Page 1
TROPICAL AG RICULI
AGRICULTURAL.
VOLUME CXX
JULY - SEPTEN
 

URST
JOURNAL OF CEYLON
v. NUMBER 3
MBER, 1970

Page 2


Page 3
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Page 5
volume cxxv. NUMB
TROP
AGRICU
A gricult u r a Jo u
C O N T
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED PASTURES ON PA ZoNE OF CEYLoN by W. D. Andrew and A. B.
ܓ. A NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF DOSE OF EUMIG له EGGs by V. Buvanendran and T. M. Fonsek
THE NATURE OF ORGANIC MATTER IN HIGH HILL CounTRY WET ZoNE OF CEYLON by and M. W. Thenabadu
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT JANUARY TO MARCH
PU B SH
T H E D EP A R T M E N T
C E Y L
S S UE
T H E D | V | S O N OF B L O C K No. 6, EC H E L ON (P. O. BC
PRINTED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF T.
 
 

R 3 JULY-SEPT., 1970
ICA
LTURIST
r n a of Cey on
: N T S
TANA SOILS IN THE WET MONTANE
P. Jayawardana 107
ATION ON HATECHABILITY OF THEN
se 123
ORGANIC MATTER SOILs of THE J. Handawela, F.S.C.P. Kalpage
el 6 e is . . 127
1970 37
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O F A G R T C U L T U R E ON
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E GOVERNMENT PRINTER, CEYLON

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Page 8

ہے خیبر

Page 9
Development of in
patana soils in
ΖΟΠιθ Ο
W. D. ANDREW* AND
Veterinary Research. In
INTRO
THE patanas (montane grassla. Ceylon, and their soils, have
various authors (4) (5) (6) (12)
In its natural state, patana gra: From time to time attempts grassland by introducing tempe. other parts of the World, but, disappointing.
As early as 1948, Turbet establishing temperate pasture pl when sown on newly cultivate bunch grasses such as Dactylis pratense, and Poa pratense v environment, whereas Pennise
minutiflora, both Creeping gra
various legumes that were tried the best. He attributed the fail pasture to the high acidity and
soil and recommended that it w manure the land for severa establishment of better types of
In 1966 a mixed pasture of LO and T. repens was satisfactori Bopatalawa by using heavy see fertilizer. However despite the and good rainfall, when this p Loliums and Trifoliums soon ( creeping grasses such as Brachic
* F.A.O. Pasture Consultant attached to

proved pastures on the wet-montane
Ceylon A. B. P. JAYAWARDANA
titute, Peradeniya, Ceylon,
(Received, April, 1970)
DUCTION
nds), of the wet-upland zone of peen described in great detail by 13) (14) (15) (16).
sland has a very low grazing value. have been made to improve this cate species that are successful in
so far, results have been rather
(18) reported great difficulty in ants, at Ambawela and Bopatalawa, d patana land. He observed that glomerata, Lolium peremine, Phleum, vere apparently unsuited to the tum clandestimum and Melimis Sses, grew satisfactorily. Of the
Trifolium repens, a creeper, was ure to develop a satisfactory mixed inherent low fertility of the patana as essential to crop and to heavily 1 years, before attempting the
mixed pasture.
ium spp., D, glomerata, T. pratense y established on patana land at ling rates and liberal quantities of continued application of fertilizer asture was heavily defoliated, the isappeared and were replaced by *ia brizamtha and P. clandestimum.
eterinary Research Institute.
107

Page 10
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR
In 1968 further attempts were Bopatalawa, to establish mixtures cultivated patana land using hea pelletted seed and adequate fert unsatisfactory. In this instance, of the sowing, the relatively dr unsatisfactory inoculation of leg attempt at Ambawela on the same pelletting of legumes seeds etc., fertilizer, was no more successful
In all cases where establishmen seedlings failed to emerge or that a mortality of plants within the fir, noted that although the sowings certain situations where estab satisfactory. These were on the ste in certain low-lying areas at the foo grass species, such as D. glomerata successful than the shallow rooted
The failures of the temperate spe be broadly categorised as follows:-
(a) failure to emerge; (b) early death of young (c) short life of adult pl
As it is hoped to depasture la upland wet zone and as it is p improved pastures be developed potatoes (8) it is now important th: more fully investigated.
This paper reports the results carried out at Ambawela to study variation upon seedling establishr plants in relation to soil temperat
MATERIALS Al
A typical wet patana Soil profil composed of black very acid peaty. from nine to twelve inches, wi horizon that may contain a high p
08

ST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
made, at both Ambawela and of temperate species on newly y seeding rates, inoculated and lizer, but again the result was ailure was attributed to lateness conditions that prevailed, and ume seeds. However a second soil with adequate rainfall, limend another application of mixed han the first sowing.
failed it was noted that either fter emergence there was a heavy it few weeks. However, it was had generally failed there were lishment and persistence was ep slopes facing the north and/or t of the slopes. The deeper rooted and Phalaris tuberosa, were more
Loliums.
cies sown on wet patana Soil can
g seedlings; antS.
rge numbers of animals in the roposed that extensive areas of on patana soil in rotation with it the reasons for past failures be
obtained from an experiment
the effect of soil temperature lent. The behaviour of pasture ure is generally discussed.
DMETHODS
consists of an “A. I. ', horizon Loam, of varying depth, generally h a rather impermeable 'B' oportion of quartz and ironstone

Page 11
戟
IMPROVED PASTURES ON PATANA
concretions (5). The “ A ” hori drained although it may be ter. periods. In the bottom of the v time.
At Nuwara Eliya, only eight m air temperatures range from abo range of about 25°, occurs du February and is at a minimum, month of June. As might be inversely with relative humidity during bright days, maximum exceeds 150°F. Since the sky is during the afternoon than in the generally hotter than those wi annual rainfall is about 84', the c and April. Although the averag 214, rainless periods of 15 days a the inter-monsoonal period, a m

3OILS IN THE WET ZONE OF CEYLON
on on the slopes is generally well porarily waterlogged during rainy alley it is waterlogged most of the
Lles from Ambawela, mean monthly ut 57° to 60°F. The maximum daily ring the relatively dry month of of about 10, during the misty wet expected, air temperature varies As incoming radiation is intense 'quilibrium temperature commonly usually cloudy for a longer period morning, slopes facing the east are h a westerly aspect. The average riest months being February, March e number of rainy days per year is re common and occasionally, during Lonth may pass without rain.
109

Page 12
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR
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IST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
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S LL S SLL S SYL S L S S S S S S S S S

Page 13
IMPROVED PASTURES ON PATANA
A nearly level experimental si soil at Ambawela where two Sov had had fertilizer as follows :-
Ground dolomitic limestOne
Ordinary superphosphate Sulphate of potash
Urea
Copper sulphate
Zinc sulphate Ammonium molybdate
Sodium borate
50/50 Lime/superphosphate mixtil
The Site was divided into thre open lattice of thin poles about or duced a relative cool soil enviro. of rainfall or substantially affecti was about 60 per cent. Another the two was a buffer Section to shaded Section.
On September 7th, 1969, inocul T. Subterraneum were separately ground and at a depth of 2', in Surface-sown seeds were lightly
After sowing, in order to elim being a limiting factor, a fertiliz mental area as follows :
Slaked dolomitic limestion
Ordinary superphosphate Sulphate of potash
Daily counting of seedlings co continued until October 18th. quent intervals.
R
The daily seedling populatio emergence is shown in figs 1 and

SOILS IN THE WET ZONE OF CEYLON
e was chosen on cultivated patana rings had already failed and which
(a) First Sowing (b) Second Sowing
3 tons/ac. ... 500 lb lac. BWt. . . 200 lb |ac. 2 cwts lac. ... 100 lbs.sae.
50 lb. /ac. - - O
10 lb. Jac. O
10 lb, la,C. O
4 oz./ac. - - 4 oz, l'ac. O .. 3 lb.sae.
Ire (0) ... 200 lb./ac.
2e sections. One was shaded by an le metre above the ground. This pronment Without reducing the amount ng air movement. Light interception Section was not shaded, and between prevent shade falling across the un
ated pelletted seeds of T. repens and 7 SOWin in rows On the Surface of the both shaded and unshaded sections. covered With soil.
lunate any possibility of soil fertility er mixture was applied to the experi
e 500 lbfac.
200 lb. sac. 100 lb. sac.
mmenced on the September 17th and Soil temperatures were taken at fre
ESULTS
l change for about one month after 2. -
ill,

Page 14
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
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ST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
·sqqđẹp oxaq qe swɔɖɔɔ os ousados usong sầuȚIpəəs pə3ưeuro go 93ượqətroņepndod uo ĝuspeųs Jo qəəJJQI os 3ĻI
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waggas

Page 15
IMPROVED PASTURES ON PATANA
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13
DLS IN THE WET ZONE OF CEYLON
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Page 16
TROPICALAGRICULT
It will be seen that there was erged seedings where no protect but that shading arrested this. T with T. repens than with T. subt the benefit from shading was mu was sown on the surface, where conditions shading did not entirel However this was negligible cOI without shade. The benefit from when the seed was sown at a de there was a marked initial decl shaded and unshaded environmer. cover of these larger seeds. Dail depth of ,' from September 7th t
At this depth, the mean differen peratures of the shaded and unsh but On minore than One occasion it temperatures recorded were 93F environments respectively.
DISCU
The emergence of T. repens fro better than when it was sown at a һand T. subterraтеит, emerged bet
perature could account for this ( sown at the appropriate depth, a Seedlings was obtained from both perature and moisture that prevai able for seed germination and seed
The high mortality of seedlings on the unshaded soil, is quite typi this was substantially avoided by the seedlings and the soil, either must have been directly related to
Since sowing on shaded soil h ment on this patana land (3), it the soil is very important.
During the months of Septemb at all times, and the maximum t 1/2” was 93°F. A thermometer
114

IST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
rapid decline in population of emin against insolation was provided s decline in population was greater rraneum. With the former species h more pronounced when the seed Le soil was hottest, and under such prevent the decline in population. pared with the loss that occurred shading T. Subterraneum, was best th of 2'. With the Surface SOWing he in seedling population in both is due, probably, to insufficient soil 7 maximum soil temperatures at a October 18th are shown in Fig. 3.
e between the maximum soil temaded environments Was about 10°F
was as great as 20 F. Highest soil and 82°F for unshaded and shaded
SSION
m surface Sowing was considerably a depth of two inches. On the other ter from a depth of two inches than S in seed size, rather than in temII). However, when the seed was satisfactory population of emerged
species. Thus the levels of temled in the Soil were not unfavouring emergence.
hat occurred Soon after emergence cal of what commonly occurs. As reducing insolation reaching both emperature and/or light intensity he early death of the young plants.
s resulted in successful establishs evident that the temperature of
r and October, the soil was moist imperature reached, at a depth of ring on the surface of the ground
حیخ ۶۶ |

Page 17
1IMPROVED PASTURES ON PATANA
있, 융, 않 Sജ്ഞ GY CO
(9),% 4 7ര4
 

ILS IN THE WET ZONE OF CEYLON
|E/%// / ày 7870-AJOQ7%ygにQ
*squotquoisada pəpeqsun puòpəpaqs tųsous-sieq joȚsdop që popisooo I sɔ InqoàɔdɛŋɔT. Isos tuntuțxes, og -31)
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Page 18
TROPICAL AGRICULTUI
registered a maximum of 111F.
for plant protoplasm. However, high to bring about an unfavour: photosynthesis, induce loss of grov them susceptible to attack from that seedling deaths occurred pro suggests that this is what happene T. repens, at about the same sub the same opinion. However, wh the fact remains that seedling dea shading the soil and reducing its from a monthly mean maximum o
The fact that nodule develo fixation is severely restricted wh 90°F is a further hazard for legu.] exhausted nitrogen reserves in th examination of the root systems unshaded environments showed the were abundant large nodules near latter, they were fewer, smaller, a of the root system.
Had the rainfall been less and could easily have arisen to lethal died from direct heat injury.
Thus the first two months afte period for the establishment of le patana soils.
The effect of temperature on past always so simple as in this experi part of the same field, a mixture C T. Subterraneum, viz. “Dwalganu about twelve months previously or raked to remove dead organic matt removing the organic matter, and hotter, Was clearly shown by the pi this treatment.
Mulching with organic matter ca surface by 6 to 14°F (17).
The emergence of T. repens T. Subterraneum, came through sat the most xerophytic and heat-tol

ST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
Such temperatures are not lethal Ley would have been sufficiently bly high ratio of transpiration to th vigour in seedlings, and render bil pathogens (19) (20). The fact. gressively over a period of time . Sprague (17) working also with lethal temperature range, was of tever the actual cause of death, hs were substantially reduced by temperature, at a depth of 1/2",
77°F to 67 °F.
pment and symbiotic nitrogen an the soil temperature exceeds minous seedlings after they have air seeds. In this experiment, an
of seedlings from shaded and it whilst in the former case there
the crown of the plants, in the nd only on the more distal parts
the soil drier, its temperature levels and seedlings could have
r sowing can be a very critical 2gume seedlings on these black
ure seedling establishment is not ment. For example in another f T. repens and two cultivars of ' & “ Mt. Barker ' Was SOWn an area which had been partly er. In this instance the effect Of hus allowing the soil to become
orer establishment that followed
reduce soil temperature at the
Tas poor but the cultivars of Sfactorily. Dwalganup, which is rant cultivar was the first to

Page 19
IMPROVED PASTURES ON PATANA SO
develop a ground cover. It was o the other cultivar, adapted to less developed satisfactorily. Heat an correlated characters (7). The effec itself in several ways at the same there are thus many interactions.
The fact that best results from land at Ambawela and Bopatalawa slopes where the rays of the sun on the slopes facing north and We which are coolest, although not a supports further the importance of the limit to successful establishme
The foregoing suggests that whe soil the first objective should be as possible at or near the Surface,
If a pasture has to be sown on rotation with potatoes, perhaps an to use a cover crop, such as a ce. keep the ground cool until the pas ground cover. The best time for sc is at a maximum, which is during
As early as 1899 Pearson (13) d to be a surprising situation' viz. ti characters predominated on the upwards, and suggested that var. reduced plant root activity that resistance despite the good r Pearson (12) noted that anatomi: zerophytic species were more stro than on dry patanas despite the m cooler conditions of the former en patana soils are black and well d hotter than the brown dry-patana as being an important ecological
Table 1 shows that at Nuwara E between insolation and shade tem can be as great as 71 °F. This tabl monthly solar radiation temperat order of 146 to 157°F. Dry black as hof, as a blackened thermon

ILS IN THE WET ZONE OF CEYLON
nly when this had occurred that Xerophytic and cooler conditions, d drought resistance are highly t of soil temperature can manifest a time and with a mixed sowing
sowing on bare cultivated patana have been obtained on the steep strike at an oblique angle and/or st or at the bottom of the slopes always the wettest environments, the temperature factor in setting nt of particular species.
n SOWing pasture on black patana to retain as much organic matter in order to keep the soil cool.
clean cultivated ground eg. in L appropriate procedure would be real to provide sufficient shade to ture plants can develop their own owing should be when cloud cover
the monsoon rain period.
rew attention to “what appeared
nat plants with marked xerophytic wet-humus patanas, at 5000 and ious characteristics of the soil. So
plants needed to have drought ainfall. However, Parkin and ical pecularities characteristic of ongly developed in plants on wet uch better rainfall and apparently Vironment. The fact that the Wet rained and therefore likely to be soils was apparently not regarded actor.
Eliya the mean monthly difference perature is 61 °F and on occasions e also shows that mean maximum ures at Nuwara Eliya are of the
soil could be expected to become heter, 4 above ground, used to
117

Page 20
TROPICAL, AGRICULTUE
measure insolation temperature. the lethal temperature range fo reduce temperature is therefore n
It is interesting to note that grasses are the creepers, such as that cover the Soil and keep it coi many years ago, is now found mc facing the north and west P. clandestinum. Temperate spe these black patana soils while the hot. Thus results from heavy see the first year or so, and lead to heavily grazed, particularly duri: and the soil becomes exposed and and die. Overgrazing is the comn hot environments (7) (10) (19).
Paradoxically, it is during the f risk of heat injury may be grea temperate species to persist on t South, was evidently due to ex following heavy defoliation. Thu pastures of temperate species este great importance. While the best of temperate bunch grasses wo infrequent defoliation, unfortuna they are ineffectively utilized, an creeping grasses inherently lower Solution would be to associate th that would keep the Soil cool. In
would provide the cool environr legume species to satisfactorily other hand the sowing of culti tolerant than those already tried clearly indicated.
ACKNOWL.
The assistance given by Mr. S. W field data is acknowledged.
it 8

ST, νοI. CXXVI, 1970
As these values are well within plant tissue, soil protection to ost important for plant survival.
the most Successful introduced P. claimdeStimum and B. brizamtha l. Also that T. repens introduced st frequently on the cooler slopes and then in association with :ies may grow satisfactorily on soil is shaded and doesn't get too ling may look very promising for inwarranted optimism. But when ng the January to March period, heats up, plants can lose vigour onest cause of plant mortality in
rosty period of the year that the test. The failure of most of the he site at Bopatalawa facing the cessively high soil temperatures Ls proper grazing management of blished on wet-patana soil, is of chance of maintaining mixtures ould appear to be lenient and tely such treatment means that ld may then be less useful than in nutritive value. Perhaps one Lese bunch grasses with creepers addition to aiding persistence this nent essential for the temperate ix atmospheric nitrogen. On the vars more xerophytic and heat in the past would seem to be
EDGMENT
. Jayatunga in collecting accurate

Page 21
lIMPROVED PASTURES ON PATANA S
SUMIN
Failures of mixed pastures of t soils in the Wet montane Zone of Ce of seedlings, heavy mortality of e month after sowing Or to the sho temperatures that develop in the e
of these failures even though rainfa
are moderate.
Deep sowing of Small seeded leg
the problem since many seedlings reducing the temperature of the SC
of organic matter or shading with
Whilst light grazing to prevent appear to be essential to maintain grasses, this entails under-utilizati more xerophytic heat-tolerant cult. that keep the Soil cool and moist Penniset un clandestinum have, introduced gramineous species.
REFE
(l) EKANAYAKE, L.A.D.I. ... Direct
(2) GRIN LINTON, F. H. (1898) ... Report Admin
Prin
(3) JAYAWARIDANA A. B. P. and Surfac
W. D. ANDREW (1970) Pasi
Zon,
(4) Jo A CHIM, A. W. R. (1935) . . Studie (ii) G
(5) JOACHIM, A. W. R. (1935) . . (iii) T
(6) Jo A CHIM, A. W. R. and Studie
KANDIAH, S. (1942) phy
Ο ΟΥη
Cհյlt;
(7) JUTLANDER, O. (1945) . . Droug Pla
(8) LAND UTILIZATION. CoMMITTFE Repor (1967) 196
 

DILS IN THE WET ZONE OF CEYLON
IARY
emperate species on black patana ylon is due either to non-emergence merged seedlings during the first it life of adult plants. The high (posed black soil could be the cause ll is abundant and air temperatures
Innes into cooler soil does not solve then fail to reach the Surface, but il by conserving a protective cover l, a cover crop could.
Soil exposure and heating would many species of temperate bunch on of their grazing potential. Thus ivars are needed. Creeping grasses Such as BarctChild Qriq barizaynthace and So far been the most Successful
IRENCES Or, Department of Meteorology, Colombo.
b on the Meterology of Ceylon, C: 1-37. ... Report for the year 1897 Government ter, Ceylon.
e sowing-A Simple and Safe Technique for Jure Establishment in the Wet Upper-Montane e of Ceylon. Trop. Agriculturist-(In press)
s on Ceylon Soils
eneral Characteristics of Ceylon Soils. Some typical soil groups of the Island and a tentative scheme of classification. Trop. Agriculturist LXXXIV : 254-275
he red and yellow earths and the wet and dry
patana, soils LXXXIV : 323—334.
es of Ceylon Soils. XVI–The chemical and sical characteristics of the soils of adjacent rasting vegetation formations. Trop. Agriurist XC VIII : 8—96
ht resistance in range and pasture grasses ht Physiology 20: 573–99.
t Government Press, Ceylon Published June 8.
19

Page 22
TROPICAL AGRICULT
(9) LAUDE, H. M., J. E. SHRUM. The
and W. E. BIEHLER (1952)
(10) LEvITT, J. (1951)
(ll) MoORE, R. P. (1943)
(12) PARKIN, J. and H. H. W.
PEARSON (1903)
(13) PEARSoN, H. H. W. (1899) . .
(14) RosAYRo DE R. A. (1945)
(15) SENARATNA. J. E. (1933)
(16) SENARATINA. J. E. (1942)
(17) Sprague v. G. (1944)
(18) TURBET, C, R. (1948)
(19) went, F. W. (1953)
(20) WENT, F. W. (1957)
120
o
ΘΥY). II (
Frost Pld
Seed graś
The
XX
The
XX
The
ᎾᏟᏅ TrC
Grazi A p. 273
Patar and Agn
The e
ΘΙΥη{
Spe
Repo. of C
The
Rev
The e: Bot

RIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
ffect of high soil temperature on seedling rgence of perennial grasses Agron. J. 44: -12.
drought and heat resistance Ann, Rev. of οι Phμ8λοίοgμ 2 , 245-268
ng emergence of small-seeded legumes and ses Agron. J. 35 : 370-381
Botany of the Ceylon Patanas J. Linn Soc. XV : 430-462
Botany of the Ceylon Patanas J. Linn Soc. XIV 300-365
nontane grasslands (Patanas) of Ceylon-An ogical study with reference to afforestation p. Agriculturist 101 : 206-213,
ng grounds and their improvement in Ceylon. reliminary note. Trop. Agriculturist LXXXI -82.
a burning with particular reference to pasturage wet patanas. A preliminary note, Trop. iculturist XCVIII. 221-234.
ffects of temperature and day length on seedling 3rgence and early growth of several pasture cies Soc. Soil. Sci. Almer. Proc. 8:287-294.(1943).
rt on the Development of cattle farms. Records Beylon Department of Agriculture.
affect of temperature on plant growth Ann. 7. Plant Physiology 4 347-362.
xperimental control of plant growth. Chronica janica Ceylon Mass. U.S.A.
*

Page 23
IMPROVED PASTURES ON PATANA
APPEND
Weather Conditions at Am
l IOαίe Rainfall
Тетperature (in)
( F° )
Maac. Min.
1. ... 60 58 . . .32 2. 57 56 . , 3.12
3. 60 58 . . 2.14 4. 68 62 .. 0.88
5. 63 57 . . -
6 63 55 . . -
7. 64 57 . . -
8. 69 51 .. -
9. 6. 58 . . — 10. 60 59 . . 0.33
II. 66 59 . . n 12. 62 58 . . 0.3.
13. 60 58 . . -
14. 67 58 . . -
15. 69 62 .. -
16. 63 58 ... 0.09
17. 64 57 . . -
18. 55 54 ..
19. 65 54 .. -
20. 66 57 . . -
21. 70 58 . . -
22. 70 57 . . -
23. 70 59 . .
24. 67 60 . . 1.08
25. 67 59 . . 0.84
26. 70 57 . . 0.92
27. 70 58 . . .34
28 7. 59 . . 0.08
29. ... 70 60 . . -
30. ... 65 59 . . 0.2
Monthly total amount ... 12.66
Monthly total days ... 13

DILS IN THE WET ZONE OF CEYLON
Χ Νο. 1
awela during September 1969
Clear Wόγια Other Suገ0- force †erገ፲qገ‛kS light Hours)
- Strong Mist
6 Gentle - - 罗姆
7 93. 99.
9 Strong
ll. . . , ,
10 . . , ... Mist
8 Calm sy
- . . ... Drizzle and Mist
3 ... 99 ... Mist
10 . . ,
4 sy ll. . . Strong
ll . . ,
11 . . 99
11 . . Gentle
ll. . . ,
ll. . . ,
12 92
6 92 ... Mist
4 22 - - 9 9
5 32 - - y
4. Callinn Thunder
8 Gentle ... Lightning
9 うう
4 ** ... Mist
193
121

Page 24
ROPICAL AGRICULT
APPEN
Weather Conditions at
Α όγ. IDαίο Temperature Rainfall
(F) (in) Maac. Mina.
1. 69 58 0.28
2 66 55 -
3 74 54 -
4 69 65 0.10
5 67 59 0.37
6 66 58 22
69 55 0.15
8 7. 57 -
9 71. 57 0.8
10 67 58 0.04
1. 66 59 0.78
12 66 59 0.72
13 68 60 1.46
l4 68 60 O. 15 65 60 0.10
I6 65 64
7. 70 64 0.27
18 70 56 -
19 63 62 1.8
20 59 57 0.18
2. 63 54 -
22 63 54 -
23 6. 54
24 70 55 -
25 67 1.36
26 69 56
27 69 58 0.61
28 69 57 n
29 65 56 1.27
30 65 58 0.40
3. 64 57 0.49
Monthly total amount 12.87 Monthly total days 22
122

RIST, vo. CXXVI, 1970
}IX N0.2
Ambawela. During October 1969
Οιήβγ
Olear Μ7όγια Sunlight force remarks
(hours)
5 Gentle Mist
99
፵ ኃ __ Mist
7. 29. · ኃ ?
8 ፵ 2 99
3. 22
5 29
6 99 Lightning
6 22
5 99.
3 29
3. Mist
3 92 2 . . , ܦܬܐ ܐܨ
3. sy
2 Strong
4 த9 Mist
- த9 22
- 99. 99
29 99
6 92 ፵ ኃ
6 22 ቋጋ
8 92. 酸》 5 Gentle . . Thunder & Lightning 7 92 Mist
6 தற *熔
يح
3 9 9 sy 3
5

Page 25
A note on the effect o on hatchability
V. BUVANIENDRAN * A
Central Poultry Station
INFECTIONs in poultry caused by m other than S. Pullorum and S. Ga reported in this country during th 1963).
Fumigation of hatching eggs has b means of controlling Salmonella i chick (Wilson, 1951). Wilson recom and 50 grs. KMnO4 per 100 cubic fee of eggs. Clarenburg and Romijn (1 could recover S. barielly from artifici at the above concentration indicati pletely lethal to the organisms. Wi concentration, viz. 150 cc formalin a tion of hatching eggs 73 hours a significent reduction in hatchability.
Since shell penetration of organi of storage before incubation (Biest of eggs at the end of the storage pe prevent some of the embryos bein avoid this, a practice of daily fu collection has been adopted at this 3 days after incubation as report reported here was performed to in hatchability occurs when the doub is used for pre-incubation, fumigatic
MATERIALS A
Two experiments were performe good hatching quality and the ot poor hatchability.
* Present address : Veterinary Research Inst
 

dose of fumigation
of hen eggs
D. T. M. FoNSEKA, , Kundasale, Ceylon.
(Received April, 1970)
ambers of the Salmonella genus, Elinarum have been increasingly e past few years (Kulasegaram,
een recommended as an effective infections in the newly hatched mended a dose of 75 cc formalin it of space for routine fumigation 954) however reported that they ally contaminated eggs fumigated ng that this dose was not comilson also used double the above nd 100 grS. of KMnO4 for fumigafter incubation, but observed a
Sms can occur during the period er & Schwarte 1952), fumigation }riod or during incubation cannot g infected before fumigation. To migation of eggs on the day of station (as opposed to fumigation 2d by Wilson). The experiment vestigate whether a depression in e concentration mentioned above in of eggs.
NDİ METHODOS
d, one with eggs known to have er with eggs consistently giving
tute, Peradeniya, , Ceylon... -
123

Page 26
TROPICAL AGRICULT
Eacperiment 1.
Eggs were obtained from a floc old, housed in 5 deep little pens. end of each day's collection and divided into two approximately fumigated separately using eithe KMnO4 (single dose) or (ii) 15 (double dose) per 100 c.ft, The as the position of the tray during of fumigation were kept identica for 7 days were treated in the sar day in a 6,000 capacity Zenkei in
Eacperiment 2.
Eggs were obtained from 1000 mated to Rhode Island Red males, ment were identical to experimei
Eggs were candled on the 7th infertile and dead embryos rem failing to hatch on the 22nd day which the embryo died determ Buvanendran (1967). Based on til lity was classified into two st whether death occurred before C
Five weekly hatches were obtail
Statistical Analysis :
Since hatchability varied betwe data for the two treatments We according to Snedecor (1961). angles before analysis.
RESULTS AN
The fertility and hatchability o experiments are shown in Table 1 ment 2 was considerably lower tha
124

RIST, vo. CXXVI, 1970
of 800 Australorp pullets, 8 months Hatching eggs were selected at the ggs from each of the five pens were qual groups. The two groups were * (i) 75 cc formalin and 50 grs, of ) cc formalin and 100 grs. KMnO, ther conditions of fumigation such fumigation and the length of time for the two groups. Eggs collected he manner and incubated on the 8th ubator.
White Leghorn hens, 14 months old The other conditions of the experihit 1.
and 14th day of incubation and all oved. All eggs removed and those 7 were broken out and the age at ined using the criteria given by ne time of death, embryonic mortaages, early or late depending on r after the 13th day of incubation. led for study.
an hatches, each week's hatchability re paired and a t test performed Percentages were transformed to
D DISCUSSION
both treatment groups in the two The hatchability of eggs in experi
in those of experiment 1 as expected.

Page 27
THE EFFECT OF DOSE OF FUMIGATIO
Table 1.-Effect of single and double embryonic mortalit,
Eacperiment Concentration, No. of Eggs f
- - Single - 98.
Double 978
2 - - Single 1,204. . Double 1,160 .
Small differences in hatchability were seen in both experiments. In good quality hatching eggs were use 3 per cent in hatchability of fertile e eggs when compared to the other. I the effect of fumigation was the rev eggs treated with double dose of fu bility by 4 per cent. Both differen significant (PD 0.05).
Wilson (951) and Clarenburg a eggs which were normally of poor tion in hatchability after fumigatio This effect was not noted in goc experiment however, an increase hatching eggs was obtained after fu may be due to the fact that in th were fumigated before incubation the workers cited earlier fumigated of incubation.
On the basis of these experiment incubation fumigation of hatching and 100 grs. of KMnO4 per 100 c. bility. Since fumigation at this hi reported to be more lethal to Salı to be recommended for routine ful control of Salmonellosis.
SUMIM
The effect of pre-incubation fum of 75 cc formalin and 50 grs. KMn( c.ft. of space on hatchability was hatchability were not observed treatments.

ON HATCHABILITY OF HEN EGGS
dose fumigation on fertility, 7 and hatchability
ertility Embryonic Mortality Hatchability
% % %
Early Late (Among fertile
eggs)
97.5 .. 5-2 ... 9.09 . . 85.8 96.2 .. 5.32 . . I-79 . . 82.9
947 ... 0-02 . . 27.78 .. 61.3 93-2 ... 9.14 ... 25.36 . . 65.3
between fumigation treatments 2xperiment 1, the group in which 'd, there was a reduction of about aggs in the double dose fumigated n the second experiment however, erse of that seen in experiment 1, migant being Superior in hatchaces however Were Small and nOt
nd Romijn (1954) observed that hatching quality showed a reduc1 at high doses during incubation. Dd quality eggs. In the present in hatchability of poor quality Imigation at the higher dose. This e experiment reported here, eggs on the day of collection whereas the eggs during the first 72 hours
s, it could be concluded that preeggs at a dose of 150 cc formalin ft. is not deterimental to hatchagher concentration has also been monella organisms, this dosage is migation of hatching eggs in the
ARY gation of hatching eggs at a dose )4 or double this quantity per 100 studied. Significant differences in between the two fumigation
25

Page 28
26
TROPICAL, AGRICUL
REI
BIESTER, H. E. and L. H. Sc
Edition Ames, Iowa.
BUVANIENDRAN, V. (1967) A sear white protein polymorp domestic fowl. Br. POLlt.
CLARENBURG, A and ROMIJN, C with formaldehyde-potas. hatchability. Proc : 10th
KULASEGARAM, P. (1963) Salmol
J. 2: 60.
SNEDECOR, G. W. (1961) Statisti
WILSON, J. E. (1951) The Co special reference to fumi:

URIST, VOL. cxxVI, 1970
RENCES
WARTE (1959) Diseases of Poultry 4th
h for an association between maternal egg isms and embryonic mortality in the Sci. :) 8 : 1,
(1954) The effectiveness of fumigation um permanaganate and the influence on
World’s Poultry Cong., P. 214.
ellosis of Poultry in Ceylon, Ceylon. Vet.
'al methods 5th edition, Ames, Iowa.
ntrol of Salmonellosis in Poultry with lation of incubators, Vet. Rec. 63: 501.

Page 29
The nature of organ organic matter soils
Wei ZOne O.
J. HANDAWELA, * F. S. C. P. KAL)
SUMIML
Humus Substances were extract and nitrogen contents determined. matter and humus substances. H decreases with increasing elevatic fulvic acid than grassland soils.
INTRODU
Organic matter plays a significan fertility and considerable work has plex nature. Little work has howevel in Ceylon soils.
The most striking feature of the adjacent areas in the hill country organic surface layer (4). The prese of the nature of organic matter in high altitude regions in the centre ft.), Ambawela (6000 ft.) and Horto. climatic data of the sites and chemi ties of these soils have been discus
Organic matter mineralisation is under acid conditions (1). Therefore pH conditions prevalent at high alt. matter contents of the soils Studied index of soil fertility without furth matter and rates of mineralisation.
Division of Agricultural Chemistr
Institute, Peradeniya, Ceylon.
*Faculty of Agriculture, University of

ic matter in high of the hill country
Ceylon
PAGE AND W. M. THENABADU
(Received June, 1970
ARY
ed from soil and their carbon Soils studied are rich in organic unification of organic matter on. Forest soils contain more
CTION
Lt role in soil genesis and Soil been done to elucidate its comr been reported on organic matter
soils of montane grasslands and wet zone of Ceylon is the thick int investigation refers to a study the surface soils of three major of Ceylon viz., Bopatalawa (5000 h Plains (7000 ft.). Ecological and cal and physico-chemical propersed elsewhere (2).
'etarded at low temperatures and , under low temperature and low tudes the unusually high organic cannot be considered a reliable er data On the nature of organic
, Central Agricultural Research
Ceylon, Peradeniya, Ceylon.
127

Page 30
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
MATERIALS
At each location single Sample: hill under foreset vegetation, upp land) below the forest, lower s. logged Valley bottom) in the der mined by Walkley and Black's ra gen by the standard macro-Kjeld Kononova (3) were used to deter) stances and humic acids. Fulvic a were determined by subtracting nitrogen from the humus carbon The amounts of organic carbon a sidue after humus Substances had subtracting the humus carbon an Organic carbon and total nitrogen
RESULTS AN
Brief description of the sites, de carbon, total nitrogen, total organ in Table 1.
TAE
Description of the soi,
Soil No. and Site depth
C. pH
BOPATI 1. Forest on hill crest, O -8 . . 4-5 2. Upper slope patana 0-15 . . 4-5 3. Lower slope patara 0-18 . . 4.6 4. Deniya Valley
bottom ... 0-35 . . 4-4 Average - - 4·5
AMBA 1. Forest on hill crest 0-15 . . 5·4 2. Upper slope patana 0-18 . . 4.8 3. Lower slope patana 0-20 . . 4·9 4. Deniya Valley
bottom ... 0-25 . . 4.8 Average - - - - 5.0
HORTON I. Forest on hill crest, 0 -5. . . 6.0 2. Upper slope patana 0-15 . . 5.6 3. Lower slope patana 0-25 . . 5-1 4. Deniya Valley
bottom ... 0-25 . . 5. Average - 5-5
12S

IST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
AND METHODS
were taken from the crest of the er slope of patana (montane grassope of patana and deniya (water ression. Organic carbon was deterid titration method and total nitrohal method. Methods described by nine the composition of humus Sub2id carbon and fulvic acid nitrogen numic acid carbon and humic acid and humus nitrogen respectively. ld total nitrogen left in the soil rebeen extracted were estimated by d humus nitrogn contentis from the
respectively in the original soil.
D DISCUSSION
pth of A1 horizon, pH, total organic
Lic matter and C/N ratio are given
BLE 1
is and Organic matter
Organic Total Οηραηλο
C% N% matter% OIN TATLAWA
8-92 ... 0.86 . . 15:37 . . 0.37 7-42 ... 0.55 . . 12.79 . . 3.49 6-76 . . 0.55 ... II-65 . . 12-16
8-70. . . 0.67 . . 15.00 . . 2.99 7.95 . . 0.66 ... 13.70 . . 2.25
WELA
4.27 . . 0.58 .. 736 . . 7.27 4.37 . . 0.37 - 7.53 . . I-8. 6.29 0.48 ... 10.84 .. 12.86
5-33 ... 0-43 ... 9.19 . . 1248 5-0.7 ... 0-47 ... 873 . . 1.08 PLAINS
875 . . 0-82 ... 15.09 . . 0.67 I丑·43 ,,0·79 ,,19-7丑。。。 4-39 15-12 . . .I.5 . . 26.07 . . 13.5
8-63 . . . .29 ... 32.2 . . 夏4·44
3-48 ... 10. . . 23-25 . . 14.62

Page 31
NATURE OF ORGANIC MATTER IN
Humus Substances :
Varios interpretations have been (3, 5, 7, 8). In the present investigati to describe those humus Substances phosphate/O.1N sodium hydroxide
The contents of hunnus Substanc rage percentages being : Bopatalaw: Plains 9.10 (Table 2). In Horton P of humus in Soil between different S 3.95, upper patana 7.72, lower patan talawa and Ambawela the Variation ing more humus than upper patan thereafter down the slope to deniya
TABL
Content and composition of h by NaP0,
Hau, 172 fonts
(Soil No. % So?! —
1Ui. % of
BOPATA
I. 7.69 4. 2 5.57 3 6.09 3 4. - - - 9.93 む Average - - 7.32 4
AMBAV
3.55 2. 2 3.07. 3 - - 4.14 4. - - 4·43 Averag 3.80
HORTON
l 3.95 . . 2 - - 7.72 . . 3 - - - 1.0 . .
- - 13.62
Average - - 9.0
Humus accumulation in soil depe of micro-organisms (c) hydrother physico-chemical characteristics of
 

HIGH ORGANIC MATTER SOILS
attached to the term humus On the term humus has been used : extrated by O.1M sodium pyromixture (pH 13).
2s in these Soils Were high, ave7.32, Ambawela 3.80 and Horton lains the variation in percentage ites was wide and regular : forest 11.10 and deniya 13.62. In Bopas were slight, forest soils containC. Soils, the quantity increasing
E 2
uman Substances extracted
|NaOH.
Carbor, Nitrogen,
人 سیار ר soil % of organic 9% of soil % of total *。 O QUt. N
LAWA
... 46 . . 50.00 . . 0.42 . . 48.84 -23 .. 43-53 . . 0.41 .. 74·54 53 . . 52.22 .. 0.43 . . 78-18 .76 . . 66-2 .. O-58 . . 86.57 25 . . 52-99 . . 0·46 ,。 72-03
WELA
-06 . . 48-24. . . 0.29 .. 50.00 .78 ... 40.73 . . O-23 .. 62-16 40 . . 38.6 . . 0.28 . . 58.33 .57 . . 48.22 .. 0.28 . . 65.12. 20 . . 43.84. . . 0.27 . . 58-90
PLAINS
-29 . . 26.17 . . 0.25 . . 30-49 -48 . . 39.20 .. 0.32 . . 40-51. 44 .. 42.59 . . 0.48 . . 474 .90 .. 42-40 . . O-54. . . 41-86 528 . . 37.59 . . 0.40 . . 38-65.
nds on (a) vegetation (b) activity mal regime and (d) physical and
soil (9).
129.

Page 32
TROPICAL AGRICULTUE
Addition of large amounts of C mineralisation under the loW ter prevailing are the main factors amounts of humus Substances in t humus Substances (and Organic I each locality indicate that the im supplier of humus substances (an increasing elevation. The largest a at each locality were in deniya soils and poor microbial activity result
Percentage of humus carbon in with rise in elevation from Bopata (average 43.84) and Horton Plain humus nitrogen in total nitrogen all tion. These Observations indicate le According to Kononova (3), nitro is of microbial origin. The decrease gen in total nitrogen with increas that transformation of nitrogen in C through microbial plasma is less e three localities the percentage of much less than that in patana and organic residue contain less humif
Humic acids and fulvic acids
The terms humic acids and fulvi by Kononova (3). Composition of tions is reported in Table 3. Averag in soil increases from Ambawela (1.62) and Horton Plains soils carbon in organic carbon and in Ambawela soils to Bopatalawa soi
These observations indicate that mation are most favourable in HC content also increases from Ambax Horton Plains soils, average percen pectively. Humic acid carbon and deniya Soils for every locality inc acid accumulation are most favour,
130

EST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
rganic residues to Soil and poor perature and low pH conditions hat favour accumulation of large lese Soils. The relative amounts of hatter) between different sites at portance of forest vegetation as a l organic matter) diminishes with 2cumulations of humus Substances This is probably due to vegetation ng in slow mineralisation.
rganic carbon decreases markedly Jawa (average 52.99) to Ambawela S (average 37.59). Percentage of so decreases with increasing elevaSS humification at higher altitudes. gen present in humus substances in the percentage of humus nitroing elevation will therefore mean organic residues to humus nitrogen ffective at higher altitudes. In all humus nitrogen in forest soils is deniya soils indicating that forest iable nitrogen.
2 acids are the same as those used humic acid and fulvic acid frace percentage of humic acid carbon soils (0.74) to Bopatalawa soils 3.51). Percentage of humic acid Lumus carbon also increases from is and Horton Plains soils.
the conditions for humic acid forrton Plains. Humic acid nitrogen 7ela soils to Bopatalawa soils and ages being 0.18, 0.19, and 0.32 resumic acid nitrogen are highest in icating that conditions for humic ble in demiya soils.

Page 33
NATURE OF ORGANIC MATTER I
Humic acids contain more carb acids. Moreover, with increasing richer in carbon and poorer in ni humic acid carbon to humic acid soils (0.74 : 0.18) to Bopatalawa sc soils (3.51 : 0.32). This may be due ation of plant materials and/or g. humic acids in Horton Plains than
Bopatalawa and Ambawela soil than humic acid carbon While the soils. The percentage of fulvic aci ihumus carbon alle least indicating that conditions for fl favourable in HOrtOn PlainS. Per( soil, in total nitrogen and in huml ing elevation indicating that wit become less favourable for the for
Ratios of humic acid carbon ful average values for the three locati wela 0.51, and Horton Plains 1.89. nary chernozem (285). In Ambaw than the figure of 0.56 reported for data confirm the earlier observatic Plains soils are characterised by a while fulvic acids predominate ir Stevenson (6) reported that the for forest soils than for grassland the present investigation from the to fulvic acid carbon for forest Soi
Organic matter in soil residue :
Organic matter in the soil residt stances insoluble in the alkali pyr ganic carbon and total nitrogen i. tages of organic carbon and total soil, increases with increasing ele decreases with altitude. This prob activity altering soil organic mat
 

N HIGH ORGANIC MATTER SOILS
on and less nitrogen than fulvic complexity humic acids become trogen (3). Relative contents of nitrogen increase from Ambawela ils (1,62: 0.19) and Horton Plains to lesser decomposition and alter'eater complexity and maturity of
in Bopatawala and Ambawela.
S contain more fulvic acid carbon reverse is true of Horton Plains d carbon in organic carbon and in in Horton Plains SOils lvic acid accumulation are least entages of fulvic acid nitrogen in is nitrogen decreased with increash increasing elevation conditions 'mation of fulvic acid nitrogen.
vic acid carbon are generally low, ions being, Bopatalawa 0.72, AmbaThe ratios are lower than for Orditela the average ratio is even lower strongly podsolised soils (3). These in that humus Substances of Horton greater proportion of humic acids Bopatalawa and Ambawela soils. proportion of fulvic acids is higher soils. A similar result is evident in
lower ratios of humic acid carbon ls than for patana and deniya soils.
e (Table 4) represents organic subophosphate extracting mixture. Orsoil residue, expressed as percenlitrogen respectively of the original vation indicating that humication ably is due to decreasing microbiol er with increasing elevation. -
13

Page 34
NATURE OF ORGANIC MATTER
0 poɔ so 0?????, I
O poɔ so 04 won H.
8wn H | 1040),
fo%o | fo%“
wɔɓo., N
*ņam,00"?.??.N| N???|0
120S.$won H | 0?“wpłO1țOS8ų, russi1040,T,??OS,Swaen H.
fo%°fo%" | 40% ofo%“fo%“fo%" | Po%" | 40% o
woq:00wə604?? N.
0?^,040140S,
fo%o | fo%“
woq,00
!
poɔs ɔ?????,,T----pos:7 0??!!?! H.
suoŋɔɛŋ psov osẠIng put psov osuum H 30uoỊsođūIOO-o8 {{I£IVJ,
*ON
140S,
132

N HIGH ORGANIC MATTER SOILS
Z1-0 [6-I 追寻0 830 逾30
}I-I9 }9-68 L寸09 63- Z9 9 I-91,
8寸...Z动 88-†8 LZ- Ljo I6-09 [3-1.8
LZ-0 83-0 93-0 83 0 38,0
动的99 88-78 寻889 88-81, Z8-61,
8I-88 91.-33 ぬ6・gg 0I-578 I6-68
89-Zg8-88 86. I球809 8寸创89-68 893IL · I% 99 8I8-83 se Moseqedog
09-63 动创Z9 I6-08 寸98Z 89-II
6I-0 g8-0 LI-0 £I>0 0I-0
99- † 8. Z9-g9 9 I - I 8 19. IZ 81-03
I8-61 追寻8寸 1,3-9, I 8寸6
60-0I
Z9-I 8A8 0I-I 01.-0 06-0
‘e’AV
= CN GYD

Page 35
ICULTURÍ
OPICAL AGR
ܓܹܗ ܕܗܵܝ
f'R
sƆ---- pț0 #7S???wn H. 0?????, I || || ----fo%� O
qoqo); | Myoso | snown H | 0,0640 | 120S.
fo%“fo%" | fo%" | 40%“fo%“
|·
|
Snown II????OJ,| 140Ssnown sq | 0\u00.001ț0S,
fo%“po%, os so9%s | fo%" | ļo%" | | fo%"
pț0Ę7 0??!!?! H.
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Page 36
TRÓPICAL AGRICULTÜi
TABLE - 4 Composition o
Orgαηλο Carbon Soil 7matter" س^سسسسسسسس--سمΝο. %of % of % of
Sol So?! Organic (Ut. Ut, Ο
Bopal
1. 7-69 . . 4.46 .. 50.
2 7.22 .. 419 . . 56.4
3 557 . . 323 . . 47.'
4 5-07 . . 2.94. . . 33
Ave. 6-39 . . 37 . . 47.(
Amb
1. 3-8 . . 22. . . 51•?
2 4.47 .. 2.59 . . 59.2
3 6-7 , , 389 . . 6-8
4 4.76 . . 2.76 . . 51-7
Ανο. 4.94 .. 2.86 . . 56
Horton
1. II o 14 . . 6-46 .. 73-8
2 ll:98. .. 695 . . 60-8
3 14.96 . . 8-68 . . 57.4
4 1850 . . 10.73 . . 57.6
Ave. - 45 . . 8:2 . . 624
Organic matter in forest soils di
in that the C/N ration of organic original soil is lower for forest soil possibly due to differences in com from mainly dicotyledonous forest vegetation.
134

EST, VOL. cxxv I, 1970
Organic matter in soil residue
Nitrogen,
OIN % of % of Sol Total Ut. N
alawa
0 . . 0-44 . . 51-16 . . 0.14
0.14 .. 25-45 . . 29.93
0-12 . . 282 . . 26.92
0.09 . . 13.43 . . 32.67 . . . 0.20 . . 27.96 . . 24.92
Wela
6 ... 0.58 . . 5000 . . 7.62
7 . . 0.4 .. 37.84 ... 1850
雉 .. 020 . . 40.67 . . 1945
8 0-5. . . 34.88 . . 1840 6 . . 0.20 . . 41 • 10 . . 15-99
Plains
3 0.57 . . 695 . . 33 O 0.47 . . 59.49 . . 14.79
0.67 . . 58-26 . . 2.96 ) 0.75 . . 58• 14 . . 14-31 0.62 . . 6.35 . . 13-35
ffers from that in grassland soils matter in soil residue and also in s than for grassland soils. This is osition between organic matter
flora and that from grassland

Page 37
NATURE OF ORGANIC MATTER IN
The observation that C/N ratio in grassland soil decreases with ele wela and Horton Plains is not in a tion that humification decreases W. understood that Organic substances ture includes humin (humic acids i. matter) in addition to unhumified be investigated whether differenc three localities contribute to this d
ད།
REFER
1. HARMSEN, G. W. and VAN SCHF organic nitrogen in soil. Aduc
2. KALPAGE, F. S. C. P. and THENABA of the high organic matter C Trop. Agriculturist. 125, 51-6
3. KONONOVA, M. M. (1966). Soil Or
4. MooRMIAN, F. R. and PANABOKKE identification and classificati of Ceylon. Trop. Agriculturis
5. RUSSELL, E. W. (1950). Soil Cond man S. Green - and Co. LOnd On
6, STEVENSON, F. J. (1960). Chemic fraction of Soil organic matte
7. STEVENSON, F. J. (1965). Gross
Methods of Soil Analysis, ) American Soc. Agrom 1409-1
8. STEVENSON. I. L. (1964). Biochen ed. Editor in chief : F. E. B 242-291.
9. TYURIN, I. V. and KoNONOVA,
problems in soil fertility. Sc
4一14511(6/70)

HIGH ORGANIC MATTER SOILS
of organic matter in soil residue vation from Bopatalawa to AmbaFreement With the earlier observath elevation. However it must be not extracted by extracting mixn strong combination with mineral organic matter. Therefore, it must es in humin content betWeen the iscrepancy.
ENCES
EVEN, D. A. (1955). Mineralisation of Inc. Agron, 7, 299-398.
DU, M. W. (1969). Some characteristics Ontent montane Soils in the wet Zone. 3。
ganic Matter. Pergamon Press, London.
, C. R. (1961). A new approach to the on of the most important soil groups ;t II7。3-69.
itions and Plant Growth, 8th, ed. Long
l.
all nature of the nitrogen in the fulvic r. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 24, 472-477.
shemical fractination of organic matter. Part 2, Editor in chief: C. A. Black, 421.
histry of soil. Chemistry of the Soil 2nd, 2ar. Reinhold Publishing Corp., London
M. M. (1963), Biology of humus and viet Soil Sci, 3, 205-213.
135

Page 38


Page 39
METEOROLOGI Quarterly Weather Summary
JANUARY: By the 1st of January, the
which caused widespread floods during
and northeast monsoon conditions again and 5th, weather was mainly fair, due Island. Normal northeast monsoon con except on the 14th and 15th, when the when there was fairly widespread rain the 25th to the end of the month, we Over the Island, except on the 29th, whe The larger monthly totals of rainfall (to in the eastern province and over the Rainfall over the adjoining areas and
mainly from 2 to 10 inches. In the se mainly from 2 to 10 inches. In the
Western province, rainfall was mainly normal in the Batticaloa district and a
southwest quarter. Rainfall over the 1 average. Day and night temperatures Day humidity ranged from 64 to 82 p. from 82 to 95 percent. Mean cloud amo a little above normal. Wind mileage Wel being northeasterly north to northeaste
FEBRUARY : Generally fair weather p. month. The passage of an Easterly wa from the 3rd to the 6th. Several very h over Uva, on the 5th and 6th. There \ when only light rain was experience widespread rain on the 8th and 9th. The in floods over the low lying areas of the Sammanturai. The weather improved f was hardly any rain. Another Easter resulted in practically Islandwide rain weather improved gradually. From th light and a few scattered evening thul hill country. A dry upper air stream v of the month and generally fair weat larger monthly totals of rainfall (totals the Urugala and Mammaduwa areas an over the adjoining areas and the rest of eastern province ranged from 10 to 25 was between 2 to 1) inches, and in th 5 inches. Rainfall was above average below average over small areas of northeast. Day temperatures were temperatures were above normal, being humidity ranged from 64 to 83 percer
79 to 95 percent. Mean cloud amounts

CAL REPORT -January to March, 1970
direct influence of the cyclonic storm the last Week of December was over prevailed over the Island. On the 4th to a dry upper air stream Over the ditions again prevailed till the 24th, a Weather was fair and on the 17th, due to a Wave in the Easterlies. From ather was fair due to dry airstream an isolated showers were experienced. tals over 20 inches) were experienced eastern slopes of the central hills. over parts of the Southwest quarter puthern province the rainfall ranged northern, north-central and northbelow 5 inches. Rainfall was above little above normal Over parts of the rest of the Island was mainly below were generally a little above normal. percent, while night humidity ranged unts and the mean air pressure were re mainly below average, the direction :rly.
revailed on the first two days of the ve resulted in fairly widespread rain leavy falls were recorded particularly Was a lull in the Weather on the 7th. 2d, followed by two days of fairly rains from the 3rd to the 9th, resulted coastal belt of Amparai districts and rom the 12th and until the 16th there ly wave, moving across the Island, on the 17th and 18th. Thereafter, the e 21st to the 25th, upper winds were ldershowers were experienced in the as evident during the last three days her prevailed over the Island. The
over 25 inches) were experienced in d in the Moneragala district. Rainfall the Uva and the Southern part of the inches. In the southwest, the rainfall Le north of the Island, mainly below Over the most of the Island and was the southwest quarter and in the mainly about normal, while night
appreciably so at Nuwara Eliya. Day it, while night humidity ranged from
and the mean air pressures were a
137

Page 40
TROPICAL, AGRICULTU
little above normal. Wind mileages v being variable in the southwest and
MARCH. : Generally fair weather month from the 15th to the 2 was experienced in the East with th the afternoon and evening, spreadi However, on the 29th, thundershow very heavy falls being reported. The over 15 inches) were over the Deni areas of the south-west quarter rang hills and most of the eastern provi inches, while over the northern and mainly below 5 inches. Rainfall was . the Negombo area and a little abov quarter and the northwestern prov most of the central province and part Day and night temperatures were ap and about or a little above normal 56 to 75 percent, while night humidi cloud amounts were above normal, W. below normal. Wind mileages were South and below normal elsewhere, t
Department of Meteorology, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, 15th June, 1970.
13s

IST, VOL, CXXVI, 1970
ere mainly above normal, the direction mainly northeasterly elsewhere.
revailed during the first Week of the th. On other days, scattered rain Indershowers developing inland during g later to the Western coastal areas. rs were practically islandwide, several larger monthly totals of rainfall (totals aya region. Rainfall over the adjoining di from 10 to 15 inches. O Ver the Central ice the rainfall Was between 2 and 10 northcentral provinces, the rainfall was bove average over the Galle district and e average over parts of the southwest ince. Rainfall was below average over s of the eastern and northern provinces. preciably above normal at Nuwara Eliya elsewhere. Day humidity ranged from y ranged from 77 to 95 percent. Mean hile the mean air pressures were slightly above normal in the extreme north and he direction being variable.
L. A. D. I. EKANAYAKA, Director.

Page 41
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