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>g;gbj;jhd;“; vd;W $wp vd;idj; Njw;wptpl nrd;W, ehd; ftiy mile;jpUg;gijg; g mjw;F njhk;rd;, ”me;jg; gpur;rpi jPh;f;fg;glNtz;baJ. jkpo; %yj;Jld; rk;ge njhpahky; ehd; topfhl;l KbahJ“ vd;W njspT tUtJ nghpa tp\ak;.
xU Mrphpad; mg;gbj;jhd; >Ug;ghd;. mth kpfTk; FiwT. ehq;fs; nrhy;tjw;F vjw;F vg;gbj; jiyairf;fpwhh; vd;gijf; nfhz vd;dntd;W njhpatUk;. Mrphpahpd; gzp, n mb mbj;Jj; jpUj;Jtjy;y. Nguhrphpah; nry vq;fsJ tpilj;jhs;fisj; jpUj;jpaJ fpila tpj;jpahde;jd;jhd;. Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;is Nfl;Ltpl;Lj;jhd; Gs;spfs; >Lthh;. >g;gbahf ehd; fw;Wf;nfhz;lJ xU tifahdJ.
xU ey;y Mrphpad; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJjhd fSf;Fg; gbg;gpg;gjw;fhfg; gbg;ghd;. khzth;f Fzk; vd;d njhpAkh - ehq;fs; ve;jg; gF epidj;J Mokhfg; ghh;f;fhky; NghfpNwhNkh, a mjpNyjhd; xU Nfs;tp Nfl;ghd;. njhpahji nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. ghh;j;Jtpl;L te;J nrh nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. my;yJ gpd;Nduk; tPl;Lf;F t ghh;g;Nghk; vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. vdJ khzth;fSila gq;F Kf;fpakhdJ. vq;fS vq;fis tsh;j;jhh;fs;. khzth;fshy;, jhd nrhy;fpwtd; MrphpaNd my;y? Nfl;fpw Nfs ]`puhtpNy vd;Dila khzth;fshf > mEgtk; fpilj;jJ. [kPy;, mkPh;my >g;gbahdth;fs;. >d;W nghpath;fshfptpl;lhh;f rpq;fsth;fSld; gbg;gpj;Njd;. ‘njd;dpe;jpah jiyg;gpy; gbg;gpf;fNtz;bapUe;jJ. mj;NjhL gbg;gpf;fNtz;bAk; >Ue;jJ. mq;F ngsj;j M >uz;L tUlk; gbg;gpj;Njd;. rptQhdrpj;jpah ngsj;jk; gw;wpa gFjpfis tpsq;fg;gLj;j N irtrpj;jhe;jk; gbj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ngsj;jj;j mjpy; nrsj;jhe;jphpak; gw;wp v
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

wp vd;idj; Njw;wptpl;L jdJ khkdhhplk; mile;jpUg;gijg; gw;wpf; $wpapUf;fpwhh;. ”me;jg; gpur;rpid rptj;jk;gpahy; jkpo; %yj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. jkpo; %yk; pfhl;l KbahJ“ vd;W $wpdhuhk;. me;jj;
tp\ak;.
bj;jhd; >Ug;ghd;. mth; tha;jpwe;J nrhy;tJ s; nrhy;tjw;F vjw;Fj; jiyairf;fpwhh;, pwhh; vd;gijf; nfhz;Ljhd; vq;fSf;F k;. Mrphpahpd; gzp, nrtpapy; gpbj;J ehY jy;y. Nguhrphpah; nry;tehafk; xUNghJk; sj; jpUj;jpaJ fpilahJ. jpUj;Jtnjy;yhk; uhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;is ahuhtJ thrpg;gijf; pfs; >Lthh;. >g;gbahf Mrphpah;fsplkpUe;J xU tifahdJ.
d; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJjhd; gbg;ghd;. khzth; hfg; gbg;ghd;. khzth;fsplk; >Uf;fpwJ xU h - ehq;fs; ve;jg; gFjp RygkhdJ vd;W ;f;fhky; NghfpNwhNkh, ahuhtJ xU khztd; ;tp Nfl;ghd;. njhpahjijj; njhpahJ vd;W h;j;Jtpl;L te;J nrhy;fpNwd; vd;Wjhd; J gpd;Nduk; tPl;Lf;F th, >uz;L NgUkha;g; y;y Ntz;Lk;. vdJ MSik tpUj;jpapy; Kf;fpakhdJ. vq;fSila khzth;fSk; ;. khzth;fshy;, jhd; tsutpy;iy vd;W d my;y? Nfl;fpw Nfs;tpfs; mg;gbahdit. la khzth;fshf >Ue;jth;fshy; me;j . [kPy;, mkPh;myp Mfpa >UtUk; nghpath;fshfptpl;lhh;fs;. tpj;jpNahj ahtpy; ;gpj;Njd;. ‘njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ngsj;jk;’ vd;w z;bapUe;jJ. mj;NjhL mth;fSf;Fj; jkpo; e;jJ. mq;F ngsj;j Mfkk; tpNrl gphpTf;F ;Njd;. rptQhdrpj;jpahh; gugf;fj;jpy; cs;s pfis tpsq;fg;gLj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ehd; f;ftpy;iy. ngsj;jj;jpy; ehd;F tifAz;L. ;jphpak; gw;wp vq;fSf;F vd;d
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 26

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nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwnjd;gij me;j khzt nfhLf;Fk;gb vd;idf; Nfl;bUe;jdh;. mJ >Ue;jJ. khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;Wf;nf gbf;fNtz;bapUe;jJ.
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : cq;fis vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq cq;fis vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq cq;fis vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq cq;fis vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq cq;fis vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq $wpdPh;fNs...‰;Œ $wpdPh;fNs...‰;Œ $wpdPh;fNs...‰;Œ $wpdPh;fNs...‰;Œ $wpdPh;fNs...‰;Œ
fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : >ij ehd; xU tul;Lj;jdkhff; $w ehd; rpy tplaq;fisf; $Ljyhfg; gbf;fNtz vd;idg; gw;wp xd;iwf; $Wk;NghJ mi MuhaNtz;bapUf;fpwJ. ehd; ahUld; thjh vd;id tsh;j;jhh;fs;.
kw;wth;fSld; vjph;j;J rk;thjk; nra tp\ak; njhpe;jth;fs;jhd;. gz;bjh; >sKUf >th;fs; vy;NyhUk; rpy;yiw Ml;fs; my je;ijahhpd; Mrphpah; ethypA+h; NrhkRe;jug je;ijahhpd; tFg;Gr; rfghb. >sKUfd; vdJ vOjpdhh;. ‘Kw;Nghf;Ff;fhuh;fSf;F vjpuhf tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; xU $l;lk; $LfpNwhk;’, mj tpLj;jhh;. gz;bjh;fis mioj;jpUe;jhh;. m >d;dhh; NgRfpwhh;fs; vd;W Nghlg;gl;bUe;jJ >Ue;jJ. Iah $l;lj;Jf;Fg; Nghftpy;iy. ‘ Fwpg;gpl;l xUth; vdJ kfd;’ vd;W Iah >s mDg;gpapUe;jhuhk;.
xU Kiw, ‘mirahj Fl;il ePuy;y kuG’ >sKUfdhh; nrhd;dhh;, ‘mirahj Fl;il e Ntz;Lk;. ‘my;y’ vd;W >Uf;ff;$lhJ. x tUk;. gd;ikf;Fj;jhd; ‘my;y’ tUk;. mij kwf;ftpy;iy. mth;fsplk; gbj;jij kwf;f gpio gpiojhNd‰ ehd; mjw;fhf >yf;fzk mth;fSf;F te;j gpur;rpid vd;dntd;why;, aj;ij, ed;D}iy jq;fSilaJ vd;W epi ehq;fSk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij, ed;D}i ifahSk;nghOJ rpf;fy; Vw;gl;lJ. Mq
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

d;gij me;j khzth;fSf;F nrhy;ypf; f; Nfl;bUe;jdh;. mJ vdf;Fr; rthyhf Sf;Ff; fw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;fhf ehd;
vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq;fis tsh;j;jjhff; vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq;fis tsh;j;jjhff; vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq;fis tsh;j;jjhff; vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq;fis tsh;j;jjhff; vjph;j;jth;fSk; cq;fis tsh;j;jjhff;
U tul;Lj;jdkhff; $wtpy;iy. mth;fshy; ; $Ljyhfg; gbf;fNtz;bapUf;fpwJ. mth;fs; wf; $Wk;NghJ mijg;gw;wp ehd; $l . ehd; ahUld; thjhLfpNwNdh mth;fSk; ;.
jph;j;J rk;thjk; nra;fpwNghJ, mth;fSk; ;jhd;. gz;bjh; >sKUfd;, gz;bjh; eluh[h rpy;yiw Ml;fs; my;y. >sKUfd; vdJ ; ethypA+h; NrhkRe;jug;Gythpd; kfd;. vdJ fghb. >sKUfd; vdJ IahTf;F xUKiw f;fhuh;fSf;F vjpuhf ehq;fs; itj;jP];tu l;lk; $LfpNwhk;’, mjw;F tUk;gb miog;G s mioj;jpUe;jhh;. miog;gpjopy; >d;dhh; vd;W Nghlg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdJ ngaUk; mjpy; ;Jf;Fg; Nghftpy;iy. ‘ePq;fs; miog;gpjopy; kfd;’ vd;W Iah >sKUfdhUf;Fg; gjpy;
hj Fl;il ePuy;y kuG’ vd;W ehd; vOjpNdd;. hh;, ‘mirahj Fl;il ePud;W kuG’ vd;wpUf;f ;W >Uf;ff;$lhJ. xUikf;F ‘md;W’jhd; ; ‘my;y’ tUk;. mij ehd; >d;Wtiuf;Fk; splk; gbj;jij kwf;f KbahJ. >yf;fzg;
; mjw;fhf >yf;fzk; gbj;Njd;. r;rpid vd;dntd;why;, mth;fs; njhy;fhg;gp q;fSilaJ vd;W epidj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;f, g;gpaj;ij, ed;D}iy vLj;Jf;fhl;bf; f;fy; Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpy kugpy; ehq;fs;
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 27

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vOjNtz;ba Njitfs; Vw;gl;ld. kw;wth;fS Ntz;ba NjitAk; >Ue;jJ. njspT >y;yh Mifahy; vq;fSila vjphpfSk; vq;f tsh;f;fpwhh;fs;- ehd; >jidf; fpz;lyhfr;
jp.Qh.: jp.Qh.: jp.Qh.: jp.Qh.: jp.Qh.: cq;fSila MSik tsh;r;rpapy cq;fSila MSik tsh;r;rpapy cq;fSila MSik tsh;r;rpapy cq;fSila MSik tsh;r;rpapy cq;fSila MSik tsh;r;rpapy vj;jifajhf >Ue;jJŒ vj;jifajhf >Ue;jJŒ vj;jifajhf >Ue;jJŒ vj;jifajhf >Ue;jJŒ vj;jifajhf >Ue;jJŒ
fh.rp.:fh.rp.:fh.rp.:fh.rp.:fh.rp.: ez;gh;fspy; vd;Dila MSik ts vd;W rpyiur; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. MSik r%f MSik, kw;wJ mwpTg;Gyik.
tp];typq;fk; vd;nwhU ez;gd; >Ue;jhd ey;ytd;. mtdhNyjhd; vdf;F ntspA ifyhrgjpapDila nry;thf;F vdf;F nuk >y;yhjpUe;jpUe;jhy; ehd; xUNtis KOi epd;wpUg;Ngd;. ifyh]pdhNyjhd; ehd; >y mjid ehd; xj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ify fhuzkhf >Ue;jJ. 52Mk; Mz;bypUe;J ifyhrgjpAld; vdf;Fg; gykhd cwT > ypUe;J 67tiuAk; kpfneUq;fpg; gofpNdhk;. m >g;gbaha;’ NghdJ - Chineses wing XLjhd
vdf;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gbf;fpw fh vd;W vdJ miw ez;gd; >Ue;jhd;. ehd; c njhlq;fpagpd; fjph;fhkehjd; vd;w ez;gh; f rptj;jk;gp MfpNahhpd; tsh;r;rpapy; fjph;fhke nghpaJ. mth; >g;NghJ mT];jpnuypahtpy; >U vd;why; ehd; gy tplaq;fisf; iftpl;bU $l;lq;fSf;Fg; Nghfhky; tpl;lhy;, mth; VRt nra;tjhff; $wptpl;Lr; nra;ahky; tpl;lhy; m a great influence on us.
nfhOk;Gf;F te;jgpwF Social scientist a Fkhhp [ath;j;jdh, rhs;]; mgaNrfu, epA+l >e;j %d;WNgUk; vd;dpy; nghpa jhf;fj;i khh;f;]paj;ij ehd; mth;fNshL Nrh;e;J njs
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

s; Vw;gl;ld. kw;wth;fSld; vjph;j;J thjhl Ue;jJ. njspT >y;yhky; thjhl KbahJ. la vjphpfSk; vq;fis tsh;j;jhh;fs; >jidf; fpz;lyhfr; nrhy;ytpy;iy.
MSik tsh;r;rpapy; ez;gh;fsJ gq;F MSik tsh;r;rpapy; ez;gh;fsJ gq;F MSik tsh;r;rpapy; ez;gh;fsJ gq;F MSik tsh;r;rpapy; ez;gh;fsJ gq;F MSik tsh;r;rpapy; ez;gh;fsJ gq;F JŒJŒJŒJŒJŒ
;Dila MSik tsh;r;rpf;Fhpa ez;gh;fs; ;yNtz;Lk;. MSik >uz;L tifahdJ.
mwpTg;Gyik.
whU ez;gd; >Ue;jhd;. mtd; nfl;bf;fhud;? jhd; vdf;F ntspAyfk; njhpate;jJ. ry;thf;F vdf;F nuk;gg; nghpaJ. ifyh]; ehd; xUNtis KOikahf ehlfj;jpNyNa pdhNyjhd; ehd; >yf;fpaj;jpw;F te;Njd;. fhs;sNtz;Lk;. ifyh]pd; el;G mjw;Ff; 52Mk; Mz;bypUe;J Vwj;jho 72, 73tiu ;Fg; gykhd cwT >Ue;jJ. Fwpg;ghf 52 neUq;fpg; gofpNdhk;. mjd;gpd;Gjhd; ‘mg;gb
Chineses wing XLjhd;.
f;fofj;jpy; gbf;fpw fhyj;jpy; ey;iyehjd; ;gd; >Ue;jhd;. ehd; cj;jpNahfk; ghh;f;fj; kehjd; vd;w ez;gh; fpilj;jhh;. ifyhrgjp, ; tsh;r;rpapy; fjph;fhkehjDila gq;F kpfg; mT];jpnuypahtpy; >Uf;fpwhh;. mth; >y;iy aq;fisf; iftpl;bUg;Ngd;. ehd; VjhtJ ky; tpl;lhy;, mth; VRthh;. xUtUf;F xd;W ; nra;ahky; tpl;lhy; mth; VRthh;. - He had
gpwF Social scientist association >y; >Ue;j hs;]; mgaNrfu, epA+l;ld; Fzrpq;f Mfpa ;dpy; nghpa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. th;fNshL Nrh;e;J njspTgLj;jpf; nfhz;Nld;.
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vd;Dila kidtp gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gb xU th;j;jfg; gpd;dzpiar; Nrh;e;jth;. jpU mtuJ je;ijahh; fhykhfptpl;lhh;. gpw;fhy tPl;il eph;tfpj;jhh;. mjdhy; vdf;F ve;jf ehd; Ntiy nra;af; $bajhf >Ue;jJ. fijf;fpd;w - Mdhy; vd;id tpUk;ghj ez Nfl;lhh;, ”vg;gb >t;tsT fhyj;jpy; >t;ts vd;W. cz;ikapy; tPl;Lr;#oy;jhd; mjw;F vdJ kidtpf;F ehd; kpfTk; flikg gps;isfSk; me;jr; #oYf;Fs; tsh;e;jgbah cs;sth;fs;. ehd; xU tifapy; mjp\;lrhyp v
ehd; kde;jpwe;J xd;W nrhy;fpNwd;. e Degree jhd;. rhpj;jpuk;, nghUshjhuk;, jkpo; gb fpilj;jJ. 3rdclass jhd;. ez;gh;fSk;, cwT ce;Jjy;fSk; >Ue;jjhy;jhd; ehd; xU r >isg;ghwpNdd;. >J vdJ jha; jfg;gd ez;gh;fSila ey;thf;F. vdf;Fj; nja;t >y;yhky; >y;iy. Vd; vd;why; ehd; gz tUila kfd;. me;jg; gpd;dzpapy; >Ue;J t iyAk; jr;re;Njhg;Gf;NfhapiyAk; ehd; k nrhy;yKbahJ. ‘jd;ndQ;R mwptJ ngh vy;yhUf;Fk; >Uf;F.... >Jfshy; ehd; mj
mnkhpf;f rQ;rpif xd;wpy; vd;idf; Nfl Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;d vd;W. ehd; nrhd;Ndd; ”ci - I worked, worked and worked“ ehd; gbf;fpw >ay; gbf;ftpy;iy. vdf;F ahg;G >yf;fz ehd; gjpg;gpj;j Gj;jfk; xd;iw vd;Dila ez;g nra;jNghJ, ”ahg;G gpioahf >Uf;fpwJ. njhpahJ’’ vd;whh;. ehd; njhopypUe;J Xa;T gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. filrp xd khzth;fSf;F njhy;fhg;gpak; - nra;A Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ehd; cz;ikiar; nrhy;f ehd; gbj;jJ mq;Nfjhd;‰ mijitj;Jf;nf ftpijf;Nfhl;ghL gw;wp xU fl;Liu vOj nra;Njd;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijg; gw;wp rpy
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

y;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gbj;jth; my;yh;. mth; piar; Nrh;e;jth;. jpUkzk; elf;Fk;NghJ hykhfptpl;lhh;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtNu vdJ jdhy; vdf;F ve;jf; ftiyAk; >y;yhJ ; $bajhf >Ue;jJ. vd;NdhL ed;whff; ; vd;id tpUk;ghj ez;gh; xUth; vd;idf; sT fhyj;jpy; >t;tsitAk; vOjpdha;Œ“ Pl;Lr;#oy;jhd; mjw;Ff; fhuzk;. mjw;fhf hd; kpfTk; flikg;gl;ltd;-Thank God oYf;Fs; tsh;e;jgbahy; nuk;gg; Ghpe;Jzh;T tifapy; mjp\;lrhyp vd;Wjhd; $wNtz;Lk;.
xd;W nrhy;fpNwd;. ehd; nra;jJ General nghUshjhuk;, jkpo; gbj;Njd;. mjpy; vdf;Ff; d;. ez;gh;fSk;, cwTfSk;, Mh;tq;fSk; jhy;jhd; ehd; xU rpNu\;l Nguhrphpauhf vdJ jha; jfg;gd; nra;j Gz;zpak;, hf;F. vdf;Fj; nja;t ek;gpf;if cz;L. d; vd;why; ehd; gz;bjUila, irtg;Gy ; gpd;dzpapy; >Ue;J te;jtd;. re;ejp Nfhap ;NfhapiyAk; ehd; kwe;J tpl;Nld; vd;W ;ndQ;R mwptJ ngha;aw;f’ - >Uf;F... .. >Jfshy; ehd; mjp\;lrhyp vd;Ngd;.
xd;wpy; vd;idf; Nfl;lhh;fs;, cq;fSila . ehd; nrhd;Ndd; ”ciog;G Cjpaj;ijj;jUk; worked“ ehd; gbf;fpw fhyj;jpy; nra;As; vdf;F ahg;G >yf;fzk; mjpfk; njhpahJ. xd;iw vd;Dila ez;gd; nrhf;fd; tpkh;rdk; pioahf >Uf;fpwJ. rptj;jk;gpf;F ahg;Gj; d; njhopypUe;J Xa;T ngw;w gpd;, fpof;Fg; ; nrd;Nwd;. filrp xd;wiu tUlk; mq;F hy;fhg;gpak; - nra;As; >ay; fw;gpf;f ; cz;ikiar; nrhy;fpNwd;. nra;As; >ay; hd;‰ mijitj;Jf;nfhz;L njhy;fhg;gpah; ;wp xU fl;Liu vOjpNdd;? xU tphpTiu g;gpaj;ijg; gw;wp rpy rpy fUj;Jf;fs;
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itj;jpUf;fpNwd;. mitnay;yhtw;iwAk; > kjpf;fpw Nguhrphpah;fs; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ltij mir, rPh;, mb vd;gtw;iwnay;yhk; vg; vd;gJgw;wp vdf;F tpj;jpahrkhd fUj;J c
kw;wJ njhy;fhg;gpah; gw;wp mbg;gilah Nfs;tpnaOg;gpapUf;fpNwd;. njhy;fhg;gpaUi njhy;fhg;gpah; ahUf;fhf vOjpdhh; - >e;jg; >it ehdhff; fz;L gpbj;jit my;y. gbf;Fk;NghJ >J te;jJ. thrpg;gtd;jhd; fU Ffpwhd;. njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpopd; goikiar; E}y; vd;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; mg;gbay;y. njhy nrhy;ytpy;iy? tpghpf;fpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpah; njhy;fhg;gpahpd; khzth;fs; ahh;. >e;jf; Nfs mjdJ fhyk; fhz;gJ Rygk;. mjid tpsq ehd; nghUsjpfhuk; jhd; gbg;gpj;Njd;. ah fofj;jpy; mfw;wpizapay;, nghUl;jpiz nay;yhk; khzth;fSf;Fg; gbg;gpj;Njd;. gbg;gpf;ftpy;iy. vq;fSf;nfjpuhf, gz;bjh xUthpd; kfs; vd;dplk; njhy;fhg;gpak; gbj xUehs; nrhd;dhh;, ”Muha;r;rpf; fl;Li njhy;fhg;gpak; NtZnkd;fpwhs;. >e;j ci mtSf;F tpsq;Fk;Œ“ vd;W vd;dplk; $wpdhh;. re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G vdf;F Vw;gl;lJ.
gbg;G vd;gij ehd; xU njhlh;r;rpahd n ghh;f;fpNwd;. khh;f;]paj;ijAk; mg;gbj;jhd; ghh xU fiuNghl;l Ntl;bahf - me;jf;fiuf;F vd;W nrhy;Ykhw;Nghy; ehd; ghh;f;fj khh;f;]paj;jpw;F xU vjph;fhyk; >y;iyahΠGul;rp vd;gd Kbe;jgpd; Xh; vjph;fhyk; >y;iyahΠehd; epidf;fpNwd;. Vnddpy; kdpj mrk mrkj;Jtj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; Ruz;ly; Kiwf jtpu njspthfr; nrhd;d jj;Jtk; >Jtiua rhpahfg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk;. me;j ehl khjphpj;jhd; vy;yh ehl;bYk; mJ nraw;gLk xU Rthurpakhd tplak;. >yq;iff; fk;A+dp]
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

tnay;yhtw;iwAk; >e;jpahtpYs;s ehd; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ltij ehd; ghh;j;jpUf;fpNwd;. ;gtw;iwnay;yhk; vg;gbg; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk; pj;jpahrkhd fUj;J cz;L.
pah; gw;wp mbg;gilahd tp\aq;fs; gw;wp wd;. njhy;fhg;gpaUila khzth;fs; ahh;Œ hf vOjpdhh; - >e;jg; gpur;rpidfs; jPuhjhŒ ;L gpbj;jit my;y. Mq;fpy tpkh;rdk; ;jJ. thrpg;gtd;jhd; fUj;Jf;fis cz;lhf; k; jkpopd; goikiar; nrhy;tjw;fhf vOe;j hy; mg;gbay;y. njhy;fhg;gpak; goikiar; f;fpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpah; ahUf;F tpghpj;jhh;. h;fs; ahh;. >e;jf; Nfs;tpiaf; Nfl;Fk;NghJ Rygk;. mjid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ Rygk;. jhd; gbg;gpj;Njd;. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf; apay;, nghUl;jpizapay; vd;gdtw;iw Sf;Fg; gbg;gpj;Njd;. nra;Aspay; ehd; Sf;nfjpuhf, gz;bjh; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; epd;w k; njhy;fhg;gpak; gbj;jhs;. mth; vd;dplk; ”Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu tp\akhf kfs; nkd;fpwhs;. >e;j ciufs; vy;yhk; vg;gb d;W vd;dplk; $wpdhh;. >g;gbahdth;fisAk; f;F Vw;gl;lJ.
d; xU njhlh;r;rpahd nray;Kiw vd;Wjhd; ;ijAk; mg;gbj;jhd; ghh;f;fpNwd;. khh;f;rpaj;ij ;bahf - me;jf;fiuf;FNky; Ntl;bapy;iy ghy; ehd; ghh;f;fj; jahuhf >y;iy. jph;fhyk; >y;iyahΠrPdg; Gul;rp, Nrhtpaj; Xh; vjph;fhyk; >y;iyahΠ- >Uf;fpwJ vd;Wjhd; Vnddpy; kdpj mrkj;Jtq;fis, me;j ;gLk; Ruz;ly; Kiwfis khh;f;]paj;ijj; ;d jj;Jtk; >Jtiuapy; >y;iy. >jidr; Ntz;Lk;. me;j ehl;bypUe;j khh;f;]pak; l;bYk; mJ nraw;gLk; vd;W mh;j;jky;y. k;. >yq;iff; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp xU fhyj;jpy;
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jkpOk; rpq;fsKk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dJ. m rpq;fsk; kl;Lnkd;W te;jJ. >e;j t nkhopf;nfhs;ifahf, gp.fe;ijah 56Mk; M gpufldg;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. mjhtJ rpq;f rk me;j];J Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;fs ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;L me;jf; fl;rpapy; >Uf;fpwti vd;w ngaNuhL fj;Jfpd;wtid vg;gbf;fUJ NaR nrhd;dJjhd; vdf;F Qhgfk; tUk;. - for they do not know what they do - Mz;ltNu >t Vndd;why; >th;fs; jhq;fs; nra;tJ vd;dn
vd;Dila xNunahU tpUg;gk; vd;dnt kfpik Fd;whky; ehd; Ngha;tplNtz;Lk;. m xU Gjpa tp\ak; tUfpwnghOJ, me;jg; Gjpa >uz;lhtJ %d;whtJ Mshf ehd; >Uf;ff;$ cs;sth;fSf;F njhpfpd;w mNjNtisapy; >Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ehd; goir xJf; fhY}d;wpf;nfhz;L ehd; NkNy tuNtz;Lk;. ciuapNy nrhy;fpwhh; - ‘fhyKk; tof jphpe;jdtw;wpw;Nfw;gNthh; khw;wk; nra;jy;’. >tw kwf;fKbahJ.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dJ. mjd;gpwF vy;yhk;khwp ;W te;jJ. >e;j tUlj;jpy; fl;rpapd; gp.fe;ijah 56Mk; Mz;L Ngrpa Ngr;ir hh;fs;. mjhtJ rpq;fsj;jpw;Fk; jkpopw;Fk; k; vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. >tw;iwnay;yhk; f; fl;rpapy; >Uf;fpwtid, ehd; khh;f;]pathjp pd;wtid vg;gbf;fUJtJŒ me;j Neuj;jpy; df;F Qhgfk; tUk;. - Oh Lord forgive them t they do - Mz;ltNu >th;fis kd;dpg;ghahf‰ hq;fs; nra;tJ vd;dntd;W njhpahjth;fs;.
hU tpUg;gk; vd;dntd;W nrhd;dhy; >e;j ; Ngha;tplNtz;Lk;. mJjhd; nghpa Mir. pwnghOJ, me;jg; Gjpa tp\aj;ijj; njhpfpd;w Mshf ehd; >Uf;ff;$lhJ. me;jj; Jiwapy; pfpd;w mNjNtisapy; vdf;Fk; njhpe;jjhf ehd; goir xJf;ftpy;iy. gorpy; d; NkNy tuNtz;Lk;. kuGgw;wpg; Nguhrphpah; hh; - ‘fhyKk; tof;Fk; jphpe;jtplj;J - h; khw;wk; nra;jy;’. >tw;iwnay;yhk; ehq;fs;
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 31

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3口口
jp.Qh. : p.Qh. : p.Qh. : p.Qh. : p.Qh. : cq;fsJ FLk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; cq;fsJ FLk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; cq;fsJ FLk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; cq;fsJ FLk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; cq;fsJ FLk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; rpy$Wfs; cq;fSf;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpd rpy$Wfs; cq;fSf;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpd rpy$Wfs; cq;fSf;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpd rpy$Wfs; cq;fSf;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpd rpy$Wfs; cq;fSf;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpd ghh;itapy;, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J >i ghh;itapy;, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J >i ghh;itapy;, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J >i ghh;itapy;, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J >i ghh;itapy;, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J >i vd;gij Vw;f KbAkhŒ vd;gij Vw;f KbAkhŒ vd;gij Vw;f KbAkhŒ vd;gij Vw;f KbAkhŒ vd;gij Vw;f KbAkhŒ
fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : mJ xU Kf;fpakhd Nfs;tp. >e kpf;f ed;wp.
ehd; rpWtdhff; funtl;bapy; tsUk;Ngh Vw;wj;jho;Tfisf; fhz;fpd;w tha;g;G v vq;fSila r%fk; ‘fiuahh;’ r%fk;. rpy nrhy;thh;fs;. fiuahh; vd;W nrhy;tJ ey;yJ fiuahh; r%fj;ijg;gw;wp funtl;bapy; cs;s r mJ jho;j;jg;gl;l r%fk; my;y. Mdhy; ty;ntl;bj;Jiw Nghd;w >lq;fspy; mJ ca aho;g;ghzj;jpy; nfhf;Ftpy;, njy;ypg;gis Ng jho;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLtNj >y;iy. funtl;b xU nghUshjhug;gpb - xU Economic Hold >y;i jho;e;jth;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldh;. cah;e;jth; fs Mdhy; ve;jtpjr; r%fj; jil epiyAk; > NtshsUld; mth;fs; xd;whff; fUjg;gL mtjhdpf;fpd;w jd;ik vdf;F >Ue;jJ? m
kw;wJ, ehd; tsh;e;J te;jNghJ r%f V
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

3口口
Lk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J MSikapd; Lk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J MSikapd; Lk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J MSikapd; Lk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J MSikapd; Lk;gg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;J MSikapd; ;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpdPh;fNs. ;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpdPh;fNs. ;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpdPh;fNs. ;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpdPh;fNs. ;F te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpdPh;fNs. Kw;Nghf;Fg; Kw;Nghf;Fg; Kw;Nghf;Fg; Kw;Nghf;Fg; Kw;Nghf;Fg; paj;jpy; >Ue;J >itnay;yhk; te;jd paj;jpy; >Ue;J >itnay;yhk; te;jd paj;jpy; >Ue;J >itnay;yhk; te;jd paj;jpy; >Ue;J >itnay;yhk; te;jd paj;jpy; >Ue;J >itnay;yhk; te;jd hŒhŒhŒhŒhŒ
;fpakhd Nfs;tp. >e;jf;Nfs;tp Nfl;ljw;F
untl;bapy; tsUk;NghJ mq;NfAs;s r%f fhz;fpd;w tha;g;G vdf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. ‘fiuahh;’ r%fk;. rpyh; ‘kPdth;fs;’ vd;W ; vd;W nrhy;tJ ey;yJNghy vdf;Fg;gLfpwJ. ;wp funtl;bapy; cs;s rpf;fy; vd;dntd;why;, %fk; my;y. Mdhy; cah;e;jJk; my;y. ;w >lq;fspy; mJ cah;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk;. ;Ftpy;, njy;ypg;gis Nghd;w >lq;fspy; mJ tNj >y;iy. funtl;bapy; me;j r%fj;jpw;F xU Economic Hold >y;iy. mjdhy; mth;fs; g;gl;ldh;. cah;e;jth; fshff; fUjg;gltpy;iy. fj; jil epiyAk; >y;yhj xU epiyik. s; xd;whff; fUjg;gL tjpy;iy. >jid k vdf;F >Ue;jJ? mJ Kf;fpakhdJ. ;e;J te;jNghJ r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; fhuz
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khff; fhzg;gLfpw r%f mePjpfisf; fhz ehd; khh;f;]paj;jpy; Ue;jhd;. mtDf;F fhq;Nfa xUehs; njUtpy; vjph;g;gl;L ”rptj;jk;gp th, eP thwha;“ vd;W vd;id mioj;jhd;. mtDf;F vd;dhy; jtph;f;fTk; Kbatpy;iy. vd;Dila mtd; nry;yTk; Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ehq;fs; vjpNu gidNaWfpd;w esr;r%fj;ijr; Nrh;e thrypy; epd;W nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mg;nghOJj Fspj;Jtpl;L epd;whh; Nghyj; njhpe;jJ. mJ Neuk;.
”fs;spUf;NfhŒ“ vd;W fhq;Nfad; mz;i
”jk;gp, >g;gjhd; vy;yhk; tpj;J KbQ;RJ uhrh....“ vd;W mth; gjpy; nrhd;dhh;.
”vd;d gfpb tpLfpwpNahŒ“ vd;W Nfl;Lf;n Neuhf me;jj; njhopyhspapd; tPl;bDs; nrd xU tof;fk; cz;L. >uTr; rhg;ghl;il rhg;gpLthh;fs;. >jpy; rhjp Fiwe;jJ epyr;Rthe;jh;fs; - cilahh; - kzpafhuh; N >e;j tof;fk; NtshshpYk; >Uf;fpwJ. Nfh fiuahh; Ml;fspYk; >Uf;fpwJ. me;jj; nj rhg;gpLtjw;F Maj;jkhf Kw;wj;jpy; rhg;g itj;jpUe;jhs;. fhq;Nfad; mth;fsJ tPl >lq;fspYk; Muha;e;jhd;. ehd; mtdJ i NghNthk;“ vd;W >Oj;Njd;. mtd; vd;id c Nrhw;Wg;ghidiaAk;, fwpr;rl;biaAk; epyj;jpN me;j ngz; nghpjhff; Fowp mOjhs;. nrhy;YfpNwd;. me;j Vf;fj;jpypUe;J - mjDi ehd; >d;iwf;Fk; tpLgltpy;iy. me;jj; njho ”thj;jpahw;iw Nkd;, mtiug; gpbAq;Nfh“ v kdijg; gpope;jJ. ehd; vd;d nra;aKbAk shock of my life.
mjd; gpd;G >r;rk;gtk; ele;j fhyj;jpy
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

f mePjpfisf; fhz;fpw tha;g;G >Ue;jJ. g;gbapUf;Fk;NghJ bg;ngy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl;L rz;bj;jdkhfj; d;. mtDf;F fhq;Nfad; vd;W ngah;. mtd; ;g;gl;L ”rptj;jk;gp th, eP >z;ilf;F vd;Ndhl mioj;jhd;. mtDf;F ey;y ntwp. mtid batpy;iy. vd;Dila tPl;ilj; jhz;bj;jhd; z;bapUe;jJ. ehq;fs; ele;J tUk;nghOJ esr;r%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j xUth; jdJ tPl;L ;bUe;jhh;. mg;nghOJjhd; njhopy; Kbj;Jf; ghyj; njhpe;jJ. mJ nghOJgLk; ikk;ky;
d;W fhq;Nfad; mz;iz Nfl;lhd;.
y;yhk; tpj;J KbQ;RJ. vd;dl;il >y;iy jpy; nrhd;dhh;.
pwpNahŒ“ vd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Nl, fhq;Nfad; hspapd; tPl;bDs; nrd;whd;. tlkuhl;rpapy; . >uTr; rhg;ghl;il Kw;wj;jpy; itj;Jr; y; rhjp Fiwe;jJ $baJ vd;wpy;iy. lahh; - kzpafhuh; Nghd;wth;fisj; jtpu, hpYk; >Uf;fpwJ. NfhtpahpYk; >Uf;fpwJ. >Uf;fpwJ. me;jj; njhopyhspapd; kidtp khf Kw;wj;jpy; rhg;ghl;ilf; nfhzh;e;J fad; mth;fsJ tPl;bDs; nrd;W vy;yh ;jhd;. ehd; mtdJ ifiag; gpbj;J ”th ;Njd;. mtd; vd;id cjwptpl;L mq;fpUe;j fwpr;rl;biaAk; epyj;jpNy Nghl;L cilj;jhd;. f; Fowp mOjhs;. ehd; cz;ikahfr; f;fj;jpypUe;J - mjDila jhf;fj;jpypUe;J ltpy;iy. me;jj; njhopyhsp vd;idg;ghh;j;J mtiug; gpbAq;Nfh“ vd;W nfQ;rpaJ vdJ d; vd;d nra;aKbAk;Œ That was the biggest
;gtk; ele;j fhyj;jpy; vq;fSila Chpy;
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>lJrhhpahf >Ue;j tp. kfhypq;fk; vd;gtuJ - n[ak; te;J khh;f;]pa tFg;G elj;jpdhh ehd; me;j tFg;Gf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. mq;F gy t Nghd;w nrhw;fs; vdf;Fj; njhpate;jd. >uz ehd; nrd;Nwd;. me;j tFg;Gfs; gpd;dh; xOq Ie;jhW Ngh;jhd; tFg;gpy; >Ue;jjhf Qhgf
mjd; gpwF gp.fe;ijah Njh;jypy; epd;wh epidf;fpNwd;. mg;NghJ ehd; v];.v];.] Njh;jypy; fj;Jtjw;fhf ehd; nrd;Nwd;. mjpyp vdf;Fj; njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ. mthplk; gbj;j nfhk;A+dp];l; vd;gjw;fhf kf;fs; mtUf;F funtl;bahd; vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd; vy;NyhUk; t xU Njh;jy; gpurhuf; $l;lj;jpy; NgRk;NghJ, nfhk;A+dp];l; vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. nj >y;yhjtd; vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. rk];fpU vd;Wjhd; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. mjd; fUj;J ‘ rk];fpUjj;jpy; ‘mJ’ vd;Wjhd; nrhy;yg;gL nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy“ vd;W Ngrpdhh;. mjid >e;j kD\d; Njh;jy; $l;lj;jpy; >ijnay;y rphpg;Gj;jhd; te;jJ. mth; vy;NyhiuAk; jhWk ehd; Vr;Rthq;fpapUf;fpNwd;. ehd; khj;j kzpaj;ijf;$l mth; xU jlit ”Nghlh“ vd Njh;jy; Ntiy nra;gth;fisNa mth; VR tud;Kiwahfg; gbf;ftpy;iy. mthplk; VjhtJ >Uf;Fk; NghJ gjpy; $Wthh;. mjdhYk; vd Mh;tk; Vw;gl;lJ. mth; gpd;dh; nfh rdpf;fpoikfspy; mtiug; Ngha;r; re;jpj;J
ehd; ]hfpuhtpy; gbf;Fk;NghJ, vr;.vk;.g ez;gh; fpilj;jhh;. mth; xU nghpa fk;A+dp] kpfTk; nfl;bf;fhuh;. mtuhNyjhd; vdf;Ff; f
mjd;gpwF gbg;gbahf ifyhrgjpapd; c ifyhrgjpAk; >yf;fpaj;jpy; khh;f;]pak; gw;wpg mq;fpUe;J Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; rq;fj;jpw;Fg khh;f;]paj;jpd; Njhw;wk; tsh;r;rp >g;gba gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mijg;gw;wpr; rpwpJ njs
khh;f;]paj;ij vg;gbg; ghh;g;gJ, mjid
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

p. kfhypq;fk; vd;gtuJ tPl;by; jh;kFyrpq;fk; pa tFg;G elj;jpdhh;. >uz;lhtJ fpoik nrd;Nwd;. mq;F gy tplaq;fs;, xLf;FKiw j; njhpate;jd. >uz;L tFg;GfSf;Fj;jhd; tFg;Gfs; gpd;dh; xOq;fhf eilngwtpy;iy. g;gpy; >Ue;jjhf Qhgfk;.
jah Njh;jypy; epd;whh;. 47Mk; Mz;L vd hJ ehd; v];.v];.]p.$lg; gbf;ftpy;iy. ehd; nrd;Nwd;. mjpypUe;J gp.fe;ijahTld; ;gl;lJ. mthplk; gbj;jJ >d;ndhU tpjk;. ;fhf kf;fs; mtUf;F thf;fspf;ftpy;iy. hfj;jhd; vy;NyhUk; thf;fspj;jhh;fs;. mth; $l;lj;jpy; NgRk;NghJ, ”vd;id vy;NyhUk; nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. nja;tj;jpy;; ek;gpf;if hy;fpwhh;fs;. rk];fpUjj;jpy; ‘jj; gpu`;kk;’ fpwJ. mjd; fUj;J ‘mJ gpuk;kk;’ vd;gJ. vd;Wjhd; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ‘mtd;’ vd;W d;W Ngrpdhh;. mjidf; Nfl;lNghJ, vd;d ; $l;lj;jpy; >ijnay;yhk; NgRfpwhNu vd;W h; vy;NyhiuAk; jhWkhwhf VRthh;. mthplk; ;fpNwd;. ehd; khj;jpuky;y vk;.]p.Rg;gpu xU jlit ”Nghlh“ vd;W Vrpdhh;. mtUf;F ;gth;fisNa mth; VRthh;. mthplk; ehd; py;iy. mthplk; VjhtJ Nfl;lhy;, MWjyhf $Wthh;. mjdhYk; vdf;F khh;]pak; gw;wpa mth; gpd;dh; nfhOk;Gf;F te;jgpd;, iug; Ngha;r; re;jpj;J ciuahLNtd;.
gbf;Fk;NghJ, vr;.vk;.gp.Ki`jPd; vd;w xU th; xU nghpa fk;A+dp];l;? Kf;fpakhd Ms;. tuhNyjhd; vdf;Ff; fl;rpj;njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ.
ahf ifyhrgjpapd; cwT te;jJ. ehDk; j;jpy; khh;f;]pak; gw;wpg; Ngrj;njhlq;fpNdhk;. vOj;jhsh; rq;fj;jpw;Fg; NghNdhk;. vd;Dila ;wk; tsh;r;rp >g;gbahfj;jhd; >Ue;jJ. ijg;gw;wpr; rpwpJ njspTngw;Nwd;. ;gbg; ghh;g;gJ, mjid xU Methodology Mf
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vg;gbg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;w njspT nj nra;jNghJ jhd; vdf;F Vw;gl;lJ.
kw;wJ ez;gh;fSld; ehd; nra;j tpth th;j;jd, epA+l;ld; Fzrpq;f Nghd;w khh;f;]pa fSld; mstshtpaik, mth;fSld; Nghd;wtw;wpdpy; >Ue;J ehd; khh;f;]p fw;Wf;nfhz;Nld;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; m.itj;jpypq - mth; khh;f;]pak; gw;wp mjpfk; Ngrkhl tp\aj;ij vg;gbg;ghh;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; mt >Ue;jJ. vd;Dila khh;f;]pag;Nghf;fpw;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf mike;jd.
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : mg;gbahdhy; cq;fSila MSi mg;gbahdhy; cq;fSila MSi mg;gbahdhy; cq;fSila MSi mg;gbahdhy; cq;fSila MSi mg;gbahdhy; cq;fSila MSi >Ue;J te;jNjhL khh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk >Ue;J te;jNjhL khh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk >Ue;J te;jNjhL khh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk >Ue;J te;jNjhL khh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk >Ue;J te;jNjhL khh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk vd;W nrhy;fpwPh;fshŒ vd;W nrhy;fpwPh;fshŒ vd;W nrhy;fpwPh;fshŒ vd;W nrhy;fpwPh;fshŒ vd;W nrhy;fpwPh;fshŒ
fh.;rp. : fh.;rp. : fh.;rp. : fh.;rp. : fh.;rp. : Mkhk;? mJ cz;ik. >jpy; cs;s r ehd; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; >Ue;Jk; tpLglKbatpy gpur;rpidNa mJjhd;. Vndd;why; vd;Dila Rikahf mikatpy;iy. rpyUila tho;f epidTfs; Rikahf khwKbAk;. mth;fs; tho;f;iff;F cl;gl;L my;yJ NtW Vjh mfg;gl;bUe;jhy;, mJ mth;fSf;F xU jz mij mth;fs; jpUk;gpg; ghh;f;f tpUk;ghky vdf;F mg;gbapUf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy ghh;f;fNtz;ba Njitfis kwf;fhj xUt vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.
gpw;fhyj;jpy;, gz;ghl;bay; fw;if (Cult ghlk; te;jJ. mjid Richard Hoggart vd;gt mth; gh;kpq;fhk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Mq >Ue;jth;. Uses of Literacy vd;w gpugykhd mth; Centre of contemporary cultural studies ehty;fs;, Clf epfo;r;rpfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F r% nra;jth;. >yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lf;F Clfq;fSf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; cs;s nj nghJg;gilahf Muha;e;jhh;. mtUila gphpt
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

J vd;w njspT njhk;]Dld; Ntiy ;F Vw;gl;lJ.
ld; ehd; nra;j tpthjq;fs;. Fkhhp n[a rpq;f Nghd;w khh;f;]paj;jpd; Kf;fpakhdth; ik, mth;fSld; nra;j tpthjq;fs; e;J ehd; khh;f;]paj;jpy; gytw;iwf; ;fhyj;jpy; m.itj;jpypq;fj;Jld; Vw;gl;l el;G gw;wp mjpfk; Ngrkhl;lhh;. MdhYk; xU ;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; mthplk; epiwa MSik khh;f;]pag;Nghf;fpw;F >g;gbahd jlaq;fs;
ike;jd.
y; cq;fSila MSik, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; ; cq;fSila MSik, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; y; cq;fSila MSik, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; ; cq;fSila MSik, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; y; cq;fSila MSik, ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; hh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk; Nrh;e;Jjhd; te;jJ hh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk; Nrh;e;Jjhd; te;jJ hh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk; Nrh;e;Jjhd; te;jJ hh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk; Nrh;e;Jjhd; te;jJ hh;f;]pag;ghh;itapYk; Nrh;e;Jjhd; te;jJ Œ
z;ik. >jpy; cs;s rpf;fy; vd;dntd;why; Ue;Jk; tpLglKbatpy;iy. vd;dpy; cs;s Vndd;why; vd;Dila ghuk;ghpak; vdf;nfhU y. rpyUila tho;f;ifapy; >sikf;fhy khwKbAk;. mth;fs; VjhtJ ghuhgl;rkhd my;yJ NtW VjhtJ rpf;fy;fSf;Fs; mth;fSf;F xU jz;lidahf mikAk;. gpg; ghh;f;f tpUk;ghky; >Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; fis kwf;fhj xUtdhf ehdpUf;fpNwd;
;ghl;bay; fw;if (Cultural studies) vd;nwhU Richard Hoggart vd;gth; njhlf;fpitj;jhh;. ;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Mq;fpyg; Nguhrphpauhf teracy vd;w gpugykhd E}iy vOjpath;. mporary cultural studies vd;w epWtdj;jpy;, ;rpfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F r%ftuyhw;W tpkh;rdk; ;fSf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G, ;ghl;Lf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G gw;wpnay;yhk; ;e;jhh;. mtUila gphptpy; Stuart Hall vd;gth;
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Ntiy nra;jhh;. mth; xU ePf;fpNuh Mq;fpyf gpd;dzpapy; >Ue;J te;jth;. ehd; gh;kpq;fhk gbf;fpd;w fhyj;jpy; mtiur; re;jpj;jpUf;fpNw nghpa mwpQuhfptpl;lhh;. gphpj;jhdpa jpwe;j mth; r%ftpay; Nguhrphpauhdhh;. cz;ik Nguhrphpauhf >Ue;jth;. gpd;dh; r%ftpay; >J mtuJ Multi Deciplanary approach >dhy; Deciplanary approach xUtiu ve;j epiyf;F vd;gij >jpypUe;J czuyhk;. mth; gz njhlh;e;J nra;jhh;. r%ftpaiy khh;f;]paj gz;ghl;L Ma;T nra;jhh;. mjpy; gz;ghl cs;s njhlh;G, mjpy; murpay; vt;thW tplaq;fs; >Ue;jd. >tw;Ws; rpy tpUk;g tpUk;gf;$lhjJk; >Uf;Fk;. >g;gbahf Ma;Tn me;jr; rpe;jidg; gs;sp topahfTk; ehd; ngw;W >q;Fs;sth;fs; >d;Dk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s nrhy;yNtz;Lk;.
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : >q;Fs;sth;fs; vd;W ahiu >q;Fs;sth;fs; vd;W ahiu >q;Fs;sth;fs; vd;W ahiu >q;Fs;sth;fs; vd;W ahiu >q;Fs;sth;fs; vd;W ahiu Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fisahŒ Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fisahŒ Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fisahŒ Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fisahŒ Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fisahŒ
fh. rp. : fh. rp. : fh. rp. : fh. rp. : fh. rp. : Kw;Nghf;Fthjpfis kl;Lky;y vy;Ny tpy;iy vd;Wjhd; nrhy;Ntd;. xU gy;fiyf;f (Culture Stadies) vd;w ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjhf Mdhy; ehd; Kd;dh; nrhd;d gz;ghl;bay vJTkpd;wpNa mth;fs; >g; ghlj;ij Nfs;tpg;gl;Nld;. jkpofj;jpy; >J >d;Dk; te;J NtYrhkp Nghd;w xU rpyUf;F kl;LNk > vd;gij mth;fSld; ehd; fye;Jiua nfhs;sKbe;jJ.
>e;jg; gz;ghl;baw; fw;if cz;ikapy proach cs;shy; tsh;e;j xU ghlk;. cj fk;A+dp]k; te;jNghJ, mq;F Vw;gl;l mEgtq mEgtq;fs;, tq;fhsk; - Nfushtpy; Vw;gl;l >jidf; fhzyhk;. >e;jr; rPdf; fk;A+dp]Kk vq;Nf tpj;jpahrg; gLfpwJ vd;W ghh;j;jhy;, Chinese culture, Slavonic culture involvem
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

; xU ePf;fpNuh Mq;fpyf; fyg;G. Nkw;fpe;jpag; e;jth;. ehd; gh;kpq;fhk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tiur; re;jpj;jpUf;fpNwd;. mth; gpw;fhyj;jpy; h;. gphpj;jhdpa jpwe;j gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; hrphpauhdhh;. cz;ikapy; mth; Mq;fpyg; h;. gpd;dh; r%ftpay; Nguhrphpauhf te;jhh;. planary approach >dhy; Vw;gl;lJ. >e;j Multi Utiu ve;j epiyf;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;Yk; czuyhk;. mth; gz;ghl;bay; fy;tpiaj; %ftpaiy khh;f;]paj;NjhL Nrh;j;J mth; a;jhh;. mjpy; gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; py; murpay; vt;thW >izfpwJ Nghd;w >tw;Ws; rpy tpUk;gf;$baJk; >Uf;Fk;, ;Fk;. >g;gbahf Ma;Tnra;fpd;w Kiwikia p topahfTk; ehd; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nld;. >jid ;Dk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;Wjhd;
th;fs; vd;W ahiur; nrhy;fpwPh;fs;Œ th;fs; vd;W ahiur; nrhy;fpwPh;fs;Œ th;fs; vd;W ahiur; nrhy;fpwPh;fs;Œ th;fs; vd;W ahiur; nrhy;fpwPh;fs;Œ th;fs; vd;W ahiur; nrhy;fpwPh;fs;Œ hŒhŒhŒhŒhŒ
pfis kl;Lky;y vy;NyhUNk ngw;Wf;nfhs;s y;Ntd;. xU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gz;ghl;bay; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjhf ehd; Nfs;tpg;gl;Nld;. ; nrhd;d gz;ghl;bay; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; ;fs; >g; ghlj;ij elj;Jtjhf ehd; j;jpy; >J >d;Dk; te;JNrutpy;iy. khh;f;];, rpyUf;F kl;LNk >jpy; ghpr;rak; cz;L d; ehd; fye;JiuahbaNghJ mwpe;J
w; fw;if cz;ikapy; Multi Deciplanary ap- h;e;j xU ghlk;. cjhuzkhf u\;ahtpy; mq;F Vw;gl;l mEgtq;fs;, rPdhtpy; Vw;gl;l k; - Nfushtpy; Vw;gl;l mEgtq;fs; %yk; e;jr; rPdf; fk;A+dp]Kk;, u\;af; fk;A+dp]Kk; fpwJ vd;W ghh;j;jhy;, ehd; epidf;fpNwd; - onic culture involvement. me;j ];yh\
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gz;ghl;Lf;Fhpa rpy gz;Gfs; u\;a fk;A+dp]j rPd ehl;bDila gz;Gfs;, kuGfs;, ghu fk;A+dp]j;ij cs;thq;fpa KiwapdhYk KiwapdhYk; nraw;gLj;jpa KiwapYk cjhuzkhf Thoughts of Lenin vd;W vtUk; n Thoughts of Mase Tung vd;W nrhy;thh;fs vd;dntd;why;, rPdg;ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; xUtUi nrhy;tJjhd; kuG. mNjNghd;W fhd;G+rpa] jhd;. fhd;G+rpa]; cila rpe;jid vd;W nr mbf;fb nrhy;thh;fs;, Running dogs of Capitali tj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; nry;gth;fis mjDila nrhy;thh;fs;. rPd epyr;Rthe;jh;fs; jkJ nry;Yk;NghJ mth;fspd; gpd;dhy; mt Xbf;nfhz;L NghFk;. mjdhNyjhd; Kjyhsp nry;gth;fis mth;fs; ‘XLk;eha;fs;’ vd;W ghh;f;Fk;NghJ gz;ghl;bw;F xU gq;F >U tpLgLtJ kpfTk; f\;lk;. Vndd;why; mJ mJ vk;Kld; te;J fyf;fyhk; fyf;fhky; xU rpe;jid kuG. mJNghy; >q;fpyhe;jpy >q;fpyhe;jpy; xU vOjg;gl;l murpay; ah me;j ehl;bd; murpay; eilKiw kpfr;rpwg mJ murpay; fyhrhuj;jpd; gyk;. >e;jpahtpy; $ NghJk; mq;F rhpahf mikatpy;iy. Rj Qhgfk; >Uf;Fk;tiu >Ue;j >e;jpahtpw;F Qhgfk; kiwe;j gpd; khepyq;fshf >Uf;Fk; > vt;tsNth tpj;jpahrq;fs; cs;sd. gz;ghL Kf;fpaj;Jtk; - thndhyp, rpdpkh, njhiyf;f ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. >yf;fpaq;fspy; v vtw;iw thrpf;fpNwhk; vd;gnjy;yhk; gz;g gFjpjhd;.
>e;jg; gz;ghl;baw; fw;ifapy; >uz;L khh;f;]paj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ. kw;wJ k nfhs;shjJ. mnkhpf;fhtpy; khh;f;]paj;i gz;ghl;Lf; fy;tp >Uf;fpwJ. >jpy; vd;d gz;ghl;baw; fw;ifia gbg;gth;fs; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;tjh Ntz;lhkh vd;w tpthjk tpthjj;jpy; >itnay;yhk; njspthfpd. vd;i
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;Gfs; u\;a fk;A+dp]j;ijAk; jhf;fpAs;sd. ;Gfs;, kuGfs;, ghuk;ghpaq;fs; Mfpad hq;fpa KiwapdhYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jpa ;gLj;jpa KiwapYk; >ijf; fhzyhk;. of Lenin vd;W vtUk; nrhy;tjpy;iy. Mdhy; g vd;W nrhy;thh;fs;. >jw;Ff; fhuzk; huk;ghpaj;jpy; xUtUila rpe;jid vd;W NjNghd;W fhd;G+rpa]; cila Thoughts la rpe;jid vd;W nrhy;tjpy;iy. rPdhtpy; Running dogs of Capitalism vd;W. Kjyhspj;J y;gth;fis mjDila ‘XLk; eha;fs;’ vd;W epyr;Rthe;jh;fs; jkJ tay;fspD}lhfr; ;fspd; gpd;dhy; mth;fsJ ehnahd;W jdhNyjhd; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; ; ‘XLk;eha;fs;’ vd;W nrhy;thh;fs;. >g;gbg; l;bw;F xU gq;F >Uf;fpwJ. mjpypUe;J ;lk;. Vndd;why; mJ Condition behaviour. yf;fyhk; fyf;fhky; tplyhk;. gpuhd;]pw;F JNghy; >q;fpyhe;jpy; xU rpe;jid kuG. jg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G >y;iy. Mdhy; y; eilKiw kpfr;rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sJ. ;jpd; gyk;. >e;jpahtpy; $l gyKiw Kaw;rpj;j f mikatpy;iy. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; >Ue;j >e;jpahtpw;Fk;, Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l hepyq;fshf >Uf;Fk; >e;jpahtpw;Fk; >ilapy; ;fs; cs;sd. gz;ghL vd;gjpy; Clfq;fspd; hyp, rpdpkh, njhiyf;fhl;rp >itfnsy;yhk; ;wd. >yf;fpaq;fspy; vtw;iw tpUk;GfpNwhk;, ; vd;gnjy;yhk; gz;ghl;Lf; fy;tpapd; xU
w; fw;ifapy; >uz;L tifAz;L. xd;W ;nfhs;tJ. kw;wJ khh;f;]paj;ij Vw;Wf; f;fhtpy; khh;f;]paj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj Uf;fpwJ. >jpy; vd;d gpur;rpid vd;why;, fia gbg;gth;fs; gpd;etPdj;Jtj;ij z;lhkh vd;w tpthjk; mq;F ele;jJ. me;j ;yhk; njspthfpd. vd;idg; nghWj;jtiuapy;
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>e;jg; gz;ghl;baw; fw;if xU Kf;fpakhd murpay;, gz;ghL, nghUshjhuk;, tuyhW > xU gz;ghl;Lf;Nfhyj;Jf;Fs;shy; tUk;. e >q;F vLf;fpNwhk;. Nfhtpy; tPjpapNyjhd; >J e tPjpay; ghLk;NghJ mth;fs; rPh;fhopapdJk;, ghly;fisg; ghbtpl;L, gpd;dh; rpdpk Ngha;tpLthh;fs;. vq;fshy; Pop songs vy;y Kbtjpy;iy. >J epd;W nfhz;L ghLgth;fS fh;ehlf rq;fPjf;fhuh;fSf;F >J nghU rq;fPjf;fhuh;fs; >Ue;JghlNtz;Lk;. e mkuNjthtplk; nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwd; ”ePq;fs >Ue;Jjhd; ghlNtz;Lk;“; vd;W. >jid vg;gb cyfg;nghJthfTk; >Uf;fpwJ - mjw;Fs; tpj >tw;iwnay;yhk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;SfpNwhk;.
>d;W ehq;fs; vy;NyhUNk ePs;fhw;rl;il fTz;, Rhpjhh; mzpfpwhh;fs;. >jdhy; vq;fS ve;jtpjj;jpYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhf ehq;fs; epid tplaq;fnsy;yhk; gz;ghl;Lf;fy;tpf;Fs Kuz;ghLfs; tuyhk;.
ehd; jQ;rhT+hpy; 1982Mk; Mz;L >Uf;F Kf;fpakhd vOj;jhsuhff; fUjg;gLk; ng Nfl;lhh; -”vd;d ePq;fs; ‘KUfh, KUfh’ vd;W m vd;W. >J vd;Dila jfg;gdhh;, Ngudhh;, v topahf te;j tplak;. mth;fs; mbf;fb ‘N ehDk; ‘NtyhAjk;’ vd;W nrhy;YNtd;. vd;Di ”NtyhAjk; ahh;Œ, mbf;fb $g;gpLfpwPh;fs;“ KUfh vd;W nrhy;tijg; ghh;j;J jQ;rhT+hpy ”vd;d nghpa khh;f;]p];w; vd;nwy;yhk; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; ‘KUfh’ vd;fpwPh;fNs‰“ nrhd;Ndd;, ”vdf;F tapw;Wf;Fs; Fj;jpdh fj;jthŒ“. xUth; gps;isahNu vd;ghh;. >d;ndh >e;j tsh;r;rpfis ehq;fs; ghh;f;fNtz;L nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. xUtUila gpd;dzpiaf >ad;wsT Gj;jpG+h;tkhfTk; njhopw;gl Nth;fspypUe;J mWe;jth;fshfTk; Nth;fspypUe;J mWe;jth;fshfTk; Nth;fspypUe;J mWe;jth;fshfTk; Nth;fspypUe;J mWe;jth;fshfTk; Nth;fspypUe;J mWe;jth;fshfTk; >U Nghf;fpNy NghfpwJf;fhd xU epiyia me
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

w;if xU Kf;fpakhd Jiwahf te;jJ. hUshjhuk;, tuyhW >itnay;yhk; Nrh;e;J ;Jf;Fs;shy; tUk;. ehq;fs; Pop cultureI tpy; tPjpapNyjhd; >J eilngWfpwJ. Nfhtpy; th;fs; rPh;fhopapdJk;, nrse;juuh[dp dJk; pl;L, gpd;dh; rpdpkhg; ghly;fSf;Fg; ;fshy; Pop songs vy;yh >lq;fspYk; ghl nfhz;L ghLgth;fSf;Fj;jhd; crpjkhdJ. h;fSf;F >J nghUj;jkpy;iy. fh;ehlf e;JghlNtz;Lk;. ehd; xUKiw W.D. ;ypapUf;fpNwd; ”ePq;fs; epd;W ghlf;$lhJ, k;“; vd;W. >jid vg;gb tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ. Uf;fpwJ - mjw;Fs; tpj;jpahrKk; >Uf;fpwJ. ;Wf; nfhs;SfpNwhk;.
yhUNk ePs;fhw;rl;il NghLfpNwhk;, ngz;fs; hh;fs;. >jdhy; vq;fSila milahsq;fs; ;gl;ljhf ehq;fs; epidg;gjpy;iy. >g;gbahd z;ghl;Lf;fy;tpf;Fs; tUk;. >jpy; rpy
982Mk; Mz;L >Uf;Fk;nghOJ, >g;nghOJ uhff; fUjg;gLk; ngh.NtYrhkp vd;dplk; ; ‘KUfh, KUfh’ vd;W mbf;fb nrhy;fpwPh;fs;“ jfg;gdhh;, Ngudhh;, vd;Dila jha;khkd; ;. mth;fs; mbf;fb ‘NtyhAjk;’ vd;ghh;fs;. ;W nrhy;YNtd;. vd;Dila Ngud; Nfl;fpwhd;, bf;fb $g;gpLfpwPh;fs;“ vd;W. ehd; KUfh jg; ghh;j;J jQ;rhT+hpy; NtYrhkp Nfl;lhh;, p];w; vd;nwy;yhk; NgRfpwPh;fs;? ePq;fs; fh’ vd;fpwPh;fNs‰“ vd;W. mjw;F ehd; tapw;Wf;Fs; Fj;jpdhy;, ‘khh;f;N]’ vd;W sahNu vd;ghh;. >d;ndhUth; mk;kNd vd;ghh;. hq;fs; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;. >tw;iwg; Ghpe;J tUila gpd;dzpiaf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. khfTk; njhopw;gl Ntz;Lk;. ehq;fs; e;jth;fshfTk; e;jth;fshfTk; e;jth;fshfTk; e;jth;fshfTk; e;jth;fshfTk; >Uf;fKbahJ. >e;jg; hd xU epiyia me;jf; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 38

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tsh;j;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjid vq;fSila r >yl;rpakhff; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ”MWfs; gpd;N vd;W xU tuyhw;W Mrphpad; $wpaij gz;lhu Mdhy; XLfpwnghOJ vy;yhk; rq;fkpf;fj;j gy;rq;fkj;jpy; xU njspT >Uf;f Ntz;Lk njspT vd;dplk; >Uf;fpwjh njhpatpy;i epr;rakhf >Uf;fpwJ.
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : >e;jg; gz;ghl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl >e;jg; gz;ghl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl >e;jg; gz;ghl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl >e;jg; gz;ghl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl >e;jg; gz;ghl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl >yFtpy; tpLglKbahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $ >yFtpy; tpLglKbahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $ >yFtpy; tpLglKbahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $ >yFtpy; tpLglKbahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $ >yFtpy; tpLglKbahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $ ghh;f;Fk;NghJ jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nr ghh;f;Fk;NghJ jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nr ghh;f;Fk;NghJ jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nr ghh;f;Fk;NghJ jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nr ghh;f;Fk;NghJ jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nr mth;fSila gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J t mth;fSila gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J t mth;fSila gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J t mth;fSila gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J t mth;fSila gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J t jhq;fs; jkpohpilNa gz;ghLk; njhlh;g jhq;fs; jkpohpilNa gz;ghLk; njhlh;g jhq;fs; jkpohpilNa gz;ghLk; njhlh;g jhq;fs; jkpohpilNa gz;ghLk; njhlh;g jhq;fs; jkpohpilNa gz;ghLk; njhlh;g Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lth; vd;gjdhy; > Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lth; vd;gjdhy; > Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lth; vd;gjdhy; > Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lth; vd;gjdhy; > Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lth; vd;gjdhy; >
fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : mjhtJ me;jg; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fsp KbahjpUg;gjdhYk;, Mdhy; me;jg; g mth;fisj; jdpkdpjh;fs; vd;w tifapY tifapYk; itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gjd; fhuzk Nghuhl;l >yf;Ffs; vy;yhNk mth;fSila rk aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ele;j jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; rk;g mth;fs; jq;fSf;F fhzpNtz;Lk; vd;Nwh e Nfl;ftpy;iy. jhq;fs; Nyhd;wp itg;gjw;Fk gl;bdj;jpy; >lk;Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;ftpy;i Eioa Ntz;Lnkd;Wjhd; Kjypy; Nfl;ldh;. rhjpapy; >Ue;J tpLgl tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. m Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; >Ug;gijj;jhd; tpUk;G xt;nthUtUNk, ehq;fs; thOfpd;w v cwTfSld;jhd; tho tpUk;GNthk;. mlf;fg;gLtijAk; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. >e;j rpd;dq;fspypUe;Nj mth;fs; jkJ gz;g tpLglKbahky; >Ug;gJk; vj;jifa tpLgh vd;gJk; njhpatUfpwd. jq;fisr; rkkhdt tplaq;fspy;, jq;fisr; rkkhdth;fshff; fU mjw;fhf mth;fs; jq;fSila tof;fq;f tpl;LtpLthh;fshΠjkJ >drd ge;J cwTfi mg;gb tpLtjpy;iy. >J vq;fSf;F k rKjhaj;jpw;Fs;Sk; >Uf;fpwJ.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;. mjid vq;fSila r%f tho;f;ifapDila tz;Lk;. ”MWfs; gpd;Ndhf;fpg; gha;tjpy;iy“ phpad; $wpaij gz;lhuehaf;fhTk; nrhd;dhh;. vy;yhk; rq;fkpf;fj;jhd; nra;Ak;. me;jg; jspT >Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;jr; rq;fkj;jpy; f;fpwjh njhpatpy;iy. Mdhy; rq;fkk;
hl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl;L rq;fkj;jpypUe;J hl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl;L rq;fkj;jpypUe;J hl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl;L rq;fkj;jpypUe;J hl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl;L rq;fkj;jpypUe;J hl;L Nth;fs;, gz;ghl;L rq;fkj;jpypUe;J ahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $WfpwPh;fs;. >g;gbg; ahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $WfpwPh;fs;. >g;gbg; ahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $WfpwPh;fs;. >g;gbg; ahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $WfpwPh;fs;. >g;gbg; ahJ vdj; jhq;fs; $WfpwPh;fs;. >g;gbg; g;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwth;fSk; g;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwth;fSk; g;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwth;fSk; g;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwth;fSk; g;gl;l kf;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwth;fSk; ;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J tpLgl Kbahjth;fshΠ;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J tpLgl Kbahjth;fshΠ;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J tpLgl Kbahjth;fshΠ;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J tpLgl Kbahjth;fshΠ;L mk;rq;fspypUe;J tpLgl Kbahjth;fshΠa gz;ghLk; njhlh;ghlYk; rk;ge;jkhf a gz;ghLk; njhlh;ghlYk; rk;ge;jkhf a gz;ghLk; njhlh;ghlYk; rk;ge;jkhf a gz;ghLk; njhlh;ghlYk; rk;ge;jkhf a gz;ghLk; njhlh;ghlYk; rk;ge;jkhf z;lth; vd;gjdhy; >f;Nfs;tp...... z;lth; vd;gjdhy; >f;Nfs;tp...... z;lth; vd;gjdhy; >f;Nfs;tp...... z;lth; vd;gjdhy; >f;Nfs;tp...... z;lth; vd;gjdhy; >f;Nfs;tp......
g; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspUe;J mth;fs; tpLgl ;, Mdhy; me;jg; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; h;fs; vd;w tifapYk; - FOkk; vd;w fpd;wJ vd;gjd; fhuzkhfTk; mth;fSila ;yhNk mth;fSila rkj;Jt >yf;Ffs;jhd;. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; rk;ge;jkhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy;, hzpNtz;Lk; vd;Nwh epyk;Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh ; Nyhd;wp itg;gjw;Fk; rY}d; itg;gjw;Fk; ;Lk; vd;W Nfl;ftpy;iy. Nfhtpy;fSf;Fs; hd; Kjypy; Nfl;ldh;. vy;NyhUNk jq;fsJ gl tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. me;jr; rhjpfhuzkhf g;gijj;jhd; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. ehq;fs; q;fs; thOfpd;w vq;fSila >drd ho tpUk;GNthk;. mjw;fhf ehq;fs; pUk;Gtjpy;iy. >e;jg; Nghuhl;lq; fspd; mth;fs; jkJ gz;ghl;L epiyapypUe;J ;gJk; vj;jifa tpLghl;il tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs; d. jq;fisr; rkkhdth;fshff; fUjg;glhj r; rkkhdth;fshff; fUJk;gb Nfl;fpwhh;fs;. q;fSila tof;fq;fis, ek;gpf;iffis >drd ge;J cwTfis tpl;LtpLthh;fshΠ. >J vq;fSf;F khj;jpuky;y >e;jpar;
Uf;fpwJ.
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>jpy; xU mbg;gilahd tuyhw;W cz nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. Vwj;jho ekJ rKf formation) Njhd;wpa fhyk; KjNy rhjp mik ngW topfSk;( Access to resources) rkdw;wjh >e;jr; rkdw;w jd;ik fhuzkhf Vwj;jho e gz;ghLfis cUthf;fptpl;Nlhk;. Md gpd;fhydpj;Jtk; Mfpait vq;fSila khw;wpAs;sd. >e;jg; gbepiyg; gz;ghl;bypU ture) ehk; NtW kl;lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;N jkpoh;fshf, rPf;fpah;fshf. >e;j khw;wq;fS ekJ kuG topg;gz;ghL ehk; khw >lk; me;je;jg; gz;ghL;f;Fs;Ns cs;s xLf;F Ki >lk;juhjjhy; (fhuzk;: r%fg; nghUshjh khwhj jhNyNa) ehk; Gjpa kl;l epiyfSf;F nghOJ ekJ ghuk;ghpag; gz;ghl;bd; xLf njhpatUk;. r%f khw;wpj;jpD}lhf >it ele rpyNtisfspy; >J ngUk; rpukkhfTk; >U
jkpofj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; Rje;jpug; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpd;te;j tsh khw;wq;fisAk;, khw tpUk;ghikiaAk; gpuhkzuy;yhjhh; vd;w gphptpidia >t;thWj Ntz;Lk;. >e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;W Vwj;jho gpd;dh;jhd; >e;jpahtpd; mbepiy kf;fspil (Social Democracy) gpuf;iQ Vw;gl;Ls;sJ >t;thwhfj;jhd; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : >th;fsJ Fzhjpraq;fspy; k >th;fsJ Fzhjpraq;fspy; k >th;fsJ Fzhjpraq;fspy; k >th;fsJ Fzhjpraq;fspy; k >th;fsJ Fzhjpraq;fspy; k Nghd;wit Vw;gLkhŒ Nghd;wit Vw;gLkhŒ Nghd;wit Vw;gLkhŒ Nghd;wit Vw;gLkhŒ Nghd;wit Vw;gLkhŒ
fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : Fzhjpraq;fs; gbg;gbahf khW nghUshjhu trjpf;Nfw;g me;j epiyikfs nghUshjhu epahaj;ij khw;wpdhy;, epiy nghUshjhur; #oYf;FNfw;gr; nraw;gLt cwTfisf; nfhz;lhLth;. mjw;Nfw;w t itj;jpUf;f tpUk;Gth;. nghUshjhur; #oy mgpyhirfs; khWfpd;wd. Mdhy; mj jLf;fpwNghJ mth;fs; >e;jr; r%fj;jpw;F
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

lahd tuyhw;W cz;ikia ehk; mwpe;J Vwj;jho ekJ rKf cUthf;fk; (Social hyk; KjNy rhjp mikg;Gk;, tsq;fSf;fhd to resources) rkdw;wjhf >Ue;J te;Js;sd. fhuzkhf Vwj;jho ehq;fs; FOk epiyg; hf;fptpl;Nlhk;. Mdhy; fhydpj;Jtk;, fpait vq;fSila milahsq;fis gbepiyg; gz;ghl;bypUe;J (Hierarchical cul- q;fSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;Nshk;, >e;jpah;fshf, shf. >e;j khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;w tifapy; hL ehk; khw >lk; juNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; ;Ns cs;s xLf;F Kiw mk;rq;fs; >jw;F k;: r%fg; nghUshjhu mikg;G Kw;wpYk; Gjpa kl;l epiyfSf;F khw;WUg; ngWfpd;w hpag; gz;ghl;bd; xLf;F Kiw mk;rq;fs; ;wpj;jpD}lhf >it ele;Jnfhz;Nl >Uf;Fk;. ngUk; rpukkhfTk; >Uf;fyhk;.
f; nfhz;lhy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpD}NlAk;, pw;Fg; gpd;te;j tsh;r;rpapD}NlAk; >e;j tpUk;ghikiaAk; fhzyhk;. gpuhkzh;, gphptpidia >t;thWjhd; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s e;jpuk; ngw;W Vwj;jho 50 tUlq;fSf;Fg; d; mbepiy kf;fspilNa r%f [dehaf
puf;iQ Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. jypj; vOr;rpia
;fpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
Fzhjpraq;fspy; khw;wq;fs;, tpLgly; Fzhjpraq;fspy; khw;wq;fs;, tpLgly; Fzhjpraq;fspy; khw;wq;fs;, tpLgly; Fzhjpraq;fspy; khw;wq;fs;, tpLgly; Fzhjpraq;fspy; khw;wq;fs;, tpLgly;
;fs; gbg;gbahf khWk;. mtuth;fSila w;g me;j epiyikfs; khWk;. mjw;Fhpa ;ij khw;wpdhy;, epiyik khWk;. khwpa ;FNfw;gr; nraw;gLth;. mjw;Nfw;g r%f hLth;. mjw;Nfw;w tho;f;if Kiwfis ;. nghUshjhur; #oy; khWk;nghOJ vkJ pd;wd. Mdhy; mjid >e;jr; r%fk; s; >e;jr; r%fj;jpw;F vjpuhdth;fshff;
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fpsk;Gfpwhh;fs;. >yq;ifj; jkpo; vOj;jhsh;fi rhjptpj;jpahrNk >y;iy. vOj;jhsh;fspilNa xU rkj;jtk; >Uf;fpwJ. >J epr;rakhf a fspy; Vw;gl;l vOj;jhsh; kyh;r;rp >af;fj vq;fSila r%fk; xU Gul;rpte;j r%fky vd;gjd; fUj;J vd;dntd;why; Ke;jpa KiwapypUe;J >d;ndhU Gjpa nghUshj Nghtjw;fhd - me;jg; nghUshjhu Kiw mikg;Gfis- mjw;Nfw;w Mszpfis GJf xU khw;wj;jpw;fhd ngah;jhd; Revolution - r%fj;jpy; me;jkhjphpahd Gul;rp VJk; Vw;gl Gul;rp Vw;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gl;l rPdhtpYk;, u\;a $l mjw;F Kd;gpUe;j tof;fhWfs; kpfg;gbg me;jg; nghUshjhu mikg;G khwp me;jg; ng fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w #oy;fs; khWfpwNg mjpfhu mikg;G Kiw - Power Structure t mikg;G Kiwf;fhd jpUg;jp Vw;gLfpw Ng tUk;. mjpy; vq;NfNah xU rpwpa gpur;rpid > njhlq;fpaJ 1988>y; tpOe;jJ. me;jg; gpur;r 47, 48 >y; te;j rPdg;Gul;rpapy; >t;tsT k
Internal Dimension vd;fpw xd;W >Uf;fpwJ tUk;. gbg;gbahfj;jhd; khWk;. mJ rfy tp\ Vw;gLj;Jk;. cq;fSila cil, nkhop, Ngh Vw;gLj;Jk;. ahiug;ghh;j;J Sir vd;W nrhy Comrade vd;W itj;jhh;fs;. vy;NyhUf;Fk; n - Njhoh;. >t;thwhf mikg;GKiw - mjpfhu nrhw;fs; khWk;, nkhopkhw;wk; Vw;gLk;. >e;jk vq;fSila r%fj;jpy; Vw;gltpy;iy. M nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. fy Nghd;wtw;wpd; fhuzkhf rfyUk; gbf;fpd;whh cj;jpNahfq;fs;. cj;jpNahfj;jpdhNy jh Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; r%fk; khWfpd;wng cs;sth;fs; NkYf;F tUfpwnghOJ gbg;gb khWk;? jpBnud;W khwhJ. me;jkhw;wk; >Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mjw;F murpay; jpirNehf;fp, xU r%f Kfk; Nehf;fp mjid tsh;j;Jf;nfh >y;yhtpby; Mgj;J Vw;gLk;. Vndd;why
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

fj; jkpo; vOj;jhsh;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; y. vOj;jhsh;fspilNa vy;yh >lq;fspYk; pwJ. >J epr;rakhf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 50,60 hsh; kyh;r;rp >af;fj;Jld; te;j tplak;. U Gul;rpte;j r%fky;y. Gul;rpte;j r%fk; ;dntd;why; Ke;jpa xU nghUshjhu dhU Gjpa nghUshjhu cwT Kiwf;F g; nghUshjhu KiwfSf;Nfw;w mjpfhu w;w Mszpfis GJf;ff;nfhz;LtUtjhd gah;jhd; Revolution - Gul;rp. vq;fSila ahd Gul;rp VJk; Vw;gltpy;iy. mt;thwhd g;gl;l rPdhtpYk;, u\;ahtpYk;, `q;NfhpapYk; tof;fhWfs; kpfg;gbg;gbahfj;jhd; khwpd. ikg;G khwp me;jg; nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; #oy;fs; khWfpwNghJ, mjw;Nfw;w xU w - Power Structure tUfpwnghOJ - me;j jpUg;jp Vw;gLfpw NghJjhd; mJ rhpahf xU rpwpa gpur;rpid >Ue;jjhy;jhd; 1917>y; tpOe;jJ. me;jg; gpur;rpid fhuzkhfj;jhd; ;Gul;rpapy; >t;tsT khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
vd;fpw xd;W >Uf;fpwJ. mJ khwpf;nfhz;Nl ; khWk;. mJ rfy tp\aq;fspYk; ghjpg;ig la cil, nkhop, Nghd;wtw;wpYk; ghjpg;ig h;j;J Sir vd;W nrhy;tJΠmjw;fhfj;jhd; hh;fs;. vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthd xU nrhy; mikg;GKiw - mjpfhu Kiw khWfpwnghOJ pkhw;wk; Vw;gLk;. >e;jkhjphpahd khw;wq;fs; py; Vw;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; mbg;gilapy; s; Vw;gLfpd;wd. fy;tp, Rankhopf;fy;tp hf rfyUk; gbf;fpd;whh;fs;. gbj;jgbahy;jhd; j;jpNahfj;jpdhNy jhd; r%f me;j];J ; r%fk; khWfpd;wnghOJ - mbepiyapy; tUfpwnghOJ gbg;gbahf me;j mk;rq;fs; hwhJ. me;jkhw;wk; nghJg;gilahdjhf murpay; jpirNehf;fp, murpay; Kfk;Nehf;fp p mjid tsh;j;Jf;nfhz;L nry;yNtz;Lk;. Vw;gLk;. Vndd;why; Fwpg;ghf >e;jpa
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r%fq;fspy; - >yq;ifapYk; $l xU g vd;dntd;why;, >e;jr; r%fq;fs; nghUshj Nky;epiyg;gl mth;fs; Nky;epiyapy; cs gz;ghl;L epakq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wthh;fs;. md Nfhapyhf khWk;. ituth; gps;isahuhf NfhapYf;F tpsf;F itj;jth;, itutUf;F tps itutUf;F tpsf;F itj;jth; gps;isahU >e;jkhjphpahd khw;wq;fs; gbg;gbahf tUk vq;fSila me;juq;fkhd cwTfis itj;Jf;nfhz;L ntspahy; Goq;FfpwNghJ - fe;Njhhpy; ghh;g;gjpy;iy. g];]py; ghh;g;gjpy ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ mjdhy; rz;il ele;jJ. FLk;gj;jth; xUth; g];]py; Ngha;te;jhy;, Ntl Fspg;ghh;. Jlf;F vd;fpd;w xU ek;gpf;if vd;fpw xU ek;gpf;if vq;fSila r%fj;j mJ jz;zPuhy;jhd; tUk; jz;zPuhy;jhd; Ng gbg;gbahf khwpf;nfhz;L tUk;. cLg;Gfis vd;Dila mk;khtpw;F rl;il NghLfpw Mf;f vd;Dila ghl;b (tsh;j;j mj;ij) nrhy;thh mg;gbj;jhd; NgRths;“ vd;W. mtTf;Fj;n G+l;lg;gps;isfs; vy;NyhUk; >g;nghOJ >itfnsy;yhk; >g;nghOJ fl;lhak; khW ehq;fs; gpuf;iQG+h;tkhf Nkw;nfhz;L nry;y murpay; jpirNehf;fp Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW Kw;Nghf;F. mjw;FNtz;ba Poltical dire khh;f;]pak;. khwhNjh vd;W Nfl;lhy; khwh jpBnud;W khwhJ. gbg;gbahfj;jhd; khWk;. K nad;W nrhy;yhky; >g;g >Uf;fpw khw;wj;i jf;fjhf >Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
vdf;Fj; njhpe;j xU Gfo;ngw;w nkhopa xUth;, >d;W >e;NjhNdrpah ehisf;F >e xU kdpjh; >Uf;fpwhh;. mtUila tPl;by; m glk; >Uf;fpwJ. jhapd; glj;ijg; ghh;j;jNgh ntWk; jhtzp khj;jpuk;jhd; Nghl;bUe;jhh;. m iff;Nfhs Kjypahh; FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jt ghh;j;J kpfTk; re;Njhrkile;Njd;. ”>J mk;k
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;ifapYk; $l xU gpur;rpid >Uf;fpwJ. ; r%fq;fs; nghUshjhuk; khw, me;j];J s; Nky;epiyapy; cs;th;fs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w g; gpd;gw;Wthh;fs;. md;dkhh;Nfhapy; ituth; tuth; gps;isahuhf khWth;. md;dkhh; j;jth;, itutUf;F tpsf;F itf;f >ayhJ. itj;jth; gps;isahUf;F itf;f >ayhJ. ;fs; gbg;gbahf tUk;. ehq;fs; vy;NyhUk; uq;fkhd cwTfis >drdq;fNshL pahy; Goq;FfpwNghJ mg;gbg; ghh;g;gjpy;iy y. g];]py; ghh;g;gjpy;iy. Kd;dh; g];]py; y; rz;il ele;jJ. Kd;ngy;yhk; vdJ ;]py; Ngha;te;jhy;, Ntl;bnay;yhk; Njha;j;Jf; ;fpd;w xU ek;gpf;if - Sense of pollution vq;fSila r%fj;jpy; >Uf;fpwjy;yth - Uk; jz;zPuhy;jhd; NghFk;. >itnay;yhk; ;L tUk;. cLg;Gfis vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;, rl;il NghLfpw Mf;fisf; fhl;lKbahJ. h;j;j mj;ij) nrhy;thh;, ”mts; rl;ilf;fhhp- ;“ vd;W. mtTf;Fj;njhpahJ mtTila ;NyhUk; >g;nghOJ rl;ilf;fhupfs;jhd;‰ ghOJ fl;lhak; khWk;. me;j khw;wj;ij hf Nkw;nfhz;L nry;yNtz;Lk;. mjw;nfhU Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW Kd;Nd nry;tJjhd; tz;ba Poltical direction nfhLg;gJjhd; vd;W Nfl;lhy; khwhky; tplhJ. Mdhy; ;gbahfj;jhd; khWk;. Ke;jpdijAk; >y;iy g;g >Uf;fpw khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj; ;Lk;.
xU Gfo;ngw;w nkhopapaw;Jiwg; Nguhrphpah; Ndrpah ehisf;F >e;jpah vd;W jphpfpd;w ;. mtUila tPl;by; mtuJ jhahhpd; nghpa d; glj;ijg; ghh;j;jNghJ rl;ilfpilahJ - k;jhd; Nghl;bUe;jhh;. mth;fs; nrhy;yg;gl;l FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;. ehd; glj;ijg; kile;Njd;. ”>J mk;khtpd; gle;jhd;“ vd;W
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mth; vdf;Ff; $wpdhh;. ehd; nrhd;Ndd; ”mk;k ghh;f;f >J Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpd; tuyhW“ vd;N vd;W vijAk; nrhy;y KbahJ.
>ijj;jhd; fl;blf;fiyapy; cs;s nr fPo;f;fl;Lkhdk;, Nky;fl;Lkhdk; vd;W fk;A+d cz;ikapy; >g;NghJ mtw;iwf;$l khh;f;]pa jpy;iy. Ravan Williams vd;gth; nrhd;dhh; jhf;Fk;, fPo;f;fl;LkhdKk; Nky;fl;Lkhdj;i mbg;gilahf xd;W tsh;j;njLf;fg;gLnkd gl;lJk; vq;fisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
jpUehTf;fuR ehadhh; ‘Fyk; nghy;Nyd FbAk; nghy;Nyd;’ vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;. e Ntz;Lnkd;why; me;jj; Njthuj;ijj; J}f;f Ghpe;Jnfhs;s my;yth Ntz;Lk;. mth; jk;Ki nrhd;dijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mji vd;why; >y;iy. mjidnay;yhk; kh gbg;gpf;fpNwd;.
‘epyj;jsNt MFkhk; ePuhk;gy;? jhd;ngw;w Fzk;’ vd;whh; xsitahh;. mg;nghOJ >Ue rhpahf >Ue;jJ. >g;NghJ khwpf;nfhz;L vd;d ntd;why; ehq;fs; rfyUf;Fk; ng ftdj;ijr; nrYj;JfpNwhk;. >J Rk;kh t [dehaf kuG >Ue;jJ. me;j [dehafk; m >Ue;jJ. gpd;Gjhd; r%f [dehafkhf khwpa fl;rpf;Fg; ngah; Social democrets. vq;fSf;F [dehafk; Vw;gltpy;iy. murpay; [deha r%f [dehafk; tUk;? mJ gbg;gbahfj;j r%fj;jpy; rpy tifghLfs;, Statification - xU >y;yhky; NghfhJ. kdpjj;Jtj;ij Nehf >itnay;yhk; >y;yhky; NghFk;.
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;. ehd; nrhd;Ndd; ”mk;khtpd; glk; vd;gjpYk; fhyj;jpd; tuyhW“ vd;Nwd;. mg;Ngh khwhJ
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f;fiyapy; cs;s nrhy;iyf; fld;thq;fp l;Lkhdk; vd;W fk;A+dp]j;jpy; nrhy;thh;fs;. mtw;iwf;$l khh;f;]pathjpfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;t s vd;gth; nrhd;dhh;, ‘Nky; fl;LkhdKk; Kk; Nky;fl;Lkhdj;ijj; jhf;Fk;’. xd;wpd; tsh;j;njLf;fg;gLnkd;why; me;j tsh;f;fg; jpf;Fk;.
dhh; ‘Fyk; nghy;Nyd; Fzk; nghy;Nyd; vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;. ehq;fs; rhjpnahopg;G j; Njthuj;ijj; J}f;fpnawptjhŒ mjidg; Ntz;Lk;. mth; jk;Kila kdnefpo;Tfisr; fhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjid ehd; ek;GfpNwNdh mjidnay;yhk; khzth;fSf;Fe;jhd;
hk; ePuhk;gy;? jhd;ngw;w Fyj;jsNt MFkhk; ahh;. mg;nghOJ >Ue;j rKjhaj;jpw;F mJ ;NghJ khwpf;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. fhuzk; ;fs; rfyUf;Fk; nghJthd khDlj;jpy; pNwhk;. >J Rk;kh te;jjy;y. >jpy; xU J. me;j [dehafk; murpay; [dehafkhf f [dehafkhf khwpaJ. u\;ahtpy; me;jf; al democrets. vq;fSf;F cz;ikapy; r%f ;iy. murpay; [dehafk;jhd; te;Js;sJ. k;? mJ gbg;gbahfj;jhd; tUk;. MdhYk; Lfs;, Statification - xU gbepiy Mf;fq;fs; kdpjj;Jtj;ij Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; ky; NghFk;.
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jkpofj;Jf;F ntspNa >Ue;J mioj;jpUe Nguhrphpah;fspy; xUth; tutpy;iy. te;jth;f gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; >yf;fpa - rk];fpUj ngah;ngw;wtuhd v];.vk;.fhj;Nu. mth; rk nkhopapay; mwpQh;. >e;jpahitg; nghWj %yghl jpwdha;T vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w, %ygpjh vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. ehd; jQ;rhT+U MW khjk; gzpahw;wpNdd;. Nguhrphpah; tp. I. xUgzp je;jhh;. ”ePh; vijg;gw;wp >q;F Ma vd;W vd;dplk; tpdhtpdhh;. ehd; gy vOjpf;nfhz;L nrd;Nwd;. mijg; ghh;j;Jtpl;L, nra;aNtz;btUk; Nghy; >Uf;fpwJ vdf; $ Kbf;ff;$bajhd jkpNohL rk;ge;jg;gl;l nra;tijNa mth; tpUk;gpdhh;. ehd; $wpNd tuyhW vd;w ghlk; vt;thW tsh;e;Js;sJ mwptjw;F VjhtJ tha;g;Gfs; cz;lhŒ Vjh njd;gLfpd;wdthŒ vd;W ghh;g;Nghk;. mji “vd;Nwd;. ‘jkpopy; >yf;fpa tuyhW’ vd;fpd mq;F nra;Njd;. mjidj; jkpo;g; gy;f Mq;fpyj;jpy; gpuRhpj;jJ. Literary history in T ehd;F fl;Liufis ehd; thrpj;J, mJ rk;g mioj;J xU nghpa fUj;juq;F elj;jp, mjpy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mf;fl;Liufis kPs mjd; gpd;dh; gpuRuQ; nra;Njd;. >d;W ‘jkpo vd;w me;j E}y; jkpofj;jpYk; >yq;i khzth;fSf;F cjTfpw xU E}yhf >Uf;f gpwF nra;j xU Kf;fpakhd Ntiyfspy fUJfpNwd;. >jidr; nra;fpd;wNgh gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. gy;NtW j nrd;Nwd;. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tpUe;jpduhf mioj;jpUe;jhh;fs;. mg;NghJ mf];jpaypq;fk;, v];.b.rz;Kfk; Nghd;wth ngWk; tha;g;G vdf;Ff; fpl;baJ. me;j el;G > tUfpwJ. mJkhj;jpukd;wp jkpo;j; JiwapypU vd;gtNuhL ehlfk; gw;wpnay;yhk; ciuahbN khztuhf >Ue;jth;jhd; jp.K.f.tpy; Nghf;F >Ue;j nghd;Kb. mg;gbahd cwTfnsy;y ghz;br;Nrhp French Institute f;F tp. vr;. R
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>Ue;J mioj;jpUe;jhh;. mth; mioj;j h; tutpy;iy. te;jth;fspy; xUth; >e;jpag; >yf;fpa - rk];fpUj JiwfspNy kpfTk; ;.vk;.fhj;Nu. mth; rk];fpUjg; Nguhrphpah;? >e;jpahitg; nghWj;jtiuapy; mth;jhd; ;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w, ghlMa;tpaypDila ;yyhk;. ehd; jQ;rhT+Uf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F dd;. Nguhrphpah; tp. I. Rg;gpukzpak; vdf;F vijg;gw;wp >q;F Ma;Tnra;ag; NghfpwPh;Œ“; dhtpdhh;. ehd; gy;NtW tplaq;fis d;. mijg; ghh;j;Jtpl;L, mjpy; epiwa Ntiy hy; >Uf;fpwJ vdf; $wp, MW khjj;jpw;Fs; pNohL rk;ge;jg;gl;l Xh; Ma;tpid ehd; pUk;gpdhh;. ehd; $wpNdd;, ”jkpopy; >yf;fpa vt;thW tsh;e;Js;sJ -mjD}lhf ehq;fs; a;g;Gfs; cz;lhŒ VjhtJ Gjpa tp\aq;fs; d;W ghh;g;Nghk;. mjid ehd; nra;ayhk; f;fpa tuyhW’ vd;fpd;w Muha;r;rpia ehd; jidj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk; Kjypy; J. Literary history in Tamil vDk; jiyg;gpy; hd; thrpj;J, mJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l mwpQh;fis Uj;juq;F elj;jp, mjpy; Vw;gl;l thjq;fis ;L mf;fl;Liufis kPs; ghpNrhjid nra;J, nra;Njd;. >d;W ‘jkpopy; >yf;fpa tuyhW’ kpofj;jpYk; >yq;ifapYk; cah;epiy fpw xU E}yhf >Uf;fpwJ. ehd; PhD. f;Fg; f;fpakhd Ntiyfspy; xd;whf >jidf; dr; nra;fpd;wNghJ ehd; gy;NtW r; nrd;Nwd;. gy;NtW jkpo;f; fy;Y}hpfSf;Fk; yg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; vd;id >uz;L thuk; ;jpUe;jhh;fs;. mg;NghJjhd; Nguhrphpah;fs; ;.b.rz;Kfk; Nghd;wth;fis ez;gh;fshfg; ; fpl;baJ. me;j el;G >d;WtiuAk; njhlh;e;J d;wp jkpo;j; JiwapypUe;j MW. mofg;gd; ;wpnay;yhk; ciuahbNdd;. me;j ehl;fspy;, hd; jp.K.f.tpy; Nghf;F tuj;J mikr;ruhf ;gbahd cwTfnsy;yhk; vdf;F Vw;gl;ld. stitute f;F tp. vr;. Rg;gpukzpak; mth;fs;
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vd;idg;gw;wpr; rpghh;R nra;J xU fbjk; xUthufhyk; mth;fsJ nrytpy; jq;Ftjw;F mq;F fpilj;j mDgtk; kpfg; nghpaJ? kw mw;Gjkhd E}yfk; >Ue;jJ. vkJ goe;jkpo; E E}y;fs; vy;yhtw;wiwAk; gpnuQ;rpw;F nkho rq;f >yf;fpak; gw;wpa mfuhjpfspy; gpuQ;R mfuhjpjhd; >d;Wk; rpwg;ghdjhf tpsq;FfpwJ fisf; nfhz;lJ. mq;Fs;s mwpQh;fSld Vw;gl;lJ. Nfhghy; Iah; vd;gtUld; N fpilj;jJ. mj;Jld; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofj;j Mh;.vk;. Re;juk;, nts;is thuzdhh; ek;g Kfdhh;, V. v];.uhkd;, uhk eurd;, KUf ;Jiwg; Nguhrphpah; Rg;guhAY, nkhopapay; Ji cs;s Nguhrphpah; muq;fd;, itahGhpg;gps;is K. rz;Kfk;gps;is Nghd;w gyUld; goFk rpyk;nghyp nry;yg;gd; mq;F gjpthsuhf vy;NyhiuAk; re;jpg;gjw;fhd tha;g;G Vw;gl kpf kpf tskhfg; ngUfpw;W vd;W nrhy fl;lj;jpNyjhd;, m. khh;f;];, ngh. NtYrhkp vd;idr; re;jpj;J mstshtpdhh;fs;. gpw;fhy ehl;by; Kf;fpakhd vOj;jhsh;fshf, tpkh;rfh fUj;J tpj;jpahrk; nfhz;L tp\aq;fis tpt >Ug;gJ vdf;Fg; ngUikahfTk; re;Njh\k
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Kd;Ndw;wf;fofj;jpd; Njhw;wk;gw;wp xU mg;NghJjhd; Nf.vd;.gzpf;fh; - >uhjhfpU\;z nrk;gfy„;kp gp.rp.[apd;, kPdhl;rp Nghd;w kpfg Mrphpah;fisr; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ Vd; ePyfz;l rh];jphpf;Fg;gpd;dh; mid vLgltpy;iy vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; mt NghJjhd; njhpa te;jJ. jpuhtplf; fl;rpfspd Fwpg;ghf mjd; nry;thf;Ff; fhuzkhf jk tuyhW vOjKidAk; nghOJ, mf;fUj;J KiwikapYk; fUj;Jf;fspd; js epiyfs; gw gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpd. jpuhtplf; fUj;J jkpo;ehl;bd; kjg;gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rpapidg; Gw >yf;fpaq;fs; kjk;rhh; >yf;fpaq;fs;gw;wp list) Nghf;Ffisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. >jdh ehl;ilAk; midj;jpe;jpag; gpd;Gyj;jpy; Kiwikapy; CW Vw;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf gz;i fhyk; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;l rpy fUj;Jf;fs; tuyhw >Ue;jd. cjhuzkhf njhy;fhg;gpak; fp.K. Ke;jpaJ vd;W nrhy;tJ Nghd;w fUj fUj;Jf;fs; tuyhw;wpd; kw;iwa rhd;WfSld >Ue;jJ. xd;W thjplTk;, >uz;L jq;f epiyepWj;jTk; jaq;Ffpw - vLj;J NgRfpw >Uf;ftpy;iy. ghyr;re;jpud; vd;fpd;w xUth fy;Y}hpapy; >Ue;jhh;. mth; etPd tuyhw; gioa >e;jpahitg; nghWj;jtiuapy;, Nf.N nghpa jhf;fj;jpid tl>e;jpahtpy; Vw;gLj;j tho;e;j me;j >uz;L thufhyKk; kpfr khj;jpuky;y >d;Wk;$l, rpyNtisfspy;, gy;fiyf;fof;jpy; gbf;fpw khzth;fis - me khzth;fis vq;fsplk; nrd;W me;j tplaq;f vd;W Nkyplj;jpypUe;J mDg;Gthh;fs;. >Uf;fpd;wNghnjy;yhk; khzth;fs; vd;id mq;Fnrd;wgpd;dh;jhd; vdf;Fj;n vOJtnjy;yhtw;wpYk; epjhdkhf >Uf;fNtz vOJtijnay;yhk; mth;fs; kpff; ftd vd;Dila jpizgw;wpa fl;Liu mth;fSi xU Kf;fpakhd fl;Liu. mth;fs; vd;dplk; vd;dhy; gjpy; nrhy;yKbatpy;iy. Vnd
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>yf;fpaj;ij mbg;gilahf itj;Jf;nfhz;L vOjpNdd;. mth;fs; mjw;FNkyhy; nghU gw;wpnay;yhk; Nfl;lhh;fs;.
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mf;fUj;juq;F Kbe;jgpd; vy;NyhUk; mji fUj;juq;F vd;W nrhd;dhh;fs;. ehq;fs; 200, 3 fUj;juq;F vd;W epidf;fpd;Nwhk;. md;W Ie tp\aq;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhdit. me;jf; f ngz;, jhd; K];ypk; ngz;fSld; fye;Jiua $wpdhh;. ehd; nrhd;Ndd;, mth;fSld; cq;fSf;Fr; re;jh;g;gk; fpilj;jpUf;fhNj K];ypk;fis vdf;Fj; njhpe;jpUe;jJ. ehd; gw;wpf; $wpaNghJ mth;fSf;Fg; Gjpjhf >U ngz;Zf;F XusT tpsq;fpaJ. Vndd;why Ma;T nra;jpUe;jhh;. xU ngz;Zf;F mt jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sKbAk; vd;w mtw;iwg;gw;wp nay;yhk; kpf tphpthff; fi
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fofj;jpd; JizNte;jh; mq;F te;jhh; . mth;
”ePh; vd;d nra;fpwPh;Œ“ vdf;Nfl;lhh;. Politici jiyg;gpy; Ma;T nra;tjhff; $wpNdd;. mg tphpthff; $Wk;gb Nfl;lhh;. mth; rh;tNjr hPj epGzh;. mg;gbahdthpd; gf;fj;jpypUe;Jnf Kd;Ndw;wf;fofj;ijg;gw;wpr; nra;fpNwd; $dpf;FWfpg;NghNdd;. How the concept of culture gw;wpf; Nfl;L, >e;j Aspect Ig; ghh;j;jPh;fsh ghh;j;jPh;fshŒ, Spanish tradition Ig;ghh;j;jPh;f vt;thW mjidg;ghjpj;jJ vd;nwy;yhk; Nfl;l NghJNk‰ mJ xU fy;nywpe;j khjphpj;jhd; Ribbles tuNt ehd; gyij mwpe;Jtpl;Nld;. me mEgtq;fs; vdf;F Vw;gl;ld.
>jd; gpd;G Peter Schalk RtPb\; NguhrphpaN fhuzkhf cg;rhyh gyfiyf;fofj;jpw;Fr; n khjk; Guest Professor Mf >Ue;Njd;. me;jf; f gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; cwTfs; Vw;gLj;jpNdd gj;kehjd;, Nguhrpah; NtYg;gps;is MfpNah gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; ehd; khzth;fSf;Fj; j >Ue;jJ. mth;fSila ghi\ RtPb\;. mwpT kpff; FiwT. ehq;fs; NgRfpd;w Mq Ghptjpy;iy. ehq;fs; gbg;gpf;fpd;w KiwapYk; m KbahJ. mq;Fs;s Department of Theology mq;Fs;s Sweedish Church f;F >e;jpahtpy Ruth Walden vd;w ngz;kzp mq;F jkpo; gbg;g mtUila fzth; xU Church Missonary. mt nra;jth;. me;jg; ngz; mq;F vd;id Intro vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU njhlh; tphpTiu epfo;j ehl;fs; me;j tphpTiufisr; nra;Njd;. m Ntz;ba tp\aq;fisAk; vOjpf; nfhLj;Nj tute of Asian Studies vd;nwhU epWtdk; cs;s RtPld;, Nehh;Nt, gpd;yd;l Mfpa ehd;F Mrpa fy;tp rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs; >Ue;jdh;. m Mf Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ehd;F ehLfspYKs;s fofq;fSf;F ehd; tphpTiufSf;Fr; nrd;Nw NghJ, ehq;fs; jiyg;Gfs; rpytw;iw Kd; vOjp mDg;g Ntz;Lk;. mjpy; mth;fs; tpUk;g
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

h; mq;F te;jhh; . mth; vd;idr; re;jpj;jNghJ, “ vdf;Nfl;lhh;. Politicization of culture vd;w ;tjhff; $wpNdd;. mg;NghJ mth; mJgw;wp l;lhh;. mth; rh;tNjr hPjpapy; rl;lj;jpy; nghpa hpd; gf;fj;jpypUe;Jnfhz;L, ehd; jpuhtpl g;gw;wpr; nra;fpNwd; vd;W $wpanghOJ How the concept of culture is politicized vd;gijg; Aspect Ig; ghh;j;jPh;fsh, French tradition Ig; h tradition Ig;ghh;j;jPh;fshŒ French tradition ;jJ vd;nwy;yhk; Nfl;lhh;. cz;ikapy; mJ y;nywpe;j khjphpj;jhd;. Fsf;fiuf;F me;j j mwpe;Jtpl;Nld;. me;jkhjphpahd kpfg;nghpa w;gl;ld.
halk RtPb\; NguhrphpaNuhL >Ue;j cwTfs; yfiyf;fofj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. mq;F %d;W f >Ue;Njd;. me;jf; fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghzg; cwTfs; Vw;gLj;jpNdd;. mjd; gpd;G mq;F NtYg;gps;is MfpNahh; nrd;wdh;. me;jg; hd; khzth;fSf;Fj; jkpo; gbg;gpf;f Ntz;b la ghi\ RtPb\;. mth;fSf;F Mq;fpy ehq;fs; NgRfpd;w Mq;fpyk; mth;fSf;Fg; bg;gpf;fpd;w KiwapYk; mth;fSf;Fg; gbg;gpf;f Department of Theology kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. hurch f;F >e;jpahtpy; njhlh;G >Ue;jJ. ;kzp mq;F jkpo; gbg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. Church Missonary. mth; >e;jpahtpy; Ntiy ; mq;F vd;id Introducing Tamil Literature jhlh; tphpTiu epfo;j;jr; nrhd;dhh;. Kd;W ufisr; nra;Njd;. mg;NghJ, mth;fSf;F Ak; vOjpf; nfhLj;Njd;. Scandinavion Insti- ;nwhU epWtdk; cs;sJ. mq;Nf nld;khh;f;, ;yd;l Mfpa ehd;F ehLfspYk; cs;s, l;lth;fs; >Ue;jdh;. mth;fSila Resercher hd;F ehLfspYKs;s xd;gJ gy;fiyf; phpTiufSf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. >t;thW nry;Yk; g;Gfs; rpytw;iw Kd;$l;bNa mth;fSf;F ;. mjpy; mth;fs; tpUk;gpa jiyg;gpy; NgRk;gb
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nrhy;thh;fs;. ehd;, Religion & Poetry -T vq;fSila >yf;fz mikg;gpy; rpy tpNrlk jiyg;Gfspy; vOjpf; nfhz;L nrd;Nwd;. vd >Uf;fpwJ, Lund gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Religio Experience, vd;w jiyg;gpy; gf;jp >yf;fpa mjpy; Mz;lhisg;gw;wpg; Ngrpa nghOJ m guage Kf;fpkhdJ vd;W $wpNdd;. mq;Fs;s fijiaf; Nfl;L, Mz;lhisg;gw;wpf; Nfl;L, gw;wpnay;yhk; Nfl;lhs;. me;jsTf;F Mh;t mq;F re;jpj;Njd;. gy;NtW gy;fiyf; kpfr;rpwe;jth;fis, gy;NtW Jiwfspy; c ehd; re;jpf;ff; $bajhf >Ue;jJ. mth;fs nra;fpw Muha;r;rpfs; vy;yhk; Kf;fpakhdit. tplaq;fisnay;yhk; mth;fs; gbj;jpUg;ghh
RtPb\; kugpy; ngsj;jj;ijg;gw;wpa nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. >yq;if, rPdh, jPngj; Ngh ngsj;jj;ijg;gw;wp kpf kpf EZf;fkhf M mth;fs; vd;Dld; fijj;jNghJ, vdf;Fg njhpahJ vd;W nrhy;yNtz;bapUe;jJ. M ngsj;j E}y;fisg;gw;wpg; NgRfpwNghJ mth;f Nfl;lhh;fs;. kzpNkfiyapy; cs;s ngsj;j Nfl;lhh;. ‘mwpnjhWk; mwpnjhWk; mwpahik mg;NghJjhd; njhpe;jJ. xd;iwg; GJf;fg; gbf;f >g;gbAk; ghh;f;fyhNk vd;W njhpahky; >U Njhd;wpaJ. mJ nghpa ce;jy;, gy tplaq;fis mJ xU Kf;fpakhd mDgtk;.
ehd; 1988y; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; f Nguhrphpauhf, Nguhrphpah; rQ;rPtpahy; mio ehd; mq;F nrd;wNghJ, rQ;rPtp Ngha;, n mq;F ehd; jkpo; ehl;by; mur cUth vz;zpapUe;Njd; mJ nghpa tplak;. MW khj mjd; gpd;dh; rq;f >yf;fpaj;jpy;, Organisatio in Ancient Tamil Nadu, A study of the Terms us literature Mfpad gw;wpnay;yhk; mq;F Ma;T >iw, Nfh, kd;dd;, muR, Nte;jd;, fpohd
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;, Religion & Poetry -The Tamil Experience, mikg;gpy; rpy tpNrlkhd mk;rq;fs; Mfpa nfhz;L nrd;Nwd;. vdf;F ed;whf Qhgfk; iyf; fofj;jpy; Religion & Poetry - The Tamil yg;gpy; gf;jp >yf;fpak; gw;wpg; NgrpNdd;. ;wpg; Ngrpa nghOJ me;j Mz;lhspd; Lan- $wpNdd;. mq;Fs;s xUngz;, Mz;lhspd; ;lhisg;gw;wpf; Nfl;L, Mz;lhspd; mDgtk; s;. me;jsTf;F Mh;tKs;s khzth;fis gy;NtW gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; cs;s y;NtW Jiwfspy; cs;sth;fisnay;yhk; hf >Ue;jJ. mth;fs; Nfl;fpw Nfs;tpfs;, y;yhk; Kf;fpakhdit. ehq;fs; vjph;ghh;f;fhj
mth;fs; gbj;jpUg;ghh;fs;.
ngsj;jj;ijg;gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; epiwar; q;if, rPdh, jPngj; Nghd;w ehLfspy; cs;s f kpf EZf;fkhf Muha;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ijj;jNghJ, vdf;Fg; ngsj;jj;ijg;gw;wpj; ;yNtz;bapUe;jJ. Mdhy; jkpopy; cs;s ;wpg; NgRfpwNghJ mth;fs; kpfTk; Mh;tkhff; yapy; cs;s ngsj;jk; vJŒ vd;W xUth; mwpnjhWk; mwpahik fz;lthW’ vd;gJ . xd;iwg; GJf;fg; gbf;fpw NghJjhd;, >jid vd;W njhpahky; >Ue;jNj vd;W vz;zj; ce;jy;, gy tplaq;fis thrpf;fj; J}z;baJ. mDgtk;.
d;idg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;Fj; jkpo;g; pah; rQ;rPtpahy; miof;fg;gl;Nld;. Mdhy; hJ, rQ;rPtp Ngha;, nghw;Nfh te;jpUe;jhh;. ehl;by; mur cUthf;fk; gw;wpr; nra;a nghpa tplak;. MW khjj;jpy; nra;aKbahJ. f;fpaj;jpy;, Organisation of Political Authority A study of the Terms used for rulers in Sangam pnay;yhk; mq;F Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhz;Nld;. muR, Nte;jd;, fpohd; >g;gbnay;yhk; gy
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nrhw;fs; >Uf;fpd;wd. >jpy; fpohidj; jtpu kw Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; vd epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUf Kjd; Kjypy; gue;j epyg;gFjpia Mz;ltd; v nghUe;Jgtd;, >izgtd;- Man who fits in - kd;dd; vd;w nrhy;iyg; ghh;f;f NtzL mijg;gw;wpnay;yhk; ehd; mq;F Ma;T nra mq;F >Uf;fpwnghOJ jkpo;ehl;L mwpQh;fs tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. nrd;idapy; cs;s vO ClhLfpw tp\aq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. Hindu gj;jph cld; njhlh;G te;jJ.- >yq;ifapy; gpu Nrh;e;jtd; ehd; vd;w jifikAk; > gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ehd; Ntiy nra;j khzth;fSk; te;J Nfs;tp Nfl;ghh;fs; nrhy;ypahf Ntz;Lk. mq;Fs;s fy;Y}hpfS $g;gpLthh;fs; mjw;nfy;yhk; NghfNtz;Lk;.
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>jpy; fpohidj; jtpu kw;w vy;yhk; kd;didf; epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. kd;dd;jhd; g;gFjpia Mz;ltd; vd ehd; epidf;fpNwd;. gtd;- Man who fits in - vd;w fUj;jpNyjhd; ;iyg; ghh;f;f NtzLk;Nghy; >Uf;fpwJ. ehd; mq;F Ma;T nra;Njd;.
jkpo;ehl;L mwpQh;fs; gyiuAk; fhz;fpd;w rd;idapy; cs;s vOj;jhsh;fs; gyUlDk; ; Vw;gl;ld. Hindu gj;jphpifiar; Nrh;e;j uhk; J.- >yq;ifapy; gpui[fs; FOtpidr; d;w jifikAk; >Ue;jJ. mj;NjhL ehd; Ntiy nra;j Jiwiar; rhuhj Nfs;tp Nfl;ghh;fs; mjw;nfy;yhk; gjpy; mq;Fs;s fy;Y}hpfSf;F tphpTiufSf;Ff; y;yhk; NghfNtz;Lk;.
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fh.rp.:fh.rp.:fh.rp.:fh.rp.:fh.rp.: ehd; mnkhpf;fhtpy; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F ehd; nrd;idapy; nra;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liu ja nrd;wNghJ, gpugy Nguhrphpah; George Hart >Ue;jhh;. ehd; mtUld; >ize;J Ntiy ehd; nrd;idapy; nra;j Ma;Tf; fl;L Nfl;NghUf;F xUehs; thrpj;Jf; fhl;bNd >Ue;jhh;fs;. mjpy; xU rk];fpUjg; Nguhrphpa nry;tjw;F Kjd;ehs; mq;F G+fk;gk; epf rk];fpUjg; Nguhrphpah; vd;dplk; Nfl;lhh;, Ea vg;gbr; nrhy;tJŒ vd;W. ehd; ‘G+fk;gk;’ vd clNd, vd;d cq;fSf;Fj; jkpopy; nrhy;N vd;gJ rk];fpUjr; nrhy; my;yth‰ vd;whh eLf;fk;’ vd;w nrhy; >Uf;fpwJ vd;Nwd;. ‘eLf;fk;’ vd;gJk; xd;wy;y -”Gambe and Nadu vd;whh;. mjd; gpwF ehd; vg;NghJk; M rk];fpUjj;jpy; >Ue;J jkpo;g;gLj;Jk;NghJ m fUj;ijf; nfhLf;fpd;wdthŒ vd;gijf; ft NtW fUj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwjh vdg; ghh;g;gJ
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y;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhff; y;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhff; y;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhff; y;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhff; y;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhff; nkhpf;fhtpw;Fr; nrd;wPh;fs; my;ythΠnkhpf;fhtpw;Fr; nrd;wPh;fs; my;ythΠnkhpf;fhtpw;Fr; nrd;wPh;fs; my;ythΠnkhpf;fhtpw;Fr; nrd;wPh;fs; my;ythΠnkhpf;fhtpw;Fr; nrd;wPh;fs; my;ythΠf;fofq;fspy; ngw;w mEgtq;fisf; f;fofq;fspy; ngw;w mEgtq;fisf; f;fofq;fspy; ngw;w mEgtq;fisf; f;fofq;fspy; ngw;w mEgtq;fisf; f;fofq;fspy; ngw;w mEgtq;fisf;
py; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. mg;NghJ ;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liu jahuhf >Ue;jJ. mq;F guhrphpah; George Hart jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhf ld; >ize;J Ntiy nra;tjhf >Ue;jJ. nra;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liuia, mq;Fs;s ; thrpj;Jf; fhl;bNdd;. Ie;J Ngh;jhd; U rk];fpUjg; NguhrphpaUk; >Ue;jhh;. ehd; ; mq;F G+fk;gk; epfo;e;jpUe;jJ. me;jr; ; vd;dplk; Nfl;lhh;, Earth quake f;F jkpopy; ;W. ehd; ‘G+fk;gk;’ vd;W nrhd;Ndd;. mth; f;Fj; jkpopy; nrhy;Ny >y;iyahŒ ‘fk;g’ rhy; my;yth‰ vd;whh;. clNd ehd;, ‘epy >Uf;fpwJ vd;Nwd;. mth; ‘fk;g’ vd;gJk; ;wy;y -”Gambe and Nadukkam are not the same“ ehd; vg;NghJk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; my;yJ jkpo;g;gLj;Jk;NghJ mr;nrhw;fs; rhprkdhd ;wdthŒ vd;gijf; ftdpg;gJ tof;fk;. mJ
f;fpwjh vdg; ghh;g;gJk; tof;fk;.
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me;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F ifyhrgj Nguhrphpah; Hart cld; NgRk;Nghnjy;yhk; etP goe;jkpo; >yf;fpak; gw;wpAk; ehq;fs; NgRt Mr;rhpaj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. >d;W tiuf;Fk; >Uf;fpwhh;. ehd; mq;F Ntiy nra;Ak;NghJ gpuhkzg;ngz; PhD.nra;jhh;. mth; jkpo;ehl;i Freeman vd;w kiyahs scholarI jpUkzk; n nrd;w jlit nfhOk;Gf;F te;jNghJ vd;idA nrd;whh;. jkpo;ehl;by; mth; gy re;jh;g;gq mq;Fs;s mwpQh;fSf;Ff; $wpapUg fypNghh;dpahtpy;jhd; Nguhrphpah; vkNdhitf Etimological mfuhjpia vOjpath;fs; >Ut vkNdh. kw;wth; Nguhrphpah; gNwh. Nguhrphpah; gN gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; flik Mw;wpath;. ehd; P gNwhTld; fijj;jpUf;fpNwd;. vdJ Nguhrphpah; jhldk; >y;yhjjhy; mth; gNwhTld; fijf;Fk filrp nts;spf; fpoikfspy; ehd; mthplk; N nghpa mEgtk;. xUKiw gNwh vd;idj; Nj nrd;wNghJ, Senior Common Roomy; xUth; Nguhrphpah;. gNwh vd;idg;gw;wp mtUf;Ff; $w ‘ePh; rpq;fs ehlfj;jpw;Fk; jkpo; ehlfj;jpw;Fk gw;wpg; Ngrhky;, Vd; fpNuf;f ehlfq;fisg; g vd;w njhdpapy; vd;idf; Nfl;lhh;. ehd; $wpNd gw;wpg; NgRfpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; jfty;fs; >y;i tsh;r;rpaile;j xU rKjhaj;NjhL nra;Ak;N vd;gjhNyNa ehd; >q;F te;J Ma;T nr nrhd;Ndd;.
Nguhrphpah; vkNdhTf;F mg;NghJ taJ >Ue;jhh;. mnkhpf;fhtpy; 70 taJjhd; Xa;T Nguhrphpah;fs; 75 - 80 taJtiu Ntiy taJ tiu Ntiy nra;J tpl;L mg;NghJ mth;. Toda Love Songs - njhJth;fSila Kf;fpakhd Ma;Tfis vOjpath;. >jw;Fk; vq kuGf;Fk; njhlh;G >Uf;fpwJ. mq;Fk; Rl;b ngwhh;. gf;fj;jpy; >Ug;gth;fSf;Fj; jtpu, ahh; fhjyp vd;gJ njhpahJ. mtUf;F K >Ue;jth;, xU rk];fpUjg; Nguhrphpah;. m mZthuha;r;rpj;Jiwg; Nguhrphpah; xUtUf;F
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;fofj;jpw;F ifyhrgjpAk; nrd;wpUf;fpwhh;. NgRk;Nghnjy;yhk; etPd >yf;fpak; gw;wpAk;, gw;wpAk; ehq;fs; NgRtJ mtUf;Fg; ngUk; ;jJ. >d;W tiuf;Fk; Hart vdJ ez;guhf Ntiy nra;Ak;NghJ, Rkjp uhkrhkp vd;w ;jhh;. mth; jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. Richard scholarI jpUkzk; nra;jpUe;jhh;. mg;ngz; f;F te;jNghJ vd;idAk; te;J ghh;j;Jtpl;Lr; ; mth; gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; vd;idg; gw;wp fSf;Ff; $wpapUg;gjhf mwpfpNwd;. Nguhrphpah; vkNdhitf; fz;Nld;. Travidian a vOjpath;fs; >Uth;. xUth; Nguhrphpah; hpah; gNwh. Nguhrphpah; gNwh Kd;dh; xf;];Nghl; ik Mw;wpath;. ehd; PhD.nra;Ak; fhyj;jpy; pNwd;. vdJ Nguhrphpah; njhk;rDf;Fj; jkpopy; th; gNwhTld; fijf;Fk;gb $Wthh;. khjj;jpd; kfspy; ehd; mthplk; Ngha; fijg;Ngd;. mJ iw gNwh vd;idj; NjePh; mUe;j mioj;Jr; mmon Roomy; xUth; >Ue;jhh;. mth; xU dg;gw;wp mtUf;Ff; $wpdhh;. mg;NghJ mth;, k; jkpo; ehlfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s xw;Wikiag; pNuf;f ehlfq;fisg; gw;wpr; nra;a tUfpwPh;Œ’ f; Nfl;lhh;. ehd; $wpNdd;, ‘jkpopy; ehlfq;fs; dhy; jfty;fs; >y;iy. mjdhy; ehlfk; Kjhaj;NjhL nra;Ak;NghJ kWnkhop tUk; q;F te;J Ma;T nra;fpNwd;’ vd;W gjpy;
hTf;F mg;NghJ taJ 82. jplfhj;jpukhf py; 70 taJjhd; Xa;T ngWk; taJ. nghpa 0 taJtiu Ntiy nra;ayhk;. mth; 80 ra;J tpl;L mg;NghJ Xa;T ngw;wpUe;jhh;. s - njhJth;fSila fhjy; ghly; gw;wpa vOjpath;. >jw;Fk; vq;fSila mfg;ghly; f;fpwJ. mq;Fk; Rl;b xUth; ngah; nfhsg; g;gth;fSf;Fj; jtpu, >jpy; ahh; fhjyd; - jhpahJ. mtUf;F Kd;G mtuJ >lj;jpy; ;fpUjg; Nguhrphpah;. mg;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ; Nguhrphpah; xUtUf;F flTspd; tpRt&gk;
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gw;wpa gftj;fPij RNyhfj;ij me;j rk tpsf;fpapUe;jhh;. mZf;Fz;L ntbj;jNghJ, me;jg; Nguhrphpah;, jdf;F rk];fpUjg; Nguhrphpa - ”Mapuk; Nfhb #hpag;gpufhrk;’ vd;W rk];fpUj me;j RNyhfNk Qhgfk; te;jjhf, Brighter th jdJ E}ypy; tpghpj;Js;sjhff; $wpajhf, vkN ehq;fs; tof;fkhfr; nry;Yk; ghijapy;, xU m Xh; >lk; >Ue;jJ. me;j >lj;ijf; fhl;b, >q;Fj Nguhrphpah; >Ue;jhh; vd vkNdh $wpdhh;. Ng fijj;jJ nghpa mEgtk;. kW ehSk; ehd tpUk;Gtjhff; $wpNdd;. mth; mLj;j ehs Njb te;J tpl;lhh;. vkNdh nghpakdpjh;. m ngUk; ghf;fpak;? tuk; vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.
me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; fypNghh;dpahtpy; c #ud;Nghh; ele;jJ. fe;j\\;b tpujfhyk;. e ngz;Zld; me;jf; NfhtpYf;Ff; fhhpy; n Hart>d; kidtp. mg;ngz; fe;j\\;b tpuj md;W khkprk; cz;gijj; jtph;j;J mtSl msntl;b RthkpAld; rk;ge;jKila xUth mq;F G+i[ nra;jhh;. mJ NtnwhU mEgt
mq;Fs;s ehlfj;Jiwf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. j mjpy; ehlfq;fs; elf;fpd;w tpjk; >tw;iw fpNuf;f muq;fpd; khjphpia itj;jpUf;fpwhh;f
kw;wJ, rk];fpUjj; Jiwapy; >Ue;jth;fN nra;jJ. vd;Dila nrhe;jj; Njly;fSf;fhf mnkhpf;fhthy; ekJ ehl;by; >Ue;J thq;fg;gL mq;fpUe;jd. jkpoh; rhy;G, >yf;fpa tuyhW E}y;fs; vd;Dila Vnol;L E}y;fs; mq;fpU Tamil society mq;F >Ue;jJ . mJ nghpa t
ngh;fpypapy; Vw;gl;l >d;DnkhU mEgtk;. Heinz vd;w N[h;kd; NguhrphpaNuhL Nrh;e;J ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;j;Jf; n [|j >dj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;. mtUf;Fr; rk];f nfhQ;rk; njhpAk;. mth;fs; >Ue;j >lj khbg;gbfs; Vwpr; nry;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

Nyhfj;ij me;j rk];fpUjg; Nguhrphpah; f;Fz;L ntbj;jNghJ, mjid mtjhdpj;j ;F rk];fpUjg; Nguhrphpah; tpsf;fpa RNyhfNk pufhrk;’ vd;W rk];fpUjj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w k; te;jjhf, Brighter than thousand suns; vd;w ;sjhff; $wpajhf, vkNdh vd;dplk; $wpdhh;. y;Yk; ghijapy;, xU miutl;l mikg;Gila >lj;ijf; fhl;b, >q;Fjhd; me;jr; rk];fpUjg; d vkNdh $wpdhh;. Nguhrphpah; vkNdhTld; gtk;. kW ehSk; ehd; mtUld; fijf;f d;. mth; mLj;j ehs; jhdhfNt vd;idj; kNdh nghpakdpjh;. mtiu ehd; re;jpj;jJ
vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.
py; fypNghh;dpahtpy; cs;s Nfhtpy; xd;wpy; e;j\\;b tpujfhyk;. ehd; nfsry;ah vd;w NfhtpYf;Ff; fhhpy; nrd;Nwd;. nfsry;ah ;ngz; fe;j\\;b tpujk; >Ue;jhs;. ehDk; ijj; jtph;j;J mtSld; nrd;Nwd;. mq;F ; rk;ge;jKila xUth; >Ue;jhh;. mth;jhd; ;. mJ NtnwhU mEgtk;.
iwf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. jpwe;jntsp muq;F - f;fpd;w tpjk; >tw;iwnay;yhk; ghh;j;Njd;. phpia itj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.
; Jiwapy; >Ue;jth;fNshL ehq;fs; Ntiy rhe;jj; Njly;fSf;fhf ehd; Ngha;g; ghh;j;jJ. hl;by; >Ue;J thq;fg;gLfpd;w E}y;fs; vy;yhk; hy;G, >yf;fpa tuyhW, ifyhrgjpapDila ol;L E}y;fs; mq;fpUe;jd. Drama in ancient Ue;jJ . mJ nghpa tp\ak;.
>d;DnkhU mEgtk;. ehd; nrd;w Neuj;jpy; NguhrphpaNuhL Nrh;e;J Hart GwehD}w;Wg; py; nkhopngah;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. Hynes, th;. mtUf;Fr; rk];fpUjk; njhpAk;. jkpOk; th;fs; >Ue;j >lj;jpw;F ehd; Ie;jhW y;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ypg;l; >Uf;ftpy;iy.
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ehd; mq;F nrd;wNghJ Ie;jhW gps;isfs ghl;ilg; ghLthh;. gpd;dh; ghl;bd; fUj;ijr me;jj; jhsj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L mjw;N ehd; xUj;jd;jhd; mq;F fWg;gd;. >Ue;J Nf vd;id mwpahkNy ehd; jiy Ml;lj; njhlq ehDk; ed;F rpNdfpjkhfptpl;Nlhk;. mLj;jeh te;jhh;. te;J vd;dplk; nrhd;dhh;, ”>uT xU R ele;jJ. vdJ kfs; Nfl;lhs;, ‘me;j >e;jpa nfy;yhk; Vd; jiyairj;J >y;iy.. >y;i Why did that Indian shake his head and said no t ehd; mtSf;Fr; nrhd;Ndd;, mth; >y;iy mth;fs; urpg;gJ mg;gbj;jhd; -That is the w kfSf;F tpsf;fk; nfhLj;Njd; vd;whh;. eh vd;W urpj;jij, mtuJ kfs; >y;iy vd fUjpapUf;fpwhs;. >e;jkhjpahd mEgtk; fpilj;jJ.
mjd; gpwF ehd; `hthl; gy;fiyf;fo mq;F %d;W ehd;F ehl;fs;jhd; jq;fpa gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Anthropologyy; kpfg; ngh >Uth; mq;F >Ue;jdh;. xUth; v];.N[.jk ahy;kd;. jk;igah vd;id tuNtw;W, jha; j rikj;Jj;je;j ntz;bf;fha; Fok;G nra;J j rhg;gpl;Nld;. mtuJ kidtp rphpj;j Kfj;JlN vy;NyhUk; kfpo;Tld; ciuahbNdhk;.
`hthl; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy;, Theologic E}yfj;ij ehd; nrd;W ghh;j;Njd;. mq;F %d >Ue;jd. jpuhtplf; fofj;jpduhy; Nghw;wg;gLk gFj;jwpthsp, American Non beliver Md >q;fh mq;F >Ue;jd.
milahW gpuk;kQhd rq;fj;jpy; >uz >Ue;jdh;. xd;W Olcott Ml;fs;. kw;wJ Anni rpy FiwghLfis Olcot Ml;fs; Vw;Wf; nf gpuhkzpak; rk;ge;jg;gl;l rpy vjph;f;fUj;Jf;fi me;j tplaq;fs; vy;yhk; mtw;Ws; >Ue;j Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fSk; gpuRhpf;fg;glhky; >U khdit. mtw;iwnay;yhk; ghh;f;f Kbe;jJ
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

J Ie;jhW gps;isfs; #otpUe;jdh;. Hart ;dh; ghl;bd; fUj;ijr; nrhy;thh;. i`d;]; j;Jf; nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;wkhjphpg; ghLthh;. ;F fWg;gd;. >Ue;J Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;Njd;. d; jiy Ml;lj; njhlq;fptpl;Nld;. i`d;]{k; hfptpl;Nlhk;. mLj;jehs; i`d;]; vd;dplk; ; nrhd;dhh;, ”>uT xU Rthu];akhd tp\ak; Nfl;lhs;, ‘me;j >e;jpah; ePq;fs; nrhy;tjw; irj;J >y;iy.. >y;iy vd;W $wpdhh;Œ’ - ke his head and said no to everything you said?. d;Ndd;, mth; >y;iynad;W $wtpy;iy. ;gbj;jhd; -That is the way they appreciate vd fhLj;Njd; vd;whh;. ehd; jiyahl;b Mfh uJ kfs; >y;iy vd;W $wp kWj;jjhff; ;jkhjpahd mEgtk; vdf;F ngh;fpypapy;
`hthl; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. ehl;fs;jhd; jq;fpapUe;Njd;. mnkhpf;fg; nthropologyy; kpfg; nghpjhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;w dh;. xUth; v];.N[.jk;igah. kw;wth; E}h; ;id tuNtw;W, jha; jdf;F aho;g;ghzj;jpy; f;fha; Fok;G nra;J je;jhh;. ehd; Urpj;Jr; idtp rphpj;j Kfj;JlNdNa >Ug;ghh;. md;W ; ciuahbNdhk;.
f; fofj;jpy;, Theological Institute >y; cs;s ghh;j;Njd;. mq;F %d;W ehd;F Nfhitfs; fj;jpduhy; Nghw;wg;gLk; xU r%f tpQ;Qhdp, Non beliver Md >q;fh;rhy; gw;wpa jfty;fs;
hd rq;fj;jpy; >uz;L tpjkhd Ml;fs; t Ml;fs;. kw;wJ Anni Besant. >e;J kjj;jpy; lcot Ml;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;. - Fwpg;ghf ;l rpy vjph;f;fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;. ;yhk; mtw;Ws; >Ue;jd. rpy fbjq;fSk; gpuRhpf;fg;glhky; >Ue;jd. mit Kf;fpa y;yhk; ghh;f;f Kbe;jJ.
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mjd; gpd;G tp];nfhd;]pd; gy;fiyf;fofj vd;NdhL Ntiy nra;j xU G+kprh];jpug; Nguhr jkpoh; mq;F >Ue;jhh;. mtUld; jq;fpapU nay;yhk; ghh;j;Njd;.
mnkhpf;f tp[aj;jpy; vdf;F kpfKf `hthh;l;by; epd;wNghJjhd; xd;W njhpat mth;fs; Theological Institute>y; rkaj;ijg;gw;w rkak; gw;wpg; gbg;gpf;Fk;NghJ, Devotional A xU fUj;juq;F nra;fpwhh;fs;. mjpNy vq;f kpfTk; rpwg;ghdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; mt gad;gLj;jp ehad;khh; Mo;thh;fisg; gw;wpg tFg;ig Kjypy; nra;jth; V.Nf. >uhkhD[k;. mjw;Fg; gpd;G ahh; nra;tnjd;W me;jug;gl;L me;j khzth;fspy; rpyiu ehd; re;jpj;Njd gpuhkzg; igad;fs; >Uth; >Ue;jdh;. >yq;ifiag;gw;wp xU tphpTiu nra;Njd;. gyUk; te;jpUe;jhh;fs;. >q;F ”Under the bo My;kd; vd;gtUk; te;jpUe;jhh;. mthplk; N me;j khzth;fisr; re;jpf;Fk;gb $wpdhh Mrphpauhf >Ue;j rptg;gpufhrKk; mq;Fte xU tphpTiu epfo;j;jpdhh;. gpNukjh]htpd; NtW rpy vjph;ghh;g;Gfs; >Uf;Fk;. fWthf >e;j murpaypy; >Uf;fhJ vd;W ehd; Ngr mth; nrhd;dhh;, fdfhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF e ek;gpf;ifA+l;Ltjhd fUj;Jr;nrhy;fpwPh;fs; v
mth;fs; jkpo;g; igad;fs; mth;fSf;F nghpaJ - mg;gh;, Re;juh; vd;why; capiu tprak; mij vq;fSf;Ff; nfhQ;rk; nrhy;Yq ehd; mth;fSld;, Religion and poetry gw;wpg xU Kf;fpakhd fUj;J xd;W te;jJ. vq;fS fq;fis, Mo;thh; ghly;fis >yf;fpaq; >yf;fpaq;fshf tpkh;rpf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJjh
jpUQhdrk;ge;jUila Njthuq;fis ftpijfshfg; ghh;j;jpUf;fpd;Nwd;. mJ xU vd;Dila khzth; xUth; mijj; jdJ M nghUshff; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

hd;]pd; gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; nrd;W ghh;j;Njd;. xU G+kprh];jpug; Nguhrphpah; - xU >yq;ifj; h;. mtUld; jq;fpapUe;J mq;Fs;stw;iw
;jpy; vdf;F kpfKf;fpakhdJ ngh;fpyp. Jjhd; xd;W njhpate;jJ. vd;dntd;why; stitute>y; rkaj;ijg;gw;wpj;jhd; gbg;gpj;jhh;fs;. k;NghJ, Devotional Aspect and religion vd;w pwhh;fs;. mjpNy vq;fSila gf;jpkhh;f;fk; Ujg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; mth;fs; jkpo; %yj;ijg; ; Mo;thh;fisg; gw;wpg; ghh;f;fpwhh;fs;. me;j th; V.Nf. >uhkhD[k;. mth; fhykhfptpl;lhh;. ra;tnjd;W me;jug;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. pyiu ehd; re;jpj;Njd;. mjpy; njd; >e;jpa ; >Uth; >Ue;jdh;. ehd; mth;fSf;F tphpTiu nra;Njd;. me;j tphpTiuf;Fg; ;. >q;F ”Under the bow tree“ vOjpa E}wp e;jpUe;jhh;. mthplk; NgrpaNghJ mth;jhd; re;jpf;Fk;gb $wpdhh;. Kd;dh; tPuNfrhp ptg;gpufhrKk; mq;Fte;J khiy Neuj;jpy; pdhh;. gpNukjh]htpd; Ml;rpapy; epl;rakhf fs; >Uf;Fk;. fWthf;fhl;L vjph;ghh;g;Gfs; ;fhJ vd;W ehd; NgrpNdd;. mg;NghJjhd; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF ePq;fs;jhd; nfhQ;rk; fUj;Jr;nrhy;fpwPh;fs; vd;W.
gad;fs; mth;fSf;F jkpo; Vd; >t;tsT ;juh; vd;why; capiu tpLfpwhh;fNs‰ vd;d ;Ff; nfhQ;rk; nrhy;Yq;fs; vd;W Nfl;lhh;fs;. eligion and poetry gw;wpg; NgRk;NghJ vdf;F xd;W te;jJ. vq;fSila Njthu jpUthr ly;fis >yf;fpaq;fshf vOjNtz;Lk;. ;rpf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJjhd; mJ.
ila Njthuq;fis ehd; Vw;fdNt pUf;fpd;Nwd;. mJ xU Kf;fpakhd tprak;. Uth; mijj; jdJ Ma;Tf; fl;Liuf;fhd e;jhh;.
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NjthuKjypfspd; MSikfisg; g me;jg;ghly;fspd; >yf;fpar; Rit ed;F njhpa Re;juh;,
”%shj; jPNghy; cs;Ns fdd;W Kfj;jh MshapUf;Fk; mbahh; jq;fs; my;yy; n thshq;fpUg;gPh; jpUth&hPh; tho;e;J Nghj
%shj; jPNghy; cs;Ns fdd;W Kfj;jhy >Ue;jhy; vd;d nra;Ak; - Giff;Fk;, fz;Z vhpf;fhJ.
Msh >Uf;Fk; mbahh; jq;fs; - >e;j M Person vd;gjy;y - cd;Dila Ms; vd;why mbik - Ntiyahs; vd;gJ fUj;J. gy;yt >Jjhd; fUj;J.
”my;yy; nrhy;yw;fhy; thshq;fpUf;Fk; - mg;gh, rhp >Ue;jpl;Lg;Ngh.“ >t;thW vLj;Jf;$ ;Nghdhh;fs;.
”flTNs, Mz;ltNu, ehq;fs; cd;idg;gpu my;yh`;itg; ghh;j;J my;yh`; vq;fSf;F vd;nwy;yhk; cyfj;jpy; kjq;fs; NgRk;N jpUth&hpy; thOk; - rhpag;gh, eP juhtpl;lh itj;Jf;nfhs; vd;W >iwtidg; ghh;j;Jf; $ fpl;litj;j ghq;F. mJTk; me;jf; fh mk;ikiaAk; itj;Jj;jhd; ghlg;gl;lJ.
‘>uz;lhtJ gf;jpAfk;’ vd;W ehd; vO E}w;whz;Lfis) KUfidAk; mk;kidAk ghly;fs;. vj;jifa eakpf;f ghly;fs;‰ epw;gJNghd;w czh;tpidf; nfhLf;Fk; ghl
rfyfyhty;yp khiyapy; - NfhksNk vd gf;fj;jpNy epw;fpd;w cdJ kfis, cdJ tpLfpw khjphp >Uf;Fk;. mJkhj;jpuky;y xU vy;yh eiffisAk; nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L te;J >uj;jpdg; gjf;fKk; Kbe;jpl;l jhypaoFk;’ - m
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

; MSikfisg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJjhd;, ;fpar; Rit ed;F njhpatUfpwJ. cjhuzkhf
s;Ns fdd;W Kfj;jhy; kpfthb ahh; jq;fs; my;yy; nrhd;dw;fhy; Uth&hPh; tho;e;J NghjPNu....“
;Ns fdd;W Kfj;jhy; kpfthb - jP %shky; ;Ak; - Giff;Fk;, fz;Zf;Fs; Fj;Jk;- mJ
ahh; jq;fs; - >e;j Ms; vd;gjw;Ff; fUj;J d;Dila Ms; vd;why; - cdJ jdpg;gl;l ; vd;gJ fUj;J. gy;yth;, Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy;
;fhy; thshq;fpUf;Fk; - Ngrhky; >Uf;fpwpNa gh.“ >t;thW vLj;Jf;$w mth;fs; jpifj;Jg;
u, ehq;fs; cd;idg;gpuhh;j;jpf;fpNwhk;. my;yJ my;yh`; vq;fSf;F vy;yhk; jUthahf“ ;jpy; kjq;fs; NgRk;NghJ, thshjpUg;gpd; rhpag;gh, eP juhtpl;lhy; itj;Jf;nfhs;. eP iwtidg; ghh;j;Jf; $Wk; ghq;F, flTisf; mJTk; me;jf; fhyj;jpy; rptidAk; j;jhd; ghlg;gl;lJ.
pAfk;’ vd;W ehd; vOjpapUg;gJ (15 - 17 fidAk; mk;kidAk; itj;Jg; ghlg;gl;l eakpf;f ghly;fs;‰ flTspd; gf;fj;jpy; pidf; nfhLf;Fk; ghly;fs;.
yapy; - NfhksNk vd;W ghLk;NghJ cdJ cdJ kfis, cdJ jq;fr;rpiaj; jltp ;. mJkhj;jpuky;y xU ghlypy; mk;kDila nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L te;J ‘Kj;J %f;Fj;jpAk;, be;jpl;l jhypaoFk;’ - mk;kDila fOj;jpy;
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Kbe;jpl;l jhyp. xU ngz; jhyp fl;b re;Njhrg;glf;$ba Ms; ahh;Œ - me;jg; ngz mk;kh my;yJ rNfhjud;. mk;kd; rNfhjhp M of devotion >Uf;fpwNj, >J jkpopy; >Ue;J filrpapy; irjd;dpaUf;F nrd;wJ. >e;j jkpopy;jhd; njhlq;fpaJ. jkpopy;jhd; Kjd; K xU fhjyp >Uf;fpwhs; vd;w kuG >Uf;fpwJ. ‘e gps;sha;, eq;fha; vOe;jplha;“ - eg;gpd;id gw tUfpwJ. >e;j eg;gpd;idjhd; uhjhthf khw vd;gth; $Wfpwhh;. eg;gpd;id vd;why;, ekf vd;W nghUs;. ekJ jq;fr;rp. mtisf; fz Ngrg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mth;fs; jpUkzk; n vy;yhf;fhyj;jpYk; mth;fs; jpUkzk; nra;a vg;NghJk; mofhdts;, >sikahdts;. vg;Ng vg;NghJk; mUNf >Ug;gts;, vy;yhf; fhyj ngz;. tpUk;gj;jf;fts;. uhjh mg;gbj;jhd;. u miltjy;y Kf;fpak; - flTisj;NjLtJ entire thing was opened up. me;j khzth;fs; mJTk; MIT >y; Engineering nra;fpd;w j igad;fs;. mth;fSf;Fr; rpwpJ fho;g;Gz >itfs; >y;iyNa vd;W. >e;jf; Nfs;t Mshf;Fk;.
mjd; gpwF ag;ghd; nrd;Nwd;. XNdh vd flikahw;wpf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. \z;Kfj >lj;jpw;Fk; nrd;Nwd;. gpd;dh; kNyrpah, fofq;fSf;Fk; nrd;Nwd;.
ehd; Nfk;gphpl;[py; >Uf;Fk;NghJ, g yz;lDf;F tUtJ tof;fk;. mg;NghJjh gphpj;jhdpahtpy; >Ue;j mnkhpf;f mwpQh; Bir re;jpj;Njd;. >th;jhd; jkpof tuyhw;wpy; ePyf xU Kf;fpakhd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; mth; ePq;fs; xU >e;jpauh vd;W vd;idg;gh `hthapy; >Ue;jth;. Xa;tpd;gpd; te;jpU Gj;jfq;fis thrpj;jjhff; $wpNdd;. mth; cs;s rjfq;fis Kf;fpag;gLj;jpf; $wpdh ‘vq;fSf;F rjf >yf;fpaq;fs; nghpjhf >y
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

ngz; jhyp fl;bapUg;gijg; ghh;j;J s; ahh;Œ - me;jg; ngz;zpd; mg;gh my;yJ ud;. mk;kd; rNfhjhp Mfpwhs;. >e;j Source , >J jkpopy; >Ue;Jjhd; Muk;gkhfpaJ. Uf;F nrd;wJ. >e;j ‘uhjh’ topghL$l J. jkpopy;jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; fpU\;zDf;F vd;w kuG >Uf;fpwJ. ‘eg;gpd;id’ - ”eg;gpd;id ;jplha;“ - eg;gpd;id gw;wp Mr;rpah; Fuitapy; idjhd; uhjhthf khwpajhf V.Nf.k[{k;jhh; ;gpd;id vd;why;, ekf;Fg; gpd;Nd te;jts; jq;fr;rp. mtisf; fz;zDf;Fj; jpUkzk; th;fs; jpUkzk; nra;aNtz;bath;fs;. th;fs; jpUkzk; nra;aNtz;bath;fs;. uhjh ;, >sikahdts;. vg;NghJk; neUf;fkhdts;, g;gts;, vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk; mts; fd;dpg; ;. uhjh mg;gbj;jhd;. uhjh Culture flTis ; - flTisj;NjLtJjhd; Kf;fpak;. This up. me;j khzth;fs; Nfs;tp Nfl;fpwhh;fs;. gineering nra;fpd;w jkpo;ehl;Lg; gpuhkzg; f;Fr; rpwpJ fho;g;Gzh;T, rk];fpUjj;jpy; vd;W. >e;jf; Nfs;tpfNs Njly;fSf;F
; nrd;Nwd;. XNdh vd;w Nguhrphpah; mq;F ;bUe;jhh;. \z;Kfjh]; Ntiy nra;j ;. gpd;dh; kNyrpah, rpq;fg;G+h; gy;fiyf; wd;.
py; >Uf;Fk;NghJ, gphpl;b\; iygpuhpf;F tof;fk;. mg;NghJjhd; kpf Kf;fpakhd, mnkhpf;f mwpQh; Birturn Stine mth;fisr; jkpof tuyhw;wpy; ePyfz;lrh];jphpf;Fg; gpwF j;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf >Ue;jth;. pauh vd;W vd;idg;ghh;j;Jf; Nfl;lhh;. mth; ;. Xa;tpd;gpd; te;jpUe;jhh;. ehd; mtuJ hff; $wpNdd;. mth; tp[a efu fhyj;jpy; f;fpag;gLj;jpf; $wpdhh;. ehd; nrhd;Ndd;, ;fpaq;fs; nghpjhf >y;iy. ePq;fs; $WtJ
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vy;yhtw;iwAk; rjfj;Jf;Fs; vLf;fyhNkh n mth; clNd $wpdhh;. ‘ePq;fs; nfhQ;rk; ghh;j rpy rjfq;fSk; >Uf;fpd;wd. KOr; rj ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;’ vd;whh;. ”>tw;iwnay;yhk; vO ehq;fs; my;y“ vd;Wk; $wpdhh;. Birturn Stin >d;iwf;Fk; vd;idtpl;Lg; Nghft vOjNtz;batw;iw ahNuh vOJfpwhh;fs;.
Alf Hytal Bell vd;w mnkhpf;f khdpltpayhs jpnusgjp topghl;LKiwfs; gw;wp mf;F ghh;j;jpUf;fpwhh;. >J njhlh;ghf ehd;F Gj;jfq mth; vOjpa Gj;jfj;jpy; fhj;jtuhad; gw;wp > fhj;jtuhad; gw;wp ehd; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjN fhykhf epidj;jpUe;Njd;. ehd; mthplk; $w epw;gjw;F vdf;F kpfTk; ntl;fkhf fhj;jtuhaidg; gw;wp vOjpapUf;fpwPh;fs;. Md vOjtpy;iy’ vd;Nwd;. >g;gbahf gy;NtW gy NghtJ vq;fisf; $h;ikg; gLj;Jk;. vq;fi Ml;gLj;Jk;. mjd;fhuzkhf vq;fis tphpt
mz;ikapy; midj;Jyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp e Nguhrphpauhfr; nrd;Nwd;. vd;Dila gjt >yq;ifapy; gjtp Xa;T ngw;W mq;Fjh NghdNghJ Xh; vOj;jhsdhfr; nry;tjpY jkpowpQuhfNt nrd;Nwd;. ehd; gofpaJ KOf fSld;jhd;. Nguhrphpah;fs; Nrh.e.fe;jrhk nghw;Nfh, rp.rz;Kfk;, >stuR, >.Re;ju% kzthsd; MfpNahNuhLk; gofpNdd;. mjw;F tpkh;rfdhf, xU khh;f;]p];l; Mf gy >lq;fS >e;j Kiw Kw;W KOjhf xU jkpo; m vd;Dila ez;gh; xUth; >Jgw;wp, ”cq khwptpl;ld“ vdf; $wpf; Fiwg;gl;lhh;. ‘> te;J NgRfpwhh; >y;iyNa. mq;NfNa epw;fpwh Vndd;why; vq;fSila ghuk;ghpaq;fisAk; n apUf;fpwJ. Nguhrphpah; nry;tehafj;jplk; e my;yJ mth; gbg;gpj;j Kiw >itfnsy;y ehr;rpKj;JTf;F Nguhrphpah; NtYg;gps;isi >tw;iwr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ mth; mjid
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;Jf;Fs; vLf;fyhNkh njhpatpy;iy vd;Nwd;.’ ‘ePq;fs; nfhQ;rk; ghh;j;jpUf;fpwPh;fs;. NtWk; f;fpd;wd. KOr; rjfq;fisAk; ePq;fs; ;. ”>tw;iwnay;yhk; vOj Ntz;baJ ePq;fs;? ; $wpdhh;. Birturn Stine $wpa me;jr; nrhy; idtpl;Lg; Nghftpy;iy. ehq;fs;
hNuh vOJfpwhh;fs;.
mnkhpf;f khdpltpayhsh; jkpo; ehl;bypYs;s iwfs; gw;wp mf;FNtW MzpNtwhfg; hlh;ghf ehd;F Gj;jfq;fis vOjpapUf;fpwhh;. y; fhj;jtuhad; gw;wp >Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; d; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjNtz;Lk; vd;W ePz;l jd;. ehd; mthplk; $wpNdd;, ‘cq;fs; Kd; kpfTk; ntl;fkhf >Uf;fpwJ. ePq;fs; vOjpapUf;fpwPh;fs;. Mdhy; ehq;fs; >d;Dk; >g;gbahf gy;NtW gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fg; h;ikg; gLj;Jk;. vq;fisg; gpwnry;thf;fpw;F
zkhf vq;fis tphptilar; nra;Ak;.
j;Jyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdj;jpw;F tUifg; wd;. vd;Dila gjtp Xa;T mq;Fjhd;. Xa;T ngw;W mq;Fjhd; nrd;Nwd;. mq;F ;jhsdhfr; nry;tjpYk; ghh;f;f ehd; xU d;. ehd; gofpaJ KOf;f KOf;fj; jkpowpQh; pah;fs; Nrh.e.fe;jrhkp, mf];jpaypq;fk;, ;, >stuR, >.Re;ju%h;j;jp, jkpo;mz;zy;, Lk; gofpNdd;. mjw;F Kd;dh; vOj;jhsdhf, p];l; Mf gy >lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;wpUf;fpNwd;. Ojhf xU jkpo; mwpQuhfr; nrd;Nwd;. Uth; >Jgw;wp, ”cq;fSila el;GfNs wpf; Fiwg;gl;lhh;. ‘>th; vd;d vq;fsplk; Na. mq;NfNa epw;fpwhh;’ vd;W Fiwg;gl;lhh;. ghuk;ghpaq;fisAk; nrhy;yNtz;ba Njit ; nry;tehafj;jplk; ehq;fs; gbj;j Kiw, ;j Kiw >itfnsy;yhk; mq;F njhpahJ. rphpah; NtYg;gps;isiaj; njhpAk;. ehq;fs; NghJ mth; mjidg; Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhh;.
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nry;ykzp - kl;uh]; fpwp];jtf; fy;Y}hpa njhy;fhg;gpak; mfj;jpizapaiy nkhop n Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Kbe;jJ. >g;gbg; gy;NtW kl;l cs;s vy;NyhUlDk; goFk; tha;g;Gf; fpil
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jhq;fs; xU fk;A+dp];l; vd;w jhq;fs; xU fk;A+dp];l; vd;w jhq;fs; xU fk;A+dp];l; vd;w jhq;fs; xU fk;A+dp];l; vd;w jhq;fs; xU fk;A+dp];l; vd;w >q;Fs;s xU vOj;jhsd; vd;w tifapy; n >q;Fs;s xU vOj;jhsd; vd;w tifapy; n >q;Fs;s xU vOj;jhsd; vd;w tifapy; n >q;Fs;s xU vOj;jhsd; vd;w tifapy; n >q;Fs;s xU vOj;jhsd; vd;w tifapy; n kfhehLfs; rpytw;wpw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. kfhehLfs; rpytw;wpw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. kfhehLfs; rpytw;wpw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. kfhehLfs; rpytw;wpw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. kfhehLfs; rpytw;wpw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. gw;wpf; $Wq;fs;... gw;wpf; $Wq;fs;... gw;wpf; $Wq;fs;... gw;wpf; $Wq;fs;... gw;wpf; $Wq;fs;...
fh.rp. : fh.rp. :fh.rp. : fh.rp. :fh.rp. : u\;ahTf;F ehd;F jlitfs; nrd;w gy;fiyf;fofj;ij xU jlit nrd;W ghh;j >y; cs;s jkpo;g;Nguhrphpah;fSld; NgrpapU xUtiu jkpo; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; ghh;j;jpU mth;fis mq;F fz;Nld;. mth; jkpo; >yf E}y; vOjpapUf;fpwhh;. mtNuhL mJgw;wpnay;y >e;jpa tuyhw;Wld; rk;ge;jkhd xUtiur; khh;f;]pa tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mnyNa fhyk; gw;wpa xU >sk; tpw;gd;dh;. mth; vg gphpj;jhdpa FbNaw;w tuyhw;Wld; >i Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lth;. mth; khh tplaq;fisg; Ngrpdhh;. ehq;fs;jhd; khh;f;]pa gbj;jth;fs;, njhpe;jth;fs; vd;W epidj;J Mdhy; mtNuhL NgRk;NghJ mth; gy tpla mg;NghJjhd; ehd; Lesy Goonawardene vOj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;e;Njd;. mtNuhL NgRk gw;wpg; NgrpNdd;. >ijj;njhpe;jpUe;jjdhy ‘[hy;[hg;G’ nrhy;yKbe;jJ. nfhQ;rk njhpahjjw;F mJ vq;fsJ Area my;y vd mth; clNd jkpopy; >ijg;gw;wp vd;d nr Nfl;ghh;. mth; jdJ fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; jkpio Nfs;tp Nfl;ghh;. jkpo; >ijg;gw;wp vd;d >ijg;gw;wp vd;d ghh;f;fpwPh;fs;. mjpy; >g;gb >y;iyah vd;W Nfl;Fk;NghJ ehq;fs; gj me;j xU mwpT cq;fisf; $h;ikg;gLj;Jk;. e mg;NghJ mth;fs; ntspNa fhl;bf;nfhs;sk British scholars >Yk; American scholars vd;dntd;why;, British scholar Muk;gj;jpNy
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

; fpwp];jtf; fy;Y}hpapy; cs;sth;. mth; pizapaiy nkhop ngah;j;jth;. mtuhYk; . >g;gbg; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; >j;Jiwfspy; ; goFk; tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ.
U fk;A+dp];l; vd;w tifapy; my;yJ U fk;A+dp];l; vd;w tifapy; my;yJ U fk;A+dp];l; vd;w tifapy; my;yJ U fk;A+dp];l; vd;w tifapy; my;yJ U fk;A+dp];l; vd;w tifapy; my;yJ hsd; vd;w tifapy; ntspehLfspy; ele;j hsd; vd;w tifapy; ntspehLfspy; ele;j hsd; vd;w tifapy; ntspehLfspy; ele;j hsd; vd;w tifapy; ntspehLfspy; ele;j hsd; vd;w tifapy; ntspehLfspy; ele;j pw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. me;j mEgtq;fs; pw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. me;j mEgtq;fs; pw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. me;j mEgtq;fs; pw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. me;j mEgtq;fs; pw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sPh;fs;. me;j mEgtq;fs;
hd;F jlitfs; nrd;wpUf;fpNwd;. nkh];Nfh U jlit nrd;W ghh;j;Njd;. Oriental institute hrphpah;fSld; NgrpapUf;fpNwd;. mth;fSs; f;fofj;jpYk; ghh;j;jpUf;fpNwd;. me;jpuNeht; ;Nld;. mth; jkpo; >yf;fzk; gw;wp ey;y xU mtNuhL mJgw;wpnay;yhk; NgrpNdd;. gpd;dh; rk;ge;jkhd xUtiur; re;jpj;Jg; NgrpNdd;. mbg;gilapy; mnyNat; vd;gth; tp[aefu k; tpw;gd;dh;. mth; vg;gb tp[aefu fhyk; ;w tuyhw;Wld; >izfpwJ vd;gJgw;wp hz;lth;. mth; khh;f;]pak; gw;wpg; gy ;. ehq;fs;jhd; khh;f;]pak; gw;wp VNjh mjpfk; h;fs; vd;W epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;Njhk;. k;NghJ mth; gy tplaq;fisr; nrhd;dhh;. esy Goonawardene vOjpa rpy fl;Liufspd; h;e;Njd;. mtNuhL NgRk;NghJ me;jf; fl;Liu ijj;njhpe;jpUe;jjdhy;, njhpahjtw;wpw;F Kbe;jJ. nfhQ;rk; njhpe;jpUe;jjhy;, ;fsJ Area my;y vd;W nrhy;y Kbe;jJ. >ijg;gw;wp vd;d nrhy;ypapUf;fpwJ vd;W z;Nzhl;lj;jpy; jkpioAk; ghh;g;ghh;. mjpNy po; >ijg;gw;wp vd;d nrhy;fpwJ. jkpopy; ;fpwPh;fs;. mjpy; >g;gb >Uf;fpwjhΠ>Uf;fh ;Fk;NghJ ehq;fs; gjpy; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. sf; $h;ikg;gLj;Jk;. ePq;fs; vJTk; Ngryhk;. spNa fhl;bf;nfhs;skhl;lhh;fs;. k; American scholars >Yk; cs;s Fzk; h scholar Muk;gj;jpNyNa mjpfk; Ngrhd;.
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mtdplk; ePq;fs; xU ruf;Fs;s Ms; vd itg;gJ rpukk;. mtd; fzprkhfj;jhd; epw;ghd xU Gyikahsdhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F, ePq;f Ntz;Lk;. mtDld; NgRtJ vkJ mwpahiki mNdf re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mike;JtpLk;. vy;Nyhi gz;zpNdhk; vd;W nrhy;yKbahJ. rpyNgiu mth;fNshL njhlh;e;J el;G itj;jpUf;fpd;N tplaq;fnsy;yhk; vq;fSf;F tUk;.
gpwehl;L ey;ywpQh; njhlh;GNtz;Lk; v vj;jidNah tplaq;fisf; Nfl;ghh;fs;. u\;a Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; rq;fj;jpd; Mjutpy Asian Writers Conference f;F 1974>y; nrd;Nwd Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpa ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; cr;rf;nf ghh;j;Njd;. ig]; mfkl; ig];, r[;[j; rfPh;, kpfg;nghpa Ml;fisnay;yhk; Neuhff; fhZk irdhTf;Fk; NghNdd;. irdh mg;N mile;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ. mq;F 11 ehl;fs; nese Acadamy of social sciences >y; ehd; U delegation xd;Wld; nrd;Nwd;. mq;F fyhr jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;gJ gw;wpa k tpthjq;fs; vy;yhk; ele;jd. ehd; u\;a Mj MdhYk; me;j rPd Nrh\yp]j; jd;ik k ghh;j;jNghJ ehd; kpfTk; ftiyg;g irdhf;fhuh;fNshL NgrpNdd;. vq;fSila M >e;jg; nghpa xU ghpNrhjid tPzhfpwJ vd >Ue;jJ. mth;fSld; NgrpaNghJ >d;ndhU Nrh;e;Jnfhz;lhh;. mth;fs; vq;fisg;ghh tpjitfs;’ vd vq;fs; >UtUf;Fk; gl;lk; i mOJnfhz;bUf;fpwPh;fNs vd;W $wpdhh;fs vq;fSila Chpy; vd;id vy;NyhUk; khNt ghh;f;fpwhh;fs;. irdhtpy; cs;s rpy tpl mg;gbnad;W nrhd;Ndd;. me;jg; gz mbg;gilfisg; ghh;fpwNghJjhd; >e;j njhpate;jd. rPdh fk;A+dp]k; gutpa ngh Mase Thung vd;w rpwpa if E}y;fs; %ykh rPd vOj;J KiwikAk; vOJ KiwAk; te khNr Jq;fpd; vOj;Jf;fNshL jhd; rPd nkho epak nkhop te;jJ. mjw;F Kd;dh; i
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

ruf;Fs;s Ms; vd;W mtidf; fzpf;f fzprkhfj;jhd; epw;ghd;. Americans cq;fis w;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F, ePq;fs; cq;fis ep&gpf;f RtJ vkJ mwpahikia ntspf;fhl;Ltjhf mike;JtpLk;. vy;NyhiuAk; ehq;fs; Impress hy;yKbahJ. rpyNgiu Impress gz;zpNdhk;. el;G itj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. >e;j khjphpahd ;fSf;F tUk;.
h; njhlh;GNtz;Lk; vd;fpwNghJ, mth;fs; isf; Nfl;ghh;fs;. u\;ahTf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ ; rq;fj;jpd; Mjutpy; nrd;W mq;F Afro e f;F 1974>y; nrd;Nwd;. >e;jpa ghfp];jhdpa huk;ghpaj;jpd; cr;rf;nfhk;Gfs; vy;NyhiuAk; l; ig];, r[;[j; rfPh;, FNg\; Fg;jh Nghd;w y;yhk; Neuhff; fhZk; tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. Ndd;. irdh mg;NghJjhd; khw;wk; . mq;F 11 ehl;fs; jq;fpapUe;Njd;. Chi- sciences >y; ehd; United nation university rd;Nwd;. mq;F fyhrhug; Gul;rp vj;jifa paJ vd;gJ gw;wpa kpfg;nghpa fhurhukhd le;jd. ehd; u\;a Mjuthsdhf >Ue;Njd;. Nrh\yp]j; jd;ik khWfpd;wJ vd;gijg; ; kpfTk; ftiyg;gl;Nld;. mJgw;wp rpNdd;. vq;fSila Ml;fSlDk; NgrpNdd;. rhjid tPzhfpwJ vd;gJ vdJ ftiyahf ; NgrpaNghJ >d;ndhU ez;gUk; vd;Dld; th;fs; vq;fisg;ghh;j;J, ‘khNthTila ; >UtUf;Fk; gl;lk; itj;J, ePq;fs; >g;gb Ns vd;W $wpdhh;fs;. ehd; nrhd;Ndd;, ;id vy;NyhUk; khNthf;F vjpuhdtdhfNt tpy; cs;s rpy tplaq;fs; Ntwhdit. ;Ndd;. me;jg; gz;ghl;bd; jd;ikfs; ;fpwNghJjhd; >e;j tplaq;fs; vy;yhk; k;A+dp]k; gutpa nghpa ehL. Thoughts of pa if E}y;fs; %ykhfNt jug;gLj;jg;gl;l k; vOJ KiwAk; te;jJ. vOj;Jf;fspy;, - ;fNshL jhd; rPd nkhopapy;, irdh KOtJk; . mjw;F Kd;dh; irdhtpd; xt;nthU
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gpuNjrq;fspYk; xt;nthU Dielect . mjdhNyj mbj;J xt;nthUtUf;Fk; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. mJ dielect. >itnay;yhk; mq;F nrd;wjhNyjhd kl;lj;jpypUe;J ehq;fSk; Njitg;gLtijg; ghfp];jhDf;F - yh$Uf;Fk; NghdNghJ K rpyh; - >e;jpahitg;gw;wp Mh;tk; cs;sth;fs gw;wp kpfTk; Mh;tkhff; Nfl;lhh;fs;. mth;f xUikg;ghL gytPdkhf >Ue;jJ vd;gijg; jpUe;jhh;fs;. ehd; Social concerns of Tamil liter mq;Nf thrpj;Njd;. Mdhy; mth;fs; Nfl;lnjy gw;wp - mjd; gyk; gytPdk;gw;wp. xU ePz itj;jhh;fs;. mg;NghJjhd; cUJg; ghly;fs; ehd; mwpe;Njd;. ehd; >jid u\;ahtpYk; f ftpijia >urpg;gJ jdpj;JtkhdJ. vy;Ny jiyaizia itj;Jr; rha;e;J nfhz;bUg kw;wth;fs; >urpg;ghh;fs;. >j;jifa >urid $f;fh itj;Jf;nfhz;L Gifgpbj;Jf;nfhz;L > ghLthh;fs;. jkpo; >yf;fpaj;ij xUNghJ >urpg;gjpy;iy. >q;F >urpf;fpNwd; vd;W nrh nfhr;irg;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. gl;bkd;wq;fs;, rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs; ‘M`h CF’ vd;W >urpf CF’ vd;W >urpf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gjw;F tpsf;f
>tw;iwnay;yhk; ehd; kw;wth;fSf;Fr; nr vdf;F vOgj;njhU tajhfpwJ. >g;NghJ njhFj;Jr; nrhy;fpNwd;. cah; epiyapYs;s x xU trdk; Nghl;L >d;dhh; vOjpa >e;jf vLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W Nghl;lhy; NghJk;. me;jf; rPtpak; me;jf; fy;tpkhDf;Fk; >Uf;Fk;. m ifyhrgjpia jkJ fl;Liufspy; Nkw;Nfhs;fh >we;J >d;W 20 tUlkhfpwJ. tho;e;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwhh;.
mwpnjhWk; mwpnjhWk; mwpahik fz jha; jfg;gd; nra;j Gz;zpak;. vq;fsJ nfl;b yPtpy; NghfpwNghJ, >e;j yPtpdhy; >e;jg; g vd;d gad; fpilf;fpwJ vd ePq;fs; fUJ Nfs;tpapUf;Fk;. ehd; vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk vdJ khzth;fs; ed;ik milthh;fs;’ vd gp.vr;.b. nra;tJ xU kpff; f\;lkhd tpla
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

hU Dielect . mjdhNyjhd; rpwpa Gj;jfq;fspy; ;Fk; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. mJjhd; Kjy; Standard ; mq;F nrd;wjhNyjhd; njhpa te;jJ. me;j k; Njitg;gLtijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. Uf;Fk; NghdNghJ K];ypk; Nguhrphpah;fs; ;wp Mh;tk; cs;sth;fs; - jpuhtpl >af;fk; f; Nfl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; vq;nfq;F >e;jpa hf >Ue;jJ vd;gijg; gw;wpnay;yhk; ftdpj; ial concerns of Tamil literture vd;w fl;Liuia hy; mth;fs; Nfl;lnjy;yhk; jpuhtpl >af;fk; gytPdk;gw;wp. xU ePz;l Session yh$hpy; jhd; cUJg; ghly;fs; gw;wp mjd; kuG gw;wp >jid u\;ahtpYk; fz;Nld;. cUJ kugpy; jdpj;JtkhdJ. vy;NyhUk; ghia tphpj;J r; rha;e;J nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs;. xUtd; ghl s;. >j;jifa >urid mth;fSf;Nf chpaJ. Gifgpbj;Jf;nfhz;L >urpg;ghh;fs;. khwpkhwpg; yf;fpaj;ij xUNghJk; ehq;fs; mg;gb >urpf;fpNwd; vd;W nrhy;gth;fs; vy;NyhUk; ;fs;. gl;bkd;wq;fs;, tpohf;fs; - ftpij `h CF’ vd;W >urpf;fpwhh;fs;. Vd; ‘M`h h;fs; vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; njhptjpy;iy.
hd; kw;wth;fSf;Fr; nrhy;tjpy;iy. >g;NghJ tajhfpwJ. >g;NghJjhd; cq;fSf;Fj; ;. cah; epiyapYs;s xU nghpa fy;tpkhdhy; d;dhh; vOjpa >e;jf; fl;Liuapy; >Ue;J hl;lhy; NghJk;. me;jf; fl;Liuf;F cs;ssT hDf;Fk; >Uf;Fk;. mJ Rk;kh tuhJ. gyh; ;Liufspy; Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;Lthh;fs;. ifyhrgjp 0 tUlkhfpwJ. MdhYk; mth; hh;.
hWk; mwpahik fz;lthW - >njy;yhk; ;zpak;. vq;fsJ nfl;bj;jdkpy;iy. ehq;fs; e;j yPtpdhy; >e;jg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;F pwJ vd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPh;fs; vd;W xU ; vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk; vOJtJ, ‘>jdhy; ;ik milthh;fs;’ vd;W. vd;dplk; vk;.V., kpff; f\;lkhd tplak;? Mgj;jhd Ntiy
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vd;W aho;g;ghzj;jpy; gyuJ mgpg;gpuhak >Oj;jbg;Ngd;. mq;F >q;F nry;Ntd;. mj;jpahak; mjid >g;gbnaOJ vd;W mj;jpahaq;fspd; ngah;fisr; nrhy;Yq;Nfh nrhy;ykhl;Nld;. >jid thrpj;jhah mji Nfl;Fk;NghNj mth; ‘rP’ vd;W jg;gpNahb jg;gpNahbath;fs; Vnol;Lg;Ngh; >Uf;fpwhh;fs
ehd; gphpl;b\; kpA+rpaj;jpw;F Greek Section mg;NghJ njhk;rdplk; xU fbjk; Nfl;L th Sivathamby is working with me on Tamil and vOjpdhh;. Working Under me vd;W vOjtpy gpd;G ehd; vtUf;Fk; Working Under me v >Jjhd; gpwnry;thf;FfSf;F, gz;ghLfSf tUk; ed;ik. >e;jpag; Nguhrphpah;fsplk; fy;tpkhd;fsplk; Nfl;lhy; Worked under me vd gy khehLfSf;Fr; nrd;wJ. irdh, [g;ghd;, `q;Nfhp, u\;ah Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;wjh vq;fis mfl;bg; ghh;f;f itj;jJ. ePq;fs; xU xU epGzh; vd;W fUJtnjd;why; mJ rk;ge;jk >Ue;J Nfl;lhYk; gjpy; nrhy;tjw;F jahu ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;. xU tpraj;ijg; gw;wp mj ghh;f;fyhk; vd;gjw;F mJ xU cjhuzk;. gy What does Tamil say about it?, How is Tamil reacte Nfl;ghh;fs;. ehq;fs; mjw;Fg; gjpy; nrhy;yNt vkJ mwpahikia ntspg;gLj;JtjhfTk; > sure; may I say this?, we have this problem vd;W mtd; >d;Dk; $l cjtp nra;thd;. vtid KbahJ. ‘ve;jg; Gw;Wf;Fs; ve;jg; ghk;G >Uf
>e;j mEgtq;fspy; >Ue;J ehd; ngw;Wf;n ‘ehd;jhd;...., vdf;Fj; njhpAk;’ vd;w jiyf;f f;Fk; tuf;$lhJ. te;jhy; md;NwhL mtUf;F >J vd;Dila kpfj; jho;ikahd mgpg;gpuh
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

; gyuJ mgpg;gpuhak;. Vndd;why;, ehd; >q;F nry;Ntd;. mtUf;F vj;jid >g;gbnaOJ vd;W nrhy;ykhl;Nld;. h;fisr; nrhy;Yq;Nfh vd;W Nfl;lhy; ehd; d thrpj;jhah mjid thrpj;jhah vd;W ; ‘rP’ vd;W jg;gpNahb tpLthh;. mg;gbj; ol;Lg;Ngh; >Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
paj;jpw;F Greek Section Ig; ghh;f;fg;NghNdd;. ; xU fbjk; Nfl;L thq;fpNdd;. mth;, ”Mr with me on Tamil and Greek Drama“ vd;W der me vd;W vOjtpy;iy. mjidg;ghh;j;j ; Working Under me vd;W vOJtjpy;iy. fSf;F, gz;ghLfSf;F Exposed Mfpwjhy; pag; Nguhrphpah;fsplk; my;yJ vq;fSila hy; Worked under me vd;W jhd; vOJthh;fs;. d;wJ. irdh, [g;ghd;, nrf;Nfhnrythf;fpah, ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;wjhy; Vw;gl;l mEgtq;fs; ;f itj;jJ. ePq;fs; xU tplaj;jpy; cq;fis tnjd;why; mJ rk;ge;jkhf ve;jf; Nfhzj;jpy; py; nrhy;tjw;F jahuhf >Uf;fpwPuh vd;W tpraj;ijg; gw;wp mj;jid Nfhzq;fspy; J xU cjhuzk;. gy tpjkhff; Nfl;ghh;fs;. ut it?, How is Tamil reacted to that? vd;nwy;yhk; jw;Fg; gjpy; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. mJ rpyNtis tspg;gLj;JtjhfTk; >Uf;Fk;. I am not quite have this problem vd;W ehq;fs; nrhd;dhy;, jtp nra;thd;. vtidAk; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl ;Fs; ve;jg; ghk;G >Uf;Fk;’ vd;W njhpahJ.
; >Ue;J ehd; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ vd;dntdpy;, njhpAk;’ vd;w jiyf;fdk; ve;j xU Scholar hy; md;NwhL mtUf;F Scholarship >y;iy. jho;ikahd mgpg;gpuhak;.
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6口口
jp. Qhjp. Qhjp. Qhjp. Qhjp. Qh: : : : : jkpof muR jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f jkpof muR jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f jkpof muR jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f jkpof muR jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f jkpof muR jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f mspj;Jf; nfsutpj;jJ. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp m mspj;Jf; nfsutpj;jJ. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp m mspj;Jf; nfsutpj;jJ. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp m mspj;Jf; nfsutpj;jJ. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp m mspj;Jf; nfsutpj;jJ. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp m Vw;gl;l czh;Tfs; vt;thwpUe;jdŒ Vw;gl;l czh;Tfs; vt;thwpUe;jdŒ Vw;gl;l czh;Tfs; vt;thwpUe;jdŒ Vw;gl;l czh;Tfs; vt;thwpUe;jdŒ Vw;gl;l czh;Tfs; vt;thwpUe;jdŒ
fh.rp:fh.rp:fh.rp:fh.rp:fh.rp: >J gw;wp ‘fuit A+w;W’ vd;w rpW E} Vw;W ehd; tpohtpy; Ngrpa ciu >lk;ngw;Ws vdJ KO epidTk; njhpfpwJ. MdhYk; ehd; Ms;epiyg;gLj;jpr; nrhy;fpNwd;. me;jg NghJ vdJ kidtp tPl;by; >Uf;ftpy gps;isfNshL >Ue;jhh;. ehd; >q;F jdpa gfy; gd;dpuz;L kzpastpy; fNzrypq;f njhiyNgrpapy; vd;Dld; njhlh;G nfhz;L nra;jpiaf; $wp tho;j;Jj; njhptpj;jhh;. m nra;jpapy; >Jgw;wp mwptpj;jpUe;jhh;fnsd epi Nfl;Ltpl;Lj;jhd; Fkud; vdf;Ff; $wpapUe;j ehd; xU nghpa tplakhff; nfhs;stpy;iy. gpd jkpo; tsh;r;rpj; Jiwiar; Nrh;e;j jpU u njhlh;Gnfhz;L >Jgw;wpf; $wpdhh;. vd Mr;rhpakhf >Ue;jJ. ehd; mthplk;, vd;d gpd;dzpŒ vd;W Nfl;Nld;. Vnddpy; fUzhe re;jpj;jpUf;fpNwd; mjpfk; mstshtpaJ FbkfDld; midj;Jyf jkpohuha;r;rp kd;w N nfhQ;rk; NgrpapUf;fpNwd;. kw;wJ jkpo;f; fi nra;Ak; gzpapidj; njhlq;fpa mur
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

6口口
jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f. epidTg; ghprpid jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f. epidTg; ghprpid jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f. epidTg; ghprpid jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f. epidTg; ghprpid jq;fSf;F jpU tp.f. epidTg; ghprpid J. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp mg;NghJ jq;fSf;F J. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp mg;NghJ jq;fSf;F J. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp mg;NghJ jq;fSf;F J. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp mg;NghJ jq;fSf;F J. >e;jg; ghpRgw;wp mg;NghJ jq;fSf;F vt;thwpUe;jdŒ vt;thwpUe;jdŒ vt;thwpUe;jdŒ vt;thwpUe;jdŒ vt;thwpUe;jdŒ
t A+w;W’ vd;w rpW E}ypy;, me;jg; ghprpid grpa ciu >lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. Vwj;jho mjpy; njhpfpwJ. MdhYk; me;jr; rk;gtq;fis pr; nrhy;fpNwd;. me;jg; ghpR mwptpf;fg;gl;l p tPl;by; >Uf;ftpy;iy. mnkhpf;fhtpy; hh;. ehd; >q;F jdpahf >Ue;Njd;. md;W pastpy; fNzrypq;fj;jpd; kfd; Fkud; ld; njhlh;G nfhz;L ghpR fpilj;jpUf;Fk; o;j;Jj; njhptpj;jhh;. md;iwa thndhypr; ptpj;jpUe;jhh;fnsd epidf;fpNwd;. mjidf; d; vdf;Ff; $wpapUe;jhh;. mg;NghJ mjid hff; nfhs;stpy;iy. gpd;dh; >e;jpahtpypUe;J iar; Nrh;e;j jpU uhN[e;jpud; vd;Dld; gw;wpf; $wpdhh;. vdf;F cz;ikapNy ehd; mthplk;, vd;d >JŒ vd;d murpay; ld;. Vnddpy; fUzhepjpia xU $l;lj;jpy; jpfk; mstshtpaJ fpilahJ. jkpo;f; f jkpohuha;r;rp kd;w Ntiyfs; njhlh;ghff; wd;. kw;wJ jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhw;fs; kPoha;T j; njhlq;fpa mur fUk nkhopfs;
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Mizf;FOtpd; jiyth; jpU. rptjhrd;, njh te;jpUe;jNtis, ehd; mq;F xU xd;W$ vy;NyhiuAk; tutioj;J mq;Fs;sth;fS Information Technology rk;ge;jkhd fiyr; nr >yq;iff;Fk; Vw;Gilanjd, ehq;fs; nr Vw;Ws;shh;fs;. mJ E}yhfTk; ntspte;J filrpahfj; jkpofk;nrd;wNghJ mq;Fs;s fSld;jhd; mjpfkhd Neuj;ijf; fopj;Njd vy;yhtw;wpYk; murpaiyg; ghh;g;gjhy;, >e;j murpay; gpd;dzp vd;Wjhd; ghh;j;Njd;.
Nguhrphpah;tP.rp.Foe;ijrhkp vd;Dld; njh tho;j;jptpl;L, ”rptj;jk;gp, >J nuk;g ey ntspNaAs;s jkpo;g; Gyikahsh;fisAk; Njit jkpofj;jpw;F >Uf;fpwJ vd ehd; c >k;Kiw nra;jJ vdf;Fr; re;Njh\k;“ vd;w
jp.K.f. murhq;fj;jpy; mj;jifa xU fz Fk; Nghyj; njhpe;jJ. Vnddpy; tP.rp. Foe;ij rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;. vdNt mJTk; njhopw;gl;bU fisAk; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F cs;NsNa toq; ntspNaAk; toq;FNthk; vd xU Ntis mth
ghpR thq;fr; nrd;wNtis >uhkh; >sq;N fy;tp mikr;rh; md;gofDf;F mwpKfg;gLj;j gpuKfh;fs; cl;glg; gyh; >Ue;jdh;. md;gofi ”ehd; ck;ik >g;gb vjph;ghh;f;fNt >y;i $wpr; rphpj;jhh;. mth; vd;id xU ‘fha;e;j fU vdf; fw;gid nra;jpUf;fyhk; vd vz;zj mtUf;Fr; nrhd;Ndd;, ”cq;fisg;gw;wpAk; ne vq;fSf;F y„;kz Iah nrhy;ypj; njhpAk
mth; clNd, ”y„;kzid cq;fSf vd;W Nfl;lhh;
”mth; vdJ Mrphpah;“ vd;Nwd;.
ehd; ]hfpuhtpy; gbj;jhYk; mtiu nfhz;bUe;Njd;. ifyhrgjpAk; Nwhay; f Iahtplk; gbj;jth;. ehq;fs; >uz;LNgUk; mtu tof;fk; >Ue;jJ.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

th; jpU. rptjhrd;, njhz;lkhDld; jkpofk; ; mq;F xU xd;W$liy xOq;Fnra;J oj;J mq;Fs;sth;fSld; NgrpapUf;fpNwd;. rk;ge;jkhd fiyr; nrhw;fs; >e;jpahTf;Fk; lanjd, ehq;fs; nra;jtw;iw mth;fs; E}yhfTk; ntspte;Js;sJ. kw;wJ, ehd; rd;wNghJ mq;Fs;s jkpo;g; Gyikahsh; Neuj;ijf; fopj;Njd;. cz;ikapy;, ehd; iyg; ghh;g;gjhy;, >e;jg; ghprpidAk; vd;d ;Wjhd; ghh;j;Njd;.
;ijrhkp vd;Dld; njhlh;G nfhz;L vd;id ;jk;gp, >J nuk;g ey;yJ, >e;jpahtpw;F Gyikahsh;fisAk; nfsutpf;f Ntz;ba >Uf;fpwJ vd ehd; czh;fpNwd;. mjid f;Fr; re;Njh\k;“ vd;whh;.
jpy; mj;jifa xU fz;Nzhl;lk; >Ue;jpUf; Vnddpy; tP.rp. Foe;ijrhkp cah; kl;lj;jpy; mJTk; njhopw;gl;bUf;fyhk;. vy;yhg; ghpR ;F cs;NsNa toq;fhky;, jkpofj;jpw;F k; vd xU Ntis mth;fs; Nahrpj;jpUf;fyhk;.
Ntis >uhkh; >sq;Nfh vd;idj; jkpoff; fDf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. mq;F murpay; h; >Ue;jdh;. md;gofid ehd; re;jpj;jNghJ, vjph;ghh;f;fNt >y;iyr; rptj;jk;gp“ vd;W d;id xU ‘fha;e;j fUthL’ Nghy >Ug;ghh; pUf;fyhk; vd vz;zj; Njhd;wpaJ. ehd; ”cq;fisg;gw;wpAk; neLQ;nropaidg;gw;wpAk; Iah nrhy;ypj; njhpAk;“ vd;Nwd;.
„;kzid cq;fSf;F vg;gbj; njhpAk;Œ“
pah;“ vd;Nwd;.
gbj;jhYk; mtiu vdJ MrphpauhfNt yhrgjpAk; Nwhay; fy;Y}hpapy; y„;kz q;fs; >uz;LNgUk; mtuJ tPl;Lf;Fk; nry;Yk;
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”y„;kzd; cq;fSf;F MrphpauhŒ rhp rhtfhrkhf >Ue;J ntw;wpiyiag; Nghl;L Nfl;lhh;, ”Vd; rpyg;gjpfhu fhyj;ij ePq;fs vd;W.
mtUf;Fs; xU Nguhrphpah; >Uf;fpwhh; vd fz;Lnfhz;Nld;. >g;gbg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ, c >y;yhj epiyapy; ehd; nra;j Ntiyfs; fzpg;gPl;ilf; nfhLj;jpUf;fyhk;. ghpRj; Njh;T gLk;NghJ, >j;jifa vz;zk; Vw;gl;bUf;fy
mjw;Fk; Nkyhf, ehDk; ifyhrgjpAk Fwpg;ghf tpkh;rdj;Jiwapy; nra;j Ntiyf ifyhrgjpiaAk; Nrh;j;Jf; $WtJ xU k >JTk; >e;j ntsptUif tUtjw;Ff; fhuzk nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
ehd; jho;ikAld; $WfpNwd;, >yq;ifg tsh;j;njLf;fg;gl;l Muha;r;rp Kiwik, Muha jkpofj;J mwptpay; Gyikahsh;fshfTs;s my;yJ jpuhtplf; fofj;jpy; >Ue;jth;fs; m fSf;F vq;fsJ Ma;Tf; fz;Nzhl;l Ki jpiriaf; fhl;bajhf >Uf;fyhk;. Vw;fd rhh;e;jth;fs; $l, jq;fSila ehl;L mwpQh;f jkpio kpf mfl;bg; ghh;f;fpNwhk; vd vz mth;fs; vy;NyhUk; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhh;fs;. ehq;fs; nrhy;fpw fhyq;fs; Nghd;wtw;i nfhs;shtpl;lhYk; mth;fs; vq;fisg; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. vdNt >itfnsy;yh jpUf;Nfhitahupy; $wpaJ Nghy, fhy NrUfpwnghOJ me;j Neuj;jpy; elf;Fk; vd;gJ VNjh vdJ jha;jfg;gd;, vdJ kidtp gps Gz;zpak;, ehd; Ngha; mjw;Fs; epd;Nwd;.
mg;Ngh, mJ ifyhrgjpf;F, tpj;jpahd gps;isf;F, nry;tehafj;jpw;F tpOe;jpUf vdf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. me;j czh;NthLj ghh;f;fpNwd;.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

Sf;F MrphpauhŒ rhp rhp“ vdf; $wptpl;L ntw;wpiyiag; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;Nl vd;dplk; jpfhu fhyj;ij ePq;fs; gpd;js;fpd;wPh;fs;Œ“
uhrphpah; >Uf;fpwhh; vd;gij ehd; mg;NghNj ;gbg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ, cz;ikahd cwTfs; hd; nra;j Ntiyfs; ghpRj; Njh;tpd;NghJ pUf;fyhk;. ghpRj; Njh;Tg; gl;bay; jahhpf;fg; vz;zk; Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
ehDk; ifyhrgjpAk; nra;j Ntiyfs; - wapy; nra;j Ntiyfs;. >d;W vd;idAk; h;j;Jf; $WtJ xU kughf te;jpUf;fpwJ. f tUtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf >Ue;jJ vd;Wjhd;
; $WfpNwd;, >yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; ha;r;rp Kiwik, Muha;r;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; yikahsh;fshfTs;s Gjpa re;jjpapdUf;F, j;jpy; >Ue;jth;fs; my;yhj rpe;jidahsh; a;Tf; fz;Nzhl;l Kiwikfs; xU Gjpa >Uf;fyhk;. Vw;fdNt jpuhtplf; fofk; Sila ehl;L mwpQh;fspYk; ghh;f;f ehq;fs; ghh;f;fpNwhk; vd vz;Zfpwhh;fs;. >jid nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhh;fs;. vq;fSila Theory, hyq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mth;fs; Vw;Wf; mth;fs; vq;fisg; Gyikahsh;fshf vdNt >itfnsy;yhk; te;J NrUk;NghJ, $wpaJ Nghy, fhyKk; NeuKk; te;J euj;jpy; elf;Fk; vd;gJNghy;, me;j Neuj;jpy;, d;, vdJ kidtp gps;isfs; nra;j ey;y ; mjw;Fs; epd;Nwd;.
yhrgjpf;F, tpj;jpahde;jDf;F, fzgjpg; afj;jpw;F tpOe;jpUf;fNtz;ba ‘rhy;it’ me;j czh;NthLjhd; ehd; >jidg;
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Sri Lanka - Japanese Society apdh; 1998 >y; R >yq;ifapy; RNjrpa gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rpf;F Nti tpNr\ nfsutk; mspj;jhh;fs;. nfsutk; ngw;w jkpod;. vdJ ez;gh;fs; rpyh; mijg;gw;wp e rptj;jk;gp vd;d vOjpapUf;fpwhh;Œ rptj;jk;gp m $lhJ. vd;W >yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;i nrhd;dhh;fs;. mjid >ufrpakhf vOjpAk; m Njh;Tf; FOtpdh; Njh;T njhlh;ghf mjpy; F ‘>yq;ifapy; cs;s rpq;fs jkpo; gz;ghLf cs;sth;fs; mwpaj;jf;ftifapy; njho fUjg;gLgth;fspy; >d;W tho;e;J nfhz;bU nfsutk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ ̃’ vd;W. cz;ikapy >Ue;jpUe;jhy; fzgjpg;gps;isf;Fk;, tpj;jpahd tpj;jpahde;jDf;Fk; NghapUf;Fk;. ifyhrgjp >uz;L NgUf;Fk; je;jpUg;ghh;fNsh vdf;F ifyhrgjpf;Ff; nfhLj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. >t;tsT njhpTf; FOtpdUf;F xU f\;lk;. me;j tifa Gyikg; gapw;rpapd; Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf, ehq;fs jtpu jdpahf rptj;jk;gpf;fhf my;y. xU Nti mizj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghfpwjd;ik, Ml;fNshL jd;ik xU fhuzkhf >Uf;fyhk;. J}f;fpn >y;yhjJ xU fhuzkhf >Uf;fyhk;. mJNt vd >Uf;fyhk;. mbf;fNtz;ba th;fisAk tpl;bUf;fpNwd;. >tw;wpdhy; mJ tuyhk jpUtp.f.tpUjpid xU kl;lj;Jf;FNky; nghpJg xt;nthU KiwAk; >e;j tpUJfs; n rz;ilg;gLthh;fs;. ey;yfhyk;, vdf;F tpU njhpTfs;gw;wp rz;ilg;gltpy;iy. mL gpur;rpidg;gl;lhh;fs;. ehd; cz;ikahf , tp];t ehd; >g;ghprpid kpfg;nghpa tplakhff; fUjtpy Nahrpj;Jg; ghh;f;fpwnghOJ, mjw;Ff; fpi ghh;f;fpwnghOJ Jr;rkhfTk; fUj vd;dhy; K
vdJ ez;gh; Nguhrphpah; ghyfpU\;zd; ”ePq;fs;, jhNkhjuk;gps;is, ehtyh;, rp >e;jpahTf;Fg; Nghdth;fisj;jhNd - >e;j gz;ZfpwPh;fs;; mtw;iwg; gw;wpj;jhNd nfhz;bUf;fpwPh;fs;“ vd;W. mJ vdf;F xU >Ue;jJ. vq;fSila ghuk;ghpaj;jpy;, ehq;f
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

ociety apdh; 1998 >y; Rje;jpu jpdj;ijnahl;b ;ghl;L tsh;r;rpf;F Ntiynra;j, mwpQh;fSf;F ;jhh;fs;. nfsutk; ngw;wth;fspy; ehd; kl;LNk s; rpyh; mijg;gw;wp ef;fyhf vOjpdhh;fs;. pUf;fpwhh;Œ rptj;jk;gp mjid thq;fpapUf;ff; fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Ml;fNs >ufrpakhf vOjpAk; mDg;gpdhh;fs;. Mdhy;, ;T njhlh;ghf mjpy; Fwpg;gpl;bUf; fpwhh;fs;, rpq;fs jkpo; gz;ghLfs; gw;wp ntspAyfpy; ;jf;ftifapy; njhopw;gl;lth;fs; vdf; ;W tho;e;J nfhz;bUg;gth;fSf;F >e;jf; J ̃’ vd;W. cz;ikapy;, mJ fzgjpg;gps;is pg;gps;isf;Fk;, tpj;jpahde;jd; >Ue;jpUe;jhy; hapUf;Fk;. ifyhrgjp >Ue;jpUe;jhy;, vq;fs; ;jpUg;ghh;fNsh vdf;Fj; njhpahJ. epr;rak; j;jpUg;ghh;fs;. >t;tsT NgUk; >y;yhjjhy; xU f\;lk;. me;j tifapy;, >yq;ifj; jkpo;g; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf, ehq;fs; nfhs;sg;gLfpNwhNk pf;fhf my;y. xU Ntis ehd; vy;NyhiuAk; hfpwjd;ik, Ml;fNshL Nfhgpf;fhky; >Uf;fpw f >Uf;fyhk;. J}f;fpnawpe;J Ngrpwjd;ik f >Uf;fyhk;. mJNt vd;Dila gytPdkhfTk; tz;ba th;fisAk; ehd; mbf;fhky; ;wpdhy; mJ tuyhk;. Mdgbahy; ehd; kl;lj;Jf;FNky; nghpJgz;z tpUk;gtpy;iy. >e;j tpUJfs; nfhLf;fg;gLk;NghJ, y;yfhyk;, vdf;F tpUJ fpilj;j tUlk; ;ilg;gltpy;iy. mLj;j tUlq;fspYk; hd; cz;ikahf , tp];thrkhfr; nrhy;fpNwd;, ghpa tplakhff; fUjtpy;iy. Mdhy;, >Ue;J ghOJ, mjw;Ff; fpilj;j tuNtw;gpidg; hfTk; fUj vd;dhy; Kbatpy;iy.
rphpah; ghyfpU\;zd; xUKiw nrhd;dhh;, ;gps;is, ehtyh;, rptrk;Gg;Gyth; vd;W h;fisj;jhNd - >e;jpahitj;jhNd nghpJ w;iwg; gw;wpj;jhNd ePq;fs; Nahrpj;Jf; d;W. mJ vdf;F xU Clue je;jJ Nghy; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy;, ehq;fs; vq;F >Ue;Jjhd;
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Ntiy nra;jhYk; jkpofj;jpy; xU fzpg;G Vw xU nfsutk; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W ehd; xUKiw Ntyd; vdf;F vjpuhf, ”ePq;fs; >g;gbr; nr ePz;l fbjk; vOjpaDg;gpdhh;. Vd; mg;gbr; >e;jpahTf;F vjpuhf >Ue;jPh;fs; my;ythŒ gw;wp) gpd;G vg;gb >e;jpahtpy; ghpR thq;f khdk; khpahij >y;iyahŒ vd;nwy;yhk; vO thjk; - ehd; >y;iynad;W nrhy;ytp tutpy;iynad;W nrhy;yKbAkhŒ ehd; mj fbjk; vOjptpl;L, gpd;dh; Njitapy;iy vd tpl;Ltpl;Nld;.
ghpR toq;fpaNghJ mjid Vw;W e ehtyiug;gw;wp vJTk; $wtpy;iynad, ehd ez;gh; $wpdhh;. ehd; Ngrpa Ngr;rpy; Fw gl;baiyg; ghh;j;jhy; njhpAk;, ehd; Fwpg;gpl Nguhrphpah;fs;. ehtyiug;gw;wp >e;jsTf;F mtUf;F tp;Ug;gkhŒ xd;iw ehd; $WNt >yq;ifapy; kpf >Wf;fkhd tpkh;rdq;fis ehd Mdhy; jkpofj;jpy; >Ue;jNghJ, ehtyhpd ehNd xU fl;Liu vOjpapUf;fpNwd;. mtUi kpfTk; rpyhfpj;J vOjpapUf;fpNwd;. vd;D >th;fs; vy;NyhUNk ‘fapw;iw tpl;L thiy Nt. rhkpehj Iah;, rp.it. jhNkhjuk;gps;is ehtyh; irt E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jpUf;fpwhh; >uz;lhk; gjpg;Gf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLf fhzg;gLfpd;w nrk;ik - jkpOf;F mJ Kf;f Kf;fpak;. ehq;fs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf q;F ehtyiu kpfTk; gaq;fuk >y;iynad;W $wtpy;iy. mJ >yq;ifr;#o jkpOk; gw;wpa, rhjpak; gw;wpa $w;Wf;fs; > rhbapUf;fpNwd;. Mdhy; jkpo; >yf;fpaj gq;fspg;ig ehd; kWf;f khl;Nld;. >Jjhd gy xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuzhd tplaq;fs;, epiyg;ghLfSf;$Nl xU rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;gjw;F cjTfpd;w xU vd;id mirf;fhky; itj;jpUf;fpd;w gpd;G mjd; mZFKiw, mjpNy nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w nghUs; Kjy;thjk;-Historical &Dialectic
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

pofj;jpy; xU fzpg;G Vw;gLk;NghJ vq;fSf;F J vd;W ehd; xUKiw $wpaNghJ, tpj;Jthd; , ”ePq;fs; >g;gbr; nrhy;yyhkhŒ“ vd xU g;gpdhh;. Vd; mg;gbr; nrhd;dPh;fs;Œ ePq;fs; >Ue;jPh;fs; my;ythŒ (rQ;rpif >wf;Fkjp e;jpahtpy; ghpR thq;fpdPh;fs;Œ cq;fSf;F yahŒ vd;nwy;yhk; vOjpapUe;jhh;. mJ xU ynad;W nrhy;ytpy;iy. me;jf;fbjk; y;yKbAkhŒ ehd; mjw;F xU ePz;l gjpy; ;dh; Njitapy;iy vd mjid mDg;ghky;
J mjid Vw;W ehd; Ngrpa Ngr;rpy;, ; $wtpy;iynad, ehd; >q;F te;jgpd; xU ; Ngrpa Ngr;rpy; Fwpg;gpl;l mwpQh;fspd; njhpAk;, ehd; Fwpg;gpl;l vy;NyhUk; jkpo;g; iug;gw;wp >e;jsTf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtJ xd;iw ehd; $WNtd;, ehtyiug;gw;wp khd tpkh;rdq;fis ehd; Kd;itj;jpUf;fpNwd;. Ue;jNghJ, ehtyhpd; >yf;fpag; gzpgw;wp jpapUf;fpNwd;. mtUila gjpg;Gj; Jiwgw;wp jpapUf;fpNwd;. vd;Dila mgpg;gpuhag;gb, ‘fapw;iw tpl;L thiyg; gpbf;fpwhh;fs’;. c. t. jhNkhjuk;gps;is >th;fSf;F Kd;dNu sg; gjpg;gpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. Kjyhk; gjpg;Gf;Fk; k; cs;s NtWghLfs;, mg;gjpg;GfspNy k - jkpOf;F mJ Kf;fpak;? >yf;fpaj;Jf;F nkhj;jkhf yq;ifr;#oypy;. mtuJ irtKk; ; gw;wpa $w;Wf;fs; >tw;iwnay;yhk; ehd; hy; jkpo; >yf;fpaj;jpw;F mth; nra;j f;f khl;Nld;. >Jjhd; Kf;fpak;. ehq;fs;, uzhd tplaq;fs;, juTfs;, jfty;fs;, xU rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz tpiofpNwhk;. >e;jr; w;F cjTfpd;w xU gpd;Gyk;- mjpypUe;J itj;jpUf;fpd;w gpd;Gyk; khh;f;]pak;jhd;. jpNy nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w tplaq;fs;, tuyhw;Wg; ;-Historical &Dialectical Aspects. khh;f;];
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nrhy;thh;,Unity of opposits vd;W - >uz;L mjid ehd; gy >lq;fspy; ghh;j;jpUf;fpNw
Mdhy; xd;W, >yq;ifj; jkpo;g; Gyika xU >lkpUf;fpwJ. mJ vq;fSila fhyj;jp >Uf;fpwJ vd epidf;fpNwd;. vq;fSf;Fg; g >g;g cs;sth;fspy; E‹khd;jhd;. kw;wth;f Ngha;te;J nrhy;yyhk;, ‘ehd; ntl;bNdd; E‹khDf;F nkhopapay; rk;ge;jkhd, >yf;f mfd;w ghh;it >Uf;fpwJ. E‹khd; xU fz xU mwpQuhf mq;F fUjg;gLthh;. mt gbj;jnghOJ cs;s ez;gh;fs;, nrd;idapy E‹khid Xh; mwpQuhff; fUJgth;fs; > vq;fSila jiyKiwf;Fg;gpwF mLj;j xU vd;W E‹khidj;jhd; nrhy;Ntd;. >d;Dk; x nrhy;y Ntz;b >Ue;jpUf;Fk.; Mdhy; Jujp\ jpwikfis NtW Jiwfspy; nrYj;jpf; nfhz gpwF vq;fSila khzth;fs; ahh; >Uf njhpahJ. Mw;wYs;sth;fs; >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. e Mdhy; mth;fs; jq;fs; Mw;wYf;F >iae;j tpy;iy. Muha;r;rp vd;gJ xU epue;ju Gyikj nra;Ak; Ntiyfs; $lf; $l me;j mth $b xU E}Yf;Nfh my;yJ xU fl;Liuf;Nfh juT mJ epd;W tpLtjpy;iy. Your profession is reser nrhy;thh;, If you are a resercher you are twenty >g;gbr; nrhy;fpd;w mNj Ntisapy; vdf;F ek;gpf;if cz;L. epr;rakhf ehisf;F xUt rp.it. jhNkhjuk;gps;is ghuk;ghpaj;ij Nk Nghfpwhh;fs;.
tpUJ fpilj;jJ re;Njh\k;. Mdhy;, m gLj;jf;$lhJ. Vnddpy;, >e;jpahtpy;- jkpo >Ue;jhy; xU jp.K.f fhuDf;Ff; nfhLg;ghh >Ue;jhy;, m.jp.K.f. fhuDf;Ff; nfh me;jkhjphpahd Nghf;F cz;L. >J vd;Di
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

osits vd;W - >uz;L vjph;fspd; xw;Wik. q;fspy; ghh;j;jpUf;fpNwd;.
q;ifj; jkpo;g; GyikahsUf;F jkpofj;jpy; vq;fSila fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; E‹khDf;F ;fpNwd;. vq;fSf;Fg; gpwF ehd; ek;GfpNwd;, E‹khd;jhd;. kw;wth;fs; vy;NyhUk; mq;F k;, ‘ehd; ntl;bNdd; tpOj;jpNdd;’ vd;W. y; rk;ge;jkhd, >yf;fpak; rk;ge;jkhd xU pwJ. E‹khd; xU fzprkhd Vw;GlikAs;s fUjg;gLthh;. mth; mz;zhkiyapy; z;gh;fs;, nrd;idapy; cs;s ez;gh;fnsd uhff; fUJgth;fs; >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. ehDk; wf;Fg;gpwF mLj;j xU nghpa jkpo; Scholor ; nrhy;Ntd;. >d;Dk; xUtUila ngaiur; pUf;Fk.; Mdhy; Jujp\;ltrkhf mth; jdJ wfspy; nrYj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;. mJf;Fg; hzth;fs; ahh; >Uf;fpwhh;fNsh vdf;Fj; h;fs; >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. epiwa >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. s; Mw;wYf;F >iae;j msT Ntiy nra;a ;gJ xU epue;ju Gyikj; Njly;. mJ ehq;fs; lf; $l me;j mth $bf; nfhz;Nl NghFk;. xU fl;Liuf;Nfh juTfs; Nrh;f;fg;gLtJld; . Your profession is reserch. Fkhhp [ath;j;jdh resercher you are twenty four hours a resercher. Nj Ntisapy; vdf;F kdk; epiwe;j xU akhf ehisf;F xUtNdh xUj;jpNah >e;j ;is ghuk;ghpaj;ij NkNynfhz;L nry;yg;
re;Njh\k;. Mdhy;, mjid mjpfk; nghpJ py;, >e;jpahtpy;- jkpofj;jpy; jp.K.f Ml;rp; fhuDf;Ff; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. m.jp;K.f. Ml;rp; f. fhuDf;Ff; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. mq;F
cz;L. >J vd;Dila czh;Tfs;.
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7口口
jp.Qh.: jp.Qh.: jp.Qh.: jp.Qh.: jp.Qh.: jkpofj;jpy; toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd jkpofj;jpy; toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd K jkpofj;jpy; toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd jkpofj;jpy; toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd K jkpofj;jpy; toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw; Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;w Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw; Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;w Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;w
fh. rp:fh. rp:fh. rp:fh. rp:fh. rp: >J xU Rthu];akhd tp\ak;. vd >yq;ifapy; >yf;fpa tpkh;rdj;ij Nkw;nf >yf;fpa khzth;fs; vd;fpd;w tifapNyj te;Njhk;. mt;Ntisapy; ehq;fs; khh;f;]pa vd;w mbg;gilapYk; me;j khh;f;]pa rpe;ji >ize;J njhopw;gLfpd;w Kiwikgw;wp - m gw;wp ghh;f;fpd;w xU Kiwikiaj; jhd; eh jkpo;>yf;fpak; gw;wpa vy;yh tplaq;fisAk; x mJgw;wpg; NgRfpwNghJ, vq;fSila vOj;J Kjypy; etPd >yf;fpak; gw;wpAk;, etPd >yf;f mj;jpahtrpak; gw;wpAk; Ngr Ntz;ba x >yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;lJ. mJ ehq;fs; rhh mzpapDila jhf;fk;. Kw;Nghf;F mzpAld Kw;Nghf;F mzp vq;fSld; Nrh;e;J nfhz;l mth;fisj; Njbg;Nghftpy;iy. mth;fS tutpy;iy. We met & we worked together. m (gpNuk;[p QhdRe;juk;) gq;F kpf Kf;fpakhd
>q;F ehq;fs; njhopw;gl;lnghOJ, Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf; $WtJk; >e;j v epahag;ghL >Uf;fpwJ vd;gjid cyfg; n
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

7口口
toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd Kiwapy; jhq;fSk; toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd Kiwapy; jhq;fSk; toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd Kiwapy; jhq;fSk; toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd Kiwapy; jhq;fSk; toq;fpte;j tpkh;rd Kiwapy; jhq;fSk; jpAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs; vitŒ pAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs; vitŒ jpAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs; vitŒ pAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs; vitŒ jpAk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs; vitŒ
u];akhd tp\ak;. vd;dntd;why; ehq;fs; tpkh;rdj;ij Nkw;nfhz;l nghOJ, jkpo; vd;fpd;w tifapNyjhd; me;jj; Jiwf;F py; ehq;fs; khh;f;]pa rpe;jid cs;sth;fs; me;j khh;f;]pa rpe;jidapy; jkpo;>yf;fpak; pd;w Kiwikgw;wp - mjpNyAs;s Clhl;lk; iwikiaj; jhd; ehq;fs; njhlq;fpNdhk;. y;yh tplaq;fisAk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf Nehf;fp , vq;fSila vOj;J vd;fpwNghJ ehq;fs; k; gw;wpAk;, etPd >yf;fpaj;jpy; r%f Nehf;fpd; k; Ngr Ntz;ba xU #oy;, Fwpg;ghf J. mJ ehq;fs; rhh;e;jpUe;j Kw;Nghf;F ;. Kw;Nghf;F mzpAld; ehq;fs; Nrh;e;Njhk;. Sld; Nrh;e;J nfhz;lJ. We found each other. hftpy;iy. mth;fSk; vq;fisj; Njb we worked together. mjpy; QhdhtpDila
gq;F kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.
njhopw;gl;lnghOJ, >e;j vOj;Jf;fspd; ;Jf; $WtJk; >e;j vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd xU vd;gjid cyfg; nghJthd >yf;fpa
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tpkh;rdq;fspypUe;J vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJk;, jk epd;W >tw;iw vjph;j;Jg; NgRgth;fSld; vq;fSila Kf;fpa gzpahf >Ue;jJ >yf;fpaq;fSf;F xU epahag;ghL cz;L. > NghJk;, kuG gw;wpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJk xl;Lnkhj;jkhf xU nghpa Struggle >Dil tpthjj;jpDila Xh; mk;rkhf mJ >Ue;jJ
>e;j tpthjk; >q;F ele;Jnfhz;bUe #oy; kpfTk; Rthu];akhdjhf >Ue;jJ. 48,4 jpuhtpl >af;fj;jpDila ngUk; nry;thf;F >e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; - Rje;jpuk; fpi gpd;dh; ve;j tpjkhd Nghf;F >Uf;fNtz;Lk; v fl;rpfs; rpe;jid nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpw m 50,51fspy; >e;jg; gpur;rpid >q;F eilng vq;fSila vOj;jhsh;fSk; >q;F te;j gj jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J te;j rpW rQ;rpiffspy;- r vOJtjpy; Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;. >jdhy; mq;Fs ez;gh;fshdhh;fs;. uFehjd; vq;fS uFehjDila jhf;fk; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ, tp[a - >g;gbg; gyUila cwT vkf;Ff; fpil fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAld; cwT >Ue;jjhy;, [ >Ue;jJ. ehd; [Pthde;jj;ijr; re;jpf;f ghh;f;fpwNghJ, ehq;fs; jkpofj;NjhL vk;ik xU Njit >Ue;jJ.
Fwpg;ghf >uz;L tplaq;fs;. jkpo;eh ifyhrgjp vOjpaJ, mfpyidg;gw;wp ifyhr tujuhridg;gw;wp fhtY}h; uh[Jiu vOjpa Kf;fpakhdit. vd;Dila jkpopy; rpWf tsh;r;rpAk; Kjw;jlitahf jkpo;r; rpWfi xU mbg;gilapy; ghh;f;fpd;w E}yhf mJ xd;W, Gidfij >yf;fpak; mq;F g nfhz;bUf;fpw fhyk; - mth;fSila ft mq;F tUfpd;w >se;jiyKiwapdUf;F >e;j kpf Kf;fpakhditahfg;gl;ld. mjw;F Kd tpkh;rdk; my;yJ >yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T vd;w n tujuhrd; Nghd;wth;fSila E}y;fisj
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

Lj;Jf; fhl;LtJk;, jkpo; >yf;fpa kuGf;Fs; ;Jg; NgRgth;fSld; vjph;thjk; nra;tJk; a gzpahf >Ue;jJ. mjhtJ, >e;j epahag;ghL cz;L. >oprpdh; gw;wpg; Ngrpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJk; ehq;fs; NgrpNdhk;. nghpa Struggle >Dila - me;jkhjphpahd mk;rkhf mJ >Ue;jJ.
q;F ele;Jnfhz;bUe;j nghOJ, >e;jpar; khdjhf >Ue;jJ. 48,49fspy; >e;jpar; #oy;, la ngUk; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ. ; gpd;dh; - Rje;jpuk; fpilj;J tpl;lJ mjw;Fg; ghf;F >Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp fk;A+dp];l; a;J nfhz;bUf;fpw me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy;, r;rpid >q;F eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. h;fSk; >q;F te;j gj;jphpiffspYk; ghh;f;f rpW rQ;rpiffspy;- ru];tjpapy;, rhe;jpapy; ;bdh;. >jdhy; mq;Fs;sth;fSk; vq;fSf;F uFehjd; vq;fSila ez;guhdhh;. kpf Kf;fpakhdJ, tp[agh];fuDila cwT cwT vkf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. >th;fSf;Ff; ; cwT >Ue;jjhy;, [Pthde;jj;Jld; cwT hde;jj;ijr; re;jpf;f tpy;iy. >g;gbg; ; jkpofj;NjhL vk;ik >izj;Jg; ghh;f;fpw
tplaq;fs;. jkpo;ehty; >yf;fpak;gw;wp mfpyidg;gw;wp ifyhrgjp vOjpa tpkh;rdk;, Y}h; uh[Jiu vOjpa tpkh;rdk; Nghd;wit ;Dila jkpopy; rpWfijapd; Njhw;wKk; tahf jkpo;r; rpWfij tuyhw;iw VNjh h;f;fpd;w E}yhf mJ mike;jJ. >d;Dk; yf;fpak; mq;F gbg;gbahf tsh;e;J ; - mth;fSila ftdj;ij e;j thjq;fs; tpthjq;fs; fg;gl;ld. mjw;F Kd;dh; mq;F >yf;fpa ;fpaj; jpwdha;T vd;w ngahpy; Qhdrk;ge;jd;, ;fSila E}y;fisj;jhd; gad;gLj;jpf;
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nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. mth;fs; >e;jkhjph lq;fsp;y; gbj;jth;fSk; vq;fis Vw;Wf; nf ehd;F Ngh; Kf;fpakhdth;fs;. mth;fs; ‘r thrfh; FO %yk; ifyhrgjpapd; E}iy ntspapl;lhh;fs;.
>e;j tuNtw;G mq;F Vw;gl;ljhy;, Vw;fd fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp rhh;e;j my;yJ fk;A+dp]j fNshL cwT >Ue;jJ. uFehjd;, uhkfpU\ Nghd;wth;fNshL >Ue;j cwT. mjd;gpwF >J tphptile;J nfhz;bUe;j Ntisapy;, Nghf;fpy; mjpUg;jpnfhz;l gpuRufh;j;jhf;fs mgpkhdpfs;, rpy jkpo; tpUk;gpfs; vq;f nfhz;lhh;fs;. mth;fspy; xU Kf;fpakhd Kj;ijahitf; $WNtd;. fz. Kj;ij fh;j;jhf;fSld; fNzrypq;fj;jpw;F Vw;fdN >NjNtisapy; jkpo;gw;wp thrpf;Fk; Mq vq;fSf;F ez;gh;fshdhh;fs;. >e;j KiwapN nrd;W Nrh;e;Njhk;.
nrd;W Nrh;e;j gpd;dh;, KjyhtJ >yf;f jpwdha;T vd;gJ, xU tud;Kiwahd- Integr gbg;gpf;fj; jf;fJ. jkpo; >yf;fpaj;ijg; ghh
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

mth;fs; >e;jkhjphpahd tpkh;rdj;jpy;; ; nghJg; gilahff; $wpdNu jtpu Mokhf Oj;Jf;fs; mq;F nrd;wTld; vq;fSf;fhd ;F Vw;gl;lJ. me;j thrpg;Gj; jsk; epr;rakhf ikf; fl;rpfSila ftdj;jpd; topahfj;jhd;
p;y; ehq;fSk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; >Ue;jik ;fiyf;fof khzth;fSk; >tw;wpdhy; j; NjitfSf;fhf ehq;fs; vOjpaNghJ, d;Kiwahd r%f tpkh;rdj;jpd; jsq;fs; k;gpj;Njhk;. Kjypy; mq;Fs;s Nguhrphpah;fspy; is Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. khzth;fs;jhd; ifyhrgjpiaAk; vd;idAk; mq;F Kjypy; khzth;fs;jhd;. Presidency fy;Y}hpapy; gbj;j Nghd;w khzth;fSk; mJNghd;W NtW k; vq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. >th;fspy; hdth;fs;. mth;fs; ‘rpe;jidr; Rlh;’ vd;w ifyhrgjpapd; E}iyAk; vdJ E}iyAk;
;F Vw;gl;ljhy;, Vw;fdNt vkf;F mq;Fs;s e;j my;yJ fk;A+dp]j; jj;Jtk; rhh;e;jth; . uFehjd;, uhkfpU\;zd;, tp[agh];fud; e;j cwT. mjd;gpwF >e;j khzth; jsk;. z;bUe;j Ntisapy;, mq;Fs;s >yf;fpag; z;l gpuRufh;j;jhf;fs;, cz;ikahd jkpo; kpo; tpUk;gpfs; vq;fisg;gw;wp mf;fiw spy; xU Kf;fpakhd Mshf ehd; fz. Ntd;. fz. Kj;ijah Nghd;w gpuRu rypq;fj;jpw;F Vw;fdNt njhlh;G >Ue;jJ. ;gw;wp thrpf;Fk; Mq;fpyk; njhpe;jth;fs; dhh;fs;. >e;j KiwapNyjhd; ehq;fs; mq;F
;dh;, KjyhtJ >yf;fpa tpkh;rdk; my;yJ tud;Kiwahd- Integrated Curriculum Mfg; po; >yf;fpaj;ijg; ghh;f;fj;jf;fJ vd;fpd;w
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xU epiyg;ghL Vw;gl;lJ. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb tplak; mjw;Fs; xU cyfg; nghJthd Sci >e;jj; jpwdha;T Kiwikfs; gw;wp m Gj;jfq;fspy;, K.t.Tila Gj;jfj;jpNyh Gj;jfj;jpNyh vJTk; >y;iy.
mg;NghJ vq;fSf;F, IntegratedMf ehq xUq;fpizj;Jg; ghh;f;ff; $ba xU fw ntspte;jJ. mjdhy; jkpo; ehl;by; gy >lq njhpate;jd. vkJ ehl;by; gy;fiyf; fof xU Neuj;jpy;, vy;yhkhfj; jkpo; khzth;fs >Ug;ghh;fs;. Mdhy; jkpo; ehl;by; mg;gbay;y 10,000 Kjy; 15,000 khzth;fs; tiu >Ug;gh vkJ ngah;fs; njhpa te;jd. Muk;gj kl;lj;jpNyjhd; vq;fSf;F tuNtw;G >Ue;jJ rpjk;guk; cl;gl ehy;th; Nrh;e;J $l;lk; xOq $g;gpl;lhh;fs;. ehd; Kjypy; nrd;wJ mg;gbNa. nrd;wpUe;jhh;. tp[agh];fud; vq;fSi NghLtjw;Fj; jahuhf >Ue;jhh;. NCBS jahuh Kf;fpakhd tplak;. mq;F NghdTld; khzt ehq;fs; Integrated MNdhk;. >jdhy; vq mth;fs; thrpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. vd;Dil Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;-66, ifyhrgjpapD >yf;fpak;’-67. Mdhy;, jkpo; ehty; >yf;f nghpjhf >Ue;jJ. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; R vd;dntd;why;, jkpopy; Ph.D vOjyhk; vd;W n jkpofj;jpy; >Ue;j murpay; epiyik vd;d Ml;rp - jpuhtplf; fl;rpapd; epiyg;ghL vd rq;f >yf;fpk; gw;wpg; NgRthh;fs;. >ilf tukhl;lhh;fs;. fk;gd;, gf;jp >yf;fpak; g >yf;fzk; gw;wpg; NgRtjw;Fk; Mokh >Uf;ftpy;iy. gbg;gpg;gjw;F Ml;fs; > khzth;fSf;Fs; Nghfkhl;lhh;fs;. etPd nra;thh;fs;. ehty;fs;, rpWfijfs; gw;wpj;jhd; ehty; rpWfijfs; gw;wpr; nra;tnjd;why;, m Gj;jfq;fis thrpj;Jj;jhd; MfNtz;Lk;. vjph E}y;fis thrpj;Jj;jhd; Mf Ntz;Lk;. >e
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;lJ. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb gbg;gpf;f Ntz;ba cyfg; nghJthd Scientific Base >Ue;jJ. iwikfs; gw;wp mth;fSila gioa ila Gj;jfj;jpNyh Qhdrk;ge;jDila ; >y;iy.
;F, IntegratedMf ehq;fs; nrhy;yf; $ba ;f;ff; $ba xU fw;if newpahf mJ jkpo; ehl;by; gy >lq;fspy; vkJ ngah;fs; hl;by; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; khfj; jkpo; khzth;fs; 2500 Ngh;tiujhd; kpo; ehl;by; mg;gbay;y. xU khtl;lj;jpNyNa zth;fs; tiu >Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fspilNa pa te;jd. Muk;gj;jpy; >e;j khzth; f;F tuNtw;G >Ue;jJ. ghyh[p, ghz;bad;, h; Nrh;e;J $l;lk; xOq;F nra;J vq;fisf; ypy; nrd;wJ mg;gbNa. gpd;dh; ifyhrgjpAk; agh];fud; vq;fSila Gj;jfq;fisg; >Ue;jhh;. NCBS jahuhf >Ue;jJ. mJ xU q;F NghdTld; khzth;fSila epiyap;y; Ndhk;. >jdhy; vq;fSila E}y;fis lq;fpdhh;fs;. vd;Dila, jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; k;-66, ifyhrgjpapDila ‘jkpo; ehty; ;, jkpo; ehty; >yf;fpaj;jpd; jhf;fk; kpfg; e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; Rthu];akhd tplak; ; Ph.D vOjyhk; vd;W nrhd;dhh;fs;. mg;NghJ urpay; epiyik vd;d ntd;why;, - jp.K.f. ;rpapd; epiyg;ghL vd;dntd;why; mth;fs; ; NgRthh;fs;. >ilf;fhy >yf;fpaj;jpw;F ;, gf;jp >yf;fpak; gw;wpg; Ngrkhl;lhh;fs;. NgRtjw;Fk; Mokhd Ml;fs; mq;F ;gpg;gjw;F Ml;fs; >Ue;jhh;fs;. Mdhy; hfkhl;lhh;fs;. etPd >yf;fpaq;fs;jhd; rpWfijfs; gw;wpj;jhd; Muha;r;rp nra;thh;fs;. ;wpr; nra;tnjd;why;, mg;NghJ vq;fSila ;jhd; MfNtz;Lk;. vjph;f;fpwnjd;whYk; >e;j d; Mf Ntz;Lk;. >e;j E}y;fisg; Nghy;
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NtW E}y;fs; >Uf;ftpy;iy. mj;NjhL Mf;f vq;fSila vOj;jhsh;fSila vO gpuRukhapUe;jd.
>e;jNtisapy;, khh;f;]p] Muha;r;rp n FOtpdh; mq;F FOthf >aq;fpf; nfhz mth;fSk; rkkhf Kf;fpakhd xU tplak; nra etPd >yf;fpk; kl;Lky;yhJ, Pre modern litera xU r%f tpkh;rdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpNdhk;. tplak;. jdpj;jkpo; >af;fk; gw;wpa vdJ Nfhl;ghl;bd; r%f mbg;gilfs; vd;w fl;Li tho;Tk; topghLk;, ehLk; ehad;khUk;, Ngu vd;w ifyhrgjpapd; fl;Liufs; kpf Kf mitgw;wpg; gy Nguhrphpah;fs; vd;Dld; NgrpapUf mbfs; gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhdth; my;yh Ntz;lhnkd;whYk;, Mq;fpyj;ij tpUk;gpdhh; vOjpa fl;Liuf;F kpfg; nghpa tuN mJkhj;jpuky;yhky;, t.c.rp., Rg;gpukzpa jq;fSf;Fs; xU jdpj;jkpo; >af;fj;ij elj;jpdh kpfg; nghpa tuNtw;Gf; fpilj;jJ. >tw;wpd literatureI tpkh;rpg;gjw;fhd xU kuG njhlq xg;gpay; >yf;fpak; Nghd;w fl;Liufs; K fNzrypq;fk; %ykhfg; gy E}y;fs; ntspahf ngUk; tuNtw;Gf; fpilj;jJ. >uz;lhk; %d;whk etPd >yf;fpaj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l >yf;fpaq;fis >ilf;fhy >yf;fpaq;fisak; ehq;fs; r%f >y cl;gLj;jpNdhk;. ehq;fs;jhd; jdpahfr; nra;Nj thdkhkiyapd; fl;Liufs;, uFehjdpd; Kf;fpakhdit. Mdhy; vq;fSila jhf;fk; fz vq;fSf;F xU >lk; mq;F Vw;gl;lJ.
kw;wJ, mq;F ehq;fs; gy nrhw;nghopT nrhw;nghopTfisg; gyh; Nfl;fTk; mtw;iw E}y fpl;bd. Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpak; gw;wpa vdJ E} my;yJ 75 Mk; Mz;by; Ngrpa Ngr;R. mNj nrhw;nghopTfSk; E}y;tbtk; ngw;Ws fUj;juq;FfspYk; ehq;fs; gq;Fgw;wpNdhk;. r%fKk; rkj;JtKk; gw;wpaJ. vdJ t gw;wpaNgr;Rfs;- >g;gbahf mq;F xU gutyhd
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

py;iy. mj;NjhL Mf;f >yf;fpaj; Jiwapy; ;jhsh;fSila vOj;Jf;fSk; mq;F
hh;f;]p] Muha;r;rp nfhz;l thdkhkiy thf >aq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ehq;fSk; ;fpakhd xU tplak; nra;Njhk;. vd;dntd;why; y;yhJ, Pre modern literature IAk; >g;gbahd pw;F cl;gLj;jpNdhk;. mJ kpf Kf;fpakhd af;fk; gw;wpa vdJ fl;LiuAk;, jpizf; bg;gilfs; vd;w fl;LiuAk;, gz;ilj;jkpoh; Lk; ehad;khUk;, NguuRk; ngUe;jj;JtKk; fl;Liufs; kpf Kf;fpakhd fl;Liufs;. ah;fs; vd;Dld; NgrpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. kiwakiy ;rpf;F vjpuhdth; my;yh;, mth; rk];fpUjj;ij q;fpyj;ij tpUk;gpdhh; vd;w fUj;Jg;gl ehd; kpfg; nghpa tuNtw;Gf; fpilj;jJ. t.c.rp., Rg;gpukzpa rpth Nghd;wth;fs; kpo; >af;fj;ij elj;jpdhh;fs;. vd;W $wpaNghJ f; fpilj;jJ. >tw;wpdhy;, Pre contemporary ;fhd xU kuG njhlq;fpaJ. ifyhrgjpapd; ghd;w fl;Liufs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. ; gy E}y;fs; ntspahfpd. >e;j E}y;fSf;Fg; ;jJ. >uz;lhk; %d;whk; gjpg;Gfs; ntspahfpd. Kw;gl;l >yf;fpaq;fisAk;, ekJ gz;ila, sak; ehq;fs; r%f >yf;fpa tpkh;rdq;fSf;F s;jhd; jdpahfr; nra;Njhk; vd;W $wtpy;iy. iufs;, uFehjdpd; fl;Liufs; kpf kpf ; vq;fSila jhf;fk; fzprkhdJ. >jdhNyNa mq;F Vw;gl;lJ.
q;fs; gy nrhw;nghopTfs; Mw;wpNdhk;. mr; ; Nfl;fTk; mtw;iw E}y;fshf;fTk; tha;g;Gfs; f;fpak; gw;wpa vdJ E}y;- >J Nfhitapy; 74 ;by; Ngrpa Ngr;R. mNjNghy ifyhrgjpapd; E}y;tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd. CLS elj;jpa q;fs; gq;Fgw;wpNdhk;. ifyhrgjpapDila ; gw;wpaJ. vdJ tWikAk; rhjpaKk; hf mq;F xU gutyhd jhf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ.
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Kjypy; mJ vq;fis ntWkNd etPd fshfNt fz;lJ. mjd;gpd;dh;jhd;, tplaq;fisg;gw;wp Muha;fpd;w NghJjh >yf;fpaj;jpYk; vq;fSf;Fj; jhldk; >Uf;fpw Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. >jid tuNtw;w rpy ngah;fisr; nrhy;yhtpby; >J gw;wp ehd; G cjhuzkhf, Kjypy; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofk tutiof;fg;gl;l Ml;fspy; xU >yq;ifia Ntz;Lnkd vd;id mioj;jhh;fs;. me;jj; Senate f;F xU >yq;ifg; NguhrphpaUk; tpj;jpahde;jd; was appointed member of the nghpa tplak;. >g;NghJ xUtUk; >;y gy;fiyf;fofr; nrytpNyNa mq;F nrd;W tU tp.I. Rg;gpukzpak; mjpy; Kf;fpakhd Ms;. m vdf;F >e;j tplaq;fspy; e;j mq;Fs;s goe;jkpo; mwpQh;fs; vk;ik Kw;wpY epiyik xd;W Vw;gl;lJ. nrd;idg; gy Jiwj;jiytuhf >Ue;j e.rQ;rPtp, mth; Ue;j ehDk; ifyhrgjpAk; njhlh;Gglt nj.ngh.kPdhl;rpRe;juKk; Kf;fpakhdt gy;fiyf;fofj;Jg; Nguhrphpah; mf] Nr.it.rz;Kfk; Nghd;wth;fSk; yf;fpaj; Jiwa >yf;fpaj;Jiwap;y; vq;fSf;F >Ue;j ghpr;r mJ mLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F >y;yhk Mq;fpyj;jpy; ruskhfg; NgRNthk;. mq;Nf v Nguhrphpah; vd;why; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Ngr khl;l cz;L. ehd; xU Kiw kl;uh]py; >Ue;J NghNdd;. NghFk;NghJ fy;fw;whtpy; >U mjpfhhpAk; vd;NdhL Ngrpf;nfhz;L te nra;fpwPh;fs; vd vd;dplk; Nfl;lhh;. ehd;
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;fis ntWkNd etPd >yf;fpa tpkh;rfh; mjd;gpd;dh;jhd;, gbg;gbahf >e;j Muha;fpd;w NghJjhd; gz;ila jkpo; f;Fj; jhldk; >Uf;fpwJ vd;gij mwpQh;fs; >jid tuNtw;w rpy jkpo; mwpQh;fspd; pby; >J gw;wp ehd; G+h;j;jp nra;a KbahJ. jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofk; njhlq;fpa nghOJ, spy; xU >yq;ifiar; Nrh;e;jtUk; >Uf;f mioj;jhh;fs;. me;jj; jkpo; gy;fiyf;fof ;ifg; NguhrphpaUk; >Uf;fNtz;L nkd ppointed member of the university senate. mJ ;NghJ xUtUk; >;y;iy. mth; jkpo;g; NyNa mq;F nrd;W tUthh;. >e;j tp\aj;jpy; py; Kf;fpakhd Ms;. mth;fSf;Fj; njhpAk; spy; e;j epiyik fhuzkhf wpQh;fs; vk;ik Kw;wpYk; Gwf;fzpf;fKbahj l;lJ. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof jkpo;j; e;j e.rQ;rPtp, mth; yf;fpa ;if newp vk;.V.f;Fg; gbg;gpf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd ; vd;idr; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jf;F f mioj;jpUe;jhh;. kw;iwath; kJiug; ;g; Nguhrphpauhf >Ue;j vk;.rz;Kfk;gps;is. pAk; njhlh;Ggltpy;iy vd;whYk; uKk; Kf;fpakhdth;. mz;zhkiyg; Nguhrphpah; mf];jpaypq;fk;gps;is, d;wth;fSk; yf;fpaj; Jiwapy;, my;yJ gpwehl;L q;fSf;F >Ue;j ghpr;rak;. Jujp\;ltrkhf iwapdUf;F >y;yhky; NghdJ. ehq;fs; g; NgRNthk;. mq;Nf vd;dntd;why;, jkpo;g; q;fpyj;jpy; Ngr khl;lhh; vd;w mgpg;gpuhak; w kl;uh]py; >Ue;J jQ;rhT+Uf;F wapypy; J fy;fw;whtpy; >Uf;Fk; xU f];lk;]; Ngrpf;nfhz;L te;jhh;. ePq;fs; vd;d ;dplk; Nfl;lhh;. ehd; xU gy;fiyf;fofg;
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Nguhrpupah; vd;Nwd;. mth; vd;NdhL >yf;fpak ehty;fs; gw;wpg; Ngrp, murpay;gw;wpAk; Ng >wq;Fk;NghJ, ePq;fs; vd;d gbg;gpf;fpwPh;fs Professor of Tamil vd;W $wpNdd;. mth;, jk gl;lNjhL, But You are speaking Englishvd;W $ Nguhrphpah;fs; Mq;fpyk; Ngrpdhy; mtd; epi tz;by; Nghdkhjpup. mtUf;Fj; Ngrj; njhpa fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuj;jpy; tUfpd;w jkpo; mk;ikag;ggps;is Nghd;w kdg;gjpTjhd; mq jkpo; Mrphpah;fs; vy;NyhUk; jdpj;jkpo; NgRt fl;lkhl;lhh;fs;. Trouser jhd; NghLthh;fs;. nrhy;thh;fs;? jkpo;g; gLj;Jthh;fs;. Mdhy NghLthh;fs;. Mq;fpy mwpT mth;fSf;Fg; English medium vd;W nrhy;tnjy;yhk; ‘fg;rh’. jiyKiwf;F >Ue;jJ. >d;iwa jiyKi tP; v];. Rg;gpukzpak; nrhy;thh;, ehq;fs; mq fhuzk;, ehq;fs; Western training cs; fzgjpg;gps;isahf >Ue;jhy; vd;d, >Ue;jhnyd;d, ifyhrgjpahf >Ue;jhny >Ue;jhnyd;d, NtYg;gps;isahf >Ue;jhn don training, Oxford training, Bermingham trainin Training mth;fSf;F >y;iy. >JTk; vq tha;g;ghf >Ue;jJ.
jpUk;gTk; ehd; >jidr; nrhy;y Ntz;L ngUtha;g;ghf mike;jjw;fhd fhuzk;, m Njhoh;fs;. mth;fSld; ehq;fs; Clhb fUj;Jf;fisg; ghpkhwpNdhk;. CPI, CPM vd;W gp cwT >Ue;jJ. CPI >Yk; >Ug;ghh;fs;, CP fy;ahzRe;juk; >y;yhky;, ehd; vdJ Dram ety E}iyg; Nghl;bUf;f KbahJ. ehd; mj nfhLf;ftpy;iy. 1981>y; mjw;F >e;jpag; gz >tw;iw kwf;f KbahJ. >e;jkjphpahd xU # vq;fSf;F mq;F tuNtw;Gf; fpilj;jJ. >jw;F vd;W ehd; $w khl;Nld;. vjph;g;Gk; >Ue vjph;j;jth;fs; vjph;j;jhh;fs;. ‘khh;f;]pd;-fy;yi vd;W Nt.rhkpehjd; vOjpdhh;. >q;Fk; vq;fS
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

th; vd;NdhL >yf;fpak; gw;wpg; Ngrp, Mq;fpy p, murpay;gw;wpAk; Ngrpf;nfhz;L te;jhh;. ; vd;d gbg;gpf;fpwPh;fs; vd;W Nfl;lhh;. ehd; $wpNdd;. mth;, jkpoh‰ vd;W Mr;rhpag; speaking Englishvd;W $wpdhh;. mq;F jkpo;g; k; Ngrpdhy; mtd; epidg;ghd;, fy;Nuhl;by; tUf;Fj; Ngrj; njhpahJ. jkpohrphpah; gw;wp, ;jpy; tUfpd;w jkpo; Mrphpah; MLrhgl;b hd;w kdg;gjpTjhd; mq;F cs;sth;fSf;F. yhUk; jdpj;jkpo; NgRthh;fs;. Mdhy; Ntl;b er jhd; NghLthh;fs;. Kidth; vd;Wjhd; gLj;Jthh;fs;. Mdhy; ‘lhf;lh;’ vd;Wjhd; mwpT mth;fSf;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; FiwT, rhy;tnjy;yhk; ‘fg;rh’. Mq;fpy mwpT gioa J. >d;iwa jiyKiwf;F kpfTk; FiwT. nrhy;thh;, ehq;fs; mq;F fhY}d;wpajw;Ff; Western training cs;s Ml;fs; vd;W. >Ue;jhy; vd;d, tpj;jpahde;jdhf hrgjpahf >Ue;jhnyd;d, rptj;jk;gpahf g;gps;isahf >Ue;jhnyd;d, ehq;fs;, Lon- ning, Bermingham training cs;sth;fs;. me;j >y;iy. >JTk; vq;fSf;F xU nghpa
jidr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. vq;fSf;F mq;F ;jjw;fhd fhuzk;, mq;Fs;s vq;fSila ld; ehq;fs; ClhbNdhk;, NgrpNdhk;, dhk;. CPI, CPM vd;W gphpe;jhYk; vq;fSf;Fs; Yk; >Ug;ghh;fs;, CPM>Yk; >Ug;ghh;fs;. hky;, ehd; vdJ Drama in ancient Tamil soci- ;f KbahJ. ehd; mjw;fhf xUrjk; fhRk; y; mjw;F >e;jpag; gzk; 65000 &gh Kbe;jJ. J. >e;jkjphpahd xU #oy; fhuzkhfj;jhd; w;Gf; fpilj;jJ. >jw;F vjph;g;G >Uf;ftpy;iy ;Nld;. vjph;g;Gk; >Ue;jJ. khh;f;]paj;ij h;fs;. ‘khh;f;]pd;-fy;yiwapypUe;J xU Fuy;’ jpdhh;. >q;Fk; vq;fSf;F vjpu;g;G >y;yhky;
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>y;iy. epiwa vjph;g;G >Ue;jJ. ehd; Ngh;kpq ‘>Uk;Gf; fyhepjp’ vd;W nrhd;dth;fSk;, vq;fS vd;W nrhd;dth;fSk; >Ue;jhh;fs;. xUth nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhh;, ”rptj;jk;gp Ph.D.nra $j;ijg;gw;wp“ vd;W. mtuJ kidtp xU rq;fPj Ntiy nra;jth;. mth; vd;dplk; Nfl;lhh;, ‘ $j;ijg;gw;wpj; Thesis nra;jPu;fshk;’ v $j;ijg;gw;wpr; nra;atpy;iy - Ancient Tami nra;jdhd; vd;Nwd;. mth; gpd;G mjid $wpapUf;fpwhh;. mth; vd;dplk; te;jNghJ Nf Folk Dramanra;atpy;iyah“ vd;W. >g;gb v mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; >Ue;jd. VNjh fhy Xl;lj kiwe;J ehq;fs; jkpo; rk;ge;jkhfg; Ngr khWtjw;fhd xU re;jh;g;gk; vw;gl;lJ. vq;fsJ gq;fspg;G vd;W fUJtJ >Jjhd basis for literary critisism in Tamil. mjhtJ tpkh;rdj;ij mwptpay; G+h;tkhd xU nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd xU jsj;ij Vw;gLj;j
kpfTk; Jujp\;lkhd fhhpak;, ifyhr fhykhdJ. 20 tU\k; >d;Dk; >Ue;jpUe;jhy >d;Dk; $bapUf;Fk;. vd;Dld; Ngrpa cr;rj;jpw;Fg; NghapUf;Fk;. fhyf\;lk; eh >oe;jJ.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;G >Ue;jJ. ehd; Ngh;kpq;fhkpy; gbj;jgbahy;, nrhd;dth;fSk;, vq;fSf;Fj; jkpo; njhpahJ ; >Ue;jhh;fs;. xUth; jdJ kidtpf;Fr; ”rptj;jk;gp Ph.D.nra;jJ VNjh ehl;Lf; tuJ kidtp xU rq;fPjf;fhhp. mth; vd;Dld; h; vd;dplk; Nfl;lhh;, ‘N]h;, ePq;fs; ehl;Lf; is nra;jPu;fshk;’ vd;W. ehd; ehl;Lf; py;iy - Ancient Tamil Drama gw;wpnay;Nyh mth; gpd;G mjid mtuJ fztdplk; vd;dplk; te;jNghJ Nfl;lhh;, ”ePq;fs; vd;d yah“ vd;W. >g;gb vq;fisg;gw;wp epiwa ;jd. VNjh fhy Xl;lj;jpy; mitnay;yhk; po; rk;ge;jkhfg; Ngrg;glf; $bath;fshf ;jh;g;gk; vw;gl;lJ. d;W fUJtJ >Jjhd;.- Providing scientific ism in Tamil. mjhtJ jkpopy; >yf;fpa pay; G+h;tkhd xU mZF Kiwf;F xU jsj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
hd fhhpak;, ifyhrgjp 50 tajpNyNa ; >d;Dk; >Ue;jpUe;jhy;, mtUila Kjph;T ;. vd;Dld; Ngrpa gy tplaq;fs; kpf f;Fk;. fhyf\;lk; ehq;fs; ifyhrgjpia
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8口口
jp.Qh. : p.Qh. : p.Qh. : p.Qh. : p.Qh. : Kw;Nghf;F tpkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; Kw;Nghf;F tpkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; Kw;Nghf;F tpkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; Kw;Nghf;F tpkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; Kw;Nghf;F tpkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; tl;lj;jpdiuNa vjw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhL tl;lj;jpdiuNa vjw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhL tl;lj;jpdiuNa vjw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhL tl;lj;jpdiuNa vjw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhL tl;lj;jpdiuNa vjw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhL kw;wth;fSila vOj;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghU kw;wth;fSila vOj;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghU kw;wth;fSila vOj;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghU kw;wth;fSila vOj;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghU kw;wth;fSila vOj;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghU Fw;wr;rhl;L epyTfpwNj...Œ Fw;wr;rhl;L epyTfpwNj...Œ Fw;wr;rhl;L epyTfpwNj...Œ Fw;wr;rhl;L epyTfpwNj...Œ Fw;wr;rhl;L epyTfpwNj...Œ
fh. rp.fh. rp.fh. rp.fh. rp.fh. rp. : 55,56 fspypUe;J xU Gjpa tpopg;Gz xU cr;r epiyia vl;Lfpw tiuapy;, >af;fk; yf;fpa cyfp;y; nraw;g gpd; Nehf;fpg; ghh;f;ifapy; kWkyh;r;rp >af;fK rk;ge;jg;gl;l NtiyfSk; fNz\; ‘ghujp’iaj tuyhw;W Nehf;fpy; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ, khwptU jd;ikfis >e;j >uz;Lk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vd;gJ ghujpAfj;ij y;yhkYk;, fhyj;jpd; Njit >yf;fpaj; Jiwapy; r%f rpe;jidg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;, nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;w fUj;J fl;rpkl;lj;jpy; epytpaJ. Fwpg;ghf >e;jf; fk me;je;j ehLfspy; cs;s gz;ghLf njhopw;glNtz;Lk; vd;w epiyg;ghl;il 50fsp >e;jg; gpd;Gyj;jpNyjhd; Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpa Muk;gpj;jJ. yf;fpag; ghuk;gh
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

8口口
pkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; jq;fisr; #oTs;s pkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; jq;fisr; #oTs;s pkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; jq;fisr; #oTs;s pkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; jq;fisr; #oTs;s pkh;rfh;fs; vg;NghJk; jq;fisr; #oTs;s jw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhLj;J te;Js;sdh;. jw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhLj;J te;Js;sdh;. jw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhLj;J te;Js;sdh;. jw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhLj;J te;Js;sdh;. jw;Fk; jl;bf;nfhLj;J te;Js;sdh;. ;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;w ;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;w ;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;w ;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;w ;Jf;fis mjpfk; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;w Nj...ŒNj...ŒNj...ŒNj...ŒNj...Œ
e;J xU Gjpa tpopg;Gzh;r;rp Vw;gl;L 60fspy; vl;Lfpw tiuapy;, Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpa f;fpa cyfp;y; nraw;gl;L te;jJ. >g;NghJ, py; kWkyh;r;rp >af;fKk; my;yJ vOj;jhsh; k; fNz\; ‘ghujp’iaj; njhlf;fpaJk; >d;W h;f;Fk; NghJ, khwptUfpd;w fhyj;jpDila uz;Lk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. kWkyh;r;rp >af;fk; it gw;wpa Neub k;, fhyj;jpd; NjitfSf;fhfTk; fiy r%f rpe;jidg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs; epfo tz;Lk; vd;fpd;w fUj;J me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; J. Fwpg;ghf >e;jf; fk;A+dp];l; >af;fq;fs;, ; cs;s gz;ghLfNshL >ize;J ;w epiyg;ghl;il 50fspy; nghJthf vLj;jJ. d; Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpa >af;fk; gbg;gbahf Xh; >yf;fpag; ghuk;ghpaj;ij kPl;nlLg;gJk;
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me;jg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; fhY}d;wp epd;Wnfhz gpur;rpidfis vOJtJk;, vd;fpd;w Nehf;f >Ue;jJ.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; ehd; ehtyiug;gw;wpf; fz $l, Gjpjhf te;j GJik >yf;fpak; Kjy ‘ekJ guk;giu’ vd;W ehtyiug;gw;wp vOjpapU tFj;j ghij. ehtyh; tFj;j ghijapNyNa e mJ vq;fSf;Fj; NjitahfTk; >Ue;jJ ntWkNd >yf;fpa mehijfsy;yh;. ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;F ehtyh; tpj;jpl;lhh; vd mbg;gilahf itj;J vOjpNdd;. mjidg; gpd cs;sth;fs; kPs;gpuRuk; nra;jhh;fs;. mJ gbg;g aho;g;ghz r%f xLf;F Kiwfs; gw;wpg mf;FNtW MzpNtwhf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpw, gpuj Kiwikahfj; njhlq;fpNdhk;. mf;fhyfl;lj;j [Pth, m.e. fe;jrhkp Nghd;w vOj;jhsh;fs; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;.
Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fspd; >e;j vOr;rp > te;jJ. Kjypy; ‘yf;fpak;’ vd;w N vy;NyhUk; Nrh;e;J xUikg;gl;l >yf;fpakh fy;Y}hpapy; ele;j khehL cz;ikapy;, d;ndhU fl;lk; te;jJ. tUf vj;jifa epiyg;gl;l >yf;fpakhf >Uj;jy xU gpur;rpid te;jJ. me;epiyapy; >e;jj; Njr >yf;fpakhf >Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpd;w >uz me;jf; fl;lk;jhd; ‘Njrpa >yf;fpak;’ vd;gJ. >uz;L epiyg;ghL >Ue;jJ. xd;W >e gpur;ridfisr; nrhy;Yjy;. kw;wJ nghJTli Nrh\yprg; gpd;Gyk; fhuzkhf rpq;fsth; j >y;yhky;, >yq;if kf;fis >yq;if mth;fSila gpur;rpidfis vLj;Jf; fl;lj;jpNyjhd; Njrpa >yf;fpak; vd;w Nfh\ Njrpa >yf;fpak; gw;wpj; njhlh;e;J xU t jpdfudpYk; vOjg;gl;lJ, GJik >yf;fpa
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

; fhY}d;wp epd;Wnfhz;L >d;iwa r%fg; Jk;, vd;fpd;w Nehf;fk;jhd; Nky;epiyapy;
; ehtyiug;gw;wpf; fz;bg;ghfg; NgrpdhYk; ik >yf;fpak; KjyhtJ njhlhpy;, ehd; htyiug;gw;wp vOjpapUf;fpNwd;. >J ehtyh; tFj;j ghijapNyNa ehq;fs; NghNthnkd;W. itahfTk; >Ue;jJ. Vnddpy; ehq;fs; pa mehijfsy;yh;. yf;fpag; yh; tpj;jpl;lhh; vd;fpd;w nfhs;ifia vOjpNdd;. mjidg; gpd;dh; ehtyh; rigapy; ; nra;jhh;fs;. mJ gbg;gbahf te;J, Fwpg;ghf f;F Kiwfs; gw;wpg; NgRfpw, r%fj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpw, gpujpgypf;fpd;w Xh; vOj;J ;fpNdhk;. mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; lhdpay;, uFehjd;, Nghd;w vOj;jhsh;fs; gbg;gbahf >aq;fj;
sh;fspd; >e;j vOr;rp >uz;L %d;W epiyg;gl ;J >yf;fpak;’ vd;w Nfh\k;jhd; >Ue;jJ. Uikg;gl;l >yf;fpakhf >Ue;jJ. ]hfpuh ehL cz;ikapy;, yf;fpak; vd;w gz;bjkzp fzgjpg;gps;is, fdf nre;jpehjd; e;jf; fhyfl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;fs;.
hU fl;lk; te;jJ. tUfpd;w yf;fpak; >yf;fpakhf >Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;w me;epiyapy; >e;jj; Njrj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fpd;w z;Lk; vd;fpd;w >uz;lhtJ fl;lk; te;jJ. rpa >yf;fpak;’ vd;gJ. Njrpa >yf;fpaj;jpw;F >Ue;jJ. xd;W >e;j ehl;by; cs;s ;Yjy;. kw;wJ nghJTlikg; gpd;Gyk; my;yJ huzkhf rpq;fsth; jkpoh; vd;w NtWghL kf;fis >yq;if kf;fshfg; ghh;j;J, pidfis vLj;Jf; $WtJ. >e;jf;fhy >yf;fpak; vd;w Nfh\k; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ;wpj; njhlh;e;J xU tpthjk; eilngw;wJ. ;lJ, GJik >yf;fpaj;jpYk; vOjg;gl;lJ.
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vOJk;NghJ, >e;jpahtpDila jhf;fk; > vOj;jhsh;fSila nry;thf;fpypUe;J tpL ghuk;ghpaj;ij cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd elf;fpwNghJ >d;DnkhU Kf;fpakhd vd;dntd;why; aho;g;ghzk; kl;lf;fsg;G vd khj;jpuk;jhd; >Ue;j >yf;fpa vOj;Jyif gb kw;iwa jkpoh; thofpd;w - jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs gpuNjrq;fis cs;slf;fj; njhlq;fpw;W. c nrse;juehafk;, kl;lf;fsg;gpy; vw;fdNt jk vOj;jhsh;fs; v];. b. rptehafk;, >uh[ghu me;jg; gpd;Gyj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;. kiyafj;J fNz\; fhyk; Ngha; vd;.v];.vk;. >uhik fhyk; njhlq;fpaJ. K];ypk;fSila vOj;J ntsptuj; njhlq;fpd. Fwpg;ghf >yq;ifapd jpf;ty;iy fpuhkj;jpypUe;J fkhy; Nghd >tw;iwnay;yhk; Nrh;j;J xd;whf y Kjw;jlitahf >e;j Kw;Nghf;F vOj;j tug;gl;lJ. mJtiu yf;fpak; vd ehtyUila ghuk;ghpaj;ij- irtg; ghuk;ghpaj Nkyhz;ikAs;s, NkNyhq;fp epd;w xU g ehq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. mLj;j fl;lkhf, 50 jkpo;g; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s rfy vOj;jhsh;f xl;Lnkhj;jkhd >yf;fpakhfg; ghh >yf;fpaj;jpDila tsh;r;rp, jpf;ty;iy Ngh vOj;Jf;fSila tUif. kl;lf;f mf;fiug;gw;wpNyjhd; Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhs >Ue;jJ. mg;Jy; ]kJ, kUJ}h;f; nfhj;jd;, V.
>th;fs; vy;NyhUk; fk;A+dp];l;Lfs >yf;fpaj;jpy; me;je;jg; gpuNjrq;fisg; gpujpg vd;fpd;w xU Nehf;fpy; vOjpdhh;fs;. Njrpa me;j xU ghpkhzk; cz;L. >d;ndhd;Wj nrhy;Yk;NghJ rpq;fs kf;fisAk; Nrh;j;J vd;gJ. cz;ikapy; me;j Njrpa >yf;fpak xU Gwk; nrd;id vOj;jhsh;fspd; nry;t >Uj;jy;. me;j ehzaj;jpd; kWGwk;, >q;Fs ahtw;wpYk; >yf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;glj; njhlq Clhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba xU MSik gpN >Ue;jJ. ahh;ahh; Kd;Df;F tUfpwhh;fNsh ah
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

htpDila jhf;fk; >y;yhJ - nrd;id ry;thf;fpypUe;J tpLgl;L ekf;nfd xU ;lhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. >J nkhU Kf;fpakhd tplak; ele;jJ. hzk; kl;lf;fsg;G vd;fpd;w gpuNjrq;fSld; yf;fpa vOj;Jyif gbg;gbahf >yq;ifapd; d;w - jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs; thOfpd;w kw;iwa f;fj; njhlq;fpw;W. cjhuzkhf, td;dpapy; ;fsg;gpy; vw;fdNt jkpo; vOr;rp rk;ge;jkhd . rptehafk;, >uh[ghujp, gpj;jd; vy;NyhUk; h;e;jth;fs;. kiyafj;J vOj;J njhlq;fpaJ. ; vd;.v];.vk;. >uhikah Nghd;NwhUila ];ypk;fSila vOj;Jf;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhf . Fwpg;ghf >yq;ifapd; njd; NfhbapYs;s pUe;J fkhy; Nghd;wth;fs; te;jhh;fs;. ;j;J xd;whf yf;fpak; vd;fpd;w gz;G ;j Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fshy; nfhz;L yf;fpak; vd;W nrhd;dhy;, mJ j;ij- irtg; ghuk;ghpaj;ij my;yJ >q;Fs;s Nyhq;fp epd;w xU ghuk;ghpaj;ijj; jhd; ;. mLj;j fl;lkhf, 50fspypUe;J >q;Fs;s s;s rfy vOj;jhsh;fSk; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w yf;fpakhfg; ghh;j;Njhk;. kiyaf sh;r;rp, jpf;ty;iy Nghd;w K];ypk;fSila tUif. kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; ghh;f;f Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fSf;F xU jsk; , kUJ}h;f; nfhj;jd;, V.>f;ghy; Nghd;wth;fs;.
Uk; fk;A+dp];l;Lfs; my;yh;. Mdhy; g; gpuNjrq;fisg; gpujpgypj;J, vOj Ntz;Lk; ; vOjpdhh;fs;. Njrpa >yf;fpak; vd;gjw;F cz;L. >d;ndhd;Wjhd; >yq;if vd;W s kf;fisAk; Nrh;j;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; me;j Njrpa >yf;fpak; vd;fpw ehzaj;jpd; Oj;jhsh;fspd; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;glhky; j;jpd; kWGwk;, >q;Fs;s jkpo;g; gpuNjrq;fs; ;fs; vOjg;glj; njhlq;Fjy;. mjw;Fs; xU ;$ba xU MSik gpNuk;[p QhdRe;juj;jpw;F f;F tUfpwhh;fNsh ahh;ahh; >e;j KiwapNy
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nry;fpwhh;fNsh mth;fis cs;thq;fpf; mjDila eilKiwahFk;. y„;kz Iah;, g fzgjpg;gps;is, fdf nre;jpehjd;, >t Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; rq;fk; Nkil mikj;Jf IaUf;F filrptiuapy; Nkil mikj;Jf;
mjd; gpd;G, gbg;gbahf >e;j vOj;jhsh;f fis, Fwpg;ghf r%f xLf;F Kiwfi njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. me;j vOj;JfSf;fhd epaha xU tpkh;rdf; FO xd;W te;jJ. >e;j Kw;Ngh te;j tpkh;rdj;ijg;gw;wp ePq;fs; ed;whf tpsq Muk;gj;jpy; vq;fSila FOtpy; ahuhtJ f me;jf; fijia thrpg;ghh;- fij gpuRukhfpapU vy;NyhUk; Nrh;e;J fye;JiuahLthh;fs;. g jpUj;jp mDg;Gthh;. mLj;j fl;lj;jpy; vd;d ele fijfis itj;Jf;nfhz;L vy;NyhUk; Nr vdf;F ed;whf Qhgfk; >Uf;fpwJ, tpNtfhde gpd;Ndu Ntisfspy; >g;gbf; fye;J NgRN ek;GkhŒ’ fijia ehq;fs; >g;gb Discuss vOjp, thrpj;J, jpUj;jp - jpUj;Jtnjd;why;, vOJ vd;W nrhy;tjy;y. >jpy; vd;d >Uf;fpd;wd vd;W nrhy;fpd;w jd;ik >Ue;jJ tUfpwNghJ, >e;jf; fijfs; vy;yhk; gpujhdk ntspaplg;gl;ld. ru];tjp, rhe;jp Nghd;w ntspaplg;gl;ld. >;e;j Neuj;jpy; - 57y; Mrphpauhdhh;. jpdfudpd; gpd;Gyj;ijg; gh Kf;fpakhfj; jd;fhyj;jpy; jpdfudpy; K vOj;JfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jth;. mj $lhJ. Mdhy;, mjid gz;bjkzp, Nguhrp Nghd;wth;fs; kl;lj;jpNyjhd; itj;Jf; nfh tutpy;iy. ifyhrgjp QhapW jpdfud; Mrph fijfisg; gpuRhpf;fj;; njhlq;fpdhh;. xU vOj;jhsh;fis vOjitj;jhh;. me;jf; fhyfl;l vdf;Fk; >Ue;j jdpg;gl;l cwT fhuzkh fofj;jhy; te;jJ. >uz;L NgUk; xd;whf xd;whf fijf;fpwJ - mJ jdpg;gl;l cwT. > cwtpdhy; mJ NkYk; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. e khtj;ijapy; >Ue;Njd;. xt;nthU Qhapw;W
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

h;fis cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ hFk;. y„;kz Iah;, gz;bjkzp, Nguhrphpah; f nre;jpehjd;, >th;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; rq;fk; Nkil mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jJ. y„;kz
py; Nkil mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jJ.
ahf >e;j vOj;jhsh;fs; gpuNjrg; gpur;rpid %f xLf;F Kiwfisg; gw;wp vOjj; vOj;JfSf;fhd epahag;ghl;il toq;Ffpd;w ;W te;jJ. >e;j Kw;Nghf;F rq;fj;Jf;Fs;shy; p ePq;fs; ed;whf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. a FOtpy; ahuhtJ fij vOjpdhy;, mth; ;ghh;- fij gpuRukhfpapUf;fhJ. me;jf;fijia ye;JiuahLthh;fs;. gpwF mij vOjpath; j;j fl;lj;jpy; vd;d ele;jnjd;why;, gpuRukhd fhz;L vy;NyhUk; Nrh;e;jpUe;J NgRNthk;. ; >Uf;fpwJ, tpNtfhde;jh rig kz;lgj;jpy; >g;gbf; fye;J NgRNthk;. ee;jpapd; ‘Ch; q;fs; >g;gb Discuss gz;zpNdhk;. >g;gb, p - jpUj;Jtnjd;why;, mg;gb vOJ, >g;gb jy;y. >jpy; vd;d vd;d gpur;rpidfs; y;fpd;w jd;ik >Ue;jJ. me;j xU cj;Ntfk; ijfs; vy;yhk; gpujhdkhf >e;jpahtpNyjhd; ;tjp, rhe;jp Nghd;w gj;jphpiffspNyjhd; ;j Neuj;jpy; - 57y; ifyhrgjp jpdfud; dpd; gpd;Gyj;ijg; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;. ehjd; yj;jpy; jpdfudpy; Kjd;Kjypy; uz;L NgUk; xd;whf Ntiy nra;Njhk;, mJ jdpg;gl;l cwT. >e;j Kw;Nghf;F rq;f k; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ehd; mg;NghJ Uj;jpuh d;. xt;nthU Qhapw;Wf; fpoikAk; $l;lk;
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elf;Fk;. mjw;Ws; xU xOq;F Kiw >Uf xU Debate cs;s tplakhf te;jJ. Kjyht vd;dntd;why;, yf;fpak; vd;fpw t
>e;j Neuj;jpy; >d;Dnkhd;W te;jJ njd;dpe;jpahtpy; >Ue;J tUfpd;w tz fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ ey;yJ vd;W nrhd;Ndhk;. >th;fs; >e;jpahTf;F vjpuhdth;fs; vd;w >e;jpahtpYs;s fzprkhd fhj;jpukhd >yf;fpa xU gpbg;G Vw;gl;ljw;Ff; fhuzk;, ehq;fs >q;F itj;jJ. uFehjDf;F uhkfpU\;z gpbg;G Vw;gl;lJ. 59Mk; Mz;L, ehDk; r nrd;W jpUr;rpf;Fg; NghdNghJ, jpUNyhf r ePq;fs; vy;NyhUk; >g;gbr; nrhy;fpwPh;fshNk JzpT NtZk;“ vd;whh;. me;jf; fl;lj;jpy tifahd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. vOj;jhsh;fs; vOJfpd;wit >yf;fpa k vd;fpd;w tp\ak; te;jJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; >yf;fpaq;fspy; vOjg;gLfpd;w tp\aq;fSk nkhopAk;.- >J xU gpur;rpidiaf; fpog;gpaJ tzpf >yf;fpaj; jhf;fq;fis vjph;j gpur;ridahfTk; te;jJ. me;jf;fhyj;jpy; nuk;gTk; vjpuhf >Ue;jJ. mth;fs; ehq;fs; n fl;rpapDila my;yJ rpq;fsf; fl;rpfSi fUjpdhh;fs;. vdf;F ey;y Qhgfk; xU $ Kbj;jJk; mkph;jypq;fk; Ngrpdhh;. mth; NgrpaN kpfTk; jhf;fpg; Ngrpdhh;. mjw;F xU murpa
kw;wJ, >yf;fpa hPjpahf >e;j >yf vj;jifaJ vd;fpd;wJ gw;wpa xU tp\ak; t mwpahky;, >e;j Realism vd;fpd;w Nf ajhh;j;jthjk;. yf;fpak;, Njrpa ajhh;j;jthj >yf;fpak; vd;Wk; tuj;njhlq vd;W tuj; njhlq;fpaNghJjhd; kw;iwa v vjpuhff; fpsk;gj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. me;j Ne Realism, Critical Realism vd;gJ gw;wpnay;y kl;lj;jpy; tUfpwNghJ, gbg;gbahf Kj vOj;jhsh;fs; mth;fSila fUj;J epiya
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

xOq;F Kiw >Uf;Fk;. gbg;gbahf mJ akhf te;jJ. KjyhtJ tplakhf te;jJ
>yf;fpak; vd;fpw tplak;.
>d;Dnkhd;W te;jJ vd;d ntd;why;, Ue;J tUfpd;w tzpfg; gj;jphpiffis J vd;W nrhd;Ndhk;. mg;NghJ vy;NyhUk; vjpuhdth;fs; vd;whh;fs;. cz;ikapy; hd fhj;jpukhd >yf;fpathjpfSf;F vq;fspy; ;Ff; fhuzk;, ehq;fs; >e;jf; Nfh\j;ij hjDf;F uhkfpU\;zDf;F vq;fspy; xU k; Mz;L, ehDk; rkPKk; jkpofj;jpw;Fr; hdNghJ, jpUNyhf rPj;jhuhk; nrhd;dhh;, ” ;gbr; nrhy;fpwPh;fshNk, cq;fSf;F nuk;gj; hh;. me;jf; fl;lj;jpy; mJ %d;W ehd;F is Vw;gLj;jpaJ. xd;W. Kw;Nghf;F fpd;wit >yf;fpa kugpd;ghw; gl;litahŒ J. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;dntd;why;, me;j g;gLfpd;w tp\aq;fSk; mth;fs; ifahz;l r;rpidiaf; fpog;gpaJ. >d;ndhU gpur;rid jhf;fq;fis vjph;j;jJ- >J murpay; J. me;jf;fhyj;jpy; rk\;bf;fl;rp mjw;F ;jJ. mth;fs; ehq;fs; nrhy;tij fk;A+dp];l; J rpq;fsf; fl;rpfSila epiyg;ghlhff; ey;y Qhgfk; xU $l;lj;jpy; ehd; Ngrp ; Ngrpdhh;. mth; NgrpaNghJ >Jgw;wp vd;id hh;. mjw;F xU murpay; jhf;fk; >Ue;jJ.
hPjpahf >e;j >yf;fpaq;fspd; jd;ik gw;wpa xU tp\ak; tUfpw NghJ, vq;fis ealism vd;fpd;w Nfhl;ghL tUfpd;wJ- >yf;fpak;, Njrpa >yf;fpak; mj;NjhL k; vd;Wk; tuj;njhlq;fpaJ. ajhh;jthjk; NghJjhd; kw;iwa vOj;jhsh;fs; >jw;F lq;fpdhh;fs;. me;j Neuj;jpNyjhd; Socialist m vd;gJ gw;wpnay;yhk; NgrpNdhk;. >e;j hJ, gbg;gbahf Kjw;jlitahf jkpo; ila fUj;J epiyapd; mbg;gilapy;- Ide-
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ology >d; mbg;gilapy; gphpT gLtjw;fhd >e;jpahtpYk; nghJTlikf; fl;rpapd; epiyg;gh fof >dthjq;fSf;F vjpuhdjhf >Ue;jJ. > xUtpj xUikg;ghL >Ue;jJ. >e;j xU #o Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fspd; vOj;Jf;fis e Njit >Ue;jJ. mth;fSila vOj;Jf;fs; e ehq;fs; >q;Fk; ep&gpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. tpe;jdpd; vOj;Jf;fisg;gw nrhd;dhh;, ehq;fs; vt;tsTjhd; njhopyhspi me;jj; njhopyhsp vOJtJ Nghy; tuhJ v ahiuj; jz;zPh; ms;s Ntz;lhk; vd;W nrhd;dhh ms;s kWf;fg;gl;ltDila kfd; vO Mj;jpuq;fSld; tUk;. rpy ghi\fNshL xU r%fkhw;wkhf, r%fg; Gul;rpf;fhd xU j >e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; fUj;J epiy mb rhh;ghdth;fs; xU GwkhfTk; mjw;Fr kWGwkhfTk; >Ue;jdh;. >e;jg; gpur;rpidf;Fs;N tpLgl;Lg; Nghdhh;. nghd;Dj;Jiuapd; c Rg;gpukzpak;. >jdhy; fl;rp rk;ge;jg;gl;l nghd;Dj;Jiuf;F Kd;dh; cwT >Ue;jJ >th;fSld; nghd;Dj;Jiuf;F cwT >U >yf;fpaq;fis - vOj;Jf;fis >th;fs; ng cuss gz;Zthh;fs;. mjpy; VjhtJ gpion jpUj;Jthh;fs;. Vndd;why; nghd;Dj;Jiu Ke;jpNa gbj;jth;. gpw;gl;lfhyj;jpy; nghd;Dj Ntiynra;a >ayhky; NghdJ. Muk;g fhy vq;fsJ $l;lq;fSf;F tUthh;. gpd;G tUtjpy gphpaj; njhlq;fpaJ. r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F >Ue;jhh;fNsh mth;fs; fk;A+dp];l;Lfs >y;yhjth;fshf >Ue;jhnyd;d mth;fs; xd y„;kz Iah; Nghd;wth;fs; ek;Kld; epd;w tiu fdfnre;jpehjd; epd;whh;. Nguhrphpa tpj;jpahde;jd; Nghd;wth;fs; Mjhpj;jhh;fs;. Ng vq;fSf;F vjpuhf vJTk; nrhy;ytpy;iy. Xh; >yf;fpa tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gl;lJ. Ke;jpa v vOjpdhh;fs;. - t.m. >uhruj;jpdk; Nghd;wt vq;fNshL Nrh;e;J epd;whh;. gpd;dh; gb Nfhgpj;Jf;nfhz;L tpyfpdhh;. >e;j Neuj;jpy;
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

py; gphpT gLtjw;fhd xU #oy; vw;gl;lJ. ikf; fl;rpapd; epiyg;ghL jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; vjpuhdjhf >Ue;jJ. >it >uz;Lf;Fs;Sk; Ue;jJ. >e;j xU #oYf;Fs; tUfpwNghJ ;fspd; vOj;Jf;fis epahag;gLj;j Ntz;ba ;fSila vOj;Jf;fs; epahakhdit vd;gij pf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. jkpofj;jpYk; ep&gpf;f dpd; vOj;Jf;fisg;gw;wp fy;fp xU Kiw ;tsTjhd; njhopyhspiag;gw;wp vOjpdhYk; JtJ Nghy; tuhJ vd;W. Kjy;jlitahf tz;lhk; vd;W nrhd;dhh;fNsh me;jj; jz;zPh; Dila kfd; vOJk;NghJ mJ rpy ;. rpy ghi\fNshL tUk;. ehq;fs; >ij fg; Gul;rpf;fhd xU jskhfNt fUjpNdhk;. ; fUj;J epiy mbg;gilapy; mjw;Fr; GwkhfTk; mjw;Fr; rhh;gpy;yhjth;fs; ;. >e;jg; gpur;rpidf;Fs;Nsjhd; nghd;Dj;Jiu nghd;Dj;Jiuapd; cwtpdh;jhd; vk;.rp. y; fl;rp rk;ge;jg;gl;l vOj;jhsh;fNshL d;dh; cwT >Ue;jJ. - lhdpay;, [Pth j;Jiuf;F cwT >Ue;jJ. jq;fSila j;Jf;fis >th;fs; nghd;Dj;JiuAld; Dis- mjpy; VjhtJ gpionad;W nrhd;dhy; d;why; nghd;Dj;Jiujhd; >th;fSf;Fs; l;lfhyj;jpy; nghd;Dj;JiuAld; mth;fshy; y; NghdJ. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; nghd;Dj;Jiu tUthh;. gpd;G tUtjpy;iy. Ideology hPjpahfg; r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F rhh;ghf ahh; ahh; ;fs; fk;A+dp];l;Lfshf >Ue;jhnyd;d ;jhnyd;d mth;fs; xd;whf epd;whh;fs;. ee;jp, th;fs; ek;Kld; epd;whh;fs;. xU fhyfl;lk; d; epd;whh;. Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;is, h;fs; Mjhpj;jhh;fs;. Nguhrphpah; nry;tehafk; Tk; nrhy;ytpy;iy. >e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ;T Vw;gl;lJ. Ke;jpa vOj;jhsh;fSk; jpUk;g >uhruj;jpdk; Nghd;wth;fs;. mth; Kjypy; epd;whh;. gpd;dh; gbg;gbahf vq;fNshL fpdhh;. >e;j Neuj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;Fld; rhh;e;J
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epd;w gilg;gpyf;fpa vOj;jhsh;fSi epahag;gLj;JtJk; mth;fSf;F Cf;fk; epiyikia ehq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Nlh vq;fSila Nghuhl;lk; >e;j ajhh;j;jth NgZfpd;w my;yJ mtw;iwg;gw;wpg; NgR mike;jJ. >e;j Neuj;jpy; Kjy;jlitahf a mJtiu vOjg;glhj tp\aq;fs; ntspt Kf;fpakhd tp\ak;. >e;j mk;rq;fs; fhuz tuj; njhlq;fpd. >q;NfAs;s >e;jf; fUj;J e >uz;L gFjpapduhf >Ue;jhh;fs;. xd;W khh;f;] >e;jg;gpur;rid >q;F khj;jpuky;y jkpofj;jpy vjph;g;gth;fSk; >th;fSld; Nrh;e;J nfhz;l Nghd;wth;fs;. 50fspy; Njhd;wpa vOr;rp k >Ue;jJ. me;j vOr;rpNahL Nrh;e;J nfhz;l fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; vy;NyhUk; gpwF Gwk;ghdth;fs; vd;gijf; fhl;bf;nfhz;lhh;fs vOjpa nry;yg;gh, f.eh.R. Nghd;wth;fs; v mth;fSila gj;jphpifahdJ. xU Polarisa Vw;gl;lJ. me;jj; JUtg;ghl;bd;NghJ ehq;f fSf;fhf mjw;Fk; Nkyhf >e;j vOj;Jf;fSf;f gilahfg; NgrpNdhk;.
nghd;Dj;Jiuapd; ‘tP’ vd;w E}y; te NgrpNdd;. vd;Dila gy Njhoh;fs; Ngrg; jLj;j NghJk; tpNtfhde;j rigapy; ele ehd;Ngha;g; NgrpNdd;. rz;il te;jhYk; Njhoh;fs; rpyh; vdf;fhf mq;F te;jpUe nghd;Dj;Jiuapd; vOj;Jf;fspYs;s rhjfkh NgrpNdd;. ghjfkhd mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk; Ng xd;W >Uf;fpwJ. me;j >yf;fpa eilj;jpwi vjidr; rpj;jhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; jpl;l
>e;j tpthjq;fs; tUfpw NghJjhd; jisarpq mg;NghJ ‘fiyr;nry;tp’ kpfKf;fpakhd gj Njtd; Nghd;wth;fs; mq;fhYk; ehq;fs; ‘fiyr; nry;tp’ vd;d nra;jnjd;why;, Kw;Ngh xU tpthjj;ij Muk;gpj;jJ. vJ Kw;Ng fiyr;nry;tp fl;Liuj;njhlhpy; ehd; Kjypy; >yf;fpak; vd;why; >Jjhd; vd fl;Liuapy; t
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

pa vOj;jhsh;fSila vOj;Jf;fis th;fSf;F Cf;fk; nfhLg;gJkhd xU ; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Nlhk;. me;jf;fl;lj;jpy; ;lk; >e;j ajhh;j;jthj >yf;fpaq;fisg; mtw;iwg;gw;wpg; NgRfpd;w Nghuhl;lkhf ;jpy; Kjy;jlitahf aho;g;ghzr; r%fj;jpd; tp\aq;fs; ntspte;jd. mJTk; xU >e;j mk;rq;fs; fhuzkhf gy vjph;g;Gf;fs; fAs;s >e;jf; fUj;J epiyia Vw;fhjth;fs; Ue;jhh;fs;. xd;W khh;f;]paj;ij vjph;g;gth;fs;. khj;jpuky;y jkpofj;jpy; >e;j vOj;Jf;fis Sld; Nrh;e;J nfhz;lhh;fs;. nt. rhkpehjd; ; Njhd;wpa vOr;rp khh;f;]pa vOr;rpahf pNahL Nrh;e;J nfhz;lth;fs;- kzpf;nfhbf; ;fs; vy;NyhUk; gpwF jhq;fs; >jpypUe;J jf; fhl;bf;nfhz;lhh;fs;. ru];tjp, rhe;jpf;F eh.R. Nghd;wth;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; ‘vOj;J’ fahdJ. xU Polarisation - xU JUtg;ghL tg;ghl;bd;NghJ ehq;fs; >e;j vOj;jhsh; hf >e;j vOj;Jf;fSf;fhf thjpl;Nlhk;. ntspg;
; ‘tP’ vd;w E}y; te;jNghJ, ehd;Ngha;g; gy Njhoh;fs; Ngrg; NghfNtz;lhk; vd;W hde;j rigapy; ele;j me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; ;. rz;il te;jhYk; vd;W vdJ fl;rpj; f;fhf mq;F te;jpUe;jhh;fs;. NgRk;NghJ j;Jf;fspYs;s rhjfkhd mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk; mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk; NgrpNdd;. >yf;fpaeil >yf;fpa eilj;jpwid itj;Jf; nfhz;L z;Lk; vd;W ehd; jpl;ltl;lkhff; $wpNdd;. fpw NghJjhd; jisarpq;fk; NkYf;F te;jhh;. ;tp’ kpfKf;fpakhd gj;jphpifahf >Ue;jJ. mq;fhYk; ehq;fs; >q;fhYk; epd;Nwhk;. ra;jnjd;why;, Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpak; gw;wpa uk;gpj;jJ. vJ Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpak;Œ - ;njhlhpy; ehd; Kjypy; vOjpNdd;. Kw;Nghf;F jhd; vd fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fp, >J vq;fSf;F
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ehtyh; fhl;ba ghij vd mf;fl;Liuia Kb Nrh.eluhrh xU ePz;l fl;Liu vOjpdhh;. mf;f jisarpq;fk; vOjpdhh;. mjp;y; khh;f;]paj;i xusTf;F Vw;fhkYk; vOjpapUe;jhh;. Nrh.el vjph;j;jhh;. rk\;bf; fl;rpapdNuhL vq;fSf;F Vw;fdNt >Ue;J te;j mwpQh;fNshL v >t;tsTjhd; ele;jJ. >th;fspy; rpyh; Kf;fpa vOjpath;fs;. cz;ikapy;, ehq;fs; vq;fSf;F >th;jhd; vOj;jhsd; vd;W nrhy;ypj; J}f;fpaJ Jiwapy; KUifad; Kf;fpakhdth;. mq;f Kf;fpakhd tplak; vd;dntd;why;, vdf;F ePz;lfhyj; njhlh;G >Ue;jJ. ehq;fs; kfh tpl;Nlhk; vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; jdpg;g k`hftpAld; gpur;rpid vJTk; >y;iy. 196 fhykhdNghJ, ehd; k`hftpapDila ft Nghl;Nld;. me;jf; ftpijapd; >uz;L thpjhd rhpj;jpuk;’ vOJtjw;F fhuzkhf >Ue;jJ vd gw;wpa jdJ E}ypy; vOjpapUe;jhh;. Mdh vOJfpwNghJ, k`hftpapDila Sentime nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwd;. mij kWf;ftpy;iy. kpi ajhh;j;jj;ijf; fhzKbahj epiyik Vw;g mentalism. mg;NghJjhd; rpf;fy; Vw;gLf epahaG+h;tkhd rpe;jidfis kOq;fbf;Fk;. > ehd; $wpNdNdjtpu k`hftpapd; ftpij ehd; $wtpy;iy. ifyhrgjp nrhd;djhfTk; v Mdhy; epr;rakhf ehd; nrhy;ytpy;iy.
ehd; mbf;fb nrhy;tnjd;dntd vOj;jhsh;fspy; vy;NyhUNk nfl;bf;fh vq;fSf;Fs; >Ue;j nfl;bf;fhud; >t nfl;bf;fhud;. my;yJ >th;fistpl nfhQ;r mJjhd; vq;fSila thjk;. ehty; >y nfhz;lhy; vOjpa ehty;fspy; >sq;fPud; kpfT fNzrypq;fk;, jhd; tsh;e;j gpuNjrk itj;Jf;;nfhz;L ey;y ehty; vOj fNzrypq;fj;jpdJ ehty;fspd; tsh;r;rp gw Ntz;Lk;. Muk;gj;jpy; te;jnjy;yhk; nuhk Fwpg;ghf ‘rlq;F’, ‘ePz;l gazk;’ Nghd;wit.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

vd mf;fl;Liuia Kbj;Njd;. mjw;nfjpuhf fl;Liu vOjpdhh;. mf;fl;Liuj; njhlhpNyjhd; hh;. mjp;y; khh;f;]paj;ij XusTf;F Vw;Wk; vOjpapUe;jhh;. Nrh.eluhrh Kw;W KOjhf l;rpapdNuhL vq;fSf;Fg; gpur;rid. kw;wJ e;j mwpQh;fNshL vq;fSf;Fg; gpur;rid. >th;fspy; rpyh; Kf;fpakhd >yf;fpaq;fis apy;, ehq;fs; vq;fSf;Fs; ahuhtJ xUtiu d;W nrhy;ypj; J}f;fpaJ fpilahJ. ftpijj; Kf;fpakhdth;. mq;fhy; k`hftp. >jpy; d;dntd;why;, vdf;Fk; k`hftpf;Fk; xU Ue;jJ. ehq;fs; kfhftpiag; Gwf;fzpj;J pwhh;fs;. Mdhy; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; vdf;F d vJTk; >y;iy. 1965>y; vdJ jfg;gdhh; k`hftpapDila ftpijiaAk; thq;fpg; pijapd; >uz;L thpjhd; ‘rhjhuz kdpjdpd; fhuzkhf >Ue;jJ vd;W E‹khd;, k`hftp vOjpapUe;jhh;. Mdhy; Rje;jpudpy; ehd; ftpapDila Sentimental Issue gw;wp ehd; ij kWf;ftpy;iy. kpifAzh;T fhuzkhf bahj epiyik Vw;gl;lhy; mJjhd; Senti- jhd; rpf;fy; Vw;gLfpwJ. Sentimentalism fis kOq;fbf;Fk;. >e;jf; fhuzj;ijj;jhd; k`hftpapd; ftpijfs; $lhjit vd;W hrgjp nrhd;djhfTk; vdf;F Qhgfk; >y;iy. d; nrhy;ytpy;iy.
nrhy;tnjd;dntd;why;, Kw;Nghf;F ;NyhUNk nfl;bf;fhuh; my;y. Mdhy; nfl;bf;fhud; >th;fSf;Fr; rkkhd >th;fistpl nfhQ;rk; NkNy cs;std;. thjk;. ehty; >yf;fpaj;ij vLj;Jf; y;fspy; >sq;fPud; kpfTk; ruskhf vOjpdhh;. ; tsh;e;j gpuNjrkhfpa cUk;gpuhia ey;y ehty; vOjpdhh;. gpw;fhyj;J hty;fspd; tsh;r;rp gw;wp jdpahf Nahrpf;f ; te;jnjy;yhk; nuhk;g ey;y ehty;fs;. ;l gazk;’ Nghd;wit. cUk;gpuhiar; Nrh;e;j
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xU Nky;jl;L Ntshsf; FLk;gj;jpDila kpfTk; mofhff; fhl;Lfpw ehty;. >e;j Kiwa ehq;fs; epahag;gLj;jpNdhk;. kw;wth;fSf;F vj kw;wth;fs; ahh;Πmth;fSila Ideologyf;F jtpu Ntwpy;iy.
vq;fSila vOj;jhsh;fSf;Fs;;NsN NkYf;Fj; js;stpy;iy vd;w FiwghL c vd;Dld; ePz;lfhyf; Nfhgk;. ehd; xd;Wk; m vOjtpy;iy vd;W. mf];jpah; vd;Dila neU vq;fspilNa ey;y cwT >Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mtiug;gw;wp vOj Kbatpy;iy. Vndd;why ist me;j Style $lhJ vd;gjy;y. Mdhy; m glf;$lhJ. Matterjhd; Kf;fpakhf Ntz;L vOjpdhh;. nfhQ;rk; tpj;jpahrkhd vOj;jhsh;. nfhs;fpNwhk;.
vd;. v];. vk;. >uhikahit ifyhrgj gLj;jpdhh;. vk;.v];. vk;. >uhikah Kjypy ehlfk; vOjpdhh;. mg;NghJ ehd; NubNahtpy; eb mg;NghJ ehlf vOj;jhsd; vd;W NubNahT fijj;J, ifyh]{f;Fr; nrhd;Ndd;, ‘>g;gb >Uf;fpwhh;, mthplk; fij thq;fyhk;’ vd nrhy;Y vd;W nrhy;yp, fijj;jhh;. mg;gb nfhOe;J’ te;jJ.
xl;L nkhj;jkhf xd;W nrhy;Ntd;, vd rpyNgiu NtZnkd;W J}f;fptpl;Nlhk; vd jd;ikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;bNdhk;. rhjpKiw lhdpay; vOJtjw;Fk; uFehjd; vOJtjw;Fk; lhdpay;, [Pth vOJfpwNghJ mjpy; xU Nfhg tlkuhr;rpahd;, ‘epytpNy NgRNthk;’ vOJ >Uf;Fk;. Vndd;why; tlkuhr;rpapy; mg >Uf;fpwJ. ntspapy; fhl;bf;nfhs;s khl jl;btpLthh;fs;. mg;Ngh, ehq;fs; uFehjidg; lhdpaYila ‘jz;zPh;’ fijia e nkhopngah;j;Njd;. mJ Sunday Observer >y
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

sf; FLk;gj;jpDila f\;lq;fisnay;yhk fpw ehty;. >e;j Kiwapy; te;j vOj;Jf;fis dhk;. kw;wth;fSf;F vjpuhf vd;W nrhd;dhy;, h;fSila Ideologyf;F vjpuhfg; NghdNk
j;jhsh;fSf;Fs;;NsNa ehq;fs; rpyiu y vd;w FiwghL cz;L. mf];jpaUf;F Nfhgk;. ehd; xd;Wk; mtiug;gw;wp ey;yjha; ];jpah; vd;Dila neUq;fpa ez;gh;, Njhoh;. wT >Ue;jJ. Mdhy; xU kl;lj;Jf;F Nky; atpy;iy. Vndd;why; mf];jpah; xU Styl- vd;gjy;y. Mdhy; me;j Style Ny Kf;fpag; ; Kf;fpakhf Ntz;Lk;. ‘eP;’ vd;W vNjh j;jpahrkhd vOj;jhsh;. mij ehq;fs; xj;Jf;
hikahit ifyhrgjp jpdfudpy; mwpKfg; k;. >uhikah Kjypy; NubNahTf;Fj;jhd; hJ ehd; NubNahtpy; ebj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;Njd;. hsd; vd;W NubNahTf;F tUk;NghJ, ehd; r; nrhd;Ndd;, ‘>g;gb xU Kf;fpakhd Ms; fij thq;fyhk;’ vd;W. mtu; Mistur; ;yp, fijj;jhh;. mg;gbj;jhd; ‘xU $ilf;
xd;W nrhy;Ntd;, vd;dntd;why; ehq;fs; ;W J}f;fptpl;Nlhk; vd;gjy;y. mth;fspd; hl;bNdhk;. rhjpKiw gw;wp vOJfpwNghJ, uFehjd; vOJtjw;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; >Uf;fpwJ. wNghJ mjpy; xU Nfhgk; >Uf;Fk;. uFehjd;- pNy NgRNthk;’ vOJfpwNghJ mw;Gjkhf ; tlkuhr;rpapy; mg;gbj;jhd; rhjpKiw ; fhl;bf;nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs; ‘ie]h’fj; , ehq;fs; uFehjidg; nghpjhfr; nrhd;Ndhk;. ;zPh;’ fijia ehd; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Sunday Observer >y; te;jJ. mg;NghJ V
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 87

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V. N[. fdful;dh Sunday Observer>y; Mrph gFjp >e;j khh;f;]paj;ij vjph;g;gth;fs;. vd;dntd;why;, ‘ cq;fSf;F xd;Wk; njh vt;tsNth nghpa tsh;r;rpnay;yhk; te;Jtp khh;f;]pak; nuk;gg; gioaJ. nuk;gg; gioa xU khh;f;]pak; vd;W vjph;j;J epd;whh;fs;- Na cq;fSf;F >e;jg; Gjpa tp\aq;fs; n mth;fSf;Fk; ehq;fs; gjpy; $w Ntz NtZnkd;W ahiuAk; J}f;fpg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. Ntiy nra;fpwth;fs;. Nrh;e;J vOJfpwt tpkh;rfh;fs; vOj;jhsh;fs; vd;W tpj;jpahrk; fpi rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; mbg;gilahf, te;j xU Njh Comrade shipI ePq;fs; jtwhf vLf;ff; $l ehq;fs; $l;lk; Nghl;lNghJ, rptf;nfhOe;J ‘cq;fSila rq;fj;jpy; Nruyhkh, ehd; NrU mtUf;Fg; gjpy; nrhy;tJ f\;lkhf >y;yhtpl;lhy; mq;fj;jtuhfr; Nrh;g;gjpy;iy Njhoik >Ue;jJ, mNjNtis xU nghJg epiyikAk; >Ue;jJ. mjdhNyjhd; y„ Nghd;wth;fs; vy;NyhUk; te;jhh;fs;. >it > kw;wth;fisj; jhf;fpaJ >y;iy. mth;fis fpNwhk;. nghd;Dj;JiuAila vOj;Jg; Nghf;if nrhd;dhYk;, vOj;Jg; Nghf;ifg;gw;wp vOjpapU Kiwapy; ehd; xU fhyKk; vjph;f;ftpy;iy. ahUf;F vjpuhf vOjpNdhk;Œ ahiuj; J}f;fptpl
60fspd; gpw;gFjpapy;, 70fspy; xU fl ntd;why;, gy >sk; vOj;jhsh;fs; te;J nfhz;lhh;fs;. me;j Neuj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;F epr;rakhfj; juNtWghL >Ue;jJ. >Jgw fhurhukhf tpthjpj;J >Uf;fpNwhk;. Kd;Di Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; NtWghL >Uf;fyhk;. khj;jpuk; J}f;fptpl;L >th;fisj; J}f;fptplt ehd; Vw;fj; jahuhf >y;iy. ehq;fs; nt fUj;J epiyg;ghl;il tw;GWj;jpaJz;L. m Njitahf >Ue;jJ.
Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fspd; gpur;rpid
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

nday Observer>y; Mrphpauhf >Ue;jhh;. xU j;ij vjph;g;gth;fs;. >d;ndhU gFjpapdh; ;fSf;F xd;Wk; njhpahJ. khh;f;]paj;jpy; h;r;rpnay;yhk; te;Jtpl;lJ. ePq;fs; Ngrfpw aJ. nuk;gg; gioa xU fl;rpf; nfhs;ifahd ph;j;J epd;whh;fs;- NaRuhrh Nghd;wth;fs;- Gjpa tp\aq;fs; njhpahJ vd;whh;fs;. s; gjpy; $w Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ehq;fs; ; J}f;fpg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. vy;NyhUk; Njhoh;fs;. ;. Nrh;e;J vOJfpwth;fs;. vq;fSf;Fs; ;fs; vd;W tpj;jpahrk; fpilahJ. nghJTlikr; lahf, te;j xU Njhoik >Ue;jJ. me;j ; jtwhf vLf;ff; $lhJ. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ;lNghJ, rptf;nfhOe;J kh];lh;, vd;dplk;, py; Nruyhkh, ehd; NrUfpNwd;’ vd;W Nfl;lhh;. rhy;tJ f\;lkhf >Ue;jJ. Ideology ;jtuhfr; Nrh;g;gjpy;iy. fl;rpfSf;Fs; xU NjNtis xU nghJg;gilahd Kd;ndl;L . mjdhNyjhd; y„;kz Iah;, ee;jp k; te;jhh;fs;. >it >Ue;jNjjtpu, ehq;fs; J >y;iy. mth;fis vjph;j;J vOjpapUf; ila vOj;Jg; Nghf;ifg;gw;wp- mth; vd;djhd; Nghf;ifg;gw;wp vOjpapUg;N;gNd jtpu jdpg;gl;l yKk; vjph;f;ftpy;iy. cz;ikapy; ehq;fs; dhk;Œ ahiuj; J}f;fptpl;Nlhk;Œ nrhy;Yq;fs;.
py;, 70fspy; xU fl;lk; tUfpwJ, vd;d ; vOj;jhsh;fs; te;J vq;fSld; Nrh;e;J Neuj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fspilNa hL >Ue;jJ. >Jgw;wp ehq;fs; kpfTk; >Uf;fpNwhk;. Kd;Diufs; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ NtWghL >Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mth;fis >th;fisj; J}f;fptpltpy;iy vd;w $w;iw >y;iy. ehq;fs; ntspg;gilahf me;jf; tw;GWj;jpaJz;L. mJ me;jf;fhyj;jpd;
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vd;why;, jkpoh;fs; gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;g;gjw;fh xU fUj;Jg;ghpkhwy; nra;tJ ey;ynjd gpNu Session itj;jhh;. Kjy; khehl;ilj;jtpu g %d;W khehl;bYk; >yf;fpaj; jd;ik Fi murpay; gpur;rpid jPh;f;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd Kd;ndLj;jpUe;jhh;fs;. ehq;fs; fl;rp mq Nghff; $lhJ vd;w fUj;Jk; >Ue;jJ. eh khehl;Lf;Fg; Nghftpy;iy. vq;fSf;Fs; >y;iy? epiwa >Ue;jJ. ehq;fs; >yf;fpa tpl >Ue;jNghjpYk;, murpaypy; me;jg; Ngh >Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd ehd; czh;e;Njd;.
Kw;Nghf;F rq;f tuyhW vOjpNdd;. m te;jJ. me;jf; fl;Liuapd; Muk;gj;jpy;, m jfty;fis ehd; ahhplk; >Ue;J ngw;W Fwpg;gpl;bUe;Njd;. mg;gbf; Fwpg;gpLtJ vd fhuzkhf te;jJ. fl;Liu ntspaplg;gl;lN ePf;fptpl;lhh;fs;. vdf;Ff; Nfhgk; Vw;gl;lJ. M nra;a Kbatpy;iy. vOjpaJk; xU Njhoh;. m Qhd Re;juk; xU tU\j;Jf;Fg;gpwF ‘gpio vd;dplk; $wpdhh;. vq;fSf;Fs; Kuz;ghL lhdpay; Mf;fSf;Fk; [Pth Mf;fSf;Fk ky;ypifapy; Muk;gfhy vOj;jhsh;fSila m lhdpaYilaJ jhd; filrp. njzpah filrptiuf;Fk; te;jpUf;fhJ. me;jf; fl;L vd;w jiyg;gpy; ehd;jhd; vOjpNdd;. njz NghLtpj;jhh;.
Mdhy; 60fs; tUk;NghJ irdh, u\;ah v me;j Neuj;jpNy$l ehq;fs; >e;j vOj;jhs tpltp;y;iy. fl;rp cile;JNghd gpd;dUk;$l cila tpltpy;iy. ePh;it nghd;idad; m mth; Chinese Embasy >y;jhd; Ntiy nra fijj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. vr;. vk;. gp. Kif Nghdhh;. MdhYk; njhlh;e;J Ntiy nra >y;yhky; >y;iy. mJ fhyj;jpd; Njit.
ehq;fs; 60fs; tiu xNu RNyhfj;Njh
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

r;rpidiaj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; gw;wp ra;tJ ey;ynjd gpNuk;[p QhdRe;juk; xU y; khehl;ilj;jtpu gpd;dh; ele;j >uz;L yf;fpaj; jd;ik Fiwe;J jkpoh;fSila Ph;f;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w me;j tplaj;ij ;. ehq;fs; fl;rp mq;fj;jth;fs; mjw;Fs; fUj;Jk; >Ue;jJ. ehd; BMICH >y; ele;j py;iy. vq;fSf;Fs; Kuz;ghL >y;yhky; J. ehq;fs; >yf;fpa tplaq;fspy; xw;Wikahf urpaypy; me;jg; Nghuhl;lk; NtWkhjphp
hd; czh;e;Njd;.
tuyhW vOjpNdd;. mJ xU Magazine >y; iuapd; Muk;gj;jpy;, me;jf; fl;Liuf;fhd ahhplk; >Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;Nld; vdf; ;gbf; Fwpg;gpLtJ vdf;F Reserch Disipline l;Liu ntspaplg;gl;lNghJ me;jg; ngaiu f; Nfhgk; Vw;gl;lJ. Mdhy; vd;dhy; xd;Wk; OjpaJk; xU Njhoh;. mopj;jJk; xU Njhoh;, \j;Jf;Fg;gpwF ‘gpio ele;J Nghr;R’ vd;W q;fSf;Fs; Kuz;ghL >y;yhky; >y;iy. k; [Pth Mf;fSf;Fk; gaq;fur; rz;il. vOj;jhsh;fSila ml;ilg;glk; te;jNghJ, ; filrp. njzpahd; >Uf;fhtpl;lhy; pUf;fhJ. me;jf; fl;Liuia, ‘MNtrthjp’ hd; vOjpNdd;. njzpahd;jhd; vOJtpj;J
k;NghJ irdh, u\;ah vd;W fl;rp cile;jJ. hq;fs; >e;j vOj;jhsh; rq;fj;ij cila le;JNghd gpd;dUk;$l vOj;jhsh; rq;fj;ij Ph;it nghd;idad; mq;fhiyjhd; epd;whh;. >y;jhd; Ntiy nra;jhh;. fhz;fpd;wNghJ ;. vr;. vk;. gp. KifjPd; vq;fis tpl;Lg; jhlh;e;J Ntiy nra;Njhk;. Kuz;ghLfs; J fhyj;jpd; Njit. iu xNu RNyhfj;NjhL epw;ftpy;iy. mJ
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gbg;gbahf khwpf;nfhz;Nl te;jJ. gpd;d >uz;L tplaq;fs; te;jd. xd;W rPd nf vy;yh ey;y vOj;jhsh;fSk; mq;Fjhd; >U \z; FW}g;jhd;. lhdpay;, ePh;itg; nghd vr;.vk;.gp. KifjPd; Nghd;wth;fs;. >e;jg;gf;f FiwT - [Pthjhd; u\;af; nfhk;A+dp];l;Lf me;epNahd;dpakhd cwT >Uf;ftpy;iy. me;epNahd;dpakhd cwT Fiwe;jjhy; Vw;gl;lJ. >J Kf;fpakhd fl;lk;.
kw;wJ vd;dntd;why;, - mJ >g;NghJj fspy; fl;rp jkpo; rk;ge;jkhf vLf;fpw epiy ehq;fs; cs;spUe;J mjidr; rhpg;gL 83f;Fg; gpwFjhd; mJ gl;nld;W njhpate v];.vy;.vg;.gp.Ald; Nrh;e;jjhy;, 66>y; jkpo; rk gpur;ridiaf; nfhz;Lte;jJ. mjw;Fg;gpwF x Vw;gl;lJ. me;jf; fl;lj;jpy; >Ue;J, vq;fS vg;gbf; nfhz;L nry;tJ vd;gJ gw;wp xU n Ideology f;fyhd xU epiyg;ghl;il vLf;f vOj;jhsh; rq;fk; jkpo; vOj;jhsh;fisf; n Nyff nguKd’ gpujhdkhfr; rpq;fs nfhz;bUe;jJ. ehq;fs; mq;F nrd;Nwhk;, mt ehq;fs; Nrh;e;J Ntiy nra;Njhk;. Mdhy;, mq;fhy; NghfKbatpy;iy. ehq;fs; >yf;fpa hPjpahf, >ijj;jhd; vOjNtz;Lk; vd;W >Uf;ftpy;iy.
r%f xLf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhf ehq;fs; Ng Kiwf;F vjpuhf ehq;fs; ciuahbaNghJ, >e;j >dthjj;jpw;F vjpuhf ehq;fs; Ngrtpy nrhd;d >dthjkhf >Uf;fyhk; my;yJ ehu >dthjkhf >Uf;fyhk;. my;yJ >yq;ifapy;
>dg;gpur;rid Kfpo;fpwNghJ, me;jg; gpur mbg;gilapNyjhd; ghh;j;Njhk;. 83 >ypUe;J m tpj;jpahrq;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l Kiwapy; m Kiwahf khwpaJ. >e;jf; fhyf >isQh;fSf;nfjpuhd Nghuhl;lk; jkpo; jPtpu
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

z;Nl te;jJ. gpd;dh; 64,65,66 >d; gpd;G e;jd. xd;W rPd nfhk;A+dp]k;. Vwj;jho h;fSk; mq;Fjhd; >Ue;jhh;fs;.- vy;NyhUk; pay;, ePh;itg; nghd;idad;, >sq;fPud; hd;wth;fs;. >e;jg;gf;fk; >Ue;jth;fs; kpff; \;af; nfhk;A+dp];l;Lfspd; gf;fk;. mg;Ngh wT >Uf;ftpy;iy. mJ cz;ik. me;j wT Fiwe;jjhy; vOj;jpy; xU tPo;r;rp khd fl;lk;.
;why;, - mJ >g;NghJjhd; njhpfpwJ, 61,64 e;jkhf vLf;fpw epiyg;ghL. 72,73,75 tiu ;J mjidr; rhpg;gLj;jg; ghh;j;Njhk;. gl;nld;W njhpate;jJ. vd;dntd;why;, ;e;jjhy;, 66>y; jkpo; rk;ge;jkhd xU vjph;g;Gg; te;jJ. mjw;Fg;gpwF xU rpf;fyhd epiyik ;lj;jpy; >Ue;J, vq;fSila >yf;fpaj;ij ;tJ vd;gJ gw;wp xU njspthd, jPh;f;fkhd, epiyg;ghl;il vLf;ftpy;iy. Kw;Nghf;F po; vOj;jhsh;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ‘[djh ujhdkhfr; rpq;fs vOj;jhsh;fisf; ; mq;F nrd;Nwhk;, mth;fs; >q;F te;jhh;fs;. y nra;Njhk;. Mdhy;, 66f;Fg; gpd; vq;fshy; ;iy. ehq;fs; >yf;fpa hPjpahf, Mf;fg;gilg;G vOjNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;fpw epiyap;y;
f;F vjpuhf ehq;fs; NgrpNdhk;. me;j xLf;F ;fs; ciuahbaNghJ, me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; jpuhf ehq;fs; Ngrtpy;iy. mJ ghujpjhrd; Uf;fyhk; my;yJ ehuh ehr;rpag;gd; nrhd;d ;. my;yJ >yq;ifapy; cs;sjhf >Uf;fyhk;.
;fpwNghJ, me;jg; gpur;ridiaAk; >dthj ;j;Njhk;. 83 >ypUe;J mJ epjh;rdkhf, fUj;J g;ghw;gl;l Kiwapy; mJ xU >d xLf;F J. >e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy;, jkpo; Nghuhl;lk; jkpo; jPtpu thjpfSf;F vjpuhd
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Nghuhl;lk;, jkpo; kf;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghuh nghOJ, vj;jifa epiyia ehk; vLg;gJΠf nra;a Ntz;Lk;Π>itgw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fpwJf;F x >y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;g;gj ghh;j;NjhNk jtpu mijr; nra;a tpy;iy. me fhuzkhf ehd; Qhdhit nuk;g nkr;Rf gpur;rpidia vOj;jhsh; kl;lj;jpNy jPh;f;fNtz Jujp\;ltrkhf murpay; - fhuzkhf m Rthu];akhd tplak; vd;dntd;why;, fl;rpa \z;Kfjhrd; gbg;gbahfg; Ngha;, xUfhy fl vjpuhf kpff; fz;bg;ghf epd;wth;,- mij td;i filrpapy; - >wf;fpw fhyj;jpy; jkpo;j; jPtpu gpioapy;iy vd;Wk; IPKFf;F vjpuhfg; gpioapy;iynad;Wk; vOjpapUf;fpwhh; vd epr;rakhfj; njhpAk;, gpw;fhyj;jpy; mth; j epahag;ghl;il czh;e;jpUe;jhh;. >e;jf; %h;j;jp Nghd;wth;fs; Gypfsplj;Jr; nry;tjw;F >e;jg; Gjpa #oypy; >yf;fpa fh;j;jhtpDi gw;wpa jpl;ltl;lkhd fUj;J >y;iy.
Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fSila tsh;r;rpa cs;sd. me;jf; fl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; vjph;g;GfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ mbg;gil vd;gJ, Njrpa >yf;fpa Nfhrj;jpd; thj >yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghl;Lld; rk;ge;jg;gLtjhy >yf;fpaf; nfhs;if gw;wpa epiyf;F ek;i mg;gb tUfpwNghJ, Idealogically we became Se ehq;fs; mq;fhy; cs;sth;fisAk; >q;fh >dq;fhz Ntz;bapUe;jJ. >g;gbr; nrhy Kuz;ghLfs; >y;yhky; >y;iy? >Ue;jd.
xU Kiw u\;a ehl;L >yf;fpaq;fs;g eilngw;wjhk;. >NjNghd;W, ‘gpur;rhu >yf;fpaq nfhLf;fpd;wPh;fs.; cq;fSila tpkh;rdq;f >Uf;fpd;wJ’ vd;W nghpa tpthjk; ele;jJ vOj;jhsh;fSf;Fr; rhh;ghfg; Nghd Elya Ehr gpugy ehtyhrphpah; nrhd;dhh;, ‘fk;A+dprk vq;fSf;Fs; >y;yhky; >y;iy. nfl;bf;fhu
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lkhf khw;wg;gLfpw yia ehk; vLg;gJΠfiy >yf;fpak; vijr; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fpwJf;F xU tha;g;G vq;fSf;F . gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;g;gjw;F KidNthk; vd;W jr; nra;a tpy;iy. me;j xU mq;fyha;g;Gf; dhit nuk;g nkr;RfpNwd;. mth; >e;jg; h; kl;lj;jpNy jPh;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;W ghLgl;lhh;. pay; - fhuzkhf mJ eilngwtpy;iy. ; vd;dntd;why;, fl;rpapypUe;J gphpe;JNghd hfg; Ngha;, xUfhy fl;lj;jpy; jkpo; vOr;rpf;F f epd;wth;,- mij td;ikahff; fz;bj;jth;, fhyj;jpy; jkpo;j; jPtputhjpfspd; Nghuhl;lk; ; IPKFf;F vjpuhfg; ngbas; NghuhLtJ vOjpapUf;fpwhh; vd mwpe;Njd;. vdf;F gpw;fhyj;jpy; mth; jkpo;j; jPtputhjj;jpd; h;e;jpUe;jhh;. >e;jf; fhuzk;jhd; GJit, ypfsplj;Jr; nry;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhf >Ue;jJ. >yf;fpa fh;j;jhtpDila gzpahJΠ>J fUj;J >y;iy.
hsh;fSila tsh;r;rpapy; gy;NtW fl;lq;fs; q;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; xt;nthU tifahd fhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. me;jf; fUj;Jepiy pa >yf;fpa Nfhrj;jpd; gpd;dh; te;j ajhh;j;j hl;Lld; rk;ge;jg;gLtjhy;, mJ khh;f;]paj;jpd; gw;wpa epiyf;F ek;ik >l;Lr; nry;Yk;. alogically we became Separate me;j Neuj;jpy; s;sth;fisAk; >q;fhy; cs;sth;fisAk; Ue;jJ. >g;gbr; nrhy;tjhy; vq;fSf;Fs;
y; >y;iy? >Ue;jd.
ehl;L >yf;fpaq;fs;gw;wp nghpa thjq;fs; hd;W, ‘gpur;rhu >yf;fpaq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;fSila tpkh;rdq;fs; vy;yhk; Nkhrkhf ghpa tpthjk; ele;jJ. mg;NghJ fk;A+dpr hh;ghfg; Nghd Elya Ehrenburgh vd;fpd;w xU nrhd;dhh;, ‘fk;A+dprk; NgRfpwjhy;, Fools y; >y;iy. nfl;bf;fhud;, juk; Fiwe;jtd;
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vd;W >y;yhky; >y;iy. cq;fsplk; >U vq;fsplKk; >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. ehq;fs; ahUila NgRfpNwhnkd;why;, vq;fSf;Fs; cs;s >yf;fpaj;ijg;gw;wpNa NgRfpNwhk;. mJ Vw;gLj NgRfpNwhk; mjpy; vd;d gpioŒ
25 tUlq;fspd; gpd;dh;, lhdpay; jypj; > vd;W nfhz;lhlg;gltpy;iyahŒ vd;djhd; f gpw;fhyj;jpa vOj;Jf;fnsy;yhk; >yf;fpa vd;whYk;, Muk;gfhyj;J ehty;fspd; juk; f >e;jpahtpy; fNzrypq;fj;jpw;F >lk; >Uf;fp jkpo; ehty; tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhditay;y Intelectual Poet. k`hftp - KUifad; rz;i cz;ikapy; rz;il >y;iy. >uz;L NgU ey;y ez;g h;f s;. ehd; k`hftpapd; ez;g d;. ePq k`hftpia Analise gz;zpdhy;, k`hftpa >Uf;fpwJ. ‘NjUk; jpq;fSk;’ vd;w ft rhfyhkhlhŒ’ vd;W Nfl;fpwhd; kdprd;. ehq;fs jpwikrhypfisg;gw;wpj;jhd; NgrpNdhk;. j fUjpath;fis Kd;Df;Fj;js;spNdhk;. mJ Kf;fpakhd fhuzk; ifyhrgjp jpdfudpy; >U >dq;fhzg;gl;l vOj;jhsh;fs; ahh;Œ jpf;ty;i Gjpa ey;y tp\aq;fisf; nfhz;Lte;j vOj mth; nfhk;A+dp];l; vOj;jhsNu my;y. mtjhdpg;G rf;jp nfhz;l, aho;g;ghzj;J kz;i tUfpw xU rpWfij vOj;jhsh;. gpwF mth ghh;j;J vy;yhk; kwe;J Ngha;, >g;NghJ kPz;Lk; ed;whfj;jhd; vOJfpwhh;. Kj;Jypq;fj;ij Ide vd;W nrhy;y KbakhŒ me;jf;fhyj;jpy; G ehq;fs; Identify gz;zpNdhk; mJ cz; vOj;jhsh;fSf;F ehq;fs; mth;fis ed;w vd;W Nfhgk;. mf];jpaUf;F vd;Dld; ey;y c >th;fisj;jhd; ehq;fs; Kd;Df;Fj; js Kd;Df;Fj; js;stpy;iy vd;gJ vdJ f gpioahfj; njhpatpy;iy. Vndd;why; vd gw;wpj;jhd; ehd; NgRNtd;. me;jf;fhyj;jpy; m >Ue;jJ. Politics of PoliticsI nrhy;ytpy;iy nrhy;fpNwd;. >yf;fpaj;jpd; murpaiyr; nrh
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;iy. cq;fsplk; >Uf;fpwJ Nghyj;jhd; ;fs;. ehq;fs; ahUila >yf;fpaj;ijg;gw;wpg; vq;fSf;Fs; cs;s nfl;bf;fhuDila NgRfpNwhk;. mJ Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ijg;gw;wpg; ;d gpioŒ
;dh;, lhdpay; jypj; >yf;fpaj;jpd; gpjhkfd; py;iyahŒ vd;djhd; fNzrypq;fj;jpDila ;fnsy;yhk; >yf;fpa juj;jpw;F tutpy;iy ;J ehty;fspd; juk; fhuzkhf >d;iwf;Fk; ;fj;jpw;F >lk; >Uf;fpwJ >y;iyah. >it py; Kf;fpakhditay;yth. KUifad; xU tp - KUifad; rz;il te;jhYk;$l mJ >y;iy. >uz;L NgUk; jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; `hftpapd; ez;gd;. ePq;fs; rhpahd Kiwapy; z;zpdhy;, k`hftpaplKk; >e;jf; Fzk; jpq;fSk;’ vd;w ftpijapy; ‘kpr;rhf;fs; l;fpwhd; kdprd;. ehq;fs; vq;fSf;Fs; cs;s pj;jhd; NgrpNdhk;. jpwikrhypfs; vd;W f;Fj;js;spNdhk;. mJ cz;ik. mjw;F fyhrgjp jpdfudpy; >Ue;jJ. me;jf;fhyj;jpy; hsh;fs; ahh;Œ jpf;ty;iy fkhy;.- epr;rakhf sf; nfhz;Lte;j vOj;jhsh;. m.Kj;Jypq;fk; vOj;jhsNu my;y. Mdhy; mw;Gjkhd ;l, aho;g;ghzj;J kz;iz mg;gbNanfhz;L vOj;jhsh;. gpwF mth; gbj;J cj;jpNahfk; Ngha;, >g;NghJ kPz;Lk; vOJfpwhh;. >g;NghJk; hh;. Kj;Jypq;fj;ij Identify gz;zpaJ gpio hŒ me;jf;fhyj;jpy; Gjpa vOj;jhsh;fis ;zpNdhk; mJ cz;ik. >q;Fs;s gy q;fs; mth;fis ed;whfr; nrhy;ytpy;iy Uf;F vd;Dld; ey;y cwT >y;iy. mg;Ngh, ;fs; Kd;Df;Fj; js;spNdhk; mth;fis ;iy vd;gJ vdJ fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mJ ;iy. Vndd;why; vd;Dila FW}g;igg; d;. me;jf;fhyj;jpy; mg;gbahd PoliticsjhNd liticsI nrhy;ytpy;iy Politics of LiteratureI j;jpd; murpaiyr; nrhy;fpNwd;. me;jf;fhy
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fl;lj;jpy; ehd; vOj Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl; te;jNghJ >e;jpa vOj;jhsh;fis ehq;fs; r vOj;jhsh;fisr; rhltpy;iy. ifyhrgjp m itAk; mbj;jJNghy >yq;if vOj;jh mbj;jpUf;fpNwhkhΠmfpyDf;F vd;d m mbapypUe;J vOk;gNt >y;iyNa.
nghd;Dj;Jiuapd; tp\aj;jpNy $l tpUk;gpaJ Nghy vOJtjw;F ehq;fs; jil mth; jdJ Mf;fj;jpwid tsh;j;Jf; nf msTf;F mth; jd;id tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;st vjpuhf vOjpaJjhd; mth; nra;j Ntiy.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rz;il ele;jNghJ Kl;i Kd;Df;F epd;wdhd;. Ue;jth; >g;NghJ >y;i >Ue;jth; gpd;dh; >y;iy. mjw;fhf ehq ee;jpiaAk; nrhy;ytpy;iy. ifyhrgjpf;F tUlk; nrhf;fDila fijf;Fk; ghpR nfh mijr; rhp vd;W nrhd;dhH. ehq;fSk; mJ me;jg; ghFghL vq;fSf;F >y;iy. Kd;D ahh;ahiu nfhz;LtuKbANkh nfhz;L nry;tDf;Fk; ifyhrgjpf;Fk; >Ue;j cwi ghUq;fs;. fUj;Jepiy hPjpahf xUj;j vjpuhdth;fs;. ifyhrgjpiagw;wp ePh; vd;d nrk;gpad; nry;tidf; Nfl;Lg;ghUq;fs;. vdf kpf mz;ikapNyjhd; >jidr; nrhd;dhh;. NtW. vOj;J hPjpahf vOjpdJjhd;. mJf;F x
>th;fSf;F Mf;f >yf;fpak; vOj nrhd;dth;fSk; cz;L. ehq;fs; vOj;jhs nfhz;L epw;ftpy;iy. ifyhrgjp xU fhyj;j vd;Dila Creativity, Acting>y; NghdJ. eh vd;W rz;ilf;F tutpy;iy. gpur;rpid vd xU FOtpdiuj;jhd; Mjhpj;Njhk; vd;W n Ideological BasisI ehq;fs;, Mjhpj;Njhk;. Md vOj;Jj; jpwik cs;sth;fis ehq;fs; $l vOj;Jj; jpwik >y;yhjth;fs; vtiuAk
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. >d;ndhU fl;lk; j;jhsh;fis ehq;fs; rhbaJ Nghy >yq;if tpy;iy. ifyhrgjp mfpyidAk;, f.eh.R. y >yq;if vOj;jhsh;fs; ahiuahtJ mfpyDf;F vd;d mb‰ mfpyd; me;j
>y;iyNa.
; tp\aj;jpNy $l nghd;Dj;Jiu jhd; Jtjw;F ehq;fs; jilahf >Uf;ftpy;iy. pwid tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. vq;fisg;gw;wp mth; nra;j Ntiy.
;il ele;jNghJ Kl;il mbj;jhh;fs;. ehd; g;NghJ >y;iy, ee;jp vq;fNshL y;iy. mjw;fhf ehq;fs; nrhf;fidAk; py;iy. ifyhrgjpf;F ghpR fpilj;j mNj fijf;Fk; ghpR nfhLj;jhh;fs;. ifyhRk; d;dhH. ehq;fSk; mJ rhp vd;W nra;Njhk;. ;fSf;F >y;iy. Kd;Df;F tUfpwth;fis uKbANkh nfhz;L te;Njhk;. nrk;gpad; gjpf;Fk; >Ue;j cwit ePq;fs; Nahrpj;Jg; piy hPjpahf xUj;jUf;F xUj;jh; kpf gjpiagw;wp ePh; vd;d epidf;fpwPh;Πvd;W ; Nfl;Lg;ghUq;fs;. vdf;F nrk;gpad;nry;td; ; >jidr; nrhd;dhh;. jdpg;gl;l cwTfs; OjpdJjhd;. mJf;F xd;Wk; nra;a KbahJ.
;f >yf;fpak; vOjj; njhpahJ vd;W ;L. ehq;fs; vOj;jhsh;fs; vd;W ‘ehz;L’ ifyhrgjp xU fhyj;jpy; rpWfij vOjpdhh;. Acting>y; NghdJ. ehd; xU Creative Writer py;iy. gpur;rpid vd;dntd;why;, ehq;fs; ; Mjhpj;Njhk; vd;W nrhd;dhy; - >y;iy. ;fs;, Mjhpj;Njhk;. Mdhy; mth;fSf;Fs;Sk; th;fis ehq;fs; $lr; nrhd;NdhNk jtpu, ;yhjth;fs; vtiuAk; ehq;fs; NkYf;Fj;
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js;stpy;iy. KUifaid NkYf;Fj;js;spt Kd;Df;Fj; js;stp;y;iy vd;W nrhd k`hftpiag;gw;wpg; Ngrhky; >Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. xU kl;lkhd ftp vd;W ehd; nrhy;ytpy;i tsh;r;rpgw;wp vOjpaNghJ, J khh;f;]paj;jpd; mbg;gil e >Uf;fpwJ -mJ fwpf;Fg; gad;gLfpw Kiwf >Uf;fpwNghJ mJ fwpf;Fg; gad;gLfpw K cz;L. Quantitative change is also a Qualitative Qulitative change. ehq;fs; me;j Quantitative ch mjw;F me;j Politicstpltp;y;iy. mJjhd; g mjdhy; Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; rq;fk; vd fl;rp >q;fhiy vg;gbg; NgrpdhYk; mq;fhi ;jkpo;kf;fSila chpikfis vg;gb ntd MNyhridfis itj;Jf;nfhz;L Qhdh %d elj;jpdhh;.
72>y; nra;Njhk; rhptutpy;iy. 72>y; Fkhu#hpaNuhL Nrh;e;J, >yq;if thndhypa >y;yhj cj;jpNahfk;’’ ghh;j;J >d;iw thndhypf;fhuh;fs; jpl;Lfpwhh;fs;. ehq;fs; a fpog;gpNdhNkh- jpUkjp Fyrpq;fk;- mt fijj;Jtpl;Lr; nrd;whh;. ahUf;fhfg; N >uh[Re;juk;, mth; vq;fisg;gw;wp ey;yhf ahiuf; nfhz;LtuNtz;Lnkd;W ehq;fs; f vq;fSf;F vjphp. mth; xU Wonderful man, C not have a good word about me. >Jfs; vy;y >Jfsy;y Kf;fpak;.
74tiuapy; ehq;fSk; NghuhbNdhk;. ehd; Nfl;Nld;, ‘vd;dg;gh, nfhy;tpDila Const fhztpy;iyNa’ vd;W. ‘Nghrhky; >U, vd;whh;. mg;NghJjhd; u\;ahtpw;Fg; Ngha;t
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

aid NkYf;Fj;js;sptpl;Bh;fs; k`hftpia p;y;iy vd;W nrhd;dhh;fs;. ehq;fs; rhky; >Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; k`hftpia ;W ehd; nrhy;ytpy;iy. yf;fpa hJ, Uf;Fk;. ;ik vd;dntd;why;, fhy fl;lq;fs; khWfpw spd; khWif Quantitative change makes Quali- ;f;]paj;jpd; mbg;gil epiy >uz;L Njq;fha; ;Fg; gad;gLfpw Kiwf;Fk;, gj;J Njq;fha; wpf;Fg; gad;gLfpw Kiwf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; ange is also a Qualitative change. It brings about s; me;j Quantitative changeI kWjypj;Njhk;. pltp;y;iy. mJjhd; gpur;rid. vOj;jhsh; rq;fk; vd;d nra;jJ vd;why;, g; NgrpdhYk; mq;fhiy vg;gbg; NgrpdhYk;- pikfis vg;gb ntd;nwLg;gJ vd;W gj;J ;Jf;nfhz;L Qhdh %d;W ehd;F $l;lq;fs;
rhptutpy;iy. 72>y; nra;jNghJ ehDk; , >yq;if thndhypapy; ”ehd; xU rk;gsk; k;’’ ghh;j;J >d;iwf;F $l >yq;if ;Lfpwhh;fs;. ehq;fs; ahUf;F vjpuhff; nfhb kjp Fyrpq;fk;- mth; te;J vd;Dld; ;whh;. ahUf;fhfg; NgrpNdhNkh- ez;gh; vq;fisg;gw;wp ey;yhfr; nrhy;y tpy;iy. z;Lnkd;W ehq;fs; f\;lg;gl;NlhNkh mth; ; xU Wonderful man, Close friend. But he will bout me. >Jfs; vy;yhk; kdpj >ay;Gfs;.
k; NghuhbNdhk;. ehd; tP. nghd;dk;gyj;ijf; nfhy;tpDila Constitution>y; xd;iwAk; ;W. ‘Nghrhky; >U, mnjy;yhk; rhptUk;’ ; u\;ahtpw;Fg; Ngha;te;J, ‘jkpo; nre;jkpo;
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MfpwJ’ vd;W mq;Fs;s jkpo;g; ngbas; >j gw;wp >uz;L fl;Liufs; ky;ypifapy; ghh;j;Jtpl;Lj;jhd; ‘nre;jkpoh; >af;fk;’ rptRg;gpukzpak; ghhpa J}zhf tp. nghd;d gpd;G nghd;dk;gyk; fl;rpf;F ntspap;y; Nghdhh cyfj;jpy; ntF Nkhrkhdtd; ahh; vd;W nfhk;A+dp];l; jhd;. mJ me;jf; fl;rpapDil jhf;fk;.
>itnay;yhk; ele;J Kbe;jit, 97 fhy vOj;jhsh; rq;fk; VjhtJ nra;ayhkh nghd;idad;, rkPk;, uz;L $l;lq;fs; elj;jpNdhk;. mjd;gpwF
Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; vd;gJ Ideologyi mJ nghJTlikiaj; jskhff; nfhz;lJ cs;sth;fis mJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;. m fhyj;j;pd; NjitfSf;Nfw;g Nfh\q;fis k >e;jf; fhyq;fspd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g Nfh\ NghdJjhd; mjw;F Vw;gl;l gpur;rid. >d;iwf xU >se;jiy Kiw te;J mjid vLj;Jr; ehd; mth;fNshL epw;Ngd;. Jujp\;ltrkhf e vd;dntd;why; rpq;fs kf;fSf;Fs;Sk; rpq; Ml;fs;, jkpo; kf;fSf;Fs; jkpo; khh;f;] me;jkhjphpahd epiyik te;J tpl;lJ. eh vjpuhf >Ue;Njhk;. >d xLf;F Kiwf;F vjpu vq;fSf;Fs; njhpahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. >Jjh mtyk;.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;s jkpo;g; ngbas; >jpy; Mh;tkhf >Ue;jJ ufs; ky;ypifapy; vOjpNdd;. mijg; ‘nre;jkpoh; >af;fk;’ vdf; $wg;gl;lJ. J}zhf tp. nghd;dk;gyj;Jld; epd;whh;. ;rpf;F ntspap;y; Nghdhh;. xU fk;A+dp];l;Lf;F hrkhdtd; ahh; vd;W Nfl;lhy; mJ kh[p J me;jf; fl;rpapDila fl;Lg;ghl;bDila
e;J Kbe;jit, 97 fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;F jhtJ nra;ayhkh vd;gJ gw;wp ePh;it j;Jr; NrhK, ehd; Nrh;e;J NgrpNdhk;. [Pthit h tutpy;iy. ehq;fs; me;jf; $l;lj;ij jd;gpd;G Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; rq;fj;jpd; j;jpNdhk;. mjd;gpwF elj;j Kbatpy;iy.
hsh; vd;gJ Ideologyia nghWj;j tplak;. j; jskhff; nfhz;lJ. mjw;Fr; rhh;ghf Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;. mth;fis tuNtw;Fk;. ;Nfw;g Nfh\q;fis khw;wpf; nfhz;L tUk;. itfSf;F Vw;g Nfh\q;fs; khw;wg;glhky; ;gl;l gpur;rid. >d;iwf;Fk; ehq;fs; >y;yhj te;J mjid vLj;Jr; nra;thh;fNsahdhy;, ;Ngd;. Jujp\;ltrkhf epiyik khwptpl;lJ.. kf;fSf;Fs;Sk; rpq;fsj; Njrpak; NgRfpw Sf;Fs; jkpo; khh;f;]pak; NgRfpwth;fs;. ik te;J tpl;lJ. ehq;fs; >dthjj;jpw;F xLf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhf vd;dnra;tnjd;W y; Ngha;tpl;lJ. >Jjhd; vq;fSf;F Vw;gl;l
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 95

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9口口
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : mWgJfspy; Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, mWgJfspy; Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, mWgJfspy; Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, mWgJfspy; Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, mWgJfspy; Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, ele;jd. xU $l;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; K ele;jd. xU $l;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; K ele;jd. xU $l;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; K ele;jd. xU $l;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; K ele;jd. xU $l;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; K mit KbTw;wjhf mwpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa c mit KbTw;wjhf mwpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa c mit KbTw;wjhf mwpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa c mit KbTw;wjhf mwpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa c mit KbTw;wjhf mwpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa c vd;dŒvd;dŒvd;dŒvd;dŒvd;dŒ fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : me;jf;fhyj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;Fthjk; >Ue vjpuhd Nghuhl;lKk; >Ue;jJ. Nguhrphpah; jpy Mrphpauhf >Ue;jNghJ kuGg;Nghuhl;lk; g gpuRhpj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mjpy; te;j Kjyht fl;Liu. >sKUfd;, nrhf;fypq;fk;, Njtd; vOjpdhh;fs;. Jujp\;ltrkhf ez;gh; >sq;fPu vdJ fl;Liu tutpy;iy.
kuG vd;Dk;NghJ mjpy; Gjpatw;iwA Ntz;Lk;. kugpy; khw;wj;Jf;Fk; >lKz;L vd mjpy; gz;bjh;fs; xUGwkhfTk;, Kw;Ng kWGwkhfTk; tpthjq;fis Kd;itj; Mjhpj;jth;fSk; mjw;F Mjuthf >Ue;j Nghd;wth;fs; mjw;F Mjuthf vOj mitapuz;Lk; >Ue;jd.
ew;Nghf;F vd;gJ, nghd;Dj;Jiuahy; Nfh\k;. R.eNlrd; rhfpj;jpa kz;lya $ ‘>yf;fpaj;ij Kw;Nghf;Fg; gpw;Nghf;F vd;W gph ew;Nghf;fhf >Ue;jhy; mJNtNghJk;’ vd mt
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

9口口
Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, kuGg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, kuGg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, kuGg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, kuGg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; Kw;Nghf;F, ew;Nghf;F, kuGg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; py; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; Kl;ilnawpe;jNjhL, py; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; Kl;ilnawpe;jNjhL, py; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; Kl;ilnawpe;jNjhL, py; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; Kl;ilnawpe;jNjhL, py; Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; Kl;ilnawpe;jNjhL, wpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa cq;fSila fUj;J wpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa cq;fSila fUj;J wpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa cq;fSila fUj;J wpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa cq;fSila fUj;J wpfpNwhk;. >Jgw;wpa cq;fSila fUj;J
; Kw;Nghf;Fthjk; >Ue;jJ. kuGtopf;fhuUf;F Ue;jJ. Nguhrphpah; jpy;iyehjd; jpdfudpy; hJ kuGg;Nghuhl;lk; gw;wpa fl;Liufisg; hh;. mjpy; te;j KjyhtJ fl;Liu vd;Dila nrhf;fypq;fk;, Njtd; Nghd;w gyh; mJgw;wp trkhf ez;gh; >sq;fPud; Nghl;l njhFjpapy; ;iy.
mjpy; Gjpatw;iwAk; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;s j;Jf;Fk; >lKz;L vd;Dk; thjKk; ele;jJ. xUGwkhfTk;, Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fs; jq;fis Kd;itj;jdh;. Kw;Nghf;if w;F Mjuthf >Ue;jhh;fs;. nrhf;fypq;fk; ;F Mjuthf vOjpdhh;fs;. mg;NghJ d.
, nghd;Dj;Jiuahy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l xU hfpj;jpa kz;lya $l;lj;jpy; NgRk;NghJ ;Fg; gpw;Nghf;F vd;W gphpf;fhjPh;fs;. >yf;fpak; mJNtNghJk;’ vd mth; mofhfr; nrhd;dhh;.
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nghd;Dj;Jiuf;F vg;nghOJk; nrhy; tpis cz;L. mth; mjidg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L ‘e vd;W Kf;fpag;gLj;jpdhh;. mJ vd;iwf;FNk xU >Ue;jjpy;iy. vJ ew;Nghf;F >yf;fpak; vd $wTkpy;iy. ehd; Rthu];akhd xU ‘nghd;Dj;Jiuapd; >yf;fpaq;fs; ew;Nghf;F Nfl;Nld;. mth;, ew;Nghf;F >yf;fpak; vd;wJ jd;ik? nghd;Dj;Jiuf;Nf >ay;ghf cs mijg;gw;wpf; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. ehd; mtUf vd;dntd;why;, mth; >g;gbahd rz;ilf jdJ jpwikfisr; rhpahdKiwapy; gad;gL nghd;Dj;Jiuiag; gw;wp ehd; nrhy;yf;$ Mdhy; kw;wr;rz;ilfspy; lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. $l;lj;jp epd;whh;fs;. ehd; gpd;Df;F epd;W ghh;j;Jf;
Nguhrphpah; rjhrptk;jhd; >oprpdh; tof;Fg mth; tp\ak; tpsq;fhky; >J ‘>oprpdh; tof ciufspy; tUtijf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. gz;bjh NgRk;NghJ >J >oprpdh; tof;F vd;W Fwpg vd;W $Wk;NghJ xU rhjpgw;wpa njhdpnjh vOjpa gz;bjh; xUth; rhpahf tpsq;fpf;n vd;W vOjptpl;lhh;. >oprpdh; vd;W nrhd Nghdth;fs; vd;W fUj;J. >oprdh; vd rhjpiaj;jhd; Fwpf;Fk;. mjid ehq;fs; mjw;nfjpuhd gykhd fl;Liufs; vOjg;gl;l Jujp\;ltrkhf rjhrptk; Kd;ndLj;jpUe;jhh
me;j Neuj;jpy; rjhrptk; rhfpj;jpa kz tuhf >Ue;jhh;. mth; me;jf; $l;lj;jpw;F rpy;th vd;wtUk; te;jpUe;jhh;. R.eNlrgps;i
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

nghOJk; nrhy; tpisahl;bNy xU fth;r;rp g; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L ‘ew;Nghf;F >yf;fpak;’ h;. mJ vd;iwf;FNk xU >yf;fpa >af;fkhf ;Nghf;F >yf;fpak; vd mth; tiutpyf;fzk; Rthu];akhd xU Nfs;tp Nfl;Nld;. f;fpaq;fs; ew;Nghf;F >yf;fpaq;fshŒ’ vdf; f;F >yf;fpak; vd;wJ xU tpjz;lhthjj;jpd; uf;Nf >ay;ghf cs;s Fzk;. ehq;fs; ltpy;iy. ehd; mtUf;fhff; ftiyg;gLtJ ; >g;gbahd rz;ilfspy; kpdf;nfl;ljhy; hpahdKiwapy; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. >Jjhd; w;wp ehd; nrhy;yf;$baJ. A good stylist. spy; e;Jf; fy;Y}hpf;F Fr; nrd;Nwd;. $l;lj;jpy; Ml;fs; vy;NyhUk;
f;F epd;W ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;Njd;.
k;jhd; >oprpdh; tof;Fg; gw;wpj; njhlf;fpath;. ky; >J ‘>oprpdh; tof;F’ vd;W njhy;fhg;gpa ; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. gz;bjh;khh; vq;fisg;gw;wpg; pdh; tof;F vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;fs;. ‘>oprpdh;’ rhjpgw;wpa njhdpnjhpfpwjy;ythŒ >Jgw;wp h; rhpahf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;shky; ‘>oprdh;’ >oprpdh; vd;W nrhd;dhy; fPo;epiyf;Fg; fUj;J. >oprdh; vd;W nrhd;dhy; mJ k;. mjid ehq;fs; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;Nlhk;. fl;Liufs; vOjg;gl;ld. >e;j tpthjj;ij tk; Kd;ndLj;jpUe;jhh;.
hrptk; rhfpj;jpa kz;lyatpy; Kf;fpakhd h; me;jf; $l;lj;jpw;F te;jpUe;jhh;. rhs;]; pUe;jhh;. R.eNlrgps;isAk; Ngrpdhh;. >e;j
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rhfpj;jpa kz;lyj;jpy; rkPKk; xU mq;fj;jpd mq;F te;jpUe;jhh;. mtUf;F mq;F xU >l
>oprpdh; vd;W nrhd;d me;jf; Nfhgk; mq >oprduhŒ mg;Ngh, me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; Vjh $l;lj;ijf; Fog;Gtjw;Fj; jPh;khdpj;jpUe;jh vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. $l;lj;ijf; Fog;Gk Fog;GtJŒ $l;lj;jpy; gpur;rpid vOg;gp ‘e NgrpdPh;fshŒ’ vd;W Nfl;fpw xU jPh;khdk; >Ue kz;ly mq;fj;jpduhd rkPk; Nfl;gjhfTk; >U Nfl;gjhf >Uf;ftpy;iy. >jw;Fs;, Kw rq;fj;jpw;Fs; >Ue;j >sk; kl;lq;fs; - vdf;F ehd; ngah; nrhy;ytpUk;gtpy;iy - Kl jPh;khdpj;Jtpl;lhh;fs;. cz;ikapy; vq;fS njhpahJ. ifyhrgjpAk; mg;NghJ aho;g;ghzj tUthh; vd;W epidj;Jf; nfhz;L ehd; $l mth; $l;lj;jpy; epw;ghh; vd ehd; epidj;Nj
eNlrd; mw;Gjkhfg; Ngrpdhh;. mg;NghJj trdj;ijg; ghtpj;jhh;. mjd;gpd;G rjhrptk mg;NghJ rkPk; vOe;J VNjh Nfl;lhh;. $l $l;lj;jpd; eLg;gFjpapy; >ilapy; epd;Nwd;. v Ghpatpy;iy. $l;lk; Fok;gpaTld; ehd; NghNdd;. rhs;]; rpy;th fPNo tpOe;JNghd J}f;fpNdd;. eNlrd; mUfpNy rl;ila epd;Wnfhz;bUe;jhh;. rhs;]; rpy;th rpq;fsth mtUf;Fj; jz;zPh; nfhLj;J mioj;Jte ehd; rlhnud;W Kd;Df;Fg; gha;e;J Nghdjhy ehd; Kd;Df;F epd;Nwd;. vdf;F kdJ jh NghNdd;. mjd;gpd;dh; $l;lk; fiye;J vy;Ny
mjd; gpwF ehq;fs; vy;NyhUk; te;J Mh rdr%f epiyaj;jpy; $l;lk; $bg;Ngrpg; Ngh Neuj;jpy; mJ xU rhjpg;gpur;rpidahf >Ue mJ Nghfhky; jLj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epiyik khwpaJ. Kw;Nghf;F vOj;j itj;jpUe;j Mjuthsh;fs; gyh; xJq nrhf;fypq;fk; vq;fNshL >Ue;jth;. m
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

; rkPKk; xU mq;fj;jpduhf >Ue;jhh;. mtUk;
tUf;F mq;F xU >lkpUe;jJ.
d;d me;jf; Nfhgk; mq;Nf >Ue;jJ. >oprpdh;- e;jf; $l;lj;jpy; VjhtJ jg;G Vw;gl;lhy; w;Fj; jPh;khdpj;jpUe;jhh;fs;. mJ cz;ik $l;lj;ijf; Fog;Gk;NghJ vd;dkhjphpf; ; gpur;rpid vOg;gp ‘ePq;fs; >oprdh; vd;W ;fpw xU jPh;khdk; >Ue;jJ. mjid rhfpj;jpa rkPk; Nfl;gjhfTk; >Ue;jJ. NtnwhUtUk; ;iy. >jw;Fs;, Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; sk; kl;lq;fs; - vdf;F Ml;fisj; njhpAk;? tpUk;gtpy;iy - Kl;il mbg;gJ vd;W cz;ikapy; vq;fSf;F >it xd;WNk k; mg;NghJ aho;g;ghzj;jpy; epd;wth;, mtUk; ;Jf; nfhz;L ehd; $l;lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. hh; vd ehd; epidj;Njd;.
g; Ngrpdhh;. mg;NghJjhd; ‘ew;Nghf;F’ vd;w ;. mjd;gpd;G rjhrptk; Ngrj;njhlq;fpdhh;. VNjh Nfl;lhh;. $l;lk; Fok;gpaJ. ehd; y; >ilapy; epd;Nwd;. vdf;F ele;jJ vJTk; Fok;gpaTld; ehd; rlhnud Kd;Df;Fg; ;th fPNo tpOe;JNghdhh;. ehd; mtiuj; ; mUfpNy rl;ilapy; Kl;il topa hs;]; rpy;th rpq;fsth;, Vq;fpg;Nghdhh;. ehd; nfhLj;J mioj;Jte;J fhhpy; Vw;wpNdd;. f;Fg; gha;e;J Nghdjhy; mq;F me;j Neuj;jpy; wd;. vdf;F kdJ jhq;fhky;jhd; gha;e;J $l;lk; fiye;J vy;NyhUk; Ngha;tpl;lhh;fs;.
; vy;NyhUk; te;J MhpaFsj;jbapy; >Ue;j $l;lk; $bg;Ngrpg; Nghl;Lg; NghNdhk;. me;j jpg;gpur;rpidahf >Ue;jJ. me;j epiyf;F pUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
. Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fNshL njhlh;G hsh;fs; gyh; xJq;fpf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. NshL >Ue;jth;. mf;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpj;
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jpizf;fsj;jpy; caujpfhhpahf >U nrhf;fypq;fj;ijf; nfhz;LNgha; vq;Nfh xU khw;wk; nfhLj;jhh;. gpd;G f\;lj;jpd;Nghpy; ee;j ghlrhiyf;F khw;wk; ngw;whh;. Kl;il m ghuJ}ukhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Kw;Ngh ahid jd;Dila jiyapNy jhNd kz;i khjphp jd;idj;jhNd khRgLj;jpf; nfhz;lj me;j Kl;ilab. Mdhy; mjw;fhf mth;f nrhy;y vd;Wk; tplTk; jahuhfapy;iy. K ehq;fs; nra;j kpfg;nghpa Nkhrkhd jtW. K rq;fj;ij mJ Nkhrkhfg; ghjpj;jJ. epr;ra ehd; xj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. mjd;gpwF ehq;f
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Ngh me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Ngh me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf rz;bj;jdj;ijg; ghtpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; rz;bj;jdj;ijg; ghtpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; rz;bj;jdj;ijg; ghtpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; rz;bj;jdj;ijg; ghtpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; rz;bj;jdj;ijg; ghtpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; gz;bjh;fs; vy;NyhUk; xJq;fpg;Ng gz;bjh;fs; vy;NyhUk; xJq;fpg;Ng gz;bjh;fs; vy;NyhUk; xJq;fpg;Ng gz;bjh;fs; vy;NyhUk; xJq;fpg;Ng gz;bjh;fs; vy;NyhUk; xJq;fpg;Ng $wg;gLfpwJ.....‰ $wg;gLfpwJ.....‰ $wg;gLfpwJ.....‰ $wg;gLfpwJ.....‰ $wg;gLfpwJ.....‰
fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : >y;iy. mg;gbay;y, rz;bj;jdk; gad $l;lj;jpNyNa jtpu kw;w ve;j >lj;jpYk; rz gltpy;iy. mJ me;j >lj;jpy; ele;jjw;Ff; f kz;lytpoh, >oprpdh; tof;Fg; gw;wpa gpurhuk eNlrd; Ngrp Kbe;j gpd;Gjhd; - rjhrptk; N Nfs;tp Nfl;lhh;. mjdhNyjhd; me;jg; gpur;r tof;Fr; rh;r;ir ele;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; nra;a
rz;bj;jdk; Ntnwq;Fq;fhl;lg;gltpy;iy nrhy;fpNwd;. >sKUfd; kuGg;Nghuhl;lk; gw;w ehd; ‘mirahj Fl;il ePuy;y kuG’ vd;W vOjpNdd;. mJjhd; mJgw;wpa vdJ Kjyh >sKUfd; gjpy; vOjpdhh;. gjpy; KOtij NghlKbatpy;iy. >sKUfd; vd;d nra;j KOtijAk; xU Gj;jfkhfj; njhFj;J ‘nr ngahpy; ntspapl;lhh;. >e;j kuG tpthjk; gw;wp e tpthjpj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fo >jopy; kuG gw;wp rjhrptk;, tpj;jpahde;jd;, fl;Liufs; vOjpdhh;fs;. ehd; nrhy;Yk; K vd;dntdpy;, tWj;jiy tpshdpy; xU rjhrptj;jpw;Fr; rhh;ghf >Ue;j FXC eluhrh x
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aujpfhhpahf >Ue;j NrhkRe;juk;, z;LNgha; vq;Nfh xU fz;fhzhj >lj;jpw;F ;G f\;lj;jpd;Nghpy; ee;jpiag; gpbj;J NtnwhU ; ngw;whh;. Kl;il mbj;j tplak; kpfg; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpa >af;fk; iyapNy jhNd kz;iz ms;spg; NghLfpw khRgLj;jpf; nfhz;ljw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; dhy; mjw;fhf mth;fis >oprpdh; vd;W k; jahuhfapy;iy. Kl;ilabj;jJ vd;gJ hpa Nkhrkhd jtW. Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; hfg; ghjpj;jJ. epr;rakhf mJ xU fiw. wd;. mjd;gpwF ehq;fs; vOk;gNtapy;iy.
yfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fs; yfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fs; yfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fs; yfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fs; yfl;lj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fs; tpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; gae;Jjhd; >e;jg; tpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; gae;Jjhd; >e;jg; tpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; gae;Jjhd; >e;jg; tpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; gae;Jjhd; >e;jg; tpj;jhh;fs;. mjw;Fg; gae;Jjhd; >e;jg; yhUk; xJq;fpg;Nghdhh;fs; vd;Wk; yhUk; xJq;fpg;Nghdhh;fs; vd;Wk; yhUk; xJq;fpg;Nghdhh;fs; vd;Wk; yhUk; xJq;fpg;Nghdhh;fs; vd;Wk; yhUk; xJq;fpg;Nghdhh;fs; vd;Wk;
ay;y, rz;bj;jdk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ me;jf; w;w ve;j >lj;jpYk; rz;bj;jdk; gad;gLj;jg; >lj;jpy; ele;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; mJ rhfpj;jpa tof;Fg; gw;wpa gpurhuk; - rkPk; mjpy; nkk;gh;. pd;Gjhd; - rjhrptk; Ngrpa NghJjhd; rkPk; hNyjhd; me;jg; gpur;rpid te;jJ. >oprdh; ;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;ltplakpJ.
q;Fq;fhl;lg;gltpy;iy vd;gjw;F cjhuzk; d; kuGg;Nghuhl;lk; gw;wp vq;fsplk; Ngrpdhh;. l ePuy;y kuG’ vd;W jpdfudpy; fl;Liu Jgw;wpa vdJ KjyhtJ fl;Liu. mjw;F jpdhh;. gjpy; KOtijAk; jpy;iyehjdhy; sKUfd; vd;d nra;jhh; vd;why;, vOjpa fkhfj; njhFj;J ‘nre;jkpo; tof;F’ vd;w e;j kuG tpthjk; gw;wp ehq;fs; gy >lq;fspy; guhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; xU ‘>sq;fjph;’ rptk;, tpj;jpahde;jd;, ifyhrgjp MfpNahh; s;. ehd; nrhy;Yk; Kf;fpakhd cjhuzk; ;jiy tpshdpy; xU $l;lk; ele;jJ. >Ue;j FXC eluhrh xUGwKk;, kWGwj;jpy;
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ehDk; NgrpNdhk;. mf;$l;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik t >yf;fz tpj;jfh; vd miof;fg;gl;l ekr KjypYk; gpd;dh; eluhrhTk; NgrpNdhk;. ji Njrpfh;, y; ehd; aho;. gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw njhlh;e;J te;jfhyj;jpy;, cs;@h; mw nfhLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W $wp, ekrpthaNjrpfUf gl;lk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lnkd ehd; thjhbN jkpo;g; gphpTj; jiytuhf >Ue;Njd;. ify >Ue;jhh;. gz;bjh;khh; rz;bj;jdj;jhy; x epr;rakhf >y;iy. Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;is NghJjhd; mjd; jd;ik vdf;Fg; gpbgl;lJ. v xU ghlkhfg; gbg;gpf;fpd;w Kiwik >Ue;jJ - gy;fiyf;fofg; GFKf tFg;Gf;Fj; jk gz;bjh;khh;jhd; gbg;gpj;jhh;fs;. >yq;ifg; gy mikg;Gf; fhuzkhf >yf;fpa tuyhW gw ntsptuj; njhlq;fpd. >yf;fpa tuyhW guk;giuapdUf;F mt;tsT Njh;r;rpapy;i >yf;fpak;, >yf;fzk; Mfpatw;iw mth;fs tuyhw;iw kw;wth;fs; gbg;gpf;f Ntz;ba xl;Lnkhj;jkhd, >yq;if KOtjw;Fk; ngh dition xd;iw >yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; g fzgjpg;gps;is nfhz;L te;jhh;. mjw;F c nry;tehafk;, tpj;jpahde;jd; MfpN gz;bjh;khUila gbg;gpj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; >e;jg; gpd;Gyj;jpNyjhd; mth;fs; vq;fisj; j jdpahff; ifyhrgjpiaAk;, rptj;jk;gpiaAk; lhdpaiyAk; [PthitAk; jhf;ftpy;iy. fzgjpg;gps;is- nry;tehafj;jpd; gbg;g mjdhNyjhd; >th;fs; MLfpwhh;fs; vd;W > >sKUfdpd; nre;jkpo; tof;F v vLj;Jg;ghh;j;jPh;fshdhy; >J tpsq;Fk;.
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l;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jth; gpw;fhyj;jpy; d miof;fg;gl;l ekrptha Njrpfh;. ehd; hrhTk; NgrpNdhk;. jiyiktfpj;j ekrptha hd xU tpraj;ij vLj;Jf;$wpdhh;. ‘gioad k; tOty fhy tifapdhd’ vd;W Ngrpdhh;. Neh;ikia nkr;rpNdd;. >J ele;jJ 62, ho;. gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fg; NghNdd;. mijj; j;jpy;, cs;@h; mwpQh;fSf;Fg; gl;lk; $wp, ekrpthaNjrpfUf;F ‘>yf;fz tpj;jfh;’ ;Lnkd ehd; thjhbNdd;. mg;NghJ ehd; uhf >Ue;Njd;. ifyhrgjp gPlhjpgjpahf h; rz;bj;jdj;jhy; xJq;fpdhh;fs; vd;gJ uhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;is gw;wp Work gz;zpa k vdf;Fg; gpbgl;lJ. vd;dntd;why; jkpio pd;w Kiwik >Ue;jJ. cah;ju tFg;Gf;F Kf tFg;Gf;Fj; jkpio me;jf;fhyj;jpy; pj;jhh;fs;. >yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ghl >yf;fpa tuyhW gw;wpa ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; . >yf;fpa tuyhW gw;wp me;jg; gz;bj t;tsT Njh;r;rpapy;iy. >jd;fhuzkhf, ; Mfpatw;iw mth;fs; gbg;gpf;f, >yf;fpa ; gbg;gpf;f Ntz;ba epiyik >Ue;jJ. ;if KOtjw;Fk; nghJthd xU jkpo; tra- g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gpujhdkhfg; Nguhrphpah; ;L te;jhh;. mjw;F cjtpahf Nguhrphpah; ;jpahde;jd; MfpNahh; >Ue;jhh;fs;. ;gpj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; >jdhy; Fiwe;jJ. ; mth;fs; vq;fisj; jhf;fpdhh;fs;. mth;fs; aAk;, rptj;jk;gpiaAk; jhf;ftpy;iy. jdpahf tAk; jhf;ftpy;iy. mth;fs; jhf;fpaJ y;tehafj;jpd; gbg;gpj;jy; Kiwikia. ; MLfpwhh;fs; vd;W >sKUfNd $wpdhh;. e;jkpo; tof;F vd;w Gj;jfj;ij
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etPd >yf;fpaf;fhuh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fisg; vd;W nrhy;yTk; >y;iy. gz;bjh;fSk; mth;f >y;iy. >th;fs; vg;NghJ Ngrpdhh;fs; vd;why jq;fSila gpur;rpidfis vOjpaNghJ >th;fSf;Fr; rpWfijNa Ntz;lhk; vd;w ehd; fUJfpNwd;. mjw;Fs; xU r%fg;gpur;rpi r%fg; gpur;rpidia ehq;fs; kWjypf;f >a >Jtiu fhyKk; >th;fSf;Fj;jhd; njhpAk; v ciufisg; gw;wp ehq;fSk; ifitj;Jj; njh tof;Fk; jphpe;jtplj;J jphpe;j tw;wpw;Nfw;g m Kiwik’ vdg; Nguhrphpah; ciuapy; ‘Nrhpnkhopahw; nrt;tpjpw; gLNk’ - Nrhpnkh lhdpaYk; [PthTk; me;j nkhopapy; fij >tw;iw ehq;fs; nrhy;yj;njhlq;fpaNghJ ehq;fs; Kw;wpYk; jkpo; njhpahjth;fsy;yh; vy;yhg; gz;bjh;khUk; >tw;iw vjph;f;f vjph;f;ftpy;iy, nghd;. fpU\;zgps;is vj
ghtk; rjhrptk;, Nguhjidapy; Nguhrphpa tpj;jpahde;jd; MfpNahUld; >Ue;j rz;il > nry;tehafk; jdf;F Mjuthf >Ug;ghh; vd nry;tehafk; >e;j tplaj;jpy; epjhdkhf vt;tsNth nfl;bf;fhudhf >Ue;jNghJk; NgRthh; >y;iy. tpj;jpah;, fzgjpg;gps;is, nr Ngrg;gLk; mstpw;F rjhrptk; Ngrg;gLtjpy;i
gz;bjh;khh; rz;bj;jdj;Jf;Fg; gae;J xJ xj;Jf;nfhs;skhl;Nld;.
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jhrptk; Ngrg;gLtjpy;iy.
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10口口
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpd; J}z Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpd; J}z Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpd; J}z Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpd; J}z Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpd; J}z Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; fzpf;fg;gl;lth;f Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; fzpf;fg;gl;lth;f Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; fzpf;fg;gl;lth;f Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; fzpf;fg;gl;lth;f Nguhrphpah; ifyhrgjpAk; fzpf;fg;gl;lth;f mNj Kw;Nghf;F tl;lhuj;jpypUe;J mNj Kw;Nghf;F tl;lhuj;jpypUe;J mNj Kw;Nghf;F tl;lhuj;jpypUe;J mNj Kw;Nghf;F tl;lhuj;jpypUe;J mNj Kw;Nghf;F tl;lhuj;jpypUe;J khWgl;bUg;gjhfTk; vjph;j;jpirapy; nry;tj khWgl;bUg;gjhfTk; vjph;j;jpirapy; nry;tjh khWgl;bUg;gjhfTk; vjph;j;jpirapy; nry;tj khWgl;bUg;gjhfTk; vjph;j;jpirapy; nry;tjh khWgl;bUg;gjhfTk; vjph;j;jpirapy; nry;tjh
fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : >e;jf; Nfs;tp Nfl;ljw;F ed;wp. V jw;Nghija epiyg;ghl;ilg;gw;wp vd;dhy; >ad ehd; Kw;Nghf;F tpkh;rdk; gw;wpa gjpy; n >e;j Progressive movement vd;W fUjg;gLfpw It believes in social progress xd;wpypUe;J xd;W cally xU Marxcist Ideology. ntspg;gilahf M munist party vd;W nrhy;yhky; Progressive v tradition 1930 fspypUe;Nj >Uf;fpwJ. mJ vd fl;lj;jpYk; Gjpa Gjpa gpur;rpidfs; tUfp Kw;Nghf;Ff; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Nehf;Fgth;fs; vd;W ghh;g;gJ. >e;j fk;A+dp]g; Gul;rpthj ehL Kw;Nghf;F vOj;J >af;fq;fs; cs;sd? jpNa IPTA-Indian Progressive Theatre Association vd gpw;fhyj;jpy; >y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. vq;fS vd;dntd;why; 1965-66 fspypUe;J Kw;Ng Kw;Nghf;F vd;gJ u rz;Kfjh]pd; jiyikapd; fPo; xUgphpT. Vw
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p Nfl;ljw;F ed;wp. Vndd;why; vd;Dila ;ilg;gw;wp vd;dhy; >ad;wsT nrhy;yKbAk;. h;rdk; gw;wpa gjpy; nrhd;dNghJ, mjpNy ment vd;W fUjg;gLfpw me;jr; rpj;jhe;jk; - ress xd;wpypUe;J xd;Wf;Fg; NghtJ. Basi- logy. ntspg;gilahf Marxcist my;yJ Com- y;yhky; Progressive vd;W nrhy;tJ. >e;j j >Uf;fpwJ. mJ vd;dntd;why; xt;nthU a gpur;rpidfs; tUfpwnghOJ, mij xU ;lj;jpy; Nehf;Fgth;fs; vt;thW ghh;f;fpwhh;fs; ;A+dp]g; Gul;rpthj ehLfspy; >e;j khjphpahd f;fq;fs; cs;sd? jpNal;lh;fs;$l cs;sd. Theatre Association vd xd;W >Ue;jJ. mJ ; Ngha;tpl;lJ. vq;fSf;F te;j gpur;rpid 66 fspypUe;J Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpy;, ;jpy; vt;thW njhopw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJgw;wpa d;wpd. xd;W, fl;rp >uz;lhfg; gpsTgl;lJ. kapd; fPo; xUgphpT. Vwj;jho vOj;jhsh;fs;
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vy;NyhUk; >e;jg; gphpTf;Nf nrd;whh;fs fl;lj;jpypUe;J ehq;fs; jkpoh;fspd; gpur;rpi toptiffisf; fhz;gJ mtrpak;. ekf murhq;fj;jpy; >Ue;Jk; mJ eilngwtpy;iy vkJ nrayhsh; Qhdh mjid xU Njt mjidr; nra;a Kw;gl;lhh;. mJ xU ey;y >yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; vd;d njhlh;G >Uf;fpwJ vd fUj;Jg;ghpkhwy;fs; ele;jd. me;jf; fhy nghWj;jtiu ehd; Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpa > >Ue;jjpypUe;J ehd; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp mq;f Nrh;e;J nfhz;Nld;. fl;rpapy; Ntiy nra;Njd gq;Fgw;Wk;NghJ >e;jg; gpur;rpidfs; te;jd vq;fSf;Fs; >lJrhhpfs; 64>y; vLj;j e fl;rpfSf;Fs; Vwj;jho xU jkpo;nkhopf;F tpNu vq;fSf;Fs; rPd - u\;ag; gphpTfs; Vw;gl;L u\;ag;gf;fj;jpy; >Ue;jth;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;j nrhy;fpNwd;.
67-70 tiu ehd; >yq;ifapy; >Uf;ftpy nrd;Wtpl;Nld;. jpUk;gp te;jTld; 72>y; =kht te;jJ. mjpNy ehq;fs; Kw;WKOjhf epd;W ehd; >yq;if thndhypapYk; Ntiy nr %ykhfr; nra;J nfhz;bUe;Njhk;. mtuJ xt;nthU jpq;fl;fpoikAk; re;jpg;Nghk;. jk nra;aNtz;Lk;. Clfq;fis vt;thW ghh;j vd;W fye;JiuahLNthk;. mg;gb ciuahL tpthjq;fs; Vw;gLk;. thndhypiaf; ftd nfhQ;rg;NgiuAk; ifyhrgjpiaAk; epakpj;jh aho;g;ghzk; nrd;Wtpl;lhh;. ifyhrgjp mjpy >Uf;ftpy;iy. mjw;F xU fhuzk; mt Nrh;e;jtuhTk; >Ue;jJ.
>g;gbahf ehq;fs; nraw;gLk;NghJ, ehq;f mjpfhuq;fs; vJTkpy;yhky; jkpo; tplaq;fs vd;w FiwghL tuj;njhlq;fpaJ. ehq;fs; kl;lj;jpw;Fs; Ngrpf;nfhz;Nlhk;. mjw;FNky
gpd;G 76-77>y; murhq;fk; khwpaJ. 78>y; e
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

phpTf;Nf nrd;whh;fs;. >jd;gpwF me;jf; s; jkpoh;fspd; gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd ;gJ mtrpak;. ekf;Fj; njhpe;jth;fs; ; mJ eilngwtpy;iyNa vd;w Mjq;fj;jpy; h mjid xU Njt Copakhff; nfhz;L ;gl;lhh;. mJ xU ey;y tp\ak;. mjw;Fk; njhlh;G >Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ gw;wp vq;fSf;Fs; ele;jd. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; vd;idg; w;Nghf;F >yf;fpa >af;f mq;fj;jtdhf fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp mq;fj;jtdhfTk; gpd;dh; l;rpapy; Ntiy nra;Njd;. >e;j tpthjq;fspy; g; gpur;rpidfs; te;jd. me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; pfs; 64>y; vLj;j epiyg; ghl;bw;Fg;gpwF xU jkpo;nkhopf;F tpNuhjkhd epiytUfpwJ. \;ag; gphpTfs; Vw;gl;Lg; Nghapd. Fwpg;ghf th;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpNyjhd; ehd; >jidr;
yq;ifapy; >Uf;ftpy;iy. ntspNa gbf;fr; te;jTld; 72>y; =khtpd; $l;lzp murhq;fk; s; Kw;WKOjhf epd;W Ntiy nra;Njhk;. hypapYk; Ntiy nra;Njd;. Fkhu#hpah; hz;bUe;Njhk;. mtuJ >y;yj;jpy; ehq;fs; kAk; re;jpg;Nghk;. jkpo; tp\akhf vd;d q;fis vt;thW ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; thk;. mg;gb ciuahLk;NghJ fhurhukhd thndhypiaf; ftdpf;Fk;gb vd;idAk; hrgjpiaAk; epakpj;jhh;fs;. gpwF ifyhrgjp l;lhh;. ifyhrgjp mjpy; mt;tsT y; ehd; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fr;
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 103

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nrd;Nwd;. nfhOk;gpy; >Uf;fKbahky; fhzpiaAk; tpw;Wtpl;L aho;g;ghzg; gy;fi 1978>y; >Ue;J flikahw;wj; njhlq;fpNdd
vz;gJ, vz;gj;njhd;wpy; vq;fSf;Fg; g Njhd;wpd. >J rk;ge;jkhf vOj;jhsh; rq vLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJgw;wp, ‘Gjpa rthy;fs vd;w jiyg;gpy; ky;ypifapy; 81>NyNa e vOjpNdd;. >J rk;ge;jkhf vOj;jhsh; rq;f vLf;fNtz;Lk;. >tw;iwnay;yhk; vkJ >yf tuNtz;Lk;. >J rk;ge;jkhf me;jr; #oypy; xU Njitnahd;W Vw;gl;lJ. mg;gbg; ghh;j ve;j tplaq;fspy; gpiotpl;Nlhk; vd;gij I vq;Nf gpiotpl;Nlhk; vd;W rpe;jpf;fpwNghJ njy;ypg;gis A+dpad; fy;Y}hpapy; xU khe ehd; epiwTiu Mw;wpNdd;. me;jf; $l;lj;j Realism gw;wpa gpur;rpid vOe;jJ. ehq;fs; NgrpapUf;ff;$lhJ, Critical realism vd;Wjhd; vd;W $wpNdd;. mg;gb ehd; nrhd;dij xU ist Mf >Ug;gij tpUk;gtpy;iy. Sociali J}\pf;fpwhh; vd;W gpd;dh; >uhkfpU\;z kz me;j msTf;Fj; njspT mth;fsplkpUf;ftp
ehd; >Jgw;wp 78-79fspy; Nfhitapy; C vOj;jhsh; khehl;by; $wpapUe;Njd;. mg;Ngh ism vd;gjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jNtz;Lk; vd;gJ
>yq;ifapy; 84>y; jkpiog; nghW cf;fpukile;jJ. jkpoUf;nfjpuhd xL nraw;ghLfs; >Ue;jd. me;j Neuj;jpNyjhd jpUj;jk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. mg;NghJjhd; C (gpui[fs; FO) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ehd; jiytuhfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;Nld;. ehq Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ‘Mkpfhk;’ fSf;Fg; NghfN Kfhk;fSf;Fg; NghfNtz;bapUe;jJ. Ntz;bapUe;jJ. nfhOk;Gf;F te;J murpa fhzNtz;bapUe;jJ. ntspehl;Lj; J}j
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

py; >Uf;fKbahky; ehd; thq;fpa xU ;L aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Xf];l; kahw;wj; njhlq;fpNdd;.
hd;wpy; vq;fSf;Fg; gy Gjpa gpur;rpidfs; ;jkhf vOj;jhsh; rq;fk; vd;d epiyia gw;wp, ‘Gjpa rthy;fs; Gjpa gpur;rpidfs;’ ;ypifapy; 81>NyNa ehd; fl;Liu xd;iw ;jkhf vOj;jhsh; rq;fk; vd;d epiyg;ghL; wnay;yhk; vkJ >yf;fpaj;jpw;Fs; nfhz;L e;jkhf me;jr; #oypy; gpd;Ndhf;fpg; ghh;f;fpw w;gl;lJ. mg;gbg; ghh;j;jNghJ ehq;fs; ve;j otpl;Nlhk; vd;gij Ideology Mf ehq;fs; vd;W rpe;jpf;fpwNghJ, 82-83Mk; Mz;by; ; fy;Y}hpapy; xU khehL ele;jJ. mjpNy pNdd;. me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; ehd; NgrpaNghJ d vOe;jJ. ehq;fs; Socialist realism vd;W ritical realism vd;Wjhd; NgrpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; ehd; nrhd;dij xUth;, rptj;jk;gp Social- pUk;gtpy;iy. Socialism vd;w nrhy;iyj; ;dh; >uhkfpU\;z kz;lgj;jpy; Ngrpdhuhk;. pT mth;fsplkpUf;ftpy;iy.
79fspy; Nfhitapy; C.P.M. >d; Kw;Nghf;F $wpapUe;Njd;. mg;NghNj ehd; Critical real- rYj;jNtz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpg; NgrpapUe;Njd;.
>y; jkpiog; nghWj;jtiu Nghuhl;lk; kpoUf;nfjpuhd xLf;FKiwahf mur . me;j Neuj;jpNyjhd; MwhtJ murpay; gl;lJ. mg;NghJjhd; Citizen Committees fs; ;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ehd; ty;ntl;bj;Jiwf;Fj; nra;ag;gl;Nld;. ehq;fs; Xbahbj; jphpa pfhk;’ fSf;Fg; NghfNtz;bapUe;jJ. mfjp hfNtz;bapUe;jJ. nghypRf;Fk; Nghf Ok;Gf;F te;J murpay; jiyth;fisAk; . ntspehl;Lj; J}jufq;fspd; Kf;fpa
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mjpfhhpfisAk; re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. milahsk; gw;wpa tplak; >d xLf;FKiw
r%f tpQ;Qhdpfs; rq;fj;Js; vq;fS >lJrhhpf;fl;rpfs; jkpo; rk;ge;jkhf tpl;lgpioa khh;f;]p]Nk >y;yhky; NghfpwJ vd;fp tuNtz;bapUe;jJ. mjw;Fs; >Ue;j Fkhhp n Fzrpq;f Nghd;wth;fNshL kpftd;ikahf e ghpkhwpf; nfhz;Nlhk;.
>lJrhhpf; fl;rpfs; jkpOf;Fr; rkkhd c toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;lij khw;wpf;n jg;ghd tplak; vd;gij ehd; mth;fSld; n %yk; mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;.
xd;W nrhy;yNtz;Lk;, >e;j >isQh; tpUk;gpf; $g;gpltpy;iy. ty;ntl;bj;Jiw >af;fq;fNs vdf;Fg; gy gpur;rpidfs; xUKiw ehd; g];]py; nrd;wNghJ, Qhd%h kfd; - >af;fj;jpypUe;jth; vd;id Vrpdhh;. ”c rpq;fsth;fs; >e;jg; gFjpf;Fs; te;jpUf;fpwh gpd;dh; g];]pypUe;J >wq;Fk; NghJ V Nfl;Ltpl;L >wq;fpdhh;.
‘Fkhu#hpaNuhl Nrh;e;J jphpapwk;. vq Ntz;lhkhŒ’ vd;W $l rpy fhyq;fspy; f mg;NghJ >af;fj;jpNyAs;s Kf;fpakhdth;f itf;fNtz;lhk; vd;W nrhd;djhfTk; Nfs;tpg;gl;Nld;. >af;fq;fs; vq;fis tpU 94Mk; Mz;L ehd; gz;lhuehaf;fhitj; N nrhd;djw;fhf vdf;Fg; GypfNshL nghpa fUj mth;fs;, ehd; >d;ndhU fUj;jpNy $wpai nfhz;lhh;fs;. mJ mth;fSila N nrd;Wtpl;ljhk;. >tw;iw ehd; >g;nghOJ mg $Wtjhf vd;W vLf;fNtz;lhk;. me;jf; fhy cwTfnsy;yhk; khh;f;]p];l;fshf >Ue;jt >y; vdf;F neUq;fpa ez;gh;fs; >Ue;jh;fs;. ez;gh;fs; >Ue;jhh;fs;.
>yf;fpaj;ijNa vOjKbahky; ehq;fs
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

pf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; >d plak; >d xLf;FKiwahf khwpaJ.
fs; rq;fj;Js; vq;fSf;Fs; NgRfpwNghJ, ; rk;ge;jkhf tpl;lgpioahNyjhd; jkpohpilNa ky; NghfpwJ vd;fpw epiyg; ghl;bw;F jw;Fs; >Ue;j Fkhhp n[ath;jdh, epA+l;ld; shL kpftd;ikahf ehq;fs; fUj;Jfisg;
; jkpOf;Fr; rkkhd cj;jpNahf me;j];j;J d;W Nfl;lij khw;wpf;nfhz;lJ xU kpfTk; j ehd; mth;fSld; nra;j fye;Jiuahly;
ld;.
;Lk;, >e;j >isQh; >af;fq;fs; vq;fis ;iy. ty;ntl;bj;JiwapypUe;j >isQh; ; gy gpur;rpidfs; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ; nrd;wNghJ, Qhd%h;j;jp mg;ghtpd; filrp th; vd;id Vrpdhh;. ”cq;fshNyjhd; >e;jr; Fjpf;Fs; te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;“ vd;W Vrpdhh;. ;J >wq;Fk; NghJ Vrpdjpw;F kd;dpg;Gf; h;.
Nrh;e;J jphpapwk;. vq;fis itj;jpUg;gjh l rpy fhyq;fspy; fijf;fg;gl;lnjd;Wk;, As;s Kf;fpakhdth;fs;, mth;fspNy if ;W nrhd;djhfTk; ehd; gpw;fhyj;jpNy ;fq;fs; vq;fis tpUk;gpf; $g;gpltpy;iy. z;lhuehaf;fhitj; Njrpaj; jiyth; vd;w ; GypfNshL nghpa fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. hU fUj;jpNy $wpaij gpioahf tpsq;fpf; mth;fSila Nkyplk; tiuf;Fk; w ehd; >g;nghOJ mg;gf;fk; khwp tpl;ljhff; ;fNtz;lhk;. me;jf; fhyj;jpy; vdf;F >Ue;j ;]p];l;fshf >Ue;jth;fs;. <.gp.Mh;.vy;.vg;. ez;gh;fs; >Ue;jh;fs;. 

Page 106
vOjNtz;ba fhyk; Vw;gl;lJ. me;jf;f vOjNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfs;tpia ehd; Nfl;Nld ehq;fs; rpy tp\aq;fis kPs;Nehf;fpr; nra;J kf;fs; rk;ge;jkhf rpy eilKiwfis Vw;gL vd;fpw nfhs;if tuj;njhlq;fpaJ.
>e;j epiyikia >uz;lhtJ %d;whtJ Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh;fs; gjpTnra;aNtz;b gjpT nra;jhh;, njzpahd; gjpTnra;jhh;. vd epiyg;ghL vd;dntd;why; nghJTlikf; vLj;jpUf;ff; $lhJ.
rkPgj;jpy; [dhjpgjpapd; Clfr; nrayhsh; fl;rpfSf;F >g;nghOJ kf;fspilNa nr Ngha;tpl;ljhy; ehq;fs; N[.tp.gp.Ald; NrUf
>J Vd; te;jJΠ>e;j ehl;bYs;s khh;f;r nraw;ghLfspd; Njhy;tp fhuzkhf >e;j ehl - jkpo; vjph;g;G vd;W te;Jtpl;lJ. Kd;ngy vjph;f;fl;rpfspy; >Ug;gth;fs; khh;f;rp] vjph;f;fl;rpapy; Kf;fpakhdth;fshf >U vd;.vk;.ngNuuh, nfhy;tpd; Nghd;wth;fs;jhd;. e Nrh;e;J nkhopf;nfhs;ifia khw;wpajhy vd;dntdpy; mjd;gpwF ghuhSkd;wk; rp gphpe;jJjhd;. 77y; J. R. gpujkuhf, mkph Kjy;tuhdhh; (Leder of the Oppersition).
khh;f;]pa murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; Vw;gl >e;j ehL Kw;W KOjhfr; rpq;fs murhq;fk te;Jtpl;lJ. mjd;gpwF ehd; njhlh;e;J fl
>e;j >d xLf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf ehq vq;fsJ >yf;fpak; vt;thW >Uf;fNtz;Lk
ehd; Nfl;gJ vd;dntd;why;, vz;gJfs; > xU gphpNfhL. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpw;F K jdf;nfdg; Nghl;l ghij ahJΠ>jw;F eh gpujpgz;z >ayhJ. u\;ahitf; gpujpgz;z
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

; Vw;gl;lJ. me;jf;fhyj;jpy; vijg;gw;wp s;tpia ehd; Nfl;Nld;. >e;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; is kPs;Nehf;fpr; nra;J xU Gjpa tifapy;, eilKiwfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; ;njhlq;fpaJ.
>uz;lhtJ %d;whtJ jiyKiwapy; cs;s ;fs; gjpTnra;aNtz;b te;Jtpl;lJ. rhe;jd; ahd; gjpTnra;jhh;. vd;Dila gpujhdkhd ;why; nghJTlikf; fl;rp >e;j Kbit
papd; Clfr; nrayhsh; nrhd;dhh;, ‘>lJrhhpf; J kf;fspilNa nry;thf;F >y;yhky; ; N[.tp.gp.Ald; NrUfpNwhk;’ vd;W.
e;j ehl;bYs;s khh;f;rp];l;fSila murpay; p fhuzkhf >e;j ehl;by; rpq;fs murhq;fk; te;Jtpl;lJ. Kd;ngy;yhk; murhq;fj;jpw;F g;gth;fs; khh;f;rp];l;Lfs;jhd;. Kd;G pakhdth;fshf >Ue;jth;fs; nfdkd;, pd; Nghd;wth;fs;jhd;. ehq;fs; murhq;fj;NjhL s;ifia khw;wpajhy; Vw;gl;l tpisT wF ghuhSkd;wk; rpq;fsk;, jkpo; vd;W J. R. gpujkuhf, mkph;jypq;fk; vjph;f;fl;rp f the Oppersition).
; nraw;ghLfspy; Vw;gl;l Njhy;tp fhuzkhf hfr; rpq;fs murhq;fk; - jkpo; vjph;g;G vd;W F ehd; njhlh;e;J fl;rpapypUf;ftpy;iy.
Kiwf;F vjpuhf ehq;fs; vd;d nra;tJ, t;thW >Uf;fNtz;Lk;Œ
ntd;why;, vz;gJfs; >e;j ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpy; f; fhyfl;lj;jpw;F Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpak; ij ahJΠ>jw;F ehq;fs; jkpo; ehl;ilg; u\;ahitf; gpujpgz;z >ayhJ. rPdhitg;
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 106


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gpujpgz;z >ayhJ. cq;fsJ epiyg;ghL v
>jdhNyjhd; vd;idf; Fw;wk; nrhy;fp xd;W mq;Nf xd;W nrhy;fpNwd; vd;fpwhh;fs;. vd;fpwhh;fs;.
fle;j fl;rp khehl;by;, 1956Mk; Mz;L r te;jNghJ gp.fe;ijah vjph;j;Jg;Ngrpa Ngr fl;rpapd; 40tJ fl;rpf; nfhq;fpurpy; nfh te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mg;gbahdhy; >jid V tpl;Bh;fs;Π>jw;Fj; Njhoh;fs; nrhy;Yk; gj
Gul;rp vd;gJ nghpa tplak;. Parliament ehq;fs; nfl;Nlhk;. Mifahy; ehq;fs; NghfNtz;lhk;.
Mdgbahy;jhd; Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpd tFj;jJNghy, 60fspy; tFj;jJNghy e;j m gw;wpAk; NgrNtz;Lk; vd;W ntspg;gilahfr; n >Ue;jJ? mt;tsTjhd;.
>e;j tUlk; fiy gz;ghl;L xd;W $l ehd; $wpaJ cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk;. >e;j >d xU Kf;fpakhdJ. >J khdpl tpLjiyia jkpoh; Nghuhl;lk; vy;yhf;fhyj;jpYk; khdpl t Nghuhl;lkhf >Uf;ftpy;iy. r%f xLf;FKi >d xLf;F Kiwf;nfjpuhf te;jJ. >J nrhd;Ndd;.
me;jg;Ngr;R vd;Dila tho;f;ifapy; x ehd; khwpajw;fhd jj;Jthh;j;j epahaq >Uf;fpd;wd. vd;id khwptpl;ljhff; $Wgth Kd;dh; Fwpg;gpl;l ‘Gjpa rthy;fs; Gjpa fl;LiuiaAk; fiy gz;ghl;L xd;W$lypy; t vLj;J thrpj;Jg; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;. mg;NghJ
ehd; >e;j mehijf; Foe;ijfs;, tpjit
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

cq;fsJ epiyg;ghL vd;dŒ
;idf; Fw;wk; nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. ehd; >q;Nf hy;fpNwd; vd;fpwhh;fs;. ehd; vjpuhd kdpjd;
;by;, 1956Mk; Mz;L rpq;fsk; kl;Lk; rl;lk; h vjph;j;Jg;Ngrpa Ngr;rpidj;jhd; >g;NghJ pf; nfhq;fpurpy; nfhs;ifahff; nfhz;L g;gbahdhy; >jid Vd; 64Mk; Mz;by; jhoh;fs; nrhy;Yk; gjpy; vd;dŒ
pa tplak;. Parliamentary politics My; jhd; Mifahy; ehq;fs; jpUk;gTk; mjw;Fs;
w;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpd; mLj;jfl;lk;, 50fspy; py; tFj;jJNghy yf;fpaj;jpy; Nghy ehq;fs; >e;j murpay; ajhh;j;jj;ijg; d;W ntspg;gilahfr; nrhy;yNtz;ba epiy d;.
gz;ghl;L xd;W $lypy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ;Fj; njhpAk;. >e;j >dtpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; khdpl tpLjiyia Nehf;fpa Nghuhl;lk;. hf;fhyj;jpYk; khdpl tpLjiyia Nehf;fpa py;iy. r%f xLf;FKiwf;Fg; gof;fg;gl;lJ, fjpuhf te;jJ. >J xU Struggle vd;WQ;
ila tho;f;ifapy; xU Kf;fpakhd Ngr;R. jj;Jthh;j;j epahaq;fs; vy;yhk; mjpy; khwptpl;ljhff; $Wgth;fs; jaTnra;J ehd; jpa rthy;fs; Gjpa gpur;rpidfs;’ vd;w z;ghl;L xd;W$lypy; thrpj;j fl;LiuiaAk; ;fNtz;Lk;. mg;NghJ tpsq;Fk;. f; Foe;ijfs;, tpjitfs;, >bgl;l tPLfs;
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vy;yhtw;iwAk; fz;ltd;. jhz;bf nfhk;gbf;Fs;shy; khjhkhjk; Ngha; te;j kwf;fKbahJ. mjw;fhf ehd; >dtpNuhjk; >g;NghJk; $WfpNwd;, rpq;fs kf;fNshL ehq;f njhlh;Gfs; NghjhJ. ehd; mjid me;jg; N
Mdhy; xd;W, fl;rpf; nfhs;ifnad;W >U vd;id vjph;g;gjpy; xU epahag;ghl;il ehd
fUj;jpid fUj;jpdhy; vjph;j;jhy; gutha fPo;j;jukhf vd;idj; jhf;FtJ, tpkh;rpg;gJ Ntjid jUfpw tplak;.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjpg; Nghuhl;lk; ele;j ntd;Wtpl;Nlhk;. >d;iwf;F aho;g;ghzj;j Njj;jz;zPh;f; Nfhg;ig njhq;Ftjpy;iy. vO ve;jr; rhjp NtWghLkpy;iy. mjw;fhf rhj ehd; $wtpy;iy. rhjp >Uf;F. rhjpf;nfhLi vjpuhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;F. Mdhy; >e;jN Nghuhlj; jahuhf >y;iy. >d xLf;FKiwapy Kf;fpak;.
ehd; >e;j Neuj;jpy; lhdpaiy nkr vOJkl;Lths; re;jpapy; rhjpr;rz;il e gps;isfs; nfhz;Lnrd;w Gj;jfq;fisg; g ehd; kWehs; lhdpaiyg; ghh;f;fg; NghapUe;Nj ”aho;g;ghzj;J E}y;epiyak; vhpe;jJ vd >e;jg;gps;isfspd; Gj;jfq;fis vhpj;jjw;Fr; vj;jidNah $lhj Fzq;fs; >Uf;fyhk;. me;jf;fUj;J >Uf;fpwNj, mku thf;fpaq;fs
ehq;fs;jhd; NgrpNdhk;, ‘>yf;fpak; vd;gJ r%f >Ug;G vd;W’. >d;W r%f>Ug;G vd;d
ehd; >d;W Kw;Nghf;Ff;F vjph; vd fUjtpy;iy. Mdhy; Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpak; > >yq;ifj; jkpoUf;F vd;d juTfis Kd;i
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

z;ltd;. jhz;bf;Fsj;jpw;Fs;shy;, hjhkhjk; Ngha; te;jtd;. ehd; mtw;iw hf ehd; >dtpNuhjk; nfhz;ltdy;y. ehd; rpq;fs kf;fNshL ehq;fs; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
ehd; mjid me;jg; Ngr;rpYk; $wpNdd;.
pf; nfhs;ifnad;W >Ug;gth;fSf;F mth;fs;
epahag;ghl;il ehd; fhz;fpNwd;.
hy; vjph;j;jhy; guthapy;iy. Mdhy; rpyh; jhf;FtJ, tpkh;rpg;gJ rhpay;y? kdjpw;F k;.
hjpg; Nghuhl;lk; ele;jJ. mjid ehq;fs; ;iwf;F aho;g;ghzj;jpy; G+turq;fpisapy; g njhq;Ftjpy;iy. vOj;jhsh;fs; >lj;jpy; py;iy. mjw;fhf rhjp Ngha;tpl;lJ vd;W p >Uf;F. rhjpf;nfhLikapUf;F. mJ vdf;F l;bUf;F. Mdhy; >e;jNeuj;jpy; ehd; mjw;Fg; y. >d xLf;FKiwapypUe;J tpLgLtJjhd;
;jpy; lhdpaiy nkr;RfpNwd;. xU Kiw papy; rhjpr;rz;il ele;jNghJ, xUj;jd; rd;w Gj;jfq;fisg; gwpj;J vhpj;Jtpl;lhd;. yg; ghh;f;fg; NghapUe;Njd;. mg;NghJ $wpdhh;, piyak; vhpe;jJ vd;idg; nghWj;jtiu ;jfq;fis vhpj;jjw;Fr; rkkhdJ“. lhdpaypy; zq;fs; >Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mth; $wpa Nj, mku thf;fpaq;fspy; xd;W.
dhk;, ‘>yf;fpak; vd;gJ ntWk; mofpayy;y,
d;W r%f>Ug;G vd;dŒ
;Nghf;Ff;F vjph; vd;W ehd; vd;idf; Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpak; >e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpw;F vd;d juTfis Kd;itf;fpwJΠvj;jifa
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mZFKiwia Kd; itf;fpwJ. vt;thW ghh;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;fpwJ. xU ez;g ePq;fs;jhNd >jidr; nrhy;yNtz;Lk; vd nra;atpy;iy. fl;rp murpay; NtW khh;f;] fl;rp murpaiyNa khh;f;]pak; vd;W gpbj;J >Jjhd; vd;Dila mgpg;gpuhak;. >g;nghO >e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpd; Njitfspd;gb >yf;fpaj;jpd; gzp ahJ vd;gij tiutpyf Ntz;Lk;. ehl;bd; >d;iwa #o;epiyapy; Vw;g nghUshjhug; gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs; aht khh;f;]p];Lfs; >e;jj; jPh;khdj;ij vLj;jy Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; rq;fj;jpy; 50-60fhy fUj;JUthf;fKk; fiy >yf;fpa Mf;f rkhe;jukhfr; nrd;wd. me;j Ntisapy; vkJ vd;gjid tiuaWj;Jf; $wpf; nfhz;Nl t #oypy; Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jid vt;thW njho gw;wp ehk; >q;F njl;lj;njspthf >Uj;jy;
1984>y; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;. ifyhrgjp e gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Mw;wpa ciuapy; te;j x kPs typAWj;j tpUk;GfpNwd;. mJ >Jjhd;:
Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpak; vd;gJ cz;ikapy Njhd;WjYf;fhd xU topelj;Jk; fl;lk; Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpd; epiwT khh;f;]pa Kw;Nghf;F thjnkd;W njhlh;e;J Ngrpf;nfhz xU cz;ikahd khh;f;]p] >yf;fpaf;fl;lj;j Nfusj;jpy; >t;thW eilngwtpy;iy. mq;F khh;f;]pa epiyg;gl;l epWtf mikg;ghfNt n kz;zpy;, me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; me;j khh;f;] Kiwapy; ntspf;fpsk;Gk; vd;w njspT jfop >Ue;jJ. itf;fk; g\PUf;F >Ue;jJ. mt G+kp’ gj;jphpifspy; gy >sk; vOj;jhsh;fs; ehq;fNsh me;j epiyia milaKbatpy khh;f;]pak; epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapd Nghapw;W. cz;ikapy; >j;jifa xU fUj;Je nkhop top jkpo;nkhop top fy;tp fw;Wte;j
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

itf;fpwJ. vt;thW >e;jg; gpur;ridiag; nrhy;fpwJ. xU ez;gh; vd;dplk; $wpdhh;, ; nrhy;yNtz;Lk; vd;W. ehq;fs; mjidr; murpay; NtW khh;f;]p]k; NtW. ehq;fs; hh;f;]pak; vd;W gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L epd;Nwhk;. mgpg;gpuhak;. >g;nghOJ cs;s epiyapy; pd; Njitfspd;gb Kw;Nghf;Ff; fiy hJ vd;gij tiutpyf;fzk; nra;Jnfhs;s wa #o;epiyapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s r%f murpay; l;L khw;wq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; cs;thq;fp ; jPh;khdj;ij vLj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. >yq;if ; rq;fj;jpy; 50-60fhy tuyhw;wpd; nghOJ iy >yf;fpa Mf;fKk; tpkh;rdq;fSk; . me;j Ntisapy; vkJ vOj;jpd; gzp vd;d f; $wpf; nfhz;Nl te;Njhk;. >e;j khwpa pe;jid vt;thW njhopw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ;lj;njspthf >Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
;GfpNwd;. ifyhrgjp epidthf ehd; aho;. w;wpa ciuapy; te;j xU fUj;jpid >q;F fpNwd;. mJ >Jjhd;:-
pak; vd;gJ cz;ikapy; khh;f;]pa >yf;fpa topelj;Jk; fl;lk; - njhlf;ff;fl;lNk ;jpd; epiwT khh;f;]pa >yf;fpak;jhd;. ehk; njhlh;e;J Ngrpf;nfhz;L >Ue;NjhNk jtpu ;]p] >yf;fpaf;fl;lj;jpw;F te;JNrutpy;iy. eilngwtpy;iy. mq;F mth;fs; Kw;wpYk; pWtf mikg;ghfNt njhopw;gl;lhh;fs;. me;j l;lj;jpy; me;j khh;f;]pa Nehf;F vj;jifa ;Gk; vd;w njspT jfop rptrq;fug; gps;isf;F \PUf;F >Ue;jJ. mth;fSila ‘khj;JU >sk; vOj;jhsh;fs; vOjpdhh;fs;. Mdhy; yia milaKbatpy;iy. >e;j ehl;by; g;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapdhy; mJ >y;yhky; >j;jifa xU fUj;Jepiyg; ghpjtpg;G rpq;fs p top fy;tp fw;Wte;j >isQh;fspilNa
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fhzg;gl;lJ. N[.tp.gp. rpq;fs khh;f;]pak; >af;fq;fs; >uz;nlhd;W jkpo; khh;f;]pak; Ng Vw;fdNt nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j khh;f;]pa gzpapUe;jJ. khh;f;]pa rpe;jid Kiwiki apUf;f Ntz;Lk;. >d xLf;FKiw, mur njhpag;gl;lTld; mtw;Wf;nfjpuhfg; Nghu mj;jifa Nghuhl;lj;ij >isQh; >af;fq;fs fpilf;ftpy;iy.
>g;gbahd xU xl;Lnkhj;jr; #oypd; g kf;fspilNa >d;W Kw;Nghf;Fthjk; vijr; tpthjk;, njspT Vw;glNtz;Lk;. National Quest khh;f;]pa rpe;jid tutpdhy; Glkplg;g tpsf;fg;gl;lit, gpugy;ag;gLj;jg;gl;lit Nfh\q;fs;. Mdhy; ehk; ele;J nfhz;l mtw;iw vjph;f;Nfh\q;fnsd;W fUJfpd;N fUj;Jepiyr; #oypNyNa >yq;if Kw;Nghf gw;wpa vdJ tpkh;rdq;fis Kd;itj;J t ky;ypifapy; vOjpa ‘Gjpa rthy;fs; - Gjpa fl;Liu fhyj;jpypUe;Nj (1981) nrhy;yp tUf $wpait vdJ epiyg;ghl;il tpsf;fg fUJfpNwd;.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

gp. rpq;fs khh;f;]pak; Ngrpw;W. ekJ jkpo; ;W jkpo; khh;f;]pak; Ngrpd. me;j Ntisapy; ; ngw;wpUe;j khh;f;]pa epWtdq;fSf;F xU a rpe;jid Kiwikiar; rhpahf topelj;jp xLf;FKiw, mur gaq;futhjk; vd;gd w;Wf;nfjpuhfg; NghuhbapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. j >isQh; >af;fq;fs; vjph;ghh;j;jd. mit
l;Lnkhj;jr; #oypd; gpd;Gyj;jpNyNa jkpo; w;Nghf;Fthjk; vijr; rhjpf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w tz;Lk;. National Question, Liberation vd;git tutpdhy; Glkplg;gl;lit. nydpdhy; gy;ag;gLj;jg;gl;lit. mit ek;Kila ehk; ele;J nfhz;l Kiwikapy; ehNk q;fnsd;W fUJfpd;Nwhk;. >j;jifa xU Na >yq;if Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; rq;fk; q;fis Kd;itj;J te;Js;Nsd;. >tw;iw ‘Gjpa rthy;fs; - Gjpa gpur;rpidfs;’ vd;w j (1981) nrhy;yp tUfpNwd;. ehd; >Jtiu yg;ghl;il tpsf;fg;NghJkhdit vdf;
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 110


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11口口
jp. Qh. : jp. Qh. : jp. Qh. : jp. Qh. : jp. Qh. : Qhdk; fiy >yf;fpag; gz;i Qhdk; fiy >yf;fpag; gz;i Qhdk; fiy >yf;fpag; gz;i Qhdk; fiy >yf;fpag; gz;i Qhdk; fiy >yf;fpag; gz;i tujUf;F elj;jpa ghuhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Gi tujUf;F elj;jpa ghuhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Gi tujUf;F elj;jpa ghuhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Gi tujUf;F elj;jpa ghuhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Gi tujUf;F elj;jpa ghuhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Gi kWkyh;r;rp fhyj;jpNyNa yf;fpak;, kWkyh;r;rp fhyj;jpNyNa yf;fpak;, kWkyh;r;rp fhyj;jpNyNa yf;fpak;, kWkyh;r;rp fhyj;jpNyNa yf;fpak;, kWkyh;r;rp fhyj;jpNyNa yf;fpak;, vz;zf;fUf;fs; >yf;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl vz;zf;fUf;fs; >yf;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl; vz;zf;fUf;fs; >yf;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl vz;zf;fUf;fs; >yf;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl; vz;zf;fUf;fs; >yf;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl >f;$w;W Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F >f;$w;W Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F >f;$w;W Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F >f;$w;W Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F >f;$w;W Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F cq;fsJ Kd;ida epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuz cq;fsJ Kd;ida epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuz cq;fsJ Kd;ida epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuz cq;fsJ Kd;ida epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuz cq;fsJ Kd;ida epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuz
fh. rp. : fh. rp. : fh. rp. : fh. rp. : fh. rp. : cz;ikapy; >J Xh; >yf;fpa tuyh gpur;rpidahf ehd; fUJfpNwd;. 1954, 55> >yq;if Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsh; mzp nf njhlq;fpanghOJ me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy kl;lf;fsg;gpy;, kiyafj;jpy;, K];ypk; gpuN >yf;fpaj; jiyKiwapdh; Njhd;wpapUe;jdh;. m xU GwkhfTk; Ra nkhopf;fy;tp >d;ndhU Nky;te;j xU >isQh; Fohnkhd;W >y NkNy tUfpwJ. >e;jf; fl;lj;jpNyjhd; >y yf;fpak; vd;w Nfhl;ghL - >e;jpa >yf;fpaj;ijg; gphpj;Jg;ghh;g;gjw;F ehtyh; fhy rw;Wg;gpd;dh; yf;fpak; vd;W gad epiyg;ghL, >g;nghOJ yf;fpaq;fspd; nts tuj;njhlq;FfpwJ. me;jf;fl;lj;jpNy, ah rhjpg;gpur;rpid rk;ge;jkhf, kl;lf;fsg;gpypUe;J >d;ndhU epiyahf, td;dpg; gpuNjrj;j
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

11口口
iy >yf;fpag; gz;iz 17-03-04 md;W iy >yf;fpag; gz;iz 17-03-04 md;W iy >yf;fpag; gz;iz 17-03-04 md;W iy >yf;fpag; gz;iz 17-03-04 md;W iy >yf;fpag; gz;iz 17-03-04 md;W uhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Giu toq;fpa ePq;fs;, uhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Giu toq;fpa ePq;fs;, uhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Giu toq;fpa ePq;fs;, uhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Giu toq;fpa ePq;fs;, uhl;L tpohtpy; rpwg;Giu toq;fpa ePq;fs;, Na yf;fpak;, kz;thrid Nghd;w Na yf;fpak;, kz;thrid Nghd;w Na yf;fpak;, kz;thrid Nghd;w Na yf;fpak;, kz;thrid Nghd;w Na yf;fpak;, kz;thrid Nghd;w ;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl;ld vdf; $wpdPh;fs;. ;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl;ld vdf; $wpdPh;fs;. ;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl;ld vdf; $wpdPh;fs;. ;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl;ld vdf; $wpdPh;fs;. ;fpaj;jpNy Njhd;wptpl;ld vdf; $wpdPh;fs;. sh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F tpj;jpl;lhh;fs; vd;w sh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F tpj;jpl;lhh;fs; vd;w sh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F tpj;jpl;lhh;fs; vd;w sh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F tpj;jpl;lhh;fs; vd;w sh;fs;jhd; >tw;wpw;F tpj;jpl;lhh;fs; vd;w
epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuzhf >Uf;fpwNj‰ epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuzhf >Uf;fpwNj‰ epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuzhf >Uf;fpwNj‰ epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuzhf >Uf;fpwNj‰ epiyg;ghl;bw;F Kuzhf >Uf;fpwNj‰
>J Xh; >yf;fpa tuyhw;W mwpT rk;ge;jkhd UJfpNwd;. 1954, 55>y; Gj;J}f;fk; ngw;W, vOj;jhsh; mzp nfhOk;gpy; nraw;glj; me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy;, fj;jpy;, K];ypk; gpuNjrq;fspy; xU Gjpa pdh; Njhd;wpapUe;jdh;. mjhtJ >ytrf;fy;tp hopf;fy;tp >d;ndhU GwkhfTk; njhopw;gl, Qh; Fohnkhd;W >yq;ifapy; gbg;gbahf f; fl;lj;jpNyjhd; >yq;if KOtjw;Fkhd ;w Nfhl;ghL - >e;jpahtpypUe;J >yq;if ;ghh;g;gjw;F ehtyh; fhyj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;Fr; >yf;fpak; vd;W gad; gLj;jg;gl;l me;j J yf;fpaq;fspd; ntspg;ghL vd;w fUj;jpNy me;jf;fl;lj;jpNy, aho;g;ghzj; jpypUe;J hf, kl;lf;fsg;gpypUe;J gpj;jd; Nghd;wth;fs; , td;dpg; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J, rw;Wg;gpe;jp
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kiyafj;jpypUe;J, njd;dpyq;ifapypUe;J vd vy;yhg; gpuNjrq;fspy; >Ue;Jk; vOjj;njhl fhyfl;lj;jpy; ehq;fs; ‘kz; thrid fUjpNdhnkd;why;, me;jg; gpuNjrj;jpdJ nrhy;Yfpd;w jskhff; nfhz;l fijfs; - Njrj;jpy; toq;Ffpd;w nrhw;fis vOjpdh MfhJ. cz;ikapy; kz;thrid vg;Ngh gpur;rid me;j kz;Zf;Fs;shy; tuNtz;L fhyfl;lj;jpy; mjid kz;thrid vd K yf;fpaj;jpd; kz;thrid vd;W nrhd ‘yf;fpaj;jpd; kz;thrid’ vd; njspTNtz;Lk;. KjyhtJ, y NgRfpd;w gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fs;, gy;NtW $Wf xUikg;ghlhd ntspg;ghL. >uz;lhtjhf, me;j cs;s gpur;ridfis vOJtJ. >t;thW vO cz;ikapy; ehq;fs; me;jf; fhyfl;lj;j >yf;fpaj;jpw;F Kd;dh; >Ue;j >yf;fpag; Ngh etPd >yf;fpag; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpa xU tuyhw;W nrhy;yKbahJ. ehq;fs; xl;Lnkhj NgrpNdhnkd;why;, >yq;ifah;Nfhd;, itj;jpy tuT vd;gjidg; gw;wpg;NgrpNdhk;, tw;i jtpu >e;j ‘kWkyh;r;rp’ >af;fj;ijg; gw;wpAk;, gw;wpAk; xU NkNyhl;lkhd mwpTjhd; ekf;F me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; me;j mstpy; ehq;fs >jpy; kpf Mokhf cw;W Nehf;ftpy;iy. m Vw;fdNt >e;j kWkyh;r;rpAld; njhlh;Gs nrhf;fd; Nghd;wth;fNsh cz;ikapy; me;j Kaw;rpfis mjpfk; kpifg;gLj;jtpy;iy. >y;iy. ez;gh; nrhf;fNdhL NgRfpd;wNghJ gw;wp mth; vd;dplk; gyjlit nrhy;y me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf >Ue vd;dntd;why;, >e;j Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;j r%fNehf;fpy; gpw;Nghf;Fj;jd khdth;fs; gyh tiffis vjph;f;fj;njhlq;f me;j kWkyh me;j vjph;g;Gf;nfjpuhf vq;fSld; Nr xl;Lnkhj;jkhf >e;j kWkyh;r;rp gw;wpa, mj
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

d;dpyq;ifapypUe;J vd Ue;Jk; vOjj;njhlq;Ffpwhh;fs;. me;jf; ;fs; ‘kz; thrid’ vd;W vjidf; me;jg; gpuNjrj;jpdJ tho;f;ifapidr; ; nfhz;l fijfs; - ntWkNd me;jg;gpu nrhw;fis vOjpdhy; mJ kz;thrid kz;thrid vg;Ngh tUnkd;why;, me;jg; f;Fs;shy; tuNtz;Lk;. - mg;NghJ me;jf; kz;thrid vd Kidg;Gg;gLj;jp - mJ z;thrid vd;W nrhd;Ndhk;. >e;j >lj;jpy; pd; kz;thrid’ vd;w njhlh;fs; gw;wpa htJ, e;jpahtpy; >Ue;J khj;jpuky;yhky;, >yq;ifapy; cs;s jkpo; jrq;fs;, gy;NtW $WfSld; ntspg;gLfpd;w hL. >uz;lhtjhf, me;j me;jg; gpuNjrq;fspy; vOJtJ. >t;thW vOjg;gl;Lte;jhYk;$l ; me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; >e;j Kw;Nghf;F ; >Ue;j >yf;fpag; Nghf;Ffs;gw;wp - Fwpg;ghf fs; gw;wpa xU tuyhw;Wj; njspT >Ue;jjhfr; hq;fs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf vtw;iwg; q;ifah;Nfhd;, itj;jpypq;fk; Nghd;wth;fspd; ;wpg;NgrpNdhk;, tw;iwg;gw;wpg; NgrpNdhNk >af;fj;ijg; gw;wpAk;, fNz\pDila ‘ghujp’ khd mwpTjhd; ekf;F >Ue;jJ. cz;ikapy; me;j mstpy; ehq;fs; >Ue;NjhNk jtpu, w;W Nehf;ftpy;iy. me;jf; fhy fl;lj;jpy;, yh;r;rpAld; njhlh;Gs;s tujNuh my;yJ sh cz;ikapy; me;jf; fhyfl;l >yf;fpa kpifg;gLj;jtpy;iy. mijg;gw;wp vOjTk; ;fNdhL NgRfpd;wNghJ me;j tsh;r;rpiag; ; gyjlit nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhh;. kw;wJ, ; Kf;fpakhf >Ue;jJ >d;Dnkhd;W. Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpfhuzkhf, ;Fj;jd khdth;fs; gyh; >e;jg; Gjpa >yf;fpa jhlq;f me;j kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyj;jth;fSk; puhf vq;fSld; Nrh;e;Jnfhz;lhh;fs;. kWkyh;r;rp gw;wpa, mjDila Mo mfyk;
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gw;wpa - mJ vq;Nf >Uf;fpwJ, vj;jif vd;dkhjphp te;jd vd;fpd;w tp\aq;fs; njhpa xj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; - >jpy; ntl;fg;gL >e;j kWkyh;r;rp gw;wpg; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;Njh Mokhd Ntiyfis ehq;fs; xUtUk; nra;a gy;fiyf;fof kl;lq;fspy; ehq;fs; NghapU me;j kl;lq;fspy; Nghtjw;Fk; cz;ikahd rpy vd;dntd;why;, me;j >jo;fs; fpilg;gJ kapyq;$ly; Nghd;wth;fsplk; >Ue;jhy;jhd; v jukhl;lhh;fs;. >y;yhtpby; vLf;ftpayhJ. > nrq;if Mopahd; - jhd; ehty; vOJfpd my;yJ me;j Ntfj;Jf;Fr; rkkhd xU f >e;j kWkyh;r;rpf; fijfs; vd;fpwtw;iw nt mtw;iw thrpj;j nghOJ ehd; xU G Nghff;$bajhf >Ue;jJ. ghujp vd;w r nfhz;Lte;jnghOJ, me;j rQ;rpif xU fk;A+dpr rpj;jhe;jNehf;Fila xU Kd;Ndh Vw;fdNt njhpate;jJ. ehq;fs; mijg;g tpohf;fspNy tphpthfg; NgrpapUf;fpNwhk;. Vw xNu Neuj;jpy; eilngWfpwd. Mdhy; fNz xUthpd; gj;jphpif >af;fkhf, >e;jpah;, >yq Nfhl;ghl;by; >izj;Jg; NgRfpd;wJk;, jkpopy tsh;r;rp Ntz;Lnkd;W vLj;Jf; $WtjhfTK ngaNu >e;j Nehf;iff; fhl;LfpwJ. >J [ vd;Wk; nrhy;yKbahJ. Mdhy; nrq;if M njhFg;igg; ghh;j;jnghOJ - kWkyh;r xt;nthUtUk; vOjpa fijfisg; ghh;j;jn nghparhkp vd;gthpd; fijiag; ghh;j;jNghJ cz;ikapy; me;jg; gpuNjrq;fisg;gw;wp fhzg;gLfpwJ. m. Nt. KUfhde;jk; Nghd vy;NyhUk; me;jg; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s gpur;ri Ntz;L;k; vd;w Nehf;Fld; vOJfpd;wjd;i njhlf;fk; Kis tpLfpd;w jd;ik >e;j kWk >Uf;fpwJ vd;gjid ehq;fs; fz;Nlhk;. mjd ehd; rw;W Mokhfg; ghh;f;fj; njhlq;fpNdd vdf;F Kd;dh; >Ue;j kpfg; gpujhd tplak; vd Vw;fdNt >Ue;j juT. Uf;fpwJ, vj;jifa fijfs; te;jd, ;fpd;w tp\aq;fs; njhpahky; >Ue;jd. mij k; - >jpy; ntl;fg;gLtjw;F xd;Wkpy;iy. ; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;NjhNk jtpu, mijg;gw;wp ehq;fs; xUtUk; nra;atpy;iy. cz;ikapy; ;fspy; ehq;fs; NghapUf;fNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; jw;Fk; cz;ikahd rpy f\;lq;fs; >Ue;jd. >jo;fs; fpilg;gJ f\;lkhf >Ue;jJ. ;fsplk; >Ue;jhy;jhd; vLf;fyhk;. kw;wth;fs; pby; vLf;ftpayhJ. >e;jf; fl;lj;jpNyjhd; jhd; ehty; vOJfpd;w me;j Ntfj;NjhL f;Fr; rkkhd xU flg;ghl;L czh;NthL jfs; vd;fpwtw;iw ntspapNy nfhzh;e;jhh;. ghOJ ehd; xU Gjpa cyfj;Jf;Fs; e;jJ. ghujp vd;w rQ;rpifia fNz\; me;j rQ;rpif xU rkjh;kNehf;Fila - f;Fila xU Kd;Ndhbg; gj;jphpif vd;gJ J. ehq;fs; mijg;gw;wp fNz\pDila ; NgrpapUf;fpNwhk;. Vwj;jho >e;j >uz;Lk; Wfpwd. Mdhy; fNz\pDila ghujp jdp f;fkhf, >e;jpah;, >yq;ifaiu Kw;Nghf;Ff; g; NgRfpd;wJk;, jkpopy; >e;j >yf;fpaj;jpd; vLj;Jf; $WtjhfTKs;sJ. ghujp vd;Dk; f; fhl;LfpwJ. >J [duQ;rfkhfg; NghdJ . Mdhy; nrq;if Mopahd; nfhz;L te;j nghOJ - kWkyh;r;rpr; rQ;rpiffspy; fijfisg; ghh;j;jnghOJ - Kf;fpakhfg; fijiag; ghh;j;jNghJ - mth; Xh; Mrphpah;- gpuNjrq;fisg;gw;wp vOJfpd;w jd;ik t. KUfhde;jk; Nghd;wth;fs;, >th;fs; Njrq;fspYs;s gpur;ridfisg; gw;wp vOj ;Fld; vOJfpd;wjd;ik- me;jg; Nghf;fpd; pd;w jd;ik >e;j kWkyh;r;rpf;fhy vOj;jpy; hq;fs; fz;Nlhk;. mjd; gpd;dh;jhd; >jid ghh;f;fj; njhlq;fpNdd; vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. kpfg; gpujhd tplak; vd;dntd;why;, vq;fsplk; . yq;iff;Fk;
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xUghykhf >Ue;jJ. Vwj;jho me;j >yq;ifah;Nfhd;, itj;jpypq;fk; Nghd;N mth;fSila fijfs; fiykfspy; gpuRuk jfty;fs; vy;yhk; tUfpd;wnghOJ, xU kWkyh;r;rp vd;w rQ;rpif - mJTk; aho;g;ghz rhjidfs; nra;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w jidj; Njhw ahh;Œ vd;fpd;w Nfs;tpfs; vdf;F Kf;fpakh njhpe;jJ, etPd >yf;fpak; tUtJ khj;jpuky tUtJ khj;jpuky;y - ehty;fs; Vw;fdNt t ‘nehWq;Fz;l >jak;’ ey;y ehty;. ehty; my;yJ ehtypd; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;L cz;ikapNy xU ey;y ehty;. ve;jkl;lj ey;y ehtyhf >Ug;gJ nehWq;Fz;l >ja ehty;fs; tuj;njhlq;fpajd; gpd;dh; - mJ aho;g;ghzf; FLk;gj;jpy;- mjhtJ etPdkag fpwP];j;jtj;jpd; topahf tUfpd;w xU FLk tUfpd;w xU tuyhw;iw mjd; Mrphpah; gpd;Gyj;jpy; 1940 fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; kWk >e;j aho;g;ghzj;J kz;zpDila gpur;rpidf tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs;. mJ xU Kf;fpakhd tpl Kf;fpak; vd;dntd;why;, >e;j kWkyh;r nrhy;yg;gLgth;fs; ahh;Œ - tujh;, gQ;rhl;r eluh[d;, Nrh. jpahfuhrh, rutzKj;J - jkJ vOj;jpd; njhlf;fj;Jf;fhd ce;Jjiy ngw;wth;fsy;y. >e;j kWkyh;r;rp vd;w fhyfl;lj;jpy; - ehw;gJfspy; xU Kf;fpak gpd;Gyk; >Uf;fpwJ. ghujpia kjpf;fpwth;fs;, etPd jkpo; >yf;fpaj;ij tsh;j;Jr; nry;y me;j vz;zKs;s mwpQh;fs;jhd; jkpopy; kWk gpuNahfpj;jhh;fs;. itahGhpg;gps;isapd; xU f ngah; jkpopd; kWkyh;r;rp. Kd;dh; >Ue;j nfhz;L tUjy;. me;j kyh;r;rpia e nfhz;LtUjy;. Gjpa NjitfSf;Nfw;gf; n kPl;G thjk; my;y. Ke;jpapUe;j ngUikfi my;y. cz;ikapy; jpuhtplf; fUj;J epiy vd NtWgl;L xU kPl;G thjkhf >y;yhky;, etPd NjitfSf;fhfj; jkpiog; gad;gLj;Jtjhf >jid ahh; nra;fpwhh;fs;Œ- >e;j t
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J. Vwj;jho me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; tj;jpypq;fk; Nghd;Nwhh; vOJfpwhh;fs;. ; fiykfspy; gpuRukhfpd;wd vd;w >e;jj; Ufpd;wnghOJ, xU Nfs;tp gpwf;fpd;wJ. f - mJTk; aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J >t;tsT r; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w jidj; Njhw;Wtpf;f tpUk;gpath;fs; pfs; vdf;F Kf;fpakhapd. mg;nghOJjhd; ;fpak; tUtJ khj;jpuky;y - rpWfij, ehty; ehty;fs; Vw;fdNt tuj; njhlq;fptpl;ld. ;’ ey;y ehty;. ehty; tbtpNy vOjg;gl;l ;ikfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lit Ngha;, ;y ehty;. ve;jkl;lj;jpy; ghh;j;jhYk; xU J nehWq;Fz;l >jak;. me;j khjphpahd ;fpajd; gpd;dh; - mJ cz;ikapNy xU py;- mjhtJ etPdkag;ghl;Lf;Fs; tUfpd;w, hf tUfpd;w xU FLk;g - fpuhkr; #oypy; ;iw mjd; Mrphpah; vOjpAs;shh;. >e;jg; pd; njhlf;fj;jpy; kWkyh;r;rp vOj;jhsh;fs; ;zpDila gpur;rpidfis vLj;Jr; nrhy;y xU Kf;fpakhd tplak;. mjpYk; ghh;f;f hy;, >e;j kWkyh;r;rpf; FOtpdh; vd;W hh;Œ - tujh;, gQ;rhl;rurh;kh, ehtw;FopA+h; uhrh, rutzKj;J - >th;fs; vy;NyhUk; ;fj;Jf;fhd ce;Jjiy Mq;fpyf;fy;tp top ;j kWkyh;r;rp vd;w nrhy;Yf;F me;jf; Jfspy; xU Kf;fpakhd murpay; r%fg; hujpia kjpf;fpwth;fs;, ghujpfhl;ba topapy; ;ij tsh;j;Jr; nry;y tpUk;Gfpd;wth;fs; - pQh;fs;jhd; jkpopy; kWkyh;r;rp vd;w gjj;ijg; ahGhpg;gps;isapd; xU fl;Liuj; njhFjpf;Fg; h;r;rp. Kd;dh; >Ue;j kyh;r;rpia kPz;Lk; me;j kyh;r;rpia etPd tbtq;fspy; NjitfSf;Nfw;gf; nfhz;L tUjy;. jkpo; e;jpapUe;j ngUikfisr; nrhy;fpd;wthjk; htplf; fUj;J epiy vd;w Ideology apypUe;J jkhf >y;yhky;, etPd mbg;gilapy;, etPdj; piog; gad;gLj;Jtjhfpa xU >af;fk; >J. fpwhh;fs;Œ- >e;j tplak; vdf;F kpf
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Kf;fpakhfg;gLfpwJ. jp.jp.jp.jp.jp. Qh. : Qh. : Qh. : Qh. : Qh. : >th;fisg; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh; >th;fisg; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh; >th;fisg; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh; >th;fisg; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh; >th;fisg; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh;
fh. rp. : fh. rp. : fh. rp. : fh. rp. : fh. rp. : gz;bjh;fs; >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. gQ;rhl;rur gz;bjh;fisAk; nrhy;yKbahJ. >J xU cilf;fpwJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; gz;bjh;fs; vd; epw;fNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;Yk; epiyikia > >uz;L gz;bjh;khh;. xUth; gQ;rhl;ru rh;kh fzgjpg;gps;is. yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Vw rk;gtq;fspnyhd;W gz;bjkzpia Kw;WKO $WtJ. mtUila ‘jk;gpah; >Uth;’ Nghd;w rgjj;ijg; gw;wp tUk; fl;Liufs; vy;yhtw;iw njhpAk; - mth; rpWfij tbtpy; gy tplaq;fi mtUila eil Kw;wpYk; etPdkhd j cj;jpfSk; etPdkhdit. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;j jkpo; >yf;fpaj;jpw;F tUtJ gpur;rpi fUjg;gltpy;iy. vg;nghOJ gpur;rid fUjg;gl;lnjd;why;, 61>y; kuGg; Nghuhl;lk; t Fl;il ePuy;y kuG’ vd;W ehd; vOjpa Ng vjpuhf vOjpaNghJ, me;jr; rz;ilapy; gz kWGwj;jpy; Gjpa vOj;jhsh;fSk; epd;whh;fs epr;rakhf gz;bjh;fs; xU Gwj;jpy; khj;jpuk; e jkpio kpf tphpthfg;ghh;f;fpd;w xU jd;ik rh;kh rk];fpUjk; njhpe;jth;. Rthu];akhd t ehtw;FopA+h; eluh[d; >e;j kWkyh;r;rpf; f Nrh;e;j xUth;. mth;fSila >yf;fpa K cjtpAs;shh;. mNj ehtw;FopA+h; eluh[ epiyikfs; fhuzkhf Kw;Nghf;Ff;F vjpuhf ehd; ghh;g;gJ vd;dntd;why;, >J Kw;Nghf;fp Fiwg;gjhf ez;gh;fs; epidf;ff;$lhJ. ehd; Mrphpah; vd;wtifapy; ghh;f;fpNwd;. vdf;F ntd;why;, >e;j Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj; jsj;jpw mike;jJ vd;dŒ mjw;Ff; fPNo >U mbj;jsnkd;dŒ >e;jg; gpur;ridia 61>y; x gpur;rpidahf ehq;fs; ghh;f;ftpy;iy. xU Mrphpad; vd;w tifapy;, xU Ma;thsd; v xU flik >Uf;fpwJ - vd;d ntd;why;, >e;j >t;tsT kpfr; nropg;ghfj; njhlq;fp ts
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; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh; vd;W nrhy;yyhkhŒ ; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh; vd;W nrhy;yyhkhŒ ; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh; vd;W nrhy;yyhkhŒ ; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh; vd;W nrhy;yyhkhŒ ; gz;bj th;f;fj;jpdh; vd;W nrhy;yyhkhŒ
Uf;fpwhh;fs;. gQ;rhl;rurh;kh gz;bjh;. vy;yhg; ;yKbahJ. >J xU Kf;fpakhd >lj;ij ;jpy; gz;bjh;fs; vd;why; goikAld;jhd; hy;Yk; epiyikia >y;yhky; nra;jth;fs; xUth; gQ;rhl;ru rh;kh kw;wth; gz;bjkzp >yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gl;l kpfj;Jf;ffukhd ;bjkzpia Kw;WKOjhd goikthjpahff; k;gpah; >Uth;’ Nghd;w fl;Liu, rptfhkpapd; fl;Liufs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ghh;j;jPh;fshdhy; tbtpy; gy tplaq;fisr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhh;. w;wpYk; etPdkhd jkpo;eil. nrhy;Yk; t. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU gz;bjh; etPd ;F tUtJ gpur;rpidahd tplakhff; vg;nghOJ gpur;ridahd tplakhff; >y; kuGg; Nghuhl;lk; te;jNghJ. ‘mirahj d;W ehd; vOjpa NghJ - >sKUfDf;F me;jr; rz;ilapy; gz;bjh;fs; xU GwKk; ;jhsh;fSk; epd;whh;fs;. me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ; xU Gwj;jpy; khj;jpuk; epw;ftpy;iy. mth;fs; ;ghh;f;fpd;w xU jd;ik >Ue;jJ. gQ;rhl;ru pe;jth;. Rthu];akhd tplak; vd;dntd;why;, ; >e;j kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mth;fNshL ;fSila >yf;fpa Kd;ndLg;Gf;F mth; ehtw;FopA+h; eluh[d; gpd;dh; Vw;gl;l Kw;Nghf;Ff;F vjpuhf khwpdhh;. mz;ikapy; d;why;, >J Kw;Nghf;fpDila Kf;fpaj;ijf; epidf;ff;$lhJ. ehd; xU >yf;fpa tuyhw;W ; ghh;f;fpNwd;. vdf;Fs;s gpur;rpid vd;d hf;F >yf;fpaj; jsj;jpw;Fj; jskhf - fhyhf mjw;Ff; fPNo >Ue;j gris vd;dŒ ; gpur;ridia 61>y; xU Mokhd >yf;fpag; ; ghh;f;ftpy;iy. xU >yf;fpa tuyhw;W py;, xU Ma;thsd; vd;w tifapy; vdf;F - vd;d ntd;why;, >e;j Kw;Nghf;F >af;fk; g;ghfj; njhlq;fp tsh;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhf
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>Ue;jJ vd;dntd;why;, Vw;fdNt >Ue;j #oy; kWkyh;r;rp >af;fj;jpdhy; Vw;g Jjhd; Kf;f kPs; fz;Lgpbg;Gr; nra;Js;Nshk;. vt;thW Nrh ehjKdp, ek;gpahz;lhh;ek;gp %ykhf ehq;f gf;jp >yf;fpaq;fis kPs; fz;Lgpbg;Gr; nr >e;j Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpa tuyhw;iw vO ehq;fs; mjw;F Kd;dh; cs;s kWkyh;r;rpf te;jJ, vt;thW tsh;e;jJ vd;gijg; ghh;f;f yf;fpak;, tuyhW gw;wp vOj Kd;dh; yf;fpak; vd;Wj njhFg;Gf;Fg; ngah; itj;jpUe;Njd;. yq;ifapy; - >yq;ifj; jd;ikAilajhf fle;j Ie;jhW khjkhf >ijg;gw;wp Nahrpj;J ftpij tsh;r;rpia vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;, dq;fhl;lyhkhΠmg;gb >d ahh; mjpy; iky;fw;fs;Πve;j ve;jg; Nghf xl;L nkhj;jkhd jkpo;r; rpWfij tuyhW >U rpWfij vd;d vd;d fl;lq;fisf; nfhz ghh;f;Fk; NghJ, nrq;if Mopahdpd; >e;j >yq;ifah;Nfhd; itj;jpypq;fk; Ml;fS tujh;Nghd;Nwhiur; nrhy;yp, gpd;dh; [Pth, vd;W tUtjw;F Kjy; - >e;j tujh; Ml;fi kWkyh;r;rp >af;fj;ijf; nfhQ;rk; Mokhfg; me;j Neuj;jpy;jhd; J xU Kf vdf;Fg;gLfpwJ. >uz;lhtjhf >J Mq;fpy tuhky;, jkpo; fw;wypd; %yk; te;jth;fs; C Nghf;F, >e;j etPdg;ghh;it, >e;j etPd tUtnjd;gJ kpf kpf Kf;fpakhd tplak;. >Njfhyg; gFjpapy; fpof;F khfhzj;jpYk jkpo; >isQh; >af;fk; xd;W tUfpwJ. vLj;jJNghy kWkyh;r;rp vd;w tbtj;ij v tuyhW >d;Dk; rhpahf vOjg;gltpy;iy. fpof;fpy; v];. b. rptehafk;, fkyehjd;, uh vy;NyhUk; tUfpwhh;fs;. rk\;bf;fl;rpf Ngr;rhsh;fs; vy;NyhUk; fpof;F khfhzj;ijr
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

hy;, Vw;fdNt >Ue;j xU #oy;. me;jr; >af;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ tpy;iy. >Jjhd; Kf;fpak;. xU fhyj;ij ;Js;Nshk;. vt;thW Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j h;ek;gp %ykhf ehq;fs; gy;yth; fhyj;Jg; kPs; fz;Lgpbg;Gr; nra;NjhNkh mNjNghy f;fpa tuyhw;iw vOjp Kbj;jjd; gpd;dh; h; cs;s kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyfl;lk; vt;thW ;e;jJ vd;gijg; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. ehd; >g;NghJ k;, tuyhW gw;wp vOjpf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. po; >yf;fpak; vd;Wjhd; vdJ fl;Liuj; tj;jpUe;Njd;. yf;fpak; vd;W f; fUJfpNwd; vd;why;, jkpo; >yf;fpak; fj; jd;ikAilajhf vt;thW tsh;fpwJ. f >ijg;gw;wp Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. j;Jf;nfhz;lhy;, dq;fhl;Ltjhdhy; ahh; s;Πve;j ve;jg; Nghf;F mjpy;iky;fw;fs;Π;r; rpWfij tuyhW >Uf;fpwJ. mjpy; e;jg; Gj;jfj;jpd; gpwF, tj;jpypq;fk; Ml;fSld; njhlq;fp, gpd; rhy;yp, gpd;dh; [Pth, lhdpay;, uFehjd; ; - >e;j tujh; Ml;fisr; nrhy;fpwnghOJ f; nfhQ;rk; Mokhfg; ghh;f;fNtz;bAs;sJ. oj;jpd; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;L >yf;fpak; pd; njhlf;fj;ijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. xU tuyhw;W fapy; >J xU Kf;fpakhd tplakhf ;lhtjhf >J Mq;fpyg; gapy;tpd; %ykhf ; %yk; te;jth;fs; ClhfNt >e;j etPdg; g;ghh;it, >e;j etPdj;Jf;fhd Kidg;G Kf;fpakhd tplak;. Vndd;why; Vwj;jhs fpof;F khfhzj;jpYk; jkpo; njhpe;j XU ;fk; xd;W tUfpwJ. mJ aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ;r;rp vd;w tbtj;ij vLf;f tpy;iy. me;j hf vOjg;gltpy;iy. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; hafk;, fkyehjd;, uh[Jiu Nghd;wth;fs; h;fs;. rk\;bf;fl;rpf;F Kjypy; >Ue;j ; fpof;F khfhzj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;. Mdhy;
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mq;Fs;s epiyikfs; fhuzkhf mJ x epiyNahL tUfpwJ. gFj;jwpTthjk; Kj mjw;Fs;shy; te;jth;jhd; fhrp Mde; Ngha;tpLfpwhh;. mjpypUe;J tpLgl;L epd Nghd;wth;fs;.
>e;j kWkyh;r;rp rQ;rpifapd; tUifAk;, k vdf;F yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;f gLfpwJ. >jid ehq;fs; Kd;dh; mOj;jpr; nr >g;NghJs;s epiyapy; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Muha;r;rpf;fhd KOj;jsj;ijAk; nrq;if Mo >J rk;ke;jkhf Nahfuhrh Nghd;wth;fs juTfSf;F NkNynrd;W Mokhfg; ghh;j;jj te;jJ. >g;gbr; nrhy;tjd; %yk; Kw;Nghf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ehd; ve;jtifapYk; Fiwf vd;fpd;w >af;fk; aho;g;ghzr; #oypy; >yf;f xU tpijiaj; J}TfpwJ. mij tsh;f;f Kid [dehafj;jpd; topahfj;jhd; Kw;Nghf;F >y [dehafj;ijg; NgRfpwJ. kpf td;ikahfg; >yf;fpaj;ij ehd; Fiwg;gjhfNth my;yJ m Fiwg;gjhfNth fUjf;$lhJ. Mdhy; >e kWkyh;r;rp vd;fpw fl;lk; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. V vq;fNshL epd;whh;fs;, mq;fhy; Nghftpy;i $l;lj;jpy; Kl;il mbj;j gpd;G, nrhf;fDf;F me;jf; f\;lq;fNshLk; mth;fs; vq;fNshL mth;fs; kWkyh;r;rp >af;fj;NjhLk; rk;ge;jg Jujp\;ltrkhf mth;fs; nrhy;ytpy;iy. e vq;fSf;Fj; njhpfpwJ. me;j mstpy; vq;fSila tsh;r;rpf; fl;lq;fspy; kpf Kf;fp yf;fpa tsh;r;rpapy; m
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

s; fhuzkhf mJ xU jpuhtplf; fUj;J . gFj;jwpTthjk; Kjypait tUfpd;wd. th;jhd; fhrp Mde;jd;. ghujpjhrdplk; pUe;J tpLgl;L epd;wth;fs; ePyhtzd;
;rpifapd; tUifAk;, kWkyh;r;rpapd; Nghf;Fk; tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpakhd fhyfl;lkhfg; s; Kd;dh; mOj;jpr; nrhy;ytpy;iy. Mdhy; ; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; nra;aNtz;ba xU sj;ijAk; nrq;if Mopahd; nra;jpUf;fpwhh;. hfuhrh Nghd;wth;fs; NgrpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. d;W Mokhfg; ghh;j;jjdhy; >e;j tsh;r;rp ;tjd; %yk; Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpaj;jpDila ; ve;jtifapYk; Fiwf;ftpy;iy. kWkyh;r;rp ;g;ghzr; #oypy; >yf;fpa [dehafj;jf;fhd J. mij tsh;f;f KidfpwJ. me;j >yf;fpa fj;jhd; Kw;Nghf;F >yf;fpa >af;fk; r%f pwJ. kpf td;ikahfg; NgRfpwJ. Kw;Nghf;F wg;gjhfNth my;yJ mjDila Kidg;igf; f;$lhJ. Mdhy; >e;j tuyhw;wpy; >e;j k; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. Vd; tujUk; nrhf;fDk; ;, mq;fhy; Nghftpy;iyΠKw;Nghf;fhsh;fs; j;j gpd;G, nrhf;fDf;F >lkhw;wk; te;jJ. k; mth;fs; vq;fNshL epd;whh;fs;. fhuzk; af;fj;NjhLk; rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs;. >jidj; ;fs; nrhy;ytpy;iy. ehq;fs; ghh;f;fpwNghJ J. me;j mstpy; kWkyh;r;rp >af;fk; ; fl;lq;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. vq;fSila yf;fpa tsh;r;rpapy; mJ xU gpujhdfl;lk;.
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12口口
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : ePq;fs; ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd g ePq;fs; ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd g ePq;fs; ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd g ePq;fs; ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd g ePq;fs; ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd g yf;fpaj;jpy; ehd; vdJ  gbg;gbahf >yf;fpaj;Jiwf;F te;Njd;. >d;W ngUk;ghNyhh; vd;id xU >yf;fpaj;Jiw tpkh;rfuhfj;jhd; mwpthh;fs;. Mdhy; ehl njhlh;Gfs;, uz;lhtJ xU newpahsdhf ehd; new ez;gh;fNshL Nrh;e;J newpg;gLj;jpa ehl gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F newpg;gLj;jpa ehlfq;f mk;rk;.
%d;whtJ mk;rk;, 1956 Kjy; Nguhr fiyf;fofj; jkpo;ehlff;FOtpd; jiytuhf > 66Mk; Mz;Ltiu ehd; mf;FOtpd; nray te;jpUf;fpNwd;. nrayhsuhff; flikahw;wpaj
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

12口口
j;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW Kaw;rpfspy; j;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW Kaw;rpfspy; j;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW Kaw;rpfspy; j;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW Kaw;rpfspy; j;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW Kaw;rpfspy; mEgtq;fs; cq;fsJ MSik tsh;r;rpf;F mEgtq;fs; cq;fsJ MSik tsh;r;rpf;F mEgtq;fs; cq;fsJ MSik tsh;r;rpf;F mEgtq;fs; cq;fsJ MSik tsh;r;rpf;F mEgtq;fs; cq;fsJ MSik tsh;r;rpf;F s;sdŒs;sdŒs;sdŒs;sdŒs;sdŒ
; >yf;fpaj;jpy; ehd; Ue;jd. gpd;dh;jhd; iwf;F te;Njd;. >d;Ws;s jiyKiwapdh; xU >yf;fpaj;Jiw Ma;thsd; my;yJ pthh;fs;. Mdhy; ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd s; tuyhw;Wr; nraw;ghLfNshL cs;s . vd;Dila ehlfj;Jiw J >uz;lhtJ
;, 1956 Kjy; Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; f;FOtpd; jiytuhf >Ue;jfhyk; KOtJk; d; mf;FOtpd; nrayhsuhff; flikahw;wp hsuhff; flikahw;wpajd; fhuzkhf mtuJ
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ehlfg;gzpfspNy mtUf;Fj; Jizahf tplaq;fspy; KOf;ftdj;ijr; nrYj;j eh KOf;ftdj;ijr; nryj;Jfpw rpy gz;GfSk; 72njhlf;fk; 75tiu ehNd >yq;iff; f jiytuhf >Ue;Njd; - Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;j
ehd;fhtJ, Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; N fofj;jpy; >e;jf; fiyf;fof eltbf;i ehl;Lf;$j;J kPs;fz;Lgpbg;gpid xU nrt;it Mf;fp mspf;if nra;tjw;F mNjhL Ue;jik m tplak; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;. Vd; vd;why; ghh;f;fpwNghJ mJ xU Kf;fpakhd me;jtbtj;jpy; ehq;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;w tbtj;ij >g;NghJs;s xU Proscenium mikf;fpwNghJ Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; - >itn Kiwapy; mit gad;ngw;wdΠ- >g;NghJ m tpthjq;fs; >Uf;fpd;wgbapdhy; mjidg;gw;wpg; fUJfpNwd;.
>ijtpl vd;Dila gq;nfd;W nrhy;y xU fw;ifnewpahf, xU Curricular course gbg;gpg;gjw;fhd ghltpjhd xOq;fikg;Gfi >uz;L epiyapy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. xd;W D mLj;jJ aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ehlfj;ij xU The mjpNy gyh; vdf;F cjtp nra;jhh;fs;.
mjd; gpwF gy;fiyf;fof ehlfk tsh;j;njLj;j ehlfk; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp. Dram vdJ nrhe;j Kaw;rpfSk; vdJ khzth;fs Kf;fpakhd Muha;r;rpfSk;.
Kjypy; ebfdhf >Ue;jJ vd;gJ, eh aile;Jtpl;L 1948 - 1949>y; nfhOk;G ] te;Njd;. mg;nghOJjhd; ehd; thndhyp ehl >e;j thndhyp ehlf ebfdhf ehd; ebj;jngh vd;Ds; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. KjyhtJ, rhd Nrh;e;J thndhyp ehlfq;fspy; ebj;jJ. t ebg;gJ vd;gJ rpy Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfisf
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

Uf;Fj; Jizahf epd;wJk;, mth; rpy dj;ijr; nrYj;j ehd; rpy tplaq;fspy; j;Jfpw rpy gz;GfSk; >Ue;jd. mjd;gpd;dh; ehNd >yq;iff; fiyf;foff; FOtpd; Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; Xa;T ngw;wgpd;dh;.
phpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf; iyf;fof eltbf;iffs; Clhf te;j gpbg;gpid xU nrt;itahd ehlf tbtkhf jw;F mNjhL Ue;jik mJTk; xU Kf;fpakhd pNwd;. Vd; vd;why; >d;W gpd;Ndhf;fpg; xU Kf;fpakhd tplakhfg;gLfpwJ. s; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs; my;yJ me;j s;s xU Proscenium theatre f;F Mf ;l khw;wq;fs; - >itnay;yhk; rhpahΠve;j ;ngw;wdΠ- >g;NghJ mit gw;wpa xU thj bapdhy; mjidg;gw;wpg; NgRtJ Kf;fpankdf;
la gq;nfd;W nrhy;yf;$baJ ehlfj;ij xU Curricular course Mfg; gbg;gpj;jJk;, pjhd xOq;fikg;Gfisr; nra;jJk; - >J ra;ag;gl;lJ. xd;W Drama diploma course. py; ehlfj;ij xU Theatre Mfg; gbg;gpj;jJ.
jtp nra;jhh;fs;.
;fiyf;fof ehlfk; %ykhf ehq;fs; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp. Drama, Theatre rk;ge;jkhd Sk; vdJ khzth;fs; %ykhf nra;ag;gl;l fSk;.
>Ue;jJ vd;gJ, ehd; v];.v];.rp. rpj;jp 1949>y; nfhOk;G ]h`puhtpy; gbg;gjw;F d; ehd; thndhyp ehlf ebfdhf khwpNdd;. bfdhf ehd; ebj;jnghOJ >uz;L Jiwfs; ngw;wd. KjyhtJ, rhdh - rz;KfehjNdhL lfq;fspy; ebj;jJ. thndhyp ehlfq;fspy; f;fpakhd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. mjhtJ
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FuyhNyNa vy;yhtw;iwAk; fhl;lNtz;Lk;. m ehd; >uz;L tifahd ebg;GKiwfspy aho;g;ghzg; ghj;jpuq;fisr; rpj;jphpj;jy;. >u ghj;jpuq;fisr; nra;jy; - mJ nre;jkpopYk; t tUk;. >e;j eil Kiwapy; ehd; njhopw;gl tP.vd;.ghyRg;gpukzpaKk;, vk;.v];.>uj;jpdKk Nfhd; vOjpa ‘tpjhidahh; tPl;by;’ ehlfj;jpy; - >J >yq;ifah;Nfhidf; Nfl;L ele;jJ. ebj;Njd;. >J ehd; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; g ele;j xU tprak;. xt;nthU rdpf;fpoikA kzpnjhlf;fk; VO gjpide;J kzptiu e >e;j thndhyp njhlh;ehlf Kiwikfspy; mf;fhyj;jpy; gy >urpfh;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ tPl;by;’ ehlfk;. mJ tP.vd;.gp. jahhpj;jJ. vk;. cjtpnra;jhh;. mjpy; Re;juypq;fk;, rutzKj tpNtfhde;jh, nry;yj;jk;gp Nghd;w gyh; jiyKiwapdh; gyh; vd;id tpjhid ahuhf vd;id mth;fs; vy;NyhUk; ‘mg;G’ vd;Wj >isg;ghwpa tpjhidahh;. cz;ikapy; kpf Re;juypq;fk; vd;id ‘mg;G’ vd;Wjhd; mio guuhrrpq;fk;, nre;jpy;kzp kapy;thfdk jiyKiwapy; vd;Dld; Nrh;e;jth;fs; vy;N vd;Wjhd; nrhy;thh;fs;. aho;g;ghzj;J tho;f vy;yhtw;iwAk; fhl;Lfpd;w xU ghj;jpukhf gpd;dh; ‘yz;ld; fe;ijah’ njhlq;fpa fhyj;j Nrh;e;J ebj;Njd;. Kjy; ehd;F Ie;J thuq gpd;dh; yz;ld; fe;ijah jdpahdnjhU thndhyp ehlfk; vd;Dila MSikf;F Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ehd; xU thndhyp ebfdh
thndhyp ehlf ebfdhf >Ue;Jnfhz;L gbg;gbahf xU Nkil ebfdhf khwpNdd;. jpUNfhzkiyapy; ebj;Njd;. gpd;dh; nfhOk Nrh;e;jth;fs; - Re;juypq;fk;, nre;jpy;kzp, ehlfq;fis - Humorous episode fis eb kj;jpafy;Y}hp gioa khzth;rq;fj;jpy; mg;Ng >Ue;j V.Mh;. Mh;. jk;gpuhrh, tp.v];.eluhr Nrh;e;J Re;jhTila J}z;Ljypdhy; eh njhlq;fpNdhk;. mJ kpfTk; Rthu];akhd t
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

wAk; fhl;lNtz;Lk;. me;j ebg;G KiwapNy hd ebg;GKiwfspy; uz;lhtJ Fzrpj;jpug; ; - mJ nre;jkpopYk; tUk;, Ngr;Rj; jkpopYk; wapy; ehd; njhopw;gl;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; k;, vk;.v];.>uj;jpdKk; vd;id >yq;ifah; ahh; tPl;by;’ ehlfj;jpy; ebf;Fk;gb $wpdhh;fs; idf; Nfl;L ele;jJ. ehd; tpjhidahuhf gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gbf;fpw fhyj;jpNyNa t;nthU rdpf;fpoikAk; >e;j ehlfk; VO jpide;J kzptiu elf;Fk;. cz;ikapy; ;ehlf Kiwikfspy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJk; h;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJk; >e;j ‘tpjhidahh; P.vd;.gp. jahhpj;jJ. vk;.v];.>uj;jpdk; mjw;F e;juypq;fk;, rutzKj;J khkh, ghpkshNjtp j;jk;gp Nghd;w gyh; ebj;jhh;fs;. me;jj; d;id tpjhid ahuhfj;jhd; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. ;NyhUk; ‘mg;G’ vd;Wjhd; miog;ghh;fs; - ahh;. cz;ikapy; kpf mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu ‘mg;G’ vd;Wjhd; miog;ghh;. kapy;thfdk;, py;kzp kapy;thfdk; Nghd;w Fwpg;gpl;l d; Nrh;e;jth;fs; vy;NyhUk; vd;id ‘mg;G’ ;. aho;g;ghzj;J tho;f;ifapDila kuGfs; fpd;w xU ghj;jpukhf mjpy;ehd; ebj;Njd;. ah’ njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpYk; ehd; rhdhNthL y; ehd;F Ie;J thuq;fspy; ehd; ebj;Njd;. jah jdpahdnjhU tbtj;ij vLj;jJ. d;Dila MSikf;F kpfTk; cjtpaJ.
xU thndhyp ebfdhfNt >Ue;Njd;.
bfdhf >Ue;Jnfhz;L tUtjpD}lhf ehd; l ebfdhf khwpNdd;. rhdhNthL Kjypy; j;Njd;. gpd;dh; nfhOk;gpy; >Ue;j FOitr; ypq;fk;, nre;jpy;kzp, ehd; Nrh;e;J rpwpa rous episode fis ebj;Njhk;. aho;g;ghzk; hzth;rq;fj;jpy; mg;NghJ Kf;fpa];jh;fshf k;gpuhrh, tp.v];.eluhrd; Nghd;wth;fNshL J}z;Ljypdhy; ehlfq;fis ebf;fj; pfTk; Rthu];akhd tplak;. 1956>y; Sinhala
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only rl;lk; te;jnghOJ ehq;fs; Bachelors ebj;Njhk;. me;j ehlfk; >Ugj;ije;J eilngw;wJ. vg;gb ‘rpq;fsk; kl;Lk;’ rl;lk; t >yq;ifapy; Bachelors only vd;W xU rl;lKk mikj;Njhk;. rpq;fg;G+hpy; >Ue;J >q;F fypa igad; >q;F te;J >wq;fpaJk; jpBnud te;Jtpl;lJ. mjdhy; fy;ahzk; jilg;gl;L mjpNy xU trdk; tUk; Reasonable use o >e;jf; fypahz tp\aj;jpYk; xU Reasonab vd;nwy;yhk; Nfl;ghh;fs;. me;jkhjphpahd eh nghpa tuNtw;igg; ngw;wd.
vdJ ebg;Gj;Jiwapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd Nkyhf, mjd; njhlh;r;rpahf mike;jJ - jkpo;r;rq;f ehlfq;fspy; Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps ebj;jJ. ehq;fs; fz;bf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ 52,53> fz;b jpUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpapy; ele;jJ. m gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ehlf Mw;Wiff;fhf ifyhrgjp, guNkhjak;, rptFUehjd;, rptg jpahfuhrh >g;gbahfg; gyh; >Ue;Njhk;. tpj;jpahde;jd; >e;j ehlfq;fis nfhOk;G, j aho;g;ghzk; vd vy;yh >lq;fSf;Fk; nfhz ‘cilahh; kpLf;F’ fz;b jpUj;Jtf; fy epd;Wtpl;lJ. ‘jtwhd vz;zk;’ >yq;ifa >lq;fspYk; ele;jJ. mjd;gpwF Gjpa ehlf fzgjpg;gps;is nrhy;yr;nrhy;y ehd; vOjpN vd;w ehlfk;. 1955>y; me;j ehlfj;ij ebj
1956>y; mth; vOjpa ‘JNuhfpfs;’ vd;w ehl mJ jkpohpd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; gw;wpa ‘Gypg; Nghuhl;lk;’ vd;nwy;yhk; trdq;fs ehlfj;jpy;, xU >isQh; Fohk; jkpoh;fSi - ntspNa njhpahj kiwTepiyapy; jq;fS nra;fpd;w - jq;fSila nra;jpfis mD jahuhfpd;w - Fwpg;ghf td;Kiwf;Fj; jah gw;wpa fij. 1956>y; mjid mth; nrhy tha;g;G ifyhrgjpf;Fk; vdf;Fk; >Ue;j gy;fiyf;fofj;ijtpl;L ntspNa te;Jtpl;Nl
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

J ehq;fs; Bachelors only vd;w ehlfj;ij lfk; >Ugj;ije;J - Kg;gJ jlitfs; pq;fsk; kl;Lk;’ rl;lk; te;jNjh mNjNghd;W only vd;W xU rl;lKk; te;jjhf ehlfj;ij py; >Ue;J >q;F fypahzk; nra;ate;j xU >wq;fpaJk; jpBnud Bachelors only rl;lk; ; fy;ahzk; jilg;gl;Lg; NghdJ. mg;NghJ tUk; Reasonable use of Tamil >Ug;gJNghy aj;jpYk; xU Reasonable use >Uf;fKbahjh s;. me;jkhjphpahd ehlfq;fs; nfhOk;gpNy w;wd.
apy; kpf Kf;fpakhd fl;lk;, thndhypf;F ;r;rpahf mike;jJ - ehd; gy;fiyf;fofj; ; Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfq;fspy; f;Fr; nrd;wNghJ 52,53>y; ‘cilahh; kpLf;F’ ;Y}hpapy; ele;jJ. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ehlf Mw;Wiff;fhf xU FO >Ue;jJ. k;, rptFUehjd;, rptg;gpufhrk;, kl;lf;fsg;G g; gyh; >Ue;Njhk;. mjidg;gad; gLj;jp hlfq;fis nfhOk;G, jpUNfhzkiy, fz;b, h >lq;fSf;Fk; nfhz;Lnrd;whh;. KjyhtJ z;b jpUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpapy; ebj;jNjhL vz;zk;’ >yq;ifapy; Vwj;jho vy;yh mjd;gpwF Gjpa ehlfk; xd;iw Nguhrphpah; ;yr;nrhy;y ehd; vOjpNdd;. ‘Re;juk; vq;NfŒ’ ; me;j ehlfj;ij ebj;Njhk;.
pa ‘JNuhfpfs;’ vd;w ehlfk; kpfg;gpukhjkhdJ. yg; Nghuhl;lk; gw;wpaJ. mjpy; ‘GypehL’, ;nwy;yhk; trdq;fs; tUfpd;wd. me;j Qh; Fohk; jkpoh;fSila Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf iwTepiyapy; jq;fSila fhhpaq;fisr; la nra;jpfis mDg;Gfpd;w - NghUf;Fj; f td;Kiwf;Fj; jahuhfpd;w xU >af;fk; ; mjid mth; nrhy;yr; nrhy;y vOjpa ;Fk; vdf;Fk; >Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ ehd; ;L ntspNa te;Jtpl;Nld;. ifyh]; mg;NghJ
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jkpo; tpNrlJiw >Wjpahz;by; >Ue;jhh gbg;gpf;fj; njhlq;fptpl;Nld;. rdp QhapWf nry;Ntd;. rpyNtisfspy; Nguhrphpah; nfhOk me;j ehlfk; vOjp Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy; >Ue;j jpahfuh[h ebj;jhh;. Fzuj;jpdk; vd Kjw; jlitahf gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F nts gy;fiyf;fof ehlfk; xd;wpNy ebj;jJ e nghpa tuNtw;igg; ngw;w ehlfk;. cz;ikapy >yq;if kl;lj;jpy; vdf;F xU ngah; gy;fiyf;fof kl;lj;jpy; ehd; ngw;w ehl ifyhrgjpAk; ebj;jhh;. [ghh; vd;w xU K] gpukhjkhf ebj;jhd;.
ebfdhf >Ug;gnjd;gJ xU kdpjdhf >U vt;thW cjTfpwJ vd;gij ehd; >e;j > ebfdhf >Ug;gjpDila Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; $ >Ug;gnjd;gJ vd;dΠ- >d;ndhUtUi >d;ndhUtdhf ehd; fhl;LtJ. ehd; czh;r;rpfis - ehd; vd;id kwf;fhky epd;Wnfhz;L - >d;ndhUtDila czh mjidr; rpj;jphpf;fpd;w Kaw;rp. >Jjhd; mbg nrhy;yg;gLtJ. >jid ehd; nra;fpwnghOJ, fUj;Jf;fis - kw;wth;fSila czh;r;r cyfj;ijg; ghh;f;fpw Kiwikia ehd; fhl ehNd mjhf khWtjy;y. rptj;jk;gp mUzhr >e;j mUzhryk; me;jf;fl;lj;jpy; vd;d rptj;jk;gpf;F ed;whfj; njhpaNtz;Lk;. mg mUzhryj;ij ehd; fhl;lNtz;Lk;. mjhtJ tuhky; mUzhryk; Kd;Df;F tu Ntz rhj;jpakhF nkd;why; vdf;F mUzhryk; v czh;Tfs; vg;gb >Uf;Fk; vd;gJ njhpaNt czh;Tfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ. kdp czh;Tfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ. kdp czh;Tfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ. kdp czh;Tfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ. kdp czh;Tfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ. kdp nfhs;Sjy;. mth;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sj nfhs;Sjy;. mth;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sj nfhs;Sjy;. mth;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sj nfhs;Sjy;. mth;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sj nfhs;Sjy;. mth;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sj ehlfj;jpy; uz;L mk;rq;fs; K ehlfj;jpy; uz;L mk;rq;fs; K ehlfj;jpy; uz;L mk;rq;fs; K ehlfj;jpy; uz;L mk;rq;fs; K ehlfj;jpy; uz;L mk;rq;fs; K xd;W >e;j czh;Tfisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. xd;W >e;j czh;Tfisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. xd;W >e;j czh;Tfisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. xd;W >e;j czh;Tfisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. xd;W >e;j czh;Tfisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU tfpghfk; cz xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU tfpghfk; cz xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU tfpghfk; cz xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU tfpghfk; cz xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU tfpghfk; cz my;yJ nghpjhfNth >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ n my;yJ nghpjhfNth >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ n my;yJ nghpjhfNth >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ n my;yJ nghpjhfNth >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ n my;yJ nghpjhfNth >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ n ghh;f;f >ayhJ. mjid ehq;fs; nra;aNtz ghh;f;f >ayhJ. mjid ehq;fs; nra;aNtz ghh;f;f >ayhJ. mjid ehq;fs; nra;aNtz ghh;f;f >ayhJ. mjid ehq;fs; nra;aNtz ghh;f;f >ayhJ. mjid ehq;fs; nra;aNtz gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpw;F kpfTk; cjtf;$bai gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpw;F kpfTk; cjtf;$bai gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpw;F kpfTk; cjtf;$bai gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpw;F kpfTk; cjtf;$bai gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpw;F kpfTk; cjtf;$bai
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

Wjpahz;by; >Ue;jhh;. ehd; ]h`puhtpy; pl;Nld;. rdp QhapWfspy; Nguhjidf;Fr; spy; Nguhrphpah; nfhOk;G tUthh;. >g;gbahf Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy; kl;lf;fsg;G Nkauhf j;jhh;. Fzuj;jpdk; vd;nwhUtUk; ebj;jhh;. ;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F ntspNa >Ue;Jnfhz;L ; xd;wpNy ebj;jJ ehd;jhd;. me;ehlfk; w;w ehlfk;. cz;ikapy; xU ehlf ebfdhf vdf;F xU ngah; te;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; ;jpy; ehd; ngw;w ehlf mDgtq;fs;jhd;. h;. [ghh; vd;w xU K];ypk; igad; kpfTk;
d;gJ xU kdpjdhf >Uf;ftpUk;GfpwtDf;F d;gij ehd; >e;j >lj;jpy; $wNtz;Lk;. a Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; $wNtz;Lk;. ebfdhf Π- >d;ndhUtUila czh;r;rpfis d; fhl;LtJ. ehd; >d;ndhUtDila d; vd;id kwf;fhky; vdJ epiyf;Fs; ;ndhUtDila czh;r;rpfSf;Fs; nrd;W Kaw;rp. >Jjhd; mbg;gilapy; ebg;G vd;W ehd; nra;fpwnghOJ, ehd; kw;wth;fSila th;fSila czh;r;rpfis - kw;wth;fs; Kiwikia ehd; fhl;LfpNwd;. ebg;ngd;gJ ;y. rptj;jk;gp mUzhrykhf ebf;fpwnghOJ me;jf;fl;lj;jpy; vd;d nra;thh; vd;gJ j; njhpaNtz;Lk;. mg;gbr; nra;fpwnghOJ hl;lNtz;Lk;. mjhtJ rptj;jk;gp Kd;Df;F ; Kd;Df;F tu Ntz;Lk;. >J vg;NghJ ; vdf;F mUzhryk; vg;gbapUg;ghh;. mtuJ f;Fk; vd;gJ njhpaNtz;Lk;. ebg;G vd;gJ ebg;G vd;gJ ebg;G vd;gJ ebg;G vd;gJ ebg;G vd;gJ ;J nfhs;tJ. kdpjh;fis czh;e;J ;J nfhs;tJ. kdpjh;fis czh;e;J ;J nfhs;tJ. kdpjh;fis czh;e;J ;J nfhs;tJ. kdpjh;fis czh;e;J ;J nfhs;tJ. kdpjh;fis czh;e;J sg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;. mjhtJ ePq;fs; sg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;. mjhtJ ePq;fs; sg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;. mjhtJ ePq;fs; sg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;. mjhtJ ePq;fs; sg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;. mjhtJ ePq;fs; ; >uz;L mk;rq;fs; Kf;fpakhf >Uf;Fk;. ; >uz;L mk;rq;fs; Kf;fpakhf >Uf;Fk;. ; >uz;L mk;rq;fs; Kf;fpakhf >Uf;Fk;. ; >uz;L mk;rq;fs; Kf;fpakhf >Uf;Fk;. ; >uz;L mk;rq;fs; Kf;fpakhf >Uf;Fk;. fisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. kw;wJ ehlfj;jpy; fisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. kw;wJ ehlfj;jpy; fisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. kw;wJ ehlfj;jpy; fisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. kw;wJ ehlfj;jpy; fisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. kw;wJ ehlfj;jpy; ;nthU tfpghfk; cz;L. mJ rpwpjhfNth ;nthU tfpghfk; cz;L. mJ rpwpjhfNth ;nthU tfpghfk; cz;L. mJ rpwpjhfNth ;nthU tfpghfk; cz;L. mJ rpwpjhfNth ;nthU tfpghfk; cz;L. mJ rpwpjhfNth >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ nghpJ vd;W ehq;fs; >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ nghpJ vd;W ehq;fs; >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ nghpJ vd;W ehq;fs; >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ nghpJ vd;W ehq;fs; >Uf;fyhk;. rpwpJ nghpJ vd;W ehq;fs; d ehq;fs; nra;aNtz;Lk;. >it tho;f;if d ehq;fs; nra;aNtz;Lk;. >it tho;f;if d ehq;fs; nra;aNtz;Lk;. >it tho;f;if d ehq;fs; nra;aNtz;Lk;. >it tho;f;if d ehq;fs; nra;aNtz;Lk;. >it tho;f;if
kpfTk; cjtf;$bait. kpfTk; cjtf;$bait. kpfTk; cjtf;$bait. kpfTk; cjtf;$bait. kpfTk; cjtf;$bait.
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vd;NdhL ebg;Gj;Jiwapy; d;Wk; thndhypj;Jiwapy; gyh; ebj;jhh;fs;. gpNy ngz; kpfkpf Ez;zpajhd czh;Tfisr; mtiug; Nghd;w rpwe;j ebifia ehd; fhz fl;lj;jpNyjhd; >uhN[];thp rz;KfKk; ebj;j vd;Dld; kpf neUf;fkhf >Ue;jth; nuhrhhpN rpdpkhitg; gw;wp mjpfk; njhpe;jpUe;jJ. rpd Mh;tk; vd;Ds; Vw;gLtjw;F nuhrhhpNah xU ehDk; mtUk; Nrh;e;J ‘nuhrp’ vd;w ngahpy vOJNthk;. nuhrp vd;gJ nuhrhhpNah - rptj;jk Re;juypq;fk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdth;. nfhl;lh gy ez;gh;fis ehd; mwptjw;fhd tha ebg;gjw;fhd tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. [ghh; xU ey;y ebg;gpNy Mh;tk; nfhz;bUg;gth;. rptFUehj vq;fSld; ebj;j ngz;fs; gyh; ey;y tho;e;jth;fs; ey;y tho;f;ifia elj;jp rr;rpjhde;jP];thp Nghd;wth;fs;. >th; kpf K >Ue;jth;.
gpd;dh; ehd; gbg;gbahf ehlfq;f njhlq;fpNdd;. nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof ehlfq;fis newpg;gLj;Jfpd;w tha;g;G vdf;F rutzKj;Jkhkh nra;jhh;. gpd;dh; Nf.v];. el %d;W ehd;F tUlq;fs; mjidr; nra;Ak; th te;jJ. me;jNeuj;jpy; m.e.fe;jrhkp vOj ehlfj;ij ehd; jahhpj;Njd;. mjd; gpd;G ehlfk;. gpd;dh; nrhf;fd; vOjpa ehlfk; vd newpg;gLj;jpNdd;. mit %d;Wk; mf;fhyfl;l ehlfq;fshf tpsq;fpd. kjkhw;wk; xU mw fj;Njhypf;fg;igaDk; xU >e;Jg;ngz;Z kjg;gpur;rpid Vw;gl;L ngz; fd;dpah];jphpa rhkpahuhf khWthd;. mjdhy; fypahzk; e NghfpwJ. v];.N[.tp. nry;tehafk; me;j ehl ‘>g;gbahd ehlfq;fs; jkpoh; kj;jpapNy kpf vOjpapUe;jhh;. me;j ehlfj;jpD}lhf e njd;dntd;why; xU ehlf newpahsh; vd;g xU ehlf newpahsh; vd;gt xU ehlf newpahsh; vd;g xU ehlf newpahsh; vd;gt xU ehlf newpahsh; vd;gt tho;f;if gw;wpa xU fhl;rpia mspj;jy tho;f;if gw;wpa xU fhl;rpia mspj;jy; tho;f;if gw;wpa xU fhl;rpia mspj;jy tho;f;if gw;wpa xU fhl;rpia mspj;jy; tho;f;if gw;wpa xU fhl;rpia mspj;jy life mjidg; ghh;g;gtUf;F mtuJ kdjpy mjidg; ghh;g;gtUf;F mtuJ kdjpy mjidg; ghh;g;gtUf;F mtuJ kdjpy mjidg; ghh;g;gtUf;F mtuJ kdjpy mjidg; ghh;g;gtUf;F mtuJ kdjpy
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;Jiwapy; d;Wk; kwf;f Kbatpy;iy. yh; ebj;jhh;fs;. gpNyhkpdh Rykd; vd;w ajhd czh;Tfisr; rpj;jphpf;fpd;w ebif. ebifia ehd; fhztpy;iy. me;jf; fhy ];thp rz;KfKk; ebj;jhh;. Mz; ebfh;fSs; khf >Ue;jth; nuhrhhpNah gPhp];. mtUf;Fr; k; njhpe;jpUe;jJ. rpdpkh gw;wpa mbg;gil tjw;F nuhrhhpNah xU fhuzkhf >Ue;jhh;. ‘nuhrp’ vd;w ngahpy; rpdpkh tpraq;fis J nuhrhhpNah - rptj;jk;gp vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. f;fpakhdth;. nfhl;lhQ; Nridapy; cs;s d; mwptjw;fhd tha;g;G - mth;fSld; w;gl;lJ. [ghh; xU ey;y ebfh;. ifyhrgjpAk; ;bUg;gth;. rptFUehjd; ed;whfg; ghLthh;. ngz;fs; gyh; ey;y FLk;g];jphpfshf tho;f;ifia elj;jp apUf;fpwhh;fs; - Eg. ;wth;fs;. >th; kpf Kf;fpakhd ebifaha;
bg;gbahf ehlfq;fis newpg;gLj;jj; Ok;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; j;Jfpd;w tha;g;G vdf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. Kjypy; ;jhh;. gpd;dh; Nf.v];. eluhrh nra;jhh;. gpd;dh; ; mjidr; nra;Ak; tha;g;G vdJ iffSf;F ; m.e.fe;jrhkp vOjpa ‘kjkhw;wk;’ vd;w hpj;Njd;. mjd; gpd;G Kj;Jypq;fj;jpd; xU d; vOjpa ehlfk; vd %d;W ehlfq;fis t %d;Wk; mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kpfKf;fpakhd d. kjkhw;wk; xU mw;Gjkhd ehlfk;. xU ; xU >e;Jg;ngz;Zk; fhjypf;fpwhh;fs;. ngz; fd;dpah];jphpahf khWths;. igad; mjdhy; fypahzk; elf;fhky; jilg;gl;Lg; ry;tehafk; me;j ehlfj;ijg; ghh;j;Jtpl;L, ; jkpoh; kj;jpapNy kpf mtrpak;’ vdf; fbjk; ehlfj;jpD}lhf ehd; njhpe;Jnfhz;l hlf newpahsh; vd;gth; ghh;itahsUf;F hlf newpahsh; vd;gth; ghh;itahsUf;F hlf newpahsh; vd;gth; ghh;itahsUf;F hlf newpahsh; vd;gth; ghh;itahsUf;F hlf newpahsh; vd;gth; ghh;itahsUf;F fhl;rpia mspj;jy; fhl;rpia mspj;jy; fhl;rpia mspj;jy; fhl;rpia mspj;jy; fhl;rpia mspj;jy; -Presenting a slice of Uf;F mtuJ kdjpy; mJtiu fhyKk; Uf;F mtuJ kdjpy; mJtiu fhyKk; Uf;F mtuJ kdjpy; mJtiu fhyKk; Uf;F mtuJ kdjpy; mJtiu fhyKk; Uf;F mtuJ kdjpy; mJtiu fhyKk;
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njhpahky; >Ue;j VNjhnthU tprak; njhpahky; >Ue;j VNjhnthU tprak; njhpahky; >Ue;j VNjhnthU tprak; njhpahky; >Ue;j VNjhnthU tprak; njhpahky; >Ue;j VNjhnthU tprak; Ntz;Lk;. >J nghJtpy; xU fiyapd; gz Ntz;Lk;. >J nghJtpy; xU fiyapd; gz Ntz;Lk;. >J nghJtpy; xU fiyapd; gz Ntz;Lk;. >J nghJtpy; xU fiyapd; gz Ntz;Lk;. >J nghJtpy; xU fiyapd; gz jUtjy;y. mJ mwpifiaj; jUtJ. jUtjy;y. mJ mwpifiaj; jUtJ. jUtjy;y. mJ mwpifiaj; jUtJ. jUtjy;y. mJ mwpifiaj; jUtJ. jUtjy;y. mJ mwpifiaj; jUtJ. It d vides cognition. ghh;g;gtUf;F mtNuhL rk; . ghh;g;gtUf;F mtNuhL rk;g . ghh;g;gtUf;F mtNuhL rk; . ghh;g;gtUf;F mtNuhL rk;g . ghh;g;gtUf;F mtNuhL rk; tprak; jpBnud;W ntspr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy tprak; jpBnud;W ntspr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy tprak; jpBnud;W ntspr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy tprak; jpBnud;W ntspr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy tprak; jpBnud;W ntspr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy fhyKk; tpsq;fhjJ tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf fhyKk; tpsq;fhjJ tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf fhyKk; tpsq;fhjJ tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf fhyKk; tpsq;fhjJ tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf fhyKk; tpsq;fhjJ tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf Cognition. tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa xU n . tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa xU n . tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa xU n . tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa xU n . tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa xU n fiy vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; nghJthdJ. >jpy; e fiy vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; nghJthdJ. >jpy; e fiy vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; nghJthdJ. >jpy; e fiy vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; nghJthdJ. >jpy; e fiy vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; nghJthdJ. >jpy; e >J jahhpg;gpd; %yk; ehd; mwpe;J nfhz;l vd;dntd;why;, xU newpahsDf;F me;jf; fi xl;Lnkhj;jkhd ghh;it >Uf;fpwNtisapy; m nra;tjpy;iy. ebfh;fs; Ntz;Lk;, xU >ira xspaikg;ghsh; Ntz;Lk;, xU fhl;rpaikg;gh >tw;iwnay;yhk; Nrh;j;Jr; nraw;glNtz;L tplak;. me;jr; rthy; kpfg;nghpa rthy;. ‘kjkh fw;Wj; je;jJ. mjid vdJ tho;f;ifapy;
jpdfud; fiytpohtpy; ehq;fs; ‘fk;gd Nghl;Nlhk;. mij ehd; vOjpNdd;. mJ nghpa mijAk; ehd; >q;F nrhy;yj;jhd; Ntz ebj;jjdhy; FuYf;Fs;shy; ghtj;ijf; n Kf;fpak;. FuYf;Fs;shy; ghtk; tUtnjd tUtJ. >e;j khjphpahd xU ebg;GKiw jd;iknahd;W Vw;gl;lJ.
mLj;jJ, >yq;ifapd; ehlf tuyhw;wpy; x >yq;iff; fiyf;fofk; ‘jkpo; ehlff;F Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Kjypy; Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps >Ue;jhh;. mjpNy rz;Kfehjd; >Ue;jhh tpj;jpahde;jDk; mjpNy mq;fj;jtuhf >U tpopg;Gzh;r;rp Vw;gl;L, xU fyhrhu mikr;R epa te;j xU mikg;gpD}lhf >e;j ehlff;FO te kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. Vndd;why;, 1956>y;jhd ‘kdNk’ia NkilNaw;wpdhh;. mJ ‘ehlfk tbtj;ij vLj;J gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mw;Gj Mf;fpapUe;jJ. me;jf;fhyj;jpy; ehd; gbj; mjpy; ebj;jth;fs;, rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs; vy;Ny tpj;jpahde;jd; ruj;re;jpuTila rf tph
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

VNjhnthU tprak; gspr;nrd;W njhpa VNjhnthU tprak; gspr;nrd;W njhpa VNjhnthU tprak; gspr;nrd;W njhpa VNjhnthU tprak; gspr;nrd;W njhpa VNjhnthU tprak; gspr;nrd;W njhpa tpy; xU fiyapd; gz;G. fiy mwpitj; tpy; xU fiyapd; gz;G. fiy mwpitj; tpy; xU fiyapd; gz;G. fiy mwpitj; tpy; xU fiyapd; gz;G. fiy mwpitj; tpy; xU fiyapd; gz;G. fiy mwpitj; pifiaj; jUtJ. pifiaj; jUtJ. pifiaj; jUtJ. pifiaj; jUtJ. pifiaj; jUtJ. It doesn’t teach - it pro- tUf;F mtNuhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l >d;ndhU tUf;F mtNuhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l >d;ndhU tUf;F mtNuhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l >d;ndhU tUf;F mtNuhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l >d;ndhU tUf;F mtNuhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l >d;ndhU pr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy; >Uf;Fk;. pr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy; >Uf;Fk;. pr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy; >Uf;Fk;. pr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy; >Uf;Fk;. pr;rj;jpw;F tUtJNghy; >Uf;Fk;. mt;tsT mt;tsT mt;tsT mt;tsT mt;tsT tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf;Fk;. mJjhd; me;j tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf;Fk;. mJjhd; me;j tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf;Fk;. mJjhd; me;j tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf;Fk;. mJjhd; me;j tpsq;fpa khjphp >Uf;Fk;. mJjhd; me;j iag; gw;wpa xU njspT Vw;gLk;. >J iag; gw;wpa xU njspT Vw;gLk;. >J iag; gw;wpa xU njspT Vw;gLk;. >J iag; gw;wpa xU njspT Vw;gLk;. >J iag; gw;wpa xU njspT Vw;gLk;. >J ; nghJthdJ. >jpy; ehlfk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ; nghJthdJ. >jpy; ehlfk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ; nghJthdJ. >jpy; ehlfk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ; nghJthdJ. >jpy; ehlfk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ; nghJthdJ. >jpy; ehlfk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ; ehd; mwpe;J nfhz;lJ. >d;ndhUtplak; wpahsDf;F me;jf; fiyg;gilg;igg; gw;wpa t >Uf;fpwNtisapy; mjid mth; jdpahfr; s; Ntz;Lk;, xU >iraikg;ghsh; Ntz;Lk;, ;Lk;, xU fhl;rpaikg;ghsh; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt h;j;Jr; nraw;glNtz;Lk;. mJnthU nghpa pfg;nghpa rthy;. ‘kjkhw;wk;’ >jid vdf;Ff;
vdJ tho;f;ifapy; kwf;fKbahJ.
htpy; ehq;fs; ‘fk;gd;’ vd;w ehlfj;ijg; ; vOjpNdd;. mJ nghpaNjhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. nrhy;yj;jhd; Ntz;Lk;. thndhypapy; s;shy; ghtj;ijf; nfhz;LtUtnjd;gJ hy; ghtk; tUtnjd;gJ clYf;Fs;shy; pahd xU ebg;GKiwapy; gapw;wg;gLfpd;w
J.
apd; ehlf tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpakhd tplak;, fk; ‘jkpo; ehlff;FO’ vd 1952-53>y; Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;is mjd; jiytuhf ;Kfehjd; >Ue;jhh;. eluhrh >Ue;jhh;. pNy mq;fj;jtuhf >Ue;jhh;. 1956>y; xU U fyhrhu mikr;R epakpf;fg;gl;L mjD}lhf hf >e;j ehlff;FO te;jJ. >e;j ehlff;FO Vndd;why;, 1956>y;jhd; Nguhrphpah; ruj;re;jpu w;wpdhh;. mJ ‘ehlfk’ vd;w jkpo;f;$j;J iyf;fofj;jpy; mw;Gjkhd fiy tbtkhf ;fhyj;jpy; ehd; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;Njd;. ;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs; vy;NyhUk; vdJ ez;gh;fs;. re;jpuTila rf tphpTiuahsh;. [{ghy;
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Fzth;j;jd, V. N[. Fzth;j;jd, fygjp > me;jj; jiyKiwapy; cs;sth;fs;. vy;Nyh >jdhy; jkpo; ehlfk; - rpq;fs ehlfk; g xd;W >Ue;jJ. mJ kpfKf;fpakhdJ. >e;j ehlff;FO te;jTld; Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde >Ue;jhh;. rz;KfRe;juk;, Nrh.eluhrh, Nf. me;jf; FOtpy; >Ue;jhh;fs;. me;jf; FOTf epakpf;fg;gl;Nld;. Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;j kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhff; fpuhkk; fpuhkkhfr; n eltbf;ifapy; mth; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaNghJ, gw;wpg; NgRtJk; mYtyf tplaq;fisf; nghWg;gpy; >Ue;jd. etPd ehlfq;fis tpohf;fis elj;JtJk; vd;Dila nghWg;g fhyfl;lj;jpy; nfhOk;gpy; nfhl;lhQ;Nrid FOf;fs; xU me;j];J >y;yhky; mth ehlfq;fisg; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. u nghpa kh];lh; >Ue;jhh;. mth;fs; mf;fhyj;j gpd;gw;wp ehlfq;fis ebj;Jf; nfhz;bU ehlfq;fSk; ebj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. f >g;gbahf mq;F gyh; ehlfq;fisg; Nghl;L >tw;NwhL aho;g;ghzj;jpy; fiyauR nrhh fpU\;zho;thh; Nghd;wth;fs; ehlfq;fs; Nghl kd;dhhpYk; ehlfq;fs; ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jd. >t te;J ehlf tpohtpy; muq;Nfw;WtJ - mtw;W nraw;gl;Nld;. kpfTk; Rthurpakhd tpla tpohtpw;F Mkh;tPjpapy; >Ue;J ehlfk; ghh;f;f tz;bapNyjhd; te;jhh;fs;. ‘yady; ntd;w ele;jJ. ‘yady; ntd;w;’ cah;uf Art g khl;Ltz;bw; rpy;Y mq;Fs;s Gw;jiuia cO rhzpNghl;L me;j >lq;fisnay;yhk; gOjhf ehd; mq;F nrd;wNghJ mth;fs; vd;id Vrj >g;gbnay;yhk; f\;lg;gl;Nlhk;. MdhYk; re gy ebfh;fs; gbg;gbahf tsh;e;J te;jhh;f rpq;fsj;NjhL Nrh;e;J Njrpa ehlftpoh elj;jpa Nghd;wth;fSila ‘rpWf;fpAk; nghWf;fpAk;’ eh ghpR ngw;wJ. me;j tuyhWfs; rhpah nra;ag;gltpy;iy. mtw;NwhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

Fzth;j;jd, fygjp >th;fs; vy;NyhUk; - ; cs;sth;fs;. vy;NyhUk; vdJ ez;gh;fs;. ; - rpq;fs ehlfk; gw;wpa xU Interaction kpfKf;fpakhdJ. >e;jf; fiyf;fofj; jkpo; Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; mjd; jiytuhf uk;, Nrh.eluhrh, Nf.v];.eluhrh >th;fs; hh;fs;. me;jf; FOTf;F ehd; nrayhsuhf uhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; ehl;Lf;$j;jpid fpuhkk; fpuhkkhfr; nry;fpwNghJ, me;j tdQ; nrYj;jpaNghJ, FOtpd; tplaq;fisg; tyf tplaq;fisf; ftdpg;gJk; mtuJ etPd ehlfq;fis elj;JtJk;, ehlf k; vd;Dila nghWg;ghf >Ue;jd. me;jf; k;gpy; nfhl;lhQ;Nridapy; >Ue;j ehlff; ;J >y;yhky; mth;fs; jq;fs;ghl;Lf;F f;nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. uhN[e;jpuh vd;W xU hh;. mth;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; jpiug;glq;fisg; ebj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. thndhyp nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. fiyr; nry;td;, rphpy; ; ehlfq;fisg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. j;jpy; fiyauR nrhh;zypq;fk;, muirah, th;fs; ehlfq;fs; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. le;Jnfhz;bUe;jd. >tw;iwnay;yhk; nfhz;L uq;Nfw;WtJ - mtw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ehd; ; Rthurpakhd tplak;, KjyhtJ ehlf ; >Ue;J ehlfk; ghh;f;fte;j FOtpdh; khl;L h;fs;. ‘yady; ntd;w;’ jpNal;lhpy; ehlfk; td;w;’ cah;uf Art galary. mth;fs; te;j ;Fs;s Gw;jiuia cOJtpl;bUe;jJ. khLfs; ;fisnay;yhk; gOjhf;fptpl;lJ. mLj;jehs; mth;fs; vd;id Vrj; njhlq;fptpl;lhh;fs;. ;gl;Nlhk;. MdhYk; re;Njhrk;. mjw;Fs;shy; hf tsh;e;J te;jhh;fs;. 1974>y; ehq;fs; jrpa ehlftpoh elj;jpaNghJ, fiyr;nry;td; f;fpAk; nghWf;fpAk;’ ehlfk; mfpy >yq;ifg; tuyhWfs; rhpahd Kiwapy; gjpT tw;NwhL rk;ge;jg;gl;ljpy; vdf;Fk; kpfTk;
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re;Njhrk;.
ehlfg; Nghl;bfs; elj;jpNdhk;. nrhf;fDil ehlfk;, myq;fhu&gd; vd;Dk; $j;J e mr;rpl;Nlhk;. tpj;jpahde;jd; nry;Yk; >lq;f nrd;wjhy; mth; %ykhfg; gyiuj; njhpat mg;NghJ aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kl;Lk; ehlfk; e mtiu ehq;fs; nfhOk;Gf;Ff; nfhz;L te mspg;gjw;F gpd;dpd;W cioj;Njhk;. mjd gpugy;ak; ngw;whh;. mNj Nghd;W ituKj ebg;igg; gpugy;ag;gLj;jpNdhk;. mtuJ kPs;fz;Lgpbg;Gr; nra;Njhk;. mJ tp rz;KfRe;juj;Jila Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghLf tifapy; ehDk; gq;Fgw;wpapUf;fpNwd; vd;gj
ntWkNd ehl;Lf; $j;Jf;fis kl;Lk; kPl;n Jiwfspy; nraw;gl;Nlhk;. Kf;fpankd;dnt ehlfk; gw;wpa xU nghJthd czh;it kf;fs mJTk; >e;j kl;lf;fsg;G ehlf tbtk; my;y vq;fSila ghuk; ghpakhd fiytbtk; ghlrhiy kl;lq;fspy; >Ue;J Vw;gLj;jp tsh;j;njLj;jjpy; fiyf;fofj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; >yq;ifj; jkpoUf;Fhpa fiy vd;gJ >dq;fhzg;glhky; >Ue;jJ. Mdhy; > jpdtpohtpYk; xU ehl;Lf;$j;J kugpy; cs tplg;gLtjpy;iy. >JnthU Kf;fpakhd tpr
1972>y; >Ue;J 76tiuapy; ehd; >yq;i ehlff; FOtpd; jiytuhf >Ue;jNghJ td elj;jpNdhk; - ‘td;dptsehl;Lf; fiytpoh’ td;dpapy; cs;s mj;jid fiytbtq;fi mitjhd; >d;W >yq;if thndhypapy; 74>y;jhd; Kjw;jlithf xNu Nkilapy; Yk ehisf;F jkpo; ehlfk;, kWehSf;F rpq;fs ehlftpoh elj;jpNdhk;. xl;Lnkhj;jkhd ghp ehlfq;fs; ghpR ngw;wd. mjpNyjhd; Re;jh kw;wJ ‘rpWf;fpAk; nghWf;fpAk;’ Nghd;w ehlf >jw;Ff; fhuzk; rpq;fsj; Jiwapy; >Ue;j vy;NyhUk; vq;fSila ez;gh;fshf >Ue;jdh
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

lj;jpNdhk;. nrhf;fDila ehlfk;, NjtDila d; vd;Dk; $j;J ehlfk; Mfpatw;iw e;jd; nry;Yk; >lq;fSf;nfy;yhk; ehDk; khfg; gyiuj; njhpate;jJ. nrhh;zypq;fk; ;jpy; kl;Lk; ehlfk; ebj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. k;Gf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J fiyauRg; gl;lk; cioj;Njhk;. mjd;gpd;dh; mth; kpfTk; Nj Nghd;W ituKj;Jtpd; kahdfhz;lk; gLj;jpNdhk;. mtuJ ebg;ig ehq;fs; ra;Njhk;. mJ tpj;jpahde;jDila, Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghLfs;. mjpy; VNjhnthU
gw;wpapUf;fpNwd; vd;gjpy; re;Njhrk;.
$j;Jf;fis kl;Lk; kPl;nlLg;gjy;y. ntt;NtW lhk;. Kf;fpankd;dntd;why;, fiyf;fofk; Jthd czh;it kf;fspilNa Vw;gl;Lj;jpw;W. g;G ehlf tbtk; my;yJ $j;J tbtnkd;gJ hpakhd fiytbtk; vd;fpd;w fUj;jpid py; >Ue;J Vw;gLj;jp mjD}lhf mjid f;fofj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhd gq;Fz;L. md;iwa fj; jkpoUf;Fhpa fiy tbtk; $j;Jj;jhd; ky; >Ue;jJ. Mdhy; >d;W ve;jnthU jkpo;j; l;Lf;$j;J kugpy; cs;s ehlfk; Nghlhky;
thU Kf;fpakhd tprak;.
tiuapy; ehd; >yq;iff; fiyf;fof jkpo; tuhf >Ue;jNghJ td;dpapy; xU fiytpoh sehl;Lf; fiytpoh’ vd;gJ mjd; ngah;. ;jid fiytbtq;fisAk; gjpTnra;Njhk;. yq;if thndhypapy; >Uf;fpd;wd. mNj hf xNu Nkilapy; Yk;gpdp jpNal;lhpy;, xU k;, kWehSf;F rpq;fs ehlfk; vdj; Njrpa ;. xl;Lnkhj;jkhd ghprspg;gpy; vq;fSila d. mjpNyjhd; Re;jhTila ‘mg];tuKk;’ Wf;fpAk;’ Nghd;w ehlfq;fSk; >lk;ngw;wd. ;fsj; Jiwapy; >Ue;j ehlff; fiyQh;fs; ez;gh;fshf >Ue;jdh;. Nguhrphpah; ruj;re;jpu
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kpfg;nghpa kdpjh;. mth; vd;idf; Fwpg;gpLk;N $wkhl;lhh; - My friend vd;Wjhd; $Wthh;. ehq epiwaNt njhopw;gl;Nlhk;. ehlfk; gw;wpa ghlrhiykl;l, kf;fs;kl;l czUiff;F nghpJk; cjtpd. >jpy; tpj;jpahde;jDila
>tw;iwtpl, vdf;F Kf;fpakhdjha;g;gL ehlfj;ij xU fw;if newpahf Mf;fpajpy; gq;F nfhs;sf;$ba tha;g;G vdf;F >Ue;j
Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;is ehlfq;fis tYTs;s tbtkhf;fpdhh;. Nguhrphpah; t ehl;Lf;$j;Jg; ghuk;ghpaq;fis kPsf; fz gbepiyapy; mth;fSila MrpNahL, fl;lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L Nghfpw xU ng fpilj;jijapl;L ehd; re;Njhrg;gLfpNwd;. ehlfj;ij xU fw;ifnewpahf;fpaJ.
fw;ifnewpahf;fpaJ >uz;L epiyfspy; 75,76fspy; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;foff; fy;t graduate diploma in education f;F Drama and th mijr; nra;jJ jk;k[hnfhl vd;gth; Kd ebfh;. rpq;fs ehlfj;Jiwapy; xU Kf;fpakh nra;fpwNghJ gy;fiyf; fofj;jpypUe;j V. cjtpiag; ngw;W rpq;fs ehlfj;Jf;F Ntz V.N[. vd;idj; jkpo; ehlfj;jpw;F >Oj;Jt diploma course I ehq;fs; xU tUlk; elj;j gw;wpath;fs;jhd;, rz;Kfypq;fk;, Re;juypq;fk >uhkypq;fk;, jpUr;nre;J}ud;, fhiu. Re;juk jpUr;nry;tk;, ftpQh; fe;jtdk; MfpNahh;. K Post graduate level >y; ehlfk; gw;wpa t >lk;ngw;wJ. ehlfj;jpDila ebg;G mk;rk;, e >itgw;wpnay;yhk; gbg;gpj;jJ >yq;ifapd ehlfj;Jiwg; Nguhrphpah;fs;, fiyQh;fs;, t ir gbg;gpj;jJ mkuNj
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

h; vd;idf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ My student vd;W vd;Wjhd; $Wthh;. ehq;fs; fiyf;fofj;jpy; lhk;. ehlfk; gw;wpa xU xl;Lnkhj;jkhd ;kl;l czUiff;F >e;j eltbf;iffs; py; tpj;jpahde;jDila gq;F kpfg;nghpaJ.
;F Kf;fpakhdjha;g;gLtJ vd;dntd;why;, newpahf Mf;fpajpy; VNjhnthU tifapy; tha;g;G vdf;F >Ue;jikahFk;.
pg;gps;is ehlfq;fis vOjpdhh;. ehlfj;ij pdhh;. Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; vkJ hpaq;fis kPsf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. me;jg; Sila MrpNahL, mjid >d;ndhU ;L Nghfpw xU ngUtha;g;G vdf;Ff; ; re;Njhrg;gLfpNwd;. mJ vd;dntd;why; newpahf;fpaJ.
J >uz;L epiyfspy; ele;jJ. Kjyhtjhf gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tpg; gPlj;jpw;fhd Post cation f;F Drama and theatre xU ghlkhfpaJ. [hnfhl vd;gth; Kd;epd;whh;. mth; xU iwapy; xU Kf;fpakhdth;. mth; >jidr; f; fofj;jpypUe;j V.N[. Fzth;j;jdtpd; ;fs ehlfj;Jf;F Ntz;batw;iwr; nra;jhh;. ; ehlfj;jpw;F >Oj;Jtpl;lhh;. jkpo; Drama ;fs; xU tUlk; elj;jpNdhk;. mjpNy gq;F fypq;fk;, Re;juypq;fk;, rpthde;jd;, jpUkjp. ;J}ud;, fhiu. Re;juk;gps;is, jh]p]pa];, fe;jtdk; MfpNahh;. Kjw; jlitahf cah; y; ehlfk; gw;wpa tud;Kiwahd fy;tp ila ebg;G mk;rk;, ehlfj; jahhpg;G mk;rk; bg;gpj;jJ >yq;ifapd; kpfg;nghpa rpq;fs ah;fs;, fiyQh;fs;, tpw;gd;dh;fs; MfpNahh; hh;fs;. ngaustpy; xU tUlf; fw;ifnewp y; mJ 18 khjq;fSf;F NkNy ePbj;jJ. Nrd. ebg;Gg; gbg;gpj;jJ n`d;wp n[aNrd, ir gbg;gpj;jJ mkuNjt. History of drama -
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western drama and Indian drama >tw;iw ehd; gb re;Njhrk;, >yq;ifj; jkpo; ehlftuyhW Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jdplk; ehd; Nfl;l te;Jnra;jhh;. ehd; jkpo; ehlfk; gw;wp rpq tphpTiu nra;Njd;. V.N[.Fzth;j;jd rpq;f jkpo; khzth;fSf;Fr; nra;jhh;.
mLj;jfl;lk; 1984>y; ehd; aho;g;ghzg Ez;fiyj;Jiwf;Fj; jiytuhf MdNghJ, tuyhWk;, ehlfk; Mfpa ghlq;fisj; njhlq fl;lk; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Kjw an undergraduate course I jkpo; nkhopapy; rpq;fsj;Jf;Ff;$lr; nra;ag;gltpy;iy. 98,99 nra;ag;gltpy;iy. gpd;G vq;fSila ghlj;jpl mth;fs; nra;jhh;fs;. jkpo;ehl;by; ehlfk; jtpu First degree f;F >y;iy.
1978>y; Diploma ehlff; fw;ifnewpia jk;k[hnfhl ehlfj;ij f.ngh.j.cah;juj;Jf mjw;Ff; Nfs;tpfs; jahhpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Ngg;gh;fs; mlq;Fk;. xd;W Theory xd;W Hi mjidf; Foe;ij rz;Kfypq;fKk; ehDk; rz;Kfypq;fk; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W ehlf njhlq;fpdhh;. mjd; %ykhf mq;F Vw;fdN nfhz;bUe;j V.hp.nghd;Dj;Jiu, muirah Nrh;j;Jf;nfhz;lhh;. mq;Fs;s ghlrhiyf ehlfq;fisr; nra;jhh;. 1979>y; jhd; Kjy Nrhjidf;F ehlfk; xU ghlkhf te;jJ. m Ngh;jhd; me;jr; Nrhjidia vLj;jhh;fs;. Md ehlfj;ij fh.ngh.j. cah; juj;Jf;Fg; ghl tsh;e;Js;sJ. >jw;nfd;Nw tpNrlkhd xU Inta khzth; Nrh;g;G tUksTf;F mJ tsh;e;Js
cah;tFg;Gf;Fg; gbg;gpj;jjhy; mJ gs;spf;$ mjp\;ltrkhf vd;dplk; jkpo; ehlfk; >Wjpah gbj;j gyh; me;jg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq Kf;fpakhdth;fs; jpUkjp rptypq;fuh[h, m mjdhy; xU Educational theatre xd;W tuj
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drama >tw;iw ehd; gbg;gpj;Njd;. vdf;nfhU ; jkpo; ehlftuyhW gw;wpg; gbg;gpf;Fk;gb e;jdplk; ehd; Nfl;lNghJ mth; clNd kpo; ehlfk; gw;wp rpq;fs khzth;fSf;F .N[.Fzth;j;jd rpq;fs ehlfq;fs; gw;wpj; ; nra;jhh;.
>y; ehd; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jiytuhf MdNghJ, Ez;fiy >uridAk; pa ghlq;fisj; njhlq;fpNdhk;. >uz;lhtJ ;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Kjw;jlitahf Theatre as e I jkpo; nkhopapy; nra;Njhk;. mg;NghJ ra;ag;gltpy;iy. 98,99tiu rpq;fsj;Jf;Fr; ;G vq;fSila ghlj;jpl;lq;fis vLj;Jj;jhd; jkpo;ehl;by; ehlfk; vk;.V.f;F >Uf;fpwNj >y;iy.
hlff; fw;ifnewpia ehq;fs; Kbj;jTld;, j f.ngh.j.cah;juj;Jf;F xU ghlkhf;fpdhh;. hhpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mjpy; %d;W Nfs;tpg; xd;W Theory xd;W History kw;wJ Practical. ;Kfypq;fKk; ehDk; nra;Njhk;. Foe;ij zj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}hpiaj; ykhf mq;F Vw;fdNt ehlfq;fs; nra;J hd;Dj;Jiu, muirah Nghd;wth;fisAk; mq;Fs;s ghlrhiyfspYk; rpwpa rpwpa h;. 1979>y; jhd; Kjypy; cah;ju tFg;Gr; U ghlkhf te;jJ. mg;NghJ %d;Nw %d;W dia vLj;jhh;fs;. Mdhy; >d;W 1500Ngh;tiu cah; juj;Jf;Fg; ghlkhf vLf;Fk; epiy d;Nw tpNrlkhd xU Intake gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; sTf;F mJ tsh;e;Js;sJ.
g;gpj;jjhy; mJ gs;spf;$lq;fSf;Fg; gutpaJ. k; jkpo; ehlfk; >Wjpahz;by; tpNrlJiwapy; ;ijf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhhh;fs;. mth;fspy; kjp rptypq;fuh[h, mk;kd;fpsp MfpNahh;. ional theatre xd;W tuj;njhlq;fpaJ. 84>y;
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ehq;fs; Undergraduate course njhlq;fpNdhk rpwg;Gg; ghlj; Jiwahfj; njhlq;fpNdhk;. ehlfk; rpwg;Gj;Jiw nra;J, ehlf tphpTi fspy; kpfKf;fpakhd gzpfisr; n tsh;e;Js;shh;fs;. >J tplaj;jpy; rz ngUk;gq;Fz;L. rz;Kfypq;fk; jdJ nrh >e;j Ntiyiar; nra;jhh;. ehlfj;jpd;ghy; m fhuzkhf >jidr; nra;jhh;. rz;Kfypq;fk; >jidr; nra;jpUf;f KbahJ. mjid ehd; xj >jidtpl rz;Kfypq;fj;jpw;F xU jdpg Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;isf;Fg; gpwF >yq;i jkpo; ehlfq;fis mspj;jhh; vd;gJ. vdJ >yq;ifapd; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd ehlf tuyhw;wp Xh; >lk; cz;L. ehlfhrphpah;, ehlfq;fis n tifapy; kl;Lky;yhJ ehlff;fw;if newpia O nra;a cjtpath; vd;w tifapYk; mtUf;n
vdf;F xU jpUg;jpnad;dntd;why;, vq;f tpl;l >lj;jpypUe;J mjid ehq;fs; vLj;Jf; fy;tpj; Jiwahf;Ftjpy; xU rpf;fypUf;f mJnthU ghlkhfptpLk;. mJ fiyj;Jiwah me;j Mgj;J >Uf;fpwJ. >Ue;jhYk;, aho;g;ghzg;gy;fiyf;fofk; ehlfj;Jiw ga te;Jtpl;lJ.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

e course njhlq;fpNdhk;. mjd;gpwF ehlfk; hfj; njhlq;fpNdhk;. mjdhy; khzth;fs; nra;J, ehlf tphpTiuahsh;fshf, N.G.O. hd gzpfisr; nra;fpd;wth;fshf >J tplaj;jpy; rz;Kfypq;fj;jpw;Fg; fypq;fk; jdJ nrhe;j el;lj;jpw;Fs;Sk; ;jhh;. ehlfj;jpd;ghy; mtUf;fpUe;j Mh;tk; ra;jhh;. rz;Kfypq;fk; >y;yhjpUe;jhy; ehd; bahJ. mjid ehd; xj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. pq;fj;jpw;F xU jdpg;ngah; cz;L. mJ ;isf;Fg; gpwF >yq;ifapd; kpf Kf;fpakhd spj;jhh; vd;gJ. vdJ mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd;gb j;jkhd ehlf tuyhw;wpy; rz;Kfypq;fj;jpw;F hrphpah;, ehlfq;fis newpg;gLj;jpath; vd;w ehlff;fw;if newpia Organize xOq;fikg;Gr; ;w tifapYk; mtUf;nfhU >lKz;L.
pnad;dntd;why;, vq;fSila Mrphpah;fs; jid ehq;fs; vLj;Jf; fy;tpj;Jiwahf;fpaJ. jpy; xU rpf;fypUf;fpwJ. vd;dntd;why;, k;. mJ fiyj;Jiwahf >y;yhJ Nghfyhk;. ;fpwJ. >Ue;jhYk;, xU Nky;kl;lj;jpy; ofk; ehlfj;Jiw gapw;Wtjhf xU ngah;
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13口口
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd cq;fs ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd cq;fs ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd cq;fs ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd cq;fs ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd cq;fs ghLfs; ahitŒ ghLfs; ahitŒ ghLfs; ahitŒ ghLfs; ahitŒ ghLfs; ahitŒ
fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : ehlfj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd vdJ filr gw;wpa Ma;T njhlh;ghdJ. vd;Dila PhD cient Tamil society jhd;. mJ Rthurpakhd r%fj;jpy; ehlfk; gw;wp Ma;T nra;jNghJ, eh >Uf;fpd;wd, Mdhy; ehlfq;fs; >y;iy Muha;r;rpj;Jiwia xU r%f tuyhw;Wj;Jiwf mNjNtis, ehlfk; gw;wpa tplaq;fs; rk Vw;gl;lJ. >e;jj;njspT >y;yhky; khzt >ayhJ. ujpjud; vd;w khztd; >g;NghJ i gw;wpg; gbf;fpwhh;. mth; Muk;gj;jpy; vd;dplk; t gbg;gJgw;wp vy;NyhUk; vq;fisg; gfpb gz;Z ehlfk; Vd; gbf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJgw;wp xU fU vd;dplk; $wpdhh;. mjdhy; ‘fw;ifnewpahf fUj;juq;F nra;Njhk;. mJ xU rp ntspte;jpUf;fpwJ. >e;jj;Jiw gw;wpa xU mJ. >e;jpahtpy; mJjhd; xNunahU Gj;jf ehlfj;ij Vd; gbg;gpf;fNtz;Lk;Œ mJ vt cjTfpwJ vd;gJ Kf;fpak;. ”kdpj t Kuz;ghLfspd; NkhJiffisf; nfhz;lJ. m - me;j NkhJiffisr; rpj;jphpg;gJ ehlfk; jhd;“. tho;f;ifapd; Kuz;epiyfis me;jg; g
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

13口口
rk;ge;jkhd cq;fsJ Vida njhopw; rk;ge;jkhd cq;fsJ Vida njhopw; rk;ge;jkhd cq;fsJ Vida njhopw; rk;ge;jkhd cq;fsJ Vida njhopw; rk;ge;jkhd cq;fsJ Vida njhopw;
k;ge;jkhd vdJ filrpj;njhopw;ghL ehlfk; hdJ. vd;Dila PhD Ma;T Drama in an- ;. mJ RthurpakhdJ. gz;ila jkpo;r; p Ma;T nra;jNghJ, ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; ; ehlfq;fs; >y;iy. mJNgha; vdJ r%f tuyhw;Wj;Jiwf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wJ. gw;wpa tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf xU njspT pT >y;yhky; khzth;fSf;Fg; gbg;gpf;f khztd; >g;NghJ i`jughj;jpy; ehlfk; ; Muk;gj;jpy; vd;dplk; te;J $wpdhh;, ehlfk; ; vq;fisg; gfpb gz;Zfpwhh;fs;. mjdhy; ;Lk; vd;gJgw;wp xU fUj;juq;F itf;Fk;gb jdhy; ‘fw;ifnewpahf muq;F’ vd;W xU jhk;. mJ xU rpwpa Gj;jfkhfTk; e;jj;Jiw gw;wpa xU Kf;fpakhd Gj;jfk; jhd; xNunahU Gj;jfk; - NCBH Nghl;lJ. pf;fNtz;Lk;Œ mJ vt;thW kdpj mwpTf;F Kf;fpak;. ”kdpj tho;f;if vg;NghJk; ffisf; nfhz;lJ. me;j Kuz;epiyfis r; rpj;jphpg;gJ ehlfk; vd;fpd;w fiytbtk; uz;epiyfis me;jg; ghj;jpuq;fs; %ykhfNt
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me;j NkhJiffisf; fhl;Ltnjd;fpwhh; m nrhy;thh;, Agon, conflict >itjhd; ehlfj tho;f;ifia xU Kuz;epiy tplakhfg; ghh mbg;gilahd mk;rk;. >J vq;NfapUe;J t rlq;Ffspd; mbahftUtJ. Drama vd;w n fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jJ. Dromenon done - nra;ag;gl;lJ. vd;d nra;ag;gl;lJΠ- - rlq;fpdbahf te;jJ. >ij ehd; gbj;jJ Jiwapy; mth; cyfg; gpurpj;jp ngw;wth;. m njhpahJ. Mdhy; fpNuf;f ehlfq;fs; njhpAk jkpopNy cs;stw;iwg; ghh;f;ff;$bajhf >U ehlfj;ij itj;Jf; nfhz;L kf;fSila kd khj;jpuky;y, ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; czh khw;wKbAk;.
N[k;];rd; vd;gth; >q;F te;J aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Theatre workshop elj;jpdhh;. m khzth;fSf;F mitnay;yhk; Vw;fdNt nj mijapl;L mth; ngUk; Mr;rhpakile;jhh;. partment f;F te;jhh;. mtiu ehq;fs; Kjypy tphpTiuahsuhf vLj;Njhk;. gpd;G ehlfj;J mtUf;Fg; gjtpcah;T fpilj;jJ. mth; kl;lf mq;F gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ehlfj;ij xU Muha;r;rpfis ehd; nra;jJ khj;jpuky;y, gy xU rpyh; jq;fSila Muha;r;rpfis vd;NdhL nksdFUtpd; PhD I Kjypy; ifyhrgjpjhd fhykhd gpd;dh; me;j Nkw;ghh;itg; gzpia e gy;fiyf;fofk; Vw;ghL nra;jJ. ehd; mj nra;atpy;iy. mJ Gj;jfkhf te;Js;sJ.
mjw;F Kd;dh;, jdJ Ma;Tg; gzpia njhlq;fpa fhiu. Re;juk;gps;is, tl>yq;i gw;wp Ma;T nra;jhh;. mtUk; vd;Dld; Nrh Kw;wpYk; muq;ftpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; mji xU ey;y E}yhf te;jJ. kw;wJ rpjk;gueh khw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F’ vd;w E}iy vO ‘ngz;zpa muq;F’ vd;w Ma;tpid n[a vk;.gpy;.f;Fr; nra;jhh;. mJ vy;NyhuhY
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

; fhl;Ltnjd;fpwhh; mhp];Nlhl;by;. mth; flict >itjhd; ehlfj;jpd; caph; ehbfs;. ;epiy tplakhfg; ghh;g;gnjd;gJ ehlfj;jpd; ;. >J vq;NfapUe;J tUtnjd;why; rkar; UtJ. Drama vd;w nrhy; Dromenon vd;w ;J te;jJ. Dromenon vd;why; - The thing vd;d nra;ag;gl;lJΠ- rlq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ . >ij ehd; gbj;jJ njhk;rdplk;. me;jj; g; gpurpj;jp ngw;wth;. mtUf;Fj; jkpo;ehlfk; uf;f ehlfq;fs; njhpAk;. me;j xspapy; ehd; g; ghh;f;ff;$bajhf >Ue;jJ. >d;W ehq;fs; fhz;L kf;fSila kdij mwpa tpUk;GtJ ;gl;l kf;fspd; czh;Tfisf;$l ehq;fs;
;gth; >q;F te;J Applied theatre vd e workshop elj;jpdhh;. mg;NghJ vq;fSila nay;yhk; Vw;fdNt njhpe;jitahf >Ue;jd. k; Mr;rhpakile;jhh;. nksdFU vkJ De- tiu ehq;fs; Kjypy; Ez;fiyj;Jiwf;F ;Njhk;. gpd;G ehlfj;Jiw tphpTiuahsuhf fpilj;jJ. mth; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fr; nrd;wgpd;G j;jpy; ehlfj;ij xU ghlkhf;fpdhh;. ehlf ra;jJ khj;jpuky;y, gy;fiyf;fofk; %ykhf Muha;r;rpfis vd;NdhL Nrh;e;J nra;jhh;fs;. Kjypy; ifyhrgjpjhd; ghh;j;jhh;. ifyh]; Nkw;ghh;itg; gzpia ehd; Vw;f Ntz;Lnkdg; L nra;jJ. ehd; mjpy; nghpa khw;wq;fs; j;jfkhf te;Js;sJ.
jdJ Ma;Tg; gzpia tpj;jpahde;jDld; ;juk;gps;is, tl>yq;if ehl;lhh; $j;JkuG mtUk; vd;Dld; Nrh;e;J Ntiy nra;jhh;. fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; mjidr; nra;jhh;. mJTk; ;jJ. kw;wJ rpjk;guehjd; vk;.V.f;F ‘r%f ;F’ vd;w E}iy vOjpdhh;. mz;ikapy; d;w Ma;tpid n[auQ;rpdp vd;w ngz; h;. mJ vy;NyhuhYk; tuNtw;fg;gl;lJ.
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>e;jpahtpYk; mjw;F ey;y tuNtw;G >Ue;jJ Ma;tpid tsh;j;njLg;gjw;fhd xU jsj;ij vdf;Ff; fpilj;jJ xU nghpa tplak;. m ehd; nrhy;fpw, my;yJ ehd; fz;Lgpbf;fpw Vw;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjy;y. >e;jj;jsj;jpy; ep nra;j Muha;r;rp gpio vd;W nrhy;tijf;$ Vw;Wf;nfhs;Ntd;. mwpT vtNuhLk; tsh;e;Jnfhz;Nl NghFk;. me;j mwpT ts fz;Lgpbj;jjpy; rpy FiwghLfs; fhzg;glyhk epth;j;jp nra;ag;glyhk;. mitfs; Ntz;Lk;. ehq;fs; nry;yNtz;Lk;. ehd; mbf;fb nr vd;Dila Mrphpahpd; Njhs;Nky; epd;W ghh;f;fpN vd;Dila MrphpaUf;Fj; njhpahj vd;fz;Zf;Fg;gl;ld. vd;Dila khzth;fs epd;W ghh;f;fpwhh;fs;. vd;Dila fz;fSf;Fg;g ;gLk;“. gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gbg;gpg;gJ me;j k rPld; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. mg;gbr;nrh mtDf;Fk; vdf;Fk; taJ tpj;jpahrNk jt >y;iy. rpyNtis mtd; vd;dpYk; ghh;f;f nghpa nfl;bf;fhudhf >Ug;ghd;. gy;fiyf; fo vdf;$wpf;nfhz;L >uz;lhk; tFg;gpy; elj;J elj;jf;$lhJ. ehd; mg;gb elj;Jtjpy;iy.
>tw;iwnay;yhk; tpl >d;ndhd;iw ehl;Lf;$j;J kuig kPs;fz;L gpbg;Gr;nra;J muq;f tbtkhf;fpa xU Kaw;rpapy; Nguhr Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; mjpy; e ehq;fs; kPs;fz;Lgpbg;Gr; nra;jNghJ mJ r%f kf;fs; ve;jsTf;Fg; gpd;js;sg;gl;bU gpd;js;SiffNshL mth;fSila fiy tbt cl;gl;bUe;jJ. 1956>y; ‘kdNk’ ehlfk; Ng mth;fs; nrhd;dhh;fs;, >e;j ahjhh;j;j ehlf k Y}Nlhitf;fpDila me;j ehlfkuignay Indigenous theatre I ruj;re;jpu fz;Lgpbj;jh nghWj;jtiu 1956 vd;gJ gz;lhuehaf;f khj
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ey;y tuNtw;G >Ue;jJ. ehlfk; gw;wpa xU ;gjw;fhd xU jsj;ij epWTtjw;fhd tha;g;G U nghpa tplak;. mg;gbr; nrhy;fpwNghJ J ehd; fz;Lgpbf;fpw Muha;r;rpfisj;jhd; ;y. >e;jj;jsj;jpy; epd;Wnfhz;L >th;fs; vd;W nrhy;tijf;$l ehd; re;Njhrkhf mwpT vtNuhLk; epw;gjy;y, mwpT Fk;. me;j mwpT tsh;r;rpapd;NghJ Kd;G wghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;. me;jf; FiwghLfs; ;. mitfs; Ntz;Lk;. >d;ndhU fl;lj;jpw;F k;. ehd; mbf;fb nrhy;tnjhd;W - ”ehd; Njhs;Nky; epd;W ghh;f;fpNwd;. mjd; fhuzkhf aUf;Fj; njhpahj gy tplaq;fs; vd;Dila khzth;fs; vdJ Njhs;fspNy ;Dila fz;fSf;Fg;glhjit mth;fSf;Fg j;jpy; gbg;gpg;gJ me;j khjphpj;jhd;. vd;Dila KbahJ. mg;gbr;nrhy;tJ Kl;lhs;jdk;. taJ tpj;jpahrNk jtpu, mwpT tpj;jpahrk; td; vd;dpYk; ghh;f;f me;jj;Jiwapy; xU >Ug;ghd;. gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; vdJ khztd; z;lhk; tFg;gpy; elj;JtJNghy mth;fis
g;gb elj;Jtjpy;iy.
; tpl >d;ndhd;iw ehd; $wNtz;Lk;. kPs;fz;L gpbg;Gr;nra;J mjid >d;iwa xU Kaw;rpapy; Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; fofj;jpy; mjpy; e;jf; $j;J tbtj;ij ;Gr; nra;jNghJ mJ >Ue;jepiy, me;jr; f;Fg; gpd;js;sg;gl;bUe;jhh;fNsh, me;jg; th;fSila fiy tbtKk; gpd;js;Siff;F y; ‘kdNk’ ehlfk; Nghlg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ >e;j ahjhh;j;j ehlf kungy;yhk; Ntz;lhk;. me;j ehlfkuignay;yhk; tpl;Ltpl;L xU uj;re;jpu fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. rpq;fs kf;fisg; ;gJ gz;lhuehaf;f khj;jpuk; te;j fhyky;y.
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ruj;re;jputpd; ehlfKk; te;jJ. xl;Lnkhj;jkh >Ue;jJ. mJ fiyapYk; njhpe;jJ. vq;fS vt;thW ehq;fs; rpq;fsj;jpDila jhf;fq;f mjD}lhf vq;fSila milahsj;ij ts mNj khjphpj;jhd; fiyj;JiwapYk; v milahsq;fis ehq;fs; tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;tj Mdhy; murpaypy; vjph;Kfkhfg; gz;zpNd mth;fNshL >ize;J nra;Njhk;. Vn nra;jth;fnsy;NyhUk; nghpa kdpjh;fs;. ruj;re jkpo; ehlfj;ijf; Fiwj;Njh my;yJ jk tsj;ijf; Fiwj;Njh NgrpaJ fpilahJ. rpwg mtw;iwg;gw;wp mth; mwpatpUk;gpdhh;.
>e;jr; #oypy; ghlrhiy epiyapy;, eh mjpy; Kf;fpa >lk;ngw;w rpwe;j Ml;lf;fh fhzg;gl;l kl;lf;fsg;igr; Nrh;e;j xU khz fofj;jpw;F te;jhh;fs;. mjpNy nksdFU nksdFU xU mw;Gjkhd Ml;lf;fhuh;. cly rpwg;ghf mike;jpUe;jd. ‘mhpr;Rdd; jgR’ ehlf gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyapy; ehq;fs; Nghl;bia nksdFU Mbdhh;. mg;NghJ tpj;jpaUk jpUk;gpte;jNghJ, te;jhW%iyf;Fg; Ngha rthpKj;Jitf; fz;L mtiug; ghuhl;btpl;L khj;jpuky;y, Nghpd;gehafk; vd;nwhU igad; r ‘fh;zd; Nghhpy;’ gpukhjkhf Mbdhh;. mtUil jPh;khdj;Jld; tUk;. fdfuj;jpdk; vd;gtUk; >g;gb Ml;lj;jpy; nfl;bf;fhuh;fs; gyh; te;jhh 1956>y; Nghl;l tpij - cah; tFg;gpy; mg;Ng >y; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F te;jhh;fs;. mth;fi tpj;jpahde;jd; njhlq;fpdhh;. KjyhtJ fh;z nehz;behlfk;. %d;whtJ >uhtNzrd;. m nra;jhh;fs;. ehd; mjpNy rk;ge;jg; gl nrd;Wtpl;Nld;. ifyhrgjp mq;F tphpTi kPs;fz;Lgpbg;gpy; cs;s Mf;fg;ghL kpf Kf;f jdplk; cs;s kpfr;rpwe;j gz;G vd;d ntd;wh tply;’ vd;W jpUf;Fwspy; nrhy;tJNghy, x
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; te;jJ. xl;Lnkhj;jkhd xU rpq;fs vOr;rp pYk; njhpe;jJ. vq;fSila jkpo;j;Njrpak; sj;jpDila jhf;fq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J a milahsj;ij tsh;j;Jf;nfhz;NlhNkh fiyj;JiwapYk; vq;fSila J cjTfpwJ. jph;Kfkhfg; gz;zpNdhk;. fiytbtj;jpy; e;J nra;Njhk;. Vndd;why; mjidr; ; nghpa kdpjh;fs;. ruj;re;jpu xU fhyj;jpyhtJ iwj;Njh my;yJ jkpo; ehlfj;jpd; %y NgrpaJ fpilahJ. rpwg;ghfj;jhd; nrhy;thh;. mwpatpUk;gpdhh;.
lrhiy epiyapy;, ehlfg; Nghl;b epfo;j;jp gw;w rpwe;j Ml;lf;fhuh;fshf milahsq; ;igr; Nrh;e;j xU khzth;Fohk; gy;fiyf; ;. mjpNy nksdFU xU Kf;fpakhdth;. hd Ml;lf;fhuh;. cly;thF, Ml;lk; mthplk; . ‘mhpr;Rdd; jgR’ ehlfj;ij 57 >y; Mrphpah; ; ehq;fs; Nghl;bia xOq;F nra;jNghJ mg;NghJ tpj;jpaUk; ehq;fSk; fhhpy; e;jhW%iyf;Fg; Ngha; mq;Fs;s mjpgh; mtiug; ghuhl;btpl;Lte;Njhk;. nksdFU afk; vd;nwhU igad; ry;ypaDf;F ebj;jth;. khf Mbdhh;. mtUila Ml;lq;fs; kpfTk; dfuj;jpdk; vd;gtUk; rpwg;ghd Ml;lf;fhuh;. f;fhuh;fs; gyh; te;jhh;fs;. gs;spf;$lq;fspy; - cah; tFg;gpy; mg;NghJ gbj;jth;fs; 1961 w;F te;jhh;fs;. mth;fis itj;Jf; nfhz;L ;fpdhh;. KjyhtJ fh;zd; Nghh;. >uz;lhtJ htJ >uhtNzrd;. mjd;gpwF thyptij mjpNy rk;ge;jg; gltpy;iy? ntspehL hrgjp mq;F tphpTiuahsuhfpdhh;. me;j ;s Mf;fg;ghL kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. tpj;jpahde; ;j gz;G vd;d ntd;why;, ‘mjid mtd;fz; py; nrhy;tJNghy, xUtdhy; KbAk; vd
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mth; epidj;jhy; mtdplk; mjid tpl;LtpL ehlfj;ij ehq;fs; vq;fSila fiy tYk fhl;lNtz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ. Kjypy; ehlfj;ijg; Nghlj;jPh;khdpj;Njhk;. fh;zd;Ngh fhuzk; fh;zDila tho;f;ifapy; xU Jd;g - xU mtyk; >Ue;jJ. vq;fSf >Ue;jnjd;dntd;why;, Ml;lk; vd;gJ ntW >e;j Ml;lk; ebg;Gf;fhd xU cj;jp. ebf;fg;gLk;NghJ mth;fs; $j;jpd; Ml; ghh;j;jhh;fs;. Ml;lk; vd;gJ Dramatic qu tUtjw;fhd xU stepping. mjw;Fs; kiwe;j ntspf;nfhzuNtz;Lk;. mij vg;gbr; nra;t tUtjw;fhd tha;g;Gs;s jpwDs;s >isQh;fs nay;yhk; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba xU mw;Gj te;jhW%iy nry;iyah - tprak; nj fiyapDila tiuaiwfisf; fle;JN nefpo;r;rpahf >Uf;ff; $bath;. >th;fis ehk; mtw;iwr;nra;Njhk;. ehq;fs; Kjypy;, fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;j tpUk;gpNdhk;. mjp\ rpjk;gug;gps;isapd; gq;fspg;igg; ngwf;$ba fhtb Ml;lq;fSf;Fg; ghl;Lg;ghLthh;. cLf;F mbj;J thrpg;ghh;. rpjk;gug;gps;is Nkilf;F xU rpyph;g;Gr; rpyph;j;J - ghftjh; fl;NlhL rphpj;J cLf;F mbf;Fk;NghJ, mJ kj;jsj;Jf;F xU elf;fpwJNghyNt >Uf;Fk;. Fjpiu XLtjw;F tpuYf;F mzpAk; cgfuzj;ij khl;bf;nfhz mbg;ghuhdhy;, ‘nfhwf; nfhwf;’ vd;nwhU rj;j XLfpw khjphpNa >Uf;Fk;. mNjhL ruj;re;j ‘Nfhu];’I itj;Jf;nfhz;Nlhk;. >d;W gpd;Nd cz;ikapy; ehq;fs; ‘Nfhu];’ itj;jpUf;ff;$ ehlfq;fSf;F chpaJ? mJTk; xU fhyfl;l ehq;fs; gf;fg;ghl;L ghLfpwth;fisf; ‘Nfh nfhz;L nra;Njhk;. ehq;fs; mth;fis gf;fg itj;jpUf;fyhk;. ‘Nfhu];’ Mf itj;jpUf;f epidf;fpNwd;. mJ >g;NghJ xU tha;ghlhfNt >y;yhkNy >Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W vdf;F > Ml;lk; vd;gJ xU ebg;GKiw. rz;il e
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dplk; mjid tpl;LtpLthh;. >e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; q;fSila fiy tYkpf;f xU gilg;ghff; k; Vw;gl;lJ. Kjypy; ehq;fs; fh;zd;Nghh; hdpj;Njhk;. fh;zd;Nghiuj; jPh;khdpj;jjw;Ff; tho;f;ifapy; xU Jd;gpay; jd;ik >Ue;jJ Ue;jJ. vq;fSf;F Kjw;rthyhf ;, Ml;lk; vd;gJ ntWkNd lhd;]; my;y. f;fhd xU cj;jp. $j;J fpuhkq;fspy; th;fs; $j;jpd; Ml;lj;ij Ml;lkhfNt ; vd;gJ Dramatic qualities If; nfhz;L ping. mjw;Fs; kiwe;jpUf;fpd;w Drama it k;. mij vg;gbr; nra;tJŒ mijf; nfhz;L jpwDs;s >isQh;fs; - ehq;fs; nrhy;tij s;sf;$ba xU mw;Gjkhd mz;zhtpahh; yah - tprak; njhpe;jth;. jd;Dila aiwfisf; fle;JNghfhky; mjw;Fs; ; $bath;. >th;fis itj;Jf; nfhz;L hk;. ehq;fs; Kjypy;, >d;Dk; rpy >irf; ;j tpUk;gpNdhk;. mjp\;ltrkhf msntl;br; q;fspg;igg; ngwf;$bajhf >Ue;jJ. mth; ; ghl;Lg;ghLthh;. cLf;F mbg;ghh;. rpul;ilapy; ;gug;gps;is Nkilf;F te;Jepd;W jiyia ghftjh; fl;NlhL rphpj;Jf;nfhz;L ghl;Lg;ghb , mJ kj;jsj;Jf;F xU Anti position. rz;il ;Fk;. Fjpiu XLtjw;F - jtpy; mbf;Fk;NghJ fuzj;ij khl;bf;nfhz;L rpul;ilapy; mth; ; nfhwf;’ vd;nwhU rj;jk; tUk;. mJ Fjpiu ;Fk;. mNjhL ruj;re;jpuhitg; gpd;gw;wp xU hz;Nlhk;. >d;W gpd;Ndhf;fpg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ Nfhu];’ itj;jpUf;ff;$lhJ. ‘Nfhu];’ fpNuf;f ? mJTk; xU fhyfl;lj;jpw;F khj;jpuKhpaJ. ghLfpwth;fisf; ‘Nfhu];’ Mf epidj;Jf; q;fs; mth;fis gf;fg; ghl;Lf;fhuh;fshfNt u];’ Mf itj;jpUf;fj; Njitapy;iy vd ;NghJ xU tha;ghlhfNt te;Jtpl;lJ. ‘Nfhu];’ ;fyhk; vd;W vdf;F >g;NghJ Njhd;WfpwJ. ebg;GKiw. rz;il elf;Fk;NghJ ebfh;fs;
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Kd;Df;F te;J gpd;Df;Fg; Nghthh;fs;. gf;f ehq;fs; mijg; ghh;j;Jtpl;L xUtUf;nfhUth xUtiu xUth; ghh;j;J MlKbAkh vd eb Nghpd;gehafKk; nksdFUTk; kpf mw >g;gbahf gbg;gbahf me;j Ml;lj;jpw;Fs; ntspNa nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd xU tha;g;G
rpy ngz;gps;isfs; te;J Nrh;e;jhh;fs mhpjhuk; G+rp, gpd;diyf; fl;b, mtid kiwf;fKbahky; ele;j $j;Jepiy khwp, ngz fhQ;rpGuk; Nriyiaf; fl;bf; nfhz;L - guje me;j mbNahL Kd;Df;Fg; gpd;Df;Fg; gpukhjkhf >Uf;Fk;. >e;jkhjphpr; nra;jTld; ntw;wpahf mike;jJ.
mLj;jJ ‘nehz;b’ ehlfk;. Ml;lf;fh tiuapy; mJ Kf;fpakhdjy;y. Mdhy; m mjDila Xl;lk; Ntfkhf >Uf;Fk;.
neLf, >e;j ehl;Lf;$j;J kuGf;Fs; ehq;f vd;w gpur;rpid te;jJ. ‘kdNk’apy; xU gi ruj;re;jpu ‘rpq;fghFtpy;’ xU fijia vLj;J rk;gtj;ij >uz;L %d;W fz;Nzhl;lq;fsp
ifyhrgjpf;Fk; vdf;Fk; fk;guhkhazj;j nghpa tpUg;G >Ue;jJ. fk;gDila Dramatic jd;ikia kpftphpthf vq;fNshL fijj;jt njh.Nkh.rp.uFehjd;. vq;fSila tsh;r;rpapy; gq;Fz;L. uFehjd;, GJikg;gpj;jd; topahf f urpfd;. ehq;fs; >uhtzDld; cs;s Ngh ehlfk; vOj epidj;Njhk;. nksdFUtpd; >Uf;fpwhd;. mjidg; gad;gLj;jp ehq;fs; ey;yhf >Uf;Fk; vd;W$w, mth; mjidg Ml;lj;NjhL cs;s ghly;fis mth; cUthfpaJjhd; >uhtNzrd;. >uhtNz vy;yhk; kpfTk; gpukhjkhf mike;jd.
$j;jpd; Gj;jhf;fj;jpw;Fk; etPd Mf;fj;Jf xU vy;iyf;fy;yhfTk; cjhuzq;fshfT
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f;Fg; Nghthh;fs;. gf;fthl;by; nry;thh;fs;. tpl;L xUtUf;nfhUth; rz;il nra;fpwkhjphp ;J MlKbAkh vd ebfh;fsplk; Nfl;Nlhk;. sdFUTk; kpf mw;Gjkhf Mbdhh;fs;. me;j Ml;lj;jpw;Fs; >Uf;fpw ehlfj;ij tjw;fhd xU tha;g;G >Ue;jJ.
s; te;J Nrh;e;jhh;fs;. Kd;G Mz;fSf;F iyf; fl;b, mtid Mk;gpis vd;gij ;j $j;Jepiy khwp, ngz; gps;isfs; mofhd ; fl;bf; nfhz;L - gujehl;bak; njhpe;jth;fs;, ;Df;Fg; gpd;Df;Fg; Ngha;tUk; yspjNk e;jkhjphpr; nra;jTld; ‘fh;zd; Nghh;’ kpfTk; .
b’ ehlfk;. Ml;lf;fhj;jpuj;ijg; nghWj;j khdjy;y. Mdhy; mJ xU r%fmq;fjk;. fkhf >Uf;Fk;.
f;$j;J kuGf;Fs; ehq;fs; njhlh;e;Jk; epw;gjh . ‘kdNk’apy; xU gioa fijiar; nra;j py;’ xU fijia vLj;J He discussed it - xU
d;W fz;Nzhl;lq;fspy; ghh;f;fpwKiw.
f;Fk; fk;guhkhazj;jpd; ehlfj;jd;ikapy; . fk;gDila Dramatic qualities - mjDila vq;fNshL fijj;jth; vOj;jhs ez;gh; q;fSila tsh;r;rpapy; mtUf;F Kf;fpakhd Jikg;gpj;jd; topahf fk;gDila xU nghpa zDld; cs;s Nghhpid Kf;fpag;gLj;jp ;Njhk;. nksdFUtpd; cs;Ns xU ftpQd; ; gad;gLj;jp ehq;fs; >J >g;gbapUe;jhy; ;W$w, mth; mjidg; ghl;bNy NghLthh;. ghly;fis mth; vOjpdhh;. >g;gb htNzrd;. >uhtNzrDila Ml;lq;fs; jkhf mike;jd.
pw;Fk; etPd Mf;fj;Jf;Fk; >itfnsy;yhk; Tk; cjhuzq;fshfTk; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
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mjd;gpwF gs;spf;$lq;fspy; Mlg;gLk; $j;J cjhuzkhfpd.
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q;fspy; Mlg;gLk; $j;Jf;fSf;F >itjhd;
tYthd tpkh;rdk; >Uf;fpwJ. fpuhk tYthd tpkh;rdk; >Uf;fpwJ. fpuhk tYthd tpkh;rdk; >Uf;fpwJ. fpuhk tYthd tpkh;rdk; >Uf;fpwJ. fpuhk tYthd tpkh;rdk; >Uf;fpwJ. fpuhk kf;fspilNa xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fg; kf;fspilNa xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fg; kf;fspilNa xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fg; kf;fspilNa xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fg; kf;fspilNa xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fg; opw;ghl;Lf;F cjtpgz;zpa ehlfj;ij, opw;ghl;Lf;F cjtpgz;zpa ehlfj;ij, opw;ghl;Lf;F cjtpgz;zpa ehlfj;ij, opw;ghl;Lf;F cjtpgz;zpa ehlfj;ij, opw;ghl;Lf;F cjtpgz;zpa ehlfj;ij, ;j;njLj;J mij mth;fSf;F me;epakhd ;j;njLj;J mij mth;fSf;F me;epakhd ;j;njLj;J mij mth;fSf;F me;epakhd ;j;njLj;J mij mth;fSf;F me;epakhd ;j;njLj;J mij mth;fSf;F me;epakhd ;fpaJ rhpah vd xU tpdh >g;nghOJ ;fpaJ rhpah vd xU tpdh >g;nghOJ ;fpaJ rhpah vd xU tpdh >g;nghOJ ;fpaJ rhpah vd xU tpdh >g;nghOJ ;fpaJ rhpah vd xU tpdh >g;nghOJ
gw;wp vd;d $WfpwPh;fs;Œ gw;wp vd;d $WfpwPh;fs;Œ gw;wp vd;d $WfpwPh;fs;Œ gw;wp vd;d $WfpwPh;fs;Œ gw;wp vd;d $WfpwPh;fs;Œ
pioah vd;gjy;y Kf;fpak;. ehq;fs; vd;d vd;d idea >Ue;jJ vd;gJjhd; Kf;fpak;. fl;lj;jpy; >Ue;j kpfg;gpujhdkhd Nehf;fk; j; jkpo; $j;Jf;fiyapd; Clhf tUfpd;w f;fhd xU fiytbtkhf >Uf;fpwJ. me;jf; ;iQ >y;yhjpUe;jJ khj;jpuky;yhky; me;jf; r%fg; gpd;dilT >Ue;jJ. me;jr; r%fg; id kPl;nlLj;J mjid xU nghJg;gilahd ;ba Njit >Ue;jJ. mJ xU fhyj;jpd; f;F >e;jtbtj;ijg; gw;wpa xU gpuf;iQ Sf;fpUe;j rthyhf >Ue;jNj jtpu, >e;jf; splkpUe;J gwpj;J >d;ndhUthplk; nfhLg;gJ ;fSf;F >Uf;fNt >y;iy. rk;ge;jg;gl;l py;iy. >e;j tplaj;ij mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ;why;, r%fg; gpd;dilthfg; Ngha; mjd; ;fglhky; >Ue;j xU fiytbtj;ij ;fhd xU eltbf;ifahf ehq;fs; ghh;j;Njhk;. ;d gad;ghLfSf;F >Ue;jJ vd;W nrhd;dhy; pd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czuf;$ba epiyapy; . mJ xd;W. kw;wJ xU r%fg; gpd;dilNthL e;jJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; me;jg; gpur;rpid ;rhjpf;fhud; $j;jhLthd;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Lf;fg;gl;l kf;fs;.
tj; jhf;fk; fhuzkhf xt;nthU gpuNjr q;fs; NkYf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl - jkpofj;jpy; gpuhkzUf;F >Ue;j xU Gyik my;yJ k fhuzkhf mth;fs; gujehl;baj;ij ;jhh;fs;. mg;gbf; nfhz;LtUk;NghJ mth;fs;
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mjid me;j me;jf; FLk;gq;fNshL - r mth;fs; topahf vLj;J etPd kag;gLj;jpdhh FLk;gk; vd;d vd;gJ vq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk gps;isapd; ngah; tOT+h; gthdpak;khs; > >g;gbahf >Ue;jij xU cah;kl;lf; fiy njhpe;j fiyahf nghpa>lj;Jg; gps;isf gps;isfs; vy;NyhUk; Mlj; njhlq;fpdhh nfhz;Nl fyhN\j;jpuk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. m mjd; gpd;dzpapy; >Ue;J vLf;ff;$lhJ gujehl;bak; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf jhrp Ki nrhy;Yk; Kiwjhd; Vw;gl;bUf;Fk;.
khh;f;]paj;jpy; cs;s mbg;gilahd t Historical materialism - historical dynamics - > me;jf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; Njitg;gLk;. >d;iwf te;J, vy;yh kf;fSk; rknkd;w [dehafK jq;fs; fiy tbtj;ijg; ghh;f;fpwJf;Fk; 1950f czh;T >y;yhky; jq;fSila gpd;diltpd; c ghh;f;fpw jd;ik >Ue;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; >J nra nry;iyah ngdpad; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L N mg;gbr;nra;ayhkh vd;W Nfl;lfhyk;. me;jkh >Ue;J mjid vLf;fNtz;ba Njit >Ue;jJ vLf;fhky; tpl;bUe;jhy; >e;j [dehaf kag;g 40 tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpwF >d;iwf;F cs;s vLj;jpUf;f >ayhJ. vq;fSila rKjhak; x kl;lf;fsg;gpy;jhd; cah;rhjp kf;fs; Mbd >lq;fspy; my;y.
giw thj;jpaj;jpw;F ele;jij kwe;Jtpl kl;lf;fsg;gpNy$lg; giwNksf;$j;ijr MlKbahky; >Uf;fpwJ. >d;i wf;F aho;g;ghz ghuk;ghpak; giwaNuhL >y;yhky; NghfpwJ. M jkJ epue;jukhd rhjpailahskhf it mth;fSf;F xU [dehafg; gpur;rpid >Uf
>d;W$l ehj];tuk;, jtpy; Nghd;w t tPiz khjphp vy;NyhuhYk; gapyg;gLtjpy;i vLj;jJ rhpah gpioah vd;gjy;y thjk
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

; FLk;gq;fNshL - rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fNshL ;J etPd kag;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ghyru];tjpapd; vq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk;. tOT+h; >uhikah T+h; gthdpak;khs; >uhikahgps;isjhd;. xU cah;kl;lf; fiyahf, vy;NyhUf;Fk; ghpa>lj;Jg; gps;isfs;, gpuhkz tPl;Lg; ; Mlj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. mij itj;Jf; puk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. me;jf; fiytbtj;ij Ue;J vLf;ff;$lhJ vd;W tpl;bUe;jhy;, ; vd;gjw;fhf jhrp KiwAk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Vw;gl;bUf;Fk;.
s;s mbg;gilahd tprak; vd;dntd;why;, historical dynamics - >aq;firT - mjhtJ Njitg;gLk;. >d;iwf;F [dehaf czh;T ; rknkd;w [dehafKiwapy; >e;j kf;fs; g; ghh;f;fpwJf;Fk; 1950fspy; me;j khjphpahd Sila gpd;diltpd; cjhuzkhff; $j;ijg; fhyfl;lj;jpy; >J nra;ag;gl;lJ. mz;zhtp Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L Nkilapy; Vwpajw;Nf ;W Nfl;lfhyk;. me;jkhjphpahd fhyfl;lj;jpy; tz;ba Njit >Ue;jJ. me;jf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ; >e;j [dehaf kag;gl;l epiyapy; Vwj;jho F >d;iwf;F cs;s tbtj;jpy; ehlfj;ij q;fSila rKjhak; xU Hierarchy rKjhak;. ah;rhjp kf;fs; Mbdhh;fNs jtpu kw;w
;F ele;jij kwe;JtplKbahJ. >d;iwf;F ; giwNksf;$j;ijr; rhpahdKiwapNy . >d;i wf;F aho;g;ghzj;jpDila kpfg;nghpa >y;yhky; NghfpwJ. Mdhy; mij mth;fs; hjpailahskhf itj;Jf; nfhs;tjpYk; ehafg; gpur;rpid >Uf;fpwJ.
uk;, jtpy; Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fs; taypd; uhYk; gapyg;gLtjpy;iy.
oah vd;gjy;y thjk;. vLj;jjpdhy; me;j
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ehlfj;jpw;F xU ghhpa ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lJ vLf;fNtz;ba NjitapUe;jJ. >jpy; > vd;dntd;why;, me;j epiyapy; mjid Ntz;Lk; vd;gJgw;wpa me;j epiy epd;W Ntz;Lk;. $j;jpDila kPSUthf;fk; my;yJ kag;ghL vd;gJ ele;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd fiyf;nfhs;if rk;ge;jkhd tuyhw;Wg;gpd;Gy ehd; nrhd;Ndd;. mjpNy vdJ njhopw;ghLf vd;gijg; gw;wp kpff; Fiwe;jgl;rkhd ju >itnay;yhk; vq;fNshL epd;WtpLtjpy;i gpd;dh; nksdFU mjid vLj;Jf; $j;jpNy Nrh;j;jpUf;fpwhh;. mjd;gpd;G $j;Jtbtj;ij e xU cj;jpahf jhrPrpa];, Re;juypq;fk; Nghd;Nw mg;gbahfg; Ngha; >d;W mJ ‘kz;Rke;j tbtj;ij vLj;jpUf;fpwJ. >d;ndhU tpr $j;Jg;Nghd;w kf;fs; epiyapy;, mJTk; fhyd rhjpaikg;G fhuzkhf xU xJq;fy; epiy me;jf; fiytbtq;fs; >Uf;fpw nghOJ me;jf tuyhw;iw, epiyia me;j Situation I mth;f nrhy;yKbahJ. Vndd;why; mth;fSila mjw;Fs; Nrh;e;JtpLk;. mJgw;wpa xU ey Ntz;Lk;. n[auhkd; vd;gth; fhkd;$j;J vd;d Role play gz;zpapUf;fpwJ vd;W M mJNghy vq;fSf;F vtUk; nra;atpy;iy. tbtq;fs; >it >it vd;gijf; fz;L vq;fSf;fpUf;fpw gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf gad;gLj;jp mjid xU r%fj;njhlh;g murpay;njhlh;ghf;fp kz;Rke;j Nkdpah; N nfhz;L te;Njhk;. rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; ehl te;Njhk;. mJkhj;jpuky;yhky; >g;NghJ rpfpr;i rpjk;guehjd; khw;Wtjw;F Kidfpwhh; thjtpthjq;fs; >Uf;fpd;wd. >e;j xl;L nk ele;jJ rhp vd;W ehd; nrhy;y tutpy kf;fSila nghJthd gpuf;iQf;Fs; nf Kf;fpakhd tprak;. mjdhNyjhd; >d;W nrhy;YfpwNghJ ehl;Lf;$j;Jg;NghLtJ K $j;jhLfpwgps;is vd;gJ xU mrhjhuz g Mz;L nksdFU ghlrhiyahy; te;J ‘mh
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

hpa ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lJ vd;gjy;y thjk;. tapUe;jJ. >jpy; >d;ndhU gpur;rpid epiyapy; mjid vt;thW gad;gLj;j me;j epiy epd;W ghh;f;fpw Ma;Tfs; kPSUthf;fk; my;yJ $j;jpDila etPd le;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;Gyk;, mjDila ;jkhd tuyhw;Wg;gpd;Gyk; >itfisg; gw;wp pNy vdJ njhopw;ghLfs; vt;thW >Ue;jd ; Fiwe;jgl;rkhd juTfisr; nrhd;Ndd;. shL epd;WtpLtjpy;iy. ehq;fs; tpl;ljd; id vLj;Jf; $j;jpNy Gjpa tpraq;fisr; ;gpd;G $j;Jtbtj;ij etPd ehlfq;fSila ;, Re;juypq;fk; Nghd;Nwhh; gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. d;W mJ ‘kz;Rke;j Nkdpahp’y; >d;ndhU ;fpwJ. >d;ndhU tprak; vd;dntd;why; piyapy;, mJTk; fhydpj;Jtq;fs; fhuzkhf, f xU xJq;fy; epiyg;gl;l kf;fspilNa >Uf;fpw nghOJ me;jf; fiytbtj;jpDila me;j Situation I mth;fs; >Uf;fpw epiyapy; d;why; mth;fSila tWik epiyAk; ;. mJgw;wpa xU ey;y Ma;T vq;fSf;F vd;gth; fhkd;$j;J kiyafj;jpdhpilNa papUf;fpwJ vd;W Ma;T nra;jpUf;fpwhh;. vtUk; nra;atpy;iy. >g;nghOJjhd; ehlf it vd;gijf; fz;L gpbj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. r;rpidfs; fhuzkhf ehq;fs; mjidg; xU r%fj;njhlh;ghf;fp, mjid xU kz;Rke;j Nkdpah; Nghd;w ehlfq;fisf; z;Kfypq;fj;jpd; ehlfq;fisf; nfhz;L ;yhky; >g;NghJ rpfpr;ir Kiwahd muq;fhf tjw;F Kidfpwhh;. mJ rk;ge;jkhd ;fpd;wd. >e;j xl;L nkhj;jkhd gpd;Gyj;jpy;, ehd; nrhy;y tutpy;iy. Mdhy; >ij hd gpuf;iQf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jnjd;gJ mjdhNyjhd; >d;W jkpo;j;jpdk; vd;W ;Lf;$j;Jg;NghLtJ Kf;fpakhapw;W. >d;W ;gJ xU mrhjhuz gps;isay;y. 1957Mk; lrhiyahy; te;J ‘mhpr;Rdd; jgR’ ehlfk;
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Nghl;lNghJ me;jr; re;jh;g;gj;jpNyjhd; gy;Nt ghlrhiy khzth;fs; xU $j;jpy; eb mJtiuapy; xU $j;J Mbdhy; v rhjpf;fhuh;fshfNt >Ug;gh;. Vd; vd;why; vq;f xU Community art also becomes a cast art. xUK kfd; rj;jpaypq;fk; xU Nkilapy; eldj;J me;jNtisapy; ehq;fs; mq;F nrd;wpUe;Njh Ngrg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ [p. rz;Kfhde;jk; $wpdhh;, ”Re;juypq;fj;jpd; kfd; nra;jhy; e nra;jhy; el;Lth;“ vd;W. el;Lth; vd;gJ el;LthpypUe;Jjhd; el;Lthq;fk; te;jJ. el;L gpwF el;Lthq;fk; vdte;jJ. el;Lthq;fk; v Kf;fpak; >y;iy. el;Ltdhh; vd;why; Ms; cess xd;W vq;fSila fiy tsh;r;rpapy; > >e;jr; rhjp Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; >y;yhj epiyapNy NgRfpNwhk; - re;Njhrk;. ehq;fs; rpyNtis gpi me;jg; gpiofisj; jpUj;jNtz;baJ mLj ifapNyjhd; >Uf;fpwJ. jkpofj;jpNy ele;j x vd;dntd;why; >e;jg; gphpj;jhdpa fhydpj;J xl;L nkhj;jkhd kf;fs; vOr;rpapd; ng gpuNjrj;jpDila kf;fs; epiyg;gl;l fiytbt te;jd. fjfsp, af;rfhd, xbrp >itnay ehl;bNy te;jJ gujehl;baKk; fh;ehlfrq njUf;$j;J te;jpUe;jhy; gpur;rpid >Ue;jpU jp.K.f. $lf; ifitf;ftpy;iy. jp.K.f. i Urban theatre - xU Discussion theatre. mJ mz mwpT fhuzkhf te;jJ. vq;fSf;F >e;j >Ue;jJ. >jdhNyjhd; kpf mz;ikf;fhyk ehlfk; NtW vd >Ue;jJ. vy;yhf; fpuhkq
kPl;LUthf;fj;jpy; Ue;jJ. mtw;Wf;fhd epahag;ghl;i xl;Lnkhj;jkhfr; nrhy;Yk;nghOJ xU ebfdh fiyf;fofj;jpDila ehlfj;Jiw - Fwpg;g tplaq;fisr; nra;fpd;w xUtuhf, ehd; jiy nra;j gzpfs;, fiyf;fof ehlfq;fspy; Nguh nra;j ehlff; $j;J kPl;nlLg;Gkugpy; rk;ge;jg;g xU fw;if newpahf;Ftjpy; nra;j gq;fspg;G
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;jh;g;gj;jpNyjhd; gy;NtW rhjpfisf; nfhz;l s; xU $j;jpy; ebf;fpwjhf >Ue;jJ. $j;J Mbdhy; vy;NyhUk; me;jr; g;gh;. Vd; vd;why; vq;fSila rKjhaj;jpy; becomes a cast art. xUKiw rp.Re;juypq;fj;jpd; U Nkilapy; eldj;Jf;Fg; ghl;Lg;ghbdhh;. s; mq;F nrd;wpUe;Njhk;. el;Lthq;fk; gw;wpg; [p. rz;Kfhde;jk; vq;fsplk; ef;fyhff; ;jpd; kfd; nra;jhy; el;Lthq;fk; - ehq;fs; d;W. el;Lth; vd;gJ rhjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ;Lthq;fk; te;jJ. el;Lth; el;Ltdhh; Mfp, te;jJ. el;Lthq;fk; vd;W tUk;NghJ Ms; ;Ltdhh; vd;why; Ms; Kf;fpak;. >e;jg; Pro- a fiy tsh;r;rpapy; >Uf;fpwJ. >d;iwf;F fs; >y;yhj epiyapNyNa ehq;fs; >jidg; ;. ehq;fs; rpyNtis gpiofs; tpl;bUf;fyhk;. pUj;jNtz;baJ mLj;JtUfpd;w re;jjpapd; . jkpofj;jpNy ele;j xU Kf;fpakhd tprak; ; gphpj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jtj;Jf;nfjpuhd xU f;fs; vOr;rpapd; nghOJ me;j me;jg; s; epiyg;gl;l fiytbtq;fs;jhd; Kd;Df;F fhd, xbrp >itnay;yhk; te;jd. jkpo; ehl;baKk; fh;ehlfrq;fPjKk;jhd;. mq;Nf hy; gpur;rpid >Ue;jpUf;fhJ. njUf;$j;jpy; f;ftpy;iy. jp.K.f. ifitj;j ehlfk; xU cussion theatre. mJ mz;zhj;Jiuf;F >Ue;j ;jJ. vq;fSf;F >e;jg; gpur;rpid >q;Fk; d; kpf mz;ikf;fhyk; tiuapy; $j;JNtW,
e;jJ. vy;yhf; fpuhkq;fspYk; >Ue;jJ.
Ue;jfhyj;jpy; ;fof ehlfq;fspy; Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; Pl;nlLg;Gkugpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Kiw, ehlfj;ij tjpy; nra;j gq;fspg;G vd ehd; ehlfj;jpNy
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>j;Jiwfspy; njhopw;gl;bUf;fpNwd;. >jpNy re >tw;Wf;$lhf >e;ehl;bDila vq;fSi tsh;r;rpapd; rpy Kbr;Rfs; mq;F tUfpd;wd. vk;.tp. fpU\;zMs;thNuhL cs;s njhlh;Gf mz;iz vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpw vq;fSila j Nrh;e;j xUtNuhL >Ue;j cwTfs;, it cwTfs; >itfnsy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; ehlfj;Jf;$lhfTk; tuKbe;jJ. >Wj gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ehlfj;ij xU tud;K me;j xU ngUtha;g;G rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; fpilj;jJ. >itnay;yhk; xU tuyhw fhyfl;lj;jpd; Njitfisg; G+h;j;jpnra ghh;f;fg;glNtz;LNk jtpu vq;fSila njhz vd;W ghh;g;gJ rhpay;y.
gpw;Fwpg;G :
Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ehq;fs; khztu;fSs; xUtuhf >Ue;jth; >d;W mnk gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; kpf;f rpwg;Gs;s r%ftpaw; N Nghpd;gehafk; Mthh;. >th; `d;b Nghpd;ge jpUthl;b nry;tp jpUr;re;jpudpd; jikad;.
”Qhdj;jpy;“ ehlfk; gw;wpa vdJ Neh;fhz epd;w nghOJ ntsp te;jJ. >jid thrp mDgtq;fisg; gw;wpa juTfspy;, ehd; Nguhji ebj;j Xh; Mq;fpy ehlfk; gw;wp epidT+l;b gpujhdkhf Mq;fpyj;ij xU ghlkhff; fw;Fk vDk; ehlff; fofj;jpdhy; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;bU tho;f;if gw;wpa xU ehlfk;. kw;iwa ebfh;f rhh;e;jth;fs;. me;j ehlfj;jpw;F ghpR fpilf Kf;fpakhf Ngrg;gl;l xU Mw;WifahFk;. eh vdJ ez;gh;fs; rpyh; mJ gw;wp vd;idf; fpz Mdhy; cz;ikapy; ehd; mjid kpfg;ngh nfhs;stpy;iy. NkYk; xd;W me;j Mq;fpy el;Gf; FOtpy; (Kultur Group) xUtdhf vd
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

l;bUf;fpNwd;. >jpNy re;Njhrk; vd;dntd;why; hl;bDila vq;fSila fhyj;J ehlf fs; mq;F tUfpd;wd. nrhh;zypq;fj;NjhL, NuhL cs;s njhlh;Gfs;, >uhtzd; fe;jd; g;gLfpw vq;fSila jho;j;jg;gl;l Fyj;ijr; Ue;j cwTfs;, ituKj;JNthL >Ue;j sy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; ClhfTk; >e;j ; tuKbe;jJ. >Wjpahf aho;g;ghzg; hlfj;ij xU tud;Kiwahd ghlkhf;fpw ;G rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; cjtpNahL vdf;Ff; y;yhk; xU tuyhw;wpd; Njitfis - tfisg; G+h;j;jpnra;jth;fshf ehq;fs; tpu vq;fSila njhz;Lfs;, gq;fspg;Gfs; .
yf;fofj;jpy; ehq;fs; gbj;j fhyj;jpy; rf >Ue;jth; >d;W mnkupf;f epA+Nahh;f; efug; rpwg;Gs;s r%ftpaw; Nguhrphpauhd rpj;jhh;j;jd; >th; `d;b Nghpd;gehafj;jpd; %j;j kfd;. e;jpudpd; jikad;. ; gw;wpa vdJ Neh;fhzy; mth; >yq;ifapy; e;jJ. >jid thrpj;j mth; vdJ ehlf uTfspy;, ehd; Nguhjidapy; gbj;j fhyj;jpy; lfk; gw;wp epidT+l;bdhh;. me;j ehlfk; xU ghlkhff; fw;Fk; khzth;fsJ Dransoc y; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. mJ njd;dkhpf;f lfk;. kw;iwa ebfh;fs; Mq;fpyj;Jiwiar; lfj;jpw;F ghpR fpilf;ftpy;iynadpDk; mJ U Mw;WifahFk;. ehlfk; Kbe;jjd; gpd;dh; J gw;wp vd;idf; fpz;lyhf tho;j;jpaJz;L. hd; mjid kpfg;nghpa tplakhf kdjpNy k; xd;W me;j Mq;fpy khzth;fs; jq;fsJ r Group) xUtdhf vd;id fw;gid nra;J
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nfhs;sNt >y;iy.
Vwj;jho 50 tUlq;fspd; gpd;dh; (200 Nrh;f;ftpy;iynad rpj;jhh;j;jd; Nfl;l nghOJ nra;fpwhdh vd;w vz;zNk vdf;F NkNyhq tha;tpl;Nl nrhd;Ndd;.
vdJ vLNfhis tYthf kWjypj;j rpj;jh jq;fs; kl;lj;jpYs; Ngrg;gl;ljhf $wpdhh Ragpuf;iQia Vw;gLj;jpa, J}z;btpl;l epfo >q;F Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
Neh;fhzy; RaFwpg;Gf;fs; vd;git vd;i >Ug;gjpYk; ghh;f;f vd; %yk; ehd; mwpe;J mDgtq;fshf >Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vdJ
ehd; vdf;F Kf;fpag;gLk; msTf;F k Kf;fpakhdtdhf khl;Nld; vd;w cz;ikia fUJfpNwd;.
73tJ tajpy; >e;j czh;Nt vdJ kdjp
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- ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

q;fspd; gpd;dh; (2004y;) eP Vd; mjid ;jhh;j;jd; Nfl;l nghOJ cz;ikapy; fpz;ly; ;zNk vdf;F NkNyhq;fp epd;wJ. mjid
Ythf kWjypj;j rpj;jhh;j;jd; mJ mg;nghOJ grg;gl;ljhf $wpdhh;. >JNghd;w vd;Ds; ;jpa, J}z;btpl;l epfo;r;rpfs; gytw;iw ehd;
;Gf;fs; vd;git vd;idg; gw;wpa juTfshf ; %yk; ehd; mwpe;J nfhz;l cyfg; nghJ Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vdJ Mo; kdjpd; fUj;J. pag;gLk; msTf;F kw;wth;fSf;F vd;WNk ld; vd;w cz;ikia kwe;Jtplf;$lhJ vd;W
czh;Nt vdJ kdjpy; NkNyhq;fp epw;fpwJ.
*** ; gw;wpr; nrhd;dNghJ, >e;jpaj; njhlh;Gfs; twptpl;lJ. mjpy; xU Kf;fpakhd tp\ak; py; vdf;F jkpo; ehlfk; rk;ge;jkhd njhlh;Gfs; hkhD[k;, uhkrhkp, Njrpa ehlfg; gs;spapy; z;br;Nrhpapy; >Uf;Fk; FzNrfud; Nghd;w pahf vdf;Fg; gof;fk; cz;L. uhk;eurd;, V. h;fs; vdf;Fj; njhpe;jth;fs;. gj;kh U kfhehl;by; $j;Jk; eldKk; gw;wpg; NgRkhW s;. vq;fSila tsh;r;rpfis mth;fs; ed;F la gy mk;rq;fis mth;fs; mwpe;Jnfhs;s f;fpak;vd;dntd;why;, ehlfj;Jiwiar; Nrh;e;j >yq;ifapy; mjpfk; njhpahky; >Uf;fpwJ. pw gj;jz;zhtpd; gzpjhd; mJ. jkpofj;jpy; sh;r;rp gw;wp vOJfpwNghJ, ehlf tsh;r;rp s tphptilar; nra;jjpy; gj;jz;zhTf;F xU Nguhrphpah; muR mtuJ kidtp kq;if q;Ff;F gj;jz;zh nra;j gq;fspg;Gk; mjdhy; kpfKf;fpakhdit. ‘jPdpg;Nghh;’ vd;w ehlfk; ;ifapy; ‘fe;jd; fUiz’ vd;w ehlfj;jpy; Ue;jhh;. mth; ney;ypabiar; Nrh;e;jth;. gw;wpa xU ey;y Fwpg;G >d;Dk; >yq;ifapy; J fl;lhak; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdf;F d;why;, gj;jz;zhTk; muRTk; re;jpg;gjw;F Ue;Njd; vd;W muR nrhy;ypf; nfhs;thh;. k;.
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14口口
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : ntF[d Clfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Ki ntF[d Clfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Ki ntF[d Clfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Ki ntF[d Clfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Ki ntF[d Clfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Ki >f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU fhj;jpukhd vOj;jh >f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU fhj;jpukhd vOj;jh >f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU fhj;jpukhd vOj;jh >f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU fhj;jpukhd vOj;jh >f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU fhj;jpukhd vOj;jh vOj;Jg;gzpia Kd;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gi vOj;Jg;gzpia Kd;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gi vOj;Jg;gzpia Kd;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gi vOj;Jg;gzpia Kd;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gi vOj;Jg;gzpia Kd;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gi $Wq;fs;Œ $Wq;fs;Œ $Wq;fs;Œ $Wq;fs;Œ $Wq;fs;Œ
fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : cz;ikapy; ePq;fs; Nfl;fpw Nf nrhy;thh;fs; Ice berg vd;W. tlJUtj;jpY cs;s MWfs; vy;yhk; gdpf;fl;bahf khwptpL Jz;Ljhd; njhpAk;. me;jj; Jz;ilg; g gdpkiyahfj; njhpAk;. cz;ik mg;gba flNy ciwe;J gdpf;fl;bahf khwpapUg;gij vd;idf; Nfl;l Nfs;tp me;j Ice berg cila >d;iwa cyfpDila eilKiwia e vq;fSila gz;ghl;L epiy Kw;whf Clfq cl;gLtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. me;j Clfq;fis njhw;wpf; nfhz;Ljhd; ehq;fs; cyfj;ij mtw;wpd; %yk;jhd; czUfpNwhk;. We feel, W side through the media. >e;j %d;WNk kPbah %y Mdhy; >e;j kPbah vd;gJ vq;fSf;nfd;W j vq;fSf;F khj;jpuk; cs;sJ my;y. >e nkhj;jkhf vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthdJ vq;fSila NjitfSk; tUfpd;wd. >e;j >e;j Afj;jpDila xU ntspg;ghL. mJ P Electronic kPbahtpy; tUk;. njhiyf;fhl;rp, th
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

14口口
lfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Kidg;Gg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; lfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Kidg;Gg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; lfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Kidg;Gg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; lfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Kidg;Gg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; lfq;fspd; ghjpg;G Kidg;Gg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; fhj;jpukhd vOj;jhsd; vt;thW jdJ fhj;jpukhd vOj;jhsd; vt;thW jdJ fhj;jpukhd vOj;jhsd; vt;thW jdJ fhj;jpukhd vOj;jhsd; vt;thW jdJ fhj;jpukhd vOj;jhsd; vt;thW jdJ ;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gijr; rw;W tphpthff; ;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gijr; rw;W tphpthff; ;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gijr; rw;W tphpthff; ;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gijr; rw;W tphpthff; ;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gijr; rw;W tphpthff;
; ePq;fs; Nfl;fpw Nfs;tp, Mq;fpyj;jpNy g vd;W. tlJUtj;jpYk; njd;JUtj;jpYk; ; gdpf;fl;bahf khwptpLk;. NkNy xU rpd;dj; me;jj; Jz;ilg; ghh;j;jhy; xU rpwpa k;. cz;ik mg;gbay;y. fPNo Nghdhy; fl;bahf khwpapUg;gijg; ghh;f;fyhk;. ePq;fs; p me;j Ice berg cila Edpiag; Nghd;wJ. la eilKiwia ehk; ghh;f;fpwnghOJ epiy Kw;whf Clfq;fspd; nry;thf;fpw;F whk;. me;j Clfq;fis VNjh xU tifapy; ; ehq;fs; cyfj;ijNa jhprpf;fpd;Nwhk;. zUfpNwhk;. We feel, We sence, We see the out e;j %d;WNk kPbah %yk;jhd; eilngWfpwJ. d;gJ vq;fSf;nfd;W jdpahf tUtjpy;iy. cs;sJ my;y. >e;j Mass media xl;L Uf;Fk; nghJthdJ. mjw;Fs;Nsjhd; Sk; tUfpd;wd. >e;j Mass media vd;gJ xU ntspg;ghL. mJ Print kPbaj;jpy; tUk;. Uk;. njhiyf;fhl;rp, thndhyp, gj;jphpiffs;,
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>g;nghOJ XusTf;F Computer f tuj;njhlq;fptpl;lJ. >e;j ntF[d Clfq nra;ag;gLgit. kf;fisj; jpus; epiy jdpnahUtUf;fhf >y;yhky; kdpjh;fis NjitfSf;fhd Xh; mbg;gilahfg; ghh;j njhlh;ghly;jhd; >e;j Mass media. Mass jhd; Neub nkhopngah;g;G. >jD}lhf vq;fS tUfpwJ. >e;j Mass Culture >d; jd;ik vd;d cLg;Gfs;, ehq;fs; ghtpf;fpd;w nghUl;fs;, v >tw;iwnay;yhk; ghh;f;fpwnghOJ, mjw;Fs jkpo;ehlhfTk;, rpq;fsj;Jf;FhpaJ rpq F[uhj;jpw;FhpaJ F[uhj;Jf;F chpaJ Nghy xl;Lnkhj;jkhfg; ghh;f;Fk;nghOJ cyfg; nghJ >Uf;Fk;. >q;F cq;fSf;Fr; rq;fh; kfhN >Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; cyfg; nghJthf ikf;f >Uf;Fk;. cz;ikapy; ePq;fs; ghh;g;gPh;fsh [hf;rDila mtjhu tbtq;fs;jhd; kw gz;ghl;Lf;Nfw;g ikf;fy; [hf;rd; tUthh;. me Y} Y} tUthh;, Beatles tUthh;. >J u\ ghjpj;Jtpl;lJ. cz;ikapy; fhuzk Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; cyfg; nghJthd tsh;r;rp. xU Market Culture I Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpw Kjyhspj;Jtk; gz;l cw;gj;jpiar; n cw;gj;jpapd; tpw;gid Kf;fpaj; Jtk; ngw, me jskhff;nfhz;L >aq;f, >e;j Globalaisation nfhz;bUg;gjd; >d;ndhU ghpkhzk;, >e re;ijg;gLj;jy; epiyik - Market Economy. apDila xU gpujhd mk;rk; Consumer cultur jg;g KbahJ. Mdhy; mNjNtisapy; > gpuNjrj;Jf;Fhpa gz;ghfTk; tUk;. mjDl tUk;. >J elf;Fk;nghOJ >jw;F Kd;d Nrh;e;J >d;ndhU tp\aKk; ele;J >U fhydpj;Jtj;ij mDgtpj;j ehLfspy; cz;i khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;l nghOJjhd; xU [deh Democratization Vw;gl;lJ. mJfhy tiua mJfhy tiuapy; vOjg;glhjit fiy >yf epiyik Vw;gl;lJ. Ke;jpa vOj;jhsh;fs; NtW NtW. >g;nghOJ vOjg;gLtnjy;yhk; NtW. v
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

Tf;F Computer f;Fs;shYk; mJ >e;j ntF[d Clfq;fs; xU jpuSf;fhfr; ;fisj; jpus; epiyahfg; ghh;g;git. y;yhky; kdpjh;fis mtuth;fSf;fhd mbg;gilahfg; ghh;j;J eilngWk; xU Mass media. Mass vd;gjw;F jpus;epiy h;g;G. >jD}lhf vq;fSf;F xU Mass Culture ulture >d; jd;ik vd;dΠehq;fs; ghtpf;fpd;w tpf;fpd;w nghUl;fs;, vq;fSila fiyfs; ;f;fpwnghOJ, mjw;Fs; jkpo;ehl;Lf;FhpaJ ;fsj;Jf;FhpaJ rpq;fsg; gFjpapYk;, uhj;Jf;F chpaJ NghyTk; mJ njhpe;jhYk; k;nghOJ cyfg; nghJthd rpy tp\aq;fs; ;fSf;Fr; rq;fh; kfhNjtd; ghLtJ Nghy fg; nghJthf ikf;fy; [hf;rd; NghyTk; ; ePq;fs; ghh;g;gPh;fshdhy;, >e;j ikf;fy; u tbtq;fs;jhd; kw;wth;fs;. me;je;jg; y; [hf;rd; tUthh;. me;je;jg; gz;ghl;Lf;Nfw;g tles tUthh;. >J u\;ah irdhitf;$lg; z;ikapy; fhuzk; vd;dntd;why; fg; nghJthd tsh;r;rp. me;j Kjyhspj;Jtk; Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpwJ. mjhtJ cyf ;l cw;gj;jpiar; nra;a, me;jg; gz;l f;fpaj; Jtk; ngw, me;jr; re;ijg;gLj;jiyj; ;f, >e;j Globalaisation vd;W ehq;fs; Ngrpf; ;ndhU ghpkhzk;, >e;j Market Culture - k - Market Economy. >e;j Market Economy mk;rk; Consumer culture. >jpypUe;J ehq;fs; ; mNjNtisapy; >e;jg; gz;G me;je;jg; ghfTk; tUk;. mjDld; >ize;Jnfhz;L ghOJ >jw;F Kd;dh; my;yJ >jDld; tp\aKk; ele;J >Uf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghff; gtpj;j ehLfspy; cz;ikapy; >e;j murpay; ghOJjhd; xU [dehafg;gLif Vw;gl;lJ. ;lJ. mJfhy tiuapy; Ngrg;glhjth;fs;, jg;glhjit fiy >yf;fpaj;Jf;Fs; tUfpd;w ;jpa vOj;jhsh;fs; NtW, Ke;jp vOjg;gLgit g;gLtnjy;yhk; NtW. vq;fSf;Fhpa gpur;rid
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vd;dntd;why;, jkpo; my;yJ >e;jpa nkhopfs nkhopfs; my;yJ Mgphpf;fnkhopfs; vd;W t r%f khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf xU [dehafka kag;gLif >itnay;yhk; Vw;gl;L vOj;J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Vw;gLfpd;w fhyfl;lj;jpy; mu r%fg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf me;j vOj;Jf me;j vOj;Jf;fs; rpytplaq;fSf;Ff; fhyh Vw;gl;Lf;nfhz;L Nghfpw me;jj; jlj;jpy; > culture tUfpwJ. ePq;fs; >jidg; ghh;f;fpwjhdh >e;jpa mEgtk; rpwe;j mEgtkhf >Uf;F rQ;rpiffs; vy;yhNk Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd Nehf;fj;ij Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L elj;j $l >e;jr; Rje;jpuf; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;Fs;Nsjh fpilj;jgpd;G vd;dkhjphp vd;W njhpahJ. gpur;rid. ehd; mbf;fb nrhy;tJ Nghd;W, gpwF te;jJjhd; FKjk;. mJf;F xU Politic murpay; Fwpg;Gfisr; nrhy;Yk;. mJ murpa nrhy;Yk;. Mdhy; mJ murpaYf;fhf Mde;jtpfld;, fy;fp, fiykfs;, gpurz;l >itnay;yhk; mg;gbay;y. >e;jpa Rje;jpug; fhe;jp vd >itnay;yhk; tUk;. >q;fhy; rpWf jhapd; kzpf;nfhbghhPh;. Political Goal >Ue;jJ. >e;jr; re;ijg;gz;ghl;lhy; gbg;gbahf khwpt >Ujiyf;nfhs;sp vWk;G epiyik Vw;gLfpwJ. gz;ghl;L [dehaf Nkk;ghL tUfpwJ. murpa mNjNtisapy; etPd kag;ghLk; tUfpwJ. tUfpwJ. >J njhlq;fp tsh;e;Jnfhz;L Ng >e;j Market capitalism, >e;j Market Economy Nghfpwjd;ik, mjw;F cjTfpw Mass culture culture cila jd;ik kpf Ez;zpajhf >q mJ vd;dkhjphpahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk Kuz;ghl;ilg;gw;wp ehq;fs; >d;Dk; rhpahf >yq;ifiag; nghWj;j tiuapy; ngUk; gpu vq;fSf;F >Uf;fpwJ. kw;iwa ehLfspy; ghh;f;fpw nghOJ, njspthfj; njhptJ vd;d >jw;Fg; gpwF >yf;fpak; vd;fpd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf jhd;. vOj;Jj;jhd;. mJ tUfpwNghJ %d;W gbKiwfspy; tUk;. xd;W rfyUk; thrpg;gJ
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

y;yJ >e;jpa nkhopfs; my;yJ njd;dhrpa phpf;fnkhopfs; vd;W tUfpwnghOJ murpay; khf xU [dehafkag;gLif, xU murpay; ;yhk; Vw;gl;L vOj;Jf;F xU gue;Jgl;l pd;w fhyfl;lj;jpy; murpay; Nghuhl;lq;fs;, huzkhf me;j vOj;Jf;fSf;F xU tYte;J, tplaq;fSf;Ff; fhyhf >Ue;j me;jepiy fpw me;jj; jlj;jpy; >g;nghOJ >e;j Mass ; >jidg; ghh;f;fpwjhdhy;, jkpofj;J my;yJ ;j mEgtkhf >Uf;Fk;. >e;jpahtpy; te;j Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd; te;jd. tpahghu ahff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gl;l Mde;jtpfld; l;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;Fs;Nsjhd; epd;wJ. Rje;jpuk; jphp vd;W njhpahJ. >J xU Kf;fpakhd ;fb nrhy;tJ Nghd;W, me;j epiyikf;Fg; jk;. mJf;F xU Political Goal >y;iy. mJ ; nrhy;Yk;. mJ murpay; mtjhdpg;Gfisr; mJ murpaYf;fhfg;ghLgLtJ my;y. p, fiykfs;, gpurz;ltpfld;, kzpf;nfhb y;y. >e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;, fhq;fpu];, hk; tUk;. >q;fhy; rpWfij tsh;r;rp mq;fhy; ;. Political Goal >Ue;jJ. >g;NghJ mJ >y;iy. ;lhy; gbg;gbahf khwptpl;lJ. vq;fSf;F xU ;G epiyik Vw;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ vq;fSila k;ghL tUfpwJ. murpay; kag;ghL tUfpwJ. kag;ghLk; tUfpwJ. xU Gjpa Kiwik ;fp tsh;e;Jnfhz;L Nghfpw me;jf;fl;lj;jpy; >e;j Market Economy Xh; cyfr; re;ijf;Fg; cjTfpw Mass culture tUfpwJ. >e;j Mass kpf Ez;zpajhf >q;F Muhag;gltpy;iy. jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gJ gw;wp, >e;j q;fs; >d;Dk; rhpahf Muhatpy;iy. mJ ;j tiuapy; ngUk; gpur;ridahd tplakhf . kw;iwa ehLfspy; vd;d ele;jJ vd;W spthfj; njhptJ vd;dntd;why;, vOj;J - pak; vd;fpd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf >lkpy;iy. writings J tUfpwNghJ %d;W ehd;F Stages >y; - d;W rfyUk; thrpg;gJ. me;j thrpg;gpw;fhf
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vOJtJ. me;j thrpg;igg; gad;gLj;jp tpahgh nghUshjhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L NghtJ. mJ mjw;Fk; ghh;f;fr; rw;W NkyhdJ me;j thrpg;g toq;FtJ. mJ nfhQ;rk; Educative MdJ. mjw;Fs; >Uf;Fk;. kw;wJ >e;j Media techno me;jj; Jiwapdh; jhq;fs; jhq;fs; Specialized tUfpd;w jd;ik xd;W cz;lhfpd;wJ. >jd;f >yf;fpak;, fhj;jpukhd fiy >tw;iwg; njhFjpthhpahf Clusters Mf G+q;nfhj;Jfs;N >Ug;ghh;fs;. mJ xU Minority culture. vq;fS >e;jg; gpur;rid tUfpwNj jtpu >q;fpyhe;jp 50 fspNyNa te;Jtpl;ld. >uz;lhtJ Kbe;jTlNdNa te;Jtpl;lJ. mq;Nf Majour cri >d;ndhUtifahf >Ue;jd. Mdhy; nghJth fijfs;, rhjhuz fijfs;, gps;isfs; th Nghd;wit mtw;iwg;gw;wp vOjg;gLgit vy;y
vq;fSf;F te;j gpur;rid vd;dntd;wh vq;fsJ etPd >yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;F fhuzk fiykfs; >d;W ntWkNd thrpg;Gf;fhf tuj;n fy;fp, Mde;j tpfld; me;j tsh;rpf;Ff; fh mit NtW tpjkhd vOj;Jf;fisj; ju vOj;jhsDila gFjp vd;d, mtDila t ePq;fs; Nfl;fpwPh;fs;. cz;ikapy; >itn >e;epiyapy; Specialized Mf mtuth;fNs Vw;wtifapy; xUq;FNrUfpw xU jd;ik vq;fSf;Fk; Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ. >jdhNyjhd >yf;fpar; rQ;rpiffs; >yf;fpaj;Jf;F khj Kay;fpd;wd. cq;fSila ‘Qhdk;’ >jw;F ahUf;Ff; Cater gz;Zfpwnjd;why; me;j gz;ZfpwJ. me;j tl;lj;jpw;F ntspapy; Qhd Nfl;ghh;fs;. xU rhjhuz ruhrhpahd tPl;L nrd;why;, me;j Qhdk; gw;wpa Ug;ghh;fs;. vy;NyhUf;Fk; Qh >Uf;Fk;. mJ mth;fSf;Fj; NjitahdJ tPuNfrhpia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;, mjw Njitahd vy;yhk; >Uf;Fk;. >e;j epiyik gpwFk; vq;fSf;Fr; rpw;wpjo;fspd; tsh;r
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

gg; gad;gLj;jp tpahghuj;ij, me;jr; re;ijg; ;nfhz;L NghtJ. mJ xU tifahd epiy. NkyhdJ me;j thrpg;gpD}lhf Xh; mwptpid Q;rk; Educative MdJ. Xh; mwpTg;Nghjid ;wJ >e;j Media technology te;jjpdhy; me;j ;fs; jhq;fs; Specialized Md xU njhFjpahf cz;lhfpd;wJ. >jd;fhuzkhf fhj;jpukhd hd fiy >tw;iwg; gw;wpg; NgRgth;fs; ers Mf G+q;nfhj;Jfs;Nghy nfhj;jzpfshf Minority culture. vq;fSf;F >g;nghOJjhd; pwNj jtpu >q;fpyhe;jpy; >itnay;yhk; 40, tpl;ld. >uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk; pl;lJ. mq;Nf Majour critisism mJfs; vy;yhk; e;jd. Mdhy; nghJthd ehty;fs; Jg;gwpAk; jfs;, gps;isfs; thrpg;gjw;fhd fijfs; w;wp vOjg;gLgit vy;yhk; gpwpjhf >Uf;Fk;.
gpur;rid vd;dntd;why;, ve;jf; fiykfs; pa tsh;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf >Ue;jNjh me;jf; kNd thrpg;Gf;fhf tuj;njhlq;fptpl;lJ. ve;jf; ; me;j tsh;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf >Ue;jdNth vOj;Jf;fisj; juj;njhlq;fp tpl;ld. p vd;d, mtDila tfpghfk; vd;dntd;W cz;ikapy; >itnay;yhk; khwptpl;ld. zed Mf mtuth;fNs me;jj; jd;ikf;F NrUfpw xU jd;ik Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mJ pl;lJ. >jdhNyjhd; >e;jr; rpw;wpjo;fs; ; >yf;fpaj;Jf;F khj;jpuk; Nrit nra;a ila ‘Qhdk;’ >jw;F ey;y cjhuzk;. >J ;Zfpwnjd;why; me;j tl;lj;jpw;Ff; Cater ;lj;jpw;F ntspapy; Qhdk; vd;why; ahnud;W huz ruhrhpahd tPl;Lf;F Qhdk; rQ;rpif k; gw;wpa e;j epiyik vq;fSf;F te;jjd; rpw;wpjo;fspd; tsh;r;rpfnsy;yhk; te;J
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nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. rpy rpw;wpjo;fs; mq;fhYk >y;yhky; >Ug;gJk; cz;L. Nfhky; Rthk nfl;bj;jdkhf me;j >yf;fpa rQ;rpifia X nfhz;L nrd;whh;fs;. me;j mfd;w jsj;jpw;F >yf;fpak; gw;wpg; NgRfpwjhfTk; >Uf;Fk;. m Popular Md tp\aq;fisr; nrhy;yptpl;L jPuh vOJfpwhh;fs;. FKjj;Jf;Fs;NsNa Specializ Specializationf;F cs;NsNa ePq;fs; >e;j jd;ikiag; ghh;f;fyhk;. Nrhjplj;Jf;F xd;W, xd;W, ae;jpuq;fs;, MQ;rNeaiu tzq;Ft tzq;FtJ vg;gb vd;nwy;yhk; tUk;. FK fpRfpRf;fs; tUk;. ve;nje;jf; Nfhapy;fspy; v vd;nwy;yhk; tUk;. gf;jp rQ;rpifapy; tUk;. KjyPL xd;Wjhd;. xNu nfhk;gdp >g;gbg; Specialize gz;ZfpwJ. >e;j epiyapy; v vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nghJthdtdhf >Ug;ghd; vd ek;GtJjhd; gpio. mJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; Gh vq;fisg; Nghd;w murpay; epiyik cs;s kpfg;nghpa gpur;rid. >d;Dk; vq;fSf;F ntF kf;fs; Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jNtz;ba Nji >e;j ntF[dg; gz;ghl;il vt;thW ClWg;g vd;gijg;gw;wp kpf Mokhfg; ghh;f;f Ntz;b Vndd;why; >e;jf; Global capitalism cila G+Nfhs kakhf;Fk; Kjyhspj; Jtj;jpD vd;dntd;why; mJ G+NfhskhFjy; mfy >d;Dnkhd;W eilngWfpwJ. vd;dntd;why; gw;wpa rpuj;ijAk; $bf;nfhz;Nl milahsj;Jf;fhdJ. cyfg; nghJthd NrgpahtpYk; >dr;rz;il elf;Fk;. cyfg; n elf;Fk; ghy];jPdj;jpYk; rz;ilelf;Fk;. gpur;ridfs; >Uf;Fk; rpq;fsk;, jkpo;, F[ vd;fpw milahsq;fSk; tUk;. >g;NghJ vd;dntd;why;, cyfg; nghJthdJ mjw;fp Identity. >J >uz;Lf;F kpilapy; vt;thW >J kpfTk; Mokhd gpur;rid. jkpofj;jpy fz;Lgpbj;J tpl;lhh;fs;. vg;gbnad;why; Ser xU Gwj;jpNy xJq;fp tpLjy;. mJTk; vt;t Serious >y;iy vd;W NfhL fPwKbahJ.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

rpw;wpjo;fs; mq;fhYk; >y;yhky; >q;fhYk; cz;L. Nfhky; Rthkpehjd; Nghd;wth;fs; yf;fpa rQ;rpifia Xh; mfd;w jsj;jpw;Ff; me;j mfd;w jsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wNghJk; mJ pwjhfTk; >Uf;Fk;. my;yJ FKjk; Nghd;W isr; nrhy;yptpl;L jPuhejpapy; >yf;fpak;gw;wp ;Jf;Fs;NsNa Specialization >Uf;fpwJ. me;j ;NsNa ePq;fs; >e;j Mass culture >d; ;. Nrhjplj;Jf;F xd;W, Nfhapy; Fk;gpLtjw;F Q;rNeaiu tzq;FtJ vg;gb, tp\;Zit ;nwy;yhk; tUk;. FKjj;jpy; rpdpkh gw;wpa je;jf; Nfhapy;fspy; vd;ndd;d >Uf;fpd;wd ;jp rQ;rpifapy; tUk;. >it ahtw;wpw;Fk; Nu nfhk;gdp >g;gbg; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; . >e;j epiyapy; vOj;jhsd; vd;gtd; hdtdhf >Ug;ghd; vd;W njhlh;e;J ehq;fs; J vy;NyhUf;Fk; Ghpag;NghtJk; >y;iy. rpay; epiyik cs;s ehLfspy; >JnthU d;Dk; vq;fSf;F ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jNtz;ba Njitfs; cs;s ehq;fs; l;il vt;thW ClWg;gjw;F Kfk; nfhLg;gJ okhfg; ghh;f;f Ntz;ba Njit >Uf;fpwJ. lobal capitalism cila cyfg; nghJthd Kjyhspj; Jtj;jpDila Xh; mk;rk; G+NfhskhFjy; mfy mfy, tphpa tphpa WfpwJ. vd;dntd;why; me;je;jg; gz;ghLfs; k; $bf;nfhz;Nl NghfpwJ. mJ cyfg; nghJthd rz;ilAk; elf;Fk;. ;il elf;Fk;. cyfg; nghJthd rz;ilAk; pYk; rz;ilelf;Fk;. cyfg; nghJthd ; rpq;fsk;, jkpo;, F[uhj;jp, kiyahsk;, Sk; tUk;. >g;NghJ cs;s Kuz;ghL g; nghJthdJ mjw;fpilapy; >e;j Cultural ;F kpilapy; vt;thW >zf;fk; fhZtJΠgpur;rid. jkpofj;jpy; >jid >yFthff; s;. vg;gbnad;why; Serious writings vy;yhk; tpLjy;. mJTk; vt;tsT Serious vt;tsT NfhL fPwKbahJ. n[afhe;jd; serious
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>ypUe;J xUgb tpyfpdhh;. mjdhy; mth; rpyh; $wpdhh;fs;. >y;iyapy;iy mth rdq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whh; vd;whh;fs Mf >Ue;jth;fs; >jw;Fs;Ns te;jhh;fNsh vd FiwT. ghyFkhud; ey;y vOj;jhsdhf >U jpUk;gTk; gioa epiyf;F tUtjw;F mtuhy >J fWg;G >J nts;is vd;W nrhy;yKbahJ Mdhy; NkNyhl;lkhfg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ >e;j fhzg;gLfpwJ. vOj;jhsd; >jw;F vd;d n >uz;L tp\aq;fis kdjpw; nfhs;sNtz xU Ideology Njit. mtDila fUj;Jepi vOJfpNwd;Œ vd;Dila vOj;jpDila gad vOjhky; >Uf;f KbahJ cs;sJŒ vd;D >yf;F vd;dŒ mjdhy; tug; Nghfpw Nrky vd;dŒ vd;gijg; gw;wpa xU njspT m mjidj;jhd; fUj;Jepiy vd;fpNwhk;. mJ te Kiwapy; vOjNtz;ba Kiwik cz;L. fh Mdhy; fpSfpSg;ig Cl;Ltjw;fhff; fhji kdpjg; gpur;ridfis vLj;J Muha;tjw;fhf f mg;gb vOJfpwNghJ $l kpff;ftdkhf >Uf kw;iwa Clfq;fNshL Nrh;j;Jg; ghh;f;fpwNghJ cjhuzkhf njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; gyUk; n ghh;f;fpwhh;fs;. ahh; ahh; gj;JtUlq;fSf;F K fy;fpapy; cs;s njhlh;fijfis thuh thrpj;jhh;fNsh mth;fs; >d;W jpdKk; > ehlfq;fisg; ghh;f;fpwhh;fs;. Clfk; k tho;f;ifiag; ghh;f;fpw KiwikAk; k njhiyf;fhl;rpj; njhlh;fs; vq;fSila tho cz;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vd;dntd KOikahfg; ghh;f;fpw jd;ikia ehq;fs; gbg tUfpd;Nwhk;. ehq;fs; tho;f;ifiaf; fhl;rpfs rk;gtkhfg; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. mj;NjhL Nrh;e;J jtpu mJ Vd; mg;gbg; NghfpwJ vd;gijg; ghh;g ‘mz;zhkiy’ njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfj;ij mJ ehtyhf >Ue;jhy; mjid xUtUk Vndd;why; mz;zhkiyapd; fij njhlq;f >g;NghJ NghtJ vq;NfNah. njhiyf;fhl xU Fzk; vd;dntd;why;, mjid KWf;fp x
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

pdhh;. mjdhy; mth; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhh; vd;W >y;iyapy;iy mth; >e;jr; Serious I ;L nrd;whh; vd;whh;fs;. me;j Popular level ;Fs;Ns te;jhh;fNsh vd;W ghh;j;jhy; kpfkpff; y;y vOj;jhsdhf >Ue;J Popular Mf khwp f;F tUtjw;F mtuhy; Kbatpy;iy. >jpNy, s vd;W nrhy;yKbahJ. NfhL NghlKbahJ. g; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ >e;j NtWghL vq;fSf;Ff; hsd; >jw;F vd;d nra;aNtz;Lnkd;why; kdjpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. vOj;jhsDf;F mtDila fUj;Jepiy vd;dΠehd; Vd; a vOj;jpDila gad;ghL vd;dΠehd; Vd; ahJ cs;sJΠvd;Dila vOj;jpDila y; tug; Nghfpw Nrkyhgq;fs;, Njl;lq;fs; w;wpa xU njspT mtDf;F mtrpak;. piy vd;fpNwhk;. mJ te;Jtpl;lhy; mjw;Nfw;w a Kiwik cz;L. fhjiyg;gw;wp vOjyhk;, Cl;Ltjw;fhff; fhjiyg;gw;wp vOjKbahJ. Lj;J Muha;tjw;fhf fhjiyg;gw;wp vOjyhk;. l kpff;ftdkhf >Uf;fNtz;Lk;. Vnddpy; Nrh;j;Jg; ghh;f;fpwNghJ >jw;Fhpa >lnkd;dΠf;fhl;rpapy; gyUk; njhlh; ehlfq;fisg; h; gj;JtUlq;fSf;F Kd;dh; Mde;jtpfld; jhlh;fijfis thuhthuk; tpOe;jbj;J ;fs; >d;W jpdKk; >e;jj; njhiyf;fhl;rp ;fpwhh;fs;. Clfk; khwptpl;lJ. ehq;fs; ;f;fpw KiwikAk; khwptpl;lJ. >e;jj; h;fs; vq;fSila tho;f;ifapy; xU rkfhy fpd;wd. vd;dntd;why; tho;f;ifia jd;ikia ehq;fs; gbg;gbahf >oe;Jnfhz;L tho;f;ifiaf; fhl;rpfs; fhl;rpfshfr; rk;gtk; whk;. mj;NjhL Nrh;e;J ehq;fs; NghfpNwhNk ghfpwJ vd;gijg; ghh;g;gjpy;iy. cjhuzkhf yf;fhl;rp ehlfj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;, hy; mjid xUtUk; thrpf;fkhl;lhh;fs;. iyapd; fij njhlq;fpaJ vq;NfNah. mJ ;NfNah. njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfj;jpy; cs;s hy;, mjid KWf;fp xU rdypy; tpl;Ltpl;L
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mjpNy vd;d tUfpwNjh mjid ehq;fs; ghh;j We just watch it. >uz;L epkplq;fs; ghh;j;j khw;Wthd; mg;gbNa >Uf;fl;Lkd; vd;W tp psychology of television. vd;Dila kfs; Nt tpsk;guq;fs; tUk;NghJ mit Njitaw rdy;fis khw;wp khw;wp ehd;F ehlfq;fis xN ehlfk; ghh;g;gjhdhy; xUehlfj;ij my;yt >jpy; Kf;fpak; vd;dntd;why; Patern is the same Md xd;W tuNtz;Lkhdhy; vg;gbtUk;Πtho;f;ifia mg;gbf; fhl;btpl;L xU Xuj tpl;LtpLjy;. >d;iwa tho;f;ifNa mg;gbj;jhd Jz;lhlg;gl;l Fragmented life. cjhuzkhf e mjw;Fhpa fhzpNahL >Uf;fpw me;j tho;f;i njhlh; khbfspy; >Uf;Fk;NghJ NtW tpjkh khbf;Fs; ePq;fs; >Uf;fpwPh;fs;. mJ cq;fSi fjitj; jpwe;jTld; me;jj; njhlh;khb c >e;j Sence of privacy and sence of Publicness >Uf;fpNwd; vd;w epiyik >Uf;fpwjy;y KOtjpYk; njhpAk;. Culture KOtjpNyAk; nj epWj;jtpayhJ.
mjp\;ltrkhf vq;fSf;F 60fspy;, 70fs Nghf;F mjw;fhd vOj;Jf;fSila jpirKfk >Ue;jJ. >g;NghJ mJ >y;iy. >g;nghOJ m mJ rpq;fsj;jpYk; >y;iy. F[uhj;jpf;Fk; > Mf tsh;e;j kiyahsj;jpNy $l >y;iy Culture cila jhf;fk; mg;gb. kpf ey kiyahsj;jpNy >g;nghOJ kpfTk; Nkhrk tUfpd;wd. %d;whtJ cyf ehLfspy; F ehLfspy; Mass culture Vw;gLj;jpAs;s jhf;fk Kfk; nfhLf;fpwnghOJ fhj;jpukhd >yf;f fhj;jpuk; my;yhjit ntWk; thrpg;Gf;f >ileLtpy; cs;stw;iw xU tifahfT >ijg;gw;wpa xU ftdk;, >ijg;gw;wpa fl;lhakhfj; Njit. Mdhy; mg;gbahd x >d;iwf;Fs;s gj;jphpif mikg;G jhq;fhJ. vLj;Jf; nfhz;Bh;fshdhy; >e;j tPuNfrhp, jpd tuyhW jhd; vq;fSila yf;fpa t
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

h mjid ehq;fs; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUg;Nghk;. ;L epkplq;fs; ghh;j;j gpd;dh; Vd; mjid >Uf;fl;Lkd; vd;W tpl;L tpLNthk;. That is . vd;Dila kfs; NtWkhjphpr; nra;ths;. hJ mit Njitaw;wit vd;W nrhy;yp p ehd;F ehlfq;fis xNujlitapy; ghh;g;ghs;. ; xUehlfj;ij my;yth ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. d;why; Patern is the same. >jw;Fs; xU Serious ;Lkhdhy; vg;gbtUk;Π>J vd;dntd;why; ; fhl;btpl;L xU Xuj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J tho;f;ifNa mg;gbj;jhd;. >d;iwa tho;f;if ted life. cjhuzkhf ePq;fs; xU jdptPl;by; >Uf;fpw me;j tho;f;if >Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; f;Fk;NghJ NtW tpjkhd tho;f;if. njhlh; ;fpwPh;fs;. mJ cq;fSila tPLjhd;. Mdhy; me;jj; njhlh;khb cq;fSila tPly;y. and sence of Publicness mjw;Fs; ehd; vq;Nf piyik >Uf;fpwjy;yth. >J tho;f;if ulture KOtjpNyAk; njhpAk;. >jid ehq;fs;
;fSf;F 60fspy;, 70fspy;, >Ue;j murpay; ;Jf;fSila jpirKfk; gw;wpa xU tpkh;rdk; >y;iy. >g;nghOJ mg;gbr; nra;atpayhJ. ;iy. F[uhj;jpf;Fk; >y;iy. kpfTk; Strong hsj;jpNy $l >y;iy. Vndd;why; Mass ;fk; mg;gb. kpf ey;y glq;fs; tUfpw ghOJ kpfTk; Nkhrkhd nrf;]; glq;fs; cyf ehLfspy; Fwpg;ghff; fhydpj;Jt Vw;gLj;jpAs;s jhf;fk; >J. >jw;F ehq;fs; J fhj;jpukhd >yf;fpak; xU GwkhfTk;, t ntWk; thrpg;Gf;fhdit xd;whfTk;, w;iw xU tifahfTk; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;. tdk;, >ijg;gw;wpa xU topelj;Jif Mdhy; mg;gbahd xU topelj;Jifia f mikg;G jhq;fhJ. tPuNfrhp, jpdfuid dhy; >e;j tPuNfrhp, jpdfud; gj;jphpiffspd; la yf;fpa tuyhW. Mdhy; fle;j
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gj;J tUlfhy tuyhw;iw vOj Kw;gLfpwtU gpw;ghL tUfpw >yf;fpa tuyhw;iw vOJfpwth QhapW tPuNfrhpiaAk; itj;J vOj >ayhJ khw;wq;fs; nfhOk;ig ikakhff; nfhz;l kw;wJ mit Mass culture >d; ghjpg;GfSf;F gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfs; vJTk; eilngwtpy;iy khzth;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;fpw Kiwikapy; KiwfSk; rhpahf mikatpy;iy. mJTk; Kiw khwp tpl;lJ, ghh;f;fpwKiw khwptpl >yf;fpaj;ij vt;thW mZf Ntz;Lk Kiwikfspy; Fwpg;ghf >yf;fpa tpkh;rd khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;. Jujp\;ltrk vw;gltpy;iy.
ehd; ek;GfpNwd;, ehq;fs; >g;NghJ >Uf;fpNwhk;. ehq;fs; vOJtjpy; Message r >Uf;fpd;wd vd;w me;jg; gpur;ridia ehq;f vq;fSf;F xU re;Njh\k;. ehq;fs; czh;e;J re;Njh\k;. khh;f;]par; nrhw;fisg; gad;gL >g;NghJ NkNyhq;fp >Ug;gJ nghJ kf;fshy; >yf;fpaNk jtpu xU kf;fs; >yf;fpak; m literature. It is populist literature. rdtpUg;gkhd > >yf;fpak; my;y. >g;NghJ mJ Mass >yf People vd;gJ kf;fSila murpay; r%f me;jr; nrhy; tUfpwJ. vd;W khh;f;]; nrhy;y >Ug;gJ Mass jhd;.
ePq;fs; FKjk;, Mde;j tpfldpy; t ghUq;fs;. ntF Rthu];akhf >Uf;Fk;. rpWr ahiuAk; Fwpg;gjpy;iy. thrpf;Fk;NghJ mt;tsTjhd;. >e;j epiyik te;Jtpl;lJ. > >jid vt;thW Ghpe;Jnfhs;tJ vd;gJjhd; g mnkhpf;fhtpy; >J gpur;rpiday;y. >q;Fjhd; Rje;jpufhyj;jpy; vOjpath;fs;, murpay; vOjpath;fs; >g;NghJ >e;j ntF[dg; gj;jp Kiwapy; tpj;jpahrk; >Uf;fpwJ. gj;jphpiffSf;$lhfg; NghuhLfpwNghJ >Uf gw;wp vt;thW fzpg;gPL nra;tJ, kjpg;gPL nra
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;iw vOj Kw;gLfpwtUf;F vz;gJfSf;Fg; tuyhw;iw vOJfpwth; QhapW jpdfuidAk; ; itj;J vOj >ayhJ. Vndd;why;, murpay; g ikakhff; nfhz;lJ vd;gJ xU Gwk;. ture >d; ghjpg;GfSf;F Mshfptpl;ld. >it JTk; eilngwtpy;iy. >e;j tsh;r;rpfis fhs;fpw Kiwikapy; vq;fSila fw;gpj;jy; ikatpy;iy. mJTk; xU rpf;fy;. >urid ghh;f;fpwKiw khwptpl;lJ. >jd;fhuzkhf hW mZf Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw fw;gpj;jy; hf >yf;fpa tpkh;rd Kiwikfspy; rpy tz;Lk;. Jujp\;ltrkhf mit >d;Dk;
;, ehq;fs; >g;NghJ Mass culture f;Fs; vOJtjpy; Message rk;ge;jkhd rpf;fy;fs; ;jg; gpur;ridia ehq;fs; czUfpwjpNyNa \k;. ehq;fs; czh;e;J nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;w ; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nrhy;tjhdhy;, Ug;gJ nghJ kf;fshy; epiwa thrpf;fg;gLfpw kf;fs; >yf;fpak; my;y. It is not peoples’ erature. rdtpUg;gkhd >yf;fpaNk jtpu kf;fs; ;NghJ mJ Mass >yf;fpakhf khwptpl;lJ. ila murpay; r%f Identity cld;jhd; . vd;W khh;f;]; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhh;. >g;NghJ
Mde;j tpfldpy; tUk; rpWfijfisg; ];akhf >Uf;Fk;. rpWrpW fijfshf mit ;iy. thrpf;Fk;NghJ xU re;Njh\k;. piyik te;Jtpl;lJ. >J jtph;f;f KbahjJ. nfhs;tJ vd;gJjhd; gpur;rid. >q;fpyhe;J ;rpiday;y. >q;Fjhd; gpur;rid. Vndd;why; jpath;fs;, murpay; Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpNy >e;j ntF[dg; gj;jphpiffSf;F vOJfpw hrk; >Uf;fpwJ. me;j ntF[dg; ; NghuhLfpwNghJ >Uf;fpwJ. >jdhy;, >J nra;tJ, kjpg;gPL nra;tJ gw;wpa gpur;rid
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vq;fSf;F Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; ePq Nghd;w >yf;fpa rQ;rpifapy; >e;j tp\ fl;Liufisg; gyiuAk;nfhz;L vOJtpj >Uf;Fk;. >d;iwa >yf;fpar; re;ijfspDi >yf;F thrfh; ahh;Πme;jkhjphpahd Nfs;tpf >jpy; vy;NyhUk; gq;Fgw;Wfpw KiwapN Vndd;why;, vd;Dila mgpg;gpuhag;gb >J >d Nghfyhk;. cz;ikapy; >J vq;fSila te;J khzth;fSf;Fg; NghfpwNghJjhd; m tUk;.
kw;wJ vOj;jhsd; jhd; vOjpaijg; tpLtjw;F Mirg;gLfpwhNd jtpu me;jg jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jg; NghfpwJ vd;gijg;g >jpNy >d;ndhU tp\ak; >Uf;fpwJ. >y njhopy;El;gk; khwptpl;lJ. ahUk; tpUk;gpdhy; D.T.Papy; Gj;jfk; NghLtJ nghpa f\;lkpy;i E}w;iwk;gJ gpujpfisg; Nghl;L ez;gh;f re;Njh\k; milayhk;. Book vd;fpw Con MfpwJ. tpj;jpahrg;gLfpwJ. >e;j khw;wq ehq;fs; Nehf;fNtz;Lk;.
>e;j tplaq;fs; gw;wp Nkw;F ehLfs jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. jkpofj;jpNy >e;j M Kiwiag;ngwtpy;iy. Uf;fpd;wd. me;j murpay; Nghuhl;lq;fNs Nrh;j;Jg; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;.
>yq;ifapy; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; rk;g Vw;gl;LtUfpw epiyg;ghl;ilg; ghUq;fs;. gj;J te;j vOj;Jf;fs; vOj;jhsh;fs; vO vOj;jhsh;fshf >dq;fz;lth;fNs vO fhyj;jpDila fz;L gpbg;Gfshd uQ;rFkhh; m Atd; Nghd;wth;fs; vOJfpwhh;fs;. G te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. vOj;jpDila Neh;iki nghJthd vOj;Jyfj;Jf;Fs; khj;jpuky;yhky >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. >jpYk; ngz;fs; $Ljy
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; ePq;fs; cq;fsJ Qhdk; ;rpifapy; >e;j tp\ak; gw;wp tpkh;rdf; uAk;nfhz;L vOJtpj;jhy; gpuNahrdkhf yf;fpar; re;ijfspDila jd;ikfs; vd;dΠe;jkhjphpahd Nfs;tpfis vOg;gNtz;Lk;. q;Fgw;Wfpw KiwapNy nra;aNtz;Lk;. mgpg;gpuhag;gb >J >dpNkYk; czug;glhky; py; >J vq;fSila fw;gpj;jy; KiwapNy g; NghfpwNghJjhd; mJ rhpahdKiwapy;
d; jhd; vOjpaijg; Gj;jfkhfg; Nghl;L fpwhNd jtpu me;jg; Gj;jfk; vg;gbahd ; NghfpwJ vd;gijg;gw;wpr; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. p\ak; >Uf;fpwJ. >yf;fpa cw;gj;jpf;fhd J. ahUk; tpUk;gpdhy; xU Gj;jfk; Nghlyhk;. LtJ nghpa f\;lkpy;iy. xU E}W my;yJ sg; Nghl;L ez;gh;fSf;F mDg;gptpl;L k;. Book vd;fpw Concept >d;W Devalued LfpwJ. >e;j khw;wq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk;
k;.
gw;wp Nkw;F ehLfspNy gyh; Muha;e; pofj;jpNy >e;j Ma;T xU El;gkhd Uf;fpwJ. Vndd;why; urpay; Nghuhl;lq;fs; >d;Dk; vq;fSf;F urpay; Nghuhl;lq;fNshL >jid ehq;fs; Lk;.
po; vOj;Jf;fs; rk;ge;jkhf gbg;gbahf hl;ilg; ghUq;fs;. gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Kjy; vOj;jhsh;fs; vOjpait. jq;fis q;fz;lth;fNs vOjpait. mz;ikf; pbg;Gfshd uQ;rFkhh; my;yJ jpUf;NfhtpY}h; ; vOJfpwhh;fs;. GJf;ftpQh;fs; gyh; j;jpDila Neh;ikiag; ghh;f;fpwJf;Fg; ;Jf;Fs; khj;jpuky;yhky;, gyh; Nghuhspfshf k; ngz;fs; $Ljyhf >Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
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vOj;jpDila Neh;ik, mJ Nghfpw jd;ik N vOj;jpd; jd;ik kpfTk; Specialized Mfpf;nfhz tUfpd;w ftpijfs; gytw;wpy; my;yJ ngU Nghuhl;lk; xU gpd;Gykhfj;jjhd; tUf ngz;Zila ftpijj;njhFjpapy; me;jg; n - Jtf;ifAk; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L me;j >lj;jpy xU ngz; vd;W czUk;NghJ mtSf;F Vw vj;jifad vd;gJ njhpfpwJ. >g;nghOJ vO mts; my;yJ mtd; ahh;Œ me;j vOj;jhsuJ >tw;iw ehq;fs; ntWkNd J}f;fpnawpa >ay ftpijfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ntWk; gpur;rhuk >ayhJ. ehd; xU tpkh;rfdhf epd;W ghh;f;fpN tUtijAk; vjpuhf tUtijAk; ehd; mEgtj;jpDila cz;ikj;jd;ik Neh;ik mtw;iw ahh; ahh; czu KbfpwJ, ahh; ahuhy vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ. Mass cluture >y; Kf;fpa mJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; tpsq;Ffpwkhjphp, vy;yhi >Uf;Fk;. >jw;F ey;y cjhuzk;, r tiutpyf;fzj;jpd;gb rpdpkhtpy; tUtJ ftpi mJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Situation Df;fhf vOjg;gLf mJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthd mEgtq;fi >Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mJ NkNyhl;l khdJjhd;. M mEgtk; >y;yhky; vOjtpayhJ. Mass clutur rpq;fsj;jpy; nrhy;tJNghy; ‘nghnyhq; f mjidr; nra;atpayhJ. Jujp\ nghnyhq;fj;jhtTf;Fj; jkpo;g;gjk; >y;iy. n Calf love vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy;tijg; Nghd Xh; >isQd; Atjpf;F >ilNa mth;fS tplaq;fisg; ghl;lhfg; Nghl;lTld; m Nfl;fpwhh;fNs vd;w czh;Ntapy;yhky; eh Mass cluture vd;d nra;fpwnjd;why; mJ jd;ikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. vq;fSila me;ju nra;fpwJ. mJ vq;fSila kdpj MS nfhz;LtUfpwJ. xU Mass cluture vOj;jhs >NyRg;gl;l fhhpaky;y. mJf;nfhU jpwi mtdJ vOj;ij thrpj;J Kbj;jTld;, th tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp thrpj;jkhjphp >Uf;fT
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

, mJ Nghfpw jd;ik Nghd;wtw;wpw;nfy;yhk; ; Specialized Mfpf;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. >g;NghJ ytw;wpy; my;yJ ngUk;ghyhd ehty;fspy; ykhfj;jjhd; tUfpwJ. mk;Gyp vd;fpw ;njhFjpapy; me;jg; ngz;zpDila >Ug;G ;nfhz;L me;j >lj;jpy; >Uf;Fk;NghJ, jhd; Uk;NghJ mtSf;F Vw;gLk; czh;Tfs;jhd; hpfpwJ. >g;nghOJ vOj;jhsh; vd;gth; ahh;Œ ahh;Œ me;j vOj;jhsuJ mEgtq;fs; vd;dŒ kNd J}f;fpnawpa >ayhJ. mq;F te;jpUf;fpw wAk; ntWk; gpur;rhuk; vd;W J}f;fpnawpa h;rfdhf epd;W ghh;f;fpNwd;. >jw;Fr; rhh;ghf tUtijAk; ehd; nrhy;fpNwd;. me;j z;ikj;jd;ik Neh;ik Ngzg;glNtz;Lk;. u KbfpwJ, ahh; ahuhy; czu Kbatpy;iy ass cluture >y; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;dntd;why; psq;Ffpwkhjphp, vy;yhiuAk; njhLfpwkhjphp ey;y cjhuzk;, rpdpkhf; ftpijfs;. rpdpkhtpy; tUtJ ftpijahf >Uf;fKbahJ. ation Df;fhf vOjg;gLfpw tp\ak;. >Ug;gpDk; nghJthd mEgtq;fisr; nrhy;tJNghy; NkNyhl;l khdJjhd;. Mokhfg; Nghtjpy;iy. jtpayhJ. Mass cluture f;Fs; Nghtnjd;gJ, Nghy; ‘nghnyhq; fj;jht’ Nghy Rk;kh tpayhJ. Jujp\;ltrkhf >e;j j; jkpo;g;gjk; >y;iy. nghyq;fj;jht vd;gJ j;jpy; nrhy;tijg; Nghd;wJ. tpliyf; fhjy;. >ilNa mth;fSf;F khj;jpuk; njhpe;j hfg; Nghl;lTld; mjid vy;NyhUk; czh;Ntapy;yhky; ehq;fSk; Nfl;fpNwhk;. a;fpwnjd;why; mJ xU nghJg;gilahd wJ. vq;fSila me;juq;fq;fis >y;yhky; ;fSila kdpj MSikfis mhpj;Jf; Mass cluture vOj;jhsdhf >Ug;gnjd;gJ ;y. mJf;nfhU jpwikNtz;Lk;. Vnddpy; rpj;J Kbj;jTld;, thrfDf;F jhd; VNjh thrpj;jkhjphp >Uf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;
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me;j thrpg;G thrfid MokhfTk; Mokhfg;ghjpf;Fnkd;why; mtd; mjid th rkPgj;jpy; mT];jpNuypahTf;Fg; NghfpwNg vj;jidNah Ngh; rpq;fg;G+hpy; xU ehtiy rpl;dpapy; >wq;Fk;NghJ mjid >Uf;if Nghthh;fs;. xU fhyj;jpy; ehd; >g;gb tplg;gl vdJ igapy; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L tUtJ t vd;kidtp vd;id VRthh;. Mdhy; >g;NghJ e ehty;fis mg;gb thrpj;Jtpl;L >Uf;if >wq;fptpLNwd;. thrpg;G kuG khwptpl;lJ. >J xU Ma;T jkpOf;F >d;Dk; tutpy;iy. >jdh xU nghpa Personality Mf, gioa GytDf cld; >izj;Jg; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. >g;NghJ vOj mtDila re;ij khwptpl;lJ. mtDila Mdhy; mNjNtisapy; vq;fSila ehL >U gpd;fhydpj;Jt r%fk; >Uf;fpwtiuapy; vq;fS >Uf;Fk;. >jw;Fs; >jid vg;gb Balance gpur;rpid. gpuhd;];, mnkhpf;fh, >q;fpyhe;J vOJfpwth;fSf;F me;jg;gphpT kpfTk; Ry >q;fhYk; Nghfyhk;. eLtpNy xU NfhLNgh populist literature vd;Wk; >J Serious literat Nghlyhk;. Mdhy; >q;F vq;fSf;F xU vq;fSila politics khwtpy;iy. vq;fs; mjdhNyjhd; >e;jr; Nrhfk; vq;fSf;F Vw Mass cluture te;Jnfhz;Nl >Uf;fpwJ. > vq;fSila tho;f;if khwhJ >Uf;fpwJ ghUq;fs;. mJ khw;wk; mile;J tUf NghLtjpy;iyNa. Youth cluture f;F mth;fs; Title NghLtjpy;iy. >e;j Mass cluture g cs;slf;fp itj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mJ xNuNeuj;jpy; >g;gbahd xU Nfhapy; >ae;jpuj;ijAk; Nghl;Lj;jUk Ghpatpy;iy vd;why; gpur;rpidjhd;. vOj Personality vd;W epidf;fhjPh;fs;. mtd; khwptp khwptpl;lJ. vy;yhNk khwptpl;ld. jp.Qh.: mg;gbahdhy; tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh mg;gbahdhy; tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh mg;gbahdhy; tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh mg;gbahdhy; tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh mg;gbahdhy; tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh mk;rq;fis cs;thq;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Nt mk;rq;fis cs;thq;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Nt mk;rq;fis cs;thq;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Nt mk;rq;fis cs;thq;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Nt mk;rq;fis cs;thq;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Nt
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fid MokhfTk; ghjpf;fTq; $lhJ. why; mtd; mjid thrpf;fkhl;lhd;. ePq;fs; ypahTf;Fg; NghfpwNghJ ghh;j;jpUg;gPh;fs;. ;fg;G+hpy; xU ehtiy thq;fp thrpj;Jtpl;L hJ mjid >Uf;ifapNyNa tpl;Ltpl;Lg; ;jpy; ehd; >g;gb tplg;gl;l ehty;fis vLj;J f; nfhz;L tUtJ tof;fk;. >ijg;ghh;j;J thh;. Mdhy; >g;NghJ ehDk; rpyNtisfspy; thrpj;Jtpl;L >Uf;ifapNyNa tpl;Ltpl;L ;G kuG khwptpl;lJ. >Jfisg; gw;wp Mokhd ;Dk; tutpy;iy. >jdhNyjhd; vOj;jhsid Mf, gioa GytDf;Fhpa xU Personality ;fpNwhk;. >g;NghJ vOj;jhsNd khwptpl;lhd;. hwptpl;lJ. mtDila Nehf;F khwptpl;lJ. ; vq;fSila ehL >Uf;fpw epiyapy; >e;jg; >Uf;fpwtiuapy; vq;fSf;Fg; gpur;rpidfSk; jid vg;gb Balance gz;Ztnjd;gJjhd; mnkhpf;fh, >q;fpyhe;J Nghd;w ehLfspy; e;jg;gphpT kpfTk; RygkhdJ. mq;fhYk; eLtpNy xU NfhLNghlyhk;. mjhtJ >J k; >J Serious literature vd;Wk; gphpNfhL q;F vq;fSf;F xU NfhLfPw >ayhJ. khwtpy;iy. vq;fs; r%fk; khwtpy;iy. Nrhfk; vq;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. xUgf;fj;jpNy z;Nl >Uf;fpwJ. >d;ndhU gf;fj;jpNy f khwhJ >Uf;fpwJ. jkpo; rpdpkhitg; w;wk; mile;J tUfpwJ. Title jkpopNy th cluture f;F mth;fs; Cater gz;zp jkpopNy >e;j Mass cluture gy;NtW mk;rq;fis pUf;fpwJ vd;gij ehq;fs; tpsq;fpf; xNuNeuj;jpy; >g;gbahd fijfisAk; jUk;? j;ijAk; Nghl;Lj;jUk;. >jidr; rhpahfg; ; gpur;rpidjhd;. vOj;jhsd; xU khwhj ;fhjPh;fs;. mtd; khwptpl;lhd;. mtdJ vOj;J khwptpl;ld. tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh;itapYk; >j;jifa tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh;itapYk; >j;jifa tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh;itapYk; >j;jifa tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh;itapYk; >j;jifa tpkh;rfh;fSila ghh;itapYk; >j;jifa ;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Ntz;Lky;ythΠmg;gb ;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Ntz;Lky;ythΠmg;gb ;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Ntz;Lky;ythΠmg;gb ;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Ntz;Lky;ythΠmg;gb ;fpa jd;ik >Uf;f Ntz;Lky;ythΠmg;gb
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>e;j eilKiwfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpsq;fpf; y;yJ >tw;iwj; jkpo; epiyg;gLj;jp q;fs; vJTk; mz;ikapy; te;jjhf vdf;Fj; f;fyhk;. fhyr;RtL Nghd;w rQ;rpiffspNy dhy; >e;j khjphpahd xU tpkh;rd Kiwik ;fs; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s >yahJ. Post modernism J Kbe;J ntFfhykhfpwJ. Post modernism jhd; epd;Wnfhz;L ghh;f;fpNwhNk jtpu >e;j d; >jidg; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;w epiyikf;F Pq;fs; Nfl;l Nfs;tp nuk;g Mokhd Nfs;tp. uk;gj;jpy; $wpaJNghy me;jg; gdpf;fl;b ehq;fs; mij czutpy;iy. Ice berg >y; ntd;why; flypNy Nghfpwth;fSf;Fj;jhd; jhpfpwKidjhNd mJ vd;w epidj;J ghhpa pNy Nkhjp cile;JNghd re;jh;g;gq;fSk; ture vd;w Ice berg >y; vq;fSila tho;f;if pwjw;fhd Mgj;J cz;L. mJ gw;wpa xU fhLf;f Ntz;ba Njit epr;rakhf >d;iwa ;L.
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fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : ehd; rpWtajpypUe;J murpaypy; khh;f;]paj;jpy; Mh;tk; nfhz;ltd;. khh;f;]paj vd;gJ murpaypy; Mh;tk; nfhs;tjw;F xU xU tplak;. khh;f;]pa >yf;fpak; Kw;Nghf;F fhuzkhf ehd; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAld; Nrh;e;J fl;rp mq;fj;jtdhf >Uf;Fk; msTf;Fj; nj me;j mk;rq;fisnay;yhk; vd;Dila mk;rnkd;W nfhs;sf;$lhJ. Vndd;wh fUj;Jepiy rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fs;. mJ v nfhs;fpd;w xU Discipline vd;W$lr; nrhy;y Discipline gb gy fhhpaq;fis murpay; epiya te;Njd;. fhy Xl;lk; khWtJk; me;j Xl;l murpay; ghh;itfs; khwNtz;Lk; vd;gJk;$l Xh; mbg;gilahd jd;ik. vdNt me;j khh;f;] Mokhfg; Nghfg; Nghf khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L t vd;Dila fz;Nzhl;lq;fspy; rpy khw;wq;fi >J xU Gwk; >Uf;f, >e;j murpay; y >d;ndhU jd;ikapdjhfTk; vd;Dila mike;jJz;L. 1956 njhlf;fk; 1967, 68 ti
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fy;Y}hp MrphpadhfTk; ghuhSkd;wj;j ngah;g;ghsdhfTk; tpj;jpNahjahtpy; cjtp >Ue;Njd;. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ehd; xU nfhk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; nghJ eltb nfhz;bUe;Njd;. 72 >d; gpd;dh; Fwpg;ghf e ce;Jjy;, mtUila Ntz;Ljy;, mtUld; >i fhuzkhf >yf;fpaj;NjhL kl;Lk; epy;yhk Ngha; >yf;fpak; rhh;e;j Jiwfspy;, mur tsh;g;gjw;F Fwpg;ghf xypgug;Gj;Jiwapy; t eltbf;iffspy; y; ehd; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;f mq;Fs;s epiyikfisg; ghh;f;fpd;wNg tpj;jpahrkhf >Ue;jJ. >Ue;jhYk; nghJTilikf; fl;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lj; nfhz;bUe;Njd;. 82 >d; gpd;dh; epiyik rw;W 83 >ypUe;J >yq;ifapy; nghpa khw;wk; Vw;gl nghWj;jtiuapy; 83 >y; mth;fs; > gFjpfspypUe;J tlfpof;fpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhh;f mth;fsJ >Ug;Gf;Fg; gpur;rid Vw;glj; njh mJ xU Kf;fpakhd mk;rk;. 84>y; >Ue;J vOr;rpfs; fhuzkhf tlfpof;fpYs;s rh tho;f;iff;fhd mr;RWj;jy;fs; gy Vw;gl;ld. Vw;gl;L jkpo; vk;. gp. f;fSf;Fg; ghuhSkd;wg; g xU epiyik Vw;gl;lJ. mjid MwhtJ vd;W nrhy;Ythh;fs;. mjd; gpwF Xh; >i Vw;gl;lJ. >jw;fhfr; rpyh; ‘gpui[f; FO’ v Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. mJ KjypNy aho;g;ghz ehd; 83,84 >Ny Nfk;gpwpl;[;f;Fr; nrd;Wtpl >e;jg; gpui[fs; FOf;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Vw;gl;bUe;jd. ty;ntl;bj;Jiwapy; x Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mjw;F e Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mq;Fs;s Cuth;fs; tpU ehd; kWf;fKbahj epiyapy; Vw;Wf; nfh aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s gpui[fs; FON nfhs;sNtz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ M mUikehafk; Nghd;wth;fNshL kpf neUq ghyh kpf ey;y kdpjh;. mw;Gjkhd kd vjw;Fk; glglg;gpy;yhky; vjidAk; MW
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jd;ikAs;sth;. >th;fNshL Nrh;e;J Ntiy Njit Vw;gl;lJ. >e;jg; gpui[fs; FO cs;@h; kl;lj;jpNyNah my;yJ kj;jpa muR kf;fSf;F ve;jtpjkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kf;fs;gLfpd;w f\;lq;fis vLj;Jr; nrhy;t mikg;G, mf;fhyj;jpy; murhq;f mjpgUf;Ff G+h;tkhd xU epWtd mikg;G >Uf;ft gilfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghfTs;s jsgjpaplk; chpathplk; nrd;W >d;d >d;d >lq;fspy; gpur vd;W nrhy;yNtz;ba Njit >Ue;jJ. ty;ntl;bj;Jiwg; gFjpf;; flw;fiu Xuk ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mg;NghJ gUj;jpj;Ji Nf. fNzrypq;fKk; ty;ntl;bj;Jiwapy; mg;NghJ fpof;fpYk;gy gpur;ridfs; Njhd FO xd;wpak; xd;wpidj; Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz ghyRg;gpukzpak;jhd; mjid Kd;dpd;W nra;jnghOJ, me;jg; gpui[fs; FOtpd; xd jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLj;jhh;fs;. me;j aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fs;Ns khj;jpuky;yhky;, kl mq;Fs;sth;fNshL Ngrp epiyikfis nrhy;tJld; murkl;lj;jpYk; vLj;Jr; nrhy >Ue;jJ. 86 tiuapy; me;j epiyik >Ue;j kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd fhyfl;lk; Vndd;why; kpfNkhrkhf tsh;e;J, murhq;fk; xU Aj;jj;i epiyikf;F te;jpUe;jJ. cs;@h; Aj;jk; vd epiyik murhq;fj;jpw;F Vw;gl;bUe;jJ ntspg;ghLjhd; 1985 >y; ele;j jpk;G fhyfl;lj;jpNyjhd; Nghh; epWj;j xg;ge;jk; xd cs;@hpy; cs;sth;fisf; nfhz;Nl xU fz epakpj;jpUe;jhh;fs;. mJ MNwO khjq;fs jpk;G kfhehl;bw;Fr; rw;W Kd;dh;jhd; mji mjpNy gpui[fs; FOtpy; mq;fj;Jtk vd;wtifapy;, jpUNfhzkiy >e;Jf; fy;Y} >Ue;j, jpU. rptghyDk; ehDk; njhpT nra Vw;gjh tpLtjh vd;gJ gw;wpnay;yhk; rpf;fy;f me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpui[fspDila Njit >af;fq;fSld; ehq;fs; njhlh;G itj;jpUe;Nj ehq;fs; Vw;gNj rhpnad;W $wpdhh;fs;. kl;lj;jpy; vd;Dila kf;fl; nghJepi
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;fNshL Nrh;e;J Ntiy nra;aNtz;ba xU e;jg; gpui[fs; FO vd;gJ mf;fhyj;jpy; h my;yJ kj;jpa muR kl;lj;jpNyNah jkpo; hd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; >y;yhj epiyapy;, ;fis vLj;Jr; nrhy;tjw;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ; murhq;f mjpgUf;Ff; $l Xh; cj;jpNahf d mikg;G >Uf;ftpy;iy. Fwpg;ghfg; ;ghfTs;s jsgjpaplk; my;yJ Mizf;F ;d >d;d >lq;fspy; gpur;ridfs; >Uf;fpd;wd a Njit >Ue;jJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; Fjpf;; flw;fiu Xuk; kpfkpf Nkhrkhfg; mg;NghJ gUj;jpj;Jiwapy; Nguhrphpah; tp. ty;ntl;bj;Jiwapy; ehDk; >Ue;Njhk;. y gpur;ridfs; Njhd;wpaNghJ gpui[fs; dj; Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. mjid Kd;dpd;W nra;jhh;. mt;thW gpui[fs; FOtpd; xd;wpaj;jpw;F vd;idj; jLj;jhh;fs;. me;j epiyapy; ehq;fs; khj;jpuky;yhky;, kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fr; nrd;W Ngrp epiyikfis Mkpf;fhuUf;Fr; j;jpYk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yNtz;ba epiyik ; me;j epiyik >Ue;jJ. >e;jf; fhyfl;lk; hyfl;lk; Vndd;why; mg;NghJjhd; Nghh; murhq;fk; xU Aj;jj;ij vjph; Nehf;Ffpd;w J. cs;@h; Aj;jk; vd mjid Vw;fNtz;ba ;jpw;F Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. >jDila xU 5 >y; ele;j jpk;G kfhehL. >e;jf; hh; epWj;j xg;ge;jk; xd;W nra;J mjw;nfd sf; nfhz;Nl xU fz;fhzpg;Gf; FO xd;iw mJ MNwO khjq;fs;jhd; njhopw;gl;lJ. w;W Kd;dh;jhd; mjidr; nra;jpUe;jhh;fs;. FOtpy; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wth;fs; zkiy >e;Jf; fy;Y}hpapy; Kd;G mjpguhf k; ehDk; njhpT nra;ag;gl;Nlhk;. >jid gw;wpnay;yhk; rpf;fy;fs; >Ue;jd. Mdhy; pui[fspDila Njitfs; Fwpj;Jk; >isQh; ; njhlh;G itj;jpUe;Njhk;. >th;fs;, >jid ad;W $wpdhh;fs;. >e;jg; gpui[fs;FO a kf;fl; nghJepiy eltbf;iffs;
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kpfKf;fpakhdit vd;W fUJfpd;Nwd;. >iof;fg;gLk; Fw;wq;fSf;F VjhtJ xU kh vd;W mth;fSila jsgjpfSf;F vLj;J NjitapUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf Ml;fs; fhz gilapdhplk; nrd;W mth;fsplk; fhzhky Nfl;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mJ neUly rpyNtisfspy; >Uf;Fk;. ehq;fs; ele;J N cah;j;jpagb miu iky; J}uk; nry;yNt KiwapNyjhd; ghJfhg;G epiy Mkpf;fhk;g kpfTk; Tension f;F chpa tplak;. kw;wJ nrd;W mq;Fs;s cah;kl;l murpay; jiyt tplaq;fisr; nrhy;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mUikehafk;, Fzul;zk; Nghd;wth;fs >Ue;Njhk;. ehq;fs; gpNukjh], N[. Mh;. [ath re;jpj;Njhk;. yypj; mj;Jyj;Kjypiar; re;jpf;f fl;rpapy; cs;sth;fs;, S. L. M. P. apy; cs;st re;jpj;Njhk;. gpNukjh]hitr; re;jpj;jNghJ rk;ge;jkhf ePq;fs; fl;lhak; N[. Mh;. [at Ntz;Lk; vd;W. mjw;F mth; xOq;F nra N[. Miur; re;jpj;jNghJ yypj;Jk;$l >Ue;j ”ePq;fs; Vd; yypj; %yk; tutpy;iy. >th;jhN mikr;rh;’’ vd;W. mJ xU kpf >f;fl;lhdepi me;jf; $l;lk; cile;J tpLNkh vd;w gak; ehd; mg;NghJ, ”ePq;fs; >e;j ehl;bd; [dhj %yk; te;j [dhjpgjp; vdNt >e;j ehl;bd Kiwapy; vq;fSf;F Neubahf cq;fSld; n chpik cz;L vd;w mbg;gilapNyjhd; t chpik vq;fSf;F >y;iynad;W jhq;fs; fU vJTk; nra;aKbahJ’’ vd;W nrhd;Ndd;. vdf;Fr; irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpNy nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w te;jJ. mjhtJ gy;NtW nja;tq;fs; nja;tkhfr; rptngUkhd; >Uf;fpwhh; vd;w itj;Jf; nfhz;L nrhd;Ndd;. epr;rakhf ez;gh;fs; >jidj; jtwhf tpsq;fg; Nghfpw >g;gb ehd; $wpaNghJ N[. Mh;. mjid Vw fhhpaq;fisr; nra;tjhff; $wpdhh;. aho;g;ghz f\;lq;fis nfhOk;gpNy nrd;W nrhy;tjhf kpf Kf;fpakhd iky; fy;yhf mike;jJ vq;fSf;Fg; gpd;Gykhf epd;W MNyhrid
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

d;W fUJfpd;Nwd;. xd;W gilapduhy; Sf;F VjhtJ xU khw;Wtop fhzNtz;Lk; jsgjpfSf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;ba wpg;ghf Ml;fs; fhzhky; NghFk;NghJ mth;fsplk; fhzhky; Nghdth;fs; gw;wpf; ;jJ. mJ neUlyhd gpur;ridahfr; ;Fk;. ehq;fs; ele;J NghFk;NghJ iffis ky; J}uk; nry;yNtz;bapUf;Fk;. me;j hg;G epiy Mkpf;fhk;g;’gpy; >Uf;Fk;. mJ hpa tplak;. kw;wJ nfhOk;Gf;F ehq;fs; h;kl;l murpay; jiyth;fisr; re;jpj;J rpy Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mjw;F ehd;, ghyh, ul;zk; Nghd;wth;fs; me;jf; FOtpNy ukjh], N[. Mh;. [ath;j;jdh Nghd;wth;fisr; ;Jyj;Kjypiar; re;jpf;ftpy;iy. >lJrhhpf; S. L. M. P. apy; cs;sth;fs; MfpNahiuAk; hitr; re;jpj;jNghJ mth; nrhd;dhh;, >J ;lhak; N[. Mh;. [ath;j;jdhitr; re;jpf;f ;F mth; xOq;F nra;Jk; je;jhh;. ehq;fs; hJ yypj;Jk;$l >Ue;jhh;. N[. Mh;. Nfl;lhh; k; tutpy;iy. >th;jhNd >jw;Fg; nghWg;ghd xU kpf >f;fl;lhdepiy. me;jf; fl;lj;jpNy ;J tpLNkh vd;w gak; vq;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. s; >e;j ehl;bd; [dhjpgjp: kf;fs; njhptpd; p; vdNt >e;j ehl;bd; thf;fhsh;fs; vd;w eubahf cq;fSld; njhlh;G nfhs;sf;$ba mbg;gilapNyjhd; te;Js;Nshk;. me;j ;iynad;W jhq;fs; fUJtjhdhy; vq;fshy; ’’ vd;W nrhd;Ndd;. me;jf; fl;lj;jpNy j;jpNy nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w xU fUj;J epidtpy; gy;NtW nja;tq;fs; >Ue;jhYk; ngUe; hd; >Uf;fpwhh; vd;w fUj;jpid kdjpNy hd;Ndd;. epr;rakhf vd;Dila khh;f;]pa twhf tpsq;fg; Nghfpwhh;fs;: guthapy;iy. N[. Mh;. mjid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. gy hff; $wpdhh;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kf;fs;gLfpd;w pNy nrd;W nrhy;tjhfpa me;jf; fUkk; xU ; fy;yhf mike;jJ. me;jf; fl;lj;jpy; f epd;W MNyhridfisj; je;jth;fspy;
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ePjpaurh; khzpf;fthrfh; xUth;. vq;fS Nte;juhf mth; >Ue;jth;. >jid mLj;J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtJ, ehd; fz;fhzpg;Gf; tfpj;jjhFk;. mJ kpfTk; neUlyhd fz;fhzpg;Gf;FO, jpUNfhzkiy, kl;lf;fsg;G gy >lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W Kiwg;ghLfisf; N eltbf;iffis vLf;Fk; >e;jf; FOTf;F c Attorney General Department >y; >Ue;J x mDg;gpapUe;jhh;fs;. mth; rpyNtisfspy epiyg;ghl;il vLg;ghh;. ehq;fs; kf;fS mth;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;yNtz;ba epiyi xU tp\ak; njhpe;j rl;lj;juzp mjidj; jpir Vw;gLfpd;wNghJ mjw;F Kfk; nfhLg;gJ vq gpur;ridahf >Ue;jJ. Vd; mg;gbahd filikfs; kpfkpf neUlyhf >Ue;jd. mjpypUe;J >uh[pdhkhr; nra;tnjd;W jPh;khd mf;FO >aq;ftpy;iy. me;j >uh[pdhk Fwpg;gpl;bUe;Njd;. ”>e;jf; fz;fhzpg;Gf;FO nfhz;l xU fz;fhzpg;Gf;FO. >jd; gpd;dh; > kl;lj;jpNy ghh;j;Jj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd xU njhpatpy;iy. ehq;fs; >jidr; rhpahfr; gak; vdf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. >jdhy; >yq;if jq;fSila flikapy; jtWfpwhh;fNsh vd me;j mDgtk; xU kpfg; nghpa mDgtk;. f\;lq;fis NehpNy ghh;g;gJ. kfd; ca vd;W jha; ek;gpf;nfhz;L >Ug;ghs;. Mdhy mtd; capNuhL >y;iynad;W. Mdhy; mN xU rl;l%ykhd Kiwg;ghlhff; nfhz;L N tof;Fg;Nghy vLj;J, kWjypj;J me;j Ki nry;fpwtiuf; Nfypf;fplkhf;fp mth; ngha; nrh Vw;gLj;Jfpw #oy; xd;W >Ue;jJ. >jw cz;ikapy; kpfkpff; f\;lkhd rthyhf >U xUGwk; >Uf;Fk;NghJ mjid ehq;fs; Ntz $WfpNwhk; vd;W nrhy;Yk;NghJ mJ nghpa c >Uf;Fk;. muR >ae;jpuk; vt;thW njhopw;gL njhopw;gLk; vd;fpw epiyik vq;fSf;Fj; nj gw;wp ehq;fs; kpf td;ikahf vLj;Jf; $wpa me;jj; Jd;gq;fis me;jf; f\;lq;fisg mg;gbahd f\;lq;fs; >yq;ifapy; >y;i
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fh; xUth;. vq;fSila gy;fiyf;fof ;jth;. >jid mLj;J >uz;lhtJ fl;lkhf , ehd; fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOtpy; mq;fj;Jtk; kpfTk; neUlyhd gpur;rid. me;jf; fhzkiy, kl;lf;fsg;G, aho;g;ghzk; Nghd;w ;W Kiwg;ghLfisf; Nfl;L mjw;F Ntz;ba k; >e;jf; FOTf;F cjTtjw;nfd mth;fs; rtment >y; >Ue;J xU tof;fwpQiuAk; mth; rpyNtisfspy; kf;fSf;F vjpuhd hh;. ehq;fs; kf;fSila Jd;gq;fis rhy;yNtz;ba epiyik >Uf;fpd;w #oypy; ;lj;juzp mjidj; jpir jpUg;Gfpd;w epiyik ;F Kfk; nfhLg;gJ vq;fSf;F kpfTk; ngUk; . Vd; mg;gbahd #oypy; vq;fSila neUlyhf >Ue;jd. >Wjpahf ehq;fs; hr; nra;tnjd;W jPh;khdpj;Njhk;. mjd;gpwF y. me;j >uh[pdhkhf; fbjj;jpy; ehd; e;jf; fz;fhzpg;Gf;FO >yq;ifah;fisf; ;Gf;FO. >jd; gpd;dh; >g;gbahd >yq;ifah; ; jPh;g;gjw;fhd xU tha;g;Gf;fpl;LNkh s; >jidr; rhpahfr; nra;atpy;iy vd;w J. >jdhy; >yq;ifapYs;s Gj;jp[Ptpfs; py; jtWfpwhh;fNsh vd;w gak; >Uf;fpwJ.’’ pfg; nghpa mDgtk;. xd;W kf;fs;gLfpd;w ghh;g;gJ. kfd; capNuhL >Uf;fpd;whd; ;L >Ug;ghs;. Mdhy; vq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk; ynad;W. Mdhy; mNjNtisapy; mjid wg;ghlhff; nfhz;L Nghdhy;, mjid xU kWjypj;J me;j Kiwg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L lkhf;fp mth; ngha; nrhy;fpwhh; vd;w epiyik d;W >Ue;jJ. >jw;F Kfk; nfhLg;gJ f\;lkhd rthyhf >Ue;jJ. gLfpwf\;lk; mjid ehq;fs; Ntz;Lnkd;W rpU\;bj;Jf; ;Yk;NghJ mJ nghpa cshPjpahd jhf;fkhf jpuk; vt;thW njhopw;gLfpwJ. mJ vt;thW yik vq;fSf;Fj; njhpate;jJ. mtw;iwg; ;ikahf vLj;Jf; $wpapUf;fpNwhk;. mjhtJ me;jf; f\;lq;fisg; ghh;j;jjd; gpd;dh; ; >yq;ifapy; >y;iynad;Nwh my;yJ
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>yq;if muR vd;w epiyapy; me;j njhy;iyfis vt;thW ghh;f;fpd;wJ vd;w tpla jhf;fpa tplak;. >J epr;rakhf vd;Di kw;wtw;iwg; ghh;f;fpd;w jd;ik Nghd; Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpwJ. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpNy tpQ;Qhdpfs; rq;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpapUe;Njhk rhs;]; mgaNrfu, epA+l;ld; Fzrpq;f, Fkh [ath;j;jdh Nghd;wth;fs; >e;j tplaj;Jf Kfk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;thh cjtp vq;fSf;Fg; nghpjhf >Ue;jJ. >d;D te;J NgRtjd; fhuzkhf aho;g;ghzk;, kl;lf elf;Fk; tplaq;fis vLj;Jf; $Wtjw;F rhh;e;jth;fs; vd;fpd;w tifapy; >q;F J}juq;fSld; vq;fSf;Fj; njhlh;Gfs; Vw;gl J}jufj; njhlh;G kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mg;NghJ ehd;F >isQh; > mtw;NwhL ehq;fs; aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F t re;jpg;Nghk;. mjw;Fg; gpwFk; nfhOk;G epi re;jpg;Nghk;. >it gpui[fs; FO kl;lj mDgtq;fs;. gpui[fs; FOtpy; Ntiy epiyg;gl;l mDgtk; xUGwk; >Uf;f neU cq;fSf;F ve;jNeuk; mth;fSila tpUg gpur;ridfs; tUk; vd;gijAk; fhzNtz;ba mDgtk; Vw;gl;lJ. mjdhy; ehd; >uh[pd
>jdhy; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf Xh; murpay vd;idawpahky; xUtdhfptpl;Nld; vd;W ek ez;gh;fs; rpyh; mJgw;wp kpfTk; Rthu];ak Nrdf gz;lhuehaf;fh vd;id vg;Ngh Muha;r;rpahsdhfj;jhd; ghh;g;ghh;. mth; Muha;r;rpahsh;fNs tuyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fspy; re;Njh\khf >Uf;fpwJ. ftdkhf >Uq;fs fbjk; vOjpapUe;jhh;. Nguhrphpah; ifyhrehjf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;. mth; xUKiw n ftdkhf >U. eP >e;jf;fhyq;fspy; neU vd;W. ehd; mjw;Fr; nrhd;Ndd;. ”ePq;fs ehd; neUg;Gf;Fg; gf;fj;jhy; jhd; Ngha;tU xU jfg;gd; khjphp mth; nrhd;dJ >g;NghJk;
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;w epiyapy; me;j epWtdk; kf;fspd; ghh;f;fpd;wJ vd;w tplaNkh kdijg; nghpJk; J epr;rakhf vd;Dila >yf;fpak;, ehd; pd;w jd;ik Nghd;wtw;wpNy ghjpg;ig me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpNyjhd; ehq;fs; r%f jj; njhlq;fpapUe;Njhk;. rpq;fs ez;gh;fs; +l;ld; Fzrpq;f, Fkhhp [ath;j;jdh, yhy; h;fs; >e;j tplaj;Jf;F ehq;fs; vt;thW ;Lk; vd;W nrhy;thh;fs;. mth;fSila hpjhf >Ue;jJ. >d;Dnkhd;W nfhOk;gpy; hf aho;g;ghzk;, kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrq;fspy; vLj;Jf; $Wtjw;F me;jg; gpuNjrj;ijr; pd;w tifapy; >q;Fs;s ntspehl;Lj; f;Fj; njhlh;Gfs; Vw;gl;ld. mjpy; >e;jpaj; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W ehd; fUJfpNwd;. hJ ehd;F >isQh; >af;fq;fs; >Ue;jd. aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dUk; ; gpwFk; nfhOk;G epiyikfisf; $wTk; gpui[fs; FO kl;lj;jpNy vdf;F Vw;gl;l fs; FOtpy; Ntiy nra;Ak;NghJ ehl;L xUGwk; >Uf;f neUq;fpath;fsplkpUe;J, ; mth;fSila tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fspdhy; ;gijAk; fhzNtz;ba xU Ms;epiyg;gl;l mjdhy; ehd; >uh[pdhkhr; nra;Njd;.
hj;jkhf Xh; murpay; ghh;itf;Fs; ehd; dhfptpl;Nld; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;. vd;Dila w;wp kpfTk; Rthu];akhff; Fwpg;gpLthh;fs;. ;fh vd;id vg;NghJk; xU tuyhw;W d; ghh;g;ghh;. mth; xUKiw, ”tuyhw;W uyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fspy; tUtJ ghh;g;gjw;Fr; J. ftdkhf >Uq;fs;’’ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L xU Nguhrphpah; ifyhrehjf; FUf;fs; Nrhjplj;jpy; ;. mth; xUKiw nrhd;dhh;, ”rptj;jk;gp e;jf;fhyq;fspy; neUg;Gf;Fs; cyhTtha;’’ ; nrhd;Ndd;. ”ePq;fs; nrhy;tJ cz;ik. fj;jhy; jhd; Ngha;tUfpNwd;’’ vd;W. mth; h; nrhd;dJ >g;NghJk; Qhgfj;jpy; >Uf;fpwJ.
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nghJg;gzpapNy kpf Kf;fpakhf ehd; fUJ njhlh;Gfs; fhuzkhf, >e;jpa k cj;jpNahfj;jh;fisr; re;jpj;J vkJ nrhy;yf;$bajhf >Ue;jJ. me;j epiya ntq;fNl];tud; ghh;j;jrhujp Nghd;w nghpa c re;jpf;ff; $bajhf >Ue;jJ. nfhOk;gpNy m nry;Nthk;. >f;fl;lhd epiyikfspy; >e nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwhk;. mJTk; xU Kf;fpakhd rhh;e;j xU tplaj;ijr; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. Ngrpf;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ mth; nrhd;dhh;, ”ePq rhpay;y. rpq;fskf;fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gL mg;NghJ ehd; $wpNdd;, ty;ntl;bj;Jiwapy nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l gpd;Ng >it ele;jd. > elg;gijj; jkpo; kf;fs; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. mz;ikapy; Xh; >isQd; xU ftpij vOj iffis ve;jf; fq;ifapy; fOt’’ iffis ve;jf; fq;ifapy; fOt’’ iffis ve;jf; fq;ifapy; fOt’’ iffis ve;jf; fq;ifapy; fOt’’ iffis ve;jf; fq;ifapy; fOt’’ vd;nwhU >sthiy tpN[e;jpud; vd;gth; mij vO $wpNdd;. clNd ghh;j;jrhujp jkJ kiyahs mioj;J, ehd; $Wtijf; Nfl;Fk;gb n mg;NghJjhd; njhpAk; ghh;j;jrhujp xU ghujp mDgtq;fSk; fpilj;jd.
>e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; mnkhpf;f J}j njd;fpof;F Mrpa >yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpg; NgR xU $l;lk; $l;bapUe;jhh;fs;. mjpNy >yq;i gw;wp ehd; NgrpNdd;. fuhr;rpapYs;s ghfp];j jkpoh; Nghuhl;lk; gw;wp mjpfk; njhpahjth; fSila epiyg;ghL gw;wp - >e;jpag; nghJ m jdpj;Jtj;ijf; NfhUfpd;wth;fs; vd;gJ mq;F mth;fs; Nfl;lhh;fs;. >itfs; vy;yh ghjpg;gitjhd;. >yf;fpag; ghh;it M tp\aq;fs;jhd;. Mdhy; >tw;wpd; %yk; ngwf;$bajhf >Ue;jJ. ehq;fs; vtw;iwg; NgrNtz;Lk;Πehq;fs; nrhy;yNtz;batw;iw nrhy;yTk; Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; Nfl;ff;$ba K Ntz;Lk;. gpd;Nghlhky; nrhy;yTk; Ntz Kf;fpak;, %d;W ehd;F Ngh; nrd;why; xU Ngrhky; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpahf xt
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

Kf;fpakhf ehd; fUJtJ, >e;jpaj; J}jufj; khf, >e;jpa kl;lj;jpy; ngUk; sr; re;jpj;J vkJ epiyg;ghLfisr; e;jJ. me;j epiyapy; ehq;fs; gz;lhhp, ;jrhujp Nghd;w nghpa cj;jpNahfj;jh;fisr; Ue;jJ. nfhOk;gpNy mth;fisr; re;jpj;Jr; hd epiyikfspy; >e;jpahTf;Fr; nrd;Wk; JTk; xU Kf;fpakhd mDgtk;. >yf;fpak; jr; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. ghh;j;jrhujpaplk; J mth; nrhd;dhh;, ”ePq;fs; >g;gbr; nra;tJ s; nfhiy nra;ag;gLtJ rhpay;y’’’ vd;W. d;, ty;ntl;bj;Jiwapy; vOgj;jpapuz;L Ngh; pd;Ng >it ele;jd. >g;gbahd nfhiyfs; s; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. mjw;F cjhuzkhf Qd; xU ftpij vOjpapUf;fpwhh;. ”>e;jf; ”>e;jf; ”>e;jf; ”>e;jf; ”>e;jf; fapy; fOt’’ fapy; fOt’’ fapy; fOt’’ fapy; fOt’’ fapy; fOt’’ vd;nwhU thp mjpy; tUfpwJ. d; vd;gth; mij vOjpapUf;fpwhh; vd;W ;j;jrhujp jkJ kiyahs ez;gh; jhNkhjuid tijf; Nfl;Fk;gb nrhd;dhh;. vdf;F ghh;j;jrhujp xU ghujp gf;jd; vd;gJ. >e;j ;jd.
j;jpy; mnkhpf;f J}juhyaq;fs; Nrh;e;J f;fpaq;fs; gw;wpg; NgRtjw;Ff; fuhr;rpapNy ;jhh;fs;. mjpNy >yq;ifj; jkpo; >yf;fpak; fuhr;rpapYs;s ghfp];jhdpah;fs; >yq;ifj; ;wp mjpfk; njhpahjth;fs;. Mdhy; jkpoh; w;wp - >e;jpag; nghJ mikg;gpDs; jkpoh;fs; pd;wth;fs; vd;gJ mq;F njhpAk;. >itgw;wp ;. >itfs; vy;yhk; >yf;fpaj;ijAk; yf;fpag; ghh;it Mog;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa dhy; >tw;wpd; %yk; kdpj mDgtj;ijg; J. ehq;fs; vtw;iwg; NgrNtz;Lk;. vg;gbg; ; nrhy;yNtz;batw;iw mth;fSf;F clNd mth;fs; Nfl;ff;$ba KiwapNy nrhy;yTk; ky; nrhy;yTk; Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhtw;wpYk; ;F Ngh; nrd;why; xUtNu vy;yhtw;iwAk; Uk; jdpj;jdpahf xt;nthU tplaj;ijf;
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$wNtz;Lk;. xUth; >izg;ghsuhf >aq;fy xU eilKiwiaf;$l ehq;fs; gapyf >d;Dnkhd;W ve;jf; fbjj;ijAk; vOJk;Ng vOjhky; xU gf;fj;jpy; vOjptpl;L Vidatw Nghl;L, >e;jg; gpd;dpizg;gpy; >e;j tplaq;fi vd;W Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. >g;gbr; nra;tJ xU Vw;gLj;Jk;.
>tw;iwtpl, kdpj >d;dy;fisf; fz;lJ Jd;gq;fSk; nrhy;ypkhshJ. jq;fSila g vd;W nrhy;thh;fs;. Mkpf;fhuh; jhq;fs; x vd;ghh;fs;. Mdhy; vq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk; M nra;jpUg;ghh;fs; vd;gJ. >g;gbahd rk;gtq xUKiw gpui[fs; FOTf;F ahh; ahiu fpwhh;fs; vd;w ngah;fisf; $Wtjhfr; nr jsgjpahf >Ue;jth; $wpdhh;. ”ehq;fs; $w ePq;fs; >ufrpakhf itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;L vd;whh;. mg;NghJ ehd; vOe;J $wpNdd vd;Dila kfdpd; ngah; mjpNy >Ue;jjh mjw;Fg; ngha; nrhy;yKbahJ. Mdgb NghfpNwd;. ePq;fs; nrhy;Yq;fs;’’ vd;Nwd;. jsgjp me;jg; ngah;fis thrpf;fNt >y;i epiyfs; - kdpjg; gpur;ridfs; Vw;gl;ld. jhf;fkhdJ.
86 >y; ehd; me;jf; FOtpypUe;J >uh[pd mfjpfs; Gdh;tho;T epWtdk; >aq;fpf; nf ehDk; >;lk;ngw Ntz;Lnkd;W mg;NghJ mj tp];typq;fk; vd;idf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh $wpitj;Njd;. Mdhy; jpBnud;W tp];ty tpl;lhh;. me;jj; jiyth; gjtpia ehd; gyUk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. ehd; rk;kjpj; me;j epWtdj;jpy; >Uth; kpf Kf;fpakhd > xUth; fe;jrhkp. kw;wth; N[k;]; gj;jpehjh; mbfshh;. tlfpof;fpDila kpfg; gpujhdkh toq;Fk; ];jhgdkhf mJ tpsq;fpaJ. gyuJ Jd;gq;fis NehpNy fhzf;$ba tpjitfs;, Foe;ijfs;, kidtpia >oe f\;lq;fis mwpaf;$bajhf >Ue;jJ. e
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

>izg;ghsuhf >aq;fyhk;. me;jkhjphpahd ;$l ehq;fs; gapyf;$bajhf >Ue;jJ. fbjj;ijAk; vOJk;NghJk; ePz;l fbjkhf ; vOjptpl;L Vidatw;iwg; gpd;dpizg;ghfg; zg;gpy; >e;j tplaq;fisf; $wpapUf;fpNwhk; ;. >g;gbr; nra;tJ xU Kf;fpakhd jhf;fj;ij
>d;dy;fisf; fz;lJk; mtw;why; Vw;gl;l hshJ. jq;fSila gps;is >wf;ftpy;iy Mkpf;fhuh; jhq;fs; xd;Wk; nra;atpy;iy q;fSf;Fj; njhpAk; Mkpf;fhuh;fs; >jidr; . >g;gbahd rk;gtq;fs; xd;W >uz;ly;y. FOTf;F ahh; ahiug; gpbj;J itj;jpUf; ;fisf; $Wtjhfr; nrhd;dhh;fs;. gpd;dh;, $wpdhh;. ”ehq;fs; $wg; NghFk; ngah;fis tj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ntsptplf;$lhJ’’ ehd; vOe;J $wpNdd; ” xU Vioj;jha; gah; mjpNy >Ue;jjh vd;W Nfl;lhy; ehd; ;yKbahJ. Mdgbahy; ehd; ntspNa rhy;Yq;fs;’’ vd;Nwd;. mjd; gpwF me;jj; is thrpf;fNt >y;iy. >g;gbg; gy kdpj pur;ridfs; Vw;gl;ld. me;j Tension kpfj;
f; FOtpypUe;J >uh[pdhkhr; nra;j gpd;dh;, epWtdk; >aq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mjpy; ;Lnkd;W mg;NghJ mjd; jiytuhf >Ue;j f; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. ghh;g;Nghk; vd;W hy; jpBnud;W tp];typq;fk; Iah fhykhfp yth; gjtpia ehd; Vw;fNtz;Lk; vd;W ;lhh;fs;. ehd; rk;kjpj;J Vw;Wf; nfhz;Nld;. th; kpf Kf;fpakhd >lj;ij tfpj;jhh;fs;. th; N[k;]; gj;jpehjh; vd;fpd;w fj;Njhypf;f ila kpfg; gpujhdkhd, mur rhh;gw;w epjp mJ tpsq;fpaJ. mjpNy >Ue;jNghJ, NehpNy fhzf;$ba re;jh;g;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. s;, kidtpia >oe;jth;fs; MfpNahhpd; bajhf >Ue;jJ. ehq;fs; nehwhl;, rPlh
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Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; %yk; gzj;ijf; nfhOk;g rkhjhd xg;ge;jk; te;jTld; >q;Fte;j fe;jrh Ngha;tpl;lhh;. mJ nghpa gpur;ridahf fhyfl;lj;jpy; ehd; vjph;Nehf;fpa kpfg;nghpa rt mfjpfs; Gdh;tho;T epWtdj;Jf;Fk; fe;j rk;ge;jk; >Uf;fpwJ vd;W mg;NghJ gyh; Ngrpf;n gyh; me;j ek;gpf;ifapy; >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. mj gj;jphpifapy; uNk\; vOjpa fl;Liufs; % epiyik >uz;L tUlj;Jf;Fg; gpd;Ng njhpat mth; fhzhky; Nghdhh;. nrg;nlk;gh fzgjpg;gps;isAk; nfhOk;Gf;Fr; nrd;wN epWtdq;fspd; $l;lnkhd;wpy; Vwj;jho, vq;fi nra;jhh;fs;. >e;jpad; Mkpf;fhuh;fs; $l fe vd;W vq;fis tprhuiz nra;jhh;fs;. mth;f ngWk;tiu vq;fis tpltpy;iy. >itnay MSikkPJ gy jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd vd
mg;NghJ nfhOk;Gf;F te;J jpUk;GtJ gazkhf >Uf;Fk;. khjj;jpy; xU jli f\;lg;gl;L tuNtz;bapUe;jJ. jpUk;gp tUtJ rhtbfSf;Fs; tUtJk; f\;lkhd gpu aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s f\;lq;fis >q;F te;J n mq;F elg;gtw;iwnay;yhk; epahag;gLj;Jtjhf vOe;jJ. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; >isQh;fs; n ehq;fs; ntspahy; nrhy;tjpy;iy vd tuj;njhlq;fpd. ehq;fs; tpsq;fg;gLj;jpdhYk Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F tUk;NghJ mur vLf;fpd;w epiyg;ghl;bw;Fk; mit nfhOk;G epiyg;ghl;bw;Fk; ngUj;j NtWghL >Uf;Fk;. te;jhy; xU Fw;wthspf; $z;by; epw;gJNg epWtdq;fs; >jw;F tpjptpyf;fhf >Ue;jd. epWtdq;fs; mg;gbr; nra;atpy;iy. gbg;gb vq;fSf;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;L xU Kf;fpakhd 95 Mk; Mz;L ehd; aho;g;ghzj;J mur rh gpujpepjpahff; nfhOk;G te;J >q;Fs;s murr kd;wj;jpy; kf;fspd; f\;lq;fisf; $wNtz;Lk vd;idg; Ngr >lq;nfhLf;ff; $lhJ vd;W xspT kiwthfj; jPtputhj >isQh;fS
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

yk; gzj;ijf; nfhOk;gpy; >Ue;J ngWNthk;. Tld; >q;Fte;j fe;jrhkp jpBnudf; fhzhkw; nghpa gpur;ridahfp tpl;lJ. me;jf; h;Nehf;fpa kpfg;nghpa rthyhf mJ mike;jJ. epWtdj;Jf;Fk; fe;jrhkpapd; kiwTf;Fk; ;W mg;NghJ gyh; Ngrpf;nfhz;lhh;fs;. >d;Wk; py; >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. mjph;\;ltrkhf jpdKuR vOjpa fl;Liufs; %yk; mJ rk;ge;jkhd j;Jf;Fg; gpd;Ng njhpate;jJ. [|d; khjj;jpy; hdhh;. nrg;nlk;gh; khjj;jpy; ehDk; fhOk;Gf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ muR rhh;gw;w hd;wpy; Vwj;jho, vq;fisf; FWf;Ftprhuiz ; Mkpf;fhuh;fs; $l fe;jrhkp vg;gb >we;jhh; z nra;jhh;fs;. mth;fs; njspthd gjpiyg; pltpy;iy. >itnay;yhk; vdJ jdpg;gl;l q;fis Vw;gLj;jpd vd;W nrhy;yNtz;Lk;.
;Gf;F te;J jpUk;GtJ kpfTk; f\;lkhd khjj;jpy; xU jlit fpshypf;Fs;shy; pUe;jJ. jpUk;gp tUtJk; NghtJk; Nrhjidr; tJk; f\;lkhd gpuahzkhf >Ue;jJ. ;lq;fis >q;F te;J nrhy;fpwNghJ ehq;fs; ;yhk; epahag;gLj;Jtjhf xU Fuy; gbg;gbahf j;jpy; >isQh;fs; nra;Ak; tp\aq;fis nrhy;tjpy;iy vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; s; tpsq;fg;gLj;jpdhYk; mth;fs; ek;gtpy;iy. ;Jf;F tUk;NghJ mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; w;Fk; mit nfhOk;Gf;F te;jhy; vLf;Fk; ;j NtWghL >Uf;Fk;. ehq;fs; nfhOk;Gf;F pf; $z;by; epw;gJNghd;W >Uf;Fk;. rpy pjptpyf;fhf >Ue;jd. nehwhl;, rPlh Nghd;w nra;atpy;iy. gbg;gbahd xU vjph;f;Fuy; ;gl;L xU Kf;fpakhd fl;lj;ij va;jpaJ. aho;g;ghzj;J mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspy; te;J >q;Fs;s murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspy; ;lq;fisf; $wNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;ypaNghJ, fhLf;ff; $lhJ vd;W jLj;jhh;fs;. ehd; Ptputhj >isQh;fSf;fhfg; NgRfpNwd;
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 162


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vd;whh;fs;. >g;gbahf thf;Fthjg;gl;lNg nghyp];fhuh; te;J >q;F ePq;fs; >Ug Ngha;tpLq;fs; vd;whh;. md;W vd;id mb fhykhf xU ”Xl;Nlh’’ te;jJ mjpy; ehd; V
ehq;fs; jkpo; kf;fSila vy;yhtplaq;fi vd;w vjph;g;Gf;Fuy; xd;W te;jJ. mjdhy; rpq vdf;fpUe;j >lk; ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l MSikfisg; gykhfg; ghjpf;fpw VNjh xU tifapy; vd;idj; jhf;Ffpd;wd. jd;ik fhuzkhf ehd; tfpf;fpd;w gjtp e ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gy ez;gh;fs; vdf;F Fw;wr;rhl;L, rptj;jk;gp mq;Nf xd;iwr; nrhy; nrhy;thh; vd;gJ. rptj;jk;gp ve;j ve;j >lj;jpw mijj;jhd; nrhy;thNu jtpu kidtpaplk nrhy;ykhl;lhh;. kfsplk; NgrNtz;b nrhy;ykhl;lhh;. khzthplk; nrhy;tijj; Ji khl;lhh;. me;j me;j >lj;jpNyjhd; mijai Mdhy; ve;j >lj;jpYk; ngha; nrhy;y mbg;gilahd tp\ak; ehd; vdJ ez;gh;fspl vdf;F Vw;gl;l mDgtq;fs; fhuzkhf >d vd;w xU nrhy;Yf;F >lkpy;iy vd;W. gw;wpa Fw;wr;rhl;L te;jNghJ, ehd; mjpypU ehd; vdJ ez;gh;fSf;Fr; nrhd;Ndd;, ”xU vJTk; nrhy;yg;glyhk;, vJTk; nra;ag;glyh vd;W.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

hf thf;Fthjg;gl;lNghJ mq;fpUe;j xU >q;F ePq;fs; >Ug;gJ gpio. ePq;fs; ;. md;W vd;id mbj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ey;y ’’ te;jJ mjpy; ehd; Vwp te;Jtpl;Nld;.
Sila vy;yhtplaq;fisAk; nrhy;tjpy;iy ;W te;jJ. mjdhy; rpq;fs ez;gh;fspilNa Fthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. >itnay;yhk; sg; gykhfg; ghjpf;fpw tplaq;fs;. >it ;idj; jhf;Ffpd;wd. ehd; ehdhf >Uf;fpw hd; tfpf;fpd;w gjtp epiyAk;$l mjdhy; y ez;gh;fs; vdf;F vjpuhfr; nrhy;fpw mq;Nf xd;iwr; nrhy;thh; >q;Nfnahd;iwr; ;jk;gp ve;j ve;j >lj;jpw;F vJ vJ NjitNah Nu jtpu kidtpaplk; NgRtij kfsplk; kfsplk; NgrNtz;baij khzthplk; thplk; nrhy;tijj; JizNte;jhplk; nrhy;y lj;jpNyjhd; mijaijr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. jpYk; ngha; nrhy;yf;$lhJ. >J xU ; ehd; vdJ ez;gh;fsplk; nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwd; tq;fs; fhuzkhf >dp vdf;F ‘Mr;rhpak;’ >lkpy;iy vd;W. Fwpg;ghff; fe;jrhkp e;jNghJ, ehd; mjpypUe;J tpLgl;lnghOJ f;Fr; nrhd;Ndd;, ”xU kdpjDf;F vjpuhf ;, vJTk; nra;ag;glyhk; Mr;rhpak; >y;iy’’
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 163


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16口口
jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : jp.Qh. : >yf;fpafhud; vd;w epiyapy; >yf;fpafhud; vd;w epiyapy; n >yf;fpafhud; vd;w epiyapy; >yf;fpafhud; vd;w epiyapy; n >yf;fpafhud; vd;w epiyapy; n ePq;fs; nra;j gq;fspg;G ve;j tifapy; c ePq;fs; nra;j gq;fspg;G ve;j tifapy; c ePq;fs; nra;j gq;fspg;G ve;j tifapy; c ePq;fs; nra;j gq;fspg;G ve;j tifapy; c ePq;fs; nra;j gq;fspg;G ve;j tifapy; c vd;W $Wq;fs; vd;W $Wq;fs; vd;W $Wq;fs; vd;W $Wq;fs; vd;W $Wq;fs;Œ
fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : fh.rp. : vdf;F Vw;fdNt ehlfj;Jiwapy >Ue;j Mh;tk;, tpkh;rdj;Jiwapy; >Ue;j  mg;gbg; ghh;f;fpwhd;Π>g;gb mtd; nrhy;fpw vjpuhfr; nrhy;fpwhNd vd;gjw;fhf mtDil vd;W nrhy;yf;$lhJ: Vrf; $lhJ. mtd; jd cz;ikia khw;Wfpwhd;. mtDila jp nfhLf;f Ntz;batdhfpd;Nwd;. >e;j KiwapNy eltbf;iffisg; ghh;f;f Ntz;b vy;yhNk ntWk; Gj;jfq;fs; my;y, gilg;Gf;f gpd;dhy; kdpjd; >Uf;fpwhd;. mtDila r%f me;jr; r%f mDgtk; vg;gb Vw;gLfpwJ v vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; tha;g;ghLfis itj;Jf;nfh cz;ikapy; nghJ tpjpfisj;jhd; itj;Jf >q;Nf Ntiy nra;fpwJ, mq;Nf Ntiy ghh;f;f Ntz;LNk jtpu, tha;g;ghLfis
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

16口口
ud; vd;w epiyapy; nghJ tho;f;ifapy; ud; vd;w epiyapy; nghJ tho;f;ifapy; ud; vd;w epiyapy; nghJ tho;f;ifapy; ud; vd;w epiyapy; nghJ tho;f;ifapy; ud; vd;w epiyapy; nghJ tho;f;ifapy; pg;G ve;j tifapy; cq;fisg; ghjpj;jJ pg;G ve;j tifapy; cq;fisg; ghjpj;jJ pg;G ve;j tifapy; cq;fisg; ghjpj;jJ pg;G ve;j tifapy; cq;fisg; ghjpj;jJ pg;G ve;j tifapy; cq;fisg; ghjpj;jJ
dNt ehlfj;Jiwapy;, >yf;fpaj;Jiwapy; j;Jiwapy; >Ue;j tw;why; . ehd; xt;nthU kdpjidAk; xt;nthU wd;. my;yJ ghj;jpuq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; piyapy; epd;W ghh;f;fpNwd;. ‘mtd; >q;Nf mq;Nf xd;W nrhy;y Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. uapy; mJ rhpNghy >Uf;fpwJ. Vd; mtd; >g;gb mtd; nrhy;fpwNghJ, mtd; vdf;F vd;gjw;fhf mtDila jpwikia >y;iy Vrf; $lhJ. mtd; jd;Dila jpwikapdhy; hd;. mtDila jpwikf;F ehd; Kfk; dhfpd;Nwd;. >e;j khjphpahd Mokhd fisg; ghh;f;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLfpwJ. q;fs; my;y, gilg;Gf;fs; my;y. mtw;wpw;Fg; pwhd;. mtDila r%f mDgtk; >Uf;fpwJ. ; vg;gb Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;. ;ghLfis itj;Jf;nfhz;L ghh;f;f >ayhJ. pjpfisj;jhd; itj;Jf;nfhz;L mJ vg;gb pwJ, mq;Nf Ntiy nra;atpy;iy vd;W jtpu, tha;g;ghLfis itj;Jf;nfhz;L
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ghh;f;ff;$lhJ. >J vdf;F khj;jpuky;y.  $wNtz;Lk;. Cultural studies vd;w Jiw te;jpUf;fpwJ. Mdhy; vq;fSila gz;ghl vy;yhk; cs;thq;fg;gLfpwJ. ehq;fs; vt;thW vd;fpw tp\ak; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. ehd; v mDjhgj;Jld; ghh;f;f Kbatpy;iy vd;why;, rQ;ryq;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjdhy; vd;Di ce;Jjy;fisg; gw;wpa xU njspT vdf;F Nt mbg;gil tho;f;if gw;wpa njspT vdf;F
mfjpfs; Gdh;tho;T epWtdj;jpy; ehd xU jlit Ik;gjpdhapuk; &ghiaj; njhiy jhf;fj;jpypUe;J ehd; tpLgl Kbatpy;iy. m tpkh;rpf;fpd;wth;jhd; nrhd;dhh;, ”Nguhrph >f;fl;bypUe;J ePf;fNtz;Lk;’’ vd;W. >jpypU vd;W njhpatUfpwJ. >njy;yhk; kwf;f K mNj Ntisapy; gpwpNfbah; fhNyhd; nrh epWtdj;jpd; fhiu cq;fsJ ghtidf;F fhfj;jhd; fe;jrhkpia >y;yhkw; nra;J tp Vq;fpg; NghNdd;. ehd; ek;GfpNwd; mth; vd; nrhy;ypapUg;ghh;. >g;gbg; gy mDgtq;fs;. rpy cdJ tho;f;ifia >jw;Fs; tPzbf;fpw elf;Fk;NghJ ehd; rpq;fg;G+Uf;Fr; nrd;wpUe ‘fhyr;RtL’ rQ;rpifiag; ghh;j;jNghJ j tsh;r;rpfs; vy;yhk; njhpe;jd. ehd; 84 K njhlh;GfNs >y;yhky; >Ue;J tpl;Nld; njhpate;jJ.
nghJ tho;f;ifapy; ehd; ngw;w mDgtq mfjpfs; Gdh;tho;T epWtdj;jpNy Ntiy nr 95 >y; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpy; xd;gJ khjq ehd; epakpf;fg;gl;Nld;. gp.gp.rp. apy; rpq;fs Nr >Uf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; v Nfl;lhh;fs;. ehd; elg;gtw;iwf; $wpNdd;.
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

vdf;F khj;jpuky;y. >e;jj; JiwapNy w;gl;bUf;fpwJ. khh;f;]pa vOj;jhsh;fs;
pd;wJ.
aj;Jtj;ijAk; ehd; >e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpNy ral studies vd;w Jiw tsh;e;J nfhz;L ; vq;fSila gz;ghl;by; >e;jj; Jd;gq;fs; fpwJ. ehq;fs; vt;thW mjidg; ghh;f;fpNwhk; f;fpakhdJ. ehd; vd;Dila gz;ghl;il Kbatpy;iy vd;why;, ehd; kdpjh;fSila nfhs;tjdhy; vd;Dila gz;ghl;bDila xU njspT vdf;F Ntz;Lk;. mth;fSila w;wpa njspT vdf;F Ntz;Lk;.
;T epWtdj;jpy; ehd; Ntiy nra;jNghJ puk; &ghiaj; njhiyj;J tpl;Nld;. me;jj; pLgl Kbatpy;iy. mq;F vd;id mjpfkhf nrhd;dhh;, ”Nguhrphpaiu ePq;fs; >e;j z;Lk;’’ vd;W. >jpypUe;J jhd; kdpjh; ahh; >njy;yhk; kwf;f Kbahj cjhuzq;fs;. pNfbah; fhNyhd; nrhd;dhh; ”ePq;fs; >e;j q;fsJ ghtidf;F itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw; >y;yhkw; nra;J tpl;Bh;fs;’’ vd;W. ehd; ; ek;GfpNwd; mth; vd;idr; rPz;Ltjw;fhfr; g; gy mDgtq;fs;. rpy ez;gh; nrhd;dhh;fs; >jw;Fs; tPzbf;fpwha; vd;W. >g;gb ;fg;G+Uf;Fr; nrd;wpUe;Njd;. mq;F nrd;W iag; ghh;j;jNghJ jkpofj;jpNy >Ue;j jhpe;jd. ehd; 84 Kjy; 90 tiu me;jj; y; >Ue;J tpl;Nld; vd;gJ mg;NghJjhd;
; ehd; ngw;w mDgtq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdit pWtdj;jpNy Ntiy nra;jNghJ Vw;gl;lit. Wtfj;jpy; xd;gJ khjq;fs; Xh; MNyhrfuhf gp.gp.rp. apy; rpq;fs Nritapy; njhp;e;jth;fs; ;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;W lg;gtw;iwf; $wpNdd;. mg;NghJ mth;fs;
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>jw;F vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;lhh;f ”Nk Aj;Nj etj;jz;Nlhd’’ >e;j Aj;jk; epWj nrhd;Ndd;. >J xU nts;spf;fpoik nrh fhiy ehd; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;Jf;Fr; n gy;fiyf;fof cgNte;jh; Jiuuh[h ePh;N mikj;jJ fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W yq nra;jp ntspte;jpUe;jJ. mq;F nrd;w rpwpJ N nlhf;lh; clfk ez;gh; NrhkRe;juj;Jf;Fr; n njhopw;rq;fj;jiyth;fs; nrhy;fpwhh;fs;, >q;F Nguhrphpah; tUfpwhh;. mth; nrd;w nts;spf;f epWj;jNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dth;. mg;gba vq;fSf;F tpUg;gkpy;iy >e;jf; fl;blq;fS >g;gbr; nrhd;dTld; ehd; nlhf;lhplk; nr KbahJ ehd; Nghtjw;F xU thfdk; xO vd;W Nfl;Nld;. miukzpNeuk; fopj;J thd;rhujp xU taiug; gpLq;fptpl;L xU epd;W thid ];uhl; nra;tJ Nghyg; ghrhq;F ehd; ftdpj;Jtpl;L me;jtah; fod;W >Uf;f mtd; clNd >wq;fpg; gf;fj;jpy; >Ue;j me;jf; filf;Fs; >Ue;jth;fs; vd;idg; ghh;j;J mg;nghOJ ey;yfhyk; xU ‘Xl;Nlh’ te;jJ. Vwp, ENfnfhilf;F te;J, gaj;jpy; NtW x tPL te;J Nrh;e;Njd;. mjd;gpwF ehd; xU epWtdj;Jf;Fg; NghfNtapy;iy. >e;j mDg kpfg; nghpa mDgtq;fspy; xd;W. mjpypUe;J f\;lkhf >Ue;jJ. me;jf; fzk; vdf;F e;j ehl;bypUf;Fk; mbg;gilapy; mth;fsJ chpikfs; Ch;[pjg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vt;thW rpq;f chpikfs; nkhop%yk; mth;fsJ kjj;jpw;Ff; n %yKk; Ml;rp ahg;gpy; >lk; ngw;Ws;sNj ahg;gpy; jkpoh; fSila K];yPk;fSila Ch;[pjg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij czh $WtJ ve;j tifapYk; khh;f;]p]j;Jf;F xU gz;ghl;L milahsg; gpur;rid. ngh rhjhuz gy;fiyf;fofg; NguhrphpaUf;Ff; f my;y. vdf;Ff; fpilj;j >e;j tha;g;Gf;fs
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

z;Lk; vd;W Nfl;lhh;fs;. ehd; nrhd;Ndd; hd’’ >e;j Aj;jk; epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W nts;spf;fpoik nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. jpq;fs; y;tp epWtfj;Jf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. md;Wjhd; e;jh; Jiuuh[h ePh;Ntypapy; Xh; fl;blk; f;fg;gl;lJ vd;W yq;fhjPg gj;jphpifapNy . mq;F nrd;w rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; xU nra;jpia h; NrhkRe;juj;Jf;Fr; nrhd;dhh;. ”mq;Fs;s s; nrhy;fpwhh;fs;, >q;Fk; xU aho;g;ghzj;Jg; mth; nrd;w nts;spf;fpoik >e;j Aj;jj;ij nrhd;dth;. mg;gbahdth; >q;F tUtJ iy >e;jf; fl;blq;fSf;Fk; Mgj;J’’ vd;W. ehd; nlhf;lhplk; nrd;W, vdf;F elf;f w;F xU thfdk; xOq;Fnra;J jhUq;fs; miukzpNeuk; fopj;J xU thd; te;jJ. ug; gpLq;fptpl;L xU Kf;fpakhd >lj;jpy; ra;tJ Nghyg; ghrhq;F nra;jhd;. mjid e;jtah; fod;W >Uf;fpwJ vd;W $wpNdd;. pg; gf;fj;jpy; >Ue;j filf;Fs; nrd;whd;. ;jth;fs; vd;idg; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. ; xU ‘Xl;Nlh’ te;jJ. ehd; clNd mjpy; e;J, gaj;jpy; NtW xU Xl;NlhTf;F khwp mjd;gpwF ehd; xUkhjk; Njrpa fy;tp tapy;iy. >e;j mDgtk; vd;idj; jhf;fpa spy; xd;W. mjpypUe;J tpLgLtJ vdf;Ff; me;jf; fzk; vdf;F, ehd; 82 >ypUe;J spDila Kj;jha;g;Gf; fzk;Nghy >Ue;jJ. >e;j ehl;bypUf;Fk; jkpoh;fSf;F FOk h;fsJ chpikfs; murpay; hPjpahf z;Lk;. vt;thW rpq;fs kf;fSila FOk mth;fsJ kjj;jpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l >lq;fs; py; >lk; ngw;Ws;sNjh mNjNghy, Ml;rp la K];yPk;fSila FOk chpikfs; z;Lk; vd;gij czh;e;Njd;. >g;gb ehd; k; khh;f;]p]j;Jf;F vjpuhd my;y. >J hsg; gpur;rid. nghJ tho;f;if vd;gJ fg; NguhrphpaUf;Ff; fpilf;ff;$ba tha;g;G j;j >e;j tha;g;Gf;fs; vd;Dila MSik
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tsh;r;rpf;F jpirKfj;jpw;F epl;rakhf cjt ehd; rw;W xJq;fp vdJ gy;fiyf;fof tp\ tw;wpd; %yk; ehd; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; msTf;F ehq;fs; nfhLf;fg;NghfpNwhNkh ehq;fs; ngWfpNwhk;. vdf;F tho;ifa tho;f;ifapy; nfhLg;gjw;Fr; rkkhdJ. mjw >Uf;fpwJ vd;W ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. ve;j m itj;Jf; nfhLf;fpNwNdh me;j msTf;Fj;jhd >J vd;Dila tho;f;ifapD}lhf ehd; g >g;gbg;ghh;f;Fk;NghJ vy;yhk; Nrh;e;Jjhd; k VNjh xU tifapy; vy;yhUk; vq;fisg; ghj nrhy;thh;, kdpjDila gpuf;iQ vd;gJ >Ug;gpdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ’ vd;W xl;L Nrh;e;Jjhd; ehd;. tho;f;if vd;gJ >aq;fi >aq;firtpD}lhf xU tpjp xd;W njhopw;g >Ug;gJ$l rf;jpahf khWk;. mJ xU Kf
tho;f;ifapy; ehd; ngw;w mDgtq;fs; vy nghOJ, >itnay;yhk; Vw;gLj;jpa xl;Lnk ehd;. Vd; ehd; khwpNdd; my;yJ Vd; ehd vdf;F Vw;gl;l mDgtq;fs;jhd; >jw;Ff; fh fLikahf tpkh;rpg;ghh;fs;. rpy ez;gh;fs epiyapypUe;J tpLgl;ljw;fhfr; rpyhfpj; >Ug;ghh;fs;. ehd; nrhy;tJ vd;dntd;wh nfhs;sg; ghUq;fs;. mJ >yf;fpaf;fhu mbg;gilahd Njit. ehd; kPz;Lk; nrhy;Yf nrhy;YfpNwd;, xU r%fg;nghJ kdpjdhfr; nr r%fj;Jf;F vt;tsitf; nfhLf;fpNwhNkh’ mt ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;.
(epiwT ngWfpwJ)
fh®¤ânfR át¤j«ã - ïy¡»aK« thœ¡ifí«

;jpw;F epl;rakhf cjtpAs;sd. mjd; gpwF J gy;fiyf;fof tp\aq;fspy; gbg;gbahf y nra;aj; njhlq;fpNdd;.
ehd; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhz;Nld;. ve;j hLf;fg;NghfpNwhNkh me;j msTf;Fj;jhd; ;. vdf;F tho;ifapy; fpilg;gJ ehd; jw;Fr; rkkhdJ. mjw;Fs; xU tpfpjhrhuk; ; ek;GfpNwd;. ve;j msTf;F ehd; kdk; dh me;j msTf;Fj;jhd; vdf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;, ;f;ifapD}lhf ehd; gbj;j cz;ikahFk;. vy;yhk; Nrh;e;Jjhd; kdpjd; cUthfpwhd;. y;yhUk; vq;fisg; ghjpf;fpwhh;fs;. khh;f;]; la gpuf;iQ vd;gJ mtDila r%f ;fg;gLfpwJ’ vd;W xl;Lnkhj;jkhf vy;yhk; o;f;if vd;gJ >aq;firT nfhz;lJ. me;j U tpjp xd;W njhopw;gLk;. rlg;nghUshf
khWk;. mJ xU Kf;fpakhd jsk;.
; ngw;w mDgtq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ghh;f;Fk; hk; Vw;gLj;jpa xl;Lnkhj;jkhd jhf;fk;jhd; dd; my;yJ Vd; ehd; khwtpy;iy vd;why; q;fs;jhd; >jw;Ff; fhuzk;. rpy ez;gh;fs; h;fs;. rpy ez;gh;fs; ehd; Kd;G >Ue;j l;ljw;fhfr; rpyhfpj;Jr; nrhy;gth;fSk; rhy;tJ vd;dntd;why; kdpjidg; Ghpe;J mJ >yf;fpaf;fhuDf;F, fiyQDf;F ehd; kPz;Lk; nrhy;YfpNwd;, gilg;ghspahfr; fg;nghJ kdpjdhfr; nrhy;YfpNwd;. ehq;fs; f; nfhLf;fpNwhNkh’ mt;tsitj;jhd; ehq;fs; k;.
(epiwT ngWfpwJ)
»aK« thœ¡ifí« 167