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TROPICA AGRICUL
AGRICULTUR
VOLUMEC ANUARY -
 

L TURIST
Al JOURNAL OF CEYLON
\\ OF AGRIლე,
* ܬܐSܓ݁ܶܓ % ~\~
Neil /
| cεγίοN
XXVI, NUMBER 1 -
MARCH, 1970

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VOLUME CXXVI NUMBER
TROP AGRICUL
A gri cultural Jour
C O N T EN
Virus diseases of rice and their control-by I C. M. BANDARANAYAKA and C. B. KARA
Spraying trials on potato blight control compounds-by S. N. DE SENEVIRATNE
A study of the feeding value of Salvinia a by J. A. DE SIRIWARDENA, S. S. E. RAN,
Biennial bearing in mango-by AYODHYA
PATAK
P U B L | S H E C
T H E D EP A R T MENT O C E Y L. C
issued by the Division of Extension Aids, Blc
iii

JAN-MARCH, 1970
CAL
TURIST
a of Ceylon
TS
D. V. W. ABEYGUNAWARDENA,
NDAWIELA . .
with organo-tin and other
turiculata for growing pigsAWANA and G. A. PIYASENA 3.
PRASAD and RAM ABHILASH
35
BY
F A G R C U L T U R E
Ν
ck No. 1, Echelon Square, Colombo.

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Page 9
Virus diseases of rice a
D. V. W. ABEYGUNAVARDENA, C.
* C. B. KARANDA
Central Agricultural Research
INTRODUCT
Virus diseases constitute a seriou production in South-East Asian col symptoms were first reported from B virus diseases have been increasingly r districts and they could develop into cularly under conditions of high fertiliz varieties, multiple cropping and hapha
Three virus diseases, namely Yellow I Stunt have been characterized in C symptoms, vector transmission and Vi paper reviews experimental Work On discusses complex problems associated
YELLOW DW
Although Yellow Dwarf disease of r: in 1919, its presence in tropical Asia ha the last decade. In Ceylon, the disease then, has been found to occur in most present moment, its distribution in th estimates of infection on ratoon growt have shown up to 20 per cent of infec Yellow Dwarf at this stage could be co. the disease may assume epidemic impo tion of susceptible and high produc example, 50,000 acres are known to b disease resulting in an estimated yield
The disease is known to be transmi leafhopper, namely Nephotettiac cinc Ishihara and N. apicalis Motsch (2). vectors in tropical Asia are thought apicalis. In Japan, the disease is report by N. cincticeps (2).

und their Control
M. BANDARANAYAKA AND
AWELA
Institute, Peradeniya
Received November, 1969
ION
is threat to increased rice untries. In Ceylon, viruslike ibile in 1965 (1). Since then, ecognized in most rice-growing ) epidemic proportions, partiation, cultivation of susceptible Zard cultural practice.
Dwarf, Orange Leaf and Grassy eylon on the basis of their rus-vector relationships. This virus characterization and also with their control in Ceylon.
ARF
ice was first reported in Japan. is been recognized only during was observed in 1966, and since rice-growing districts. At the he field is highly sporadic but h, for instance at Peradeniya, ited hills. The crop loss from insidered to be insignificant but Drtance with extensive cultivative varieties. In Japan, for e severely affected with this loss of about 10,000 tons (2).
tted by three species of green ticeps Uhler, N. impicticep8 Among them, the predominent to be N. impicticeps and N. ed to be transmitted principally

Page 10
TROPICAL AGRICU
 

JLTURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
Fig. 1. Natural
Infection of Rice with Yellow Dwarf Disease.
Fig. 2. Secondary growth from Rice Stubble infected with Y eίίου D μια ηf Disease.

Page 11
VIRUS DISEASES OF RICE A
Symptoms. As illustrated in Figure
is characterized by general chlorosis oj profuse tillering. Chlorotic symptoms ing leaves, and chlorosis spreads the well as to tillers and the main stem. Y chlorosis becomes pronounced follow brown from tip downward. The leaf acquire a dirty brown colour. Panicl emergence and the grain is often spot partly filled.
Symptoms of Yellow Dwarf are als growth from rice stubbles, and the affe guished from a distance. Given in F growth from rice stubbles with charact yellowing, and profuse tillering. Infec than those of healthy hills.
Transmission. Four leaf and planth to colonize rice in Ceylon were experi to transmit Yellow Dwarf. They w Inazuima dorsalis Motsch and Nilaparc only green leafhoppers N. apicalis and determined to be active transmitters.
Shinkai, working in Japan, experim mitting ability of N. apicalis to be low. caps or N. cincticeps. In the pres differential transmitting ability of eit was observed. Both species were equa positive transmission of the disease.
Virus-vector relationships. In e. optimum number of vectors required no substantial difference in the trans vector, or groups of 2 or 3 vectors wal
The incubation period of the virus ance first visual symptoms in the ri varied from 25-90 days. On the other vector (N. impicticeps was found to in Figure 4 is the effect of the period transmitting ability of the vector.

ND THEIR CONTROL
, Yellow Dwarf disease of rice the plant, severe stunting and appear initially on new emergeafter to succeeding leaves as When young plants are infected ed by leaves turning whitish tips lose turgidity and finally es, if produced, show retarded ted, defective and remain only
frequently seen on secondary !cted hills can be readily distinigure 2 are infected secondary eristic symptoms of pronounced ted ratoons have Smaller leaves
opper species commonly found mentally tested for their ability rere N. apicalis, N. impicticeps, uvata lugens Staol. Among them, N. impicticeps (Figure 3) were
entally demonstrated the transer than that of either N. impicti2nt investigation, however, no her N. apicalis or N. impicticeps lly efficient and gave 60 percent
xperiments to determine the to produce highest transmission, mitting ability between a single s observed.
when determined by the appearce variety Taichung (Native) I hand, its incubation period in the vary from 20-55 days. Illustrated of incubation of the virus on the The transmissing ability of the
3

Page 12
foo
8o
TROPICAL, AGRICU
LLLLSLLLSMTSLSLSTSLSLSTTTSSLLL 5 ዘO ዘ5. 2ዐ 24
ANC UB4TIO NV
Εία. 4. Είfect of αγιομβαίδοη
Nephotettix im
 

LTURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
Ειρ. 3. Veρίοης of Yellow Dwarf Disease. 4-Nephotettia:
αρισαίος. B-Neρhoίeίίία θηρίοίίοeρ8.
;下エo
PERIOD IN DAYS
period of Yellow Dwarf Virus in picticeps on transmission.

Page 13
VIRUS DISEASES OF RICE
vector increased with the increase i days. Disease transmission was high 45-50 day incubation period of the vil
The basic relationship of virus-vec persistent. Early instar larvae of N. source and given an incubation per transfer to test plants. Shown graphic typical experiment on serial transmi noted that a single viruliferous leafh disease to more than 10 plants in succ ability increased up to the seventh su increase in transmitting ability could extended incubation of the virus, th incubation period of 40-50 days was re efficiency.
The results of experiments describ and on transmission of Yellow Dwarf vector was sufficient to obtain maxim period of 45-50 days of the virus i maximum transmission, (3) a single than 10 plants serially without having or without any substantial loss in its (4) both N. impicticeps and N. apical ability of Yellow Dwarf disease. It f improvements for effective transmis profitably applied in a mass screen. resistance.
Tests Om varietal resi,Stamce. A se] susceptibility of rice varieties to employing improved methods of di Table 1 are the results of the first indigenous and introduced rice varie
Test seedlings placed in glass tubes 25 seedlings per variety. Sedlings th clay pots and disease estimates taken of symptoms of yellowing, profuse til

ND THEIR CONTROL
incubation period from 20-55 est when insects were given a
U.S.
or has been established to be mpicticeps were fed on a virus iod of 35 days prior to serial ally in Figure 5 are results of a ision of the disease. It will be Opper was able to transmit the ession, and that its transmitting |ccessive transfer. The observed , therefore, be attributed to the Jus confirming that an optimum *quired to give maximum vector
ed on virus-vector relationships thus revealed that (1) a single Lum infection, (2) an incubation in its vector was required for vector was able to infect more g to feed on a fresh virus source, transmitting ability, and finally is possess an equal transmitting ollows, therefore, that the above Sion of Yellow Dwarf could be ng of rice varieties for disease
ies of tests On resistance or ellow Dwarf Were undertaken sease transmission. Reported in varietal evaluation involving 8
leS.
were inoculated at 2-3 leaf stage, us inoculated were grown in 6' on the basis of visual expression ering and stunting of plants.

Page 14
TROPICAL, AGRIC
100
3Q
60కి
急 کسم سے 4Oھ - 9ணுஇை
2O
1 2 3 4
PERSISTE
Fig. 5. Persistence of Yellow

TURISTI, voL. CxxvI, 1970
ത്ത അജ്ഞ ഉമ്മ • അര
s 8 9 G f 2
NCE IN DAYS
Dwarf virus Nephopetettiac in picticeps

Page 15
VIRUS DISEASES OF RICE .
TABLE Relative Resistance of Rice Wa Variety
H 4 TH 02
Chianung 242 . .
Taichung (Native) I
R 8 - -
Remadja
H6
Heenati 309
No differential reactions were obs
nevertheless the degree of infection v latter, H4 emerged as most resistant, moderate infection while IR 8, Remad
susceptibility.
ORANGE I
Orange Leaf virus disease of rice v. Thailand in 1960 (4). It has since Philippines and Ceylon (5, 1). The d in the country but its occurrence is hig distribution in the field. In fields at from rice stubbles showed up to 5.6
Symptoms. The characteristic sy) appearance of conspicuous bright ora rice plant. The orange colour appear; downward, and in certain cases, these side of the leafblade. Leaf margins leaf tip and progresses downward (F reduced tillering, and in a great majc finally killed. Panicles show retar becomes discoloured and partly fille infected, they are rapidly killed.
Transmission. Experimental inocu disease is transmitted by the zig-z Motsch (Figure 7). No positive trans species of rice leaf and planthoppe impictuceps and Nilaparvata lugens. of Rivera et all on insect transmissior
Virus-vector relationships. Vector Orange Leaf disease was improved insects per test plant. Experiments r was superior to either a group of increase in the number of insects

ND THEIR CONTROL
ieties to Yellow Dwarf
Percent Ιηjecίίοη
20
40
60
75
80
90
100
00 3rved among the rice varieties, aried considerably. Based on the H 102 and Chianung 242 showed
ja, H6 and Heenati 309 exhibited
EAE"
7as first reported from northern been found to occur in the isease is now widely distributed shly sporadic and shows a scatter | Peradeniya, secondary growth per cent of infected hills (1).
mptoms of the disease is the ange colour in the leaves of the S as streaks running from leaftip
streaks are confined to only one roll inward commencing at the igure 6). Infected plants show rity of infections, the plants are ded exsertion, and the grain d. When 2-3 leaf seedlings are
lation studies revealed that the ug leafhopper Inazuma dorsalis mission was obtained with other rs viz. Nephotettiac apicalis, N. this partly confirms the findings
of the Orange Leaf disease (5).
efficiency in transmitting the ly an increase in the number of vealed that an insect group of 3 2, or a single insect. A further com 3 to 8 per group per test
7

Page 16
TROPICAL AGRICUL.
(A)
Fig. 6. O, A-Sever, B-Inva,
Fig. 7. Ve Disease In:
 
 

TURIST, VoL. CxxVII, 1970
range Leaf Disease.
ely infected plant. rd Rolling of Leaves.
ctor of Orange Leaf azuma dorsalis.

Page 17
VIRUS DISEASES OF RICE
seedling did not result in increased t relationship of virus-vector was dete transmission studies, a single viruli capable of infecting over 4 plants in s On a fresh Virus Source.
Tests om varietal resistance. Thirty introduced rice varieties were experi their resistance or susceptibility to investigation, viruliferous vectors w lings contained in test tubes and giv of 24 hours. Seedlings, thus inoculate disease appearance and severity da Illustrated in Table 2 is the percent in by each test variety.
TABLE Warietal Reaction of Rice to Variety Per cent. infection, Pachchaiperumal - - 100
Murunga 307 - - 100 H-06 - - - - 00 E-105 - - 90 Murungakayan 303 - - 80 Murungakayan 304 - - 80 Murungakayan 104 - - SO Heratiwi - - - - 80 Vellai Illankalayan - - 80 Hal Suduwi . . 80 Murunga 308 . . - - 80 Dahanala - - 80 Pokkali - - - 80 Vellaiperunel . . - 80 HII 4 - - - 80 H 50 e - - 80 Pinulot - - - 80 Mas 24 - - - - 80 R, 8 - - 80
R 5 - 70 Murungakayan 302 - 70
Dewalradderi . . - - 70 . . Tadukan - - 70 .
Ratuwi - - - 60
Dickwi. - - 60 Ptibo, 16 - 60 H 7 - 50 H 102 - - 50 Bengawan - 50 Elwee - - - 50
Podiwi-a8 - - - 40
Kalu Dahanala, 20 ..

AND THEIR CONTROL
'ansmission of the disease. The rmined as persistent. In serial ferous vector was found to be uccession without having to feed
two indigenous, hybrid and mentaly inoculated to determine
Orange Leaf disease. In this are transferred to 2-3 leaf seedan an inoculation feeding period d, were planted in clay pots and ta taken at regular intervals. infection and symptoms exhibited
2. Orange Leaf Disease
Sутріотs observed
Orange colour of leaves, pronounced
leaf rolling and death of seedlings
do.
do. Orange colour of leaves, leaf rolling not
pronounced do. Orange colour of leaves, pronounced
leaf rolling and death of seedlings
do. Brown colour of leaves, leaf rolling not
pronounced Orange colour of leaves, pronounced
leaf rolling and death of seedlings
do. do. do. do. do. Orange colour of leaves, no rolling of
leaves Orange colour of leaves, pronounced
leaf rolling and death of seedlings Yellowing of leaves, no leaf rolling or
death of seedlings

Page 18
TROPICAL, AGRICUL
All rice varieties tested de recognizable differences existed a population of plants in any investigated showed conspicuou infection as well as their reacti varieties as susceptible, resistan
The cultivated varieties H4, Murungakayan 302, Pokkali a, showed a severe reaction to disea intense orange colour followed b death of seedlings. Varieties suc high degree of infection but did symptoms. Kalu Dahanala reacte ing but the disease neither cause lings. Hence, it could be catego potential importance as a geneti tolerance to Orange Leaf.
GRAS
Grassy Stunt disease was first (6). In Ceylon, it is highly spor: monly found to affect the variety
Symptoms. The disease at a g virus causes severe stunting, p generally tufted and erect (Figu specks appear. Panicle exsertiol comes spotted and generally unf
Transmission. The disease was brown planthopper Nilaparvata tion period in the rice plant was
CONTROL OE” R]
Until broad-based resistant on rice breeding, control of virus di tegration of field sanitation, mal VectOrS.
Virus diseases persist betweer secondary growth from rice stu initial infection. In ill-drained fi
10

JRIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
veloped systemic infection and no in the severity of disease reaction in single variety. However, varieties 3 differences both in the severity of in to disease. Thus, differentiation of , or tolerant was possible.
H7, H105, H501, Pachchaiperumal, ld Podiwi-a8 were susceptible and se which included the development of y inward rolling of leaves, and finally h as IR 8, IR, 5 and Elwee showed a
not react violently with leaf rolling d with mild symptoms of leaf yellowd rolling of leaves nor death of seedrized as a tolerant variety, and has c source in breeding for resistance or
SY STUNT
reported in the Philippines in 1963 adic in occurrence and has been com7 IR 8.
lance resembles Yellow Dwarf. The rofuse tillering, and the leaves are tre 8). On older leaves, rusty brown n is often retarded and the grain beilled or half-filled.
experimentally transmitted with the lugens Stal (Figure 9) The incubadetermined as 10-14 weeks.
CE VIRUS DISEASES
tolerant varieties are developed by iseases must be accomplished by inagement practice and elimination of
maha and Jalla cropping seasons in obles which thus serve as Sources of alds, particularly in the wet zone, the

Page 19
VIRUS DISEASES OF RICE AN
Fig. 9. Vector of Grassy Stunt Disease Nilaparvati
lugens.
 

D THEIR CONTROL
Fig. 8. Natural Infection of Rice with Grassy Stunt Disease.

Page 20
TROPICAL, AGRI
prevalance of Secondary grOV special problems in virus hygiene and post-harvest er utmost importance.
Management practice aim clude attention in many deta ing, elimination of haphazal different age classes, and fina infection. Best results from a integrated and combined ap basis rather than on Scattered
In localities where Virus ( practice and field hygiene sh control... Leafhopper and pli could be eliminated by insec cularly useful for vector con Will result in elimination of ponsible for heavy crop losse could also be accomplished by ties with resistance to vector
The identity of three virus Leaf and Grassy Stunt has be transmission and virus-vecto
Yellow Dwarf Was transmi N. impicticeps, and both spec Experiments have demonstra obtain maximum transmissio the vector was necessary fo Virus is persistent.
An evaluation of resistance introduced rice varieties reve as IR 8, Remadja, H6, and He
Orange Leaf was transmitt The transmitting ability of a a group of 2, Or a single insec to infect over 4 plants in suc Virus Source.
12
 

CULTURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
with from uncontrolled rice stubbles poses control. In such situations, good field radication of virus reservoirs are of the
ed at virus control must necessarily inlils such as avoidance of Staggered plantd and mixed cultivation of Varieties of lly, eradication of all potential sources of bove practices could be achieved by their plication On a contiguous Jaya, or area
farmer's fields.
diseases are endemic, good management puld necessarily be combined with vector anthopper vectors of rice virus diseases ticide application. This method is partitrol in nurseries. Spraying of nurseries early infections that are generally reses. Indirect control of rice Virus diseases ybreeding and development of rice varie
infestation.
SUMMARY
diseases of rice viz Yellow Dwarf, Orange een established On the basis of symptoms, r relationships.
tted by green leafhoppers N. apicalis and 2ies exhibited equal transmitting ability. ted that a single vector was sufficient to n, an incubation period of 45-50 days in ir maximum transmission and that the
2 or tolerance of indigenous, hybrid and aled that H4 was highly resistant wheresenati 309 showed extreme susceptibility.
Led by the zig-zag leafhopper I. dorsalis. group of 3 insects was superior to that of :t. A single viruliferous vector was able cession without having access to a fresh

Page 21
VIRUS DISEASES OF RICE AN
Thirty-two rice varieties were evalu Leaf. Widely cultivated varieties such as highly susceptible. IR 8, IR 5 and Elwe Kalu Dahanala was tolerant and exhibi tons.
Grassy Stunt was transmitted by the The incubation period of the virus in t weeks.
Control of rice virus diseases is discu an integrated approach through field sa and Vector elimination.
ACKNOWLED
The authors are grateful to Messrs R nayake for the preparation of illustratic
BIBLIOGRAP
1. ABEYGUNAwARDENA, D. W. W. (1967), The rice in Ceylon. Proc. Symp. on the Vir Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Mar
2. InDA, T. T. (1967). Dwarf, Yellow Dwarf, diseases of Rice. Proc. Symp. on the The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore,
3. IRRI (1963). Annual Report 1963. The Inte
Los Banos, Philippines.
4. OU, S. H. (1963). Report to the Governme diseases of rice in Malaysia. FAO. EP
5. RIVERA, C. T., OU, S. H. and PATHAK, M. I
the orange leaf disease of rice. Plant
6. SHINKAI, A. (1962). Studies on insect tra Japan. Bull. Nat. Imst. Agric. Sci. Ser.

D THEIR CONTROL
ated for resistance to Orange H4 and Pachchaiperumal were e did not react violently, while ted only leaf yellowing symp
brown planthopper N. lugens. he host was found to be 10-14
LSsed with special reference to nitation, management practice
}GMIENT
R. P. Goonatillaka and A. Ratons for this publication.
HY
pesent status of virus diseases of us diseases of the Rice Plant. The ylland.
Stripe and Black-streaked Dwarf Virus Diseases of the Rice Plant. Maryland.
ernational Rice Research Institute,
ent of Thailand on blast and other 'TA Rep. 1673.
D. (1963). Transmission studies on
Dis. Reptir. 47.
nsmissions of rice virus disease in
C., 14.
13

Page 22


Page 23
Spraying trials on potato organo-tin and oth
S. N. DE S. SENI.
Central Agricultural Research Ins
SUMMARY
In screening trials on the control of late in the hill country wet zone of Ceylon, yiel were consistently superior to those with ol For effective control of the disease, it was before the onset of infection, and thereafter at 10 day intervals were adequate to ensure free from late blight. Phytotoxic effects W. fungicides, especially Brestan 60, which cau and depression of yields. These effects w excessively wet season while during a mode of the organo-tin fungicides applied on a 1( favourably with that of the dithiocarbama were Dithane M-45 and Manzate D (mand and Mangan Curit (maneb) and Antracol ( control of the disease when applied at th
suitable rates for the organo-tin fungicides
(triphenyltin acetate -- maneb) and 12 oz. hydroxide). Substantial economic gains v. blight by fungicidal spraying and it is app potato cultivation is not an economic ven present circumstances.
INTRODUCT)
Late blight has long been recognised diseases of potato. It is common in both the hill country of Ceylon. Crop losses and tuber infection could often be co, cultivation of potatoes it is essential t disease such as the use of resistant var. seasons so as to avoid periods favouri

blight control with er fungicides
EWRATNE
titute, Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Received: November, 1969
e blight of potatoes at Sita Eliya ds with dithiocarbanate fungicides rgano-tin and other formulations. important to apply the first spray approximately seven more Sprays : a vigorous healthy crop virtually ere associated with the organo-tin Lsed distortion of foliage, stunting, Tere most pronounced during an rately wet season the performance ) day spraying schedule compared tes. The most efficient fungicides ozeb), Lonacol M, Dithane M-22 propineb), all of which gave good e rate of 2 lb/100 gal. The most
were 3 oz /100 gal. for Brestan 60 /100 gal for Du-Ter (triphenyltin
would accrue from the control of
arent that without such measures
ture under our conditions in the
ION
as one of the most important the wet and the dry zones of i due to premature defoliation insiderable. For the successful o adopt measures against the ieties, the selection of planting ng disease incidence, and the
5

Page 24
TROPICAL AGRICU
control of the disease by fung Abeygunawardena & Peiris, 193 wardena & Balasuriya, 1961
considerations, however, have
For instance, the resistance of with time, e.g., Gineke, Dekam susceptible to blight may h commend them. In the hill co distributed rainfall, condition occur during much of the y spraying for the control of cultivation.
In previous work on the co 1954, ; Abeygunwardena, 1960 ; chiefly studied in screening tri formulations. In recent years, loped consequent on the disco the organic compounds of tet reported the efficacy of triph effects on different varieties in and the reduction of yields. In carbamate, and organo-tin fung that triphenyltin acetate alone tuber blight. In the trials rep fungicides, Brestan 60 (triphe (triphenyltin hydroxide) wel fungicides including some of as Antracol, Dithane M-45 an tion of the fungicides and the onset of blight infection were
EXPERIM
The trials were conducted ( Yala 1964 and Maha 1964-65 country wet zone which is cha climate. In this Zone rainfall year with two peak periods c
The development of late b by the prevailing conditions ( and wind which influence the
6

LTURIST, VOL. cxxVI, 1970
cidal spraying (Peiris & de Zilva, 1954 ; 8 ; Abeygunawardena, 1960 ; AbeygunaCaesar & Ganesan, 1963). Practical an important bearing on such measures. varieties has been found to break down a and Cosima, while varieties relatively ave other desirable characteristics to untry wet zone of Ceylon with a well s generally favourable to the disease 2ar. In these circumstances fungicidal light is an important aspect of potato
introl of late blight (Peiris & de Zilva, Caesar & Ganesan, 1963), the fungicides als were the coper and dithiocarbamate organo-tin fungicides have been devevery of the high fungicidal efficacy of ravalent tin. Ventura & Herve" (1962) enyltin acetate against blight and its cluding the stunting of terminal leaves comparative trials with copper, dithiogicides, Holmes & Storey (1962) reported had a direct effect on the reduction of orted here, two commercial organo-tin anyltin acetate -- maneb) and Du-Ter e compared with a number of other the more recent dithiocarbamates such d Manzate D. Various rates of applicaeffect of spraying before and after the investigated.
ENTAL METHODS
during the three seasons Maha 1963-64, at Sita Eliya (6,200 ft.) in the hill
aracterised by a cool temperate type of is evenly distributed throughout the
luring the monsoons (Fig. 1).
light epidemics is determined mainly f rainfall, dew, humidity, temperature production of spores and their dispersal,

Page 25
SPRAYING TRIALS ON P
The total rainfall, the number of rain d and maximum temperatures for 10 da each of the trials are shown in Fig. 2.
For all the trials, a randomised blo was used, the plot size being 12 ft x and a 1 ft drain. The planting area pe accommodated ninety tubers planted i row at a spacing of 12 ft. between ro The susceptible variety Gineke was use dressing applied was as follows :-
Sulphate of ammonia-500 lb/acre Conc. superphosphate-750 lb./acre Muriate of potash-133 lb/acre
Cattle manure-5 tons/acre
Sprays were applied with knapsack session. Moveable screens were used to were often wet in this ZOne and ear time for drying of the fungicidal trea treatment was applied at a time, the or treatments was changed on each Occas to some extent the adverse effects of l. different fungicidal sprays on a few oc
Treatments were varied in the trials as the series progressed. Thus, in th Several treatments with Brestan 60 W were eliminated in later trials. In Y (Dithane M-22) was used alternating Brestan 60 to determine whether this effects of the organo-tin fungicide. Fro that the first fungicidal spray had to infection. In the Maha 1964-65 trials, were to compare the efficacy of the fu tively, and finally to determine wheth would ensure adequate protection in a before the Onset of infection.
Late blight infection was assessed : (Anon. 1947) and phytotoxic effects ( O = no phytotoxic symptoms and svimptoms.

OTATO BLIGHT
ays, and the average minimum y periods from 31-90 days for
2k design with four replicates 15 ft inclusive Of a 1 ft bund plot was 10 ft x 15 ft which In ten roWs of nine tubers per WS and 12-13 in. Within rows. d in all the trials. The fertilizer
sprayers during the morning prevent spray drift. Afternoons ly spraying allowed adequate tment. As only one particular der of spraying of the different ion. This procedure also offset ight showers on the efficacy of casions.
depending on clear indications e trials during Maha 1963-64, rere included, many of which Zala 1964, a maneb fungicide With and in combination with
would reduce the phytotoxic m the early trials it was clear be applied before the Onset of therefore, the main objectives ngicides when applied prevenher a 10 day spraying interval spary programme commencing
according to the B. M. S. key in a rating scale of 0-5 where 5-very severe phytotoxic
17

Page 26
TROPICAL, AGRICUL
The fungicide screened in s Maha 1963-64, Yala 1964 and IT
E
Data on the following six tri
(1) Maha 1963-64, trial I,
(2) Maha 1963–64, trial II,
(3) Yala 1964, trial II, plar
(4) Yala 1964, trial II, plau
(5) Maha 1964–65, trial I,
6).
(6) Maha 1964-65, trial II,
7).
The three seasons during W representative of the weather in the hill country wet zone. and conditions very favourable was relatively dry and blight v wet and represented the condi
The outstanding fungicides v Dithane M-45 and Manzate D and Mangan Curit (maneb), ar excellent control of the disease vigorous crops free from phy yields. For the four trials duri best treatments in comparisor as 100%) were 254% (LC 284% (Dithane M-45, Maha 196 1964-65, trial I) and 268% (Ma
The Organo-tin fungicides, effective in controlling the fun effects on the plants which, ir lacked the health and vigor C fungicides (Fig. 4, bottom left were more pronounced with E Du-Ter (Fig. 4, top right), a sypmtoms were observed durir The effect of organo-tin fung determined because the incide
18

TURIST, WOL. CxxVII, 1970
ix trials, two each during the season Maha 1964-65 are listed in Table 1.
RESULTS
als are presented in Tables 2-7.
planted on 18 October, 1963 (Table 2). planted on 8 November, 1963 (Table 3). hted on 20 March, 1964 (Table 4). nted on 20 March, 1964 (Table 5). planted on 18 September, 1964 (Table
planted on 5 November, 1964 (Table
7hich the trials were conducted were conditions that could be encountered Maha 1963-64 was a very wet season to blight were encountered. Yala 1964 vas not severe. Maha 1964-65 was again tions of an average season.
were the dithiocarbamate formulations, (mancozeb), Lonacol M, Dithane M-22 hd Antracol (propineb). They achieved a during all types of seasons, produced rtotoxic effects, and gave the highest ng the Maha seasons, the yields of the 1 with the unsprayed controls (taken nacol M, Maha 1963–64, trial I), 53-64, trial II), 367% (Lonacol M, Maha anzate D, Maha 1964–65, trial II).
Brestan 60 and Du-Ter were very gus. However, they also caused adverse n general, were somewhat stunted and of plants treated with dithiocarbamate ). Phytotoxic symptoms on the foliage Brestan 60 (Fig. 4, top left) tilan with und With the former the most seVere ng the very wet Maha season of 1963-64. gicides on tuber blight could not be nce of tuber blight in these trials was

Page 27
SPRAYING TRIALS ON )
negligible. Yields from the organo-ti those from the dithiocarbamates and t dithiocarbmate and organo-tin treatm significant at the 5% level in all the
In Maha 1963-64, fungicidal sprayin the onset of late blight infection in tr. the best treatment in the former yiel latter the highest yield was 5.74 ton strictly comparable. Nevertheless, the ance of applying fungicidal sprays be the advantage of this practice on the was apparent in subsequent trials. Fu. a 10 day interval between successive a Vigorous crop and a good yield. protection late blight invariably ca bottom right).
ECONOMICS OF
Yields are substantially increased b and an attempt may be made to deterr spraying. In Tables 8 and 9 the cost are worked out for two rates of spray for a total of four, five, six, seven or a season. The cost of a lb of fungicic Rs 4, 5 or 6. The minimum and ma estimated as required for a season to respectively. If the cost of a lb of venience, to be Rs. 5, then the exper from Rs 40 (8 lb) to Rs 160 (32 lb), 2-5 tons/acre by the efficient contro of potatoes to be Rs 896/ton, the pro 10. In the case of cultivators who themselves, this will virtually repre allowance Will have to be made for changes can also be made in the tabl potatoes, etc., differ from the figures
DISCUSSION AND (
Control of late blight of potatoes m of two other important aspects which cultivation and extension of the crop i

OTATO BLIGHT
In treatments were lower than he differences between the best ents were, with one exception, Maha trialS.
g commenced after and before als I and II respectively. While ded only 3.00 tons/acre, in the s/acre. The two yields are not ese trials indicated the importfore the Onset of infection and growth and vigour of the crop (ther, with preventive spraying, sprays Was adequate to ensure
In the absence of fungicidal used severe damage (Fig. 4,
SPRAYING
by the efficient control of blight nine the economics of fungicidal of fungicides for blight control fluid, 100 and 150 gal/acre, and eight spray applications during le has been arbitrarily taken at ximum quantities of fungicides
spray an acre are 8 and 24 lb., fungicide is assumed, for conLditure on fungicides will range Yields may be increased by of blight. Assuming the price fits accrued are given in Table carry out the spray operations sent the nett profit. In farms, operational costs. Appropriate es where the cost of fungicides, considered.
ONCLUSIONS
ust be considered in the context influence to a great extent the n Ceylon.The first is the bacterial
19

Page 28
TROPICAL AGRICUL
Wilt disease caused by Pseudo is as yet no practical means of c. the longest possible interval b soil. The second is the limited
for local seed production. Witl to eliminate losses from late bl the land cultivated each season
The trials described indicate the first fungicidal spray befo between 25-35 days after planti between successive sprays is a free from the disease. Under t season has a duration of about fore be required during a sea crop. On the other hand, once the crop, fungicidal sprays are of the first spray before the onse
Of the fungicides tested, thi considered the most suitabl (mancozeb), Lonacol M, Ditha and Antracol (propineb).
The Organo-tin fungicides ga mates. However, they were hig of application, 3 oz/100 gal wit Du-Ter. The expression of ph during the Maha 1963-64 season 1964-65. The rainfall and temp plants are most susceptible to seasons are summarised in Tal wet conditions aggravate phyt the performance of the organo With some of the dithiocarbam II with a 10 day spraying inter gal may perhaps be more econo during a moderately wet seasor of a fungicide in such circumsta yields (in comparison with the Because of the importance of m able acreage each season, contro which ensure the highest yie
20

TURIST, VOL. CxXVI, 1970
monas Solanacearum for which there introl and which therefore necessitates etween successive crops on the same acreage available in the potato farms these two limitations it is essential ight and to maximise the yields from
: clearly the importance of applying re the Onset of infection-generally ng. Thereafter, an interval of 10 days dequate to keep the crop practically he conditions in Ceylon, the growing 90-110 days and 6-8 sprays will thereson to ensure a vigorous blight-free
the disease has established itself On much less effective. Thus the timing at of infection is of critical importance.
e following six dithiocarbamates are e-Dithane M-45 and Manzate D ne M-22 and Mangan Curit (maneb)
ve lower yields than the dithiocarbahly fungitoxic at relatively low rates sh Brestan 60 and 12 oz/100 gal with ytotoxic symptoms was most severe but comparatively mild during Maha erature conditions at the stage when phytotoxic injury during these two ble II. This suggests that excessively otoxic effects. During Maha 1964-65, p-tin fungicides compared favourably ates, especially in Maha 1964-65 trial val. The use of Brestan 60 at 3 oz/100 mical than the use of dithiocarbamates L. However, the decision on the choice inces will depend on whether reduced dithiocarbamates) will be acceptable. aximising yields from a limited cultivl of blight by less economical measures ds may be preferred. However, the

Page 29
SPRAYING TRIALS ON PC
possibility of combining dithiocarbama cides in a spray programme deserves ( mates can be used for the early spra sensitive to phytotoxic damage from
later stages of the crop the latter can probably avoid the adverse effects of t utilizing their beneficial action on the c
ACKNOWLEDG
The writer is grateful to Messrs. S. M. Haniffa for their assistance in thes for statistical analysis of the data, to in this work, and to Dr. O. S. Peries script. Special thanks are due to Mr. services in the field operations. Grate made to the following manufacturers tatives who supplied samples of fung AG., E. L. du Pont de Nemours & Com N. W. Philips-Duphar, Rohm & Haas Co & Fertilizer Company Limited, Hayl Limited.
REFERENC
ABEYGUNAwARDENA, D. V. W. (1960) control of late blight of potato. of the field control of epiphytotic
ABEYGUNAwARDENA, D. V. W. & BALASO potato cultivation. I. Late blight (Mont) de Bary. Trop. Agricult ABEYGUNAwARDENA, D. V. W. & PEIRIS
the fungicidal control of late fungicides. Trop. Agriculturist, Anon. (1947). The measurement of po
31, 140-141. CAESAR, K. & GANESAN, S. (1963). Cont
Agriculturist, 119, 1-15. HoLMEs, T. D. & STOREY, I. F. (1962) thiocarbamate and organo-tin f in Lincolnshire. 1958-1961. Pl. ] PEIRIs, J. W. L. & DE SILVA, P. J. (1954 of potatoes at Rahangala. Trop. VENTURA, E. & HERVE”, J. J. (1962). [ against blight and its effects potatoes. Phytiat.-Phytopharm.

)TATO BLIGHT
tes with the organo-tin fungionsideration. The dithiocarbays when the plants are most organo-tin fungicides. In the be used. Such a scheme will he organo-tin fungicides while ontrol of tuber blight.
MENTS
Ganesan, P. L. E. Pannila and e trials, to Mr. V. Navaratnam Dr. K. Caesar for his interest
for his helpful review of the T. F. Simon for his invaluable !ful acknowledgments are also abroad or their local represengicides : Farbenfabriken Bayer pany, Farbwerke Hoechst AG., mpany, The Colombo Chemical eys Limited, and Photo-Cinex
SES . Experiments on the fungicidal III. Some aspects on improvement 2s. Trop. Agriculturist, 116, 125-130. ORIYA, I. (1961). Disease hazards in caused by Phytophthora infestans urist, 117, 211-220. , J. W. L. (1958). Experiments on blight of potato. I. Screening of 114, 89-98. - ato blight. Trans. Brit. Mycol Soc,
rol of late blight in potatoes. Trop.
Comparative trials of copper, diungicides for potato blight control Path., 11, 139-146.
). Fungicidal control of late blight Agriculturist, 110, 201-216. Che efficacy of triphenyltin acetate on the growth and the yield of , 11, 27-33.
2.

Page 30
TROPICAL AGRICU)
TABLE 1-Fun
Fungicide
Brestan 60 Triphenyltin a dithiocarbama
Du-Ter Triphenyltin hy Dithane M-45 Complex of zinc Manzate D Mancozeb
Dithane M-22 Maneb
Lonacol M Maneb
Mangan Curit Maneb
Dithane Z-78
Zinc ethylenebis
Antracol Zinc propyleneb Cupravit (Ob 21) Copper oxychlor Fungicide 328 3,3-ethylenebi
5-thiadiazine
TABLE 2-Effect of fungicides on th
Planted on : 18.10.63. Spraying commenced with the onset of it Sprayed on ; 20. ll, 27. ll, 4.12, ll.)
Fungicide
Brestan 60
Dithane Z-78
alternating with
Brestan 60°
Du-Ter
Du-Ter
Lonacol M
Dithane Z-78
Antracol
Antгаcol
Control
L. S. D. (P=0.05)
* Four sprays of Dithane Z-78 and thr
22

TURIST, WoL. Cxx VII, 1970
gicides screened in the trials
Acίουε όηgreάιeηί A.I. (%)
Betate -- manganese ethylenebis- 60-20 ate (maneb)
droxide - - - 20
and maneb (mancOZeb) 80
80
80
80
- 80
dithiocarbamate (zineb) 78
isdithiocarbamate (propineb) - - 70
ide .. - 50
s (tetrahydro-4,6- dimethyl-2H-1, 3, 75 2-thione)
e control of late blight in Maha 1963/64, trial I
infection and sprays were applied at 7 day intervals 2, 18. 12, 24.12 and l. l. 64.
Meат % Meат,
Rates blight at phytotoacic Mean 100 gal 9 weeks injury at yield,
9 weeks tons sacre
6 oz. . . 100 30 . . 1-79
2b -
13-8 . . . 0-5 . . 2-37 8 oz.
lb . . 75 . lo . . 2:39
la lb . . Il-3 . . 08 . . 2.96
2 lb . . 0-0 . . 3-00
2 b . . 6:3 . . 000 . . 2.47
2 b . . 0.3 .. 00 . . 2.73
23 lb . . 6-3 . . 0-0 . . 2.82
= - 90-0 .. - 8
0.55
le of Brestan 60; first spray with Dithane Z-78.

Page 31
SPRAYING TRIALS ON PO
TABLE 3-Effect of fungicides on the contro
trial
Planted on 9 8.11.63.
Spraying commenced before the onset of infectic
day intervals.
Sprayed on : 7 day interval-29. 11, 6.12, 13
and 24.1.
14 day interval -29. ll, 13.12,
Spraying Fungicide Ratel interval 100 gal in days
Brestan 60 . . 4 oz. . . 7
Brestan 60 ... 4 oz. . . 翼4
Breatan 60--S . . 4 oz. . . 7
Brestan 60--S ... 4 oz. . . l4 Brestan 60 ... 7 oz. . . . 7 Brestaan 60 ... 7 oz. . . - 14
Brestan 60——S ... 7 oz. . . 7 Brestan 60--S ... 7 oz. . . 4.
Brestan 60 ... 8 oz. . . 7
Brestan 60 . . 83. oz. . . 4. Brestan 60+ s ... 8 oz. . . 7 Brestan 60+s .. 8 oz. .. 4. Du-Ter. . . . 1 lb ... 7 Du-Ter ... 14 lb Dithane M-45 . . . 2 lb 7
Dithane Z-78 2 1b 7
Antracol 2 1bo 7
Antracol . . 2 lb 7
Control - - = -
L.S.D. (P=0.05) . .
* Treatments with Brestan 60 and Du-Ter were S-Sticker Agrotin 300 added to spray fluid at

TATO. BLGHT"
bil of late blight in maha, 1963/64,
on and sprays were applied at 7 and 14
. 12, 20. 12, 27. 12, 3. l. 64, 10. II, 17. l.
27.2 and I.O.I. 64.
Mean % Mean, Mean
blight at ρhμίοίοατία yield, 9. veeks injury at tons sacre
9 veeks
0s. . . 3. . . 3-24
23-8 . . 0.8 . . 3-14
O. . . 3-5 .. 338
16·3 。。 0.8 . 308
0-1 . . 4.- ... ;"2・67
7s5 . . l°0 . . 322
0s. . . 38 . . 2.99
2-3 . . le. . . 248 0.1 .. 4.1 .. 282
2-5. . . 14 .. 2-83
0-1 .. 4·3 。。 2-68
7.5 .. 3 : 372
0-l . . 0-5. ... 3.94
08 . . 1°5 : . 3.38
0-0 . . 0-0 . 5074 0• 1 . . 0-0 .. 486 olo ... 0-0 ... so.
0-0 . . 0-0 . 5-35
95-0 . . ബ 202
0-90
not sprayed on 24"l. the rate of 16 fl. oz. 1100 gal.
23

Page 32
TROPICAL AGRIC
TABLE 4-Effect of fungicides 0.
Planted on : 20.3.64. Spraying commenced before the ons
day intervals. Sprayed on : 7 day interval-15.4, 10 day interval-li5.4,
Fungicide
Dithane M-45 Dithane M-45 Lonacol M Lonacol M Mangan Curit Mangan Curit Dithane Z-78 Dithane Z-78 Antracol Antracol Fungicide 328 Fungicide 328 Control
Differences were not significant at P
TABLE 5-Effect of fungicides on
Planted on ; 20.3.64. Spraying commenced before the ons
days intervals. Sprayed on : 7 day interval-lb. 4, 14 day interval-lb.4
Fитgicide Raste
100 gal.
Brestan 60--S - 8 oz. . Brestan 60 - 8 oz
alternating with
i Dithane M-22* 2 lb Brestan 60-1- 8 oz Dithane M-22 1 lb Du-Ter 1 lb . Du-Ter-- 1 lbo T
Dithane M-22 lb Dithane M-22 2 lb .
Control
Differences were not significant at P * Four sprays of Brestan 60 and fou
24

JLTURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
in the control of late blight in Yala, 1964, trial I
et of infection and sprays were applied at 7 and 10
22.4, 29.4, 6.5, 13.5, 20.5, 27.5 and 3.6.
25.4, 5.5, 15.5, 23.5 and 2.6.
Spraying Meат % Mean,
Ratel interval blight at yield, 100 gal. in days 9 uveeks tons/acre
2 b .. 7 . . 0-0 . . 685 2 b ... O ... 0-0 . . 7.36 2 bo ... .. 7 . . 0-0 .. 824. 2 lb . . O . . 0-0 . 6-22 2 lb . . 7 . . OO .. 655 2 lb . . O . . OO .. 655 2 lb . . 7 . . 0-0 . . 7.79 2 lb . . . 10 . . 0-0 ... , 6-73 2 b ... 7 . . 0-0 . 6-65 2 lb . . 0 . . 0.0 . . . . 7.54 13 lb . . . 7 . . 0-0 . . 7:44 1 lb . . 10 . . 0-0 ... 7-0
- -- - 500 . . 5-53
=0-05。
the control of late blight in Yala, 1964, trial II
at of infection and sprays were applied at 7 and 14
22.4, 29.4, 6.5, 13.5, 20.5, 27.5 and 3.6. E, 29. 4, 13.5 and 2.7.5. . ܕ
Spraying Mean % Mean Mean interval blight at phytotoacic yield, in days 9. veeks йтjиry at fоп8/acre
9 weeks (, ,
4 . . 0-0 . . 1.4 , 649
7 . . 0-0 . . 0.4 . 7:27
7 () () . . 0-5. . . 6.73
7 ... 0-0 . . 0 0 0 . . r - 6-50
N
7 0.0 . . OeO . . 724
7 . . OO .. 0.0 . . 7.58 - .. 588 . . - , 78
== 0°05. v. A 3:
ur of Dithane M-22 ; first spray with Brestan 60.

Page 33
SPRAYING TRIALS ON PC
TABLE 6–Effect of fungicides on the control of
Planted on : 18.9. 64. Spraying commenced with the onset of infection
vals. Sprayed on : 28. 10, 4. II, ll. 11, 18. 11, 25.11,
6. 1.65.
Ритgicide Rates
100-gal.
Brestan 60 3 oz. Du-Ter - - ... 12 oz. Du-Ter-- - - ... 12 oz. Dithane M-22 4 oz. Dit hane M-45 2 Ib Manzate D 2 lb Dithane M-22 2 Ibo Lonacol M 2 lbo Mangan Curit 2 lb Dithane Z-78 2 Ibo Antracol 2 Ib Cupravit (Ob 21) 6 lb Fungicide 328 1 libo
Control
L. S. D. (P=0.05) - - -
TABLE 7-Effect of fungicides on the control of
Planted on : 5. l. 64.
Spraying commenced before the onset of infecti
intervals.
Sprayed on : 12. 12, 22. 12, l. 1.65, Il. 1, 21.1,
Εμηριαίαε Rate
100 gal.
Brestan 60 - - - - 3 oz. Du-Ter - - 12 oz. Du-Ter -- - - - - 12 oz. Dit hane MI-22 - - - 4 oz. Dithane M-45 - - - 2 l}) Manzate D - - - 2 lb Dithane M-22 - - 2 lb Lonacol M . . . 2 Ib Mangan Curit - - - - 2 Ib Dithane Z-78 - - e 2 Ib Antracol - - 2 bo Cupravit (Ob 21) - - 5 lb Fungicide 328 - - 14 lb
Control -
L.S.D. (P=0.05) .. -س

TATO BLIGHT
late blight in maha, 1964/65, trial II
and sprays were applied at 7 day inter
2. 12, 9.12, 16. 12, 23. 12, 30. 12 and
Mean, 9%. Mean phyto. Mean, blight at toacic injury yield,
10 auveekcs at 10 weeks tons sacre
18 . . 1'4. . . 7-04 1 *6 . . O'8 . . 7-03
O' . . O'6 . . 7-99
0-1 . . 0-0 . . 9.92 O'3 ... 0°0 . . 9.06 O'0 . . 0-0 . . 9.57 0-1 . . O'0 . . 0.49 04. . . 00 . . 9.20 0.8 . . 0-0 . . 6.57 O'3 . . OO .. 8.22 0-6 . . 3-1 ... 7.03 28 . . 0-0 . . 5.83 31-3 . . - - 2.86
- - - - 196
late blight in Maha, 1964/65, trial II
on and sprays were applied at 10 day
30. I and 9.2.
Mean %. Mean phyto- Mecan, blight at ίοατία ίηήμrυ yield, II weeks at II weeks tons/acre
0-3 . . 1.0 . . 9.48
0.8 . . 0.5 . . 9.0
0-1 . . 0-3 . . 020
0-0 . . 0-0 . . 1046
0-0 . . 0-0 . . II »95
O. . . OO .. 1.02
0-0 . . 0-0 . . 983
- - 0.1 ... 0-0 . . 9-57 e. 0-6 . . 0-0 . . 9-92 - 0-1 .. 0-0 . . 10-20 - - 0.8 . . 0.8 . . 8.7
1-0 . . 0-0 . . 9·14 500 . . - - 4.46
n - u - 1-94
25

Page 34
TROPICAL AGRIC
TABLE 8-Cost of fungi
2 lb. 1100 gal.
No. of Total volume To Sprays of spray fluid of during required 860LSOጎጌ gal
4 400
5 500
6 600
700
8 800
TABLE 9-Cost of fungi
2 lb./ 100 gal.
No. of Total volume To 8prays of spray fluid of, during required ?"
SeOSO72, gal
4 600 5 750 6 900 7 1,050 8 1,200
TABLE 10-Ec
Υίeία ίηση βαSe Value όν γιμηρισίααι ίηση βα.
spraying, yield tons sacre Rso
2 3 2 4 3 5 4.
*Based on the price of potatoes at
i"Appropriate allowance must be in
26

JLTURIST, voL. CXXVI, 1970
sides applied in spray fluid at the rate of nd 100 gal. to spray an acre
all weight Cost in Rs. of fungicide for price fungicide price range Rs 3-61 lb equired سسسسسسسسسس-۸مـــــــــــــــــــسسسسسسسسم--\
lb Rs 4 Rs 5 Rs. 66
8 - 32 - - 40 - - 48
O - - 40 - EO - - 60
12 - - 48 - - 60 - - 72
14 56 - - 70 - - 84
16 - - 64 - - 80 - 96
cides applied in spray fluid at the rate of and 150 gal. to spray an acre
all weight Cost in Rs. of fungicide for fungicide price range Rs 3-61 lb equired .۸- y
lb Rs 4 Rs 5 RS 6
2 48 - - 60 - - 72 15 - - 60 - - 75 .. 90 18 - - 72 . . . .90 . . .08 2. 84 . . .05 ... 26
24 96 ... 120 ... 144
onomies of fungicidal spraying
of Profit by fungicidal application." ed سسسسسسسسسسس ح۸سسسسسس------------------------سم-- Eacpenditure Еаретditите
οη fμηριαία β8 on fungicides
Rs. 40 RS 160
,792 .. 1,752 . . 1,632 ,688 . . 2,648 . . 2,528 ,584. . . 3,544 . . 3,424 4,320 。。 440。4 • • 480 و
Rs 896 ton.
hade for operational costs where necessary.

Page 35
SPRAYING TRIALS ON
TABLE 11-Expression of
31
- Season, Tγια/ Rain fall
--س-۸س-----سسسس
Amount Ra
in in. da.
Maha, 1963/64 II. . . 丑0·14 2 Maha, 1963/64 III . . 12-63 2
Maha, 1964/65 T. . . 6-86 2
Maha, 1964/65 III . . 640 . . I
30 -
NUWARA ELIYA
25
Fig. 1. Temperature and rainfall variation
— Э—, теат тотthly тітітит iетpera
3-J 9882 (1170)
temperature, vertical stri
 

POTATO BLIGHT
phytotoxic symptoms
-60 days
سسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسس۸س--
Temperature, C Phμίοίοαίο
- - - symptoms
, A1 ay. 4り。
S. ኅገጌኌገ0. ጎገጌ0፲፰2.
3 ... 12.5 ... 21.9 ... severe
3 . . I 2-2 . . 21-3 . . Severes
5 109 . . 22-1 ... Slight
8 . . 93 . . 23'4 ... Slight
И\
\
S.
d Mمحم Mهي
مجھ
گی
N
N *?
8
6
i
4
J A S O N ID
at Nuuvara Eliya (hill country wet zone) ure; —O—, mean, monthly maazimum les, monthly rainfal,

Page 36
TROPICAL AGRIC
If I
t
o
f 杏 Jj 10. ෆ Ο . 프 - Ο
ତs - .5 صCh N '. e 尊 . 드 - -
s T E 10 ද්වූ O O
O
d O | Ο Ο
3-40' 450 S-60 - Ten day periods, days
Fig. 2. Weather conditions during the days-O-, average minimum tempe, vertical Stripes, rai,
28

ULTURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
Maha 63/64 Trial
Maha 63/64
- 2 Trial II
Yala 64 Trials I & II
~ല്ല--ത്തെആജ്ഞLLLLLSS LLLS S LLLSrSSLLLLSLSSLS SSSSSSMSSSSLS SLSSLSL SLLLLLLSLLLs
2
i
s Maha 64/65 |l2 Tria II
Maha 64/65 Trial II
zoti-gote.po
after planting
trials at Sita. Eliya for 10 day periods from 31-90 rature ;— O—, average mascimum tenperature ; nfall ; un shaded, rain days.

Page 37
RAYING TRIALS ON P.
SP
響
、
 

OTATOBLIGHT
104), o so smo
!\,
qå 1049,26 so ‘o ‘62),
süð0,3%,sun os 210N
*
1q siq porossosop puno usodos os un 2010, 104

Page 38
TROPICAL AGRICULT
Fig. 4. Treatments from Maha 1963/64 sprays. Note the phytotoacic symptoms ( which are severe with Brestan, 60 (43 oz., II Du-Ter (1 lb. 1100 gal. 7 day interval) (top sprayed with Dithane M-45 (2 lb. 1100 gal
un sprayed con
30
 

URIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
緣
trial II at 65 days after the application of seven
in the foliage sprayed with organo-tin fungicides 00 gal., 7 day interval) (top left, 1) and mild with right, 17) in comparison with the healthy foliage , 7 day interval) (bottom left, 16) and the defoliated rol (bottom right, 19).

Page 39
Study of the feeding v. auriculata for gro
J. A. DE S. SIRIWARDENE, S. S. E. RANA
Veterinary Research Institute,
(Received Novembe
INTRODUCTIC
Salvinia auriculata which is floating V been introduced into Ceylon from India, the SecGnd W (rld War as a camouflag Since its introduction, this weed has s become a pest, taking posSession Of Wat clogging up irrigation channels. It has spread of Filariasis in Ceylon. Althoug tiCin Of Sal Vilnia has been existence for still causes considerable economic dama
This paper records the results of a stu of Salvinia auriculata for growing pigs following a suggestion that Salvinia má There is no record in the literature O animal feed. Some work has, however, value of a similar water weed, namely crassipes). Water Hyacinth is reportec palatable feed, both in the fresh and cool practical to include Water Hyacinth in 1 and in rations of cattle (Chatterjee a recently, Wahid (1959) has reported t cattle, when Water Hyacinth was fed
MATERIALS AND
A feeding trial was carried out using White x Large Black) pigs at the ( Welisara. Twenty pigs were paired acc and treatments allocated at random received a basal concentrate feed mac coconut meal 33 per cent., groundnut

alue of Salvinia wing pigs
AWANA and G. A. PIYASENA
Gaminoruwa, Ceylon
r, 1969)
ON
water weed, reported to have
was used extensively during ge for waterways and lakes. pread SO rapidly that it has erways and paddy fields and
also been implicated in the h a programme for eradicasome years, this water weed
ge.
dy to assess the feeding value ... The study was undertaken ay be of value as a pig feed. in the use of Salvinia as an been reported on the feeding , Water Hyacinth (Eichornia d as being a bulky and unked formS. It is not COnSidered rations of pigs (Minano, 1938) nd Abdul Hye, 1938). More he incidence of diarrhoea in alOne.
METHODS
3 month Old Crossbred (Large Government Livestock Farm, 'ording to the initial weights for each pair. Both groups le up as follows :-extracted
meal 4 per cent., rice bran
3.

Page 40
'TROPICAL AGRICU
(grade I) 30 per cent., maize fish meal 5 yer cent, and mine Cor:centrate fed daily was wo weight of pigs in each group. 75 per cent. of the daily req The restriction of the concent induce the pigs to consume a accentuate the differences ir treatments. Group 1 was offere freshly cut Brachiaria brizant as the control group. The am rejected were : ecorded daily. ning and thereafter at weekly The experiment lasted ten we
Samples of B. brizantha ar protein, ether extract, crude fi methods.
RESULTS
The composition of B. brizan are given in Tahle 1. It becan the fresh form would not be since it contained 95.15 per cer not consume Salvinia in the di: to feed fresh Sal Vilnia.
TABLE 1-Composi
(as percen
Dry O
Matter P.
B. brizantha, ... 22.76 . .
Salvinia, - - 4-85 . .
The results of the experime response of pigs on the two conclusion of the experiment.
32

JLTURIST, VOL. CXXVI., 1970
» 20 per cent..., wheat flour 5 per cent., ral mixture 3 per cent. The quantity of rked Out each week On the basis of the This ration was intended to provide only Jirement for maintenance and growth. rate intake was imposed in order to (1) reasonable amount of Salvinia and (2) | the growth response under the two }d fresh Salvinia while Group 2 received ha grass on an ad. lib. basis and served punts of grass and Salvinia offered and
The pigs were weighed at the beginintervals for the duration of the trial. eks.
ld Salvinia were analysed for crude bre, ash and N.F.E. by the conventional
AND DISCUSSION
tha and Salvinia used in the experiment he apparent that feeding of Salvinia in the most satisfactory form for feeding, it. moisture. However, since pigs would ried form, there was no alternative but
tion of B. brizantha and Salvinia
tages offresh weight)
rude Ether Crude Ash. N.F. E.
rotein. Eactract Fibre
1.77 . . 0.60 . . 7-69 . . I-50 . . 11.20
0-49 . . 0-0 . . L-60 . . 0.90 ... I-85
ht are given in Table 2 and the growth treatments is shown in Fig. 1. At the pigs on Salvinia showed an average

Page 41
FEEDING VALUE OF SALVINIA AURICU
gain in weight of 12.5 lbs. while those
23.1 lbs. The difference in the final weig was highly significant (P - 0.001).
TABLE 2.
Initial weight (lbs.) Final weight (lbs.) Gain in weight (lbs.) Daily intake of Salvinia (lbs.) Daily intake of B. brizantha (lbs.)
The poor performance of pigs in Gr bulkiness of the Salvinia. The excessive resulted in a very low dry matter inta Salvinia was relatively unpalatable. T intake of Salvinia as compared with B. Salvinia showed a progressive decline period. The average daily intake of Salv. that of B. brizantha grass was 2.33 lb. intake was 0.08 lb. for Group 1 and 0.5 evidence of diarrhoea as has been repor Hyacinth to cattle (Wahid, 1959). It is fresh state is of no practical value for fi
SUMMARY
The results of an investigation on t du riculata for growing pigs is recorded very poorly compared to those fed Br the daily ration. The authors conclude t is bulky and unpalatable and is theref feeding of pigs.
ACKNOWLEDGM
The authors Wish to thank the Mana ernment Livestock Farm, Welisara, for the experiment.

LATA FOR GROWING PIGS
On B. Brizantha grass gained hts of pigs in the two groups
Group 1 Group 2
267 . . 26.7
39.2 . . 49.8
25 . . 23.
1968 . . -
- , , 2-33
oup 1 was mainly due to the moisture content Of Salvinia ke. It was also observed that his is evident from the lower brizantha. The intake of fresh throughout the experimental inia was 1.68lbs. per pig while S. Thus the daily dry matter lb. for Group 2. There was no ted with the feeding of Water concluded that Sal Vilnia in the eeding of pigs.
the feeding value of Salvinia. i. Pigs on Salvinia performed achiaria brizantha as part of hat Salvinia in the fresh State fore of no practical value for
ENTS
ger and the staff of the Govtheir assistance in conducting
33

Page 42
34
TROPICAL AGRIC
CHATTERJEE, I and ABDUL Ht a cattle feed. Agricul
MINANO, G. (1938). A stud
(Eichornia crassipes)
Phillippine J. Aтітal
WAHID H. (1959). Investigat
Pakistan, 10, 513,
Բւ Շ. I -
s'
()----G)
ది L. 2کيپ—صچ
**|__
4-0
 

ULTURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
REFERENCES
ZE, MI (1938). Can water hyacinth be used as ture and Livestock in India. 8,547.
y of the feeding value of water hyacinth for growing pigs.
Indust. 5, 223 & 377.
ion of water hyacinth as fodder. Agriculture
Q, o evita o es ense o ovas
CO NA S A LN I NA AN IS ዪ ዪAcw •ጳዪtል
L
G१.०५e 2
Lin w ee les בפe feet ואTi

Page 43
Biennial bearing
AYODHYA PRASAD AND RAM
National Hortorium Mee
THE terms alternate, biennial, intern for mango are usually used by research the tendency for mango trees to bear
very little or no crop in the next year. be grouped in one general term, viz., "
There are certain varieties of Seedl bearing habit. The terms covering should not be confused with “shy be mango trees are known as shy bearer Small amount of fruits instead of the produced in accordance with proport other hand, they are said to be unfru. little or no crop at all due to factors li humid an atmosphere all the year roul
Trees having a biennial habit bear which is termed “ on year’ while in t or no crop which is termed “ off yea this tendency of “ on ” and “off” rei tinuously unless the habit is altered occurrence of frost, hail, disease, p at time of flowering.
For the sound development of the m of a reasonably regular crop every year why this review has been prepared ti orchardists an understanding of the pr
The discussion of the different fact and possible control measures is grou the following review.
Present address : Horticultural Research I
4一一J9882(1/70)

of mango
ABHILASH PATAK*
erut, U.P., India
(Received November, 1969)
hittent and irregular bearing l workers. These terms signify a heavy crop in one year and All these terms may broadly periodicity in cropping '.
ing mango which are of shy
“ periodicity in cropping” arer' or “unfruitfulness', as is when they produce a very total crop, which should be ionate Size of tree. On the itful when they produce very ke un Suitable climate and tOO. ind.
a heavy crop in One year ihe next they bear very little r’. It is a proven fact that mains so and goes On conby external factors like the ests and inclement weather
hango industry the production is of prime importance. This is o give research workers and Oblem.
ors affecting mango cropping ped under different heads in
Institute, Sharanpur.
35

Page 44
TROPICAL AGRICU
1. Biennial Bearing Rhythm Fazal while giving an accoun tioned that some trees yielded the next, while others produced Afterwards it was confirme a heavy crop only in every a crop in the intervening year occur with most trees, but the among Pirie mango trees. So of mango is an acquired chara to proper cultural practices (1 growth, flowering, fruit Set, account for bearing habit (12 its cropping pattern depends 144, 152, 205).
The mango tree starts the early stage of fruiting for the also reported that biennial k 10 years or more (74). Howev reported that young mango of the optimum quantity ev bearing when the trees attain
The measurement of biennia a very difficult task. It can b the yield of a certain variety period of several years. But be very accurate for the differ evolved a method to assess the it has been fully described by of biennial bearing in mangc pair of years by the formula
I- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN S.
SUMI OF SUCCESSIVE ΥI
Where “ I o Stands for intens tree.
2. Role Growth. Cycle.-Gr fruiting of mango (168, 198) different fushes and after atta

LITURIST, VOL. CxxVII, 1970
-As early as in the year 1590 Abdul of mango fruit in Ain-i-Akbari mena heavy crop in a year and light one in | One year and not in the following year. !d that mango trees did not bear ternate year and they produce a poor (23). Alternate bearing was found to 'e were interesting exceptions specially me workers believe that bearing habit Icter and can be corrected by resorting 78). All the factors-cultural practices, and total yield-should be taken into 0). Mango is a heterozygous fruit and upon the several factors (7, 10, 60, 94,
biennial bearing rhythm even from its a first time (90, 157, 160, 208). It was bearing rhythm sets in at the age of er, Gandhi (43), Singh and Khan (174) bears a regular crop, although not ery year and later on starts biennial
the age of 10 or 12 years.
I bearing habit in the mango varieties is e assessed through the measurement of On the successive year yield basis for a this scale of measurement seems not to ent sets of trees (11). Hoblyn et al. (61) 2 intensity of biennial bearing habit and Singh (177) for measuring the intensity 1. The intensity is calculated for each given below.
UCCESSIVE YIELDS
LDS.
ity of the whole period for a particular
OWith cycle plays an important role in
Vegetative shoots are produced in lining a certain age they give rise to the

Page 45
BENNIAL BEARING IN M.
reproductive flush for bearing. Th different months in the different part Burns and Prayag (24) reported that and rainy season growths produce the of India. Krishnamurthi et al. (80) re in Dashehari and Chausa where ma March to May and 8 to 10 months o produce better panicles than the your
Galang and Laza (40) reported that length, girth, number and size of leavi ever, Singh (200) observed no relation number of leaves per shoot regarding fruit boud differentiation can take pla and its stimulation is irrespective of shoots.
3. Potentiality of Shoot or Maturity after shedding their blossoms and growths, have the greater potential to season (21, 114, 118). Mango variety rise to shoots as late as Octobe produce flowers in February been emphasized that the mango sh early in order to give rise to flowers 164, 173, 175). Shoots which appeared the physiological maturity for produc
Previously the effect of shoot matu sized (40, 73, 89, 143, 189) but recent against this theory ; at least in the ca where shoot maturity is not at all a and the flower formation is governe conditions rather than the age of shoo that the types of shoots extended and varieties form the flower buds in the there is no fruit bud formation in both * On year phase seemed to determine mango through some special mechanis
(209).
4. Fruit Bud Differentiation...— Frui requisite stage for the development

ANGO : A REVIEW
lese growth flushes emerge in s of the country (43, 143, 207).
the cold weather, hot weather : inflorescence in western parts ported 5 cycles of shoot growth in growth flush took place in ld ShootS Were found better to
ger OneS.
t shoots had to attain a certain es for producing panicles. Howship between length, girth and the flower bud formation as the ce from any point of the tree
the size and maturity of the
-Shoots which appeared early having desirable extension of produce panicles in the coming Neelum and Swarnirekha gave ær With the potentiality to (28). However, it has pots must cease their growths in the coming season (72, 115, in February–May flush attained ing the flower panicles.
urity on flowering was emphaly some evidences are found se of regular bearing varieties, pre-requisite to flowering (44) d by the off and on year ts (178). Singh (200) reported unextended in biennial bearing on year while in “off” year the types of shoots. 'Off' and the formation of fruit buds in m, in spite of the shoot growth
but differentiation is a preof a panicle. Chandler (25)
37

Page 46
TROPICAL, AGRIC
reported that it was not certa condition that it may be cause while Singh (196) found that lopment is a continuous phase However, Reece et al. (139) O in a very short period of
mango variety Haden and th
tinuously with the time of bl
Lanuza (82) observed no di between a dormant flower a Cuevas (69) found that flora corolla, stamens, pistile and f logical studies made by Singl ween filower and a vegetative || in the order of calyx, corol except Baramasi variety.
5. Time of Fruit Bud Di. differentiation vary in the d 182, 192). In Florida fruit buc of October and November ( conducive to fOWer bud for fruit bud differentiation ran October in the Punjab (76, 1( critical period of flower bud of November in Bihar cond November and reached to it and by the end of December
6. Physiological AspectS.- and fruit boud differentiation
depends on the nutritional st the other factors. Carbohydra decrease content in the shoo mango. For formation of rej have its carbohydrate content but when nitrogen is more tha produce vegetative flush. (16
The problem of biennial be the physiological changes cor
(14). Seasonal variations in
38

PLTURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
in to conclude how long a bud sets in a d to lead to the fruit bud differentiation,
the fruit bud diferentiation and deveand takes a period of about one month. bserved that differentiation begins withthe development of terminal buds in e process of differentiation goes On con1d expansion.
afinite floral characteristic to distinguish ld a vegetative bud, while Juliano and l parts develop in the order of calyx. nally ovules. Histological and morpho(199) revealed a clear distinction betoud development and its different organs la, stamen-staminodes, carpel and disc
fferentiation.-The times of fruit bud ifferent parts of the country (155, 156, differentiation took place in the month 107, 139, 219). Dry summers are more mation in the wet zones (63). Time of ges from middle of August to end of D5, 106), Sen and Malik (164) found the differentiation in October and first half itions While it was noticed after midS peak by mid-December for Himsagar for Langra in Bengal conditions (162).
Flowering is a pre-requisite to fruiting is pre-requisite to flowering. Fruiting ratus of the particular shoot along With |te-nitrogen ratios and their increase Or S play an important role in bearing of productive flush, a mature shoot should
much greater in proportion to nitrogen in carbohydrates the shoot will certainly
)).
aring should be tackled from the point nected with the emergence of panicles
the carbohydrate-nitrogen content were

Page 47
BIENNIAL BEARING IN MAN
studied in Langra shoots by Naik and S A sharp rise in carbohydrate content
period from October to November wa sidered favourable for fruit bud different
Reece et al. (138) reported that a flov mines the course of fruit bud different (183, 202) studied the nutritional, bioche tion factors of the shoots and found a hig carbohydrates at the time of fruit bu appeared to favour the flower-bud forma
7. Tree Vigour and Nutrition.-It is On year the fruits are generally harv the trees exhaust their reserve, furthe growth for bearing fruits in the off replace their reserves since there canno fruits on them (11,43). Popenoe (130) sometimes occur due to the variations C extent of food supply, while Roy et al. nial bearing is caused due to nutrition brought into order by application of man found that the content of internal nut were not the main cause of unfruitfuln
Singh (180), in chemical composition non-bearing shoots, found that bearing value than the non-bearing ones in r Dashehari and CaO, MgO, N and P. Os i biennial bearing in mango is initiated mineral nutrients. Nutritional factor of ated with the fruit bud formation (1. reserve, total carbohydrates content and in the mango shoots at the time of f. recorded. Singh (202) observed a high up with the period of fruit bud differel to the accumulation of carbohydrates.
Singh (183) reported that biennial be characteristic and it comprises of strong regular and extra regular. Singh (184) of regular or extra regular varieties are l ones and inferred that vigour is a mea

GO: A REVIEW
Shah (117) for the first time. in the mango shoots in the Ls reported which was coniation in the mango (89, 166).
wer inducing hormone deteriation of the tissue. Singh 2mical and chemical composigh content of starch and total di differentiation and these tion.
an accepted fact that in the ested in June-July and thus
r to give rise to new shoot
year, and the trees cannot Dt grOW as long as there are
observed that crop failures if soil moistures and to some (145) reported that the bienLal deficiency which may be ures. In Florida, Young (241) rition factors and moistures ess in mango variety Haden.
studies of the bearing and
shoots had higher nutrient espect of CaO and MgO in in Langra and concluded that oy some factors other than the shoots cannot be correl82), whereas, higher starch | carbohydrate-nitrogen ratio ruit bud differentiation Was bontent of dry matter linked ntiation which appeared due
laring of mango is a varietal gly biennial, partial beinnial,
further reported that trees ess vigorous than the biennial sure of the biennial bearing
39

Page 48
TROPICAL AGRIC
habit of the variety and more tendency it has. It was found and cropping behaviour of ma
8. Role of Atlacins :-
(a) Formation of autocins in which are responsible for fru, 153, 156, 189). Chandler (26) i. ing in plants and the sources formed in the leaves, then le carbohydrates might be ha and further he reported that
necessary for induction definite age and physiologic for it to induce flowering. indicated that newly emerg stimulus in shoots of the reg Romani. Flowering depends ( mitted by the leaves to the a advocated a hypothesis that fl cell di Vj Sion has started and no part in the initiation O. amount at the beginning of g tiation of the tissue in the ax
Plant growth regulators af (186) sprayed G A (50,100 p. that a crop might be taken Singh and Singh (209) tried MH (0.05-5.5%) in Punjab reduced fruit yield in " On y succeeding off year while effect on panicle emergence (
on year.
(b) Movement of Allacins. transmitted from the leave effect of the terminal bud observed that the flowering in stock and by its effect leaves on them. It has be can be made to flower and of the bearing tree and give with the girdling of the sc:
40

ULTURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
Vigorous in the variety the more biennial that soil group also affected the vigour ngo tree (66, 79).
leaf-Auxins are produced in the leaves it bud differentiation in mango (138, 139, s of opinion that hormone induces flower
of hormone are leaves or some precursor af Surface rather than accumulation of
ving dominant influence on flowering if hormone or some Such substance is
of the flower bud, then a fairly all condition of leaf may be necessary
Singh et al. (206) and Thiman (223) 'ed leaves may generate the flowering gular bearing varieties like Neelum and on some sort of flowering stimulus transpical or axillary bud (181). Singh (182) Ower induction can take place only when | that a flower inducing hormone plays growth but its presence in sufficient rowth determines the course of differenKillary buds.
fect the flowering of mango (163). Singh. pm) and M H (0.4-0, 6%) and observed by the use of G. A. even in the off year.
NAA, 2, 4, 5-T 2, 4-D (25-500 ppm) and
and found that 2, 4, 5-T significantly ear with only small compensation in the NAA, 2, 4-D and MH showed very little in new shoot growth during the following
-Flower inducing substance is generally s to the axillary buds when inhibiting is removed (138, 139, 156). Singh (181) hormone used to move in all the directions
seedlings flower even in the absence of in shown that a young mango seedling
fruit, if grafed to a comparable stock | additional treatment of defoliation along On shoot below the union.

Page 49
BIENNIAL BEARING IN M
9. Cytological and Genetical Causes. be evolved to Overcome the biennia
(19,91, 100, 114, 190). Besides environ related to biennial bearing of mango v. by genetic factors. Varieties Dalma,
found to be regular bearers even unde: ditions in which the majority of them dicity of bearing (4, 6, 22, 143, 183,220) of Some particular variety in an or
Sterile while other trees of the same bear heavily.
10. Seac Ratio...--The sex ratio plays e the crop yield and the varieties produ are usually more prolific bearers ( essential for fruit setting and it is main
Bi-jhouwer (17), Mukherjee (102), reported that 50 per cent or more
unpollinated in nature while Spance the low fruit set due to failure of . and reduction in the viability of the Sn
by low humidity, high temperature an were observed in the distribution of portions of panicles, and low or hig fruit set in mango (8, 16, 56, 87, 135,
(113) found that many of the flo and the restricted pollinations have Maheshwari (86) in North India and that the percentage of flowers whic than one in mango. Mukherjee (103) germination on stigma might act ad (116) obtained better fruit setting b pollination in case of South Indian ve tive organs of the mango flower we healthy by Mukherjee (99). But Singh of ovule disintegration, while in Florid
ration of embryo sac and in Philippi loss in fruit set caused by flowers hav
On the basis of sex ratio variety Chausa were reported for prolific bear (83) reported that polyembryonic-P bearers and generally produce heavy The high percentage of perfect flower; for the heavy bearing.

ANGO : A REVIEW
-Regular bearing varieties can l bearing tendency in mango
nental and physiological factors arieties, this factor is controlled Sukul and others have been
o the Same Soil and climatic conshow a characteristic of perio
. Naik (109) reported that trees
'hard may be low yielding or variety in a new orchard may
in important role in determining 1cing maximum perfect flowers 214). In mango, pollination is ly performed by insects (31,93). Wagle (230) and Singh (195) of the perfect flowers remain
r and Kennard (217) observed gynaecium to develop properly hall quantity of pollen produced
bright sunlight. The variations perfect flowers on the different h ratio which lead to the low 190, 227). However, Naik et al. wers are not pollinated at all : adverse effect on the yield. Popenoe (129) in Florida found in form mature fruits was less found that the failure of pollen versely whereas Naik and Rao y the varietal combinations in trieties. The essential reproducre observed quite normal and ! (195) reported various degrees
La, Young (24) observed degenenes Dudgeon (35) observed the ing abortive pistile.
Simmonds and Summer Bahist ing habit (215). Similarly, Ledin hilippine mangoes are reliable fields, often fruiting in clusters. s (40 to 80%) probably accounts
4.

Page 50
TROPICAL, AGRICUL
11. Miaced Panicle.-Productic regular bearing in mango (9 bearing tendency produce a his the irregular ones (26, 157). Si daran (134) observed mixed par hari and Krishna Bhog varieties
12. Climatic Factors. —Climat sideration as some factors whic and play an important role in it factors are associated with the
ways, either by directly dama creating such conditions which
A dry season, immediately prece is helpful for early cessation O requisite for flowering in mal that, for optimum cultivation
temperature is essential (5, 9, 45
The drop in temperature duri the growth of pollen tube (1, 24 air temperature dropped to 31 and bloom was completely affected by a prolonged cold siderable effect on biennial bear Raogarh (203). Harris (55) obse sely but fail to set fruit as the is never in a Suitable conditio Blossom Blight during certain failure of crop and thus induce i almost all the blossoms were att, in Florida, disease becomes a li (235). Insect pests and diseases and they cause severe dam (12, 95, 96, 133, 155). Insects c crop in India (210) and South
13. Control of biennial bearir
(i) Cultural Practices. - The
management plays an effective alternate bearing can be control
per planning and Orchard mana like mulching, cover cropping, methods of their application als and cropping of the mango (59
42

URIST, voL. CxxwI, 1970
in of mixed panicles is favourable for )). Mango varieties showing annual gh proportion of mixed panicles than ngh (201) and Randhawa and Damonicles in Baramasi and Chausa, Dashe
ic conditions may be taken into conn cause the biennial bearing in mango S cropping (27, 33, 104, 147). Climatic 2 biennial bearing of mango in two ging the fruit buds and crop or by indirectly destroy the flower or fruit. eding the period of blossom emergence if vegetative growth which is a prengo (52, 62, 93, 111). It was found of mango, the absence of very low , 119).
ng the nights at bloom period inhibits 42, 243). Singh (188) found that when F, fruit buds at all stages killed out,
damaged. Formation of buds is
Season (57), Frost showed a coning in the varieties Singhara and Vijai rved that the trees often flower profu: pollen, Owing to excessive humidity n for cross pollination. Diseases like years are chiefly responsible for the irregular bearing (178). In Gautemala, acked during rainy season (122), while miting factor in rainy Or foggy season play an important role for mango drop age and induce irregular bearing
aused 60 per cent to total failure of Africa (6).
Նցre is no doubt that planned orchard
role for mango cropping. Intensity of led by a considerable extent with pro
gement (221, 228). Cultural practices
irrigation, types of fertilizers and So affect the absorption of nutrients
85, 91, 144, 225).

Page 51
BIENNIAL BEARING IN M
Singh (180) suggested that in. In during the pre-bloom period also, as a suffer from malnutrition (46, 88, 145 application of N or N and K at the ap followed 3 or 4 weeks later and again N P K mixtures, as N controls the upt
mines growth and shows the greatest K. In " On years the Ammonium Su
to force July-August shoots which Successive “ Coff o year (92,160). Ledin
Haden and Zill varieties, fertilized in
tinued to yield more than when fe autumn. Attempts should be made fo growth early in season of on year b.
Cultural practices such as root pr incission in the bark are also useful
Of view that roots should be exposed covered with fresh earth and manu use on biennial bearing habit. A f practices on flowering and fruiting han crop as they encounter the biennial 36,38,39,54,97,108,123,126,127,131 crop are some times, severely damage in the on year and with the result
rise to panicles in the next year (13 233). However, Singh (184) conclude mango cannot be prevented by res pruning and control of pests and em biennial bearing is not yet known a hit and miss method is likely to st first attempt of the scientists, engaged of this phenomenon will be to detern differentiation.
(ii) Deblossoming.—DebloSSOming shoots to grow in the same season ar Season (66, 173, 175). The response to feature as Dashehari responds fairly same response (176, 182, 204).
Singh (179) observed that half del Orchard practice is useful only to the biennial bearing orchard while Sen (1 defruiting and branch ringing in of habit of mango

ANGO : A REVIEW
dia mango should be manured lternate bearers are supposed to
). Ruehle (149, 150) suggested pearance of flower panicles first, during the Summer by complete ake of other elements and deter
affect in combination. With P and liphate dose should be doubled
mature and flower during the and Malcolm (84) found that
Winter, spring and summer con
rtilized in Spring, Summer and or inducing Sufficient vegetative ly cultural practices (24, 43, 71).
uning, applications of salt and (75, 154, 167). Firminger (37) is for 2-3 weeks in November and lire in December to have some avourable response of cultural
ve been recommended for a good pearing in mango (15, 27, 29, 34, 1, 140, 141, 158, 239, 240). Mango d by insect pest and diseases etc. the new shoots appear and give 3, 77, 110, 121, 137, 211, 212, 213, d that biennial bearing habit of storing to manuring, irrigation, phasized that the real cause of nd till it is fully discovered, no plve the problem; therefore the in this field towards the control nine the exact cause of fruit boud
early in the season induces the ld produces fruits in the coming deblossoming appears a varietal while Langra fails to show the
blossoming of mango trees as an I extent of uniform spread of the 61) advocated that deblossoming, f” year have response to bearing
43

Page 52
TROPICAL, AGRICU
(iii) Defoliation, and Decap observed in Mulgoa variety tha edits effect as of girdling and buds to differentiate the inflor
as a corrective measure for re cheaper and easier to practice
(iv) Ringing and girdling.—R of a ring or bark from the trul has been practiced for many ye of inducing flower formation ( tially by girdling in October (4: branches to force them to flo recommended for best results i recommended girdling as a me:
(v) Hybridization.-There is most of the varieties and may be overcome by evolving new v 98, 169, 170, 191, 222). Singh Species of mangifera, should be the world and interspecific h North America alone, above 7 fruit breeding work. Several r been evolved which have given yield, Superior fruit quality an In Cuba, Popenoe (128) rep variations may be found due te bryonic varieties of mango. Sin generated by the genes. The re regaining the old genetic Setu. and fruiting from season to seas new plant forms through the bearing varieties with the regul
In India as early as in 1885, famous varieties of Murshidab:
pollination of Maldha, and Cho has allopolyploid nature (101). TI
(100) concluded that primitivet varieties originated through all amphidiploidy and the further
has taken place primarily thro Singh (1940), Roy and Viswest
44

rURIST, VOL. Cxx VII, 1970
ation.-Rao and Muthuswamy (136)
removal of Scion shoots grafted showdecapitating for inducing the axillary scence. Defoliation may prove useful
ulating the bearing in mango as it is (178,200).
inging or girdling envolves the removal k or branches of a tree (88) and this
ars particularly in Europe as a means 0). Flowering was increased substan, 159). Ringing raised C/N ratio of the Wer in “ Off o year, and practice was in early August (4). Wagle (229, 231) Lns to obtain flowering in mango.
no doubt that periodicity exists in be of inherent character, and it may arieties through hybridization (26, 78, (185) suggested that regular bearing 2 introduced from other countries of ybridization should be taken up. In 0 research stations were engaged in new fruit varieties and hybrids have better performance by way of higher d resistance to disease and pests (3). orts the possibility that occasionally D cross pollination in case of polyemgh (207) reports that the hormone are medy will therefore actually lie in which determines balanced growth pn and the best way is the evolution of }ross breeding of existing irregularly 21: O(16S.
Lahiri (81) reported that most of the d mango had been evolved by cross
Ona Khali varieties. Genus Mangifera aking the base of cytology, Mukherjee
Tipe or types which gave rise to mango Lopolyploidy, most probably through lifferentiation of the various Varieties ugh gene mutation (65). Singh and Jariya (142) are also of opinion that

Page 53
BIENNIAL BEARING IN MA
inter-varietal hybridization in nature in in the production of new mango varie even resistance in the hybrid to attac early or late maturing mango of hij quality as well as having regular bea. through hybridization (5,42, 68, 70, 125 in Florida, a few have the desirable varieties (151). Attempts were made
good qualities of Indian Mango with
cially crossing them (20). In India Bu first to report artificial crosses fr et al. (165), Singh (193), Sturrock (2. and Young and Ledin (244) attempte a few hybrids of promise. Planned was organized at Kodur (112), Laya and Saharanpur (197). Two promising Neelum x Hymayuddin and Swarnrekh at Kodur. Mahumud Bahar and Prab) evolved from the cross of Bombay a which have been appealing characters. Dashehari and Romani have been evolv qualities and they are under observatio
Manila from Mexico, Cecil from Cub Indochina were introduced to Florida generally better producers than the Saigon types are regular bearers and a
Edward and Simmonds are considered Semini which is a cross between Sa Simmonds of the United States, Plants
in 1920 (83).
(vi) Sm/udging.-The practice of Smt conditions, has been reported as a m mango trees are Smudged day and ni in the morning and evening for a mo smudging is October and December. helped to induce flowering in non-bea 237). A well planned, research project
the response of smudging treatments
(vii) Propagation.-Regular bearing through propagation (30, 31, 47, 132) good deal of scope and stock from pol

ANGO : A REVIEW
hay be another important factor ties. Roy et al. (146) recorded 2k of fruit fly and borer. New gh quality with good keeping ring tendency can be produced 238). Of 39 varieties originated
characteristics of commercial in West Indies to combine the the indigenous types by artifiLrns and Prayag (24) were the
om Poona. Naik (112). Sen 18), Traub and Robinson (224)
!d crossing and have produced hybridization work in India lpur (148, 172), Sabour (165)
hybrids, one each of the cross, tax Jahangir have been evolved ha Shankar hybrids have been nd Kalapady at Sabour (146),
At Saharanpur, the hybrids of red which combined in, the good
ՈS.
pa, Cambodian and Saigon from : all are polyembryonic and are (ndian mangoes and some like re resistant to anthracnose. The
crosses of Haden X Carabao and ligon-Amini made by EdwardIntroduction Garden in Miami
Judging, depending upon climatic leans to induce flowering. The ight for a week and thereafter nth's time. suitable period for Smudging heat, not the Smoke, ring trees (2, 18, 32, 49, 82, 236, should be carried out to assess to mango trees (28, 41, 91).
g varieties can also be obtained ... Role of polyembryony has a yembryonic varieties should be
45

Page 54
TROPICAL, AGRICU)
taken for the regular bearing v Eldon, and Smith varieties hav certain varieties have been sel Zation of apogamic Seedlings h and degree of apogamy in Pea is valuable for vegetative pro
(viii) Grafting and double bearing habit of mango can be of stionic studies (234). Amon; mango species other than the the desirable characteristics of (207). It has been reported tha vigorous one and the trees gra: in Ceylon (53). Similarly, G *Thalapat and Saing variet for the grafting of Indian va believed to suppress excessive it a dwarf and hastening and I trees are generally of dwarf ha that dwarf mango trees have nation. This field also needs in far received (171).
RE
1. AGIHARKAR, S. P. (1946). Cytoge Fourth Ann. Rept. Calcutta, 19452. ALCATLA, P. E. and SAN PEDRO (193
Philippo. Agric. 24 : 27—28. ALDERMAN (1948). Fruit breedin 4. ALI, N. and H. MAZHAR (1960).
mango. Pb. Fr. J. 23 (82-83) : 81
5. ALLAN, R. G. (1935). Modern in
Fruit Ser, 13 : l. 6. AMIN, H. TD. (1966). Hybridiza Hort. Soc. (H. A. 17 (3) : 1736, 19 7. ANNON (1946). Por que no dan f so poorly) Rev. Agric. Guatema
8. ANONYMOUs (1956-57). Annual of new varieties of mango, grap stat. Punjab.
9. - (1956–57). The plain Rep. Hort. Res. Isnt., Saharanp
46

JURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
rieties (64). In Florida, Brooks, Haden, } been evolved and in Ceylon stocks of cted for propagation. Besides the utilils also been recommended by Webber :h variety is about 100 per cent which agation (234).
grafting.-The desired change in the sought through the alternative method the root stocks may also be included indical as may be observed to possess growth and regularity in the bearing t wild mango Pulima is a very hardy, ted on it bear profusely and regularly rant and Williams (51) found that tes have been found to be very good rieties in Burma. Double grafting is vegetative growth of the tree, making egulating the bearing. Double worked bit (28, 58). Singh (182) also observed generally less tendency towards alterhore intensive research than it has so
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1). The mango. Bot. Dept., Jamaica, N. S. 8
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I 09. -- (1941). South Indian mang
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RAO, U. N. AND MUTHUSWAMY, S. (1955
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RAO, Y. R. (1930). The mango hopper pl
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REECE, P. C., FURR, J. R. AND COOPER,
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ANGO : A REVIEW
strative report of the work done at the . Dep. Agric. Res. 87-105.
H. BEAUMONT. (1955). Terminal growth mango (Mangifera indica L. ) in Hawaii.
atization of new tropical and sub-tropical ep. Stin. Rehavot, 44 : 1.
he mango in Israel. Hort. Adv. 2: 27-36.
caterpillars destructive to mango flowers.
Guatemala. Z. A filkrankh. 42 : II.
Ceylon. Tron. Agricul rutist, LXXVIII (4) :
Ibid. LXXXIV (1) : 3.
awaii, Hawaii Agric. Eacp. Stn. Bull. 58.
South California. Ponora-Col. J. Econ.
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1 in Goa, Agric. J. India 8 (2): 172.
ind scion and their relation to one another.
o hopper problem in South India. Ibid. 25
(1961). Studies on floral biology and sex I. A. review. Inidan. J. Hort. 18 (1) :
ogy and Sex ratio in mango (Mangifera, d. Krishnabhog III. Anthesis, Dehiscenec, t set and fruit development. Ibid. 18 (1) :
). A note on flower formation from the Hoport. 3 : 30—32.
'oblem in South India. Agric. J. Inada, 25 :
W. C. (1946). The inhibiting effect of the the axillary buds of the Haden Mango
209-210.
l induction in the Haden Mango (Mangi
5.

Page 60
140.
141.
142.
43.
144.
45.
146.
47.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
57.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
I63.
164.
52
TROPICAL AGRICUL
RoBINsoN, T. R. (1928). The ma
İnd. 35.
ROLFA, P. H. (1911). The mango
ROY, B. AND WISWESWARIYA, S (Review of work). M. A. C. S.
ROY, R. S. (1953). Study of irr Indian, J. Hopt. 10 : 157-160.
(1954). Mango in Bihar
MALIK. P. C. AND DE B. Soc. Hort. Sca. 57 : 9-16.
AND SINHA, R. P. (1956).
ROY, S. C. (1941). Manuring of m
(III) : 575-578.
(1951). Plant breeding indica L.), Sci, and Cult. 1?: 23
RUERLE. G. D. (1949). Fertilizer
pp. 6 (H. A. 21) (3) : 3025.
(1951). Fertilizers prac studies II.
AND LEIDIN, R. B. (1960). 23. (82–83) : 13-17. SAYED, I. A. (1959). Improving R
SCARRONE, F. (1964). Pouvoir inh guier (Mangifera indica L.) (Inhił Sci. Paris, 259. (H. A. 35 (3) : 6
SEN, P. K. (1933). Biennial belarin
(1939). Alternate bearing
(1942). Production of fic nursery. Inidan J. Agric. Sci. I
(1943). The bearing prob J. Hort. 1 : 48-7.
(1944). Irregular bearing
(1945). The flowering on stage. Indian, J. Horti. 3 : 95-9
(1946). You can get a fu 31-34.
(1962). Flowering and 1 mango. (Mangifera indica L.). Il
AND GUETA, D. (1963). TI Himsagar Varieties of mango unde
BHIAID UIRT, JF. N. AND LAHIR flowering of mango (Mangifera in
AND MALIK, P. C. (1941). mango. Indian J. Agric. Sci. II

TURIST, VOL. CxxVII, 1970
ngo in Florida. U. S. A. Dept. Agric. Bur. Plant.
in Florida, Proc. Almer. Popo. Soc. : 34-49.
(1951). Cytogenetics of mango and Banana o. Poola.
gular bearing of mango (Mangifera indica L.).
The mango, A Souvenir Dep. Agric. Hyderabad. N. (1951). Manuring of the mango. Proc. Almer.
Mango breeding in Bihar. Ibid. 68: 259-264.
ango trees. The present position. Indian Eng. 2
and alternate bearing of mango. (Mangifera 4—4、
ractices for the mango. Proc. fla. Mango, forum
tices for mango. Fla. Mango. Forum. Mango
Florida's commercial mango varieties. Pb. Fr. J.
ival mango. Earner, 10 (10) : 3-5.
Libiteur des feuilles de grande taille chazle manpitting power of large mango leaves). O. R. Acad. 705.
g in mango. Proc. Indian Sci. Cong.
g in Mangoes. Pb. Fr. J. 3. : 495—98.
wer on root stock stem of mango grafts in the 2 : 523-524.
lem of the mango and how to control it. Indian
of mango, Indian Fing, 5 : 408-411.
the root stock stem of mango grafts at nursery 6.
ill crop of mango every year. Pb. Fr. J. 10 :
pearing habit with a special reference to the 'ndian, J. Plant Physiol. 5: 264-71.
time of fruit bud differentiation in Langra, and r West Bengal. Indian Agriculturist 7 : 187-188.
I, A. K. (1962). Effect of growth substances on dica L.), Ibid. 6: 215-16.
The time of differentiation of the flower bud of :74—84。

Page 61
*
65.
66.
67.
68.
169,
70.
7.
72.
173.
74.
175.
76.
177.
78.
79.
80.
18.
182.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
BIENNTAI, BEARING IN M.
- MALIK. P. C. AND GANGot Ly, B. Indian, J. Hort. II : 16-18.
SEN, S. P. (1951). The biochemical aspec
(2) : 87-113.
SHAH, S. N. A. (1960). Some practical hi
Orchards in canal colonies. Pb. Fr. J. ;
SEMAO, S. (1966). The growth and flowering
4I και 17-22.
SINGHI, B. (1961). Need to search for newe)
Gardening, 3 (10): 63-66.
SINGH, K. K. (1958). Fruit improvement
(3-4) : 199-202.
(1960). Mango growing in Punje
, AND JAWANIDA, J. S. (1963). T.
SINGH, L. AND KHAN, A. A. (1939). Relati
Indian. J. Agric. Sci. 9 : 935–967.
(1940). Forcing mango trees to b
(1946). Deblossoming in relatio Fr . J. 10 (87) : 28-80.
, BAJWA. B. S. AND KHAN, A. A. (
SINGH, L. B. (1948). Studies in Biennia,
Hort. Sci. 24 : 45-65.
(1957). Biennial bearing in man
(1958). Deblossoming in relatior 9-l5。
(1959). Biennial bearing in man of shoots. Ibid. 3 : 50-75.
(1959). Movement of flowering : 20-27.
(1960. The mango, botany, cu London.
(1960). Further studies on bien) chemical composition of shoots. Hort. .
(1961). Biennial bearing in ma weather conditions and tree vigour. Iba
(1961). A review on alternate be
(1961). Biennial bearing studie: and Mallic Hydrazide. Hort. Adv. 5: 9
(1962). Effect of shoot length, bearing in mango. Ann. Rept. Res. Sta?
, AND SING, R. N. (1954). Frost of Saharanpur. Indian J. Hort. 12 : 10
(1956). Floral induction in Axill Soc. Hort. Sci, 68: 265-269.

ANGO : A REVIEW
D. (1946). Hybridization of the mango.
its of flowering. Bull. Bot. Soc. Beng. 5
ints on the cultivation of grafted mango
23 (82-83) ; 29–34.
g of mango trees. Rev. Agric, Piracicaba,
o varieties ofmango (Mangifera indica L.)
work in the Punjab. Indian J. Hort. 15
ab. Pb. Fr. J. 23 (3) : 189—90.
he mango in Punjab. Ibid. 3: 77-84.
on of growth to fruit bearing in mangoes.
bear regularly. Indian Fing. I : 380-383.
n to biennial bearing of the mango. Pb.
1940). Mangoes. Ibid. 4 : 675-679.
l bearing. II.-a, review of the literature.
go, Hort. Adv. I : 7-22.
to biennial bearing in mango. Ibid. 2:
go as related to the chemical composition
substance in the mango leaves. Ibid. 3:
ltivation and utilization; Leanord Hill,
nial bearing im mango as related to the 4 dny. 4 : 38-47.
Ingo as affected by cultural operations, αι. 5 : 17-24.
aring of mango. Gardening, 3 (10): 5-7.
s on mango. Effect of Gibberellic Acid 6-106.
Leaf number and leaf area on biennial 2. Shahranpur.
injury to tropical and sub-tropical fruits 8-14.
ary buds of mango shoots. Proc. Amer.
53

Page 62
190.
9.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
20.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
20.
54
'''ROPICAL AGRICUL
(1958). Variability in th new varieties. Indian. J. Hort
SING, R. (1956). Mango varieties
SINGH, R. N. (1954). Studies in f in Mangifera indica L. varietie 69-88.
(1954). Hybridization a
(1954). Sex ratio and Science, I 19 : 389-390.
(1954). Studies in flora. the mango (Mangifera indica. Il Hort. I 1 : 1-20).
(1956). Studies in the mango (Mangifera indica L.) va
(1957). Mango breeding
- (1958). Studies in the mango (Mangifera indica L.) II.
(1958). Studies in the mango (Mangifera indica L.) II 2:7-42.
(1959). Studies in the mango varieties. III mango 28-49.
(1960.) Panicle develoj 334一335,
(1960). Studies in the ( mango (Mangifera indica L.) IV of shoots and their relation. W 48-60.
(1960). Fruit bud differ factors. Indoor, J. Hort. I? : I.
- (1961). Studies in the mango (Mangifera indica L.). blossoming on fruit bud differen
- (1963). Problems and p
85-86.
, MAJUMDAR. P. K. AND
fruit bud formation in mango ( 28 (10): 484-485.
SINGH, S. (1961). Alternate beari
Workers Conf. Poona.
(1962). Alternate belaria
, AND SINGH, B. (1963). growth and bearing with some
SINGH, S. M. (1954). Phynchaer Pradesh. Carr. Sc. 273: 270-7

TURIST, VOL. CxxWI, 1970
he mango and its Significance to the production of
15 (3–4): 168-172.
that excel. Indian Hort. 1 (1-4) : 14-16.
loral biology and subsequent development of fruit 2s Dashehari and Langra. Indian J. Hort. II:
and Mango improvement. Ibid. 11 : 16-18.
fruiti setting in mango (Mangifera indica L.)
biology and subsequent development of fruit in L.), Varieties Dashahari and Langra. Indian J.
differentiation and development of fruit buds in rieties. (Unpublished thesis).
. Hort. A day. I : 23-33.
differentiation and development of fruit buds in A review of the literature. Ibid. 2: 1-8.
differentiation and development of fruit buds in . Morphological and Histological changes. Ibid.
differentiation and development of fruit buds in shoots and fruit, bud differentiation. Zbid. 3 :
pment in the Baramasi. Sci. and cult. 25 (7) :
lifferentiation and development of fruit buds in . Periodical changes in the chemical composition rith fruit bud differentiation. Hort. Adv. V. :
"entiation in Mango as affected by some climatic 85-192.
differentiation and development of fruit buds in W. effect of defoliation, decapitation and Detiation. Ibid. 18 (1): 1-11.
Ossibilities in mango orcharding. Pb. Hort. J. 3:
SHARMA, D. K. (1962). Age of leaf as affecting Mangifera indica L.) Var. Neelum. Sci. and Cult.
ng in Mango I. The problem. Eourth Hort. Res.
ng in mango. Indian Hort. 6 (3) : 27.
Alternate bearing in Mango. II regulation of plant regulators. Pb. Hort. J. 3 (2-4) : 137-147.
lus mangiferae, a serious mango pest in Uttar 1.

Page 63
21.
212.
23.
214.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
23.
232.
233.
BEENNIAL BEARING IN
(1954). A note on serious dar Moore. in Doon Valley, Indian, J. H.
(1955). Malformation disease 68-69.
(1957). Study on mango sho (Unpublished) thesis.
SINGHI, S. N. (1961). Sex-ratio of pol, varieties. Sci. and Cult. 27 (2) : 103-)
(1961). Studies on the sex-r Res. Inst. Saharanpur: 120-122.
(1961). Sex-Iratio of some sou conditions. Gardening, 3 (10) : 69–7
SPANCER, JF. L. A. AND KENNARD, W.
indica L.) Fruit set in Puerto Rico.
STURROCK, D. (1944). Notes on the ma
STURRock, T. T. (1934). Flower bud f
24: 52.
TAMIHANIKAR, K. V. (1912). The flowel
399-402.
TEAOTIA, S. S. AND R. P. SRIVASTAVA (19
2 (7): 21-23.
(1961). Study of some imp Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian, J. E.
THITMAN, K. V. (1952). The action of ho
Press inc. New York.
TRAUB, H. P. AND ROBIN soN, R. T.
crops. II. S. Sept. Agric. Sec. (Year
TRIPATHI, R. D. (1961). A review on s
Gardening 7 (10) : 23-25.
ULLAH, M. H. (1958–59). Ringing of
(78): 2-10. VENKATARATNAM, L. (1954). The mang
, AND SRIRAMAMURTHY, R. (l Gardening, 3 (10): 41-45. WAGLE, P. V. (1928). Studies in the shi
Dep. Agric. India. Bot. 15: 219.
(1929). A preliminary study Agric. J. India, 24 : 259-263.
(1931). The bearing of the methods of regulating the same. Ag
(1931). Manuring of the man 23 (3) : 189-190.
(1934). The mango hopper presidency. Agric. Liy. Stk. India, 4

MANGO : A REVIEW
Image to mango crop by Lymentria Mathura. ογή. II - 150.
of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Ibid. 24 :
bot galls in Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh
yembryonic mango (Mangifera indica L.)
04.
atio of mango varieties. Ann. Rept. Hort.
uth Indian mango Varieties in North Indian 0.
C. (1955). Studies on mango (Mangifera. Trop. Agric. Trinidad, 32 : 323-330.
Lngo. Ellorida Stuart Daily Neus. Inc.
ormation in mango. Univ. Fla. Res. Brob.
ring of the mango. Agric. J. India, 7 (4):
60). Regular bearing in mango. Gardening
ortant commercial varieties of mango of Iort. 18(1): 65-69.
rmones in plants and in Vertebrates. Acid.
(1938). Improvement of sub-tropical fruit
book) 1559.
:oil and Nutritional requirements of mango.
non-bearing of mango trees. Pb. Fr. J. 22
go. A souvenir. Dep. Agric. Hyderabad.
961). Mango Manuring and its nutrition.
edding of mango flowers and fruits II. Menn.
of the pollination of the Alphanso mango.
Alphanso mango in the Konkan and some tric. Invest. India, 7 : 286.
go in the Konkan. Poona Agric. Coll. Mag.
and their control in the Konkan, Bombay
(2): 176-188.
55

Page 64
234。
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
242.
243.
244。
56
TROPICAL, AGRICULTU
WEBBER, H. J. (1931). The econom fera. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 28
- WEST, E. (1934). Anthracmose of n
WESTER, P. J. (1920). The mango.
(1924). An experiment in
WoLLFE, H. S. (1960). The Ford
213-24.
WooDHOUSE, A. C. (1909). Mangoes
63.
Woodrow, G. M. (1904). The m
Gardener, Paisley.
YoUNG, T. W. (1942). Investigation
Florida. Proc. Fila. Hort. Soc. 55
- (1955-56). Influence of t
Ibid. 68 : 308-313.
(1957). Mango research on 26-30.
AND LEIDIN, R. B. (1954). 24I一244。

RIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
c importance of apogamy in citrus and Mangi
: 57-61.
ango. Fla. Agric. Eacp. Stn. Bull. 463.
Bull. Agric. Phil. Is. 18.
forcing mango. Philipp. Agric. Rev. 17 : 293.
B, mango industry. Pb. Fr. J. 23. (82-83) :
in Bhagalpur, Quart, J. Dept. Agric. Bengal, II:
ango, its culture and varieties. Alexander
s of the unfruitfulness of the Haden mango in
106-110.
emperature on the growth of mango pollen.
sandy soils. Proc. Ann. Fla. Mango Forun. :
Mango breeding. Proc. Fla. Hort. Soc. 67:

Page 65
METEOROLOG
Summary for July to
JULY : Rainfall during July was below
tions prevailed at many Stations in the Western provinces and in the Southeast C was experienced over the southwest qua The upper winds weakened considerably
this period there was thunder activity C storms drifted towards the North, givir
north-central province. From the 12th it prevailed, Scattered showers being conf practically no rain over the Island from
Winds being dry. From the 22nd to the
showers Were experienced in the South Country, except from the 26th to the 28t The larger monthly totals of rainfall (tot over the western slopes of the central hi. Norton Bridge areas. Rainfall over thi
quarter ranged from 5 to 10 inches decre Western lowlands and less than 2 inche coastal areas. Over practically the wh
north-Western and eastern provinces and province rainfall was below 2 inches, a rain at all. Rainfall was below averag except for a few isolated stations. Day
above normaal. Day humidity ranged frt
humidity ranged from 70 to 92 per cent. above normal and the mean air pres
mileages were above normal at Jaffna : where, the direction being mainly Weste
August . The drought conditions wi north-central and eastern provinces and
the past months, ended during August. most Of the Island this month. Mild to till the 11th, the rainfall being generall no rain on the 10th and 11th. The uppe evening thundershowers continued to OC month. The evening thundershowers W. and the drought striken areas had app pressure area formed Over the Island anc tion giving fairly widespread rain. In Were experienced during the latter half areas and paddy fields being innundated. during the month were a phenomenal S on the 4th and a local whirlwind at Anur

CAL REPORT
December, 1969
average and absolute drought condi: northern, north-central and north
if the Island. Light to moderate rain rter during the first six days of July. from the 7th to the 11th and during
over the hills. On the 8th, thunderng moderate rain over parts of the
o the 15th, normal monsoon Weather ined to the Southwest. There was the 16th to the 21st, due to the upper end of the month, Scattered monsoon West quarter, particularly in the hill n, when the weather was mainly fair. als Over 10 inches) were experienced Ils, particularly the Rozella-Kotmalee adjoining area of the Southwest
asing to 2 to 5 inches over the southes along the Western and Southern tole of the northern, north-central,
3 over part of Uva and the southern large number of Stations receiving no te over practically the whole Island, and night temperatures were mainly om 54 to 84 percent., While the night
Cloud amounts were about or a little sure a little above normal. Wind
and Mannar and belloW normal elserly to Southwesterly.
hich prevailed over the northern, in the Southeast of the island during
Rainfall was above average over normal monsoon Weather prevailed y light to moderate, with practically r Winds weakened from the 12th and 'cur almost daily till the end of the ere fairly widespread. On some days reciable rain. On the 17th, a low moved slowly in a northerly directhe Southwest, occasional showers of the month resulting in low lying Other noteworthy weather features well of 35 feet reported from Galle adhapura on the 23rd, lasting a short
57

Page 66
TROPIOAL AGRICULT
time, which caused damage to build fall (totals over 15 inches) were exp particularly in the Deraniyagala are: fall ovcr the adjoining area of the 15 inches decreasing to 5 to 10 inc the northern, north central and easte 2 and 10 inches. Rainfall was above below average mainly over the cent. about or a little above normal While
or a little below normal. Day humic the night humidity ranged from 77 to about normal and the mean air press
Were generally below average, the di
September : The first four days active monsoon conditions and there
quarter. From the 5th, the weathe prevailed till the 8th. Scattered lig the southwest quarter from the 9th
rally fair weather till the 23rd. Ty activity was in evidence from the 24 monthly totals of rainfall (totals ov
the southwest quarter, particularl Watawala areas. Rainfall over the
ranged from 10 to 20 inches, decreasil lowlands. Over the northwestern p. province, rainfall was below 2 inch all Rainfall was above average ma below average elsewhere. Day and in
above normal. Day humidity ranged humidity ranged from 76 to 95 per c. a little below normal and the mean a
Were above normal at Galle and abol ing from Southwest to northwest.
Octobe7" : FRaiInfgjl. WaS abOVe aV October. Mild inter-monsoon Weathe days of the month. From the 5th t influence of the Inter-tropical Conve. spread during this period and seve rail. Ratmalana recorded 10.99 inc recorded 8.32 inches the same day recorded 8.15 inches On the 14th. southwest Bay of Bengal on the 15th
bad Weather from Madras to Jaffna. circulation associated with the low
heavy rain, 18 falls of over 5 in ches
formed in the Southwest Bay of Ber Storm and crossed the Indian coast upper winds weakened from the 2.
daily feature. From the 26th, thund fairly heavy falls being recorded.
58

URIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
ܠ ܐ
ings. The larger monthly totals of rainerienced over the southwestern lowlands,
and the Neboda-Kalawana areas. Rainsouthwest quarter ranged from 10 to
hes over the central hills. Over most of rn provinces the rainfall ranged between
average over most of the Island and was all hills. Day temperatures were mainly night temperatures were generally about dity ranged from 60 to 82 per cent, while 95 per cent. Cloud amounts were mainly ure a little above normal. Wind milleages
irection being mainly southwesterly.
of September were typical of fairly } Was fairly heavy rain in the southwest
r improved and generally fair Weather ht to moderate rain was experienced in to the 16th followed by a spell of genepical inter-monsoonal evening thunderEth to the end of the month. The larger er 20 inches) were experienced inland in
y over the Ginigathhena-Yatiyantotaadjoining areas of the southwest quarter
ng to 5 to 10 inches over the Southwestern
rovince and over part of the northern es, several stations receiving no rain at
inly over the central hills and generally light temperatures were about or a little
| from 56 to 81 per cent., while the night ent. Mean cloud amounts were about or ir pressure about normal. Wind mileages
ut normal elsewhere, the directions Vary
erage over most of the Island during r was experienced during the first four O the 15th, the weather was under the gence Zone. Thunder activity was Wideral places received exceptionally heavy hes on the 12th, while Colombo Fort , St. Leonards on Sea Estate, Elpitiya A low pressure area developed in the and there was an extensive area of very
On the 19th, due to the upper cyclonic pressure area, there was widespread
being recorded. On the 21st, a depression tgal. This later deepened into a cyclonic
about 50 miles South of Madras. The th and thundershowers inland were a
3rshowers were widespread, with several The larger monthly totals of rainfall

Page 67
METEOROLOGIC
(totals over 30 inches) were experience Yatiyantota and Deraniyagala areas a Wadduwa to Maggona. Rainfall over th
quarter ranged from 20 to 30 inches. Ove from 15 to 30 inches. Over the northern,
the rainfall ranged between 5 and 20 inch 15 inches. Rainfall was above average ( average Only at isolated Stations in the sc were mostly about normal. Day humic while night humidity ranged from 84 t were a little above normal and the me The wind mileages were below normal, t
November : Generally fair weather wa the first four days of the month, due to a low pressure area in the South Bay of
area deepened into a cyclonic storm and moved northwards to latitude 13 in. N influence of strong Westerlies and scatter
west till the 8th. Winds around Ceylon the Indian coast. This Cyclone caused di widespread thundershowers were expe
falls being reported. On the 17th and 18t 5.50 inches being recorded at Jaffna C
decreased during the rest of the month and the western coastal areas. The larg over 15 inches) were experienced main. Kamburupitiya and Ratnapura areas. Ra quarter ranged from 5 to 15 inches. C ranged mainly from 2 to 10 inches ove ranged mainly between 5 and 15 inches 2 and 15 inches. Rainfall was below a being above average only at a few isola Day and night temperatures were a littl from 67 to 81 per cent., while night hur Mean cloud amourts were mainly abol
were generally a little above normal. T. the direction being variable.
December : The main feature was the over the Island during the last week of provinces, Sabaragamuwa and Uva and
were the worst affected, large areas be and severe damage to property.
The weather during the first week O vectional with light winds and an even rain being confined to the Western a depression formed in the Bay of Benga longitude 85 in. East, causing islandwid northerly movement of the depressior
14th near latitude 15° North longitude 8

AL REPORT
i in the Southwest quarter over the d the southwest coastal belt from 2 adjoining areas of the southwest the central hills the rainfall ranged north-central and eastern provinces,
es, and in the Southeast between 2 to ver most of the island, being below uth West. Day and night temperatures
ity ranged from 73 to 86 per cent. O 98 per cent. Mean cloud amounts
an air pressure little below normal. he direction being mainly variable.
s experienced over the Island during dry northerly airstream caused by a Bengal. On the 4th the low pressure
the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone Orth. The Island came Under the ed rain was experienced in the South
became light after the storm crossed Levastation in Andra in India. Fairly rienced till the 21st, several heavy
h, there was heavy rain in the North. on the 18th. Thunderstorms activity
, being confined mainly to the hills ger monthly totals of rainfall (totals ly in the southwest quarter over the infall over the rest of the southwest
)ver the central hills, the rainfall }r the northern province the rainfall
and in the eastern province between verage over the most of the Island, ted stations in the southwest quarter. 2 above normal. Day humidity ranged
nidity ranged from 81 to 98 per cent. ut normal, while mean air pressures
he wind mileages were below normal,
}xtensive floods that were experienced the month. The Southern and Eastern
parts of the North-Central Province ng inundated, with some loss of life
f December Was predominantly conL pressure distribution, most of the ld Central regions of the Island. A on the 7th near latitude 4 in. North e rain on the 8th and 9th. With the which ultimately filled up on the
| East, the upper winds over Ceylon
59

Page 68
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR
became Westerly to Southwesterly period, weather was mainly fair wit and in the East. On the 15th, upper thuridershowers were experienced.
Northeast monsOOn conditions beca 21st, there was light rain in the N
thundershowers inland and in the W
On the 22nd, a depression was loca latitude 5° North longitude 87° East. hill country on the 22nd and 23rd. B into a cyclonic storm centered near 1 there was rain over most Of the island
Minneriya-Polonnaruwa region and p; Minneriya and Higurakgoda recorde
that day. By the 26th, the storm had v closer to the Island, being centered in
East, Kathiraveli in the eastern provin 27th, exceptionally heavy rain was ex
very heavy rain was experienced ove vinces and Uva. In the eastern provin reported over 10 inches while Ampara that day. On the 28th, the southern pr continued to experience very heavy
falls of over 7 inches that day. On th miles of the southwest coast of Ceyl East and phenominally heavy rain W vince. On that day, there were 16 fall 5 inches in the southern province.
reported from Tangalla, While Mawa 12.62 inches. Several stations reporte that these stations too experienced f
rain-guages overflowing after about 1 rainfall Was not measured. The rair
highest on record at the following sta
Tangalla Bata-ata, Hungama Hali-Ela Tank West Charley Mount Estate, Palatupona Lewaya HambantOta Met. Office Sirimevana Group, Yakkalan
Mamadola Tank Kumana
Labuduwa Agricultural Stati
On the 30th, the depression moved 78°E. Widespread rain continued to occurring in the southern, western, Several falls over 5 inches were rec
60

EST, VOL. OXXVI, 1970
rom the 11th to the 14th. During this h a few isolated thundershowers inland Winds were light and fairly widespread
me evident from the 16th and until the Drth and East With Scattered afternoon
est.
ited in the Bay of Bengal centered near There was rain in the East and in the
y the 24th, the depression had deepened atitude 8° North longitude 84o East and
... On the 25th, the rainfall was heavier, the
arts of Uva experiencing very heavy rain. di 9.14 inches and 7.80 inches respectively
7eakened to a depression, and had moved ear latitude 6 in. North longitude 82 in. ce recorded 11.45 inches that day. On the perienced in the eastern province, while r the central, western and Southern proce, Sakkaman, Neethai and Rufus Kulam i and Semgapodai reported over 9 inches ovince and parts of the eastern province rain. Bata-ata and Dandeniya reported he 29th, the depression was less than 75 on near latitude 6° North longitude 79 7 as experienced over the Southern proLS Of OVer 10 inches and 24 faills Of OVer The highest rainfall 16.50 inches was arella and Bata-ata reported 13.97 and ld about 11 inches. It is very probable alls of 12 to 15 inches, but due to the
1 inches of rain was collected, the true fall experienced on the 29th was the
ations :-
16.50 inches
12.62 inches
- 11.98 inches Denipitiya . . 11.66 inches
11.62 inches 11.30 inches nulla - - 11.28 inches
11.24 inches 11.00 inches
on ... 10.75 inches
jo a position near latitude 5°N longitude be experienced, with the heavier falls north-central and northern province. orded that day, the highest being 6.72

Page 69
*
METEOROLOGI
inches at Nadugala, Matara. The depress but weakened, and though rainfall was
was less intense, no falls of over 5 inche 1970, the direct influence of the depres
monsoon conditions prevailed over the
The larger monthly totals of rain experienced over parts of the southern and parts of Uva and Sabaragamuyva. provinces, the rainfall ranged from 15 part of Sabaragamuwa where the rain north, rainfall ranged between 10 and province mainly between 5 and 15 inch
Rainfall was above average over pra. isolated stations being below average.
or a little above normal. Day humidity ra while night humidity ranged from 84 t were a little above normal, while me
normal. Wind mileages were generally being northeasterly.
Department of Meteorology, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, 23rd February, 1970.

CAIL REPORT
sion was almost stationary on the 31st S again fairly Widely experienced, it es being reported. By the 1st January, Sion was over, and normal northeast Island.
fall (totals over 30 inches) were eastern and north-central provinces
Over the remaining areas of these to 30 inches except for the northern fall. Was less than 15 inches. In the 30 inches and over the north-Western
eS.
ctically the whole Island, only a few Day temperatures were mainly about
anged from 68 per cent. to 87 per cent., o 97 per cent. Mean cloud amounts an air pressures were mainly about
a little below average, the direction
L. A. D. I. EKANAYAKA,
Director.
6.

Page 70
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
Ju
- TEMPERATURE F
STATION Mean Offset Mean Offset
Max Min.
Anuradhapura, 916 +-0.7 768 +10 adulla, ... 873 --1-0 65-0 十0-6 Battical Oa 93.3 +1"5 77-9 十0-9 Colombo 86-6 +1.9 || 78·1 --13 Diyatalawa, 78.8 --09 || 627 十0·1 Galle ... 83.3 + 0.6 || 774 + 0.7 Hambantota, ... .. | 88*6 +-1·4 || 775 十l·l Jafna 86-1. - 0:1 80-1. +-0.2 Kandy ... 82-6 + "16 70-9 --11 Kankesanturai || 90-7 + 0.7 || 803 +10 Katunayake . 86°4. - 77.2 - Kurunegala, . . || 88° 2 十19 76-4 --12 Maha. Illuppal
lama, ... 918 十19 76-4 十且·4 Mannar ... 864 - 0-7 79.2 O Nuwara, Eliya, 65-1. - 0:2 555 +0.5 Puttalam 88.1 --17 78-5 十0-2 Ratmalana, 85-9 +0.8 || 77.5 +-0.7 Ratnapura 88-6 --2-0 75-0 十07 Trincomalee ...|| 94-6 -4-2-0 || 79.2 十l·l Vavuniya 92.8 - 75-9 -
Aug
TEMPERATURE F
STATION Mean Offset Mean Offset
Max. Min.
Anura dhapura, 92.0 -+-06 || 754 - 0:1 Badulla ... 86.2 O 654 --O-7 Batticalloa, 89.3 - 12 768 十0-2 Colombo 86°4 --15 76'2 - O'8 Diyatala Wa 77.2 - O'7 || 614 - 0:4 ale . . || 83-7 || - 1-1 || 76.7 - 0:1 Hambantota, .. | 84*6 - 23 76'2 0 Jafna, 86.5 --04 || 781 .1:8 است Kandy ... 84.3 --22 | 688 - 1:0 Kankesanturai || 90°0 O 78-3 - 0-8 Katunayake . . 866 - 75.3 - Kurunegala, . . || 89° 4 -2' 6 749 - 0.1 MI’Illuppallama || 91-8 -- 0-9 750 - 0:1 Mannar ... 871 O 78-0 -- 0*7 Nuwara, Eliya, 67-7 十1·5 54·5 - 0:1 Puttalam 89-2 --2'4 77.2 - 0:8 Ratmalana, 86-0 --O-7 75-9 - 15 Ratnapura, 88:3 +1.5 || 73.5 - 0:7 Trincomalee ...|| 936 --13 779 +04 Vavuniya 92.0 - 74.7 -
,62
 

RIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
y, 1969
HUMIDITY 9% RAIN FALL
AmoDay Night unt Amo- Offset Rain Offset . ܘܦܝ ܨ
Cloud || Tunt Days
60 84 6'5 O-10 - 1:15 2 - 60 92 5-2 1.65 - 0.29 6 -1. 57 70 5'8 0-12 - 1:37 1. -3 76 84. 66 1-03 - 4'47 6 - 9 61. 78 5-0 O'76 -1-55 10 +-II 77 82 4·9 1-95 - 4-77 12 - 7 68 84 6·2 O-2S - 1:42 4 -3 78 82 6-6 O -0.65 O - 2 66 82 65 1:00 - 5:08 3. 一器 67 80 60 0.16 - O'57 2 O 74 82 6·4 113 - 4 - 70 86 6'8 0.38 一连·02 7 - 10
60 82 6:1. O'LO - 2 - 79 85 7.3 O - 0:28 O - 84 88 6-7 3.89 - 487 2. - i. 74 89 6.2 0.19 - 0-48 2 - 70 SO 6'4 2:49 - 8 74 90 64 3.65 -8:42 6 -8 54 74 6.6 O'24 - 189 2 -2 54 79 64 1·51 十0·45 2 -
1st, 1969
HUMIDITY 9, RAINFALL
AmoDay Night unt Amo- Offset Rain Offset
Cloud unt, Days
64 SS 5'5 3·51 || - 167 12 +7 67 92 46 675 - 297 16 --7 67 77 5'6 359 -- 1:16 8 --2 78 88 6-1. 836 +-349 22 --7 71. 86 5:0 7.25 - 3·73 15 --5 77 82 4-7 8:38 -- 1:34 21. +-2 78 86 5' S 7:33 --5'67 14 十6 78 86 5* 4 6·28 || - 504 9 --5 68. 87 5-6 5-37 - 0:22 15 -- 1 68 84 49 4:35 -- 289 10 --7 ܓܝܢ ܐ ܠ 74 86 5-7 6:45 - 19 71. 90 6·4 6'24. - 171 16 O 63 84 5-6 5-13 - 12 - 78 86 6'4 2:58 --1-95 4. 十2 82 91. 6'4 470 -2'37 16 - 6 72 89 5-7 || 2:12 - 1·28 10 十6 71. 82 5' S 9.48 - 21 - 78 95 56 11.78 - 1:12 23 - 1 62 78 5・7 3.35 - O-70 S H-1 60 S1 5·6 || 10·73 || --804 14 --8

Page 71
METEOROLOGICA
Setptember,
TEMPERATURE % IF HUM
STATION ean Se eall Se ay
S M Offset M. Offset D Max Min.
Anuradhapura 92-2 O 75.9 +0.7 59 Badulla ... 86-8 -- 1:0 63-6 - 0:8 62 Batticalloa, 91.5 +1.7 || 76.9 - 0:8 66 Colombo 870 -- 1:7 78° 4 --19 73 Diyatalawa 77.9 -- 0:1 || 61:6 -- 0:6 63 Galle ... 841 --13 78-3 - 15 73 Hambantota, .. | 868 - 0.4 || 77·4 --12 71. Jafna ... 86-7 -- 0:4 80'2 - 0.7 76 Kandy ... 83-1 -- 1:0 69'8 +-2·3 68 Kankesanturai 90-7 +-06 79·3 + 0*1 66 Katunayake . . 869 77.3 - 74 Kurunegala, . . || 887 --O'9 75-6 -- 1:1 71. M’Illuppalama || 92" 2 +0.2 || 75.5 -- 0:6 58 Mannar ... 87.6 + 0.2 || 79.6 -- 0:7 76 Nuwara Eliya 66.4 一0·5 54·5 --10 81. Puttalam 89.4 +2·1 || 79.3 - 1·3 71. Ratnapura 87-8 -- 0:5 73-9 -- 0:4 77 Trincomalee ... 956 +-3.3 || 78·3 --11. 57 Vavuniya 92.1 - 748 - 56 Ratmala Ina 86-9 --1-1 77.8 --12 67
Octobe
TEMPERATURE % IF HUMI
STATION Mean Offset Mean Offset Day
Max. Min
Anura dhapura 88.3 - 1 -0 73.5 - 0:1 79 Badulla 82.2 -- 0:1 || 66-2 -- 0:6 77 Batticalloa, 86.8 - 0:2 75.9 --O-5 78 Colombo 97.0 +-2·1 || 75·2 +-04 77 Diyatalawa 75.2 - 13 61-1 -- 0:4 81 84.2 --1-3 75.4 --0-1 74 HamabantOta, 85.6 - 0-5 75.8 --03 76 Jafna 85.9 + 0·1 || 77.0 -- 0.8 80 Kandy 84.2 - 1:0 68.6 --O-6 74 Kankesanturai || 87.1 - 0.2 76.2 -1-1 74 Katunayake 86.8 - 73.6 - 8O Kurunegala, 88.2 --09 || 73.2 - 01. 77 M’Illuppalama 88.4 - 0.9 73.1 - Oil. 74. lila. ... 87.0 --0-4 76 '8 - Of 6 79 Nuwara Eliya. . || 68.4 十0·7 52-9 十0i5 86 Puttalam ... 87.8 十1·2 753 –05 78 Ratnapura, 88.9 +-1-7 || 72.6 十0i2 80 TrinGOmalee 87.7 - 06 || 75'5 -03 74 Vavuniya 88.0 n 726 - 73 Ratmalama 86.3 --Ce) 742 -09 70

REPORT
1969
DITY 9% RAIN FALL
AmoNight unt Amo- Offset Rain Offset
Cloud unt Days
86 5·3 1-85 -L-39 3 ー2 94 3-9 171 - 194 8 -1. 82 4·3 2'66 -- 0:78 5 - 0 80 5-6 2·19 -3'85 14 ー3 81 4·3 2.85 - 0-87 10 -1. 76 4:5 || 3:54 - 3:52. 17 - 2 82 4.2 1:25 - 0:54 5 -3 80 5-0 0.25 -162 1. - 2 85 5-8 4·13 - 0.68 13 --1 80 4-7 0-09 - 189 1. ー3 84 5-8 1-11 - 12 - 91. 6-4 2:46 - 184 15 十1 84 5-4 0.73 - 3. - 82 5・7 O - 0.93 O ー2 88 6-0 6'97 -- 0:47 14 - 6 85 5:1. O - 1:39 O - 4 95 6-0 11:25 - 1:11 19 -3 76 5-0 1-02 ー2・48 5 ー1 81. 4-8 139 - 172 2 一4 76 5-4 3·19 - 17 -
r, 1969
IDITY % RAIN FALL
Night Amo- Amo - Offset | Rain | Offset
unt of unt Days
Cloud
95 5-8 20'48 +11:31 25 +-9 95 5-6 814 - 0.37 22 十5 91. 5-6 |13-47 十6-46 18 十4 91. 6-8 22-01 +-8-07 24 十3 94. 5-4 1157 --1-80 23 十4 84 5-6 1952 + 5·50 21. O S6 5-6 11-48 || --6-53 16 +-3 88 6-0 11-91. + 2·32 22 +-9 90 5-8 18-66 --8-48 24 十7 88 5-8 12-02 +-3-29 18 +7 98. 6-0 30-21 - 26 - 95 6-2 1986 --6-87 25 十5 90 6-4 12-77 - 22 - 88 6-8 11-59 十499 17 十6 91. 6-2 le82 - 3-07 25 十4 93 6.0 16-05 || --9-21. 21. +-8 95 6-1 18.10 一卫·52 26 --3 86 6-2 16-47 --4-23 23 --7 88 6-2 19-07 +10:29 25 --10 86 6.2 24-35 24

Page 72
TROPICAL AGRICU
N
TEMPERATURE F
STATION Mean Offset Mean Offs
Max. Min.
Anuradhapura, 870 - 12 || 72"5 H-1 Badulla, ... 815 +-2-1 658 +-0 Batticalloa, ... .. | 85"2 +-10 || 75-1 --0 Colombo ... 86'5 -- 0:3 74-2 +-0 Diyatalawa . . || 73*7 - 0.7 60-2 --0 Galle . . . 848 --12 74.9 +-0 Hambantota, ... .. | 85'4 74.7 十0 Jafna, ... 856 --15 752 十0 Kandy ... 840 +-1·2 67.9 +-0 Kankesanturai || 85*3 +-1-3 || 753 - O Katunayake . . [ 880 - 72-7 - Kurunegala, . . || 88*1 +-1·3 || 72-1 --0 M’Illuppallama || 86”9 +-1·3 || 72.0 +-1 Mannar ... 86'0 十1"6 76.3 +0 Nuwara, Eliya. . . || 68° 5 + 0-7 || 52·4 H-1 Puttalam ... 871 -1·3 || 73.8 +-0 Ratmalana . . || 86.9 +06 || 73.5 +-0 Ratnapura. . . || 89.8 +2.0 || 72.0 - O Trincomalee . . 85,3 -+-1·6 || 75·3 --0 Vavuniya, ... 87.4 - 71-S -
Dec
TEMPERATURE OF
STATION Mean Offset Mean Offse
Max. Min
Anura dhapura 83.9 +-06 || 72·3 --2 Badulla, ... 78'3 +-1'7 66耸4 --1 Battigal Oa. . . || 82*6 -06 || 74·3 十0 Colombo ... 855 - 0:1 73-9 十1 Diyatalawa. . . || 72-0 - 0:1 60-7 1. Galle .,| 84·7 -- 1:1 739 +-0 Hamban tota, ... .. | 85'4 +-06 || 74·1 --0 Jafna ... 825 一0·1 74·4 十l Kandy ... S22. +0.5 678 +1 Kankesanturai || 82-5 –04 749 - 0 Katunayake . . 86-7 - 72.7 Kurunegala, . . || 863 +-07 || 72.1 十1 M’Illuppalama, 842 +-0'4 720 +2' Mannar . . 83.0 || +04 75·4 十0° Nuwara Eliya. .. | 670 || || 0:7 || 53-4 --3' Puttalam ... 85'0 --0.1 73·1 --1 Ratmalana. . . || 86* 0 -07 | 73-0 -- Ratnapura . . ; 88-6 +-0.5 || 722 +-0 Trincomalee ... || 831 十19 75·2 Vavumiya ... 83-7 - 71-5 -
64

LTURIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1969
|vember, 1969
Η UMIDITY % RAIN FALL
ΑΤηOat Day Night unt Amo- Offset Rain Offset
Cloud unt Days
"O 77 93 5'2 5'90 -388 22 +-3 "3 75 95 5'3 2"Տ0 -772 14 -6 '8 77 91 5' S 6'28 一4“95 16 - 2 '9 73 SS 5'5. 10'06 -2'71 15 4 "4 81 94. 5'8 6·37 - 4'57 28 --1 '7 72 81 4'8 Տ*60 -409 20 --1 '6 76 88 5'6 338 - 400 14 - '3 75 88 55 1434 - 185 13 .5 "5 70 90 5'6 4*33 - 5'50 15 -2 "3 76 86 5'2 1162 一4°46 5 - 1
76 98 5'5 S'79 - 14 - "3 74 98 5'8 5'30 -578 重4 - 5 "O 72 90 5'6 4'46 17 -
77 86 58 552 - 4'04 12 - 5 "O 79 91 5'8 559 -2.62 16 -5 "6 76 95 5'2 6'50 - 3"54 卫4 - 4 .3 67 86 5.6 1045 - 18 - .2 76 95 6-0 7:60 6:32 19 -2 4 75 86 58 13.72 -0-26 19 O
70 85 5'5 5'70 -5-85 17 -- TI
embe I, 1969
HUMIDITY% RAINFALLE
E Day Night I Amo- Amo- Offset Rain Offset
unt unt Days Cloud
O 84. 95 6'3 15:12 +5.88 22 +5 7 84 95 6'8 21"I 9 +-10:37|| 26 十6 5 84 93 6'1. 32.17 斗卫525| 25 十5 5 78 90 5·8 16-81. +-9.93 14 -2 8 87 97 6-4 15-61 --760 25 十5 5 73 86 5'5 21.78 +-1447|| 19 士5 9 76 S8 5'8 1918 --1437 15 --3 1. 81 90 63 16-94 十644 2. 十7 9 74 90 6'0 9:63 --134 22 十9 4. 82 88 6'2 19:00 +8.75 22 +9
78 95 5'8 13:76 - 8 - 3 77 95 5'8 10:00 -- 3:05 19 --5 2 78 90 6:0 1378 - 2. - 4 82 88 6'6 1571. +-7.74 20 +6 9 87 94 6'4 14·35 十6-84 23 十器 7 81. 95 5-7 7·46 --1'42 22 +-9 O 68 84 5-6 16-94 - 16 5 80 95 6'6 9:37 --0-96 21. --5 O 80 86 6-6 25:14 十10-42| 27 --9
74 85 6' 4 723 十6·31 24 +8

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