Page 1
TROPICA
孪。上
AGRICUL
AGRICULTURA
WOLU MAE CXVIII
APRIL-JUNE 1
 
 

TURISTI
JOURNAL OF CEYLON
NUMBER 2
961

Page 2


Page 3
.
ܬܝ
The new sa
for
Enquiries to :
FISONS (Ceylon) LTD.
P. O. Box 69,
COLOMBO
Fisons)
2—R 2407-1,500 (7/62)
 
 
 
 

fe insecticide
Se O
Stemborer on Paddy Agromyza fly on Beans Cucurbit fly on Cucurbits
Aphids on Cowpea
ளூறு
(OC O N T T R OD

Page 4
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A N N O THE CEYLON CC
A Quarterly Magazine dealing v
and its O
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J N C NG CONUT JOURNAL
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Page 8
COMMONWEALTH
Recent publications
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Page 9
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Page 10
NEW PUBLICATIONS
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Compiled by Dr. K. P. Meno Research Station, Kayangulam, Director, Central Coconut Resear Coconut Palm-A Monograph' is problems connected with the coconi scientific information that has . acc during the last two decades.
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OF THE INDIAN
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ܸ

Page 11
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Page 12
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-ܝܵܰ
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Page 13
*
and More
Rubber is an indispensable raw material of mode chemistry and industry. Today some 50,000 differe articles are made from rubber.World use of natural rubb is bound to increase - so more must be produced by planters. This can be achieved only by correct fertili: use. For example, in Ceylon trees grown without fertili: had a girth of only 7.38 inches after three years and it w 8 years before they could be tapped. But trees gro with nitrogen fertilizer were 9.92 inches in girth a pould be tapped within 5 years. Experience in Indone has shown that increases of yields of more than 50 are possible, especially on poor soils. There is s
are enormous potential for expansion in the worl
RU HR - !
AKTIENGESE WEST GERM,
 
 

bber needs Fertilizer -
*ჯჯ M S. Fertilizer means More Rubber tr rubber plantations. This can be activated if fertilizers ዛnt are used. Investment in fertilizers is quickly profie
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er numerous factories in Germany's largest industrial cere aS tre. RU HIR-STICKSTOFF AG are one of the world's An most important nitrogen exporters as their fertilizers
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countries. Ruhr-Stickstoff fertile
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TI GKST0 FF - -
LLSCHAFT B QCHUM NY

Page 14


Page 15
Vol. CXVII, No. 2
C O INTI
EDITORIAL
IMPORTANCE OF LEAF AREA AS A DET R. R. Appadurai, Lecturer in Agro
MEASUREMENT OF LEAF AREA IN PAS R. R. Appadurai, Lecturer in Agric
STUDIES ON THE GRAZING HABITs
SEASONALUTILIZATION OF DRY ZO.
G. W. E. Fernando and T. Sivalin
Mahailluppallama
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIVE SU oF CoTTON. To Aphis Gossypii GEv
E. S. Thevasagayam, Dry Zone Re
MAJOR INSECT PESTs OF BRINJAL
CoNTROL
E. S. Thevasagayam and L. S. C. C
Institute, Mahailluppallama
A PRELIMINARY LIST OF NATIVE PAE
PESTS IN CEYLON
Compiled by Mervyn D. de Silv
Rahangala
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT
Summary for April to June, 1961

JUNIE, 1961
TE IN T S
Page
75
ERMINANT OF YIELD IN PASTURES nomy, University of Ceylon ... 77
TURE PLANTS nomy, University of Ceylon ... 85
OF CATTLE IN RELATION TO THE
NIE PASTURES
gam, Dry Zone Research Institute, 89
SCEPTIBILITY OF THREE VARIETIES
ER,
search Institute, Mahailluppallama 101
(Solanum, Melongena) AND THEIR
Jainagasingham, Dry Zone Research
105.
ASITES AND PREDATOR'S OF INSECT
ra, Agricultural Research Station,
... 115
e is .143 ه

Page 16

| سہv *- -
鬱*

Page 17
EDITO
Potentialities
JUDGING by recent trends in the every indication that the demand v larly in view of its introduction to a from the producing countries in 1960 82,000 tons in 1956, and the princip are Mozambique and Tanganyika. processed cashew. Strangely enough of unprocessed cashew, and the gre re-export, in the processed form, America which is the leading consur of cashew into the U. S. A. in recen 25 million dollars.
As is well known, the kernel of t obtained from the tree. Cashew ke: or the roasted form mainly as a de in confectionery. Extraction of the proposition, chiefly due to the occl. shell. However, as processing of ca: nuts is carried out in India, other convenient to ship their produce to
Apart from the kernels, the oil commercially important as it is use plastic. The United Kingdom, U. S principal importers of cashew nut ( However, it has been estimated tha One-third the total quantity of nuts
In Ceylon, cashew cultivation ha. systematic lines and most of the Batticaloa district, are from self-so profuse production of the majority the country indicate that cashew is It thrives well on soils ranging fi sands. Organised cashew cultivatio attractive proposition, particularly the Batticaloa, Trincomalee, Putta have an otherwise poor agricultura

RIAL
for Cashew
world trade in Cashew, there is vill continue to increase, particunumber of new markets. Exports l, have been 140,000 tons as against all exporters of unprocessed nuts India is the chief exporter of India is also the largest importer ater portion of the imports is for mainly to the United States of ner of the product. Yearly imports it times have been valued at over
he cashew is the principal product rnels are used either in the fresh SSert nut, and to a smaller extent kernels, is not a very attractive urrence of an irritating oil in the shew by roasting and shelling the producing countries have found it India for processing.
obtained from the shell is also di in the manufacture of resin and A., Japan and Australia are the pil and the main supplier is India. it oil is extracted only from about
processed annually in India.
s not been hitherto carried out On axisting trees, particularly in the wn seed. The healthy growth and of trees found in various parts of not very exacting in its demands. Om hard cabok to almost barren n, therefore, appears to be a very in the extensive sandy tracts of lam and Mannar districts, which
potential.
75

Page 18
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR
A particularly commendable fea is that the establishment of plantat of heavy capital. Once planted wi very little attention. Therefore, ca by clearing only the strips needed The only attention that will be in the control of highly competitive during the period of drought in the 4 years old and beyond the reach taken on the plantations taking : between the cashew trees. Cashew and economic crops can be gather economic life of a CasheW tree is ab
With a view to promoting the Agriculture, Land, Irrigation and provide financial assistance to peas will certainly need such aid till the Its cultivation is also commende those on the look-out for new ave
76

IST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
ture in regard to cashew cultivation ions does not involve the investment th the rains, cashew plants require shew plantations can be established for the actual planting of seedlings. ecessary is the filling of vacancies, weeds and occasional hand-watering e first year. Once the trees are about of goats, goat rearing can be underadvantage of the shrub growth intrees flower in about 5 years time ed from the 6th year onwards. The Iout 40 years.
planting of cashew, the Ministry of Power, has formulated a scheme to sants and middle class persoņs, who ir plantations come into production. di for the Serious consideration of nues of productive investment.

Page 19
=ল=
r
t
菁
THE IMPORTANCE
AS A DETERN YIELD IN P
R. R. APP,
(Department of Agriculture
INTRODU
IT is seldom realized that nearly 95 pe is derived largely through the photo: and that mineral nutrients obtained only to the remaining 5 per cent. D. idea, when after studying the effect he stated that if water and nutrients ing yield would be determined by c( simply, it means that the ultimate ca depends on the degree to which plar energy. The total amount of light e light intensity and light duration. energy is utilized will, therefore, dep for light interception.
CONCEPT OF LEA)
THE work of Watson (1947, 1952) w to a clearer appreciation of this phen tion in yield can be attributed main can operate directly by altering the p by changing the net assimilation ra leaf area index he wrote as follows : per plant of different species, is of highly dependent on the spacing of cordance with normal agricultural pr which is relevant to the comparison the weights of different crops per u per unit area of land, which it is prop Defined in this form, the concept
3-R. 240 (6/62)

OF LEAF AREA MINANT OF
ASTURES
ADURAI
2, University of Ceylon)
CTION
r cent of the dry matter of plants synthetic activity of their leaves, from the soil contribute directly, onald (1956) expressed the same of plant competition in pastures, were in adequate supply, the ceilDmpetition for light. Stated more pacity for dry matter production hts can utilize the incoming light nergy available is the product of The extent to which this light end on the area of leaf displayed
F AREA INDEX
as the first real advance leading Omenon. He claimed that Varialy to changes in leaf area which hotosynthetic area and indirectly te. In advancing the concept of
"A comparison of the leaf area little interest, for these must be the plants, which varied in acactice. The measure of leaf area of agricultural yields, that is, of nit area of land, is the leaf area Osed to call the leaf area index. ' of leaf area index, provides a
77

Page 20
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
measure of the whole crop rathe portant distinction, which should studies on the physiology of field
RELATIONSHIP BE
AND
IT seems reasonable to suggest a | equal, the opportunity for incr general, lies in increasing the to area of crop. This would depend synthesis and the length of the measure of leaf efficiency is prov matter per unit area of leaf which rate. Watson (1956) showed con ments on wheat, barley, Sugar be the main factor which influenced in leaf area was accompanied by ship between leaf area and dry w higher range, when owing to the the net assimilation rate was dep increases slowly with increase of and then falls. Thus it can be See on dry weight yield. Cultural pr agricultural yield, do so mainly by applications and manurial practic
LEAF AREA AND
THOUGH the importance of leaf stressed for some time, only rece of pasture growth. The reasons w in pasture communities, are ob. directly governs the value of t number of species occur in close quite different distributions of fo of the incoming light energy. Fir the sward either by the mower alters the light environment in a
Very few studies, however, h (1956), and Davidson and Phili leaf area index to correlate lights growth. But perhaps the most standing of the relationship betw.
78

RIST, vo. CXVII, 196l
r than of individual plants, an impe borne in mind, when undertaking CIOOS.
TWEEN LEAF AREA CROP YIELD
this stage, that other things being easing agricultural production, in ital annual photosynthesis per unit on (1) leaf area (2) rate of photogrowing period (leaf efficiency). A ided by the rate of increase of dry is referred to as the net assimilation 2lusively in his Rothamsted experiet and potato, that of these factors, crop yield was leaf area. Increase an increase in yield. The relationeight yield was linear, except in the mutual shading of the lower leaves, ressed. Crop growth rate, therefore, leaf area till it reaches a maximum in that leaf area has a direct bearing actices that are designed to increase y influencing leaf growth. Fertilizer es also do the Same.
PASTURE GROWTH
area in crop production has been
ntly has it been applied to the study
arranting the estimation of leaf area vious. Leaf growth, for example, he SWard for livestock. Further a
association in a Sward, resulting in liage displayed for the interception equent or intermittent defoliation of Dr by the grazing animal constantly SWard.
ave in fact been reported. Donald p (1956), both used the concept of status within the pasture and pasture significant contribution to an undereen leaf area and pasture yields was
ܘܠ؟
܁ܐ
ר& NJA

Page 21
̄
LEAF AREA, AS A DETERMINA
the work by Brougham (1956) who gations into the effect of intensity pasture. He reported that the he fluenced the rate of regrowth. The incident light energy was intercept regrowth attained, corresponded to ing defoliation to a height of 5 inches 4 days after cutting, whereas regrow until 16 and 24 days following defic inches and 1 inch respectively. Bey in leaf area and the increment in
maximum rate. From the same ex ency indices for each sampling da matter increment per area of leaf, an defoliation the lower was the initial maximum leaf efficiency was obtain
Appadurai (1961) in a series of e England between 1958-61 to study above ground level) versus a lax (2 defoliation on the performance of a
sward, observed that close defoliati of the season, gave considerably hig than lax defoliation. This did not h season. Close cutting increased herba ing the leaf area index of the swar conditions were optimum for increa an experiment conducted in the spr Close cutting significantly outyielde duction during the experimental pe area under close cutting followed increase of total herbage. The declir herbage under lax cutting was attril index of the grass component, follow in reduced total yields under lax cu sion of leaf area on herbage yield confirming the linear relationship yield referred to earlier (Figure 1 regression of leaf area on herbage lax cutting, in this experiment, the investigations. It seems probable th phases of growth, as for example ea under the conditions of this exper hold true.

NT OF YIELD IN PASTURES
reported the results of his investiof defoliation on the regrowth of ight of defoliation markedly instage at which 95 per cent of the ed and hence a maximum rate of a leaf area index of 5, and follows this was achieved approximately rth did not reach a maximum rate liation in pasture defoliated to 3 ond this point the rate of increase dry matter was maintained at a periment he calculated leaf efficite as average daily herbage dry d stated that the more intense the leaf efficiency. However, a higher ed after intense defoliation.
experiments conducted at Wye in the influence of a close (1 inch 3 to 3 inches above ground level)
perennial rye grass/white clover on particularly in the early part her yields of herbage dry matter old true for the later part of the age yields significantly by increas"d at a time when environmental ised leaf efficiency. The results of ing of 1961 are shown in Table I. d lax cutting in total herbage proriod. The rate of increase of leaf the same pattern as the rate of he in leaf area index of the mixed outed to a decline in the leaf area ving ear emergence. This resulted tting. A highly significant regreswas obtained under close cutting between leaf area and herbage .). Unfortunately, no significant yield could be established under ough it was confirmed in earlier hat during certain developmental r emergence following lax cutting iment, the relationship may not
79

Page 22
80
9
TROPCAL AGROULT
2
A-2A AREA
Η εφ. 1.-Εeιαίίοη8λερ όeίινεeη Lβαf Arεα
 

URIST, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
t
4. es (sq. ft/sq. ft of Ground)
and Herbage Yield under close сиiting.

Page 23
LEAE AREA AS A DETER,
T
Changes in Leaf Area Index and Metan Clover estimated from sq. ft. Samples of
ܕ ܐ .
4 8
Leaf arва йndex:
(1) Maced herbage Lax cut 5-3 4·l ܀ ܐܠ Close cut 18 25
(2) Grass
Lax cut 4-6 3-2 Close cut 1°5 1•8 韃 -
(3) Οίουβη
Lax cut 0.7 0.9 V, Close cut 0.3 0.7 *素 Yields-dry wt.g.
(l) Maced herbage
Tax Out 12-53. 10.95 Close cut 6-80 5-75 7
(2) Grass
Lax cut 10.77 9-11 9. Close cut 5-99| 4-28| 5
(3) Οίουθη
Lax cut 1-75 -84 2. Close cut 0.8 147
* Eα.
等 Leaf efficiency indices dy/dt/A of herbage yield and A is the t ground) for each sampling d. dy/dt and A taken from Smooth area plotted against time. These : of yield and increment relationsh of the measurement errors that
Smoothed curves of herbage yie Figure 2. Table 2 shows the leaf
sampling date.

MINANT OF YIELD IN PASTURES
ABLE 1.
Dry Matter Yields of Mixed Herbage, Grass, and
Herbage.
勢
Days of growth
2 16 20 24 28 32 36
3-8 4ܲ34 3-4 6-3 3.7 0·4 1 ܘ 24 2-4 3ol. 30 4·3 5-6
2.9 26 3. 2.6 2-5 2-6 9. 1.9 1-6 9 I-8 2-4 2.7 2-6
09 1•5 0.9 1. 1. 1.7 les 0.5 0.8 1-2 1-2 1.9 2.7 3.0
48 2.58 12-87 3-44 13.60. 3-62 4-00 04 814 7.56 969 11.9 1617 6.93
225 94 08 0.70 10-75 9-58 9-63
·75| 6-33 4-97 6·89| 7-49| 9·54| 9-59
23 3-44| 2-06| 2·74| 2-84| 4-04 4·36 45| L·80| 2·58| 2、80| 4·41| 6-62| 7-33
ћ value is the теат of 3 replicate8
(where dy/dt is the rate of increase otal leaf area in sq. ft. per sq. ft. of ate were obtained from values of ed curves of herbage yield and leaf moothed curves give better estimates ips than the raw data, and are devoid normally occur in such computations. ld plotted against time are shown in efficiency indices calculated for each
8.

Page 24
TROPCAL AGRICULTURIS
2. ご سمجھے ラ
S ANM VP
Ηίρ, 2 -Sηootheά. Οι
 

ST, voIL. CXVIII, 196l
ClOSE cut
حنف
2. Y/-= O-229 OC -- O - 9 O6 OC -- 7.2e
F = \7. ©\ቾ*
6 7 8SR 9 KO)
ANG WWWM WES
(rves of Herbage Yield

Page 25
LEAE AREA, AS A DETERM
TA Leaf Eff
4 8 12
Laa cut - dy/dt = 0-316 0•0Ꮾ9 | 0-071 | 0-07
Close cut
dy/dt = 0-458X -0210 0-004 O-20
-0-906
Close cutting resulted in a hig pared to lax cutting, but the init leaf efficiency under close cutting that the foliage of close cut plant
In the above studies no attemp index of the Sward under the two tion. The work of Brougham (195 however, suggests that the rate of exponential till it attains the “cri of complete light interception. Du) of that which the incoming light area is insufficient to utilize all th leaf area index has been attaine can no longer result in an increas relative growth rate falls. It is cle management should be to attain leaf area index, and maintain the of management would ensure the given unit of land. The concept of theoretical interest in Studies of further investigation especially un tropics.
LIST OF R
1. APPAD'JRAI, R. R. (1961). Studies versity of London.
2. BLACK. J. N. (1959). On the light tion from Scand.

NANT OF YIELD IN PASTURES
BLE 2 iciency Indices
Days of growth
16 20 24 28 32 36
3 0.075 0.078 0080 0083 0.086 0.089
4 0-357| 0-461| 0-52]| 0-550| 0-558| 0-553
gher maximum leaf efficiency comial efficiency was lower. The higher may be attributed partly, to the fact s were at the proper age.
Dit was made to relate the leaf area cutting treatments to light intercep7) and more recently Black (1959), growth of an undefoliated pasture is tical leaf area index’, i.e., the point cing this phase, production falls short energy could sustain, since the leaf le incoming light. Once the “critical 'd, any further increase in leaf area 2 in light absorption, and hence the ar, therefore, that the aim of pasture as quickly as possible the optimum : pasture at this level. Such a form maximum of herbage yields from a leaf area index, is thus of more than
pasture production, and warrants nder the high light intensities of the
EFERENCES
in Pasture growth. Ph. D. thesis, Uni
E microclimatology of pastures. Transla
83

Page 26
TROPICAL AGRICULT
3. BROUGHAM, R. W. (1956). Effec of pasture. Aust. J. agric. Res., 1.p.
4 - (1957). Pasture gro management. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim.
5. DAVIDSON, J. L., and PHILLIP, J. Alust. Unesco symposium on Arid zo
6. DoNALD, C. M. (1956). Competiti nat. grassl. cong. p. 80-91.
7. WATSON, D. J. (1947). Comparat of field crops. 1. Variation in net assi cies and varieties and within and betw.
8. - (1952). Physiological ba 4. p. 101-44.
9. - (1956). Leaf growth i
leaves.' Ed. F. L. Milthrope. Butterw
84

RIST, voli. CXVII, 1961
of intensity of defoliation on regrowth 77-87.
rth rate studies in relation to grazing ܓܲܢ̄ܬ̇ Prod. 17 p. 46-55.
R. (1956). Light and pasture growth. le climatology. paper 22.
in among pasture plants. Proc. 7th inter
ive physiological studies on the growth milation rate, and leaf area between speeen years. Ann. Bot. Lond. N.S. p. 41-76.
siis of variation in yield. Advanc. Agron.
n relation to crop yield. “Growth of orth Lond. p. 179-91. 4

Page 27
THE MEASUREMI N PASTU
R. R. 4
(Department of Agricul
THE significance of leaf area in p. a determinant of herbage yield, the preceding article. Workers cept of leaf area index in studies experienced considerable difficulo communities. This is largely be latively small sample of herbag ground) thousands of leaves a involving every single leaf cann has been customary to use a su measure their leaf area, and the the sub-sample to the dry weigh leaf area. Very often in pasture
cated further by the fact that d
and the process of sub-sampling repeated for each individual com among other things hand separa mixed sward into their compon weight per unit area of leaf has to using a separate Sub-Sample eac marked variations through the comparison of the mean weight leaves, taken at random at differ of perennial rye grass and whi weights per unit area of both gra seasonal variations. Further, the leaf was significantly higher than

ENT OF LEAF AREA RE PLANTS
APPADURAI
ture, University of Ceylon)
asture growth, and its importance as has been described and discussed in who have attempted to use the conof pasture production have, however, ty in measuring leaf area in pasture cause of the fact, that even in a ree (e.g., herbage from a 3 sq. ft. of re involved, and a direct estimate bt easily be made. Consequently, it Jb-sample of representative leaves, n relate the weight per unit area of ht of the sample, to determine total communities, the problem is compliifferent species grow in association,
for estimation of leaf area has to be ponent of the pasture. This involves tion of samples of herbage from a ent species. Finally, an estimate of D be obtained for each sampling date, h time, since this co-efficient shows growing season. Table 1 shows a s per unit area of grass and clover ent times of the season on a pasture te clover. (Appadurai 1961). The ass and clover leaves showed marked
e mean weight per unit area of grass
that of the clover leaf.
85

Page 28
TROPCAL AGRICULT
TA
Comparison of the Weights per
different tim
5. 8.608. 9.6026
Grass :
Leaf area, ... 82-4 85-1
(sq. cm.) Leaf weight ... 0-32. 0-249 O
(g) Wit/area ... 0-0038 0.0029 0
(glsq. cm.)
O/oფაer :
Leaf area, ... 42.8 34-8
(sq. cm.) Leaf weight . . 0- 128 O-084 O
(g) Wit/area ... 0.0029 0.0024 0
(g/sq. cm.)
These observations emphasize the order to get a fresh estimate of v sampling date, and confirm the ob the main factors contributing to t
I ment in pasture communities, is th
sub-sampling.
TECHNIQUE OF LEAF SEVERAL methods of estimating pastures have been reported in r direct estimates made from ce. leaves. A few of these methods various parts of the world are estimated the leaf area of a rye three heights of defoliation, fron 1 sq. ft. quadrats at 4 day interv, days. He measured the mean wi forty rye grass leaves, Oven-dried the weight per unit area. From : and the weight per unit area of leaf area. He determined the area of known diameter taken from clos a method of measurement of leaf calculated leaf area from measure using a correction factor leaf inde
参 Computed : Actual :
Langar (1956) and Kemp (1960 mating leaf area in grasses base
86
 

RIST, VOL. CXVII, 196l
BLE I
nit Area of Grass and Clover Leaf at s of the Season
0S0S 0S0S0SS 0S000S00S0S S 0L CCCEE
o 64·7 58.7 62-3 65.7
127 0.223 0.222 0.239 0-230
0030 0.0034 || 0-0037 || 0-0038 0.0034
37.8 34-3 3. 44.2 37-5
092 0.094 0.093 0.45 0.106
0.024 0.0027 0.0029 || 0-0032 0-0027
need for regular sub-sampling in
reight per unit area of leaf at each
servation made earlier, that one of he difficulties of leaf area measurehe necessity for regular and detailed
AREA MEASUREMENT leaf area both in crops and in ecent years, most of which are inrtain morphological attributes of that have been used by workers in listed below. Brougham (1956) grass/clover pasture subjected to a samples of herbage taken from als during a recovery period of 32 idth of central 100 m.n. Sections of the sections, and then calculated the dry weight of the bulk sample the sub-sample, he estimated total of clover leaf similarly using disks 7er leaves. Neales (1956) described area in barley leaves in which he ments of leaf length and breadth,
x (k) based on the ratio:
Irea (1 X b) lrea (A)
), both described methods of estil on measurements of length and

Page 29
MEASUREMENT OF LEAF
breadth of leaves. Even in thes the leaf area of a known Sub-Sa implicit, owing to the average
In recent years several devi larger samples, and which could measurementS have been deve instrument which estimated pho sq. cm. of detached leaves. Mor an air flow planimeter which m quickly and reasonably accurate ments on the methods described fact that they involve sub-samp of every single leaf of the sub-sa
THE USE OF T
IN MEASUR. APPADURAI (1961) observed that effective method of measuring l involved is of the order of 2 per methods), and the method itsell which eliminate the need to sub ments conducted at Wye in En,
grass and white clover, the fol
measuring leaf area was adopted
METHIO
LEAF area determinations Were
from a sq. ft. of ground. A 3 sq. ft. of ground was cut to gro tory for leaf area determination a grid, divided into 3 sq. ft. are: date, the grid was placed over determined area Was har Vestec
OIlCe.
METHOD OF EST
IN the laboratory the samples o were first separated into grass ents were again separated into and 10 clover leaves were then their flat surface on a photosens
 

2 AREA IN PASTURE PLANTS
e methods, a technique of correlating ample to that of the main sample is size of herbage samples.
ces which could deal with slightly at the same time simplify the actual loped. Maggs (1956) described an to-electrically the area of 100 - 400 'e recently Jenkins (1959) described easured the areas of detached leaves ely. Both these devices are improveearlier, but are still limited by the ling, and further individual handling mple, similar to the other methods.
THE PILANIMIETER
ING LEAF AREA
the use of the planimeter was an eaf area in pasture plants. The error cent (which is lower than most other f is the simplest, so long as methods -Sample are not available. In experigland, on a pasture of perennial rye lowing procedure for sampling and .
D OF SAMPLING
made from samples of herbage taken it regular intervals herbage from a und le Vel and removed to the labOras. In order to obtain suitable samples as was constructed. At each sampling
the Sward and the appropriate pred. No area was sampled more than
IMATING LEAF AREA
f herbage from the i sq. ft. quadrats and clover. The individual componleaf and stem. About 40 grass leaves picked at random and laid out with sitive dyaline paper, held firmly in a
87

Page 30
TROPCAL AGRICULTURIS
frame, and covered with a sheet of gl either to sunlight or strong artificial
covered portions of the paper. The co a sponge dipped in Unax developin black line prints of the grass and cl grass and clover leaves were then o' at 90°C for 24 hours, while their a prints by the use of a planimeter. Th grass leaf and clover leaf were obtai and clover leaves from the quadrat determine their individual dry weig possible to calculate the total leaf a sample, and also the leaf area index
The above method of estimating le mixed Sward of grass and clover, wo applied to a pure grass sward. The expensive equipment, is relatively sir
LIST OF REE
1. APPADURAI, R. R. (1961). Studies in Lond.
2. BROUGHAM, R. W. (1956). Effect of i of pasture. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1. p. 377-8
3. JENKINS, H. W. (1959). An air flow of detached leaves. Plant physiol. 34. p. 5.
4. KEMP, C. D. (1960). Methods of estin linear measurements. Ann. Bot. 24. p. 491.
5. LANGAR, R. H. M. (1956). Measure * Groupth of leaves’, Ed. F. L. Milthorpe.
6. MAGGS, D. H. (1956). A photometer of detached leaves. East Malling Res. St.
7. NEALEs, T. F. (1956). The magnes plants. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. Lond.
88

T, voIL. CXVIII, 196l
ass. The paper was then exposed light which desensitized the unvered portions on mopping with g solution, yielded well defined over leaves. The sub-samples of ren dried in separate containers reas were determined from the us the weights per unit area of ned. The remainder of the grass were oven dried separately to ghts. From these values it was rea of grass and clover in thie of the mixed herbage.
af area, developed for use in a
uld be considerably simplified if method eliminates the use of
nple, and reasonably accurate.
ERENCES
pasture growth. Ph.D. thesis Univ.,
intensity of defoliation on regrowth 7.
planimeter for measuring the area 32-36.
nating the leaf area of grasses from -99.
ament of leaf growth in grasses. Butterworth, Lond. p. 197-8.
for estimating the area of samples Amin.l. Ript. p. 107.
ium nutrition of certain herbage
ܦܼܿ
ha

Page 31
-
R
ல்
STUDIES ON THE
OF CATTLE IN THE SEASONAL
DRY ZONE
G. W. E. FERNANDO :
(Dry Zone Research Instit
ALTHOUGH adequate information on is available in the temperate regior made under tropical conditions.
Payne et (i) studying the graz tropical conditions in Fiji found th: duced in hot Weather due to the din grazing. In their studies, they obse grazing time took place at night. Th
that the grazing habits of cattle in th from those in the temperate zones.
At the Coconut Research Institute tions on the time spent in grazing by to coconut palms. He observed that 10.3 hr. and that the bulk of the gr: part of the day. Several investigati grazing behaviour studies have been of grazing management problems. showed how behaviour Studies can animal weighing methods, when cat
In the tropics, there is little info way in which pastures should be mai
* Based on a paper read at the Six Association for the Advancement of Scie

CRAZING HABITS RELATION TO UTILIZATION OF
PASTURES*
and T. SIVALINGAM
Jute, Mahailluppallama)
the grazing behaviour of cattle ls, few such studies have been
ing habits of Friesian cows under at the total grazing time was reminution in the length of daytime rved that 67 per cent of the total hese workers therefore concluded he tropics were radically different
2, Gunasekera (2) made observaindigenous Sinhala cattle tethered on the average these cows grazed azing occurred during the hottest ons have been reported where the successfully used in the solution (3.4). Hughes and Harker (4) be used in the improvement of tle are at grazing.
mation available on the precise aged in order to utilise the Sward
eenth Annual Session of the Ceylon nce, 26th November, 1960.
89.

Page 32
TROPICAIL AGRICULTUIE
nutrients to the optimum in a sys ment. The lack of precise informa of reliable data on the grazing ha
The main objective of this in January, 1959, was to study the g of dairy cattle with particular ref pastures in the dry zone of Ceylon gestions for the improvement of g
EXPER
Cattle. Four, two and half year C Were Selected for these observatic carried out using the same group familar to being handled in expe disturbance.
Pasture. Two one-acre plots of contained three large trees for Although there was always an abl from Season to Season.
Pasture Conditions. The patter zone assumes a bimodal form, cc pastures, there is a flush period f by a slower but steady vegetative With the yala rains in April and period which is followed by a peri a final drying off of pastures with A brief description of the pasture periods is shown in Table II.
Estimate of Pasture Yields. Est by cutting the herbage at ground the time of cattle introduction. T a sub sample was hand separated second sub sample was oven-drie and chemical analysis. The dry r additive since they do not prov. the year.
Weather. Weather conditions order to avoid the effects of unu
90

RIST, vo. CXVII, 1961
tem of intensive grassland managetion is no doubt due to the absence
bits of cattle.
vestigation which was initiated in razing habits of the Sahiwal breed erence to the seasonal utilization of n and thence, to make tenative sugrazing management.
MENTTAL
ild Sahiwal heifers of similar weight Dns. All Sixteen observations were
of animals. The animals used were rimental plots without causing any
Brachiatria brizantha, one of which shelter, were chosen for paddocks. undance of forage, its quality varied
n of herbage production in the dry pincident with the rainfall (5), In rom October to November followed : growth in December and January. May, there occurs a second growth od of restricted growth in June and the advent of dry weather in July. conditions during the experimental
imates of pasture yields were made
level from 4 quadrats (3 X 3) at he samples were weighed green and | into green and dry Brachiaria. A d for the determination of moisture natter yields shown in Fig. I are not ide an estimate of production over
varied widely during the trial. In Lsual climatic variations, much care
སྙི

Page 33
GRAZING BABITS OF CATTLE IN. R.
OIE DRY ZON
was taken to select a day duri were typical for the month, under sonine of the details.
Observation Techniques. Observ: at monthly intervals. The animal a day before the observations bega light was used to observe their act made every minute throughout the were engaged in various activiti into
(1) Grazing-time spent in g
herbage.
(2) Idling-time spent in star (3) Lying down-time spent In these observations, no atten
spent in ruminating.
DISCUSSION
The time spent in various activ periods for sixteen observations a
TAB Weath
Maac. Mr. Relate IOαίe Temp. || Temp. || humidity|| Ra of of dt δη
8.30a.m.
24, 1.59 87.3 68-0 88 22。2。59 89.9 71-8 91.
25。3.59 98-0 72-0 86 23. 4.59 90-8 76-7 81 2l。5.59 87-9 75.9 80 26. 6.59 85-9 73.9 84
2 - 7.59 91-6 75. 78 18, 8.59 92.0 74-0 74. 5. 9.59 92-3 744 70 7. 0.59 95-2 7.5 86 6. 1.59 84.2 70-2 95
17, 2.59 85- 68-0 93 13. 60 80. 695 93 19. 2.60 84-0 70.2 00 29. 3.. 60 94-1 66.3 78 29。4。60 87.9 75-2 87

LATION TO SEASONAL UTILIZATION E PASTURES
ng which the climatic conditions observation. Table I gives briefly
tions were made for a 24-hr. period s had access to the pasture at least n. During moonless nights, a flash vities in the dark. Recordings were 24 hr. period of the animals which es. The activities were classified
razing, gathering and selection of
lding, walking, etc. in lying down. npt was made to record the time
OF RESULTS
ities by cattle during single 24-hr. re presented in Table II.
LE 1 er Data
infall Remarks ches
Warm and humid
- Warm day with bright sun shine, cool
night
Hot and humid, no breeze
- Warm, clear day
Light shower at 11 a.m.
Cool morning, cloudy with cool breeze
from S. W. -
Warm, strong blowing from S. W.
Strong blowing from S. W.
Warm, with strong blowing from S. W.
10 Warm and humid
38 Thick mist in early morning, shower
in early afternoon
77 Cloudy, rain throughout the afternoon
O7 Cloudy day, intermittent showers
56 Misty morning, with plenty of dew
Warm with no breeze
- Warm and humid
91.

Page 34
TROPICAL AGRICUL,
T Average Time spent per Heifer in vario
Month Grααφηg Idling
January, 1959 . . 384 328 February, 1959 . . 482 236
March, 1959 . . 640 21 April, 1959 - 385 435
May, 1959 - 3.54 519
June, 1959 a 449 317
July, 1959 602 299 August, 1959 . . 637 219 September, 1959 625 235
October, 1959* .. 520 365 November, 1959 463 446 December, 1959 460 612
January, 1960 . . 494 444 February, 1960 . . 567 446
March, 1960 - 716 166 April, 1960* 37- 520
Average - - 510 362
(8-50 hr.) | (6-03 hr.)
* Shade
The average time occupied in g day and ranged from 5.90 hr. to 1
Although Larkin (6) and Payn the major cause of variation affec tropical Queensland and in Fiji, t the condition of the pasture had climatic conditions and in fact, i. portion of the grazing was done (see Fig. 3).
It can be seen from a perusal O good pasture spent less time in g quality of the pasture decreased, significant decrease in grazing tij Once again during April to June r due to adequate rainfall. The inci August and September may be att tity of pasture arising from sever at this time of the year. In Ma spent about 100 per cent more tin
92
 

URIST, voL. CXVIII, 1961
BLE II
activities (Minutes) and Pasture Conditions
Lying Сотditions of the pasture douут,
728 Grasses slightly matured
722 Coarse growth, fair amount of
dry material
589 Almost dried pasture
620 Grass a foot high, soft young
flush
567 Dense growth of grass, 18-24"
high
674 Fair amount of green matter
mostly old growth
539 Pasture partially withered
584 Almost dried up pasture
580 Mostly old growth, very little
green matter
555 Young growing pasture, 6' high 53. Leafy pasture
368 Leafy, dense growth of grass, 18'
to 24" high 502 Advanced stage of growth 427 Fair amount of green material
still evident 558 Partially withered pasture. 546 Young foliage, 9" to 12" high
568 (9-47 hr.)
} available.
razing was found to be 8.50 hr. per 1.90 hr.
2 et al. (1) found that weather was ting the grazing habits of cattle in hese results appear to indicate that a much greater effect than adverse
1 all these observations, a major during the hottest part of the day.
Table III and Fig. 1 that cattle on azing, but as the quantity and the he grazing time also increased. The he during October to January and flects the better growing conditions ease in grazing time in March, July, ibuted to the decrease in the quandrought conditions which prevail ph, 1960, for instance, the animals e in grazing than in May, 1959.
উইি২

Page 35
GRAZING BABITS OF CATTLE IN. R.
OET DRY ZO)
The shorter time expended in gr: the time of lying down on good pa able to obtain their feed requirem energy in comparision to those gre only exception was in December, w idling time with a corresponding dΟννη.
The yield of dry Brachiaria is
low herbage production (see Fig. of dry and green Brachiaria was 2.
3.75 per cent) and 6.92 per cent (ra respectively. The high yield of g. cates an increase in herbage qual spent in grazing appears to be relat present in the pasture. It was also the cattle were very selective and gathering and selecting green mat grazing is linked with a high cont centage of fibre or dry matter, all when animals showed a preferen shoots of grasses.
It must be admitted that any in to obtain their Sustenance With a the energy for milik and beef prod as a result of excess grazing is used cularly when herbage is sparse an general practice. This emphasises the dairy cattle, should have acces the day.
Periodicity of Grazing Habits. G. daylight hours whilst the nights w (see Fig. 2). Of the total grazing til day. During the night however, This represented 70 per cent of the All studies have shown that these Only under very adverse weather C
To study the pattern of grazing constructed from data collected. A city, as occurred on two pasture ty is shown in Fig. 3.
The distribution of grazing time not indentical. In March, when qui

ELATION TO SEASONAL UTILIZATION
NIE PASTUTTERES
azing and idling and the increase in Stures also indicate that cattle were ents with a smaller expenditure of azing on poor quality pastures. The then heavy rains increased the total reduction in the time spent lying
particularly high during periods of
1). The average protein content 99 per cent (range 2.17 per cent to
Linge 3.96 per cent to 12.54 per cent) reen Brachiaria in the SWard indiity. It can be seen that the time ted to the amount of green material
observed that during dry weather, spent considerable time in walking, erial. It cannot be concluded that ent of crude protein or a low perthough this seemed to be the case ce to graze the young and tender
mprovement that will cause cattle minimum of grazing will conserve uction. Energy expended in work, at the expense of production, partid supplementary feeding is not the the need that cattle, particularly s to better quality pastures during
razing was largely done during the rere mainly devoted to lying down me, 75 per cent occurred during the 5.75 hr. were spent in lying down.
total time devoted to this activity. habits can change in these respects, Onditions.
behaviour, periodicity charts were n example of Such grazing periodipes in April, 1959, and March, 1960,
between the two pasture types was ality herbage was sparse, there was
93

Page 36
TROPICAL, AGRICULTUE
a marked increase in the grazing t pasture in April and grazing was in the day.
Grazing usually commenced abo Weather conditions. When the h grazing was generally delayed. In steadily, but not so intensively as period ceased abruptly at sunset ti: last daylight grazing period and t Fig. 4.
The Small amount of night gra, season did not follow a regular pat
Effect of Shade. Shade was ma March, May, October, December, 1. spent in the shade between 10 a.m. ; relating to the average total time the activities are presented in Table cattle to seek shelter during the h became uncomfortable. Due to heav in December, less use was made of
TABL. Time spent in the Shade between
Date
25.3.59 21.5.59
17, 10.59
17.12.59
29.4.60
Although providing of shade was materially influence the activities extent.
SUMIM
SIXTEEN observations on the grazi the seasonal utilization of pastures
The average times spent in graz 8.50 hr., 6.02 hr. and 9.47 hr. respec:
The results of this study indicate is a major factor which influences dry zone of Ceylon. The time sper related with the amount of green m
94

IST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
ime, compared with better quality. hore or less continuous throughout
ut 7.30 a.m. depending largely on erbage is wet with rain or dew, the mornings the heifers grazed in the afternoons and the grazing me. The relationship between the he time of Sunset is illustrated in
fing which varied from season to eITI.
ide available to these animals in 959, and April, 1960, and the time and 3 p.m. was recorded. The data
spent in the shade irrespective of
III. The provision of shade caused ottest part of the day, when heat ry rains, throughout the afternoons the shade.
E III
10 a.m. and 3 p.m. (Minutes).
Shade
123
126
155
82 149
found to be beneficial, it did not of the animals to any appreciable
ARY
ng habits of cattle in relation to are described.
ing, idling and lying down were
Eively.
that the condition of the pasture the grazing habits of cattle in the ut in grazing was found to be coraterial present in the Sward.

Page 37
s
ܓܠ
GRAZING HABITS OF CATTLE IN F
OF DRY ZO
Grazing was done largely dur
nights were mainly devoted to 1
per cent occurred during the day
In the mornings, the animals gr
as in the afternoons. The last da
the time of Sunset.
The provision of shade caused hottest part of the day, but this d vities of animals.
No signs of heat distress Were and as a breed, the Sahiwal is of the dry zone.
It is suggested that further stuc breeds of cattle would be of CO animals suited to different climat
Tentative recommendations ha of grazing management practices.
ACKNOW)
THE authors Wish to record their Research Institute for assistance
R E F E
1. PAYNE, W. J. A., LAING, and F
167, 60.
GooNESEKARA, G. C. M. (1954), ... JoHNSTONE-WALLACE, D. B. (194 . Hu GHES, G. P. and HARKER, K. W . FERNANDo, G. W. E. (1958), Tro LARKIN, R. M. (1954), J. Agric.

RELATION TO SEASONAL UTILIZATION
NIE PASTURES
ing the daylight hours, whilst the rest. Of the total grazing time, 75
V.
azed steadily, but not so intensively ylight grazing period was related to
cattle to seek shelter during the lid not materially influence the acti
noted in any of these observations well adapted to climatic conditions
lies on the grazing habits of various insiderable value in the Selection of ic zones of the island.
ve been made for the improvement
LEDGMENTS
thanks to officers of the Dry Zone in the recording.
R EN CES
RAIVOKA, E. N. (1951), Nature, London,
Tropical Agriculturist, 110, 25. 4), J. Agric. Sci., 34, 25. V. (1951), J. Agric. Sc., 40, 403. pical Agriculturist, 40, 403. Scι., 45, 257.
95

Page 38
TROPICAL AGRICULTUва
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Page 39
L 007
OF. DRY ZONE:
GRAZING BABITS OF CATTLE IN REL
L 00い
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tes z
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97

Page 40
TROPICAL AGRICUL
A GOOD PASTURE AN APR
丝
A Poor QUALITY PASTURE AN
历 グ
/
參
Fig. 3.–Periodicity of gra
98.
 
 

《_ 《 《
《
《 參_
《_
BØA
2 Lying Down
貓
TURIST, WOL. CXVIII, 1961
til, 1959.
| _ ' '-. / Y|- ! o -|-s', }, !
清
密_ , 《
GRAZANG
iDLaNG
忽
MARCA 1960.
zing habits on two pasture types.

Page 41
GRAZING ELABITS OE" CATTLE IN RE
7 PM
6 PM
OIE IDRY ZONE
う2層
и I I M. A NᏁ J T .
1959-1
Fig. 4-Showing the relations and last daylight g.

EATION Tο SΕΑSONAT, UTIIIZATION
PASTURES
SUNSET CURVE
LAST DAY LAG-T GRAZANG
PEROO.
960 hip between time of sunset razing period.
99

Page 42


Page 43
-
OBSERVATIONS O. SUSCEPTIBILIT VARIETIES OF APHIS COSS)
E. S. THEVA (Dry Zone Research Instit
Aphis gossypii Gever, the cotton a and serious pests of cotton in th infest the tender portions of the p plant sap. The drainage caused to creatures produces an unhealthy effe the tender portions fade gradually blighted in a bad attack.
During routine checks on the pe populations was observed in differe The present study is to ascertain i
EXPERI
OBSERVATIONS were made On three Island “Andrews' variety (Gossy varieties HC 101 and LL 53 (G. planted at 3 ft. X 2 ft. spacing in plc grown under three fertilizer treat PO and 80 lb. each of N and P. doses, first at the time of planting weeks after planting. POs was There were four replications.
RESU
: THE results of the observations tak
are given below in Table 1 and observed that there was difference variety at different fertilizer level Island Variety for the three fertiliz and also represented in Figure 2.

N THE RELATIVE Y OF THREE COTTON TO PII GEWER
SAGAYAMI Bute, Mahailluppallama)
phid, is one of the more common e dry zone. The minute insects lant in colonies and suck up the
the plant by thousands of these ect. The leaves become curled up, 7 and the whole plant becomes
st, marked variations in the pest nt varieties growing side by side. f the difference was significant.
MENT
varieties of cotton, namely, Sea pium barbadense) and the upland hirsutum). The varieties were its 34 ft. x 14 ft. Each variety was ments, Nil, 40 lb. each of N and Ds. N was applied in three split and then at three weeks and six applied at the time of planting.
LTS
en from 60 plants of each variety represented in Figure 1. It was in the aphid infestation in the s. The observations for the Sea ir levels is given below in Table III
10.

Page 44
TROPICAL AGRICUL
T, Aphid Counts taken from Sixty Se
Variety
8 1C
IC 101. 4,900 ll,0 Sea Island. 580 8 LL53 2,400 6,0
T
Aphid counts taken on Sea Isla
JFerto/?Zé?“ level
8 10
Nil 25 2. 40 lb. N. &. P.O. 75 80 lb. N. &. P.O. 490 4.
DISC
FROM the observations it is cl Island variety was significantly 1 showing that this variety exhibit It is difficult to state with any
attribute of the plants which co seems to suggest that hairiness C do with it. On the average leave per square inch on the under s and LL 53 has 800-900 hairs per
Peat (1928) found in South Af bodia suffered more than glabrol and Clark (1938) working in group of cotton varieties show aphid population increased in hairs on the lower leaf surfaces has been found that aphid infes variety.
In nature aphids are control enemies. Of these the more imp beetle, a hover fly and a lacewir the under Surface of the leaves Hairiness of the leaf is probably of these natural enemies and the not be easily accessible to the aphids is probably a factor conr.
02

JRIST, voL. CXVII, 196l
BLE 1 Icted Plants from the Three Warieties
Age of αγορ ιη κυβείο8
II. 12 18 14 15 16
0 15,000 1,300 915 | 2,350 | 2,800|| II, 135 5 215 100 15 215 10 20 10 3,300 1,300 1,000 2,000 2,200 1,500
BLE II nd variety at Three Fertilizer Levels
Age of crop in weeks
ll 12 13 14 5 16
5 55 O 10 80 10 5 O 90 45 5 70 O. O. O 70 55 0 65 O 15
USSION
ear that aphid infestation on Sea. Ower than in the other two varieties
S. Some form of resistance to aphids. degree of certainty the particular infers this resistance. But evidence if the leaves may have something to s of Sea Island cotton have 1-5 hairs urface whereas HC 101 has 500-600 square inch.
rica that hairy cottons such as Camls ones from aphid attack. Dinnam ississippi, U.S.A., found that in a ng different levels of pilosity, the direct proportion to the number of
In the present observation too it tation was lowest in the less hairy
ed in varying degrees by natural ortant are the larvae of a lady bird g fly. These larvae move freely on and devour the aphids voraciously. a hindrance to the free movement aphids found among the hairs may redators. Therefore resistance to 2cted with predator activity on the

Page 45
RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE Aphis Gossyp
plant. Dinnam and Clark (1938) all greater in glabrous types of cotton Here too hairiness of the leaves ma the parasites.
It was observed in the present stud of fertilizer the susceptibility to ap) three varieties. This increase was n Sea Island variety. Probably more component, made leaves more succi tive to aphids. Christidis and Han plants grown on soils well supplied able to aphid development. Anothe varying levels of nitrogen only to as
SUMIMLI
OBSERVATIONS made at Maha Illu Cotton variety, “Andrews' (Goss ceptible to infestation by Aphis gi varieties HC 101 and LL 53 (G. hirs in the succeptibility between HC 10
In the very high fertilizer treatm susceptibility to aphids than in the ments. This effect was, however, variety.
ACKNOWLE
THE author wishes to thank Mr. Department of Agriculture, for his Amarasena, Laboratory Assistant, the field observations.
LITERATU
PEAT, J. E., 1928. Report for the sea Corp. Ript. Expt. Sta., 1926-27; 117-122
DIN NAM, E. W., and CLARK, J. C., 1938 pilosity of Cotton leaves. J. E.com. Ent
CHRISTIDIs, B. G. & HARRIsoNs, G. J.; Mcgraw Hill Book Co., N.Y., pp. 633.
 

EIE VARIETIES OF COTTON LO. i, GEVER
to observed that parasitism was with smaller aphid population. y make aphids less accessible to
y that with increased application lid infestation increased in all ore marked in the more resistant fertilizer, mainly the Nitrogen lent and therefore more attracrision (1955) also reported that with nitrogen were more favourr experiment is in progress with bertain this fact.
ARY
ppallama show that Sea Island ypium barbademse) is less susOssypii than the upland cotton sutum). There was no difference 1 and LL 53.
ents all varieties showed greater moderate and no fertilizer treatmore marked in the 'Andrews'
DGMENT
P. Kanapathipilai, Statistitian, elp with the statistics, and Mr. J. who was mainly responsible for
E CITED
son 1926-27. Empire Cotton growing
The Cotton Aphid in relation to the , 31 : 663-666.
255. Cotton Growing Problems, p. 530,
103

Page 46
TROPICAL AGRICO
15 თაა
5ඌරර 2
V M M 4 Ooo N --
M
8 Ooo MY s
2 ooo 設 * O
C صے.ے۔ * -- *\
று n
O
8 9 O
A 3e of crop in
Fig. 1-Aphid counts taken from
Soo a . .
.4OO Aے۔
3oo
2G OC
! Ο Ο
Àဌe 8C
Fig. 2-Aphid counts taken fron
three
04
 

TURIST, voL. CxVII, 196l
mmmmmmmm -4 C l Oi
- - - - - - - - - - L. L 53
ممحولہ سے Nos. -- سے -- .ے چی۔ ح<حم  ̄ܐ ----- ܕ -- ܕ=ܣܘ܌--
2. 13 A. 齿 6. Weeks
sixty selected plants in three varieties.
Fertilizer it
subma, rapo nomo m sm do 40 lbs of Neos se o a s en el m do. 80 lbs of R & Bos
Do in Reeks
wenty plants of Sea Island variety at rtilizer levels.
རྒྱུ་

Page 47
ܠܵܐ.
MAJOR INSECT P (SOLANUM 4 AND THEI
E. S. THEVASAGAYAM an (Dry Zone Research Ins
BRINJAL is often very seriously
important ones being :
1. Leucinodes Orboñalis G.—the
The caterpillar of this moth is
plants. The attacked shoots dro
caterpillars later bore into the fru
plugged with excreta.
2. Epilachna 28-punctata F., E
These beetles and their grubs
leaves and tender parts of the pla
cause very severe damage to the
3. Aphis gossypii Gever-Aphid
These are found in abundance sucking the plant sap.
4. Phemacoccus imSolitus G.-Br
These generally attack isolate covered with white powder. Bac die very soon.
TRALS FORTHE CON
TRIALs for the control of these in seasons at the Experimental Stat of insecticides. -

ESTS OF BRINJAL MELONGENA) R CONTROL
d L. S. C. CANAGASINGHAM titute, Mahailluppallama)
affected by insect pests, the more
shoot and fruit borer.
found boring into shoots in young op, fade and die off. These same its which show holes on the surface
bilach na beetles.
scrape the green matter from the nt and when found in numbers they plants.
Ls.
on the under surface of the leaves
injalmealy bug.
'd plants which appear as though ly affected plants are stunted and
TROL OF INSECT PESTS
sects were conducted through three ;ion, Tinnevely, using a wide range
05

Page 48
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
At the first trial during yala 19 used :-
B. H. C. " Gammalin' ... 20%. E. C. * D. D. T. ... 25%. E. C. Dieldrin ... 20%. E. C. Dipterex ... 80% W. S. P. Endrin ... 20%. E. C. Gusaithion ... 20%. E. C. Malathion ... 50%. E. C. Parathion 'Folidol . . 46.7%. E. C. Rogor . . 40%. E. C.
* El C-Emulsifiable COncentrate. W. S. P.-Water soluble powder.
There was a heavy incidence of and the plants were badly affected five promising insecticides were were B. H. C., Endrin, Gusathion, Was added a new insecticide Sev which had claims as a highly ef residual toxicity. During maha 1 tried at the doses given against the
B. H. C. " Gammalin' ... 20%. E. C.
Endrin ... 20%. E. C.
Gusaithion ... 20%. E. C.
Parathion *. Follidol ... 46.7%. E. C.
Rogor ,40%马, C. Sevin ... 50% W. W. P.
* Water wettable Powder.
Fortnightly observations of shoot incidence were taken. Shoot borer i of a total count of affected shoots a and Figure 1. Epilachna grubs we the plot and these figures are give counts were taken from five Select numbers were heavy they were est The results are given in Table III :
If after each fortnightly observa to be high, the crop was sprayed. seven times during the trial, the fil was six weeks old.
106

IST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
60 the following insecticides were
l, fl. oz in 2 gal. water Ili fl. oz in 2 gal... water 1 fl. Oz in 2 gal. water f ... 1 oz wt. in 5 gal. water
... 1 fl. oz in 4 gal. water 1 fl. oz in 4 gal. water 1 fl. Oz in 4 gal. water I fl. oz in 8 gal. water 1 fl. Oz in 8-gal. water
shoot borer and Epilachina beetles . On the results of the above trial Selected for further trials. These
Parathion and Roger. To this list in (I-naphyl N-Methylcarbamate) fective insecticide with very low 960-61 these five insecticides were
Υ1.
Low ... 1 oz in 2 gal. water J High ... 1 oz in 1 gal. water Low ... 1 oz in 4 gal, water High ... 1 oz in 2 gal. water Low ... 1 oz in 4 gal. water High . . 1 oz in 2 gal. water Low ... 1 oz in 8 gal. water High ... 1 oz in 4 gal. water Low . . 1 oz in 8 gal, water High ... 1 oz in 4 gal. water
率 Low ... 1 oz in l gal. water High . . 2 oz in l gal. water
; borer, Epilachina grubs and aphidi incidence was estimated on the basis ind the results are given in Table I re counted on every fifth plant in n in Table II and Figure 2. Aphid ed plants in each plot. When aphid imated in hundreds and thousands.
nd Figure 3.
tion the pest incidence was found Altogether the crop was sprayed st application being when the crop
s

Page 49
MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF E
The yield results are given in fruits were separated from the Records were also kept of the nul fruit which gave an indication of Altogether thirteen picks were tal
DISC
FROM observations of pest incide that Sevin at the high concentratic fruit borer and Epilachna grubs. ] gave very satisfactory control of gave good yields too. Sevin how Aphids which were controlled bes Aphid population in the Sevin tı even the untreated COntrOls aS Fi non is difficult to explain but it il were being controlled by their na whereas in the Sevin treated plc killed by the Sevin.
Sevin at the high concentratic fruits, the equivalent of 16,000 li acre of attacked fruits. The yield lb. or 4,600 lb. per acre, just over
Endrin and B. H. C. at the high co
and 13, 120 lb. respectively per ac
tration nearly 13,000 lb. per acre.
The high concentration of Sevir
strength and at normal coverage a
used is about 2.5 lb. per acre. Th Would be about RS. 20 Or ab Out I
in the present experiment by control is nearly 12,000 lb.
YALA 1
ON the basis of good insect cont and B. H. C. Were Selected from trial at the following three conc
B. H. C. L. B. H. C. 2 B TEH. C. 3 Sevin 1
Sevin 2 Seviri 3
There were three untreated co three replications.
 

RINJAL AND THEIR CONTROL
Table V. At harvest the attacked lood ones and weighed separately. nber of punctures on each attacked the intensity of fruit borer attack. en from the crop.
JISSION
ince and from yields it is evident in gave the best control of shoot and Endrin, B. H. C. and Gusathion also
these two pests and the first two rever did not give any control of E by Rogor, Endrin and B. H. C. The eated plots was much higher than gure 3 would show. This phenomemay be due to the fact that aphids ural enemies in the untreated plots its the natural enemies were being
in gave a yield of 400 lb. of good D. per acre and about 2,400 lb. per from the untreated area Was 115
a fourth of the Sevin treated plot. incentration gave yields of 14,700 lb. re and Sevin at the 1OWer concen
used in the trial was a 0.6 per cent it this rate the amount of insecticide
e cost of insecticide per application Rs. 175 for the Season. The increase
se of Sevin over the untreated
961. TRIAL
*ol and low residual toxicity Sevin he earlier experiment for a further 2ntrations :–
fl. Oz in Jgal. water I fl. Oz in 1 gal. water 2 fl. oz in 1 gal. water li oz in l gal... water
1 oz in l gal. water 2 oz in 1 gal. water
ntrols per replicate and there were
107

Page 50
TROPICAL AGRICULTURI
The same observations were take borer figures are given in Table given in Table VI.
DISCUS
HERE again Sevin gave a very hig of 290 lb. or nearly 18,000 lb. per a centrations were 13,600 lb, and 9,8 high concentration gave nearly 13, earlier trial. The comparative yie 9,400 lb. per acre. Sevin therefore untreated control.
From the trials it is possible to S lb. per acre would give excellent cc and Epilachna beetles. It is ineffecti which could be controlled by Rogo B. H. C. could be second choice for of brinjal.
Sevin is a very safe insectide to being 540 mg. per kg. body weight c 125, Endrin 10 and Parathion 3. Its and a crop could be sprayed with harvesting.
SUMM.
THE more important insect pests th: in the Jaffna peninsula and other pa nodes Orbonalis-the shoot and fruit -Epilachna beetle, (3) Aphis gossy insolitus—brinjal meally bug,
Trials were conducted at the Exp. the control of these pests, with B. Endrin, Gusathion, Malathion, Para Sevin gave very good control of grubs. This insecticide however was were controlled best by Rogor and
ACKNOWLE
THE authors are indebted to Mr. Research Officer, Northern Division in-Charge (Research), Tinnevely, fc ing the entire period, to Mr. S. Pon assistance in the field observations Statistition, Department of Agricult
108

ST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
in as in the earlier trial. The shoot W and Figure 4. The yields are
SION
h yield at the high concentration
cre. The yields at the lower con
00 lb. respectively. B.H.C. at the
300 lb. about the same as in the ld in the untreated control was
gave a yield double that of the
tate that Sevin at the rate of 2.5
introl of the shoot and fruit borer ve against aphids and mealy bugs.
r, Endrin, B. H. C. or Malathion. the control of all the major pests.
use, its acute oral LD50 for rats :ompared to D. D. T. 250, Lindane residual toxicity is also very low Sevin even up to the time of
AR Y
at cause severe damage to brinjal rts of the dry zone are (1) Leuci
borer, (2) Epilachта 28-ритсtata pii—aphids, and (4) Phenacoccus
erimental Station, Tinnevely, for H. C., D. D. T. Dipterex, Dieldrin, thion, Rogor and Sevin. Of these the shoot borer and Ephlachna : ineffective against aphids which Endrin.
DGMENTS
K. Pathmanathan, Agricultural , and Mr. R. Ragupathy, Officerr their corporation and help durliah, Laboratory Assistant for his and to Mr. P. Kanapathippillai, ure, for his help with the analysis.

Page 51
MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF .
TA Number of Brinjal shoots attack
during
Treatnet
6
B. E. C. Low O . High 0 . Endrin Tow O . High O . Gusaithion Tow O . High 0 . Parathion Low O . High O . Rogor Low . High 0 . Sevin LOW O . High 0 . Control 1. 3 . 2 O .
T Number of Epilaehna gr
during
Treatment - -
4: 6 8
B. H. C. Low ... 100 180 . High .. 55 . 70 . Endrin Low . . 125 . 25
High .. 70 . 5 . Gusathion Low . . 65. 10. High .. 25 . 45 . Parathion Low . . 55 . 15 . High .. 75 . 25 . .15 Rogor Low .. 25 . 30 . High .. 55 . IO . Sevin Low . . 35 . 0. High . , 165 . O . Control 80 . 65 .
2 40 . 45
* Before treatment.
4-R, 2407 (6/62)
 

BRINJAL AND THEIR CONTROL
ABLE
ed by Borer in the Different Treatments Maha 1960-61
Age of crop in weeks
8 10 12 14 16 78
. 3 . II. . . 25 . . 8 . 19 O . 2 . 9 ... 2 . . 7 ... O 0 . 2 . 2 . II. . . 13 . . 14 O. 4 . 4 。 2 6. 20 . 5 . 25 . 13 15 . 2. 0 . . 5 . 8 13 . 20 O . 3 . 14 。 12 16 . 28 O . 7 . 8 42 40 3 . 5 . 9 6 38 50 0 . 7 . 56 6 40 49 O . O . 4 0 . 11. 7 0 . O . O 0 . 2 7 4 . 10 . 33 38 . 46 50 3. 20 . 26 40 . 20 20
ABLE III
ubs from the Different Treatment Maha 1960-61
Age of crop in weeks
I0 12 14 16 18
0 . . 45 . . 375 . . 685 . . 210 . . 40 30 . . 130 . . 700 . . 1,030 .. 710 ... 105 0 - 15 . . 215 . . 292 ... 180 ... 35 O . 5 ... 35 .. 77 .. 55 ... 35 O ... 15 .. 55 . . 48 . . 155 ... 30 0 . O ... 25 ... 35 . . 90 .. 5 0 ... 30 ... 115 ... 105 ... 105 . . 15 0 ... 10 .. 80 . . 91 . . 93 ... 30 O ... 30 . . 50 . . 173 . . 205 . . 15 O ... 10 O .. 68 ... 110 ... 30 0 ... 10 ... O ... O ... O ... 3 0 ... 10 ... 0 . . 0 . . 0 ... 2 6 . . 170 .. 715 . . 651 .. 360 . . 120 50 ... 105 ... 350 . . 660 . . 570 . . 50
09

Page 52
TROPICAL AGRICU)
T Number of Aphids in Five St during
Treatnet SS
6
B. H. C. LOW O ... High O .. Endmin Low 0 . . .
High O . . Gusaith ion Low 0 . . High 20 . . Parathion Low O . . High O . . Rogor Low O . . High O .. Sevin Low 50 . . 2,
High 25 ... 3,8 Control I O .
2 O .
T Number of Brinjal shoots at during
Trediment
4.
B. H. C. O . 2 a O . 3. O . Sevin - O . 2 0 . 3. O . Control O . 2 - O . 3 O .
0)

TURIST, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
ABILE II
lected Plants in Different Treatments
Maha 1960-61
Age of αγορφη ιυρelos
8 10 12 互垒 五台 18
50 . O . IOO ... 380 . . 75 ... 140 10 . 0 . 600 . . 1,000 . . 80 50 . 0 . 415,400 .,365 .。 25 0 . O . 75 ... 140 . . 5 .. 45 0 . 直5 。 500 . . O .. 50 .. L5 O . O . 0 . . 0 . . IO .. 40 O . O . 275 . . 155 ... 180 ... 40 15 . 0 . . .300 . . 75 . . 5 . . 25 O . . O . . 75 ... 325 . . 60 . . 15 O .. O ... 50 . . 130 . . 80 . . 45 OO ... 30,000... 30,000, .. 27,000. . 4,500 . . 130 00 . . 45,000. , 52,000. , 60,000... 15,000... 105 50 . 200. , 1,250. . 2,600. , 1,650... 250 0 . . 300. . 13,000. . 2,000. . II, 250. . 275
TABLE IV acked by Borer in Different Treatments
Yala 1961
Age of crop in weeks
6 8 I0 12 14 I6
O . 4 . 25 . 37 . . 4l 。。 20 O . 4 。 9 . 29 . . 37 . . 4. O . 2 . 20 . 28 . . 38 . . 17 O . 0 . . 19 . . 17 . . 20 .. 8 O . 4 。 16 . II .. 9 . 3. O . 3 . 11 . 0... . . . II. * O . 7 . 20 . 56 . . 92 . . 36 . 4 。 30 . 63 .. 77 . . 48 0 . 0. 30 . 62 ... 96 . . 36
سی

Page 53
s
MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF E
TAE
Weight in pounds of good and att 21 ft. x 18 ft. plots in the Different
Replicate 1 Rep
Toreat772ent ح^ص --سم----- -
Good Attacked Good
B. H. C. Low . . 85-4 ... 27.5 . , 8.3 High . . 116.2 ... 24.7 ... 1050
Endrin Low .. 88-6 ... 26-4 . . 99.8 High . . 127-5 ... 16.5 ... 149-3 Gusathion Low .. 67.5 ... 34.0 . , 79.9 High .. 79.1 .. 414 ... 100-2 Parathion Low .. 56-3 . . 34.0 . . 47.8 High . . 37.4 . . 26-4 . , 63-0
Rogor, Low .. 475 ... 33.0 . . 62.
High .. 51.9 . . 42.9 ... 67.7
Se Vin Low . . II, 6-2 . . 20-6 . ., 04-2 High ... 1185 . . 20.4 ... 125-5
Control 366 ... 38.7 ... 23.0 2 63-8 . . 40.9 . . 48-3
ΤΑ
Weight in pounds of good and at 18 ft. x 12 ft, plots in the Differe
Replicate 1
Re
Treatment s一一へ一ー、 -ー Good, 4|#delგed Good
B. H. C. ... 5-4 24.3 . . 56.։ B. H. C. 2 。。53-9 20-5. . . 45-4 B. H. C. 3 ... 66-1 35-8 ,63-4 Se Vin. l 。。42·5 24-II . . 58-1 Sevin 2. ... 53-6 32.3 ... 82-8 Sevin 3. 83·尘 2I・I ..127・選 Control 43-9 27-7 . . 48-{ Control 2 4丑·尘 21.8 . . 63Control 3. 52-1 318 ... 39

BRINJAL AND THEIR CONTROL
BLE V
acked fruits of Brinjal obtained from Treatments in the Maha 1960-61 Trial
licate 2 Replicate 3 Total -خلفسسسسسسسسسسس س----^س--
- حساس سام. Attacked Good Attacked Good Attacked
33-3 . , 56.0 ... 30.9 . . 222.7 ... 91.7 22.9 ... 106.6 . . 28.6 ... 327.8 .. 76-2 36-3 . . 88.6 . . 37.8 . . 277.0 ... 100.5 32-0 . . 86.1 .. 22.7 ... 362.9 .. 71-2 56.6 . , 74.9 ... 33.6 . . 222.3 ... 1242 4.7.0 . . 4.8-L .. 30.6 . . 227.4 ... 119-0 32・4 .. 34・2 .. 32・5 ..138・3.. 98・9 55-2 .. 200 81-2 . T20*4 . T128 52-3 . . 47.6 ... 34-0 . . 157.2 ... 119-3 4 ه 130 . . ۰8 170 . . 48.9 . . .51.2 ... .43.6 27.7 ... 104.1 .. 32-0 ... 324-5. . . 80.3 16.6 . . 1555 . . 24.6 ... 399.5 .. 61-6 235 . . 29.6 ... 33.7 .. 89.5 . . 95.9 32-2 . . 26.1 .. 24-4 ... 138-2 ... 97-5
BLE VI
acked fruits of Brinjal obtained from Int, Treatments in the Yala, 1961 Triai
plicate 2 Replicate 3 Total سیار ملخصم.
ר = س = صم Attacked Good Attackeà Good Attacked
36.9 . . 49-2 29-3 ... 157.1 90.5 23-5 , , 40-9 33-4 ... 140-2 77-4 33·4 。。69-8 45·3 。。199-3 114·5 29-6,45-L 33-9 。。145·8 87.6 360 . . 68-7 31-0 。。205·1 99.3 2-9 . . 78-9 37-6 . . 289-8 83-6 26-4 . . 43-1 23.7 ... 135-0 77.8 36-8 。,35·] 24-6 . . 140-4 83-2 24-1 , , 52-6 288 . . 43.7 847
I

Page 54
5 O st
3. 40ھ کہے
でお 3O
Ο s
O “お 2o
(Cے
lo 2
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.
C. الط. لاط ---------ں۔
- - - - - Sevin
C යv2&ly
A o e of
Fig. 1-Number of brinjal shoots attacked
2°උත
See
රිසඳා
క్ష 40ం
9
套
s 3e Cy
బ్లా
융
S. 2 Ο Ο
「三。
శ
صچ6
О loo
ܔ
()
le
签
s
2
*ーxーが一。
== te= |a=
= == =
during Maha
Ei waed yr i Yn
GSusa hie
Se V in Control
*三ー、ニー 4 6 8
Age of C.
Fig. 2.--Number of Epilachna nymp during Maha 1960
112
 

, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
පl. <
藝
محصبرے ٦جي کعبحصے سے سے ہے۔ --~~~---- صص سے سنہ
2 A. 6 |S
G r o p l a w e eks
by borer in the different treatments s 1960-61.
ܠ ܐ .
ཡོད།
e-lo -81 - Neð -- 少。一o一“丁 N
— 463۔جحے سے -། གཡོ་ 一やニニー o 2. A. 6 8
role in Weeks,
his in the different treatments )-6.

Page 55
MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF BRI
-—
- A-3.000. لم ، و ممسلم - عـمـ .C
ఊత్త ఆశావతe * == È n d 4QQಲಿ೦. ... }
410రిరి.
で - 4000 s
es سپکه .T A 32,000 5 ר
i فر 一鲁 ^ ඊසයය f 2000 s
OO) O /
4=ニー G 8 IO
A ge 6ܐܰ.
Fig. 3-Number of aphids in the diffel

NJAL AND THEIR CONTROL
{作
/ í , .
سمي
V,
y
\
y
۔
しーエー辛====
2. 4.
设施
of Cr op in Weeks
ent treatments during Maha 1960–61.
113

Page 56
TROPICAL AGRICULTURI
இநஇெைஊரே ○。。
t, QQ)
• →  • s! s=  Sey
Co
43
Åge
Fig. 4-Number of brinjal shoots attack during Yala
]连“
 

ST, voL. CXVII, 1961
سے ص-------SC
○
*
.(
V2. 以 6 {ଞ of Croes un \Neeks
3d by borer in the different treatments
1961.

Page 57
ཐ་
A PRELIMINARY L. PARASITES AND INSECT PES"
(Compiled by MERVYN Research Sta
”
THIS preliminary list of the Nati Pests in Ceylon has been compile On Our beneficial insects and W by earlier entomologists of this
Of the information has been furn
Host Species
COLEOPTERA :
Aulacophora cinta Baly.
(Galerucid)
Aulacophora foveicollis F.
(Galerucid)
Calandra oryzae L.
(Curculionid)
Chilomenes seac-immaculate F.
(Coccinellid)
Dinodernus brevis Horn.
(Bostrychid)
L)inoderus minutus F.
(Bostrychid)
Dinoderus ocellaris Steph.
(Bostrychid)
Scymnus sp.
(Coccinellid)
Xylotrechus quadripes Chevr.
(Cerambycid)
Paras
Medi mod (Dipt. "
Medinode
(Dipt.
Aplastor. (Hym. Chaetosp (Hym.
TetroStic (Hym.
Spathus I (Hym.
Spaith us (Hym. B
Spathлиs (Hym. B
Syntomo Water,
(Hym.
Χμίοηoη (Hym.
Note:-The asterisk (*) appearing in Division of Entomology, Peradeniya.

IST OF THE NATIVE ) PREDATORS OF TS IN CEYLON
D. DIE SILVA—Agricultural tion, Rahangala)
ve Parasites and Predators of Insect d by reference to available literature 7ith the aid of records maintained country. Where possible, the source ished.
te, or Predator Authority
acia fluviventris Towns
Tachinid) . . Baranoff (1934)
oia fluviventris Towns
Tachinid) 99.
norpha calandrae How.
Pteromalid) 冰 'la elegans Westward
Pteromalid) - - 来
hus coccinellilae Kurdj.
Eulophid) ... Gadd (1949)
bisignatus Walk.
Braconid) ... Beeson and Chatterjee
bisignatus Walk.
raconid) - -
isignatus Walk.
raconid) - -
phyrum, taprobanes
stOIn.
Eulophid) . . Waterston (1915)
(us caerulescens Morl.
Ichneumonid) ... Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935b)
his article refers to unpublished records of the
15

Page 58
TROPICAL AGRICUL
Host Species Para
DIPTERA :
Agromyza. phaseolo Coq. Polycyst
Wate
(Agromyzid) (Hym Tγορογιοι
(Hym
Agromyza sp. Polycysł
ton.
(Agromyzid) - (Hym
Sутріе8
(Hym
Trovigono
('Hym
Dacus curcubitae Coq. Melet (Trypetid) o o (Hym Opius cc
(Hym
Оріиs fl
(Hym
Орди8 й
(Hym
Οριμ8 ιο
(Hym
Spalang
(Hym
Zetefc07
(Hym
Dacus dorsalis Head. Spalang (Trypetid) (Hym - Syntomo
(Hym
Dасиs ferrugiтеи8 E'. Dachas (Trypetid) in a (Hym Орфиз ca
(Hym
Opius cc
(Hym
Dacus zonatus Saund. Οριμ8 cα (Trypetid) a (Hym Sутіотс
(Hym
Melanogromyza theae de Mejere Clostero (Agromyzid) e (Hym Trigото, (Hym
16

TURIST, VOL. CXVIII, 196
8οίe oή Ρη βαβαίοη Authority
ius propinquus
ston
1. Pteromalid) . . Waterston (1915) gastra, rugosa, Waterston
. Pteromalid) 99
*иs propšnqииs Waters
. Pteromalid) a 99. is purpureus Waterston
L. Eulophid) . . Ауyar (1925) gastra bruneicornis Ferr.
L. Pteromalid) . . Ferriere (1930)
tobia sp.
... Eupelmid) ... Fernando (1954) impensans Silv.
... Braconid). etcher Silv.
. Braconid) . . Hutson (1936) acis Silv.
. Braconid) . . Fernando (1954) ng caudatus Ash.
. Braconid) . . Hutson (1936) *a sp.
L. Pteromalid) 摩
tus sp. -
L. Eupelmid) ... Fernando (1954)
ia sp.
L. Pteromalid) ... New record sphyrum, indicum, Silv.
. Eulophid) 99.
na sp.
. Braconid) 0 宰 Vrpomyiae Silv.
L. Braconid) e a 率 impensans Silv.
. Braconid) 宰
verpomyiae Silv.
. Braconid) a 率 sphyrum indicum, Silv. 1. Eulophid) e to 率
2erus insignis Waterston 1. Eulophid) , , Waterston (1915)
gastra sp.
Pteromalid) . y Gadd (1945)

Page 59
NATIVE PARASITTES AND PRIED ATC
Host Species ParcSâte
Pachydiplosis oryzae W-M. Oα 8γιοφαίρα ή (Cecidomyiid) (Col. Cara Nabis capsiiij (Hem. Na Platygaster
(Hym. Sc.
8ίοηναίοημία όβακία για Bar, Syntomosph
ceps Fe (Tachinid) (Hym. Eu
ETEMIPTERA :
- . Ασίeγαία αίί8ίογία Green Coccophagus (Coccid) (Hym. Ap.
Adonaspis (Aspidiotus) secretus Homalopoda t Cockerell
(Coccid) (Hym, Ch
Aleurocanthus acogilumi, Ashby Abderus con (Aleyrodid) (Hym. Ar Eretz Ocer LS
(Hym. A
Prospaltella (Hym. All Sсуттиs (t Sicard. (Col. Cocc
Атоrphococcus тезиае Green Bиреlти8 а (Coccid) G. (Hym. Eu
Aonidia corniger Green Encarsida, quo (Coccid) (Hym. Ar
Aphis gossypii Glov. Aspidimeru, (Aphidid) (Col. Cocc
Ille is circlta,
(Col. Cocc Ischiodom, sic (Dipt. Sy.
Aphis laburni Kalt. Oocé???e/lat, or (Aphidid) (Col. Coc Chiloponenes , (Col. Cocc Iίίβος σόγιία
(Col. Cocc
Aspidiotus destructor Sign. Ohiocoʻraus r (Coccid) (Col. Cocc
Alepidiotus lantanae Sign. O/o/ocoq’aus c (Coccid) (Col. Cocc Dentifibula , (Dipt. Ce.
5-R 2407 (6/62)
 

DRS OF INSECT PESTS IN CEYLON
ογ Pηβαιαίοην
nterstitials Schm. bid) formais Germ.
bid) Oryzae Cameron elionid)
rum sp. near obscuri
II. t.lophid)
2ebratts How ohelinid)
cristata, HOW”.
alcid)
necfens Silv. phelinaid)
segrággs Silv. bhelinid)
Smitha Silv. phelinid) zlitostethus) fumatus
binellid)
Mmorphococci. Ashm. upelmid)
тдdiae How, phelinid)
S circumfleacus Mots. inellid) - F.
inellid)
utellaris E.
phid)
2panda Thunb. binellid) eac-naculata F. inellid)
구
nellid)
igritus F. inellid)
ircumdatus Schonih. inellid)
biosiloboe Felt, sidomyiid)
Authority
New record
New record
New record
Ferriere (1940)
Compere (193la)
Green (1896)
Silvestri (1927)
Clausen and Berry
(1932)
Silvestri (1927)
Sicard (1929)
Green (1909)
Green (1896)
Hutson (1931)
Newyr record
Hutson (1931)
Hutson (1934)
Dupont (1920)
Barnes (1930)
17

Page 60
TROPICAL, AGRICU
Host Sρβοιe8 Pop Asterollecanium sp. Encars (Coccid) a (Hyı
Asterolecanium delicatum Green Adelen
(Coccid) (Hyr
Aulacaspis flacourtiae Ruther- Chiloco
ford
(Coccid) (Col.
Aulacaspis sp. near pentagona Aspidio (Coccid) (Hyn
Dyodip, (Dipt
Bagrada picta F. Cydnoc (Pentatomid) (Hen
Sarcoph (Dipt
Sarcoph (Dipt
Bemisia tabaci Genn. Encars: (Aleyrodid) (Hyn)
Prospal (Hym
Olanthecona robusta Dist, Τείeγιογγη (Pentatomid) (Hym
Oerococcas ornalitaus Green Cephale (Coccid) - (Hym
Οργοηθηγια βρεθείeo Green Aphyce (Coccid) (Hyn)
Ceroplastes actinformis Green Amerist (Coccid) " ' (Hyn)
ΟνίοηαSρίς αίθί22αβ Mask. Aphytis
(Coccid) (Hyn)
Chaloco
(Col.
Prospali (Hyn)
Ohion aspis elaeagni Green Aphytis (Coccid) a (Hym
Phycus
(Hym
18
 
 

LTURIST, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
aste or Predator
ia planchoniae How. m. Aphelinid)
Authority
Аууат (1925)
zyrtus planchoniae How.
m. Encyrtid)
rus circumdatus Schonh.
Coccinellid)
Rutherford (1914)
tiphagus citrinus Craw.
n. Aphelinid)
losis, generos Felt. 5. Cecidomyiid)
pris crocatus St.
Green (1896)
Barnes (1930)
1. Reduviid) 率
Vaga albiceps Meig.
. Sarcophagid) 率
aga, kempi Senior White
. Sarcophagid) ... Baranoff (1934)
C SO. * n. Aphelinid) Fernando (1954) fella sp.
L. Aphelinid) New record
24 S sp.
L. Aphelinid) 率来源
a purpureventris Mots.
. Pteromalid)
S lichtensiae How7. . Encyrtid)
Is ceroplastrae How,
Aphelinid)
diaspidis How.
Aphelinid)
Green (1909)
Аууат (1925)
Gaham (1924)
Green (1899)
As circumdatus Schonh.
Сoccinellid)
3ίία αμη αγούδι Hον,
Aphelinid)
mytilaspidis LeB. Aphelinid) -
varicornis How.
Aphelinid)
霹*
O 9
g
ܢܔ¬±ܨ
ܔ

Page 61
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDATO
Host Sρβοιe8
Ohion aspis graminis Green
(Coccid)
Chionaspis mussalendae Green
(Coccid)
Ooccas viridis Green
(Coccid)
Diaspis amygdali Tyron
(Coccid)
Diaspis permutans Green
(Coccid)
Dysdercus cingulatus F.
(Pyrrhocorid)
Eriococcus rhodomgiri Green
Coccid)
Eriococcus sp. Coccid)
Fiorinia siapirosleminate Green
(Coccid)
Η ουραrd τα δίσία εξε. Ο Ότο St.
(Coccid)
Icerga aegyptiaca Dougl.
(Coccid)
Icera purchasi Mask.
(Coccid)
Poz/)*cts?te {
Adelencyrtus (Hym. Eni Aphelinus m (Hym. Ap
Aspidiotipha (Hym. Ap
Adeleneyrtus (Hilym. Eni Aphytis dias (Hym. Ap
Aneristus cen (Hym. Ap Anicetus ceyl (Hym. Eni Оrytoblabes p (Lep. Pyré Elacochopimus m (Col. Cocci
Microterys fi (Hym. En
Α8ριαλιοίίρhα
(Hym. Ap
Aphytis myti (Hym. Ap.
Antilochus in4 (Hem. Py1
Antilochus p, (Hem. Py1
Seriniaetha alba (Herma. Cor
Adelencgrtus (Hym. En IAT με εγοο Ε
(E그. 그
Arrhenophag
Aur
Hymni. Enill
Dуodiplosis : Dipt. Cec
Masicera sp. (Dipt. Tac
Novius rosei
(Co1. Cocc]

RS OF INSECT PE:STS IN CEYLON
rt Predator"
chionaspidis How. зyrtid) bytôl'aspidis LeB. helinid)
gus citrinis Craw. helinid)
chionaspidis How. cyrtid) pidis How. helinid)
oplastae How. helinid) onesis ow. сyrtid)
rolencella Hamps. lid)
igromaculatus nellid) - e.
avus HOV.
cyrtid)
gus citrinus Craw.
helinid)
laspidis LeB. helinid)
gripes Burm. rrhocorid)
ygaeus Dist.
rhocorid)
Îominalis F. eid)
SoΙτα τις ΗΟΥ. cyrtid)
How.
marid)
is chion aspidis
id
eneros Felt. idomyiid)
hinid)
penis Muls. nellid)
Authority
Ауyar (1925)
Howard and Ashmead
(1896)
Waterston (1917)
Green (1899)
Keuchenius (1915)
Green (1899)
Keuchenius (1915)
Green (1896)
Howard and Ashmead
(1896)
Hutson (unpublished)
Green (1909)
Ayyar (l925)
Howard and Ashmead
(1896)
Green (1896)
Barnes (1930)
119

Page 62
Laccifer albizziae Green
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS
Ho8ι Sρβοιe8
(Coccid)
Laccifer lacca Kerr.
(Coccid)
Lecanium piperis Green
(Coccid)
Leptocorisa varicornis F.
(Coreid)
Liehtensia sp.
(Coccid)
Maskellia zonia,
(Coccid)
Melamphaus fulvomarginažus
(Pyrrhocorid)
Myzus persicae Sulz.
(Aphidid)
Νερhoέείίία θέρμησία.ίμ8 E.
(Jassid)
120
Pat?“dყ87;té 0?“ Aphrastobraco
Ashim. (Hym. Brac Eublemma an, (Lep. Noctu Eublemma coc (Lep. Noctu Eupelmus tach (Hym. Eupt Holcopelte sp.
(Hym. Eulo Microbracon gi (Hym. Brac Tachardiaepha
How. (Hym. Ency
Oʻopidosoma, cl, (Hym. Ency Εμβίβηγιηγια αγγι (Lep. Noctu Eupelmus tach (Hym. Eupt Holocera pulve (Lep. Pyrali Marietta sp.
(Hym. Aphi Tachardiaepha
How. (Hym. Ency Tetrastichus p. (Hym. Enillo
Microterys fiata (Hym. Ency
Asopus malab (Hem. Pent Ganthecona, roi (Hem. Pent Cicindela seac
(Col. Cicind Harpector fusc (Hem. Red Irantha sp.
(Hem. Red Aphycus lichte (Hym. Enc:
Anagyrus gree (Hym. Enc:
Antilochus mig (Hem. Pyrr
Illes caracta, ET (Col. Coccir
Coccinella octo (Col. Coccir

3T, VOL. CXVIII, 1961
Predator Yn fflawni pennis
xonid)
abilis M.O.
id) a Pidiphaga Himp. id) ● *
ordiae How. elmid)
phid) reen i Hoy. onid)
gaus tachardiae
yrtid)
avicornis Cam, 7rtid) Cibadilis Mo.
tid) αγαδαβ Hον, elmid)
8ᏛCe
id)
eliinid) agus tachairdiae
yrtid) Zirpureus Cam. phid)
is How.
yrtid)
*ácats.
atomid)
bsta L. atomid)
punctata F. elid) e ao
γιρe8
uviid)
uviid) e. 27 Sepsiae How. yrtid)
ni How.
yrtid)
Fripes Burm. hocorid) - 疹 ●
ielid)
p?nacaulata, F. ellid)
Authority
Cameron (1913)
Green (1922)
Rutherford (1914)
Cameron (1913)
Jepson (1935)
Green (1922)
Pinto (1940)
ps
Green (1922)
Jepson (1935)
Ауyar (1925)
Austin (1922)
Hutson (unpublished)
Austin (1922)
榜斜
Timberlake (1916)
BHoward and Ashmead
(1896)
率事
Hutson (1931)
New record
så
ご.¬

Page 63
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDATC
Host Sρεσίες Parasite Odonaspis secreta Ckll. Homalopoda A. (Coccid) . . (Hym. Ei
Oregта bambusae Buck. Cryioblabes
(Aphidid) es (Lep. Pyr
O filmois oneratus Wlk. Centrobia sp (Membracid) (Hym. Tr.
an Ρεη.ίαιογία Sphaeropho. nigromervosa . . (Dipt. Syrp (Aphidid)
ASar000 ae (Dipt Sy
Pinnaspis Chilocorus c (chionaspis) Schomh. aspidistrae Sign. ● ü (Col. Coc( (Coccid)
Dentrifibula
Felt (Dipt. Cei
Pinnaspis temporaria Aphytis dia Ferris 莎 * (Hym. Ail (Οocoid)
Prospaltella (Hym. Ar — Prospaltella (Hym. Ar
Pseudaulacaspis Dуodiplosis pentagona Targ. . . (Dipt. Cесі (Coccid)
Pseudococcш8 HBacoch,Oʻmnaus (Dactylopйи8) (Col. Coc citri. Risso. (Οocoid)
Spalgös epik (Lep. Ly
Pseudococcш8 Spotlgos ép? lilacinus Ciklil. (Lep. Ly (Coccid) 雷丁鲁
Pseudococcus sp. Arthrochodć
(Coccid)
(Dipt. Ce Dίαάιρίο8ις (Dipt. Ce
Pulvinaria psidii EBacOch,0ʻm,Qus (Coccid) ● ■ (Col. Coc
Rhopalosiphum maidis Οροοίηeίία ( Fitch. (Col. Coc (Aphidid) Oοβαιη βίία ί (Col. Coc Syrphus de
(Dipt. Sy

RS OF INSECT PEST'S IN CEYLON
or Predators
και ρητόςύαία Εονν. se
ncyrtid)
prolencella Hampв. alid)
fichogrammid)
για 80μίβίία Ε. hid)
gorta F. rphid)
ircumdatu 8
Binellid)
· 0ხtats?!oხozé.
cidomyiid)
spidis How. phelimid)
; aurant. How. phelinid) , berlesse. How. phelinid)
generos Felt domyiid)
тулgro-maculatiи8 cinellid)
is Westw. caenid)
S West W. caenid)
a walkeriana Felt
cidomyid) coccidiolora Felt cidomyiid)
плgro-тасulatu8 cinellid)
5-inaculata, F. cinellid) Tra'r Sayersallois F. -cinellid)
grotus F. yтрhid)
S S.
● ●
Authority
Ауyar (1925)
Green (1896)
Barnes (1930)
Dupont (1931)
沙罗
Barnes (1930)
Hutson (unpublished)
Green (1922)
Barnes (1930)
Rutherford (1914)
Green (1896)
New record
娜》
12.

Page 64
TROPITCAT, AGRICULTURIS
Но8i Species
δαί88eίία σοήeαε
Walk. (Coccid)
δαί88eίία
hemisphaerica Trag. (Coccid)
Saissetia, nigra Nietin.
(Coccid)
Saissetia oleae Bern.
(Coccid)
Serinetha, augur F.
(Coreid)
Scotinophora lurida, Burm.
(Pentatomid)
Toacoptera aurantii Boy.
(Aphidid)
Valkeržana kandgrese
(Coccid)
122
ΡαγαSφίe or
Cephaleta pur
Mots. (Hym. Pter Coccophagnus (fl. (Hym. Alphe Dουeγsίηerυαι 8 και
Mots. (Hym. Ency Scutelista, cyn (Hym. Pter
Ameristus cero (Hym. Alphe
Cephaleta brun (Hym. Pterc Cephaleta purg
Mots. (Hym. Pter( Cirrospilus coc (Hym. Eulo. Coccophagи8 от (Hym. Alphe Encyrtus nietni (Hym. Ency Encytrus parac (Hym. Ency Scutellista co (Hym. Pterc
Cephaleta brun (Hym. Pterc Cephaleta purg (Hym. Pter Scutellista cga (Hym. Pter Xiphodiplosis, (Dipt. Cecid
Coccopiади8 l. (EHym. Aphe
Antilochus "nig (Hem. Pyrr.
- Telenomus trig
(EHym. Sceli
Scymnus flavi (Col. Coccin
Syrphus trans (Dipt. Syrpl
Eurytoma sp.
(Hym. Eury
Cryptochaetum,
(Dipt. Agro

ST, VOL. CXVII, 196l.
Predator
pureisvemiris
bmalid) avesceps. How
linid) paradiscus
[rtid) Jea, Mots. pmalid)
plastae How. 3linid)
medveniris mallid) οιμη βουργοίητος
omalid) οι υογοις Mots, phid) "ientalas EoW. linid) 3rd Mots. rtid) discus Mots. rtid) area Mots. mallid)
nei veniris mallid)
Pureventris Mois.
mallid)
Zea Mots.
mallid)
fulva, Felt. omyiid)
ing fasciatus How.
linid)
Ρίρes Burm, nocorid)
litus Nixon. onid)
eps Walk. ellid) éገ‛Squ,S BrUn. id)
tOmid)
urtipenne Knab nyzid) a
Authority
Аууал” (1925)
Green (1922)
Compere (1931b)
Аууат (1925)
Green (1904)
Green (1904)
Green (1904)
Hutson (unpublished)
Barnes (1930)
Smith and Compere
(1928)
Green (1909)
Fernando (1960)
New record
Knab (1941)

Page 65
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDA
Ho8ι Sρβοιe8 Parasi
Walkeriana sp. AnthroComo (Coccid) (Dipt. C Оrypochae (Dipt. A
HYMENOPTIERA, ;
Eulimineria alkae IE & S Dibrach ys (Ichneumonid) (Hym. .
Geίί8 sp.
(Hym. !!! Η βηγιούeίβ8
(Hym. . Homopor
(Hym. . Μοίίίίοbία (Hym. . Mormonie (Hilym. . Pimpla, rg (Hym. .
ܒ ܗ̄ܵ
NeurOfOma nemOralis L. Euli 27272er (Tenthredinid) (Hym. .
: LEIPITIDOPTERA ܓܠ¬
Achaea janata L. Charops e r (Noctuid) ... (Hym. . Acherontia Zachesis F. Apanteles (Sphingid) (Hym. . Thaergycolyg (Dipt. "
Acrocerops ordinatella Meyr Sутріе8is (Gracillariid) (Hym. .
Amyna punctum F. Apanteles (Phalaenid) (Hilym I - Zenillia f a (Dipt. "
Andraca bipunctata Walk Thrycolyg (Bombycid) (Dipt. T.
Antigastra catalaunald8 Dup. O remastou . .Pyraustid) (Hym( ܝ . Argyroploce illepida Butl. Cremastu (Eucosmid) (Hym.
Argyroploce paragraтта Меут. Creтastи. (Eucosmid) (Hym I Asota caricae Bdiv. Apanteles
(Hypsid) (Hym.

EYORS OF TNSECT, PESTS IN CEYLON
te oo Preddior Authority
daar nuvalkeriana, Felt
lecidomyiid) ... Barnes (1930)
tum curtipenne Knab
чgromyzid) ... Rutherford (1914)
SO.
Pteromalid) , , Chu, and Hisia (1937) ||
Ichneumonid) 總勁
hemipterus F.
Ichneumonid) . . 多》
SSO.
Pteromalid) e. 罗》
acosta, Walk.
Eulphid) s e 》》
lla vitrepennis Walk.
Pteromalid)
borg|tog“ B".
[Ichneumonid) *咒
a alkale IE & S
Ichneumonid)
rythrogaster Ashm.
Ichneumonid) ... Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935b)
αοήθηογηίίαΘ Οam.
Braconid) 3》
a sorbollaps Wol.
Tachinid) 脚盟
purpureus Witstan.
Eulophid) . . Waterston (1915)
eapulsus Turner
Braconid) ... Wilkinson (1934)
romtalis Bar.
Tachinid) ... Hutson (unpublished)
a sorballas Wid.
Cachinid) . . Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935c)
B flavo-orbitalis Cam.
Ichneumonid) ... Chu and Hsia (1937)
3 fίαυο-οηθίίαίί8 Οam,
Ichneumonid) ... Beeson and Chatterjee
1935b)
sflavo-Orbitalis Cam.
chneumonid) a o 娜默
heterquisiae Wilkn.
Braconid) e 凯凯
123

Page 66
TROPICAL AGRICULTUE
Host Species
Asura conferta Walk.
(Arctiid)
Attacous ricini Boisd.
(Saturnid)
Bombya mori L.
(Bombycid)
Borolia, venalba, Mo,
(Noctuid)
Oamera deva Mo.
(Lycaenid)
Caprina conchylalis Guen.
(Pyraustid)
Challiodes vitrea, Hamps.
(Paychid)
Chilo simpleae Butl.
(Crambid)
Oly8ia, ambiguezila Hb.
(Phaloniid)
124
Pgq^gsáté
Apanteles ca (Hy m. Br
Apanteles n. (HyIm. IBr:
Thurgycolyga i (Dipt. Ta'
Trochogramm) (Hym. Tr.
Thrycolygat : (Dipt. Ta'
Aούδα ηγηoγoίo (Dipt. Ta. Aούδα το όφαίη (Dipt. Ta Apanteless
I (HyIm. Br: Argylophylla (Dipt. Ta
Carcela evo (Dipt. Tali
Chaetospilla
(Hym. Pt
Halidaya lau (Dipt. Ta
Аратteles p. (Hym. B.
Carcelia, gne (Dipt. Te
AηναSίαιοφαίοι (Hym. Ei Xanthopiт. (Hym. Ilic
Creтаiиsji
Cann. (Hym. Tic
Phanerotom
Стадm.
(Hym. B. Xanthopima
(Hym. Ilic
Eulimineria, (Hym... Ilic

IST, VOL, CXVII, 1961
Οη Ρηβαία έρη:
Cao Wlkin. aconid)
2pitae Wlkn. aconid)
orballots Wol. ehinid)
για ουαγιρ8ορης Wsυνν,
ichogrammid)
orballos Wid Bhinid)
colla Mall. chinid) S. Re-D. chinid)
D. aconid). a: bella Meig. chinid) Tans Wied. chinid)
elegans Westw.
eromalid)
ίοίο ογγιάς BeZZi. chinid)
ratapa e Ashm. aconid)
va. Meig. chinid)
a brachartonae Gahan
lophid) pla, punctata, F. hneumonid)
10-07-bitals
hneumonid)
ga, hendecasosella,
aconiid) эla ритсfata F.
hneumonid)
alkae E & S. hneumonid)
Aluthority
Wilkinson (1934)
Wilkinson (1934) . ܫܢܬܚ÷ ܘ
Beeson and Chatterjee a
(1935c)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935c)
牵
ང་
Wilkinson (1928a)
Bezzi (1922)
King (1934a)
Chu and Hsia (1937) ܕ ܐ
Chu and Hsie (1937)
و یا
New record -
Chu and Hsia (1937)

Page 67
ܝܛ.
ܝܘܽܬܳܐ
e
~
s
**
ܡܐ .
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDATO
Ho8ί 8ρβούρ8
Οoreψγα οβρhαίοηθσα Stύ.
(Galleriid)
Orocidolombia binotails Zell.
(Pyralid)
Cryptсtheleа сrameri
Westv.
Psychid)
Cyclosia panthona Cram.
(Zygaenid)
Dαγιαί8 8βρίeηίγίοηιθ
Butl. (Lep. Nymphalid)
DαSμοήίγα οeγιgοία 68
Walk. (Lymantriid)
Dasychira horsfieldi
Strand. (Lymantriid)
ДОasychüra тепdo8а Нb.
(Lymantriid)
Parasite
1Mōgroხეrozco? (Hym. B]
Trichogram
Westw. (Hym. Th
Trichogram Westw. (Hym. T
Apanteles p. (Hym. B Sarcophaga (Dipt. Sa ιδίμηνία ήη.
Bar. (Dipt. T. Μ7όγοί ή βηγηθα (Dipt. T.
Mesosies (Hym. It
Sутріesis
(Hym. El
Sέμrηνία έγη
Bar. (Dipt. T.
Starm2, da ima
Bar. (Dipt. T
Zenilla m (Dipt. T.
Heηθοο8ρίί Cam. (Hym. ]
Zenillia sa (Dipt T
Enicospil
Sauss. (Hym. 1) Thrycolyg Dipt. Ti Хатthopй
(Hym. Zenilloia on (Dipt. "

RS OE INSECT
Οη Ρηβαίαύρης
b hebetor Say. aconid)
ma erosicornås
ichogrammid)
20, 82G926SC878
richogrammid)
lutellae Kurdj. raconid)
peregrina R. rcophagid) хотspiсиоide8
achinid) diversa Malloch. achinid)
Sp. 2hneumonid)
Sp.
ulophid)
conspicuoides
achinid)
ροη8ριοιοίαρ8
achinid)
dicella Wulp. achinid)
и8 dasychirae
Ichneumonid)
matrensis 'achinid)
Santankarus
Ichneumonid)
Wd. achinid) mpla punctata F. Ichneumonid) bodicella Wulp. Tachinid)
PESIS IN CEYLON
Authority
... Glover and Chatterjee
1932)
... King (1932)
. . De Silva (1960)
- Baranoff (1934)
so to 雳
霹
King (1934a)
率
率
... Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935с.)
罗萝 (1935b)
霹 (1935c)
p (1935b)
is (1935c)
s (1935b)
壹列 (1935c)
125

Page 68
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS
Host Sρβοιe8
Dasychira securis Hb.
(Lymantriid)
Dasychira thwaites Mo.
(Lymantriid)
IDιαρhαηνία γιαίρα Saund.
(Pyralid)
Dichocrocis milusalis
Wlk. (Pyralid)
Dichocrocis punctiferalis
(Pyralid)
Dichomerts evidentis
Meyir. (Gelechiid)
Barias fabia Stoll.
(Phalaenid)
Earias insulama Boisd.
(Phalaenid)
Ephesta cavatella Walk.
(Phycitid)
Ephestia kuehniella
Zell.
(Phycitid)
126
ΡαγαSφίβοην
Microgaster ca.
Carm. (Hym. Brac
Thirycolyga sor (Dipt. Tachi
Apanteles tara (Hym. Baco
Bactromyiae fr (Dipt. Tachi
Microyaster pse (Hym. Brac
Dolich Grus sp.
(Hym. Ampli
Phoerotona, he
Cann. (Hym. Bracc
Хатthopäтрla (Hym. Ticinho
Phαήηβηρίοηγια βε
Cann. (Hym. Bracc
ASίαιη η όα για ές οην (Dipt. Tachii
Photoerotona, he Cann.
(Hym. Bracc
Trichograтта
WestW. (Hym. Trich
Microbrocos, he (Hym. Bracc
Trichogramma
WestW. (Hym. Trich
Trichogramma
Westw. (Hym. Trich

Τ, VOL. OXVII, 1961
Predgto7
rina,ôcollis
Onid)
billains Wol.
nid)
jamde Vier, nid)
anssoni Bar.
nid)
11 ae Wlkn. Dnid)
Julicid)
2ndecassetto,
Dnid)
SO. neumonid)
2ndeca Sisella,
ոid) .
Bar。 nid)
ndeca Sisella,
Inid)
3ηO3ίαογγιος
ogrammid)
betor Say. nid)
Broscopyis
pgrammid)
2009.eSCes
grammid)
Authority
Wilkinson (1929)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935c)
Wilkinson (1931)
Baranoff (1934)
Baptist (1. 940)
Baptist (1940)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935a)
Baranoff (1934)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935ឧ)
King (1932)
Glover and Chatterjee
(1936)
King (1933)
King (1934b)
}= ܓܢ-ܥܡܡܐ
*
.
5 ܪܵܐ به نسبت స్నా

Page 69
དུ་ལྟ།
●●
NATIVE PARASILES ANID PRIED
Ho8ί 8ρβοιβ8
Eublemma, ambilis Mo.
(Phalaenid)
Eublemma sciitula Ram.
(Phalaenid)
Buproctis flava Brem.
(Lymantriid)
Euproctis fraterna Mo.
(Lymantriid)
Eupterote sp.
(Eupterotid)
Εμαορherα ρeγίίοeίία
Rag. (Phycitid)
Glaciliaria, the vora Wilsm.
(Glacilarid)
Hedylepta diamenalis
Guen. (Pyn austid)
Heliothis armigera IHIb.
(Phalaenid)
Herdecasts
duplifasciella Himpson. (Endotrichid)
Heterusiac cingula Mo,
(Zygaenid)
Homona cofearia Nietn.
(Tortricid)
Paras
Aphrasto Ashm. (Hym.
Microbra (Hym.
Aphrasto Ashm.
(Hym.
ASίαιη ηγοία (Dipt. T.
Buplectu (Hym. Ei
Ohαγορ8 (Hym. It
Cremato Cam. (Hym. I
Angitia : (Hym. I Asympie (Hym
Bactrom.
(Dipt. T
Apantele (Hym. F
Phaneiro Cam. (Hym. ]
Apaniel (Hyn)
E20-E (Dipt
Antroce (Hyn) Apantel (Hyn
Bassus
(Hyn)

TORS OE INSECT IPESTS IN CEYLON:
te or Predatoro
γαροη γιαυίρeηνηί8
Braconid)
con greeni Ashn.
Braconid)
όγαροη ίίαυίρβηγί8
Braconid)
picta Bar. h,chinid)
s ceylonensis How. ulophid)
erythrogaster Ashm.
chneumonid)
flavo-orbitalis
chneumonid)
sp. chneumonid)
siella india, Gir.
. Eulophid)
yia franssoni Bar. achinid)
8 rificrus Hall. Braconid)
Oma hendeCassella
Braconid)
es heterusiae Wilkin. 1. Braconid)
heterusiae Coq. Tachinid)
phatus sp. h. Chalcid)
es sp. n. Braconid)
SO. h, Braconid)
Authority
Beeson and Chatterjee.
(1935a)
Baranoff (1934)
Ауyar (1925)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935b)
Chu and Hsia (1937)
Baranoff (1934)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1934a)
Wilkinson (1930)
King (1934a)
King (1937)
127.

Page 70
TROPICAL, AGRICULTUR
Ho8ι Sρβοιe8 Pფ7*0ჭ87fe 0
Homona cofearia Nieön, Brachymeria (Tortrieid) (Hym. Chɛ
Bla 8mous homo, (Hym. Ela
Leucospis sp. (Hym. Cha
Lissonata sp. (Hym. Cha
Macroceptrols (Hym, Bira
Mermis nigre (Nema : M
Ophion bicari (Hym. Ich
Pleuroneuropo
Cameron. (Hym. Ich
Phytodiaetus
(ByIm. Ichi
Serphus sp.
(Hy. Serph
Stificiopisti,
(Hym. Ich
Te#ე°gs#7ghფgs s (Hym. Eul
Trichogramm
(Hym. Tric
Trichogramm
West W.
(Hym. Tric
Trichogramm
Westw.
(Hym. Tric
Trichogramme (Hym. Tric
Hymenia, recurvalds IF. Cremastus fia (Pyraustid) (Hilym. Ichir
Hypsipila robusta, Mo. Aparam teleS q” ifi, (Phycitid) (Hilym. Bra
128

EST, VOL. CXVIII, 1961
My Po°გd/dt:#0?“ Authority
euploeae Westw. alcid) e e 米 Ionale Ferr. |- Smid) , . Ferriere (1929)
alcid) . . Jardine (1918a).
-
alcid) co 霹雳
honore Nixon. concid) ... King (1937)
8ce778 Duj. ermithid) . . Gadd (1939) ്
rgrgg neumonid) . . Jardine (1918)
hion, erythocerus
neumonid) β) (1918a).
сариае Morl. neumonid) to a 92
id) pp (1918b)
5 Sp. neumonid) 牵
P. ophid) - - 率
C, CAJ::Stralicismo, Gir. hogrammid) . . Jardine (1918b)
2. გz^osშcoq^q??s.
hogrammid) ... Light (1929)
፲፬ éጎ76፲ገ፲,68Oéፃ?,S
hogrammid) , , King (1935) ●●
2 MnCAMC, Gir. - ahogrammid) g __
20-orbitalis Cam.
neumonid) ... Chu and Hsia (1937)
carts Hall.
conid) ... Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935a) -

Page 71
Host Species
Indarbela guadronotata Walk.
(Cossid)
La prosema annubilata Swinh.
(Pyraustid)
Laprosema demenalis - (Pyraustid)
Lenodora, vittata, Wilk.
(Lasiocampid) *
Lygropia obrinusalis Walk.
(Pyraustid)
Lymantria, ampla Walk. * (Lymantriid)
Macroplectra nararia Mo.
(Limacodid)
**
Manatha albipes Mo.
(Psychid)
NATIVE PARASITES AND PRED,
Paras
Zengllac
(Dipt. "
Bactromy: (Dipt. "
Bactromy (Dipt. "
Εγογαίο για
(Dipt. "
Trochosp?
(Hymni.
Teleona (Hym.
Torocca f (Dipt. "
Аратteles
(Hym.
Autoplect (Hym.
Cantheco (Hem.
Bouplectro, (Hym.
Hογγυλοία (Hym.
Goryphus (Hym.
Η εγγο αέρίe, (Hym.
Platyplec (Hym.
Rogas sp (Hymn.
Tetrastic (Hym
Elasmas (HyIn Elasma 24S (Hym

TOR'S OF INSECT P STS IN OEYLON
e o Predator
eterusiae Coq. 'achinid)
a franssoni Bar. achinid)
a franssoni Bar. achinid)
P
Tachinid)
иs pupivora Ferr.
Eulophid)
s policychols Nixon. Scelionid)
Sciata, Tns. Tachinid)
cacao Wilkin. Braconid)
rus taprobanes Gadd
Eulophid)
a robusta Dist, Pentatomid)
S SP
Eulophid)
ceylonica Wlkn.
Braconid)
a varibalteatus Cann,
Ichneumonid)
S Sp.
Ichneumonid)
tras pafada e Ferr.
Eulophid)
Braconid)
has sp. | Eulophid)
ceylonics Ferr. . Elasmid)
visopi Ferr. . Elasmid)
Authority.
Light (1928)
Barranoff (1934)
Hutson (1934)
Hutson (1921)
Ferriere (1930)
Hutson (unpublished)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935c)
Wilkinson (1934)
Gadd, Fonseka and Ranaweera (1946)
King (1931)
Austin (1932)
Wilkinson (1928b)
Austin (1932)
Austin (1932)
Gadd, Fonseka and Ranaweera (1946)
King (1931)
Austin (1932)
Ferriere (1929)
129

Page 72
TROPICAL,
Host Species
ÅMarasmia bilinealis
Hampsin. (Pyralid)
Margaronia caesalis Wlk.
(Pyralid)
Μαrgαγoγoία η αδρα
(Pyralid)
Martica testailalis
(Pyralid)
Metanastria hyrtaca
(Lasiocampid)
Mocis frugalis F.
(Phalaenid)
Nacolleia annabilata Swinh
(Pyralid)
Navrrosa conspersa Wlk.
(Limacodid);
Nephanis serinopa Meyr.
(Lep. Tineid)
130
AGRICULTU
Parasite
Elasmus sp. (Hym. El
Phanerotom
(Hym. IBI
A pantelles ta (Hym. BI
Microdass sp (Hym. Br.
Phanerotoma (Hym. Br.
Sίιέγηρία αυαίη (Dipt. Tao
Thirycolyga st (Dipt. Tae
Sarcophaga k Senior Wh (Dipt. Sard
Βασίγοημία ή (Dipt. Tac
Oαητήecoγια για (Hem. Pen
Frontina sp.
(Dipt. Tacl
Rogas sp.
(Hym. Bra
Angitia sp.
(Hym. Ich
Βγαchμηeγία η (Hym. Cha. Eurytoma sp.
(Hym. Eur Eογηίοία οeυίο
(Hym. Bra Peγιsίeγοία ηeή (Hym. Beth διοηναίοημία ό (Dipt. Tach Trichospilus p. (Hym. Eulo

RIST, VOL. CXVII, 196l
or Predator Awthority
aSmid) . . New record
I, hendecassella Cam. ET aconid) ... Hutson (unpublished)
2Og022de aconid)
aconid) 紫
Y hen decasisella Cam. 泰 aconid)
righti Bar. . . Baranoff (1934) కీ-"
shinid)
97 billains Wid.
hinid) ... Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935c.)
'етрд. . . . . Baranoff (1934) ite
Bophagid)
ranssoni Bar. hinid) 来源
basta Dist. tatomid) 率
ninid) - - Hutson (1921)
conid) King (1931)
neumonid) - Jayaratnam (1941a)
2ephantidis Gahan lcid)
ytomid) 罗列 翰争 mica, Wlk.
3onid) a s 罗》 bhainitidis M.
nylid) . . Jayaratnam (1941b)
ād Ba',
inid) . . Jayaratnam (1941a)
αερουογα
phid)
罗霹

Page 73
**
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDATO)
Host Sρβοιe8
Nетeta, lalleата Мо.
(Limacodid)
Митотia prioorella Mats.
(Phycitid)
Niggimia flava, F.
(Lymantriid)
Ochgrotica concursa
Wlism. (Pterophorid)
Ορίγιαγία υαγία η 8 (Bombycid)
Οι βίντομίες ραγαθΤαγγΜιλά
Meyr. (Olethreutid)
Olehretes
schista ceana, Sin. (Olethreutid)
Omides blackburn. Butl.
(Pyraustid)
Orgyia, žurbata Butl.
(Lymantriid)
Orga postica
(Lymantriid)
9 Pammeme ffe.s
Meyr. (Eucosmid)
Papilio aristolochiae
F. (Papilionid)
Parasite G
8ριγιαγία για (Hym. IBI
Zenillia mod (Dipt. Tac
Cremastiás fili Cam.
(Hym. Ichne
Euplectrus C (Hym. Eu
βίμήηνία ρίσι (Dipt. Tach
Apanteles bi. (Hym. B
Apanteles si
Carm. (Hyma. B.
Canthecona
(Hem. Pe
Cremastus j
Cann. (Hym. Ilic
Χαηλίίνορίτη (Hym... IC
Cremastus Caim.
(Hym. Ilic
Zenillia, mC (Dipt. T:
Thrycolyga (Dipt. T.
Pharzerotor
Camin. (Hym. Ei
Apanteles Wilkin
(Hym. Ei

ERS OF INSECT PESTS IN CEYLON
r Predator.
riceps Cam. aconid)
icella Wulp. hinid)
avo-Orbitalis
eumonid)
eylonieous How. tilophid)
FC Bar. inid)
sulcata Cam. raconid)
еgатоdactylae
raconid)
robusta Dist, entatomid)
Zaevo-orbitals
Shneumonid)
pla, ритсtaia E'. chneumonid)
lato-orbitals
hneumonid)
dicella Wulp. achinid)
sorČEZZAasias Wid. achinid)
2a e decassella
Braconid)
gristolockéage,
Braconid)
Authority
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935១)
Baranoff (1934)
Chu and Hisia (1937)
Howard and Ashmead
(1896)
Wilkinson (1928a)
Hutson (1930)
Chu and Hisia (1937)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935c)
Hutson (1921)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935a)
Wilkinson (1928a)
13.

Page 74
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS
Host Species
Parasa lepida, Cram.
(Limacodid)
Parnara guttata (Hesperiid)
Parnara mathias F.
(Hesperiid)
Parnara sp.
(Hesperiid)
Phassus malabaricus
Mo. (Hepialid)
Phyllocnistis
cirello Staint (Gracillariid)
Platyptilip molopius
Meyr. (Pterophorid)
Plusija omchailcea F.
(Noctuid)
Plusia sp.
(Noctuid)
132
Poirotste or
Apanieles par (Hym. Brac
Eurytoma mor (Hym. Eurs
Podomya seto. (Dipt. Tach
Rogas sp.
(Hym. Brac
Ταchάγια ηγηαιγια (Dipt. Tachi
Ασίία ηλογιέφσοία (Dipt. Tachi
Halidaya luteic (Dipt. Tachi
Хатthopimpla
(Hym. Ichne
Αραγίeίe8 ήαυeη (Hym. Bracc
Вирterоmalus p: (Hym. Ptero
Rhaphis elongat (Dipt. Tachir
Thrycolyga psyc
IBar. (Dipt. Tachin
Eurytoma sp.
(Hilym. Euryto
Apanteles palud, (Hym. Bracor
Copidosoma sp. (Hym. Encyfei
4panteles sp.
(Hym. Bracor
Apanteles ruficru (Hym, Bracon

3T, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
Predator 44thority asae Rohw. . . Austin (1931) 3Onid)
emae Rushka. . . vtOmid)
*》
sa Dol, . . . King (1932) inid)
Austin (1931) Onid)
α Wο. inid)
z MaII. 事 nid)
:ormis Bezzi o es 寧 nid)
punctata, F. • • Chu and Hsia ( 1937) bumonid)
8is Rohw. 摩 )nid)
མཚོ་འོ།། 1܁ܐ
Parnarae Gahan 率 . خفف mallid)
a Wulp. ... Beeson and Chatterjee hid) (1935c)
hidarum, . . Ferriere (1929)
lid)
... Hutson and Pinto mid) . (1934)
icolae Cam. ... Wilkinson (1928a) mid)
. . New record bid)
pg mid)
3 Hall. id)

Page 75
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDAT
Host Species Pog8it
Plutella, тасиliретті,8 - ο Αγιοία 8ίμ8 : Curt. (Hym. I (Plutellid)
Apanteles
(Hym. Ei
Polychrosis botrana . . Euliminerie Schiff (Hym. I (Ollthreutid)
Pratapa deva Mo. 4ратteles , (Lycaenid) (Hym. Bra
Prodinia litura F. . . Actia mooni (Noctuid) (Dipt. Tae
Аратteles
(Hym. I
Canthec0m
(Hem. E
ཡོད། Psyche albipes Mo. ... .. Bactromg/i; (Psychid) (Dipt. Tac
Elasmus c (Hym. ]
Elasmus h (Hym. ]
Psyche sp. , Zeηνίίίία α' (Psychid) (Dipt. Tal
Pyrausta machaeralis ... Phaneroto
Walk. Cam. (Pyraustid) (Hym. Br
Zeγα είIέα ή
Rabila frontalis Walk. - Microbraic (Phalaenid) - (Hym. B.
Remigia frugalis F. ... Thrycolyg (Noctuid) (Dipt.Ta
Podoтуіа
(Dipt. "
 

ORS OF INSECT PRISTS IN CEYLON
3 Οη Ρη βααίογε
Sp. chneumonid)
plutellae Kurdj. Braconid)
ναίκαθ Ε. & S. chneumonid)
pratapa e Ashm. conid)
'icola Mall. hinid)
rificrus Hall. Braconid)
I robusta Disti. Pentatomid)
ae franssoni Bar. hinid)
eylonicus Femere Elasmid)
outsoroż Femere Elasmid)
иadrфтасиlata Bаї. chinid)
m2a, hendeca Sisella
aconid)
eterusiae Coq. Tachinid)
07 Sp. raconid)
g Sorbülans Wd. hinid)
setosa Dol. Cachinid)
-
Authority
De Silva (1960)
2.
Chu and Hsia (1937)
Wilkinson (1928a)
Hutson (unpublished)
Baranoff (1934)
Ferriere (1929)
Baranoff (1934)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935a)
Rao (1924)
Hutson (unpublished)
Austin (1931)
133

Page 76
TROPIOAL, AGRICULTUR
Host Sρβαίες ΡαφαSδύο οι
Schoen,0bÄau8 - o 4panteles fia incertellus Walk. Cameron
(Pyralid) (Hym. Bra Apanteles Sch (Hym, Bira Aprostocetus is (Hym. Eule Isotima sp.
(Hym. Ichir διογαβόα Soήρε
(Hym. Bra Telenomus dig (Hym. sceli Tetrastichols is (Hym. Eulć Tetrastộichas sic
Ferriere (Hym. Eulo
δύίοίrogα οΘηβαίeίία Microbracon, he (Gelechid) (Hym. Brac
Trichogramта,
Westw. (Hym. Tric
Sphenarches caffer Zell. A painteles plan (Pterophorid) (Hym, Brac
Spodoptera maurita - . Ασίδα ηγιογιέφσοία
Boisd. (Dipt. Tachi
(Noctuid)
Apanteles antig (Hym. Bracc
4.panteles rificir (Hym, Brecc
Oαγοeίδα βοοί δα (Dipt. Tachia
С%ncüdela sear-р
Col. Ciclidelli
Сирћocera pyro: (Dipt. Tachir
Halidaya lutec (Dipt. Tachin
Sarcophaga sp. (Dipt. Sarcop
Trichospilus ри (Hym. Eulopl
134

LST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
η Ρηβαίαύρη Authority
*ipes
conid) penobii Wilk. conid)
O. ophid)
... New record
ܓܠܝܠ
neumonid)
2700ხ%% Vier, Bonid)
"nas Gahan Onid) -- Fernando (1954) Praeli Mañi ophid)
ή0θηιοθήό
... New record
phid) - Fernańdo (1954)
betor Say Onid)
. . . Glover and Chatterjee
(1936) eroSžicornż8
hogrammid) ... King (1930)
dicolae Cam. 3Onid) es 豪
Mall. nid) 率
oda Ashm.
nid) -- Wilkithson (1928a) is Hall. Binid)
na Towns
hid)
κίγιοίαύα Ε. id) . . Hutson (1920) gaster Rond.
hid) a 家 -
"nis Bezzi lid) 宰
hagid) a 来
ουογα ΕeIT, nid) - . Ferriere (1930) :

Page 77
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDA
Ho8ι Sρβοιρ8
i Stauropus alternus Wlk.
(Notodontid)
p
Saggqag cooზcolor Walk,
(Lasiocampid)
Sμαείμαργeηγείμ8 E.
(Hesperiid)
S.ylepta derogata F.
(Pyraustid)
T'abda acutealis Walk.
(Pyraustid)
T'aragama dorsalis Wlk.
(Lasiocampid)
Thiacidas postica Walk
(Lymantriid)
Thosea cerving Mo.
(Limacodid)
Parasò
Apanteles i (Hym. I
Carcelta, (Dipt. T.
Cargelia, sin (Dipt. T.
Thrycloygú (Dipt. TI
Zenilla sa (Dipt. TI
Sίμηνία αυ (Dipt. T
Oαγοείία 81 (Dipt. T)
Хатthopä7 (Hym. ...
4ратteles (Hym. .
Meteorus
(Hym. .
ASίαιη ηγκόα α (Dipt. "
Til grycolyg (Dipt. T.
Zeηφίίδα φη (Dipt. "
Camaithecop
(Hem.
Formicia
(Hym.
Photocera (Dipt. "
Podo72jig (Dipt. "
Rogas sp.
(Hym.
Spoggosia (Dipt. "

TORS OE INSECT, PESTS IN CEYILON
όe of Pηβαιαίοη"
taprobanae Cam. Braconid)
θηαυα Μg. 'achinid)
matrensis Bar achinid)
z Sorbillars Wid. 'achinid)
matren,3és Tns. Tachinid)
ainuyrighti, Bar. Tachinid)
umatrensis Towns Cachinid)
npla punctata F. Ichneumonid)
Sp.
Braconid)
tabidae Wlk.
Braconid)
tropoora R-ID. D'achinid)
a sorballas Wid. Tachinid)
vodicella Wulp. Tachinid)
a robusta Dist. Pentatomid)
ceglonica Wlkn. Braconid)
тадта Ваг. Pachinid)
Selfosa Dol. Tachinid)
Braconid)
grandis Macq. Tachinid)
Authority
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935a)
Hutson (1921)
Barranoff (1934)
Hutson (1921)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935е)
Baranoff (1934)
Chu and Hsia (1937)
New record.
Wilkinson (1930)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935c)
King (1931)
萝萝
Barranoff (1934)
King (1930)
King (1931)
Tubbs (1947)
135

Page 78
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
Host Sρβαίe8 Pargஒற்கு
'hosea, ceroyd, Mo. Ταοήόγια, ηγα (Limacodid) (Dipt. Ta
Trichospilu, (Hym. Eu
Thosea recta Himps. ... A painteles s. (Limacodid) (Hym, B1
Hογηφαία οeg, (Hym. IBI
Rogas sp.
(Hym. IBI
Tiracola plagiata Walk. , . Αραγίeίe8 το (Phalaenid) (HyIm. Br
Trabala vishna LeIET. .. Allocampfus (Lasiocampid) (Hym. Ticl
Trichopțiilus paladium ... Apanieles pa Zell (Hym. Br.
Zeuzera cofeal Nietn. , . IMácrobrazoo??, (Cossid) (Hym. Br
OIRTHIOPTIERA :
Hierodula sp. ... Iphiaulaa sp (Mantid) (HyIm. IBr:
Phillomacrop Cam. (Hya
Mantis sp. ... Podlagirion yr (Mantid) (Hym. To
BIBLIOG)
AUSTIN, G. D., 1922. A preliminary report
Agric, Ceylon 59 : 1-22
- 1931. The 'nettle grub 4兹87。
1932. The 'nettle grub" 盛:53。
AYZYAR, R,ATMLATKIRISHINA, T. V., 1925. A. chec cidoidea), Spolia Zeylanica, XIII (2): 23
136

RIST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
Q?* Pqreddffoეი
Linda, Wd, chinid)
s pupilvora, Ferr. alophid)
2. aconid)
ilonica WIkn. aconid)
aconid)
racolae Ashim. aconid)
S-inotatau 3 Morl. neumonid)
Claudicolae Cam. aconid)
SO. aconid)
aconid)
οβα θα 8όηλαοφιίαια m. Braconid)
2e Crawf. уmid)
RAPHY
on Paddy fly investigations. Bull. Depit,
pest, of tea in Ceylon. Tea Quart, 3: 74.
Authority
Austin (1932)
Ferriere (1930)
King (1931)
Wilkinson (1928a)
Beeson and Chatterjee
(1935b)
Wilkinson (1928a)
Hutson (1932)
Cameron (1905)
Аууал” (1925)
ー
ܭ
pest of tea in Ceylon. Tea Quart, 1 ; 47.
k-list of Indo-Ceylonese Chalcid flies (Chall5-254,

Page 79
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDAT
AYYAR RAMAKRISHNA, T. V. and V. MAR Ceylonese Chalcid flies. Jour. Bom. Nat.
BAPTIST, B. A., 1940. Report of the Ent
IV : IID5.
BARNEs, H. F., 1930. Gall midges (Cecidon Aleyrodidæ and Coccidae. Bull. Ent. Re
BARANOFF, N., 1934. Mitteilungen uber gez Diptera). Ent. Nachr. Bl., 8 (2) : 41—4
BEZZI, M., 1922. Due nuovi tripane idi (D Sud. Bull Lab. Zool., Gen Agrar. R. Scuola
-1925. Some Tachinidae (Dig. " Malay States. Bull. Ent. Res., XVI (2):
BEEsoN, C. F. C. and S. N. CHATTERJEE, 193
Indian For. Rec., I (6): 105-138.
1935b. On Indian For. Rec. 1 (8): 151-168.
1935c. On 1 Flor. Rec., l (9) : 169-184.
CAMERON, P., 1905. On the phytophagous : Green in Ceylon. Spolia. Zeylanica, III
1913. On the par North India, from the Lac (Laccifer) and
CHU, Joo-Tso and SHIEN-HISIU., 1937. A lis1 European Corn borer, Pyrausta nubialis E
CLAUSEN, C. P. and P. A. BERRY, 1932. Th of its natural enemies into tropical Amer
COMPERIE, H., 193la. A revision of the si terious Coccid, inhabiting parasites. Proc
1931b. A revision of the •ع of Coccids (Hymenoptera). Univ. Calif.
DE SILVA, M.D., 1960). Microbial Conti the Lepidopterous pests of Cabbage in thuringiensis Beiliner. Tropic. Agric., 1
ܒܝܬܐ
DUPONT, P. R., 1920. Entomological and
Seychelles, 11-13.
1931. Entomological an Seychelles, 11-13,
FERNANDO, H. E., 1954. Report of the E
IV: C54.

RS OF INSECT PESTS IN CEYLON
ABANDHU, 1934. Further records of IndoHá8t. Soc., 37 (1): 192—196.
mologist, Dept. Agric. Ceylon. Adm. Rpts.,
yiidae) as enemies of the Tingidae, Psyllidae,
30: 319-329.
chtete Orientalishe Larvae voriden (Insecta9.
pt.) infestanti frutti di Olea Nell Africa del. Sup. Agric., XV - 292-301.
t.) of economic importance from the federated
113-123.
fa. On the biology of the Braconidae (Hym.).
the biology of the Ichneumonidae (Hym.).
he biology of the Tachinidae (Dipt.). Indian
nd parasitic hymenoptera collected by Mr. E. : 87.
asitic Hymenoptera reared at Dehra Dun, Sal insects. Indian Flor. Rec. IV (III) : 1—20.
3 of the known hymenopterous parasites of the Ibn. Ent, and Pathology. 5 (8) : 136-147.
Le citrus blackfly in Asia, and the importation ca. Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 320 : 58.
pecies of Coccophagus, a genus of hymenop, U. S. Ναι. Μμ8, IXXVIII. Art, 7 (2850) και 132.
genus Diversinervus Silv., Encyrtid parasites Pub. Erot. V(I): 233–245.
ol: Laboratory tests on the Susceptibility of Ceylon, to Commercially prepared Bacillus 6l (4): 273-286.
mycological notes. Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agric.
mycological notes. Ann, Rept. Dept. Agric.
ntomologist, Dept. Agric. Ceylon. Adm. Rpts.
137

Page 80
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
1960. A biological and Scotinophora lurida Burm. in Ceylon. B.
FERRIERE, Ch., 1929. The Asiatic and A (Hym. Chalcid). Bull. Ent. Res., XX(4)
1930. Notes on Asiatic Cl
1940. Some parasites and ВиII. етt. Еes., 31 (2): 139.
GAHAN, A. B., 1924. Some new parasitic II froms. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LXX. A
GADD, C. H., 1939. Report of the Mycolo
2 : 30-37.
1945. Report of the Entom 27: 30.
1949. Report of the Path 30: 38.
GADD, C. H. W. T. FoNSEKA and D. J. W. grubs with special reference to Platyplect, Gadd. Ceylon, J. Sci., (B) XXIII (2) : 8
GLovER, P. M. and K. C. CHATTERJEE, 1936 economie importance of Microbracon hebet. Indian Acad. Sci., 3 (3): 151-211.
GREEN, E., 1896. The Coccidae of Ceyl
1899. The Coccidae of Ceyl
1904. The Coccidae of Ceyl
1909. The Coccidae of Cey
1922. The Coccidae of Ceyl
HowARD, L. O. and W. ASHMEAD, 1896. On from Ceylon. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XY
HUTson, J. C., 1920. The Paddy swarmir
Agre, 55 - 133-140,
1921. Report of the Entor IV : C26.
1930. Report of the Entor IV : D75.
1931. Report of the Entor [IV : D111—ID121. "
38

IST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
cological study of the rice pentatomid bug, И. Ent. Res., 51 (3): 559—576.
rican species of the genus Elasmus Westw.
41-423.
alcidoidea. Bull. Enč, Res., XXI(3): 353-360
hyper-parasites of Artona Catoatantha Hamps.
ymenoptera with notes on several described t 4(2517):1-23.
gist for 1939. Bull. Tea Res. Inst. Ceylon,
logist for 1945. Bull. Tea Res. Inst. Ceylon.,
ologist for 1948. Bull. Tea Res. Inst, Ceylon.,
RANAWEERA, 1946. Parasites of Tea nettle rus natadae Fexir. and Autoplectrus taprobane I-94.
5. A preliminary note on the bionomics and or Say, a braconid new to north India. Proc.
on. Il: 1–103.
Dim. III : 105-169.
on. III: 171-249.
on. IV: 251-344.
on. V: 345-472.
some reared parasitic hymenopterous insects III (1092) : 623—648.
g caterpillar (Spodoptera mauritia). Trop,
hologist. Dept. Agric. Ceylon. Adm. Ripte.
nologist. Dept. Agric. Ceylon. Adm. Ripta.,
Lologist. Dept. Agrie. Ceylon. Adm. Epis.,
ས་

Page 81
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDATOE
1932. Some insect pests of T Nietn...). Trop. Agric., 79 (3) : 137-148.
1933. Report of the Entom IV : 134-140.
-1934. Report of the Entom TW I ID132-147.
-1936. Report of the Entom LV = D2ʼ7.
—(unpublished). A manual of :
HUTSON, J. C. and M. P. D. PINTO, 1934. T
83 (3) : 188-193.
JARDINE, IN. K., 1918a. The Tea Tortrix (Ha
Сеylот., 40 : I-38.
1918b. Special investigation Adm. Ripts., IV : Cl2—Cl3.
JAYARATNAM, T. J., 194la. A study of the co serinopa, Meyr.) in Ceylon with special refel pupivora Ferr. Trop. Agric., 96 : 3-2l.
1941b. The Bethylid parasit Caterpillar Nephantis serinopa Meyr. Troy
JEPSON, F. P., 1921. Report of the Assis
Ceylon. Adm. Ripts., IV : C17.
JEPSON, F. P. et al 1930. Report on insect
Dβρί. Αργιο, 25.
s JEPsoN, F. P., 1935. Report on the work o
Ceylon. Adm. Ripts., D132-D147.
KEUCHENIUs, P. E., 1915. Onderzoekingen van de koffiekultuur op Java. Meded V.
KING, C. B. R., 1930. Report of the Entom
4:29。
1931. Report of the Entomic 5 : 17-20.
1932. Report of the Entomc 8 - 20-29.
 

S OE INSECT IPESTS IN CEYLON
ba in Ceylon-The red borer (Zeuzera coffeae
blogist. Dept. Agric. Ceylon. Adm. Ripis.
blogist. Dept. Agric. Ceylon. Adm. Rpts.
ologist. Dept. Agric. Ceylon. Adm. Rpts.
some Ceylon Crop pests.
wo caterpillar pests of Citrus. Trop. Agric.
mona coffearia Nietn.). Bull, Dpt, Agric.
into Tea Tortrix. Dept. Agric. Ceylon.
introl of the Coconut Caterpillar (Nephantis "ence to its Eulophid parasite, Trichospilus
2 (Perisierola nephantidig. M.) of the Coconut o. Agγιο, 97 : 115-125.
tant Entomologist for 1920. Dept. Agric.
pests in Ceylon during 1929. Techn. Rpt.
if the Entomological Division. Dept. Agric.
I en beschoowingen overeenige Schildluizen
H. Besoekish Proef Station, 16 : 63.
logist for 1929. Bull. Tea Res. Inst. Ceylon.
logist for 1930. Bull. Tea Res. Inst. Ceylon.
logist for 1931. Bull. Tea Res. Inst. Ceylon.
139

Page 82
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR
-1933. Report of the Entomo 10: 27-33.
-1934. Report of the Entomol : 26-30.
1935. Further trial with Tr.
-1936. Report of the Entom Insit, Ceylon. 13 : 35-40.
-1937. The long-tailed parasi
1937. The Tortrix problem.
KNAB, F. 1914. On the genus Orypochaetum.
LIGHT, S. S., 1928. Report of the Entomolog
2:25-34.
1929. Biological control in E on tea. Tea Quart., 2 (2): 73-80.
1929. Report of the Entomolo 3 : 37-48.
PINTo, M. P. D. 1940. Trials with the India
Trop. Agric., 94 : 79-89.
RAO RAMACHIANIDIRA, Y., 1924. A note on a r
Proc. 5th Ent. Meeting Pusa, 53-55.
RUTHERFORD, A., 1914. Leaf miner of Citr
Agric. 48 (l) : 49-50.
SICARD, 1929. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 10 (IV)
SILVESTRI, F., 1927. Contribuzione alla conosce
Viventi su Citrus in extremo Oriente e dei loro
SMITH, H. S. and H. CoM PERE, 1928. A prelin black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bern.) Univ. Cali
THOMPSON, W. R., 1943. A catalogue of the
I-XI.
TIM BERLAKE, P. H., 1916. Revision of the pa
A phycus Meyr., with notes of some related 56]一640。
140
 

T, VOL. CXVIII, 1961
gist for 1932. Bull. Tea Res. Inst, Ceylon.
gist for 1933. Bull. Tea Res. Inst. Ceylon.
chogramma. Tea Quart. 8 (3) : 140-147.
logist for the year 1935. Bull. Tea Res.
se of Tortrix. Tea, Quart, Χ. , 187-190.
Τθα (2υιαγή. Χ. : 4.6-53.
Insec. Inscit. Menstruus., 11 (3) : 33-36.
ist for 1927. Bull. Tea Res. Inst. Ceylon .
intomology with special reference to pests
gist for 1928. Bull. Tea Res. Inst, Ceylon.
in Lac insect in Ceylon during 1938-1939.
ew cotton Bollworm Rabila frontalis. Rpt.
ls (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton). Trop.
: 520.
nza degli Aleurodidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) parassiti. Boll. Zool. Portid XXI : 1-60.
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parasites and predators of insect pests. I :
"asitic hymenopterous insects of the genus enera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., II (2136) :
彎

Page 83
NATIVE PARASITES AND PREDA
TUBBs, F. R., 1947. Report of the Patholo
WATERSTON, J., 1915. New species of Cha
325-342.
1917. Notes on Coccid in VIII (4) : 311-325.
WELKINSON, D. S., 1928a. A revision of the (Hym. Braconid). I and II. Bull. Ent
1928b. New parasitic hym
- 1929. A revision of the genus Microgaster (Hym. Braconid). To
- 1930. New species and h ΧΧΙ (4) : 481-487.
1931. Four new species of 393-397.
- 1934. Some Apenteles (Ed
 

ORS OF INSECT PESTS IN CEYLON
gist. Bull. Tea Res. Inst. Ceylon., 29 ; 25.
-cidoidea from Ceylon. Bull Ent. Res., V (4):
festing Chalcidoidea. III. Bull. Ent. Res.
Indo-Australian species of the genus Apanieles , Εes., XIX (Ι) : 79-105., XIX (2) : 109-146.
»noptera. Ball. Eni. Res, XIX (3) : 261-265.
Indo-Australian and Ethiopian species of the rans. Ent. Soc. Lond., LXXVII (l) : 99-123 :
ost records of Braconidae. Bull. Ent. Res.
Ichneumonidae. Bull. Ent. Res, XXII (3):
ym. Braconiid). Stylops, 3 (7) : 145-156.
14

Page 84

藝
彎 *

Page 85
METEOROLOG
Summary for Ap
INTERMONSOON Weather with after prevailed during April, but the rai
the 17th till the 20th and again to
thundershowers became fairly wi heavy falls. A temporary advance C manifested itself between the 22nd
were experienced in the south-w
mittent rain and thundershowers el The monthly rainfall was heaviest where several stations aggregated in the South-west quarter the rainf: 15 inches. Outside the South-We decrease gradually and was genera parts of the Island and in the Batti few stations recorded no rain at a the south-western low-country an mainly above normal among the There were about fifteen daily fall 8.44 inches on the 19th at Baddega
The evening thundershowers of . May. Signs of the south-west moi when scattered showers were exp With Occasional thundery activity established by about the middle of South-West quarter became more f evening thunder in the north-cent
Was active between the 20th and
accompanied by thundershowers a
experienced along the south-weste
25th there was a marked improv north-westerly winds caused by Arabian Sea. This depression filled came active again with heavy rail to the South-West quarter. The gi the order of 30 inches) were foun

[CAL REPORT
ril to June, 196I
loon and evening thundershowers nfall was mainly scattered. From Wards the end of the month the despread, a few places receiving If South-West monsOOnal conditions and 24th, when morning showers estern coastal regions. With intersewhere in the south-west quarter. in the South-Western low country totals over 20 inches. Elsewhere all generally ranged between 5 and st quarter, the rainfall began to lly below 2 inches in the northern Caloa and Hambantotal Districts. A ll. Rainfall was above normal in ld in the Monaragala-Bibile area, hills and belloW normal else Where. ls over 5 inches, the highest being ima Estate, Baddegama.
April continued for a few days into Soon Were noticeable from the 7th erienced in the south-west quarter
in the east. The monsoon Was the month from When rain in the requent and heavier with scattered all and eastern parts. The monsoon 22nd. When intermittent showers ind winds reaching gale force were rn coastal belt. From the 23rd to ament in the weather, due to dry a depression in the East Central up by the 26th and the monsoon beand strong winds confined chiefly eater monthly totals of rainfall (of along the south-western slopes of
143

Page 86
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR
the central hills and in the Sout south-west quarter the monthly ag inches. Least rainfall (totals below northern parts and at a few scatte stations had no rain at all. Rainfall and Matara areas, and generally abo the south-west quarter, while elsew were about 25 daily falls over 5 inc on the 14th at Monrovia Group, Dod
In June scattered light to moderal the south-west till the 6th, when til the indirect influence of a depressio widespread light to moderate rain and 9th. Weather was mainly fair frc light to moderate rain was experie 17th till the 25th. On the 26th the and active monsoon conditions prev Occasional squals were experienc areas. Several stations in the South the 28th. The monthly rainfall was along the south-western slopes of th south-west quarter rainfall generally Outside the south-west quarter the most stations on the eastern half of 2 inches. Over 30 stations had no above normali in the North-Western. North-Central Province and in the Mannar, Jaffna, Negombo and Colo below normal. There were 2 daily Ratmalana and 5.10 inches at Dehiwa
Department of Meteorology, Bullers Road, Colombo 7, August, 19
 

ST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
-western lowlands. Outside the gregates were generally below 5
2 inches) was experienced in the red Stations in the east. A few 1 Was abOiVie in Ormal in Battical Oa. ive normal in the northern half of nere it Was below normall. There hes, the highest being 8.40 inches anduWa.
e rain was experienced mainly in he monsoon became active Under in North Bay Bengal, and fairly was experienced on the 7th, 8th In the 10th till the 16th. Scattered nced in the South-West from the : upper westerlies strengthened railed till the end of the month. ed along the south-west coastal quarter reported heavy falls on s heaviest (totals over 20 inches) e Central hills. El SeWhere in the 7 ranged between 5 and 15 inches. rainfall decreased gradually and the island recorded falls under rain at all. Rainfall was mainly Province and the Western half of Hambantota, Monaragala, Matale, mbo districts. Elsewhere it was falls Over 3 inches, 5.86 inches at ala, both on the 28th.
D. J. JAYASINGHE, D?ეrect07°.
**

Page 87
METEOROLOG
METEOROLOGICAL REP
APRIL.-J.
A.
TEMPERATURE)
STATION Mean Offset Mean Offset
MaΧ. Min
o d AnUradhapura 93.7 +2.0 || 75.2 --0-8 Badulla . 85 1ه 十0-9 66-7 +-05 Batticalloa, - - Colombo ... 87-6 -0-2 75-8 O Diyatala Wa 79-: +-1·3 || 60.5 -0-1 Galle ... 85-9 -0-2 76-3 -0-4 Hambantota, ... 87-6 || . O 76-9 +-0·6 Jafna . . . . - 80-8 十0-6 Kandy 87.4 -0-3 69-7 -0-2 Kankesanturai || 92-2 +-0-7 || 79-3 十0-7 Kurumegala . . || 92-4 H-15 74-6 O M'IIluppallama 93-3 +-2-0 74-4 十0-5 Mannar ... 91-0 --0-6 78-9 十0-9 Nuwara Eliya. . || 72-4 +-1-2 || 52.4 -2-5 Puttalam ... 90-8 --1-0 76-7 +-0·6 Batmalana 88-5 --0-5 76-3 -+-0-ሽ Ratnapura 92-1 --0-9 || 73-8 --0-1 Tala Walkele , , - - Trincomalee ... 91-7 十2-4 78-8 十1・1 Katunayake ... I 88-2 - 75-5 - aitivu ... 91-9 ሽ6-7 - Wavuniya, ... 93-5 - 74-9
TEMPERATURE.
STATION M M
Θ3I} e8. - Max Offset ". Offset
o Anuradhapura 89-3 -1-6 75-8 -0 Badulla 85:4| -0-2| 66:8| -0 Batticaloa - - 90-7| 十0-3|,77-5| 一0 Colombo 86-8 -0-1 76-6 -1 Diyatalawa - 77-6, -1-2 62-0 Galle 844| 一0.5| 77-6| 一0 Bambantota 86-2 -0-6 77-6 Jafna 87-9| 一0.2| 81-9| 十0 Kandy 83-4 -2-5 70-2 -0 KankeSantUrai 91.4 -04| 810 -0 Kurunegala 88-0 -1-1 75-9 -C М"Illuppallama - 89.1 -1-7 75-5 - Mannar 89-7 + 0-2| 80-3|| - Nuwara Eliya - 68-2| -2-1|| 55-2 +-1 Puttalam ..|| 88-5| +-0-1|| 78-7 - Ratmalama - - 87-4 十0-1 79-5| 一] Ratina plura - - 89-0 O 742 - Talawalkele - - - Trincomalee 93-1 --0-7 78-8 O Katunayake 86-9 - 76-8| - Mullaitivul ... 93-3 - 77-3 - Wawuniya 92.1 - 762 -

CAL REEPORT
RT FOR THE QUARTER
INE, 1961
rii
HUMIDITY RAINFATT,
AmoNight unt ay (from Of - I AmO- ( Offišeć ( Rain | Offigeë Min) Cloud unt Days
% % Inches 68 93 48 5۰29 || || - || 14 14 ه H-2 75 95 6-0 7-54 十0-54 17 十且 82 88 6.0 || 1842 || +-935 2. 十垒 77 94 6-2 6-63 +-0-09 20 十3 76 86 5-8 12-44. +-3-73 15 -i. 76 86 5-6 1-78 -2-08 -3 - - - 2-75 十0-52 O 68 90 6-0 6-74 -- 0-74 17 -5 72 94. 垒·6 100 -0-54 4 +-2 68 95 60 10-61 --0-70 13 -2. 67 88 5-0 8-33 || +-1-09 12 +-2 75 89 5-3 --67 十l 78 9. 6-2 10-61 --5-63 19 十垒 69 84 6-1. 7-68 --2-80 13 十器 72 88 6·3 |12-31 十1-74 | 18 - 68 86 6・4 |13・21 | 十1・64 --1 71. 86 垒-8 2.83 十0-70 十1 78 93,4-2 L6-62 - - 70 91 || 3-9 || 0-51 || -2-01. - 66 90 5-3 3-94 一0-8卫 12 -
May
HUMIDITY RAINIERAILL
AmoNight unt of AmO - Rain Day 器 ClOUId ίInί Offset Days Offset
% % Inches 6 74. 91. 6-0 2-75-0.79 8 十l 1 73 95 8-2 4·11|一0.58| 17 十5 B 70. 86 6- 4·65|十2-86 十2 1. 81 91. 70 20-10|十461| 24 十1 O 74 86 6-6 8-05| 十l·99| 14 O 5 78 84 6-0 16-62 --3-95 24 十3 O 79 36 6-6 5-30|| +-1-03|| 17 十6 2| 8I 33 6-3 0-44|一l·56 2. -i. 奥 72 87 7-0 11-09|十4-58| 20 --9 奥 73 85 6-1. O-82 -0-67 3. 十l 2 76 88 7.2 9.25| +-1-70|| 18 十4 9 70 86 6-6 2-65-153 12 十7 5 7. 87 6-2 0-34-1-45 2. -2 S 82 91. 6-7 11-64-1-3-17 21 --3 2 69 80 6-7 521|| +-144|| 11 十2 5 74 86 7-0 || 17.99|| +-1-58|| 21 - 7 70 86 6-8 1870-221. 25 --
65 82 6-0 3-71|| +-0.48 --1 80 9. 6-6 13-75 - 26 67 86 5-8 79|| +-2.91 7 66 86 6-2 0-88-288 8 --
45

Page 88
TROPICAL AGRICULTURI
Juni
TEMPERATURE STATION * I or offset
o o
Anuradhapura 88-8| 一l·2| 749| 一l·5 Badulla 86-4 十五·0| 63·5| 一l·9 Batticaloa 90-6| -17| '76-5| -1-2 Colombo 855| +-0.2| 772| -0-1 Diyatalawa 76-7 -09|| 613|| -1.9 Galle 83-4 一0-1 780 十08 Hamba, intota, 847|| -1·6|| 77-0|| +-02 Jafna 85*4 一l·3 80-5| 一0·4 Kandy 8-9 -0-2 68-4 -4-7 KankeSanturai 894| 一l·6| 80-l| 一0.5 Kurunegala 864| 一01| 750 一0.6 M”Tilluppallama 888 -13| 7438 -18 Mannar 876 -0-5 798 -0-8 Nuwara Eliya 670|| +14|| 547|| -10 Puttalam 86-4| -0-1 || 77-9| -1-3 Ratmalana 862 +08|| 778 +04 Ratnapura 88-2 +15 73.5 -12
Talawalkele - - - -
Trincomalee 929|| +06|| 78-4 -07 KatUIinayake 858 - 766 -
MulaitiVu 94·基 一 77-3 -
Vavuniya 90-8 - 75-4 一
 

T, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
HUMIDITY RAINFATT,
Amo.
Night 器快 Rain 'ay SS Cloud Aಖ್ಖ" Offset Days
觅飞 % Inches
70 90 6-0 2-44|十l·71 7 66 91. 5-8 1-17-0-37
66 84. 5-61 0•Iፖ | –0•72 2
78 86 64|| 8:77|| +011|| 22 66 79 5-8 0-48-1-48 5 78 80 5-2 3-53|一4、91| 18 78 86 5·6|| 5-12| +-3-01 82 85 6-0 0-08-0-31 2.
68 87 6-6 369-3-61. 11. 73 85 6.0|| 0.68 +011 2 74. 90 6-8 8-95 --2-16 17 66 86 6·2| 285| +-152| 11 78 85 6–2, 0-41 --0-05 78 88 6-0 4-86-5-57 70 80 6.4|| 714|| +5.74|| 1 4 72 82 6.4|| 12.76|| +-3-78|| 18 67 84. 6-2 10-19-8-36 22
59 78 6:1, 0-10-0-88 2
78 86 5-9 8-66 - 19
59 84 5-4, 0-11-1-67 4
52 SS 6-0 0-39-0-49

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Page 92
THE FRUITS OF LABOUR
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