கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Introductory Trainning Manual: Market Town Water Supply Jaffna project

Page 1
S
มevo% ท” ฯ จaริหห96%ew
THE N
ANC
MARKET TOWN WATER SU JAFFNA PROJECT
INTRODUC
MANUAL
ENGINEERING - SCIE
DESIGN · RESEARCH : PLANT 125 WEST HUNTINGTON DRIVE · P.O.BOX 538 ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA
COLOMBO
32,
628.) MAR

CLASS
NO.
ACCN.
NO.
RI LANKA
ATIONAL WATER SUPPLY ) DRAINAGE BOARD
JPPLY
OMMUNIS
I 1982 -6--87
JAFFNA
ULTY O
OF MEO.
TORY TRAINING
AID PROJECT NO. 383-0063
NCE
JING
91006 · 213 1445-7560
JAFFNA KACHCHERI-NALLUR ROAD
E ES

Page 2
caseSGERRAE
CLASS
NO.
6281
܀ ܀ ܀AC
375
NO.
Krasasti-SoIAS


Page 3
MANUA
TABLE OF
SUBJECT
Goals of Project Training Plan Special Problems
Salt Problems
Limestone Formations Water and Health Common Causes of Contam: Preventive Measures Chemicals in Water
Chlorides
Nitrates How Sanitation Effects Control of Intestinal Pa
Flush Latrines Health Education Water Treatment
Filtration
Chlorination Sanitary Survey (Water ! Surveillance Coordination and correc Sampling - Testing Sanitation -- "Problem A: Stabilization Ponds Conservancy Systems Vacuum Tank Trucks Pour-Flush (Water Seal) Training Task Special Group Programs

CONTENTS
PAGE
7&8
ination
· H H H N W : N - N Histo
12
Health arasites Pour
18
Supplies)
tive Action
26 26
reas"
29
35
Latrines
37-38A
39

Page 4
4
੧
3
3
ਬਾਈ ਆਂ ਤ

ਤੋਂ ਵ dg ਤ8
ਤਤ Eas
| 5 ਨੂੰ ਏ ਤੇ ਮ ਏ ਉਪ ਕੁ
ਨੇ ਚ ਕੁੱਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ
| = ਹੈ ਜੋ ਮੈਂ ਨ ਚ
ਤੇ ਤੇ ਤ.
ਲ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਵੀ. ਹੋ 4 ਤੇ
ਪੀ ਚ 30 ਵੀ
ਸਨ .... ? 97 ਤੋਂ 25
ਤੇ ਉਸ ਨੇ
'ਤੇ ਝਪੈ ਕੇ ਮੈਂ
5 ਤੋਂ 30
ਨੇ 7 ਚ (Lਨ ਹੋ GY - 0
ਨਾ ਕਰ ਜੋ ਵੀ

Page 5
SUBJECT
Training objectives Appendix
"Family Health in Sri )
Environmental Sani Health Education Water Supplies
Chlorination Waste Disposal Communicable Diseases Round worms and Hook I Cholera and Dysentry Enteric Fever Filarias Hepatitis Community Nursing Nurses Course-Environn

PAGE
43
47
Lanka" tation
48 50&51
51
51
53
53
56
and Immunization Norm
58
59
sis
61 64
67
nental Health
71

Page 6

ਮਲਬਧ
5 ਵੀ 3 ਕਰੋ
Ea ਕ ਆ .
Fਤ .
ਆ ਤੇ
1 & Bs
ਤੇ 33
3ਜੋ ਮ ਵੀ ਨਾ 013 12 ਨੂੰ

Page 7
ENGINEERING. SCIENCI
MARKET TOWN WATER SUPE
JAFFNA OFFICE 32, KACHCHERI - NALLUR ROAD, JAFFNA, TELEPHONE : 7667
INTRODUCTIO
OF MARKET TOWN WATER SUPP
The Democratic Social the United States of Ameri for International Developm and grant Agreement in Aug Water Supply - Jaffna Proj National Water Supply & Dr Government entered into a Science Companies of Arcad technical and engineering ment the Project.
GOALS OF PROJECT
2.
There are three major 1. Design and constr
the two "Market T kachcheri. Prepare a master management of wat in sanitation con and islands. Provide training water supply and
1 -

E
PLY – JAFFNA PROJECT
COLOMBO OFFICE 42/1, HORTON PLACE, COLOMBO 7. TELEPHONE: 595694 TELEX: 21620 TYCO CE
N TO MANUAL
LY - JAFFNA PROJECT .
ist Republic of Sri Lanka and ca, acting through the Agency ent (AID), entered into a loan ust, 1980 for the Market Town ect. In December 1981 the ainage Board acting for the Contract with Engineeringia, California to provide the services necessary to imple
goals of the Project, namely: uct water supply systems for owns", Point Pedro and Chava
plan for the development and er resources and improvement ditions for the Jaffna Peninsula
in the fields of Public Health, sanitation.

Page 8
ਸੀ ਤੇ
ਮਨ ਤੇ 2 ਤੋਂ 3
ਪਦੁ ਪਈ ਤ : 15 ਤੇ ..
Caਧ 30 ਨੂੰ
30 13 ਤੋਂ 6 ਤੋਂ 8 122n
ਤੇ ਤੇ 20 ਤੋਂ 28 ਨਵ --
:52 , 05 sc 2
ਦੇ ਵs as 15, - 5 ਤੋਂ ਡਰ
8 ਹs 9 ਤੇ 8 1. : 0
, 3 7 ਨੂੰ
8 9 33 ਤੇ 2
ਤੇ s

3 ਨੂੰ
Fਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ
ਵੀ ਤੇ 92
ਨੂੰ ਤੇਲ ਦੀ ਆ ਕge a 22
ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਉ ਕਿ ਚ ਤੋਂ ਏ ਤs ੩ ॥ ਤੋਂ ਘਟ ਕਰ ਉ. ' ਤੇ ਪਤ
2 ਤੋਂ ( sea ਪੜ (ਕੇ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ ਦੀ
ਕੀ ਆ
ਆਉ ਪਾਤੇ
ਹਰ ਜੋ
ਤੇ ਏ. 5 , ਤੇ
EC ਨੇ ਤਕ
ਸਰ ਤੇ ਦੀ ,
ਨੂੰ ਕੀ F, ਬਣ
5 k. ਕਿ 2 ਨੂੰ

Page 9
WATER LABORATORY
The Project provides for training personnel for a water Region. The NWS&DB, Water Reso and the Jaffna Superintendent agreed that there should be es Superintendent of Health Serv: and staffed water laboratory v for "surveillance" of health a provide bateriological and cei analyses for all three Agencie
TRAINING PROGRAM
The three most directly o much co-operation from the Uni authorities, officials and ins the training programs. The go training for each of the group with water supplies, excreta a public health.
To achieve maximum benefi Town Project", it is necessary trained, know the best methods improving environmental healt is safe and acceptable for hur
1. Providing the best wa
which can be obtained Operation and mainter obtainable.
2.
3.
Public health educati they can do their par and safest water and practically obtainab]

planning,equipping and r laboratory for the Jaffna purces Regional Engineer
of Health Services have stablished, under the ices, one well equipped
which will be responsible aspects of water and to rtain basic water chemical es.
concerned agencies, with iversity of Jaffna and other stitutions, have developed al is to provide practical ps which are most concerned and wastewater disposal and
its from the total "Market
that all workers who are s of protecting public health, Eh and providing water which
nan consumption. This involves :
ater and sanitation systems a. hance to get the best results
Eon to teach the public how Et toward providing the best
sanitation systems which are Le.

Page 10
ਸਰਪ 5 ਤੋਂ 21 ਤੇ 2 ਤੇ 3
11 ਨੂੰ ਬਾਹਰ ਸਾਡੀ ਕੋਮ a c.
ਤਲ
ਵ 8 ੩.. 32 33 ਕਰ
25 seatਹੈ
ਹੈ ਨ ਉਘ 61 tag
ਵਰਤੋਂ । Bac ਚs ਤੇ ਨਵੇਂ ਵੀ
ਚ ਹੋ E
8 ਸਤ , . ਵਰ ਤੇ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਕੇ 5 ਤੇ 30
ਦੋp Eਹ ਹੈ. ਦਾ 90 ਤੇ
ਸਬ ਉਤ ਤੇ ਉn
3 ਵ ਦੇ ਕਈ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਉਸ

ਤੋਂ 30 ਦੇ ਕ Red 6 ਵਕਤ ਹੋਰ ਵtt
ਸੀ ਕੀ ਏ. 4 ਸਤ E da ਨੂੰ ਤੇ
ਸ਼ਤ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਕਿ 5 ਸਬ ਤੋਂ ਲਾਸ 1 E2 ਗ7 yag
ਤੇ 3
ਉ
2 5 ਵ Fਰੀ ਪਰ ਤੇ ਵੀਰ
ਕੀ ਕਹਿੰਦੇ ਆ ਨੂੰ
3 ਚ 1 ਕੀ
AEK
= 1 2 3
ka $ ਉਹ : = ਜੇ ਝd ਰ ਲ ਵ ਸ਼ ਕੇ ਤੇ 3 ਤੋਂ ਕੋਈ ਕੁਰ
ਕੋ ਨੇ
3 ਨੂੰ
ਤਿਤ ਤਉ La 0 ਉ
838 ਨੂੰ

Page 11
TRAINING PLAN
The National water supply ponsible for the training progi through its Training Co-ordinat was responsible for co-ordinat: thorities in public health, en supplies, water resources, san:
It was decided to dividet three major parts.
1. Training Manuals in tw
the whole subject. 2. Two, one-day, general :
where the total prograr and professionals who a
Region's problem and p 3. Special sessions of gro
5 similar professional These will range from clude a maximum of fie discussion, problem so tional materials.
B. FUNDS
Funds are being requested for participants. For invited s salary, a moderate amount of ri not lose wages while attending.

& Drainage Board is resram. Engineering-Science, tor and professional staff, ing a training team of auvironmental control, water itation and education.
the training program into
ɔ languages, to broadly cover
sessions on June 8 and 10, n is presented by officials are fully familiar with the ossible solutions. pups of about 15, divided into , technical and worker groups. two to 15 days. They will inla trips, demonstrations, group lving and "take-home" educa
for transportation and expenses groups who are not on a regular upees are requested so they do

Page 12
ਰਤੇ
ਹਨ ।
ਪan
ਬਸੰਤ ...
ਨ - 5
3 20

sO S
ਮੈਂ ਹੈ
ਚਲ
ਮਤ 9 ਨੂੰ
ba ਤੇ ਜੋਕ

Page 13
SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF JAFFNA F
Studies for the Master are several special problems Jaffna Region. There are a which produce an unusually s for the Region.
1. Long Dry Periods
The total annual rainf place in three months. For g producing high rates of evap plants and soil.
2. Salt Problems
In much of the area the over a limestone rock format is dense and hard, much is o to this type rock, the sea w sometimes to nearly sea leve dug or drilled wells are pun for the salt water to rise which has accumulated from i conditions, there is a tende salty or brackish water. In tration changes with the sea of the long dry season, the s at the end of the rainy seas
Salt from the ocean or water in either of two ways. wells are pumped too much, 1
- 4 -

EGION
Plan have shown that there
which are peculiar to the ombination of conditions evere water supply problem
'all of about 50 inches takes
months it is hot and dry, voration from lagoons, ponds,
ere is but a few feet of soil cion. While some of that rock. cracked, broken and soft. Inpater exists at various depths, el in much of the area. When aped, there is a tendendendy and mingle with the fresh water cainfall. Depending upon local ency for the wells to produce
some areas, the salt concennsons. There, toward the end salt concentration is highest, son it is lowest.
salty seas can enter well
In many countries, when Ehe groundwater level drops

Page 14
ਤੇ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਕਤ
3
ਇ3 Ek.
6 b ਤੇ ਕਰੋ ਘਰ ਵ6 ਹo
ਵਰ ਤੇ 3
ਆ cਨੇਵ TESਤ
ਨ ਹੈ ਤੇ 16 ਨੂੰ ਤੇ 9 ਹਨ ।
ਖta aag 2 ਤੋਂ 33 ਹੈ 3 ਤੋਂ
ਜੇ ਪੀ ਸੀ , 3 apਤ ਹੈ ਤੇ - 5 6 7 82 Dr 9, 2012
ਸਾ ਰੂਸ
3 da Eape
ਬ00 at

2 ਏਲ ਸ਼ੇ
24॥
Asੜੇ ਤੋਂ 5
ਕਾ
ਨੂੰ ਕfu
4 3
ਵੀ 2 ਦੇ . ਕੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਹੋਰ
To 15 ..
bit , ਉਸ
ਕਿ : 33 ਏ ਕੇ ਏ ਹੈ 3 ਤੋਂ 5
ਤਾ $ s ਖੇਡ 8 ਤੇ 9 10 ਤੇ aa 225 ਕਰੋ
ਆ ਤੇ ਮ
ਸਕੇ \
ਏa ਤੇ ਏ ਦੇ ਦੇਤੇ ਤੇ
ਕੀ ਕਵ5 ਸਾ.
ਆਂ ਸf 13 ਦੀ ਸ, ਹੈ .

Page 15
to below sea level. Then sa wells. This is sometimes ca.
Studies in the Jaffna : the wells become salty beca lager of saltwater is brougl certain wells. This is calle
Fresh Water - Saline v
Well Above
Ground Water Level - Well Yielding Fresh Water In The Coastal Edge.
Ground
Sea Water Sea Bod
Upconing of Salina Water
Source : Water Resourc

Lt water flows into the Lled "saltwater intrusion".
Region tend to indicate iuse the underlying deep it up by pumping from ed up-coning. (See Figure 1)
Vater Existence In Oceanic Islands
Well Yielding More Fresh Water
- Heavily Pumped Well
- Ground Water Level
TILT LILL
Sea Water
Fresh Water
-Fresh Water - Saline - Water Interface
Sallno Water
FIGURE I as Board, Jaffna.

Page 16
ਤੇ ਨ .
ਤੇ
ਲੋੜ ਤੇ
ਨੂੰ ਮੈਂ
..
ਦੇ ਜਵਾ

ਹੈ ਜੋ 9 ਨੂੰ
ਹੈ ਕਿ 9 .. E ਤੇ ।

Page 17
3. LIMESTONE FORMATIONS
Ordinary soils of sa: material act as efficient causing bacteria. On the zard that bacteria will t. in creviced, seamy limest both in the locating of w building of sanitation fa
It is generally wise supplies which are locate
4. IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTUR
The concentration of be used to irrigate reduc that is available for dri Crop fertilization as at extra high "polution" fro rates.
D. TASKS RELATED TO TRAINING
The Contract require to do the following:
1. Provide engineeri
lies and supervis two market towns, Prepare a master nagement of water nitation conditio
Islands. The Contract requires the sibility of:
1. "Constructing a
to serve the dom sula and Islands "Converting the Peninsula to fre

d, loam and rather fine grained filters to remove diseasether hand, there is some haavel for many hundred of meters ne. This must be considered lls and in the planning and :ilities.
to chlorinate all public water I in limestone formations.
AL USE
produce crops where wells can es the amount of fresh-water nking and sanitary purposes. the Jaffna wells, results in m fertilizers, especially nit
PROGRAM
s Engineering-Science Companies
ng design services for water suppe construction of systems for the
Point Pedro and Chavakachcheri. plan for "The development and ma
resources and improvement in sans for the Jaffna Peninsula and
Consultant to Determine the fea
urface reservoir on the mainland stic needs of the Jaffna Penin
alt water lagoons on the Jaffna h water lagoons"

Page 18
ਦੇ ਹੋ । 5 ਦੇ 35 ਤੋਂ
ਚ 5 ਉਪ
ਕੇ . sa
ਰੋਜ 7 ਵ 8
ਹੋਰ 3 ਨਵt 2
5
ਦੇ ਚਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਉਥੇ
ਸ: 3 ਸਤੇ ਤੇ ਚੜਦੀ 52 ਲDਓ ਦੇਖ 5ਘ ਦੀ ਹ 2 ਤੇ 4 5 683)
· ਪਰ ਤੇ 10 ਤੋਂ
ਜੇ ਹੈ ਤੇ

ਤੇ .
SEਆਦ
ਤੇ ੦ ਵੀ
ਤੇ ਆ ਘਰ ਤੋਂ ਕੋਰ ਤੇ
ਵਾਤਾ
'
ਵਰਲ
ਦੇ-ਕਰ

Page 19
3. "Stopping or reducing
water to the sea from 4. "Injecting fresh water
acquifer of the Jaffna
Also, of especial impo the tasks to be perfor "Assessment of the ent water supply and sanit Peninsula and Islands
"An investigation and ditions and practices Islands".
"An investigation and ground water on the Ja A high priority item avoid waste of fresh t ticipation which can of the training progra
E. WATER AND HEALTH
Water-Borne Disease
Most people realize serious diseases which re water.
Primary Cause
In almost all cases, contamination from excret son who is or was previo disease.
The specific disease Manual, but they will be COMMON WATER BORNE DISEAS
Typhoid and para-ty! "enteric fevers".
7 &

the spring discharge of fresh the Jaffna Peninsula". - to the underlying sandstone a Peninsula by deep wells". ortance to this Training Program, Emed include: vironmental effects of providing sation facilities for the Jaffna
by the Year 2000".
analysis of the sanitation conof the Jaffna Peninsula and
analysis of the pollution of affna Peninsula and Islands".
concerns measures to conserve and water. That involves public par
be promoted by the participants am.
that there are several common, esult from drinking contaminated
- the diseases are caused by ca (feces or urine) from a perusly sick with a water-borne
es will be covered later in this
listed here:
SES
phoid fever - sometimes called

Page 20
ਅ
/
1131 ਤੇ 2 ਹੋਰ ਹੋਰ ਲੋਕ
ਦੇ ਨੇ ਤੇ ਕਿ 3: g k eh g
Sਆਂ 6 ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ੇ
1ਥੇ ਤੇ ਕਦੇ 3 ਤੇ 1
n
੦ ਚ 3 ਤੋਂ 20 Bਤੇ ਹੋ 8 ਤੋਂ ਤੇ 3 ਹੋ
. ਤੇ ੩
ff27
.
ਅਕ ੦੧ ਵੇਂ ਹੋ ਤੇ ਆ
ਤ ਨੂੰ ਕੁਝ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਕੁਵੀ ਤੇ ਤੇ
3ਧੂ ਦੀ ਹੋ ਸਕਦੇ ਦੀ Diss De seਕਹੋ
2 3 ਤੇ 4 ਤੋਂ 20
6 ਖੇਤ 35 .15 ਨੇ ਕੇ ਬsg ਤੇ ਉਹ ਵੀ
dongs 3: ਤੇ 3 ਤੋਂ
ਦੁG 2 3 ਤੇ ੩. - 0 1 2 3 ਹੈ ਜੋ
ਕੇ%s ਤੇ ਕਰ ਕਰੋ, ਵੀ ਟ
2 ਤੇ 296 ਨੂੰ
30 ਤੇ

- 3 42 ਤੇ
ਤੇ 5 ਤੇ 2 ਨੂੰ 1
ਤੇ ਚ 2 ਤੇ 1 ਤੇ 0 ਤੇ 3
13 ਸਾ ਹੈ ਵੀਨ ਤੇ ਨੂੰ ¤ 3 ਚ ਤੇ 5
us 32 ਤੇss ਦ8ts ਤੇਨ ਨੇ ਝ ਬਲ ਤੇ ਡ -ਵਨ ਵ 8 ਡਰ ਏ 11 ਨੂੰ
1 ਤੇ 3 c t ਨੂੰ ਜਾਂ ਤੇ
ਪਾਕ ਤੋਂ | 3 ਦਹਾਕੇ ਦੇ = a · 10 ਤੇ ਉਸਦੇ
ਕੀ ਮੈ ਦੇ ਤੇਲ ਨੂੰ 4 ਨੂੰ .
ਤੇ ਹੈ
Tਬ ਹਨ ਖੇਤ 3 ਨੂੰ
3sg ਤੇ 30 ਫੋਈ ਹੈ
Fਰ
ਏਸ 1 2 ਡ
ਦੇਉ ਜੋ ਵੀ
ਤੇ 9ਵ s
ਰ, ਦੂਰ ਹੈ ਲu O ਕਾ ਭਾਰ
55 ਦੀ
ਕਨ

Page 21
Cholera -
Infectious (viral) hepatit: Ameebic dysentery - recent: problems like infectious h
Bacillary dysentory -
One form of "shegellosis" ducing serious illness.
Other Enteric Diseases
Various forms of diarrhea a A rather newly discovered Giardiosis - is even in the disease than any other dise
All of these type of consuming almost any contar as by water.
F. COMMON CAUSES OF CONTAMINA!
Medical science has de vaccinations and injection: may be recommended.
However, the best pre health control measures. TI of how the tiny disease pro bacteria, virus, and proto:

is ly some cases have also caused epatitis
(bacillary dysentery) is pro
are caused by virus aisease - not common in Jaffna, e U.S.A., causing more diarrheal ease organism.
diseases can also be caused by minated food or drink, as well
TION
eveloped various preventive s which should be utilized, as
vention is by environmental hese take advantage of knowledge oducing "micro-organisms" -
pa get from excreta to the victim.

Page 22
- ਸੰਪਾਦਕ
9 ਵਰਗ ਸ਼ੜak = ਹੀ ਡੀ.
ਕਿਰਤ ਕਮ ਹੈ

= ਵuta
ਨੂੰ 2- ਨੂੰ
ਤੇ ਕਹੈ ਵੀ ਸੀ
ਨੂੰ , ਤੇਈ ਵੀ
ਤਾ ਉes

Page 23
The most common paths are:
1. Direct Contamination
Def acation or urination used for drinking, irrigating tables, or harvesting fish wr thorough cooking, is a seriou
2. Indirect Contamination
Pour-flush vaults, septi soakage systems: a). Overflowing into water whi b) Underground contamination
Locating excreta disg may contaminate near-by we in limestone.
c) Hand contamination
A most common cause been contaminated by excre washed with soap and water
i. Wells
Open wells are subj by all hands which touc they are exposed to ent mination. The Training the Jaffna Region, well to-use hand pumps. Thes appreciated by the peop
- 10 -

into water which may be
or washing certain vegenich may be eaten without as problem.
-c tanks, cesspools or
-ch may be used for drinking.
posal systems where they :lls, or drain into channels
is the human hand which has eta and then not thoroughly
ect to serious contamination :h the rope or bucket. Also :rance of drainage and contaProgram will demonstrate, in .s with tight covers and easy
e are safe convenient and well
·le.

Page 24
ਤੇ • - & 2 : ਕੀ ਤੇ ਹੈ ਉ ਨੂੰ ਮ
ਤੋਂ
ਦੀ ਹੈ :
13
ਚਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਤੇ
5 ਵੀ
y * *M
:: +
ਤੇ n ਜ ਤੋਂ ੩
ਪਾct: % ਨੂੰ 5]
।
ਸਕਦੇ ਨੇ ਤੇ 2 ਤੇ 3 ਸਮੇਂ ਤੋਂ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਖੇਤ
ਹੈ ਕ ਨੂੰ ਮਾਨ ਨੂੰ ਕਦੇ Bਨ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਦੇ
5 ਤੇ 2 3 4 5

ਚ ਵੀ ਨੇ
ਕਦੋ30 ਨੂੰ
ਨੇ ਚ ਤੂੰ ਤੇ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਉਤ ਤੇ
ਦੇ ਤੇ ਆ 545 ਕੀ 2 ਤੋਂ 3. 2 piਤ
ਜੇ ਤੇ 5੦ ਕਿ.
ਚਲਤੇ ਹੈ
ਦੋ ਕਰੋ
1 ਤੇ ਉਸ ਕੇ Buri ਤੇ bEਤ ਉਪਦੇ
bਸ ਨੂੰ 3 - 8 ਤੇ ਕਰ
5 ਤੇ ਪੰਚ
33
2 ਕਿਲੋ ਸੀ
2 3:ਤੇ
ਹੈ , , , ਦੇ ਕਤਲ ਤੋਂ
ਉੱਪ ਚ 23 % ਹੈ ਤੇ
8 ਵ . EG - ਤੂੰg 3 ਨੂੰ = ਉਪ ਚੋਂ 35

Page 25
FFLOAT CONTROL
BOTTLES WITH DISSOLVED STRAINED POWDERED BLEACH
-PRIMING TANK 20 GAL.t
-DRP CONTROL
VALVE
ТОА
DRIP
PRIMING VALVE

LFLOW CONTROL VALVE
a TO SYSTEM
PUMP
FROM WELL FOOT- VALVE AT BOTTOM OF SUCTION PIPE
TYPICAL DRIP CHLORINATION
ON UNICEF FUNDED PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Page 26
ਦੋi
WANNA SAN MAk
Fake MillWD33P - 18 902 - 13ਲ ਦੇ 1372
hwa

-

Page 27
ii. Buckets and Dippers
In many studies it a standpost was higt rinsing of the pail
F. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
1, Avoid contamination.
This involves ! all of those measure types of contaminati cussed.
2. Treatment
where it is not nation is prevented, treatment which is I practically all of the Training Progran filtration systems supplies" as rivers
3. Disinfection
The most commor process for public v tion. It is well pro is clear (low turbid concentration of "fi free of disease pro
Health educati public that the "ch. water is necessary
- 1

was proven that safe water from nly contaminated by hands during
or dipping the water.
public education to be aimed at es which will help avoid the ion which have just been dis
: possible to be sure, contami. the water needs that degree of :equired to make it safe. Since : the Jaffna Region uses well water, 1 does not include the types of ihich are necessary for "surface
and streams.
I and effective disinfecting rater supplies is by chlorina
ven that a water supply which lity) and which has the correct tee chlorine residual" will be lucing organisms, including virus.
in may be needed to convince the .orine smell or taste" in their for their health protection.

Page 28
ਤੇ 9 ਦੇ ਪੱਕ ਦੇ
ਅਤੇ 3 ਤੇ 2 ਨੂੰ ਕ
*
ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਹੋਰ ਤੇ sad
ਕਿ ਨੂੰ 53 %
ਤੇ ਤੇ ੩ਹੈ ਤੇ ਦ ...
੩ ਨੂੰ . ਤੇ ਤੇ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਉa
ਮੈਂ ਚ੩233 36 ਦੇ
- ਤੇ 30
ਸਚ ਹੀ ਤੇ - 3 ਨੂੰ ਵੀ
5 6 ਚ : ਤੇ 73 ਤੇ 32 bਨ ਨੂੰ
2 ਨੂੰ 6 ਤਾਂ ਜੋ ਕਿ % c 23
138 d F
ਜੋ ਹੋ ਤੇ 10 ਨੂੰ ਦੇ 2

ਮੈਂ ਜੋ ਵੀ
ਦੀ ਆਂ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਵੀ ਤੇਲ ਉਤੇ ਮਰ ਨੂੰ ਵਧ
ਦੋ43ਲ ਤੇ
Ti ਨਹੀ ਹੈ 2 .
ਕੋ ਏ ਤੇ
ਤੋਂ ਸ
ਤੇ
ਨੂੰ ਦੇ 3 ਦੋ ਚ ਕਰੋ : % ਹੈ .
ਦੇ ਹੋ ?
ਕਰ 0 ਆਂ 2 : ਵਾਰ ਸਤ ਤ ਹੀ ਚਲੇ
4 5 ਦੇਵੀ
T
= ਵੀ ਹQ Fਦੇ ਦੇ 1 ਨੂੰ
bad ਤੇ B = ਮੈਂ
ਦੋ ਤੋਂ ਚ ਪੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ
- ਹੋਈ ਤੇ ਬg ਤੇ ਇਹ ਵੀ 35

Page 29
DUST- BIRD AND ANIMAL CONTAMINATION
DUG SHALLOV ALWAYS CONTI
01 A

O SUN
SUN
GREEN MOSS AND ALGAE SUNLIGHT
KAYBI
BACTERIA FROM HANDS
S
V WELLAMINATED

Page 30

50 =

Page 31
COVERED WELL USAID DEVELOPED H
HA ND PUMP
EASY TO REPLACE PLUNGER.
MANHOLE
TIR

WITH AND PUMP
SCREENED VENT CONCRETE COVER - CONCRETE
APRON
NOT OVER 22'-0"
CLOWEST
WATER LEVEL
CHECK VALVE SOMETIMES USED

Page 32
GBPਤ
ਤੇ ਤਤੇ)
ਖੇ
D
... .
ਤੇ

My= WELLEl 81 !
ਸਮੁ 11 ਸਾਲ
ਆ "
13
1. =
ਆ ਤੇ

Page 33
SUPPOR COVERING LARGE
El.
WELL COVER TO BE PRECAST IN ONE OR MORE SECTIONS. JOINTS TO BE:
SCEP
SEAL
E:
E

ETS FOR
DIAMETER WELLS
4" x 8" REINFORCED, PRECAST BEAMS, SET FLUSH WITH TOP OF CONCRETE
WELL CASING
- CEMENTED
IN PLACE

Page 34
11. P. Allat .. .
WW.
ਸਚ ਤੋਂ -
|
" ਤੇ
|

ਤੇ ਆਂ ਪੀ ਨੂੰ 7 ਸਾਲ
ਨੂੰ ਤੇ

Page 35
A "chlorine residual" is e post water supplies. That o assurance that disease orga which touch buckets and die the chlorine before the wat
CHEMICALS IN WATER
"CHLORIDES" (SODIUM)
Salt, sođi um chloride, of the Region's water suppl mg/1 (milligrams per liter) of "chlorides". The World national standards for drin chlorides, where practical, standard suggests, where p than 600 mg/1. The limit is that water begins to taste is more than 250 mg/1. Sea chlorides. One public stand region reaches 4,000 mg/1 o sea water.
A primary health conce sodium element in " chloride too much sodium tends to pr (hypertension). If a person of water per day (includin he would consume 2 pounds
Water is only one of m article quoted authorities American consumes 20 pounds that high sodium consumpti
rates of hypertension.
- 12 -

Especially desirable in stand
hlorine provides some nisms from contaminated hands -pers will be destroyed by
er is consumed.
is the main chemical "pollutant" ies. This is expressed as
or p.p.m (parts per million) Health Organisation's Interking water recommend that
be less than 200 mg/1. The -ossibie, the limit be no higher
primarily based upon the fact salty ("brackish") when there
water contains 35,000 mg/1 post supply in the Jaffna r about 10% as much salt as
rn related to chlorides is the s". It has been found that omote high blood pressure consumed an average of 2 liters g water in foods and beverages),
of sodium per year. any sources of sodium. A recent of U.S.A. who said the average
of sodium per year. It was said in was a primary cause of high

Page 36
25 ਨੂੰ 1993
:ਮ4 ਨੂੰ ਹੀ
ਬਕ - ਕੇਸ਼ ਦੀ 8 ਭਾ
2 ਵ ਚ ਕੇ ਦੇ 3 ਉਵੇ ਤੋਂ 6 ਤੋਂ 13 ਆਈ 5
ਇਕ ਤੇ ਵੀ ਹੋ ਸਕੇ ।
ਸ, ਜੋ ਵ5 ਨੂੰ ਕਰ
ਕੋਹਿਤ ਰ ਹੋ ਦੇ ਵ3
ਤੇ = ਤੋਂ 7 ਲੜ ਤਕ
2 ਪੁਲ
5 ਕ ਬਹਾਰ
ਜੋਤ

8 ਤੋਂ 10 22 pਆ ਤੋਂ ਵ
ਕਨ 3
ਦਲ ਤੇ ,
32
ਝ ਪਲ ਦੇ
ਹੈ ਤੇ ਤਨਜੋਤ ਤੇ .
ਦੋ ਉਹ 2
ਨੇ ਤੇ 2 ਕੇ ਨੇ ਕਬ ਤਕ ਮਿ ਨਵੇਂ ਤੇ ਬ
3 ਦਿਤੇ ਤੇ ਵse ਤੇ ਹੈ
ਤੇ ਤੇ 9 ਨੂੰ Sਏ 2 3 4 cb
ਕ, ਸਤ ਪਤ
ਤੇ ਤੋਂ
ਪੀ . . ਤ੦ ਤਕ ਆ ਜਾ
25 : 2 ਤੇ ਚਤ ਵੀ ਕਦੇ ਹੋ 40) ਨੂੰ ..
ਫਤ ਆ
5 ਤੇ ਦੋ ਪਰ ਸਵ
ਨੂੰ ਹੋ ਰਹੀ
ਤੜੇ ਉਤੇ

Page 37
Among the sources of s vatives in meats like bacon sources. One is excessive u
Based upon the above s in even highly brackish Jaf contribute only about 10% o average American.
NITRATES
Health Effects
An important chemical nitrate compounds (No3). Th pose of with human and anum are highly soluble (like ch by passing water through no Once water containing nitra feet of soil they continue ward until they enter the g
The main source of nit supplies is from agricultur The highest levels of nitra water are in areas where pr other crops are irrigated b cially fertilized. A map ha Resources Board Jaffna staf are, in an area of high nitr public water supply schemes nitrate concentrations.
The area with the high latrine pits, septic tank
- 13 -

sodium are baking soda, preser- and ham, and a variety of
ise of salt in foods.
studies the amount of sodium Efna Region water, would of the total salt intake of the
for crop fertilizers, is Lese are also produced by use or disnal excreta and manure Nitrates Clorides) and are not removed -rmal soil or rock formations. tes gets through the top few to percolate or flow downroundwater supply.
rates in the Regions well water al fertilizers, mainly urea. tes in Jaffna Region groundoduce like chillie, beans, and y well water and are artifis been prepared by the Water f. The Jaffna Municipal wells ates. Practically all other - in the region have very low
est density of pour-flush and cesspool systems (which

Page 38

ਤੇ ਉਤੇ ਤੇ
2 ਵੀ = ਕੌਰ ਤੋਂ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਬਹੈ ਜੋ ਹਰ
ਤੇ ਆ ਜਾਂ E Lਕੇ &. ਹੈ ਕt ਕਰ ਕਰ ਕੇ
{{****
S ਵਾਕ
550 ਕਾਂਤ 2 ਲੋਕ
Eੜ 33 ਮੌਤ
ਤੋਂ ਕੀਤੇ ਜਾ
ਯੂਰਤੀ ੩੦ ਤੇ 20 ਕੀ ਕੌe 33
ਤੇ 50 ਸਾਲ ਦੇ Fਸ ਤੇ 3 ਤੇ 8 ਨੂੰ ਲੈ
ਵੀ ਦੀ ਉ ਆਂ ਨੇ ਪੰਥ ਦੇ 33 ੨ ਨੀ ਓ ਅਤ ਤੇ

Page 39
add nitrates to groundwater pality. There are over 10,0 most are too brackish for a nitrates are of little conc
CONCENTRATIONS OF NITRATES
The only public suppli contain high nitrate conce Municipality wells which su and limited other buildings been steadily rising. The W mg/1 as nitrates. The Jaffn times that amount.
Studies of the volume enters, the groundwater sup pounds of fertilizer (nitra year; and adjusted for amou roots or lost, show the fol
Nitrate concentrations only in irrigated, concentr
The amount of nitrates land does not produce serie in the water.
HEALTH EFFECTS OF NITRATES
Only infants of three formulas made with high-nit regularly consume such wate even from mothers who drink reasonably free of nitrates
- 14 -

*) are in the Jaffna Munici
00 wells in this area but regular human consumption, so
ern.
IN JAFFNA PUBLIC SUPPLES
.es which are now known to intrations are the Jaffna Ipply standposts, the Hospital i. The concentrations have
HO recommended limit is 45 La wells now contain over three
of rain water per acre which pply; along with the average ogen as nitrate) applied per ant of nitrogen used by Plant _lowing:
s are above recommended limits cated agricultural areas.
E applied to once-a-year paddy ous concentrations of nitrates
months or younger, who are fed erate water or who otherwise er are affected. Breast milk,
water with high nitrates, is

Page 40
- ਬst Sਤ ਦੇ
ਦੀ 3 ਤੇ 4 ਤੇ ਨਾਤ
Cਤਾਂ ਆ ਕੇ S Siਤੇ ਮ ੩ ॥ 54 ਦੇ ਵਸਤੁ -
95 ਤੇ 92 .
ਦੇ ਨੂੰ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਭਬਾ ਉਤ ਤੇ ਆ , ਜੋ 200 ਦੇ ਕ
22 ਨੂੰ 12 ਆਜੋ gpg ਨੂੰ gga 6 58 ਤੇ 3600 ਸਾਧ aa Byaa 0 1
36 ਡ00 u t.
ਜਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਜੋ 34
ਨਿg 3 ਨੂੰ 30 286 . ਦੇ ਤੇ ਹੋਏ .3 ਡ
5 % 1 ਨੂੰ ਰੋਤੇ ਆ ਤੇ ਤੇ . ਕੈਮਰba , ਤੇ ਤੇਲ ੩ ॥
a pid

15223 3: 15 , i 3v 25 ਤੋਂ 15ੜੀ ਸ
ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਕੇ 4 ਤੋਂ 3 40ਧ ੩ ਮੌੜ ਤੋਂ ਜੀ ਦੇ
diq 13 . 95 ਏ 5. 2 3 Aapu
2 ਤੇ ਛੇ ਤੇ ਜੋ . ਰਾuਟ ਤਨ ਮਨ ਨੂੰ ਹਨ
ਦੋ ਤੇ ਖੇਤ 3
ਜੇ ਹਮ ਹੈ: it
' % iਤ ਤੇ 2 ਤੋਂ
2 3 4,23ੜ
22ਲ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਉੜ ਸਰਲ ਹੈ 38 ਦੂ ਤੇ 3 ਪਰ ਜੇ ਕ 80
ਨੂੰ ਪੜ ਰੋ :
3 ਤੋਂ 5 s ਏ 3 4 5 on set st
ਚ 3 ਨੂੰ
ਨ ਤਤ ਬਹਸ
33t ਸੰਨ ਹੈ 1 ਵd ity 25 610
ਟ8 11:੨੩1 E ਕਦੇ 99

Page 41
A rather small percent water with high nitrates ar the problem was first recogi over 2,000 cases were report Europe. About 8 to 10% of tl
The effects are due to precesses. The infant's dige ("reduce") nitrates (N-O3) to only during infancy.
Nitri.tes in the blood ( porting hemoglobin to mether oxygen. This form of oxygen teristic blue colour of the called methemoglobinemia or
Interviews with the med Region Health Departments, sity has failed to produce a seen a blue baby in the regi
Controls
Locating Wells
Since non-brackish wate possible or desirable to rebecause of high nitrates. He planning should keep in min desirable to avoid locating subject to high nitrate con agricultural fertilization }
- 15 -

of the infants who consume e affected. However, since nized in the mid 1940's, well ced from the Americas and ne cases were fatal.
certain natural biochemical estive tract tends to convert o nitrates (NO2). This occurrs
Convert the oxygen transnoglobin, which cannot transport
starvation causes a characskin. The disease is therefore "blue babies".
aical authorities of the Jaffna 1ospitals and Jaffna Univerany medial authority who has Lon.
er is scarce, it is not always ject a well water supply
wever, future water resources I the fact that it is highly
new municipal wells in areas centrations from irrigated practices.

Page 42
ਨ 2 ਧੀ 5 . au
ਤਕ Rਤ ਪਾਤਰ
22 ਤੇ ਤੇ

ਤੇ - 4
3
1 ਅਤੇ 2235.
8 ਵ 3ਲ ਗq
ਕਪੂਰ

Page 43
AGRICULTURAL USE
The rate of fertilizer a the Department of Agricultur such as paddies would not ca reach the WHO maximum.
Even for irrigated crop seriously exceed such levels application may often be dou recommended rate. This relat Owners of expensive lands to value in crops.
Maps prepared by the wa Chief Engineer indicate exce under large areas of agricul Tests by a Professor of Jaff some such areas (fortunately wells are located) levels ha recommended limit.
PRECAUTIONS
WHO standards note that be consumed by certain infan small. So it is stated that locations where low nitrate obtained for such infants. S primarily to those public su Municipality. For infant par irrigated areas, health off resources maps and data so a of infants who are fed water

pplication recommended by e for non-irrigated crop lands use nitrate concentrations to
lands the levels would not . However, the actual rate of ble or more than double the Les to the desire and need for
· produce the maximum possible
.ter Resources Board's former !ssive nitrates in groundwater .tural produce growing lands. 'na University show that in - not where public water supply ve reached over four times WHO
the amount of water which would ats of a community would be very parents could be advised of the containing water could be So far, that policy would apply applies which serve the Jaffna cents who use private wells in
cials can consult the water as to provide advice to parents

Page 44
ਵaa c t ਵs 92 ਕਰੋ
ਹੜੇ ¤ ਯੇ ੩੩
ਤੇ ਵ ਤੋਂ 25
ਤੇ 8 ਹੋਟ | ਦੋ .
ਤੇ 4 58 3 ਵ 9 ਤੋਂ ਉd : 3 ਤੋਂ ਪੈ
ਨੂੰ 1539 ਨੂੰ ! ਦੇ E ਕਿ 10 B5 . .
·ਨ ਦੁਗੜ -
ਤੇ ਆet ਤੇ s ਪੂਨੇ 3G d 3 ਤੇ
OEਮ 23 ਤੋਂ 50 p S
ਨੂੰ ¤ ਤੋਂ 5 c u Cus s
ਲd bt 2 ਤੋਂ 9 ਤੇ ba tyhs Bua 2 ਲੱਖ
34 530 5 ਦੀ . gq ਨੇ ਮੰਚ ਤੇ ਪਤ
R$d Sn ਖ 85 ਨੂੰ 33 38 ਤੇ 3 ਕਰ... ਚ
ਦੇ 30 3Euਚ ਵੀ
M.tk.

ਜੋ ਆਏ ਸਨ
g 185. ਚ ਚੜੇ ਹੋ ਰਹੇ ਨੇ ਦੋ
EG ਧਨ, 3 %
ਝ
੩ ਘ2 5 5. ਨੂੰ ਹ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਤਿੰਨ 2 ਵੀ ਬਣ ਚ
ਦੀ ਕੋਰ ਅਤੇ ਪ
ਤਕ a a n
ਤੇ ਮਤੇ ਵ3 ਨੂੰ ਮੈਂ
ਤੇਨ ਤੇ ਜਬ = ਦੇ ਕੇ ਮੈਂ ਕੀ ਕਰੇ ।
ਦੇ ਨ
ਵਿਚ
ਤੇ ਹੈ 330 ੩ERਤ ਏ ।
ਨ ਤੋਂ 3ਲ 103 34 ਤੇ ਪੀ.ਏ.ਵ ਖੇਤ 13 ਨੂੰ
3 & Eਏ ੨ਤ 5ab it .
=8 ਹੈ:ਤੋਂ ਵੀ ਵ
22955 ga
ਹੈ ਸੁਖ ਨ ਕਿ ਜੀਆ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ 2

Page 45
HOW SANITATION EFFECTS HEAL
DISEASES FROM EXCRETA
The water-borne disease the part of this report whic are call caused by persons water or food which was exp excreta, either directly or
Major Goal
The major goals of san:
1. Provide convenient a
2. Dispose of excreta
drinking water supp! for bathing, fishing
3. Protect the excreta
animals which could
4. Assure that humans
excreta.
Special Problems from Intes
In addition to the wat commonly contains small egg cause infection with intes most common in Jaffna are:
1. Hook worm
Small forms of which is deposited Then, when a bare h small form of hookw penetrates the bare It finally accumula

:H
as which were discussed in the :h covered water supplies Irinking water, or consuming
sed to contamination by human indirectly.
itation are to: and sanitary latrines or toilets. 30 it does not contaminate lies or waters which are used g or human contact
from contact by flies or thereby contaminate foods. do not come into contact with
tinal Parasites (worms)
er-borne diseases, human excreta s or small forms of worms which tinal parasites. Among the
hookworm from human excreta on the soil can live for months. uman foot steps on the soil, the orm attaches itself to and
foot, to enter the blood stream. tes, and grows and multiplies in
- 17 -

Page 46
ਵਲੋਂ ੩੦ % ਦੇ . ਸ 16 ਨੂੰ
ਨੇ 13 . Iਲ ਕੇ ਪਤਨ ਦੀ ਦੇ
ਦੇ ...
ਇe n aa ਤੋਂ ਕਰਨ ਵ.
ਤੀਨ a ck
ਤੇ .
o Bi: ਸ਼ਹੀ ਚ ਤੋਂ 30
ਹੈ ਤੇਰੇ ਨਾਦ ਕੀ 13 ਨੂੰ
ਆ ਫੋਨ ਆਨ
ਹੈ ਤੇ 22
500 3. ਕਵੀਆਂ ਦੇ 29 ਨੂੰ !

Fਲ ਗਵਾ ਦਾ ਨR
ਵੈਤ ਉਨ ਕੇ .
ਏ B
ਤੇ ਉਘ
ਤKਸ਼ ਕਰ ਦੇ
Bੜ ਦੀ.
Eਤੇ 22 ਤੋਂ
ਬਦਤ 03 921950qe pਰ ਤੇ ਬਹਿ :
2ਨੂੰਨ : 018
ਹੋina

Page 47
the digestive system where i cases cause so much loss of b and loss of energy.
2. Round Worm
Round worms can develop human digestive system to pro of large worms (up to over 2 enough of the victims food su
The worms, in severe cas persons nose, mouth and ears.
Where human excreta is a soil or surfaces which are to of the round worm can get on (There are other worms which
Sanitation's Role in controll Pour-Flush Latrines
Ceylon is credited in th publication on "Excreta Dis in building "pour-flush latri main features of this system
1. Simple and low cost 2. Requires only a small an 3. Easy to keep sanitary 4. A water-seal prevents es
excreta-collecting vault 5. Excreta is protected fro
animals. 6.. Can be installed and use
available.
18.

t lives on blood. Severe lood as to produce anemia
and multiply within the duce as much as a few pounds
inches long). These consume pply to produce malnutrition.
es, can crawl out of the
llowed to contaminate floors, uched by humans, small eggs hands and then be swallowed. are also "intestinal parasites)
ing Intestinal Parasites.
e World Health Organization's -posal" as having pioneered
nes" over 50 years ago. The are:
Hount of water
cape of odors from the
-m contact by flies and domestic
=d where no public sewers are

Page 48
3 Cਤੇ ਨੂੰ
ਦੇ d
5 ਤੇ 6 ਤੋਂ . ਕਹੁ ਅਤੇ ਸਜ 30
ਤੇ ਬਹੁ ass
11 ਕਿ 14 21 a ਘਰ 2 3
1 ਤੇ ਡਣs ਬਕਰ ਨੇ
ਵਿzzz id ਤੇ an e 6 ਕਹੀ ਸੀ ਕ15 ਕੋ ਰੋ ਦੇ ਵਹੀ 91
ਦੋ ਪੋਤੇ ਤਦ ਹੀ ਕੋਈ
3RD =ਪੀਲ
I lli
ਇਕ 32 ਹੋ
if u ਦੇ
2 ਨੂੰ :- ਕਿਹੋ 4 ਤੇ 5 ਨੂੰ

ਨੇ 3 ag
ccioun 0ਵ ਬਨ 53 ਵਹ
38 c ਹੈ
ਨੂੰ ਪਰ 8 ਚon
= 22 ਨੇ ਤੇ 8
38 - 62 ਸਤ
25 ਕੜੀ ਉਸ 1 & 9 10
2 ਤੇ 24 ਕਾ 5 ਤਕੀਆ ...
36
=ਤ 1932 .30 . ਇਕ 25 3 ਪੀ.
ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ 2011 ਤੋਂ 5 ਤੇ a da ਤੇ
'ਤੇ 5 ਨੂੰ -- ਹਰ ਪਾ :
ਤਬ ਆਕਤ .. Eਤੇ ਥੋੜੀ ਕੀਤੇ ਤੇ ਆਤੇ ਜਾਤੇ ,
ਤੇ sons ਵਰ ਦੀ ਖ .
|, si : ਡਾਲਨ Estਹੀ ਸਰ 3 ਦੇ .

Page 49
Other Systems
The Conservancy System ha purpose and should not be abar stitute can be provided. This against both water-borne disea
The system is most necess older areas of the Jaffna Regi until public sewers can be pro enough room for the vaults and necessary for pour-flush latri do not require the few liters flush", and this water conser water must be carried for some posts.
"Modern Plumbing"
Because of the shortage o not wise to install modern flu several gallons of water per f brackish water supply is avail
Also, water flushed plumb hazards from over-flowing sept sewers are installed, or where and suitable, porous soil to d
HEALTH EDUCATION
Health education by Midwi and Nurses, and in the schools program to improve sanitation
- 19 -

as served a very useful ndoned until a suitable sub
system can protect the public ases and intestinal worms.
sary in the densely developed, Lon's cities and towns. There, ovided, there is usually not a soakage cesspools which are ines. Also conservancy systems s a day of water for the "pourration is necessary where all e distance from public stand
»f fresh drinking water it is ish toilets which require
·lush, except where a separate .able for sanitation.
sing systems will cause health :ic tanks, except where public ! there is adequate open space lispose of the wastewater.
.ves, Public Health Inspectors i, are all important in a and to reduce the existing large

Page 50
ਚ ਤਕਰ
ਨੂੰ ਕ on ਅਜ ਵੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਤਉ ਏ ਦੀ ਲ
-ਪਲਕ ਤੇ ਰਖ ਦੇ ਦੋ
ਤਰ ਰਵਨਾ ਦੇ ਨਿਕਲਤਾ ਹੈ
ਦੇ ਤਮ 11
ਨੇ ਤੇ
ਨੂੰ ਦਸ ਕਰੋ
2 ਦੀ
੩ਕਰੋ

Rod .
ਬਾਰ
ਨੂੰ ਦੇ 2 ਸਚ ਕੋ ਨੂੰ ਹੀ ਕ50 t
ਲਵ Eg
ਦੇ 3 ਹਰ 2 ਤੇ
ਤਬ ਤੇ ਹਤ ਵਰ ਬਚ ਕੇਕ
4 ਤੇ 25 .
ਦੇ ਕੇ h
ਜੋ ਕਲ d
|
ਕਿ ਨੂੰ ਤੇ

Page 51
numbers of cases of intestina This health education must be which convinces the people ar they can to provide suitable posal systems.
Then, parents, teachers should teach and promote sani by medical treatment to elimi and to reduce the intestines
WATER TREATMENT
Filtration
Fortunately most of the drinking water from wells, so to provide expensive and comp However, a few of the well-wa dissolved iron (and sometimes of special treatment processe
Since the rock formation this results in waters which slightly alkaline. It tends dissolved iron from such wate with air, as it flows over sr the dissolved iron converts t be strained out by flowing th (sand filters). A few such sy
Disinfection
The most important step a Health viewpoint, is disin
- 20

Il diseases and Worms. ! accompanied by a program id their leaders to do all ! latrines and excreta dis
and all concerned persons .tary practices, accompanied .nate the intestinal parasites
disease rates.
Jaffna Region can get its it is not normally necessary »licated water treatment plants. ater supplies contain enough S manganese) to justify use es.
as are usually limestone,
are not "acid", but are to be rather easy to remove ers. By mixing the water pecial "aerating" surfaces, co small particles which can arough a few feet of sand ostems are used.
in water treatment, from Section. This is accomplished

Page 52
* ਕੀ ਕਰਨ
ਦੇ 94 ਚ
ਬ, :

ਸ5
ਨ .
ਦੇ ਕਤ
ਤੇ 20 ਤੋਂ 5
ਹੈ ਤੇ ਨਾ , ਨੇ ਕ ਕBਸੰਝ ਵੀ
ਤੇ
4 ਲ ਵੀ ਜੋ 2

Page 53
by adding a small amount o destroys the bacteria, pro organisms) which can cause "pathogens").
The most common, by f less common use is iodine. plants a special from of a into more common use.
Long experience (near a small amount of chlorine and allowed to stand for will protect against water
CHLORINATION
Chlorine can be obtai 1. Liquifised gas. 1
which is used at ] can be obtained in to over a ton. The somewhat heavier t lung damage or dea
However, when properly are provided with special i properly trained, this is i is produced in Sri Lanka.
However, all but the : Region should probably be e chlorine liquid or powder i
- 21 -

f material which kills or tozoa and viruses (micro -
disease (these are called
ar, is chlorine. Also of
At some larger treatment xygen gas (ozone) is coming
ly 80 years) has proven that
in the right form added alf an hour in a clear water,
· borne infectious diseases.
.ned in several forms:
This is the form of chlorine Larger water plants. Cylinders I sizes ranging from 100 pounds e gas is toxic and corrosive, Chan air, and can cause severe
ath.
- installed, and when operators protective equipment, and are a good system. Liquid chlorine
Largest system in the Jaffna equipped to use a form of as is discussed below.

Page 54
ਵਰ ਦੀ ਲਦੇਨ ਨੂੰ ਆ
ਆ ਹੈ ਉਕ
ਬਰਦਾਰ ਸ਼ 97 ਆ ਤੇ ਜੇ
ਕਰ ਤੇ ੩.
3 a g Dਸ਼ ਏ k a
3 ਨੇ
99.
6 .
3 ਨੇ 3
20 ਤੇ ੩ ਵ

ਨ ਏ ਨੂੰ 3 ਸ਼ੇਖ
ਨੂੰ 23 ਜੂਨ ਤੋਂ
ਜੋ ਹੋ ਜੋ
ਕਬ ਆਂ
1 ਵ5 ਨੂੰ
1 , $.
3 C ਸਪ T
0 ਨੂੰ ਸ
36 , 35 .
ਪਰ c d s
2ਕਤਾ Efa
E. ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਹੈ ਤੇ
ਕਲ ਹੋded: 13

Page 55
Chlorine-containing Powders
The most commonly used for small water systems of and smaller cities is a pon mixed with water, strained the water supply system by a special pump or can be a be easily made and operated
CHLORINE TEST
When water contains er it produces a slight chlori taste. An important part of the public that this odor that the water will not ca
A simple test for chlo that, when a few drops spec to a tube of the water cont chlorine, a yellow color de can be compared with colore ually measure the concentra
A. SANITARY SURVEY
The World Health Orgar that the most important ste aspects of a water supply steps in this process are:
22

. water-chlorination compound
Jaffna and Sri Lanka towns 'dered bleach. This is usually
and then is "metered" into a simple device which can be "home-made" unit which can
Lough chlorine to kill bacteria .ne odour, and sometimes a : health education is to convince »r taste is their assurance ise intestinal infection.
brine is based upon the fact cial colorless dye is added caining the right form of evelops. The amount of color ed glass "standards" to actation.
nization's Standards state ep in evaluating the health is the sanitary survey. The

Page 56
1924
ਜ ਦਾ
ਉਸ ਦੀ ਤੇ 5 ਦੇ 5 2 ਨੇ ।
ਹੋ ਕੇ ਮੈਂ ( 3 )
15 ਚ ਤੇ ਪਾਕਿ Sc
ਕਰ 2 3 8 ਨੂੰ
- Sਤੇ ਹੈ
ਹੈ ਕ ਤੁਰ Bਰ ਤ bs ੩ ॥ ੦ ਮ ਕਰ ਲੈ
ਦੋ ਕੋਈ ਤੇ Bਕੇ ਉ ॥
1%ai
ਹੈ ਤੇ ਤਾਂ ਚ ਨਵ
c ਤੇ s 6 ਦੀ 5 .
8 = ਕ

2 ਦੇ ਕੇ ਚ 10
ਸC ਨੇ
: ਦੇਤੇ ਹੈ Eਨ 1952 = e ਵੜ t 3 2 ਵੀ 393 ਕਰੋ 15 e B 0 ਯੂ g ਦੇ ਵੱਲ : ਏਕ
ਹੈ |
ਨੂੰ ਤੋਂ 32 %s
ਤੇਲ ਤੇ ਤੇ
ਪਿੰਡ ਹੈ ਜੋ E' ਤੇ ਤ
ਮੰਦੀ ਤੋਂ 3 ਚ 3 ਨੂੰ
ਲਖ ਕੇ - ਦੇ 3 ਦੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ si : 2
02 3 ਪਰ 3 adੜ ਦੋ ਲੱ
ਵੀ ਆ
ਤੇ ਆਂ Eਭੇ ਤੇ ਤੜ ਹੈ
ਨੇ ਤੇ ਜੋ ਉਸ

Page 57
1. Source
Where does the water
a) Source not safe wi
i. Rivers, ponds,
ii. Open wells or s
from which wate
ropes, or dippi iii. Wells in certai
contamination o crevices or cha
b) Source which shoul
i. Any water from
to contaminatio handling and di contains the ri amounts of cont may be controll For this reasor, should usually chlorine.
ii. Water which ha
and manganese i
iii. Public water si
chlorinated. T} systems will no for 24 hours a ssure, contamir "cross-connecti reduce the hea: nation.

come from?
.thout treatment
pools, lagoons and open source. iprings, especially those !r is obtained by buckets and .ng. .n types of limestone in which can travel through cracks, innels for long distances. .d be chlorinated
public standposts is subject on from the container, or by .pping. However, if the water -ght amount of chlorine, small camination as from dippers, Led by the chlorine in the water. 1, water in standpost systems contain the right amount of
as been filtered, as for iron removal.
applies should generally be his is desirable because most ot be under constant pressure
day. During periods of no prenation can enter the system by ions" and leakage. Chlorine helps lth hazard from such contami

Page 58
ਦੇਵ
1 ਵਜੋੜ 82
ਪਰ ... ] n E ਨੂੰ ਤੇ
ਤੇ ਹਨ ਤੇ ਬਾਬਰ
ਕਦੇ ਵੀ ਸੰਤ
ਤੇ ਹੋਏ ਤੇ 2 ਤੇ
ਆ 2aSPਹ ਏ , ਕਿ ਤੈ ਰੂ
te ਤੇ ਹੋ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ 5 ਤੇ 15 ਮੈਂ
ਦੋਸਤ ਅਤੇ ਪ ਤੇ ਹੋ ਤੇ ਤੇ
ਬਾਪ, ਤੇ 53 ੩
30 ਤਕ ਜੋ ਤੇ ( Aed e # : ਬg c by ad - 0 ਤੌ ਹੋਰ ਪੈ
ਹੈ , 2 3 ਲ 2 ਤੇ ਕਰ 2 ਤੋਂ 5.5 ਨੂੰ
ਕਦੇ ਸਨ ਤੇ

ਦੋ ਏ ਤੇ ਇਕ
2 ਨੂੰ 4 .
ਨੇ ਕਾ ਜੋ ਹੈ ,
255
ਵ3025
ਉਗਏ
ਕਰਜ ਲ ਹੋਤੇ ਹੈ ਤੇ
ਹੈ ਤੇ 5
5 ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋ ਉਹ ਚ ਨੂੰ ਹੋਰ
ਖੇਤ ਵ ਨ ਹੀ ਤੁਝ
ਪ
|
Bਆਂ ਤੇ 32 h
ਤੇ ਵੀ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਹੈ
ਤੇ ad 1 ਵਜੇ ਤੋਂ 1 ਵ ਹੈ ,ਪਰ .
ਸਰਕਾਰ ਹੋਰ ਹੋ

Page 59
Treatment
a) Is treatment adequate
b) Does operator underst
c) Is there appropriate
is it properly used a d) Are there adequate su e) Are records kept of t
or problems?
3. Storage
i. Are all storage tanks
covered and are vents
ii. Are storage tanks chl
repairs?
4. Distribution System
a) Pressure 24 hours per
i. If not, has a cros
to avoid serious o ii. Is it practical to iii. Is there a system
distribution syste possible contamina installation or re
b) SURVEILLANCE
1. Is there a program
competent personne
- 24

and his responsibilities? field testing equipment and s for chlor ine? -pplies?
ests and special actions
, elevated tanks, etc. properly
screened?
Lorinated after cleaning and
- day?
s-connection survey been made ontamination hazards? - provide 24 hour-a-day service? for chlorinating wells, pumps, m pipes, and storage tanks after tion during construction, pairs?
- for regular surveillance by
l?

Page 60
ਪਰ ਹੋਤੇ ਹੈ
ਰਾਵੀ , D
3511 19d10 ਹੋਰ
ਨੂੰ ਵਾਰ
32 - Sa
ਜੋ ਸਹੁਦੇ ਤੋਂ 10 ਤੋਂ ਤੇ 5 ਤੇ 36 ਡੇ Bg
ਘe

ਚ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ
ਈ ਨੂੰ 8 ਤੋਂ
ਬਸ 33 ਹੀ
ਤੇਵੀ ਤੋਂ
.
n ਚ ਆ
3 ਚ
ਦੋ
e
ਵਾਅਦੇ 2 3 ਨੂੰ ਕਰ ਜਾਂ
ਕੇ ਦੂ
30 5 c .. 2 3 ਨੂੰ
ਨੇ 20 ..
ਤੇ ਦੇ ਵ
ਤੇ ਨਕਦੀ ਨੂੰ 3 ਨੂੰ ਕੀ
ਤਤ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਆ

Page 61
2. Has a formal program b
boration between surve operating agency?
3. Laboratory
a) Bacteriological
i. Regular sampling
and feeal coli, for
ii. Program of follo
case of unsatisf
b) Chemical
i. Establish polici
tested and frequ Chlorides Nitrates Iron Hardness Other?
c) Physical (As necess
Turbidity Color Odor Taste Other
d) Special Surveillanc
As may be nece or potential cancer chemicals, as from vities.
- 25

peen established for collaeillance personnel and the
I and testing for coliform em according to WHO produres. ow up with operating agency in Eactory samples.
Les on which chemicals will be
ency for:
sary)
ce
essary, special samples for toxic - or health problem- causing
agricultural or industrial acti

Page 62
ਲਾ
ਨ ਤੇ Dic 91 ਚ 1 ...
ਕਹੈ ਰੂ 21 ਸ !
'
RE ! ਦਾ ..
ਦੇਵ ਆਏ ਨੇ
Ec 1 E = ਇਕੋ
ਤੇ 3 ਪੀ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਜੋ . 3 ਸਤ ਤੋਂ

5 ਸਿੰਘ, ਕਰਨ ਮੈਂ ' ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦੇ
ਨੂੰ ਮੌਤ
ਪੋਲ
6 ਝ5.
ਨੂੰ .
ਤੇ 5
- 3 ਜੀ
ਏ ਨੇ ਦੇਵ
Tਤ ਤੇ 08 8 ਦੀ
Bਹੈ , ੩ ਜੇ
ਤੇ ਬਲ
ਛਾਤੇ ਵਿੱਤੀ
D
ਨ੪ B 2
|
... ]
ਨੂੰ
ਤੇ ਉਪ ਨੂੰ ਫੋਕ
3 4 ਤੋਂ ਤੇ 2 ਤੋਂ
ਨੂੰ ਤੇ

Page 63
Cc) Co-ordination and corre
1. Roles of various age a) Copies of regiona
to national heal b) Copies of reports
to national healt c) Establish policie
responsible local d) Relationships est
Superintendent's e) Responsibilities
i. who should do ii. Precedures so
submit samples iii. Policies where
service in acc
2. Special Epidemiological s
Policies so water surv laboratory facilities Epidemiologist in case
disease outbreak. b) Policies so operating
in assuring that suppl outbreak of water-borr
D.. Special Policies on San
General Policy
a) No bacteriologici
which are not pro
- 26

ctive Action
ncies. 1 health data routinely sent th office for review.
· to Regional NWSDB also sent h office. s for relationships with
officials
.ablished between regional Health
office and local MOH's and PHI's. fixed as to: routine surveillance sampling? operating agencies can also ; for analysis. eby local PHI's can have laboratory cordance with established policies.
studies
veillance personnel, records and
are available to MOH's and e of a suspected water-borne
agency will be especially active -y is chlorinated during suspected ae disease.
apling
al sampling of non-public wells operly covered and equipped with

Page 64
ਤੇ ਤੁਰ : ਵੀਰਭ.
3 ਨੂੰ ਨੂੰ ਹੋ ?
ਤੋਂ ਤੂੰ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਬ 1 ਕੇ
3ਵਾਲ ਤੋਂ
ਨੇ ਆਂ
ਤੇ ਉ .
5 35 2 2 ਦੇ
3 ਵ ਨੂੰ 5
ਨੂੰ 2 3 3:2 3 ਕਤ
Bਚ 25 ਨੂੰ
ਮਤ 5 , 38 a E
9 , 2
ਕਦੇ ਪਤ
ਚਮ ਥੇ ।

2983 ਹੈਕ
ppy Bo, ਇਕ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਦੇ 5
ਤ੦ (4) ਵੇਰੇ ਤੇ
ਤੇ 5 Bਆਂ ਵਕਤ . ਦੇ ਹੋ । ਤੇ ਪਾਉ.
50 ਲ.
ਤੇ ਚ 3 ਝਬct .
2 ਤੇ ਆ
ਤੇ 2022 ਤੇ ਪੁਣੇ .
Rਚ 4 ਤੋਂ 33 ਕਿ
8 ਆਨ DE ਤੱਕ ਕਿ
ਤੇ
ਉਤੇ ਨਹud Eਮ ਦੀ 2
Cas
ਦੇ 25 ਪ30 ..
ਹੈਤ (R)

Page 65
suitable pumping equipmer b) Always test " chlorinated
before taking bacteriolog
Special Policies
Chemical sampling an special needs, for instan
a) Iron or manganese wher
or where iron removal b) Seasonal sampling for
minimum and maximum co
past records, etc. c) close collaboration be
NWSDB Local operating agen Water Resources Boar Agriculture Departm Others, as needed.
E. Other Sampling
1. Ocean sampling.
Special "Most prot determine water quality areas subject to focal (
2. Special Sampling
a) Testing of covered, I
at hospitals, hotels used by "community".
- 27

supplies" for chlorine residual ical sample.
d testing arranged according to ce; e these present a problem systems are used chlorides and nitrates to establish ncentrations according to seasons,
:tween laboratory and:
acies
ment
pable number-MPM" sampling to
where sea food is harvested in contamination.
nand-pump and power-pumped wells E public buildings and where

Page 66
ਦੇ ਨੇ ਤੇ ਕੁ
ਦੇ 5
6 ਸਾਲ ਤੋਂ Da sn
:51 pg ਵਲੋਂ
Sਆਂ .
1: ਇਏ ਨੂੰ ਲੈ
ਕਰ , ਤਖਤ : g
9 ਏਕ

ਨੂੰ ਕਰ ਰckti (d
&n..
ਦੀ 2 ਤੇ ਤੇ =ਅੱਜ 0 ਤਕ 20
48 ੩੪
ਦੀ ਆ Es Dua
ਤੇ 119goo - 834 ਬਾਰੇ = 4 )
5ਣ ਰੂ
ਦੋ ਰੋਲ
ਕਨ
2E Fਹ ਤੋਂ 5 ਤੇ
ਤੇ ਸੀ ਪੀ ਨੇ
ਵ ਤੋਂ 23 ਨੂੰ = ਵRa ਦੇ
3 Cਹ

Page 67
b) Special Tests
i. In limestone areas t ii. Of covered, sanitary
disposal systems whi contamination.
SANITATION PROGRAMS.

o judge travel of contamination Ewells in areas of excreta
ch could cause bacteriological

Page 68
ਮ, ਤੇਲ ਤੇ

ਚਤ ਦੇ
Rਆਂ ਦੇ

Page 69
SEWERAGE FOR DENSELY DEV.
AREAS OF JAFF
"PROBLEM AREAS"
An examination of cond area and of certain busines Point Pedro shows that many that there is not enough ro pour-flush toilets and wast
1. At a meeting on pl
expressed concern
The MOH of the Point P ficant enteric disease thre area along the ocean a few Living units of fishermen a together they do not have r As a result many people def This is another place where to using pour-flush latrine se ptic tanks could drain to (14 inch diameter). The li of in shallow seepage beds above high tide and where p For larger system, stabiliz At the Point Pedro Base Hos now laying pipes and drains due to the failure of exist the shallow soil (one foot solid limestone. This is a septic tanks and shallow, s convey the sewage to suitab subsurface or stabilization formations exist in other b
district.
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
There are two major pr conventional public sewers. is quite flat so convention laid at "minimum grade". G because pour-flush toilets for transporting solids.
To partly correct the as in Africa, twenty years privies" that were used in latrines.
These have the toilets, since their design
- 2

ELOPED AND SPECIAL
NA REGION
ition of the Jaffna Urban
s areas of Chavakachcheri and
buildings are so close together Om for soakage systems for ewater.
anning the Mayor of Jaffna about this problem.
edro area stated that a signiat exists in the valvedditturai miles to the west of Point Pedro. nd their families are so close Dom to build pour-flush latrines. ecate on the beach and in the sea.
Consideration should be given - septic tank systems. The small - diameter plastic pipe quid could possibly be disposed built in the sand a few feet rotected from wave action. ation ponds would be recommended. pital and Health Centre, they are , partly to correct problems ing seepage systems built in or less deep) over laying rather nother critical situation where mall diameter sewers should le disposal areas, either
ponds. Similar shallow limestone uilt-up areas of the Point Pedro
oblems associated with use of
The first is that the land al sewers must normally be rades are of special concern do not provide enough water
above problems, some communities ago, began installing "aquaplace of ordinary pour-flush same advantage as pour-flush - produces a "water seal" which
-9 -

Page 70
ਜੋ ਲੋਕ ਦੋਸਤ "
ਤੇ 3 ਤੋਂ

ਸ਼ਤ
28 ਨੂੰ
35 ਅਤੇ
ਜੀ ਨੂੰ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ
Sਕੀ
ਕੇ ... ਤੇ 2383)

Page 71
prevents odors from escaping seal or trap. Water consump privy actually functions liki are retained for periodic puw Sullage and ablution water ci pour-flush vault to drain to producting additional flushii However, since the people of pour-flush latrines, the acco that septic tanks installed a: used with Small - diameter se be discharged through such ti
Sewer pipes can be of rat 2 inches). Clean-out opening more expensive manholes. Trac can be used, as necessary, to of the sewers.
The sewers can be design ponds or other suitable dispo designed the ponds produce ti most disease - producing mici parasistes. The liquid leavi discharged in to the sea, est maintained to sea - food har
While the liquid from tł standpoint, suitable for use much of the water from privat "sanitation", is so salty tha the ocean.
In areas like the older Municipality, consideration C several stabilization pond sy flat area. The berms could ! with rock "rip-rap". These o minimize the need for pumping not be major problem because character of the sewage and t be anticitated.
Sewers serving more mode conventional type. Then, as
modern hotels, hospitals, etc provide enough water for mode systems.
STABILIZATION POND DESIGN
During the past twenty pond has become well accepted oped countries. Studies in va India, Malaysia, South Africa data and operational experien Among their advantages are:
- 30 -

from the squat - plate cion is also low. The aqua e a septic tank so solids nping (every few years). an also flow through the
the sewer, thereby ag action in the sewer.
Sri Lanka seem to favor ompanying drawings indicate s part of such systems can be ewers. Also, wastewater can anks.
Eher small diameter (1 to gs can substitute for the ctor - drawn tank carts o provide periodic flushing
ned to flow to stabilitation psal systems. When properly reatment which eliminates co organisms and intestinal ing the pond system can be pecially where a distance jesting and bathing areas.
ne pond system is, from a health
for irrigation or fish culture, ce, shallow wells, used for it normally it should drain to
section of the Jaffna :ould be given to building 'stems along the shallow tidal - se protected from wave action :ould be so spaced as to f. However, pumping should of the anticitated liquid he low water usage that would
:rn districts may best be of
at certain buildings like :., private well systems can
rn flush toilets and plumbing
r more years the stabilization
in both lesser developed and develrious countries, including
and USA have produced design ce which are quite reliable.

Page 72
ਦੇ . (ਵ ਤੋਂ ਨਾ 'ਤੇ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਕੀ e
2 3 ਦੀ ਤੇ 2
ਤਦ · ਏਅ
'ਤੇ ਲਾb Se
ਤੋਂ ਕਤੇ 3
ਨ ਹਿ ਤੇ ਤੇ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ
se ਹੈ ਤੇ
ਹੈ ਤੇ
(ਕਿ ਤੇ ਬਾਲੋਂ 5 7 ਵਨ ਨੂੰ ਦੋ ਤੋਂ
13 3 ਵ ਤੇਲ ਤੇ ਮੈਂ
ਮਕ ਤੇ 15
ਮਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਕਦੇ ॥ Cid wazu
2 ਤੇ 3.. ਹੈ ੬ ਮ ਪ 5
ਨੂੰ 1 ( - ਬਾ.
3 ਵੀ ਓਨ ਨੂੰ॥
ਚ ਕੋਰ ਨੇ ਕ 23, ਤੋਂ S FE ਹਵਾ,
ਵਰਤ ਤੇ ਬ
2 ਤੋਂ 40 . 2 ਰੋ : ਪਨੂੰ

ਤੇ ਚ 3 ਨੂੰ
33 ਤੇ 33 33 ਆਨੇ ਵੀ ਆ 5 ਤ੩ ਤੋਂ 3 .
: ਹੈ ਵੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਹਿ ਤ ਆ
3 ਤੇ 5 ਨੂੰ
Rਟ ਲਵ ਖe
58 : ਸ. ਮ8 : ਤੇ
8 ਫe 5
ਨੇ ਵੀ ਹੈ
6 ਏ ਤੇ ਕਈ 3 : 3 ਲੋਕ
ਮੈਂ ਕਦੇ ਕਿ
2383. 25
2. ਤੋਂ
ਤੇ ਤੇ ਝਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ
ਦੀ 13ਵੀ
ਅਨ ਡਾ :
ਕੇ ਦੇ
ਤੇ 3.
Cab. TRO Kਤੇ 5 sp3
ਜੇਤੂ
ਕੀ ਹੈ ਰਤਨ ਬਣੇ
6 ਕc gਸ ਤ ਤੇ ਨੇ , ੩ ਪਉ
ਈ ਕਤo s
38 3 ਤੋਂ

Page 73
(1) No electrici
pumping is n
(2)
There are no repair.
(3) Maintenance
Total pond areas for t radiation climates like Jaf less than 1 acre per 4000 p
For an initial sewered would be required. This co each of 2 acres. The total 600 feet long, along the sh The water depth would be ab
An alternative plan fo would provide for the sewer preliminary pond in a suita treated sewage would drain moats around the old fort. would be necessary and ther conditions.
Tests are necessary to lining (like clay) is neces reasonably water - tight.. made to be sure that the da and hot weather, will add m than is lost by evaporation
- 31 -

ty is needed except if ecessary.
mechanical parts to require
costs are low.
ne warm and high - solar - fna, would be considerably ɔpulation,
population of 24,000, 6 acres uld be divided into 3 ponds,
pond area would be about ɔre and 400 feet seeward. put 4% feet (1% M).
r parts of Jaffna Municipality s ro discharge through a ble area and the the partly or be pumped to part of the
Only a small amount of berms e would be no odor or unsightly
decide whether any special sary to assure the ponds are Also, calculations must be ily flow during the most dry ore water to the pond system

Page 74
ਨੂੰ ਵੀ
ਪF ਤੇ ਦਾਲ
ਤੇ ਹਾਤ ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਦੀ 8 9 10 ਆਪ ਤੋਂ ਚ

ਦੇਸ਼ ਤੇ ਤੇ
ਨੂੰ ਕੇ ਨੇਤ ॥
3 ਨੂੰ ਤੇ ਤਖ
ਤੇ ਕ

Page 75
SECURE FENCE
R88888889
DOWSBADE
ORDURAR
SLOPE
BAP2PASTRONIE
MaRAPA SE
ZAOSUUS EST CUM :
POSSOBUJOLOGA
hrannAAAAAMARARM
BOTTOM
NEARLY
WATER-TIGHT
RIP-RAP
INSIDE -
LENGHT
ΑΒουτ.
TWICE
WIDTH

ILUL NL
Daarnaas
RIBBEAN
PROwa
BARBARA
TOOL
SHED,
ETC.
-x-
LOCKED
GATE
PLAN VIEW STABILIZATION POND DESIGN
SHED
-FENCE
iPPESEIE.
4Y2
FC. SPEEJ. VSE
St. * WATER LEVEL -

Page 76
hun
44

ਆ traxx
ਹੈ ? 1
- 5 h
Anti
= = = = --

Page 77
CONSERVANCY (BUCKET)
Replacement of Conservancy Syst
The Health Department, thro Inspectors, is actively encoura conservancy systems with pour-f construction there is a governm help finance the cost of the po municipal councils provide a 25 replacement of conservancy syst This covers only part of the co
In general, this is a desir in densely developed areas ther finding suitable locations for into which the pour-flush units concern is the problems which r are used for drinking water and
* There is not enough sp adequate separation be seepage systems.
(2)
The system must be ins there is practically n may be a hazard from c considerable distances
The following sketches show septic tank type of vault to re and pour-flush water. This is system of a design suitable for conditions of the site.
The seepage system can be:
(1). A seepage pit where t depth to ground water
ay or permeable an
A shallow bed of grav water level is relati the soil depth is sha
(3). Where ground water is
soil depth is shallow can be sufficiently e a "mounds system" of above which the aqua. flows into a perforat covered with soil (Se

SYSTEM (C,L, Senn)
zems
Pugh its Public Health -ging the replacement of Flush latrines, For new ment grant of 250 Rs, to -ur-flush system. Some
O Rs. grant help finance ems with pour-flush latrines, ost but serves as an incentive,
rable program, However, re may be a problem of
the seepage pits or systems - discharge, of more direct result where shallow wells - where either:
-ace to enable providing etween the well and the
talled in limestone where o seepage and where there ontamination travelling for
- designs which provide a
ceive the mixture of excreta then followed by a seepage the soil and graund water
here is considerable
and the upper soil is d not limestone.
el where the ground vely few feet deep or 1low.
close to the surface or , the pour-flush toilet levated to enable building 18 inches of sandy soil, privy's septic tank drain ed pipe, set in gravel and e following sketches).

Page 78
ਨੂੰ 1 ਤੇ ਜੋ ਕਿ
7 ਤੇ
ਨੂੰ ਮੰਨ ਨੂੰ ਤੇ ਆਂਡ ਤੇ
ਤ
ਸਲ ਤੇ 28
ਤਾਨਕੇ
.

ਹੋ ਕੇ
ਉਤੇ ਉਤੇ ਤੀਰ ॥ ਪੰਜੇ ਤੇ 3 ਹੋਰ
ਦੇ ਤਤ
ਲਖ
ਦੇ ਨੇ iss
ਤੇ 34
ਝਤੇ ਹੀ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ
ਮ ਨੂੰ ਤੇ
ਸੰਤ ਰਾਏ

Page 79
VACUUM TANK TRUCKS
The World Bank "Appropriat Supply and Sanitation" (Dec. 19 illustration of a vacuum type = bucket conservancy systems. Su much needed for the Jaffna Regi tanks, and vaults for pour-flus
An analysis was made of th system. The World Bank publica pumping tank trucks are used ex Taiwan. The systems apparently holding tank and a latrine arra pour-flush system. The publica tanks are pumped each two weeks
The well-known WHO publica by Wagner and Lanoix (1958) giv accumilated in an aqua privy. pour-flush latrine. Their reco gallons per person per day (min per son per day).
For a family of 6 this wou per day. For two week pumping 224 U.S. gallons. (One M3 = a truck has capacity of 1000 gal] 4 systems per load. If it coul per week, each truck could pumg
If systems are pumped once be able to service about 120 ho would be excessive.
If pour-flush latrines di: having a capacity of about 1 1 Lanoix publication, the septic once in 6 years or more years.
34

e Technology for Water 80) contains the following ystem to replace pail or ch pimping trucks are very on, to pump out septic h latrines.
e vacuum tank pumping tion notes that vacuum or tensively in Japan and
consist of a water-tight ngement somewhat like a tion states that household
.tion "Excreta Disposal -- res data on the volume
This would be comparable to a Immended design figure is 2 imp. Limum of 1 imp. gallon per
ild mean 16 gallons per family
intervals, this would mean Dout 262 gal).. If the tank -ons (4 tons), it could pump
d make 3 trips per day, 5 days O 12 x 5 = 60 systems per week.
e each 2 weeks, each truck would puses. The cost of such service
scharge through septic tanks
, according to the Wagner and tank would need pumping only

Page 80
15 ਨੂੰ !
ਤੋਂ ਵਿੱਤ ਬ8 ॥
3 ਰੰਨ
ਨ ਹੈ : ਰੂ ਤ ਤੇ ਤੇਲ ਤੇ 30
5ਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਤੇ ਹੋਰ
- & S ਤੇ
ਤੇ 30293
ਤੇ 8 ਹੈ 3 ! Seਉ ॥
3G ਤੇ ਹੈ ਪbਨੇ ਤੇ ਹੋ45
6 ਨੂੰ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ. - ਏ ਡ82 ਨੂੰ
ਨੂੰ 8 . .
ਨਨ ਓ ,

ਤੋਂ ਸਤੇ ॥
3. 6 ਡ :
2 3 ਤੋਂ 3 ਨੂੰ
53 Fan ਉਤੇ ਹੈ , ਹੈ ,
ਤੋਂ Rs
Bਤ ਤੇ ਮ
ਡਾਕ ਤੇ
3 ਨੂੰ ਉਹ 3
ਲ, ਘਸ ਨੂੰ
333
c nਦੇ E ਕਰ
ਹੋ G
5 ਨੂੰ 4 ਸਾਲ
ਤੇ : 1 ਤੇ ਹੈ।
33 6 8 32 ..
ਤੇ ਤੇ
.. su ਤੇ ਪਰ ਹੈ. 5 ਤੇ 3 ਨੂੰ ਪਨੂੰ ਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਏ ਤੇ ਉਤ ਤੇ

Page 81
ALTERNATI
tollet.
houg
|----
gault
toilet
hodeo
FIL111

- 82 -
VE DESIGNS FOR VAULT:TOILETS
-ent, 75mm.
vacuum tanker
nanhole
hose
O
vent
hoge to tanker
• Vault.r:

Page 82


Page 83
SUGGESTED PROGRAM
It is suggested that the po now, to encourage the gradual su flush latrines for conservancy s also recommended that at least a pumping truck be acquired. This to pump out septic tanks and pou vaults.
It may be necessary to use with holding tanks at certain le there is not enough room, nor su for septic tanks and seepage sys vacuum tank truck could then be empty such holding tanks. Such also enable collecting data to u assessing the economic and gener holding tank-vacuum tank trucks obtain "design data".
36

-licy continue as .bstitution of pour
ystems. It is -ne vacuum tank - Would be used -r-flush toilet
pour-flush latrines -cations where uitable conditions
tems. The proposed used to periodically a program would use as a basis for -al aspects of systems and to

Page 84
2 .
5
ਨੂੰ ਹੈ ਵ
ਤੇ. ੦

ਵੈ ਤ੩ ਹੈ ਤੇ
ਤੇ 5 ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ % e , ਤੇ ਬੋਤੇ ਤੇ ਹੁਣ
ਤੇ ਤੇ ਵੀ ਮੈ ਕਿ ਮੈਂ ਕ
ਦੇਤੇ
ਲਾਤੇ ਹੋ ਤੇ Sn
ਦੋ ਦੀ ਨੂੰਹ ਤੇ ਤੇ
5 ,, ਕਿਤੇ ਕਿਤੇ 2 ਤੇ 23 ਤੋਂ 3 ਨੂੰ 3.35

Page 85
SEPTIC TANK AND SOAKAGE SYSTEM
FROM POUR FLUSH LATRINE
LE
TV

H
MANHOLE
MAAILMAS
2 BD TO SOAKAGE
TRENCH, PIT OR BED
|- 2 M
t-12M

Page 86
三
|-
一,中文一一

е умий И
He have alrea = ник. НАМИРА НА 1 литр на Иран тамае на Аризона итання
ТаҮe apА ХАОСИА НИАТотча?
ИЯТА ПО НОЧ Моя

Page 87
3. O
12'-0"
og88De
PIACVIJITAWAIIIIAWNYMIMAANVIWIAVIMA"ag
ASARIO 6 000 i
SE OOR
2'-0"
OR MORE
SEEPAGE PIT
GRAVEL FILLED TRENCH OR BED

GRAVEL
TUNNUSMUIKINTI ANNANIMITTIARMER
memenangi
— TOP SOIL
- 4 : 1 SLOPE
- SANDY SOIL
12'-0"
GROUND
SURFACE
MOUND STSTEM
LIMESTONE OR HIGH WATER LEVEL

Page 88
2 jiwTM

Meall nan eta NASA PAMAMAGITAN NG SINAUNANG
NON
ELAVA
NAMA AMERICA
ANVIWN ACP. ROTH SECARA SEMENANG

Page 89
SQUAT PLATE --
C14“ PIPE WITH.
MIN. 5% SLOPE
"DAM
LL.
2'-6"
E WATERTUGHT "WALL I
LATRINE ROOM
L FOR CONCRETE
ТОР
DIVERSION BOX
2'-6"t
WALLS OF LOOSE BRICK, STONE-ORHOLES IN CONCRETS

6'-0"+
DOUBLE SOAKAGE PIT
TOP VIEW
REBARS
5% SLOPE -
5% SLOPE =
- 589 -
SECTION
3'-O" – 5'-0".
POROUS
WALL
JAFFNA CPHI DOUBLE VAULT NOTE : 1. ONE VAULT DRIES WHILE OTHER FILLS
2. DRIED VAULT IS THEN DUG OUT.
SAND - - OPEN.BOTTOM, N:

Page 90
하는 방 |
이 시에
고 10)에
하고
1) , .

41) it 4. ਕੜਾ 1li * * * *
|
Asil ..
ਨਾ ਜਾਨ (711 11:11
I #
ਦੇ ਕੋ ਨ

Page 91
TRAINING
ITEM B.1
PURPOSES AND EXPECT
TRAINING I
I. Combined, introductor
A. DATES:
On June 8 and 1 the five individual t be two, one-day trair trainees will be inv: be in English and wi: for the Health and Wa June 10 session will the remainder of the
OBJECTIVES:
There will be a group training progr designed to provide tation, field and la and trainee involvem
There are sever total training progr most trainees. Major

ASK
'ED BENEFITS OF EACH 'ROGRAM
y programs
), nearly three months before :raining programs, there will 1ing programs to which all ited. The June 8 session will 11 be at a 'level appropriate ater Agency particants. The
be in Tamil and will be for workers.
total 16 "cycles" or separate ams. Those will generally be for a maximum of trainee particiboratory experience, field trips ent.
al important elements of the am which are of common interest to
elements of the two combined

Page 92
12 ਬs ga
AR?
30 3 ਤੋਂ 21 ਜੇ ange 2
ਪt gd ਲਈ
ਨੂੰ ਉ ੩ 33 ਤੇ ਜੇ ਆ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਇਸ ਦੇ
3 ਚ ਮਲ ਪsd
35438 ਤੋਂ 2 ਰੋਸ
ਉਪ 63 u
53 ਤੋਂ !
ਤੇ :
ਚ 313 ਤੇ 2 daa ਸੀ, ਨੂੰ
Rea੦੩ ਕ ਤੇ ਹੈ ਤੇ 25

ਪੰubpਮ 4 ਤੋਂ
ਜੋੜ ਨੂੰ 3 ਚ ਤੇ ਤੇ ਉ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਤੇ ਮਰਦ ਦਾ ਹੋ
ਨੂੰ 3 ਚ ੩੩ ਨਾ ਤੇ
ਆ 53 53 ਤੋਂ
ਨੂੰ 3 ਤੇ 3 ab n S
50 .
ਹੈ ਦੇ.
ਉੜੀ 3:36 sk Aਆਂ ਤੇ
ਨ 253 Ha
3 ਵੀ ਪਰਤ ਸਕਦੇ ਹੋ
Eਤੇ ਤੇ

Page 93
training programs can best and professional persons wh tations at each of the 16 i 1. COMBINED PROGRAMS
The objectives of the tw
a) Afford trainees the o
total Project and of
b) Present principal spe
and otline both Proje dealing with these pr
a. Brackish water and
potable water.
b. Health problems fr
tation.
c) Provide a simplified
measures developed by i. Potential means of
for drinking and o
. Give brief present
health quality of rinating public su education.
iii. Outline appropriat
tation and to ever
systems. d) Prepare for individu
i. Seeking advice by
groups ii. Requesting suggest
for selecting site
- 40 -

be presented by officials Lo could not make presen
ndividual sessions:
-o combined session is to:
-pportunity to learn of the
their roles, from top persons.
ecial problems of Jaffna area ect and Particant roles in
oblems, including: - resulting shortage of fresh,
Fom water and inadequate sani
presentation on corrective - Project:
E securing more fresh water cooking.
cation on measures to improve
water by covering wells, chloupplies and improved health
ce technology to improve. saniatually replace conservancy
aal group training by:
organizing small discussion
tions for program planning and es for field trips.

Page 94
ਵ2 ਨੂੰ
'ਤੇ
3 ਤੇ ਪੰਡ
ਪਰ, ਨੂੰ
: ਤੇ
ਕਤ
8 ਸੇ ਤਪਤੇ ਤੇ
ਤੇਲ ਤੇ 3
ਪੀ ਦੇ ਨੇਤਾ ਹੈ ਤੇ
ਜੂਨ . ਤੇ ਆਂ .
ਦੀ 13ਵੀ. ਭਾਰਤ ਚ .
ਦੀ 3 ਕ ਤੁਰ
ਸ ਨੂੰ

ਦੀ ਨੂੰ ਸg੦ . ਵਿੱਚ
ਹੈ ਤੇ ਲੋੜ ਤੇ
3 32
ਤੇ ਉਹ ਉਸ
ਕੀ 8 ਤੋਂ
ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਹੈ
233 ਨੂੰ ,
|
ਅਤੇ 28 ਨੂੰ
ਹੁਣ ਪੰ ਤੇ ਨੇਤ.
ਨੇ ਤੇ ਤੇ
ਤੇ ਜ ਝ34 ਨੂੰ
ਤੋਂ 33 ਕੇ..
ਤੇ ਉਸ ਦੇ Bਦੇ ਨੂੰ

Page 95
e. Advise of plans foi
i. To be in areas
far-as-possible. ii. To provide trans
expenses of tra:
iii. To announce allo
for training tir governmental age
iv. To briefly prese
manuals, special etc.
SPECIAL GROUP PROGRAMS
The following is a summa Plan. This is based on Append
- 241 -

- group sessions where trainees work, in-so
sportation and pay for special
inees.
Dwances for those whose salary ne would not be paid by encies.
ent plans for training "faculty", I facilities, demonstrations,
nry of the Training Program lix "A" of the contract.

Page 96
ਪਰ ਜੋ ਲ
15 ਚ 92 ਦੇ
ਕੇ 2 3 ਜਜਾਂ ਦੇ
ਤੋਂ .
ਸੋਨੂੰ ਨੇ ਕੀਤਾ

ਵਰ ਨ .
ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ
EEP Bqਜੋ
5 35 ਲੋ
28 ਆਏ Sਤੇ
EEEu
ਸੰਤ ਬ ਦਨ
ਜੋ ..

Page 97
SPECIAL TRAIN
Appendix "A" of the contra "class-room" and "field" t calls for classes for not duration varies from 3 day to 3 weeks for water opera
Group
Public Health Inspectors
& NWSDB staff
Public Health Midwives Conservnacy workers
Masons
Water System Operation
and Maintenance Personnel
* Includes the one day "ge
- 42

TING CLASSES
act provides for five special training programs. The plan
to exceed 15 per group. The -s for Conservancy Workers ational personnel.
Total No. Trainees
No. day each*
No. of groups
Total group days
69
25
45
w un o
12
100
A w un wun
10
50
12
20
15
28
284
33
:neral session"

Page 98
ਤੇ ਲਾਲ ਬ0ਸਬ ਤੋਂ ਸ਼ਰ ਦੀ ਰਿਪਤ .
% u ਯੂ ਕੇ
ਦੇ , ਤੇ ੩
ਨੇ ਤੋਂ

Eਤ
ਤਬ) 21 ਤੋਂ
ਤੇ ਬੜੀ
Fਰ ਤੇ 2 ਨੂੰ
23 ਤੋਂ
ਨ ਨੂੰ
੩ ਨੂੰ
, 3 ਤੋਂ 5 ਕਿ
33333

Page 99
SPECIAL TRAINING GROUPS - T
AND OBJECTIV
PUBLIC HEALTH INSPECTORS, E AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANTS OF
AND DRAIN
Training Period: Introduct 1982, plus 5 days in Septem
Objectives:
1. To train the particants
health and disease; how Methods of potlution pre principles and significa of drinking water for ba
2. Training to understand t
of excreta, wastewater a disposal; reviewing the waste disposal to health
Providing methedologies use public education tec support for improved sys health benefits from pro sanitation facilities.
4. Teach how to make calcul
take bacteriological san
water supplies and sanit 5. Train in detailed steps
of water supplies.
-- 43 -

"RAINING PERIODS FES
ENGINEERING ASSISTANTS - NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY TAGE BORAD
Eion Session on June 8 aber.
in the role of water in water becomes polluted. evention; understanding ance of results of analysis acteria and chemicals.
che principles and methods and sewage collection and
relationship of proper a protection.
and knowledge of how to chniques to obtain public stems and to secure improved pper water supplies and
Lations, do field tests, nples, all related to improved cation.
in making "sanitary surveys"

Page 100
ਜ੧॥
22 ਤੇ ਬੀ
:ਣs
ਤੇ 3 ਤੋਂ 5
ਮDa 525 ਤg
ਕੀ ਪ ae g Rਸ਼ ਤੇ
bbਨੂੰ ਹ ਦੇ ਹੋਸ਼ ਹੈ
ਦੇ 2 3
ਕ3ਧੂ .
2 ਤੇ 3 ਪੀ ਏ 22 824ਦੇ ਕੇ .
5 :30 ਕੁ ਆ ਕੇ
ਸਤੀ c 5..

ADMਵਾ ਨੇ ਅਘ ਹੀਰ
14 5 S ਸੀ,
:: 20
5 283 ਉe ਕਰ ਤਲ ਤੋਂ ਕੈ
Feqat 9 ..
ਕਰਣ ਦੀ ,
ਤਸਰ 3 ਲਾਸ 2 ਦੇ
:: 93
1 ਤੇ 3
1 e 2
2 3 ਹੈ, . ਵਨ ਨੂੰ ਅਜੇ ਤੇ

Page 101
6. Provide methods for
public and public o
improved water supp 7. To present the leg
water supplies, san ment programs.
PUBLIC HEALTH MIDWIVES
Training period: June 8 int
Objectives:
To train particants in w. ment programs with particular The goal is to provide effect. helping particants inform and methods of handling, storing, providing safe water; to revi and sanitation in health prom develop an understanding of t) good sanitation, so as to pro encourage public willingness do their parts to secure bett tices.
Emphasis is on the impor integral element of disease ai
- 44

particitants to teach the fficials how to achieve lies and sanitation.
al and financial aspects of itation control and improve
roductory session plus 4 days.
ater and sanitation improve
emphasis on effects on health. ive and practical methods of
persuade their clients in boil and cool and otherwise ew the relationships of water ɔtion and protection; to help he value of safe water and note water conservation and to to pay for improvements and to er health and sanitation prac
tance of sanitation as an ad infection prevention.

Page 102
ਤੇ ਐ ਪਰ ਜੋ ਏ ਈ ' 3
: 3 ਤੋਂ
64 aa g s
2 ਮੇਂ ਛਹ .

- ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਨੇ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਸਕੇ
ਤੇ 3 ਹੋਰ
ਲੈ ਕੇ.
2 ਵੀ

Page 103
SYSTEMS OPERATIO FOR ADMINISTRATORS/SUPEE
Training period: June 8 i 3 weeks.
Objectives:
To utilize the educati Ministry of Health , Internat specialists to provide trai ces in the dual role of pro supply operation and of obt tion by good water supply maintenance.
The goal is to assure capable of conducting those testing and public educati to accomplish the above ob
The program will incli tures, observations and act tasks which are the respons
MASONS
Training Period: Introduct 8 or 10, plus 3 days.
Objectives:
To train particants so various alternative technol
- 45

DN AND MAINTENANCE RVISORS, AND WATCHERS
introductory session, plus
ional resources of the NWSDB, cional and of educational ining and educational experienoviding both efficient water caining maximum health protecplanning, design, operation and
that trainees are fully e operation, maintenance, on functions which are necessary jectives.
ude both demonstrations, leccual experience in the various sibilities of the particants.
Cory session on either June
o they fully understand the logies for latrine construction

Page 104
, 0 2 c
5 ਅਤੇ 3 - 19 ਨਵ ਨ.
5 daux ਤਬ ਤਕ Re:
ਹੈ ਤੇ ਤੇ
ਤੇ ਉਪ ਵਨ ਨੇ 3 3:22 ਵrਤੇ ...
3
--20 2 cd 3 ਕਰੋ
5 28 ਨੂੰ
'
»
੦ ਵਰਤ

AEb 3 ਟਰ ਟੇਨਰ
ਨੂੰ 23
ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੇਰੇ
ਤੋਂ Rs s
ਵੀਰੋ , ਤੋ ਹੀ ਸੁਤ Rਤ ਤੇ
L 3 IA ਉd ਚ 2 3 ਏ ਤੇ ਉa
ਦੇ ਦਰ ਤੇ
ਉਮਰ
9 :5 ਤੇ 3 . ਛਤੇ ਹਰ ਹੋ 82 ਕੀਤੇ 2 ਤੇ ਤੀਜੇ ਤੇ E ਤੇਨਈ ਤੇ 300 ਤੇ
pp. ਤੇ = ਤਕ ਤੀ 2 ਹੋਰ ਤੇ ਕਲ 1 ਦੀ ਮੌਤ
t 2:13 ਨੂੰ
ਬ:
asd
ਏ ਪਤ = 58 : ਲ

Page 105
and wastewater disposal ur To teach and provide exper percolatim testing and sys tion, to teach the relatio and water supplies.
To teach the principa demonstrate methods of cor
CONSERVANCY WORKERS
Training period: Introduct two days.
Objectives
To recognize the impo to public health and conve knowledge of the importano sanitary excreta disposal infection.
To demonstrate variou disposal and emphasize, th nance, operation and peric and systems which are nece
A major element is to
of :
1. Personal protection 1
ted.
2. Hygienic practices wh
public from the disea
46

ader various site conditions. cience in soil examination, s tem design for various situaonship between latrine location
al of "covered wells" and astruction.
Cory program on June 10 plus
ortance of conservancy programs enience. To provide basic ce of safe water supplies and in prevention of disease and
as alternate methods of excreta ne importance of proper mainteodic emptying of vaults, tanks essary parts of such systems.
o teach particants the importance
py being vaccinated and innocula
aich protect themselves and the ase hazards of excreta.

Page 106
ਹੈ g s
ਕੀ ਆ .
ਬਤ )
'ਤੇ ਵੀ ਨਹੀਂ
2 3 ਕਰੋ ...

1 b ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ
ਓ : ਸ
3 ਸੰਤ ਹੈ ਤੇ
ਇD
ਪਤੀ
3 ਕ ਨਤ ਦੀ ਕ
3: ਕਨੂੰ

Page 107
APPEND)
Many excellent Sri agencies have provided in preparation of this copies of some such info first pages are taken fr Planning Manual. This pi all Sri Lanka Health wo copies have been receive national agencies that r However, a Tamil transla copies are expected. Whe will be copied and distr Project Trainees.
This Manual contair information which is mos Project.
47

Lanka publications and aluable information for use anual. This APPENDIX includes rmation and advice. The om the Sri Lanka Family Iblication is being used by orkers. So many requests for :d from international and 10 copies are now available. ition is at the printer and en available, selected pages cibuted to Tamil speaking
as those pages which provide st directly related to this

Page 108
ਮੌਤ
ਹਿਸ 30 ਨੂੰ 3 ਤੋਂ 25 ਤੋਂ 35 5auਮ ਤੋਂ 4,
38 ਤੇ ਸੰਤ
ਬ5 ਤੋਂ 35 ਦੇ 3 G sat ni at good 3 ਵ29 ) a ,
5 6isegਦੇ ਹੋ
· 35 ਡ : 8
Baad da a .. 2926q 5213tsੜ !
7. 5 2 3 ਹੀ -
ਕਚ ਪੈ ਕੇ ਪਰ
1 bਹੋ ਸਕੇ ਤੇ 25

4
4
Fs 39 .
= = ਆਏ ਸ਼ੇ 25 ਤੇ 26g ਈ ਪੇੜ : a a n ਤੇ : 3 ਤੋਂ ਦੇ 3r Su s - g Bz 983 ਤੋਂ ਜgo 1 Baz
ਕਿ ਦਿਲ ਦੀ Bas 25 se 1h Sds BLet ed tਚ .
ਤੋਂ 0
ਆਡ ਵ. = (510ੜੋ ਮੈਂ

Page 109
FAMILY H
IN
SRI LAI
- 48

EALTH
NKA

Page 110

ਅkiy
4. ਸਟ

Page 111
FORE
This Manual is for you, the Family Health your work. You can refer to it, and remind you!
The Family Health Programme tries to lool think of the mother, the father, and the children as are working towards good health. If a mother is he or she needs treatment; if the family is badly each of these cases, not as an individual woma but as members of a family who need help in a parti helping the parents to find out about contraception
Family Health is one attempt to help people and a happy family as part of a healthy nation.
The Family Health Programme covers parti ' of health are the most important at this particul and children, immunization, environmental healt Out of the many different aspects of health, the Sri Lanka at the moment. But we can change the f of health, or, if one is no longer so important, we decided to include the prevention and contro important aspect of Family Health.
* The most important part of Family Health is life, and then to take preventive measures. The
The Manual should answer 3 questions for
1. What Can I Do? 2. When and Where! 3. How?
A diligent use of the Manual will assist your every family in Sri Lanka.
- 49

EWORD
Worker. It is a Work Manual; it is to help you in -self of things in your day-to-day work. k after the health of every family in Sri Lanka. We - a unit. We want them to feel that they, as a family,
pregnant she needs ante-natal care; if a child is ill, nourished, they all need help. We want to think of n, with a special problem, or a single ill child, cular part of their family life together. For example. n is a way of helping their family life, as a whole.
a plan their lives; to plan for good health, a good life,
cular aspects of the health of families. These aspects ar time. They are: care of mothers, care of babies ch, nutrition, health education and family planning.
programme considers these the most important in programme if we need to. We can add other aspects e can leave it out. In this way it has recently been | of venereal diseases in the programme, as an
to recognise what things might go wrong in a family's Manual is written specially to help you do that.
you.
co provide good Family Health Care, thereby helping
S. Y. S. B. Herat Assistant Director (Maternal and Child Health)
M.B.B.S. (Cey.), M.O.G. (Cey.), D. (Obs.), R.C.O.G. (Gt. Bri.)

Page 112
ਹੈ ਤੇ ਨਾ ਮੈਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੇ 5 ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਤੇ
ਆਂਡਰ ਉਤੇ ਵੀ ... ਜੋ 2
ਨੂੰ ਜੋ ਵੱਖੇ ਜੋ ਕਲ ਦੀ
ਨੂੰ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਪੂਰੇਕੋ ਕ ਦੇਵ
ਦੇ ਕੋਲੋਂ ਵੀ
- ਕੇ
ਦੇ ਆ ਅਤੇ ਲਵ ਨੇ ਖੇਲ ਰੋਕ ਕੇ ਕਹੁ ਕ ਈ ਹੈਨੀ ਦੇ ... ਦੀ ਸਵ
ਚ ਚ ੯ 5ਵੀ ਨਾ ਨੂੰ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਦੇਸ ਸ ਨੇ ਜੋ ਰੋਣ ਨੂੰ ਜੀ ਕਰ ਜੋ ਨ ਵਿਸ
ਕਰਨ ਕੇ ਉਨ ਆ
ਜੋ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਕਦੇ ਵੀ ਉਡੇ ਹਮ ਹੈ ਤੇ
1ੜ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਜੋ ਮੈ ਜਉ 3 ਨੂੰ

... ਤੇ ਮੈਂ ਹੈ
1. Gਚ ਅੱ
ਚ ਤੋਂ 5 ਦੇ , ਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਹੈ ਤੇ
ਉਸਤੇ ਦਬ ਨੂੰ ਲੇ ਆਂ ਵੀ ਵੀ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ ਤੋਂ 2
ਕਪਤ ਜਾਣ ਦੇ ਤੇ ਵੀ ।
ਏ ਕਰੀ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਸਨ Fਤੇ ਪਤੇ ਦੁਆ
= = ਦੇ ਕੇ।
ਤੇ ਚ ਤੇਲ ਕੀ
ਨੂੰ ਲੋਕ , ਅਤੇ 2 ਦੇ
ਵਉ ਭਉ ਦੁਖ ਸੇ ਅ ਤੋਂ 5 ਹੈ, ਬਡ ਕਰਨ
ਪਤੀ ਲਈ ,, ਤੇ
ਉਰ ਨ ਤੋਂ ਹੈ | 'ਚ ਵ.
ਸੀ ਤੇ ਜਿਸ ਨੇ ਜਾਂ ਤੇ ਕਈ ਜੋੜੇ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਂ ਹੈ
ਤੋਂ ਦੇਸ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਜ ਨੇ
ਆ ! ਕਦੇ Sa ਦੀਆਂ

Page 113
Responsibilities of Public
VIII ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATIO
- Note the environmental conditions
community. - Observe during home visits insanita
-(10.4). -- mai During home visits observe the wate
and any pollution (10. 1). - Observe insanitary dwellings and ho
the P.H.I. (10.9). - Discuss with mother what the envi
family. - Educate mothers in good house keep - Advise on storing food and protectir - Educate mothers in hygienic prepara = Advise on the cleanliness of cooking - Explain to the mother the importan
Explain the necessity of getting well - Show how to maintain cleanliness in - Help parents in obtaining a free pre
truction. - Assist mother in the proper use and - Demonstrate how water should be t
Duties of Public Health Ins;
III SANITATION
A. Control of Water Supplies
- Give attention to pipe-borne water su
out (10. 1). -- Send samples for chemical and bacte -- Control chlorination of wells (10.3). - Give health education regarding use of - Encourage people to construct more w B. Control of Waste Disposal
- Human Excreta : Promote the construi - Refuse : Supervise the aesthetic and c. Control of Milk Supplies (10.6). D. Control of Food Handling (10.7). E. Control of Insects and Animals (Ic F. Housing (10.9). - Assist Head of institution to Plan, Imp
Programme. - Undertake a quota of family health edu
These may be
(a) Group education (6) Individual counsel
(m

Health Midwives.
affecting the total health of individual, family and
y methods of waste disposal and advise remedy
er supplies in the area, whether there is contamination
uses under construction during home visits and notify
ronmental problems are that affect the health of the
Bing. . ag it from dust and flies (10.7). ution and handling of food (6.8 & 6.9).
utensils, washing, airing, sunning. ce of a pre-school latrine in habit training.
purified if they get contaminated (10.2). the house (10. 10). e-school squatting plate and guide them in the cons
maintenance of sanitary latrine (10.4). Doiled and stored for drinking purposes.
pector.
pplies and see whether chlorination is being carried
riological examination of suspect sources (10.2).
"boiled cooled water. sells as close to the house as possible.
ction of latrines in the area (10.4). useful disposal of refuse (10.5).
0.8).
Jement and Evaluate the Family Health Educational
acation activities in the medical institutions :
activities for minor staff and patients. ling for O. P. D. patients.
50 -

Page 114
ਦੇ ਸਾਹਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ
ਵੀਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਇਲ
ਲੇ
ਕਨ ਹੈ ਤੇ

Rਨੂੰ 3 ਚ 3 ਨੂੰ ਉੱਚ ਤੋਂ
ਲ, ਜੋ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ
ਦੋਸਤ ਲੱਭੋ
5 ਇਸ ਨੇ
- ਤੇ ਨੂੰ

Page 115
VII ORGANIZED HEALTH EDUCATI
General - Take the full responsibility of leadersh
with the Public Health Nurse and Pu - Assist Public Health Nurse and Publ
|(13.10). - Obtain the co-operation of the comm
(a) Religious Leaders (b) Chairmen of Local Bodies (C) Heads of Schools (d) Grama Sevakas
Other village' based field officers, (f) office bearers of Voluntry Organi (8) Office bearers of all Statutory or
and Development Councils. (h) Other hidden leaders who could i Organize special mass educational acti (a) Film Shows (b) Exhibitions (C) Seminars (d) Demonstrations, etc.
CHAPTER
ENVIRONMENTAL
10.1 Water
DRINKING WATER SOURCES
Most of the rural population of Sri Lanka de many people also use rivers, irrigation canal: supply. Few villages have a modern piped water sup safer regarding water quality. In most of the cases these sources of water ar water, which are not originally polluted, the to be used. DUG.WELLS Dug-wells are usually polluted. When the du
with a slab, the situation is better. Regarding dug-wells, the Inspectors should che
-- Location of the well
The location of the well with reference contamination is important; this also in
the water table. - Method of pumping; or how to take water
ted, to avoid any possible contamination. - Drainage
The well should have good drainage aro - Cover
The well should be covered, preferi
enough, so that it isn't easily knocked o - Parapet
The parapet is a wall built around the we tion from rain water and waste water en
- 51 -

ON
p and plan the Health Education. Service Programme blic Health Midwives in your area. ic Health Midwives to identify leaders in the area
unity leaders such as :
2.g., R. D. OO. zations in the area. ganizations such as Janata Committees, Productivity
nfluence the people in the community.
vities in the community:
CLASs 1628. |
ACCN. 14 P.- * NO.
- 375
TEN
SANITATION
epend on dug-wells for their water supply, but 5, ponds, Springs and rain water for their water
pply system, or deep wells; although these are
-e polluted; or as in the case of springs and rain
water is polluted when taken from the source
g-well is provided with a hand-pump and covered
eck the following:
to existing latrines or other possible source of ncludes the slope of the ground surface and of
out of the well. The method should be inspec.
und it.
ably by a concrete slab; this should be heavy
ff.
ll above the ground surface, to avoid contaminaatering the well.

Page 116
ਆ .... !
ਤੇ ਰੋਜ ਨਵਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਲੇ ਨੇ ਗੇ ,
ਨ: 6 ਵ 9
ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ
ਹਾ
ਸ਼' ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਕੇ ,
ਤੌਬਾ ਆ
ਨੂੰ 3 ਤੋਂ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੇ
ਹੈ|
ਦੇ ਨੇ ਕਦੇ ਵੀ
ਜੋ " ਅੱਕ ਕੇ ਮੈਂ ਨਾ ਤਾ ਇਸ ਮਤ ਹੈ
ਤੇ ਚ ਹੈ
ਚ ਤੋਂ ਏਕ ਹੈ ।
ਜੋ ਕ 1 ਤੋਂ
ਨੂੰ ਰੋਕ ਤੇ ਭਾ

ਤੇ ਵੀ ਉੱਚ
4 ਹੈ ਤੇ 3 -
ਜੋ ਕੇ ਮੈ ਹੈ ਜਿ ਤੋਂ
ਕੇ 2 ਚ 2 ਤੋਂ
ਵੀ. ਐਮ ਦੇ ਸ
ਨੂੰ ਘ .
੩ : ਕਦੇ : %
ਤੇ = ਤੋਂ 6 ਤੋਂ
.
ਤੋਂ Rs 4 ਨੂੰ ਨੂੰ 3 ਚ
- 7 ਨੂੰ
ਨੇ ,
(ਲ
' ਮੁੱਦੇ ਜੋ ਵੀ ' ਜੋ ਵੀ ਕਦੇ ਵੀ ਨਈ ਤੇ ਇਸ ਦੇ ਨੇਕ ਨੂੰ ਇਕ ਕਿ
=ਝ ਕਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਹੋਏ 3 ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ
ਨੂੰ ਵੇਚ ਕੇ ਹੈ ਹੋਣ ਤੇ ਵੀ ਨੂੰ ਰ ਮੇਂ ਭੀ ਨ ਜੋ ਕੋਨੇ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਮੈਂ ਕੀ ਨ ਤੋਂ
| ਵਿੱਚ ਆ ਨੂੰ ਕੀ ਹੈ/ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਹੋਰ
3 ਹੈ ਡੀ ਡੇ i 2 ਟ: Eਵਾ ਲੈਣ ਉਹ ਹੈ ਜੋ " Fu 8 9 ਨੂੰ
9 ਤੋਂ ਰ ਨੂੰ 5 ਮਈ ਨੂੰ ਨਾ ਤਾਂ ਦੇ ਦੇ ਮਤੇ ਦੇ .
ਹੋ ਸਕੀ ਤੇ ਜੋ .
ਵੀ ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ..
ਦਿੱਲਤ ਤੋਂ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਤੇ ਰੋਕ
ਆ ...
5 ਨੂੰਕੇ ਦੇ ੩ ॥ Fਲ ਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਚ

Page 117
- Lining
The well should have at least three metres
down, to protect the well from surface infil - Surrounding platform
The surrounding platform is to avoid cont
be of concrete. SPRINGS
When a spring is the water source, we might exp area should be free of possible human and anima ment area should be protected. Additional surface water running to the spring st PONDS
When ponds are used, the protection of the catc tance should be given to keep rain water running
RIVERS AND IRRIGATION CANALS The water of these sources is usually polluted; eh of water is difficule, we can boil the water for 15 a home-made system of chlorination. RAIN WATER
When rain water is used, the Inspector, should pipes, containers, etc. The system should be fr birds) contamination, also free from dust, or leav should be kept closed; better, protected with a Special consideration should be taken after the d season starts. Purification of Water There are 3 general methods of purification of
- Boiling - Chemical disinfection - Filtration These methods can be used singly or in combina
10.2
T
Boiling destroy all forms of disease organisms u viruses, cysts or ova. Chlorine is a useful disinfectant for drinkir commonly associated with water-borne disease certain cysts and ova. The usual Chlorine products are:
-- Calcium Hypochlorite. It has several cor
blanc", etc. It is a powder with a chlorine Sodium Hypochlorite. It is a yellow liquid w The disinfection action of the chlorine is af kept in mind; The nature of the micro organisms to be de than amoebas and spores.
Contact time The necessary contact time varies according
Water temperature Disinfection is more rapid with the rise of Concentration of the product to be used The concentration is an important fact
necessary for a specific disinfection. .- pH
If the water is alkaline more chlorine is nee
relation to the alkalinity of the water. - Other physical conditions of the water
The turbidity of the water is also in di
used, for more turbid waters, more chloric The initial dosage of chlorine could be conside
1. For very contaminated waters: from 2.: 2. For surface clean water: from 1.2 to 2 3. Water in Dams, without algaes: 1 to 5
Filtrated water from wells or rain wate
- 52

| length of interior lining from the surface Itrations.
amination by users of the well. It should
pect the water to be safe; but the catchment I contamination. To achieve this, the catch
1ould be avoided.
hment area is very important; special impor. ; on the ground surface away from the pond.
ie water should be treated. As the treatment to 20 minutes before drinking, or we can use
check the catching system, that is the roof, 'ee from possible human or animal (including es that could get into the water. Containers fine screen.
iry season finishes; that is just before the rainy
water on an individual or domestic scale.
ition.
sually encountered in water-bacteria, spores,
ng water; and effective against the bacteria s. In the usual dose it is not effective against
mmercial names: "Percloron", "HTH", "Alca
concentration of 40% to 70%. ith a chlorine concentration from 12% to 15%. Fected by the following factors which must be
stroyed. Bacterias are more easily destroyed
- to the physical water characteristics.
temperature.
or to determine the amount of the product
Hed; the amount of chlorine needed is in direct
rect relation to the amount of chlorine to be
e should be used. ed as follows: to 3 parts per million of free chlorine. arts per million of free chlorine. -arts per million of free chlorine.
: 0.5 to I parts per million of free chlorine.

Page 118
ਦੇ ਦੋ ਕਾਰ ਤੇ ਪਾਵਰ
ਨੂੰ .
ਕਵਰ
ਦਾ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਕੋਈ ਫੋਨ
ਤਕ ਦੇ ਕਰੇ = ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਉਤੇ ਤੇ 2 ਦੇ ਲੋਕ ਲੋੜ ਹੈ
* *
ਦੇ ਨਵਰੂ ਬਰ ਤੇਰੇ ਨੂੰ ਤੇ
ਹੋ ਏ ਛੇ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਚ
ਕੋ ) ਨੂੰ ਦੂ ਤੋਂ ਤੇ
ਤੇ ਕਨੂੰਨ ਨੂੰ
ਨੂੰ ਦੀ ਹੋਈ
2 ਰ ਨੂੰ ਕਦੇ ਨ ਹੋ
ਉ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਹੈ
ਉਤ ਤੇ ਉਤ ਨੇ ਕਿ ਮੌ
ਨੂੰ ਇਕ
ਦੀ ਮੌਤ ਤੇ ਉਹਨੇ

ਚ ਨਾ ਵ ਕਰਵਾ ਛੋ ਤੇ 3 ਤੋਂ
ਤੇ ਸੰਤ ਨ ਬਨੇ ਕ
ਦਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਿ ਕੇ
. A ਅਤੇ ਮਲਕ ਅਤੇ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਨੂੰ ਸਪੇਨ ਦੇ ਨੇ ਤੇ 2 ਦੇ
|
ਦ, 3 4 ਦੀ
= ਦੇ ਦੇ ਇਕ ਕੇਸ ॥ ਮੈਂ ਵ ਨੂੰ ਤੋਂ
= ੩ % ਵਲੋਂ ਡੇਰੇ ਦੇ
ਵਿਲ ਨੇ ਚ ਕੋਡ
ਇਸ ਤੇ ਝਰਨੇ ਕੋ ਤੋਂ
ਤੇ ਜੋ ਕਿ 3 ਨੂੰ
ਨੂੰ ਹੋ ਰਹੀ
ਨਵੀ ਤੇ ਹੈ
ਪੰਨ
ਤੇ ਉਕ ਨੂੰ ਜੋ ਵੀ ਦੋਸਤ ਤੋਂ Fs ਤਾ : ਤੋਂ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ 3
=ਥੇ ਆ ਵਰਤੇ 3 ਦੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ e
. ਕਲ ਤੋਂ
ਲੇ ਨੂੰ ਕਰੋ ਬਰ ਤੋਂ
ਤ ਹੈ : ਸਤਵ
ਦੀ ਮੁਬ ਤੇ ਗੁਰ
$ s
ਤਕ ਤੇ ਉਸ ਤੇ ਅ
ਕਰ ਕੇ ਤੇਰੇ ਨੇ ਵੀ ਤਲ ਤਕ ਅਤੇ
ਕੋ ,, ਤੇ ਦੇ ਦੇ , ਤੇ ਕਰ , ਜੋ
ਲਈ 5 .

Page 119
U O
The residual chlorine is the chlorine which is It is measured by clor comparatores. The
0.2 parts per million. To add the chlorine to the water we shoul To disinfect weils or reservoirs, a solution of concentration, After we know the volume of water to be water selected, we use the following formu to add.. P = CXL
Where: P = grams of comr B x 10
= parts per mill L = volume in litr
B = % of free chlo 10.3 How to Chlorinate Wells
- Use Tropical Chloride of Line (TCL or - Calculate the amount of water in the w
D'x W x 5= gallons of water in the w Where D = Diameter of well in feet
W = Depth of water in feet. - Use 1/2 to 1 ounce TCL for every 1000
(During epidemics or for badly contamin This dosage is for fresh TCL when Chlor due to bad storage the dosage has to be
Mix the TCL in a bucket of water. Lower it into the well.
Agitate the water with the bucket. - After 1/2 hour cake a sample of water f - Add 1 ml of orthotoluidine to 100 ml of - Orange: chlorinated. - Lemon yellow: adequate. - No colour: inadequate. - Don't use the well for 12 hours after ch - Dechlorination: Add Sodium Thiosulpha
\et.
10.4
Waste Disposal SEPTIC TANKS Septic tanks are used in small villages and sidered for the construction of a septic tan Location
A septic tank is 100% water tight. It can Percolation pit should be generally 50 feet : If the soil is sandy, however, the seepage source.
- Limitation A septic tank provides a place for decompe kitchen and laundry waste. Grease shoul entering the tank.

Free in the water after the disinfection is produced. - residual chlorine for drinking water should be
9 know the volume of water to be disinfected. 1% is used which can be diluted to the convenient
e disinfected, and the concentration or. p.p.m. of la, to know the mount of chlorine that we need
mercial product.
ion selected.
es of the water to be chlorinated. prine of the commercial products.
Bleaching Powder). ell:
ell.
gallons of water. mated wells, use I oz. TCL per gals. water). Fine content is 33%. If there is a loss of Chlorine
proportionately increased.
from the well. Test it with Orthotoluidine. I water.
-lorinating it. ce to the water.
in city areas: the following points should be con:
be close to a well. But the Seepage or Soakoge or away from a water source, to avoid contamination. pit only needs to be 20 feet away from the water
psing or digesting sewage of human excrement and d be avoided; use a grease trap to prevent grease

Page 120
ਚ ਤੋਂ ਕਿ ਦੇਉ ਕਵਨ ਤੇ ਸਾਨੂੰ ਤੇ ਨ ਤੂ ਤੇ ਸਾਨੂੰ ਨ ਚ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ
ਨੂੰ ਹ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ
ਏ . ਤੇ ਹੀ ਹੈ ਆ ਜੋ ਹੈ ਤੇ
ਨੂੰ ਦੇ
4 ਦੀ ਉਡੀਕ ਵਿੱਚ
ਦੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ 7 ਨੂੰ .
ਤੇ ਨੂੰ
ਤੇ ਨਰ ਨੂੰ ਨਵੇਂ S ਦੀ ਜਾ

3 4 5 6 ਨੂੰ 2 ਤੋਂ ਕਰੋ ਜੇ ਖੋ ਤੇ 5 ਨੂੰ ਡ :
੩ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਿਆਂ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਵੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਵਤ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਰੂਪ ਹੋ
ਤੇ ਤੇ ਲੋਕ ਵਿਰਲ ਨੇ ਜੋ ਨੇ ਜ ਝ ਨਾ
ਹੈ ਤੇ ਕਲ ਨੂੰ
3 ਦੇ ਅਤ..
ਤੇ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ
ਤੋਂ , ਕਿ 2 ਤੋਂ 3 ... ਤੂ ਨ ਹੀ
ਦੀ . ਵਿੱਤਰ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਨੂੰ
ਨ ਹੈਨ ਵੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਚ ਦੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਤੋਂ 3 ਵ ਦੋ ਨੇ ਕੀ ਹੋ
ਦੇ ਆ ਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਸ ਹੈ
ਮੈਂ ਚ
ਜਾ ਨਹੀ
|
ਸਵੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੈ ਤੇ 3 3 12 ਏ ਤੇਨੂੰ ਤੇ ਤੋਂ
=, ਤਦੇ ਤੇ
ਦੇ ਦੋ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਦੇ
, ਤੇ ਜੋਨ ਤੋਂ
ਦੇ ਦੇ ਤੇ ਵੀਚ - 53 ਵਿੱਤ

Page 121
Other materials such as cloth of any kind, pape are not readily decomposed; therefore they from milk or water-softeners should not go ta
- Cleaning
The frequency at which a tank needs cleani
- The size of the tank in relation to the
- The kind and quality of solids in the ta Under normal operating conditions a tank sho For a new tank inspection should be made once of cleaning necessary. Seepage Pits A seepage pit is a hole in the ground walled up The most common application is in areas where close to the surface with a porous layer of soi the water table is less than 3 metres below th a water supply. Squatting Plates Squatting plates made of cement do not provic ment of hookworm eggs; these plates can be Deep Pits
- the site should not be less than 30 feet fron - the pit must be at least 20 feet deep.
Refuse Disposal of household refuse in a sanitary mar Careless handling of garbage attracts rats and flies and sometimes mosquitoes. In cities, refuse is collected at regular interval: In rural areas the problem is one for the indivi
- Burning Burning, as ordinarily practised, is seldom satis materials. Wet garbage schh as food scra burn properly unless first dried. Burn papers and other combustible refuse in volume to be buried or otherwise disposed of
— Burying Bury wet garbage under several centimetres o especially for rural homes; but it must be done water supply. If refuse is thrown away on the surface, it sh human habitation.
- Pits Covered pits provide a safe means of refuse constructed. For convenience the pit should be located as nei ing the water supply. It should be at least 35 metres away from any v at least 30 centimetres of dirt, or equipped wi
- 54

, other than toilet paper, metals, plastics, etc. hould not be flushed into the tank. Waste the septic tank.
ng depends upon: laily volume of sewage. nk. Id serve from 5 to 10 years between cleanings. a year until experience indicates the frequency
· with porous material and covered with earth. there is an impervious layer of clay or hardpan beneath. A seepage pit should not be used if 2 surface or if there is danger of contaminating
e moisture, earth and warmth for the developeasily cleaned and dried.
I the house in hard, dry, soil.
iner is important from a health point of view. other rodents and provides breeding places for
s and hauled away to disposal point. idual family to work out.
Factory except for papers and other combustible ps and refuse from dressed meat will not
suitable enclosures; this greatly reduces the
f soil. This is satisfactory and not expensive, at a safe distance, 20 metres or more, from the
ould be done at a considerable distance from
e disposal, if correctly located and properly
ar to the buildings as possible without endanger
well and down-hill from it. If it is covered with th a tight lid, odours will not be a nuisance.
139

Page 122
ਜੋ ਡੀ ਦੀ ਮ
ਤੇਲ ਅਵੀਵ ॥
ਕੀ (ਵ ਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਕੇ ਇਲ
3 ਵਾਸੀ ਨੂੰ
31 ਨੂੰ ਤੇ ਕੇ ਲਈ
ਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਜੋ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਕਈ ਹੋਰ
ਆਰ ਡੀ ਲਾ 2
ਓ , ਜੋ
ਕਦੇ ਕਦੇ ਤਾਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁ ...
ਵਿਕਸਤ . ਦੀ ਜਾਂਚ ਨੂੰ 25 ਦੁਕ
ਇਕ ਛੋਟੀ
ਨੂੰ :
ਖਤ ਤੇ ਉਝ ਤੇ
ਜੋ 13 ਦੀ
ਇਵੇਂ ਹੀ ਕ.
ਨੇ ਸੋਨੇ ਅੱਖਾਂ ਦੀ fੜ ਰੋਕ ਕੇ
ਵਲੋਂ : ਕਿਤੇ ਵੇਸ :

ਦੀ ਨੂੰ 3 ਚ 13 ਬਲ ਤੇ ਕਹਿ ਨੇ ਤੇ 3 ਹੋਰ ਦੋ Fਤੋਂ ਦੋ ਕਦੇ ਭੁਲ ੧.
ਪੀ , ਕਿ ਕੀ ਹੈ ?
ਫ਼ ਦੇ ਦੇਸ ਨੂੰ, 5 ਵੀ 85ਵ 5ਜੋ ਏ ਤੇ ਸੀ sh
ਨੇ ਨਾਂ
ਕਰੂ ਤੋਂ !
ਪੋਪ ਨੇ 32 ਦੇ
ਜਾ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਪ, ਡ : 3 ਤੋਂ 2 3 ਤੇ
ਕਲ ਤੇ ਉਚ 1
ਜੋ .
: ੩ 30 ਨੂੰ . , ਤੇ ਦੇਣ
ਤੇ ਜੇ ਕਿਸਮ ਦੇ ਇ ਕੀਆ ਤੇ, HF ਤੋਂ ਜੋ ਤੇ
ਕੀ 23 ਨੂੰ .
੩੩ ਪੰਨ
ਹੈ ਹੈ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਜੋ ਮੈਂ
E2 ਅੜ੩੩੩) ਤੇ ਵੀ
5 ਨੂੰ 3 ਨੂੰ ..
ਨੂੰ ਨੇੜੇ 3 ਤੋਂ 53 ਏ ਦੀ 28 ਨੂੰ

Page 123
The earth over the pit should be grad drainage should be provided for the area If located on a slope, a diversion diech sh
Home Composting (Rural areas) 2 pit syste Composting (Urban areas) Both hygienic a Although any kind of refuse can be dispos and such things as dead birds, dead farm cans, bottles, etc., which do not readily Containers Convenient and sanitary containers for Outdoor cans should be water-tight; pu REMEMBER Refer to the relevant Bye-laws of the Lo
10.6 Milk
Milk control can be divided in 3 parts: ... The Cow Stable. -- The Milk House. -- Handling the Milk. The Cow Stable
-- Stables should be ventilated and light
A common recommendation is to hav per cow. Seables should be protected from flies Manure, decaying hay and straw, an
breeding materiais. The Milk House
-- The milk-house or milk room is a separ
and handled, and where the Washing - The location of the milk house in rela
location for the milk house appears to short, ventilaced, covered passageway The floor, and walls of the milk house are preferable.
Running water should be available. .. Windows should have appropriate sci - Adequate drainage for water and was Handling the Milk - Collecting the milk. In some instance
paid to washing the bottles. - When milk is transported from the m
only the cleanliness of the cans but ch cans.
- 55

:d upwards towards the centre and good surface
around the pit. puld be made above the pit.
m or 4 pit system. nd economical. ed of in a pit, it is best to use it only for wet garbage animals, and refuse from dressed meat. Papers, in lecompose will quickly fill che pit.
holding garbage until final disposal are important. t the tin where dogs or rodents cannot disturb it.
al Authority. Make a note of these here:
ed. e 0.36 square metres (4 square feet) of window area
d especially spoiled ensilage provide excellent fly
Fate room in which the milk is strained. cooled, stored and storage of containers and utensils are done. cion to the barn is important. The•most satisfactory ɔ be near the centre of the cow Stable with only a
between the two. - should be easy to clean and wash. Concrete floors
Nashing facilities for utensils are necessary. Feens. ce milk should be provided.
es, milk is bottled raw. Special attention should be
ilk house to the village, it is important to check not e condition of the trucks which are transporting the

Page 124
ਤੇ ਉਕਤ ਦਲ ਨੇ ਆ ਦੋ ਛੋ ?
ਉਏ ਆ ਤੂੰ
ਦੀਨਾ
ਅਤੇ ਜੋ ਕੋਇ ਦੀ ਮੈਂ ਹੈ
3 4
ਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਨੂੰ Lik
ਖਾਣ ) ੧ ]rਰ ਥੇ ।
ਜੋਹੈਤ ਨੂੰ ਲੈ ਕਊ
.. ..
ਏ ਨੇ ਤੇਨੂੰ 7 ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ...
ਨੇ ਦੋਸ਼ : ਨਤੇ ਈ. ਚ ਵੀ ਨੂੰ ਲੈ ਕ5; .
12 ਤੋਂ 31 ਨੂੰ ਤੇ
ਦੇਉ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਮੀ ਦੇ
ਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਜੋ ਵੀ ਸਨ ।

Fਲਾ ਨੂੰ ਕੇ ਆ ਤੇ . 53ਏ ਵੀ , ਕਿ ਜੋ ਵੀ ਹੋ ਦੇ ਕੋਲੋ 2 3 ਦੀ ਰੂਪਨ ਜੋ ਵਾਦੀ ਦੇ ਤੀਆਂ
ਤੋਂ ਕਰ ਰ ਰ ਲ ਵ ਕਾ 5 ਨੂੰ ਏ , ਹੈ ਲੇਇ ਤ ਕ ਨੂੰ -ਟਿਉ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਕਾ, 7 ਸਤੋਂ ਚ
ਦੇ
ਸਚ ਦੀ ਵਿ ਤੇ ਹੋ ਅਤੇ
sh
, ਕb 2 3 ਸ਼ੇ
3 ਨਸ਼ਾ
1 2 3 4 52
ਵੀ ਹੈ ਜੋ
ਹੋ ਕੇ ਆ ਰਹੇ :
ਕ8

Page 125
CHAPTE
III
COMMUNICABLE DISEA Introduction
Some diseases can travel from person to are communicable diseases.
We can't stop them by treating sick per these diseases in their travels, or we mu
1.2 These are the Questions to Ask :
KHE AG
HOW DO
WHERE
Cp k
SERVOIR FEL "\0000000
WHAT
ANTE
Oooo
- What are the agents of infection ?
Viruses, bacteria, Worms, etc. -- Where is the reservoir of infection ?
Sick people, carriers (without sympt -- How do the agents escape from the reservoi
Through the respiratory tract, the ir
syringes, etc. - What is the path of infection ?
How is the infection transferred ?
Through coughing, direct contact, e -- Is the host protected ?
Is he likely to come in contact w Has he been immunized ? Does het
Work out the path of infection and 154
56

R ELEVEN SES & IMMUNIZATION
person or from things or animals to people. These ple, because the disease travels on. We must stop t make everyone immune.
ENTS ESCA
THE PAT
IC THE
AT IS TA
9
HOS
•/00 oooooo.
NHL SI
9 OOOOOOOO.
RECTED
-
SY0000
pms), animals, insects, etc. testinal tract, open wounds, insect bites, dirty
- ?
th the disease ? ake care of his personal hygiene, etc.? ery to block it.

Page 126
ਰੂਸ ਚ ਜੋ
14711
8 !
|

ਤੇ
Tu ਕਿਉ ਕਿ
ਤੇ ਵੀ
ਨੂੰ ਮਾਰ ਲੈ ,ਤੇ
ਤੇ ਨਰ ਕਉ
ਹੈ ਤੇ
32 ਫੋਟੋ ,
ਰੋ
ਕਦੇ ਦੇ 2 .

Page 127
11.4
Ways of Preventing the spread of Con
A. Isolation & Treatment ---Isolate
into contact with others, and so he ci Surveillance -- Supervise the pati
Who has he passed it on to ? C.
Immunization -- Effective immuni disease cannot spread from person to Disinfection of Clothes and Bed contaminated clothes and bedding. Environmental Sanitation -- This drinking water-can the water get suspected water; disposal of faeces;
wearing shoes, keeping clean, cleani don't come in contact with diseases. Control of Vector or Parasites - or the parasites (for example, worms); can't spread. Detection of Carriers - Check tl the disease. Check blood samples, t other people. Immunize dogs, kill ra Control of Food -- Make sure that food is properly and hygienically prep food. Sterilize Equipment -- Some dise sure all equipment is sterilized.
IL.5 Immunity
Active :
(a) Natural (b) Artificial (0) Natural (6) Artificial
| | | |
Passive :
156
- 57 --

nmunicable Diseases a patient and treat him quickly. He can't come an't spread the disease.
ent's contacts. How can the disease spread ?
zation can block the pathway of infection. The
person. ding - Many diseases are spread by touching A patient can re-infect himself, after he is cured. covers a lot of things. Supervision of wells and contaminated ? Decontamination of infected or use of latrines, personal hygiene- washing hands, ng the houses, etc. All these mean that people
- Killing the vectors (for example mosquitoes) also blocks the path of infection. Then the disease
ne reservoir. Find out who or what is carrying creat them so that they can't carry the disease to abid dogs, for example.
all food supplies are not contaminated. See that ared in kitchens. Don't let infected people handle
ases can be spread by dirty syringes, etc. Make
after the illness. after the vaccine. from the mother. Lasts about 6 months. immuniztiaon. Lasts only 2-3 weeks.
E

Page 128
ਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ
ਕ, ਤੇ ਉਤਰਨ ਲਈ
* ਉ ਪੂਰ ॥
ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਵੀ ਇਕ ਦੇ ਕਰ ਤੇ ਸਦੀ
ਨੂੰ ਹੋਣ ਤੋਂ 2 ਦੇ
ਨੂੰ
ਤੋਂ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਤ ਤੋਂ ... ਤਤ ਹੈ
ਸੇਲ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਕਰੋ
ਈ
ਕ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਵਿੱਤੇ ਦੋ
Bਤ ਨੂੰ ਹੀ
ਕਰ ਲੋ ,

Rਨ ਭਾਅ ਜੀ ਨੂੰ ਪਾਰ ਕੀਤੇ
= ਕਲ ਹੋਈ
ਤ ਨੂੰ - ਜੋ ਵੀ ਹੈ
, ਤੇ ੩ ) ਦੋu ਤੋਂ ਆ ਕੇ ਮੈਂ
ਲਉ ਚ
ਗਈ ਹੈ ਕਿ
ਨੇ 3
ਵਿਚ ਦੇ ਤੇਲ .
.. - ਤੇ ਵਲੋਂ ਦੋ ਦੋ ਨ. ਅਲ : ਬੀਤੇ ਦੋ
ਲਕੇ ਵਿਚ ਪੰਖ ਤੇ ਜੋ 'ਤੋਂ
(

Page 129
Place
Defect
Description,
Roundworms
Infection from unw vegetables eaten ran Young larva in lung sputum, eosinophili protruding abdome retarded growth,
Hookworm
Infection by young ! Causes itching and Adults in intestine from blood loss.
- 5

Signs and Symptoms
Action to be taken
Advise1. Treat infected. 2. Use toilets and pre
vent pollution of ashed fingers or fruits and
soll. vor half-cooked.
3. Treat night soil e cause cough,blood stained
before using as c. Adults in intestine cause fertiliser. n, loss of appetite, debiliey. 4. Wash hands wich intestinal obstruction.
soap before tou
ching food. 5. Keep finger nails
short and clean. 6. Wash all fruits and
vegetables well.
Advisearva entering through skin.
1. Treat infected. Enflamation at site of entry. 2. Use toilets and precause anaemia and debility vent soil pollution.
| 3. Use footwear
wherever possible.

Page 130
ਤੇ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ
ਤੂੰ ਜੋ ਵੀ ਕਿ

ਤਤ 1 ਵਜੇ ਦੇ
ਚ ਦੇਰ
ਦੇ ਕੇ ...
ਤੇ , 4

Page 131
II.19 Communicable Diseases
1. Disease
Cholera
Dysentery
Encephalitis
2. Causative Organisms
Vibrio cholera-biotype El Tor | Shigella dysenteree, fleuxnerne
boydii, sonnei.
Several viruses can give the
same syndrome.
3. Source of infection
Faeces & Vomitus of patients | Faeces of patients or carriers. Depends on the . causative & faeces of carriers.
Organisms.
4. Mode of Spread
Variable.
Faecal oral spread, usually by | Faecal oral spread, usually water, food, flies or unclean
through hands, food, flies &
hands.
water, in that order.
5. Incubation period
2 - 5 days.
1 - 7 days.
- 59

6. Symptoms
Severe diarrhoea with passage
| Fever & diarrhoea with tenes- Fever & headache. Patient of large quantity of watery
| mus and colic. Frequently becomes dull and drowsy stools followed by vomiting.
blcod and mucus in stools., and finally becomes uncon
Patient may become dehy
scious with fits.
drated and dangerously ill in a few hours.
7. Period of infectivity
As long as organisms are pre-| Depends on the infectious
sent in the faeces, usually ale agent. few weeks in untreated cases.
As long as vibrios are present in stools. Usually about one week in untreated cases. But treated with antibiotics patients are non-infectious in 24-48 hours.
8. Exclusion of Contacts
Nil
Isolate contacts at home for
5 days and treat with tetracycline.

Page 132
32 ਤੇ 34 ਆ ਗਿਆ , " ਉਸ
7 AM 3 ਰੋਡ ਨੂੰ : ਅਲ FAN ਨੂੰ ਦੇ 13 47 , Cia ਵੀ ਹੈ ਤੇ ਮੈਂ ਹੈ ਹੈ ।
ਕੀ ਅਸਲ ਵਿੱਤੀ ਹੈ । ਦੀਲ ਹੈ 'ਰੂ ਲੈ ਦੋ ਰੋ :
% ਅਤੇ ਏ.
LLiNR kik.
1JIILLE ..,- - - 7 JI DI LAELਨੇ 15 ੫ PAWri: A .. 4.ithull wa..
Yਦੀ ਥਾਂ M)
ਵਿੱਚ 11 ਲਨ ਤੇ " 3 " ਤੇ - [ANK , ਜੋ 30 ਨ 7 AM , ਕੀ ਨੇ
੬ ਨੂੰ ਆ % ਨਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਆ ਕੇ
ਸਿੰਘ !
ਸਨੀ ਨਾ ਦੇ ਨਾ ਕਰ (ਕਿ 5 ਦੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਆ ਕੇ
. ਕਿ
All la) ਜੋ .

8 ਤੋਂ 3 4 5 ਨੂੰ
-.11/TE All " Eval | ... ।
ਨੂੰ 3 ਅਗਸੀ ਵੀ ਨਾ
|
# # : 7
ਈ : ਆ
3 "
ਲੋਕ ਏ : ਬਾਲ ਨਿਆਂ ਦੇ
2 ਜਾਂ 1 M" " " ... " ਕਾ , 1 2 3
ਸੰit..
Iii

Page 133
166
9. Preventive Measures
Immediately notify all suspect
cases. Isolate & creat ener. .getically with I.V. fluids & tetracycline. Disinfect stools, vomitus & clothes. Enviroe. mental Sanication: Boil water. chlorinate wells. Personal hygiene: Use of oral re-hydration in the early phase of the disease will prevent particnt becoming severely ill.
Treat with antibiotics. Disinfece stools. Environmental Sanitation: Wash hands, boil water. Personal hygiene: Use of oral re-hydration in early phase of disease.
Notifiable. Depends on the causative
organisms. One of the identified causes of en. cephalitis is Japanese encephalitis which is a mosquitoborne disease transmitted to
man from vertebrate hosts. Control of the vector.
TAFA
10. Complications
Kidney failure and death is not
adequately treated with Droner luids
Death due to dehydration or High death rate and residual toxacmia.
brain damage.

PTOPLI INUTUJ.
- 09
-- Ama
11. Diagnosis
Examination of rectal swabs for
| Examination of stools micros. Isolation of virus or serological
vibrios. copically or by culture.
examination.

Page 134

ਨਾ kih

Page 135
Disease
Enteric Fever
Filariasis
2. Causative Organisms
Salmonella typhii and Para typhii A.
Wuchereria bancrofti (filarial worm).
3. Source of infection
Scools or urine of patients and carriers.
Persons with circulating microfilaria in blood.
4. Mode of Spread
Person to person contact, unclean hands, con- | Mosquito-culex fatigans is infected by microfilarae tamination of food or water, flies.
when sucking blood from a carrier; mosquito is infective after two weeks.
5. Incubation period
2-3 weeks.
Repeated bites from infected mosquito necessary
for a person to develop disease.
[9 -
A Symptoms
Headache & continued fever. Any continued | Fever with rigor, Red patches or streaks onl

fever should be suspected of typhoid.
limbs. En largement of lymph glands, swelling of parts of limbs, sometimes Elephantiasis.
7. Period of Infectivity
As long as typhoid bacilli are passed in faeces or Patients with symptoms are usually not infective. urine. Proper treatment usually terminates
All those with microfilarae in blood are infec
carriage.
tive till treated.
8. Éxclusion of Contacts
Nil
Nil
9. Preventive Measures
Notify. Isolate patient, disinfect excreta, proper | Parasite control—Regular blood examination of treatment, environmental sanitation, boil
people and treating them with carbamayne.
water, hand-washing. Detection and super
Vector control-prevention of breeding of
vision of typhoid carriers.
mosquitoes and attack on adults with insec
ticides.
Immunization--LA.B. two doses at intervals of
one month.

Page 136
Ka , ' is ॥
1 As A Aam " ਜਾਂ ਹੋ ਕਲਾ ਤੇ ਬਾਲ, 34 .
ਅ
. ਗੁਲ
ਜੇ ਮੈ ਕੈ uਸ ਦੀ )
ਬਤ 11
Eu.

ਕਲ :
ਦਾ --
/ਗ ਅਤੇ ,
ਸਲੇ

Page 137
10. Complications
Toxaemia.
Elephantiasis.

la C401410X TUUSU JILLSLUTUJ.
- ES
Perforation of intestines.
Examination of blood films taken at night.
1. Diagnosis
Blood for culture. Stools for culturc. Blood for Widal test

Page 138
Phoe ,

Ayrstaining

Page 139
1. Disease
Food Poisoning
Salmonella
Food Poisoning Staphylococcal
Food Poisoning Clostridium Perfringens
2. Causative Organisms
Various species of Salmonella Staphylococcus.
organisms.
Clostridium Welchi; or Per
fringens.
3. Source of infection
Usually animal carriers or Persons with infected wounds Organisms usually presentan "human carriers. or nasal and skin carriers.
human and animal feces.
4. Mode of Spread
Fish or meat infected at source Cooked food is infected by a Raw meat or fish infected at -- contaminates hands or |
person carrying the orga
source.
Kitchen environment from
nisms in the skin or in a
which prepared food is con
wound.
Cooking kills the vegetate orga
taminated.
nisms.

3 -
Spores germinate on cooling and
produce an infective dose.
5. Incubation period
8. 72 hours.
1/2-6 hours.
8-24 hours.--
DEPT. O,
1982
N 30 AL
6. Symptoms
JAFFNA
Fever, abdominal pain, nausea, Nausea, vomiting. giddiness. Abdominal pain and mild to vomiting and diarrhoea. prostration and sometimes
Severe diarrhoea.
diarrhoea.
7. Period of infectivity
Not infective.
1. DN12
As long as organisms are Not infective.
present in faeces.
8. Exclusion of Contacts
169
Nil

Page 140
43 4 5 6 ਲਾ ਕੇ
ਆ , ਕਦੇ
D
Luis
ਜੋ 8 ਹੋ ਚਲ ਕੇ ... . . . ਉn ਤੋਂ 28 : ਅ .. ਨਕਲ ਨੂੰ " " ਚ 2 3 4 5 6 .
" 83 4 .
ਟੋ ਦੇ ਭਾ ਤੇ
* 5 ਤੇ 19
ਆਂ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਕਈ
|%ਆ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਜੋ
Williuu, ਦੇ 25 MaikuRhA ਜਾ ਸਕੇ ਤੇ 444 hrSk
Br . Vaz A
ILIM) ,TWil 13 ||1 miA ਵੀ 4:17W XIMMA$ sigi
at 17trititwiMili Frie Whit++ 5447

% 1 ਸੀ ਕਰਨ ਅਤੇ 4
ਵੀ ਹੈ ਜੋ
1 Kਬਾਲ ਸ
us
ਹੈ ਤਾ A tes
As At Gਨੂੰ 1 ਨੂੰ 10 ਤੋਂ
P Air )
ਆਤ
ik di Aਲ ਪਾਸ , ( T ਤੋਂ Rs 77 - 1.
,
ਤੋਂ Rs & T ਕੇ ਵਿਅਕ 2732 ਜੋ phra ${ sh
" i ਮਹs
4 ਸਨ , ਨ , 11 ਜ5 wਦੇ ਸੀ 3 4 ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਪਿੰਡ : h
ਨੇ : 2 3 4 ਮg " " : 4
TH ਵਿੱਚ 3 ਹੋ

Page 141
SAR
1. Disease
Hepatitis (Infectious, Hepatitis A)
Hepatitis (Serum, Hepatitis B)
2. Causative Organisms
VIRUS A.
VIRUS B.
3. Source of infection
Faeces of patient or carrier or blood.
Blood of patient.
4. Mode of Spread
Faecal oral spread. Person to person contact. Usually transmitted by use of syringes or needles.
Contamination of food or water and unclean
• hands. May be spread by syringes and needles.
5. Incubation period
10 60 days.
60-180 days.
6. Symptoms
- 64
Loss of apetite, nausea, fever, vomiting, yellow Same symptoms and more common in adults.
coloration (jaundice) of eyes and urine. Many cases are mild without jaundice. Many symptomless infections. .

7. Period of infectivity
Latter half of incubation period to two weeks Blood is infective many weeks before onset of after onset of jaundice.
symptoms and throughout the actual stage and Sometimes for years as a close carrier.
8. Exclusion of Contacts
Nil
Nil
9. Preventive Measures
Notify.
Notify. Environmental sanitation. Personal hygiene and Heat sterilize all syringes and needles by boiling hand-washing. Sanitary disposal of faeces and
for 20 minutes. Reject blood donors with a urine. Administration of gamma globulin to history of hepatitis. If possible screen blood those immediate contacts who are rehabilitated.
donors for australia antigen.
10. Complications
Chronic liver disease. Acute liver failure.
Chronic liver disease. Acute liver failure.
II. Diagnosis
Clinical.
Clinical. Examination of blood for Australia
antigen.

Page 142
Hi ਆ AA t 3 4 ਤੋਂ 6 7 , " at A Vਲ 1 % ਤੋਂ ਨਾ
15 (1) 0 1 2 ਨੂੰ ::
ਸਿ ਨ ਪਉ
ਦੀ ! " w Tiwite www :: % · ਵਿa (ਮਾ : ਅਨ ਅਤੇ 2 KTM MB Wiw : 8 ਨਕਸ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਹੈ 3 ਡਾਲਨ ਕੀ Ni " T$ ਦੇ e
ਦਾ ਹੀ ਹੈ ਕਾਨੂੰ
4 , ਜੋ ਕੀ ,
3 15 !ii
Fat

4 ਵੀ
ਈ ਡੀ ਹੈ
3% e B
Tivat 1
ਤੇ .
ਨੇ 19 ਤੋਂ 2 ਵਜੇ 17ਵੇਂ ਕਰ
1 & # : 128) ਦੀ ਜੀ.
:
ਹੈ 33%ਲ ਵੀ 2 hrਗਨ i ਵਿੱਚ 4 % 1 . . " % s " ਸਾਲ
ਜੇ ਤੇ ਨਾਲ ਹੈ ) ਕੀ , 1 ਨੂੰ
335

Page 143
10. Complications
Advanced anaemia leading to| Pneumonia.
heart failure.
Mothers developing rubella ir Ist three months infect foetus giving rise to.defective vision, hearing, heart diseases, mental retarding.
11. Diagnosis
Isolation of virus from throat
and blood during the predominal period and Ist day of rash. Serological tests--two specimens of blood.
Examination of stools for worm
| Throat swab or throat washings
eggs.
for virus culture. Two specimens of blood- acute and convalescent.
REFERANS
- 65

173

Page 144

ਆ A t H May
TW।
Nu v । ਇਸ ਤੋਂ (ਲੇ ਦੇ 7 ਸੀ ਤੇ ਇਸ ਨੇ ਜੋ
ਲਾਲ .14 ਨੂੰ .
ਲਈ 1 ਕਰੋ
3 ਕਰੋ ,
1 ਦੇ .
n ੯ ॥
ਲ, 3! ਦੋ ਪੰ 13 ..
!* *

Page 145
178
1. Disease
Rabies
Roundworm Infestation (Ascariases)
2. Causative Organisms
Virus of Rabies.
Roundworm or Ascaris lumbricoides.
3. Sources of infection
Usually dogs who have developed the infection. Usually children who harbour the worm.
Mode of Spread
Bite of a rabid dog or other animal, due to con
tamination of wound with infective saliva.
Eggs are passed in faeces and development occurs |
in the soil. After about 10 days eggs are infective and swallowed with contaminated hands or food.
5. Incubation period
3-6 weeks. Sometimes even I year.
Several weeks or months depending on load of
infection.
6. Symptoms
Pain at site of bite. Patient becomes nervous and
| With mild infection, symptoms are vague or tense with rapid respiration. Develops spasms
absent. Worms passed in stools. In heavy
of body due to whiff of air or noise. Inability
infection, digestive disturbances, abdominal
to swallow; generálysed spasms and paralysis.
pain, vomiting, restlessness, toxaemia.

7. Period of Infectivity
Virus present in secretions till death; no known as long as there are worms, people are infective. case contracting infection from a human being.
The worm lives 6 months to | year. The soil
may be infective for months or an year depending on the soil.
8. Exclusion of Contacts
Nil
Nil
9. Preventive Measures
Notify. No treatment known--death is certain. If dog is suspected, keep under observation. If dead or killed, send brain for examination. In
man wash bite well and disinfect. Administer hyper-immune serum and anti-rabies vaccine daily for 2-3 weeks.
Environmental Sanitation. Provision of latrines
to prevent soil contamination. Personal hygiene; children to be educated to wash hands before taking food. Children to be treated with to expel worms.
10. Complications
If symptoms develop, death is certain.
Intestinal obstruction due to worms.
11. Diagnosis
Examination of stools for worm eggs.
Clinical. ii. Examination of brain.
Culture of virus from saliva.

Page 146
Class... TITLE. AUTHO PRICE.
Date Lent

BOOK CARD
No, 376
VAR RET TOWN WATER SUPPLY JA FENA:
NITRÓDa FÖRVRATNING MAvižYROORTHE..NAMENA....AR..UPPY...DRAINAGE
A BOARD. . DATE P. ..of06 1902
Borrower
Date Returned
Remarks
CLASS
NO.
| 62/ 376
A
ACCN.
NO.