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O

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SUSTAINABLE E
FC
TSUNAMI
PROGR

XIT STRATEGIES
DR
RELATED
AMMES

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Copyright (C) February 2010
International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Sril
The study was supported by Oxfam Internat
Author: Sanayi Marcelline
ISBN 978-955-580-120-1
Please address orders to:
International Centre for Ethnic Studies 2, Kynsey Terrace, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka Tel: +94 Ol 12685085 / +94 01 12679745 Fax: 9401 12688929 Email: publications@icescolombo.org
Website: www.icescrimb.org
This report was prepared by an ICES re. Lakmali Jayasinghe, Charan Rainford, Pe Kaushalya Coorey, Nilam Hameed, U.L. S part of the field research teams.

anka
onal.
search team led by Sanayi Marcelline with shala Wimalasena and Anouk. Tyagarajah. amsudeen and Ranil Samarawickrema were

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TABLE OF C
Acknowledgements
Executive Summary
Introduction
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
International Definitions of Good
Involving the Community in the Ex
Investing in Local Capacity
Protecting the Equal Rights of Wom
Engaging in Disaster Risk Reductiol
Taking Local Contexts into Accoun
The Perspective of Aid Organizatio Implementing Exit
Involving the Community in Projec
Assessing the Capacities of Partners
Identifying and Building Local Cap,
Paying Attention to Local Contexts
Protecting the Equal Rights of Wor
Protecting Investments from Futu.
Description of Immediate Post Ts
Sri Lanka
Transitioning from Immediate Reli
Rehabilitation

ONTENTS
Practices for Exit
it
n/INGOs on
t Implementation and Exit
acity
lem
e Disasters
inami Aid Delivery in
f to Reconstruction and
V
vii - xix
XX — Xxix
1 - 6
1.
2
3
4
5 - 6
7 - 15
7 - 8
8 - 10
10 - 11
ll - 12
12 - 13
13 - 15
16- 20
16 - 20

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+. I
4.2
5.
Description of Long-term Rehabili
Programmes
Overview of Permanent Shelter
Concerns Raised by Beneficiaries
Overview of Livelihood Programme
Rehabilitating Communities into T
Rehabilitating Away from Traditior
Concerns Raised by the Beneficiarie
Conclusion
List of References
List of Appendixes
Appendix I: Description of Projects
Appendix II: List of people interviev INGOs and local NGOs
Appendix III: Participants — First w
Appendix IV: Details of focus group
Appendix V: Workshop for benefici local NGO, Colombo
Appendix VI: Round-table discussio INGOs, Colombo

tation and Reconstruction
S
raditional Livelihoods
|al Livelihoods
S
ved including aid organizations s
orkshop, Colombo
meeting, Hambantota
ary communities/
n with aid organizations/
20 - 37
20 - 24
21 - 24
25
25
25
26 - 37
38
39 - 40
41 - 49
41 - 44
45
46
47
48
49

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Acknowl
The International Centre for Ethnic acknowledge the support we received fr project. Our gratitude to the benefici government agencies such as the Disa Water Supply and Drainage Board, Ha local NGOs by giving us their time in thank you to Sunil Bastian, Dr. Jan K. Amirthalingam and Mallika Samaraw would like to acknowledge the const administrative staff of ICES, in particul Finally but most importantly, Nanditha Research Specialist for Sri Lanka, Oxfa
Support in making this study a success.

'dgements
Studies research team would like to »m Oxfam International for funding this ary communities in the three districts, ster Management Centre, the National mbantota, aid organizations/INGOs and order to carry out this study. A special aki Jayawardene, Dr. Rajith Laksman, ickrame for their advice and support. We ant and friendly support given by the ar Tharanga de Silva and S. Vartharajan. Hettitantri, Disaster Risk Reduction and
m America for her patience and untiring

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Executiv
Background
This study on 'sustainable exit strateg conducted by the International Centre Lanka in collaboration and with financi study seeks to identify good practices relief programmes, drawing on the exp implementing partners, working of reconstruction programmes and on communities. The main focus of the st INGOs could formulate exit strateg programmes once aid interventions have
Main Findings and the Way Forward
The study revealed that aid organiza ensure the sustainability of projects upol the local community — either state acto The study also found that this process are numerous challenges to programm sustainability depends on financial and I
Moreover, there is a need to recognize a capacity to Sustain programmes, as the programmes. Where aid interventions reconstruction and development; eco. beneficiary community should be a prin knowledge and skills and working to en identify and work with other stakeho projects, that an effective exit strategy Ca

e Summary
ies for tsunami related programmes' was for Ethnic Studies (ICES) Colombo, Sri al support from Oxfam International. The in implementing closure for post disaster eriences of aid organizations/INGOs and 1 tsunami related rehabilitation and
the perceptions of the beneficiary udy is to identify how aid organizations/ gies that ensured the sustainability of I come to an end.
tions/INGOs have adopted strategies to n exit through a process of partnering with ors or local organizations such as NGOs. has been partially successful but that there e sustainability; namely that programme motivational capacities of the partners.
ind prioritise the beneficiary communities y are the principle stakeholders of these move beyond relief in to rehabilitation, nomically and socially empowering the nary goal. It is only by drawing upon local hance the capacities of the beneficiaries to lders to sustain and further develop the n be implemented.

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viii
Key Recommendations
Recognize that Beneficiary Communities
The very practice of establishing partnersh terms of local Contexts. The practice of i partner NGO and the beneficiaries sho sustainability of the project Cannot be ens it is important to consider local cap communities can take responsibility fo beneficiary community has the capacity donor organizations/INGOs needs to communities capacities with a view of har the beneficiaries.
Focus on Strengthening Beneficiary Comn
The skills of the beneficiary CBOs to ac to take responsibility to sustain the projec partner NGOs acting as intermediaries or be guided on negotiating with various ac and in the case of livelihood projects, pro for their products. In order to carry out t organizations/INGOs either need to wo beneficiary community or ensure that pa capacity building with the objective of em
As part of capacity building of benefici; partner NGOs have to identify the leader ability to lead and build their capacity to
Enhance the Role of Stakeholders in Deve
Reduce the relationship of dependency b
local communities, such as government a

are the Principle Ouners of a Project
ip with local NGOs has to be reviewed in institutionalizing the linkage between the uld be taken into consideration where ured through alternative means. However, pacity by assesing whether beneficiary r the sustainability of projects. If the to be the principle owners of a project, focus on strengthening the beneficiary ding over sole ownership of the project to
munity Based Organizations (CBOs)
ively participate in decision-making and its need to be developed. Rather than the representatives, the community needs to tors such as government agencies, banks, omoting and establishing a stable market his form of capacity building, the donor rk for a longer period of time with the rtner NGOs can carry on the process of powering the Community.
ary CBOs, aid organizations/INGOs or S in the beneficiary Community with the
give leadership to beneficiary CBOs.
loping and Sustaining Projects
2tween donor organizations/INGOs and gencies and local organizations. Create a

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shift from significant financial support organizations to identifying their own ne
Build the capacities of beneficiary organi.
Capacity building should also include a communities to set aside financial sav beneficiary CBOs charge minimal memb for the members to draw on in times of a traditional revolving Credit System whe fund where one member at a time draws
Identify the roles and responsibilities of la
There is a need to specify the implement project once the donor organization exits the beneficiaries have to be made aware should approach in order to ensure that
the housing scheme is provided for and made available to beneficiaries a oganizations/INGOs or the offices of imp
Enhance the role of uomen by creating an
Gender sensitivity/equality and capacity only beneficiary communities but also th necessary to encourage/train women to long-term awareness programmes for v have to target community leaders i.e. 1 leaders, people from the educational, adm the community level.

iX
t to building the capacities of partner eds and raise funds accordingly.
zations to raise funds on their oun
Component that encourages beneficiary rings. In some livelihood programmes, )ership fees which are collected as a fund emergency. Local Communities engage in e members contribute a monthly fee to a the money that is collected.
cal partners
ting partners who will be taking over the . In the case of housing and resettlement, of the relevant government agencies they the basic amenities and infrastructure for maintained. This information has to be t the regional offices of Donor blementing partners.
wareness uithin the community
building for women should target not e whole village or groups of villages. It is take on leadership roles by carrying out whole communities. These programmes eligious leaders, grassroot level political ninistrative and law enforcement sector at

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Work with local state agencies to protect 1
DRR and DRM have to be streamlined i As the threat of disaster will change frol organizations/INGOs should work witl management to develop a system of r Assessment Certificate issued by the Mi closure.
Work with local knowledge to identif loc
Aid organizations/INGOs can work wit utilize local knowledge to identify and hazards such as fire that can pose a threat action plan can include a savings scheme capacities in order to face sudden damage

nvestments from future disasters
to programme implementation and exit. n one region or locality to another, Aid I state agencies in the area of disaster sk assessment (in the form of a Risk histry of DRM) as a part of programme
all threats to programme sustainability
h the local beneficiary community and develop an action plan to mitigate local to the sustainability of projects. Such an to strengthen the communities' financial s to houses or livelihood assets.

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විධායක
පසුබිම
සුනාමි ආශ්‍රිත වැඩසටහන් සඳහා තිරසාර
strategies for Tsunami related progi ලංකාවේ කොළඹ ජනවාර්ගික අධ්‍යයනයදී
ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔක්ස්ෆහැමි සංවිධානයේ (Oxfam
ඇතිව කරන ලදී. මෙම අධඤනයේ අරමු වැඩසටහන් නිමාකිරීමේ දී ප්‍රශස්ත හා හඳුනාගැනීමෙදී සුනාම සමබන්ධ පුනරුත්{ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන අධාර දෙන සංවිධාන/පාභ දියත් කරනු ලැබූ පාර්ශවයන්ගේ අත්දැකීම ලක්කරන ලදී. ආධාර ලබාදෙන සංවිධාන/ජාත්‍ය මත පදනම් වෙමින් වන්සන සහන සැ( වනාපවතින්වල තිරසාර භාවය හා කල් පැවැ හඳුනාගැනීම මෙම අධනයනයේ මුලික අරමුණු
ප්‍රධාන සොයාගැනීම් හා ඉදිරිය.
මෙම අධනයනය මගින් ආධාර ලබාදෙන සංචි පාත්‍රයන් හෝ රාජ්‍යෙන)වන සංවිධාන ආක් ක්‍රියාවලියක් ඔස්සේ ඔවුන්ගේ වනාපෘති නිමක් තහවුරු කිරීමේ මූලෝපායයන් යොදාගන්නා වශයෙන් සාර්ටික වුවද වැඩසටහන් වල ගණනාවක් පවතින බවද මෙම අධ්‍යයනය තිරසාර බව හවුල් කරුවන්ගේ මූලනාමය හා බව පැහැදිලි විය.
මීට අමතරව මෙම වැඩසටහන් වල ප්‍රධානත මෙම වැඩසටහන් තවදුරටත් පවත්වා ගැනී ලබාදිය යුතු බව හඳුනා ගැනීම එක් අව සහන සැලසීම ඉක්මවා පුනරුත්ට්ඨාපනය, නැගී

65)O)ocG5
8088 SGe5e)cocoes (Sustainable exit
ammes) පිළිබඳව වූ මෙම අධ්‍යයනය ශ්‍රී
හී සඳහා වූ ජාතන්න්තර කේන්ද්‍රය මගින්
n International) මුලනාධාර සහ සහයෝගය
}ණ වන්නේ පගව)ත් සුනාම වනසන සහන විතයන් කුමක් දැයි හඳුනාගැනීමයි. එම තාපනය සහ නැවත ඉදිකිරීමේ වනාපaතින් කන්න්තර රාජන් නොවන සංවිධාන වනාපGතින් ) සහ ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාවගේ අදහස් විමසුමට කෘත්‍යන්තර රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධානවල අත්දැකිම් චුසීමේ වැඩසටහන් අවසාන කිරීමේදී එම ;ත්ම තහවුරු කිරීම සඳහා ගත යුතු පියවර ] වේ.
විධාන/ජාතන්න්තර රාජන්ජෙනවන සංවිධාන රාජ්‍ය )රයේ දේශීය පුජාවන් සමග හවුල් වීමේ xර පිටවීමේ දී එම වනාපෘතිවල තිරසාර බව
බව හෙලිදරව් විය. මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය අර්ධ
තිරසාර බව තහවුරු කිරීමේදී අභියෝග මගින් සොයා ගැණිනි. මෙම වැඩසටහන් වල අභිපේරණාත්මක හැකියාවන් මත පදනමි වන
ම කොටස්කරුවන් වන්නේ ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාවන්ය. ම සඳහා ඔවුන් සතු හැකියාවන්ට පුමුඛත්වය ගන්තාවයකි. ආධාර ලබාදීමේදී මැදිහත් වීම, )ත ගොඩනැෙවිම වැනි කෙෂ්ත්‍ර වෙත යොමුවන

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විට මෙම ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන ජන කොටස් ආර්ටික පරමාර්ටියක් විය යුතුය. සාර්ටික පිටවුම් මු( දගැනුම හා හැකියාවන් භාවිතා කරමින් සහ ව වැඩිදුර සංවර්ධනය කිරීමටත් ඉවහල්වන වෙන් සමග කටයුතු කිරීමටත් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන පුජාව
කිරීමෙනුත් පමනකි.
වැදගත් නිර්දේශයන්
වනාපෘතියක ප්‍රධානතම හිමිකරුවන් වන්නේ පු!
දේශීය රාජන් නොවන සංවිධාන සමග හවුල්කා
සංදර්භය අනුව යලි සලකා බැලිය යුතුය.
පුතිලාභි පුජාවන් අතර සමිබන්ධය ආයතන ග් වනාපයීතියේ තිරසාර බව විකල්ප මාර්ගයකින්
කෙසේ නමුත් දේශීය පුජාවගේ හැකියාව සල් බව සමිබන්ධයෙන් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන පුජාවට
ඇගයීමක් කරන්න. පුතිලාභ ලබන්නන්ට ඒ ස /ජාත්‍යන්තර රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන, වනාප පුජාවන්ට ලබාදීමේ අදහස ඇතිව ප්‍රතිලාභි
සඳහා අවධානය යොමුකළ යුතුය.
ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාමුල සංවිධාන ශක්තිමත් කිරීම පිළි
තීරණ ගැනීමේදී සක්‍රියව ඊට සමිබන්ධවීමටත් දෑරීමටත් ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජා මූල සංවිධාන සතු හා රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන මැදිහත්කරුවන් හෝ
රාජ්‍ය ආයතන, බැරකු, වැනි පාත්‍රයන් සමග
ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාවට මග පෙන්වීම් ලබාදිය යුතු
ඔවුන්ගේ නිෂ්පාදන සඳහා ස්ට්වාවර වෙළද පල ගැනීම පිළිබඳව මග පෙන්වීම් කළ යුතුය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා එක්කෝ අධාරදෙන (
ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන පුජාව සමග දීර්ඝ කාලයක් ති

) හා සමාජයීය වශයෙන් බලගැන්වීම මූලිකම ලෝපායයන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ හැක්කේ දේශීය
වැඩසටහන් තවදුරටත් පවත්වාගෙන යාමටත්
හත් කොටස් කරුවන් හඳුනා ගැනීමටත් ඔවුන් 'න සතු හැකියාව ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීමට කටයුතු
තිලාභ ලබන පුජාව බව හඳුනාගන්න.
}රීත්වයන් ඇතිකර ගැනීමේ අභක්‍ෂ)සය දේශීය හවුල්කාරී රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධානය සහ xතකිරීමේ අභාඤ)සය සැලකිල්ලට ගතයුත්තේ
තහවුරු කල නොහැකි අවස්ට්ඨාවකදී පමණි. ට්‍රකා බැලීම වැදගත්ය. වෘත්‍යාපෘතිවල තිරසාර
වගකීම බාරගත හැකිද යන්න පිළිබඳව ඤහා හැකියාව ඇත්නමි අධාරදෙන සංවිධාන :æතියක පුර්ණ හිමිකාරිත්වය එහි ප්‍රතිලාභි
· පුජාවන්ගේ හැකියාවන් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම
ළිබඳ අවධානය යොමුකරන්න.
වන)පaති පවත්වා ගැනීම පිළිබඳව වගකිම් දැකියාවන් සංවර්ධනය කළ යුතුය. හවුල්කාරි ත) නියෝජිතයන් ලෙස ක්‍රියාත්මකවීමට වඩා ගනුදෙනු කරන්නේ කෙසේද යන්න පිලිබදව )ය. ජීවනෝපාය සමිබන්ධ වනාපāතිවලදී නමි
}ක් ඇති කර ගැනීම හා එය ප්‍රවර්ධනය කර
මෙම ආකාරයෙන් හැකිය) සංවර්ධනයක්
සංවිධාන/ජාත්‍යන්තර රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන ස්සේ වැඩ කල යුතුය. නැතහොත් හවුල්කාරි

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රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධානවලට පුජාව බල සංවර්ධනය කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය කල හැකි බව
ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජා මූල සංවිධානවල හැකියාවන් ලබාදෙන සංවිධාන/ජාත්‍යන්තර රාජ්‍ය නොව සංවිධානවලට ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාව තුලින් නායකත ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාමුල සංවිධානවලට නායකත්වය කිරීමටත් සිදුවේ.
වනාපෘති වැඩිදියුණු කිරීමේදී හා පවත්වා ගැ
කරන්න.
අධාරදෙන සංවිධාන/ජාතන්න්තර රාජ්‍ය නොව යැපීමි සමිබන්ධය සීමා කළ යුතුය. මුලන් දේශීය සංවිධාන වැනි හවුල්කාරී සංවිධානව අනුව අරමුදල් රැස්කිරීමටත් අවශන හැකියා
ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන සංවිධානවලට තමන් විසින්ම පුවර්ධනය කරන්න.
ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන පුජාවන් මුලන් ඉතිරිකිරීමිවල අංගයක් විය යුතුය. ඇතැමි ජීවනෝපාය || විසින් අවම සාමාජික මුදලක් එකතු කරනු අවස්ට්ඨාවකදී මුදල් ලබාදෙනු ලැබේ. දේශීය
දේශීය හවුල්කරුවන්ගේ භූමිකාවන් සහ වග.
ආධාර දෙන සංවිධාන ඉවත්ව ගිය ප හවුල්කරුවන් නිග්විතව දැක්වීමේ අවශඤතා කටයුතු වලදී නම්, නිවාස යොජනා ක්‍රමය පහසුකමි ලබාගැනීමත්, ඒවා පවත්වා ගැනීම; පිළිබඳව ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාව දැනුමිවත් කළ යුතු වූ විටක ලබාගැනීම සඳහා ආධාර දෙන ස කලාප කාර්යාල තුල හෝ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන
దe QరCది.

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ගැන්වීමේ අරමුණු සහිතව මෙම හැකිය)
రDరిDర్తిOZ దలై QరCది.
ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීමේ කොටසක් ලෙස ආධාර }න සංවිධාන හෝ හවුල්කාරි රාජ්‍ය නොවන ව හැකියාව සහිත නායකයන් හඳුනාගැනීමටත් ලබාදීමට ඔවුන්ට ඇති හැකියාව වැඩි දියුණු
නිමේදී කොටස්කරුවන්ගේ භූමිකාව ප්‍රවර්ධනය
න සංවිධාන සහ දේශීය පුජාව අතර පවතින |ධාර සැපයීමේ සිට රාජ්‍ය ආයතනවල සහ වලට ඔවුන්ගේ අවගන්තා හඳුනාගැනීමටත් වී වන් ලබාදීම දක්වා විතැන් විය යුතුය.
ම අරමුදල් රැස්කර ගැනීමට ඇති හැකියාව
ට හුරු කිරීමද, ඔවුන්ගේ හැකිය) ප්‍රවර්ධනයේ වැඩ සටහන්වලදී ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාමුල සංවිධාන } ලබන අතර, එමගින් සාමාජිකයන්ට හදිසි පුජාවන් සිටිටු ක්‍රම ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.
කීම් හඳුනාගන්න.
සු වන්)පaතිය බාරගෙන ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන වයක් ඇත. නිවාස සහ නැවත පදිංචිකිරීමේ සඳහා අවගන් මූලික අවශඤතා සහ යටිතල ත් සඳහා සමිබන්ධකර ගතයුතු රාජ්‍ය ආයතන ය. මෙම තොරතුරු ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාවන්ට අවශඤ විධාන/ජාතන්න්තර රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධානවල
හවුල්කරුවන්ගේ කාර්යාල තුල ලේඛන ගත

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කාන්තාවන්ගේ භූමිකාව වැඩි දියුණු කිරීම ස{
ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ සමාජ භාවය පිළිබඳ සංවේදීත් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීමේදී ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන පුජාව
කණ්ඩායමම ඉලක්ක කළ යුතුය. සමිපුර්ණ ද්‍ර සටහන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරිම මගින් කාන්තාවන්
කළ යුතුය. මෙම වැඩ සටහන් සඳහා ඉලක් එනමි, ආගමික නායකයන්, බිමි මටිටමේ අධ්‍ය)පන, පරිපාලන සහ නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කි
වනාපෘති ආයෝජන අනාගතයේ ඇතිවිය හැ{ පු)දේශීය රාජන් ආයතන සමග කටයුතු කරව
ආපදා අවදානම අඩුකිරීම (DRR: Disast
Sese))0660co (DRM: Disaster Risk Mar පිළිබඳ තර්ජනය වෙනස් වන හෙයින් ආධ සංවිධාන ප්‍රදේශයේ ආපදා කළමනාකරණය
එක්ව අවදානම ඇගයීමේ ක්‍රමවේදයක් සඝ අවසන් කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේ කොටසක් වශයෙ{
වැඩ සටහන්වල පැවැත්මට එල්ලවිය හැකි ද,චුම භාවිතා කරන්න.
ප්‍රාදේශීය වශයෙන් ඇතිවිය හැකි ගින්නක් { එල්ල විය හැකි අතර, එවැනි අවදාන සංවිධාන/ජාත්‍යන්තර රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධා කොට ක්‍රියාකාරි සැලැස්මක් සකස් කළ හැකි( සිය ජීවන වaත්තියේ හදිසි අහිමිවීමකට මු හැකියාව වැඩි දියුණු කිරීම සඳහා වූ ඉතිරි
හැකිය.

දහා ප්‍රජාව ද,නුවත් කිරීමට කටයුතු කරන්න.
වය/සමානාත්මතාවය සහ ස්ත්‍රීන්ගේ හැකියාවන් පමණක් නොව සමිපූර්ණ ගු)මයම හෝ ගු)ම }ජාව තුලම දීර්ඝ කාලීන දෑනුවත් කිරිමේ වැඩ නායකත්වය සඳහා දිරි ගැන්වීම/පුහුණු කිරීම ක්‍රීක කල යුත්තේ පුජාවේ නායකත්වය දරන්නන් දේශපාලන නායකයින් සහ ගම් මටිටමේ }රීම යන අංගවලට සමිබන්ධ පුද්ගලයින් ය.
කි ආපදාවන්ගෙන් ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීම සඳහා
හීන.
er Risk Reduction) &ô&D 6)eę) &&Đę)&S)
nagement) g6c5)6Caes5 ප්‍රදේශයට ආපදාවන් \ර දෙන සංවිධාන/ජාතන්න්තර රාජ්‍ය නොවන පිළිබඳ කටයුතු කරන රාජ්‍ය ආයතන සමඟ කස් කළ යුතුය. සුනාම සමබන්ධ වන්)පමාතින් න් කළ යුතු වේ.
දේශීය තර්ජනයන් හඳුනා ගැනීමට දේශීය
වැන්නකින් වන්)පaතියට පැවැත්මට තර්ජනයක් මි අවම කිරීම සඳහා ආධාර ලබාදෙන නවලට ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාවන්ගේ දෑනුම භාවිතා ය. එවැනි ක්‍රියාකාරි සැලැස්මක නිවාසවල හෝ |හුණ දීමට හැකි ආකාරයේ ජනයාගේ මුලන් කිරීම් යෝජනා ක්‍රම යනාදිය අන්තර්ගත කළ

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சுருக்
'சுனாமியுடன் தொடர்பான செயற்றிட்டங்க தந்திரேரிபாயங்கள்' பற்றிய இவ்வாய்வா6 International) என்ற நிறுவனத்தின் ஒத்து யின் கொழும்பில் அமைந்திருக்கும் சர் மையத்தினால் (ICES) மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்ட வாழ்வு நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்டங்களை நிறுத்திவிடுவ முறைகளை பயனாளி சமூகங்களின் புலக் சர்வதேச அரசுசாரா நிறுவனங்கள் ஆகிய தொடர்பான புனர்வாழ்வு மற்றும் புனரமை அமுலாக்கப் பங்காளர்கள் ஆகியோரிடமிரு உதவித் தலையீடுகள் முடிவுக்கு வரும் நிற்கும் தன்மையை உறுதிப்படுத்துவதற்கா நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது சர்வதேச அரசுச வடிவமைக்கலாம் என்பதை அடையாளம் ெ குவிவாகும்.
பிரதான கண்டுபிடிப்புக்களும் முன்னோக்கிய
அரச செயற்பாட்டாளர் அல்லது அரச நிறு களைக் கொண்ட உள்ளுர் சமூகத்துடன் யினுடாக நிதி நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது ச யேறும் நிலையிலுள்ள செயற்றிட்டங்களின் படுத்துவதற்கான உபாயங்களை ஏற்றுக்ெ வெற்றியை அடைந்துள்ளதென இவ்வாய்வு நிலைநிற்கும் தன்மை பல்வேறு சவால்கை செயற்றிட்டத்தின் நிலைநிற்கும் தன்மை செயலூக்க இயலளவில் தங்கியுள்ளமை செயற்றிட்டங்களின் முக்கிய பங்காளர் செயற்றிட்டங்களினை நிலைத்தோங்கச் செ அடையாளம் செய்யவேண்டிய தேவையும் மற்றும் அபிவிருத்தி போன்ற புனர்வாழ்வி ஏற்படும் பொழுது பொருளாதார, சமூகரீதிய முதன்மை இலக்காக இருக்கவேண்டும். ஆகியவற்றினைக் கவனத்திற் கொள்வது

ளுக்கான நீடித்து நிலை நிற்கக்கூடிய னது ஒக்ஸ்பாம் இன்ரநனல் (Oxfam ழைப்புடனும் நிதியுதவியுடனும், இலங்கை ாவதேச இனத்துவக் கற்கைகளுக்கான து. அனர்த்தத்திற்குப் பின்னரான புனர் தனை அமுலாக்குவதற்கான சிறந்த நடை காட்சிகள், உதவி நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது வற்றின் அனுபவங்கள் மூலமும், சுனாமி ப்புச் செயற்றிட்டங்களில் பணி யாற்றும் ந்தும் இவ்வாய்வு அடையாளம் செய்தது.
பொழுது நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்டங்களின் நிலை ன வெளிறுேதல் உபாயங்களை உதவி ாரா நிறுவனங்கள் (INGOs) எவ்வாறு செய்வதே இவ்வாய்வின் பிரதான மையக்
பாதையும்
பவனங்கள் போன்ற உள்ளூர் ஸ்தாபனங் இணைந்து பங்கேற்கும் செயன்முறை ர்வதேச அரசுசாரா நிறுவனங்கள் வெளி நிலைநிற்கும் தன்மையினை உறுதிப் காண்டுள்ளன. இச்செயன்முறை ஓரளவு கண்டுள்ளதெனினும் செயற்றிட்டத்தின் ள எதிர்கொள்வதைக் காணலாம். இதில் பானது பங்காளர்களின் நிதி மற்றும் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கது. மேலும், இந்தச் 56T60T பயனாளி சமூகங்கள் இச் Fய்வதற்கான அவர்களின் இயலளவினை உள்ளது. புனரமைப்பு, மீள்கட்டுமானம் ற்கு அப்பாலான உதவித் தலையீடுகள் ாக பயனாளி சமூகத்தினை வலுவூட்டல் உள்ளுர் அறிவு மற்றும் நுட்பங்கள் மட்டுமன்றி பயனாளிகளின் ஆற்றலை

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XVi
மேம்படுத்தவும் வேண்டும். ஏனைய பங் தன்மைக்குப் பணியாற்ற வேண்டும். உபாயத்தினை அமுலாக்கும் வகையில் ெ
வேண்டும்.
முக்கிய பரிந்துரைகள்
செயற்றிட்டமொன்றின் முக்கிய உரிமைய அடையாளம் செய்தல்
உள்ளூர் அரசுசாரா நிறுவனங்களுடன் உண்மையான நடைமுறையை உள்ளூர் செய்யவேண்டும். பங்காளி அரசுசாரா ந யிலான இணைப்பினை நிறுவனமயப்படு னுாடாக செயற்றிட்டத்தின் நிலைநிற்கும் ! யிலேயே கவனத்திற் கொள்ளப்பட வேண்டு கவனத்திற்கொள்வது முக்கியம். செயற் பொறுப்பினைப் பயனாளி சமூகங்கள் ஏற்று மேற்கொள்ளல் வேண்டும். செயற்றிட் மாறுவதற்கான ஆற்றலினைப் பயனாள நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது சர்வதேச அரசு முழுமையான உரிமையையும் பயனாளிக சமூகங்களின் இயலளவினை வலுப்படுத்து உள்ளது.
பயனாளி சமூகங்களை அடிப்படையாக வலுப்படுத்துவதற்கான மையக்குவிவு
பயனாளி சமூகத்தினை அடிப்படையாகக் (skils) தீர்மானம் எடுத்தலில் ஆர்வத்து நிலைநிற்கச் செய்வதற்கான பொறுப்பினை வேண்டும். நடுவர்களாக அல்லது பிரதிநிதி நிறுவனங்கள் போலல்லாது சமூகத்துக்கு உள்ளது. அரசாங்க முகவரகங்களுடான
தமது உறுப்பினர்களுக்கு உறுதியான ச வாழ்வாதாரச் செயற்றிட்டங்கள் போன்ற பேச்சுவார்த்தையை மேற்கொள்ளும் வன

காளர்களை இனங் கண்டு நிலைநிற்கும் அத்துடன், பயனுறுதியான வெளியேறல் சயற்றிட்டங்கள் மேலும் விருத்தி செய்யப்பட
ாளர்களே பயனாளி சமூகங்கள் என்பதை
கூட்டுப் பங்காண்மையை ஸ்தாபிப்பதற்கான ஏதுநிலையின் அடிப்படையில் பரிசீலனை நிறுவனத்திற்கும் பயனாளிகளுக்கும் இடை த்தும் நடைமுறையானது. மாற்றுவழிகளி தன்மையை உறுதிப்படுத்த முடியாத நிலை டும். இருப்பினும், உள்ளுர் இயலள வினைக் றிட்டங்களின் நிலைநிற்கும் தன்மைக்கான க்கொள்ளுமா என்பது பற்றிய மதிப்பீட்டினை டமொன்றின் பிரதான உரிமையாளராக ரி சமூகம் கொண்டிருந்தால், கொடை சாரா நிறுவனங்களின் செயற் றிட்டத்தின் ஒளுக்குக் கையளிக்கும் நோக்கில் பயனாளி |வதில் கவனம் செலுத்தவேண்டிய தேவை
iá5 65/76zvíL plug62/675a36zp677 (CBOs)
கொண்ட நிறுவனங்களின் திறன்களானது துடன் பங்கேற்கவும், செயற்றிட்டங்க்ளினை ா எற்றுக்கொள்ளவும் விருத்தி செய்யப்பட களாகச் செயற்படும் அரசுசார்பற்ற பங்காளி ந வழிகாட்டுவதற்கான தேவை யாகவும் தொடர்பு, வங்கிகளுடனான பேச்சுவார்த்தை, ந்தையை ஸ்தாபிக்கின்ற, மேம்படுத்துகின்ற } பல்வேறு செயற்பாட்டாளர் களுடன் கயில் வழிகாட்டுவதற்கான தேவை யும்

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உள்ளது. இத்தகைய வடிவிலான இய மேற்கொள்ளப்பட வேண்டுமாக இருந்தால்
அரசுசாரா நிறுவனங்கள் பயனாளி சமூக வேண்டிய தேவை ஏற்படும் அல்லது ச இயலளவினைக் கட்டியெழுப்பும் செயன்மு பங்காளி அரசுசாரா நிறுவனங்கள் உறுதிப்ப
பயனாளி சமூகத்தினை அடிப்படையாகக் கட்டியெழுப்புதலின் ஒரு பகுதியாக, உ நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது பங்காளி அரசுச தலைவர்களை அடையாளம் செய்ய வேலி களை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட நிறுவன கொடுக்கும் தமது ஆற்றலைக் கட்டிuெ திறமையையும் கொண்டிருக்க வேண்டும்.
செயற்றிட்டங்களினை விருத்தி செய்வதிலு வகி பங்கினை மேம்படுத்தல்
கொடை நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது அரசுசார கங்களிலிருந்து உள்ளூர் ஸ்தாபனங்கள் இடையிலான தங்கியிருக்கும் தொடர்பினை இயலளவினைக் கட்டியெழுப்புவதற்கான
அவர்களின் சொந்தத் தேவைகளை அை களைப் பெறுவதற்கும் நகர்வு ஒன்று உருவ
பயனாளி நிறுவனங்கள் தமது சொந்த நீ கட்டியெழுப்புதல்
நிதியியல் சேமிப்புக்களை உருவாக்குவற்கு அம்சத்தில் இயலளவினைக் கட்டியெழுப்புத வாழ்வாதார நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்டங்களில் குை அறவிடப்படுகின்றது. அவசரகால நிலைமை தற்கான நிதியமாக அது சேகரிக்கப்படுகி கடன் சுழற்சி முறைமையில் ஈடுபடுகின்ற கட்டணத்தை நிதியத்துக்கு வழங்குவதுட அங்கத்துவர் ஒரு முறையில்தான் பணத்தை

xvii
லளவைக் கட்டியெழுப்புதல் தொடர்ந்து கொடை நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது சர்வதேச த்துடன் நீண்ட காலத்துக்குப் பணியாற்ற Fமூக வலுவூட்டல் என்ற நோக்கத்துடன் றையைத் தொடர்ந்து முன்னெடுப்பதனைப் டுத்த வேண்டும்.
கொண்ட நிறுவனங்களின் இயலளவினைக் தவி நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது அரசுசாரா ாரா நிறுவனங்கள் பயனாளி சமூகத்தில் ண்டும். இத்தலைவர்கள் பயனாளி சமூகங் ங்களுக்கு (CBOs) தலைமைத்துவத்தைக் பழுப்பவும், தலைமையேற்று நடத்தவுமான
2ம் நிலைநிறுத்துவதிலும் பங்காளர்களின்
ா நிறுவனங்களுக்கும், அரசாங்க முகவர வரைபட்ட உள்ளுர் சமூகங்களுக்கும் க் குறைத்தல். பங்காளி நிறுவனங்களின் முக்கிய நிதிசார் உதவி தொடக்கம் டயாளம் செய்வதற்கும், அதற்கேற்ப நிதி ாக்கப்பட வேண்டும்.
திகளைப் பெறுவதற்கான இயலளவினைக்
த பயனாளி சமூகங்களைத் தூண்டுகின்ற ல் என்பது உள்ளடக்கப்பட வேண்டும். சில ]றந்தளவிலான அங்கத்துவக் கட்டணம் களில் அங்கத்தவர்கள் பெற்றுக் கொள்வ ன்றது. உள்ளுர் சமூகங்கள் மரபுரீதியான றன. இங்கு அங்கத்தவர்கள் மாதாந்தக் ன் சேகரிக்கப்பட்ட இப் பணத்தில் ஓர் ப் பெறமுடியும்.

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உள்ளுர்ப் பங்காளர்களின் பங்கினையும் ெ
கொடை நிறுவனங்கள் வெளியேறிய பி பேற்றுக் கொள்வதென்பதை அமுலாக்கல் தேவையுள்ளது. வீடமைப்பு மற்றும் மீ பயனாளிகள் பொருத்தமான அரசாங்க
அவர்களை அணுகி வீடமைப்புத் திட்டத்தி அடிப்படை வசதிகள் மற்றும் கட்டுமானங்க: இத்தகைய தகவல்கள், அமுலாக்கல் கொடை நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது சர்வதே அலுவலகங்களில் பயனாளிகளுக்குக் கிடை
சமுகத்துக்கான விழிப்புணர்வை உருவ மேம்படுத்துவதின் மையக்குவிவாகக் காணL
பால் சமத்துவம் மற்றும் பெண்களுக்கா பயனாளி சமூகங்களை மட்டும் இலக்க தினையும் அல்லது கிராமப் பிரிவுகளைய முழுச் சமூகங்களுக்குமான நீண்ட கால மேற்கொள்வதற்கான தலைமைத்துவ வகி களுக்கு ஊக்குவிப்பும் பயிற்சியும் அவசி சமூகத் தலைவர்களை, உதாரணமாக தலைவர்கள், சமூக மட்டத்தில் கல்விசா முறைப்படுத்தும் துறைகளில் உள்ள மக்கை
எதிர்கால அனர்த்தங்களில் இருந்து முத6 முகவரகங்களுடன் இணைந்து பணியாற்றல்
வெளிறுேதல் மற்றும் நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்ட ஒன்றிணைக்கப்பட வேண்டும். அனர்த்த மாற்றமடைந்து காணப்படக் கூடும். நிதி ந நிறுவனங்கள் அரசாங்க முகவரகங்களுட தொடர்பாக நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்ட இடைநிறுத்தலி அமைச்சினால் வழங்கப்பட்ட இடர் மதிப் யொன்றினை விருத்தி செய்யவேண்டும்.

ாறுப்புக்களையும் அடையாளம் செய்தல்
ன்னர் செயற்றிட்டத்தினை யார் பொறுப் பங்காளர்கள் தெளிவுபடுத்த வேண்டிய ள்குடியேற்றம் என்பதைப் பொறுத்தவரை முகவரகங்களைக் கவனத்திற் கொண்டு ற்கு வழங்கப்பட்டு, நிர்வகிக்கப்பட்டு வரும் ளை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளல் வேண்டும். பங்காளர்களின் அலுவலகங்கள் அல்லது தச அரசுசாரா நிறுவனங்களின் பிராந்திய க்கக் கூடியதாக இருக்க வேண்டும்.
7க்குவதே பெண்களின் வகி பங்கினை படவேண்டும்
ன ஆற்றலைக் கட்டியெழுப்புதல் என்பது ாகக் கொண்டிருக்காமல் முழுக் கிராமத் பும் இலக்காகக் கொண்டிருக்க வேண்டும். ) விழிப்புணர்வு நிகழ்ச்சித் திட்டங்களை பங்கினைப் பெற்றுக் கொள்வதற்கு பெண் யமானது. இத்தகைய நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்டங்கள் சமயத் தலைவர்கள், அடிமட்ட அரசியல் ார், நிர்வாக மற்றும் சட்டத்தினை நடை ளை இலக்காகக் கொண்டிருக்க வேண்டும்.
பீடுகளைப் பாதுகாப்பதற்கு உள்ளுர் அரச
அமுலாக்கலுடன் DRR மற்றும் DRM அச்சுறுத்தல் பிரதேசத்துக்குப் பிரதேசம் நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது சர்வதேச அரசுசாரா ன் இணைந்து அனர்த்த முகாமைத்துவம் ன் ஒரு பகுதியாக இடர் மதிப்பீட்டு (DRM பிட்டு சான்றிதழ் வடிவமாக) (p60)360)LD

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நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்டத்தின் நிலைநிற்கும் தன் அடையாளம் செய்வதற்கு உள்ளுர் அறிவுட
நிதி நிறுவனங்கள் அல்லது சர்வதேச அ பயனாளி சமூகத்துடன் இணைந்து பணியாற் தன்மைக்கு அச்சுறுத்தலாக இருக்கும் தீ ே செயற்றிட்டத்தினை விருத்தி செய்யவும் அறிவினைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம். இத்தகை வாழ்வாதாரச் சொத்துகள் ஆகியவற்றுக்கு எதிர்கொள்வதற்கான சமூகங்களின் நிதியிய சேமிப்புத் திட்டமொன்றினை உள்ளடக்கியிரு

Xix
மைக்கான உள்ளுர் அச்சுறுத்தல்களை ன் இணைந்து பணியாற்றல்
புரசுசாரா நிறுவனங்கள் என்பன உள்ளூர் 3றலாம். செயற்றிட்டங்களின் நிலை நிற்கும் ான்ற உள்ளூர் இடர்களைக் குறைப்பதற்கு , அடையாளம் செய்யவும் உள்ளுர் ப செயற்றிட்டமானது, வீடுகள் மற்றும் ஏற்படக் கூடிய சடுதியான இழப்பு களை ல் இயலளவினை வலுப்படுத்து வதற்குரிய க்க வேண்டும்.

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Page 23
Intro
Four years after the tsunami hit Sri L. provide relief and rehabilitation to the c have terminated or are in the proces programmes. As aid organizations leave other programme areas, it is important on the communities they worked with. out, aid organizations take positive Step benefits in the hands of an empowered aid organizations are shifting to othe mainstream exit Strategies into program successfully, it is important to identify well as the shortcomings that have char. closure in tsunami related projects.
This study conducted by the Internatic collaboration with Oxfam International organizations have adopted Sustainab programmes by incorporating local CO. programme closure. The former inclu political, economic, Cultural and envir programmes. By higher order issues, we exiting, prioritising the rights of women
Objectives of the Study
The objective of the study is to inform exiting or transforming from their tsun; share information on good practice w government bodies.
Scope and Methodology
The study was carried out using inforn meetings principally with beneficiary
encourage the communities who are

duction
anka, aid organizations that Stepped into lisaster-affected communities in the island is of phasing out their tsunami related the country or transfer their funds into O consider the impact their exit may have There is a need to ensure that in phasing ps to leave behind a legacy of Sustainable beneficiary community. Moreover, where :r programme areas, it is important to me conceptualization. In order to do this and learn from the positive outcomes as acterized programme implementation and
onal Centre for Ethnic Studies (ICES) in I seeks to review the extent to which aid »le exit strategies for tsunami related ntexts and higher order issues into their des taking cognizance of relevant social, onmental risks and opportunities in aid mean incorporating local communities in and engaging in disaster risk reduction.
h aid organizations on good practices for ami response programmes. It also aims to ith other tsunami responders, including
hal interview techniques and focus group Communities. This method was used to the principle stakeholders, to identify

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XXii
problem areas in aid programme impleme and to generate their own ideas on possible
Though the original intention of the study Research (PAR) methods — a methodology Social anthropology and progressive Social for fieldwork constrained the ability of th Communities on the research questions o three districts.
The basis of PAR is to take grassroots systematize and amplify it through action, such as the researchers - in order to build organizations. Therefore, PAR as a methoc process that encompasses adult education, To obtain positive outcomes from PAR collaborative engagement with Communitie
Three districts were identified for the stud one in the East. Researchers interviewed
and beneficiary communities in Ampara unstructured questionnaires based on five the exit, investing in local capacity, pr engaging in disaster risk reduction and tal practices that incorporated higher order is through a survey of aid organization/INGC and feed back from aid organizations/ working on tsunami programmes. At the group meetings, beneficiary opinions wei these international definitions of good prac
" Orlando Fals Borda, Building Countervailing pov Ponna Wignaraja (ed.), New social movements in the 1993), pp. 196-198. (195-217).
Focus group meetings with beneficiaries were cart Gandhara, Marakolliya and Medilla, Maruthamuna Siribopura, Tallala, and Wahegoda.

ntation and how it can impact on exit
Solutions.
was to engage in Participatory Action 7 that draws many of its practices from movements theory, limitations in time e researchers to engage the beneficiary ver a significant period of time in all
knowledge as a starting point and to in collaboration with external agents - and strengthen the power of grassroots lology is viewed as a total experimental scientific research and political action'. it was felt that it would require a 's over a significant period.
y; two from the south of Sri Lanka and aid organizations, local NGO partners 1, Hambantota and Matara by using themes - Involving the community in otecting the equal rights of women, king local contexts into account. Good Sues and local contexts were identified O literature on the tsunami intervention INGOs, and implementing partners
second stage, through informal focus e obtained to test the applicability of tices.
ver in Nicaragua, Mexico and Colombia", in south: empowering the people, (New Delhi,
ied out in the following villages - Chitragala, i, Nintavur, Pandiruppu, Sainthamaruthu,

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Outline of the Study
The first section of the study looks : practices on exit strategies and the expe implementing partners working on tsur good practices. The second section deals disaster intervention to long-term tsunan to a detailed examination of shelter attitudes towards successful programme (

XXiii
t the international definitions of good iences of aid organizations/INGOs, and ami programmes in implementing these in brief on the transition from immediate ni related programmes and then moves on and livelihood projects and beneficiary
losure.

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හැදින්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සුනාමි වන්සනයට ලක්ව සිවි වද සුනාමි වන්සනයෙන් විපතට පත් පුජාව වෙත දී දියත් කිරිම උදෙසා දිවයිනට පැමිණ ආධාර
වන්්පaතින් නිමාවට පත්කර හෝ දියත් කරන නිරතව ඇත. ආධාර ලබා දෙන සංවිධාන ( වෙනත් කෙෂ්ත්‍රයක් වෙත යොමුකළ විට එසේ
ඔවුන්ගේ නික්ම යාමෙන් ඇතිවන බලපෑම කෙ වේ. බලාත්මක කළ ප්‍රතිලාභි ප්‍රජාවක් වෙ:
ධනාත්මක පියවරක් තැබූ බවට සහතිකයක් , හික්ම යාමේදී හැකියාව තිබීම වැදගත්ය. ත වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය උදෙසා, සුනාමි ආශ්‍රී
සාර්ටිකත්වයන් හා ආසාර්ටිකත්වයන් හඳුනාගැඳී
ජාතන්න්තර ඔක්ස්ෆහැමි සංවිධානය (Oxfam Inter
ජනවාර්ගික අධක්‍ෂනය උදෙසා වු ජාතන්න්තර කෙතරමි දුරට ආධාර ලබාදෙන සංවිධාන ස් දේශිය සන්දර්භයන්ට හා ඉහළ මටිටමේ වි යාමේ උපක්‍රම භාවිතා කර ඇත්ද යන්න (
යන්නෙන් අදහස් වන්නේ ආදාල සමාජ ආර්ථි
අභියෝගයන් සැලකිල්ලට ගැනිම පිළිබඳවය. වන්නේ නික්ම යාමේදී පුජාව සමග සමිබන්ද වි ලබාදීම හා වනසන හානි අවම කරලීමත් අදහ
අධනයනයේ අරමුණු
මෙම අධ්‍යයනයේ අරමුණ වන්නේ ආධාර ලබා කෙෂ්ත්‍රයක් වෙත යොමුවිමේදී යොදාගත හ
කරලීම වේ. එමෙන්ම රාජ්‍ය ආයතන ඇතුළත වෙනත් පාර්ශවයන් සමඟද පුගස්ත භාවිතයන්
අරමුණු කර ඇත.

5கு
සරක් ඉක්ම ගොස් ඇති මෙම මොහොතේ,
හෂණික සහනාධාර හා පුනරුත්ථිවාපන කටයුතු
ලබා දෙන සංවිධාන, ස්වකිය සුනාමි ආශ්‍රිත | ලද වනාපෘති අවසන් කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියක
රටින් නික්ම ගිය පසු හෝ තම අවධානය
තක් ඔවුන්ගෙන් ආධාර ලබාගත් පුජාවන්ට
බදු වන්නේදැයි සැලකිල්ලට ගැනීම වැදගත් ත ස්ටීරසාර ආධාර හිමිකර දීම උදෙසා ලබා දීමට ආධාර දෙන සංවිධානයන්ට තම වද වෙනත් කෙෂ්ත්‍රයක් වෙත යොමුවිමේදීද }ත. වනාපaතින් දියත් කිරීමේදී ඉස්මතු වු නිම හා අධ්‍යයනය වැදගත් වේ.
"national) සහයෝගය හා මුලන් අධාර ඇතිව
) කේන්ද්‍රය මෙහෙය වු මෙම අධ්‍යනයේදී වකීය සුනාමි වන පෘතින් නිමා කිරීම උදෙසා ෂයයන්ට අනුගත වෙමින්, ස්ටිරසාර නික්ම සොයා බලනු ලැබීය. දේශීය සන්දර්භයන් වික, දේශපාලනික සංස්කෘතික හා පාරිසරික
ඉහළ මටිටමේ විෂයන් යන්නෙන් අදහස් වීම, කාන්තා අයිතිවාසිකමි උදෙසා ප්‍රමුඛත්වය
Iස් වේ.
· දෙන සංවිධාන, නික්ම යාමෙදී හෝ වෙනත් හැකි ප්‍රශස්ත භාවිතයන් පිළිබඳව දැනුවත් }ව සුනාමී වැඩසටහන් හා සමිබන්දව සිටින
හී පිළිබද තොරතුරු හුවමාරු කර ගැනිමට

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ක්‍රමවේදය
ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාවන් සමග පැවැත්වු ඉලක්ක
සාකචිඡා ක්‍රමවේදය මුලික ලෙස යොදාගනිමි. වන්්පaතින් දියත් කිරීමේදී මතුවන ගැටළුන් කෙබඳු බලපෑමක් කරන්නේද යන්න හඳුනාග විසදුම් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමේ හැකියාවෙන් යුත් මුලි කරලීම උදෙසාත් මෙම ක්‍රමය යොදාගනු ලැබී
මෙම අධ්‍යයනය උදෙස) පළමුව නිර්දේශ වූ සමාජ වනාපාර නන්)යන්හිදී බහුලව භාවිඳ පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රමවේදයයි. (PAR)
මෙම ක්‍රමවේදය භාවිතයේදී සමස්ත දිස්ත්‍රික් ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාව සමග පර්යේෂණ ගැටළු සා මන්ද මෙය ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාව සමග දීර්ඝ හි දකැනුම ප්‍රාරමිභක සාධකයක් ලෙස ගෙන, ප සහයද සමගින් එම දැනුම ක්‍රමානූකූල කිරීම
බිමි මටිටමේ සංවිධාන ගොඩනයවිමට හා (
කරලීම සහසමිබන්ධිත ක්‍රියාකාරී පර්යේෂණ
සැලකිය හැකිය.
එම නිසා සහසමිබන්ධිත ක්‍රියාකාරී පර්යේෂණ
විදනාත්මක පර්යේෂණ හා දේශපාලනික ක්‍රියා! ක්‍රියාවලියක් ලෙස සැලකිය හැකිය.* ඉන් අදහ ක්‍රමවේදය (PAR) තුළින් සාර්ථික පුටිඵල අ කාලයක් සහයෝගිව ක්‍රියාකිරිම අතනවශ්‍ය වන
අධනයනය උදෙස) පළමුව දිස්ත්‍රික්ක තුනක් භූ ප්‍රදේශයෙන්ද එකක් නැගෙනහිරින්ද වේ. නික් තුළ ආයෝජනය කිරීම, ස්ත්‍රින්ගේ සම අයිති
o Orlando Fals Borda, Building countervailing Ponna Wignaraja (ed.), New social movements Delhi, 1993), pp. 196-198.

XXV
කණ්ඩායම් සාකාචිඡා හා අවධිමත් සමිමුඛ න් මෙම අධ්‍යනය සිදු කරනු ලැබිය. ආධාර හා එම ගැටළු වන්්පaතිය නිමා කිරීමේදී :නිමටත්, ඒවා විසඳා ගැනිම උදෙසා ස්වකීය }කතම පාර්ග්වය වන ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාව දිරිමත්
వి.
مسم جسم حمص
යේ සමාජ මානව විදන)ඥයන් හා පුගතිගිලි ත) කරනු ලබන සහසමිබන්ධිත ක්‍රියාකාරී
ක තුන තුළදීම නිග්විත කාල සීමාවක් තුළ |කචිඡා කිරීමට පර්යේෂකයන්ට අපහසු විය. කාලීනව කළයුතු ක්‍රමවේදයකි. බිමි මටිටමේ !ර්යේකෂකයන් වැනි බාහිර නියෝපිතයන්ගේ හා ක්‍රියාවලිය උදෙස) අනුගත කරලීම හරහා කක්තිමත් කරලීමට ඇති හැකියාව වර්ධනය
ක්‍රමවේදයෙහි (PAR) මුලික පදනම ලෙස
· ක්‍රමවේදය (PAR) යනු වැඩිහිටි අධන)පනය, කාරිත්වය සමග බැඳී ඇති පුර්ණ පර්යේෂණ )ස්වන්නේ සහසමිබන්ධිත ක්‍රියාකාරි පර්යේෂණ *ත්කර ගැනිමට නම් පුජාව සමග නිග්විත
) බවයි.
^ඳුනාගනු ලැබීය. ඉන් දෙකක් ලංකාවේ දකුණු ම යාමේදී පුජා දායකත්වය, දේශීය තත්වයන් න් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම, වන්සන හානි අවම කිරීම
power in Nicaragua, Mexico and Colombia, in n the south: empowering the people, (New

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XXVi
හා දේශීය සන්දර්භයන් සැලකිල්ලට ගැනීම කළ වනුහගත නොවන පුග්නාවලියක් යොදා දිස්ත්‍රික්කයන්හි ආධාර ලබා දෙන සංවිධාන,
හා ප්‍රතිලාභි පුජාව සමඟ පර්යෙක්ෂකයන් විසි
ආධාර ලබා දෙන සංවිධාන, සුනාමි මැදිහත් සාහිත්‍යය හා ආධාර ලබා දෙන සංවිධාන වි දේශිය සන්දර්භයන්ට හා ඉහළ මටිටමේ විද ගනු ලැබිය. දෙවන අදියරෙදී පුගස්ත භාවිත දුරට ක්‍රියාවෙහි යෙදවිය හැකිද යන්න පරිකෂ ක්‍රමය භාවිතයෙන් ප්‍රතිලාභින්ගේ අදහස් රැස්ක
අධක්‍ෂනයේ සැකැස්ම
අධ23යනයේ පුටිම භාගය තුළදී පුගස්ත භ සුනාමි ආශ්‍රිත වන්පaතින් දියත් කිරීමේදී ආධ නොවන සංවිධාන හා වන්්පaතින් දියත් කරනු ( පුගස්ත භාවිතයන් පිළිබඳව ලැබු අත්දැකිමි දි
දෙවන භාගය තුළදී කෂණික වනසන මැදිහත් බවට පත්වු ආකාරය කෙටියෙන් දක්වා) ඇ{ සමිබන්ධ වන්පaතින් පිළිබඳව හා සාර්ටික වන දීර්ඝ ලෙසද විමසා බලා ඇත.
“ ප්‍රතිලාභින් සමග ඉලක්ක කණ්ඩායම් සාකචිඡා පහත
ගන්ධර, මාරකෝල්ලිය හා මැඩිල්ල, මරදමුනෙයි, නින්තවු වගේගොඩ.

යන පුධාන තේමාවන් පහක් යටතේ සකස් )ගනිමින් අමිපාර, හමිබන්තොට හා මාතර දේශීය රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන පාර්ශවයන් න් සමිමුඛ සාකචිඡා පවත්වනු ලැබිය.
නීවීම පිළිබඳ රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධානයන්හි සින් සැපයු ප්‍රතිපෝෂණ මත පදනමි වෙමින් 2යන්ට අනුගත වු ප්‍රශස්ත භාවිතයන් හඳුනා කායන් පිළිබඳ ජාතනන්තර නිර්වචන කෙතරමි ) කිරීම උදෙසා, අවිධිමත් ඉලක්ක කණ්ඩායම් රනු ලැබීය”.
)විතයන් පිළිබඳ ජාත්‍යන්තර නිර්වචන සහ Jර ලබා දෙන සංවිධාන, ජාත්‍යන්තර රාජ්‍ය ලැබූ පාර්ශවයන් තම වන්)පaතින් තුළදී උක්ත පිළිබඳ පරීක්ෂාකර ඇත.
විමි, දීර්ඝ කාලීන සුනාමි ආශිත වැඩසටහන් ති අතර, පසුව නිවාස හා පිවන වaත්තින් පෘති නිමාවක් පිළිබඳ ප්‍රතිලාභින්ගේ ආකල්ප
සදහන් ගමිමානයන්හිදි පවත්වනු ලැබීය-චිත්‍රාගල, රි, පාන්ඩිරුප්පු, ජෛසන්දමර්දු, සිරිබෝජුර, තලල්ල සහ

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அறி
இலங்கையில் சுனாமியின் தாக்கம் ஏற்ப பேரழிவினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட சமூகங்களுக் களை வழங்கி வந்த உதவி நிறுவனங்கள் திட்டங்களை முடிவுக்குக் கொண்டு வந்துவி கின்றன. உதவி நிறுவனங்களின் நாட்டை நிதிகளை வேறு நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்டப் பகுதி வெளியேறுவதினால் அவர்கள் உதவி ெ தினைக் கவனத்திற் கொள்வது முக்கியம நிறுவனங்கள் விலகிச் செல்லுமிடத்து வ தொடர்ச்சியாக அந்நன்மைகளைப் பெறுவ6
நடவடிக்கைகளை அவை மேற்கொள்ளவேன
மேலும், நிதி நிறுவனங்கள் ஏனைய நிகழ் பொழுது பிரதான வெளியேறல் உபாய திற்குள் இணைத்துக் கொள்வது முக்கியம உடன்பாடான விளைவுகள், நிகழ்ச்சித் த பாடுகள் மற்றும் சுனாமி தொடர்பாக
வந்தமை என்பவற்றிலிருந்து பலவற்றைக் க
இவ்வாய்வானது ஒக்ஸ்பாம் அமெரிக்காவி களுக்கான சர்வதேச நிலையத்தினால் நி நிதி நிறுவனங்கள் தமது நிகழ்ச்சித்திட் எந்தளவுக்கு உள்ளுர் அம்சங்களையும். அவற்றில் உள்ளடக்குவதன் மூலம் சுனாமி உபாயங்களில் நிலை நிற்கக்கூடிய வெளி கையாண்டுள்ளன என்பதனை மீளாய்வு
கொண்டுள்ளது. இங்கு நிதி நிகழ்ச்சித்தி கலாச்சார மற்றும் சூழலியல் அபாயங்கள் செலுத்துவதையும் உள்ளடக்கி உள்ளது பொழுது பெண்களின் உரிமைகளுக்கு மு தினைக் குறைப்பதில் ஈடுபாடு கொள்ள:
உள்ளடக்குவதை நோக்கமாக கொண்டுள்ள

முகம்
ட்டு நான்கு வருடங்களின் பின்னர் தீவின் கு புனர்வாழ்வு மற்றும் புனரமைப்பு உதவி தமது சுனாமியுடன் தொடர்பான நிகழ்ச்சித் பிட்டன அல்லது முடிக்கும் கட்டத்தில் இருக் விட்டு விலகிச் செல்லல் அல்லது தமது
களுக்கு மாற்றுதல் காரணமாக அவர்கள் சய்த சமூகங்களில் ஏற்படக்கூடிய தாக்கத் ானது. இவவாறு விலகிச் செல்லும் உதவி லுவூட்டப்பட்ட, நன்மைபெற்ற சமூகமானது தை உறுதிப்படுத்துவதற்கான உடன்பாடான
ண்டிய ஒரு தேவை இருக்கின்றது.
ச்சித் திட்டப் பகுதிகளுக்கு மாறிச்செல்லும் ங்களை நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்ட கருத்தியலாக்கத் ானது. இதனை வெற்றிகரமாக செய்வதற்கு திட்ட அமுலாக்கத்தில் காணப்பட்ட குறை செயற்றிட்டங்களை முடிவுக்குக் கொண்டு
ற்றுக் கொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.
ன் ஒத்துழைப்புடன் இனத்துவக் கற்கை கழ்த்தப்பட்டது. அத்துடன் இவ்வாய்வானது டத்தை நிறுத்திக் கொண்டபோது அதில் உயர் ஒழுங்குப் பிரச்சினைகளையும் தொடர்பான நிகழ்ச்சித் திட்டங்களுக்கான யேற்ற உபாயங்களை அவை எந்தளவுக்கு செய்வதனையும் இவ்வாய்வு நோக்கமாகக் ட்டத்தில் சமூக, அரசியல், பொருளாதார மற்றும் வாய்ப்புக்கள் தொடர்பாக கவனம் உயர் ஒழுங்குப் பிரச்சினை என்னும் ன்னுரிமை வழங்குதல், அனர்த்த அபாயத் ல் ஆகியவற்றில் உள்ளூர் சமூகங்களை
ġebl.

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XXViii
ஆய்வின் நோக்கங்கள்
இவ்வாய்வின் நோக்கமானது வெளியேறுவ அல்லது அவர்களின் சுனாமி தொடர்பான
தொடர்பாக நிதி நிறுவனங்களுக்குத் தகவல் பல்வேறு அமைப்புக்கள் உள்ளிட்ட சுனாமி மேற்கொள்பவர்களோடு சிறந்த நடைமுறை
வதும் முக்கிய நோக்கமாக உள்ளது.
ஆய்வுப் பரப்பும் முறையியலும்
இவ்வாய்வானது முறைசாரா நேர்காணல் நு சமூகங்களுடன் குவிமையக் குழுக் கூட்டங்க பட்டது. உதவி நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்ட அமுலாக் காணுவதற்கு பிரதான பயனாளிகளான சமூக பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டது. அத்துடன் சாத்தியமான கருத்துக்களை உருவாக்குவதற்கும், வெளிே
எவ்வாறு காணப்படும் என்பதினையும் அறிதல்
பங்கேற்பு செயற்பாட்டு ஆய்வு (Participato
பயன்படுத்துவது இவ்வாய்வின் உண்மையா முறையியலானது சமூக மானிடவியல், முற்ே லிருந்து பெறப்பட்டது) வெளிக்களப் பணிக படுத்தப்பட்டதாக இருந்தது. அதாவது,
உள்ள பயனடைந்த சமூகங்களிடம் ஆ
பணியாற்ற ஆய்வாளர்களுக்கு அதிக வாய்ப்
பங்கேற்பு செயற்பாட்டு ஆய்வின் (PAR)
ஆரம்பப் புள்ளியாக எடுத்துக் கொள்வது முகவரகங்களுடன் இணைந்து மேற்கொள் ஒழுங்கமைப்பை ஏற்படுத்துகின்றது. மேலு! தினைக் கட்டியெழுப்புவதற்கும் வலுப்படுத் பங்கேற்பு செயற்பாட்டு ஆய்வு என்பது ஒ

பதற்கான சிறந்த நடைமுறைகள் பற்றி நிகழ்ச்சித்திட்டங்களை மாற்றி அமைத்தல் )களை வழங்குதல் ஆகும். அரசாங்கத்தின் தொடர்பான ஏனைய நடவடிக்கைகளை
பற்றிய தகவல்களைப் பகிர்ந்து கொள்
நுட்பங்களையும், பிரதானமாக பயனடைந்த களை நடத்துவதன் ஊடாக மேற்கொள்ளப் க்கலில் ஏற்படும் பிரச்சினைகளை இனம் கங்களை ஊக்குவிப்பதற்கு இவ்வழி முறை ன தீர்வுகள் பற்றிய அவர்களது சொந்தக் யறுதல் தொடர்பாக ஏற்படக்கூடிய தாக்கம்
ல் அவசியமானது.
ry Action Research-PAR) (p6opa 6sa)6OT
ன நோக்கமாகக் காணப்பட்டாலும் (இந்த பாக்கு சமூகவியல் கொள்கை ஆகியவற்றி ளைச் செய்வதற்கான கால நேரம் மட்டுப் ஆய்வாளர்கள் மூன்று மாவட்டங்களிலும் ஆய்வுப் பிரச்சினைகளை முன்வைத்துப்
புக் கிட்டவில்லை.
அடிப்படையானது அடிமட்ட அறிவினை டன் ஆள்வாளர்கள் போன்ற வெளிவாரி ளப்படும் நடவடிக்கைகளின் ஊடாக ஓர் ம், அடிமட்ட நிறுவனங்களின் அதிகாரத் துவதற்கும் இது உதவுகின்றது. எனவே >ரு முறையியலாக மட்டுமன்றி அரசியல்

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நடவடிக்கை, விஞ்ஞான ஆய்வு மற்று உள்ளடக்குகின்ற ஒட்டுமொத்தமான பரி கின்றது. பங்கேற்பு செயற்பாட்டு ஆய்வு மூ தற்கு ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட காலத்தில் சமூ அவசியமானது.
ஆய்விற்காக இலங்கையின் தெற்கிலிருந்
இரண்டு மாவட்டங்களும், கிழக்கிலிருந்து
மாவட்டங்கள் இனங்காணப்பட்டுள்ளன.
மாவட்டங்களில் உள்ள ஆய்வாளர்கள் ந பற்ற பங்காளர்கள். பயனாளிகள் சமூகங்க மேற்கொண்டனர். இங்கு கட்டமைக்கப்படா பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டது. இவ்வினாக் கொத்து கியுள்ளது. வெளியேறுதலில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ள
ஆற்றலில் முதலீடு செய்தல், பெண்களின்
அபாயத்தைக் குறைத்தலும், உள்ளூர்
ஈடுபடுதல் ஆகிய கருப்பொருட்களை அடிட்
பிரச்சினைகள் மற்றும் உள்ளூர் அம்சங்கள் நடைமுறைகள் நிதிநிறுவனம்/ சர்வதேச
ஊடாக அடையாளம் செய்யப்பட்டது. அ
பணியாற்றும் மற்றும் அமுல்படுத்தும் பங்க
அரசுசார்பற்ற நிறுவனங்கள் ஆகியவற்றிட
இரண்டாவது நிலையில் முறைசாரா (
பெறப்பட்ட பயனாளிகளின் கருத்துக்களி நடைமுறைகளின் சர்வதேச வரையறைக
பார்க்கப்பட்டது.
o Orlando Fals Borda, "Building countervailing Ponna Wignaraja (ed.), New social movements in 1993), pp. 196-198. (195-217)
" சித்திராகல, கந்தாரா, மரக்கொலியா, மெதில சாய்ந்தமருது, சிறிபோபுர, தள்ளாளல, வெகேெ பயனாளிகளுடன் குழுக் கூட்டங்கள் நடாத்தப்ப

XXix
தும் வளர்ந்தோர் கல்வி ஆகியவற்றினை சோதனை செய்முறையாகவும் நோக்கப்படு Dலம் சிறந்த பலன்களைப் பெற்றுக் கொள்வ
கங்களுடன் ஒத்துழைத்துப் பணியாற்றுவது
3து அம்பாறை, ஹம்பாந்தோட்டை ஆகிய
து மாத்தளை மாவட்டமும் என மூன்று
அம்பாறை, ஹம்பாந்தோட்டை, மாத்தளை
நிதிநிறுவனங்களையும், உள்ளுர் அரசு சார்
5ள் ஆகியவற்றினை சந்தித்து நேர்காணலை த கேள்விக் கொத்துக்கள் நேர்காணலுக்குப் துக்கள் ஐந்து விடயங்களினை உள்ளடக்
ா சமூகத்தை உள்ளடக்குதல், உள்ளூர்
சம உரிமைகளைப் பாதுகாத்தல், அனர்த்த
அம்சங்களைக் கவனத்தில் கொள்ளலிலும்
படையாக கொண்டிருந்தது. உயர் ஒழுங்குப் ர் ஆகியவற்றினை உள்ளடக்கியுள்ள சிறந்த
அரசுசார்பற்ற நிறுவன இலக்கிய ஆய்வின் த்துடன் சுனாமி நிகழ்ச்சித் திட்டம் பற்றிப் ாளர்கள் மற்றும் நிதிநிறுவனங்கள்/ சர்வதேச மிருந்தும் கருத்துக்கள் கேட்டறியப்பட்டன. பிரிவினருடனான சந்திப்புக்கள் மூலமாகப் னை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டு சிறந்த
ளின் பிரயோகத்தன்மை சோதனை செய்து
power in Nicaragua, Mexico and Colombia", in
the south: empowering the people, (New Delhi,
T, மருதமுனை, நிந்தாவூர், பாண்டிருப்பு, காட ஆகிய கிராமங்களில் வாழும் ட்டன.

Page 32
XXX
ஆய்வின் சட்டகம்
கற்கையின் முதலாவது பகுதியானது வெ6 முறைகள் தொடர்பான சர்வதேச வரைவில
உதவி ஸ்தாபனங்களின் அனுபவங்கள் / க
வங்கள் மற்றும் சுனாமி நிகழ்ச்சித் திட்
பங்காளர்கள் ஆகியோரது அனுபவங்களையு
இரண்டாவது பகுதியானது, உடனடியான
நீண்டகால சுனாமி தொடர்பான நிகழ்ச்சித் மாக நோக்குகின்றது. அத்துடன் வெற்றிக முடிவுக்குக் கொண்டுவரும் வகையில் உை
நன்மை பெறுனரின் உளப்பாங்கு என்பவற்ை

ரியேற்றல் உபாயங்களின் சிறந்த செயன் க்கணங்களை நோக்குகின்றது. அத்துடன்,
ர்வதேச அரசுசாரா நிறுவனங்களின் அனுப
உங்களில் செயலாற்றுகின்ற நிறைவேற்றுப் ம் இவ்வாய்வு நோக்குகின்றது.
அனர்த்தம் தொடர்பான தலையீட்டிலிருந்து திட்டங்களுக்கு மாறிச் செல்வதைச் சுருக்க ரமான முறையில் நிகழ்ச்சித் திட்டத்தை றயுள், வாழ்வாதாரச் செயற்றிட்டம் மற்றும் ற விரிவாகப் பரிசீலனை செய்கின்றது.

Page 33
1. International Definition
While a significant corpus of literature from humanitarian aid programmes, t financial and human resources in progr: following questions.
1. To what extent have and can aid org
as relevant local political, economic, that might pose risks to the projects i
2. To what extent have and can highe capacity, involving the Community equal rights for women, and en incorporated into exit Strategies?
An Oxfam-ICES literature Survey of p groups, NGOs and government organiz formulate a sustainable exit strategy ba issues.
1.1 Involving the Community in the E:
Aid organization literature emphasises th AusAID's AusGuideline 6.4, Promoting critical factor in promoting Sustainabilit those directly concerned with the activit implementing agency, and those who St. a bottom-up approach that strengthens to projects. One of the ways of ensuring that the community itself has a stake in t
This section is drawn from the Literature Review/L 'OI Participatory Action Research Proposal, Leaving a " AusGuide Part 6.4. Promoting Practical Sustain
2005. http://www.ausaid.gov.aulausguide/pdf/al

s of Good Practices for Exit
has been generated regarding how to exit heir focus is the allocation of material, umme closure. This study focuses on the
anizations incorporate local contexts such cultural, social, and environmental factors mplemented into exit strategies?
ir order issues such as investing in local in the exit, promoting and protecting gaging for disaster risk reduction be
ractices from aid organizations, donor ations identified five key areas that will sed on local contexts and higher order
kit
he relevance of community participation. Practical Sustainability, says that "the y is the role of stakeholders, particularly y, especially the partner government, the ind to benefit”. The emphasis here is on stakeholder ownership and Commitment ; Community participation is in ensuring he programmes. In forming partnerships,
esk Study by Kate Tighe and ICES research team on Legacy of Sustainable Benefits.
bility. Government of Australia, AusAID, October sguideline6.4.pdf

Page 34
The Education Development Centre organizations, including those from n sectors, as potential partners. The stuc that have been established with input distribution needs to take account of caste, ethnicity or political affiliations channelled.
1.2 Investing in Local Capacity
The Educational Development Centre. about capacity building to Sustain bene Sector actors have the capacity to design well positioned to ensure that benefi individual beneficiaries (children in sch holistic approach to aid interventions e. pro-active in their own development. activities contribute to a solidification programme participants". Building capacity that already exists. The Tsunar tsunami response diminished previously
The Swedish International Developn advocated heavily for focusing progra They made the commitment in 2000 t. national systems of education, trainin organizations should "develop the kn especially those who will be staying
Levinger, Beverly and Jean McLeod. "Hello, Sustainable Benefits through Well-Designed Exi October 2002.(9).
Levinger, Beverly and Jean McLeod. "Hello, Sustainable Benefits through Well-Designed Exi October 2002.(11).
Ibid.

study says, “Consider diverse types of on-governmental, Corporate, and public ly further states, "Commit to clear goals from all partners". All said however, aid how local patronage networks based on can impact the manner in which aid is
Study on Exit Strategies sums up thinking :fits as follows: "When private and public and deliver high-quality services, they are t Streams continue to positively impact ool or vulnerable, pregnant women). The mphasises the need for communities to be Exiting agencies must ensure that their of the behavioural changes achieved by local capacity also includes identifying ni Evaluation Commission found that the
existing capacities and networks.
nent Co-operation Agency, SIDA, has mmatic attention on Capacity Building. O focus a portion of their programmes on g and research. They advocate that aid nowledge and competence of individuals” behind after aid organization's pull out.
I must be Going: Ensuring Quality Services and t Strategies." Education Development Center, Inc.
I must be Going: Ensuring Quality Services and t Strategies.” Education Development Center, Inc.

Page 35
SIDA takes a broad approach to Capa identity not only as economic contributo Societies, and part of a multi-cultural wo helping individuals be successful in all of
The Tsunami Evaluation Coalition on th Strengthening Centralism at the expense national authorities and ignoring local revealed that there is a need to identify the capacities of local Communities suc authorities and local State agencies, specif sustaining projects for numerous reas beaureacratic lack of commitment. Fund authorities may vary according to politic of the district.
1.3 Protecting the Equal Rights of Wor
Canada International Development Agen
1) Institutionalizing gender mainstreamir
2) Mainstreaming gender into an aid pro
Care International's main focus on wom to change structures and relationships. Fi and corollary training enable a woman
decision making power in the househo investment is made in changing how m think about women earning money; ar example, a woman's assets can still be gar
" "CIDA's Framework for Assessing Gender Equ. Development Agency. Copyright: Her Majesty t http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEBlacdicida.
0070A406?OpenDocument
CARE,"Women's Empowerment," 2005.

city Building, helping people build an rs, but as members of families, citizens in rld. To SIDA, Capacity Building means
their roles.
he other hand, gives a word of caution on
of localism - creating agreements with authorities. Moreover, the ICES survey ihe structural weaknesses that can reduce h as implementing organizations. Local ically service providers, face difficulties in ions, from the lack of funds to the ing from the Central government to local al patronage or the perceived importance
e
cy (CIDA) has created a framework for
ng within an aid organization; and
gramme".
nen's empowerment emphasises the need or example, if a microfinance programme to earn her own money and have more ld, it will not be sustainable, unless an en and other women in the community ld in changing marriage customs if, for
nered by her husband.
ality Results." Canadian International he Queen in the right of Canada: 2005. nsf/En/852.57 11.600526FOA852571.37

Page 36
1.4 Engaging in Disaster Risk Reducti
In terms of mobilizing local and extern. of options to consider when exiting (fro
Study):
1) The donor funds local organizations
2) Other external (international) donor
3) Community resources help fund acti
4) Public sector actors (local, regior
reSOurCeS;
5) Other local donors, including privat
6) Local organizations introduce fees fo
CARE has been committed to Disaste government on a disaster risk reductic disaster drills, Stocking emergency 1 Community members on disaster resp mitigation plans. CARE has taken me future disasters will not have the tsuna which CARE has undertaken include
provide insurance to 5,500 coastal famili
The Tsunami Evaluation Coalition poi there is a “window of opportunity” to political will, public awareness and func though that DRR has not been mainstr would be at the outset of the tsunami re back better” was confounded by som invisible structural work necessary has b visible activities taking place on the gr
Care International. "Indian Ocean Tsunami: C
http://www.care.org/caresworks emergencies/tsun

O
al resources for DRR, there are a number m the Educational Development Center's
directly;
S fund local organizations;
vities;
al or national government) contribute
e sector contribute resources;
r services.
Risk Reduction by partnering with the on programme, which entails organizing rescue and floating kits, training for onse, and developing Contingency and asurable steps toward making sure that mi's devastating effect. Other initiatives partnering with financial institutions to
8 CS
nts out that immediately after a disaster engage in disaster risk reduction, since ling are all coalesced. The report argues camed in the way its proponents hoped it sponse. The report argues that “building e with "building back nicer,” and the een overwhelmed by the pressure to have ound. A third challenge to disaster risk
are's Work,” amil careswork.asp

Page 37
reduction is that it is hard to sell to th and secondly because if it is successful, disaster in the future (which is not a order to exit better, to exit in a way that made on the ground".
Taking Local Contexts into Account
Oxfam's Participatory Action Researc carrying out research that engages in Sc facilitating the methodical gathering c participatory processes with villagers, I academia and other civil Society me participatory action research methodolc the benefits of the research actually oc bringing stakeholders and end-users tog building relationships and trust, disc makers who begin to make changes discussions.
In Sri Lanka, Oxfam commissioned
Delivery in Communities Divided by
suggested improvements to the conflic report, meetings, and workshops, the f and NGOs develop guidelines and pra on the Coir Sector evaluated the coconut many poor communities (especially wi coastal belt in Sri Lanka. This assisted developing a viable market model and important livelihood. The Review of th recommended that decision makers bu affected peoples and engage with the
" Ian Christoplos, "Links Between Relief, F Response". Tsunami Evaluation Coalition. July

e media. Firstly because it is hard to see, it will be successful in the lack of another ews event.) These must be overcome in protects the investments aid agencies have
n Programme stresses the importance of ocial processes, using local researchers and f qualitative and quantitative data from DPs, NGO actors, local government and mbers. It goes on to observe that the gy has clearly demonstrated that much of curs in the full process of the research – ether to discuss the research topic, thereby ussions with communities and decisionin policy and practice because of those
research, using PAR on Improving Aid Social Tension has raised awareness and t sensitivity of aid delivery. Through the indings are used to assist the government ctices for improving aid delivery. A Study husk industry, a traditional livelihood for omen) affected by the tsunami along the Oxfam, partners and communities, with Sunami response programme for this very e Disaster Management Policy and Practice ild upon the existing coping Strategies of rivate sector on issues such as insurance,
ehabilitation and Development in the Tsunami
2007. (73)

Page 38
telecommunications, banking, and media of the recommendations and changed poli
"Oxfam International," Tsunami Risk Disaster F
Programme", http://www.oxfamamerica.org/what documents/Tsunami'9020Research%20Program%,

. The Government accepted a number
() cy and practice".
Reduction and Participatory Action Research
Vedo/emergencies/fieldstudies/program20Strategic%20Framework%200708.doc.

Page 39
2. The Perspective of Ai Impleme
2. involving the Community in Proje
In Sri Lanka, the method adopted by programme Sustainability, was by part process of partnering followed three pa with a local Community organizatior organization is built to ensure that it ( achievements after exit. Secondly, the p. which was often vested in the comm microfinance projects. Finally, and mos over to a local government partner.
According to officials at MERLIN, loc when planning out and implementing to ethnicity and religion. From the very encouraged at all levels of the programm tailored to suit the needs and desires oft and through the Ministry of Health f programmes would be handed over, anc function after MERLIN's departure, v
phase out were carefully arranged with re
According to C. Getman, community their programme activities. Their partne: part of their sustainability strategy."
projects were designed and initiated on Community members. Local knowledg
" ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: 2008.
ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: May 2008.

| Organization/INGOs on :nting Exit
‘ct Implementation and Exit
most aid organizations/INGOs to ensure nering with the local community. This ths: firstly some organizations partnered l, in which case the capacity of that can sustain the project's activities and/or rogramme created a brand new Company, unity itself. This is especially true for t Commonly, the programme was handed
al Contexts were taken into consideration various programmes, especially in relation outset, local Community participation was les. Certain programmes were modified or he community. As MERLIN worked with rom the start, the manner in which the | how the programmes would continue to vere already planned out. Slow exit and egard to local contextual details."
based approaches were incorporated in all rship with the Sri Lankan Red Cross was a Malteser International has ensured that ly after participatory assessment involving e was also utilized by handing over the
Survey - Respondent: MERLIN, Colombo, May
Survey - Respondent: C. Getman, Colombo,

Page 40
management of most projects to loca experience working in Sri Lanka for a Co
Malteser International has implemen organizations, while providing them w strategies and the termination of pro together with the community members community's needs are catered to, as t community representatives know the Co the programmes were handed over to the
Highlighting the problems encounterec community members who received assi the operation and maintenance of proje funds for most projects were limited
chance of implementing sustainability in
In some projects, such as hospital ministries/departments were involved implementation process. Material was p economy was boosted, and recruitment c that local expertise is further enhanced local level also ensured that employm Malteser International undertook frequen community was fully involved in the pi sensitivities were considered during the leaders were consulted at every stage of th
2.2 Assessing the Capacities of Partners
The success of the strategy of partnering depended on the capacities of partner. knowledge and commitment. While
government partner had not kept to pri
” ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: Colombo, May 2008. " Ibid.

organisations that had a presence and
o 3 nsiderable period of time".
(ed all projects through local partner ith advice and project monitoring. Exit jects were planned out from the start, In doing so, they have ensured that the he Sri Lankan partner organizations and Intry, its people and their needs. Most of
local organizations such as CBOs.
l, Malteser pointed out that most of the stance were not willing to contribute to cts. Furthermore, in certain cases, donor in funding duration, thus reducing the
16:21SliTCS.
rehabilitation, local authorities and
in planning and all stages of the lurchased locally to ensure that the local flocal masons and other workers ensured and income increased. Recruitment at a ent was increased in the target areas". nt mid term evaluations to ensure that the ocess, while social, cultural and political planning stage. Furthermore, Community Le implementation process.
with local communities however clearly ng organizations in terms of finances, One respondent noted that the local omises made before exiting and this has
Survey — Respondent: Malteser International

Page 41
damaged prospects for project Sustainab local government actor is a more relial there is greater accountability involved Concerns can be addressed, and so on. Sustainability of the programme is rel government budget. This is often a pi provincial governments do not have larg when the handover is to a service-provid
According to Malteser, though the loc, responsibility of Continuous maintel programmes, these authorities lacked ac long-term basis".
Likewise, post-project monitoring carric government bodies have not fulfilled
projects. In the case of infrastructure p local government actors have not er originally promised during the project
Corps has found community-based pro project monitoring, whereas the projec bodies suffered from inadequate man. monitoring. The business development post-project monitoring, although a ce assisted have shifted to alternative livelih
For some respondents however, such as forming partnerships with local governn of their projects". All the programmes with reference to, Ministry of Health programmes together with the Ministry,
'' ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: Colombo, May 2008.
“ ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: May 2008.
ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: 2008.

ility, the commonly held view is that the »le partner than a CBO. This is because , channels through which post-handover That said, once funding is at an end, the iant on the availability of funds in the roblem and with some exceptions, most ge pools of funds. This is particularly true
C.
al authorities were meant to take on the nance in their hospital rehabilitation lequate funds to sustain the projects on a
2d out by Mercy Corps has revealed that their responsibilities in sustaining their rojects, it has been uncovered that many 1sured Sustainability of programmes as implementation stage. In general, Mercy jects to be relatively healthy upon posttS in partnership with local government agement/maintenance upon post-project projects are also functioning well upon ertain minority portion of entreprenteurs oods strategies over time".
MERLIN, a specialist health care agency, nent bodies has ensured the sustainability were designed in Conjunction with, and guidelines and policies. By designing the and by sharing ownership at the clinical,
Survey — Respondent: Malteser International,
Survey - Respondent: Mercy Corps, Colombo,
Survey - Respondent: MERLIN, Colombo, May

Page 42
10
district and central level, MERLIN has e to function successfully after their phase
According to MERLIN, all programme over to relevant district authorities. A different, but similar difficulties related actions of authorities, overall, the hanc instance, the mobile dental units were t Regional Dental Surgeon (RDS) (or co gully sucking from tsunami camps in Ka Council (after a number of months of g Programme continues to successfully district/provincial level.
Save the Children formed a partners Construct school buildings. An agreem with local and school authorities enabl project. School Development Comm sustainability of the programme. How other community stakeholders by organizations and consulting with comu their work".
2.3 Identifying and Building Local Cap
In partnering, aid organizations/ING
Capacities of partner organizations as a p
Malteser has Carried out programmes
within local organizations, and improve their potential to apply for internation: Malteser International leaves the country of local volunteers from within the com.
8
ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies Colombo, May 2008.

insured that the programmes will Continue
OUlt.
components have been (or will be) handed lthough each programme area has faced
to responsibility, financial resources and lover procedure has been successful. For aken over and are now being used by the unterparts) in the district. Furthermore, lmunai was handed over to the Municipal gradual phase out). The Infection Control function with the support at the
hip with the Ministry of Education to ent was signed and systematic planning ed them to phase out at the end of the littees were made responsible for the aver, Save the Children also brought in
working in partnership with local
munities, especially children, in planning
acity
Os have worked at strengthening the art of programme Sustainability.
that have helped to build up capacities d the expertise of local organizations and al funds from other donor agencies once . Training has been conducted for a cadre munities, to handle future roles that need
: Survey - Respondent: Save the Children,

Page 43
further follow up after exiting. These bicycles and a small allowance for their
According to Mercy Corps, most of strengthening (CBO, LNGO, intermec have been met, while the livelihoo development-related objectives are for Organizational strengthening objectiv while other project outcomes are meas of production, employment generat outcomes have a high likelihood of capacity building at the organizational are market oriented and income-genera
2.4 Paying Attention to Local Contex
Aid cannot target everybody and ther latent conflict and resentment within divisions and rivalries. The challenge minimize such negative impacts on cor programme Sustainability.
Apportioning aid by MERLIN was ge aid was provided to those whose hea overall "do no harm” principles. M. throughout the Batticaloa and Ampa Teaching Hospital, Ampara General ensured quality health care for Tamil, S
Mercy Corps had made use of a understand influential positive and ne
" ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategic Colombo, May 2008.
* ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategic May 2008.
ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategi 2008.

11
volunteers were given incentives Such as
e v. o 19 participation .
the capacity building and organizational iary organization) objectives of the strategy ds and infrastructure rehabilitation and the most part in the process of being met. is are measured through capacity indices, ured through indicators such as sales/value 2d, public health indicators, etc. Most sustainability because they are related to and community level, and because projects ting".
tS
afore aid interventions are bound to cause
communities or even exacerbate existing to aid organizations/INGOs has been to mmunities that in turn can pose a threat to
nerally done based on need. For instance, th status was poorest, but with regard to ERLIN has worked with all populations ra districts. Their work at the Batticaloa Hospital and the Kalmunai Base Hospital inhala and Muslim populations alike".
scored relationship mapping exercise, to gative relationships in the Communities in
s: Survey -- Respondent: Malteser International,
s: Survey - Respondent: Mercy Corps, Colombo,
s: Survey - Respondent: MERLIN, Colombo, May

Page 44
12
which they worked, and between t communities. The information obtained Standard participatory methods allowed
more comprehensively, and to ensure
followed. In terms of apportioning aid, si out Systematically in a manner that inc methods to make aid apportionment more
For organizations working in the conflic reconstruction and rehabilitation posed
resulting in shifts in programme objectiv pointed out how insecurity issues in the their work in the areas. Restrictions on bl of Construction projects, and escalation o displaced the tsunami affected people all
development programmes had to be postp relief programmes".
2.5 Protecting the Equal Rights of Wom
A number of programmes have ensured th project planning. For example, in housin ensure the long-term wellbeing of the wo wife and husband's names. Similarly, othe made out in this manner. However, in t that ensure attitudes towards women programmes may only act to pull wool ov documentation can be undermined by stru
MERLIN and Malteser International carr and child health, while women's con programmes. In all stages of implemen balanced gender representation in CBO
* ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: S May 2008.
ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: S the Children, Colombo, May 2008.

hese communities and neighbouring
through this exercise and other more them to understand the local Contexts that principles of “do no harm' are ite and beneficiary, selection was carried cluded stakeholder meetings and other : transparent".
Ct affected parts of Sri Lanka, tsunami additional challenges, sometimes even es. Mercy Corps and Save the Children North and the East negatively affected uilding material led to the incompletion f hostilities, especially in the North, has Over again. In Such instances, long term loned in favour of immediate emergency
L61
at the rights of women are factored into g projects, aid organizations attempt to man by making out papers in both the *r legal papers and documents were also he absence of educational programmes 's equal rights are changing, these er one's eyes. In the final analysis, legal uctural impediments.
ied out special programmes on maternal Cerns are mainstreamed in all their tation, it was ensured that there was S and among beneficiaries. Steps were
urvey - Respondent: Mercy Corps, Colombo,
urvey - Respondents: Mercy Corps and Save

Page 45
taken to make sure that balanced leader the Community Based Organizations tha
According to Mercy Corps they mains some economic opportunities and activ employment opportunities for women. groups (under community development not only that women are equally represe under-represented members of the comm people from remote hamlets, etc.) are r the Children has carried out a Househol targeted female headed households".
2.6 Protecting Investments from Futuri
In Sri Lanka, disaster risk reduction has tsunami warning system, for which wo) funding for other programmes aimed a organizations that were contacted have,
that disaster risk mitigation is conside child-led initiatives in DRR for commur to incorporate Communities in educa management techniques is seen. Aid of their project activities, largely by maki both through the training of trainer community in DRR practices. That sa involving DRR in their project activities
According to MERLIN, DRR techniqu programmes and projects. In designing was given to DRR with regard to the
24
ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies International, Colombo, May 2008.
” ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies May 2008.
* ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies Colombo, May 2008.

13
ship (men and women) was respected in t were formed by their projects".
tream equal gender representation, and ities are specifically designed to provide
Their work to strengthen community and revitalization activities) also requires inted in Community groups but also that unity (youth, elderly, minority groups or epresented in community groups". Save d Economic Security programme, which
e Disasters
Coalesced around the implementation of a
•k has begun, but this should not preclude t disaster risk management. A number of or are, giving serious thought to ensuring 'ed carefully upon exiting. This included ity and school projects. In general, a trend tion and community-based disaster risk ganizations are mainstreaming DRR into ng DRR an element of capacity-building, s, and the subsequent training of the lid, some organizations surveyed are not at all.
es have been mainstreamed into all their various constructions, special attention use of materials utilized and location of
Survey — Respondents: MERLIN and Malteser
Survey - Respondent: Mercy Corps, Colombo,
Survey - Respondent: Save the Children,

Page 46
14
Construction. In establishing water and S that there was minimal waste and dama healthcare programmes, the equipment w; ensure that should there be any breakdow the skills needed to do so are available it carried out using Ministry of Health blu disaster resistance elements.
As MERLIN works with a 'systems programmes are deemed acceptable, app been carried out in relation to disease out training. These programmes included p; Public Health Inspectors, Public Health Regional Directors of Health Services. V were educated and trained to identify and Vulnerability. Programmes were carried ou vulnerable, more aware, and empowered capacity. The programmes highlighted to health and daily exercise, and introduced practices. Furthermore, they were enco solve their own problems with PTAS and vulnerability reduction was promoted promoting good health practices in rela hygiene.
In programmes designed by C. Getman, theme. A comprehensive disaster prepared with SLRCS and in partnership with the g which will be their main focus for the n School-based programme which ensures
disaster risk reduction and management te
2戏
ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: S May 2008. * ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: S May 2008.

ewage treatment plants, it was ensured ge to the environment. In MERLIN's as approved by Bio-medical engineers to in, they can be easily repaired, and that 1 Sri Lanka. All construction work was e prints, which particularly highlighted
strengthening framework, all their ropriate and sustainable. Training has break response and disaster preparedness articipants from various levels such as Vidwives, Regional Epidemiologist and Working with communities, volunteers rectify possible problems, and to reduce t in schools so that they can become less to handle emergency situations in Some opics such as hygiene, nutrition, sexual school children to follow better health uraged to empower themselves and to school health committees. In addition, focussing mothers and children by tion to breast feeding, nutrition, and
disaster risk reduction is a cross-cutting ness programme has been implemented overnment disaster management Centre, ext 2 years. This is a community and local ownership and empowerment of chniques".
urvey - Respondent: MERLIN, Colombo,
urvey - Respondent: C. Getman, Colombo,

Page 47
Save the Children has introduced child which they work. Children are trained and also provide measures to mitigate schools to do the same. This has also b Management and is part of the Roa Committees also work in close Co-operati
29
ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Strategies: Colombo, May 2008.

15
led DRR to communities and schools in to identify hazards in their communities the risks. They help children in other een accepted by the Ministry of Disaster d Map. District Disaster Management on with these programmes".
Survey - Respondent: Save the Children,

Page 48
3. Description of Immediate Post
The immediate relief response following financial aid to the tsunami affected, organizations and private donors. Aid in support from the construction of tempor: provision of healthcare facilities, San distribution by international donor orga partners who were state and non-state act
3.1 Transitioning from Immediate Reli
The aid organizations and local NC programmes on immediate relief rehabilitation. This process entailed a
INGO/NGO respondents.
The lack of immediate information - data The government was in charge of this, b Many organizations were bound to the
respondents noted that the beneficiary affected households were not included a distributed unequally, sometimes drastic the go-ahead, the allotment of land was sites chosen by the government. The aid issue. Further, more houses were commi outside these parameters. For example, C houses by the Government (GOSL) an because other organizations were building
In transforming programmes from ter permanent shelter, some respondents
approach by holding district level meetir State and local government agencies and 1 programmes with beneficiaries as well as

Tsunami Aid Delivery in Sri Lanka
, the tsunami Consisted of material and
by numerous international and local terventions consisted of the provision of ary shelters, to financial and material aid, itation, to psychosocial Support. Aid unizations was carried out through local
OS,
ef to Reconstruction and Rehabilitation
GOs had gradually transformed their into long-term reconstruction and number of complications as noted by
l, statistics, beneficiary lists - was critical. ut the reliability of this list was suspect. beneficiary list, but a number of NGO
lists were incomplete. Some tsunamit all. This also meant that services were ally. Where shelter projects were given organized via the beneficiary list and the organizations were not given a say in this issioned than required. Some were built line organization was asked to build 300 d this subsequently came down to 150
houses.
mporary shelter into resettlement and
attempted to follow a co-ordinated gs with other NGOs, representatives of Ocal experts. Awareness and consultation peneficiary validation were carried out in

Page 49
order to identify the appropriate be reconstruction, field staff worked closely
More generally, one respondent noted
only speak to the community before pr speak to local experts (i.e. if the organi. what is required and where. Often, the implemented ended up spending a lot o to the local community than other is community that has already received a community. Without speaking to the lo was impossible to identify the most a community consultation would also tal However, caution in such cases was question would always be favourable tow why a more neutral viewpoint was in implementing partners and benefici Complexities that arose in project imp programme closure occurred in the livelih

17
neficiaries. Throughout the process of with the Community.
that it was an invaluable exercise to not pject design and implementation, but to ation has a Sri Lankan core staff) about projects that were hastily arranged and f money on issues that were less relevant sues. Alternatively, support went to a mple support at the expense of another cal staff and seeking local knowledge, it ffected communities. Ideally, extensive ke place before project implementation. lso necessary since the community in ards new projects in their area, which is valuable. Significantly, discussions with ary communities revealed that the lementation shaped the way in which nood and Shelter programmes.

Page 50
18
Lessons for
The Testimonies of a Fishing Co
In the case of a fishing community in distributed fishing boats and fishing ge. the beneficiary fisher folk, though aid or the distribution of livelihood assets, the resulting in duplication and inequality were not traditionally part of the fishi patronage networks and political affiliat by the tsunami were overlooked, while boats but not the fishing gear. The resu positive outcome as local knowledge was that needed aid. A number of the victim assets were left out or were given inade, lost.
The concerns of
The livelihood assets were distribute community, and without any form (
As the fishermen engage in deep-se: stated that they would have prefer fishing gear that would enable the enables them to obtain a bigger catc.
The fishermen do not have direct a fish from them at low prices. Dire their community economically.
I Distribution of livelihood asse development aims such as a commu
fish.
The fishing community expressed NGOs and government agencies. directly with donor organizations/I the integrity of governmental and no
 

the Future
ommunity in Gandhara, Matara
Gandhara, a number of organizations ar to the affected families. According to ganizations competed with each other in aid interventions were unco-ordinated in aid distribution. Communities who ng community received boats through ions while fishermen who were affected in other instances, fishermen were given lts of the aid intervention has had little not utilized to identify the communities s of the disaster who lost their livelihood quate support to rebuild what they had
the beneficiaries
d without consultation with the affected of needs assessment.
l fishing and shallow water fishing, they red to obtain technologically advanced m to engage in deep-sea fishing, which
h.
ccess to the market as mudalalis buy the ct access to the market will strengthen
rts should incorporate Community inity project to produce and sell Canned
dissatisfaction with the role of local They expressed a preference to deal NGOs as they had little confidence in
on governmental intermediaries.

Page 51
Protecting the Equa
In the distribution of livelihood asse patriarchal lines. Beneficiary comm based on the perceived notions production. In the case of a benefi only the men were given boats and f fishing community who lost their C
identified by aid organizations as fishing related livelihood assets.
Aid interventions were carried out ba roles by differentiating between fema,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

19
| Rights of Women
ts, aid interventions occurred along unities were given livelihood assets
of gendered roles in economic ciary fishing community in Matara, ishing gear, while the women in the
spouses to the tsunami were not beneficiaries in the distribution of
'sed on traditional notions of gender le/male related livelihoods activities.

Page 52
4. Description of Long-term R Progr
When looking at post-tsunami reconstr the transition from temporary shelter to process that involved State actors, since : undertook the responsibility of constru partnership with government agencies. V the implementation process was not
through local partner NGOs or through identified three types of activity stream programmes that focused on rehab livelihoods, rehabilitating away from t generating activities and distributing liv these projects varied, some focused on ir rehabilitation with a component on sk some projects implemented came unc development, with the objective of pov
building.
4.1 Overview of Permanent Shelter
In the districts of Hambantota and Am shelter were studied, donor organizatic organizations or their regional offices projects. Overall, in the resettlemen organizations undertook the responsibil land for resettlement was provided by th owner driven, where the beneficiaries 1 houses with guidance from the impl beneficiaries chose not to construct organization hired contractors. Basic an have been provided by state agencies.

2habilitation and Reconstruction
CS
uction projects on livelihood and shelter, resettlement and permanent shelter was a lid organizations in all three districts who Cting permanent shelters had to work in Whereas in the case of livelihood projects, as clear-cut, aid organizations worked their regional offices or both. This study s in livelihood programmes. These were ilitating communities into traditional raditional livelihoods into new income relihood assets. The overall objectives of mmediate material assistance or livelihood ills training and capacity building while der the focus of community economic erty alleviation and community capacity
para where projects on resettlement and ins or INGOs worked through partner at the local level in implementing the t schemes that were studied, donor ity of construction of houses, while the e State. In Ampara, the construction was eceived funding to construct their own ementing NGO. In Hambantota, the the houses and therefore the donor enities for the housing schemes/projects

Page 53
Concerns Raised by Beneficiaries
1. Where the Sustainability of the ho stated that they were not satisfied with construction of houses Was carried ou building materials were cited as the ma materials by Some unscrupulous cont substandard Construction work.
Recommendation: In consultation uv, should set aside a time-frame of 1-2 mc address structural shortcomings in the
of maintaining the housing units ca
beneficiaries.
2. In owner-driven housing project beneficiaries as insufficient. Two reaso in building materials over a period secondly, environmental Conditions su allocated resettlement areas resulted in :
Recommendation: Implementing parti better understanding of local complexi Donor organizations/INGOs need to decisions on the allocation of finances f
3. In sustaining the housing schemes establishing partnerships with governm are provided. Ideally, state agencies wi amenities such as water, electricity anc but there is an absence of a clear under processes. The donor organizations/ Understanding with the government to agreements did not incorporate a cle: agencies in providing and maintaining of responsibilities among State agencies

21
using units is concerned, the beneficiaries the quality of housing in instances where ut by contractors. The use of low quality in reason, the illegal siphoning of building ractors was also identified as a cause for
ith the community, donor organizations nths within the project deadline for exit, to housing units. Thereafter the responsibility n be made the sole responsibility of the
s, the finances allocated were cited by ns were given: one was that price increases of time was not taken into account and 1ch as the need to fill out marshlands in additional cost to the beneficiaries.
ners and beneficiary communities have a ities relating to the construction of houses. utilize this local knowledge in making
or ouner driven houses.
there is a lack of a systematic process in ent agencies to ensure that basic amenities ll be responsible for the provision of basic I access roads in the resettlement schemes; standing of responsibilities and taking over INGOs have signed Memorandums of construct a specific number of houses; the ar statement of the responsibilities of State other amenities. Owing to the duplication , beneficiary Communities stated that they

Page 54
22
were confused about what relevant state ag maintenance of services. For example in H scheme were in a poor condition but th responsible for the construction and mai basic amenities for the resettlement Scheme by means of political linkages.
Recommendation. There is a need to specif taking over the project once the donor orga scheme, the beneficiaries have to be ma agencies they should approach in order t infrastructure for the housing scheme is information can be made available to ben
oganizations/INGOs or the offices of imple,
4. There is inadequate capacity building reduced their ability to engage in Collect housing schemes. The beneficiaries have f (CBOs) at the reguest of the donor organi, However, there is no monitoring mechan continue to function, neither is there a beneficiaries to work collectively to furthe i.e. their houses. As a result, while the C Commitment on the part of beneficiary 1 waned, beneficiaries feel that the time sper
unproductive.

ency to approach, in order to ensure the lambantota, access roads to the housing e beneficiaries did not know who was ntenance of the roads. In Ampara the : had to be obtained by the beneficiaries
y the implementing partners who will be nization exits. In the case of the housing de auare of the relevant government o ensure that the basic amenities and provided for and maintained. This gficiaries at the regional offices of donor
menting partners.
of beneficiary communities which has ive bargaining to further improve the ormed Community based organizations zation/INGO or implementing NGOs. ism in place to ensure that the CBOs system of incentives to encourage the r develop and protect their investment BOs were active at the inception, the members to maintain the CBOs have ht on participating in CBO activities is

Page 55
Empowering
Beneficiaries who have maintair
obtaining further support fron beneficiary community in Hambar donor organization for further tr CBO. The training incorporates a the maintenance of the housing sc
to maintain the CBO is rooted in t
economic background. Prior to t urban area, they are of a middle in
education - and as such they are m
as beneficiaries.
5. In the area of protecting the organizations/INGOs have increased t the recommendations of governm communities' capacities to financially not strong.
Recommendation. Incorporate autaren aside financial savings to meet futu capacity building programmes.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

23
the Beneficiaries
led CBOs have been successful in
n donor organizations/INGOs. A tota obtained a commitment from the
aining in capacity building for their
development plan with strategies for heme. The strength and commitment he beneficiary communities' social and he tsunami they were located in an come earning class with a high level of
ore aware and articulate of their rights
housing units from future disasters, aid he height and foundations of the houses on ent bodies. However, the beneficiary cope with threats to their housing units are
2ss on the need to insure housing units or set re threats to their houses in community

Page 56
24
Lessons for
Strengthening channels of communicati agencies/INGOs and beneficiaries
The lack of communication between aid in gaps in communication between wha deliver and what beneficiaries expects organizations and partner NGOs, housin carried out in close consultation with the land blocks were allocated to beneficiaries was constructed for the beneficiaries t housing design was changed to suit cultu projects, the beneficiary communities cons from experts hired by the implementing N the beneficiaries, the aid interventions Hambantota, the expectations on the participants in the project to receive beneficiaries stated that the aid delivery comprehensive (ekabaddhauvu uvidhimath v because the commitment on the part of permanent shelter to all the beneficiaries project and livelihood support only for a se lost their livelihood due to the tsunami.
In Ampara the beneficiaries constructed assistance they received was for single store houses remain incomplete. The reasons c Ampara to build two storey houses was to the fact that houses are a symbol of socia storey houses). A number of the benefic dowry for their daughters.
Recommendation: Be clear about the
involved in the project. The donor organ the beneficiaries what they are committe the project. This information and financ made available to beneficiaries at the dis INGO or the office of the partner/imp institutions such as the District Secretaria
 

the Future
on and accountability between donor
organizations and beneficiaries resulted it donor organizations were willing to 'd. From the perspective of donor g construction in all three districts was beneficiary community. In Hambantota with their active consent, a model house ) give their approval/disapproval and ral norms. In Ampara, as owner driven tructed their own houses with guidance GOs. However, from the perspective of
fell short of their expectations. In part of the beneficiaries were for all shelter and livelihood support. The was not well co-ordinated nor was it 'eda piliuvelak kerune ne). Problems arose the donor organization was to provide (a total of 150) who were part of the :lected number of beneficiaries who had
two storey houses though the financial y housing units. At present most of the ited by the beneficiary communities in safeguard against a future tsunami, and l status (people in the area having two aries cited plans to offer the house as
diverse responsibilities of the actors ization/INGO needs to clearly state to d to carry out within the duration of ial details relating to a project can be trict office of the donor organization/ lementing NGO and/or government t office.

Page 57
4.2. Overview of Livelihood Programm
The livelihood projects in the three di. streams. These were: projects that foc their traditional livelihood activities, pi new forms of livelihood activities and th
Rehabilitating Communities into Tradi
Projects that rehabilitated communities out in diverse ways. One method has t finance programmes that helped tsuna livelihoods they lost to the disaster. TI livelihood assets to the affected commu and Coir rope weaving communities in N a community based Company with administration of the scheme in the ha with the brick making factory in F incorporate long-term goals in Streng continue the project through the cr community level and strengthening th products.
Rehabilitating Away from Traditional I
Programmes that rehabilitated com livelihoods focused on introducing new the beneficiary community. One metho is in the form of micro credit program new forms of livelihood activities as in were traditionally lace makers were g develop alternative livelihoods ranging boutique keeping and in Hambantota with financial and technical support or has been through the establishment of Setting up of a factory for the productio

25
eS
tricts consisted of three types of activity lsed on rehabilitating communities into ojects that helped communities establish : direct provision of livelihood assets.
tional Livelihoods
into traditional livelihoods were carried een through the establishment of micromi affected communities to rebuild the he second has been the provision of Inities such as to goldsmiths in Ampara, Matara and the third method is to establish the whole production process and nds of the community; which is the case Hambantota. All of these programmes gthening the communities capacity to eation of micro-credit schemes at the e beneficiaries' abilities to market their
livelihoods
munities away from their traditional forms of income generating activities to d by which these projects were carried out mes that helped communities to develop Matara, where women beneficiaries who iven financial support and guidance to from home gardening, drying fish, to where women beneficiaries were provided mushroom cultivation. Another method Community based Company such as the of virgin coconut oil in Hambantota.

Page 58
26
Concerns Raised by the Beneficiaries
1. Beneficiary communities were dissatis Communicated. Some projects were chara contact between the aid organizations/IN
beneficiaries.
As aid organizations/INGOs, the impler programme objectives and time-frames
mistaken idea that either donor organ periods of time or that programme clo instances, though the projects are still ope project implementation and therefore are has already exited from the project. A co stated that they had dropped out of the their produce. However, the programme beneficiary Community was not aware Ampara, beneficiaries have no notion of they believe that the partner NGO will This lack of communication has an adver, in two ways. In one, beneficiaries believi exited and the project had ceased, stopp the absence of stable market linkages. In will depend on the implementing NGO v
Recommendation: Be clear about exit dea process of implementation, there is a need beneficiaries are not left out of the day t coir rope ueaving project in Matara, whe years, beneficiaries need to obtain goo products until the donor funded coir mi measures should be developed in consult,
organization and the local business comm

fied with the manner in which exit was cterized by a lack of communication and GOs, the implementing partners and the
menting partners were not explicit about the communities were left in, with the izations will work with them for long DSure has already taken place. In some rational, beneficiaries are not involved in of the opinion that the aid organization mmunity of coir rope weavers in Matara project as they had no stable market for closure occurs only in 2011 - a fact the of. In a micro-credit programme in when the local NGO will phase out and work with them for an indefinite period. Se impact on the sustainability of projects ng that the aid organization/INGO had ed engaging in the livelihood activity in he other, the sustainability of the project working with the community.
dlines. Where the projects are still in the d for an intermediate plan to ensure that o day operation of the project. As in the re project duration covers a period offive a quality raw materials and sell their lls go into operation. Such intermediate ation uvith the beneficiaries, the partner
unity.

Page 59
2. The sustainability of projects wher with local NGOs in project implement beneficiary communities felt that, this p of projects, others expressed dissa partner/implementing NGOs. In Han Community owned businesses brought implementing NGO along with the representation in the board of directors.
deadlines, this was a strategy to ensure th local NGO could continue to work with and guidance. One beneficiary commu played by the implementing NGO. As th into a new type of income generating ac production plant of which they had little a significant role in obtaining the techr market linkages for the business. Howe making plant expressed dissatisfaction wi a long-term partner in the Communit makers the beneficiary community has experience and ability to market their prc Continued support and guidance of th Community expressed the opinion that company has been limited by the partne of the organization being shareholders in of directors. At present, the project partnership between the implementing an obstacle to the sustainability of the pro
Recommendation: The very practice ofe has to be reviewed in terms of local conte linkage between the partner NGO and consideration where sustainability of alternative means. However, it is import beneficiary community has the capa organizations/INGOs need to focus on st

27
e donor organizations/INGOs partnered ation showed mixed results. While some rocess helped to ensure the sustainability tisfaction over the role played by nbantota, two projects that established out this complexity. In the projects, the beneficiaries was a shareholder with As the projects had short implementation le Sustainability of the projects so that the l the beneficiaries in giving them support nity expressed satisfaction with the role he beneficiary Community was introduced tivity in the form of a virgin coconut oil knowledge, the partner NGO has played hological knowledge and establishing the ver, a beneficiary community at a brickth the role of the implementing NGO as y owned business. As traditional brickknowledge of the industry as well as the oducts. Therefore they did not require the e implementing NGO. The beneficiary their capacity to direct activities in the r/implementing NGO by representatives the company and members of the board is at a standstill. The institutionalized NGO and beneficiaries was identified as bject by the beneficiary community.
stablishing partnerships with local NGOs 2xts. The practice of institutionalizing the l the beneficiaries should be taken into the project cannot be ensured through ant to consider local capacity. Where the city to carry on the project, donor
rengthening the beneficiary communities'

Page 60
28
capacities with a view to handing o beneficiary community.
3. Where the implementing partner is donor organization/NGO there is a
between the funding organization and
implementing NGOs are heavily depen survival. Likewise, beneficiary commu dependent on the funding organizati implementing partners had acted as i technical expertise and training for proj apparent. From micro-credit schemes Hambantota, the beneficiaries stated th: from implementing NGOs for guidance
Recommendation: Reduce the del organizations/INGOs and local comm financial support to building the c, beneficiaries to identif their own needs
4. The commitment on the part of com an active level is low. Communities are as the partner NGO works with them. community at the behest of the donor C NGO. The commitment on the part o grassroots level depends on the imple working relationship between partner consistent, the beneficiary CBOs are
momentum. The coir rope weavers in donor organization/INGO or implemer CBO. The beneficiaries who are all w Community mobilization. They also
maintaining the CBO.

ver sole ouvnership of the project to the
a local NGO or the regional office of a relationship of hierarchical dependence the local community. Some locally based dent on donor/INGOs for their financial inities are financially and psychologically ons and implementing partners. Where intermediaries in obtaining funding and 2cts, this dependent relationship was more
in Ampara to mushroom growing in at they continue to turn to representatives
and Support.
endent relationship between donor tunities. Create a shift from significant apacities of partner organizations and and raise funds accordingly.
munities to maintain beneficiary CBOs at ready to engage in CBO activities as long The CBOs are formed by the beneficiary rganization/INGO or local/implementing f the local community to mobilize at the menting partner/local NGO. Where the NGOs and beneficiary community is not no longer operational or have lost their Matara who have little contact with the ting NGO are no longer organized into a omen stated that they had little faith in cited lack of time as a factor for not

Page 61
Recommendation: Create a system a
beneficiary communities to participate a
Building CBO Capacity Thro
The beneficiary communities are prov CBO activities, through a method of in CBO activities, which are then
incentives. In the virgin coconut oil still in the process of completion, the l rewards and monitoring to direct til member CBO is divided in to three si each member is awarded points for par Based on their scores, the members : The 15 beneficiaries with the highest
2008 and the rest receive employment
5. As an outcome of the dep
organizations/INGOs or implementing beneficiary CBOs were in a position to g
Recommendation: Build the capacities o on their own. Such capacity building encourages beneficiary communities to . revolving credit systems that local comma
saving schemes.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

29
r
reuards and incentives to encourage
uddevelop CBO activities.
ugh Rewards and Incentives
ided with an incentive to engage in monitoring beneficiary involvement tied to a system of rewards and production project, as the project is ocal NGO has developed a system of he activities of the CBO. The 25 ub groups and each group as well as ticipation, activity and commitment. are given leadership responsibilities. score will receive jobs in November
in March 2009.
endent relationship between donor NGOs, only a limited number of 2nerate funds on their own.
f beneficiary organizations to raise funds should also include a component that et aside financial savings. Traditional
unities engage in can be utilized to create

Page 62
30
Strengthening the Financial
In some livelihood programmes, CB which are collected as a fund for the I programme for goldsmiths and the
have their own fund made up of sub of the goldsmiths community in Am the jewellery cutting machines to its r also has a plan to generate more fun members. The funds of the organizat loans.
6. Implementing partners/NGOs play :
of projects, from identifying market lin agencies. The dominant role played outcomes as the sustainability of proje the local NGO. Beneficiary communit projects by themselves.
Recommendation: The beneficiary CBC in decision-making and to take respons the partner NGOs acting as intermedia to be guided on negotiating uith vario, agencies, negotiating uith banks and in and establishing a stable market for the of capacity building, the donor organi longer period of time uith the benefi NGOs can carry on the process of ca,
empowering the community.
As a part of capacity building of benef, partner NGOs have to identify the lead ability to lead and build their capacity,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Capacities of Beneficiaries
OS charge minimal membership fees members. The CBOs in the livelihood micro-credit programme in Ampara Scriptions from members. In the case para they also raise money by renting members at a nominal rate. The CBO ds by renting their machines to nonion go to help its members by way of
a significant role in directing the activities kages to dealing with relevant government
by implementing NGOs has negative Cts depends on the active participation of lies have limited capacity to carry on the
ls need to be trained to actively participate ibility to sustain the projects. Rather than ries or representatives the community needs us actors such as dealing with government a the case of livelihood projects promoting ir products. In order to carry out this form zations/INGOs either need to work for a ciary community or ensure that partner
pacity building but with the objective of
iciary CBOs, aid organizations/INGOs or ers in the beneficiary community with the
to give leadership to CBOs.

Page 63
Taking Res
Some Community Development
identifying and establishing links beneficiary community is constantly and strengthening ties with various longer carried out by the aid organiza on behalf of the beneficiary comm Community participate from prog programme implementation in worki know whom to approach and hov involved, once project handover has b
Niranjala is a mother of three child kidney disease. In addition to the loar mushroom growing hut, she added h mushrooms to three huts. She app. explore the possibility of establishing While the supermarket was receptive required amount of mushrooms by beneficiary women in the commur mushrooms collectively. She h organizations/INGOs in Hambanto motorcycle to transport the mushroor individual level, it has not been succes
" ICES interview with Mercy Corp, Colombo
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

31
sponsibility
Projects include a component on
with various stakeholders. The involved in the process. Identifying stakeholders in a programme is no tion/INGO or implementing partner hunity. Members of the beneficiary gramme planning and throughout ng with the stakeholders, so that they v to approach the different parties een carried out".
ren, one of who suffers from chronic she received from the bank to set up a er own saving to expand production of roached a local supermarket chain to a long term buyer for her mushrooms. io the idea, she is unable to produce the
herself. She wants to organize other lity to come together and sell their as approached numerous donor ota to obtain their help to buy a ns but since Niranjala’s efforts are at an
sful.
), (December 2008).

Page 64
32
7. Beneficiary communities stated that t donor organizations/INGOs and imp indicated that the relationship betw implementing NGOs and beneficiary dependence. Given this relationship, cul were reluctant to voice dissent in the
organizations/INGOs and implementing
Recommendation. Observe transpare implementation and closure. The donor and stable channel of communication sharing information on project spendi giving details of project budgets, the 1 duration of the programme and the work with the community by putting up notice community centre, at the local offi implementing NGOs, Periodic commun, gauge the views of beneficiaries as u,
interventions.
8. Beneficiary communities expressed ur implementing NGOs, while most be programme closure on the part of the beneficiary communities were unaware O were going to work with them. This w NGOs were locally based. The local pr
dependent mentality of beneficiary comm
Recommendation. There has to be a cli NGO, as a stakeholder in sustaining the on the length of time that partner NGOs once aid organizations have exited.
assessment of uhether beneficiary comm,
NGO for a longer period of time or a

hey are unable to question the actions of lementing NGOs. The field research een donor organizations/INGOs and
Communities is one of hierarchical tural constraints meant that beneficiaries presence of representatives from donor
NGOs.
incy and accountability in project organization has to maintain a constant
with beneficiaries, this should include ng and project targets. Periodic reviews work accomplished, the remaining time that needs to be completed can be shared 2s at common locations such as the village ces of donor organizations/IINGOs or ity opinion surveys can be carried out to ell the community as a whole on aid
lcertainty on the issue of the presence of neficiary communities were aware of
aid organizations/INGO. Some of the f the length of time implementing NGOs as more significant where implementing esence of the organizations increased the munities.
ear expression of the role of the partner project. This has to include information will work uith beneficiary communities, The exit strategy must incorporate an unities/CBOs need to uork with partner 're capable of sustaining the projects by

Page 65
themselves. Since asses ts of this natu organizations/INGOs need to work with
9. In most livelihood projects, women ar is done by identifying areas that are t engaged in by women such as home g activities that women can engage in with mushrooms or brick making. The major However, the women beneficiaries rarely credit project in Ampara, the project targ made up of women. However, accordin activities are carried out by the women.
money was utilized for their husbands
Women are directly involved in raring p other areas of income generation i.e cultivation are carried out by men. In M weaving and home gardening were wome beneficiary CBO, citing household dutie
to advance their interests.
Recommendation: Gender sensitivity/equ should target not only beneficiary commu of villages. It is necessary to encourage/tr. carrying out long-term auareness prog programmes have to target community le political leaders, people from the educatic sector at the community level.
10. In marketing their products women of the locality/village. In a number of pro of markets or their inability to commai being at the mercy of mudalalis (middl beneficiaries expected buyers to visit the to establish more stable markets outsi generate a sufficient income for their da

33
re will be local and project specific, aid
ocal experts 072 this 772atter.
2 prioritized in beneficiary selection; this aditionally income-generating activities ardening, drying fish, weaving or new in their own homes such as growing of ity of beneficiaries therefore are women. take on leadership roles. In the microets women beneficiaries and the CBO is g to the beneficiaries, not all livelihood Though the women obtained the loans, to develop income-generating activities. Oultry and cattle and pounding rice, but shop-keeping, masonry and paddy latara, beneficiaries engaged in Coir rope n. They expressed a reluctance to form a S as a reason for not working collectively
ality and capacity building for women nities but also the whole village or groups ain women to take on leadership roles by rammes for whole communities. These aders i.e. religious leaders, grassroots level mal, administrative and lau enforcement
beneficiaries do not like to move outside jects, women cited the lack of availability ld an adequate price for their goods by
men). This situation arose because the r homes rather than working collectively le of the village, preferring instead to -to-day expenses. The Coir rope weavers

Page 66
34
and beneficiaries of a micro-credit sche Hambantota, cited cultural Constraint reluctance to travel outside of the village
In Matara, though the revolving credi financial assistance and skills training project had not taken account of the n between beneficiaries and the market. alternative livelihoods due to the lac Nevertheless, even in the new livelihoc local businessmen (mudalalis) when ma a beneficiary CBO, their capacity to linkages is limited. Though dissatisfied mudalalis (middlemen) women benef entrepreneurial skills.
Recommendation. Skills training for wo approach. Capacity building programm. products have to incorporate a comp community on the positive aspects of imp
11. The training and awareness that E disaster risk reduction has been limited a organizations have provided the benef disasters and hazards, namely areas such The goldsmiths in Ampara have receiv risk management. In Matara, the Comn reduction techniques in the event of a risk reduction and disaster risk mana programme implementation or program
Recommendation. DRR and DRM h implementation and exit. As the threat locality to another, aid organizations/II the area ofdisaster management to deve of a Risk Assessment Certificate issued
programme closure.

me in Matara and mushroom growers in S and household duties in expressing a
t scheme provided the beneficiaries with Zo start up new forms of livelihoods, the eed to identify and strengthen the linkage The beneficiary community shifted into ck of a stable market in lace making. ods, the beneficiaries are at the mercy of cketing their products. In spite of creating
identify markets and establish market at having to sell their products to local iciaries lack the motivation to develop
men beneficiaries needs to include a dual es for uvomen beneficiaries to market their onent on raising auareness among the
roving uomens' economic status.
beneficiary communities have received in and unsystematic. Various institutions and iciaries with some level of awareness on
as how to respond to a tsunami or flood. ed training through seminars on disaster nunities have been trained in disaster risk nother tsunami. However, overall disaster gement have not been streamlined into
me closure in livelihood projects.
ave to be streamlined into programme of disaster will change from one region or NGOs should work with state agencies in lop a system of risk assessment (in the form
by the Ministry of DRM) as a part of

Page 67
12. In order to strengthen the Communit there is a need to move beyond textboo natural disasters to affect Sri Lanka are floods, flood/landslide, epidemic and dro manmade disaster". The Road Map foi above mentioned disasters' further cites lightening strikes and environmental pol Sri Lanka. Deforestation, indiscrimina industrial pollutants are identified as “hur
Beneficiaries expressed the opinion that
investments from more mundane threats beneficiaries in a mushroom growing pro they received were insufficient for ther mushroom growing units. The growi environment, but at present the mushroc clay, cadian and mosquito nets, and it protects their industry from natural elem in Matara faced the same threat to th communities expressed the fear of losingl
Recommendation. Aid organizations/INC community to identify and develop an a can pose a threat to the sustainability oft a saving scheme to strengthen the commu loses to livelihood assets.
' "Disaster management policy and practice in S civil society and private sector", (Research Studies Oxfam – IPS, Colombo, 2007), p.2.
32 Ministry of Disaster Management and Huma disaster risk management: project proposals, vol.2, (1

35
es Capacity to protect their investments, k definitions of disasters. The principle listed as follows: tsunami, wind storm, light. In addition, civil strife is listed as a DRM in Sri Lanka in addition to the cyclones, and coastal erosion as well as ution as a part of the hazard profile for te Coral, Sand and gem mining and nan-induced hazards”
they lacked the capacity to protect their as opposed to large-scale disasters. The ject in Hambantota Stated that the loans n to construct technologically effective ng of mushrooms require a hygienic lms are cultivated in small huts made of is with difficulty that the community ents and rodents. The coir rope weavers eir industry. A number of beneficiary ivelihood assets to fire.
Os can work with the local beneficiary ction plan to mitigate local hazards that rojects. Such an action plan can include nities financial capacities to face sudden
ri Lanka: sharing lessons among government,
Environmental Economic Policy Series No. 11,
Rights, Touards a safer Sri Lanka: road map for DMC, 2006)p 1.

Page 68
36
Vidatha (Transfer of
The community involved in the livelih production plant in Hambantota ob training for the industry from the Vid can obtain technological guidance to fu Vidatha Resource Centres.
The Vidatha Technology Transfer Pi Proposal introduced in 2005 on the rec & Technology. It envisages transferring Research and Development Centres to Micro- Small- and Medium Enterp enhancing their income for poverty alle
The Vidatha programme commenced i 2008 as well. Its project period is three transferring technology to rural areas vi creating employment opportunities and
The target had been to establish 352 Divisional Secretariats, for the succ Programme transferring technologies to
Transfer of Technology
Under the Vidatha Programme of the technology transfer programmes were cc under the theme “Gamata Thakshanaya'
The Industrial Technology Institute ha Divisional Secretariats; thereby it has beneficiaries. These new technologies i rice based products, yoghurt production kithul tapping technology and dustless c
New technologies were developed b Workshops were held in 60 Developm cost house construction technology anc soil blocks and white coconut oil pr introduced to 1705 beneficiaries in 37 I
The Arthur C. Clarke Institute has cont technologies on antenna designing, C mobile phone repair, practical electroni to 386 beneficiaries.
 

Technology) Programme
ood project to set up a virgin Coconut oil tained the technological knowledge and tha programme. Beneficiary Communities rther build their industries by linking with
ogramme originated as a special Budget uest of Tissa Vitarane, Minister of Science
technology from Science and Technology village population, so that they could start rises, for finding self-employment and /iation.
n 2005 and continued in 2006, 2007 and years from 2005. The programme aims at Vidatha Resource Centres, with a view to alleviating rural poverty.
2 Vidatha Resource Centres covering all 'essful implementation of the Vidatha the village.
Ministry of Science and Technology, 394 inducted by the Technology Transfer Unit
s conducted 203 workshops covering 120
introduced new technologies to 2465 include baked products, cashew products, , dehydration of vegetables and fruits, new halk production, etc.
y the National Engineering Research. ent Centres on bio-gas production, lowprecast item manufacturing, cement and oduction. These technologies have been ivisional Secretariats.
acted 16 Divisional Secretariats to transfer mputer hardware, lightning prevention, Course and radio and television repairing

Page 69
Established Vidatha Resource Centers up
District Total no. of \
Gampaha 11
Kalutara 12
Ratnapura 10 Ampara 07 Matara 12
Pollonnaruwa O2
Galle 13
Hambantota 12
Nuwara Eliya O
Kandy 13 Colombo 04
Badulla 06
Jaffna Ol Puttalam 04
Anuradhapura 10 Kurunegala 10 Matale 07 Kegalle Moneragala O2 Batticaloa O2
Mannar O
Total 149

to September 2006
37
WRCS
No. of VRCs January - September 2006
08
03
06
06
10
O2
06
05
Ol
05
Ol
03
Ol
02
04
O2
04
69

Page 70
5. Co.
While aid organizations/INGOs have a and higher order issues into account numerous challenges to programme communities' ability to take on the re taken into account. If the sustainability consideration, the capacity of the bi negotiate with state agencies if there is amenities for housing schemes is limite the beneficiary community's capacity beyond local markets and to establish even the district, to work with othe programme Sustainability, is again limit local community - either state actors C successful. However, as highlighted in ti then depends in the long term on the partnerships are formed with local org raises the issue of aid interventions, fu relationships at the local level betw. communities. The principle lesson to organizations/INGOs and beneficiaries beyond relief in to rehabilitation, recor the beneficiary community should be a with the beneficiaries and enhancing t long term sustainability of programmes exit can be achieved.

inclusion
dopted strategies that take local Contexts in implementing their exit, there are sustainability when the beneficiary sponsibility of sustaining programmes is of the shelter programmes is taken into 2neficiary communities to identify and a break down in the provision of basic d. In the case of livelihood programmes, to build on their investments, to move more stable markets outside the village or r stakeholders in the project to ensure ed. The practice of collaborating with the ir local organizations - has been partially he study, the sustainability of programmes : capacities of partners. Moreover, when anzations such as NGOs or CBOs, this rther entrenching dependent hierarchical een local organizations and beneficiary be learnt from the experiences of aid is that where aid interventions move struction and development; empowering primary goal. For it is by working closely he people's power at the grassroots that and thereby a responsible and successful

Page 71
List of R
1. Borda, Orlando Fals , “Building count and Colombo, in Ponna Wignaraja (ed empowering the people, New Delhi, 19
2. Canadian International Development
Gender Equality Results, Copyright: He
2005. http://www.acdiCida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/acdicida.nsf/En/8
Document
3. CARE International, Women's Empo
4. Care International, Indian Ocean Tsun http://www.care.org/careswork/emergenc
5. Christoplos, Ian, Links Between Re the Tsunami Response. Tsunami Evalu
6, Government ofAustralia, AusGuide Par AusAID, October 2005. http://www.ause
7. ICES, Interview with Mercy Corps, C
8. ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit St (unpublished), Colombo, May 2008.
9. ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit St Children, (unpublished), Colombo, May

eferences
tervailing power in Nicaragua, Mexico
.), New Social movements in the south.
Agency, CIDA's Framework for Assessing r Majesty the Queen in the right of Canada:
52571 1600526FOA852571,37007OA406?Open
werment, 2005.
ami: Cares Work, ies/tsunami/CaresWork.asp
lief, Rehabilitation and Development in lation Coalition. July 2007.
t 6.4: Promoting Practical Sustainability, lid.gov.au/ausguide/pdf/ausguideline6.4.pdf
olombo, May 2008.
ategies: Survey - Respondent: C. Getman,
rategies: Survey - Respondent: Save the 2008.

Page 72
40
10. ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit S International, (unpublished), Colombo,
11. ICES, Study on Post-Tsunami Exit Corps, (unpublished), Colombo, May 2
12. Oxfam International, Tsunami Risk l Research Programme,
http://www.oxfamamerica.org/wha grammedocuments/Tsunami'7620Re Framework'6200708.doc.
13.OXFAM-IPS, Disaster management pt lessons among government, civil society and Environmental Economic Policy Series N
14. Levinger, Beverly and Jean McLec Quality Services and Sustainable Benefit Education Development Center, Inc. Oc
15. Ministry of Disaster Management Lanka: road map for disaster risk managem

trategies: Survey — Respondent: Malteser May 2008.
Strategies: Survey - Respondent: Mercy O08.
Disaster Reduction and Participatory Action
twedo/emergencies/fieldstudies/pro search%20Program%20Strategic9620
olicy and practice in Sri Lanka: sharing
private sector, (Research Studies: No. 11, Oxfam - IPS, Colombo, 2007).
od. "Hello, I must be Going: Ensuring s through Well-Designed Exit Strategies." tober 2002.
and Human Rights, Touards a safer Sri ment: project proposals, vol.2, (DMC, 2006)

Page 73
App
Descriptic
Housing and Resettlement
Housing Scheme Hambantota
The beneficiary community, a total c Hambantota town area. These houses community. A meeting was held whe town/housing scheme. They were also were to be constructed, and given construction site. The houses have be been in occupation since 2006. Some b are available. Access to healthcare, educ travel to the town for medical purposes inadequate transport - only two buses a
Housing Scheme I, Ampara
The project involved providing fina construct their own homes. A local NG project commenced two and half years
the beneficiaries in occupation. Howe beneficiaries building two storey hous CBO of which 70 members are women
Housing Scheme II, Ampara
The project involved relocation anc community. Owner driven houses wer two implementing partners. Part of the from the government and part of it w money for construction was released in price of building materials was not tak not completed though the beneficiaries electricity and temporary access roads through political linkages.

endix I
on of Projects
of 150, were drawn principally from the were built through consultation with the 're the beneficiaries were shown a model shown the location in which their houses the freedom to visit and inspect the 'en constructed and the beneficiaries have asic amenities such as water and electricity zational facilities is limited. People have to and for their children's education. There is nd no local Cemetery.
incial assistance to 100 beneficiaries to O acted as the implementing partner. The ago, and the houses are partially built with ver, the houses are incomplete due to the es. The beneficiaries are organized into a and 30 are men.
| resettlement of the tsunami affected e provided for 51 beneficiaries. There are money for the housing construction came as provided by a donor organization. The instalments but the possible increase in the en into account. As a result the houses are are in occupation. The provision of water.
have been obtained by the beneficiaries

Page 74
42
Livelihoods
Coir Rope Weaving in Matara
The project is part of a long-term devel beneficiary community was provided wi their traditional livelihood. In addition beneficiaries were also given electric spin operate the machines. The time-frame of donor organization is in the process of quality raw materials for the production C for the coir rope by establishing the r involves developing a business plan that i and ensuring a stable market for the proc implemented to facilitate communication organization. The project began in 2005 a
Micro-credit Scheme in Matara
The 33 women beneficiaries who wer rehabilitated into new forms of livelih gardening, boutique keeping and prep organized into a CBO that maintains its : every fortnight and monthly CBO meeti training for the beneficiaries as well as the
Brick Making in Hambantota
The project was developed in consultatio the beneficiaries are brick-makers by pro programme involved the setting up of a fa the bricks, and sell the finished products. step of the project, from brick cutting to burnt, to marketing the bricks. The benef The Project duration is one year. The pr with three members of the partner N company. The board of directors also coi from the partner NGO. Under the pro burning bricks, the tools/implements for

opment programme where initially the th individual spinning units to restart to the individual spinning units, the ning machines and training on how to the project is 2005/2006 - 2011. The constructing coir mills to provide good of Coir rope and creating a stable market ecessary market linkages. The project includes developing a marketing strategy lucts. A monitoring programme will be between the beneficiaries and the donor nd will continue until 2011.
e traditionally lace makers have been oods. These livelihoods include home aration of dry fish. The women are activities by holding sub group meetings ng. The local NGO has provided skills
provision of some livelihood assets.
n with the community and a number of fession, and have prior experience. The ctory where the beneficiaries could burn The beneficiaries are involved in every operating the kiln where the bricks are iciaries number 51 and work as a CBO. oject involves all the beneficiaries along IGO registering as a limited liability sists of beneficiaries and representatives ject, a factory site has been set up for
brick making have been provided to 35

Page 75
families who were also provided with ful beneficiary families are involved in brick their own homes, where they cut and sell which burns the bricks at the kiln/factor Fifteen beneficiaries are engaged in the Supplying wood. A manager, an account who were to be paid through project fun
Virgin Coconut Oil Plant in Hambanto
There are 25 beneficiaries who have f company. The board of directors is
partner/local NGO. Eighty % of the
beneficiaries and 20% by the partner N plant for virgin coconut oil originated fr into a project proposal on livelihood th The factory will be operated and mana being implemented with short deadlines. in November 2008 and project completi
Mushroom Production in Hambantota
The duration of the project is one year : was initiated by a local NGO. Loan mushroom growing activities were orga local NGO.The loan scheme that the
entitled them to a loan of Rupees. 30,00 at the rate of 12% (amounting to R beneficiaries also invested some of their c training in mushroom production consis the technical aspects about mushroom specialists from the University of Ruhur NGO, the beneficiaries also received t mushrooms, at a concessionary rate.
training in bookkeeping. All most all principally female heads of households,
only 7-8 men in the project. The mushro

43
inds to set up agadol maduwa. Thirty-five production; this process is carried out in bricks for an agreed sum to the Company y and finds a market for the end product. cask of operating the kiln, transportation, ant and a driver are additional employees ds for the first year of the project.
tal
ormed a CBO and a community based made up of the beneficiaries and the shares in the company are held by the IGO. The idea to establish a production om the partner NGO, and was developed rough consultation with the community. aged by the beneficiaries. The project is , the factory had to commence operations on is March 2009.
and involves 55 beneficiaries. The project schemes and technical training to start nized through the interventions from the beneficiaries entered into with the Bank 0 each, to be paid over a period of 5 years upees. 1200 per month). Many of the wn savings to get the project going. Skills ted of a monthly training programme and cultivation were given with the help of a. Through the interventions of the local he first stock of soil for the growing of The beneficiaries have also undergone
the beneficiaries are women; they are and some are tsunami widows. There are bom cultivation is carried out in their own

Page 76
44
homes, in an enclosure specially constru beneficiaries use rooms in their houses to
Micro-credit Scheme in Ampara
The programme involved the setting beneficiaries to rebuild their traditional involved in cattle rearing, running a Sr cultivation, pounding rice and keeping priority to women and therefore all tho most of the activities are being carrie beneficiaries are organized into a CBO.
Goldsmiths in Ampara
The project involved helping a goldsmith livelihoods through the provision of f beneficiaries are formed into a communi organization has its own fund with the s and the money earned by renting the m The machines are repaired and maint beneficiaries also rent out the machi maintained the machines on its own. T implementing NGO on the possibility o plastic, beads, seeds, and establishing as town of Hikkaduwa.

Cted for mushroom Cultivation, but some
store and packet the mushrooms.
up of a revolving fund to help the livelihoods. The beneficiary families are mall restaurant, poultry, masonry, paddy (single) ox cart. The programme gives se who received the loan are women but d out by their husbands. The women
n community by tradition to rebuild their inancial aid and livelihood assets. The ty consisting of 85 men. The community ubscriptions raised from membership fees achines to its members at a nominal rate. ained by the beneficiary CBO and the nes to non-members. It repaired and he beneficiary CBO is working with the f producing costume jewellery with shells, howroom for their products in the tourist

Page 77
Appel
Aid Organizations/INGOs, Local NGO
Affected Women's Forum (AWF) Consortium for Humanitarian Age. Eastern Rehabilitation and Relief C Save the Children Sri Lanka Action Aid
Malteser International Muslim Foundation for Culture an Al Ameen Community Developme Lanka Evangelical Alliance Develop CARITAS Care International, Hamban tota Ruhuna Rural Ladies Organization Environmental and Development I Sewa Lanka Foundation International Relief and Developm Sri Lanka Centre for Development Sarvodaya
Sahana
Mercy Corps, Colombo Malteser International, Colombo Save the Children, Colombo MERLIN, Colombo C.Getman, Colombo
Government Agencies
National Water Supply and Drainage Bo
Disaster Management Centre, Colombo

45
dix II
s and Government Agencies Interviewed
incies (CHA) Organization (ERRO Lanka)
d Development (MFCD) nt Centre
ment Service (LEADS)
(RRLO) nstitute (EMI)
ent (IRD) Facilitation (SLCDF)
ard, Hambantota

Page 78
46
Apper
Participants - First Work
Name of participant Organis
01 || Khemray Upadhyaya Action A
02 || Munas Kalden Amcross
03 || Sunil Bastian Indepen
04 Todd Wassel COHR]
05 Adrian Ouvry Amcross
06 Mala Singleton Oxfam (
07 || Gaya Hapuarachchi Amcross
08 | Mallika R. Samaranayake | IPID
09 || Aruna Dayarathna Oxfam
10 || Suchi Ratnatunga Mercy C
l l | Gauthaman Oxfam
12 | Joan Sumers Oxfam (
13 || Nanditha Hettitantri Oxfam
14 || Prashangani Dunuge Oxfam
15
Simon Harris

dix III
shop, Colombo - 17.06.08
ation
Aid
dent Consultant
E
International
Porps
Australia
G.B
America
America

Page 79
Appen
Participants — Workshop a
Name of Participant Organisati 01 Daya Dadallage Ruhunu Ru 02 Sumanaseeli de Silva Ruhunu Ru 03| Ranil Wikkaramasinghe | Ruhunu Ru 04| H. A. Anusha Nishadi | Ruhunu Ru
05 || Ruwan Ruhunu Ru
Hewameddawatte
06|Eesha Kumari Ruhunu Ru
Madurawela 07 | Pushpa Punchihewage | Ruhunu Ru 08| Suvinitha Andrahennadi | Ruhunu Ru
09 W. S. Wasanthi Ruhunu Ru
Preethika
10 || Hema Jayawathi Ruhunu Ru 1 1 || S. P. Sandunalatha Ruhunu Ru
12 T. M. Renuka Ruhunu Ru 13 | K. H. P. Irangani Ruhunu Ru 14 || Sunethra Jayasinghe Ruhunu Ru 15|W. H. Priyanka Ruhunu Ru
Krishanthi
16| P. H. Shammi Vishani || Ruhunu Ru 17|| Charlet Samarajeewa Ruhunu Ru 18 A. D. Himawathi Ruhunu Ru
19 || W. Jayaratne Environme. Institute (E 20| A. K. A. Leelwana SILCDF, H,
21 | R. P. Sanath HRODF (H
Developme

47
dix IV
tWeeraketiya, Hambantota
O
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
1ral Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ural Women's Organisation, Hambantota
ntal Management and Development MI), Hamban tota
ambantota
Hambantota Rural Organisation nt Foundation)

Page 80
48
Appel
Participants - Workshop at
Name of Participant
Organisation
01 || Rajith Lakshman University of 02 || K. Amirthalingam University of 03 || J. D. Jayawardena University of 04 || Munas Kalden Technical Ad
American Red 05 Priyantha Rathnayake Community I 06 Nanditha Hettitantri Disaster Risk
Lanka, Oxfam. 07||Gaya Hapuarachchi | American Red 08 A. H. Yasawathie Sahana Founc
09 | P. Nalani Sahana Founc 10 || Wimala Bogahawatte || Sahana Founc 1 1 || M. M. Ruchira Sahana Founc 12 || M. P. Jayanthi Sahana Founc 13 || K. B. Siriyawathi Sahana Founc 14 || L. H. Chandani Sahana Founc 15 Daya Dadallage Ruhunu Rura 16 N. W. Ratnayake Ruhunu Rura 1 7| R. V. K. Ruhunu Rura
Wickramasinghe
18 || O. Sumanaseeli Ruhunu Rura 19| W. A. K. Hemapali Ruhunu Rura 20| Dilani Dilrukshi Ruhunu Rura 21 M. I. Jameel Care Housing 22|| W. Jayaratne Environmenta
Institute (EM

ndix V
SLFI, Colombo - 31.10.08
Colombo
Colombo
Colombo
isor, Disaster Preparedness Programme,
Cross
Development Advisor, Mercy Corps
Reduction and Research Specialist for Sri
International
Cross
lation, Devinuwara
lation, Devinuwara
lation, Devinuwara
lation, Devinuwara
lation, Devinuwara
lation, Devinuwara
lation, Devinuwara
l Women's Organisation, Hambantota
l Women's Organisation, Hambantota
Women's Organisation, Hambantota
l Women's Organisation, Hambantota
l Women's Organisation, Hambantota
1 Women's Organisation, Hambantota
Scheme, Siribopura, Hambantota
ul Management and Development I), Hambantota

Page 81
Appel
Participants-Roundtable D,
Name of Participant
Organisation
01 S.W.K.J. Executive Dire Samaranayake Development S
02 Rasika Mendis Research and P
and Evictions 03 || Priyantha Community D
Rathnayake
04 || Chaminda Perera Economic Dev
05 || Munas Kalden Technical Advi
American Red
06 Joan Summers Country Direct
Oxfam GB
07 || Hasantha Head of Organ
Gunaweera International
08 || Romesh Fernando || National Mana
World Vision
09|| Rajith Laxman Department of 10 Vijaya Samaraweera ICES, Colomb 11 K. Amirthalingam Department of 12.Tharanga de Silva Admin/Project 13 || Sanayi Marcelline || Senior Research
14 Peshala Wimalasena Researcher, IC
15 Anouk Tyagarajah | Researcher, IC 16|Lakmali Jayasinghe Researcher, IC

49
ndix VII
scussion, Colombo - 18.12.08
ctor-IPID, Institutional & Community specialist
olicy Officer, Centre On Housing Rights COHRE)
evelopment Advisor, Mercy Corps
elopment Advisor, Mercy Corps
Sor, Disaster Preparedness Programme, Cross
zor, Sri Lanka Country Programme,
izational Effectiveness, ActionAid,
ger for Humanitarian Accountability,
Economics, University of Colombo
O
Economics, University of Colombo
Manager, ICES, Colombo
er, ICES, Colombo
ES, Colombo
ES, Colombo
ES, Colombo

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