Vw;wpaJ. jd;Dld; Neubr; rtyhf mikahj "rpwpa" mikg;Gf;fspd; cWg;gpdHfisAk; mopj;jd; %yk;> jdf;F ntspNa ve;jnthU murpay; mikg;Gk; nraw;gLtij mDkjpf;fj; jauhf ,y;yhj vNjr;rjpfhug; Nghf;fpd; njspthd FwpaPlhf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G jd;id milahsg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
,jd; gpd;dH> ,e;j vNjr;rjpfhug; Nghf;F> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; cs;Siwe;- Js;s xU gz;ghfNt khwptpl;lJ.  jkpoPo kf;fs; tpLjiyf; fofj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfs;> jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzpj; jiyik> kw;Wk; mjd; murpay; gpujpepjpfs; vd;.vy;.vg;.up.> jPg;nghwp Mfpa mikg;Gf;fspd; jiyikapd; Kf;fpa cWg;gpdHfs; vd murpay; mikg;Gf;fis mopg;gij jdJ nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G Kd;ndLj;J tUfpd;wJ. jdJ

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,Ug;Gf;Fk;> jdpj; jiyikf;Fk; ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;jf; $bait vd;W jhd; fUJfpd;w midj;J murpay; mikg;Gf;fisAk; mopj;njhopf;fpd;w vNjr;rjpfhug; Nghf;fpd; cr;r jpul;rpahf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G khwpapUf;fpd;wJ.
tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G> fle;j 15 tUlq;fshf ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;jiyikahf nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mjd; midj;Jtif [dehaf tpNuhj> kf;fs; tpNuhj vNjr;rjpfhug; Nghf;FfisAk; kPwp> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ijAk; kfj;jhd mHg;gzpg;Gld; Kd;ndLj;J tUfpd;wJ. vj;jifa #oypYk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; capHj;Jbg;ig ghJfhg;G> tsHe;J tUfpd;w mikg;ghf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G nraw;gl;L tUfp;d;wJ. ,e;j 15 tUlfhyj;jpy;> kpfr; rpwe;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;ghf jd;id jpl;lkpl;L tsHj;J te;jpUg;- gNjhL> ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdHfisAk; jdf;Fs; ,izj;Js;s mikg;ghfTk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G gupzkpj;Js;sJ. 1985 ,y; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ngupJk; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fs; ikag;gl;Lk;> aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;j> rhjp uPjpahf Mjpf;f epiyapy; cs;stHfis mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; cWg;gpduhff; nfhz;Lk; ngz;fspd; MAjg; Nghuhl;l gq;Nfw;ig epuhfupj;Jk; nraw;gl;lJ. ,d;W> mNj tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G> aho;g;gh- zj;jpw;F ntspNa jd;id kpfj; jplkhfTk;> tYthfTk; epiyg;gLj;jpAs;s mikg;ghfTk; td;dp kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; gFjpfisr; NrHe;jtHfshfTk; mlf;fg;- gLfpd;w gpuptpdHfisAk; tpspk;Gepiy gpuptpdiuAk; mjpfstpy; jdJ cWg;gp- dHfshf nfhz;ljhfTk;> cyfpNyNa jdJ cWg;gpdHfspd; miuthrpg; ngz;- fisf; nfhz;Ls;s Kjy; mikg;ghfTk; khw;wkile;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
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ekJ Nj kuGto kf;fi mikg nfhz;b tfpj;j fg;gl;l kl;Lk kuigN rhjp uPj isAk NrHe;jt fl;Lg;g ,aq;fp ekJ N fpsHe;j Vw;gl;l rhjp uPj tpspk;G ,isQ murpay lhky;> ,af;f mtHfi mikg nfhz;l jpfo;e;j tpLji

k; ghjpg;G ; fUJfpd;w f;fisAk; g; Nghf;fpd; s; mikg;G
fle;j 15 af;fj;jpd; Ufpd;wJ. f tpNuhj> rjpfhug; g; Gypfs; ;fj;ijAk; d;ndLj;J pYk; ekJ j;Jbg;ig ikg;ghf nraw;gl;L ;jpy;> kpfr; ikg;ghf te;jpUg;- idj;Jg; zj;Js;s ; Gypfs; 1985 ,y; ngupJk; g;gl;Lk;> jp uPjpahf is mjpf ; nfhz;Lk; gq;Nfw;ig ;W> mNj aho;g;gh- d kpfj; Lj;jpAs;s ; fpof;Fg; ; mlf;fg;- spk;Gepiy J cWg;gp- yfpNyNa hrpg; ngz;- kg;ghfTk;
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,e;j khw;wk; jw;nrayhdjy;y@ ,jw;F Kd;dH jhd; epuhfupj;j> jhd; vjpHj;j mNj epiyg;ghLfis> ",lJrhup" jd;ik nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;f- spdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l mNj epiyg;- ghLfis ,g;NghJ tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ntw;wpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ. ,J ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Fwpg;ghd jd;ikia gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. ,J ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ntF[d rhuj;ij msTuPjpapy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpy; epyTfpd;w ,Wf;fkhd fUj;jpay; Mjpf;fj;ijAk; kPwp> mjd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; ,j;jifa mbg;- gil khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;NjwpapUf;fpd;wd.
ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa kuGtopj; jiyikfs; vJTk; ekJ kf;fis gue;j mstpy; murpay; mikg;gpw;Fs; cs;thq;Ffpd;w gz;ig nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> jhk; jiiik tfpj;j murpay; mikg;gpw;Fs; tiuaWf;- fg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifahd mq;fj;jpdHfis kl;Lk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w murpay; kuigNa ,it gpd;gw;wpd. Mz;fisAk;> rhjp uPjpahf Mjpf;f epiyapy; cs;stHf- isAk;> ngupJk; aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfshAk; cs;slf;fpa gpuptpdupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bNyNa ,e;j murpay; fl;rpfs; ,aq;fp te;jpUf;fpd;wd. vdpDk;> 1980 fspy; ekJ Njrk; jOtpa ntF[d vOr;rp fpsHe;j NghJ> ,e;j Nghf;fpy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. td;dp kw;Wk; fpof;F kf;fSk;> rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fSk;> tpspk;G epiy kf;fSk;> ngz;fSk;> ,isQHfSk; . . . vd ,Jtiu fhyKk; murpay; mikg;GfSf;Fs; cs;thq;fg;g- lhky;> xJf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpuptpdH> Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; mitnad jpuz;l NghJ> mtHfis cs;thq;fpa Kjy; murpay; mikg;Gf;fshf ",lJrhup" Nghf;F nfhz;l MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; jpfo;e;jd. njspthd Kuz;eifahf> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ,e;jg;

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Nghf;fpypUe;J mg;NghJ tpyfpapUe;jJ.
vdpDk;> Vida murpay; mikg;Gf;fis Vida murpay; mikg;Gf;fis Vida murpay; mikg;Gf;fis Vida murpay; mikg;Gf;fis Vida murpay; mikg;Gf;fis ekJ murpay; jsj;jpypUe;J mfw;wp> ekJ ekJ murpay; jsj;jpypUe;J mfw;wp> ekJ ekJ murpay; jsj;jpypUe;J mfw;wp> ekJ ekJ murpay; jsj;jpypUe;J mfw;wp> ekJ ekJ murpay; jsj;jpypUe;J mfw;wp> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;jiyikahf Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;jiyikahf Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;jiyikahf Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;jiyikahf Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;jiyikahf jd;id epWtpa gpd;dH> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; jd;id epWtpa gpd;dH> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; jd;id epWtpa gpd;dH> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; jd;id epWtpa gpd;dH> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; jd;id epWtpa gpd;dH> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; mikg;gpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; mikg;gpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; mikg;gpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; mikg;gpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. xU FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; Vw;gl;ld. xU FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; Vw;gl;ld. xU FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; Vw;gl;ld. xU FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; Vw;gl;ld. xU FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; ngz;fSk;> rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w ngz;fSk;> rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w ngz;fSk;> rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w ngz;fSk;> rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w ngz;fSk;> rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdUk;> fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dpiar; gpuptpdUk;> fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dpiar; gpuptpdUk;> fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dpiar; gpuptpdUk;> fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dpiar; gpuptpdUk;> fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dpiar; NrHe;jtHfSk; tpspk;Gepiy gpuptpdUk; NrHe;jtHfSk; tpspk;Gepiy gpuptpdUk; NrHe;jtHfSk; tpspk;Gepiy gpuptpdUk; NrHe;jtHfSk; tpspk;Gepiy gpuptpdUk; NrHe;jtHfSk; tpspk;Gepiy gpuptpdUk; me;j mikg;gpy; ngUk;ghd;ik me;j mikg;gpy; ngUk;ghd;ik me;j mikg;gpy; ngUk;ghd;ik me;j mikg;gpy; ngUk;ghd;ik me;j mikg;gpy; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;wpUf;fpd;wdH. ngw;wpUf;fpd;wdH. ngw;wpUf;fpd;wdH. ngw;wpUf;fpd;wdH. ngw;wpUf;fpd;wdH. ,e;j khw;wk;> rpq;fsg; gilfis vjpHj;Jg; NghuhLtjw;F mtrpakhd kdpj tsq;fis ngWjy; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. khwhf> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk;> fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dp kf;fspd; eyd;fis cs;slf;Fk; jpirapy; efHe;jJk;> ngz;fs;> mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdHfs; tpspk;Gepiy gpuptpdH ,isQHfs; . . . vd ekJ kf;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikg; gpuptpdupilNa njhlHr;- rpahfTk; typikahfTk; jpuz;L te;j Njrpa czHTk; ,e;j khw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpd. ekJ kf;fs; kPJ> rpwpyq;fh muRk; mjd; Mf;fpukpg;G gilfSk;> FbNaw;wg;gl;Ls;s rpq;fs ,dntwpaHf- Sk; njhlHr;rpahf Nkw;nfhz;L te;Js;s mopTfSk; mlf;FKiwfSk;> ekJ kf;fspy; Njrpa czHitAk;> tpLjiy Ntl;ifiaAk; jPahf tsHj;J te;Js;sd. fdd;W vupAk; ,e;j Njrpa czHTk;> tpLjiy Ntl;ifAk;jhd;> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; Mjpf;f fUj;jpaiyAk; kPwp> ngz;fisAk;> rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdiuAk; tpspk;G epiy gpuptpdiuAk;> fpof;F kw;Wk; td;dp ,isQHfisAk; me;j mikg;gpw;Fs; cs;nsLg;gij rhj;jpakhf;fpAs;sd. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; kfj;jhd ,uhZt ntw;wpfs; rhjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjpy;> ngz; NghuhspfSk;> rhjp uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdUk;> td;dp kw;Wk; fpof;ifr; NrHe;j ,isQHfSk; tpspk;G
epiyg ghj;jpu cz;i epug;Gf Gypfs me;j m njspt
 ekJ fw;wp> ekJ fw;wp> ekJ fw;wp> ekJ fw;wp> ekJ yikahf yikahf yikahf yikahf yikahf yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; khw;wq;fs; hw;wq;fs; khw;wq;fs; hw;wq;fs; khw;wq;fs; j;jpw;Fs; j;jpw;Fs; j;jpw;Fs; j;jpw;Fs; j;jpw;Fs; ;fg;gLfpd;w ;fg;gLfpd;w ;fg;gLfpd;w ;fg;gLfpd;w ;fg;gLfpd;w d;dpiar; d;dpiar; d;dpiar; d;dpiar; d;dpiar; gpuptpdUk; gpuptpdUk; gpuptpdUk; gpuptpdUk; gpuptpdUk; ;ghd;ik ;ghd;ik ;ghd;ik ;ghd;ik ;ghd;ik ;> rpq;fsg; hLtjw;F ngWjy; y. khwhf> ;Wk; td;dp k; jpirapy; g;gLfpd;w gpuptpdH kf;fspd; njhlHr;- z;L te;j w;wj;jpw;F > rpwpyq;fh ilfSk;> ntwpaHf- te;Js;s k;> ekJ ;> tpLjiy te;Js;sd. czHTk;> tpLjiyg; ;jpaiyAk; uPjpahf k; tpspk;G ;Wk; td;dp kg;gpw;Fs; ;fpAs;sd. ; kfj;jhd ;bUg;gjpy;> p uPjpahf ;dp kw;Wk; k; tpspk;G
epiyg; gpuptpdUNk epHzafukhd ghj;jpuk; tfpj;J tUfpd;whHfs;. ,e;j cz;ik> ,tHfs; ntWkNd Mszp epug;Gfpd;whHfshf md;wp> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; KJnfYk;ghfTk; me;j mikg;gpd; rhukhfTk; tpsq;Ftij njspthf Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
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dJk; eyd;fSk; cupikfSk; ekJ Njrj;jpw;nfd jdpahd Njr muR mikf;fg;g- LtjpYk; r%f> murpay>; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu uPjpapy; Gul;rpfu khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjpYk; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.
15 tUlq;fshf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G 15 tUlq;fshf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G 15 tUlq;fshf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G 15 tUlq;fshf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G 15 tUlq;fshf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ij mHg;gzpg;Gld; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ij mHg;gzpg;Gld; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ij mHg;gzpg;Gld; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ij mHg;gzpg;Gld; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ij mHg;gzpg;Gld; Kd;ndLj;J te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrpa Kd;ndLj;J te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrpa Kd;ndLj;J te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrpa Kd;ndLj;J te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrpa Kd;ndLj;J te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ijAk; mjDhlhfj; jd;idAk; ,af;fj;ijAk; mjDhlhfj; jd;idAk; ,af;fj;ijAk; mjDhlhfj; jd;idAk; ,af;fj;ijAk; mjDhlhfj; jd;idAk; ,af;fj;ijAk; mjDhlhfj; jd;idAk; ,uhZt mHj;jj;jpy; xU gykhd epiyf;Ff; ,uhZt mHj;jj;jpy; xU gykhd epiyf;Ff; ,uhZt mHj;jj;jpy; xU gykhd epiyf;Ff; ,uhZt mHj;jj;jpy; xU gykhd epiyf;Ff; ,uhZt mHj;jj;jpy; xU gykhd epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; nfhz;L te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; nfhz;L te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; nfhz;L te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; nfhz;L te;jpUe;Jk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdiuAk; jdf;Fs; midj;Jg; gpuptpdiuAk; jdf;Fs; midj;Jg; gpuptpdiuAk; jdf;Fs; midj;Jg; gpuptpdiuAk; jdf;Fs; midj;Jg; gpuptpdiuAk; jdf;Fs; nfhz;bUe;Jk ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; r%f nfhz;bUe;Jk ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; r%f nfhz;bUe;Jk ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; r%f nfhz;bUe;Jk ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; r%f nfhz;bUe;Jk ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; r%f cs;slf;fk; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; ,yf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jk; cs;slf;fk; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; ,yf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jk; cs;slf;fk; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; ,yf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jk; cs;slf;fk; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; ,yf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jk; cs;slf;fk; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; ,yf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jk; Nghjpa GupjiyAk; mf;fiwiaAk; Nghjpa GupjiyAk; mf;fiwiaAk; Nghjpa GupjiyAk; mf;fiwiaAk; Nghjpa GupjiyAk; mf;fiwiaAk; Nghjpa GupjiyAk; mf;fiwiaAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijNa mjd; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijNa mjd; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijNa mjd; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijNa mjd; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijNa mjd; nraw;ghLfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nraw;ghLfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nraw;ghLfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nraw;ghLfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nraw;ghLfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 15 tUlfhy mtHfspd; nraw;ghLfs;> kf;fSld; mtHfs; Ngzpte;jpUf;fpd;w cwT Kiwfs;> r%f> murpay>; nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhuf; fl;likg;Gf;fs; njhlHghf mtHfs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfs; vd;gtw;NwhL Vwf;Fiwa 5 tUlq;fshf aho;g;ghzj;ij jkJ g+uz Mjpf;fj;jpy; xU jdpahd muR Kiwahf epHtfpj;j mDgtk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; guprPypg;gjpDhlhf> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; Fwpj;j xU kjpg;gPl;il ngw Kaw;rpf;fyhk;.
1. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G mjd; Njhw;- wj;jpypUe;Nj xU MAj mikg;ghfTk; rpwpyq;fh gilfs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpag; gilfspd; jhf;Fjypy; ,Ue;Jk; jd;Dld; Kuz;gl;L> Nkhjpf;nfhz;bUe;j mikg;- Gf;fspypUe;Jk; jg;gpg; gpiof;f Ntz;ba- jhfTk; ,Ue;jjhy; mJ ngupJk; xU ,uhZt mikg;ghfNt jd;id fl;likj;Jtpl;lJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gf;Fs; cs;slq;fpAs;s ,e;j ,uh- Zt rhuNk mjd; gykhfTk; mNj Neuj;jpy; mjd; gytPdkhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
xU ,uhZt mikg;G vd;w mjd;
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78
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,e;j tpjj;jpy; gyuhy;> tpLjiyg; Gypfis xU FOthf milahsk; fhzj; Jhz;Ltjw;F fhuzk; tpLjiyg; GypfSf;Fs; ciwe;Js;s ,uhZt rhuNk. fl;Lg;ghLk; fl;lisf;Fj; jaf;fkpd;wpf; fl;Lg;gLtJk; jdJ mikg;Gf;fhf vijAk; nra;aj; jauhf ,Ug;gJk; "FO kNdhghtkhf" ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNeuj;jpy; jkpoPo tpLjiyf;fhf jd;idNa mHg;g- zpf;fj; jauhf ,Ug;gJ xU "tpupe;j" Njrpa czHtpd; ntspg;ghlhfTk; ,Uf;- fpd;wJ vd;gJk; ,q;F mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ. 2. Gypfs; mikg;gpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w fUj;jpay; xU r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfis gpizj;J xU r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfis gpizj;J xU r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfis gpizj;J xU r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfis gpizj;J xU r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfis gpizj;J itg;gjpYk; me;j r%f mikg;ig itg;gjpYk; me;j r%f mikg;ig itg;gjpYk; me;j r%f mikg;ig itg;gjpYk; me;j r%f mikg;ig itg;gjpYk; me;j r%f mikg;ig cilahky; ghJfhg;gjpYk; fUj;jpay; cilahky; ghJfhg;gjpYk; fUj;jpay; cilahky; ghJfhg;gjpYk; fUj;jpay; cilahky; ghJfhg;gjpYk; fUj;jpay; cilahky; ghJfhg;gjpYk; fUj;jpay; tfpf;fpd;w ghj;jpuk; Kf;fpakhdJ. mjpfhu tfpf;fpd;w ghj;jpuk; Kf;fpakhdJ. mjpfhu tfpf;fpd;w ghj;jpuk; Kf;fpakhdJ. mjpfhu tfpf;fpd;w ghj;jpuk; Kf;fpakhdJ. mjpfhu tfpf;fpd;w ghj;jpuk; Kf;fpakhdJ. mjpfhu epWtdq;fisAk; gbepiy mikg;Gf;fisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; gbepiy mikg;Gf;fisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; gbepiy mikg;Gf;fisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; gbepiy mikg;Gf;fisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; gbepiy mikg;Gf;fisAk; td;Kiwg; gpuNahfj;ijAk; epahag;gLj;jp td;Kiwg; gpuNahfj;ijAk; epahag;gLj;jp td;Kiwg; gpuNahfj;ijAk; epahag;gLj;jp td;Kiwg; gpuNahfj;ijAk; epahag;gLj;jp td;Kiwg; gpuNahfj;ijAk; epahag;gLj;jp r%f cWg;gpdHfs; mtw;Wf;F fl;Lg;gl;L r%f cWg;gpdHfs; mtw;Wf;F fl;Lg;gl;L r%f cWg;gpdHfs; mtw;Wf;F fl;Lg;gl;L r%f cWg;gpdHfs; mtw;Wf;F fl;Lg;gl;L r%f cWg;gpdHfs; mtw;Wf;F fl;Lg;gl;L thOk;gb nra;tjpy; fUj;jpay; Fwpg;ghd gq;F thOk;gb nra;tjpy; fUj;jpay; Fwpg;ghd gq;F thOk;gb nra;tjpy; fUj;jpay; Fwpg;ghd gq;F thOk;gb nra;tjpy; fUj;jpay; Fwpg;ghd gq;F thOk;gb nra;tjpy; fUj;jpay; Fwpg;ghd gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa fUj;jpaiy tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa fUj;jpaiy tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa fUj;jpaiy tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa fUj;jpaiy tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa fUj;jpaiy milahsk; fz;L mtw;wpypUe;J milahsk; fz;L mtw;wpypUe;J milahsk; fz;L mtw;wpypUe;J milahsk; fz;L mtw;wpypUe;J milahsk; fz;L mtw;wpypUe;J gpuf;iQg+Htkhf Kwpj;Jf; nfhs;shj tiu gpuf;iQg+Htkhf Kwpj;Jf; nfhs;shj tiu gpuf;iQg+Htkhf Kwpj;Jf; nfhs;shj tiu gpuf;iQg+Htkhf Kwpj;Jf; nfhs;shj tiu gpuf;iQg+Htkhf Kwpj;Jf; nfhs;shj tiu vj;jifa MAj gyKk; xUtiu my;yJ xU vj;jifa MAj gyKk; xUtiu my;yJ xU vj;jifa MAj gyKk; xUtiu my;yJ xU vj;jifa MAj gyKk; xUtiu my;yJ xU vj;jifa MAj gyKk; xUtiu my;yJ xU murpay; mikg;ig khw;wptplg; Nghtjpy;iy. murpay; mikg;ig khw;wptplg; Nghtjpy;iy. murpay; mikg;ig khw;wptplg; Nghtjpy;iy. murpay; mikg;ig khw;wptplg; Nghtjpy;iy. murpay; mikg;ig khw;wptplg; Nghtjpy;iy.
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79
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79
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cs;sJ. xU murpay; jiyik vd;w tifapy; ,Jtiu epytp te;Js;s rhjpa kw;Wk; tHf;f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; jiyikia tpLjiyg; Gypfs; Kwpabj;Js;s NghjpYk; me;jg; gpuptpdupd; Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpaiy tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpdhy; Kwpabf;f Kbatp;y;iy. rhjp uPjpahfTk; tHf;f uPjpahfTk; ghypd uPjpahfTk; Mjpf;f epiyapy; ,Ug;gtHfis tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ,d;dKk; caHthdtHfshfNt fUJfp;d;wJ. jdJ mikg;Gf;Fs; rhjp mbg;gilapyhd rpy eilKiwfis fLikahf fl;Lg;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> r%fj;jpy; rhjpa Kiwik gpd;gw;wg;gLtij me;j mikg;gpdhy; jLf;f Kbatp;y;iy. rpy rhjpa ntspg;ghLfisAk;> ,opTgLj;jy;fisAk; jilnra;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> ekJ r%fj;jpypUe;J rhjpa Kiwikia Kw;whfNt mfw;Wtij Nehf;fpa nraw;ghl;by; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G jPtpu mf;fiw nfhs;stpy;iy.
jdJ mq;fj;jpdHfspy; Vwf;Fiwa jdJ mq;fj;jpdHfspy; Vwf;Fiwa jdJ mq;fj;jpdHfspy; Vwf;Fiwa jdJ mq;fj;jpdHfspy; Vwf;Fiwa jdJ mq;fj;jpdHfspy; Vwf;Fiwa ghjpg;NgH ngz;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ghjpg;NgH ngz;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ghjpg;NgH ngz;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ghjpg;NgH ngz;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ghjpg;NgH ngz;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> mjd; ,uhZt ntw;wpfspy; ngz;fspd; mjd; ,uhZt ntw;wpfspy; ngz;fspd; mjd; ,uhZt ntw;wpfspy; ngz;fspd; mjd; ,uhZt ntw;wpfspy; ngz;fspd; mjd; ,uhZt ntw;wpfspy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikajjhf khwptpl;l gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikajjhf khwptpl;l gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikajjhf khwptpl;l gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikajjhf khwptpl;l gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikajjhf khwptpl;l NghjpYk; mikg;gpw;Fs;Sk; r%fj;jpYk; NghjpYk; mikg;gpw;Fs;Sk; r%fj;jpYk; NghjpYk; mikg;gpw;Fs;Sk; r%fj;jpYk; NghjpYk; mikg;gpw;Fs;Sk; r%fj;jpYk; NghjpYk; mikg;gpw;Fs;Sk; r%fj;jpYk; Mzhjpf;f Kiwia mfw;Wtjw;F Mzhjpf;f Kiwia mfw;Wtjw;F Mzhjpf;f Kiwia mfw;Wtjw;F Mzhjpf;f Kiwia mfw;Wtjw;F Mzhjpf;f Kiwia mfw;Wtjw;F tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G gpuf;iQg+Ht- tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G gpuf;iQg+Ht- tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G gpuf;iQg+Ht- tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G gpuf;iQg+Ht- tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G gpuf;iQg+Ht- khfTk; jpl;lkpl;l uPjpapYk; Kaw;rpf;f- khfTk; jpl;lkpl;l uPjpapYk; Kaw;rpf;f- khfTk; jpl;lkpl;l uPjpapYk; Kaw;rpf;f- khfTk; jpl;lkpl;l uPjpapYk; Kaw;rpf;f- khfTk; jpl;lkpl;l uPjpapYk; Kaw;rpf;f- tpy;iytpy;iytpy;iytpy;iytpy;iy. vspikahd cjhuzk; vd;wstpy;> ngz; Nghuhspfshy; $l Mzhjpf;f Kiwf;F vjpuhf cWjpAld; NghuhlTk; mjd; gpbapypUe;J jk;ik tpLtpf;fTk; Kbahj epiyNa njhlHfpd;wJ.
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hf;fpakhd j;jpw;Fs; ;iffis iwfis w fPohd- fpd;w kuG . mjpfhu
80
gbepiy KiwAk; mJrhHe;j td;Kiw kuGk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gjhy; gpw kjj;jpdiu ekJ Njrj;jpy; epyTfpd;w mjpfhug; gbepiy xOq;fpy; MfTk; fPo;epiyapy; itj;J kjpg;gplTk; mtHfs; kPjhd td;Kiwia epahag;gLj;Jtkhd fUj;jpay; jHf;fk; ,q;F Vw;fdNt cUthfpAs;sJ. rhjp uPjpahf mlf;- fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdH> rhjpa Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf fpsHr;rpAWk; NghJ> mtHfSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwfs; vt;tpjk; epahag;- gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdNth mNjNghd;W kj uPjpahf fPo;epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wtHfs; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F cl;gl kWf;Fk; NghJk; mtHfs; kPJ td;Kiwfisg; gpuNahfpg;gJk; mj;jifa td;Kiwfs; epahag;gLj;jg;gLtJk; rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa czHTf;F xU r%fj;ijr; NrHe;j mNefkhf midtUk; - mtHfs; rhjpag; gbepiyapy; ve;j ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs; vd;w NtWgh- bd;wp ghy;NtW - ghbd;wp midtUk; - Ml;gl;L tpLfpd;whHfs;.
K];yPk; Njrj;jpd; kPJ> Muk;gj;jpy; kuGtopj; jiyikfs; Nkw;nfhz;l gpur;rhuj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fk; gpd;dH MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fSk; ,Wjpapy; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gk; Nkw;nfhz;l td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fkhd gpd;dzpfspy; xd;whf ,j;jifa Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpaYk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. xU jdpahd r%fk; vd;w tifapYk; jdpahd kjj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs; vd;w tifapYk; K];yPk;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w r%f> fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf murpay; jdpj;Jtq;fs; Fwpj;J ve;jnthU jkpo; murpay; jiyikAk; mf;fiw nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. K];yPk;fs; jkf;Fupa jdpahd topapy; jkf;fhd murpay; cupikfisf; Nfhupa NghJ mtHfs; ekJ Njrj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;il kPWtjhfTk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpyFtjhfTk; vdNt jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;batHfshfTk;

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fUjg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; fUj;jpay; nfhz;bUe;j Mjpf;f td;kkhdJ K];yPk;fs; kPJ gy jlitfs; td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; mtHfis Ehw;Wf;fzf;fpy; gLnfhiy nra;aTk;> tzf;fj;jyq;fspy; itj;Nj mtHfis kpNyr;rj;jdkhd gLnfhiy nra;aTk;> tlf;fpypUe;J mtHfis Kw;whfNt ntspNaw;wTk; fhuzkhfpaJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;igr; NrHe;j rhjp uPjpapy; Mjpf;f epiyapy; cs;s Mz; Nghuhspfs; kl;Lky;y mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpupitr; NrHe;j Mz; Nghuhspfs; kl;Lky;y midj;J rhjpfisAk;; NrHe;j ngz; NghuhspfSk; $l K];yPk;fs; kPjhd td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjypy; gq;Fnfhz;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;whf ,j;jifa Mjpf;fj; fUj;jpaiyAk; milahsk; fhzKbAk;.
3. ,uhZt cs;slf;fj;ijf; nfhz;ljhfTk; Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpayhy; gPbf;fg;gl;LkpUf;- fpd;wJkhd tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpl- kpUe;J [dehaf tpOkpaq;fSk;> [dehaf kuGfs;> [dehfa Kiwikfs; vd;git- Ak; ntspg;gl KbAk; vd;gJ rhj;jpakw;w vjpHghHg;ghfNt ,Uf;Fk;. xUGwk;> etPd [dehaf kuig mjpfk; ngw;wpuhj ekJ r%fj;jpypUe;J tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G cjpj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. $lNt ekJ Njrj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w [dehaf tpNuhj> Mjpf;f fUj;jpaiy mJ Vw;Wf; nfhz;b- Uf;fpd;wJ. kWGwk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G njhlHr;rpahd Aj;jj;jpYk; gd;Kid vjpupfsplkpUe;J jd;idg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba mtrpaj;jpYk;  Gw epiyikfSk; Aj;jj;jpYk; vjpupfisj; Njhw;fbg;gjpYk;> nfhd;nwhopg;gjpYk; me;j mikg;G njhlHr;rpahf ngw;W tUfpd;w ntw;wpfSk;> NrHe;J jhd; rhHe;jpUe;j kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; cupikfs; Fwpj;Jk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; gd;Kfg; Nghuhl;l tbtq;fs>; gd;Kfj; jiyikfs; vd;git Fwpj;Jk; rpe;jpf;f KbahjthW
tpLjiy
4. kf;fsp
ekJ jiyi Mgj;j mikg ntspg;g mikg vjpupah gu];gu mikg gq;fis vdNt ,af;fj mopg;gj Gypfs; Gypfs Gypfs; Gypfs Gypfs; Gypfs; Tk; meTk; meTk; meTk; meTk; me cl;glcl;glcl;glcl;glcl;gl toq;Fgtoq;Fgtoq;Fgtoq;Fgtoq;Fg NghjpYNghjpYNghjpYNghjpYNghjpY cwTfcwTfcwTfcwTfcwTf RahjPdRahjPdRahjPdRahjPdRahjPd jahuhfjahuhfjahuhfjahuhfjahuhf mJ nt gpd;tU
I. Mjpf;f Ug;gJk nrYj;J
II. kf;fsJ eyd;fi Ug;gJ. mDkj ghl;by mr;rk;.
III. kf;fS kpfTk re;jHg;g ,Ug;gi Gupe;J tpLji ghl;by
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Uj;jpay; ;kkhdJ td;Kiwj; mtHfis nra;aTk;> mtHfis nra;aTk;> w;whfNt tpLjiyg; jp uPjpapy; Nghuhspfs; gpupitr; kl;Lky;y e;j ngz; s; kPjhd z;ljw;fhd Mjpf;fj; hzKbAk;.
z;ljhfTk; ;gl;LkpUf;- mikg;gpl- ;> [dehaf ; vd;git- hj;jpakw;w wk;> etPd puhj ekJ s; mikg;G Njrj;jpy; f tpNuhj> f; nfhz;b- g; Gypfs; ;jj;jpYk; jd;idg; paj;jpYk; mf> Gw jpupfisj; pYk; me;j tUfpd;w hHe;jpUe;j upikfs; pd; gd;Kfg; iyikfs; bahjthW
tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;ig khw;wpAs;sd.
4. kf;fspd; RahjPdkhd Nghuhl;lq;fSk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; gd;Kfj; jiyikfSk; cUthtJ jdJ ,Ug;Gf;F Mgj;jhdJ vd;W tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ek;Gfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fupa kpf ntspg;gilahd Kjw; fhuzkhf Vida mikg;Gf;fs; midj;ijAk; mJ jdJ vjpupahff; fUJtJk;> jdJ tuyhw;wpy; gu];guk; xU mikg;ig ,d;ndhU mikg;G mopf;ff; fhj;jpUe;j re;jHg;- gq;fisNa mJ re;jpj;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. vdNt ,d;ndhU mikg;G ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; EiotJ vd;gij> jd;id mopg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpahfNt tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gf; fUJfpd;wJ. tpLjiyg; tpLjiyg; tpLjiyg; tpLjiyg; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;igj; jhq;fp epw;gtHfshf- Gypfs; mikg;igj; jhq;fp epw;gtHfshf- Gypfs; mikg;igj; jhq;fp epw;gtHfshf- Gypfs; mikg;igj; jhq;fp epw;gtHfshf- Gypfs; mikg;igj; jhq;fp epw;gtHfshf- Tk; me;j mikg;Gf;fhd kdpj tsq;fs; Tk; me;j mikg;Gf;fhd kdpj tsq;fs; Tk; me;j mikg;Gf;fhd kdpj tsq;fs; Tk; me;j mikg;Gf;fhd kdpj tsq;fs; Tk; me;j mikg;Gf;fhd kdpj tsq;fs; cl;gl midj;J tsq;fisAk; cl;gl midj;J tsq;fisAk; cl;gl midj;J tsq;fisAk; cl;gl midj;J tsq;fisAk; cl;gl midj;J tsq;fisAk; toq;FgtHfshfTk; kf;fNs tpsq;Ffpd;w toq;FgtHfshfTk; kf;fNs tpsq;Ffpd;w toq;FgtHfshfTk; kf;fNs tpsq;Ffpd;w toq;FgtHfshfTk; kf;fNs tpsq;Ffpd;w toq;FgtHfshfTk; kf;fNs tpsq;Ffpd;w NghjpYk; kf;fSld; [dehaf g+Htkhd NghjpYk; kf;fSld; [dehaf g+Htkhd NghjpYk; kf;fSld; [dehaf g+Htkhd NghjpYk; kf;fSld; [dehaf g+Htkhd NghjpYk; kf;fSld; [dehaf g+Htkhd cwTfis Vw;gLj;jTk; mtHfspd; cwTfis Vw;gLj;jTk; mtHfspd; cwTfis Vw;gLj;jTk; mtHfspd; cwTfis Vw;gLj;jTk; mtHfspd; cwTfis Vw;gLj;jTk; mtHfspd; RahjPd Nghuhl;lq;fis mDkjpf;fTk; RahjPd Nghuhl;lq;fis mDkjpf;fTk; RahjPd Nghuhl;lq;fis mDkjpf;fTk; RahjPd Nghuhl;lq;fis mDkjpf;fTk; RahjPd Nghuhl;lq;fis mDkjpf;fTk; jahuhf ,y;iy jahuhf ,y;iy jahuhf ,y;iy jahuhf ,y;iy jahuhf ,y;iy vd;gijNa ,d;W tiu mJ ntspg;gLj;jp te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;F gpd;tUtd fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
I. Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpaiy Vw;Wf; nfhz;b- Ug;gJk; vdNt kf;fs; kPJ mjpfhuj;ijr; nrYj;JtJ rupahdNj vd;w KbTk;
II. kf;fsJ czHTfisAk; mtHfsJ eyd;fisAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbahjp- Ug;gJ. vdNt kf;fs; RahjPdkhf ,aq;f mDkjp;f;fg;gLk; NghJ jkJ fl;Lg;- ghl;by; ,Ue;J tpyfptpLthHfs; vd;w mr;rk;.
III. kf;fSf;Fk; jkf;FkpilapYkhd cwT kpfTk; gytPdkhd epiyapYk; gy re;jHg;gq;fspy; Kuz;gl;l epiyapYk; ,Ug;gij tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;Gg; Gupe;J nfhz;bUg;gJ. ,e;jg; Gupjy; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; fl;Lg;- ghl;by; ,Ue;J fzprkhd kf;fs; ntsp-
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Naw tpUk;Gfpd;whHfs; vd;w mDgtj;- jpypUe;Jk; ,e;jpa muR my;yJ rpwpyq;fh muR jkpo; kf;fSf;F rhjfkhd epiyg;- ghl;il vLg;gjhfj; Njhd;Wk; NghJ mt- w;wpd; gf;fk; kf;fs;  mikg;G jd;id midtUf;Fk; Nkyhf> mikg;G jd;id midtUf;Fk; Nkyhf> mikg;G jd;id midtUf;Fk; Nkyhf> mikg;G jd;id midtUf;Fk; Nkyhf> cr;r ,lj;jpy; epWj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. jd;dpl- cr;r ,lj;jpy; epWj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. jd;dpl- cr;r ,lj;jpy; epWj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. jd;dpl- cr;r ,lj;jpy; epWj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. jd;dpl- cr;r ,lj;jpy; epWj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. jd;dpl- Ks;s mikg;G vd;w mjpfhu epWtdj;jpd; Ks;s mikg;G vd;w mjpfhu epWtdj;jpd; Ks;s mikg;G vd;w mjpfhu epWtdj;jpd; Ks;s mikg;G vd;w mjpfhu epWtdj;jpd; Ks;s mikg;G vd;w mjpfhu epWtdj;jpd; %yKk; td;Kiwf; fUtpfspd; JizAl- %yKk; td;Kiwf; fUtpfspd; JizAl- %yKk; td;Kiwf; fUtpfspd; JizAl- %yKk; td;Kiwf; fUtpfspd; JizAl- %yKk; td;Kiwf; fUtpfspd; JizAl- Dk; ,yFthd Kiwapy; jd;id Nky;- Dk; ,yFthd Kiwapy; jd;id Nky;- Dk; ,yFthd Kiwapy; jd;id Nky;- Dk; ,yFthd Kiwapy; jd;id Nky;- Dk; ,yFthd Kiwapy; jd;id Nky;- epiyahf;fk; nra;tjw;F tpLjiyg; Gypfs; epiyahf;fk; nra;tjw;F tpLjiyg; Gypfs; epiyahf;fk; nra;tjw;F tpLjiyg; Gypfs; epiyahf;fk; nra;tjw;F tpLjiyg; Gypfs; epiyahf;fk; nra;tjw;F tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpdhy; Kbe;Js;sJ. mikg;gpdhy; Kbe;Js;sJ. mikg;gpdhy; Kbe;Js;sJ. mikg;gpdhy; Kbe;Js;sJ. mikg;gpdhy; Kbe;Js;sJ. ekJ kf;fspilNa epyTfpd;w r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fis khw;WtJ Fwpj;j mf;fiwia tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G xU NghJk; ntspg;gLj;jpajpy;iy. mjpfhug; gbepiy Fwpj;j fhj;jpukhd tpkHrdg; ghHitfisAk; mJ nfhz;- bUf;ftpy;iy. ,tw;iw epahag;gLj;Jfpd;w Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpaiy tpkHrdq;fs; vJTkpd;wp mJ Vw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. vdNt mjpfhug; gbepiy Kiwikia khw;Wtjw;Fg; gjpyhf mj;jifa gbepiy tupirapy; jdf;Fupa ,lj;ij> mjpAaHe;j ,lj;ij tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G NjHT nra;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW mjpfhug; gbepiy mikg;gpd; cr;rpapy; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; jkf;Fupa ,lj;ijj; NjHe;njLj;- jpUg;gjw;F mt;tikg;gpd; cWg;gpdH NrHg;Gj; jd;ik xU fhuzpahf mike;- Js;sJ.
tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; cWg;gpd- Hfs; ekJ r%fj;jpy; epyTfpd;w mjpfhug; gbepiy mikg;gpd; midj;J kl;lq;f- isAk; NrHe;jtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;. rhjpa ,Wf;fKk; tHf;fj; JUtkakhf;- fypd;ikAk; Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpaYk; epyTfpd;w #oypy; tpLjiyg; Gypfs;
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cWg;g ,Ug;Gf mjpy; mjpfhu tiuA ntt;Nt vd ekJ tpLji Kbfpd mikg;g ,izA r%fg; gpuf;iQ bUg;gJ gd;Kfj gd;Kf fbdkh ghupa jiyi xt;nth ,Ue;J gu];gu nra;af Lj;JtJ spilN kj;jpapy mtrpa gpuptpd murpay mikg cs;sh rhj;jpak g;ig k kf;fspw ,l;Lr;
tpLji ,uhZ fl;lik rdkpd kf;fspd nfhs;s te;jpU ,izf

mDgtj;- rpwpyq;fh d epiyg;- ghJ mt- fpd;whHfs;
f;fSf;F f;fSf;F f;fSf;F f;fSf;F f;fSf;F pUf;fpd;wJ. pUf;fpd;wJ. pUf;fpd;wJ. pUf;fpd;wJ. pUf;fpd;wJ. ;w mjpfhug; ;w mjpfhug; ;w mjpfhug; ;w mjpfhug; ;w mjpfhug; g; Gypfs; g; Gypfs; g; Gypfs; g; Gypfs; g; Gypfs; k; Nkyhf> k; Nkyhf> k; Nkyhf> k; Nkyhf> k; Nkyhf> J. jd;dpl- J. jd;dpl- J. jd;dpl- J. jd;dpl- J. jd;dpl- pWtdj;jpd; pWtdj;jpd; pWtdj;jpd; pWtdj;jpd; pWtdj;jpd; ; JizAl- ; JizAl- ; JizAl- ; JizAl- ; JizAl- ;id Nky;- ;id Nky;- ;id Nky;- ;id Nky;- ;id Nky;- yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; J. J. J. J. J. ekJ r%ff; Fwpj;j ; mikg;G ajpy;iy. hj;jpukhd J nfhz;- ;gLj;Jfpd;w Hrdq;fs; Uf;fpd;wJ. wikia a gbepiy mjpAaHe;j kg;G NjHT mjpfhug; tpLjiyg; jHe;njLj;- cWg;gpdH f mike;-
cWg;gpd- ;w mjpfhug; kl;lq;f- pd;whHfs;. tkakhf;- j;jpaYk; g; Gypfs;
82
cWg;gpdHfs; ngUk;ghYk; jkJ r%f ,Ug;Gf; Fwpj;j Ragpuf;iQ mw;wtHfshf mjpy; ,izf;pd;whHfs;. rhjpa> tHf;f mjpfhug; gbepiyapy; NkypUe;J fPo; tiuAk;@ ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk;@ ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;jtHfSk; vd ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdUk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpy; ,iza Kbfpd;wJ. ,t;thW xU murpay; mikg;gpy;> gd;Kff; fyg;gpy; cWg;gpdHfs; ,izAk; NghJ> me;j mikg;G jdJ r%fg; gz;ig jPHkhdpf;Fk; caHe;j gpuf;iQAk;> Mo;e;j mf;fiwAk; nfhz;- bUg;gJ mtrpak;. jdJ cWg;gpdHfspd; gd;Kfj; jd;ikf;$lhf> jdJ r%fj;jpd; gd;Kf eyd;fis rhug;gLj;Jfpd;w fbdkhd gzpia epiwNtw;w Ntz;b a ghupa flg;ghL mf;fl;rpf;Fk;> mjd; jiyikf;Fk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. r%fj;jpd; xt;nthU gpuptpduJk; gd;Kf eyd;fspy; ,Ue;J> xd;Wld; xd;W neUq;fpaJk;> gu];guk; kw;w gpuptpdHfSf;F Jiz nra;af;$baJkhd eyd;fis rhug;g- Lj;JtJk;> mtw;iw jkJ cWg;gpdHf- spilNa Gupe;Njw;fr; nra;tJk;> kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mtw;iw njspthf Kd;itg;gJk; mtrpak;. ,t;tpjk; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gpuptpdHfspd; eyd;fis Kiwahf murpayhf;fk; nra;ahj NghJ> me;j mikg;G kf;fspd; eyd;fSld; jd;id cs;shHe;j uPjpapy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tJ rhj;jpakw;wjhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J me;j mik- g;ig kf;fspypUe;J me;epag;gLj;jTk;> kf;fspw;F Nkyhd jd;id epWj;jTk; ,l;Lr; nrd;W tpLfpd;wJ.
tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; ,Wf;fkhd> ,uhZtj; jd;ik nfhz;l mjpfhuf; fl;likg;Gk;> Mjpf;f fUj;jpaiy tpkH- rdkpd;wp mJ Vw;Wf; nfhz;bUg;gJk; kf;fspd; eyd;fs; Fwp;j;J Mo;e;j mf;fiw nfhs;s Kbahky; me;j mikg;ig jLj;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jdJ mikg;gpw;Fs; ,izfpd;wtHfis kPw Kbahj mjpfhug;

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gbepiy Kiwikf;Fs; cl;gLj;jp> NghHf;- Fzkpf;f Nghuhspfshf khw;WtjpNyNa me;j mikg;G KO mf;fiwAk; nfhz;- bUf;fpwJ. ,t;thW tsHf;fg;gLfpd;w tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; cWg;gp- dHfs;> mikg;GzHTk; mHg;gzpg;Gk;> Mw;wYkpf;f Nghuhspfshf tpsq;Ffpd;w mNjNeuj;jpy; kf;fSld; jk;ik capNuhl;lkhf ,izf;f KbahjtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;. ,t;thW tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G> mjpfhuKk; Mw;wYk; mikg;GzHTk; nfhz;l xU jdpahd epWtdkhf> kf;fSf;F ntspNawpAs;s xU mikg;ghf khwpapUf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tpjk;> ekJ kf;fSld;> mtHfspd; ve;jg; gpupTlDk; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sh- jpUf;fpd;w tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G> mjpfhuj;Jld; r%fg; gbepiy xOq;fpd; cr;rpapy; jd;id epiy epWj;jpAs;sJ. ,t;thW mjpAaH epiyapy; ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf me;j mikg;gpdhy; ntt;NtW r%fg; gpuptpdUld; ntt;NtW cwTf- isg; NgZtJ rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ. xU Gwk;> r%f Mjpf;f rf;jpfSlDk; kWGwk; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdUlDk; el;Gw- itg; NgZtJ mjw;F rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ. gJf;fy; tpahghuj;jpy;  ,Wjp Nehf;fpy>; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,Wjp Nehf;fpy>; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,Wjp Nehf;fpy>; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,Wjp Nehf;fpy>; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,Wjp Nehf;fpy>; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;F mikg;G r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;F mikg;G r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;F mikg;G r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;F mikg;G r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;F rhjfkhf nraw;gl;L te;jpf;fpd;wJ rhjfkhf nraw;gl;L te;jpf;fpd;wJ rhjfkhf nraw;gl;L te;jpf;fpd;wJ rhjfkhf nraw;gl;L te;jpf;fpd;wJ rhjfkhf nraw;gl;L te;jpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij mjd; 15 tUl fhy mDgtq;fs; vd;gij mjd; 15 tUl fhy mDgtq;fs; vd;gij mjd; 15 tUl fhy mDgtq;fs; vd;gij mjd; 15 tUl fhy mDgtq;fs; vd;gij mjd; 15 tUl fhy mDgtq;fs; Rl;bepw;fpd;wd. Rl;bepw;fpd;wd. Rl;bepw;fpd;wd. Rl;bepw;fpd;wd. Rl;bepw;fpd;wd. jhd; tHj;jfHfsplk ;t#ypj;j gzj;ij> me;j tHj;jfHfs; nghUl;fspd; tpiyia mjpfupj;J kf;f- splkpUe;J kPsg; ngw;W tUtij tpLj- iyg; Gypfs; jLj;jjpy;iy. rhuak; fha;r;- Rgtiu jz;bf;fpd;w tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G rl;l uPjpahf rhuaj;ij tpw;gid
nra;fpd jdf;F nrYj;j nry;ti Gypfs gpuNjr ntspN murpay my;yJ fpd;Nwh tjd; t Jg; g epWj;J mikg rhjfkh KbAk vjpHgh mjpfhu mlf;fg gpuptpd neUf;f vd;gij iyg; G Mjpf;f tpLti
6. tpLjitpLjitpLjitpLjitpLji
mjd; mjd; mjd; mjd; mjd; Ue;JkUe;JkUe;JkUe;JkUe;Jk ,d;dK,d;dK,d;dK,d;dK,d;dK typiktypiktypiktypiktypik ghj;jpukghj;jpukghj;jpukghj;jpukghj;jpuk njhlHenjhlHenjhlHenjhlHenjhlHe vt;tsvt;tsvt;tsvt;tsvt;ts jpw;Fupajpw;Fupajpw;Fupajpw;Fupajpw;Fupa re;jHg;gre;jHg;gre;jHg;gre;jHg;gre;jHg;g vjpuhfvjpuhfvjpuhfvjpuhfvjpuhf ,jd; x,jd; x,jd; x,jd; x,jd; x ekJ kekJ kekJ kekJ kekJ k te;jpUfte;jpUfte;jpUfte;jpUfte;jpUf njhlHrnjhlHrnjhlHrnjhlHrnjhlHr Fwpj;j Fwpj;j Fwpj;j Fwpj;j Fwpj;j jdpegHjdpegHjdpegHjdpegHjdpegH ijg; nijg; nijg; nijg; nijg; n
83

j;jp> NghHf;- tjpNyNa k; nfhz;- g;gLfpd;w ; cWg;gp- g;gzpg;Gk;> sq;Ffpd;w ; jk;ik hjtHfshf tpLjiyg; ; Mw;wYk; jdpahd pNawpAs;s . ,t;tpjk;> pd; ve;jg; ; nfhs;sh- ; mikg;G> xOq;fpd; ;jpAs;sJ. ,Ug;gjd; ; ntt;NtW cwTf- . xU Gwk;> ; kWGwk; k; el;Gw- khfpd;wJ. d;w tHj;j- j;ij t#- mlf;fg;g- egiu fL- ikg;gpdhy;
yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; yg; Gypfs; uptpdUf;F ptpdUf;F uptpdUf;F ptpdUf;F uptpdUf;F pf;fpd;wJ pf;fpd;wJ pf;fpd;wJ pf;fpd;wJ pf;fpd;wJ Dgtq;fs; Dgtq;fs; Dgtq;fs; Dgtq;fs; Dgtq;fs; fHfsplk Hj;jfHfs; pj;J kf;f- ij tpLj- uak; fha;r;- g; Gypfs; tpw;gid
nra;fpd;w tHj;jfiuj; jz;bg;gjpy;iy. jdf;F gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd Ugha;fis nrYj;jpa gpd;dH ntspehl;Lf;F xUtH nry;tij mDkjpf;fpd;w tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G> jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Ue;J kf;fs; Rakhf ntspNaWtij mDkjpg;gjpy;iy. xU murpay; mikg;G> jhd; ve;j r%fg;gpupit my;yJ gpupTfis gpujpepj;Jtk; nra;- fpd;Nwhk; vd;w gpuf;iQapd;wpr; nraw;gL- tjd; tpisT ,J. xU mikg;G midj;- Jg; gpuptpdUf;Fk; Nkyhf jd;id epWj;Jtjd; %yk;> jd;id kf;fspd; mikg;ghf> mlf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fSf;F rhjfkhf nraw;gLfpd;w mikg;ghf khw;w KbAk; vd;gJ xU rhj;jpakw;w vjpHghHg;ghfNt ,Uf;Fk;. Vnddpy;> mjpfhug; gbepiyapd; cr;rp vd;gJ> mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdiu tpl Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;Nf kpfTk; mz;ikapYk; neUf;fkhfTk; cs;sJ> neUf;fkhdJ vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ tpLj- iyg; Gypfspd; mikg;gpd; nraw;ghLfs; Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;F rhjfkhf mike;J tpLtij tpsq;f KbAk;.
6. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G Fwpg;ghf> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G Fwpg;ghf> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G Fwpg;ghf> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G Fwpg;ghf> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G Fwpg;ghf> mjd; jiyik mjd; goikg;gw;wpyp- mjd; jiyik mjd; goikg;gw;wpyp- mjd; jiyik mjd; goikg;gw;wpyp- mjd; jiyik mjd; goikg;gw;wpyp- mjd; jiyik mjd; goikg;gw;wpyp- Ue;Jk; jdpegHthj gPbg;gpypUe;Jk; Ue;Jk; jdpegHthj gPbg;gpypUe;Jk; Ue;Jk; jdpegHthj gPbg;gpypUe;Jk; Ue;Jk; jdpegHthj gPbg;gpypUe;Jk; Ue;Jk; jdpegHthj gPbg;gpypUe;Jk; ,d;dKk; tpLgltpy;iy. Njrpa czHit ,d;dKk; tpLgltpy;iy. Njrpa czHit ,d;dKk; tpLgltpy;iy. Njrpa czHit ,d;dKk; tpLgltpy;iy. Njrpa czHit ,d;dKk; tpLgltpy;iy. Njrpa czHit typikg;gLj;Jtjpy; goikf;F xU typikg;gLj;Jtjpy; goikf;F xU typikg;gLj;Jtjpy; goikf;F xU typikg;gLj;Jtjpy; goikf;F xU typikg;gLj;Jtjpy; goikf;F xU ghj;jpuk; ,Uf;fpd;w NghJk;> xU Njrj;jpd; ghj;jpuk; ,Uf;fpd;w NghJk;> xU Njrj;jpd; ghj;jpuk; ,Uf;fpd;w NghJk;> xU Njrj;jpd; ghj;jpuk; ,Uf;fpd;w NghJk;> xU Njrj;jpd; ghj;jpuk; ,Uf;fpd;w NghJk;> xU Njrj;jpd; njhlHe;j tsHr;rpf;F mjd; gad;ghL njhlHe;j tsHr;rpf;F mjd; gad;ghL njhlHe;j tsHr;rpf;F mjd; gad;ghL njhlHe;j tsHr;rpf;F mjd; gad;ghL njhlHe;j tsHr;rpf;F mjd; gad;ghL vt;tsT Jhuk; cjTk; vd;gJ tpthjj;- vt;tsT Jhuk; cjTk; vd;gJ tpthjj;- vt;tsT Jhuk; cjTk; vd;gJ tpthjj;- vt;tsT Jhuk; cjTk; vd;gJ tpthjj;- vt;tsT Jhuk; cjTk; vd;gJ tpthjj;- jpw;FupaJ. ,j;jifa goikg;gw;W gy jpw;FupaJ. ,j;jifa goikg;gw;W gy jpw;FupaJ. ,j;jifa goikg;gw;W gy jpw;FupaJ. ,j;jifa goikg;gw;W gy jpw;FupaJ. ,j;jifa goikg;gw;W gy re;jHg;gq;fspy;> [dehaf tpOkpaq;fSf;F re;jHg;gq;fspy;> [dehaf tpOkpaq;fSf;F re;jHg;gq;fspy;> [dehaf tpOkpaq;fSf;F re;jHg;gq;fspy;> [dehaf tpOkpaq;fSf;F re;jHg;gq;fspy;> [dehaf tpOkpaq;fSf;F vjpuhf khwf;$baJ. jdpegH thjKk; vjpuhf khwf;$baJ. jdpegH thjKk; vjpuhf khwf;$baJ. jdpegH thjKk; vjpuhf khwf;$baJ. jdpegH thjKk; vjpuhf khwf;$baJ. jdpegH thjKk; ,jd; xU ePl;rpahf jdpj;jiyik vd;gJk; ,jd; xU ePl;rpahf jdpj;jiyik vd;gJk; ,jd; xU ePl;rpahf jdpj;jiyik vd;gJk; ,jd; xU ePl;rpahf jdpj;jiyik vd;gJk; ,jd; xU ePl;rpahf jdpj;jiyik vd;gJk; ekJ kf;fs; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; epytp ekJ kf;fs; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; epytp ekJ kf;fs; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; epytp ekJ kf;fs; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; epytp ekJ kf;fs; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; epytp te;jpUf;fpd;w Mjpf;f murpay; kugpd; xU te;jpUf;fpd;w Mjpf;f murpay; kugpd; xU te;jpUf;fpd;w Mjpf;f murpay; kugpd; xU te;jpUf;fpd;w Mjpf;f murpay; kugpd; xU te;jpUf;fpd;w Mjpf;f murpay; kugpd; xU njhlHr;rp. ,e;j kuGld; jdJ ,Ug;G njhlHr;rp. ,e;j kuGld; jdJ ,Ug;G njhlHr;rp. ,e;j kuGld; jdJ ,Ug;G njhlHr;rp. ,e;j kuGld; jdJ ,Ug;G njhlHr;rp. ,e;j kuGld; jdJ ,Ug;G Fwpj;j mr;rj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fpw NghJ> Fwpj;j mr;rj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fpw NghJ> Fwpj;j mr;rj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fpw NghJ> Fwpj;j mr;rj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fpw NghJ> Fwpj;j mr;rj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fpw NghJ> jdpegH thjk; vd;gJ mjd; jPtpu tbtj;- jdpegH thjk; vd;gJ mjd; jPtpu tbtj;- jdpegH thjk; vd;gJ mjd; jPtpu tbtj;- jdpegH thjk; vd;gJ mjd; jPtpu tbtj;- jdpegH thjk; vd;gJ mjd; jPtpu tbtj;- ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;jj; jPtpukhdJ>
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Page 84
Vida murpay; mikg;Gf;fis mopj;- njhopg;gjhfTk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; mtHfspd; RahjPdkhd Nghuhl;lq;f- isAk; kWg;gjhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. ,t;- thW tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G kuGtopj; jiyikiaAk; Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fisAk; mfw;wp Njhw;wj;jpy; NtWgl;l xU Gjpa jiyikahf mike;j NghjpYk;> gz;GuPjpahf kuGtopj; jiyikapypUe;J tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G jPtpukhf NtWgltpy;iy. mJ kuGtopj; jiyikapd; jd;ikfSld; xj;jpUf;fpd;w mNjNeuj;jpy>; mj;jifa gz;Gfis td;Kiw uPjpahf ntspg;g- Lj;Jfpd;w mikg;ghfTk; khwpapUf;fpd;wJ. jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mile;J tU- fpd;w khngUk; ,uhZt ntw;wpfisAk; kPwp mJ ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w ,j;jifa gz;Gfs; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; mjd; jiyik Fwpj;j Mo;e;j Nfs;tpfis vOg;Gfpd;wd.
84

s mopj;- ;jpuj;ijAk; huhl;lq;f- ;wJ. ,t;- ;G kuGtopj; g; Nghuhl;l hw;wj;jpy; f mike;j kuGtopj; g; Gypfs; ;iy. mJ kfSld; mj;jifa ntspg;g- pUf;fpd;wJ. le;J tU- ;wpfisAk; ,j;jifa ;jpy; mjd; s;tpfis
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Page 85
 gpd;tUk; Kd;itg;gjw;F tplaq;fs;
,af;fj;jpd; Fwpj;J xU tptuzj;ij ngWtJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
gd;Kfj;
I.  Vida
jd;ik
Njrq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTfs;
II.  Vida Njrq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTfs; INuhg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F Kd;dH> ekJ kf;fs; jkf;fpilNaAk;> gpw r%fq;fSlDk; - Fwpg;ghf rpq;fs r%fj;ij - neUq;fpa njhlHGfsw;wtHfshf tho;e;J te;jpUf;- fpd;whHfs;. NtWgl;l gpuNjrq;fs;> tho;epiy> Ml;rp Kiw vd;gtw;NwhL kpfTk; vy;iyf;- Fl;gl;bUe;jJ. Nghf;Ftuj;J tha;g;Gfs; Nghd;wit r%fq;fSf;fpilNa neUf;f- khdJk; njhlHr;rpahdJkhd Clhl;lq;fis rhj;jpakw;wjhf;fpapUe;jd. vdpDk; jkf;fUNf tho;e;J te;jpUf;fpd;w K];yPk;fSf;F> ekJ kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTfs;> gpuNjr uPjpahd NtWgl;l jd;ikfs; nfhz;bUe;jd vd;gij Vw;fdNt ghHj;jpUe;Njhk;.
INuhg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;gpDhlhf r%fq;fspw;- fpilapyhd njhlHGfs; Clhl;lq;fSk; mjpfupj;jd. Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpd; gpd;dH ,j;jifa Nghf;F tpupthdNjhL ,yq;ifapd;
KiwikA miuEhw;wh jkpo; Nkl;L K];yPk;fsJ epakpf;fg ,j;jiyik ,ilNa ne fspy; ,yq vd;Wk;> v gpujpepjpj;J thjhba N nraw;gl;lh me;epag;gl;b jiyik r%fj;jpy; m nfhs;s ,uhkehjd  ; vy;iyf;- ha;g;Gfs; neUf;f- l;lq;fis jkf;fUNf f;F> ekJ s;> gpuNjr z;bUe;jd
;.
fq;fspw;- l;lq;fSk; pd; gpd;dH yq;ifapd;
 nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu uPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp> murpay; uPjpahfTk; rpf;fyhd cwTfs; cUthfj; njhlq;fpd.
1830f;Fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa murpay; Kiwapd; fPo;> ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;JtKk;> epakd KiwikAk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,g;gFjpapy; miuEhw;whz;Lf; fhyj;jpw;F Nky;> nfhOk;Gj; jkpo; Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik  vdNt rl;l rigapy; jdpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; jug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W thjhba NghJ> ,uhkehjd; mjw;F vjpuhf nraw;gl;lhH. jdJ nrhe;j kf;fsplkpUe;J me;epag;gl;bUe;j ,e;j nfhOk;G Nkl;Lf;Fbj; jiyik Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l ,d;ndhU r%fj;jpy; murpay; cupikfisAk; jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;s Kide;j Mjpf;f ntwpia ,uhkehjdpd; Kaw;rpfs; ntspg;gLj;jpd.  K];yPk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd murpay; Kuz;ghl;bd; tpj;J> 1880 fspy; Kistpl;lJ. ,e;ehl;by; tho;e;j K];yPk;fs; kw;Wk; kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; cupikfs; njhlHghf> ekJ murpay; jiyikfs; ,jd; gpd;dH njhlHr;rpahf ntspg;gLj;jp te;jpUf;Fk;> mjpfhug; Nghf;fpd; njhlf;fkhf ,uhkehjdpd; nraw;ghLfs; mike;jd. gpd;dH 1915,y; rpq;fs
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jiyikfspd; fPo;> K];yPk;fs; kPJ ,dtd;Kiwfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJ> md;W Kd;dpd;W elhj;jpa rpq;fs jiyikfSf;F rhHghf ,e;j ,uhkehjd; ,q;fpyhe;J tiuf;Fk; nrd;W thjhbdhH. 25 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH> ve;j r%fj;ij jdJ ,dk; vd;W thjpl;lhNuh> me;j K];yPk; r%fj;jpw;F vjpuhf ,g;NghJ nraw;gLfpd;w murpay; faikia ,uhkehjd; ntspg;gLj;jpdhH.
1948,y; kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; gpu[h cupikiaAk; gpd;dH thf;FupikAk; gwpf;fg;- gl;l NghJ> jkpo; nfhq;fpu]; jiyik mjw;F Mjuthf thf;fspj;jJ. ,jw;F rpy tUlq;f- Sf;F Kd;Gjhd; ,yq;ifapYs;s  K];yPk; kw;Wk; kiyafj; jkpoHfs; MfpNah- upd; murpay; cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;> 50 : 50 vd;w Nfhupf;ifia ,j;jiyik czHr;rpfukhf Kd;ndLj;J te;jpUe;jJ. ,g;NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jdf;Fupa tha;GfSk;> rYiffSk; fpilj;j NghJ> ve;j kf;fspd; murpay; cupikfisAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jj; jiyik thjpl;L te;jNjh me;j kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; murpay; cupikAk; tho;TupikAk; gwpf;fg;gl;l NghJ> mjw;F Mjutspj;j murpay; JNuhfj;ij mg;gl;lkhf gpujpgypj;jJ.
,jd; gpd;G>  ,ij nra;J nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jJk;> K];yPk;fSld; jd;id ,izg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf> mtHfspd; murpay; gpujpepjpfSld; NjHjy; $l;Lf;fis Vw;gLj;j Kw;gl;lJ. NjHjy; $l;L vd;gJ vg;NghJk; re;jHg;g- thjkhdJ> kf;fspd; eyd;fis ntd;nwLg;-
gjw;fhf m ,yf;fhff Lfpd;w ju vdNt> NjH gpd;dH ekJ JtjpYk; , fpd;w gpupt ,j;jiyi kWfzNk> Gjpa $l;Lf nraw;ghlhf fl;rpf;Fk; K ,ilapy; N jd;ikia ntw;wpngw;w mNefkhf nfhz;lhH nfhz;L> " vd;gJ gf epiyf;F> j ve;j K];y Ntz;Lk; ,yf;fhff fis "njh Lj;Jfpd;w nrd;wJ. M ifahf ,N murpay;th kl;Lkd;wp> $l;Lk; mi
,Wjpapy; M Njrpa ,af ekJ kf;f kl;Lkd;wp jkpoHfisA ,izf;f K xNu Njrk " rpq;fs uhkehjd; hbdhH. 25 ;ij jdJ K];yPk; w;gLfpd;w hkehjd;
pd; gpu[h k; gwpf;fg;- k mjw;F tUlq;f-  ; MfpNah- fhf;fg;gl 50 vd;w Hr;rpfukhf ,g;NghJ ha;GfSk;> kf;fspd; Ntz;Lk; Njh me;j cupikAk; > mjw;F g;gl;lkhf
;yPk;fsJk; py; rk\;b uRf; fl;rp s;tjhapd; ,q;Fs;s Ak; jpul;l y; jkpofj; py; md;wp ;zpf;ifg; w;rpj;jJk;> g;gjw;Fg; pjpfSld; Kw;gl;lJ. ; re;jHg;g- td;nwLg;-
gjw;fhf my;yhky;> jkJ nrhe;j eyd;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Nl> ,f;$l;by; rk;ge;jg;g- Lfpd;w jug;gpdHfs; nraw;gLfpd;whHfs;. vdNt> NjHjy; ntw;wpapy; kl;Lkd;wp> NjHjypd; gpd;dH ekJ eyd;fis NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;- JtjpYk; ,e;jj; jiyikf;$l;by; gyk;ngW- fpd;w gpuptpdH mf;fiw nfhs;fpd;whHfs;. ,j;jiyikfs; NjHjy;fspy; ntw;wpngw;w kWfzNk> Kd;ida $l;bypUe;J tpyFtJk;> Gjpa $l;Lf;fis cUthf;FtJk; xU rhjhuz nraw;ghlhfNt epfo;fpd;wJ. ,q;F jkpouRf; fl;rpf;Fk; K];yPk; murpay; jiyikfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; NjHjy; $l;L vd;gJk; ,j;jifa jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUe;jd. NjHjypy; ntw;wpngw;w gpd;dH K];yPk; cWg;gpdHfs;> mNefkhf MSk; fl;rpAld; ,ize;J nfhz;lhHfs;. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> "K];yPk;fs; njhg;gp gpul;bfs;" vd;gJ gfpuq;fkhfNt gpur;rhuk; nra;fpd;w epiyf;F> jkpouRf; fl;rpj; jiyik nrd;wJ. ve;j K];yPk;fspd; cupikfisAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij rk\;b Nfhupf;if ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jNjh> mNj K];yPk;- fis "njhg;gp Gul;bfs;" vd;W milahsg;g- Lj;Jfpd;w epiyf;F jkpouRf; fl;rp jiyik nrd;wJ. Mdhy; xU njspthd Kuz;e- ifahf ,Nj jkpouRf; fl;rpj; jiyik rpq;fs murpay;thjpfSld; xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;jJ kl;Lkd;wp> 1965 ,y; I.Nj.f. murhq;fj;Jld; $l;Lk; mikj;jJ.
,Wjpapy; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; jiyik khj;jpuk; Vw;wd. ekJ kf;fspd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdiuAk; kl;Lkd;wp K];yPk;fisAk; kiyafj; jkpoHfisAk; $l> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; ,izf;f Kw;gl;ld. ,tHfs; midtiuAk; xNu Njrkhf milahsg;gLj;jtjw;fhf> " mtHfis jkpo; Njrj;jpd; xU $whf milahsg;gLj;j ,e;j
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mikg;Gf;fs; fLk; gpuaj;jdg;gl;ld. ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; vjpHj;J> tpyfp> jk;ik murpay; uPjpapy; jdpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjw;F K];yPk;fs; xd;W jpuz;lNghJ> mtHfs; kPJ nfh^ukhd td;kj; jhf;Fjy;fis ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;ld. ,Wjpapy;> tlf;fpypUe;J K];yPk;fis Kw;whfNt ntspNaw;Wfpd;w nfhLQ;nray; epfo;j;jp Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. ve;j K];yPk;fis> ekJ Njrk; vd;W milahsg;- gLj;j ,e;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; fLikahf Kaw;rpj;jdNth> mNj K];yPk;fs; jk;ik jdpahd Njrkhf milahsg;gLj;j Kad;w NghJ> mtHfis ,dg;gLnfhiyf;- Fk; ,dr;Rj;jpfupg;Gf;Fk; cl;gLj;Jfpd;w nfh^u epiyf;F ,e;jj; jiyikfs; nrd;wd.
,it midj;Jk; xU Gwk; ekJ murpay; jiyikapd; FWfpa eyd;fs;> Mjpf;f ntwp vd;gtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpaNjhL> ,d;DnkhU Gwk; r%fq;fspd; jdpj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; Njrk; Fwpj;Jk; ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fk; Fwpj;Jk; ,it nfhz;bUe;j jtwhd GupjiyAk; ntspg;gLj;jpd. xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fk; Njrkhf jpus;tijAk;> jkf;nfd Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLg;gijAk; ce;jpj; js;Sk;> murpay; fhuzpfis ,tHfs; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. khwhf> nkhopuPjpahf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w xw;Wik> xNu gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;tJ Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; ntt;NtW r%fq;fis xNu Njrkhf xd;wpizf;fg; NghJkhdJ vd;W KbT nra;jd. Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fs; xNu Njrkhf jpus;tjpy; mtHfSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wikia tpl> mtHfs; Vida r%fq;fSld; nfhz;Ls;s NtWghLfis - Fwpg;ghf murpay; uPjpahf jdpj;Jtj;ij - epuhfupj;J nkhop kw;Wk; gpuNjr uPjpahf ,t;tpU r%fq;fs; kj;jpapYk; epyTfpd;w xw;Wikia ,e;j murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; td;ikahf mOj;jpd. ekJ kuGtopj; jiyikaplk; epytp te;jpUf;fpd;w Mjpf;f czHtpd; td;Kiwj; jpul;rpia jk;kpilNa nfhz;bUe;j MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs;> jkJ MAjg; gyj;jpd; %yk; K];yPk;fis jkpo; Njrj;jpw;Fs; gyte;jkhf ,izf;f Kaw;rpj;jd. ,e;j
Mjpf;f nt ,dmopg;G cl;gLj;Jf
kiyafj; jiyikapd Nghf;FlD 1948,y; m gLtjw;fhd jkpo;f; nfh rf;jpfspd; m gltpy;iy. tho;Tupik Yf;Fk; Ji rhup" g; Nghf mikg;Gf;f me;j kf;f mtHfSf;F tHf;f tpLj murpay; K tuyhw;W uPj kf;fSld; uhj kiya ahsg;gLj;j murpay; j epuhfupf;Fk gpk;gkhf ,
,t;thW ek Vida r% epytp te;jp tbtkhf , te;J tpl NrHe;jtHf shf;Ffpd;w tpLjiyg; mDuhjGuj jhf;Fjy;fs kuig tpLj gpd;dH mJ K];yPk;fi ,jd; cr;r Gypfs; mi Kw;whf nt fj;jpd; cW
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;ld. ,e;j murpay; ];yPk;fs; fh^ukhd kg;Gf;fs; ;fpypUe;J aw;Wfpd;w l;lJ. ve;j ilahsg;- kg;Gf;fs; ];yPk;fs; hsg;gLj;j nfhiyf;- pd;w nfh^u d.
murpay; jpf;f ntwp d;DnkhU pAk; Njrk; k; Fwpj;Jk; upjiyAk; k; Njrkhf af;fj;ij ;> murpay; ;stpy;iy. Lj;Jfpd;w J Nghd;w is xNu dJ vd;W u Njrkhf w;Wikia q;fSld; Fwpg;ghf epuhfupj;J ,t;tpU w;Wikia d;ikahf plk; epytp d;Kiwj; ;j MAjg; g; gyj;jpd; rj;jpw;Fs; ;jd. ,e;j
Mjpf;f ntwpahdJ>  jkpo;f; nfhq;fpu]; jiyik> rpq;fs Mjpf;f rf;jpfspd; murpd; iff;$ypahf kl;Lk; nraw;- gltpy;iy. $lNt kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; tho;Tupik kPJ kd;dpf;f Kbahj mj;JkPw- Yf;Fk; Jiz NghdJ. ,jd; gpd;dH> ",lJ- rhup" g; Nghf;Ff; nfhz;l rpy MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; " me;j kf;fis jkpo; Njrj;Jld; ,izj;J mtHfSf;F Clhf jkpoPo tpLjiyia> tHf;f tpLjiy Kd;ndLf;f Kaw;rpj;j jkJ murpay; Kl;lhs;jdj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpd. tuyhw;W uPjpahfNth> r%f uPjpahfNth ekJ kf;fSld; ve;jtpj ,izg;igAk; nfhz;b- uhj kiyaf kf;fis ekJ Njrj;Jld; mil- ahsg;gLj;j Kad;wjd; %yk;> mk; kf;fspd; murpay; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk;> cupikfisAk; epuhfupf;Fk; Mjpf;fg; Nghf;fpd; ,d;ndhU gpk;gkhf ,j;jiyikfs; tpsq;fpd.
,t;thW ekJ murpay; jiyikfs; kj;jpapy;> Vida r%fq;fspd; cupikfs; njhlHghf epytp te;jpUf;fpd;w Mjpf;fg; Nghf;fpd; jpuz;l tbtkhf ,d;W tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G te;J tpl;bUe;jJ. gpw r%fq;fis NrHe;jtHfis $l;Lg; gLnfhiyf;F cs;- shf;Ffpd;w ntwpj;jdj;jpd; cUtfkhf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; tpsq;fpaJ. 1985,y; mDuhjGuj;jpy; nghJkf;fs; kPJ elj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fspy; %yk;> jdJ $l;Lg;gLnfhiy kuig tpLjiyg; Gypfs; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jd; gpd;dH mJ gy jlitfs; rpq;fs kf;fisAk; K];yPk;fisAk; Ehw;Wf;fzf;fpy; nfhd;wJ. ,jd; cr;r tbtq;fspy; xd;whf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G tlf;fpypUe;J K];yPk;fis Kw;whf ntspNaw;wpaJ. ekJ Njrpa ,af;- fj;jpd; cWjpg;ghl;ilAk; mjd; ntw;wpiaAk;
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Nfs;tpf;Fs;shf;fpa epfo;j;jy;fshf ,it mike;jd. ,j;jifa $l;Lg; gLnfhiy- fisAk; ntspNaw;wq;fisAk; epahag;gLj;- Jtjw;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fhuzq;fs; murpay; uPjpapYk; eilKiw uPjpapYk; mtHfspd; mrl;Lj;jdj;ij gpujpgypg;gd. Fwpg;gpl;l rpy jdpegHfs; my;yJ FOtpdH jk;ikf; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fpd;whHfs; my;yJ jkf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLfpd;whHfs; vd;gNjh my;yJ rpwpy- q;fhg; gilfspd; jhf;FjYf;F gjpyb vd;gNjh xU r%fj;jpd; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; $l;Lg; gLnfhiyfSf;fhd epahak; my;y. ,it mg;gl;lkhd Mjpf;f ntwpapdJk;> ,dnt- wpapdJk; ntspg;ghL. mjpYk; tUlf; fzf;fpy; fhj;jpUe;J xU ehl;bd; jiytiuNa Jy;ypakhf ,yf;fhff; $ba Mw;wy;fis nfhz;ltHfs; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G> fhl;bf; nfhLg;gjhf jhd; fUJfpd;w xU rpy egHfisNah my;yJ jkf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLfpd;wtHfisNah ,yf;fhf;f Kba- tpy;iy vd;W $WtJ mrl;Lj;jdj;ij gpujpgypf;ftpy;iyah? xU r%fj;ij Jhf;- fj;jpd; NghJk;> tzf;fj;jpy;  Mjpf;f ntwpapd; gr;irahd ntspg;ghL jtpu> NtW vd;d?
,j;jifa epfo;j;jy;fs; ekJ murpay; jiyikapd; gz;Gfs; Fwpj;J> jPtpu tprhupg;ig Nkw;nfhs;SkhW vk;ik epHg;ge;jpf;fpd;wd. xUxUxUxUxU r%fj;jpy; murpay; jiyik vd;gJ me;j r%f r%fj;jpy; murpay; jiyik vd;gJ me;j r%f r%fj;jpy; murpay; jiyik vd;gJ me;j r%f r%fj;jpy; murpay; jiyik vd;gJ me;j r%f r%fj;jpy; murpay; jiyik vd;gJ me;j r%f kughfg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;> [dehafkhd> Kw;- kughfg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;> [dehafkhd> Kw;- kughfg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;> [dehafkhd> Kw;- kughfg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;> [dehafkhd> Kw;- kughfg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;> [dehafkhd> Kw;- Nghf;fhd mk;rq;fis jdf;Fs; cs;thq;- Nghf;fhd mk;rq;fis jdf;Fs; cs;thq;- Nghf;fhd mk;rq;fis jdf;Fs; cs;thq;- Nghf;fhd mk;rq;fis jdf;Fs; cs;thq;- Nghf;fhd mk;rq;fis jdf;Fs; cs;thq;- fpajhf mtw;iw jk;kstpy; czHTg+Htkhf fpajhf mtw;iw jk;kstpy; czHTg+Htkhf fpajhf mtw;iw jk;kstpy; czHTg+Htkhf fpajhf mtw;iw jk;kstpy; czHTg+Htkhf fpajhf mtw;iw jk;kstpy; czHTg+Htkhf gpd;gw;Wtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; gpd;gw;Wtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; gpd;gw;Wtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; gpd;gw;Wtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; gpd;gw;Wtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; me;j mikg;G jdJ murpay; ,yf;Fk;> me;j mikg;G jdJ murpay; ,yf;Fk;> me;j mikg;G jdJ murpay; ,yf;Fk;> me;j mikg;G jdJ murpay; ,yf;Fk;> me;j mikg;G jdJ murpay; ,yf;Fk;> mjid miltjw;fhd topKiwfSf;Fk; mjid miltjw;fhd topKiwfSf;Fk; mjid miltjw;fhd topKiwfSf;Fk; mjid miltjw;fhd topKiwfSf;Fk; mjid miltjw;fhd topKiwfSf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlHr;rpahd ,izg;igg; NgZ- ,ilNa njhlHr;rpahd ,izg;igg; NgZ- ,ilNa njhlHr;rpahd ,izg;igg; NgZ- ,ilNa njhlHr;rpahd ,izg;igg; NgZ- ,ilNa njhlHr;rpahd ,izg;igg; NgZ- tJ rhj;jpakhFk;. jdJ murpay; ,yf;fpd; tJ rhj;jpakhFk;. jdJ murpay; ,yf;fpd; tJ rhj;jpakhFk;. jdJ murpay; ,yf;fpd; tJ rhj;jpakhFk;. jdJ murpay; ,yf;fpd; tJ rhj;jpakhFk;. jdJ murpay; ,yf;fpd; epahaj;ij kl;Lky;y> mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk; epahaj;ij kl;Lky;y> mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk; epahaj;ij kl;Lky;y> mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk; epahaj;ij kl;Lky;y> mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk; epahaj;ij kl;Lky;y> mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk; cWjpahf gpur;rhug;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jid cWjpahf gpur;rhug;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jid cWjpahf gpur;rhug;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jid cWjpahf gpur;rhug;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jid cWjpahf gpur;rhug;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jid Nehf;fp gpw r%fq;fspd; mDjhgj;ijAk;> Nehf;fp gpw r%fq;fspd; mDjhgj;ijAk;> Nehf;fp gpw r%fq;fspd; mDjhgj;ijAk;> Nehf;fp gpw r%fq;fspd; mDjhgj;ijAk;> Nehf;fp gpw r%fq;fspd; mDjhgj;ijAk;>
MjuitAk MjuitAk MjuitAk MjuitAk MjuitAk jdJ mu rKfq;fi gLnfhiy Nghuhl;lj;j jhHkPf epah
ekJ mur njhlHr;rpa ntwpia r mjd; jP nrd;wpUf;f jdpj;jiy ntw;wpf;F rtyhfTk Njrk; jd Njrj;Jld murpay; gifikr; # Ngzp tUf jkJ jha ,t;tpU Njr rkj;Jtkhd ekJ Njrj rhj;jpakhf;F
NkYk;> ehk ekJ Njrj fzprkhd rpq;fs k vjhHj;jj;i ,e;epiyapy RahjPdk cwTfSk Kiwik , Njr muR gd;Kf fy mtw;wp;d; R rhj;jpakh Kiwiki ,Uf;f Nt
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hf ,it Lnfhiy- ahag;gLj;- s; murpay; tHfspd; pg;gpl;l rpy kf; fhl;bf; ;F vjpuhf ;yJ rpwpy- b vd;gNjh Lk; $l;Lg; ;y. ,it ;> ,dnt- ; fzf;fpy; ytiuNa w;wy;fis ; mikg;G> ;w xU rpy vjpuhf f;f Kba- j;jdj;ij ;ij Jhf;-  Kw;- hd> Kw;- khd> Kw;- hd> Kw;- hd> Kw;- cs;thq;- cs;thq;- cs;thq;- cs;thq;- cs;thq;- Tg+Htkhf Tg+Htkhf Tg+Htkhf Tg+Htkhf Tg+Htkhf jd; %yk; jd; %yk; jd; %yk; jd; %yk; jd; %yk; ,yf;Fk;> ,yf;Fk;> ,yf;Fk;> ,yf;Fk;> ,yf;Fk;> wfSf;Fk; fSf;Fk; wfSf;Fk; fSf;Fk; wfSf;Fk; gg; NgZ- gg; NgZ- gg; NgZ- gg; NgZ- gg; NgZ- ; ,yf;fpd; ; ,yf;fpd; ; ,yf;fpd; ; ,yf;fpd; ; ,yf;fpd; rhuj;ijAk; rhuj;ijAk; rhuj;ijAk; rhuj;ijAk; rhuj;ijAk; ;. ,jid ;. ,jid ;. ,jid ;. ,jid ;. ,jid gj;ijAk;> gj;ijAk;> gj;ijAk;> gj;ijAk;> gj;ijAk;>
MjuitAk; Ftpf;f KbAk;. MjuitAk; Ftpf;f KbAk;. MjuitAk; Ftpf;f KbAk;. MjuitAk; Ftpf;f KbAk;. MjuitAk; Ftpf;f KbAk;. ,jw;F khwhf> jdJ murpay; ,yf;fpd; ngauhy;> gpw rKfq;fis ,d mopTf;Fk;> $l;Lg; gLnfhiyfSf;F cl;gLj;JtJ> me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; murpay; epahaj;ij kl;Lky;y> jhHkPf epahaj;ijAk; $l mfw;wptplf; $baJ.
ekJ murpay; jiyikfspd; kj;jpapy; njhlHr;rpahf epytp te;jpUf;Fk;> Mjpf;f ntwpia rupEl;gkhf gpd;gw;WtNjhL> mij> mjd; jPtpu tbtj;jpw;F tsHj;Jr; nrd;wpUf;fpd;w tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jdpj;jiyik ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F ngUk; mr;RWj;jyhfTk;> fLk; rtyhfTk; mike;J te;jpUf;fp;d;wJ. ekJ Njrk; jdf;fUNf tho;fpd;w K];yPk; Njrj;Jld; kl;Lkd;wp rkurkhd Kiwapy; murpay; ,zf;fj;jpw;F tuKbahj xU gifikr; #oiy tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G Ngzp tUfpd;wJ. xU thopl vy;iyf;Fs; jkJ jhafg; gFjpfshf nfhz;bUf;fpd;w ,t;tpU Njrq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;glf; $ba rkj;Jtkhd murpay; ,izTjhd; ,Wjpapy; ekJ Njrj;jpd; KOikahd tpLjiyiaAk; rhj;jpakhf;Fk;.
NkYk;> ehk; cUthf;ff; $ba Njr muRf;Fs;> ekJ Njrj;ijr; NrHe;j kf;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> fzprkhd K];yPk;fSk;> kiyaf kf;fSk;> rpq;fs kf;fSk; $l cs;slq;fTs;s vjhHj;jj;ij ehk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epiyapy; ,tHfs; midtUf;Fk; ,ilNa RahjPdkhdJk;> rkj;JtkhdJkhd cwTfSk; ,izTfSk; epytf; $ba Kiwik ,q;F cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ekJ Njr muR vd;gJ> gd;Kf r%fq;fspdJk; gd;Kf fyhr;rhuq;fspdJk; tpisepykhfTk; mtw;wp;d; RahjPd ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Clhl;lk; rhj;jpakhf;fg;gLfpd;w caH [dehaf Kiwikia mbj;jskhff; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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II.  ePz;lfhykhf ntt;NtW re;jHg;gq;fspy;> midj;Jg; gpuptpdH kj;jpap- Yk;> Fbg;ngaHTfs; vd;w mbg;gilapy;> Gjpa gpuNjrq;fis Nehf;fpa ngaHTfs; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; ,lk;ngw;W te;jpUf;fp;d;wd. rdr; nrwpT> nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fs;> ,aw;if epHg;ge;jk;> me;epag;gil vLg;gpd; tpisTfs;> NtWgl;l r%fg; gpupTfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Nkhjy;fs; Nghd;w gd;Kf fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,j;jifa Fbg;ngaHTfs; ,lk;ngw;W te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa ngaHTfspd; %yk;> ekJ kf;fs; Gjpa thoplq;fis cUthf;FtJk;> mq;F jk;ik jftikg;gjw;Nfw;w Gjpa cw;gj;jp Kiwfs;> fyhr;rhu kuGfs;... Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;F- tJk; rhj;jpakhfpAs;sd.
INuhg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;gpd; gpd;> ekJ kf;fspilNa Gjpa tbtkhf Gyk;ngaHTfs; epfo;e;jd. Kjypy;> aho;g;ghz Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdHjhd; njw;F Nehf;fpa ngaHTfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Fwpg;ghf> nfhOk;gpYk;> fhyp Nghd;w JiwKf efuq;fspYk; aho;g;gh- zj;ijr; NrHe;j> mur> epHthfg; gzpfspy; gq;Nfw;wtHfSk;> tHj;jfHfSk; FbNawp- dhHfs;. ,tHfisj; njhlHe;J r%f mjpfhug; gbepiyaikg;gpd; mLj;jLj;j epiyfspy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpuptpdHfs; mur CopaHfshfTk;> njhopyhsHfs;> tPLfs; . . . Nghd;wtw;wpy; Ntiynra;gtHfshfTk; FbNawpdhHfs;. gpd;dH Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpd; NghJ> NkYk; xU rpW gpuptpdH> Mq;fpNya murpd; epHthfg; gzpahsHfshf gHkh> rpq;fg;g+H> kNyrpah . . . Nghd;w ehLfSf;F Gyk;ngaHe;jhHfs;. ,t;thW Gyk;ngaHe;J nrd;wtHfspYk;> $Ljy; vz;zpf;ifapy; aho; Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdNu ,Ue;jhHfs;.
,yq;ifapd; "Rje;jpuk;" vd;gJ> ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; murpay; uPjpapyhd Gyk;ngaHTfis njhlf;fp itj;j epfo;thf mike;jJ. rpwpyq;fh murpd; jpl;lkpl;l ,d mlf;FKiwfSk;
Mf;fpukpg;G RahjPdkhd ,d mopg;G thoplq;fs Ntz;ba ep
ekJ kf;f KjyhtJ jdpr;rpq;fs njw;fpy; th sg;gl;l , jhafg; gFj nrhe;j kz njw;fpy; th ekJ kz epiyf;Fs gpd;dH> r Nkw;nfhs tpisthf Gyk;ngaHT efHthdJ> gw;wpa cz xU njhlf tho;Tupik cj;jputhjk kj;jpapy; ,lg;ngaHT ,lk;ngw;w epfo;thf , kf;fs; kj murpay; njhlf;fkhf
1970fspy; fle;jjh Gyk;ngaH xUjuk; "% mbg;gil Gyg;ngaH Mjpf;fg; gp ie[Pupah> njhopy;tha 1970fspd; g ,af;fkhdJ epiyapy;>
89

f;fKk;
ntt;NtW H kj;jpap- apy;> Gjpa fhyj;jpw;F dr; nrwpT> epHg;ge;jk;> ;> NtWgl;l z;ghLfs; huzpfspd; gaHTfs; j;jifa ;fs; Gjpa ;F jk;ik p Kiwfs;> Uthf;F-
d;> ekJ ;ngaHTfs; Mjpf;fg; gaHTfs; pYk;> fhyp ; aho;g;gh- gzpfspy; ; FbNawp- f mjpfhug; piyfspy; s; mur PLfs; . . . fshfTk; q;fpNya gpuptpdH> hsHfshf . Nghd;w ,t;thW ;> $Ljy; gpuptpdNu
J kf;fs; aHTfis . rpwpyq;fh iwfSk;
Mf;fpukpg;Gk; ekJ kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> RahjPdkhd ,af;fj;ijAk; jLj;jNjhL> mjd; ,d mopg;G eltbf;iffs;> ekJ kf;fs; jkJ thoplq;fspypUe;J njhlHr;rpahf ,lk;ngau Ntz;ba epiyikia cUthf;fpd.
ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; murpay; uPjpapyhd KjyhtJ Gyk;ngaHT 1958,y; epfo;e;jJ. jdpr;rpq;fs rl;lj;jpd; nfhe;jspg;ghd #oypy;> njw;fpy; tho;e;j ekJ kf;fs; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;- sg;gl;l ,dtd;Kiwfs; mtHfis ekJ jhafg; gFjpfSf;F Gyk;ngaur; nra;jd. jkJ nrhe;j kz;zpy; ,Ue;J FbngaHe;jtHfshf njw;fpy; tho;e;j ekJ kf;fs; ,g;NghJ kPz;Lk;> ekJ kz;Zf;F Gyk;ngau Ntz;ba epiyf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. "Rje;jpuj;jpd;" gpd;dH> rpwpyq;fh murpd; MjuTld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,dtd;Kiwfspd; tpisthf ,lk;ngw;w ,e;j KjyhtJ Gyk;ngaHT> mjhtJ ekJ kz;iz Nehf;fpa efHthdJ> ekJ kf;fspilNa ekJ jhafk; gw;wpa czHT> murpay; tbtk; ngWtjw;fhd xU njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ. jkJ ,Ug;Gk; tho;TupikAk; jkJ nrhe;j kz;zpNyNa cj;jputhjk; ngWk; vd;w vz;zk; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Cd;wpg; gjpthtij. ,e;j ,lg;ngaHT njhlf;fp itj;jJ. 1958,y; ,lk;ngw;w ,e;j Gyk;ngaHT> xU jw;fhypf epfo;thf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,jd; gpd;dH ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; kpf mbf;fb ,lk;ngw;w murpay; uPjpahd Gyk;ngaHTf;Fupa njhlf;fkhf ,J mike;jJ.
1970fspy; ,Ue;J> ekJ kf;fspilNa ehL fle;jjhfTk; nrhe;j kz;zpYk; Gyk;ngaHTfs; ,lk;ngwj; njhlq;fpd. xUjuk; "%isrhypfspd; ntspNaw;wk;" vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngw;w njhopy;rhH Gyg;ngaHthf mike;jJ. aho;g;ghz Mjpf;fg; gpupitr; NrHe;j fy;tp fw;w gpuptpdH> ie[Pupah> rk;gpah . . . Nghd;w ehLfSf;F njhopy;tha;G ngw;Wr; nrd;whHfs;. kWGwk; 1970fspd; gpw;gFjpapy;> ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fkhdJ> Njrpa ,af;fkhf vOr;rp ngw;w epiyapy;> me;j ,af;fj;jpy; jPtpukhf
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gq;Nfw;gtHfspy; xU gpuptpdH> rpwpyq;fhg; gilfspdhy; Njlg;gl;l epiyapy;> INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F Gyk;ngauj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;. ,t;thW ekJ kf;fs; ekJ nrhe;j kz;zpy; ,Ue;J NtHgpLq;fg;gl;L> NtW ehLfSf;F murpay; jQ;rk; NfhUgtHfshf Gyk;ngaH- fpd;w fhyfl;lk; Muk;gkhfpaJ.
1983 ,d mopg;Gf;fs;> murpay; Gfyplk; Nfhup> gpw ehLfSf;F Gyk;ngaHfpd;w ekJ kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia rLjpahf mjpfupj;jd. INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk;> ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; Gyk;ngau Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. 1983,y; njhlq;fpa Ntfkhd Gyk;ngaHthdJ> mjd; cr;r epiyapy; ekJ kf;fspd; %d;wpy; xU gpuptpdiu murpay; Gfyplk; NfhUgtHfshf khw;wpaJ. ,j;jifa Gyk;ngaHT ekJ kf;fsJ tho;tpd; xU mk;rk; vd;w msTf;F epiyngw;W tpl;lJ. ,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; kpff; fzprkhNdhH> gpw ehLfSf;F Gyk;ngaHe;jjhdJ> mtHf- spd; r%f> mjpfhu fl;likg;gpYk;> fUj;jpay; kjpg;gPLfs; njhlHghfTk; ngUk; jhf;fq;fs; epfof; fhuzkhfpaJ.
INuhg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ> ekJ kf;fs; njd;dpyq;if Nehf;fp Gyk;ngaHe;j NghjpYk;> mJ mtHfspd; r%f< mjpfhu fl;likg;- Gfspy; ghupa jhf;fq;fis epfo;j;jtpy;iy. xNu tifahd mur> epHthf KiwikfSf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl;l gpuptpdHfs; kj;jpapy;> njspthd Nehf;fq;fNshL epfo;e;jit vd;w tifapy;> ,j;jifa ,lg;ngaHTfs; Vw;fdNt epytp te;jpUf;fpd;w r%f> mjpfhug; gbepiy mikg;gpy; mbg;gilj; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. nfhOk;gpy; jk;ik epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Nkl;Lf;Fbg; gpuptpdH kj;jpapy;> fyhr;rhu Nkl;bikahf;fk; epfo;e;J te;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> rhjpa> gpuNjr kw;Wk; ghypd ghFghLfSk;> mit njhlHghf fUj;jpapay; kuGk;> mjpfhu gbepiy mikg;Gk; mtHfspilNa khwhJ epiyj;J te;jd.
"%isrhypfspd; ntspNaw;wk;" vd;w mbg;gilapy; gpw ehLfSf;F njhopy;uPjpahf
Gyk;ngaHe r%ff; f fz;Nzhl;l khw;wq;f vz;zpf;if xNugb epi fhy xg;ge;j jkJ r%f Ntz;ba m Vw;gltpy;i
Mdhy; 197 1983f;Fg; fzf;fpy; tho;tpay; jhf;fj;ij mjd; Mf mopg;G el ,lk;ngw;w gpioj;jYf mikatpy jPtpu tbt jPtpu tbt jPtpu tbt jPtpu tbt jPtpu tbt njhlHe;Jk njhlHe;Jk; njhlHe;Jk njhlHe;Jk; njhlHe;Jk ekJ kf;f ekJ kf;f ekJ kf;f ekJ kf;f ekJ kf;f ngaHTfs ngaHTfs ngaHTfs ngaHTfs ngaHTfs ngw;W tpl;l ngw;W tpl;l ngw;W tpl;l ngw;W tpl;l ngw;W tpl;l
1983f;Fg; g ,lk;ngaHe mjw;F Kd Gyk;ngaHT ghLfisf Kd;ida vz;zpf;if 1983f;Fg; gp Gyk;ngaHe Kd;dH ng Mjpf;fg; g Gyg;ngaHT ,g;NghJ a gpuptpdHfs; kf;fs; kj Gyk;ngaHT Kd;ida itfshf
90

pwpyq;fhg; INuhg;gpa ;fpdhHfs;. kz;zpy; hLfSf;F yk;ngaH-
plk; Nfhup> kf;fspd; pfupj;jd. pw;Fk; gy yk;ngau Ntfkhd apy; ekJ murpay; ,j;jifa o;tpd; xU ;W tpl;lJ. prkhNdhH> J> mtHf- fUj;jpay; hf;fq;fs;
J kf;fs; NghjpYk;> fl;likg;- py;iy. xNu fSf;Fs; njspthd tifapy;> Nt epytp gbepiy ;fq;fis ; jk;ik g; gpuptpdH k; epfo;e;J jr kw;Wk; njhlHghf mikg;Gk; e;jd.
k;" vd;w opy;uPjpahf
Gyk;ngaHe;J nrd;wtHfspdJk; $l> jkJ r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fs; njhlHghd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk;> eilKiwapYk; jPtpu khw;wq;fs; epfotpy;iy. Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapYk;> ngupJk; r%f uPjpapy; xNugb epiyapy; cs;stHfshAk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy xg;ge;jj;jpy; nrd;wtHfshfTk; ,Ue;jjhy;> jkJ r%f cwTfspd; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpaKk;> #oYk; ,tHfSf;F Vw;gltpy;iy.
Mdhy; 1970fspd; gpw;gFjpapYk;> Fwpg;ghf 1983f;Fg; gpd;dUk; ekJ kf;fs; Mapuf; fzf;fpy; Gyk;ngaHe;jjhdJ> mtHfspd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fspd; kPJ mOj;jkhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. rpwpyq;fh murpdJk;> mjd; Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gilfspdJk; ,d mopg;G eltbf;iffspd; mNfhuj;jpdhy; ,lk;ngw;w ,j;jifa Gyg;ngaHTfSk; jg;gpg; gpioj;jYf;fhd jw;fhypf khHf;fkhf kl;Lk; mikatpy;iy. ,d mopg;G vd;gJ> mjd; ,d mopg;G vd;gJ> mjd; ,d mopg;G vd;gJ> mjd; ,d mopg;G vd;gJ> mjd; ,d mopg;G vd;gJ> mjd; jPtpu tbtkhd Mf;fpukpg;G Aj;jkhfj; jPtpu tbtkhd Mf;fpukpg;G Aj;jkhfj; jPtpu tbtkhd Mf;fpukpg;G Aj;jkhfj; jPtpu tbtkhd Mf;fpukpg;G Aj;jkhfj; jPtpu tbtkhd Mf;fpukpg;G Aj;jkhfj; njhlHe;Jk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;j epiyapy;> njhlHe;Jk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;j epiyapy;> njhlHe;Jk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;j epiyapy;> njhlHe;Jk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;j epiyapy;> njhlHe;Jk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;j epiyapy;> ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,j;jifa Gyg; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,j;jifa Gyg; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,j;jifa Gyg; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,j;jifa Gyg; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,j;jifa Gyg; ngaHTfs; xU epue;juj; jd;ikiag; ngaHTfs; xU epue;juj; jd;ikiag; ngaHTfs; xU epue;juj; jd;ikiag; ngaHTfs; xU epue;juj; jd;ikiag; ngaHTfs; xU epue;juj; jd;ikiag; ngw;W tpl;l d. ngw;W tpl;l d. ngw;W tpl;l d. ngw;W tpl;l d. ngw;W tpl;l d.
1983f;Fg; gpd;dH> Nkw;F ehLfis Nehf;fp ,lk;ngaHe;j ekJ kf;fspd; Gyk;ngaHT> mjw;F Kd;dH ,lk;ngw;w gpwehLfSf;fhd Gyk;ngaHTfspypUe;J Kf;fpakhd NtW- ghLfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. Kjyhtjhf> Kd;ida Gyk;ngaHTfs; xU rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhNdhH kj;jpapy; epfo;e;jpUf;f> 1983f;Fg; gpd;dH gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; Gyk;ngaHe;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. ,uz;lhtjhf> Kd;dH ngupJk; aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;j Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdH kj;jpapNyNa ,j;jifa Gyg;ngaHTfs; epfo;e;jpUf;fpd;w epiyapy;> ,g;NghJ aho;g;ghzj;ijr; NrHe;j Vida gpuptpdHfs; kj;jpapy; kl;Lkd;wp> td;dp> fpof;F kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; Nkw;F ehLfs; Nehf;fpa Gyk;ngaHTfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Kd;whtjhf> Kd;ida Gyk;ngaHTfs; jw;fhypfkhd- itfshf ,Uf;f> 1983f;Fg; gpd;duhd
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Gyk;ngaHTfs; epue;juj; jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;thW 1983f;Fg; gpd;duhd Gyk;ngaHTfspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s ,j;jifa NtWghLfs;> Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapd; gz;GuPjpahd khw;wq;fs; epfo;t- jw;fhd r%fj; jsj;ij cUthf;fpAs;sd. Nkw;F ehLfspd; Kw;wpYk; Gjpa tho;f;if Kiwfs;> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu> murpay; cwTfs;> NtWgl;l kjpg;gPLfs; . . . Nghd;wit mq;F Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tYthd jhf;fq;fis epfo;j;jpapUf;fpd;wd. gue;J> nrwpe;j vz;zpf;ifapy;> epue;jukhd Gfypl tho;itg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;w ekJ kf;fSf;fpilapyhd midj;Jtif cwTf- Sk; jPtpu khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;Ls;sd.
r%f gbepiy mikg;gpy; ntt;NtW epiy- fspy; itf;fg;gl;bUg;gtHfSk; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;jtHfSk;> ngz;fSk;> Mz;fSk; xNu tifahd r%f Kiwik- fisf; nfhz;l ehl;by;/ehLfspy; jpushf tho NeHe;jpUg;gJ mtHfSf;fpilapyhd cwTfspy;> jiyfPo; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpap- Uf;fpd;wd. nghUshjhu uPjpapy;> Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUf;F rkdhf my;yJ mtHfis tpl> caHe;j epiyik milaf;$ba tha;g;ig Vida gpuptpdHfs; ngw;wpUf;fpd;whHfs;. ,jw;F Kd;dH jkJ nrhe;j thoplq;fspy; vj;jifa fbdkhd> ",opTf;Fupajhf" fUjg;gl;l NtiyfisAk; nra;J gof;fg;gl;- bUe;j ,tHfs; jhk; Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s ehl;bd; Ntiy epiyikfspy; jk;ik vspjpy; jft- ikj;J nfhs;sf; $batHfshf ,Uf;fpd;- whHfs;. gbj;J> gl;lk; ngw;wtHfshfTk; Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;fSld; kl;Lk; gupr;rpak; nfhz;ltHfshfTk;> "caH r%f epiyapd; FWFWg;ig" nfhz;ltHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;w Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdUld; xg;gpLifapy;> FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; jk;ikg; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; epiyg;gLj;jf; $batHfshf ,e;j Vida gpuptpdHfs; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;.
Gjpa #oypd; fyhr;rhu tho;Tf;Fs; jk;ik vspjpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $batHfshf> mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdHfSk;> td;dp kw;Wk;
fpof;ifr; ,tHfs; Vw r%f> fyhr Mjpf;ff; f tpLgl;ltH jhk; Gyk;n mk;rq;fi Nghd;wtw;i rpukj;ij ,Uf;fpd;wh
,tHfsJ jkJ FLk ehLfSf;F rhj;jpakhf gpdHfs; Gy ,tHfspd caHtilf gpuptpdH> fy $ba rhj;j nrhe;j gpuNj epiyikfs tha;g;Gfs caHepiy kWf;fg;gl te;Js;shHf ehLfspy; f epyTtjhY nghUshjhu fy;tp uPjpa rhj;jpaaj #oypy;> Gj fhuzkhf> m gupr;rak;nf
nghUshjh [dehaf ngw;wtHfs Gyk;ngaHeJ Eioa $b rQ;rpifff kpd;dpay; jsq;fis jkf;fpilN njhlHr;rpah
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d;ikia gpd;duhd ,j;jifa J kf;fs; s; epfo;t- ;fpAs;sd. tho;f;if > murpay; Nghd;wit ; kj;jpapy; f;fpd;wd. pue;jukhd ;w ekJ f cwTf-
d.
W epiy- ntt;NtW gz;fSk;> Kiwik- pushf tho lapyhd w;gLj;jpap- Mjpf;fg; fis tpl> tha;g;ig pd;whHfs;. oplq;fspy; ;Fupajhf" gof;fg;gl;- ;s ehl;bd; pjpy; jft- ,Uf;fpd;- HfshfTk; ; gupr;rpak; epiyapd; ,Uf;fpd;w y;> FWfpa hu uPjpapy; ;j Vida
s; jk;ik tHfshf> ;dp kw;Wk;
fpof;ifr; NrHe;jtHfSk; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;. ,tHfs; Vw;fdNt jkJ nrhe;jg; gpuNjrq;fspy; r%f> fyhr;rhu ,Wf;fq;fs; jsHe;jtHfshfTk;> Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpaypd; gPbg;gpypUe;J fzprkhf tpLgl;ltHfshfTk; ,Ue;J te;jpUg;gjhy;> jhk; Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s ehLfspd; fyhr;rhu mk;rq;fisAk;> kjpg;gPLfs; . . . Nghd;wtw;iwAk; cs;thq;Ftjpy; mjpf rpukj;ij vjpHnfhs;shjtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;.
,tHfsJ nghUshjhu cah;tpd; tpisthf> jkJ FLk;g mq;fj;jpdHfisAk; Nkw;F ehLfSf;F Gyk;ngau nra;tJ ,tHfSf;F rhj;jpakhfpAs;sJ. ,t;thW> FLk;g cWg;- gpdHfs; Gyk;ngaHe;J tUtjd; fhuzkhf ,tHfspd; nghUshjhu epiy NkYk; caHtilfpd;wJ. mNjNtis ,tHfspy; xU gpuptpdH> fy;tphPjpahf caHepiyia mila $ba rhj;jpaq;fSk; cUthfpAs;sd. jkJ nrhe;j gpuNjrq;fspy;> jkJ r%f> nghUshjhu epiyikfspdhYk; caHfy;tp fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; kl;Lg;gl;bUe;jjhYk; fy;tpapy; caHepiyia miltjw;fhd cupikfs; kWf;fg;gl;ltHfshf ,tHfs; ,Ue;J te;Js;shHfs;. ,g;NghJ jhk; Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s ehLfspy; fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd jilaw;w #oy; epyTtjhYk; caHtile;Js;s jkJ nghUshjhu epiyik fhuzkhfTk; ,tHfs; fy;tp uPjpahf caHepiyia mila $ba rhj;jpaaj;ij ngw;wpUf;fpd;whHfs;. Gjpa #oypy;> Gjpa Kiwikapy; fy;tp fw;gjd; fhuzkhf> mtHfs; Gjpa fUj;jpay; jsq;fspy; gupr;rak;nfhs;tJ rhj;jpakhfpAs;sJ.
nghUshjhu gyKk; gue;j fyhr;rhu GyKk; [dehaf uPjpapyhd fUj;jpay; kuGk; ngw;wtHfshf khwpAs;s ,g;gpuptpdH> jhk; Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s ehLfspy;> Clfj;Jiwf;Fs; Eioa $batHfshf cs;sdH. gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpifffs;> fiy tbtq;fs; vd;gtw;NwhL> kpd;dpay; Clfj;jpYk; ,tHfs; jkf;nfd jsq;fis cUthf;fpAs;sdH. ,tw;wpDhlhf> jkf;fpilNa neUq;fpaJk; RahjPdkhdJk; njhlHr;rpahdJkhd fUj;J ghpkhwy;fisAk;
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ciuahly;fisAk; epfo;j;JtJ mtHfSf;F rhj;jpakhfpAs;sJ. ngz;zpak;> rhjpak;> mjpfhuj;Jtk;... vd;git njhlHghd gd;Kf ghHitfisAk; Gupjy;fisAk; ngWfpd;w Rje;jpukhd tha;g;G ,tHfSf;F cUthfp- As;sJ.
,t;thW> Gyk;ngaHe;J tho;fpd;w> rhjp kw;Wk; tHf;f uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdH kj;jpapYk; kj;jpa kw;Wk; njd; jkpoPoj;ij NrHe;j gpuptpdHfs; kj;jpapYk; ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;w nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu> kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; uPjpahd khw;wq;fs;> mtHfspd; rpe;jidfspYk; cwTfspYk; Mo;e;j jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. jk;kPJ ,Jtiu fhyKk; Rkj;jg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w rhjpa> tHf;f> ghypay;> fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; gpuNjr mlf;FKiwfisAk; Mjpf;f fUj;jpaiyAk; cjwp vwpe;jtHfshfTk; mtw;Wf;F vjpuhd czHTfis cWjpahf ngw;wpUg;gtHfshfTk; mj;jifa Mjpf;f #oYf;Fs; kPz;Lk; cl;gl KbahjtHfshfTk; ,tHfs; khwpAs;shHfs;.
kWGwj;Nj> rhjpa> tHf;f> ghypay; Mjpf;f epiyapypUe;j gpuptpdHfspilNaAk; gbg;g- bahd khw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngw;W te;Js;sd. ,tHfs; jkJ nrhe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; jhk; ngw;wpUe;j Mjpf;fepiyia njhlHe;Jk; Ngz Kbahj #oypy; ,g;NghJ tho;fpd;whHfs;. mNjNeuj;jpy;> jkJ tho;Tf;fhd ,Ug;ig Ngz Ntz;ba mtrpaj;jpYk; ,tHfs; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;. ,t;thW Gjpa #oYf;F> mjd; tho;tpay; Kiwikf;F jk;ik jftikf;f Ntz;ba epHg;ge;jpf;fkhdJ> mtHfs; kj;jpapy; nkJthfNtDk; khw;wq;fs; epfo fhuzkhfpAs;sJ. ,tHfs; vjpHnfhs;fpd;w nghUshjhu NjitahdJ> ve;j njhopiyAk; nra;a Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F ,tHfis Mf;fpAs;sJ. ,J> jkJ nrhe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; jhk; ",opnjhopy;" vd milahsg;gLj;jp> xJf;fp itj;j njhopy;fis> ,q;F jhKk; nra;a Ntz;ba epiyia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. rpwpa trpg;gplj;jpy;> ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; xd;whf tho Ntz;Bs;s epHg;ge;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf> jPl;L> tpyf;F.. Nghd;w tof;fq;fs;
gpd;gw;wg;gl tUfpd;wd. kWTUthf Kiwik rhj;jpakw;;w ngUk; js tUfpd;w ,s rhjpa> Mz mit rhHe Gupe;J nfhs khw;wk; ngw
,t;thW Nk ngUk;ghyh nghUshjhu mtHfSf;f fis Vw;gL ghLfs; jfH kj NtWgh ,tHfspil NtW gpuptp Clhl;lq;f tUfpd;wd Gyk;ngaHe kw;Wk; [d khwpapUf;fp
,e;jpahtpw Gyk;ngaHe NtWgl;l ,tHfspy; RahjPdkhf yhNdhH> fl;Lg;ghl;b tho;f;if Nk murpdhy; epiyapy;> , kpFe;j rpuk czT kw vd;gtw;wpy tUfpd;w , fbdkhd c cs;sdH. mlf;fg;gL jhk; Gyk;n
92

tHfSf;F ;> rhjpak;> d gd;Kf ngWfpd;w cUthfp-
hjp kw;Wk; gpuptpdH kpoPoj;ij lk;ngw;W u> kw;Wk; tHfspd; ; Mo;e;j ,Jtiu ;w rhjpa> k; gpuNjr ;jpaiyAk; ;F vjpuhd HfshfTk; ;Lk; cl;gl s;shHfs;.
y; Mjpf;f Ak; gbg;g- e;Js;sd. spy; jhk; e;Jk; Ngz pd;whHfs;. ,Ug;ig ; ,tHfs; f;F> mjd; ftikf;f ; kj;jpapy; ; epfo fhs;fpd;w hopiyAk; ,tHfis Njrq;fspy; sg;gLj;jp> ;F jhKk; ;jpAs;sJ. z;fSk; ;ge;jj;jpd; of;fq;fs;
gpd;gw;wg;gl Kbahj epfo;Tfshf kiwe;J tUfpd;wd. Gjpa #oypy;> rhjpa fUj;jpay; kWTUthf;fk; nra;ag;gLtJk; rhjpa Kiwikfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLtJk; rhj;jpakw;;wpUg;gjhy;> mit nray;tbtj;jpy; ngUk; jsHTfis ngw;Ws;sd. cUthfp tUfpd;w ,se;jiyKiwapdiu nghWj;jtiu> rhjpa> Mzhjpf;f> gpuNjrthj fUj;jpay;fSk; mit rhHe;j eilKiwfSk; me;epakhd> Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl Kbahj tifapdq;fshf khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd.
,t;thW Nkw;F ehLfSf;F Gyk;ngaHe;js;s ngUk;ghyhd ekJ kf;fspilNa Vw;gl;Ls;s nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu> fUj;jpay; khw;wq;fs;> mtHfSf;fpilapyhd cwTfspYk; khw;wq;- fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. rhjpa> gpuNjr NtW- ghLfs; jfHe;J tUfpd;w epiyapy;> rhjp> gpuNjr> kj NtWghLfs; fle;j fyg;G jpUkzq;fs; ,tHfspilNa mjpfhpj;J tUfpd;wd. ntt;- NtW gpuptpdHfSf;fpilapyhd cwTfSk; Clhl;lq;fSk; NkYk; NkYk; tpahgpj;J tUfpd;wd. ,t;tpjk; Nkw;F ehLfSf;F Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s gpuptpdHfs;> Gjpa fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; [dehaf kuGfspd; gpujpepjpfshf khwpapUf;fpd;whHfs;.
,e;jpahtpw;F -Fwpg;ghf> jkpo;ehl;bw;F- Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s ekJ kf;fspd; epiy NtWgl;l jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,tHfspy; xU gpuptpdH> thlif tPLfspy;> RahjPdkhf tho;fpd;wdH. vdpDk; ngUk;gh- yhNdhH> ,e;jpa murpd; ,Wf;fkhd fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPOs;s Kfhk;fspy; fbd tho;f;if Nkw;nfhs;gtHfshf cs;sdH. ,e;jpa murpdhy; Nghjpa mf;fiwf;Fl;gl;buhj epiyapy;> ,e;j Kfhk;fspy; tho;fpd;wtHfs; kpFe;j rpukj;ij vjpHnfhz;bUf;fpd;whHfs;. czT kw;Wk; tho;f;iff;fhd Mjhuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; gw;whf;Fiwia mDgtpj;J tUfpd;w ,tHfs;> ,tw;iw ngWtjw;fhd fbdkhd ciog;gpy;  kw;Wk; thf;f uPjpapy; mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpduhf cs;s ,tHfs;> jhk; Gyk;ngaHe;J tho;fpd;w gFjpfspy;>
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mq;Fs;s mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdiu xj;j r%f> fyhr;rhu tho;f;if Kiwfis gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;whHfs;. jkJ nrhe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; jk;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;bUe;j tho;f;if Kiwfis nghpJk; xj;jjhfNt Gyk;ngaHe;j ,lj;jpYk; ,tHfspd; tho;f;if Kiwfs; mike;Js;sd. fbdciog;G> Fiwe;j Cjpak;> tWik> r%f mlf;FKiw> KiwrhH fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;- gpd;ik> Rfhjhu gpur;rpidfs;> Neha;... vd;gtw;NwhL> Kfhk; nghWg;gjpfhhpfs;> nghyprhH>...Nghd;Nwhhpd; mlf;FKiwfisAk; Ruz;liyAk; ehshe;jk; mDgtpg;gtHfshf mtHfs; cs;shHfs;.
Kfhk;fSf;F ntspNa> thlif tPLfspy; tho;fpd;w ekJ kf;fspy; xU rpW gpuptpdH> nrhe;jkhf njhopy; Kaw;rpfspy;  ngUk;gFjpadH> Nkw;F ehLfSf;F Gyk; ngaHe;Js;s jkJ FLk;g cWg;gpdHfspd; cjtpapy; tho;fpd;w- tHfshf cs;sdH. Vwf;Fiwa jkJ nrhe;j gpuNjrq;fspd; r%f> fyhr;rhu> fUj;jpay; mk;rq;fis nghpJk; xj;jjhj jkpo;ehl;L #oy; ,Ug;gjhy;> Kfhk;fSf;F ntspNa tho;fpd;wtHfspd; r%f cwTfspy; ghupa khw;wq;fs; vJTk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
ekJ jhafg; gFjpfspy; Gyk; ngaHe;J tho;fpd;w ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; fzprkhd khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ePbj;J nry;fpd;w Aj;j mOj;jq;;fspdhy;> jkJ nrhe;j thoplq;fspypUe;J ntspNawp> Kfhk;fspYk; ,lk;ngaHe;Js;s ,lq;fspy; thlif tPLfspy; trpg;gtHfshfTk; ,tHfs; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;. Kfhk; kw;Wk; mfjp tho;tpd; Fwpg;ghd epiyikfs;> ,tHfspilNa r%f cwTfspYk; fUj;jpay; uPjpahfTk; fzprkhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wd. ,q;F tho;fpd;w FLk;gq;fspy; fzprkhdit> ngz; Ngh\fHfis nfhz;litahfTk; tWik- iaAk; gw;whf;FiwiaAk; vjpHnfhs;git- fshfTk; cs;sd. ,j;jifa epiyikfs;> ngz;fspd; r%f me;j];j;ij Kw;whf khw;wpAs;sd. jkJ FLk;gj;ij Ngz Ntz;ba ghhpa nghWg;ig nfhz;bUg;gjhdJ>
ngz;fspd typikg;gL  Nk jhafg; gF ekJ kf;fs fUj;jpay; m fpd;w khw;wq kf;fspilN r%f gpupt Uf;fpd;wd. NdhH> ekJ MjuthsH Kd;ndLg tUgtHfs
Nkw;F ehLf ekJ Njrpa Gfis nj ,tHfspy;> murpdhy; N nrd;wtHfs spd; cUt Uf;fpd;whHf lhf;fk; nr cUthf;fpa tfpj;jpUf;f fzf;fpy; Gy ,af;fk;> M rpahf Kd;n tsq;fis tfpj;J tU
,e;jpa m
93

iu xj;j s gpd;gw;wp jrq;fspy; Kiwfis ,lj;jpYk; ke;Js;sd. ik> r%f hd tha;g;- ;> Neha;... jpfhhpfs;> wfisAk; ;gtHfshf
tPLfspy; gpuptpdH> LgLfpd;w- ;gFjpadH> s;s jkJ tho;fpd;w- J nrhe;j fUj;jpay; hl;L #oy; ntspNa py; ghupa
ngaHe;J fzprkhd nry;fpd;w nrhe;j hk;fspYk; thlif ,tHfs; jp tho;tpd; lNa r%f ; fzprkhd d. ,q;F it> ngz; ; tWik- fhs;git- yikfs;> Kw;whf j Ngz g;gjhdJ>
ngz;fspd; MSikia NkYk; NkYk; typikg;gLj;jp te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ciog;gpy;  ,k;kf;fspilNa xOf;f newpfs;> ghypay; cwTfs;> jpUkz- Kiw... vd;git njhlHghf epytp te;jpUf;- fpd;w fUj;jpay; kw;Wk; eilKiwffs; kPJ> gyj;j jhf;Fjy;fis njhLj;Js;sd. ,tHfs; kj;jpapy; RahjPdkhdJk; jsHthdJkhd ngz;-Mz; cwTfSk; r%f cwTfSk; gbg;gbNa Mjpf;fk; ngw;W tUfpd;wd.
,t;thW> Nkw;F ehLfspYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; ekJ jhafg; gFjpfspYk; Gyk;ngaHe;J tho;fpd;w ekJ kf;fspd; r%f cwTfspYk; fyhr;rhu> fUj;jpay; mk;rq;fspYk; Vw;gl;L nfhz;bUf;- fpd;w khw;wq;fs;> xUNjrk; vd;wtifapy;> ekJ kf;fspilNa Gjpa> gd;Kfjd;ikAld; $ba r%f gpuptpdhpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F toptFj;jp- Uf;fpd;wd. NkYk; ,tHfspy; kpfg;ngUk;ghyh- NdhH> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; cWjpahd MjuthsHfshfTk; mJ njhlHr;rpahf Kd;ndLg;gjw;Fhpa tsq;fis mspj;J tUgtHfshfTk; cs;sdH.
Nkw;F ehLfspy; Gyk;ngaHe;J tho;fpd;wtHfs;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;fhd jkJ gq;fspg;- Gfis njhlHr;rpahf nra;J tUfpd;whHfs;. ,tHfspy;> Muk;g fhyq;fspy; rpwpyq;fh murpdhy; Njlg;gl;L> murpay; Gfyplk; Nfhhpr; nrd;wtHfs;> MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;f- spd; cUthf;fj;jpy; fzprkhd gq;F tfpj;jp- Uf;fpd;whHfs;. Njrpa ,af;fj;ij Nfhl;ghl;- lhf;fk; nra;jjpYk; fl;rpfl;likg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpajpYk; ,tHfs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. 1983f;F gpd;dH Mapuf;- fzf;fpy; Gyk;ngaHe;jpUg;gtHfs;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk;> MAjNghuhl;l tbtj;jpy; njhlHr;- rpahf Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd nghUs;tif tsq;fis toq;Ftjpy; Fwpg;ghd ghj;jpuk; tfpj;J tUfpd;whHfs;.
,e;jpa murpay; #oyhdJ> ekJ Njrpa
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tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghf;if nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> mq;F Gyk;ngaHe;J tho;fpd;w ekJ kf;fs;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; njhlHghd jkJ czHTfis gfpuq;fkhf ntspg;gLj;j KbajhtHfshf cs;shHfs;. vdpDk; mtHfs; kj;jpapy;> Fwpg;ghf ,isa jiyKiwapdupilNa> ekJ tpLjiy Nghuhl;lk; njhlHghfTk; mjd; ntw;wp njhlHghfTk; ek;gpf;ifAk; Mo;ej vjpHghHg;Gk; epyTfpd;wd.
ekJ nrhe;j kz;;zpy; Gyk;ngaHe;J tho;fpd;w ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy;> rpwpyq;fh murpdJk; mjd; Mf;fpukpg;G gilfspdJk; mlf;F- KiwfSf;F vjpuhd jPtpu czHr;rpfSk; ekj tpLjiy njhlHghd cWjpahd ek;gpf;ifAk; Nt&d;wpAs;sd. ,j;jifa czHTfs;> MAjg;;Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; ntF[d Nghuhl;- lq;fspYk; Neubahf gq;Nfw;gtHfshf ,tHfis khw;wpAs;sd.
,t;thW Gyg;ngaHthdJ> ekJ kf;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gFjpapdiu ,lg;ngaHj;jpAs;sJ kl;Lkd;wp> ,tHfs; kj;jpapy; r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu hPjpahfTk; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfs; njhlHghfTk; gd;Kf hPjpapyhd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ekJ Njrk; tpLjiy ngw;W> ekf;fhd murpay;> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu Kiwikfs; cUthf;- fg;gLk;NghJk;> Gj;jk;Gjpa r%f xOq;Ffs; epWtg;gLk;NghJk; Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s kf;fspilNa cUthfpAs;s gd;Kf jd;ikfs; rkj;Jtkhf cs;nsLf;fg;gLtij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ekJ Njrj;jpd; $Wfshf cs;s ,k;kf;fs;> ekJ Njr tpLjiyapd; gpd;dH> ntWkNd gpui[fshf my;yhky;> ekJ Njrj;ij Gjpjha; fl;likf;fpd;w> epHkhzpf;fpd;w nrad;Kiwfspy; capNuhl;lkhf gq;Nfw;Fk; tifapy;> ekJ Njrj;jpd; mf> Gw epiyikfs; mika Ntz;Lk;. Gyk;ngaHe;Js;s ekJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthfpAs;s gd;Kf jd;ikfs; ekJ Njr fl;likg;Gf;Fs; rkj;Jtkhd Kiwapy; ,izf;fg;gLk; tifapy;> ,f;fl;likg;Gfspy; [dehaf Kiwikfs; cWjpahf Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
III.  ek kj;jpapYk KiwikA kj;jpapYk khw;wkile gpd; gpd;> , ile;jjhy typik ng
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Nghf;if ;ngaHe;J a ,af;fk; fpuq;fkhf s;shHfs;. f ,isa tpLjiy ; ntw;wp ; Mo;ej
tho;fpd;w murpdJk; ; mlf;F- pfSk; ekj ;gpf;ifAk; zHTfs;> Nghuhl;- gtHfshf
kf;fspy; j;jpAs;sJ y; r%f> pOkpaq;fs; k; gd;Kf ;sJ. ekJ murpay;> ; cUthf;- xOq;Ffs; He;Js;s jd;ikfs; Wjp nra;a hf cs;s pd; gpd;dH> y;> ekJ hzpf;fpd;w gq;Nfw;Fk; piyikfs; He;Js;s ;s gd;Kf kg;Gf;Fs; f;fg;gLk; [dehaf Ntz;Lk;.
III.  td;dp> aho;g;ghzk; vd NtWgl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;e;j ekJ kf;fspilNa> Mzhjpf;f KiwikahdJ NtWgl;l gz;Gfis nfhz;bUe;jd vd;W Kd;dH ghHj;Njhk;. ngz;fs; njhlHghd kjpg;gPLfSk; ngz;fspd; RahjPdKk; ,k;%d;W gpuNjrq;fspYk; NtWgl;bUe;jd. vdpDk; INuhg;gpa Mf;fpukpg;gpd; gpd;dH ekJ kf;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu Kiwikfspy; Vw;gl;L te;j khw;wq;fs;> Mzhjpf;f KiwikfspYk; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd.
,e;ehl;il jkJ tHj;jf %ykhf khw;Wtjpy; NghHj;Jf;fPrUk; xy;yhe;jUk; jPtpu mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;jdH. fpl;lj;jl;l xd;wiu Ehw;whz;L fhykhf ekJ kf;fis Mf;fpukpj;- jpUe;j xy;yhe;jH> jkJ epHthf Kiwikfis rPuhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjtf; $ba gpuptpdiu cs;ehl;bNyNa cUthf;f Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij tpiutpNyNa czHe;jhHfs;. ,t;thW cUthf;fg;gl;l gpuptpdH Mz;fsh- fNt ,Ue;jhHfs;. mjpfhpj;J nfhz;bUe;j tHj;jf eltbf;iffspYk; epUthf Kiwikf- spYk; Kw;wpYk; Mz;fNs gq;Nfw;whHfs;. ,t;tpjk; Mz;fspd; ntspNehf;fpa Clhl;lq;fs; mjpfupj;jjhYk; mjpfhu epWtdq;fspy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; gq;Nfw;wjhYk; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Mz;fspd; me;j];j;J mjpfupj;jNjhL> Mzhjpf;fKk; NkYk; tYthf epiyngw;wJ. tHj;jf kw;Wk; epHthf tplaq;fspy; gq;Nfw;fpd;w Mz;fs;> gpuNjr NtWghLfs; fle;J> ekJ kf;fspd; midj;J gpuptpdH kj;jpapYk; cUthfp te;jjhy;> Mzhjpf;f KiwikAk; ,e;j midj;J gpuptpdH kj;jpapYk; xNu jd;ikia nfhz;ljhf khw;wkile;J te;jJ. Mq;fpNya Mf;fukpg;- gpd; gpd;> ,e;j epiyikfs; NkYk; jPtpuk- ile;jjhy;> Mzhjpf;f Kiwik NkYk; typik ngw;wJ. ,g;NghJ Gjpjhf mwpKfg;-
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gLj;jg;gl;l muRj; JiwapYk; Mz;fspd; Kw;whd Mjpf;fk; epiyngw;wJ. fy;tpAk; mur kw;Wk; epHthf cj;jpNahfq;fSk; r%f me;j];jpw;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fkhd FwpaPLfshf khwpajhy;. Mz;fspd; me;j];j;J njspthfNt caHe;j epiyia mile;jJ.
,t;tpjk; ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Mz;fspd; me;j];j;Jk; Mzhjpf;fKk; mjpfhpj;J te;j mNjNeuj;jpy;> kWGwj;Nj> ekJ ngz;fspd; RahjPdKk; mtHfspd; r%f mstpyhd Clhl;lq;fSk; mjpfhpf;fpd;w Nghf;Fk; cUthfpaJ. Fwpg;ghf> Mq;fpNyaH mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fy;tp Kiwapy;> ngz;fSk; gq;F nfhs;s $ba epiyNaw;gl;ljhy;> fy;tp fw;fpd;w ngz;fspd; vz;zp;if gbg;gbNa mjpfhpj;J te;jJ. fy;tp fw;gJ vd;gJ> ngz;ffspd; elkhl;lj;ijAk; gd;Kf tplaq;fSld; mtHfs; njhlHG nfhs;t- ijAk; jkf;fpilapYk; $lNt> Mz;fSlDk; Clhl;lk; nfhs;tijAk; rhj;jpakhf;fpd. ,it midj;Jk; ngz;fspd; rpe;jidapYk; MSikapYk; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; fy;tp fw;w ngz;fs; fzprkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; cUthfpapUe;jhHfs;.
ekJ kf;fspilNa> xUGwk; Mz;fspd; mjpfhuKk; kWGwk; ngz;fspd; RahjPdKk; tpopg;GzHTk; mjpfhpj;J te;jpUf;fpd;w Kuz;gl;l jd;ikahdJ> murpay; jsj;jpYk; njspthf gpujpgypj;jJ. 1830fspy; etPd murpay; Kiwik mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J> ,d;iwa MAj Nghuhl;l fl;lk; tiu> ekJ murpay; ,af;fkhdJ> Mz;fspdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk;> xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; Mz;jiyikfspd; vjpHg;GfisAk; kPwp> ekJ ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;G> gbg;gbahfTk; jplkhfTk; mjpfupj;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
1931y; ngz;fSf;F thf;Fupikfs; toq;;fg;g- Ltij ,uhkehjd; Nghd;w khngUk; jiy- tHfs; vjpHj;jNghJ> ekJ ngz;fs; Vw;fdNt aho;g;ghz thypgH nfhq;fpu]py;; ,ize;J
murpay; n ,Ue;jhHf ngz;fSf;F Kd;itj;J ,Ue;jhHfs
aho;g;ghz ,lJrhup f gq;fspg;G K fl;rpfspy; mf;fl;rpfsp Mz;fspd; ,tHfs; n mjpf mf;f ,Ue;jhHfs
ekJ ngz jkpouR fl mjpfupj;jJ shfTk; cz ntF[d N nfhs;fpd;w khwpdhHfs murpay; gq murpay; j fhyk;tiu vOr;rpail tpupe;J> gue ekJ ngz Mo;e;jfd ,dmlf;FK te;jNjh> murpay; gq murpaypYk Mjpf;fkhd wpUe;j Ng $ug;gLfpd jkJ mur ngz;fspd fUj;ijAk jpuz;l ekJ jLj;jpLk; M jhq;fpa fl kf;fspd; m xUtH> m
95

z;fspd; ;tpAk; mur k; r%f wpaPLfshf jspthfNt
z;fspd; hpj;J te;j gz;fspd; stpyhd Nghf;Fk; ;fpNyaH ngz;fSk; hy;> fy;tp gbg;gbNa vd;gJ> ; gd;Kf nfhs;t- ;fSlDk; ;fpd. ,it idapYk; j;jpd. 20k; Fwpg;ghf ; fzprkhd s;.
z;fspd; ahjPdKk; pUf;fpd;w jsj;jpYk; py; etPd g;gl;ljpy; l;lk; tiu> ;fspdhy; . vdpDk;> ikfspd; d; murpay; ; mjpfupj;J
; toq;;fg;g- Uk; jiy- ; Vw;fdNt ,ize;J
murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;gtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ngz;fspd; tpLjiy> ngz;fSf;F rkTupik..Nghd;w Nfhupf;ifis Kd;itj;J nraw;gLgtHfshf mtHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;.
aho;g;ghz thypgH nfhq;fpuRf;F gpd;dH> ,lJrhup fl;rpfspy; ekJ ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,e;j fl;rpfspy; nraw;gl;l ngz;fs;> ngUk;ghYk; mf;fl;rpfspd; jiyik cWg;gpdHfshf ,Ue;j Mz;fspd; JiztpaHfshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,tHfs; ngz;fs; njhlHghd tplaq;fspy; mjpf mf;fiwAld; nraw;gLfpd;wtHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;.
ekJ ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;ghdJ> jkpouR fl;rpapd; Njhw;wj;jpd; gpd;dH Ntfkhf mjpfupj;jJ. nraYhf;fkpf;f fl;rp cWg;gpdHf- shfTk; czHr;rpkpf;f fl;rp gpur;rhufHfshfTk; ntF[d Nghuhl;lq;fspy; cWjpAld; gq;F nfhs;fpd;wtHfshfTk; ekJ ngz;fs; khwpdhHfs;. ekJ ngz;fspd; ,j;jifa jPtpu murpay; gq;Nfw;G> jkpoH tpLjiy $l;lzp> murpay; jiyikahf nraw;gl;l me;jpk fhyk;tiu njhlHr;rpahf mjpfhpj;J te;jJ. vOr;rpaile;J te;j ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; tpupe;J> gue;j Nghuhl;l miyapd; tP;r;Rf;Nfw;g> ekJ ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;Gk; Mo;e;jfd;W te;jJ. rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,dmlf;FKiwfs; ve;jsTf;F jPtpukile;J te;jNjh> me;jsTf;F ekJ ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;Gk; tPr;rk; ngw;wJ. ekJ Njrpa murpaypYk; mjd; jiyikapYk; Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fkhdJ> ,d;dKk; typTld; epiyngw;- wpUe;j NghjpYk;> nfsutj;Jld; epidT $ug;gLfpd;w je;ij nry;tehafk; mtHfs; jkJ murpay; tho;tpy; xUKiwNaDk; ngz;fspd; cupikfs; njhlHghf vj;jifa fUj;ijAk; ntspaplhj NghjpYk; ngUfpj; jpuz;l ekJ ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;ig jLj;jpLk; Mw;wiy> mtNuh mtH jiyik jhq;fpa fl;rpfNsh nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;ij cw;WNehf;Fk; xUtH> murpay; jsj;jy; Mz;fNs
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njhlHr;rpahf jiyik tfpj;J te;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> vOr;rp ngw;W te;j ngz;fspd; murpay; czHr;rpia Mz;fspdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jNth> mtHfspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;ig jLf;fNth Kbatpy;iy vd;gij njspthf milahsk; fhz KbAk;. ekJekJekJekJekJ kf;fs; kPJ ftpo;e;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; kf;fs; kPJ ftpo;e;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; kf;fs; kPJ ftpo;e;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; kf;fs; kPJ ftpo;e;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; kf;fs; kPJ ftpo;e;J te;j rpwpyq;fh murpd; ,dmlf;FKiwfSf;F vjpuhf ekJ ngz;fs; ,dmlf;FKiwfSf;F vjpuhf ekJ ngz;fs; ,dmlf;FKiwfSf;F vjpuhf ekJ ngz;fs; ,dmlf;FKiwfSf;F vjpuhf ekJ ngz;fs; ,dmlf;FKiwfSf;F vjpuhf ekJ ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l tpLjiy czHT> Mz;fspd; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l tpLjiy czHT> Mz;fspd; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l tpLjiy czHT> Mz;fspd; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l tpLjiy czHT> Mz;fspd; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l tpLjiy czHT> Mz;fspd; Mjpf;f czHTfis tpQ;Rk; rf;jpia Mjpf;f czHTfis tpQ;Rk; rf;jpia Mjpf;f czHTfis tpQ;Rk; rf;jpia Mjpf;f czHTfis tpQ;Rk; rf;jpia Mjpf;f czHTfis tpQ;Rk; rf;jpia ngw;wpUe;jd. ekJ ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; ngw;wpUe;jd. ekJ ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; ngw;wpUe;jd. ekJ ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; ngw;wpUe;jd. ekJ ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; ngw;wpUe;jd. ekJ ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; njhlHr;rpahf mjpfupj;J te;j tpLjiy njhlHr;rpahf mjpfupj;J te;j tpLjiy njhlHr;rpahf mjpfupj;J te;j tpLjiy njhlHr;rpahf mjpfupj;J te;j tpLjiy njhlHr;rpahf mjpfupj;J te;j tpLjiy czHr;rpapd; cr;r jpul;rpahf> mtHfspd; czHr;rpapd; cr;r jpul;rpahf> mtHfspd; czHr;rpapd; cr;r jpul;rpahf> mtHfspd; czHr;rpapd; cr;r jpul;rpahf> mtHfspd; czHr;rpapd; cr;r jpul;rpahf> mtHfspd; MAjg; Nghuhl;l gq;Nfw;G mike;jJ. MAjg; Nghuhl;l gq;Nfw;G mike;jJ. MAjg; Nghuhl;l gq;Nfw;G mike;jJ. MAjg; Nghuhl;l gq;Nfw;G mike;jJ. MAjg; Nghuhl;l gq;Nfw;G mike;jJ.
MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fs; cUthd Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;Nj> mtw;wpy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G ,lk;ngw;W te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. me;j mikg;Gf;fSf;F Njitahd jfty;fis Nrfhpj;J toq;Fjy;> mtw;wpd; Mtzq;fs;> rhjdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ghJfhj;jy;> me;j mikg;Gf;fis NrHe;j cWg;gpdHfspilNa njhlHGfis NgZjy;... vd Muk;gpj;J> me;j mikg;Gf;fspy; KONeukhf nraw;gLfpd;w cWg;gdHfs; vd;w epiyf;F ngz;fs; gbg;gbNa khwpdhHfs;. 1983 ,dmopg;gpd; gpd;dH> ngz;fs; NeubahfNt MAj mikg;Gf;fspy; ,iztJk; MAj gapw;rpfspy; gq;F nfhs;tJk; ngUk; tPr;rpy; ,lk;ngw;wd. jk;kPJ kughf;fg;gl;bUe;j r%f jisfs; midj;ijAk; mWj;njwpe;jtHfshf> jkJ nrhe;j Kbtpd;gb ,tHfs; MAj mikg;Gf;fspy; ,ize;J nfhz;lhHfs;.
Muk;gj;jpy; MAj Nghuhl;l mikg;Gf;fspy; ,ize;J nfhz;l ngz;fspd; mDgtk; ek;g Kbahj msTf;F vjpHkiw jd;ik nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jJ. Njrpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngz;fis ,izg;gjw;Fupa njspthd nraw;jpl;lq;fs; vjidAk; ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; nfhz;buhj epiyapy;> ,tw;wpy; ,ize;J nfhz;l ngz;fs; gbg;gbNa murpay;ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L te;jhHfs;. mtH- fspd; Nghuhl;l czHr;rpAlDk; Njr tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpd; md;iwa mtrpaj;JlDk;
nghUe;jhj ghlrhiyf opy;fs;....vd jpw;F ,tHf tbtkhf> MAjg;Nghu ,yl;rpaj ,ize;J n gz;lq;fsh mikg;Gf;f gpuptpdUk; khwpdhHfs
vdpDk; M ,opepiyfi cz;ikah cWjpahdJ spDhlhf> shfTk; r jhf;Fjy;fs fTk; ,tHf jsuh cW fdd;W nf khngUk; t gupzkpf;f jkJ nrhe Nghuhspfsh gilazpfs jw;nfhiy te;jpUf;fpd cs;thq;Ft Gypfs; m miug;gq;fpd jw;nray; mikg;gpd; ngz;fs; fUj;Jf;fi ngz;fs; kj czHr;rpA mikg;gpd; khWtij fpAs;sd.
,t;thW ekekekekek ngz;fspd; ngz;fspd; ngz;fspd; ngz;fspd; ngz;fspd;
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;jpUf;fpd;w gz;fspd; ;fspdhy; murpay; vd;gij Ak;. ekJekJekJekJekJ ;fh murpd; ;fh murpd; ;fh murpd; ;fh murpd; ;fh murpd; ngz;fs; ngz;fs; ngz;fs; ngz;fs; ngz;fs; Mz;fspd; Mz;fspd; Mz;fspd; Mz;fspd; Mz;fspd; rf;jpia rf;jpia rf;jpia rf;jpia rf;jpia kj;jpapy; kj;jpapy; kj;jpapy; kj;jpapy; kj;jpapy; tpLjiy tpLjiy tpLjiy tpLjiy tpLjiy tHfspd; tHfspd; tHfspd; tHfspd; tHfspd; ;jJ.;jJ.;jJ.;jJ.;jJ.
cUthd gz;fspd; ;wJ. me;j fty;fis tzq;fs;> ;jy;> me;j fspilNa pj;J> me;j w;gLfpd;w ngz;fs; mopg;gpd; t MAj apw;rpfspy; k;ngw;wd. jisfs; hf> jkJ ; MAj hHfs;.
g;Gf;fspy; gtk; ek;g jd;ik tpLjiy g;gjw;Fupa Ak; ,e;j ;> ,tw;wpy; gbg;gbNa fs;. mtH- tpLjiy j;JlDk;
nghUe;jhj nraw;ghLfis (gpur;rhuk;> ghyH ghlrhiyfs; elj;Jjy;> Fbir ifj;njh- opy;fs;....vd) Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba epHg;ge;jj;- jpw;F ,tHfs; cs;shf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ,jd; cr;r tbtkhf> ekJ Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhf MAjg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;fpd;w cahpa ,yl;rpaj;Jld; jkJ mikg;Gf;fspy; ,ize;J nfhz;l ngz;fis ntWk; ghypay; gz;lq;fshf gad;gLj;jpa ,opepiyf;F> me;j mikg;Gf;fspd; Mz; cWg;gpdHfspy; xU gpuptpdUk; jiyikfspd; xU gpuptpdUk; khwpdhHfs;.
vdpDk; Mz;fspd; Mjpf;f czHTfisAk; ,opepiyfisAk; kPwp> ekJ ngz;fs; jk;ik cz;ikahd Nghuhspfshf khw;wp te;jhHfs;. cWjpahdJ; tplhg;gpbahdJkhd Nfhhpf;iff- spDhlhf> MAjg; gapw;rpfis ngw;wtHf- shfTk; rpwpyq;fh gilfSf;F vjpuhd jhf;Fjy;fspy; Neubahf gq;Nfw;fpd;wtHfsh- fTk; ,tHfs; khwpdhHfs;. ekJ ngz;fspd; jsuh cWjpAk; mtHfsplk; mizahJ fdd;W nfhz;bUf;fpd;w Njrpa czHr;rpAk; khngUk; tuyhw;W cjhuzkhf mtHfis gupzkpf;f nra;jpUf;fpd;wd. ekJ ngz;fs; jkJ nrhe;j Kaw;rpapDhlhfNt jPukpf;f NghuhspfshfTk; ntw;wpia cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w gilazpfshfTk; cWjpAld; mHg;gzpf;fpd;w jw;nfhiy NghuhspfshfTk; jk;ik cUthf;fp te;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. Muk;gj;jpy; ngz;fis cs;thq;Ftij Kw;whf jtpHj;J te;j tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpy; ,d;W fpl;lj;jl;l miug;gq;fpdH ngz;Nghuhspfshf tpsq;FtJ jw;nray; epfo;ty;y. tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jiytUk; mjd; cWg;gpdHfSk; ngz;fs; njhlHghf vj;jifa Mjpf;f fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk;> ekJ ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; ngUfp> jpus;fpd;w tpLjiy czHr;rpAk; Nghuhl;l typikAk; me;j mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa gpuptpduhf ekJ ngz;fs; khWtij jtpHf;f Kbahj mtrpakhf;- fpAs;sd.
,t;thW ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;> ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;> ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;> ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;> ekJ kf;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;> ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;G> xU jplkhd tsHr;rpia ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;G> xU jplkhd tsHr;rpia ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;G> xU jplkhd tsHr;rpia ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;G> xU jplkhd tsHr;rpia ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;G> xU jplkhd tsHr;rpia
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ngw;W te;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> murpay; ngw;W te;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> murpay; ngw;W te;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> murpay; ngw;W te;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> murpay; ngw;W te;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> murpay; mikg;Gf;fspYk; ekJ KO murpay; mikg;Gf;fspYk; ekJ KO murpay; mikg;Gf;fspYk; ekJ KO murpay; mikg;Gf;fspYk; ekJ KO murpay; mikg;Gf;fspYk; ekJ KO murpay; ,af;fj;jpYk; Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fKk; Mzh- ,af;fj;jpYk; Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fKk; Mzh- ,af;fj;jpYk; Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fKk; Mzh- ,af;fj;jpYk; Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fKk; Mzh- ,af;fj;jpYk; Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fKk; Mzh- jpf;f fUj;jpaYk; ,d;dKk; jsHTwtpy;iy> jpf;f fUj;jpaYk; ,d;dKk; jsHTwtpy;iy> jpf;f fUj;jpaYk; ,d;dKk; jsHTwtpy;iy> jpf;f fUj;jpaYk; ,d;dKk; jsHTwtpy;iy> jpf;f fUj;jpaYk; ,d;dKk; jsHTwtpy;iy> ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;ghdJ> Mz;fspd; ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;ghdJ> Mz;fspd; ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;ghdJ> Mz;fspd; ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;ghdJ> Mz;fspd; ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Nfw;ghdJ> Mz;fspd; gq;Nfw;Gf;F rkkhdjhf ,d;dKk; Gupe;Njw;- gq;Nfw;Gf;F rkkhdjhf ,d;dKk; Gupe;Njw;- gq;Nfw;Gf;F rkkhdjhf ,d;dKk; Gupe;Njw;- gq;Nfw;Gf;F rkkhdjhf ,d;dKk; Gupe;Njw;- gq;Nfw;Gf;F rkkhdjhf ,d;dKk; Gupe;Njw;- fg;gltpy;iy. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; neLfpYk; fg;gltpy;iy. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; neLfpYk; fg;gltpy;iy. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; neLfpYk; fg;gltpy;iy. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; neLfpYk; fg;gltpy;iy. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; neLfpYk; mjd; ntt;NtW Nghuhl;l tbtq;fspYk; mjd; ntt;NtW Nghuhl;l tbtq;fspYk; mjd; ntt;NtW Nghuhl;l tbtq;fspYk; mjd; ntt;NtW Nghuhl;l tbtq;fspYk; mjd; ntt;NtW Nghuhl;l tbtq;fspYk; ekJ ngz;fs; czHTG+Htkhf tfpj;J ekJ ngz;fs; czHTG+Htkhf tfpj;J ekJ ngz;fs; czHTG+Htkhf tfpj;J ekJ ngz;fs; czHTG+Htkhf tfpj;J ekJ ngz;fs; czHTG+Htkhf tfpj;J te;jpUf;fpd;w cahpa gq;Fgw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;- te;jpUf;fpd;w cahpa gq;Fgw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;- te;jpUf;fpd;w cahpa gq;Fgw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;- te;jpUf;fpd;w cahpa gq;Fgw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;- te;jpUf;fpd;w cahpa gq;Fgw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;- Jtk; ,d;dKk; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Jtk; ,d;dKk; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Jtk; ,d;dKk; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Jtk; ,d;dKk; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Jtk; ,d;dKk; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Aj;j fsj;jpYk; mjw;F ntspNaAk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; xspr;Rliu mizahJ fhg;gjpy; ekJ ngz;fs; Mw;wp tUfpd;w msg;gupa mHg;gzpg;Gfs;> mtw;Wf;Fupa r%f kw;Wk; murpay; mHj;jj;ij ,d;dKk; ngwtpy;iy. ekJ Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyapy; kl;Lky;y> ekJ Njrj;ij Gj;jk;Gjpjha; epHkhzj;jpYk; ekJ ngz;fSf;Fs;s Kf;fpa ,lk; ,d;dKk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gltpy;iy.
Vlwpe;j tuyhw;wpy; ,Jtiu ele;Js;s Vlwpe;j tuyhw;wpy; ,Jtiu ele;Js;s Vlwpe;j tuyhw;wpy; ,Jtiu ele;Js;s Vlwpe;j tuyhw;wpy; ,Jtiu ele;Js;s Vlwpe;j tuyhw;wpy; ,Jtiu ele;Js;s Gul;rpfs; midj;Jk;> xUtif Mzhjpf;f Gul;rpfs; midj;Jk;> xUtif Mzhjpf;f Gul;rpfs; midj;Jk;> xUtif Mzhjpf;f Gul;rpfs; midj;Jk;> xUtif Mzhjpf;f Gul;rpfs; midj;Jk;> xUtif Mzhjpf;f Kiwikf;F gjpyhf> ,d;ndhUtif Kiwikf;F gjpyhf> ,d;ndhUtif Kiwikf;F gjpyhf> ,d;ndhUtif Kiwikf;F gjpyhf> ,d;ndhUtif Kiwikf;F gjpyhf> ,d;ndhUtif Mzhjpf;f Kiwia epWTtjw;fhd Kaw;rpNa Mzhjpf;f Kiwia epWTtjw;fhd Kaw;rpNa Mzhjpf;f Kiwia epWTtjw;fhd Kaw;rpNa Mzhjpf;f Kiwia epWTtjw;fhd Kaw;rpNa Mzhjpf;f Kiwia epWTtjw;fhd Kaw;rpNa vd;w ngz;zpa thjj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s vd;w ngz;zpa thjj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s vd;w ngz;zpa thjj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s vd;w ngz;zpa thjj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s vd;w ngz;zpa thjj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s cz;ik ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Gupe;J cz;ik ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Gupe;J cz;ik ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Gupe;J cz;ik ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Gupe;J cz;ik ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. etPd Nghuhl;lq;fs; midj;jpYk; ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;g fzprkhd msTf;F ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> xt;nthU Gul;rpapd; KbtpYk; xt;nthU ntw;wpapd; KbtpYk; ngz;fs; kPz;Lk; Mz;fspd; mbikfshf;fg;gLtNj vjhHj;jkhfpAs;sJ. ,j;jifa nghJg;Nghf;fpw;F ekJ Nghuhl;lk; tpjptpyf;fhf mikatpy;iy vd;gij ,d;Wtiuapyhd ekJ NjrpaNghuhl;l mDgtq;fs; czHj;Jfpd;wd. tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpy; miug;gq;fpduhf ngz;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> ekJ Njrpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;ij khngUk; mHg;gzpg;Gld; Kd;ndLj;J nry;fpd;wtHfshf ekJ ngz;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;w NghjpYk; ,g;ngz;fs; $l jk;kstpy; Mzhjpf;f Kiwikfis jtpHf;f KbahjtHfshf cs;sdH. ,t;thW ekJ
Njrpa ,af Kiwikfs spYk; kWt cz;ik> e tbtpyhd tij Nehf ekf;F cz jLj;J> ghy r%f mik tNj ekJ ekJ Njrj jkJ Njh ngz;fspd gLj;JtJ mbg;gil jg;gl Ntz slq;fpAs;s lhfTk; mj fTk;ekJ n nghwpf;fg;gl mjd; mlf Njrj;jpd; m $ba Ghpj rhj;jpakhf;F
ekJ Njr gpuptdUk; eyd;fis ,af;fj;jpd vd;gJ> ekJ eyd;fisA cWjpg;gLj mika Nt midj;J g Fbaurpy; gpuptpdUk; ,af;fj;jpy rhj;jpakhF fpilapyhd apyhd ng gl;L> rl;lG cWjpg;gLj murpay; Ntz;Lk;. x
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murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; k; Mzh- k; Mzh- k; Mzh- k; Mzh- k; Mzh- wtpy;iy> wtpy;iy> wtpy;iy> wtpy;iy> wtpy;iy> Mz;fspd; Mz;fspd; Mz;fspd; Mz;fspd; Mz;fspd; ; Gupe;Njw;- ; Gupe;Njw;- ; Gupe;Njw;- ; Gupe;Njw;- ; Gupe;Njw;- ; neLfpYk; ; neLfpYk; ; neLfpYk; ; neLfpYk; ; neLfpYk; q;fspYk; q;fspYk; q;fspYk; q;fspYk; q;fspYk; tfpj;J tfpj;J tfpj;J tfpj;J tfpj;J ; Kf;fpaj;- ; Kf;fpaj;- ; Kf;fpaj;- ; Kf;fpaj;- ; Kf;fpaj;- ltpy;iy. ltpy;iy. ltpy;iy. ltpy;iy. ltpy;iy. Ak; ekJ izahJ tUfpd;w ;Fupa r%f ,d;dKk; jiyapy; ;jk;Gjpjha; ;s Kf;fpa y;iy.
ele;Js;s ele;Js;s ele;Js;s ele;Js;s ele;Js;s zhjpf;fzhjpf;fzhjpf;fzhjpf;fzhjpf;f hUtif hUtif hUtif hUtif hUtif Kaw;rpNa Kaw;rpNa Kaw;rpNa Kaw;rpNa Kaw;rpNa q;fpAs;s q;fpAs;s q;fpAs;s q;fpAs;s q;fpAs;s py; Gupe;J py; Gupe;J py; Gupe;J py; Gupe;J py; Gupe;J uhl;lq;fs; fzprkhd ;> xt;nthU ntw;wpapd; z;fspd; hfpAs;sJ. Nghuhl;lk; vd;gij Nghuhl;l iy Gypfs; ngz;fs; tpLjiy zpg;Gld; ngz;fs; ;fs; $l s jtpHf;f hW ekJ
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpYk; r%fj;jpYk; Mzhjpf;f Kiwikfs; njhlHr;rpahfTk; Gjpa tbtq;f- spYk; kWthHg;G nra;ag;gl;LtUfpd;wd vd;w cz;ik> ekJ tpLjiyAk; $l> ,d;ndhU tbtpyhd Mzhjpf;f Kiwik epWtg;gL- tij Nehf;fpNa nry;fpd;wJ vd;w mr;rj;ij ekf;F czHj;Jfp;d;wd. ,j;jifa Nghf;if jLj;J> ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;Jtkpf;f xU Gjpa r%f mikg;ig gilg;gij ,yf;fhf nfhs;- tNj ekJ tpLjiyia mHj;jKs;sjhf;Fk;. ekJ Njrj;ijAk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ijAk; jkJ Njhs;fspy; Rke;jpUf;fpd;w ekJ ngz;fspd; G+uz tpLjiyia cj;juthjg;- gLj;JtJ vd;gJ> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; mbg;gil ,yf;Ffspy; xd;whf epiyepWj;- jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; cs;- slq;fpAs;s [dehaf rhuj;jpd; ntspg;gh- lhfTk; mjd; gd;Kfjd;ikfspd; ep&gzkh- fTk;ekJ ngz;fspd; G+uz rkj;Jtk; Mog; nghwpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mzhjpf;fk; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; mlf;FKiw tbtq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;J gpuptpdH kj;jpapYk; Vw;gl $ba GhpjYk; fUj;jpay; khw;wKk; ,ij rhj;jpakhf;Fk;.
ekJ Njrj;jpd; mNdfkhf midj;J gpuptdUk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; jkJ eyd;fis nfhz;bUf;fpd;whHfs;. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,Wjp ,yl;fpakhd jdpahd muR vd;gJ> ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;J gpuptduJk; eyd;fisAk; cupikfisAk; nfsutj;ijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU kf;fs; Fbaurhf mika Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ekJ Njrj;jpYs;s midj;J gpuptpdHfspdJk; eyd;fSk; ekJ Fbaurpy; Ngzg;gLtJ vd;gJ> xt;nthU gpuptpdUk; jkJ eyd;fis ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; cWjpahf Kd;itg;gjd; %yNk rhj;jpakhFk;. ,j;jifa gd;Kf eyd;fSf;- fpilapyhd Clhl;lq;fSk; mtw;Wf;fpil- apyhd nghJikfSk; milahsk; fhzg;- gl;L> rl;lG+HtkhfTk; eilKiwhPjpahfTk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd;> ,it ekJ murpay; jsj;jpy; NgRnghUshf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU r%fg;gpuptpd; eyd;fs; murpay;
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jsj;jpy; NgRnghUshf;fg;gLtjw;F> me;j r%fg;gpupit cs;shHe;j uPjpahf gpujpepjpj;J- tg;gLj;Jfpd;w murpay; epWtdk;( my;yJ murpay; fl;rp ) mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
ekJ Njrk; vd;gJ> xNutifahd eyd;fis nfhz;l kf;fs; jpuspd; njhFg;G my;y. khwhf> jkf;Fs; NtWgl;Lk; Kuz;gl;Lk; cs;s gd;Kf kf;fs; gpupTfspd; ,izg;ghfNt ekJ Njrk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gpuNjruPjpahf> rhjphPjpahf> ghy;uPjpahf> tHf;fhPjpahf NtWgl;Lk; Kuz;gl;Lk; Gyk;ngaHe;Jk; tpspk;Gepiy kf;fs;> khztHfs;> ,isQHfs; vdTk; kpfg; gue;j tPr;ir nfhz;l gd;Kf gpupTfspd; njhFg;ghf ekJ Njrk; cs;sJ. ,g;gpuptpdiu jdf;Fs; nfhz;ljhf> ,g;gpuptpdhpd; Mjutpy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;w mikg;ghf tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G tpsq;Ffpd;w NghjpYk;> ,t;tidj;J gpupTfspdJk; eyd;fis czHTG+Htkhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w murpay; mikg;ghf mJ jd;id cUthf;fp nfhs;stpy;iy. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jdpj;;jiyikahf tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G nraw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w ,e;j 15 tUlfhy mDgtkhdJ> ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;J gpuptpdiuAk; cs;shHe;j hPjpahf gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;j $ba Mw;wiy me;j mikg;G nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gij njspthf ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G cyfpd; Kjy;ju nfhpy;yh mikg;ghf jd;id cUthf;fpAs;sJ. jdJ msg;gupa mHg;gzpg;GfspdhYk; nropj;J tpisAk; NghHf;Fzhk;rj;jpdhYk; Njrpa czHr;rpapdhYk; tpLjiy Ntl;if- apdhYk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ij kq;fh typ- Tld; Kd;ndLj;J nry;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwpUe;Jk; tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;J gpuptpdHfspdJk; murpay; gpujpepjpahf jd;id cs;shHe;j uPjpapy; fl;likf;f KbahjpUf;fpd;wJ vd;w vjhHj;jk; jPtpu mf;fiwf;FupaJ. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; cs;slq;fpAs;s kf;fs; rhuj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;Sk;NghJ> tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpy; ntspg;gLfpd;w ,j;jifa Kuz;jd;ikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
ekJ Njrpa mikj;jy vOr;rpAw;w kfj;jhd , ,af;fj;jpy jpuz;nlOe Njrpa ,a njspthfT wd: gd;Kf fspd; mu gd;Kfjd;i ,e;j fhyf gd;Kf Nt nfhz;l ek xd;W jpuz cUthf;fpd jhHfs;. ek fj;jpdJk; tjhf mik Njrpa ,af Kd;Ndhf;f fpd;wJ.
ekJ Njrpa ekJ Njrpa ekJ Njrpa ekJ Njrpa ekJ Njrpa Ntz;bapU Ntz;bapU Ntz;bapU Ntz;bapU Ntz;bapU tpLjiy G tpLjiy G tpLjiy G tpLjiy G tpLjiy G Ls;sJ. Jg Ls;sJ. Jg Ls;sJ. Jg Ls;sJ. Jg Ls;sJ. Jg murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; murpay; rlyf;Ftpa rlyf;Ftpay rlyf;Ftpa rlyf;Ftpay rlyf;Ftpa mfw;wg;gl mfw;wg;gl mfw;wg;gl mfw;wg;gl mfw;wg;gl iyik v iyik v iyik v iyik v iyik v Vw;wg;gl;Ls Vw;wg;gl;Ls Vw;wg;gl;Ls Vw;wg;gl;Ls Vw;wg;gl;Ls
,t;thW e gd;Kf jd td;kkhf jdpj;jiy Kuz;ghL> mfKuz;g mfKuz;g ,af;fj;jpd mNjNeuj;j mjd; ,Wj mike;jpUf
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w;F> me;j pujpepjpj;J- ;( my;yJ
eyd;fis ;y. khwhf> k; cs;s fNt ekJ hjphPjpahf> tWgl;Lk; pk;Gepiy dTk; kpfg; gpupTfspd; g;gpuptpdiu ; Mjutpy; y Gypfs; t;tidj;J TG+Htkhf g;ghf mJ kJ Njrpa iy Gypfs; ,e;j 15 Njrj;jpd; ;j hPjpahf iy me;j vd;gij
; Kjy;ju f;fpAs;sJ. spdhYk; j;jpdhYk; Ntl;if- kq;fh typ- ;thwpUe;Jk; Njrj;jpd; murpay; ;j uPjpapy; vjhHj;jk; ,af;fj;jpy; j Gupe;J mikg;gpy; d;ikia
ekJ Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ> jdpahd muir mikj;jy; vd;w ,yl;rpaj;jpy; jplkhf vOr;rpAw;w 1970fspd; ,Wjpg;gFjpAk; ,e;j kfj;jhd ,yl;rpaj;ij ,yf;fhf;fpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ekJ kf;fspd; ntF[d gq;Nfw;G jpuz;nlOe;j 1980fspd; Kw;gFjpAk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; cl;nghUis kpfj; njspthfTk; Jy;ypakhfTk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;- wd: gd;Kfjd;ik. ,jw;F Kd;dH ekJkf;- fspd; murpay; ,af;fj;jpy; epytpapuhj gd;Kfjd;ik vd;w ,e;j murpay; cl;nghUs; ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; Jyhk;gukhf ntspg;gl;lJ. gd;Kf NtWghLfSk; gd;Kf eyd;fSk; nfhz;l ekJkf;fs; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; xd;W jpuz;lhHfs;> gd;Kf jiyikfis cUthf;fpdhHfs;> mj;jiyikfis Mjupj;- jhHfs;. ekJkf;fspdJk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;- fj;jpdJk; [dehaf rhuj;ij ntspg;gLj;J- tjhf mike;j ,e;j gd;Kfjd;ikjhd; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpf;Fk; ,jd; tPwhHe;j> Kd;Ndhf;fpa efHTf;Fk; fhuzkhfpapUf;- fpd;wJ.
ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; cWjpahf epWtg;gl ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; cWjpahf epWtg;gl ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; cWjpahf epWtg;gl ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; cWjpahf epWtg;gl ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; cWjpahf epWtg;gl Ntz;bapUe;j ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ikahdJ> Ntz;bapUe;j ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ikahdJ> Ntz;bapUe;j ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ikahdJ> Ntz;bapUe;j ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ikahdJ> Ntz;bapUe;j ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ikahdJ> tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpdhy; mopf;fg;gl;- tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpdhy; mopf;fg;gl;- tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpdhy; mopf;fg;gl;- tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpdhy; mopf;fg;gl;- tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpdhy; mopf;fg;gl;- Ls;sJ. Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy;> NghuhspfspdJk; Ls;sJ. Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy;> NghuhspfspdJk; Ls;sJ. Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy;> NghuhspfspdJk; Ls;sJ. Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy;> NghuhspfspdJk; Ls;sJ. Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy;> NghuhspfspdJk; murpay; jiytHfspdJk; kf;fspdJk; murpay; jiytHfspdJk; kf;fspdJk; murpay; jiytHfspdJk; kf;fspdJk; murpay; jiytHfspdJk; kf;fspdJk; murpay; jiytHfspdJk; kf;fspdJk; rlyf;Ftpay;fspd; Clhf ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ik rlyf;Ftpay;fspd; Clhf ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ik rlyf;Ftpay;fspd; Clhf ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ik rlyf;Ftpay;fspd; Clhf ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ik rlyf;Ftpay;fspd; Clhf ,e;j gd;Kf jd;ik mfw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ,lj;jpy; jdpj;j- mfw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ,lj;jpy; jdpj;j- mfw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ,lj;jpy; jdpj;j- mfw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ,lj;jpy; jdpj;j- mfw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ,lj;jpy; jdpj;j- iyik vd;w ,uj;jf;fiw gbe;j nfhb iyik vd;w ,uj;jf;fiw gbe;j nfhb iyik vd;w ,uj;jf;fiw gbe;j nfhb iyik vd;w ,uj;jf;fiw gbe;j nfhb iyik vd;w ,uj;jf;fiw gbe;j nfhb Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;thW ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTfpd;w gd;Kf jd;ikf;Fk; tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G td;kkhf epiyepWj;j Kaw;rpf;fpd;w jdpj;jiyik vd;gjw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghL> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; gpujhd mfKuz;ghlhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j mfKuz;ghlhdJ xUGwk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;F fhuzkhfpapUf;fpd;w mNjNeuj;jpy; kWGwj;Nj> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; mjd; ,Wjp ,yf;if miltij jLg;gjhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
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tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G jdpj;jiyik vd;w Mjpf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;j ,e;j 15 tUlfhyj;- jpy; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; mjw;Fhpa cr;rtsHr;- rpia mile;jpUf;fpd;wJ. MapDk; ,j;jifa cr;r tsHr;rpia mile;j gpd;Dk;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,Wjp ,yf;fhd NjrmuR epWtg;gLtJ vd;gJ> ,d;dKk; njhiytpy; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; czug;gLtjw;F. jdpj;jiyik vd;gjpy; cs;slq;fpAs;s vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l jd;ikAk; mjd; kf;fs; tpNuhj gz;GfSk; gpujhd fhuzpfshf mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;ig gaq;futhj mikg;ghf gpur;rhug;gLj;JtjpYk; ekJ kf;fspypUe;J tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;ig jdpikg;gLj;jp fhl;LtjpYk; me;j mikg;G ngWfpd;w kfj;jhd ,uhZt ntw;wpfis ekJ tpLjiyapypUe;J NtWgLj;jp fhl;LtjpYk; Mjpf;f rf;jpfs; ntw;wp ngWtjw;F jdpj;jiyik vd;gJ gpujhd fhuzpahf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiy> tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;ig kl;Lk; murpay; uPjpapy; gytPdg;gLj;jtpy;iy> kpfKf;fpakhf> ,J ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ijAk; gytPdg;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. ekJ Njrk; tpLjiy miltjpYk; ekf;fhd NjrmuR cUthf;fg;gLtjpYk; ,J Mo;e;j ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
ehk; $He;J Nehf;FNthapd;> jdpj;jiyikia epiyepWj;j Kaw;rpf;fpd;w tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpdhy;> ekJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; njhlHe;- Jk; Cw;nwLj;J guTfpd;w gd;Kfjd;ikia epuhfupf;f Kbatpy;iy vd;gij fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;. ekJ murpay; jsj;jpypUe;J gd;Kf jiyikfs; vd;gij tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;G mfw;wpapUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> jdf;Fs; gd;Kfjd;ik cWjpahf epiyngWtij me;j mikg;gpdhy; jLf;f Kbatpy;iy. gpuNjr hPjpahfTk; rhjphPjpahfTk; ghy;uPjpahfTk; gd;Kfjd;ik nfhz;l cWg;gpdHfis jdf;Fs; cs;thq;Ftij me;j mikg;gpdhy; jtpHf;f Kbatpy;iy. xNu thHj;ijapy; $wpdhy;> tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpDs; cs;slq;fpAs;s gd;Kfjd;ikjhd; me;j
mikg;gpd; Kbahj mj mike;jpuf mlf;fg;gL gpuptpdHfs gpuptpdiuA NrHe;j ,i cWg;gpdH mikg;gpdJ typikahf
,j;jifa ekJ Njrpa kPz;Lk; cW vd;gij k NjrtpLji ekJ Njrj gd;Kf ey xd;W jpus rpwpyq;fh Mjpf;fj;jpy nghJ ,y gpuptpdHfs cWjpg;gLt NghJjhd KOikahd
ekJ kf;fs njhlq;fp t mjd; Mf KiwfSf kPdtHfSk Muk;gpj;J khztHfS murpd; ,d lq;fis Ra ekJ Njrj mjd; Mf;f mlf;FKi RahjPdkh tUfpd;whH Mzhjpf;f Nghuhl;l , rhjpuPjpahf jpzpf;fg;gl
99

yik vd;w Ulfhyj;- cr;rtsHr;- ; ,j;jifa kJ Njrpa NjrmuR jhiytpy; pj;jiyik f;Fl;gl;l z;GfSk; f;fpd;wd. aq;futhj k; ekJ mikg;ig mikg;G fis ekJ l;LtjpYk; Wtjw;F huzpahf tpLjiy y; uPjpapy; khf> ,J j;ijAk; J Njrk; NjrmuR ghjpg;ig
yikia y Gypfs; y; njhlHe;- jd;ikia ;L nfhs;s ;J gd;Kf Gypfs; ;> jdf;Fs; tij me;j y. gpuNjr ;uPjpahfTk; ;gpdHfis ikg;gpdhy; Hj;ijapy; kg;gpDs; hd; me;j
mikg;gpd; NghHf;Fzhk;rj;jpw;Fk; tPo;j;j Kbahj mjd; capuhw;wYf;Fk; mbg;gilahf mike;jpuf;fpd;wJ. ngz;fs;> rhjpuPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdHfs;> tpspk;Gepiy gpuptpdHfs;> ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;J gpuptpdiuAk; midj;J gpuNjrq;fisAk; NrHe;j ,isQHfs;...vd;w gd;Kfjd;ikkpf;f cWg;gpdH NrHf;ifjhd;> tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpdJk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpdJk; typikahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,j;jifa vjhHj;j epiyikfs; midj;Jk;> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; gd;Kfjd;ik vd;gJ kPz;Lk; cWjpahf epiyehl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kpfj; njspthf typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. NjrtpLjiy vd;w nghJ ,yf;if Nehf;fp> ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;J gpuptpdUk; jkJ gd;Kf eyd;fSf;$lhf czHTG+Htkhf xd;W jpus;tij ,J mtrpakhf;Ffpd;wJ. rpwpyq;fh murpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;Jk; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;Jk; tpLjiy ngWtJ vd;w nghJ ,yf;Fk; ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;J gpuptpdHfspdJk; eyd;fs; ekJ Njr murpy; cWjpg;gLtJk; gpupf;f KbahjthW ,izAk; NghJjhd; ekJ NjrtpLjiy mjd; KOikahd mHj;jj;jpy; rhj;jpakhFk;.
ekJ kf;fs; ,e;j jpirapy; Vw;fdNt ,aq;f njhlq;fp tpl;lhHfs;. rpwpyq;fh murpdJk; mjd; Mf;fpukpg;G gilfspdJk; mlf;F- KiwfSf;F vjpuhf> ekJ tptrhapfSk kPdtHfSk; RahjPdkhd Kiwapy; Nghuhl Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhHfs;. fy;tp fw;wtHfSk; khztHfSk; murhq;f CopaHfSk; rpq;fs; murpd; ,dxJf;fy;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;- lq;fis Rakhf Kd;ndLj;J tUfpd;whHfs;. ekJ Njrj;jpd; kPJk; jk;kPJk; rpq;fs muRk; mjd; Mf;fukpg;G gilfSk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w mlf;FKiwfis vjpHj;J ekJ ngz;fs; RahjPdkhfTk; cWjpahfTk; Nghuhb tUfpd;whHfs;. $lNt ekJ ngz;fs;> Mzhjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgLtijAk; jkJ Nghuhl;l ,yf;fhf nfhz;L tUfpd;whHfs;. rhjpuPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuptpdH. jk;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s r%f ,opepiyf;F vjpuhf
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jhNk Nghuhb tUfpd;whHfs;. jkf;nfd kughf;fg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;w> r%fuPjpapy; ,opthf fUjg;gLfpd;w njhopy;fis nra;t- jpy;iy vd;W KbntLj;J> mjid ntw;wp- fukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jpAk; tUfpd;whHfs;. ,t;thW ekJ Njrj;jpd; midj;J kf;fs; gpuptdUk; NjrtpLjiyf;fhfTk; r%f tpLjiyf;fhfTk; Gjpa [dehaf kuGfis epiyehl;Ltjw;fhfTk; jdndOr;rpahfTk; RahjPdkhfTk; Nghuhb tUfpd;whHfs;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; murpay; ,yf;FfisAk; murpay; rhuj;ijAk; mtHfs; njspthf ntspg;gLj;jp tUfpd;- whHfs;.
,g;Nghuhl;lq;fspy; kpfg; ngUk;ghyhdit> tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpd; fl;Lg;ghl;b- ypy;yhj gFjpfspy;jhd; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,e;j cz;ik> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; epytp tU- fpd;w tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;gpd; jdpj;jiy- ikf;Fk; kf;fspd; gd;Kfjd;ikfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghL> NkYk; NkYk; $Hikaile;J tUtij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j Kuz;ghl;by;> gd;Kfjd;ik vd;w ntF[d mk;rkhdJ> gbg;gbNa typikaile;J tUtijAk; jdpj;jiyik vd;gjw;F Nkyhf mJ Mjpf;f epiyia milfpd;w jpirapy; cs;sJ vd;gijAk; ,e;j ntF[d Nghuhl;lq;fs; Rl;b fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,e;j cz;ikia njspthf Gupe;J nfhs;Nthkhapd;> ekJ tpLjiyia tpiutpy; rhj;jpakhf;Ft- ekJ tpLjiyia tpiutpy; rhj;jpakhf;Ft- ekJ tpLjiyia tpiutpy; rhj;jpakhf;Ft- ekJ tpLjiyia tpiutpy; rhj;jpakhf;Ft- ekJ tpLjiyia tpiutpy; rhj;jpakhf;Ft- jw;Fk; ekJ kf;fspd; midj;J gpuptdHfsp- jw;Fk; ekJ kf;fspd; midj;J gpuptdHfsp- jw;Fk; ekJ kf;fspd; midj;J gpuptdHfsp- jw;Fk; ekJ kf;fspd; midj;J gpuptdHfsp- jw;Fk; ekJ kf;fspd; midj;J gpuptdHfsp- dJk; eyd;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w kf;fs; dJk; eyd;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w kf;fs; dJk; eyd;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w kf;fs; dJk; eyd;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w kf;fs; dJk; eyd;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w kf;fs; [dehaf Fbauir epWTtjw;Fk; ekJ Njrpa [dehaf Fbauir epWTtjw;Fk; ekJ Njrpa [dehaf Fbauir epWTtjw;Fk; ekJ Njrpa [dehaf Fbauir epWTtjw;Fk; ekJ Njrpa [dehaf Fbauir epWTtjw;Fk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; gd;Kfjd;ik cWjpahf epiyehl;- ,af;fj;jpy; gd;Kfjd;ik cWjpahf epiyehl;- ,af;fj;jpy; gd;Kfjd;ik cWjpahf epiyehl;- ,af;fj;jpy; gd;Kfjd;ik cWjpahf epiyehl;- ,af;fj;jpy; gd;Kfjd;ik cWjpahf epiyehl;- lg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij czHe;J lg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij czHe;J lg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij czHe;J lg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij czHe;J lg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij czHe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j gd;Kfjd;ik vd;gJ> nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j gd;Kfjd;ik vd;gJ> nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j gd;Kfjd;ik vd;gJ> nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j gd;Kfjd;ik vd;gJ> nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j gd;Kfjd;ik vd;gJ> gd;Kfj; jiyikfs;> gd;Kf Nghuhl;l gd;Kfj; jiyikfs;> gd;Kf Nghuhl;l gd;Kfj; jiyikfs;> gd;Kf Nghuhl;l gd;Kfj; jiyikfs;> gd;Kf Nghuhl;l gd;Kfj; jiyikfs;> gd;Kf Nghuhl;l tbtq;fs;> gd;Kf eyd;fspd; ntspg;ghL . . . tbtq;fs;> gd;Kf eyd;fspd; ntspg;ghL . . . tbtq;fs;> gd;Kf eyd;fspd; ntspg;ghL . . . tbtq;fs;> gd;Kf eyd;fspd; ntspg;ghL . . . tbtq;fs;> gd;Kf eyd;fspd; ntspg;ghL . . . vd tpupe;J nry;y $bait. vd tpupe;J nry;y $bait. vd tpupe;J nry;y $bait. vd tpupe;J nry;y $bait. vd tpupe;J nry;y $bait.
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,Wjpahf Kd;itf 1. ekJ k caHe;j Hfs;. v Kbahj tpf;ff; bUf;fpd kpf;f Nj Njit ek;kplk rhHe;jJ
2. Rje;jpu gpd;thq caHe;j kl;Lk Ehw;whz mjDh tsHr;rp r%f , Nghuhl;l mopTf epiyap mtw;i kfj;jhd mila Ehw;whz fhy n Jauk; Njrpa ,e;jj; kf;fspd fhyj; jpul;rpfs kWg;gj ve;jj; j cupika
3. ekJ k mtrpa te;jpU ntF[ tbtpy Gupe;J

jkf;nfd %fuPjpapy; s nra;t- d ntw;wp- pd;whHfs;. ;J kf;fs; k; r%f kuGfis r;rpahfTk; pd;whHfs;. af;fj;jpd; huj;ijAk; p tUfpd;-
hyhdit> l;Lg;ghl;b- d;wd. ,e;j epytp tU- dpj;jiy- fSf;Fk; ; NkYk; ;wJ. ,e;j ntF[d kaile;J ;F Nkyhf jpirapy; ntF[d d. ,e;j ;Nthkhapd;> pakhf;Ft- pakhf;Ft- pakhf;Ft- pakhf;Ft- pakhf;Ft- puptdHfsp- puptdHfsp- puptdHfsp- puptdHfsp- puptdHfsp- ;w kf;fs; ;w kf;fs; ;w kf;fs; ;w kf;fs; ;w kf;fs; kJ Njrpa kJ Njrpa kJ Njrpa kJ Njrpa kJ Njrpa epiyehl;- epiyehl;- epiyehl;- epiyehl;- epiyehl;- czHe;JczHe;JczHe;JczHe;JczHe;J k vd;gJ> k vd;gJ> k vd;gJ> k vd;gJ> k vd;gJ> Nghuhl;l Nghuhl;l Nghuhl;l Nghuhl;l Nghuhl;l pg;ghL . . . pg;ghL . . . pg;ghL . . . pg;ghL . . . pg;ghL . . .
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,Wjpahf gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis Kd;itf;fpNwhk;: 1. ekJ kf;fs; xU jdpahd Njrk; vd;w caHe;j gupkhzj;ij mile;jpUf;fpd;wh- Hfs;. vdNt xU Njrj;jpw;Fupa gpupf;f Kbahj midj;J cupikfisAk; mDg- tpf;ff; $ba ghj;jpaijia ehk; nfhz;- bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt jdpahd ,iwik- kpf;f Njr muir mikg;gJ vd;gJ ekJ Njit rhHe;jJ kl;Lky;y> $lNt ek;kplkpUe;J gpupf;fKbahj cupik rhHe;jJk; $l.
2. Rje;jpuj; Njr muir mikg;gjpypUe;J gpd;thq;FtJ vd;gJ ekJ Njrj;jpd; caHe;j murpay; cupikiaf; iftpLtJ kl;Lky;y $lNt ekJ kf;fspd; Ehw;whz;L fhy r%f ,af;fj;ijAk; mjDhlhf mtHfs; mile;Js;s tsHr;rpfisAk; kWg;gJkhFk;. ,j;jifa r%f ,af;fKk; tsHr;rpAk; fLikahd Nghuhl;lq;fspd; Clhf> ,og;Gf;fisAk; mopTfisAk; Jauq;fisAk; Rke;j epiyapy;> khngUk; cWjpAld; JzpTld; mtw;iw vjpHj;Jj; jhq;fpa epiyapy; kfj;jhd rhjidfis epfo;j;jpajpd; Clhf milag; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ekJ kf;fspd; Ehw;whz;L fhy mDgtq;fs; Ehw;whz;L fhy ntw;wpfs;> Njhy;tpfs; re;Njh\k; Jauk; vd;git ekJ kf;fspd; ,d;iwa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Mog;gjpe;Js;sd. ,e;jj; Njrpa ,af;fk; vd;gJ ekJ kf;fspd; xU Ehw;whz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l fhyj; jiyKiwfspd; Nghuhl;lj; jpul;rpfs;. vdNt ,e;jj; Njrpa ,af;fj;ij kWg;gjw;Nfh mijf; iftpLtjw;Nfh ve;jj; jiyKiwf;Fk; ve;jj; jiyikf;Fk; cupikapy;iy.
3. ekJ kf;fs; jkf;nfd jdpahd Njr muR mtrpak; vd;gij cWjpahf ntspg;gLj;jp te;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. xU r%fj;jpd; ntF[d murpay; czHthdJ gd;Kf tbtpy; ntspg;gl KbAk; vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ> Rje;jpuj;NjhL

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,ize;jjhf 50 : 50> rk];b Ml;rp> jdpehL vd;w murpay; Nfhupf;iffis ekJ kf;fs; g+uzkhf Mjupj;jJk; me;jf; Nfhupf;iffis czHTg+Htkhf ,izj;- Jf; nfhz;lJk; jdpahd murpay; mjpfh- uj;jpd; kPjhd mtHfspd; MHtj;ijAk; mtrpaj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ ,j;jid ,og;Gf;fSf;Fk; mopTfSf;Fk; Jauq;fSf;Fk; kj;jpapy; ekJ kf;fs; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;igj; jhq;fp epw;gJk; me;j mikg;Gf;Fupa kdpj tsq;fs; cl;gl midj;J tsq;fisAk; njhlHr;rpahf toq;fp tUtJk; jkf;Fupa jdpahd muR kPJ rpwpyq;fh murpd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J Kw;whf tpLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntl;if kPJ mtHfs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w jzpahj MHtj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
4. ekJ kf;fSf;nfd xU jdpahd Njr ekJ kf;fSf;nfd xU jdpahd Njr ekJ kf;fSf;nfd xU jdpahd Njr ekJ kf;fSf;nfd xU jdpahd Njr ekJ kf;fSf;nfd xU jdpahd Njr muir mikg;gJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W muir mikg;gJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W muir mikg;gJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W muir mikg;gJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W muir mikg;gJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W uPjpahd tsHr;rpapd; tpisthfTk; gpupf;- uPjpahd tsHr;rpapd; tpisthfTk; gpupf;- uPjpahd tsHr;rpapd; tpisthfTk; gpupf;- uPjpahd tsHr;rpapd; tpisthfTk; gpupf;- uPjpahd tsHr;rpapd; tpisthfTk; gpupf;- fKbahj cupikahfTk; vy;yhtw;wpw;F fKbahj cupikahfTk; vy;yhtw;wpw;F fKbahj cupikahfTk; vy;yhtw;wpw;F fKbahj cupikahfTk; vy;yhtw;wpw;F fKbahj cupikahfTk; vy;yhtw;wpw;F Nkyhf ekJ kf;fspd; czHTg+Htkhd Nkyhf ekJ kf;fspd; czHTg+Htkhd Nkyhf ekJ kf;fspd; czHTg+Htkhd Nkyhf ekJ kf;fspd; czHTg+Htkhd Nkyhf ekJ kf;fspd; czHTg+Htkhd ntspg;ghlhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ntspg;ghlhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ntspg;ghlhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ntspg;ghlhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ntspg;ghlhfTk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa caHe;j murpay; ,yf;if ekJ kf;fs; mile;J nfhs;tjpy; tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; gq;F vy;iyf;Fl;gl;lJ vd;gJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,uhZt ntw;- wpfs; %yk; jdpahd muir> jkpoPoj;ij mile;Jtpl KbAk; vd;w tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; vjpHghHg;Gk; Kaw;rpAk; ,d;W tiu rhj;jpakhftpy;iy vd;gJ kl;Lky;y mtHfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jpa khjpup muR KiwahdJ ekJ Njrj;jpd; vjpHghHg;Gf;fSld; vt;tpjj;jpYk; nghUe;jpapUf;ftpy;iy vd;gJk; ntspg;- gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk;> ekJ Njr ,af;fj;ij mjd; ,Wjp ,yf;F tiu> caH[dehaf kuGfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j Gjpa r%f mikg;ig fl;bnaOg;GtJ tiu ntw;wpfukhff; nfhz;L nry;tjpy; jhk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w
101
gw;whf mikg
ekJ N murpa Lk;NghJ gpd;jq Wld; ekJ k Nghuhl ,af;f kuigA murpa Mjpf; ghJfhg - rhjp u gpuNjr - eyd;f khw;wpapU vd;gi jdpj;j kf;fspd mtHfs gd;Kf jk;ik ngz;f wtHfs tHfsh rpWtHf rijA mtHfs kl;Lky Lfpd;w kugpy; eyd;fi fisA RahjPd gspg;gj ek;gpf;i
Mdhy Njrpa khw;wq;f khw;wq rhjpf;f

;rp> jdpehL kJ kf;fs; me;jf; f ,izj;- y; mjpfh- tj;ijAk; j;Jtjhf ,j;jid Sf;Fk; J kf;fs; gj; jhq;fp upa kdpj q;fisAk; ; jkf;Fupa h murpd; tpLgl mtHfs; Htj;ijf;
pahd Njr pahd Njr pahd Njr pahd Njr pahd Njr tuyhw;W tuyhw;W tuyhw;W tuyhw;W tuyhw;W fTk; gpupf;- Tk; gpupf;- fTk; gpupf;- Tk; gpupf;- Tk; gpupf;- htw;wpw;F htw;wpw;F htw;wpw;F htw;wpw;F htw;wpw;F Tg+Htkhd Tg+Htkhd Tg+Htkhd Tg+Htkhd Tg+Htkhd f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;fpd;wJ. f;if ekJ tpLjiyg; ;lJ vd;gJ t ntw;- kpoPoj;ij tpLjiyg; ; Kaw;rpAk; y vd;gJ g;gLj;jpa Njrj;jpd; pjj;jpYk; k; ntspg;- ekJ Njr f;F tiu> g;gilapy; ikg;ig ;wpfukhff; ;bUf;fpd;w
101
gw;whf;Fiwia tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ntspg;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ.
ekJ Njrj;jpd; murpay; czHTlDk; murpay; vjpHghHg;GfSlDk; xg;gp- Lk;NghJ> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G gpd;jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ vd;gNjhL> mtw;- Wld; Kuz;gLtjhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ekJ kf;fs; jkJ ePz;l fLikahd Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Clhf ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk; mjd; kuigAk; Kw;whf khw;wpapUf;fpd;whHfs;. murpay; ,yf;Ffs; vd;gij r%f Mjpf;fg; gpupTfspd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ vd;w epiyapypUe;J kf;fspd; - rhjp uPjpahf tHf;f uPjpahf> ghy; uPjpahf> gpuNjr uPjpahf mlf;fg;gLfpd;wtHfspd; - eyd;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ vd;w epiyf;F khw;wpapUf;fpd;whHfs;. murpay; jiyikfs; vd;gij r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; jdpj;jiyik vd;w epiyapypUe;J kf;fspd; gd;Kfj; jiyik vd;w epiyf;F mtHfs; khw;wpapUf;fpd;whHfs;. ,j;jifa gd;Kf kf;fs; jiyikiar; #o;e;J jk;ik - tptrhapfshf kPdtHfshf ngz;fshf rhjp uPjpap;y; mlf;fg;gLfpd;- wtHfshf tpspk;G epiyiar; NrHe;j- tHfshf khztHfshf ,isQHfshf rpWtHfshf cs;s jk;ik - ,uj;jKk; rijAkhf ,izj;J nfhs;tjw;F mtHfs; Kd;te;jhHfs;. Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kl;Lky;y> ntw;wpapd; gpd; cUthf;fg;g- Lfpd;w jdpehLk; $l ,j;jifa [dehaf kugpy; mbj;jskplg;gl;ljhfTk;> jkJ eyd;fisAk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; cupik- fisAk; cj;juthjg;gLj;JtjhfTk; jkJ RahjPdkhd nraw;ghLfSf;F tha;g;- gspg;gjhfTk; mikAk; vd;W ekJ kf;fs; ek;gpf;ifAld; vjpHghHj;jhHfs;.
Mdhy; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,j;jifa khw;wq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. ,e;j khw;wq;fs; Kw;wpYk; kf;fspdhNyNa rhjpf;fg;gl;lit vd;gijAk; me;j

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mikg;G czHe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. ,e;j khw;wq;fspDlhf kf;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpa vjpHghHg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J tpLjiy Gypfs; mf;fiw nfhs;sTk; ,y;iy. ,tw;Wf;F Kw;wpYk; khwhf> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ kf;fspdhy; mfw;wg;gl;l gioa kuGfis kPz;Lk; epiyehl;b ,Uf;fpd;wJ - Kd;diu tpl cWjpahf td;Kiwf; fUtpfspd; cjtpAld;. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; murpay; ,yf;Ffis> mtw;wpd; eilKiw tbtpy;> r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdHfspd; eyd;fSld; kPz;Lk; ,izj;J tpl;lJ - ,g;NghJ jd;Dila mikg;G eyd;fisAk; NrHj;J. Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;ij mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ij jd;Dila mjpfhuj;ijAk; r%f Mjpf;f rf;jpfspd; eyd;fisAk; NgZtjw;fhd Clfkhf gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ. fhyhjp fhykhf ekJ kf;fis mlf;fp te;jpf;fpd;w fUj;jpay; Mjpf;fj;ij kPz;Lk; typTld; caHj;jpg; gpbj;jpUf;fpd;wJ - ,g;NghJ nghUs;tif MAjj;NjhL ,izj;J. r%fj;ij Gul;rpfukhf khw;wpaikg;gJ Fwpj;J> mj;jifa khw;wq;fs; kPJ ekJ kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s MHtq;fs; Fwpj;J mf;fiwaw;wJk; vjpHg;Gld; $baJkhd kNdhghtj;ij tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ntspg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ. xNu thHj;ijapy; $Wk;NghJ tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ kf;fspd; eyd;fSld; Kuz;gLfpd;w xU mikg;ghf jd;id epWtpapUf;fpd;wJ.
5. vdpDk;> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G ekJ kf;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ekJ kf;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ekJ kf;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ekJ kf;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ekJ kf;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ekJ kf;fspdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; kf;fspdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; kf;fspdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; kf;fspdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; kf;fspdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhd tsq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhd tsq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhd tsq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhd tsq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhd tsq;fs; midj;ijAk; ekJ kf;fNs toq;Ffpd;- midj;ijAk; ekJ kf;fNs toq;Ffpd;- midj;ijAk; ekJ kf;fNs toq;Ffpd;- midj;ijAk; ekJ kf;fNs toq;Ffpd;- midj;ijAk; ekJ kf;fNs toq;Ffpd;- whHfs;. ekJ kf;fNs mjd; cWg;gp- whHfs;. ekJ kf;fNs mjd; cWg;gp- whHfs;. ekJ kf;fNs mjd; cWg;gp- whHfs;. ekJ kf;fNs mjd; cWg;gp- whHfs;. ekJ kf;fNs mjd; cWg;gp- dHfisAk; njhlHr;rpahf toq;Ffpd;- dHfisAk; njhlHr;rpahf toq;Ffpd;- dHfisAk; njhlHr;rpahf toq;Ffpd;- dHfisAk; njhlHr;rpahf toq;Ffpd;- dHfisAk; njhlHr;rpahf toq;Ffpd;- whHfs;. vdNt tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G whHfs;. vdNt tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G whHfs;. vdNt tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G whHfs;. vdNt tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G whHfs;. vdNt tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G xU khngUk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;- xU khngUk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;- xU khngUk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;- xU khngUk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;- xU khngUk; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mikg;- ghf tuyhw;W Kd;Djhuzkpy;yhjsTf;F ghf tuyhw;W Kd;Djhuzkpy;yhjsTf;F ghf tuyhw;W Kd;Djhuzkpy;yhjsTf;F ghf tuyhw;W Kd;Djhuzkpy;yhjsTf;F ghf tuyhw;W Kd;Djhuzkpy;yhjsTf;F
mHg;gzmHg;gzmHg;gzmHg;gzmHg;gz ,Ug;gJ,Ug;gJ,Ug;gJ,Ug;gJ,Ug;gJ Njrj;jNjrj;jNjrj;jNjrj;jNjrj;j NghuhlNghuhlNghuhlNghuhlNghuhl Njrk; ve;js tbti Njrk; j - tpL tbti gj;jha Hfisf Njrk; m tsq;fi mikg ,Jti igr; fpl;lj;j cWg;gpd Aj;jj;j fshfT zpf;if ,J e kf;fs $batH 20 taj khfTk ve;jnt gjw;F Ys;st njhif ve;jn gili me;j e 3 % jdf;F Ngh\pj ve;jsT lTk; k Gypfs; epWtdj ,af;f Kd;Nd ,Ug;Gk

;iy. ,e;j pg;gLj;jpa y Gypfs; ,tw;Wf;F g; Gypfs; fw;wg;gl;l piyehl;b cWjpahf ld;. ekJ f;Ffis> py;> r%f d;fSld; ,g;NghJ ;fisAk; ;slf;fj;ij d;Dila rf;jpfspd; Clfkhf p fhykhf e;jpf;fpd;w ; typTld; - ,g;NghJ ,izj;J. paikg;gJ ; kPJ ekJ s; Fwpj;J baJkhd ; Gypfs; ;wJ. xNu yg; Gypfs; d;fSld; f jd;id
kg;G ekJ kg;G ekJ kg;G ekJ kg;G ekJ kg;G ekJ J. ekJ J. ekJ J. ekJ J. ekJ J. ekJ . ,d;Wk; . ,d;Wk; . ,d;Wk; . ,d;Wk; . ,d;Wk; tsq;fs; tsq;fs; tsq;fs; tsq;fs; tsq;fs; oq;Ffpd;- oq;Ffpd;- oq;Ffpd;- oq;Ffpd;- oq;Ffpd;- ; cWg;gp- ; cWg;gp- ; cWg;gp- ; cWg;gp- ; cWg;gp- oq;Ffpd;- oq;Ffpd;- oq;Ffpd;- oq;Ffpd;- oq;Ffpd;- s; mikg;G s; mikg;G s; mikg;G s; mikg;G s; mikg;G ;l mikg;- ;l mikg;- ;l mikg;- ;l mikg;- ;l mikg;- hjsTf;F hjsTf;F hjsTf;F hjsTf;F hjsTf;F
mHg;gzpg;Gk; Mw;wYk; ngw;w mikg;ghf mHg;gzpg;Gk; Mw;wYk; ngw;w mikg;ghf mHg;gzpg;Gk; Mw;wYk; ngw;w mikg;ghf mHg;gzpg;Gk; Mw;wYk; ngw;w mikg;ghf mHg;gzpg;Gk; Mw;wYk; ngw;w mikg;ghf ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ rhuhk;rj;jpy;> ekJ ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ rhuhk;rj;jpy;> ekJ ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ rhuhk;rj;jpy;> ekJ ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ rhuhk;rj;jpy;> ekJ ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ rhuhk;rj;jpy;> ekJ Njrj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;ig ekJ Njrj;jpd; Njrj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;ig ekJ Njrj;jpd; Njrj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;ig ekJ Njrj;jpd; Njrj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;ig ekJ Njrj;jpd; Njrj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;ig ekJ Njrj;jpd; Nghuhl;l Mw;wiyNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Nghuhl;l Mw;wiyNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Nghuhl;l Mw;wiyNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Nghuhl;l Mw;wiyNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Nghuhl;l Mw;wiyNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ. xU Njrk; jdJ ghJfhg;G epWtdj;ij ve;jsTf;;F caHe;jgl;r epiyapy; tbtikf;f KbANkh me;jsTf;F ekJ Njrk; jdJ ghJfhg;Gf;Fupa epWtdj;ij - tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;ig - tbtikj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ve;jf; fzj;jpYk; gj;jhapuk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd cWg;gpd- Hfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w msTf;F ekJ Njrk; mjw;fhd kdpj tsj;ijAk; Vida tsq;fisAk; toq;fp> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;igj; jhq;fp epw;fpd;wJ. vdNt ,Jtiuf;Fk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;- igr; NrHe;j ,we;j Nghuhspfspd; fpl;lj;jl;l 15> 000 vd;Wk; jw;Nghija cWg;gpdHfs; 15> 000 vd;Wk; fhakile;Jk; Aj;jj;jpy; Neubahfg; gq;Nfw;f KbahjtH- fshfTk; cs;s cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;- zpf;if 5> 000 vd;Wk; nfhs;Nthkhapd;> ,J ekJ kz;zpy; tho;fpd;w ekJ kf;fspy;> Aj;jjj;jpy; gq;Nfw;ff; $batHfspd; njhifapy; 4 tPjkhkhfTk;> 20 tajpw;Fl;gl;l ,isQH njhifapy; 8% khfTk; ,Ug;gij mwpa KbAk;. ,J> ve;jnthU NjrKk; jd;idg; ghJfhg;- gjw;F vd Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w epWtdj;jp- Ys;stHfspYk; (ghJfhg;Gg; gilfs;) njhifia tpl kpf mjpfk;. (cyfpYs;s ve;jnthU ehl;bYk; ghJfhg;Gg; giliar; NrHe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if> me;j ehl;bd; nkhj;j rdj;njhifapy; 2 - 3 % kl;LNk.) ,t;thW ekJ Njrk;> jdf;Fupa ghJfhg;G epWtdj;ij Ngh\pj;J> NgZtjw;F jdJ tsq;fis ve;jsTf;F toq;f KbANkh> mijtp- lTk; kpf mjpfstpy; toq;fp> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G vd;w murpay;> ghJfhg;G epWtdj;ij cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fk; jdJ ,Wjp ,yf;if Nehf;fp Kd;NdWtjw;F tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; ,Ug;Gk; mjd; gq;fspg;Gk; ,d;wpa-

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ikahjJ.
6. tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; mikg;gpy; nghjpe;- tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; mikg;gpy; nghjpe;- tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; mikg;gpy; nghjpe;- tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; mikg;gpy; nghjpe;- tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; mikg;gpy; nghjpe;- Js;s ,j;jifa Kuz;gl;l jd;ikfis> Js;s ,j;jifa Kuz;gl;l jd;ikfis> Js;s ,j;jifa Kuz;gl;l jd;ikfis> Js;s ,j;jifa Kuz;gl;l jd;ikfis> Js;s ,j;jifa Kuz;gl;l jd;ikfis> mjhtJ mjd; kf;fs; tpNuhjg; gz;igAk; mjhtJ mjd; kf;fs; tpNuhjg; gz;igAk; mjhtJ mjd; kf;fs; tpNuhjg; gz;igAk; mjhtJ mjd; kf;fs; tpNuhjg; gz;igAk; mjhtJ mjd; kf;fs; tpNuhjg; gz;igAk; mNjNeuj;jpy; mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk;@ mNjNeuj;jpy; mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk;@ mNjNeuj;jpy; mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk;@ mNjNeuj;jpy; mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk;@ mNjNeuj;jpy; mjd; kf;fs; rhuj;ijAk;@ kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij kWg;gijAk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij kWg;gijAk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij kWg;gijAk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij kWg;gijAk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij kWg;gijAk; mNjNeuj;jpy; kf;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhf mJ mNjNeuj;jpy; kf;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhf mJ mNjNeuj;jpy; kf;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhf mJ mNjNeuj;jpy; kf;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhf mJ mNjNeuj;jpy; kf;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhf mJ jd;id mHg;gzpg;gijAk; ekJ Njrk; jd;id mHg;gzpg;gijAk; ekJ Njrk; jd;id mHg;gzpg;gijAk; ekJ Njrk; jd;id mHg;gzpg;gijAk; ekJ Njrk; jd;id mHg;gzpg;gijAk; ekJ Njrk; Gupe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. Gupe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. Gupe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. Gupe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. Gupe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. ekJ Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyapYk; Gjpa r%f cUthf;fj;jpYk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G nfhz;b- Uf;fpd;w tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJk; mtrpakh- dJkhd ghj;jpuj;ij Gupe;Njw;Wf; nfhs;- tJk; mNjNeuj;jpy>; ekJ tpLjiyapYk; Gjpa r%f epHkhzj;jpYk; cjtf;$ba gpw NjHTfs; Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpg;gJk; mtrpak;. ,J kPz;Lk; ekJ Njrpa murpaypy; kf;fspd; gd;Kfj; jiyikfs; vd;w Gjpa [dehaf kuG epiyehl;lg;gLtijAk; Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpaypy; ,Ue;J tpLgLt- ijAk; kf;fspd; RahjPdkhd Nghuhl;l tbtq;fSf;Fupa #oy; cUthf;fg;- gLtijAk; NfhUfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa epiyikfis rhj;jpakhf;ff; $batHfs; kf;fNs> kf;fs; kl;LNk.
KbTiu 1. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jpirtopiag; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; ekJ kf;fspd; r%f ,af;fk; Fwp;j;j gd;Kfk; rhHe;j guprPyidf;fhd njhlf;f- khf ,jpy; cs;s tplaq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;- gl;Ls;sd.
2. INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ekJ kf;fspd; r%f ,af;fk; nfhz;bUe;j %d;W jdpj;Jtkhd jd;ikfs; Fwp;j;j xU Muk;g tptuzk; ,jpy; Kd;itf;fg;- gl;Ls;sJ.
3. INuhg;gpa Mjpf;ff; fhyj;jpy; ekJ kf;fspilNa ,lk;ngw;w r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mtw;Wf;fhd vjpHtpidfs; Fwpj;Jk;
guprPypf;f etPd m gl;lNjh murpay gpuptpdu eyd;fi fg;gl;lJ
4. ekJ k gpd;dH g khf khw wj;ij r Fwpj;Jk khw;wg; N Lfpd;w t Sk; mu tfpj;jpU
5. ekJ N
Kiwap Fwpj;Jk cs;sl Nghuhl;l Sk; k guprPypf;f
6. tpLjiy jiyik Fwpj;Jk tfpj;J guprPypf;f
7. ,Wjpah spd; ey jPdj;ij kf;fspd LtjhfT tpLgLt typAWj [deha MHtk; j Lfs; i fNt ,e KbAk;

py; nghjpe;- py; nghjpe;- py; nghjpe;- py; nghjpe;- py; nghjpe;- ;ikfis> ;ikfis> ;ikfis> ;ikfis> ;ikfis> ; gz;igAk; ; gz;igAk; ; gz;igAk; ; gz;igAk; ; gz;igAk; huj;ijAk;@ huj;ijAk;@ huj;ijAk;@ huj;ijAk;@ huj;ijAk;@ g;gijAk; g;gijAk; g;gijAk; g;gijAk; g;gijAk; f;fhf mJ f;fhf mJ f;fhf mJ f;fhf mJ f;fhf mJ kJ Njrk; kJ Njrk; kJ Njrk; kJ Njrk; kJ Njrk; Njrj;jpd; hf;fj;jpYk; nfhz;b- mtrpakh- ;Wf; nfhs;- jiyapYk; f;$ba gpw ; mtrpak;. murpaypy; vd;w Gjpa LtijAk; tpLgLt- Nghuhl;l Uthf;fg;- ,j;jifa batHfs;
rtopiag; Nehf;fpy; k; Fwp;j;j njhlf;f- d;itf;fg;-
fhyj;jpy; fhz;bUe;j Fwp;j;j xU ;itf;fg;-
py; ekJ > murpay;> ; Fwpj;Jk; Fwpj;Jk;
guprPypf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; etPd murpay; Kiwik mwpKfg;gLj;jg;- gl;lNjhL Muk;gpj;j ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fkhdJ> r%f Mjpf;fg; gpuptpdupd; jiyikapy; mg;gpuptpdupd; eyd;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L Kd;ndLf;- fg;gl;lJ vd;w tplak; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. ekJ kf;fspd; murpay; ,af;fkhdJ gpd;dH gbg;gbNa jdpahd Njrpa ,af;f- khf khw;wkile;J te;jJ Fwpj;Jk; ,k;khw;- wj;ij rhj;jpakhf;fpa mf Gwf; fhuzpfs; Fwpj;Jk; guprPypf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jifa khw;wg; Nghf;fpy; ekJ Njrj;jpd; mlf;fg;g- Lfpd;w tpspk;Gepiy kf;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;f- Sk; murpay; gq;Fgw;WjYk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jpUg;gJ vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. ekJ Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ njspthd Kiwapy; kf;fs; ,af;fkhf khwpaJ Fwpj;Jk; mjd; %ykhf Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; cs;slf;fKk; murpay; jiyikAk; Nghuhl;l ,yf;FfSk; Nghuhl;l tbtq;f- Sk; khw;wkile;J te;jJ Fwpj;Jk; guprPypf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G xU jdpj; jiyikahf jd;id epiyg;gLj;jpaJ Fwpj;Jk; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; mJ tfpj;J tUfpd;w ghj;jpuk; Fwpj;Jk; guprPypf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7. ,Wjpahf> ekJ Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ kf;f- spd; eyd;fisAk; cupikfisAk; Rah- jPdj;ijAk; cj;juthjg;gLj;JtjhfTk; kf;fspd; gd;Kfj; jiyikfis epiyehl;- LtjhfTk; Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpaypypUe;J tpLgLtjhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa Gjpa [dehaf kuGfis Nehf;fpNa kf;fspd; MHtk; jpuz;bUg;gJk; kf;fspd; nraw;gh- Lfs; ikag;gl;bUg;gJk; kf;fspd; %ykh- fNt ,e;jg; Gjpa kuGfs; epiyepWj;jg;gl KbAk; vd;gJk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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cjtpa Ehy;fspd; gl;ba
1. Chronolgy of Tamil Struggle for Independence in Sri L
2. The Laws and Customs of Tamils of Trincomalee - Prof
3. Militarism and Caste in Jaffna - D.P. Sivaram, July 1st 9
4. Muttu Commaraswamy - From Law to Anthropolgy - R
92, Lanka Guardian
5. r%ftpay; Nehf;fpy; ehtyH - fhHj;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp -
1979
6. ehtyUk; ,uhkehjDk; - f. nrhf;fypq;fk; -
7. MWKf ehtyH rupj;jpuk; - aho;g;ghzk; ey;YhH ifyh
8. ,yq;ifapd; murpay; ahg;G - rp.m. Nahjpypq;fk; - 1999
9. A Special Caste
cUthf;fk;: rPD fzdpapyplg;gl;;L Kbf;fg;gl;lJ: 21-06-00

tpa Ehy;fspd; gl;bay;
or Independence in Sri Lanka - 1997 Tamil Net
ils of Trincomalee - Prof. S. Pathamanathan - 1994
- D.P. Sivaram, July 1st 92, Lanka Guardian
Law to Anthropolgy - Radhika Coomaraswamy, Aug. 1st
fhHj;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp - ehtyH Ehw;jpul;L njhFg;GkyH -
rhf;fypq;fk; -
o;g;ghzk; ey;YhH ifyhrgps;is - 1985
rp.m. Nahjpypq;fk; - 1999
21-06-00

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c
q;fSld; ehk;. . . . .
" ,Jtiuf;Fk; jj;JttpayhsHfs; vy;yhk; tuyhw;iw tpa ekJ jj;Jtk; tuyhw;iw gilg;gjhFk;"
capHg;G ,jo; 7 Ie;J tUlq;fspd; gpd;G ntsptUfpd;;wJ. ,jw gy. vdpDk;> capHg;Gld; neUf;fkhd vtUk; Gupe;J nfhs mbg;gilapy; Nfhl;ghl;L ,johf "capHg;G" njhlq;fg;gl;lNj mJ Kd;Ndwp tUfpd;wJ. ekJ r%fKk; #oYk; khwpf;nfhz capHg;gpd; Nehf;fKk; mjd; ghj;jpuKk; Kbtw;Wj; njhlHe;j ehk; ek;gyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j ghupa ,ilntsp Vw;Wf; ftiyiaAk; Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. ,jw;fhd cWjpnkho epUgpf;f Kay;Nthk;.
,Jtiu>  jkpo; Njrpa , jkpo;Njrpa ,af;f tsHr;rpg;Nghf;fpy; nghUshjhuf; fl;likg;Gf ngz;fspd; gq;F kw;Wk; rhjPak; ,g;gbahd gy Ma;Tfs ,tw;wpy;; Mq;fpyj;jpy; mjpfkhfTk; jkpopy; kpfTk; Fiwthf Ma;Tfs; ekJ kf;fSf;nfd vOjg;gLtjpYk; ghHf;f> e vOg;gLtjpd; cgtpisTfs; ,J vdyhk;. cq;fs; Kd;it  mjd; jw;Nghija nfhz;Ls;sJ. NkYk;>  ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;ijAk; mjd; mgpy Kd;dpWj;jp te;j murpay; jiyikfs; fhyj;jpw;F f nra;ag;gl;ljd; ,aq;fpay; gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,e;j tuyhW fhyfl;lq;fspy; jdJ Njrpa mgpyhirfis epiwT nra Njrpa ,af;fkhdJ epiykWj;J Gjpanthd;wpdhy; gpuj vjpHfhyj;jpYk; $l> mt;thW Njrpa mgpyhirfis g+Hj;j jtpHf;f KbahJ epiykWf;fg;gLk; vd;gJk; ,e;j fl;Liua

c
; ehk;. . . . .
; vy;yhk; tuyhw;iw tpahf;fpahdk; kl;LNk nra;Js;sdH. jhFk;"
pd;G ntsptUfpd;;wJ. ,jw;fhd cs;shHe;j fhuz fhupaq;fs; khd vtUk; Gupe;J nfhs;sf; $bait. ve;j Nehf;fj;jpd; capHg;G" njhlq;fg;gl;lNjh mjDila ,yf;fpy; gbg;gbNa fKk; #oYk; khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gjhy; murpay; mHj;jj;jpy; puKk; Kbtw;Wj; njhlHe;j tz;zk; ,Uf;Fk; vdj; jplkhf hupa ,ilntsp Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bajy;y vd;w jq;fs; hk;. ,jw;fhd cWjpnkhopfspYk; ghHf;f nraypy; mjid
;fk; gw;wp ntt;NtW gupkhzq;fspy; Ma;Tfs; gy ntspte;J w;W %yk;> jkpo; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; fle;j fhy jiyikfs;;. ; nghUshjhuf; fl;likg;Gfsp;d; ghj;jpuk; jkpo; ,lJrhupfsJ> ,g;gbahd gy Ma;Tfs;> Ehy;fs; gy ntspte;J tpl;ld. jkpopy; kpfTk; FiwthfTk; te;Js;sd. NkYk; mg;gbahd jg;gLtjpYk; ghHf;f> epWtdq;fSf;fhf ,t;tha;Tfs; vdyhk;. cq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,f;fl;LiuahdJ> hW> mjd; jw;Nghija tsHr;rpf; fl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vjpHfhyk; murpay; mHj;jj;jpy; vd;dthf ;sJ kw;Wk; vd;dthf mjid tsHj;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; g; Gs;spfiAk; nfhz;Ls;sjhf mikfpd;wJ.
;iQG+Htkhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,j;jiyaPlhdJ> ,j;Njrpa j;ijAk; NkYk; NkYk;  f ,f;fl;Liu tbtikf;fg;gl;L;s;sJ.
f;fj;ijAk; mjd; mgpyhirfisAk; murpay; muq;fpy; ikfs; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; epiykWf;fg;gl;L gpujpaPL yj;jpy; ,e;j tuyhW Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;je;j yhirfis epiwT nra;ahj murpay;jiyikfis ekJ Gjpanthd;wpdhy; gpujpaPL nra;J te;Js;sJ vd;gJk; pa mgpyhirfis g+Hj;jp nra;ahj ve;jnthU jiyikAk;
; vd;gJk; ,e;j fl;Liuapd; murpay; rhukhFk;.

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cz;ikapy; ,f;fl;Liuf;fhd Muk;g Kaw;rpahdJ 1995 Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjw;F Kd;te;j capHg;Gfspy; Njr Nfhl;ghl;L tpthjq;fis elhj;jp te;j ehk; gpd;dH Fwpg;ghd ,yf;fhf nfhz;L  Kd;i fUj;jhf;fq;fisAk; rhd;WfisAk; RtPfupj;Jf; nfhz;L> Gjpa Vw;g mf;fl;LiuahdJ> kPs vOjg;gl;L jq;fs; Kd;  ,e;j Mtzk; xU r%f $l;L c
fle;j fhyj;jpy; capHg;gpd; %yk; ntspapl;l gy Nfhl;gh kl;Lky;y> njd;dhrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpYk; gy FOf;fs; kj;jpapY jhf;fj;ij epfo;j;jpaJ Nghy> ,e;j ,jopYs;s fl;LiuA cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j Ma;thdJ vkJ Njrj;jpy; gue;jstpy; t mjd; ngWNgWfs; ekJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jp;d; msg;ngupa nt jd; Gjpa Kj;jpiuia gjpg;gjw;Fk; gq;fspf;Fk; vdpd midtuJk; ciog;ghdJ mHj;jKs;sjhf mikAk;. tpthjj;jpw;Fk; cl;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld; ,k;Kiw capHg;G mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijAk; mwpaj;jUfpd;Nwhk;

uk;g Kaw;rpahdJ 1995 mstpy; kw;WnkhU Nfhzj;jpy; ;te;j capHg;Gfspy; Njrpathjk;> Njrpa rf;jpfs; gw;wpa e;j ehk; gpd;dH Fwpg;ghd epiyapy; ekJ r%f gFg;gha;it f cUthf;fk; gw;wpa xU Ma;it nra;jpUe;Njhk;. jkpoPo ;rpfu rf;jpfSf;F gad;gLk; xU %Nyhghaj;ij tFg;gij J gpujhd Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mf; fl;Liuia ntspapl wapdH cl;gl gy;NtW gl;l jug;gpdUlDk; tpthjpj;Njhk;. l;gLj;jpf;nfhz;Nlhk;.  Kd;ida fl;LiuapYs;s mtrpakhd ; RtPfupj;Jf; nfhz;L> Gjpa epiyikfSf;Fk; NjitfSf;Fk; l;L jq;fs; Kd;  ,e;j Ma;tpw;F nrYj;jg;gl;l ;jKs;sjhf mikAk;. midtuJ mf;fiwf;Fk; gue;j ;Fld; ,k;Kiw capHg;G ,jo;7 vz;zp;f;ifahdJ rw;W mwpaj;jUfpd;Nwhk;
MrpupaHFO MrpupaHFO MrpupaHFO MrpupaHFO MrpupaHFO capHg;GcapHg;GcapHg;GcapHg;GcapHg;G

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‘UYIRPPU’ BM BOX 6769 LONDON WCI 3XX, U.K. Tel: 07041372064

‘UYIRPPU’ BM BOX 6769 LONDON WCI 3XX, U.K. Tel: 07041372064