Page 1
TROPICA AGRICUL
VOLUME CXV
ULY-SEPTEN

A. TURIS
RAL JOURNAL OF CYLON
CEYLON
II NUMBER 3 ABER, 1961

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A N N O THE CEYLON C.
A Quarterly Magazine dealing
and its
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NEW PUBLICATIC CENTRAL COC
THE COCONUT PA
Compiled by Dr. K. P. M Research Station, Kayangul Director, Central Coconut R. Coconut Palm-A Monograph problems connected with the co scientific information that has during the last two decades.
The book contains 384 page. and 19 colour plates. It has b within India, Pakistan and C (for foreign buyers) inclusive o
'THE COCONUT
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Beautifully printed on the book contains 98 p. priced at Rs. 18/- (for and Ceylon) and at £ 2 buyers) inclusive of posta

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accumulated in coconut research
I of size 83" x 11" 150 illustrations een priced at Rs. 43|- (for buyers Ceylon) and at £4-10-0 and $13.00 fpostage, etc.
ATLAS OF INDIA'
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Page 13
Rice needs Fertilizer -
but MOr
A harvest of 800 kg. of rice per hectare - or one of 8,000 kg. a hectare? What an enormous difference Both these yield levels are possible. On the one hand, non-intensive farming; on the other, highly intensive farming. And the use of fertilizers plays an important part. Here are examples to prove this. In South India rice production has been successfully increased with Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate. Where yields of 1,620 lb. per acre were being obtained, this fertilizer brought about yields of 4,050 lb. per acre. In Thailand production increases of 10.5% were achieved by using suitable fer. tilizers. Bigger rice harvests are also possible in Indonesia where rice is the staple diet. Fertilizers can raise the extra production capacity of the worlds rice fields.
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Page 14


Page 15
Vol. CXVII, No. 3
Ο ΟΝΤ1
EDITTORIAL
MERvIYIN D. DIE SILVA-Biology of Helopeltis
miridae)--a major pest of Cacao in Ceylon
R. R. APPAIDU RAI—The concept of moisture reg
research
G. W. E. FERNANDo-Preliminary Studies on
legumes
L. B. SINGH–Studies on the rootstocks for m
III. Variety Srinagar
S. B. TENNEKooN-The Centenary of the Bota
SCIENTIFIC NOTIES
MERivYN D. DE SILVA-Empoasca punjabenst.
Teak in Ceylon
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT
Summary for July-September, 1961

SEPTEMBER, 1961
NTS
Page
147
149
times and its application in irrigation
157
the associated growth of grasses and
167
andarins in the wet sub-tropics
8.
nic Gardens, Hakgala (1861-1961) . . 193
3 Pruthi, a newly recorded pest of
203
205

Page 16
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Page 17
EDITO
Cultivation of
ALTHOUGH accurate Statistics 1 different local yams (roots and generally believed that there has b cultivated acreage in recent years. that there has been a gradual de species of yams. The ready availabi lack of general interest in yams as chief reason for the failure of the they richly deserve. As was clearly the local yams can safely replace t meal hardly inferior to rice.
Unlike the fastidious potato, mos require very little care and attent heavy yielders and yields ranging uncommon with good cultivation dable feature of the local yams is t. even outside the regular planting : continuous supply of fresh yams. adaptable to varying conditions of can be cultivated With Success in except at the very high elevations there are no serious pests or disea cultivation of the local yams. The ] prominently in any food productio)
Manioc and Sweet potato are tw mention because of the facility of highly drought resistant and can b even in the Dry Zone. Although th consumption of manioc due to the different varieties tested and releas ture are perfectly safe unless the exposed after harvest. Even those find Sweet potato a very acceptable effects. In fact, Sweet potato is ga. western countries and in the Phillip the real potatoes.
 

)RIAL.
Local Yams
regarding the extents under the tubers) are not available, it is een no appreciable increase in the On the other hand it is even likely 2cline in the extents under Some lity of the imported potato and the a substitute for rice is perhaps the local yams to attain the popularity demonstrated during the war years he potato, besides providing a full
it of the local yams are hardy and tion after planting. They are also from 5 to 10 tons per acre are not and manuring. Another commenhat several of them can be planted seasons so as to provide an almost Most of the local yams are highly soil and climate and as such they almost every part of the Island 3. Other than bandicoots and rats, ses that prove troublesome in the Local yams should, therefore, figure n programme in the Island.
VO root crops that require special 2ultivation. Manioc in particular is e cultivated with very little effort here is some prejudice against the fear of prussic acid poisoning, the sed by the Department of Agricul
yams have been damaged and who prefer to avoid manioc should yam that cannot produce any illining wide popularity in several lines as being more nutritious than
47.

Page 18
TROPICLD AGRICULTU
The Alocasias and Colocasias W take from three to nine months important group of root crops th of fresh yams. As the plants resem be grown in any home garden. Wit
Dioscoreas and Innala are high only once a year, and perhaps for expansion of their acreage inspite who traditionally cultivate thes interest in their cultivation. HOW produce more food in the count acreage will be most desirable. Th cularly commended as their keepi other local yams.
148

RIST, VOL, CXVII, 1961
hich comprise several varieties that O come into harvest are another ut can provide a continuous supply ble the garden Caladiuem, they can hout disfiguring it.
ly seasonal and can be cultivated this reason there has been no great of their popularity. Except for those a crops, few others have shown aver, in view of the urgent need to y, an expansion of the Dioscorea e cultivation of Dioscoreas is parting-quality is far Superior to that of

Page 19
BIOLOGY OF
CEYLONIENSIS DE SII
MIRIIDAE), A M. CACAO IN
MERVYN D.
(Agricultural Research Off
INTROD
NUMEROUS members of the extre family Miridae (formerly Capsidae cultivated plants. They have bee serious damage to a wide range of Motch. produces a symptom referre Ceylon (Calnaido, 1959). LiguguS pro on apples in the United States (H. and Nigeria, Sahlbergella singularis Dist. cause widespread damage to t 1940). In Ceylon, the mirids belong significant economic losses to crops 1957).
Although, the majority of mirids are decidedly predatory and are Cyrtorhinus, which is widespread a of homopterous insects embedded i dulus (Bredd.) found in Australia, Fiji, is particularly associated with hopper, Perkinsiella saccharicida F. most efficient controlling agent of t. species of mirids are also predac example is the case of the black k latus Fall, an important predator ( Metatetranychus ulmi in England (
* Based on work carried out by the of Entomology, Peradeniya, during the

HELOPE ILTIS
LVA (HETEROPTERA
AJOR PEST OF
CEY ON 3.
DE SILVA,
icer, Gurutalawa, Ceylon)
UCTION
mely large and Widely distributed !), are highly destructive pests of in recorded to be responsible for economic crops. Lygus viridanus 2d to as “ corroded leaf ' on tea in detensis L. produces “dimpling' ammer, 1939). In the Gold Coast : Hagl. and Distantiella theobroma he cacao crop (Woeleker and West, ging to the Genus Helopeltis cause such as tea and cacao (De Silva,
feed on plant juices, some of them therefore beneficial. The genus ind COSmopolitan, feed on the eggs in plant tissue. Cyrtorhinus munJava, the Philippine Islands and the eggs of the Sugar Cane leafKirk, and is considered to be the he pest (Sweetman, 1958). Several ious on mites. The best known need bug, Blepharidopterus anguof the fruit tree red spider mite, Gilliat 1935).
author, while attached to the Division years 1956-57.
49

Page 20
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
HISTORICAL BACKGROUN
THE GENUS
THE history of the genus Heliopelt the French entomologist, Signore erected it in Order to receive the from Ceylon and Burma. The gel ous species recorded from man Ethiopian regions. These insects host plants, all of which are not r The two most important crops att (Green, 1901).
The earliest recorded species of antomii, was first observed as a pe or 1881 in the Matale district and damage it caused to the young sho plant (Green, 1901). However, ex major cacao growing areas, includ to provide any specimens referab 1957).
The new species, H. ceylonensis of its darker colouration, the rel antennal segment, the more robust prominent antennophores and in h
As rational methods of control in the life history and habits of the paper is mainly to present such i
METHODS AN
THE Studies on the life history o during the months September thro collected at the Cacao Research St
A large petri-dish with a Soake half and with the upper half dark paper was a suitable arrangeme. laboratory. Pieces of cacao intr( every three days. All the labora room temperature of approximate
150

RIST, vo. CXVII, 1961
ND AND DISTRIBUTION OF
HELOPEILTIS
S dates back to the year 1858 when ; (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) 6, P. 502) species Helopeltis antonii recorded nus Helopeltis now includes numery countries in the Oriental and
are able to thrive on a range of ecessarily of economic importance. acked in Ceylon are cacao and tea
Helopeltis in Ceylon, Helopeltis st attacking cacao in the year 1880
was well known for the severe ots and growing stems of the cacao Ktensive collections made from the ing the Matale district, have failed Le to Helopeltis antonii (De Silva,
differs from H. antonii in respect
atively longer and thicker basal and less erect scutellar spine, more
Laving a foveole on the postocular.
must be based upon a knowledge of
insect involved, the purpose of this information.
D MATERIALS
f H. ceylonensis were carried out.
ugh November 1956. Material was ation, Kundasale.
di filter paper placed in the lower ened by pasting a piece of carbon nt for breeding Helopeltis in the
bduced for feeding were replaced
tory observations were made at
ly 23.9 ° C.

Page 21
BIOLOGY OF HELOPELTIS CEYLONENSI
DESCRIPTION AN
EGG (plate 1, fig. 1) THE eggs are layed either in group into the tissue of the cacao pod. axis bent to a varying degree dep tissue. The operculum and club sh are exposed. The location of the by a minute scar produced in the presence of the two protruding ch are Some Of the measurements Of t period.
Total length (excluding processe
Length of chorionic processes . . . .
Average duration of incubation O.
1st INSTAR (plate 1, fig. 2)
Antenna: Segment 1 ochreous, piceous.
Basal segment of antenna much segment of antennae and legs with head as broad as thorax ; head and with two parallel rows of Sub-dic posteriorly ; rostrum extending alim Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duration Of inStar .
2nd INSTAR (plate 1, fig. 3)
Antenna : Segment 1 brownish abdomen and legs brownish ; legs bright red spots; eyes red. Thor spine present, short and cylindrica Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duration of instar . . . . . . . . . .
3rd INSTAR
Antenna : Segment 1 ochreous, and abdomen ferrugineous ; wir Scutellar spine prominent.
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duration of instar . . . . . . . . . .

S DE SILVA (HETEROPTERAMIRIDAE)
D LIFE HISTORY
s or singly and are inserted deep They are elongate with the main ending on the condition of the aped chorionic process of the egg agg on the pod can be recognised process of Oviposition and by the Orionic processes. The following ne egg and duration of incubation
2S) . . . . . . . . . . 1.25 mm.–1.5 mm.
S S S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 0.5 mm.–0.75 mm.
f eggs ..................... 11-15 days approximately.
rest ferrugino—testaceous ; setae
thicker than remaining segments : in moderately long errect setae , thorax with erect setae ; abdomen rsal setae and few lateral setae Ost to base of the abdomen.
S S S S S S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S SSS S S S S SS S SS SS SS 2 mm.
S SS SS SS SS SS SS SS S SS SS SS SSL S S S S SS SS SSL S S S SS 3-4 days.
, rest dark brown, head, thorax
and segment 1 of antenna with ax broaded than head; scutellar l.
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S SS SS SS 2.5 mm.
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S L S S S S S S SS 2-3 days.
rest ferrugineous ; head, thorax, ng pads brown distinguishable ;
5.

Page 22
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
1. Egg 13 mm. 2. Ilst instar 2 mm.
4. 5th instar nymph 5 mm. 5. ad
52
 

. CXVIII, 1961
ph 23 mm.
3. 2nd instar nym ult female 83 mm.

Page 23
BIOLOGY OF HELOPELTIS CEYLONENS.
4th INSTAR
Antenna: Segment 1 and 2 and ferrugineous; head, thorax and w pinkish; eyes red. Wing pads pror Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duration Of instar . . . . . . . . . .
5th INSTAR (plate 1, fig. 4)
Antenna: Segment 1 pale yellov and abdomen brown, wing pads de ties piceous; legs pale yellow v segment of antenna relatively slenc scutellar spine robust.
Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duration of instar . . . . . . . . . .
SUMMARY OF NY (at room temperature
Stage
Average period of incubation of eggs
list instar
2nd instar
3rd instar
4th instar
5th instar
Total nymphal life
Period from egg to adult
Helopeltis ceylonensis is found areas of Ceylon with a record of Valley (Fernando and Manikawas
The nymphs and adults of H. ce and are usually found on the sha during all hours of the day, and pr punctures per day, depending on t on the condition of the pods fed o)
The entire life cycle of Helopel trees. The adults and nymphs disp branches when disturbed. Eggs a and less frequently on tender shot usually occurs when cacao pods a

s DE SILVA (HETEROPTERAMIRIDAE)
legs pale yellow, rest of antenna ring pads dark brown; abdomen minent.
7, rest ferrugineous ; head, thorax ep brown with posterior extremiVith drak brown patches. Basal der in relation to previous instars;
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 5.5 mm
S SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SSSS 3-4 days
MPHAL INSTARS
of approx. 23.9 C.)
Montin, Mazarimum Mea
l 15 13
3 4 3.5
2 3 2.5
2 3 2.5
2 3 2.5
3. 4. 3.5
12 17 14。5
23 32 27.5
in almost all the cacao growing heavy infestation in the Dumbara agar, 1956). 'ylonensis are shade loving insects lded sides of the pods. They feed oduce approximately 10-50 feeding he stage and size of the insect and
l. tis is spent on the cacao pods and )erse quickly from the pods to the e deposited as a rule on the pods its and stems. Egg laying on stems e SCarCe.
153

Page 24
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
Copulation takes place during ObserVed to remain im Coitu, for clC at all times of the day.
DAIMy
ONE of the most striking featu H. ceylonensis is that this insect p less frequently on the stems and is not in agreement with that rep (Green, 1901). In the case of vegetative parts of the tree is th
The insertion of the stylets in both adults and nymphs of H. c. reactions. A few minutes after th plant tissue, a circular area preser develops around the point of inser is deep translucent green initially in colour in about 2 hours, finally
Studies made on the feeding Sahlbergella singularis and Distic have shown that the primary wa point of insertion of the stylets du effect of the esterases in the Salive nic pathogens were found in the 1952).
During the course of the labora the diameter of the feeding punctu of punctures produced on the pod,
Table I. The diameters of the feed produced per day by the 1st-5th instal
Size of Punctures (diameter in n
Instar سسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسس.م-
MeCr, Μαία. M
list ... l. l 0.8 I
and 1.5 1.0 2
3rd 2.0 1.5 2
4th 2.0 1.5 2
th - - 2.7 2.5 3.
Adult 3.2 2.5

IST, VOL. CXVII, 196l
he day and the insects have been se on 45 minutes oviposition occurs
AGE ces in the feeding behaviour of referentially feeds on the pods and growing shoots. This observation orted earlier for Helopeltis antonii he latter species, damage to the a characteristic feature.
O the plant tissue for feeding, by aglomensis produces quick visible e insertion of the stylets into the ting a “ water soaked ' appearance tion. The Water soaked area which becomes depressed and deep brown
turning black in about 24 hours.
lesions produced by the mirids, Límitella theObromd in WeSt Africa ter soaking effect surrounding the ring feeding is due to the histolytic a injected into the wound. No orgasaliva of the species (Goodchild,
atory studies, a record was kept of res for each in Star and the number per 24 hour feeding (Table 1).
ling lesions, and number of punctures : nymphs and adult of H. ceylonensis.
m.) Number of Punctures per Day - سمس^مس--------سم-\ 2. Mρα γι Maa. Mr.
5 15 20 10
O 25 35 15
5 25 30 20
.5 25 30 20
... O 85 45 25
0 40 50 30)

Page 25
BIOLOGY OF HELOPELTLS CEYLONENS
The size of the lesions produce 0.8 to 1.5 mm. The size of the pur of 1.1 mm. in the 1st instar, to an av adult. The number of punctures p 10 to 20 with an average of 15 in with an average of 40, in the case
On the basis of these results potential damage H. ceylonensis nymphal Stadia or stages was calc ensis is capable of producing 180-2 hal life. It is therefore not surpris: sufficient to cause conspicuous dan
Table II. Number of lesions produc 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar of H.
1ጓጌSta..?”
3rd
4th
5th
Total nymphal life
NATURA
ALTHOUGH the nymphs and to H. ceylonensis are slow moving to tor was recorded. A hymenopteral peltidis Ferr., with a hyperparas been obtained from Helopeltis ant observations of field collected egg cation of any parasite. The reduvii to be predacious on the nymphs their predatory feeding behaviol importance from the point of vie tions of H. ceylonensis.

IS DIE SILVA (HETEROPTERAMIRIIDAE)
ed by the 1st instar ranged from
ictures increased from an average
7erage of 3.2 mm. in the case of the
roduced per day also varied, from
the case of the 1st instar, to 30-50
of the adult.
an approximate estimate of the could effect during the different Iulated. On an average, H. ceylon55 lesions during its entire nymping that a very small population is nage (Table II).
ved during the nymphal stadia of the сеylотетsis.
Number of Punctures produced per Stadtит,
Medy, Μαα. Mr.
52.5 60 45 37.5 45 30 37.5 45 30 as 45 30
52.5 60 45
27.5 255 180
ENEMIES
a certain extent the adults of irms, no efficient parasite or predanymphal parasite, Euphorus helote Stictopisthus javenis Ferr. had Onii in Java (Miller, 1941). Careful s and nymphs had shown no indid, Sycanus collaris Fabr. was found of H. ceylonensis. Observation on Lir have shown them to be of no w of being able to depress popula
55

Page 26
TROPICAL AGRICULTUI
ACKNOWL,
THE author Wishes to thank Mr. P. for his assistance in the preparati
REFER
CALNAIDO, D. (1959). Notes on the bug–Lygus viridanus Motch. (Hete Ceylon. Tea Quarterly 30 : 108-112.
DE SILVA, MERVYN D. (1957). A n Heteroptera. Miridae) found in Ceyl
pp. 459-461.
FERNANDo, H. E. and P. MANIKAWA
control of the cacao capsid, Helopeltis s Trop. Agric. 112 (1) 25-36.
GILLIAT, F. C. (1935). Some predati tetranychyrus pilosus C. & F. in Nova S
GOODCHILD, A. J. P. (1952). Digestive bugs. Proc. Zool. SOC. Lond. 122 : 543
GREEN, E. (1901) Helopeltis. What v about it-Cir. R. Bot. Gidn. Ceylon, (1)
HAMMER, O. H. (1939). The tarnish Eco. Ent, 32 (2) 259-264.
MILLER, N. C. E. (1949). Insects asso in Malaya. Bull. Ento. Res., Vol. 32 (1
SwFETMAN, H. L. (1958). Principles
WoLEKER, O. J. and J. WEST (1940) Tʼrim., 17, pp. 27—31.
156

LST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
EDGEMENT
L. Edwin, Agricultural Instructor, n of this paper.
ENCES
distribution and biology of the lygus optera, Miridae), a pest of tea in
ew species of Helopeltis (Hemipteraon. Bull. Ent. Res., Vol. 48, part 3
SAGAR (1956). Economic damage and p. (fam. Capsidae, Ord : Hemiptera).
ors of the European red mite, ParaScotia. Cand, Jour. Res, D13 : 19-38.
! system of West African cacao capsid -572.
we know and what we want to know
No. 21, pp. 277-283.
ed plant bug as an apple pest. Jour.
ciated with cacao (Theobroma cacao) ) 1-16.
of biological control. P. 223.
. Cacao die back. Trop. Agriculture
*

Page 27
ܓܶܓ
THE CONCEPT OF
AND ITS APP IRRIGATION
R. R. A
(Lecturer in Agronomy
INTROD
FIELD crops showing moisture stres in the “Rainy climate of Ceylon.
that in Peradeniya a moisture defic less could be expected four years ol growing season. Dry spells during result in reduced yields. In the 'd to September seriously limits crop hazards could generally be avoide available at the right time and in recently, methods of arriving at
plants, were largely empirical. F. replaced by more reliable techniqu irrigation control and which offer C of evaluating the soil moisture rela
Experimental evidence with a n soil maintained at or near field cap growth. Under these conditions th of water it can hold against the for to dry, it becomes necessary to moisture becomes limiting to plant (1953) has provided a fairly satisfa problem of assessment of the re calculations on the assumption that related to the water lost by a gree in a soil at any particular time ( applied.

MOISTURE REGIMES LICATION IN RESEARCH
PPADURAI
, University of Ceylon)
UCTION
is are not an unfamiliar sight, even
Wikramanayake (1958) has shown ient period (drought) of 10 days or ut of ten during the main vegetable critical periods of growth, always ry zone the dry period from June production during the Yala. These d, if supplementary irrigation was
the right amounts. Till very irrigation requirements for crop ortunately, these are now being es, which allow a greater degree of lefinable and reproducible methods utions of a Crop.
umber of crops has shown that a acity is conducive to optimal plant le Soil holds the maximum amount 'ces of gravity. Once a soil begins assess the stage at which lack of growth. In recent years Penman ctory and workable solution to the ite of moisture loss, basing his simple meteorological data can be n cover. Thus the moisture deficit an be worked out and irrigation
157

Page 28
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
CONCEPT OF MIC
HUDSON et al. (1955) advanced an stated that in order to find the
which would be limiting to plant the plants in a series of different, regimes in each of which the soil r between two pre-determined cond the other a measurable stage in t are chosen based on pre-determin the soil is never allowed to dry at particularly useful, because they be overcome by a plant when i determined tensions the Soil is capacity and the overall effect of the basis of their effect on growth
EXPERIMENTA
IN an attempt to estimate the sc allowed to develop without seriol jected to frequent defoliations, A conducted at Wye in England, appl to a perennial rye grass/White clo sities and two frequencies of cutti)
TREAT
THE following treatments were inc
(A) Cultural :
Heights of cutting:
Close cut-cut each
Lax cut-cut each t
Stage of growth at cutting
Grazing stage-cut
high (leafy).
Silage stage–Cut et high (long, le
158

RIST, VOL. CXVII, 196l
DISTURE REGIMES
equally useful concept when they critical stage in the drying cycle, growth, one approach was to grow definable and reproducible moisture noisture is allowed to fluctuate only itions, one being field capacity and he drying cycle. Moisture regimes led tensions beyond each of which ; any time, moisture tensions being are related to the forces that must t takes up water. At these preirrigated to bring it back to field the treatments is then assessed on and yield.
AL PROCEDURE
bil moisture deficits that could be Js loss of yields in grassland subppadurai (1961) in an experiment ied the concept of moisture regimes ver pasture subjected to two intenIng.
MENTS
:luded in the experiment:-
time to 1' above ground level. ime to 23-3” above ground level.
each time when approximately 8.
ach time when approximately 14" afy to early flower).

Page 29
*
CONCEPT OF MOISTURE REGIMES AND ITS
(B) Irrigation:
Three soil moisture regime (A) Wet-Maintaine watering every reached 10 cm.
(B) Medium—Resto. the Soil moistu
(C) Dry-Restored t of the growing
The A and B Soil moisture regime Since a suitable dry regime could the tensioneter, an arbitrary C reg
The twelve treatment combinati randomized block design and enc erected over the experimental are falling on the soil surface, and in of definable and reproducible mois a Sq. yard.
Requirements for the maintenance
The maintenance of a specific m
(1) A satisfactory method of ass the Soil is not allowed t condition. (2) A method of calculating the
pre-determined tensions. (3) The application of the corr soil to field capacity. (4) A suitable method of measl
In order to satisfy the first cont kamp's growers model) Were ins replicate and buried at a depth ( recorded daily and every time th determined tensions, all plots in field capacity, with the calculated
The second requirement was sat Soil moisture tension to Soil moi soil of the experimental area. F

APPLICATION IN IRRIGATION RESEARCH
as were imposed as follows :-
d at or near field capacity by 7 time the Soil moisture tension
Hg. red to field capacity every time re tension reached 50 cm. Hg.
O field capacity once in the middle 2 SeaSOn.
es were definable and reproducible. not be imposed within the scale of ime was included.
Ons Were replicated 3 times in a :losed in a Dutch light structure a, in order to prevent any rain Order to facilitate the maintenance ture regimes. Each plot measured
2 of specific moisture regimes.
oisture regime requires :-
essing soil moisture tension so that o dry beyond the pre-determined
: moisture deficit in the Soil at the
ect amount of Water to re-wet the
Iring the amount of water applied.
lition “Key tensioneters’ (Galentalled in each of the plots of One f a foot. Moisture tensions were e tensioneters registered the prehat regime were irrigated back to
amounts of Water.
sfied by plotting the curve relating sture percentage (wt./wt.) for the 'ermanent wilting percentage was
59

Page 30
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
P.W. P.
AO
60
SO
40
3o
20
0
s
Percentage a
Fig. 1.-Soil moisture curve.

RIST, VOL. CXVII, 196l
Limit of sensitivity of tensiometer
Treatmeat B
Treatment A
Field capacity
»isture
خوئی
s

Page 31
CONCEPT OF MOISTURE REGIMES AND ITS
출
_~) |-
KO t 않 C
있
3H "uo uoksuey,
Fig. 2-Soil moisture tensions recorde different moisture regimes-1960,

PPLICATION IN IRRIGATION RESEARCH
ga 器
s 翌
d S. U O
o E Gy
V
; s b0
ܐ
>Na 三
dy C C -
O O O O UA n 의
°29′E * too uogsue,
d daily at a depth of one foot under two
16.

Page 32
TROPICAITL AGRICULT
determined by the method of Figure 1 shows the curve relat. moisture percentages for the soil a deep, well drained chalky loa set of data :-
Tension cm. Hg.
4
10
20 30 40 50 60 Ρ. W. P.
The third requirement was m (1959) for converting percentage is as follows :-
d=P X AS D
100
where dequals the amount of av amount Of Water held at field c; held at permanent wilting on a density of the soil, and D equals
On this basis the calculated ar feet of this soil to field capacity a
(a) When tensions reached 10 (Deficit in inches = 0.4464 p.
(b) When tensions reached 50
(Deficit in inches= 1.008 p.
(c) Deficits for the C regime w
mination.
The fourth requirement was n flow meter. All plots were broug ment of the experiment. Subsec treatments. . *
62

TRIST, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
eihmeyer and Hendrickson (1949). ng soil moisture tensions to Soil of the experimental area, which was m and was based on the following
Moisture % (uvt. sauvt.)
22.8 19.7 18-4 17·4 16.6
15.8 15·4
9.2
at by using the formula by North moisture deficit into inches, which
ailable water in inches, P equals the apacity minus the amount of water percentage basis. As is the apparent the depth of soil in feet.
mounts of water required to bring 2 it the pre-determined tensions were:
cm. Hg.—3.96 gallons/sq. yd. Ir foot of Soil).
cm. Hg.—9.00 gallons/sq. yd. er food of soil).
ere calculated by gravimetric deter
Let by the use of a calibrated water ht to field capacity at the commenceuent irrigations were determined by

Page 33
خ>
CONCEPT OF MOISTURE REGIMES AND ITS
EXPERIMENT
MEAN total dry matter yields of r the experiment (1959-1960) are sho relevant irrigation data. Figure 2
recorded daily throughout the seas regimes during 1960, the vertical li irrigation. Table 2 shows the analy yields of mixed herbage for the tw
DISCUS
DURING both years there were clea water needs of the SWard seemed treatment imposed. The moisture rences in dry matter yields, the hi herbage being obtained with a ple yields of mixed herbage under the 91% and 70% respectively in 1959, 1960 of the yields under the A interaction between the type of cut regimes indicated that although clc significantly higher yields than lax the two were modified by the moi, that re-growth was progressively rei ments in which the moisture level w capacity. These results are in clos Jantii and Kramer (1956). On the O is concerned, the extra yield in ter obtained under the A regime were water applied per unit Weight of : under the B regime. At the same tir deficits of 1' were allowed to dev evidence of an economy in water imposed, but restricted the re-gro defoliated. Low and Armitage (195 inches at the grazing stage found th limiting to growth.

APPLICATION IN IRRIGATION RESEARCH
AL RESULTS
nixed herbage, for two years of wn in Table 1, together with the shows the Soil moisture tensions on under the A and B moisture hes representing the frequency of sis of variance of total dry matter
) years.
SSION
ir responses to irrigation, but the
to be related to the defoliation regimes caused significant diffeghest dry matter yields of mixed 2ntiful water supply. Dry matter
B and C moisture regimes were and 76% and 54% respectively in
regime. The highly significant
(heights of cutting) and moisture se cutting resulted on average in cutting, yield differences between sture regimes imposed. It is clear duced by close cutting in the treatas allowed to fall much below field e agreement with the findings of ther hand as far as lax defoliation ms of both fresh and dry weights obtained at the cost of much more mixed herbage than was the case ne treatment B, in which moisture elop between each watering, was
use when a lax defoliation was with of swards that were closely 9) after defoliating swards to 1-2 at a deficit of 2 inches was clearly
163

Page 34
TROPICAL AGRICULT
CONC
THE techniques described above, irrigation requirements in grassl the soil moisture relations of a preventing rain falling on the s mental plots and in the green results obtained can then be ap case the techniques described el control and can be used to gain water to apply, but also when to stage of growth of any crop. Fina latest stage in the drying cycle before lack of moisture becomes )
LIST OF
(1) APPADURAL, R. R. (1961). Stu Univ. Lond.
(2) HUDSON, J. P., SALTER, P. J. and in irrigation research. Rept. 14th Ρ. 497-505.
(3) JANTII, A. and KRAMER, P. J. (
to soil moisture and defoliation. Proc
(4) LOW, A. J. and ARMITAGE, E Agric. Sci. 52. P. 256-62.
(5) NORTH, J. J. (1959). Private c
(6) PENMAN, H. L. (1953). The pli 13th intermat. Hort. Congr. 2. P. 913.
(7) WEIHMEYER, F. J. and HENDRIC)
ing field capacity and permanent W P 75-94,
(8) WIKRAMANAYAKE, V. E. A. (19 the supplementary irrigation of crops
164

URIST, VOL. CXVIII, 1961
LUSIONS
which were applied to the study of and, can be profitably used to study ny crop, provided some method of oil surface can be found. In experihouse this should be easy, and the plied under field conditions. In any lable a greater degree of irrigation information not only on how much apply this water in relation to the tly, they enable one to determine the at which water should be applied imiting to plant growth.
REFERENCES
udies in pasture growth. Ph.D. Thesis.
MAJMUDAR, A. M. (1955). Water regimes. Internat. Hort. Congr. Netherlands.
1956). Re-growth of pastures in relation '. 7th internat. grassl. congr. P. 33-46.
. R. (1959). Irrigation of grassland. J.
Ommunication.
hysical basis of irrigation control. Rept.
kson, A. H. (1949). Methods of measur- - 《
ilting percentage of soils. Soil Sci. 68.
58). The use of sprinkler irrigation for
in Ceylon. Proc. C. A. A. S.

Page 35
CONCEPT OF MOISTURE REGIMES AND IT
TABLE 1.-Mean total dry
1. Irrigation Data
Tension Moisture owieh No. of Total Treatment lied times amount ar.
PP' water applied a om Ego | applied ||per" plotin
(gallons)|pe)
A (wet) . . IO 39 156
B (medium) 50 9 8.
C (dry) . . 36
Irrigation Data
Tension
Moisture at which No. of Total Treatment Water times amount a ံးနှီး' water applied a Cim. Itig. applied per plot in (gallons) || pe
A (wet) . . IO 30 20
B(medium) 50 63
C (dry) . . I L5
- ۔۔۔۔
Me
3-R. 4960 (9/62)

S APPLICATION ITIN TERRIGATION RESEARCHI
matter yields of mixed herbage
1959
Mean total yield 100 lb, d.m/acre
*otal Grazing Stage Silage Stage | Mean nount plied inches Lax | Close Lax Close
acre
34·6 83-3 118-1 | 84-4 118.7 101s
18.0 85.2 914 85 1080 92.4
8-0 69-7 79.6 71·2 64·3 71.2
Mean 79-4 96.3 80-2 97.0
S.E. = -- 3:41
1960
Mean total yield 100 lb.d.m. |acre
Dotal |Grazing Stage Silage Stage | Mean nOlunt pplied inches Lax Close Lax Close
' BaC'e
26.6 100.0 120-6 109.6 136.7 116.7
14-0 8-9 83-7 85-2 102-4 88-3
3·3 58・1 | 62・0 | 68・7 | 64・5 6.3.3
ā 800 887 878 1012
S.E. = -2-40
65

Page 36
TROPIOAL AGRICULTUE
TABLE 2.--Analysis of variance of Total di
Source of Variation d.f.
Blocks 2
Treatments II
Grazing vs. silage
Lax vs. close I
Moisture regimes 2
Stage vs. type
Stage vs. moisture 2
Type vs. moisture 2
Type X state X moisture 2
ETT'Or 22
Total 8
166
*** Significant at the 0.1% level.
**Significant at the 1% level.

IST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
ly matter yields of mixed herbage 1959, 1960.
Mean Squares
1959
1960
6769" 19ns
856丑5-09***
406-69ns
225783.36***
250849-36***
9-96ns
1596-94ns
73247-01**
18489.68ns
9256.3L
30917·53**
162624·99***
81130-03***
96824·70***
753014·69***
4L60-25ns
2822-18ns
38332-99**
92.10.13ns
4572·95

Page 37
PRELIMINARY ST
ASSOCATED
GRASS AND
G. W. E.
(Agrostologist, Dry Zone Researc (
ALTHOUGH there is abundant evide white clover, materially influence til temperate zones (1, 2), correspond in the tropics and Sub-tropics is alm These workers (1, 2) have show portion of legumes, yields much in quently as much or more than can nitrogenous fertilizer.
In a mixed SWard, the legume pe
1. It promotes increased product as a result of nitrogen made av
2. It improves the quality of the in Constituents such as protei
3. It also increases the product from doubts about the ability pheric nitrogen under tropica Siderable efforts have been 1 many tropical regions.
Generally, there are 3 main Soul
grass in an ungrazed grass/legume
(i) added fertilizer nitrogen,
(ii) nitrogen fixed by legumes a
(iii) mineralized soil organic nit
Under conditions of grazing, hori either the legume or added nitro. returns of nitrogen to the sward in animal, whea several fertility cycl

"UDIES ON THE GROWTH OF LECUMES
TERNANDO
h Institute, Maha Illuppallama, eylon)
nce to show that legumes such as he yields of pasture herbage in the ing evidence for pasture legumes ost lacking.
that grassland with a fair prohore than grass alone, and frebe stimulated by the application of
rforms a three fold function. ion of herbage and of live-weight ailable by the legume. feed, OWing to its greater richness n, calcium and fats. on potential of the land. Apart of pasture legumes to fix atmos
l' and sub-tropical conditions, conmade to find suitable legumes in
'ces of nitrogen for the growth of association.
ind their root and nodule decay,
IOgen.
wever, the ultimate influence of gen fertilizer is magnified by the
the dung and urine of the grazing ?s may Occur in One Season.
167

Page 38
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
Of the several indigenous and tested for their suitability as past ing mixtures, the following legun
(a) Pueraria phaseoloides,
(b) Centrosema pubescens,
(c) Alysicarpus vaginalis.
Puerraria phaseoloides
Pueraria phaseoloides, popular) vigorous perennial which produce persistent and drought resistant. the first few months, after seedin; in rubber and coconut plantati very sensitive to over grazing ar and accordingly, needs careful má
Centrosema pubescens
This is another aggressive, cree as a cover crop in the plantation establishment but grows rapidly a in December/January and produ persistent and drought resistant than Pueraria.
Alysicarpus Vaginalis
This is an indigenous, prostrate in natural pastures in both Wet less leafy but persistent and drol of ecotypes of which the selected to a height of 13 ft. to 2 ft. It flow and April/May and produces a go to a virus disease, which is of a se
All these legumes are successf Establishment from Seed is not a
The performance of these legu field experiments, under condition
68

TRIST, VOL. CXVIII, 1961
exotic legume species, which were Cure legumes to be included in graznes have been outstanding.
ly known as "tropical kudzu' is a as excellent bulk in the rains. It is
The plants grow very slowly for g. It is widely used as a cover crop Ons in Ceylon. Tropical Kudzu is ld repeated cutting to ground level anagement.
ping perennial which is widely used agriculture. It is slow in early fter 2-3 months. It flowers profusely ces a fairly heavy seed crop. It is and can withstand grazing better
perennial, which is commonly found and Dry Zones of the Island. It is ught resistant. There are a number strain, when well established, grows vers profusely in December/January Od crop of seeds. It is often subject asonal nature.
ul when grazed in a mixed sward. problem as in the case of grasses.
umes has been investigated in two is of both grazing and cutting.

Page 39
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE GRO
PART Experimental
To ascertain the contribution of legu at the same time to gather informa interaction of legumes, Nitrogen and laid down at the Dry Zone Research Maha 1959. A 3 x 3 x 2 factorial d size of 1/200 acre. The eighteen tre of Branchiaria brizantha With and Nitrogen and 3 levels of phosphat times. A single application of nitro phosphate (basic slag) was given in l (N) and 80 lb., N/acre (N) and nil (F per acre, respectively.
The legumes, Alysicarpus vaginalis sown in rows 2 feet apart at a seed was planted in between the legumerc results reported here refer to the 196 when three harvests were taken.
RESULTS AND I
1. Botanical Composition
(a) Influence of Nitrogen on the b of nitrogen on the percent legume co Table II.
TABLE 1.-Effect of nitrogen on pereentag (on dry weigh
Ist Out
Brachiaria -- Alysicarpus
Brachiaria -- Centrosema
2d Oost
Brachiaria -- Alysicarpus
Brachiaria -- Centrosema
3rd Oost
Brachiaria -- Alysicarpus
Brachiaria -- Centrosema
4-R 4960 (9/62)

WTH OF GRASS AND LEGUMES
mes in an ungrazed sward, and tion on ancillary issues of the phosphate fertilizers, a trial was Institute, Maha Illuppallamain sign was employed with a plot atments comprising interactions without legumes, at 2 levels of es, were each replicated three gen (Ammonium sulphate), and November 1960 at the rate of nil o), 40 lb. (PL) and 80 lb. P,O,(P.)
and Centrosema pubescens were rate of 6 lb./acre and the grass Ws at a distance of 2 x 2 ft. The 0/61 Maha and 1961 Yala season
DISCUSSION
ptanical composition. The effect bntent of the swards is shown in
e legumes in the grass/legume associations it basis)
No Ν
53.3 - - 26.9
39.6 - 5.2
4.8 30.8
44·1 - - 28.4
42.6 - - 4.
37.3 32.9
I69

Page 40
. . . . TROPICAL AGRICUL
A major change which was C Was a marked reduction in the In the first cut following the legumes were suppressed to a si subsequent cuts. The decreas fertilizer application is largely
(b) Influence of phosphates shows the influence of phospha of the pasture.
The proportion of legumes V phosphate in the first harvest, presence of phosphate showed a
TABLE 2.-Effect of phosphates
WE
. . . . . . 1st Cat
Brachiaria -- Alysicarpus Brachiaria -- Centrosema
2nd Cat
Brachiaria -- Alysicarpus Brachiaria -- Centrosema
- , βγαί Ομί
8 L550:87  ̄ܐ
Bithchiaria -- Aiysicarpus *** î. f., C Brachiaria - Centrosema .
2. Yields of Dry Matter THE Overall effect of legumes tive yield of pasture herbage i. statistically significant response
TABLE 3. Effect of legumes and fel
P,
Ecachiaria alone 4623 Brachiaria —||—|| Alysicarpus 9303 Brachiaria -- Centrosema 9086
*·盖
* リ。 - Ke L. S.D. * * * . . FN effect
 
 
 
 
 
 

TURIST, VOL. CXVIII, l96l
aused by the application of nitrogen proportion of legumes from the flora, application of fertilizer nitrogen, the ignificantly greater extent than in the 2d percentage of legumes following due to the vigorous and rank growth
on botanical composition. Table 2 te on the percentage legume content
was unaffected by the application Of but in the 2nd and 3rd harvests, the un increase in the legume content.
on per cent. legume content of the pasture (on dry 2ight basis)
- po ή pι f9ਯੂ 40-9 37.2 42-0 * 28. ვ ა ნ | ვვ.5 მ | ნ - - , 22.5.
*ვ2.8 | ” ჯვ7.5 38.7 * - 25:2 . . . . 49.8 . . 33-8
· ჭ0:1 შაჰი || 47.5 39 23.7 s , 44. It 37.6
ー"。
and fertilizers on the total accumulaS shown in Table 3. The data show a : to legumes and nitrogen application.
rtilizers on the total yield dry matter ib. per aere
No N fi Mea, P P. P | IP | IP | 一ー-ー|一ー|一ー一ー|ーキ、一ー|ー一ー --------------اخ؟؟
4740 5831 7152 6489 6954 5965 9787 9242 9746 10381 | 12059 10086 9073 8579 8754 1049 9692 92.79
星_
412 Legume effect * י * 336 =
(リ・一。

Page 41
PRELIMINARYSTUDIES I ON THE GIR
It will be seen that the yield of past by the inclusion of a legume. Brach an average yield of 5,965 lb./acre. grown with Alysicarpus and Centro
b./acre respectively.
As might be anticipated, Nitroge yields of dry matter in the 1st cut f gen, but in the subsequent cuts the lost, thus supporting the contentio removed from the field, further gro of available nitrogen.
Although in a number of cases wł made in the presence of nitrogen, a in no case could these increases be I
3. Chemical Composition of Pasture
(a) Percentage protein in dry m Table 4, indicate the influence of le the protein content of grass alone an legumes.
TABLE 4-Effect of legumes and fertili matt
1st Cout
Brachiaria alone Brachiaria – Alysicarpus Brachiaria -- Centrosema
2nd Cast
Brachiaria alone - - Brachiaria -- Alysicarpus - - - - - Brachiaria +. Centrosema ܥܡ ܝ ܨ
3rd Cut
Brachiaria all ne
- Brachiaria - Alysicarpus -
Brachiaria -- Centrosema
Apart from revealing the increas matter, following the application which has been demonstrated previ a significant increase in crude prote in all 3 har VeStS. This increase Was

)WTH OE GRASS AND ILEGUMES
re herbage was greatly increased iaria brizantha grown alone gave
whereas Brachiaria brizantha sema yielded 10,086 lb. and 9,279
top dressings gave increased lowing the application of Nitro
effect of nitrogen was virtually | that when herbage is cut and with depends upon fresh supplies
ere phosphates applications were n increase in yield was apparent, egarded as significant.
herbage
latter. The results shown in gumes and fertilizer nitrogen on d grass grown in association with
yer nitrogen on the percentage protein in dry
N Νι
5.42 (6)
9.84 8.22
11:54 - 6.68
5.26 4.61
--- 8-36 6.87 !,
11:48 7.88
374 38 ] | 644 || . 636.
737 635
a in crude protein content of dry of fertilizer nitrogen, an effect busly (3, 4), these results showed in due to the presence of legumes masked to a significantly greater
17

Page 42
TROPICAL AGRICULT
extent only in the presence almost invariably gave highe Alysicarpus, due no doubt to former.
It appears therefore, that the uerbage following fertilizer tı changes in the botanical compo:
(b) Percentage CaO and fat i and nitrogen on the CaO and Table 5.
TABLE 5.-Effect of legumes and nitro
1st Clit
Brachiaria alone CaO . . Fait . .
Brachiaria - Alysicarpus CaO , , Fait . .
Brachiaria - Centrosema CaO .
Fat, , ,
2για Oοίί
Brachiaria, alone CaO. . Flat , ,
Brachiaria - Alysicarpus CaO . Fait .
Brachiaria - Centrosema, CaO . Fat .
In every case the presence O CaO and fat contents in dry m lated to the increase in the pro zer in itself, had no direct effect a suppression of legumes in the in a reduced CaO and fat conte) contents of herbage were consta
(c) Effect of phosphates om presence or absence of phospha protein, CaO or fat contents, bu on to enhance the P.O. content
172

URIST, VOL. CXVIII, 1961
of nitrogen. Centrosema pubescens contents of crude protein than the better nutritive Value of the
changes in the protein content of reatment, are also associated with sition of the SWard.
n dry matter. The effect of legumes fat contents of herbage is shown in
gen on the per cent. Ca0 and fat; in dry matter
N N.
0 0.69 1.70 1.96
1.22. 0.93 2.12 1.73
1.04 0.69s. 2.43 1.87 .ܐ
0.69 0.70 1.60 1.45
1.45 1.11 1.74 155
1.26 1.09 2.06 2.02
f a legume resulted in an increased atter, the increase being directly reportion of legumes. Nitrogen fertiliin the pure grass plots, but through a mixed Sward, it indirectly resulted హత్ర nt. Without legumes the CaO and fat ant at both levels of nitrogen.
the P.O. content of herbage. The tes had little influence either on the t its presence however, can be relied
of the herbage as seen in Table 6.

Page 43
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE G.
TABLE 6.-Effects of phosphates on t
1st Colt
Brachiaria, alone Brachiaria -- Alysicarpus Brachiaria -- Centrosema
2nd Out
Brachiaria, alone Brachiaria -- Alysicarpus Brachiaria - Centrosema
The results discussed so far, see nected with management for high by nitrogen and there is little do legumes can make to increase produ also play a major role in increasing cation depends largely on the cond made profitable. Although the add the nutritive value and tonnage, it On the other hand, exert a more pri
PART
The final evaluation of a pastur the animal itself.
The objects of this experiment w
(1) To ascertain the contributi animal production, as m of cattle.
(2) To study the effects of diffe ponent species on the nu
(3) To ascertain the compatik grown in association W grazing conditions.
Experimental
THREE pasture types consisting o without legumes were each replica in this trial were Pueraria phaseo The legumes were sown in rows 3.
 

ROWTH OF GRASS AND LEGUMIES
he per cent. P, 0, content of herbage
Po P, P2
0:28 0-45 0.42 (0.86 0.37 0.42 0.30 0.45 0.44
0.58 0.55 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.38 - 0.38 0・52
m to indicate that practices conpasture production are dominated oubt about the contribution that |ction. The nitrogen fertilizer may grassland production but its applitions under which its use can be lition of nitrogen increases both is only temporarily. The legumes pnounced and a permanent effect.
T II
a's productivity must be through
ee
On made by legumes in terms of
easured by the live-weight gains
}rent pasture types and their comutritive valve of herbage.
ility and persistence of legumes ith Brachiaria brizantha, under
Brachiaria brizantha with and ted four times. The legumes used loides and Centrosema pubescens. t. apart at a seed rate of 6 lb./acre
73

Page 44
| ; J : ) qROPICAL AGRICULTUE
and Brachiaria was planted at a 'd were grazed on a rotational basis : animals per acre. The size of ea
Representative samples for che type were taken before the anime addition, a sub-sample of 400 g. if separated into their component S
RESULTS AN. (a) Live-weight gains. The inc sulting from the inclusion of leg average gain for the 260 day peri grass alone, Pueraria/grass and C represents an increased yield of Pueraria and Centrosema. pasture
臧、
| TBALE 7. Efects of legume
Number of days . . E. Stocking rate (animals'acre)
Gain per animal per day (lb.) ,י4. לוי * Gain per head (lb.) Gain per acre (b) .
- V
Fig. I shows the growth curves ority of the mixed pasture over demonstrated.
; (b). Effect of different pasture on the nutritive value of herbage association | with a Brachiaria briz: is indicated in Table 8. . . .
芷74
 

IST, voL. CXVII, 1961
istance of 3 x 3 feet. The pastures it a stocking rate of two (2 yr. old)
sh plot was half-acre.
mical analyses from each pasture ls had access to a new pasture. In rom the mixed pastures was hand pecies. -- - -
D DISCUSSION
'reased live-weight production, reumes can be seen in Table 7. The od was 414,578 and 564 lb./acre for entrosema/grass, respectively. This 164 and 150 lb./acre, in favour of es respectively. -
s on live-weight gains of Cattle
- Brachiaria || || Brachiaria/ Βγαchίαγία αίογιe Pαιρη αγία Centrosema
Association Association.
260 .. 260 *
· "" || 2O7 289
414,
for each pasture type. " The Superi
the grass in pure stand is clearly
リ types and their component Species The influence of legumes and their antha on the chemical composition

Page 45
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THEIG
TABLE 8.-Influence of legumes on the nu
Cyel
Brachiatrial - - Associa
Percentage of ッ |。
Dry Matter Br. Alone
Pateraria | Brachia
Protein 5.99 17. ვ8 °| "10.0ვ Fibre 30-34 30.19 31.15 Ash 9. 19 9. 49 9-43 1.8 2.79 2.22 сао . . . . . 51 I-80 .75 PO 41 3 42
As may be expected, the overall greatly improved, while the gras average quality. It may also be ob of herbage in the mixed pasture is value of the legumes and partly to grown in association with the legu) add further support to this view.
TABLE 9.-Percentage Protein content On
Dαίο GγαSς ήη - I pure stand
9. 12.60. 6-12 2. 1.6 7.68 16. 1.6 13. 2.61 6-54 27. 2.61 8-67 13. 3.. 6 4.93 27. 3-6. - 6-08 10. 4.61 6-72 44.6 6.3 S. 5.6l. 6'll 22. 5.6l. 6-56
5. 6.61 8.27. 12. 6.6 3:48
3. 7.6 17, 7.61. 3.95
Mean 5.99

OWTH OEF GRASSA AND LEGUMIES
citive value of herbage (mean of 15 Rotation s)
= ● エ
"uleraria Brachiaria/Centro8ета . tion - - Association
| Moed - Centro- Mirced,
Pasture | 8ета ria, Pasture
| , ! ! ! , | ".
- . .
I-13-34 - 18.96 - 7.38 1.2 . 30.52 29.93 31.25 4 31.48
9.32 8.5 9.06 9.19 | 270 || 2.91 || III. 97 || 2:30
l:37 - 192 67 || 97,
" " .39 ° || ".35 ° °| . 47 | “.44 :
quality of the mixed pasture was s in pure stand had the lowest served that the increased quality partly due to the higher nutrive the high nutritive value of grass mes. The results shown in Table 9.
iry matter of grass grown in Association
Grass grown "Grass grown with E. L. S. D. with Puerrariia | Centrosema |
9.45 6、09, پہلی 9:30 5:4l - 9.2 7.42 - 9-03 8-63 - 11:17 8'25
8.28 "8.44 #" | 3 , V", 12.83 68l 1.23 9.50 1.33 8.50 . 979, 9-09, - II. · 4l 7.20) - II 29 6-68 - Il-79. 7-86 - 4.78 441 - 9-64 *635 一
10:03 7.88 1:23

Page 46
TROPICAL, AGRICULTU
A noteworthy feature is that t pure stand averaged 5.99 per cent association. With Pueraria and C. and 7.38 per cent respectively. This content of the associated grass m on Nitrogen from the activity gro Pueraria appears to be a better pubescens.
(c) Compatibility and Persister tions. The regrowth of both Puer has been rapid and their creeping With Brachiaria brizantha. Both l of nutritive value and livestock p more productive but under the this trial, Centrosema appears to particularly useful for dry season to close grazing. A system of hig and short grazing, the grass.
SUM
THE performance of three legumes sema pubescens and Allysicarpus v with the grass Brachiaria brizar experiments under grazed and ul
It was found that the dry matte was significantly Superior to tha application caused a reduction i. grass-legume SWard, but increas grass sward. The reduction in til legume Sward Was also accompa percentage protein, calcium oxid
Quality of herbage was greatl legume. Chemical analysis reveal of the grass component in the g
176

IST, VOL. CXVII, 196l
he protein content of the grass in whereas the same grass grown in Introsema averaged 10.03 per cent Suggests that the enhanced protein y have been due to a transference wing legumes. Of the two legumes, Nitrogen fixer than Centrosema
ce of legumes under grazing condiaria and Centrosema after grazing, habit has led to an easy association 2gumes behaved similarly in terms roduction. Pueraria may have been lard grazing conditions imposed in be more persistent and it should be
grazing. Pueraria is very sensitive h grazing will favour the Pueraria
MARY
, viz. Pueraria phaseoloides, Centro7aginalis, when grown in association tha, was investigated in two field ngrazed conditions.
r yield in the grass-legume mixture t of grass in pure stand. Nitrogen the proportion of legumes in the ed the protein status in the pure le legume component in the grassnied by a marked decline in the ! and fait contents.
y improved in the presence of a 2d an increase in the protein content rass-legume sward.

Page 47
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE
During a 260 day experimental grazing on a grass-legume pasture the animals grazing on grass alc per animal were 1.11 lb., 1.08 lb., au grass, Centrosema grass and grass :
ACKNOWLE
I Wish to thank Messrs. T. S H. Sumanadasa who helped to ma
REFER
1. SEARs P. D., Soil Fertility and 1950, 5, 267.
2. JoHNSTONE-WALLACE, D. B. The the seasonal production and chemic 4th Int. Grassl. Congr. 1937, 188.
3. FERNANDO, G. W. E. the use of
on pasture herbage. Trop. Agrist. 1
4. FERNANDo, G. W. E., Fertilizer Trop. Agrist. 1957, CXIII, 219.
5- R 4960 (9/62)

ROWTH OF GRASS AND LEGUMES
period it was found that animals gained 150 lb. beef per acre over ne. Mean daily live weight gains d 0.80 lb. respectively for Pueraria lone respectively.
DGEMENTS
ivalingam, P. D. Hemadasa and ke this study possible.
ENCES
pasture growth. J. Brit. Grassl. Soc.
2 influence of wild white clover on !al composition of pasture herbage.
nitrogenous fertilizer and its effect 955, CXT, 286.
studies on Brachiaria brizantha
177

Page 48
TROPICAL AGERICULTU)
3; ༢ ། །
Pueraria/Brachie
Centrosema /Brad
178
 
 
 

RIST, VOL. CXVII, 196l
aria, association
ॐ
hiaria, association

Page 49
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE (
00寸
!ᏕᏜ-ᎦᎴ
əuose, es deてpga_- ~~
£ - s- , _ - : _ _ — — —~~
를w-: - ------ ---贰004 vịoņe soosse elaea and/eļoeswoedo
uo, ķeļɔɔsɔɛeuəsoàɔwɔɔ/ės aequaeda-009
ዓዘ) leu4lue J2ci la 4 e6 3
 
 

ROWTH OE GRASS ANID LEGUMES
է-մ:
s
e =
| Կ2õիվ
179

Page 50


Page 51
STUDIES ON THE R MANDARINS II SUB-TROPICS. II. (VA
L. B. Si
(Horticultural Research Inst
SELECTION of suitable rootstocks fo Sweet oranges and mandarins for w temperatures is a major problem, or been done. The author initiated a oranges and mandarins, and the resi varieties and Hill mandarin have all The present paper deals with the p of mandarins on Florida Rough, Jam Sweet lime, Lime Sylhet and Karna of literature, materials and methods, the rootstocks have already been de series (5).
EXPERIMENTA
THE growth records for the years 1: Variate-wise.
1. Circumference of stock
THE stock girth measurements were below the bud-union, and the data is
It is apparent from Table I that F cantly superior to Jambheri, Seville Sylhet stocks throughout the period a Although no significant differences Karna Khatta stocks, Florida Ro throughout except during 1958, when superior to it. Seville Orange consi stock girth throughout and was p

OOTSTOCKS FOR N THE WET ARIETY SRINAGAR)
NGHI
itute, Saharanpur, U.P.)
r the commercial varieties of et sub-tropical zones with high which no systematic work has
series of such trials on Sweet ults of three sweet orange scion ceady been reported (5, 6, 7, 8). Ierformance of Srinagar variety bheri, Italian 76, Seville orange,
Khatta rootstocks. The review
and pomological descriptions of stailed in the first paper of the
FINDINGS
957 to 1961 are presented below
recorded at a fixed point just presented in Table I.
lorida Rough stock was signifi
orange, Sweet lime and Lime t 5 per cent level of probability. vere found over Italian 76 and Jgh gave better stock girth Italian 76 proved to be slightly stently possessed the minimum teceded by Sweet lime stock.
18.

Page 52
TROPICAL AGRICU
Italian 76, except during 1958, followed by Karna Khatta. D was superior to Lime Sylhet, V during 1957 and 1959.
2. Circumference of scion
THE data for scion-girth in cer is evident from Table II that possessed the minimum Scion thOSe. On Sweet l'ime Stock. Du the maximum scion girth, wh others during 1957, 1958, 1960, cant over Jambheri, Seville ( stocks at 5 per cent level of p tently the third in order of mei during 1957, 1960 and 1961 but, 1958 and 1959.
3. Volume of the tree
THE volume of the trees was C the method detailed in the first are given in Table III. A pe: variate, Italian 76 excelled a Scion. On Seville Orange consist Florida Rough Was Second in Karna Khatta. Lime Sylhet e than Jambheri, which was foll 1959, Jambheri proved to be results. With Italian 76 Stock W. Seville orange, Sweet lime and to all other rootstocks exceptin 1961.
4. Scion-stock ratio
THE scion-stock girth ratios as compiled in Table IV. From appear that during 1959, 1960 a viz., Jambheri, Florida Rough Sylhet, Karna Khatta and Italia from the suggested interpretati
182

LTURIST, voL. CXVII, 1961
was next to Florida Rough and was During 1958, 1960 and 1961, Jambheri which gave higher girth than Jambheri
ntimeters is presented in Table II. It Srinagar trees on Seville Orange stock girth and were closely preceded by ring 1959, trees on Florida Rough gave ereas those on Italian 76 excelled all and 1961, and the results were signifiDrange, Sweet lime and Lime Sylhet robability. Karna Khatta was consisrit and Lime Sylhet was ranked fourth Jambheri proved to be superior during
:omputed in cubic meters according to paper of the series (5) and the values rusal of Table III ShoWs that for this ll other rootstocks, whereas Srinagar ently possessed the minimum volume.
Order of merit and was followed by xcept during 1958 and 1959 was better owed by Sweet lime. During 1958 and superior to Lime Sylhet stock. The ere significantly superior to Jambheri,
Lime Sylhet during 1957 and 1958 and g Florida Rough, during 1959, 1960 and
; calculated from Tables I and III are a close study of Table IV it would nd 1961 all the rootstocks under study, , Sweet lime, Seville orange, Lime an 76 gave compatible unions as judged ions of physical index of compatibility

Page 53
STUDIES ON ROOTSTOCKS FOR MANDA (VARIETY SRI
by the author (5). Jambheri, Florid Lime Sylhet during 1957, and Jamb
. Sylhet during 1958, however, gave
NA
সূচী
the rest were interpreted to be excell note that Italian 76 gave the best ve 1957 and Seville orange consistently
highest value of the ratio during 1957 (
TABLE. I.-Average girth of roo
Girth ፲0eፃ ̈ Ü; Rootstockcs s一一ー
1957 1958
Jambheri ... 23.0 ... 27.6
Florida Rough ... 30.8 ... 35.3
Seville orange ... 13.5 ... 16.8
Sweet lime ... 17.5 ... 21.7
Italian 76 ... 29.3 ... 35.5
Lime Sylhet ... 23. . . 26. I
Karna Khatta ... 27.3 ... 3-6
S. E. ... 309 . . 3.05
C. D. at 5%, ... , 6-2 - - 6.
TABLE III.—Average girth of Srinag different roots
;''+'عداد %
Garth of Sring
Rootstocks
五957 五95&
Jambheri 。。]8·4 ... 23.3
Florida Rough . . 26.0 ... 31.6
Seville orange ... 10.2 ... 13.7
Sweet lime ... 6. ... 19.
Italian 76 ... 26.4 ... 31.9 Lime Sylhet ... 19.2 ... 22.1
Karna Khatta ,。24·7 . . 28.2
S. E. ... 281 ... 293
C. D. at 5% . . . 57 . . 5.9
 
 

INS IN THE WET SUB-TROPICS.
NAGAR)
a Rough, Seville orange and
heri, Seville orange and Lime only good combinations, while
ent OneS.
It was interesting to
lues throughout except during the least. Sweet lime showed
only.
tstocks per tree in cms.
ree in cms, recorded during
بار
1959
28.3
40.3
21.0
24.7
39.3
29.7
35.7
3.74.
7.5
1960
35-6
46·3
25.0
28.4
44·7
35-4
40.5
423
8.5
1961
38.9
49.7
29.3
31.6
48.9
38.2
43.8
5.12
10.3
ar scions per tre e in ems, on
toeks
gar Scion in cms. recorded during
8
1969 1960 1961
27.7 31.7 34·9 37.0 41.9 454.
18-3 22.0 25.8
22.3 26.2 29.3
36.7 42-0 46·2
27.0 32.5 35.6
32.3 37.2 40.4
3.08 3.04. 3.75
6.2 6. 7.5
183

Page 54
TROPICAL AGRICULT
TABLE III.—Average volu
rootstock
Иoluте 1
Rootstocks
1952 19
Jambheri 9-38 ... 2
Florida Rough 2038 ... 3
Seville orange 99
Sweet lime 6-54 。。1
Italian 76 22-0. .. 4
Lime Sylhet o63 . . .
Karna Khatta 6-96 ... 3
S.E. 3-20
C. D. at 5% 6-49,。。]
TABLE IV.-Scions Stock girth
Rootstocks
Jambheri
Florida Rough
Seville orange
Sweet lime
Italian 76
Lime Sylhet
Karna Khatta
Sαίοη
1957 I
0-80
0.84
0.76
0.92
0-90
0-83
0.90
84

U RIST, WOL. CXVIII, l96l
Lme per Srinagar tree on different s in cubic meters
per tree in cubic meters recorded during
58 1959 1960 1961
0.58 . . 24.95 - 47.63 . . 57.86
Ꮽ-57 .. 4Ꮽ-18 . . 7Ꮾ-1Ꮞ .. 105-75
00000 S SS 00S00S0 S S00S000S S 00S00S
2.53 . , 5.33 . . 29.77 . , 38-09
1-99 . . 56.21 . . 95-10 . . 124-31
958 . . 24-8. . . 55.59 . , 65.49
37 42-53 .. 71-22 94.09
5.23 . . 640 . . .44. . . .296
062 . . .299 . . 23.2 . . 26.19
ratio of Srinagar on different rootstocks
stock ratio of girths recorded during
958 1959 1960 五96丞
0-84. . . 0.89 ... 0.89 .. 0.90
0.90 .. 0-92 .. O-90 0.9.
0-82 . . 0-87 . . 0.87 . . 0-88
0.88 . . 0-90 . . 0-92 .. 0.93
0.90 ... 0.93 . . 0-94. . . 0.94
0-85 . . 0.9 . . 0.91 . . 0-93
0-89 ... 090 . . 0.9) - - 0.92

Page 55
STUDIES ON ROOTSTOCKS FOR MANDA (VARIIETY sR)
5. Fruit yield
THE average number of fruits borne ( டி recorded year-wise from 1957 and the Table V presents some very interest Srinagar on different rootstocks und Khatta gave the highest yields whic the yields on Jambheri and Seville or Lime Sylhet, Sweet lime, Jambherial yields in the descending order. Italia over all others during 1958 and was f Sylhet, Karna Khatta, Jambheri, Se order. Trees on Karna Khatta again 1959. The average yields during 19 exceptionally low probably due to hea April and similar trend was recorded earlier (5, 6, 7, 8). During 1960, Itali stocks and was followed by Karna * Rough, Jambheri, Seville orange and
stock were significantly superior to th
and Sweet line Stocks.
The entire trend of cropping was r considered to be the commercial cropp moderate bearing stock, recorded th stocks and the results were significar bility over Jambheri, Seville orange Rough, Italian 76, Karna Khatta, Jam lime were ranked in the descending O counting the number of fruits the to grams was also recorded. Trees on maximum yields in weight followed b Jambheri, Italian 76, Seville orange individual fruit size was found to be t was followed by Jambheri, Lime S Khatta, Sweet lime and Italian 76.

INS TN THE WET SUB-TROPICS. AGAR)
a tree for each treatment was lata are summarised in Table W. ng trends in the fruit yield of r study. During 1957, Karna were significantly superior to unge. Italian 76, Florida Rough, di Seville orange followed these 76 stock proved to be superior llowed by Florida Rough, Lime "ille orange and Sweet lime in
gave the highest yields during 8 and 1959 were on the whole vy wind storms in the month of with the other varieties reported an 76 again surpassed all other Khatta, Lime Sylhet, Florida Sweet lime. The yields on this ose on Jambheri, Seville orange
aversed during 1961, which was ing year. Lime Sylhet, so far a : highest yields over all other it at 5 per cent level of probaund Sweet lime stocks. Florida pheri, Seville orange and Sweet der. During this year, besides al weight of the fruits in kiloLime Sylhet stock gave the 7 Florida Rough, Karna Khatta, and Sweet lime. The average e largest on Florida Rough and ylhet, Seville orange, Karna
85

Page 56
TROPICAL AGRICUL
6. Fruit quality
UNDER the physico-chemical an rag and peel, vitamin C conten mined as detailed in the earli constituents are presented in Ta
(a) Percentage of juice: The Srinagar fruits on Lime Sylhet Karna Khatta, Jambheri, Floric Seville Orange stocks.
(b) Percentage of peel and ra maximum percentage of peel ar. the least. These values were, the percentage of juice.
(c) Vitamin C content. Dete. done by direct titration of juice expressed as migm. per 100 gim were estimated in Srinagar frui Khatta, Sweet lime and Flor: mgs./100 gms. of juice. The val Jambheri were 18.0, 17.0 and respectively.
(d) T. S. S./Acid ratio. The of Srinagar on Lime Sylhet stoc Italian 76 and Karna Khatta k Florida Rough. Lowest acidity stock and was preceded by Jar had identical values.
The total soluble solids as det found to be 10 per cent in Floric Sylhet and Karna Khatta. T orange stocks were recorded T. S. S./Acid ratio was found followed by Sweet lime, Ita Rough, Jambheri and Lime Syl
186

TURIST, VOL. CXVIII, li96I.
alysis, the percentage of juice and of t and T. S. S./Acid ratio were deterer paper (5). The data for different ble VII.
highest juice percentage was found in stock and was followed by those on da Rough, Italian 76, Sweet lime and
g: Fruits on Seyille Orange gave the drag, whereas those on Lime Sylhet, however, supplementary to those for
rminations of vitamin C content was 2 against 2, 6 dichloroindo-phenol and S. of juice. 24.0 mgm. of vitamin C ts on Lime Sylhet stocks while Karna ida Rough gave 23.0, 22.0 and 20.0 ues for Italian 76, Seville orange and 15.0 mgm. per 100 gms. of juice,
acidity was the highest in the fruits k followed by those on Florida Rough. had the same values and followed was found in fruits on Seville Orange nbheri and Sweet lime stocks, which
ermined by a hand refractometer were la Rough, Sweet lime, Italian 76, Lime
he values for Jambheri and Seville
to be 9 per cent. The maximumn in fruits on Seville Orange stock ian 76 and Karna Khatta, Florida het Stocks.
*

Page 57
هر به
ܓ
ཉི་ཊི་ན་ཤི་
STUDIES ON ROOTSTOCKS FOR MANDA (VARIETY SRI
TABLE W.-Average yield of Srinagar fru
Average yield ar, not nober o
Rootstocks
.۸م.
1957 1958 1959
Jambheri . . 57-0 44-0 29.7 Florida Rough 102-0 59.0 33.7
Seville orange 23-0 19-0 5-2
Sweet lime .. 80-0 丑鱼·3 3-3 "سے" Italian 76 ... 108-3 7.3 8l•Ꮾ
Lime Sylhet . . 94-3 54-3 21-9
Karna Khatta 125-0 。45-3 36-4
S.E. ... 26-0 17.5 10.3
C. D. at 5%. 52-5 35-4 20.8
TABLE WI—Analysis of Srinagar fr rootstocks durin
Oharacters
Rootstocks
Jambheri
Florida Rough
Seville orange
Sweet lime Italian 76 Lime Sylhet
Karna Khatista
--
% of
јиiсе
42-3
42-1
36.9
38-4 40-9
46·l
--4ء-45
% of Rag and Peel
56.8
56.9
62.0
60-7
58-5
52-8
53.7
O

DNS IN THE WET SUB-TROPICS. AGAR)
ts per tree on different rootstocks
Average yield of
fruits during fruits during
1961
Y .ר میامی 1960 1961 // ε. όγο, Wή, όη, kg. per gm. per tree fruit 138-2 ... 94-3 . . 12:25 . . 129-9 2055 ... 133.7 ... 19-07 ... 142.6 120-3 ... 86.2 ... 10.52. . . 1220
106.2 . , 70.6 . . 7-35 ... 104:1
229.3 ... 19.7 ... 1221 ... 102.0
206・3 .. 156・3 .. 19・68ー。。 125・9
223-3 ... 1148 . . 1391 . . 121.2
35-2 ... 28.5
71 - . . . 57.6
uits obtained from different
g 1961
of total T. S.S.I Vitamin cidity soluble Alcid C' mgim.
solids ratio 100 gims.
of juice
$750 . . 9 ... 103 ... 15.0
450 . . 10 ... 10.6 . . 20.0
3750 . . 10 . . . 4. . . 22.0
900 . . 10 ... 11.0 . . 18.0
3975 . . 10 - 10-0 . . . 24.0 )100 . . . 10 .. 11.0 ... 2ვ.0 ·
187

Page 58
TROPICAL AGRICULT
7. Incidence of diseases and defi
THE visual assessment of colla chlorosis symptoms was done ar.
(a) Collar rot disease. Lime S observed to be fairly susceptibl Italian 76 and Sweet lime were Karna Khatta and Jambheri stoc to this disease.
(b) Zinc deficiency. Almost a stocks under the trial showed th extent of symptoms varied cor Rough and Italian 76 were obser of zinc deficiency, while the tree pronounced symptoms. Seville Khatta stocks had moderately pr
(c) Winter chlorosis. Yellowin was termed as winter chlorosis. Karna Khatta were observed to malady, whereas the trees on L. most pronounced symptoms,
DISCUSSION A
THE present investigations reve other rootstocks, viz., Jambheri, 76, Sweet lime and Karna Khat merits and de-merits for Srinag trees on this stock were maxim sized fruits and were quite resis winter chlorosis disorders. In SC second to those on Italian 76, wh those on Lime Sylhet stocks. fruits of an average good qualit analysis.
Karna Khatta was second in o centage and vitamin C content, in produced trees of average vigou T. S. S./Acid ratio. The stock v. zinc deficiency and winter chlor
188

URIST, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
ciency symptoms
ar rot, zinc deficiency and winter nd is detailled below :
ylhet and Seville orange stocks were e to this disease. Florida Rough, found to be quite resistant, whereas ks were ranked moderately resistant
all Srinagar trees on different roote interveinal chlorosis, although the siderably. The plants on Florida ved to show the minimum symptoms is on Lime Sylhet and Jambheri had orange, Sweet lime and Karna Onounced symptoms.
ng of leaves with veinal chlorosis Srinagar trees on Florida Rough and
have the least symptoms of this ime Sylhet and Sweet lime had the
AND CONCLUSION
all that Florida Rough excelled all Lime Sylhet, Seville orange, Italian ta, in an overall assessment of their 'ar Scion variety of mandarins. The lum in stock girth, gave the largest tant to collar rot, zinc deficiency and :ion girth and volume, the trees were hereas the yields were second only to However, this rootstock produced y as determined by physico-chemical
rder of merit and had high juice pertext only to those on Lime Sylhet. It Ir with average yields, fruit size and was moderately resistant to collar rot,
OSS.

Page 59
STUDIES ON ROOTSTOCKS FOR MAN (VARIETY ξ
The trees on Lime Sylhet were : duced highest yields with maximu content. However, the fruits on thi ratio and plants were very suscep and Winter chlorosis.
Italian 76 proved to be superiol T. S. S./Acid ratio and resistance zinc deficiency. The plants on Ja next only to Lime Sylhet with aver
Seville orange was observed to Srinagar variety of mandarins and trees on Seville orange were poore: and vitamin C content next only to enough the fruits on Seville orang Sweet lime stock gave the lowest y size, juice percentage and fair : deficiency and winter chlorosis.
Bhattacharya and Dutta (1) rep jamir (both Citrus jambhiri) were mandarins. Soh-sarkar (C. karna) but declined in later stages. The Florida Rough support the conclus to their performance on Citrus jl formance of Karna Khatta. The Karna Khatta was the second besi and vigorous. The performance ( stock is supported by the performa Italian 76 and Florida Rough (8) a various other workers (4, 9, 10).
Sour orange has been reported t Phadnis (4) and Bhattacharya ar. present results with the Srinagar mandarin reported earlier (8) are of these workers. The performal Srinagar variety of mandarin does

DARINS IN THE WET SUB-TROPICS. RINAGAR)
ather moderate in vigour and prom juice percentage and vitamin C stock were lowest in T. S. S./Acid tible to collar rot, zinc deficiency
to Jambheri in vigour, yield, to collar rot, winter chlorosis and mbheri bore fruits of largest size age good quality.
be the most inferior stock for was preceded by Sweet Lime. The st in vigour, juice percentage, yield Lime Sylhet stocks. Surprisingly e had the best T. S. S./Acid ratio. ield with trees of poor vigour, fruit susceptibility to collar rot, zinc
orted that Soh-myndong and Kata perfectly compatible with Khasi , however, produced normal trees
present results of Srinagar on ions of these workers with regard timbhiri but differ with the perperformance of Srinagar Scion on and the trees were very healthy f C. jambhiri as a suitable rootnce of Hill variety of mandarin on nd also by the results reported by
» be a poor rootstock by Dass (3), i Dutta (1) for mandarins. The scion and those of Hill variety of n full consonance with the results ce of Sweet lime rootstock with lot tally with the results of Brown
89

Page 60
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sjø408 seqø sno|IgA JOJ SĂ00ļssoos suɔmɔIIIp so supues où, ouĮMOųS-IIA ĐÌqɛJ.
 
 
 

5T, VOL. CXVIII, l96 ||

Page 61
鷺 -
STUDIES ON ROOTSTOCKS FOR MAI (VARIETY
(2) who reported Sweet lime to The present results find their supp reported by the author (8).
The comparative merits and de Srinagar scion are summarized in Srinagar on Florida Rough was fol studies. Karna Khatta occupied orange gave the most unsatisfacto
SUM)
1. The performance of mandar Jambheri, Florida Rough, Seville C Sylhet and Karna Khatta rootstC Institute, Saharanpur.
2. Florida Rough was found to b variety under study. Vigorous p. fruits and of good resistance to Co chlorosis were the main qualities
3. Karna Khatta was next to Flic high juice percentage and vitamin
4. Seville Orange, Sweet lime : inferior stocks while Lime Sylhet OleS.
Under the wet sub-tropics with h recommended as the optimum stoc
ACKNOWLE
GRATEFUL thanks are due to the II. financial assistance for these Stud K. B. Saraswat for assistance in ta
LITERATU
(1) BHATTACHARYA, S. C. and S. DUT: rootstocks for Citrus in ASSam. Indian,
 

DARINS IN THE WETSUB-TROPICS. SIRINAGAR)
be the best rootstock for Sangtra. Ort, also, from those of Hill variety
}-merits of different rootstocks for
Table VIII. The performance of und to be Outstanding in the present ihe second position while Seville ry results.
MARY
in variety Srinagar was studied on range, Sweet lime, Italian 76, Lime cks at the Horticultural Research.
be the outstanding rootstock for the lants with high yields, large sized llar rot, zinc deficiency and winter of this stock.
Drida Rough and produced fruits of L C content.
and Jambheri proved to be the and Italian 76 were ranked average
ligh temperatures, Florida Rough is k for Srinagar variety of mandarin.
EDGEMENTS
C. A. R., New Delhi, for providing ies. Thanks are also due to Sri king the necessary records.
RE CITED
TA, 1952. A preliminary observation on J. Hort., 9 : 1-10.
19.

Page 62
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR
(2) BROWN, W. R., 1920. The orange Res. Inst. Pusa, Bull, 93.
(3) DAss, N. K., 1948. What’s doing 120-21.
(4) PHADNIs, N. A., 1961. Rootstock (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Paper, 4t (Unpublished).
(5) SINGH, L. B., 1961. Studies on th wet sub-tropics. I. Variety Mosambi 156-70.
(6) SINGH, L. B., 1962. Studies on th wet sub-tropics. II. Variety Vanille (I Press).
(7) SINGH, L. B., 1962. Studies on th wet sub-tropics. III. Variety Navelen Press).
(8) SINGH, L. B., 1962. Studies on th sub-tropics. I. Variety Hill. Indiam J. ]
(9) SINGH, L. and S. SINGH, 1942. Indiam, J. Agri. Sci., 12 : 381-99.
(10) SRIVASTAVA, K. P., 1924. The Provinces and Berar. Dept. Agric. Bul
92

IST, voL. CXVII, 1961
: a trial of stock at Peshawar. Agric.
in all India, Assam. Indian Fm.g., 9 :
trial with Nagpur mandarin Orange h. Hort. Res. Workers Conf., Poona.
e rootstocks for sweet Oranges in the (Non-blood group). Hort. Adv., 5 :
he rootstocks for Sweet oranges in the Blood group). Israel J. Agri. Res. (In
he rootstocks for sweet oranges in the cia (Navel group). Trop. Agric. (In.
e rootstocks for mandarins in the wet Hort. (In Press).
Citrus rootstock trial in the Punjab.
cultivation of orange in the Central l., 19.
گھ
N

Page 63
را به
THE CENTENARY C GARDENS. HAKG
S. B. TENN
(Curator, Botanic Garde)
THE year 1961 was a milestone in the of Hakgala, for this year it celebrated this event, on the 19th April 1961, the Lands, Irrigation and Power, Mr. C. seedling in the Gardens.
Started in the year 1861 as an ex cultivation, it is, today, a Botanic G collection of temperate and sub-tropi of its history this garden had been th of the important crops which effect to this day, but also of a large numb acclimatised and naturalized in the
Nestled among the forest clad hi and climate all its own, lie the gal South east of Nuwara Eliya at an level in surroundings deeply connec that it was in this very locality whe Ravana, a warrior king of Ceylon, Sita, wife of Rama. This epic love Ramayana. It is fitting then, to find a in Romance.
The gardens facing East gets its mountain behind it-Hakgala-so c three peaks resembling a molar an in Sinhalese meaning molar rock. T 7000 feet above sea level and at the fi the Botanic Gardens.
The Garden has a mean rainfall o of 210 days. The mean temperature temperatures being approximately 3

DF THE BOTANIC ALA, 1861-1961
AKOON
ns, Hakgala, Ceylon)
a history of the Botanic Gardens its Centenary. To commemorate Hon’ble Minister of Agriculture,
P. de Silva, planted a Camphor
perimental station for Cinchona arden of repute, with a wealthy cal plants. During the early part he trial grounds not only of Some the economy of this island even er of trees and shrubs now fully hill country.
lls of Ceylon, in an atmosphere denS. It is Situated Seven miles alevation of 5581 feet above sea ted in mythology–for it is said are the present Gardens lie, that hid the beauteous Orient Queen
story is related in the classic, garden in this vicinity shrouded
name from the towering rocky alled because of its shape, the d appropriately named Hakgala, he highest of the peaks is over pot of this rocky mountain spread
f 95 inches falling on an average is 60°F, the lowest and highest 8°F and 82°F respectively. From
193

Page 64
TROPICAL AGRICUL
the middle of May to August t South West Monsoon which Hakgala mountain and sweeps d the trees have an unmistakably North East Monsoon which prev or March the Gardens are enfold life and temperatures drop low place wa chosen for a garden. this question.
In 1859 India tried to procure Cinchona calisaya from South of Forests of the Madras Presic the Royal Botanic Gardens, Pe. garding the introduction of Ci island. An experimental garden exotics such as conifers, ornam dered essential. A Botanic Gard thought would also add interest its cool climate. Thus Was born
Dr. Thwaites then, in 1860, sel in particular for trials on the qu Sir) Clements Markham had c. and was bringing them over to travel Well and none were sent growing Cinchona plants from America. But seeds of Cinchona lected by Mr. Pritchett in Dr. ThWaites in 1861 from Mr. M. plantations in Neilgherries thro ment Fort St. George. Soon afte collected by Mr. Spruce were re tary of State's office. From these raised. These then Were the fir, and they were planted in Hakg: under the rock Summit of Hak blance of the natural features to of the Cinchona in the Andean the present site was chosen, orig
Mr. W. Mac Nicoll, from the placed in charge of the Hakgal Cinchona calisaya were sent frC the Calcutta Botanic Gardens a
194

TURIST, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
he gardens face the full blast of the
:omes rolling down the precipitous Own upon the gardens making most of 7 one-sided appearance. And in the ails from about December to February led in a thick mist so harmful to plant
One is apt to wonder why then this The history of the gardens answers
seeds of the quinine producing plant America. Dr. Cleghorn, Conservator lency had talks with the Director of radeniya, Dr. G. H. K. Thwaites, reinchona into the hill country of this for this purpose and for trying out ental trees and even tea, was consiten not far from Nuwara Eliya was
to this Sanatorium in the hills with the idea of an Experimental Garden.
ected a piece of land for this purpose, inine producing Cinchona. Mr. (Later ollected plants from South America India. Mr. Markham's plants did not to Ceylon. Ceylon therefore got no Mr. Markham's mission to South micrantha and Cinchona nitida, colSouth America were received by Lac Ivor of the Government Cinchona ugh the Chief Secretary to Governer this, seeds of Cinchona succirubra }ceived in Ceylon through the Secreseeds a large number of plants were st plants of Cinchona in this Island ala in the year 1861, ' in the plateau gala, because of the general resemthose which distinguish the habitat ranges”. It was for this reason that ginally, as an Experimental Garden.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, was a Garden. In late 1861 six plants of Im Kew through Dr. J. Anderson of ind of these, only two survived the

Page 65
CENTENARY OF THE BOTANIC GA
journey and grew vigorously at Ha Mr. Mac Nicoll obtained rooted cutti took to distribute plants to Esta experimental planting of Cinchona Mr. Mac Nicol the Cinchona plants p Were Set Out in areas cleared for this ed to grow freely, produce flowers
cuttings were taken for easy propog
In the succeeding years Hakgala b centre for Cinchona seeds, plants an numerous Estates in the hill count. India, Australia, China, Java, Maur Botanic Gardens, Kew. Numerous s duced to Hakgala. Cinchona officina propogated, thrived well on land to therefore proved very successful. A cultivation of Cinchona and they et The money market around 1865-1868 state and planting was not carri although copious supplies of Seeds distribution.
Around 1865 the prospect of laun too Hakgala played an important rol bution of seeds and plants as was di was growing vigorously at Hakgala seeds were available for planting bo while the Assam and Assam Hybrid Hakgala where they thrived exceedi the Director of Gardens, Dr. Thwai “ the tea plant thrives so luxuriar slightly above that suited for coffee
to believe that their slopes will be
thriving tea plantations' and in the strongly recommend trials being m abandoned coffee estates rather tha to take possession of the land. Ther expense of such a step would be mc

R.DIE}Ns, HAKGALA, ‘l86l—l96l.
kgala. From the Hakgala plants ngs and SOOn this garden undertes at diferent elevations for
Under the Zeal and care of rogressed well. The larger plants purpose. Some trees were allowand set seed while from others, ation and rapid distribution.
ecame an important distribution d rooted cuttings not only to the ry, but seeds were also sent to ritius, Borneo and to the Royal species of Cinchona were introalis, a species which was easily high for Coffee cultivation and large number of Estates took to ven started their own nurseries. was however in an unfavourable ed out to the extent expected, and cuttings were available for
ching on TEA was started. Here le and tea was planted for distri(one with Cinchona. By 1869 tea . The common China Bohea tea th at Hakgala and at Peradeniya
tea seeds were also available at ngly well. In the 1870 Report of tes, on the subject of Tea, wrote htly upon hills at an elevation cultivation that it is difficult not fore very long, be covered with 1871 Report he wrote “I would ade of this hardy plant (tea) on in that Weeds should be allowed e can hardly be a doubt that the ore than repaid, if tea is one day
195

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TROPICAL AGRICUI
Rose Gard
196
 

LITURIST, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
showing giant tree ferns
en-Hakgala,

Page 67
CENTENARY OF THE BOTANIC G.
to become, as it most probably will, products of the island'. It was a coffee leaf disease took a huge toll ( and it was Dr. Thwaites that predic of Tea.
In the History of Hakgala the ei rise of Cinchona and Tea. Althoug were available at Hakgala, only Cin were the species grown extensively ponsible for the distribution of the 826,000 Cinchona plants were distrik 1,200,000. Cinchona bark from Ceylc tivation expanded. About 1875 it wa tea of a very superior quality coul “tea plantations rapidly made the tions of many of the hills of the were interested in improving both ture of the leaves. More and more tea, at different elevations while l tea were leaving the shores of Cey.
By the commencement of the ne both fully established and Hakga centre for Cinchona plants ceased. in the administration when Willia chona Plantations in Jamaica took c
With William Nock as Superinte as Director of Gardens, Hakgala tu
mental Garden took a different la Garden was developed and the est came into being. Useful and ornam all parts of the world and planted tropical garden in the hills. Exp cease. Mr. Nock took metereologic: the large number of rainy days. ' plants at Hakgala perished. We winds occasionally approaching heavy rains from mid-May to mi was evidently not quite suitable f

ARDENS, HAKGALA, 1861-1961
one of the most important staple t this time, around 1871 that the of a large number of coffee plants ted the fall of Coffee and the rise
ghteen seventies saw the gradual h many new species of Cinchona chona Succirubra and C. Officinalis by planters and Hakgala was resese plants. In 1874, for example, buted while in 1876 the figure was on fetched good prices and its culS also established that commercial ld be produced in Ceylon and so mselves visible in the upper porCentral Province'. Tea planters plants and methods of manufacacres were being brought under arger quantities of manufactured lon into foreign markets.
xt decade Cinchona and tea were la's usefulness as a distribution At this time Hakgala had a change am Nock, Superintendent of Cin:harge.
indent of Hakgala and Dr. Trimen rned over a new leaf. The Experiyout, the aesthetic aspect of the tablishment of a Botanic Gardens ental plants were introduced from
in the warm temperate and suberimental work however did not all observations and got on record This also explained why so many t weather, persistent cold, “high hurricane force accompanied the d-September'. The Climate then or Cinchona. So was the shallow
197

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TROPICAL AGRICULT
Ornamentai C
Ceylon Pond and B
 
 
 

URIST, VOL. CXVIII, l96l
arden-Hakgala,
ulb Garden-Hakgala

Page 69
CENTENARY OF THE BOTANIC (
soil and sub soil which was cold
rock. Hakgala however had don Cinchona. But Cinchona did no1 because planters did not heed the
direction of cultivation of better
more difficult to cultivate. Easier bark from these did not realizeh prices of Ceylon bark fell although 3 million in 1882 to Over 15 millior exports too started dropping. In 18 ed “The history of this industry has been most instructive, and ha was so strongly insisted upon frc ahead, that quality and not quant by the grower. This more far see other countries like Java’’.
The eighteen eighties saw the three different industries that SO r the island. The coffee industry w; tremendous strides ahead and filli Was Cinchona which had its rise was progressing rapidly, the expo while at the turn of the century, being exported to countries like ti estates were opened up at all elevi available land in the Wet distric came true, and in all this the Bot gala in particular played a vital r
While helping the country in se carried on another role of making were numerous plants that had t the drugs were Taraxacum, Rh Digitalis and Camomile (1882). New-Zealand flax Phormium te (1888), Villebrunia integrifolia.
lucerne or alfalfa (Medicago S Bromus inermis, Panicum maximl

ARIDIENS, HAIKGALA, 1861-1961
and wet at the base of the steep a its part in the introduction of have a bright future in Ceylon warning given by Hakgala in the varieties of Cinchona which were varieties were cultivated and the igh prices for long. Gradually the the exports increased (from about in 1886). But from this peak the 87 the Director's report commentin Ceylon however unsatisfactory, as fully shown the truth of what om the first by those who looked ity, was the object to be aimed at sking policy has been followed in
rise and fall, in some cases, of materially affected the economy of as falling fast and tea was taking ng in the gap between these two, and fall in this One decade. Tea rt in 1881 being about 300,000 lbs.
in 1900, 148 million pounds were he U. K., U. S. A. and Russia. Tea ations from sea-level to the highest t. Dr. Thwaites prophecy of 1870 anic Gardens of Ceylon, and Hakole.
lving economic problems Hakgala itself useful to the country. There o be experimented with. Amongst ubarb. Belladonna Hyoscyamus, mongst the fibre there were the Lax (1890) Bohemaria tenanissima Amongst fodder plants there were ativa 1892) Paspalum dilatatum, m, Trifolium Johnsônii, Teosinite.
199

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TROPICAL AGRICULTU
Acacia decurrens (1899) and Rum tannic acid. The English laurel w planted in 1895 berried for the fis the fruits, a number of English fru some of them thriving well, ap berries, raspberries mulberries, mountain papaw and several other introduced, amongst them was th tree tomato (Cyphomandra betac (Arracacha esculenta), the Chines tuberifera), Shantung cabbage (B sus almost a substitute for potato, rous varieties were tried out in 1 (Successful.
A large number of trees were icountry which would find uses even as ornamental plants. Wit made for suitable timber for tea that answered to this purpose, s japonica, Cedrela toona and Pinus were tried out and the Silver Wat be an ideal fuel tree for the tea il
Amongst the plantations were c Pines, Acacias and Camphor plan day. Trials on these were carried growth, measured through the suci Eucalyptus were planted out, am Blue Gum, Eucalyptus globulus, an the conifers were a number of ge be valuable as timber, for dyes, f tine, for fuel and even for use as Cupressus macrocarpa (the Moneta in 1881, Cedrela toona (the Red C folia (the Chir Pine of the Himal: Japanese Pencil Cedar, 1874), Cu cypress), Cupressus torulosa (the yas), Cupressus funebris (the weep
200

εIST, γOL, αXVII, 1961
2x hymenoSepalus (1875) produced as established in 1901 while Holly
time in Ceylon in 1900. Amongst N it plants were tried out at Hakgala ples, pears plums, peaches, black W
igs, cherries, cherimoyer, loquat, s. Numerous vegetables were also Le Cho-Cho (Sechium edule), the ea) the South American parsnip e or Japanese Artichoke (Stachys rassica chinensis) Ullucus tubero
and potato itself of which nume899 some of them proving highly
introduced suitable for the hill
for timber, as wind belts and h the tea industry, a search was boxes and there were many trees ome of them being Cryptomeria sinensis. Australian wattle acacias tle, Acacia dealbata was found to industry.
* r
ollections of Eucalyptus, Conifers, tations which exists to this very out as far back as 1882 and their ceeding years. Over 50 species of ongst them were the Tasmanian d red gum Eucalyptus robusta. In nera and species that proved to or tanning, for obtaining turpenwind belts. Amongst these were ry Cypress of California) planted edar of Queensland), Pinus longiayas), Cryptomeria japonica (the
pressus knightiana (the knight's
towering Cypress of the Himala
ing cypress of China), Cupressus

Page 71
- A
CENTENARY OF THE BOTANIC C
bermudiana (the Pencil Cedar of rens variety horizontalis (the spI host of other conifers, besides whic glomulifera (the turpentine tree oi lia robusta (the silky oak of Al Queensland Red box). There was a 1883 that produced acorns in 1892. out in the succeeding years. A num On trial and these thrived well. In were introduced.
In the years that followed the with the trend towards a Botanic wards the cultivation of specimen temperate and subtropical world. the trees, shrubs and herbs scatte Gardens such as the Fernery with its unmistakable and characteris crinita, so much like palms at thei rock Gardens With their dwarf fo their colour and varied in their or produce a profusion of colour; th yellow Nymphaeas, Aponogetons : Gardens with numerous species of the Arboretum with a collection o Australia in the South, from Japal California in the West. While all t to the Botanist, the layout in t variety of annuals, the Rose Garde floribunda and climbing or rambl with their blaze of colour and the Blue Grass (Digitaria diidactyla) layman who visits the gardens for i
But the role that Hakgala has seen as one drives through the slo covered with tea and numerous fo) and these living monuments bear t towards the economic development

ARDIENS, HAKGALA, 1861-196l
Bermuda), Cupressus sempervieading Cypress of Crete) and a h there were trees like Syncarpia : New South Wales, 1890) Grevilustralia), Tristania conferta (the lso a collection of Oak, planted in
Several other species were tried ber of species of Acacias were put this way a large number of trees
face of the Gardens changed and Gardens, efforts were made toplants of genera growing in the Today such a collection is seen in :red in the different parts of the its proud collection of ferns and tic wooly tree ferns, Alsophila ir full height of 30 to 40 feet; the liage and flowering plants rich in igin, but all assembled together to le Water Gardens with blue and and other water plants; the Bulb lilies, gladioli and other bulbs, and f trees from Europe in the North, n in the far East and from distant his forms a wealth of information he Ornamental Section. With its ens with its numerous Hybrid tea, er roses, the Herbaceous Borders spreading lawns of the Australian lend an enchanting view to the ts aesthetic charm and beauty.
played in its historic past is still
bes of the hill country, extensively
eign trees dotted on the hill sides,
estimony to Hakgala’s contribution
Of this Island.
20.

Page 72


Page 73
SCIENTIF)
Empoasca punjabensis Pruthi,
in C
THE leafhopper, Empoasca punjabensis in Ceylon was first recorded in F Kurunegala district.
The leafhoppers were found to c 200,000 trees of Teak by producing a break of this pest occurred shortly ad followed a long spell of dry weather
E. punjabensis was originally recorde cotton, carrot, bean and lucerne (pr nymphs infest the lower surfaces of Their feeding activity results in leaf
the intervenial areas.
Leaves that have been subjected navicular in shape as they mature. mences at the margins and inter-veni
Females oviposit on the leaf veins mately 15 to 16 days at an average te non-migratory cause relatively more was effectively checked by dusting th BHC at the rate of 20 lbs. per acre.
REFE
PRUTHI, H. S. (1940). Description of (Eupterygidea, Jassoidea) fro
 

[O NOTES
a newly recorded pest of Teak eylon
pruthi attacking Teak, Teckona grandis, ebruary, 1961 at Melsiripura in the
ause severe damage to approximately mal-formation of the leaves. The out
fter a period of intermittant rains that
d in India as a pest of potato, tomato, uthi, 1940). On Teak, the adults and the leaves between the primary veins. spotting and necrosis of leaf tissue in
to attack at an early stage become At this stage decaying of tissue comall regions of the leaves. (Fig. I & II).
. Nymphal life varies from approxiImperature of 23° C. The nymphs being damage than the adults. E. punjabensis ne teak plants with 3 per cent gamma
RENCES
some new species of Empoasca Walsh, m. N. India. Ind. J. Ent. 2 (1) 1—10.
MERVYN D. DE SILVA,
Agricultural Research Station,
Gurutalawa, Ceylon.
203

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... ... ...
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
204
 
 
 

TRIST, VOL. CXVIII, 196l
queId seo, esōuss e us uøas səagai jo
uosqetuIOJIBULI JO 90ươnbəs əUIL—II
3s
ogswoqofund. 's &q pəsneo səagos
*soos 30 4uetudoso Aop satu sõuqề àųą tą sosansoxys) -ost

Page 75
\\ہ
METEOROLOCI
Summary for July ti
THE active monsoon conditions which pri for a few days in July giving fairly wid strong wind along the southwestern coa off about the 6th and from the 8th to 1. fair except for a few isolated light show from the 19th to 21st, when gusts of wir experienced in the southwestern coasta the southwest quarter on the 20th and prevailed during the rest of the month,
again a temporary strengthening of the r on the southwestern slopes of the hills re greater monthly totals of rainfall occurr the central hills and were of the Order
areas recorded totals between 5 and 10 in the totals were below 5 inches. Abou received no rain at all. Rainfall was ab( lands and adjacent mid-country and i eastern coastal areas and below norma
over 5 inches were recorded, almost al inches at Nellulwa (Hiiniduma) on this di
Southwest monsoon was fairly active di was experienced almost daily in the sou hill country. In the low country the occurred exceeded the average by 8 to 1. in evidence on the 1st and 6th and agai sional rainsquals and gale force wind western low country. Gales on the 12t and caused much damage to house and pr lifting roofs off buildings at several places and Matara. Isolated thunder activity quarter on a few occasions during the were fairly widely experienced during heaviest on the southwest slopes of the of 30 to 40 inches. In South Western coa of the Order of 10 inches. Outside til aggregates were below 5 inches practic stations, mostly in the north, received normal in the SouthWest and below norr falls over 5 inches.

CAL REPORT
o September 1961
availed at the end of June continued espread rain and occasional gusts of sts. These conditions began to ease 'th the Weather over the Island was 'ers. The monsoon was again active Ld reaching gale force at times were Ll areas, with fairly heavy rain in 21st. Normal monsoon conditions except on the 28th when there was nonsoon, resulting in several stations 2ceiving rainfalls over 5 inches. The ed along the southwestern slopes of
of 20 inches. Southwestern coastal lches. Outside the southwest quarter it 25 stations, mostly in the north, Dve normal in the Southwestern lowin the northwestern, southern and al elsewhere. About 15 daily falls l on the 28th the highest was 7.42 late.
luring August too, and monsoon rain uthwestern parts, particularly in the number of days on which rainfall 0 days. Active conditions were well in from the 9th to 15th, when occais were experienced in the southh morning were particularly severe operty, uprooting trees in plantations in the coastal belt between Colombo was evident outside the Southwest first half of the month, while they
the last few days. Rainfall was
central hills and was of the Order stal areas the rainfall was generally he southwest quarter the monthly ally everywhere. About forty-five no rain at all. Rainfall was above hal elsewhere. There were no daily
205

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TROPICAL AGRICULT
Active Southwest monsoon Weat particularly in the southwestern coa In these regions cloudy skies prevaile every day. On some days between heavy and accompanied by squally low pressure areas over the North were experienced on several days of parts of the island. Rainfall was h and in the neighbourhood of Derani the order of 25 inches. Among the c from 2 to 10 inches. Outside the Sc Eastern Province and Uva, the mon stations, mostly in the Mannar and Rainfall was well above normal country and a little above normal i half of the eastern province. It wa eight daily falls over 5 inches, 5.44 highest.
Department of Meteorology, Bullers Road, Colombo 7 27th November, 1961.
Meteorol
Temperature
Station
菲 菲 S -- 日 ܒܛ E-- GD 員。 CO as x 2 リー අ5 සහි 8 CD $ 三料 O 幽函 | 5
Anura dihapura 89.2 -1.7 74-6 -12. Badulla ... 867 +-05 64·6 -- 0:3 Batticalloa, ... 90-3 -16 74-9 O Colombo ... 85.3 +-0.6 75.3 -1-6 Diyatalawa . . || 77-1 -0-8 61-0 -15 Galle ... 83-4 --0-7 77.0 -- 0:4 Hamban tota, ... 8326 -37 75-9 -0.4 Jafna ... 85-1 -10 79.7 --0-1 Kandy ... 82-1. -- 1:0 68·4 -14 Kankesanturai || 89-0 --0۰ 9 796 + 0.5 Kurunegala . . || 86-8 -- 0:5 747 -0.5 MI’Illuppallama || 88-4 -12 744. -0-5 Mannar ... 87.2 --0-1 79:6 +-0.5 Nuwara Eliya 66-1. +-08 54·6 -O-3 Pulttalam ... 86.2 O 77.5 -07 Ratmalana . . || 857 十1・0 758 -O-5 Ratnapura . . || 884 十18 72:5 -19 Talawalkele ... | – - - - Trincomalee ... 928 +-04 78-0 -0 MullaitiVll ... . 94-3 - 77.2 - Katunayake . . 85-6 - 乞54 - Vavuniya ... 91.7 75'4. -
206

JRIST, VOL. CXVII, 1961
her continued during September too, stal areas and the adjacent low country. d throughout the month with rain almost the 10th and 25th, the rains were fairly weather, on account of the presence of Bay of Bengal. Evening thunderstorms
the month O Ver the central and eastern eaviest in the Southwestern low country Tagala where the monthly totals were of entral hills the rainfall generally ranged uthwest quarter, except in parts of the thly totals were below 5 inches. A few Jaffna Districts, received no rain at all.
in the Southwestern low and midin the Badulla area and in the southern S below normal elsewhere. There were inches at Ragama on the 26th being the
D. J. JAYASINGHE,
Director.
ogical Report
JULY, 1961.
EIumidity Rainfall
宫 으 O
跨 巴 ܒܛ ܒܛܘ তেওঁ 葺。|駅 | 罪 | 露 | 国 | 選 을 || || S 爵 滨 | 昭 李 | 茅国 | リ | 。 O O
% % Inches inches 70 90 6.9 0-82 -0.50 7 十4 63 9. 6-2 1-66 -0.51 9 | 十 2 68 4 5-6 1:99 --0-95 5 -- 1 82 91. 6-8 884 -- 3:35 15 - 1 66 80 6-6 107 -0.89 -- 1. 78 84 5-6 8-11 || --177 19 O 82 88 5-6 4'34 -- 2:33 1 十 4 81. 87 6-6 0:22 -0.33 2 | 十 1 66 85 6.9 5'81 -0-08 15 - 2 72 85 6-6 0.70 || --0-16 1. O 73 88 7.4 3'59 -0.29 10 - 5 66 84. 6-6 1'18 -0-25 6 -- 3 79 87 7-0 0、82 | 十0·47 2 -- 1 79 85 6、6| 6-06 一496 | 16 一8 70 78 6-9 2:47 --1-48 || 14 -- 11 74 86 6.9 || 7.26 || +1.80 || 16 - 66 83 6-5 15:43 --266 18 - 6
61. 78 6-6 4-31 || -- 2:58 5 | 十 2 60 82 6-4 2-03 十0-53 6 - 78 91. 6-6 4:02 - 12 - 61 86 6-6 113 --0-05 5 -

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METEOROLOGICAL E
AUGU
Temperature Humidij
Station
翡 | R お ー 。 を 器溪 鳍 |瑟目 毫 2 | 料料 O 岑> O ெ
d o % Anuradhapura || 92:0 || -- 0:6 || 76-0 || -- 0:5 62 Badulla ., 868 +-08 65.9 十14 63 Batticalloa, ... ; 908 -+-04 77.2 +-07 68 Colombo 852 十0・3 76-6 一0·4 81. Diyatalawa 77.2 -O-7 634 --17 65 Galle ... 825 -0-1 75-9 -0-8 80 Hamba, intota, .. | 83'5 一3-4 757 -0'4. 83 Ja, ffna ... 85-7 -O-3 80-3 十l·0 82 Kandy ... 814 -0-8 701. 十-0・4 72 KankeSanturai || 905 -- 0:5 80-0 +-10 71. Kurunegala . . || 86-4 一0·4 75-5 -- 0:6 75 M’Illuppallama || 912 十04 75-8 -- 0:6 60 Mannar ... 87.6 +0・2 796 -+-0•Ꮾ 81. Nuwara Eliya 64-3 -I-8 56-2 --18 88 Puttalam ... 87-1 十-0・5 78-6 +-0.7 68 Ratmalama 85-6 十-0・4 76.9 -04 75 Ratnapura 86-7 -0:1 73-8 -0-4. 71. Tala Wakele - - - - - Trincomalee ... 93-8 --17 785 --1-2 63 Mullaitivu 95-1 - 77.0 - 60 Katunayake . . S6-0 - 76-7 n 79 Vavuniya 93-4 - 76-0 - 57
SEPTEM
Temperature Bumi
Station
目 E 3. ܒܓ E.S. 3D ~~ a 3 ح 3D - S E 三 三 こ 三 三 ○ ெ
o o % Antradhapura 92.7 --0.9 | 74-6 || -0.4 60 Badulla ... 84.8 -0-9 65-3 --1-0 70 Batticalloa 88-4 -1-3 75-5 -O-7 73 Colombo 85-3 -O-1 74-2 -2-3 83 Diyatalawa 75-5 一23 61-S --0-9 74 Galle ... 82.9 +-0-1 74-8 -1-9 SO Hambantota .. | 84-1 一2·4 75-6 -5 80 Jafna ... 85-9 -0-3 79-7 一0-4 81. Kandy ... 82-6 十-0・4 67-6 --0-1 69 Kankesanturai || 90-2 +-04 79.2 --0-1 70 Kurunegla. ... || 86*8 -09 73-8 -O-5 75 M’Illuppallama || 91-5 --03 744 -03 58 i Mannair ... 88-3 -- 0:6 79-9 -10 78 Nuwara Eliya 66-5 -03 54-2 + 0-9 83 Puttalam ... 88-2 十l·2 77.4 一0·4 65 Ratmalana 85-6 --0-1 74-6 -18 76 Ratnapura 87.3 十0-1 722 -1-3 71. Tala Wakele - - - - - Trincomalee ... 92-2 十0・1 76.5 -O-6 67 Mulaiti Wul 93-6 - 75-6 - 62 Katunayake . . . 85-6 - 74.1 - 80 Vavuniya 93-9 - 74-8 - 57

EPORT
ST, 1961
ty F5 Rainfall
ゴ
으 حصر
琵| 莎 o * 日 d 密 ܒܛܝ ني كصد 主千 | 目 | 目 | 霧 A 翠斐| 目 昭 翡 蜀 乙三 < < d pá O
% Inches Inches
36 6.5 0-22 || -1'40 5 + 1 92 6-6 2.55 -0.65 13 十4 82 6-0 || 1:72 --0-23 9 -- 3 86 7.0 956 十558 24 --10 91 6-6 || 0-77 -235 14 -- 5 84 6.4 || 11.47 || +5.33 || 29 || +10 88 6.7 || 4-47 -- 3:03 20 +12 87 5-9 0 || -111 || - || - 3 85 7.0 | 5-98 || + 1*24 24 || --10 85 5.9 || 0.01 || - 25 1 - 2 88 7.3 3-78 十0·16 18 十4 82 6-8 0.26 -135 十8 89 6.6 | 0-05 || --0-61 - 1 91. 7.5 844 +-0.93 27 -- 5 76 6.8 1-36 || -- 0.71 5 -- 2 84. 6-9 11.69 +-8.21 24 - 84 6.9 |2036| 十897| 28 十5 80 6.2 || 2:30 -131. 3 一4 86 5-6 2.63 -- 0:68 8 - 86 6-8 I 4:44 - 16 - 84 6-5 O -2:37 - || -
BER, 1961
dity Rainfall
g 乘 目 영 তে تہ جهـ | Has ごF | 目。」| 目 | = R || - 茎。涯宦 圭 别 コ d 鸥且 月至 目 lব্র -> | < 5 | 

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Page 80
THE FRUITS OF ABOUR
A man’s constant en earth to yield more LIZERS are playing a Bere in Ceylon for C.C.C. Fertilizers have helped to promote in
yields whenever crops are growa.
C. C. C. F'ERT AR 3ACKED BY YEAR
ENCE AND
THE COLOMBO CON
(Incorporated in Great Britain. Fertiliser Acland House, Union Place, Col.
 

deavour to coax mother
of her bounty, FERTI
major and vital role.
over half a century
C. C. C. FERT SERS FOR TA - RUBBER - I COCON UT - TOBACCO
PADDY - VEGSTABLES
LISER, MAAIX TITURES S OF PRACTICAL, EXPERI
ERESEARCH.
MMERCIAL COMPANY
TED
Liability of Members is Limited) Department
Gimbo 2 Telephone 79351
CCC 1576/60 JWT.