கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Tropical Agriculturist 1970.10-12

Page 1
AGRICULTUR.
AGRICUL
VOLUME C:
OCTOBER -
 

L TURISTI
at Journal of Ceylon
JA CEYLON
XXVI. NUMBER 4
DECEMBER, 1970

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Page 5
VOLUME CXXVI NUMBER 4
| TRO AGRICU
A gricult u r a
C O N
Surface sowing a simple and safe tech in the Wet upper montane zone of Ce, and W. D. ANDREW
Tracer studies on the efficiency of cor fertilizers for rice as influenced by ti by M. W. THIENABADU, M. M. M. JAUH
Experiments with granular-compound of Ceylon-by M. W. THENABADU, PERIERA
A preliminary study of reproduction in gifted by New Zealand Government
A noteworthy new grass record for
and M. LAZARDES
Meteorological Reports—April to Ju:
PUBLISH
T H E D EP A R T M. ENT
C E Y
SS UE
A G R T CULTURAL OF F C B L O C K No. 6, ECHELO N P. O. BC
PRINTED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF

OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1970
PICAL LTURIST
u r n a of C e y on
| E N TS
unique for pasture establishment ylon—by A. P. B. JAYAWARDENA
143
mbined nitrogen and phosphorus me and method of applicationFER and S. M. WILLENBERG . . . 59
fertilizers on rice in the dry Zone K. WICKREMASINCHE and T. B.
75
the first batch of Jersey heifers by R. NADARAJA . . 19.
Ceylon-K. L. D. AMARATUNGA
195
ne, 1970 . . .99
Ε Ο Β Υ
C F A G R C U L T U R E
KO NI
D BY
E R (EXT ENS ON AIDS)
S O U A RE, CO LO M. B O | X 636
GOVERNMENT PRINTING, CEYLON

Page 6


Page 7
Surface sowing a sin for pasture estal upper montal
A. B. P. JAYAWARDA
Veterinary Research Ir
INTR(
THE wet upper-montane Zone 4,000', has a wet tropical to temp about 50,000 acres. It may be d. according to natural vegetation
(a) Montane rain-forest (Ju (b) Grassland (Patana) 15,
The jungle vegetation has been
The characteristic trees of this gium), kina (Calophyllum, uvalke and species of LitSea. The underg Spp) which flower, fruit and die of mountain bamboo (Indocalam the jungle abounds in epiphytic
Some authors regard the patan developed from clearing jungle period of time, others think of it Three main grassland communitie and are described (7) thus.
(i) The “ mana ” commun
dominant. (ii) The “ gavara ” comm
dominant. (iii) The “ pini-baru-tana ”
dominant.
But there are numerous interm that represent various stages of s
* F'AO Agricultural Officer attached to V. R.

nple and safe technique lishment in the wet e Zone of Ceylon
NA AND W. D. ANDREW*
stitute, Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Received August, 1970.)
)DUCTION
of Ceylon, generally upwards from erate climate and is said to comprise vided into two distinct land classes (2) (4) viz :—
ngle) 34,000 ac. )00 ac.
described as follows :-
s zone are species of damba (Syzyri), val sapu (Michelia nilagirica), rowth consists of nelu (Strobilanthes 2 about every twelve years. Masses is Chimonobambusa) also occur, and orchids and mosses (7).
a as a subclimax vegetation that has and constant burning over a long
as a natural phenomenon (5) (6). s have been recognised in the region
ty (Cymbopogon confertiflorus)
unity (Chrysopogon zeylamicus)
community (Themeda tremula)
iliate types of grassland associations ccession. -

Page 8
PROPICAL AGRICULTURI
In its natural state, the vegetati surface run-off and therefore serves Some of the major rivers of the Isla areas are being utilised in the foll
(i) Tea cultivation. (ii) Timber production. (iii) Vegetable cultivation. (iv) Livestock and potato farmi
On the steeper slopes cultivatior accelerates soil erosion and leachir Utilization Committee (4) has recor
* 1. The Horton Plains area (240
any cultivation. 2. There should not be any cu
above 6000 elevation. 3. The wet patana grassland, e Plains, could be used for 4. The production of the Islan material requires an ext above 6000". Since potato season' rotation with a demand of 8000 aC. WOulu
Patana soils are rich in humus, inches to a few feet. The Land U that it is in these wet patanas, wit buted rainfall that most might be (4) (7). However various attempts in the conventional manner, have
Leguminous species sometimes C may disappear within a few weeks establishment, after cultivation, má and but is not always as successfu tances the costs of seed bed prepai
Since it has been shown in othe can be developed without cultivatic possibilities of doing this in both
MATERIALS A At Ambawela, where the experi
carried out, the elevation is 6000 : fall, mainly from both north-east a
44

3T, VOL. cxxVI, 1970
on of this montane zone retards to build up groundwater reserves. nd have their origin here. Certain Dwing Ways, Viz : —
1g.
is generally undesirable since it ng of plant nutrients. The Land amended as follows :-
0 ac.) should not be alienated for
Itivation permitted on forest land
xclusive of those of the Horton
potato cultivation and pasture. lds' requirements of seed potato ent of 2000 ac. of land preferably is to be grown in a “ one in four n improved pasture ley, a total d have to be met '.
varying in thickness from a few tilization Committee is of opinion n their heavy, fairly evenly distriexpected for pasture development to establish pasture on these soils resulted in costly failures.
to not even become established or of Sowing. On jungle soil, pasture ay be more reliable than on patana ill as it should be. In both circums'ation can be very high.
r countries that improved pastures n, it was decided to investigate the jungle and patana areas.
ND METHODS
ments reported in this paper were and the climate is temperate. Rainnd south-west monsoons, during the

Page 9
SURFACE SOWING FOR
past ten years has averaged 98 in. tion there are many misty days ( temperatures range from about
occurring during January, Febru very acidic. Typical analyses (3)
ρ. Η Organi
Matter (%)
Virgin jungle . . 4.68 ... 13.9
Virgin patana . . 4.83 ... 15.4
*Truog
Field experiments (unpublished deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and patana soils in potassium anc
The experiment consisted of so in uncultivated strips and observ. mance in jungle and patana lands
(a) Jungle-An area of 0.2 ac. experiment. It had been “underbr leaving only the high shade trees been planted with Pennisetum clic of that year. Underbrushing invol piling it in heaps and burning weaker tall trees subsequently he there were clumps of trees a litt places had a fair amount of weed, weeding, but otherwise the land be sown, were inoculated with lime or saphosphosphate accord followed. (1)
Twelve strips, each 11’ x 66, we sub-strips 16' x 6' long for differ tilizer. Each strip received ordin ground dolomitic limestone at one strip were given, at random, sulph other two were not treated with

PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT
on 205 wet days per annum. In addin which no rainfall is recorded. Air 18°F to 82°F (7), the light frosts ary and March. Soils are generally
are as follows :-
Nitrogen. Eac.bas es Eac. K 4p. P* (%) (nel 100g) (re | 100g) (lbfac)
0.60 . , 7.9 . . 0.46 ... 16.0
0.46 . . . 28 ... O. 16 . . . 10. ()
data) indicate that jungle soils are sulphur, boron and molybdenum, magnesium, as well.
wing twelve legumes and One grass ing their establishment and perfor
was selected for the surface sowing ushed' and burnt during early 1968
and stumps and had subsequently Indestimum (kikuyu grass) in June ves, the lopping of the understory, during dry weather. Some of the d fallen over, and in places where Le thinning out was done. Some 3 and these were removed by hand was undisturbed. Legume seeds, to leat inoculum and pelletted with Ling to the procedure normally
ce marked out and subdivided, into ential treatment with potassic ferry superphosphate at 560 lb. and ton per ac. Two sub-strips on each te of potash at 112 lb. per acre, the Otassic fertilizer. -
45

Page 10
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS
Pelletted legume seeds plus Festu were mixed just prior to sowing, O
broadcast, by hand, as shown in tab
Table No. 1-Species and eultivars so
Group Strip Species
INVolumber
A. l Trifoliит subterraтеит,
A. 2 dO. do.
A. 3 do. do.
A. 4 Trifoliит pratense A. 5 Trifolium repens A. 6 do. do.
A. 7 Lotus corniculatus B 8 Phaseolus atropurpureus B 9 Desmodium nuncimatu}n,
B 10 Glycine javапіса
B do
B 12 do
Seeds in group “A” were pellet those in Group “B” with saphosph
(b) Patana-An undisturbed are grazed intermittently by farm cattl sown as for the jungle plot. The gr a low-grass sward the most commor Chrysopogon montantus, Eulalia, ph, Tripogon bromoides. A few weeds being Anaphalis Subdecurrens, J. cʼupʻnulaʼris.
Amounts of rainfall from Octobe shown in appendix No. 1, and weat until taking establishment counts,
RESU
As germination was complete w ling populations were determined end of October. Results are shown
丑46

Γ, VoI., CXXVI, 1970
'a arundinacea, seed and fertilizer
n October 10th, 1968, and then Le No. 1,
Wn in both jungle and patana plots
Cultivar Seed
rate lb.
ጌጋeፃ ̇ CzC.
Dwalganup ... 20 Mt. Barker ... 20
Tallar ook ... 20
Peninscott ... 20
... O
Huia. ... 10
San Gabriel ... 10
Siratro ... 20
Commercial ... 20
Clarence ... 20
Cooper ... 20 Tinaroo ... 20
ited with calcium carbonate and hosphate.
a of patana land, which had been e, was fenced off, pegged out, and pund was completely covered with species being Arundinella villosa, Caeothriac, Ischaemium indicum, and were present, the most prominent sticia procumbens and Osbeckia
r, 1968, until September, 1969, are her conditions from time of sowing in appendix No. 2.
LTS
thin three weeks of sowing, seedby making quadret counts at the in Table No. 2.

Page 11
SURFACE SOWING FO
Table No. 2-Establishment counts obtai
196
8ίγίρ Sρεσίe8 Cottayar Ger
용ee
( 1. T. subtem a neu'n Dwallganup, ... ll 2. do. ... Mt. Barker . . 3. do. . . Tallarook l 4. Т. prateтse . . Pennscott . . 4 5. T. repens .. . Ladino 7 6. do. . . Huia, 5 7. L. corniculatus San Gabriel] . . . 8. P. atropurpureus Siratro 9. D. uncinatun. . . Commercial.. 1 10. Glycine javanica Clarence
.. do. ... Cooper
2. do. . . Tinaroo
Festuca arundi
2CCed ... Tall 。。4
* Based on germination and purity tes the jungle was considerably better than
Healthy nodules developed in an early stage of growth, but too genera. The apparent vigour C February 2nd, 1969, by giving : value to each of the others, in
The result is shown in table N
Table No. 3-Evaluation of various S
δίγίρ Species Cull
1. T. Subterraneau, “m, . . Dwalganu 2. do. ... Mt. Barke 3. do. . . Tallarook 4. T. pratense . . Pennscott 5. T. repens . . Ladino 6. do. . . Huia, 7. Lotus corniculatus . . San Gabrie 8. P. atropиrриreиs Simatio 9. D. uncinatu, n. ... Commercia
10. Gίψοιηe ήαυαγίσα ... Clarence
1. do. . . Cooper
2. do. . . Tinaroo
*Population insufficient for evaluation.

PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT
ed on October 31 (jungle) and on November 1,
(patana)
ESTABILISHME IN 177
A. ہالیے۔ --༽ αγιαίοίe* Seedlings Percentage of seeds s souvre. sq Ilk. SOU,
s .ر خمسيسA | ||lk) jungle patana jипgle patara . . . . 12. 1 .. 6. 2 ... 100' 0 . . 51 - 2 3 ND . . 4 - 2 . . ND . . 51 - 8
· 3 ND . . 5• 3 . . NID . ... 43 - 0 O 20: . . . 12' 6 . . 49' 0 ... 30.7 2 - 0 27· 3: . . 13·4 . . 37" 9 . . I 8·6 ) O. NID . . 10 - 8 . . NID . . 21 - 7 3. 4 - 7 4' 0 25' 0 . . 27 3.0 6 0 - 7 53° 0 . . 23.8 s: 9 5' 0. 4" 2 29' 5 . . 248 3' 8 0 O' 4. 2 . . . 0'5 2. 0 - 7 O 6 16·6 。。丑4·2 6-7 2.7 0-8 40 * 2 . . llI - 9
5• 4 . . 10• 2 . . NID . . 22 . ND
zt of Original sampie. Seeding establishment in on the patana plot. N.D. = not determined.
ear the crown of Trifolium plants, at k longer to develop on species in other if the various species was judged, on a value of ten to the best one and a descending order.
p. 3.
species, on a 0-10 scale on February 2, 1969
ίίυαν Jипgle Ραία για
plot plot
ר s ی۔A (--K) ( - K) (--K) ( - K.) ... 10 8 5 ... O O 7 2 8 4 7 2 9 5 O 4 5 5 6 2 s 宇 岑 塞 来
率 米 Ll 8 5 率 幸
永 率
来 * 3. 来 。考
147

Page 12
Mt. Barker sub.
- Ladino white
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST
In the jungle area, from February loped well and although Desmodium. the cold months were Over made tre were slow at first but steadily im produced a little herbage but Lotus stage. Tall fescue and kikuyu dev strong legume growth produced a g
On the patana plot the developmer generally less vigorous than in the j modium Phaseolus and Glycine wer frost because of the absence of prot first twelve months a proper assess fescue in the patana Sward was not too tiny.
About one month after sowing the potassium was evident on strips sow Subterranean clover and Tinaroo gly disappeared.
On July 10th, 1969, as a strong I evident, on the patana plot, the unsc sown plots were sampled for yield ar are shown in table No. 4.
Table No. 4-Yield, legume and crude protein experimenta,
Treatment Sulphate
of Potash -
(din
()
Unsown patna (conti Ol)
do Pennscott red
do
do - ܗ Huia white do
-- indicates treatment with sulphate of potash.
At various times, during the exps On the development and regeneratio Information obtained is summarised
14s

I, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
Onwards, all the Trifoliums devewas a little slow in starting, after amendous growth. The Glycines proved subsequently. Phaseolus never got beyond the seedling eloped very well and with the pod mixed pasture.
ht of the legumes was similar but ungle and during February Des'e completely cut back by the jective tree cover. During the ment of the development of the possible because the plants were
jungle plot, a small response to Vin with D. uncinativum, Tallarook "cine but subsequently this effect
response to potassium was still wn headland and the best of the ld composition. Results obtained
content of selected plots within patana area,
- Υδρία Botanical Crude -- Composition. Protein, sac) (d. r. /ac/day) (%) (%)
'b.) (lb)
(Lедите) (dm)
430 5' 3 O ... 8 ' 5 ,321 2: 3 70 2" () ,238 8 - 2 50 ... O 5 ,976 4 - 7 30 ... 2' 3 2,188 8, 1 15 99 :,748 3 8 25 ... 13.7 ,966 7 2 () ... O - 2 1,285 158 50 5' 5 2,041 7' 5 30 . . l I 4
eriment, observations were made in behaviour of the sown species.
in table 5.

Page 13
SURFACE SOWING FOR
i UE)
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ɔɔwɔɓaosuus
woņpaauðfjøẠI
------TOP----oop----Oussy'er I$wodow“, I, . . '- -· · 696 I “LIQ0Z ÁBIAI · ·oop●●oop* •4400STILIÐ AÐosowa, paedo, I,
· · 606I où10, Kes · · 696 I ‘q06 I adv · ·‘’op- -oop- -x{00.10.IIBI,*Op
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996 s osoq0400 ų ūAA0S ÁIsæusāļio pəəg sis opəəs uroly pəĝɛJ0ū930). Á suðnbosq ns ssemuuť pose pəđơIạAøp pəəs viqeỊA (p) poseạđảo Je Mosg ļš.IŲ (0) pəAJøsq0 \Sig SoInp0ū ļ00ă (q) pə330uIo souĮĮpəəs (e) qɔļųM u0 soļeq–og grīgs),

PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT
oop ‘Op oop oop oop oop *Op
· · 696 I ‘q’, II oudy
· · 693ī opīgz Árn p
· · 696 I “LIQIT “Idy
· -oop oop oop *Op ' * 896 I optio, 'Ao N
oop
oop
oop oop 396 Iovsąjį, o qɔO
oop
896 I “QSIĘ "100 oop
00,8 LIJ, Jodoos) Ə2ī1938ÍQ [340. IGULIULIOQ OJQ8JIS ļos, q\}\) UsoŞ
ossa H
oop
oop ooswoạoțos) ?!!?!!?!!0!!0!!??!'' (I Snoond undous d’as sonĝo?n04,00 ‘‘I
oop
49

Page 14
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,
The Dwalganup and Mt. Barker cu flowered prefusely, Tallar ook quite w cultivars' was very spare, until the enc
DISCUSSI(
After underbrushing jungle there is ration and a volunteer growth of varic present any real problem, as it is easil interval between burning and sowing tion from weed growth becomes. If growth has developed before sowing, it controlled grazing at regular intervals.
Since the pasture seed is dropped on has very little protection from drying during the rainy season. In this exper which is the beginning of the north-e: because of shady conditions and less c mination in the jungle are generally that, time of sowing in the former is environment. As will be seen from th during the north-east monsoon period but below average during November a were steadily falling after sowing, the Phaseolus, Glycine and Desmodium m Trifoliums. Although growth was no jungle, because of the protection again the open patana, legumes other than th burnt off during February of 1969. It i. tion and thus competition of the Specie tures was poorer than if they had bee monsoon period when air temperature
On the other hand, soil temperatur and in the shady environment of the favourable for the development of pa cultivated soil. This could well explair surface sowing but failure when seed i bed in the conventional manner.
For each of the three cultivars of T. sufficient to induce flowering, whic sequence viz. first Dwalganup then Mit
50, .

νΌL. CXXVI, 1970
ltivars of subterranean clover ell, but flowering on all other
of September 1969.
ON
normally some woody regeneus Weeds. The former does not y destroyed, but the longer the the more serious the competia substantial amount of weed , is necessary to reduce this by
the Surface of the ground and out, sowing is best undertaken iment it was done in October ast monsoon period. However ompetition, conditions for gerbetter than on the patana, so less critical than in the latter he weather records, rainy days
were normal during October nd December. As temperatures
cold sensitive genera such as ade slower growth than the pt seriously retarded in the st frost by the tree canopy, on ne Trifoliums, were completely s more than likely that nodulals intolerent of lower temperain sown during the south-west S are higher.
es under undisturbed patana anderbrushed jungle are more sture seedlings than on bare | Successful establishment from s sown on a well prepared seed
subterraneum, day length was h occurred in the expected
Barker and last Tallarook.

Page 15
SURFACE SOWING FOR P.
A strong regeneration from seed May, and in June and July in the M respectively. This is during the p Thus all three cultivars of subtern life cycles in a normal manner, an management should remain as per Mt. Barker appears to be more s environment than either of the oth clover.
Although both cultivars of whit the dry conditions in January and the evidence from other parts of species will persist. Since it propag production by this species is relat it appears that the Huia cultivar mr the other hand the inability of red amount of seed coupled with the vegetatively, would indicate that it L corniculatus failed in both jung because of ineffective nodulation.
The most promising sub-tropical dium. This has grown very vigorol flowering in July of 1969. For firs performance on the patana has been badly from frost injury, but had it instead of in the north-east monso much better. Glycine and Phasec far although the former is steadily
Reference to appendix No. 1 will sowing in October, the conditions usual, particularly during Novemb assumed that if satisfactory results under such conditions, this method dence.
Soil analyses and various experin that jungle soils are less deficient patana. In the present experimen sium on the patana (see tables Nos reponse by only some of the so generally conforms to what was e some of the legumes have a highe others or that observations in the ju

ASTURE ESTABLISHMENT
occurred with Dwalganup during It. Barker and Tallarook cultivars eriod of the South-west monsoon. anean clover went through their l, provided they are given proper manent elements in the pasturse. uited to the wet upper-montane er two cultivars of Subterraneum
e clover suffered severely during February they recovered well and the Ambawela farm is that this ates by rooting from stolons, seed ively unimportant. At this stage lay be the better of the two. On clover to produce any substantial fact that it does not propagate is unlikely to persist for very long. le and patana sowings, possibily
legume sown is silver-leaf desmoJsly in the jungle and commenced it twelve months after sowing its less impressive because it suffered been sown during the south-west Dn period, it may have developed plus have been unimpressive so improving in the jungle.
show that for twelve months, after were generally much drier than er. Therefore it may be safely vere obtained from surface sowing
can be recommended With confi
ents (unpublished data) indicate in potassium than those of the S the marked response to potas3 and 4) and the lesser transient wn legumes in the jungle plot xpected. This may indicate that requirement for potassium than ngle were upset by better growth
5.

Page 16
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS
52
 

ST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
o un Įssoqod qą sw
Ş “H
TI
(
tȚ4ļoys
f &q 04 oùa.
)
}
|-
*tun Issoqod on osuodsəā pəxsaeua eqo N LLL L LLLLL L KSLLLL 00 LLL LLLLLL LL LLLLLLLL LLLLLLYLLLL LL
‘unțSS'eqod qnoqqțAA
S “TH ‘’H
TIO HÍos),
I

Page 17
SURFACE SOWING FOR )
on ash-beds remaining after unde until more definite evidence is ava than one cwt. per ac. is recommer Superphosphate and dolimitic lime Soils are deficient in phosphorus, Superphosphate, which contains su dolomite in preference to ground
provides both calcium and magnes
The satisfactory nodulation of n that the technique of inoculation a calcium carbonate in the case of t phate for the others was satisfactor ment of tall fescue anfil the ability with the kikuyu indicates that the jungle sowings to provide addit January-February-March period, W is at a minimum. Fescue flowers an ment. As yet it is too early to sa established on patana from surface
Since establishment, from all sov comparable with what might be e on a prepared seed bed and as v quantity of fertilizer needed would bet Ween costs Of establishment fro. Would be the difference between co and cultivation on jungle land, cultivation on patana. Estimates j underbrushing Rs. 250 for clearing and preparing a seed bed. Thus offsets the cost of the seed except used which are probably much hi. satisfactory stand of sown species
In its natural state, ten acres of tenance ration for One cow (see tal very little graze at all. This e quantity and the quality of pat: improved by surface sowing and t of high quality can be established conventional one of clearing a aerial seeding would seem to be technique of surface sowing if foll establishing pasture in the wet-m

ASTURE ESTABLISHMENT
brushing and burning. Therefore ilable potassic fertilizer at not less ced, only for patana sowing. Both are needed in both Situations since sulphur and calcium. Ordinary lphur, should be used, and slaked dolomitic limestone, as the former ium in a readily available form.
Lost of the sown legumes indicates nd pelletting with finely powdered he Trifoliums and with rock phosy. In the jungle the good establishof this grass to persist and compete
former species can be included in ional herbage, during the cold hen the growth rate of the kikuyu d sets seed readily in this environy whether it can be satisfactorily e sowing.
Jings, was good and generally quite }xpected from a successful sowing with both methods the type and be similar, the essential difference m surface and conventional sowing st of underbrushing and of clearing and between no cultivation and for these operations are Rs. 54 for jungle, and Rs. 300 for cultivating the saving from surface sowing for two species even at the rates gher than necessary to establish a
patana may just provide a mainple No. 4) whereas jungle provides xperiment shows that both the una herbage can be considerably hat in the jungle a mixed pasture by using this method instead of the hd cultivation. For large areas the logical method to use. The owed correctly, provides a way of ontane Zone with little or no risk
53

Page 18
TROPICAL AGRICULTURI
 

ST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
----~
·!| :}s', |×|- (ųqqoys o so Áq oqoqas) LLLLL LLLLLLK KLLLLLL LLL LLLLLL LL0 LLLLL LLL LL LLL LLLLL LLLLLL LL LLLLLLLL 0L LLLL LLLLLLLL LLL LLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLL LLLLLLL KSLLLLLLL SLLLLL SLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLL LL LLLLLLL LLLLL S

Page 19
SURFACE SOWING FOR
from soil erosion and disturbance the added advantages that the soils and animal excreta and much ni obtained.
Since virgin jungle soil does no risk of losing soil during the pe establishment.
There is no evidence to show t storey of the jungle vegetation b intake of the rain water or flow of
Overseas experience is that the pasture the less the run-off of rair be gained and nothing to be lost the patana land.
SUM)
This experiment demonstrates improved pastures on undisturbed in the wet-montane zone provided coincide with Suitable climatic c nutrients are used. Various aspec are discussed.
Trifolium subterraneum, T. rep uncinatum were the most pron technique could be used to make a the problem of providing cheap a the wet-montane zone of Ceylon.
ACKNOWL
We Wish to thank the Farm Mar Cattle Farm, who are engaged in t and particularly the General Mar Mr. L. E. A. Fonseka and ASSista wela-Bopatalawa Livestock Projec

ASTURE ESTABLISHMENT
of the balance of nature but with are being enriched by the fertilizer :eded animal production is being
readily erode, there is little or no riod between burning and pasture
hat the replacement of the undery pasture significantly reduces the Subsoil water to the rivers.
a better the establishment of the fall. Hence there is everything to by improving the pasture Sward on
MARY
the possibility of establishing patana and in underbrushed jungle the various operations are timed to onditions and the necessary plant :ts of the surface sowing technique
bens, T. pʻrateʼmse and Desmodiuʼm, nising of the species used. This n important contribution to solving und effective forage for animals in
EDGMENTS
ager and his staff at the Ambawela he pasture development programme Lager of Animal Husbandry Farms nt General Manager of the Armbat, Mr. V. Arumugam.
155

Page 20
56
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR
REFEF
. ANDREW, W. D. (1967) Lime pelle
Bull, Ceylon 1 (2) : 49.
ANDREWS, J. R. T. (1961) A forest
Report, Govt. Press, Ceylon.
. KATHIRGAMATHAIYA, S & CAESAR, K
potato. Trop. Agriculturist CX
... Land Utilization Committee (196
Published June 1968.
. PEARSON, H. H. W. (1899) The bi
SOC. BOit. 34 : 300-365.
RoSAYRO DE R. A. (1945) The mo
An ecological study with refe: turi St 101 : 206-213.
. SENARATNA. S. D. J. E. (1956) Th
Agriculture, Ceylon.

IST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
RENCE
etting legume seed. An im Prod des Hl. h.
E inventory of Ceylon, Hunting Survey
... (1964). Fertilizer response studies on ζX (2) : 87-124.
7) Report, Government Press, Ceylon
otany of the Ceylon Patanas, J. Linn
ontane grassland (Patanas) of Ceylon rence to afforestation Trop. Agricul
le grasses of Ceylon, Department of
క్ర

Page 21
SURFACE SOWING FOR I.
Append
Ambawela rainfall, and offsets from a were
Month
October November December January February . . March April
May
June
July August September
1968
on October
A Year
1968 . . . .
1968 . . 1969 1969 1969 . .
1969 . . 1969 . .
969 1969 1969 . . 1969 . . l

ASTURE ESTABLISHMENT
K No. 1
ge, for the twelve months following souring
10, 1968
Ou Yalt
- (έγι)
牲·丑4
5:33 2-4
7.07. 2.04 1.09 2- S6 0.87
8.25 6.3 6.06
2' 66
Offset
(іт.)
2.80.
6.40
3.04 ().7 3.10 4-40 3.77 2.55 0.0 2
0.57 5*()9
Rainy days
(No.)
2.
O
3.
Offset
(No.)
-- 1 -ll
- 4 - 6
- 5
{} س--
-
-
-
157

Page 22
TROPICAL, AGRICULTURIS
Appendix
Daily weather conditions at Ambawela from
Occtober 11th — Otober 12th —
October 13th October 14th October 15th October 16th October 17th October 18th October 19th October 20th October 21st
October 22nd October 23rd October 24th
October 25th
October 26th October 27th October 28th October 29th October 30th October 31st
seedlings were counted a
Bright till noon, thereaf
Bright till noon, thereafte
Bright till noon, thereaft Alternately sunny and b) Bright till noon, then rai Bright till noon, then rai Bright till noon, then rai Very bright all day. Very bright all day. Bright till noon, thereaft Bright till noon, thereaft Bright till noon, thereaft Overcast day but no rain Bright for whole day. Bright for whole day Bright for whole day. Bright till noon, thereaft Bright till noon, thereaft Bright till noon, thereaft Bright till noon, thereaft Bright till noon, thereaft
N.B.-A bright morning with afternoon re the early north-east monsoon period.
158

5T, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
No. 2
sowing seed on October 10th, 1968, writil t the end of the month
ter rain
от таin.
er rain. right till noon, then rain.
.
er rain. er rain, er rain.
.
er rain. er Tain. er Irain. er rain. er Tain.
sin is characteristic of the weather during

Page 23
Tracer studies on the eff nitrogen and phosphorl as influenced b
method of ap
M. V. THENABADU, M. M. M. JAU.
Central Agricultural Research, In,
INTRODUCT
COMBINED sources of nitrogen and ph phosphates and nitric phosphates cont of plant nutrients. They are of adv shipping, handling and storage are le containing only one major plant nutr
Interest in nitric phosphate fertilize tion of rock phosphate with nitric aci shortage of sulphur and increased pr world. Nitric acid has two roles in the n (a) solubilizing of rock phosphate, an
The large scale production of nitric in France, Italy, Holland and U.S.A. Results of greenhouse and field inves by acidulating rock phosphate, with n nitric and phosphoric acids, indicate the are available for plant growth and t efficient as superphosphate and ammo 11, 12).
Ammonium phosphates are the prod
acid with ammonia and has in recent
portant in bulk blending for the manuf fertilizers.
Ammonium phosphate was not foul from steamed bone meal, superphosp Haig and Joachim (3) in studies on th

iciency of combined is fertilizers for rice y time and plication
FFER and S. M. WILLENBERG
stitute, Peradeniya, Ceylon
(Received August, 1970).
ION
losphorous such as ammonium ain relatively high proportions vantage because costs due to SS in comparison to fertilizers ient.
rs, the products of the acidulaid, has been stimulated due to 'oduction of nitric acid in the nanufacture of nitric phosphate, d (b) supplying of nitrogen.
phosphates or nitro-phosphate (TVA) has been reported (4). tigations with fertilizers made itric acid Or with a mixture of it both nitrogen and phosphorus hat this fertilizer is almost as nium nitrate on acid soils. (9,
ucts of neutralizing phosphoric years become increasingly im|cture of high analysis granular
ud to be significantly different hate or mineral phosphate by e form of phosphatic fertilizer
59

Page 24
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
for rice at Peradeniya. Chandrar significant diffierence between (16. : 20, N : P, O.) for rice at Ti but during the next three Seasons to superphosphate. Fertilizer tria various locations of the island by nium phosphate to be equally go as a source of nitrogen on the gr but to be superior to other sourc strongly acid lateritic soils of the nium phosphate was found to be phate, rock phosphate and bone
This paper contains results of fertilizers conducted in Ceylon u gramme sponsored by the Joint F in Agriculture. The results of ea already reported (5, 6, 7, 10). Th
(i) to compare the efficienc of nitrogen and phos nitric phosphate wi Sulphate and Superphic
(ii) to compare the efficie) influenced by shallo surface placement two
EXPEE
Fertilizers containing both nit and nitric phosphate) were com superphosphate on rice at the Illuppallama during the Yala sea
inportant characteristics of th ment are present in Table 1 an during the season are shown in mized complete block design of sub-plots and their dimensions \
1. Radioactive sub-plot 2. Intermediate yield sub3. Final yield sub-plot
60

RIST, vol. CXXVI, 1970
atna and Fernando (2) observed no superphosphate and ammophos SSamaharama during the first season. they found ammophos was Superior ls conducted in cultivatOrso fields in Ponnamperuma (8) showed ammoiod as ammonium sulphate and urea By non-lateritic soils of the dry zone, as of nitrogen on the brown acid and : wet zone. At Paranthan (1) ammoSuperior to concentrated Superphosmeal for rice.
the fifth investigation using labelled nder the Co-ordinated Contract ProAO/IAEA Division of Atomic Energy rlier investigations in this series are 2 objectives of the experiment were:
y of two different combined sources phorus, ammonium phosphate and th straight fertilizers ammonium )Sphate :
ncy of these combined sources as w placement at transplanting and
weeks before primordial initiation.
RIMENTAL
rogen and phosphorus (ammophos-B pared with ammonium Sulphate and Agricultural Research Station, Maha son (May-October), 1967.
he soil at the location of the experid mean monthly climatological data Table 2. The experiment was a rando10 treatments replicated 4 times. The vere as follOWS : —
1.56 sq. meters plot ... 1.88 sq. meters 3.44 sq. meters
ངས་

Page 25
TRACER STUDIES ON NITROGEN A
The treatments were as follows :-
Tγραίγγιeγιέ Place
N-Fertilizer
Ammonium sulphate applied a planting in rows at 5 cm, dept
2 ... Ammophos-B applied at transpla
rows at 5 cm. depth
... Nitric phosphate (25% soluble P. at transplanting in rows at 5 c.
... Ammonium sulphate applied
before primordial initiation-b on surface
岳 ... Ammophos-B applied 2 weeks primordial initiation-broadc surface
6 ... Nitric phosphate (25% soluble P)
2 weeks before primordial init broadcast on surface
Nitrogen, as ammonium sulphate depth at rate of 120 Kg N/he P. O. hectare applied at trans ہر لی۔
S ... Recommended local practice (l
Agriculture for the area)
33 Kg. Ps. Os /hectare as concen hectare as muriate of potash (5.
broadcast on surface
Nitrogen at rate of 53 Kg N/h
applied as follows :-
(i) - 2 weeks after transplan (ii) i — 3 weeks before heading (iii) + — at heading — broadcast
9 ... Received the basic 60 Kg P.O.
no nitrogen, applied broadcast
10 ... Received no fertilizer (Control)
Note.-All treatments including 7 K. O. hectare just before trans
All treatments except 7, 8, 9 and All treatments except 8 and 10 r
Treatments 7 and 8, and 9 and l response of and yield check plo

ND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS
και βγαί αγιαί, Τίγγιο
- اما است.
P-Fertilizer
t trans- Superphosphate applied at h transplanting-broadcast on
surface
inting in Phosphate applied combined
with nitrogen
applied Phosphate applied combined n. depth with nitrogen
2 weeks Superphosphate applied 2 weeks roadcast before primordial initiation
broadcast on surface
before Phosphate applied combined ast. On with nitrogen
applied Phosphate applied combined iation- with nitrogen
, applied at transplanting in rows at 5 cmt. ctare. Superphosphate at rate of 60. Kg. planting-broadcast on surface
Recommendation of the Department of
trated superphosphate plus 31 Kg. K2 O | }% grade)-applied before transplanting
ectare as ammonium sulphate was split
ting-broadcast on surface; -broadcast on surface ;
On surface
|hectare plus 60 Kg K* O/hectare, with on surface at transplanting
and 9 (but not 8 and 10) received 60 Kg. planting-broadcast on surface.
10 received 60 Kg N/hectare. eceived 60 Kg P. Os /hectare.
) were equal sized sub-plots of the yield ts respectively.
16.

Page 26
TROPICAL, AGRICULT
Radioactive and non-radioact non-labelled nitrogenous fertili ment 8 were received weighed Division of Atomic Energy in F Chemical and isotopic analyses done at the IAEA laboratories,
The 4-4 months indica variet, ment. The first plant sampling two weeks before primordial in from treatments 1, 2 and 3. The largest tiller of every plant fr the radioactive sub-plots was st second leaf sampling was done (42 days after transplanting). T largest tiller of every plant fror sub-plots of treatment 1 to 6 we tions. The third leaf sampling transplanting) exactly as desc radioactive sub-plots 1 to 6 for centre hills of the intermediat 1 to 6 was carried out to asse; primodial initiation (Figure 1).
RESULTS A
Percentage of Nitrogen, and Pho
The use of isotopically labell determinatiOn Of mineral nutri fertilizers.
Nitrogen.-The percentage o tissue, grain and straw of rice tissue it was observed, as ex derived from fertilizer decrease of the 42 and 72 day leaf analys three nitrogen fertilizers at tra 2 weeks before primordial initia no significant differences in the any of the three fertilizers. How caused greater uptake of nitrog tion, although differences did no the fertilizers it could be con ammophoS-B are better sources judged by plant uptake. The sa
62

URIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
ve superphosphate and labelled and zers for all treatments except treatand packeted from Joint FAO/IAEA Dod and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria. for nitrogen and phosphorus were Vienna, Austria.
of rice, H-4, was used in this experifor determining. No and Poo was done itiation (20 days after transplanting) youngest fully expanded leaf from the Om those of the nine centre hills of alected for sampling (Figure 1). The at the stage of primordial initiation he leaf below the flag leaf, from the n the 9 centre hills of the radioactive re sampled for No and Po determinawas done at heading (61 days after ibed for the second sampling, from No determinations. A harvest Of 12 a dry matter harvest yield sub-plots SS dry matter yields at the stage of
AND DISCUSSION
sphorous Derived from Fertilizers
ad fertilizers enables the quantitative ents derived by plants from applied
f fertilizer derived nitrogen in leaf lants is shown in Table 3. In the leaf Dected, that the percentage initrogen d steadily with age of plants. Results is show that application of any of the nsplanting, in rows at 5 cm. depth, or tion, as a broadcast application made
percentage of nitrogen derived from rever, it shows that earlier application an from a fertilizer than later applicait reach statistical significance. Among :luded that ammonium sulphate and
of nitrogen than nitric phosphate as me general trends are observed in the

Page 27
w
TRACER STUDIES ON NITROGEN A.
data on fertilizer derived nitrogen ir harvest. In the case of ammophos caused significantly greater uptake application. Because the nitrogen cc that of protein a fertilizer or fertiliz nitrogen may be of value in increas Denitrification and leaching losses relative inefficiency of nitric phosph
Phosphorous.-The effect of treatr phorous by plants is seen from the da that nitric phosphate (placed at a significantly lower concentration ( than Superphosphate (broadcast) ol depth in rows) in plants at 20 days sampling (42 days from transplanti tion of phosphorous in leaf tissue W 1, 2 and 3, although the superpho considerably much more. Later appl greater concentration of phosphor application.
As expected the percentage of ph from all sources is greater when a weeks before primordial initiation. . relatively less efficient source of pho 3) when applied later in compariso
Effect of Treatments on Plant Grow
Plant Height and Number of fertilizer treatments on plant height three stages of growth are presentec
It Will be Observed that there wer plant height due to treatments as ea Plants in the control treatment an applications of fertilizer were shorte zers at transplanting. Treatm effects on the number of tillers pe number of tillers were found in pla at transplanting. This effect, howe of the growing season for the nu treatment was seen to diminish i treatmentS.

ND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS
h the grain, and in straw at final -B however, earlier application of nitrogen into grain than later ontent in the grain is related to er treatment that increases grain ing the nutritive quality of rice.
may have contributed to the late.
ments on the utilization of phosta on Table 4. It will be observed 5 cm. depth in rows) gave of the element in the leaf tissue ammophos-B (placed at 5 cm from transplanting. At the laten ng) the differences in concentrarere not significant in treatments sphate treated plants contained lication of fertilizers have caused Ous in leaf tissue than earlier
osphorous derived from fertilizer pplied at transplanting than at 2 Nitric phosphate appears to be a sphorous (and of nitrogen, Table n to the other two sources.
th,
Tillers Per Hill.-The effect of and number of tillers per hill at
in Table 5.
e highly significant differences in rly as 14 days from transplanting. di treatments that received later r than those that received fertilients had highly significant er hill at this time. The highest nts that received nitric phosphate 7er, did not last during the rest mber of tillers per hill in this in comparison to those of other
63

Page 28
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
At 42 days from transplanting, observed in treatment 7 which re shortest plants were observed i was seen at 123 days (at final ha had the significantly highest nur days from transplanting. From t is seen that this treatment was treatments and the greater heigh plant appears to be directly rela that existed during this experime would be more susceptible to lo the early stages could be detrim. ment as judged by plant height plots where ammonium sulphate at 5 cm. depth (Treatment 1). sulphate (and Superphosphate) 2 produced relatively shorter plan plant (Treatment 4).
Dry Matter Production
The effect of treatments On tota the data in Table 6.
It will be noted that, among tre matter were produced during the planting in plots fertilized with a phate) and ammophos-B at plar Smallest amount of dry matter pr was in plots fertilized with primordial initiation.
At the final harvest, 123 days f. plants in treatment 7 which rec very significantly higher content ment. This was as expected. T. excessive dry matter production h On the contrary this treatment s in grain yield over other treatme
Effect of Treatments on Grain Yi
The effect of fertilizer treatmel nents is seen from the data in Tab
164

RIST, vo. CXXVI, 1970
as expected, the tallest plants were ceived 120 Kg N per hectare and the the control treatment. This trend rvest). It is also this treatment that mber of tillers per hill at 42 and 123 he data on grain yield in Table 7 it
significantly better than all other it and greater number of tillers per ted to grain yield under conditions int. Generally however, taller plants idging; and lodging particularly in ental to yield. The next best treatand tiller numbers was observed in was applied in rows at transplanting Broadcast application of ammonium weeks before primordial initiation is with lesser number of tillers per
l dry matter production is seen from
atments 1 to 6, high amounts of dry
first 42 days of growth from transmmonium Sulphate (and superphoshting in rows at 5 cm. depth. The oduced during this period of growth nitric phosphate 2 weeks before
rom transplanting it was found that aived 120 Kg N per hectare had a of dry matter than any other treathe data in Table 7 indicates that ad no adverse effect on grain yields. howed a highly significant increase htS.
eld and Yield Components
tS on grain yield and yield compole 7.
ort,

Page 29
TRACER STUDIES ON NITRO GEN
Yield of Filled Grain
The effect of treatments on grain cent. level of probability. The hig treatment 7 where ammonium Sul 120 Kg N per hectare in rows at 5 applied at the rate of 60 Kg P O pe at transplanting. The additional 67 crease of 880 Kg grain per hectare received 53 Kg N per hectare in thr which is the fertilizer recommend: culture for the area. It is noteWOrth only 53 Kg N per hectare, 33 Kg per hectare out-yielded treatments hectare in a single application, with indicating a positive advantage fertilizers On these soils.
Comparison of yield data in treatn to 60 and 120 Kg N per hectare sup 634 and 1,533 Kg filled grain per he yield data in treatments 10 and 9 per hectare each of P, O, and KO i
The data on grain yield also shows treatments 1 and 4, 2 and 5 or 3 ar all the nitrogen and phosphorus at primordial initiation had the same experiment. However, it should be nium sulphate-superphosphate mix and phosphorus produced more gi not reach statistical significance.
The effect of treatments on yiel highly significant. The yields of to as that of filled grain in most treat
Number of Panicles Per Hill
The effect of treatments. On the highly significant. Plants that recei in rows at 5 cm depth (Treatment ber of panicles than any other tr nitric phosphate fertilizers had le
 

AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS
yields was significant at the 1 per hest yield of filled grain was in phate was applied at the rate of *m depth and Superphosphate was r hectare, broadcast on the surface Kg N per hectare gave a yield inover the next highest yield which ee split applications (treatment 8) tion of the Department of Agriy that treatment 8 which received P.O. per hectare and 31 Kg KO
that received more nitrogen per the exception of treatment 7 thus in split application of nitrogen
nents 9, 1 and 7 shows the response plied as ammonium Sulphate was 2ctare respectively. Comparison of show that the response to 60 Kg s 342 Kg filled grain per hectare.
; no significant differences between hd 6 indicating that application of transplanting or 2 weeks before effect under the conditions of this noted that except for the ammoture, later application of nitrogen "ain, although the differences did
d of filled and unfilled grain was tal grain follow the same pattern mentS.
number of panicles per hill was ved 120 Kg N per hectare applied 7) had a significantly higher numeatment. Plants treated with the ser number of tillers than those
65

Page 30
TROPICAL AGRICULT
treated with ammonium sulpha where no fertilizer was applied of panicles per hill.
Pamicle Weight, Weight Per 1 Grain.
Treatments had no significan the weight per panicle, weight ripened grains (Table 7).
Grain : Total Dry Matter Ratio
There were highly significant grain : total dry matter ratio in in treatment 7 that received 1. treatment 9 which received onl nitrogen.
Graim : Strasuv Ratio
The grain : Straw ratio of the followed the same trends as th showed differences that were h
CONC
Early application of nitrogen nitrogen from a fertilizer than a gen and phosphorous fertilizers were both inferior to the comb Super-phosphate as far as grain Sulphate and ammophos-B are b phosphate as judged by plant up
The percentage of phosphoru sources is greater when applied before primordial initiation.
It is noteworthy that fertilizer mendations of the Department of than all other treatments that re. with the exception of that which economics of fertilizer use canno fertilizers are not known.
ACKNOW
The authors are indebted to the Energy in Food and Agriculture
66

URIST, VOL. CxxVI, 1970
te and ammophos-B. Plants in plots (Treatment 10) had the least number
000 Grains and Percentage Ripened
t effect on yield components such as per 1,000 grains or on the percentage
%
effects of fertilizer treatments on the plants (Table 7). This ratio was least 20 Kg N per hectare and highest in y phosphorus and potassium but no
differently fertilized plots generally e grain : total dry matter ratio and ighly significant.
LUSIONS
fertilizers caused greater uptake of late application. The combined nitro
ammophos-B and nitric phosphate, bination of ammonium sulphate and
yields were concerned. Ammonium etter sources of nitrogen than nitric take.
is derived from fertilizer from all at transplanting than at 2 weeks
applications according to the recomAgriculture gave higher grain yields 2eived more nitrogen and phosphorus received 120 Kg N per hectare. The it be worked out because costs of all
LEDGMENTS
! Joint FAOIAEA Division of Atomic , Vienna, Austria for assistance and
ܐ ܵܠܢ

Page 31
TRACER STUDIES ON NITROGE)
permission to publish these resul tunge, Experimental Officer, in th of Miss T. Shanmugam, Statistic Institute, Peradeniya is also ackne
10.
11.
12.
REEE
. Administration Report of the Dir
Government Publications Bu
. CHANDRARATNA, M. F. and FERNAN
response of rice. I. Direct, re phosphatic fertilizers. Trop.
HAIG, J. C. and JoACHIMI, A. W. I V.A. The effect of time of a
the form of phosphoric acid a
... JoNES, R. J. and RogERs, H. T. (1
tices. Adv. in Agromomy 1 :
. KATHIRGAMATHAIYAH, S., THENABA
Utilization of nitrogen and I and time of application of fe Agricst. 124 : 1-3.
. NAGARAJAH, S. and AL ABBAs, A
gramme on the application o tion in Ceylon. Trop. Agricst.
. NAGARAJAH, S. and AL ABBAS, A
placement studies on rice l. 89-103.
. PONNAMPERUMA, F. N. (1960). Fe
in Ceylon. Trop. Agricst. 116
. RogERs, H. T. (1951). Crop resp.
nomy J. 43 :
THENABADU, M. W., JAUFFER, M. Studies of the placement of using isotopically labelled fe)
THORNE, D. W., JoHNSON, P. E. a phosphorus in nitric phospha
TISDALE, S. L. and NELSON, W.
Macmillian, New York, U.S.

N AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS
ts. The assistance of Mr. G. P. SiriLe execution of this experiment, and ian, Central Agricultural Research owledged.
RENCES
ector of Agriculture, (1960), page C 173. reau, Colombo, Ceylon.
Do, L. H. (1954). Studies in the fertilizer sidual and cumulative effect of various Agricst, 110 : 178-189.
R. (1935). Studies on paddy cultivation. pplication of fertilizer. B. The effect of
applied. Trop. Agricst., 85 : 269-277. 949). New fertilizers and fertilizer prac
39-76.
LDU, M. W. and AL, ABBAS, A. H. (1968). phosphorus by rice as affected by form rtilizer nitrogen using No and Poo. Trop.
. H. (1965). Co-ordinated contract prof isotopes and radiation in rice cultiva
121 : 1-23.
A. H. (1965). Nitrogen and phosphorus using N" and P*. Trop. Agricst. 121 :
rtilizer experiments in cultivators' fields : 253-266.
onse to nitrophosphate fertilizers. Agro
M. M. and WILLENBERG, S. M. (1969). ammonium sulphate for lowland rice tilizers. Trop. Agricst. 125 : 1-13.
ld SEATZ, L. F. (1955). Crop response to tes. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3 : 136-140.
... (1966). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. A.
167

Page 32
TRACER STUDIES ON NITROGEl
' * E A''' Þá E R T 5 t te 6
AAA SS00 YS SYYAS SC LLLLSS S
A.
༤༤ ཙ་ ༦༠ ༤༠ ། ཕྱི་ ༤ ༤༠ ༤ ༤
9 و€ e @ ہے ! م .o o وہ ہے • ;i
ñ.25 r29 | » | C» ego €b e e இ ஐ ஒ இ
o || KO O O е ф @ @
o o as g e s
Ps2 ပ္ပ{ူ့ဇုံote S uko - pl cst y
hay vest yield Sub leaf sa moies and (at prinoydia init final grain sam ples.
TREAT M. Ents (7 and 8)
衬一 2·75甲一钟
f : . . . . . . . . .
a @ 参,● ● (8)
8 GB) g O
000ZS S SL L SL S S L SYS TT STSY
e O e. 2. e e s a Y R
T 4 ar ve sked ini \\ s G
F. g . . Single plot diagrams sl number of n is and tin
168

AND PHOSPHORUS FERTLIZERS
-– n 2.75 --محبھیص{حچ۔
1༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠་
e o o . . . . . '" . e is e. e. e. O a .4 2.5 cn
o e o O 6 - 0 e o
། 3/༠ ཐ་ ༤༠ ༤ ” R
row bills t له، مه سوى )
Fiwa harvest
plot و i eلا iation)
AND ( 9 and vo )
پحچسس- T1!ظ2.7-سبھی! =
o
9 e O B O SG OD 60 e
●
e O 9 S 60 e é ●
SD : G9 GD OG 60 இ இ ஆ =
Y
lovd You) n'ils
lowing division into sub-plots, air twye of nay west

Page 33
TRACER STUDIES ON NITROGEN
Table 1.-Characteristies of the S (Maha-Ill
Depth (cm.)
Texture
pH (1 : 1-Soil : H O) E. C. (1 : 5-Soil . He O) (minhosje
Organic Matter % . .
Total Nitrogen 9%
Available P 2 O5 (Olsen's) (ibs. P.
acre) -
Cation Exchange Capacity (m.e. 1100
Exchangeable Cations (m.e. 1100 g.)-
Calleium,
Magnesium
Potaesium
Sodian
Total Exchangeable Bases
(m.e. 100 g.)
Table 2.—Mean Monthly Clima
Тетретatит
(°F) -سسسسسسسسص^س-----------------------سم
Mazi cimonum, Μήη
May - - - 90-2
June . . - - 90-8
July - - - - 90-4
August - 92-4
September - 93.2

AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS
oil at Location of Experiment
uppallama)
0-20 - - 20-40
Sandy Loam ... Sandy Loam
59 - - 6.0
m.) (). 1666 .. 0.242
2.37 - - 2.0.
(0.1361 ... 0-052
O5 |
29. 20.5
g.) 14.8 3.6
6-0. - - 5・83
4-67 4.48
卫·03 0.80
0.34 - 0-27
12- 23 - - I-59
ological Data from Nursery to Harvest
2. Wind Sunshire Rainfall (ηλ. ρ.h.) (hrs. 1day) (inches)
- (6ft.)
inum,
76.7 . . 2.92. . . - 3.35
76·4 ,. 2-54. . . 8-3 . . 0.86.
76.6 . . 3-62 . . 7-5. . . 0-24
763 . . 3·96 . . S. f. . . 0.16
75. 4. . . 3.58 .. 83 . . 1.26
69

Page 34
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS
Table 3-Effect of Treatments on Utilizati
(% N Derived fi
(Mean of Fou)
Dare from transplanting Treatments -
20
1. Ammonium sulphate (5 cm, depth in rows) and super phosphate broad
cast at transplanting ... 61.2
2. Ammophos B (5 cm. depth in rows)
at transplanting ... 70-2
3. Nitric phosphate (5 cm. depth in
rows) at transplanting ... 638
4. Ammonium sulphate and superphosphate broadcast 2 weeks before primordial initiation , -
5. Ammophos B broadcast 2 weeks
before primordial initiation , , -
6. Nitric phosphate broadcast 2 weeks
before primordial initiation . . -
Coefficient of variation (%) ... 07
*Significant at the 5% level using Duncan's
Significant at the 1% level using Duncan's
Means not followed by the same letter with each other.
170

ST, VOL. cxxVI, 1970
on of Nitrogen from Feritilizer by Plants
om Fertilizer)
c Replicates)
Leaf Tissue Gγαήγι, Sίγαοί, 一一へ一ーい 「一 གདགས་ཁ་ལ་ཡང་ཡ -།། -------ཚཁ--།༽ 42 72 123 123
57・0a* .. 36・8a**。。17・0ab*.. 21・2
55ი 78, . . ჭ"; •08, . . 24°88, . . 55•9
38-8 boc . . 189 9b . . .5e4bce . . 10 » 5
52-0ab . . 25. 43b ... So 3ab . . .4-7
4S-6abc.. 24.0ab . . .54 be . . .24
36-4-c .. 6.2b ... 9ec .. 10-4
ܦܨܢܝ --نہیے۔ . . 638 * 30 . . 223 * 24 ... 43 ہو 20 ......4
3 Multiple Range Test.
: Multiple Range Test.
nin a column are significantly different from

Page 35
TRACER STUDIES ON NITROGEN
Table 4-Effect of Treatments on Utilizatic (Mean of Fou)
| Days from transplanting %
Treatments
20 l. Ammonium sulphate (5 cm. depth in
rows) and super phosphate broad- . cast at transplanting ... O' 2. Ammophos B (5 cm. depth in rows)
at transplanting ... O
3. Nitric phosphate 5 cm. depth in
rows) at transplanting ... 0-3
4. Ammonium sulphate and super
phosphate broadcast 2 weeks before primordial initiation - - -
5. Ammophos-B broadcast 2 weeks
before primordial initiation - - 6. Nitrie phosphate broadcast 2 weeks
before primordial initiation - - -
Coefficient of variation (%) ,4·器
ܢܨܪܝܢ
* Significant at the 5% level using Duncan
** Significant at the 1% level using Duncan
Means not followed by the same letter wit each other.
3- 16042 (8170)
 

AND PHOSPHORUS FERTLIZERS
in of phosphorus from Feritilizer by Plants
Replicates)
%άeγουβα ή οην
in Leaf Tissue Ηργίοίο αργ. 一人ーーい/ -------------------^س--
42 20 42
239a,* ., ... 0-208abc** 44°4 37·4ab**
246a, . ... 0• 183c . . , 69-2 44*8a,
24b ... 0-193bc .. 54.0 45 lab
- ... 0-2.3abc ... - 25-4bc
- ... 0-229a ... - 28• 7Hoც
- ... 0-28.ab ... - 17.4c.
32 ... 7.37 . . 24.54 isel
t’s Multiple Range Test.
t’s Multiple Range Test.
hin a column are significantly different from
17.

Page 36
TROPICAE, AGRICULTUR.
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72

IST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
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Page 37
0.
TRACER STUDIES ON NITROGEN
Tab
Effect of Treatments on D
(Mean of fc (K.
Treatments
Ammonium sulphate (5 cm. depth in superphosphate broadcast at tri Ammophose-B (5 cm. depth in rows) at Nitric phosphate (5 cm depth in
transplanting Ammonium sulphate and superphosphal 2 weeks before primordial initiation Ammophos-B broadcast 2 weeks before
initiation
Nitric phosphate broadcast 2 we
primordial initiation Ammonium sulphate at 120 Kg. N/ha, ( in rows) and Superphosphate br transplating Recommendations of the Department of
for the area,
No nitrogen, only superphosphate and
potash broadcasts transplanting Control (zero N., P.O.s and K2O
Coefficient of variation (%)
*Significant at the 1%level using Duncan the same letter within a column are significal
 

AND PHOSPHORUS FERTLIZERS
e-6
ry Matter Production–
ur Replicate)
g. sha)
60 Day Early Final Harvest
Hagrinvest (123 days from (42 days from transplanting transplanting).
rows) and 2460 ... 0a,** ., . ፲l2659. 8b**, Ansplanting transplanting 2316.5a. . . 10757.5bcd. rows) at 92.75. 5d.
5e broadcast 1883.5ab . . 12254 - 0bc.
3 primordial 826. Oab. . . 1758.8bc
eks before 256.8b . 101.30.5co.
5 cm. depth - ... 18436.0a oadcast at
Agriculture - is a 10524., 8ჭped!
muriate of - w wis 9099.8d.
- a 889. Od
7.93 e 906
's Multiple Range Test. Means not followed by ntly different from each other.
73

Page 38
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR)
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1970
CXXVI,
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*OI

Page 39
ܓܒ݂ܵܐ
Experiments with fertilizers on rice in
M. W. THENABADU, K. WICK Central Agricultural Researc,
(Received
SUMM Experiments conducted in the wet granular-compound-fertilizers were si investigations conducted in parts of compound-fertilizers are not superiol tested. In some locations straight fel dations of the Department of Agricult fertilizers.
INTROD Granular-compound-fertilizer "simple' or "straight' fertilizer nutrients. Granulation or pelletizat the segregation in the bag of fertilizer mixture. Segregation take portation specially if crystalline f are mixed with finely powdered (saphos phosphate). Granular fe enable the uniform application of the field. They can be broadcast powders which tend to be blown water. A further advantage of the cannot be easily adulterated.
Experiments carried out at resea tors' fields of the Wet-ZOne have fertilizers are generally more effic than simple straight fertilizers (4). conclusions of experiments using rice conducted in Several locations ment conducted in One location of is also included.
The agro-climatic Zone designate lowland plains of the north and ea rainfall is between 50 and 75 incl
4-J 16042 (8.170)

granular-compound
he dry-zone of Ceylon
EMASINGHE AND T. B. PERERA
Institute, Perademiya, Ceylon.
ugust, 1970)
A R Y
zone of Ceylon indicated that for rice perior to straight fertilizers. Similar the dry-zone indicate that granularto straight fertilizers at all locations bilizers applied according to recommenure are as good as granular-compound
UCTION
have several advantages over which contain one or more plant Lion of fertilizer mixtures prevents the individual constituents of a s place during handling and transartilizers like ammonium sulphate | fertilizers like rock phosphate rtilizers are easy to handle and palanced quantities of nutrients in uniformly unlike finely ground way by wind or carried away by e granular fertilizers is that they
"ch stations, farms and in cultivashown that granular-compoundent sources of nutrients for rice This paper reports the results and granular-compound-fertilizers on in the dry-zone. A single experithe intermediate-zone (Nalanda)
as the dry-zone consists of the t of the island where the annual es. According to Panabokke and
75

Page 40
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR.
Nagarajah (3) some of the best : occur in the flood plains of the m growing soils of the dry-zone are in some parts of the Trincomalee are coarse textured.
EXPER
The components and composi fertilizers used were as follows :-
Fertilizer's Oοηι
1. Sunfoska A. . . ... (NH4)2 (NH4)2 Urea KCL
2. Sunfoska B . . ... (NH)
(NH), IN HACI KCL Mg (O. H, PO,
8. Ammonium Phosphate Type . . (NH),
Conc.
phal
4. II. B. Compound . . Isobout diurea Conc. phate Fused Phosp KCIL
Ammonium Chloride Type . . NHC (NH) KCL
5
A. In the first set of experiment Yala, season of 1967 efficiencies of N-PO-KO-MgO were compared Wi to the recommendations of the De ments were conducted at the followin
(1) Amparai district, where expel fields at Annamalai, Central
(2) Polonnaruwa district, where ex tions in cultivators' fields an at the Seed Paddy Station,
Rice Research Station, Nalanda )3( ܦܐܬܐ
176

ST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
ice growing soils of the dry-zone jor rivers and streams. Most ricenoderately fine textured, but those
Batticoloa and Amparai districts
MENTAL tion of the granular-compound
Oοηιρο8ίίίοη Opeats N% P.O.5% KOI9% MgO%
HPO . . 15 . . 15 . . 15 . — SO
HPO, ... 15 ... 15 . . 6 . . 4 SO,
H),
HPO, , , 5 , , 15 . , 15 . . -
Superphos5e KCT
ylidene ... 10 . 10 ... 10 ..
Superphos.
Magnesium hate
L 14 ... 14. . . 4. ... --
HPO,
conducted in the dry-zone during the 15-15-15; N-PO-KO and 15-15-6-4; th straight fertilizers applied according artment of Agriculture. These experi
locations :-
iments were conducted in cultivators' Camp and Uhana.
periments was conducted at eight locala replicated experiment was conducted Lingurakgoda.
of the Intermediate Zone.

Page 41
EXPERIMENTS WITH GRANULAR
The treatments were as follows :-
(1) No fertilizers,
(2) Straight fertilizers applied accor ment of Agriculture ;
(3) Granular-compound-fertilizer (l
acre applied before planting.
(4) Granular-compund-fertilizer (15 acre applied one week after p
(5) Granular-compound-fertilizer (li per acre applied before planti:
(6) Granular-compound-fertilizer (l per acre applied one week aft
In the Amparai district the variety cultivators' fields of the Polonnaruwa locations and the varieties H and Pa two locations. The variety H was a Hingurakgoda, and at the Rice Research
B. In the second set of experimer Maha 1967-68, the same fertilizers as a district at two locations, viz. the Pollor Station, Hingurakgoda. The treatmer exception of the quantity and form of where straight fertilizers were applied Department of Agriculture. This chá accordance With the recommendations culture which were effective from Sep used at all locations.
C. The efficiencies of five granularfield experiment during Maha 1967—68 (Embogama), at the Dry-Zone Resear the Government Farm, Karadian Aru.
(l) Straight fertilizers applied accord
ment of Agriculture.
(2) Granular-compound-fertilizer (li per acre applied before plantin
(3) Granular-compound-fertilizer (15. per acre applied before plantin

OMPOUND FERTILIZERS ON RICE
ing to recommendations of the Depart
-15-15; N-POs-KO) at 300 lbs. per
15-15; N-POs-KO) at 300 lbs, per anting or four weeks after sowing. -
-15-6-4; N-P.O.K.O-MgO) at 300 lbs. 용.
5-15-6-4; N-P,0s-MO) at 300 lbs. er planting or four weeks after sowing.
Hy was used at all three locations. In district the variety H was used in six, chchaiperumal were used in the other lso used at the Seed Paddy Station,
Station, Nalanda.
its conducted in the dry-zone during bove Were tested in the Polonnaruwa, unaruwa Farm and at the Seed Paddy its were the same as above With the phosphorus fertilizers in treatment 2, according to recommendations of the nge in phosphorus fertilizer was in for rice by the Department of Agritember, 1967(I). The variety H was
ompound-fertilizers were evaluated in in a Cultivators' field at Galgamuwa, h Station, Maha-Illuppallama, and at The treatments were as follows :-
ng to recommendations of the Depart
15-15; N-PO-KO) at 300 lbs.
5-6-4; N-P,Os-KO-MgO) at 300-lbs.
177

Page 42
TROPICAL ACRICULTUR
(4) Granular-compound-fertilizer (15. acre applied before planting a of straight fertilizer applied at
(5) Granular-compound-fertilizer 10. at 450 bs. per acre applied be
(6) Granular-compound-fertilizer I cloride type) at: 321 lbs. per a
The variety H-4 was used at all loca
RESULTS A
A. The results of field experiments naruwa districts and at the Rice R 1967 are presented in Table 1.
Amparai District
The need for fertilizer application apparent from the relatively low yiel which received no fertilizers.
At Annamalai the yields of paddy C different from each other. However, treated with straight fertilizers accord ment of Agriculture. At Central Cam fertilizers applied according to recom culture gave a significantly higher yi treatments that received the N-PO-KO and 15-15-6-4: N-PO-I of granular-compound-fertilizers befo cation after planting though the differ At Uhana, the granular-compound-fel different from each other or from t according to the recommendations O. too like at Annamalai and Central Ca straight fertilizers were applied accor ment of Agriculture where nitrogen at tillering, at heen-bundi and at head were applied before planting.
From the above findings it could be fertilizers applied according to recor culture are as good as or better thair the same nutrients. At Central C. than the latter. As indicated in T
178

T, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
5-15; N-POs-KO) at 300 lbs, per d 30 lbs. nitrogen per acre in the form pollen-mother-cell stage. 0-10; N-P.O-KO (I.B. Compound) ore planting. 1-14-14; N-POKO (Ammonium Ce applied before planting.
ions.
IND DISCUSSION
conducted in the Amparai and Polonsearch Station, Nalanda, during Yala
very season at these three locations is ds obtained in the control treatments
lue to treatments were not significantly the highest yield was obtained in plots ling to recommendations of the Departp the treatment which received straight mendations of the Department of Agrield than the control treatment and the granular-compound-fertilizers 15-15-15: &O-MgO. At this location application re planting gave more yield than appli2nce did not reach statistical significance. tilizer treatments were not significantly he straight fertilizer treatment applied the Department of Agriculture. Here mp, the highest yield of paddy was when ding to recommendations of the Departwas supplied in three split application; ing while the phosphorous and potassium
concluded that at these locations straight mendations of the Department of Agrigranular-compound-fertilizers supplying mp the former was significantly better ble il the recommendations of sirraight

Page 43
ہ
EXPERMENTS WITH GRANULA
fertilizers in the Amparai district sul than that supplied by the grant amounts of phosphorus and potassiu ment were less than that of the gr. and 17 lbs. P.Os and KO p be noted that the form of phosphorus i to the recommendations of the De insoluble rock phosphate (Saphos pl. fertilizers used had the water soluble
Comparison of the yield data in tre 5 and 6 indicate that there was no dira quantity of KO supplied in the latte KO per acre in contrast to 45 lbs.
Polonnaruwa district
In the cultivators' fields of the dist in grain yield between straight fertilize of the Department of Agriculture anc fertilizers (15-15-15, N-PO, KO or control treatment that received no fe: than those receiving granular-comp emphasising the need for fertilizer appl
At the Seed Paddy Station, Hingurak -fertilizers 15-15-15; N-PO-KO one higher yield over straight fertilizers of the Department of Agriculture. T. compound-fertilizer were however, not fertilizer treatment. As in the culti low yield in the control treatment ri fertilizers every season.
As in the Amparai district, straig recommendations of the Department o nitrogen per acre, but received 2 lb.less p being 14 lbs. POs and 17 lbs. KO p. phosphorus was saphos phosphate in trast to di-ammonium phosphate in th
Comparison of the yield data from ments (3, 4, 5 and 6) shows that redu lbs. per acre did not appear to general fields or at the Seed Paddy Station, Hi

-COMPOUND FERTLIZERS ON RICE
plies two pounds more of nitrogen per acr air-compound-fertilizers. However, the supplied in the straight fertilizer treatnular-compound-fertilizer treatment by r acre respectively. It should also l the straightfertilizers applied according artment of Agriculture had the water osphate) while the granular-compoundli-ammonium phosphate.
timents 3 and 4 with those of treatments stic reduction in yield due to the smaller treatments which received only 18 lbs. KO per acre in the former treatments.
ict there were no significant differences rs applied according to recommendations either of the two granular-compound15-15-6-4; N-PO-KO-MgO). The rtilizers gave a significantly lower yield ound-fertilizers or straight fertilizers lications every season.
goda, application of granular-compound week after planting gave a significantly applied according to recommendations he other treatments receiving granularsignificantly different from the straight rators’ fields the significantly different flects the need for the application of
ht fertilizers applied according to the Agriculture received two pounds more hosphorus and potassium, the difference r acre (Table 1). Further, the form of he straight fertilizer treatment in con
granular-compound-fertilizer.
he granular-compound-fertilizers treating the content of KO from 45 to 18 y reduce yields of grain in cultivators' gurakgoda.
179

Page 44
TROPICAL, AGRICULTURIS
Rice Research Station, Nalanda
There were no significant differences, i this Station, although the highest yield
B. The effect of treatments on gre during Maha 1967/68 in the Polonnaruwa
It will be observed that treatments r fertilizers 15-15-15; N-PO-KO and more than those receiving straight ferti dations of the Department of Agricult The unfertilized plots had significantly plots indicating the need for fertilizer ap
From information furnished at the bot the treatment receiving straight fertili, and phosphorus respectively more than a compound-fertilizers.
C. The effects of fertilizer treatm conducted at Galgamuwa, Maha-Illuppa 1967/68 are presented in Table 3.
At Galgamuwa, the differences due te fertilizers applied according to recomm culture were found to be inferior to a at this location except the fertilizer 15 be noted that the straight fertilizer trea acre in comparison to the compound fe
At Maha-Illuppallama and Karadian yields were not significant. It will be the treatment where straight fertilizer dations of the Department of Agricult ment nitrogen was given in split ap is that the straight fertilizer treatmen in contrast to 45 lb. per acre which al receiving the granular-compound-fe. This together with the fact that yiel granular-compound-fertilizer 15-15-6-4 cantly different from the treatment th form of other granular-compound-fert acre would be sufficient to obtain opt used (H-4) at the levels of nitrogen and
180

I, VOL. CxxVI, 1970
h yield of grain, due to treatments at was obtained with straight fertilizers
in yields in experiments conducted
district are presented in Table 2.
2ceiving the two granular-compound 5-15-6-4 ; N-PO-KO-MgO yielded lizers applied according to recommen are for the district at both stations. OWer yields than any of the fertilized lications every season.
tom of Table 2 it would be noted that ers received 2 and 3 lbs. of nitrogen ny of the treatments receiving granu
ents on grain yield in experiments llama and Karadian Aru during Maha
o treatment were significant. Straight lendations of the Department of AgriIl granular-compound-fertilizers tested -15-6-4; N-PO-KO-MgO. It should tment received 2 lbs. extra nitrogen per rtilizer treatment (Table 3).
Aru the effects of treatments on grain noted, however, that at Karadian Aru } Were applied according to recommenure yielded the highest. In this treatplications. Another noteworthy point received only 28 lbs. per acre of KO other treatments received except that tilizero 15-15-6-4 ; N-P, Ois-KO-Mg(O. is in the treatment that received the ; N-PO-KO-MgO were not signifiut received 45 lbs. K2O per acre in the ilizers indicated that 28 lbs. KO per mum yields of paddy with the variety phosphorus applied.
انp,پر

Page 45
EXPERIMENTS WITH GRANUL
ECONOMITICS (
The economics of the use of granu in the dry zone are presented in Tab significant differences in yields due price of paddy was taken at Rs. 14 calculated from C.I.F. values furnish follows :-
Ammonium Sulphate Saphosphosphate Concentrated Super phosphate Muriate of potash (50% grade)
Granular-compound-fertilizers lẽ KO ; 15-15-6-4 : N-PO-KO. 5-15-15 : N-PO-KO at
Total net income is the difference from a treatment and the cost of the between the value of yield increase du fertilizer applied. It will be noted t 4, 5/4, 5, 6 and 6 are calculated relati no fertilizer while in table 7 the yie fertilizers are calculated relative to t.
A limitation in these calculations deducted from the value of the yield expenditure such as labour, costs of not considered. Therefore the figures show relative values.
It will be observed that at Central ( the highest net return was obtained fr as recommended by the Department noted, however, that only at Central fertilizer treatment significantly bett fertilizer treatments. From the abov more expensive granular-compound-fe with straight fertilizers applied accord ment of Agriculture at these two loc that the straight fertilizer treatment (Table I), but this data is not discusse ficant among treatments.

R-COMPOUND FERTLIZERS ON RICE
F' FERTITILIZIER USE
ir-compound-fertilizers for some locations es 4, 5, 6 & 7. Only locations that showed treatments have been considered. The per bushel. The cost of fertilizers were d by the Ceylon Fertilizer Corporation as
Rs. 300 per ton
Rs. 173 per ton Rs. 390 per ton Rs. 245 per ton
-15-15 : N-POMgO and
£ 30 per ton
between the value of the paddy obtained fertilizer. Net return is the difference le to fertilizer application and cost of the hat the yield increases shown in tables Ve to the control treatment that received ild increases from granular-compoundhe straight fertilizer treatment.
is that only the cost of the fertilizer is increase to obtain net returns, and other seed paddy and agro-chemicals, etc. are
for net returns are not absolute and only
amp and Uhana of the Amparai district om the Use of straight fertilizers applied of Agriculture (Table 4). It should be Damp was the yield due to the straight r than any of the granular-compound: it is clear that the application of the pilizers is not economical when compared ing to recommendations of the Departtions. It should also be remembered fielded the highest even at Annamalai here as yield differences were not signi
8.

Page 46
TROPICAL AGRICULTURI
The results from eight locations in cu. and from the Paddy Station, Hingural highest net return was obtained from t pound-fertilizer 15-15-15; N-PO-KO (Treatment 4). In the cultivators' field ment 4 over the straight fertilizer treatm that the differences in yield of paddy be ficant. At the Seed Paddy Station, Hi significantly better than the straight fel a net gain of Rs. 76.03 from the applica KO one week after planting. (Table 5
Table 6 presents information on th compound-fertilzers in experiments con locations (Polonnaruwa Farm and Seed Polonnaruwa district. In contrast to t Polonnaruwa districts during the previo granular-compound-fertilizers gave mu fertilizers applied according to reocmme it must be remembered that at these t straight fertilizers applied according to of Agriculture and granular-compound significant as shown in Table 2 At th was significantly different from treatme Hingurakgoda, only treatments 3 and 5 ment 2
The economics of fertilizer use at Ga will be observed that yield increases an compound-fertilizers are calculated rela and noti relative to the no fertilizer con will be observed that the greatest 15-15-15; N-PO-KO applied before p
ACKNOWL.
Acknowledgement is due to the Ce Takijima, Colombo-Plan Expert, fc fertilizers used iu, these expperiments, Agricultural Extension Officers of th Farm Managers and Field Staff at th Government Farm, Polonnaruwa ; Ric Station, Maha-Illuppallama and Gov assistance during the experiment in th
182

ST, VOL. cxxvi, 1970
tivators' field of Polonnaruwa district goda during Yala, 1967 show that the ne treatment where the granular-comwas applied after planting or sowing sthere was a gain of Rs. 28.38 in treatent, but from table lit will be observed bween these treatments were not signingurakgoda, however, treatment 4 was tilizer treatment and this accounts for bion of the fertilizer 15-15-15; N-PO..)
e economics of the use of granularnducted during Maha 1967-68 at two
Paddy Station, Hingurakgoda) in the he net returns shown for Amparai and Is season (Tables 4, 5) it is seen here that Ich higher net returns than straight ndations of the Department. However, wo locations yield differences between ) recommendations of the Department -fertilizer were not always statistically e Polonnaruwa Farm only treatment 4 bnt 2; while at the Seed Paddy Station, were significantly different from treat
lgamuwa are presented in Table 7. If di net returns from the use of granulatt tive to the straight fertilizer treatment trol treatment as in Tables 4, 5 & 6. It profit is obtained from the use or lanting
EDGMENTS
tlon Fertilizer Corporation and Dr Y. r supply of the granular-compoundThanks are also due to the District } Amparai and Polonnaruwa districts, e Seed Paddy Station, Hingurakgoda ; e Research Station, Nalanda, ; Research rnment Farm, Karadian Aru for their e districts and at the Stations.
ཞི་

Page 47
EXPERIMENTS WITH GRANULA
RETE
1. Department of Agriculture, Ceylon Production.
2. DUNCAN, D. B. (1955) Multiple range
Biometrics 11 : 1-42.
3. PANABOKKE, C. R. and NAGARAJAH, S rice-growing soils of Ceylon. Tropical Agn
4. THENABADU, M. W.; WICKREMASIN granular-compound-fertilizers on rice in til 124 : 103-121.

-COMPOUND FERTILIZERS ON RICE
RENCES
1967). Fertilizer Recommendations for Rice
ind multiple F tests.
(1964). The fertility characteristics of the culturist, 20 : 3-30.
HIE, K. and PERERA, T. B. Experimants with e wet-zone of Ceylon. Tropical Agricyulturist,
183

Page 48
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS
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qoyqsąCT sowodows7 (2.400 uod sjøssną wy pios X) 1961 est. A sepuose),
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184

νοI. CXXVI, 1970
T,
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Page 49
EXPERIMENTS WITH GRANUL
T
Fertilizer Treatments and Yields of Pada
(Yield in
Treatipaments
... No fertilizer
2. Straight fertilizers applied accordin; dations of the Department of Agric
3. Granular compound fertilizer (15-15
per acre applied before planting
4. Granular-compound-fertilizer (15-15per acre applied one week after pla]
5. Granular-compound-fertilizer (15-15
per acre applied before planting
6. Granular compound-fertilizer (l5—l5—{ per acre applied one week after pla
Co-efficient of Variation
*Significant at 5% level using Duncan's Means not followed by same letter withi
-Other.
Recommendation of the Department o N, 48 lbs. P. Os and 28 lbs. K. O as amn and muriate of potash respectively.

R-COMPOUND FERTILIZERS ON RECE
ABLE 2.
y in the Polonna ruwa, District—Maha 1967-68
pushels per acre)
Polonnaruva Seed Paddy
Fairn, Station,
Hingurakgoda 59.6* .. 65. 8g |
to recommen1lture† 82.6ö - - 81.2b
15) at 300 lbs.
90). 2be 100.2c
15) at 300 lbs. Lting - - 99.4c - - 87.5ხe
3-4) at 300 lbs.
90. 4be 95. 56
3-4) at 300 lbs. inting 96. 3be - 89. 2bc}
11.29% . . 9.72%
Multiple Range Test (2).
in a column are significantly different from each
f Agriculture for Polonnaruwa District is 47 lbs. honium sulphate, concentrated superphosphate
185

Page 50
TROPICAL AGRICULTUR
TAB
Fertilizer Treatments and Yields of Padi Karadian Aru–
(Yield in bus,
Treatments
1. Straight fertilizers applied according to recommendations of the Department of Agriculture
2. Granular compound fertilizer (15-15-15) at 300 lbs. per acre applied before planting - -
3. Granular-compound-fertilizer (15-15-6-4)
at 300 lbs. per acre applied before planting - -
4. Granular compound-fertilizer (5,15-15) at 300 lbs. per acre applied before planting and 30 lbs. N per acre in the form of straight fertilizer applied at pollen-mother-cell stage
5. Granular-compound-fertilizer 10-10-10 (I.B. Compound) at 450 lbs. per acre applied before planting - -
6. Granular compound fertilizer 14-14-14 (Ammonium cholride type) at 321 lbs. per acre applied before planting
Co-efficient of Variation
*Significant at 5% level using Duncan's Mu Recommendations of the Department of A Galgammuwa : 47 lbs. N, 72 lbs. PaO. sulphate conc. superphosp.
Maha-Illuppallama : 47 lbs. N, 48 lbs. sulphate concentrated respectively. Karadian Aru : 5l lbs. N, 48 lbs.
concentrated superphosph
186

T, VOL. CxxVI, 1970
El 3
ly at Galgamuwa, Maha-Illuppallama and Maha 1967-68
els per acre)
Galgamu'uva Maha Karadian
Illuppallата Aru
4.3.1: .. 37. . . 8.5
65. 4c .. 130.4 。。 71.2
52.4ab 137.6 . . 75.9
62. 9ხc, . . 13.90 ... 73.2
62., 5bc . . 148.0 . . 80.3
58.5bc . . 13.6 . . 67.6
9.85% .. 7.26% ... 10.87%
ltiple Range Test. (2). griculture were as follows:
and 28 lbs. KO per acre as ammonium hate and muriate of potash respectively.
POs and 28 lbs. KO per acre as ammonium superphosphate and muriate of potash
POs and 28 lbs. KO per acre as urea ate and muriate of potash respectively.

Page 51
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Page 52
RICULTURIS
了
| TROPICAL AC
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Page 53
EXPERIMENTS WITH GRANULA)
jog 6ĝI' * † 1. 080° T · ·† - gI ~~ ~ ° ′ 03 IZ6* * '' ) ) *ọ‘8?s*@*837240p|ong outoɔwo,980040, wongo, gəA,29'u 7070,7;sp?0?){
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R-COMPOUND FERTILIZERS ON RICE
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91. Z8ão I
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89.

Page 54
蠶90
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS
Table 7. Economics of Fertilizer use
Treatments
Straight fertilizers applied according to reco dations of the Department of Agricultur
Granular-compound-fertilizer (15-15-15) at
per acre applied before planting
Granular-compound-fertilizer (15-15-6-4) lbs. per acre applied before planting
Granular-compound-fertilizer (5-15-15) : lbs. per acre applied before planting and N per acre in the form of straight fe applied at pollen-mother-cell stage
Granular-compound-fertilizer 10-10-10
Compound) at 450 lbs. per acre applied planting . . as a
Granular-compound-fertilizer 14-14-14 (
nium chloride type) at 321 lbs. per acre before planting

, voL. cxxv I, 1970
at Galgamuwa (Maha 1967/68)
YZeld, Total Net
increase ገ0ej ?‛eùገ4ፃ”ጥጌ,
Bau/ac‘re ιησοηλε
Rs... c. Rs... c.
ՈIՈՈ6Ո
- ... 538-03 . . -
300 lbs.
22.3 .. 861-36 ... 257-96
at 300
9.3 .. 679-36 .. 75-96
it 300 30 lbs. rtilizer
19.8 ... 82636 . . 222.96
(I.B. before
19.4 ,,820一76 。。217一36
Ammoapplied
15,4 ,,764-76 。。161一36

Page 55
A preliminary study of first batch of Jersy New Zealand
R. NAD
Veterinary Research Instit
Four hundred and seventy five Je. calves were gifted by the New Ze 1965. These animals (save one heife journey) arrived by ship in Ceylo formed the basis of the present N.
Soon after arrival in Ceylon th Ambawela. The pre-imunisation of and Anaplanosis were done immedi
The present New Zealand Farm tion and was to form another unit However, after the arrival and mo it was given the status of a separa from New Zealand the farm came t Farm, Ambawela and was distinct which is composed of Ayrshires O was obtained from the history sheet (360 cows) at the time of the study paper is to record the pattern of r animals under our conditions thoug
Age at first calving : The early má marked than in any other breed. Jersey females having the first cal: (Judkins and Keener 1965). As a br rapidly. Some breeders today plant thirty months as they believe a gr city is secured. At Ambawela the i deliberately delayed and staggered pleted as anticipated and the
 

reproduction in the heifers gifted by
Government
ARAJA
zute, Peradeniya, Ceylon,
(Received June 1970.)
rsey heifers and twenty five bull baland Government to Ceylon in r which died on board during the n in June of the same year and ew Zealand Farm, Ambawela.
ey were transported by train to these animals against Babesiosis ately after their arrival in Ceylon.
Was at that time under construcof the main farm at Ambawela. ving of these animals to this unit te farm. The animals being a gift O be known as the “New Zealand from the other farm at Ambawela nly. The material for this paper IS of the animals which were cows (July 1969). The purpose of the eproductive performance of these h born in New Zealand.
turity of the Jersey breed is more Rare cases have been reported of by the time they are a year old eed both male and female develop o have their heifers calve at about eater vitality and producing capanitial breeding of the heifers was as the buildings were not com
extent of pasture lands was
19.

Page 56
TROPICAL AGRICULTU
inadequate. This together with th of each animal was not known W. the age at first calving. However age (Fonseka, 1969) though som pregnant on arrival here. In the
of 35 months as age at first calving when compared with reported fig in temperate countries (Juergens of first calving has also been obs elevation areas in the tropics (M
Distribution of calvings. —Ten single calf ; fifty six per cent. hal per cent. have had three calves. being four years and eight mon distribution of calvings especiall some of them are again in variou,
Twinning : The incidence of t (Rai, 1968). Two twin births have analysed, in one of these cases bot
Seac Ratio : Theoretically sex ra 100. The reasons why it does n However, it is agreed that there conception than at birth. When or ratio is in the region 95 : 100 (B) viable calves at Ambawela Jersey more accurate assessment of the births considered was large. The varies from 42.6 to 53.7 per cent.
Calving interval . The calving
period, or the period between par and the period of gestation. The l; and the former between 60-90 da 1966). The Jersey cows as a bre a year for many years and it is no years and more as steady produc in the present study of the records This is very close to the ideal of t borne in mind that the service per was less than 60-90 days and this value obtained.
92

IST, voL. cxxVI, 1970
e fact that the exact date of birth uld not give an accurate value for
most animals were 6-8 months of were older and some were even light of the above the average age obtained in this study is favourable, res of 24-30 months for this breed o and Mortenson, 1964). A late age rved with European cattle in high ahadevan, 1956).
per cent. of the cows have had a re had two calves and twenty four The average age of these animals ihs compares favourably with the y when considering the fact that S stages of pregnancy.
winning is an uncommon feature been observed out of all the births h were males.
atio should be 50 per cent... or 100 : Lot conform to this is not known. is a higher percentage of males at tly viable young are considered the anos et al., 1965). The sex ratio of Farm is in the region 93: 100. A ratio is possible if the number of
sex ratio of male calves usually (Roberts, 1961).
Interval is made up of the service turition and subsequent conception utter period is usually 284 x 4 days 7s (Rai, 1968 ; Carmona and Monz, ld could be expected to calve once t uncommon to find cows of twelve }rs. The calving interval observed was thirteen months (see Table 1). welve months, however, it must be od in a sizeable number of animals would have influenced the present

Page 57
సాల
A PRELIMINARY STUD
Birth Weight: The birth weight Farm, Ambawela did not show any sexes. The average birth weight ir Jerseys at Ambawela being smaller counterpart (whose birth weight v. guson and Mortensen, 1960) and al: prevailing at the time the average standable. An increase could be exp
Lactation records : Fifty one per was over 4000 lbs. while nineteen highest lactation recorded was 900 lactations studied was 4049 lbs. (I considered). The lactation range is is influenced by a number of factor
Stillbirths, Abortions and Neonat from these was observed to be ten It was not possible to categorise indi from these causes is low (Van Diet
Services per conception : An acc conception was not possible. Fron per conception appears to be in t suggestive of moderate fertility (C
INCIDENCE OF REPRC
Ovario-uterine hypoplasia, cystr breeding were the common cause: some of the animals. The incidence range (Riznov, 1967).
SUMIM
A preliminary study of the pat of tre Jersey animals gifted by T was made. The age at first calving, sex ratio, calving interval, weight tions neonatal mortality, services reproductive disoders were the performance of the animals from good considering the factors and c

" OF JERSY HEIFERS
of the calves born at the Jersey significant difference between the sspective of sex was 34 lbs. The in confirmation than the American arys from 45 lbs. to 75 lbs. Juerso in View of the local conditions birth weight recorded is underected in future years.
cent of all the lactations studied per cent were over 5000 lbs. The ) lbs. The overall average of the actations of 305 days only were ; very variable in the breed and s (Plumb, 1930) .
ael Mortality: The combined loso per cent of all the births recorded. Vidual causes. The losses Sustains en, 1964).
urate estimate of the services per n observations made the services he range 1.5 to 2.5, this range is armona and Monz, 1966).
DUCTIVE DIS ORDERS
tc ovaries, anoestrus and repeat s of lowered fertility observed in of these was within the expected
MARY
tern in reproductive performance New Zealand Government in 1965 distribution of calvings, twinning, at birth, lactation, stillbirths, abor
per conception and incidence of aspects considered. The general observations So far made has been ircumstances which influenced the
193

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TROPICAL AGRICULTU
performance. With a more in programme an improved perform hensive study will be possible w
TA
Number of cows
Number of heifers
Average age at 1st calving -
Average weight at birth
Sex ratio
Average calving interval
Twinning
Percentage cows with single calving
Percentage cows with two calvings
Percentage of still births abortions and I
mortality
Highest lactation
Average lactation (305 day)
Lactation of 4000 lbs. and above
Lactation of 5000 lbs. and above
*Average values for characteristics studies
REFE
BRANDS, A. F. A., BANNERJEE—SCHI WANHOEN, A. 1965. Sex ratio of ca
CARMONA, S. and MUNOz, H. 1966. C
per pregnancy in Criolla, Jersey tropical climate A.B.A. Vol. 36. N
FoNSEKA, IL. E. A. 1969. Personal cor H. A. 1965. Milk Production and U. S. A. Third Print. Chapter 5.
JUERGENSON, E.M. and MoRTENSON Dairying. The Interstate Publishel
MAHADEVAN, P. 1956. Variation in pe Ceylon. J. Agric. Sci. Vol. 48. 164
PLUMB, S. C. 1930. Types and breeds
RAI, A. V. 1968. Studies on reprodu
No. 3557.
ROBERTs, S. 1961. Veterinary Obstet
Chapter IV.
RIZNOR, S. 1967. Analysis of fertil Farms. A.B.A. Vol. 35 No. 3534.
VAN DIETEN, S. W. J. 1964. Calf Mor
94

RIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
ense management and husbandry lance could be expected. A compreith the accumulation of more data.
BLE 1 ***
360
67
35 months
34 lbs.
93 100
13 months
2 pairs of twins (of all births) 10% 56% Leonatal
10% 9000 lbs.
4049 lbs. 51%
19%
S.
RENCES
OTSMAN, I., VAN DIETEN, S. W. J. and lves at birth. A. B. A. Wol. 33. No. 33.31.
alving interval and number of services and Surtis improved cows in a humid o. 292.
nmunication. Judlins, H. F. and Keever, Processing. Jhon Wiley & Sons Inc.
, W. P. 1964. Approved Practices in 's. Illinois Third Print. Chapter 2.
Brformance of European dairy cattle in 170.
of Farm Animals, Chapter 31. ction in Jersey cattle. A. B. A. Vol. 36.
rics and Genital Diseases. Third Print.
ty and sterility in heifers in various
tality at birth. A.B.A. Vol. 33. No. 1166.

Page 59
RESEARCH NOTE
A noteworthy new gra
K. L. D. AMARATUNGA*
PENNISETUMI POLYSTACHIYON 2: 146, 1824. Based on Panicum pol 2 : 870, 1759.
Robust annual (or sometimes pe softly herbaceous, usually branched times also from the basal ones, terete many-noded, the modes glabrous ; le more), flat or loosely folded, linear very fine points, pubescent with tu rather loose on the culms, much short ligule long-ciliate, 1.5-2 mm. long Spikes golden-yellow in colour, p long, 3-4 cm. wide incl. bristles), 0. compact, cylindric, continuous; rhac With Small decurrent wings on the r solitary, sessile; callus very Small, bristles 1.5-3.5 mm. long, scabrid ; densely plumose in the lower part, s pressed. Upper glume thinly memb acute, cuspidate, scaberulous at th slightly shorter than the upper glum. elliptic, acute, 3-toothed, scaberulous 3 or sub-5-nerved; palea absent. Up taceous, shiny, finely nerved, entire equal to its lemma and similar in te margins of the lemma. Caryopsis slightly compressed, subacute to ob half as long; hilum subbasal. 2n-54 (Bor).
Though typically annual in habit, behave as perennials, developing :
* Herbarium, Royal Botanical Garden
Ceylon.
;: Commonwealth Scientific and Indust
Australia.
 

ss record for Ceylon
and M. LAZARIDES:
(L.) Schult., Syst. Veg. Mant. stachyon L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10,
rennial), 1.5-2.5 m. high; culms from the upper nodes and someor slightly compressed, glabrous, af blades up to 30 cm. long (or -lanceolate, long-acuminate with Ibercle-based hairs; leaf-sheaths er than the internodes, glabrous ; ; collar narrowly membranous. rminently exserted, 17.5–20 cm. 75-1 cm. wide (excl. bristles), :his glabrous, straight or curved, ibs below the spikelets. Spikelets
sparsely bearded, acute; outer inner bristles up to 2 cm. long, scabrid, above. Lower glume supranous, 5-nerved, oblong-elliptic, e tip, glabrous. Louver lemma Le and similar in texture, broadly near the apex, otherwise smooth, per lemma 2-2.5 mm. long, crus, narrow-elliptic ; the palea subxture, embraced by the flattened 1-1,5 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, tuse, dull-brown ; embryo about
in favourable sites plants tend to tout tussocks which persist for
S; Dept. of Agriculture, Peradeniya,
rial Research Organization, Canberra,
195

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TROPICAIL AGRICULT
more than One season. From the strongly, producing numerous i grain, which observations indica
In Ceylon, plants of the speci and is now naturalized Over exte the grain of cereals or fodder g was first recorded for Ceylon at tions show it to grow rapidly favourably with native grasses.
Distribution : The species is Old World. In India, Bor (The { Pakistan, 1960) records it as an also useful for hay making.
In Ceylon the centre of dist uplands, from which the specie particular it has become well adjacent wet zone provinces and lowlands.
Economically, the species coul land under cultivation, particula west and south of Ceylon, it coul coarse enough to hinder harvest lands where chena cultivation is fodder for stock if encouraged t grasses, which predominate af scrubby forests.
Specimens eacamined : Kurun tunga, 1092, 21 V. 1966. (This c for Ceylon). Matale District ; ne: Amparai District; 5 miles north track, Lazarides 7251, 10. IX.1970. tiya, Lazarides 7269, 14.IX.1970. ] of Puttalam on Anuradhapura I
Acknowledgments : We wish Director of Agriculture, Centr Gannoruwa, Peradeniya and th for facilities provided.
196

URIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
upper nodes the culms usually branch nflorescences and large quantities of te to be highly viable.
es Occur in a wide range of habitats nsive areas. Introduced probably with rasses, this spontaneous introduction Melsiripura in 1966. Field observaand vigorously, able to compete
videspread in tropical regions of the Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and excellent fodder grass when young,
Iribution appears to be the central S has spread in all directions. In -established in the mid-uplands of i is gradually invading the dry zone
d be either useful or troublesome. In arly in the coconut fields, along the d be a potentially serious weed, being ing operations. In the dry zone low
practised, it would provide valuable O replace the less palatable native ter the initial disturbance of the
egala District ; Melsiripura, AmaraOllection represents the first record ur Matale, Lazarides 7217, 5. IX. 1970. -east of Inginiyagala on Mullagama Kurunegala District; near NikaweraPuttalam District ; 8 miles north-east oad, Lazarides 7273, 15.IX.1970.
o thank Dr. J. W. L. Peiris, Deputy al Agricultural Research Institute, a Smithsonian-Ceylon Flora Project

Page 61
A NOTEWORTHY NEW GRASS
 

RECORD FOR CEYLON
40?,48%CI ?
感念
dows7
oppoffofywyswr
apạw wofiqooqsfmod wosoɛywɔɑ soqɖoɖ6oqoqď pņos, I
197

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TROPICAL AGRICULTU
Photograph of Pennisetum .
 

JRIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
polystachyon (Amaratunga 1092)

Page 63
METEOROLOGI
QUARTERLY WEATHER SUMMI
APRIL : Intermonsoon weather conditi Thunder activity was reported from som day of the month. Isolated evening thun the first three days, a few very heavy f upper winds became more moist and m panied by thunder in places, was fairly w on the 12th and 13th, when rain was pr were less widespread from the 8th to the central region of the Island and the onwards, rain was again widely expereie moderatet to heavy rain in the south-we
The larger monthly totals of rainfall ( Kegalla District Rainfall over the adjoir and parts of Uva ranged from 15 to 25 the rainfall was mainly between 2 to 10 i and Eastern provinces, rainfall was be average over parts of the south-west qua in the north and east and in the North-W peratures were generally a little above in to 81 per cent. while ight humidity range amounts and the mean air pressures were were below average, the direction being
MAY : From the beginning of the mon appeared on the charts, and this was in upper winds became southwesterly to a h of a low pressure area which developed i this low pressure area moved away, the much shallower. During the rest of the in in dept and were over 10,000 feet (Our C from the 9th to the 13th, on the 17th and end of the month, mainly under the in neighbourhood of the Island. Temporar, conditions prevailed occasionally during of May, the south-west monsoon winds established. This actually occurred only
WEATHER : The low pressure area w the 2nd resulted in tempporary south-w moderate to very heavy rain was exper day, several falls of over 5 inches being r was less heavy, only light to moderate weather then prevailed from the 5th pressure area formed in South Bay of B
 

CAL REPORT
ARY-APRIL TO JUNE, 1970
ons prevailed during most of April. e part or other of the Island, every lershowers were experienced during alls being reported. On the 4th, the oderate to fairly heavy rain, accomidely experienced till the 7th. Except actically islandwide, thundershowers 26th and were confined chiefly to the southwest. However, from the 27th 2ed. A trough of low pressure caused St. On the 29th.
totals over 25 inches) were over the hing areas of the south-west quarter inches. Over the Southern Province nches. In the Northern, North-central low 10 inches. Rainfall was above rter and Uva and at isolated Stations estern Province. Day and night temormal. Day humidity ranged from 62 :d from 82 to 97 per cent. Mean cloud a little above normal. Wind mileages Variable.
th a south-westerly pressure gradient evidence throughout the month. The sight of 20,000 feet under the influence in the Bay of Bengal on the 2nd. After - Southwesterly wind stream became nonth the southwesterly winds varied riterion for the South-west monsoon)
18th and again from the 23rd to the fluence of low pressure areas in the I southwest monsoonal type weather the month. However, even at the end tream had not been fully and finally luring the first week of June.
hich formed in the Bay of Bengal on est monsoon weather conditions, and enced in the south-west quarter that corded. Rainfall on the next two days
falls being reported. Generally fair o the 7th. On the 8th, another low angal and deepening into a depression
199

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TROPICAL AGRICULT
moved westwards and crossed the I During this period there was light
among the central hills, with scatter next few days up to the 16th, rainfa widely experienced, several fairly h the 18th was less heavy and from
mederate rain was experienced ma pressure area developed in South-ea widely experienced over the Island.
monsoonal type rain was experienced evening thundershowers over the N
The largest monthly totals of raini Kalutara District. Rainfall over the from 20 to 30 inches decreasing to 2 the Northern, North-Central and Ea below 5 inches. Rainfall was above a a little above average over parts of t Rainfall was below aerage oer the ce) areas, and part of Northern Provinc normal, while night temperatures w humility ranged from 63 to 83 per ce. to 95 per cent. Mean cloud amount: mean air pressures were a little be normal in the north and South-east a being generally south-westerly.
JUNE : Overcast Skies and occasi Island confirmed the presence of an Bay of Bengal at the beginning of mittent rain or drizzel in the North satellite data gave the position of a the 5th, a depression was evident, ce. the Southwesterly pressure gradient the upper winds Westerly to Southw about 18,000 feet. The south-west mo: I T C Z, near latitude 16 N. From the weather prevailed, the heavier showe Cver the hill country. From the 23rd the rain was generally light and con 30th, the westerly air stream became a result, there was islandwide thun With Several Stations in the Southrecording falls of over 5 inches.
The larger monthly totals of rain Ginigathena area. Rainfall over the a ranged from 20 to 30 inches. Over the between 10 to 20 inches decreasing 1 North, rainfall was between 2 to 5 generally below 2 inches. Several sta North-western Provinces evperienced
200

RIST, VOL. CXXVI, 1970
dian coast near Tamilnadu on the 11th. to moderate rain in the South-west and d thundershowers elsewhere. During the was mainly light. On the 17th, rain was avy falls being reported. The rainfall on the 19th to the 24th, scattered light to hly in the south-west quarter. A low it Arabian Sea. On the 25th and rain was From the 26th to the end of the month, in the south-west quarter with scattered rth-central province.
all (totals over 30 inches) were over the Lidjoining south-western lowlands ranged to 10 inches over the central hills. Over stern Provinces, the rainfall was mainly Terage along the western coastal belt and he North-Centrtal and Eastern provinces. tral hills and the South-Western lowland e. Day temperatures were mainly about ere about or a little above normal. Day nt. while night humidity ranged from 80 s were a little above normal, while the low normal. Wind mileages were above nd below normal elsewhere, the direction
Dnal rain in the North and East of the upper low pressure area over South-west he month. On the 3rd, there was interern Province and Trincomalee area and vortex at latitude 11N longitude 83E. By htred at latitude 16N longituyde 89E and cross the Island became very steep, with esterly and speed 20 to 30 knots up to nsoon was now fully established with thin 7th onwards, normal south-west monsoon rs occuring inland in the south-west and to the 29th, the monsoon weakened and ined mainly to the hill country. On the
shallow and winds aloft were light. As eractivity. Rain was fairly widespread Test experiencing very heavy rain and
Bll (totals over 30 inches) were in the lioning region of the south-west quarter southwestern lowland area, rainfall was below 10 inches near the coast. In the inches and over the rest of the Island ions in the Northern, North? Central and absolute drought conditions. Rainfall was

Page 65
METEOROLOGICA
above average over a small area of the
North. Rainfall was below average over th temperatures were generally a little above 58 to 85 per cent. while night humidity ra cloud amounts were about normal, while below normal. Wind mileage were below
little above normal elsewhere, the directi
Department of Meteorology, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, 12th September, 1970.

L REPORT
south-western lowlands and in the Le rest of the Island. Day and night normal. Day humidity ranged from nged from 78 to 95 per cent. Mean ..he mean air pressures were a little normal in the West and East and a On being mainly southwesterly.
L. A. D. I. EKANAYAKE,
Director.
20

Page 66
TROPICAL, AGRICULT
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METEOROLOGIC
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