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Karunarathane

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/3 a
By tahu Karunarathne
ublications

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World Publications 17, Barracks Lane Colombo 2. Sri Lanka.
First Published 1983
Revised Sinhala Edition 1986 Revised English Edition 1987
frinted at Sarasawi Printers
No. 10, Glennie Street Colombo 2.
Sri Lanka

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Cortets
Preface
Bibiliography
introduction
PARTIT 1 GENERA DEVELOPME
1.
Man Separates Himself fro Surplus, the 'Curse' of Ma The Slave Owning Society Early Asiatic Societies Assimilation Among Slave Ethnicity Within Feudal Sta Drum Beaters of Nations Negation of the Negation
End of Nation, Workers of
PART 2 NATIONALSM. R. S.R. L.
1
Megalithic Culture First Wave of Dravidian invi
Root Cause of the Aryan M Fall of Anura dhapura End of Rajarata Civilisation Period of Separate Develo Struggle Against the Weste Sinhala and Tamil Nations
Unification of India

MT
in the Animal World
an kind
Owners
tes
the World Unite'
ANKA
sions
'this
Tent
invaders ...
Page
1.
1
13
15
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19
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ارگ/

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Preface
This is a modest attemp nations within an historical is thus employed to understa in general, and in particular in Sri Lanka.
This attempt was mad driven underground by the pi under extremely difficult cor Hence the Work was limited certain additions were made, to the original booklet.
I am greatly indebted to Nanaykkara for the valuable di: for the remarke ble sinha la I am also indebted to Tilak asions he made.
17, Barrack lane, Colombo 2. 8 Oct. 1987 v
 

t to present the formation of context. Dialectical method ld the development of nations
the problem of nationalities
2 in 1983, when we were esent regime. We were living ditions With limited resources by those constrains. Though present edition remains close
my close associate Vasudeva scussions and suggestions, and translation he put together. for all the incessant persu
Vickřemalbahu Karu narath ne

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Intro
History shows how the e Society have been manupulati them about their racial back for the benefit of the elite part of the booklet the aut born commencing from the society, pointing out that the
major factor that led to the f In the second part of the
history of Sri Lanka in this p nationalism grew up in this people with a common racial rated into two distinct ethr believe that they are descend by the manupulation of the ru benefits.
The author's analysis h interesting and gives a lot of The people of this country by the elite and intelligensi has only widened the gap groups in the country. The of the people of Sri Lank most welcome that this bo a time when ethnic probler economic social, political a I am sure that it will help in the different ethnic groups other better, and work toge of the masses in this cour
13 January 1986 Point Pedro.

duction
elite and ruling classes in every ng the masses by indoctrinating -ground, culture, tradition etc.
and ruling classes. In the first Ehor analyses how nations were
days when men lived in a tribal development of capitalism is a ormation of the various rations.
booklet, the author analyses the Perspective, explaining how the
country. Here he shows how
background have been sepanic groups and are made to ents of entirely different races, ling classes, for their personnel
Dw the nations were born is food for thought to the reader. have seen its history distorted a in their self interest, and this between the different ethnic e authors analysis of the history a is very revealing. It is okler is being published at a ans have seriously disrupted the and cultural life in the country. the narrowing the gap between - make them understand each ther jointly for the upliftment
try.
Prof. A Thurairajha Dean Faculty of Engineering, The Open University. Formerly Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Director
Worker Education Programmes, University of Peradeniya.

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PAR
GENERAL ID
1. Wian Separates Hirnsel
At earty stages, that is man i Ved in Sima || || Close kn just a little more than a pack. hand from foot and errect ga thousands of years of struggle from other apes. Firstly, they with each other Secondly hence, of birth and death, a pated in history. This in standing of the continuity remember the experience of they could share their exper next generation. Also, they placing tombstones where thi language, hovvever, Vvas limi roamed the neighbouring area: Language was a new barr the same species. Such a animal world, not even amo sounds and signs. But thes species; at least the differen same vicinity, are negligible.
Memory and sense of ti brought in a new cohesion division. For an animal the on the immediate sensory p. acquire as well as allow to experience conceived and reme families and tribes more clo On the other hand, it separat

T
EVELOPENT
f from the Animal World
in the time of pre history, it groups. Such a group was When the differentiation of it were finally established after ,' two things separated them could coherently communicate they were aware of time and ind they consciously particimeans they had an underof their species and could the group as a whole. Thus, tences and pass it on to the remembered their dead by e corpses were bu ried. Their ted and often the groups who had many words in common. er that has arisen Within hing does not exist in the ng apes. They have Smells, 2 are the same for the same ces for different packs in the
me is also a dimension that and on the other hand a new
sense of familiarity is based rception, and this is easy to a O Se. Where as the COmmon mbered by the humans, bound 'ely and kept them together. 2d those with whom one had

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disputes and conflicts. Hist form was a great source of Thus the very emergence of brought in two elements of the same species; the lang
2. Surplus, the course'
Then, man went into to skills. There were artificial shades, paints and garment culture around each group. C it also pushed the group V certain skil is earlier, ahead c. surplus possible. That is, a usable things, more than neces daily use. Of course, for this necessary, as skills and techno In other words, a group cou excess of their daily necessity nning of exploitation, the increase of production in a agriculture, domestic handic power to produce more maintenance. At the same of work that daily fell to t the gens or household com addition of more labour po was furnished by war; capitiv civilization brought the 'fall." in harmony and equality to a from one's Own kind.
Tribes, even before civi corrupted them into exploit Basically these clashes we grounds. Also, there would if there was scarcity of fer natura cała mity. How did th and what were the outcom
2.

bry, even in the unwritten unity as well as of division. Man from the animal kingdom division and separation within age and the history.
of Wankind
ol making and acquiring new enclosures and man made s, which created a separate ulture was not only a divider, thich accidentally acquired f others. Skills and tools made man in one day could create sary for him and his dependents to happen a social being was logy never develop in isolation. ld produce usuable things in This surplus was the begi'Curse' of mankind. The branches - cattle breeding, raft - enabled human abour han vas necessary for its time, it increased the amount he lot of every member of munity or single family. The Wer became desirable. This 2s Were made slaves''. Da Win of of man, from a being living being who would take slaves
ization, that is before surplus tion, did fight with each other. 'e for territories or hunting
have been wars over Women tales due to migration or some by resolve these tribal conflicts 2 of these wars 2 At that stage

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the victor hed no use of the in few cases where they if the vanquished were spa they are integrated into the driven away, to look for a However the point that is r tribes coexisted after a Con
full integration. There wa differences, as such divisio
society without the potenti: Obviously the Victorious tri life and their language on
rally, there will be a grow customs by such integratior be kith and kin. Without an
Surplus changed all that. the Victor did rot chase av not necessary. Neither they contrary the purpose of maki territory or plunder. Taking end in itself. Time to time men would go into neighb purpose of bringing in slav were the ru li rig class belton targe extent, one ethnic grc tribes. In addition there wi mea diary social positions. intergration but father for accentuated as possible. * * Craftsmen Created by divisio needs of the town as oppo new organs; but each of th people from different gente included aliens. Hence, the to take from outside the gent it and that meant aganist it'. with a key positions and t dominating class. The lang dominating will grow at th

vanquished. Except of course Would resort to cannibalism. red of such a hideous end, victor. Otherwise they were new settlement elsewhere. elevent here is that if the two flict then only way out was
s no case of caste or class ns are impossible in a savage
a for the creation of a surplus. be would impose their way of the defeated. However, natuh of the language and the ls. After a time, they all will ly trace of differences.
With new technology in hand way the vanquished. That was were fully integrated. On the ng war went beyond annexing others as slaves became an parties or groups of armed ou ring regions just for the es. Now, in a territory there ging to One linguistic, and to up and the slaves from other | be mixed groups with interThe tendency now is not for keeping the differences as he interest of the groups of in of labour and the Special sed to the country required nese groups was composed of s, phraties and tribes; they even new organs necessarily had ile constitution, parallet with There will be a standing army he arsenals in the hands of the uage and the culture of the e expence of the dominated.
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individual family records ma' the identity of the elite intact will go by the name of the now a social class rather th
3. The Slawe Owning SO.
Most of the societies of ranean and in Aaia were slave it was upen slavery or the caste systern of early times, which ruled and whose makir identity and cohesion Belo subject races without cohesion identity. Not of ethnic or ; dominated; those who slavec masses who had no rights ( of it, were of different races However, Soon, in the Cours lost their background and k supposed to know. Perhaps in residual forms. While a the growth of culture were dominating elite. It was sar Only rudimentary forms of existed among these subject
As these states expanded of new territories were allow or subsistance agricultural e} as a pool for the supply regions the state expanded as t and it provided the protectio owners who moved into th enterprises. The tanguage c education was, naturally, th class of people, which was enr It was the language of power
4

y become important to keep
The territory and the state ! dominating group which is an an ethnic or racial entity.
the antiquity in the Mediterowning societies. Whether latent slavery of the strong there was the distinct elite ng the society was. They had w them were the others of or identity. No, they had an inguistic nature but of being i for others. These exploited or had only a bare minimur and spoke different languages. e of a few generations they new only what they were they still had their languages new Words associated with from the language of the ne with customs and rituals
their customs and Culture
3 CeS.
into empires, subject races ed to continue their normatic cistance while they were kept of slave abour. in these he instrument of Colonisation, in for the elite or the slave ese areas to expand the ir if administration, trade and e language of the ruling iched by the other languages.
and influence.

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4. Early Asiatic Societie
Early Asiatic societies based on slavery. Slave had by the master within the Hence the condition of the ment. Physica i force and th was very important. Conditic and practices was of les enforcement by the master slaves. On the other hand vyho did menial Work belo cannot change his caste ex caste is thrown out as a the Caste Structure Was bas races that were subjugated castes or simply outcastes a social condition which as a whole. Enforcement was Separation of classes was social norms which were practices of those times.
All agricultural property, belonged to the state or t using river water (or tanks through payed state officia of lower Castes, worked fo was according to the duti very little of individual ma large extent, socio-religious elite of direct physical subju was a common religion W in different form. It was plays different roles in societ forms, seggregated from ea
As long as there were physical conflicts, this cast remarkably stable as seen in rivervalleys throughout

S
stictly speaking, where not a status which can be changed accepted laws of the society. slave dependent on the enforce - e exact master-slave relationship ning of the slave by social codes ser importance than the direct and those who controlled the in Asiatic societies the people nged to the lower castes. Man cept when a person of higher punish ment. At early stages ied on ethnic differences. The was considered to be of lower Caste condition was clearly was enforced by the society , largely, left to social practices. kept intact by rigid sets of an integral part of the religious
the real wealth of the society he king. in addition irrigation was controlled by the state |S. Hence even the WOrkers r the state and the division es they performed. There was ster-slave relationship. To a practices relieved the ruling
gation and enforcement. There th. God presented to each caste
he wish of the God that man y and worship him in different ch other.
no external threats, Wars and 2 from of latent slavery was from the Societies that existed l'orth India. It was a very con
5

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servative society retaining mother culture, and gods positions of lesser importanc collapsed immediately in the Where as a direct save soc society. Direct enforcement ne and intern, there it was poss rank Soldiers. HOWëVer On Ce India were over run by invac caste itself developed into a Kshasthiriya caste performing Army.
5. Assimilation Among Sil
Among slave owning sta confined to the ruling group whenever it took place betw culture of both and also cha of both groups. What happe or a war ? Obviously the leaving both the ruler and th conquerer. But the subjugatec and langauge which will not or two generations. In addi subjugated elite on the trium able and of significance. He ruling class changes both Ct. the lower Castes Or the sla elementary stage having only ruling class, though has chan tion, Will continue to identii racial Stock.
Defeat and loss of territ mixing than victory. A def if abandoned or driven out a will have to fall back to a subsistance agriculture or r Under the new circumstanc master and the slave has
6

radition largely based on and godesses of war had 2. However these societies face of an external attack. ety was a regimented military essitated an organised army, i ble to use slaves as second this early Asiatic societies of ing Aryan hordes, for a period form of semi slavery with the function of a standing
ave Owners
tes social intercourse was S. Such social intercourse een twOStates, developed the inged the racial characteristics ned in the case of a conflict defeated state disintegrates he ruled at the mercy of the i elite class now has a culture
die out in the course of one tion, the influence of the phant ruling class, is considerince under this influence the turely and ethnically. Still, ve people remain at their
a trace of a culture. The ged considerably by assimilay themselves by the original
Dry bring more racial interated slave owning society, nd dispered by the victor, more primitive kind of living: ormadic animal husbandary. es relationship between the o change. Very often slave

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classes will acquire the la and integrate fully to form communal villages. Thus
within the identity of the legends, myths and the re culture itself in turn wi going through the new pl
6. Ethnicity Within Feu
in Europe the very ex civilization brought the dow An antirely new relations ruled was necessary. The gro and animal husbandary, nec who are more interested i and payed more attention looked after. This was th is important here is the c catogaries in this process. wider understanding betwe Though these who ruled racial stock from those of is a common spoken lang has increased between ti identify readily with the of the feudal lords. Spok to everybody though there of the cultured, confined
Far more important is of yesterday, who is now is bound by the religion of the master did not per was necessary to have di differences. Often, while on theology and abstract pl to rituals and demonology the equality of mankind w slave-owning establishment

nguage and culture of masters a single tribe or a society of entirely a new stock is formed slave owners, inheriting the mnants of the culture. This degenerate considerably in hase of primitivism.
da States.
pansion of culture and spread of nfall of the slave own ing empires. hip between the ruler and the with of technology in agriculture 2ssitated a new type of workers in the plot of land they worked to the flock and herds they e origin of feudalism. But what hange of racial and linguistic in a feudal unit there was en the ruler and the ruled. may be of a different ethnic and the servant classes, now there uage and the communication he two groups. Serfs would ountry, the clan and the state en langauge will be common would be a written language to the ruling class.
the role of the religion. Slave released from the physical bonds and faith. Earlier the religion tetrate the slaves and in fact it ferent religions to enhance the the slave owner concentrated hilosopy, the slave was confined Any religion that preaches "as definitely dan gerous. to the Hence, such religions expan
7

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ded their influence only with t these became the religions
society, for both the lord anc of common identity were repla gion and linguistic culture ar united people than purely rac Serfs were educated by the they both belong to the sam of a serf lies with his 'ow language as instruments, feu together many subjugated pec a conquest, the defeated ruli by the victorious ruling clas. victorious ruling class) with
intermeadeary which re-educa
With feudalism, a peopl religion and a spoken langua entity. The feudal bond esta land, sanctioned by the lang cohesive groups which did r defeats. To break up these and protracted methods had
|t is clear that even und advent of capitalism, racially people took the identity inher their language which sometim tion to the original, continue old name. Still, this commo nation. Also, culture and interest of the ruling class.
bouring territories and kingdc development, were more intel
course than in wars of dom intermixing produced disputes
titles and rulership. If the
appart, with entirely different differences, there were contin
such wars brought neighbou development close together.
8

he fall of slave empires. And of everybody in the new the serf. Thus new factors cing the earlier formis. Relie more characteristic of a sia and ethnic connections. ords to believe that somehow le people and the first loyality n' lord, With religion and dal lords were able to bring pple into one kingdom. After ng class was assimilated s (was assimilated by the the former acting as the ited their own servant classes.
e identified by a common ige, becomes a more resilient blished over the agricultural uage and the religion, created hot disperse even under major new social structures; subtle to be utilized.
er feudalism, long before the and ethnically very mixed
ited by the elite, furthermore es had only a distant con nec2d to be identified by the
n identity did not create a history remained exclusive
Feudal lords living in neigh
oms and of equal level of rested in friendly Social inter
ination. Neverther less such of inheritance of property,
evels of development are far
religions laying bare these uous Wars. At the same time
ring states of equal level of

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7. Der Lam Seatters of Nati
It was the development the loose identity that exis stage of present day identit **nation" can be used prope living under market econom capitalism, the bourgeoisie, ping a large society, bound territory, in constant cultura is a necessity of a system distribution are based on a that eVen the servant classe Culture. Hence at the begin proietariat in a national conce away all treces of racial an in a country, , makes them f. joins and wields them toge The Small producer, the petit important role in developing led by the bourgeoisie. Bo society to believe in a natio and culture; and creates a C ideological unity brought at classes. 'The bourgeoise a begins to cry out about the own cause is the cause of recruits itself an army from interest of...... the *ʻfatherlanC un responsive to its appeals, the repression from above a their discontent".
it is interesting to see ht that grew in the feudal soc exponents of nationalism. A duction developed, an entire the basis of nationalism for readership. Nation is not or bound together by a commc.

}
of Capitalism which prope ied ted under feudalism to the y of a nation. So the term rty, only today, for people ies. The ruling class under is deeply interested in develoby common language and and social intercourse. This where the production and the market. Now, it is important is have certain literacy and ning, the bourgeoise, ties the bt which will, while sweeping d hereditary traits of citizens orget the class conflict and ther in a national interest. ty bourgeoisie, plays the most such a national movement urgeoisie, educated the entire h, based on a national history cohesive unit which surpases pout by hitherto all ruling ppeals to its 'native folk and fatherland, claiming that its the nation as a whole, it among its countrymen" in the '' Nor do the folks' always they rally around its banner: Ffects them also and provokes
ow petty Commodity producers iety, became the staunchest Is the capitalist mode of pro, literature was produced on
the ready petty bourgeoisie ly a distinct set of people bn language and culture, but
9

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also a definite territory, ie, a the greatness of soil, so cl middle class, is also a part
Feudalism always allowed both in agriculture and in m were traders and merchants. the administrative centres 01 centres for the activities of
development of a language ar in each country. Expansion ssitated a unified market ar of all people in adjascent language and culture, into rural agricultural producer a vehemently fight for the uni detest foreign influences. ] their goods; without obstac and without competition fro lands. The common spoken of customs and practices, spr the people whom they ruled of the new identity, the nati becomes an obstacle to the driving force is the capitali
Capitalist ideologist exc previous ruling classes. "A the system of social relatio society and to the values that system. The implicatio may become extinct, that tl time to time and that old - into new myths. In short, and legends". Bourgeoisie
myth and legend it can . la oppressed people with diff ground that lived in a neigh spoken language, were taug decendents of a race that
10

motherland. The beauty and psely associated with the rural
of nationalism.
1, independent small producers anufacture. In addition, there
Cities, in addition to being E the feudal state, were the chiese people. This led to rapid d culture, distinct and separate,
of capitalist production necend that means the unification
territories with a common a single large unit. It is the nd the urban manufacturer that fication and on the other hand They want a ready market for Tes to the movement of goods om better products from other
language and the common set ead by the feudal lords among | were the initials for the origin on. While the fudal state now F growth of the nation, whose ist mode of production.
elled in everything done by Il legends and myths relate to nships which operates in a and sanctions which upholds ns is that myths and legends heir prominance may vary from
elements may get incorporated as society changes so do myths did not hesitate to utilize every y hands on. An assortment of erent ethnic and racial backibourhood, but with a common ght to believe that they are the lived in that territory from times

Page 19
immemorial. Various heroic defend the land and the r added iusture. In other W hitherto all ruling classes romantic and Vivid forms a the children of slaves, serf made to believe that they that is even vaguely associ in that land. Thus bourgeo hoax played on exploited inheritance as claimed by lise. There , cannot be racia! continuity of pure races of ruling class inherited the predecessor and retold thes form of society. The ac Romantic Bourgeois nationali (also) had very little racial previous dominating classes, linking directly not only its rulers. Bourgeois productio an administration, a set of system and an implement people of a large state tog that was entirely new and e was the thread that kept t
8. Megation of the Natio
Further development of bourgeoisie beyond national lism of monopoly Capitalisr different people belonging cultures were brought toge nations were wiped put an dominating nation. Very ni and heritage availabie to ti previous societies where it confined to the ruling elit drawn into social and cul

deeds of 'their ancestors' to ce are related to them with rds, legends and heritage of are re-Constructed in most ind thrown down the throats of and the oppressed. They are are the proud inheritors of all ated with those who ever ruled is nationalism is the biggest eople. Racial and communal pourgeois Writers is simply a inheritance when there was no 2thnic groups. Each exploiting, egends and chronicles of the e in a form best suited to their me of this process was the sm, where a ruting class which or ethnic connection to the developed a history and culture self but others too, with early in and distribution necessitated legislations, a communication ation process which brought yether in a social intercourse xtensive. Bourgeois nationalism his giant structure together.
the bourgeois System took the barriers to the stage of imperiah. Vast territories inhabited by to different clans, races and ther into one state. Inciepient d forced to integrate with the ature of capitalism made culture he ordinary masses. Unlike in erary and Cultura i spread was es, in OVW entire people were ural activities at least at a
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minimum level. Universities mass media. etc. produced a gensia, which recruited memb it was dominated by the bo gensia was the engine of subjugated domains, the i moulded according to the ne They acted as the unifying for the hegemony of the imperia lation was considered as th
This was successful as lor Particularly in the latter part of powers still acted under the It was the growth of the satisfy the advanced workers the development of national of capitalism in colonies bourgeoisie to increase natie division among the subject pe eoisie was unable to unify the empire, and to arrive a intelligensia. For example ( English-speaking, gentlemen. within colonial upper classe within British imperialism did lism brought together and people in common language basis limitations of an expl
Nevertheless, bourgeoisie the stage of imperialism. We nation and the glory of nal its infancy. A united Comn link language and a super common market was the ar geoisie. Racial and ethnic ideologies of hitherto all ru its immaturity, were thrown unity of the class, brought
12

and other cultural institutes, new middle layer, the intelliers from all classes. Of course urgeoise recruits. This intellicultural expension. In all ntelligensia was completely eds of the imperialist power. te integrating all people under ist bourgeoisie. Such assimi
process of civilization.
g as capitalism was expanding. 19th century when imperialist idea of a "concert of Europe." rorking class with the need to | of the mother country and | movements with the growth
that forced the imperialist onal oppression and enhance pple. Thus imperialist bourgthe entire ruling class within ta subordinate homogeneous Ghandi wanted to be a proper - That was the initial trend s. Internal crisis and conflicts not allow this. Though imperi
integrated, vast varieties of e and culture, it still had the pitative system.
e of the oppressor nations at ent against the very idea of a ionalism that it expounded in monwealth of nations with one - culture, tied together by a abition of the imperialist bour
concepts that dominated the ing classes, including itself in
overboard for the sake of the together by a super culture,

Page 21
rationa ethics and pragma
was the Angio Saxon boul successful in developing Such a unity to be achiev democracy, federalism and
However imperialism h: Anglo-Saxon bourgeoisie attempts to lead imperialisr mulated over the years of at its disposa, to continue It may pretend to go beyo and nationalism to arrive at profess to stand for self g and democracy, but in real these concepts to stand by communal and ethnic disc Internationalism of the im hoax exposed to the explo every international confere meeting of i AAF or the tij
9. End- of nation, foi o Wor
Racia ł and ethnic viole class Which has no interes pseudo history based on the World. When the entire in its true from, in the C exploitation of man by ni without taking into conside this people and what interes history. Myths, legends an provide these are placed i understood as the voices o into prominence at differe man kind. Hit herto al riu i to suite their wishes. It is to write history from enti

sic philosophy. Most developed rgeoisie who was also the most the idea of unity of nations. 'ed on the basis parliamentary
a commonwealth.
as today come to its last stage with its pragamatic ideology in and uses all the fat, accuprosperity, and all the Cunning this corrupt decaying system. ind racism, ethnic sectarianism
a unity of all people. It may overnment; voluntary federalism lity it has to move against all savage barbaric dictatorships. rimination and racia violence. perialist bourgeoisie too is a ited masses of the world in nce, whether it is a general nited Nations general council.
kers of the World Unite ''
ince ceases to exist When the st in perpetuating myths and race concepts comes to rule history of mankind is rewritten on text of class struggle and man. A history of a people ration which classes constituted t these classes had, is pseudo d chronicles all have their value In the proper background and if various classes which came nt stages in the history of ng classes presented history ieft to the victorious proletaria rely new point of view; from
13.

Page 22
the point of vieval of hos of their own but accepte them by the elite classes.
*roletariat Will: Unite socialism. Sociai ist um define the norms of Socia English langauge which is wide spread language of adv i.e... aid advance knowle { and the la ngauge of the Even now, English is advanced proletariat. Thi Russian revolution did no 1917. The attempt by the 'Socialism' to a limited within, has created only re. list traits. This can be to tries, in particular the r a revival of the old fash the contrary it is the res: advanced proietariat again them from the rest of the Russian, which is really a learn English as second influence of western imper ness keep abreast with a hand Russian is seen by usurper bureaucracy and All these are the express ning for fu filment.
The unbending faith ethics and morals of c make the proletariat the It is true that there are How can one conduct a cilable enemy except on the only measure of goot cannot agree or a Conn
4

te who so far had no opinion i legends and myths taught to
all people under the banner of anism and socialist ethics will st intercourse it is very likely s today fast becoming the most rance science, technology and arts, ige, will be the link langauge Super culture of the proletariat. certainly the language of the is is so even though Stet, the it rapidly spread westwards since : Russian bureaucracy to confine area and dominate the people sentment and protest with nationbserved in east European counecent Poi ish nationalismo is not ion bourgeois nationalism. On rtment of a politically oppressed st a confinement wich separates modern pro letaria. Po les recent I sister language and prefer to
language not because of the ialism but because of their eagervante gade ideas. On the Other them as the language of the not as an international language. ion of an advance society year
in the future of mankind with ollective and communal living real elite; the enlightened class. no morals for the class struggle. ruthless war against an irreconthe basis of one's victory as practice, irreconcilable forces on moral conduct to carry on the

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struggle. However this dos and ethics for the proletaris the contrary already in his sacrifice and goodness h the fighters for socialism. ability of mankind to overo and to build a society of action, has surpassed that together, though the latter of previous generations. It is faith that will build the just ar "Life is beautiful. Let the 1 all evil, oppression and vio
PAR
NATIONALISM
At the time of the sur from North India to this islan B. C., those who lived here
Magalithic culture. It was a tanks-villages. “This was an originated, on the basis Nubian region which came after 500 B.C. It was m chiefly of Iron. A settleme habitation area, a cemetary, who build the fabulous citie taught the Normadic Aryan
dams and canals, had shifte Indian Megalithic culture m them. At the same time ther primitive people, some may b
With the advent of Aryan * two or three distinct raci primitive people dark, sho curly hair probably the anc

es not mean there are no morals at or for the future society. On tory most magnificient selfless as shown by none other than
Their intensity of faith in the come social and natural barriers nappiness with mutual considerE of all religious faiths put produced the fabulous cultures s a social movement with such a nd civilized society of the future. Future generations cleanse it of lence and enjoy it to the full."
RT 2
IN SRI LANKA
oposed arrival of Aryan people
d between 6th and 3rd century e belonged to the South Indian
tribal society based on small intrusive culture thought to have of recent discoveries, in the e into South India sometime etal usiny, with implements nt had four distinct areas; a
a tank and fields." Dravidians es of Mohenjaro -- Harappa and invaders how to irrigate with ed to the South, and the South ay have had descended from e might have been other moer e practising even cannibalism. people there were in the Island al elements, with the more rt and stocky with kinky or estors of Veddahs.
15

Page 24
Before 250 B. C., e.g. : I could not have come in gr much to the indigenous ci agriculture and may have star village societies based more did not have proper kingsh were led by Gaminis". Wit one of the Gaminis may and be considered as the k genous islanders at the tim people and were better equi Theiros vivas a patriachica ! mother god culture of Drav
By the 3rd. century B, have been a small clan in ni all others, probably becau knowledge. Village agricult together, with the hunting til to form a loose kingdom, elite. - Sinha la elite Was a por with the leading families of th the story of Pandu kabhaya i version of this unification. at the beginning of the thi society with a division of
However real dawn o introduction of Buddhism. the elite acquiring a literate among the Sinhala Kshasthr. a social significance, it me society from both small - tank culture to an organized larg irrigation systems necessitat a finer division of labour. by abandoning the strict se old Brahmanistic society, in based more on the Ser Via Asoka's version of Therava
16

efore Maurya Dyrnesty, Aryans at number nor did they add vilization. They also knew ed their traditional subsistence on animal husbandary. They p and their village communes nin a collection of villages have had a superior position Ing. Aryans, unlike the indi2 of intrusions, were war like ipped with military technology. society as opposed to the idian people. C., Aryans, though they may umbers, were able to dominate se of their superior military Ural Societies Were United ribes thrown in at the periphery with Sinhala people as the oduct of Aryan element mixed e indigenous tribes. Perhaps in Mahawansa is the legendary In any case it is clear that rd century B.C., an Asiatic labour, had started to develop.
f civilization came with the Recorded history started with culture. Spread of Buddhism ya and other elite castes had
hans the development of the village and dam - river valley ge - tank Culture. Large tank ed a centralized society vvith This could be achieved only mi racial caste divisions of the
peace of a social division ses of an irrigation system. da Buddhismi provided the

Page 25
ideology for this change.
religion of the elite of the where water management a Canals was done by the st
By studying the early C that the language of the O piyathissa was a variation ( useful to compare this wi Roman - Latin and the langt the time of the Roman em stages the language of cult the common spoken langua elite and the lower classes. sevetal languages confined tribes. Hence it is resaona spoken language at that Sinhala language developed language highly influenced South Indian Megalithic pe a Dravidian origin. It is m language developed, from common folk, along the Pal from the rest of Dra Widian dar influence of Buddhism. Th the next stages of developm
2. First wave of Dravidi
in the Buddhist society the state and all property, i to the state. Caste based of was done away with. How developed the caste separatic fessions associated with the a centralized irrigation Syst were paid officers of the st
a share to the state coffers
for constructions and service season. Peasantry and the

Thus Buddhism became the centralized agricultural society, ind maintenance of dams and
åte.
ave inscriptions, it is claimed eople at the time of Devanamof Magadha prakrutha. It is th the relationship between Jage of the British people at pire. Obviously at this early ure will be very different from ge understood by both the
In addition there will be to the subjugated different ble to assume that the common time (250 B.C.) from which later, at least to be a simple by Dravidian languages of the ople, if not, a language with ost probable that the Sinhala this spoken language of the i Sanskrit line and departed nguages due to the continuous is can be seen by following 'ent. -
ana igravgasions
everybody was equal before in particular the land belong h ethnic and racia differences sever in place of that, there on based on crafts and proagricultural society rooted in em Cultured elite classes, ate while the peasantry gave and also gave free labour as of the state, during off other lower classes were
17

Page 26
predominantly of non - Ary used in paddy cultivation entered the common spoke dialect used by them Th lawer classes, even if cl have incorporated the ritua ancesstors.
சிராணி
The first and second century B. C. Sinhala elite them were forced to take hiding they fell back to villages. They lost in touch Prakrit literacy decayed. consisted of kshasthriya vi was more or less a subsis to sustain, a culture. In th
mixing created an almost identified by the Sinhala la Buddhist ideology and cult
In the meantime, the C attempted to organize the s in South India at that tim how, small tanks and dams of the centralized irrigation made them popular among surplus depreciated. Buddh against the structure of the that was created was not It must have been taken to ruling classes.
Prince Gamini was a p Sinhalese people that elked He mobilized, this defeated win back the control of the -- fathers helped to develop victory created for the first and it was after this vic
18

an origin. Hence most words and other work in village life 1 language from the Dravidian eir religion, the religion of the aimed to be Buddhism, must Is and the demonology of their
Dravidian invasions came in 3rd
was displaced and majority of refuge in the South. In partial
the old form of communal with their culture and Magadha This Ruhunu society, which llages and few tribal groups, tance society without a surplus mis situation, social and ethnic homogeneous group of people anguage and the remnants of Cure.
Dravidian elite at Anuradhapura Fociety in the form that existed e. With their irrigation know s were improved at the expence I system. This would have
the lower classes while the ism was left out as it went
· Society. Whatever the surplus used to create a culture here. South India by the Tamil.
rominent village leader of the
out an existance in Ruhunu.
and driven out people to e irrigated land that their fore
around Anuradhapura. His time a Sinhala speaking elite :tory that a fully developed

Page 27
centralized irrigation - agricu Buddhism as its ideology.
The Buddhist monk Maf devotes most of it to this elite brought all people inh domination and established state structure. The languag Prakrit, a derivation of the uSS beiore the fall Gf the S spoken language Common to of Sinhala. There might hav including those still used by periphery of the regime. N. doubt that even the spoken by all lower classes was ve Prakrit of the educated.
3. Root Case of the AB’S
What separated the Sinh the regimes in the Southern differences. Even in the in there could not have been the people of lower classe in the Southern Indian Kii Kingdom. They were mostly, of South Indian Megalithic that people of Ruhuna led component it is very unlike the Kshathriya elites that dic Kingdoms. Thus overall eth been very different and in differences Would have di S4
But there was a social Kingdom and the South India
was based on large tank a
lt needed the Buddhist ide ownership of property and

|tural society was formed with
na nama who wrote Mahavanse, epic story of how Sinhala abited this island under its itself at the apex of an Asiatic |e of the literate, was 'Sinhala Magacha Prakrit that was in Bin hala regime. Hovever the a vivas a further deve Qpment e been use of other languages. the tribes who lived at the averthless, there cannot be any language Sinhala, understood ry different from the Sinhala?
yan nykh.
hala Kingdom from the rest of
India was not racial or ethnic nmediate post Gamini periodo any ethnic difference between S including the peasentry gdoms and in the Sinhala the descendents of the people culture. Even if one assumes
by Gamini had a strong Aryan y they were any different from minated the Southern Indian hic composition could not have
any case over the years, olved away
difference between the Sinhala Kingdoms. Sinhala Kingdom di centralized irrigation culture logy for its survival. State tivision of the society along
9

Page 28
state services nesessitated the Social composition of S an organized religion with a C Where as the South Indian villages with Brahminism as
Buddhist ideology was development of the Sinhala and the language. Sinhala as a language close to Pali of Theravada Buddhism, wh against the resurgence of P religious traditions based on n Latter raised its head under the warship of Bodhisatwa, the lower classes. Thus wł was weak, worship of god became popular, so much So, date this trend instead of f
Brahminism of South in very accomodating. It inco of the earlier era within it, system suitable to the com society. Thus instead of liq traditions of the South indi. were developed and taken Sanskrit - Brahministic traditi the South was, however, of of the North, and the cultu remained no more than a th patterns of society. The animistic cults and polyand in the North, still survived. accepted in a modified form and Sudra, and also the Pa was the Old South Indian : practically did not exist."
2O

religion which rationalized Luch a society. It has to be ommon direction to all citizens. states were based on small tank : the religion of the elite.
responsible for the separate
elite and the distinct culture remained, or rather developed - Sanskrit due to the influence ich constantly waged a war re. Brahaministic South indian nother culture and polythesism. the guise of Mahayana and
and remained popular among henever the centralized state is godesses and Bodhisatwa many rulers tried to accomoighting it.
dia, on the other hand, Was rporated all gods and rituais to become a supple complex plex and varied agricultural Jidating the religious - cultural an Megalithic society, these orward with a sprinking of ons. ”The Hinduization of a different order from that re imported by the Brahamins in veneer over the traditional mass of people retained its y; and matriarchy, unknown The caste system was only - with the Brahamin, naturally, rayan (or out caste), which tock. Kshatriya and Vaisya

Page 29
This then is a classic e. a common racial background groups and over the years as needed by social interes the decendents of entirely c
4. Fall of Anuradhapura.
Hight of prosperity for first few centuries of the ci even the language of the c amount of literary work. ir of popular poets. None of t However, one can get a ro by studying the Sigiri writi Unlike Sinhala Prakrit; the l; Sinhala that emerges from affinity, even in grammer, t
Collapes of Anura dhapura from South India around th to Polonna ruwa was accompl Sinhala as the language of demise of Sinhala Prakrutha. yana religious trends becam result of the collapse of th with Anu radhapura irrigation the ruling class. In 9th an insecurity continued and the incapable of any constructio They meglected the Pali - mostly with Therawada "Budi in Sinhala, the language of ration of the centralized irrigat the hold of Theravada Buddhi of Aryan myths and legen absorbed back to the South now advanced under Dravid

xample of how à people with are separated into two distinct educated by the ruling classes, its, to believe that they are different races.
Anuradhapura came during the hristian era. In this period ommon man produced a certain particular there were number hese works are available today. igh idea on the language used ngs of the 8th century A. D. anguage of the cultured elite these, writings has a closer o South Indian languages
a began with increase pressure e 7th century A. D. . Shift pained by the emergence of the elite classes too with the Also both Hindu and Maha -- significant. These were the centralized society connected complex and the decay of i 10th century instability and Sinhala ruling classes were or building work of grandeur. Sanskrit it riture associated dhism to pursue literary work the popular culture. Deterioion - agricultural Society broke Sm and reduced the influence ds. Sri Lanka was a most Indiana , civilization, which has an elite classes.
21

Page 30
in 1 O17 Sinhala elite w its position of power. So South where they fel i back system with only a carica Survived as a collection of Sinhala language continued Pali - Sanskrit and “Sinhala” the culture went, the lang Prakrit. Struggle of Vijayat Sinhala clan to take back they proceeded to reorganise to depend on friendly Drav knowledge in irrigation anc groups from South India w
It was Parakramabahu - the centra ized state vith Theravada i Buddhism was g the influence of Mahayana were weeded out. Howeve nued among the ordinary trends which incorporated representated the ideologica other lower classes. In So the compromise between th classes; where as Theravad the un compromised superm. centralized state. Similarly, India, and Sri Lanka were scholars, there was no stru languages and the influenc as, a complete change ti resulting almost an entirely r
While Buddhism and S a clear identity to the peo which separated them from Kingdoms, there was conti course between the Sinha, were inter - marriages and
22

was completly thrown out from me of them retreated to the : to the agricultural commune ture of kingship. Buddhism rituals and practices while to improve at the expense of Prakrit. With the collapse of Jage of the cultured: 'Sirahala" bahu was the struggle of the tha kingdom. After the victory the centralized state. They had ridian elites to improve their | State Craft. Thus severa elite yere invited here.
who completely revitalized large scale irrigation system. given the prime of place and and other ritualistic trends er these trends must have conti— people. Mahayana and other
deities and symbols, always needs of the peasentry and uth India, Hinduism represented le ruling elite and the peasent a Buddhism revived only with acy of Sinhala elites of the
though at this time both South under the influence of Sanskrit ictural change in the Dravidian e remained su perficial. Where ook place in Written Sinhala Iew language : "Mixed Sinhala."
lanskrit oriented Sinhala gawe ple within the Sinhala Kingdom,
the people within. Dravidian hues social and Cultural interand Dravidian elites. There in disputes they were seeking

Page 31
each others help. Parakramab prince with a weak connect while there was intermixing
may have had real ethnic di
of lower classes who were made to develop as differen
5. End of Rajarata Civiliz
Kalinga Magha who invad that as long as there exists resurecting the complex irrig not be complete. He must h. the struggle between the las Sinhala elite classes. He wa ting the Sinhala elite. After agrarian society never recove system became the dominar including that of the Jaffna invation could not liquidate equiped with ''Mixed Sinhala" to continue the Sinhala iden
Already, during the last period there was a new dev Colonization of the south W. a new branch of economic
coming of Arab and Chines elephants, spices, and gems
to good life, competed with
the wet zone, agriculture wa basis. Here a kind of semi
coexisted with communa vil agriculture. As the agrarian uni the organized colony or 'Ja of rain throughout the year water management both diffi the tradable crops and gems
private ownership. Peculiarit system was that it was exp significant concentration of

ahu -- I was really a Panddyan ion to Vijayabahu - I. Thus among the elite classes, who fferences, the ordinary people
of the same racial stock were t nationalities.
ation.
led the island in 1215 realized a Sinhala elite capable of ation system, Subjugation will ave arrived at this by studying st few Kalinga kings and the as quite successful in decimathis invation the centralized 'ed and the village agricultural it factor in Rajarata areas peninsular. However, this Theravada Buddhist clergy literary tradition; they remained tity.
part of the Peyron naru Wa elopment that was significant. est of the island opened up activity. It concided with the e traders Trade of ivory, which brought items essential the peasent agriculture. In s organized on a different feudalism, where landlordism ages; replaced the centralized : ''Gama' or the village replaced na Padaya." Availability of made, highly complicated cult and un necessary. Also, Created the condition for
y of the Asiatic centralized loitative without creating a rivate property.
2
3.

Page 32
During the days of An
centralized agriculture cteate system. There was an en season which had to be dir Public work was one way out
to be taken at the centre. N patronize any art of grande va da Buddhism Created a s variations or art for pleasur works of that period were It was not a promising clir sort except of religious and the new Society in the hun much the opposit condition work could be undertaken W. had work to do and the si
On the other hand there w plutocrats Who could patro interested in literary work be mentioned with a word of Theravada Buddhism Cr would succo ur any i lord w! Comforts.
6. Period of separate de
Thus, this new society
of elite that claimed to be the growth of prose and
highly influenced by the sp keraya' tradition which we of Parakrama bahu era, by
the people, was a part of new Sinhala elite had very elite of the previous era a so called Aryan high birth, period show clearly their con to such superior birth. Th in Sinhala areas, when the 16th century. By then the
24

u radhapura and Polonna ruwa d the culture suitable to that ormous surplus labour at off acted for some useful purpose. and decisions for such work had ) individual lord could privately ir and enormity. Also Thera trong sect which did not allow 2. The moun ments and stone dictated by these constraints. nate for literary work of any
philosophical value. However . hid southern areas created very S. No large scale monumental hen throughout the year people ociety was not so organized. ere individual and owners or nize art. They were much where their names also could of praise. The degeneration Bated wondering monks who ho could provide him with
aveio priment.
created an entirely new kind the Sinhalese. They supported verse Writing in a language Diken Sinhala. ** Saddharma lannt against Sanskritized Sinhala following a language close to this new Sinhala Culture. This little direct connection to the ind they had no claim to the in fact prose writings of this tempt for those who still Claimed is continued to be the society
Europen invaders arrived in the North and the East of the island

Page 33
had become a part of the not all this area, belonged to Lords, probably mostly Tam between Jaffna and Sinhala
is more powerful.
Rulers of Jaffna Kingdo invation always struggled to g Kings in the Southern regic century Sinhala and Tamil other to decide as to who s exploit the people of this i period, whether in the Nort in more or less independe produced very little surplus. trations and elite Classes W. much prosperity. Except du very little culture Crea dated period.
Jaffna elite was in a pa not possible to develop an this arid land. In addition water compelled continues year. Unlike for the Sinhal
Rulers in the wet zone, t they could exchange wit for brief periods the Dravidia the island, for most of its ex confined to the arid Nother the reason for not being a or to create any other form There was no separate literal Jaffna elite preserved early forms and produced chroni
It was during this peri of private property that the palities were established alon these were powerful enoug both Sinhala and Tamil Kingc

lands of Tamil elites though the kingdom of Jaffna. Van ni lil, changed their allegiance Kingdoms depending on which
m, which began after Magha ain supermacy over the Sinhala ons. This means, since 13th elites continuously fought each should dominate, subjugate and stand. Latter in this entire h or in the South lived mostly ht communal villages which
They had to support adminishich in return could not bring ring brief interludes there was by any of the regimes of this
rticularly bad situation it was advanced irrigation system in dependence on underground hard work through out the
а.
here was no other wealth which h foreign traders. Though in elite controlled large parts of istance the Jaffna Kingdom was in tip of the island. This was ble to build vast monuments of significant separate culture. ture, music or drama. However
Tamil literature and dance ces and few other writings.
od of commerce and growth Muslim enclaves and princi|g the coastal areas. Some of sh to influence the politics of dom S.
25

Page 34
Mass of peasents and ot through out the island during divided into religious and li the elite that ruled them, we with similar racial characteris generations in areas ruled mc there masters while those in elites and spoke Tamil, follow Same is true of Muslim area ethnic or racial differences an the dawn of civilization, there C today among the ordinary pe Dravidians, Aborigines, Hasan among the latter day ruling racial differences; particularly Sinhala elite of the last few of Aryan ancestry to go by
7. Struggle against the V
In 1505 when portugese divided among number of k cities. These states were di elites, Sinhala, Tami or Mus was decided by the ruling to the state, either through e of the state itself, were assi or two. As lower classes
ittle culture this w a For example in the west there were number of group from South India. They wel Sinhala and towards this pri Europeans must have acted Kandyan and low country S dered themselves to be two At that stage 'Sinhale" wa That means during the peric classes were the Sinhala, \ were busy trying to intigrat as it happened in Mexico
26

her lower classes, who lived | 13th to 19th century, though guistic groups according to Fre of the same ethnic mixture tics. Those who lived for sty by Sinhala elite followed
Tamil areas followed famii ed Hindu rituals and customs. is. Even if there were some hong the ruling classes during
sould hardly be any difference }ople who are a mixture of
hites and Aryans. Then, even classes there could not be 1 after the Maga invasion.
' hundred years had very little
Western invaders.
first came here the island was ringdoms, principalities and vided according to the ruling im. The language and culture elite and any new commers Emigration or due to expansion milated within a generation were backward with very is not very difficult - ern coast of the island s who were of recent arrivals 'e mostly absorbed by the ocess, the struggle against as a catalyst. Also, by 1815. Inhala speaking people consi
separate and distinct people. s only the Kandyan areas. ld of struggle, Kandyan ruling while lords of law country
with the foreign ruling elites,
ind Peru.

Page 35
However European inv vicious battles added an im ment of identities within th the change of ruling elites life of the ordinary people. fall of Rajarata civilization. foreign rule with strange w people. Assimilation and cruelties of discriminatio batan T. Ur der the se circ closely with their local elit
Gradually racial and et meaning. “Sinhala' or "Tan and exclusively an identit These became popular ident sciousness. The converse Dutch or British. They we local converts. Also, amon derogatory sense attached to never associated with 'Sinha How could they, when they resisting the domination of factor must have acted as : of the Dravidian groups in th and the Sinhala Vanni lord
8. sinhala and Tamili na:
Both Tani and Sinhala Ca to the British capitalism. r capital, which later went is As market forces developed di and servicemen, were drawn layer of bourgeoisie, a new into conflict with the estab ment that really created Sinha lese and --Tarmis. At essentially English speaking Even if they were nominally in actual practice they foll

sations and endless series of portant factor to the develope Sri Lankan society. Hitherto did not alter the everyday At least not so after the Now completely alien and 'ays of life was imposed on integration was slow, while n and humilitation were unstances masses identified
eS.
hnic identities got a new hi" did not mean primarally y of an elite any longer. ities placed within mass conwas true of Portugese or re the aliens, including their g the Sri Lankan masses the o "Parangiya Kerapoththa vas aya" "Demala" or "Marakkalaya". f seeked each others help in European invaders ? This new a catalyst in the integration e western coast with Sinha lese s with the Jaffna Kingdom.
tions
pitalism developed as auxiliaries itially it was only a commercial to planatations, mining etc. *ferent layers of petty producers into the market. I hus a new
elite, developed, which came ishment. It was this developnodern nationalism both of
first local bourgeeisie was and cosmopolitan in outlook. uddhists, Hindus, or Muslims, wed the Anglican way of life.
27

Page 36
As the conflict with the national bourgeoisie took pai came out. With a considera superstructure with fair amou used as the means of unit Obviously, such national awa has a strong progressive sid masses from feudal slumber, national oppression, for the for the sovereignty of nation lizes the protest against imperi nanda, Arumu ga Navalar, S imperialist national democ stage there was no seric nationalisms, which challeng British imperialism. Here the m a new leadership which carrie them as no elite had done
Both Sinhala, Buddhist and place with the rise of the n this class that hammered and f the peasentry, into two nation history and a traditional terr the compradore classes whic Compradore bourgeoisie, whi after the British was too we undecided in assimilating th English speaking nation loo culture. in any cay case it W cate feudalism and backward compradore classes were dit progressive system.Still, the e was based on this class. F Sir Ponnambalam Ramanath urbane upper - class nationa for a nation led by the co expected a development some or Canada, where there w with the British imperialism
28

establishment intensified, the s to dig into the past and ble historical and cultura ht of myth thrown in, to be ying people around itself. king of a developing nation The awakening of the their struggle against ali sovereignty of the people, s is progressive." It mobialism. Miget tuwatte Gunna - iddi s Lebbe were all anti - ats of a sort. At that bus conflict among these ad the common enemy: the asses found at the beginning, d on a dialogue and educated in the past.
Hindu Tamil Unifications took
ational bourgeoisie. It was
orged the masses, particularly
is based on religion, language, itory. It was the failure of
h paved way for nationalism.
ch spoke English and took
2ek and hence, cautious and e ordinary masses into an king towards the West for ras a formidable task to eradihess; and imperalism to which rectly connected was not a arly idea of a Ceylonese nation rom Dr. Christoper Elliot to an a pre first world War leaders since 1848, stood mpradore bourgeoisie. They what similar to that of Australia was no fundamental conflict in fact in Ceylon at that

Page 37
time the relative weight o than that of India. Henc: transfer more powers to th
But they were too frigh sc3 red of the Cwer class
urban proletariat. Urban pr in outlook and all their ea westernized middle classes Christians. Rise of proletaria dore bourgeoisie and made middle clasS. VVith imper took much interest in the
the Buddhist and Hindu ré and to debate with the C on national history. Most
workers were catholics fro doubt compradore bourgeo let them get a bashing fro 19th century they managed the city proletarians, but it national bourgeoisie. Witi the energence of nationali and traditioris Wag in eviti
if the English speaking to unify the country, then th geoisie Was disastrous. Si the very beggi ning had in that stage, that is in early at its inciepient stage, a terms of a la rni state. an 'independent united c to be primerily on the basis with both nationalisms pla any case they knew, the new out in proper consultation D. S. Senanayake and othel the sinhala nationalism was compete with the proletaria

f this class was much higher e the British were eage to
3.
tened. In particular, they were or their own making : The ofetariat was truly Cosmopolitan arly leaders came from highly and in fact many of them were n activity frightened the compra
them aar more of the rural rialist backing, they suddenly venu cu far education, aldowed aligious leaders to get organized hristians, and started research of the class conscious urban m the subtribs of Colombo No. isie throught it is expedient to in the Buddhist zealots. In late i by this manoeuvre to frighten t opened the way for the rising the expansion of capitalism sm based on local languages able.
| compradore Bourgeoisie failed he attempt of the national boo Urinhala national bourgeoisie from mind only a Sinhala state. At 20's, with Tamil Nationalism mill bourgeoisie never thought in they were quite satisfied with ountry if the unification was of English and western culture ying only a secondary role. In arrangement was to be worked with imperialism. However bourgeoisie leaders knew that the only basis on which they can an movement led by the Lanka
29

Page 38
Sama Sarmaja Party and othe: of the national in ovement G anni leader S \vere conscious their class than of the gene masses. Hence they Went ato it became simply unbearable, only a trick to be played win pro letariat, in particular in th then of course they could ge to be the very basis of the not see the meaning of it.
However Sinhala Buddhis the UNP nor the SLFP was to the end, if it is so, then a policy of Conversion, assin should have been in centives acceptance of the converted. been easy for them, with ni to provide Sinhala education to by even convert them to Bud and security in Sinhala areas the Northern ard Eastern Tam interested in that; they were Discrimination and Oppression whole ideology, though claime Was filled with myth, chauvain This was not an accident. bourgeoisie class without a s base, and it was a Contrast to Relatively more developed H was better equipped to put cation of India. On the othe spectrum of tendencies with even Protestanism and henc industrial capitalism. Where í
though could promote an ev statist bureaucracy, it can ni enterprising disiplined manuf
30

radicals, and be at the helm G. Ponna mbalam and other
more of what is good for al V e fare of the Tami ng with D. S. and others till
of Sinha a cha u Vanism Was enever necessary against the a bid for national leadership, } along. But if it is going new nation then they would
t bourgeoisie under neither following even its own logic they should have foi lovved hilation and integration, there for Con Versjon and total For example, it would have ecessary materia incentives, } Kandyan familis and proba = dhism Help, positions, and would have dispersed even its. However they were not more interested in division than in integration. Their 2d to be theravada Buddhism sm and petty minded rubbish, t was the nature of a week Found financial or industria
the Indian Hindu bourgeoisie indu industrial bourgeoisie orward an ideology for unific hand, Hinduism with wide |n, Could ea Silly a C Commodate e provide an ideology for is Srtict Theravada Buddhism, er ac Como da ting, egalitarian, }ver be the ideology of an acturing class.

Page 39
Thus inspite of the blo India borgeoisie vivas ab of unity within what remail basis a significant industr influenced the Sri Lankan today willing to follow the altogether the Sinhala bour world capitalist Crisis even spent force. They have not national democratic problem now these are coining to tl than ever before. With the long the Indian society too Box.
in the entire indian sub pradore nor the national ca, the essential factor for assimil a motivated homogeneous in Such an instrument necessary bet Ween nationalities Within ir fut democratic unity and un re That did not happen in ind gensia of the early period Britain as its mother country However the British imperialis to take them seriously. In subjugation and not in demo them disillusioned and frus naturally expected to be their counterparts from other pl Canada, etc. They were bad the system Vvent into ciri with divided loyalty; a sect working class. Sinhala bou failed miserably in producing a motivated enlightened intelli pseudo nationalist intelligensi
inspiration from western thinki

ody division of the country, ple to achieve some degree ned to be india, and on that ial development... This ... has amils and obviously they are Indian bourgeoisie avoiding geoisie. But in the presert the Indian bourgeoisie is a completely solved any of the s of the Indian society and he surface with greater thrust present fermentation, before Will burst <-> u t ii ke a Pando raos
continent, neither the Compitalist classes could develop ation of different nationalities telligensia ready to serve them. for a kinds of inter course dia, can emerge only within a sticted economic development. lia. English educated intelliwas prepared to consider and respect British imperialism. it bourgeoisie was not prepared perialists were interested in cratic assimilation, This made trated. In Sri Lanka, they treated in the same way as arts of the empire ie. Australia y dissapointed and every time, sis, intelligensia vvas split on even looking towards the rgeoisie, on the other hand anything that could be called gensia. What it did collect was a which while secretly drawing
ng, derinagoguecally denounced
31

Page 40
'western imperialist culture." fully, to bring total confusio of recent generations.
"There can be no doub movement that will really integ subcontinent. Even in a ba proletariat is the only social themselves from chauvanism Capitalist mode of productio inspite of the narrow outloo Same machinery with similar where Goods are produce view. This necessitated an e universal outlook. Workers beyond national and sectaria working class movement th conditions for drawing to en lightened inteli ligensia cap, present day philistine thinking There is no doubt the prole ditions, based on right of si all people in the Subcontine
32

They only managed successamong the educated youth
t that it is the proletarian rate the people of the indian ckward country, the modern layer capabie of separating and religious sectarianism. is collective and universal of the national bourgeoisie. specifications are used everyli With the World market irn ducated working class with a movement naturally grows
in barriers. Thus, it is the
at is capable of Creating gether and Sustaining an able of moving beyond the
and to arrive at a unification. tantal Will Create such conacessiot and autonomy foi. nt.

Page 41
5
12.
13.
4.
5.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Bibilic
. de Lanarole, S. D. - Ancie ... de La marole, W. D. — Histo . Edwards, M. - A His Engels - The
prope
Engels - The
transi Henpitagedara Gnanasiha
... He rath Abeysinghe - Cey'll
Jayatilaka, Sir D. B. - Ess
. Jaya tilaka, H. D. — Ancie Jayawardhana, W. H. — A - Lenin, V.i. - imperialism
- On National Mukerjee, R. H. - Ancien Nandasema, MU diyan Sege Parkman, S. A. - Modern Perera, L. H. 8: Ratinasaba Parana with a na Senarath -
Senaratne, S. P. F. - Preh Soratha Uda di Wu Wveva — Stain, J. W. - National O. Wickramasinhe Martin -
Wimala Keerthi – Sika Wal Weerasin he, P. - Trails of

graphy
int i ndia ry of Ceylon (Ed) tory of india
origin of the Family, private irty and the state.
part played by labour in the tion from Ape to man.
- Siyabas Lakara (Ed) on and the Portugese ays on Sinhala literatura nt Indian life styles
Incient Lanka
Ouestion
It i ndia : - 'Sigiri Gee' World History pathy - Ceylon and indian History
Essays Vol - istoric Archaeology in Ceylon
Trails of Sinhala
uestion
he Rise of Sinhala Literature anda 8 Sika Walanda Vinisa (Ed)
· Naga

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