Page 1
WOMEN IN
Sri I
Research on War affected V
Districts of Jaffna, V
S. Harihara
Viluthu Centre for Huma No 3, Torrington Au
Sri L
www.vi.

POST-WAR Lanka
Vomen Heads of Households avuniya & Batticaloa.
thamotharan
in Resource Development venue, Colombo - 07 Lanka.
luthu.org
13

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WOMEN
Research on War affe
Districts of Jaff
S. Haril
Viluthu Centre for
No 3, Torring
Wy

TLISTAU
V IN POST-WAR
Sri Lanka
cted Women Heads of Households Ena, Vavuniya & Batticaloa.
narathamotharan
Human Resource Development ton Avenue, Colombo 07
Sri Lanka. ww.viluthu.org
2013

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Page 5
Acknowl
We take this opportunity to Mr. S. Hariharathamotharan, the c in the direction and publication of th staff - District officer- Jaffna / Va Assistant, Batticaloa Mr. I. Niroshar R. Komathy who helped in the col questionnaires, conducting focus grou Our sincere thanks are expressed for The Divisional Secretary of Vavuniy
Viluthu also wishes to thank tl "Authority's district offices, the Ch Promoting Officers, Woman Develop the Registrar of marriages, midwive
Non-Government Organizations for providing a greater understanding interviews. Moreover we thank the C Shanthi Sachithanandam and Admin and colleagues at Viluthu for their en thanks are expressed for the invalual Mrs. Yoga Rasanayagam in sharpeni
We would like to thank Fo Collectives for their generous financi successful one.
H. Inthumathy Program Coordinator Viluthu November 2013.

ledgement
to express our sincere gratitude consultant of Viluthu, who has assisted nis research. Our thanks also go to our vunia Mr. K. Sajeevan and Research a and Resource person-Jaffna and Ms. lection of data in the form of filling p discussions and individual interviews. the invaluable assistance provided by sa North and Social Services Officer.
he staff of the National Child Protection sild Probation Officers, Child Rights pment Officers, Lawyers, Doctors and es and other staff of Government and their kind assistance and support in of this problem in their individual Chief Executive Officer of Viluthu Ms. istrative Manager Mr.S. Satgunarajah couragement and support. Our sincere ble assistance provided by Professor, ing and editing the presentation.
kus Women and women and Media al assistance in making this research a

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Conter
Title
Contents.
List of Acronyms and
Abbreviations..
Acknowledgements..
Chapter
One Preamble... Chapter Two
Contextual Back Chapter Three
Methodology.... Chapter Four
Analysis of Find
Chapter Five
Analysis of Findi Chapter Six
Conclusion ..... Annnexures List of references.
Annexures

ats
N -
A W
.5-7
-ground..
8-15
16-18
ings I.
19-25
ings II.
.26-31
32-33
34-36

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List of A
CBOs
Community Based Org FHF
Female Headed Famili FHH
Female Heads of Hous GNNS – Grama Niladharis GOSL- Government of Sri La ICES - International Centre fo IDPs
Internally Displaced P INGO - International Non-Gov LTTE - Liberation Tigers of Ta NGOs -
Non-Governmental Of PAMA- Public Welfare Assista
PTF –
Presidential Task Forc UNSG- United Nations Secret UNSCR- United Nations Securi WHHs - Women Heads of Hou WRDS Women Rural Develop

ms and Abbreviations
janization
es
seholds
aka
or Ethnic Studies
ersons
vernmental Organizations imil Eelam
rganizations
nce Allowance
ary General ty Council Resolution seholds
oment

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CHAPTE PREAN
This report presents the findings o: Sri Lanka’ undertaken by Viluthu, Development in the districts of Batti the period of December 2012 to M
Women, a Norway based organizatio and Documenting exercise on the
women, in Sri Lanka
The primary objectives of this resea
1) a) to enable the Forum for Won
District Federation of Women RI s) (both formed and strengthened based advocacy on issues relate of the rehabilitation and reco contribute towards the prepar: women for the Commission on
2) The specific objectives of the st
to identify the types of liveli opportunities available that ta in the post war context to identify the constraints ir livelihood opportunities for: various groups

ER ONE
MBLE
E a study on ‘Women in Post War
the Centre for Human Resource -caloa, Vavuniya and Jaffna during Cay 2013. Supported by FOKUS on it was an Information Gathering Conditions of Conflict-affected
arch study were;
nen Heads of Households and the ural Development officers (WRD by Viluthu) to engage in evidence:d to women's access and control nstruction processes, and b) to ation of the Shadow Report on the Status of women.
udy were hoods and business development rgeted female heads of households
i accessing livelihoods and seek women heads of households from

Page 9
identify issues related to f prepare profiles of fema
widows, abandoned wome their livelihoods, living
household and community to them for decision maki the post war situation
This research study documents th affected women, particularly ti discouraged from participating in t The study also attempts to shed li processes influence the reconfigu in the wake of war, and how V construction of post-war social st
This report consisting of an i conceptual/contextual back grour adopted, analysis of the situational i to feed into a consolidated larger o be eventually submitted to the C Builders, New York, for the prepa on women, peace and security whi Secretary General's (UNSG's) AI on the implementation of UNSCR

emale heads of households le heads of households (including n etc) in selected regions, illustrating
conditions, their participation in - activity and opportunities available ng, their risks and vulnerabilities in
ne different ways by which the war he female heads of families, are Ehe post war development processes. Eght on how post-war reconstruction ration of gender roles and positions vomen's actions could shape the
cructures
ntroduction, a presentation n on nd, discussion on the methodology Findings and conclusions is expected comprehensive report which would Global Network for Women Peace aration of an alternate global report ch is included in the United Nations nnual Report due in October 2013 R 1325.

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The adoption of the United Nations
marks the first occasion when the UI disproportionate and unique impad recognized the under-valued and un
make to conflict prevention, peace peace-building and stressed the imp participation as active agents in pea
SCR1325 is binding upon all UN M the resolution marked an important i that women and gender are relevant t Several resolutions, treaties, conven preceded the SCR 1325 which beca peace and security policy frameworl
The Security Council has marked tl annually to reaffirm and highlight women, peace and security. Despite in the implementation and accountat
Key Provisions of SCR 1325 includ
Increased participation and I levels of decision-making. Attention to specific protecti conflict. Gender perspective in post-c Gender perspective in UN pi SC missions. Gender perspective & trainii operations.

Security Council Resolution 1325
N Security Council addressed the ct of armed conflict on women; der-utilized contributions women keeping, conflict resolution and ortance of women's equal and full ce and security
ember States and the adoption of nternational political recognition o international peace and security. tions, statements and reports had me an integral part of the women,
he anniversary of this resolution its progress made in the area of this endeavor major gaps remain bility for those implementations.
representation of women at all
ion needs of women and girls in
:onflict processes. cogramming, reporting and in
ng in UN peace support

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CHAPTE CONTEXTUALI
This study on ‘Women in Post War of Information Gathering and attempts to obtain information on affected women, As this research i Families in a post conflict scenario i its main objective was to enable wo the Forum for Women Heads of Hou of Women Rural Development offic based advocacy on issues related to and reconstruction processes.
As the issue in hand was related to t female heads of families, this s framework relevant to resettlement of families as IDPs continued to rer rights and the basic necessities of I conduct a survey on the position of under three broad themes nam resettlement, human security, and ef lateral aid projects implemented by
NGO projects to bring to light from the status of women heads of famil

'R TWO BACKGROUND
Sri Lanka’ is a step in the process Documenting exercise which . the ground situation of Conflicts on war affected Female Heads of related to resettlement in Sri Lanka omen from two select for a such as seholds and the District Federation ers (WRDS) to engage in evidencewomen's role in the rehabilitation
he situation of internally displaced tudy concentrated on the legal particularly because women heads nain deprived of their fundamental life. This study therefore chose to
women by studying the situation mely legal framework guiding fectiveness of bi-lateral and multithe GOSL, local and international the gender disaggregated analyses,
Ges.

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1) Legal Framework, Policies a
Studies undertaken by institutio Alternatives Sri Lanka and by indiv indicate that the legal framework a laws of Sri Lanka are inadequate f displaced people. Chandrahaasar her round table series thus ‘an ID conventions or laws to protect an access to assistance of any kind ‘T GOSL should take the initiative legal framework, legislation that m a crime liable to severe punishmer
It is also proposed that such an A recognized principles of internatio of Internal Displacement. As these norm and standard framework humanitarian assistance of the government can arbitrarily refuse a displaced person. These guiding pr of people to ‘voluntarily return to any other part of their country, b) he displacement (and seeks to do so generate displacement) c) define, State's responsibility towards in establish the right of humanitarian basic needs establish the objective national policy for protection of

and their Practice
ns such as the Centre for Policy Gidual researchers (Seneviratne 2010) and the effectiveness of the relevant or the protection of the rights of the 1 (2011) endorses this situation in P living within the country has no d safeguard their rights and has no "hese studies therefore propose that to incorporate within the national akes forced displacement of persons
ats.
Lct, should be based on universally nal law like the Guiding Principles
principles remain the international - governing the protection and
IDPs (Chandrahaasan, 2011) no a plea for assistance by an internally Finciples also a) emphasize the right their habitual place of residence or lp to establish the goal of preventing by anticipating the risks that may determine and clearly stipulate the ternal displacements, d) help to - attention procuring guarantees for s, parameters and basic scheme of a E IDPs. Create a national system

Page 13
exclusively concerned with IDF return. The Guiding Principles allowed to fully participate i resettlement. In other words th importance of women IDPs bein political will is however neces: such a legislation.
2) Human Security/ Economi
As noted by Amirthalingam. displacements of persons had le situation in terms of basic incom in further impoverishment and process had apparently led to a resulting in abject poverty.
To achieve human security the f (implements, machinery etc.), natural capital (sea, land etc.), fi essential. In the event of displacer leaving only the human capital i be sufficient to maintain a decen
To illustrate such situations, 1 experiencing the worst losses di examples (ibid). Their situation they could not provide documen

Ps and establish the right to voluntary s also recommend that the IDPs be n the planning of their return and e Guiding Principles underscore the g involved in their relocation. A strong sary to propose and fully implement
= Security
K. and R. W. D. Lakshman (2010), d to the deterioration of their security ne, employment and housing to result
total depletion of their assets. This - downward spiraling of deprivation
pur capitals namely – physical capital social capital (social environment), nancial capital and human capital are nents, every form of capital is affected, a place and that capital alone cannot t livelihood.
ivelihoods based on cattle rearing uring the calamity may be quoted as became further compounded when tary evidence of the losses to receive
9

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compensation . Among the other liv in agriculture seemed to have been a folk. Because the fishing communit capital, both illustrations stood as ex other than the human capital which re of income occurred. This helpless si the gradual loss of other assets re displacements. Another important fi that different types of agricultural li differently to displacement. Instances impoverished were cited as those who on non-human assets. In addition, t. reportedly receiving some institution: or government service).
As regards women, it is a known fact i of three of the four capitals namely th capital were less dependent on the endowed with the other essential a better by being more flexible than m to displacements. In instances whe agriculture as labourers as well as sector,(Amirthalingam, K. and displacement had made them to resc an income. In the example cited, é camp setting, women's livelihood of unacceptable in a camp environme purchasing food prepared within less
10

elihoods, those workers engaged ble to cope better than the fisher y dependant on the sea; a natural amples for the loss of all capitals :mained intact while massive loss tuation in turn is said to lead to sulting in involuntary multiple nding of the studies ( ibid ) were velihoods were found to respond ; of IDPs who were relatively less ɔse human assets were less reliant ne less impoverished IDPs were al backing (in the form of markets
Chat they who were often deprived ne economic, social and financial ose to survive better than those ssets. Women seemed to cope Len when resolving issues related are women who were engaged in food producers in the informal R. W. D. Lakshman (2009), ort to alternative ways of earning lue to the nature of the refugee ption as food producers remained nt as the buyers were averse to hygienic conditions in the welfare

Page 15
centers. Faced with such a dilemma women to resort to selling and I alternative coping responses (A Lakshman (2009d)).
3) Social Security Social security is a serious issue i ex-combatants, and it has be (Krishnan,(2011), that those wor family fold once the war was ove that they relied on have been iden Donors to focus on strengtheni community centered approach to y The high incidence of domestic social security by these ex combata former child soldier, I do not like do not respect their women, drink civilian men for me! I want to be i man will understand me to love.’
Studies have also delved into then N, 2003) of women particularly w husbands. The reason being their so on their home and marital status. place to live in on return often mea the predominant discourse on re continually reaffirms territorialize resettled Sri Lankan women repe

ait did not take long for the displaced or pawning jewelries as successful Amirthalingam, K. and R. W. D.
for females particularly the female een demonstrated very clearly men cannot easily get back to their r. However, as the social networks tified (ibid) it is appropriate for the ng these networks instead of the work with the ex combatants (ibid). violence is also seen as a threat to unts. As opined by a self demobilized e the civilian Tamil men here. They too much and beat their wives. No, married to an ex-cadre. Only such a
reed to reinvent the identities (Jesse -hen they are displaced or lose their pcial standing and identify depended
The concepts of both home and a ant vastly different concepts. While patriation uncritically accepts and d notions of home, the narratives of =atedly implied that the concept of

Page 16
home suggests something much m or their physical, geographical plac for many women was made up of political, historical and psycholog involved processes of struggle and struggles during return hinged on political forms of which governed til integral, intimate part of their mei their efforts to return ‘home'. To th native villages may have signified a return to territorialized space called
marked the beginning of other psychological dissatisfactions, mal underscoring the necessity to reconstruction and rehabilitation. V
more creative concept of home, on complex processes of remember imagining a future in the location o
4) Physical Security There is a high level of militarization human security. Different strata of : by lack of physical security. The me female ex-combatants. In the No surveillance by the Military while it of the para-military forces.
|

ore than merely a territorial space se of origin. To the contrary, home a series of interconnected social, gical spaces, the return to which contention. For many women, their violence, the physical, social and heir everyday lives, constituting an mories and identities, obstructing is end, while resettlement to their n end to physical displacement, the Thome' and the resulting violence
forms of social, political and king the return totally impossible,
device creative processes of Vomen's narratives suggested a far e which acquires meaning through ring and narrating the past, and of return(Jesse N 2003).
in the North and the East affecting society remain differently affected pst affected in this category are the -rth, they are subject to constant n the East, they live in constant fear

Page 17
The study conducted in the Batti that even the families of former ! the para-military gangs. Paramilit to operate underground in Battical particularly were feeling vulnerabl An narrated by an ex-young Tar now a social worker, ‘In Previor combatants used to feel safe wit area. But with the war many of leaving these households most y paramilitary gangs target to take enemies. Animosities are not y households are living in fear. The the former LTTE women combat
works with these paramilitary ga sure who’s who.In the North personnel visit the homes of i ‘checking’. Sexual violence agains also have been reported on num large numbers of military persons
Another result of the militarizatio of resettlement and reconstructio of which have been largely deten were funded to a large extent by ir through UN and humanitarian ager have been achieved - chiefly the majority of those displaced in 20

caloa district in the East indicated LTTE cadres were still not safe from ary gangs were reportedly continuing Loa. As a result women ex-combatants e in the prevalent climate of insecurity mil Tiger woman combatant who is us times, former female Tamil Tiger i their families in the North Vaharai the households have lost their men, vulnerable with households that the revenge against their former LTTE et forgotten. The women in these ere are still abductions and many of ants feel very insecure. The military ngs, and most of the time we are not - the military and the intelligence released cadres on the pretext of st women, and incidents of trafficking merous occasions in the presence of
nel.
on has been obvious in the processes on the priorities, timetable and rules
mined by the military, though they aternational donors and implemented acies. While some humanitarian goals = return to their villages of the large -08 and 2009 – These processes has
13

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allowed the military to entrench itsel encroaching into civilian spaces and that has undermined the authority o reduced the quality of humanitarian fed resentment and anger among Tai consequences for future security and
The donors and NGOs should advoc North and East. "Supporting act community-based organisations and to engage freely in all aspects of activities, including the use of participa beneficiaries, civil society organisa officials; Encouraging a rights-based development assistance and insistin and development actors to raise entitlements of their beneficiaries in li of Sri Lanka and international covenan government and civil society organiz rights of the displaced, land rights reparation, and women's rights, as trace the disappeared and to allo commemoration of lost family memb challenging current PTF regulations i
with a rights component."

f in the north in dangerous ways, running a parallel administration of civilian institutions. This has Land development assistance and
mils, with potential for alarming i politics in the north.
Fate for a demilitarization of the sively to encourage northern Homestic and international NGOs
resettlement and development atory needs assessments involving ations and relevant government approach to all humanitarian and g on the ability of humanitarian awareness on the rights and
ene with the laws and constitution nts. This would involve supporting ations working on human rights, , rights to documentation and well as supporting initiatives to w for the public grieving and pers and friends. This will require that virtually proscribe any work

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5) GOSL, NGO/INGO Project
Two important development pro Northern Spring (Uthuru We (Negenahira Navodaya). They fc infrastructure. Studies have be effectiveness of these and othe government. They analyze the ch the emerging discourse of develop study which is ongoing is being development not merely as an ec discourse that includes politic construction of social identities, Development in the above sense is The study examines to which ext been successful in ensuring equal and in strengthening local capaci explores whether the specific forn the post-war context has deploye
marginalization, and control by re and structures.
According to existing internati indicates the returning of the dis;
Whereas, 'Resettlement indicate one's home and land. Studies poi both these words interchangeably assumed that return is complete

pjects in post-war Sri Lanka are the asanthaya) and Eastern Revival ocused on security, development and en done in certain districts on the r multi lateral programmes of the
aracteristics and new dimensions of pment in post-war Sri Lanka. Another g carried out by ICES. It accounts onomic phenomenon but as a social al dimensions of power, control, and social inclusion and exclusion. s to be analyzed as a social discourse. ent this strategy of development has rights among different communities ities of social reconciliation. It also a of articulating development within d new strategies of social exclusion, rinforcing dominant power relations
onal standards, the term ‘Returno placed to their own home and land. s being located in a place other than nt out that government officials use as a result of which it is erroneously when persons are relocated in their 15

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own district. It is established that through coercion of threatening to assistance in the place of displacer those who resettled had to face at elephants) destroying their farms, i and robberies. Their incomes never prevented them from acquiring t government's offer of compensatio face of their losses.
Government and donor projects (construction of new houses and repa provision of water supply, micro cre and youth and self-employment ve in her study on the challenges of
describes the challenges encounter agencies when attending to the nee displaced persons, and in not being a Absence of gender disaggregated a on the impact of these measures on
· 16

most resettlements were effected o cut off food supplies and other
ment. In most areas of the North tack by animals (wild boar and Ehreats from armed groups, crime reached their pre war levels which che assets they had before. The n is considered an eye wash in the
s have been assisting housing miring of damaged ones), sanitation,
dit, vocational training for women -ntures. However, Shamini (2010)
IDP Resettlement in Sri Lanka: -ed by the government and other eds of large numbers of internally able to meet those challenges fully. nalysis have blurred any evidence the lives of women.

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СНАР METH
The methodology adopted w: qualitative methods were use information on the subject are: from secondary sources,. The r from structured interviews anc various stakeholders like the individuals, selected from the th Vavuniya which showed remark obtained from government offic important sources of informati triangulation of the informatio families. Field visits and obser veracity of the information obt running from December 2012 to information.
Selection of regions/areas
Using the list of beneficiaries sar located in three Divisional Secre had selected for review. The thi Vavunya from northern provino DSDs consisting the villages to by Viluthu . All existing data an reviewed before use. In Jaff

TR THREE ODOLOGY
as mixed as both quantitative and ed. To begin with the background a was perused to obtain information equired primary data were obtained I focus group discussions held with Female heads of families and other aree districts of Jaffna, Batticaloa and able variations. Information was also Fals working in these areas for use, as on. Such information helped in the n furnished by the female heads of -vations were also used to check the ained during the four month period 2 April 2013 to cross check detailed
mples were selected from five villages etary's Divisions (DSD) that Viluthu see districts selected were Jaffna and Fe and Baticaloa from the east. The o were selected randomly as needed d information from these areas were na three Villages namely Ketpali,
17

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Manthuvil & Puttur were selected namely Munaikadu and Ampilanthu namely Olumadu, Nainamadu & Sii
Collection of Primary Data
To collect the primary data a survey and a semi structured questionnaire selected FHHs. Both quantitative ar from a sample of 270 FHHs. The de was made on the basis of convenien total of 90 samples were selected T district was sub-divided further into : where the total of 90 was divided b third village did not have adequate i
The FHHs who were interviewed we and women who married in their tee single women. Key informant in government officials and members of - working in those areas and from mer triangulate the information. Observa
The collection of data had to be unde riddled with security snags in the th and Batticaloa in the northern and As these districts were the areas sev security issues arose frequently r
18

and in Batticaloa two villages rai and in Vavuniya three villages nna adampan were selected
using a structured questionnaire e were administered among the ad qualitative data were collected ecision to use 270 sample FHHs ce. In each of the three districts a The 90 samples allocated for each 30 per village except in Batticaloa etween two villages because the number of samples.
ere widows, ex-combatants, girls Ens, differently-abled women and terviews were conducted with Community Based Organizations, nbers from various institutions to ation methods were also used.
ertaken in a volatile environment ree districts of Jaffna, Vavuniya eastern provinces of the country. erely affected by the war several equiring temporary innovative

Page 23
adjustments to the data collecti
was the staggered time period collection period was divided ir time periods. This was made p research team to detect likely se
The field officers of Viluthu, use in this exercise. They initially ma villages to familiarize themselve of CBOs, in order to smoothen th with the village folk both indiv established thus made it easy for people, subsequently and explai response without much difficulty
In this process a structured que relevant groups of persons In ado purposively selected samples of women who were married during and single women
The data were analyzed using simp of the analyses are presented in analyses of the quantitative data the outcome of the analyses of qu: in chapter Five.

on methodology. One such strategy As of data collection wherein data ato time slots to avoid more volatile ossible through the alertness of the curity risks
d the purposive sampling techniques ade reconnaissance visits to the study s with the local people and members e process of data gathering thereafter idually and in groups. The contacts - the enumerators to talk to different un to them the issues to obtain their
!stionnaire was administered to the lition interviews were also held with ! widows, ex-combatants, girls and ; their teens, differently-able women
ble statistical techniques. The findings the following two chapters with the being presented in chapter four and alitative data are presented separately
19

Page 24
CHAPTE] ANALYSIS OF
Situation of Female Heads of Far
The female heads of families (FHE socially and economically vulnerable their day to day living particularly du women not only suffered themselv their loved ones. Having suffered unexpected situation of supporting and others financially and emotional the sample of 270 female heads
widowed 8.1% separated 3.7 % nev the widowed women (232 in number district 29.7% from Vavuniya distri Jaffna.
During the interrogation it appeared the way each of them understood th
Definition of Female Heads of Fa the women
As each of those perceptions enable the women's viewpoints /interpretati better. Around 57.4% of the women as women who were widows, while
20

R FOUR FINDINGS -I
nilies (FHFs)
Fs) under study were found to be e encountering many difficulties in ring the post conflict times. These es but also witnessed the loss of thus, they were pushed into an similarly traumatized off springs lly. This study revealed that out of of families (FHFs), 85.9% were er married and 1.9 % married. Of Cs) 38.4%,were from the Batticaloa ct and 31.9 % from the district of
meaningful and useful to find out ie terminology.
milies (FHF) as Interpreted by
ed the researchers to understand ons/understandings of situations interviewed, referred to the FHFs 1.8 % saw them as females whose

Page 25
husbands had disappeared. 18.9 or illegally separated women, apı such women while 2.6 % refer husbands had been kidnapped a family member who was a FHF.
Health Conditions of FHFs
The average age of the sample F almost all reported different ty injury by war, mental health, ill: deafness etc. A small percent how injury with 22 % reporting injury
24% of different types of illnesse 25.2% deafness. Overall 99.6%
more or less continuous ill healt)
However 77.8 % (210 in num obtaining medication occasiona regularly, 4.1% were obtaining sp of them were using mobile clini hospitals/health facilities, variec services at the Main town hospital 10.4% of them were reaching ou of them were getting medical at others accounting for 7.8% of ti priest, Sidda medicine and Acup

% thought that they were the legally proximately 3.7%, could not describe red to such women as those whose and about 1.5 % did not know of any
HFs was 47 years (SD 12.8). Though -pes of physical injury ranging from nesses, non communicable diseases, Fever reported higher levels of physical py war, 25% mental health problems, es, 3.3% non communicable illnesses of the interviewees were living with
bers) of the respondents reported lly, while 16.3% attended clinics pecific treatments and as low as 1.4%
cs. The participants’ accessibility to 1. 47.4% among them obtained their
s, 28.5% went to village clinics, while t to traditional healers. Around 5.9% tention at Ayurvedic hospitals, and he total were consulting the temple uncture specialists.
21

Page 26
The choice among the health facilities analysis of the choices indicated that m that their choice was fair, while 25. facilities, however 13.3% of them felt t on a comparative basis . Assessed on 85.6% of them thought that the systei 14.4% of them reporting the need for
Poverty levels of Female Heads and
In Sri Lanka and elsewhere, there has b percentage of widowed women in rece been several males killed during civil or kidnapped and some kept in custody. heads of households to reduce pove contentious issue lacking acceptable evi the bread winners in female head discrimination with respect to educat economic opportunities. The study rev the widows was Rs. 3,875per month (
Occupations of Women Heads of H
This study revealed that only 24.8% different sectors, 11.9% of the total s were seeking jobs, A mere 2.6 % only employment, around 5.6% of them household work. The sample had a fe
22

s was totally their own. A close ajority of them (60.7%) claimed 9% complained of inadequate that the facilities were developed a comparative basis more than m needed to be improved with - improvement.
their Families
peen a significant increase in the ent years. The main causes have
war, many men went missing, The concept of targeting female rty in the community remains idence. Women, who are usually ed households, face gender ion, income, social rights, and eals that the average income of SD 3450RS).
Duseholds
of the FHFs were employed in sample were unemployed but I were disinterested in seeking
were engaged in their own w who were disabled (2.2%),

Page 27
43.7% of the total sample of FHFs such as wage labor in the Mill and cul in grocery, Selling rice & flour, engag industries, such as Paddy process cultivation.
Participation of Female Heads o
Making
Families and households provide the market transactions between men an however found that in most of the FH
were taking the decisions. The balanc saying that most of the decisions v extended families. The type of de household expenses (60%), about ext their children (9.6%) The opportuni family were high (92.6%).
As a way to improve the quality of ! participation of Women heads of famil Participation of communities is more specific tasks and trained to develop i revealed that this philosophy was being (84.4%) while only a few (15.4%) a activities. FHFs have been reported activities at the community levels, a majority of them(53.3%) were partic
23

were engaged in different jobs Itivation, running Small business ging in Sewing and other cottage ing, Milk products and Chena
f Families (FHF) in Decision
context in which important nond women take place. This study Es the FHFs themselves (75.7%) e number o households reported vere taken by members of their ecision making was related to ended family (30.4%), and about ties for decision making in the
public projects and services, the Tes is promoted in many activities. e effective when FHFs are given Cheir livelihoods. This study also g practiced by most of the women absconded from the community ly getting involved in different and this study also found that a ipating in community meetings

Page 28
of the villages, while 40% of the the CBOs and its activities and so Community meetings organized departments.
Female participation in decision m to be very low, leading them to be
with members 53%, showed v. participations 14.4%, and others be intimidation by others, no far. activities and care of children, pri health problems and fear.
Female Heads of Families (FHI
This study estimated approximate by the war directly or indirectly reporting not being affected. At t was 100 % im Batticaloa 77%, ir revealed that, the women were af husbands (24.8%), missing fami displacement (24.1 %), loss of Pr (25.9%)
Children of Female Heads of F
Single-parent families are very parent is a parent with one or m

m were involved in the meetings of ome of them7% were involved in the 1 by NGOs and other government
aking in the community was reported come less responsive and interactive ery little interaction 12.2%, only 20.4%. The reasons are reported to nily support to maintain household ressure by family members, mental
F) in a Post-Conflict Scenario
Fly 93% of the women being affected -, with very few respondents (7%) he district level the impact reported a Vavuniya 93.3 % in Jaffna. Study fected in many ways such as loss of ly members (5.9 %), injury (5.9%), -operties (13.3 %) and other reasons
amilies (FHF)
common in today's world. A single pre children, who is not living with
24

Page 29
any of the children's other parents. Si be viewed as non-traditional familie present. Children living in families a spouse being present are particula study showed that such families had (Mean 2.03 and SD 1.555). Abou children between the ages of one to have any children. At the district le reported from Batticaloa Vavuniya having any children.
FHFs and skills based livelihood :
The FHFs under close perusal seer 25.6% of them involved in sewing cultivation. Other skills they posses home based small industries (5.2%) products (4.1%), Palmyra products and others (36.3%) such as anima working in flour grinding mills an Majority (47%) of them reported tl skills, while about 40% did not fee and around 17% of them said that d
Capacity building programmes fa
Capacity building is the process by w develop their ability to set and
25

ngle-parent families can no longer s. These families seem to be omniheaded by single mothers without rly at risk as most are poor. This on the average of only 2 children A 88.5% of the respondents had o six but 11.5% of them did not Evel, 51.6% 16:1 % and 32.3 % and Jaffna respectively of not
activities
med to have several skills; with g, and 18.9% engaged in paddy sed were home gardening (7%), \, milk production and subsidiary (1.9%), homemade food (1.1%) il husbandry, paddy processing, 1 English and computer classes. hat they needed to improve their I the need to improve their skills id not know any skill
r FHFs
nich individuals and organizations achieve their own objectives.

Page 30
Development is a process, more t of institutional and individual c. Support are honed towards stren groups to take effective action az of their own communities. This were not involved in any capacity 27.4% had attended training prog in Jaffna 9.5 % in Vavuniya ang training in capacity building withir as to who made the decision to 41.5% of them did not respond. decisions were made by the DS, were made by GN Officers and made by Samurdhi Officers.
Female Heads of Families (FH programmes
The participation of FHFs in de hold levels, were reported with interested in participating in the respondents were not interested This study however found that development programmes availab Samurdhi 25.6%, Compensation and credit 5.2% and Livelihood

:han the ends; it is the transformation apacities. Activities, Resources and gthening their skills and abilities for nd leading roles in the development study also reflects that about 72.6% building programmes. Approximately rammes in capacity building. 87.8 % 19.5%from Batticaloa had received 1 the districts. Answering the question provide those trainings to the FHH.
while 33.3% of FHFs said that all . 13.7% of them said that decisions 11.5% believed that decisions were
IFs) and other poverty alleviation
evelopment programme at the house
57.8% of them being very much activities while around 41.5% of the to participate in such programmes.
respondents were involved in the ole in their places such as PAMA 40%, 5.6%, Housing scheme 9.6%, Loans support 14.1%.
26

Page 31
FHFs and improvement of living
Improving the living conditions of availability of water & sanitation, livelihood activities through improve FHFs families. To the question on living conditions , more than half of t permanent income for increasing the reported that in order to raise capi livelihood, very few of them (2.2%) a of them requested for new technology home based industries, self-employme advise, consultations and workshops
Livelihood Support as an Urgent r
One of the striking concerns is the inci among these households. Studies h households were more likely to be i households. Livelihood constitutes ca intangible assets and activities unde present, the study reveals that more least some form of assistance for tł government institutions or the NGOs Batticaloa, 70% from Vavuniya and assistance. Nevertheless, most of th they needed more, and the rest (18.9 not necessary. At the district level, (

conditions
persons such as housing, and can have a major influence on ements in the living standards of their participation in improving he respondents (51.5%) expected eir living conditions, about 30% tal needed for developing their asked for training and others 17% y and materials, new loan system, nt, motivational training, business -, etc.
need of the FHFs
dence of abject poverty prevalent ave shown that female-headed n poverty than in other types of pabilities of people, tangible and ertaken to make a living. As at
than 80% of them have got at heir livelihoods from either the 5. At the district level, 87% from
62% from Jaffna had received e respondents 81.1% said that P%) said that such assistance was 37) 39.7% from Batticaloa, (70)

Page 32
32% from Vavuniya and (62)28. needed more. They needed more such as, (90)33.3% loss of thei property, (28)10.4% loss of their (33)12.2% reported with multi not have access to any livelihoo doing their traditional jobs, and and others 3.0% were employe services.
Livelihood programme and F
Questions were asked from satisfaction with the different li offered . The study has produc 87.4% of them were not satisfi and only a small no of respor programmes. FHFs activities inv basic material and nonmaterial Study showed that around (24 their household activities while ot due to disabilities, dull of hearin

3% from Jaffna had reported that they livelihood support for various reasons r husbands, (68)25.2%) loss of their livelihood and related activities, others ple response. Among those who did -d support, there were 11.1% of them - others 4.8% had permanent income d in government and private sectors
HFs opinion
the participants, on their level of velihood support programmes being ed useful information, showing that ed with the livelihood programmes, adents 10.7% liked their livelihood Folve finding the means of meeting the
needs of their family members. The -2) 89.6% of them were involved in hers were not involved in any activities g and chronic illnesses.
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Page 33
CHAPTE ANALYSIS OF
This chapter presents the outcomes data collated from the focus group and other personnel. This findings the situation of war affected women issues that do not surface in any of th the problems those women face, th address their conditions and gaps in had to be focused, the number of re selected from the three districts of The viewpoints of respondents th classified into themes to better p respondents.
Theme 1: Challenges Encountere family and community levels
When questioned as to the kind encountered and the manner in whi at individual, family and community of comments that provided addition FHFs
The response of one of the women
We need to stand on our own leg better position.............. We cann
28

R FIVE FINDINGS II
• of the analyses of the qualitative
discussions held with the FHFs ; of this analysis delves deep into thereby helping to understand the e quantitative analyses particularly e programmes that are in place to the whole picture. As this exercise spondents had to be limited to 30 Jaffna, Vavuniya and Batticaloa. us collected were organised and ortray the views/thinking of the
d by the FHFs at the individual,
of challenges the war widows ch they coped with the challenges levels, the respondents had a variety al information on the plight of the
was. s and bring up our children to a not improve our living conditions

Page 34
unless we stand on our own legs. living........... For how many do help us for a few days they u again.......”. ”So far we have wo looked after our children.........W
We were engaged in small indivic by hand and selling rice. 7 children.......... We tolerated t}. brought up our children without our own legs."
Theme 2: Livelihood and Assi:
Unlike women who became wid affected by the war seem to h consequences The FHFs report finding employment. Many of th
multiple displacements due to the suffered immense hardships losir their near and dear ones. The over time leaving them desper assistance forthcoming
‘We have never received any assi the institutions ignored/overlook. get even a small scale loans or hor run by single persons? I had gi

We cannot depend on others for our ays could they help us? Even if they pould talk about it over and over rked as daily wage earners and have Se have not done anything for us........ dual businesses like pounding paddy This was how I brought up our ne bad words of others........... We e any help and only by standing on
stance
ows by normal circumstances those ave been severely affected by its ced experiencing extreme difficulty ese females were those who endured e war of the 90s, 2006 and 2007 and ng their young and the old who were traumatic situations have worsened ate and helpless with no signs of
stance for our livelihood....... Even ed us. As single persons we cannot uses........ Are we not a family though ven my house to my child as dowry
30

Page 35
and now I am living all alone. I c. getting any assistance.
The most unacceptable happening i manner in which some of the wealthy of most of these assistance programı
‘We do not get anything but as pooi neglected.
At this point others intervened to co looking at the recipient widows as w are also poor widows.
Assistance in the form of, house and been provided to those widows w
mentioned that the organization Wor and provided for a nursery school. C implemented. But they said that some for loss of lives probably because discontinued. The male children are . labor to look after us. 80 % of the p: child of one of the women is physical spend all her time looking after that
A few institutions help the families therefore others who do not rec disappointment, mental stress and un
31

annot see any possibility of me
n this regard is the unscrupulous
widows have become recipients nes.
r widows we get more and more
ɔntradict her to say that she was rell off widows but actually they
- employment opportunities have with many children....... They Id Vision has provided assistance Credit programmes too have been - did not receive the compensation that program was subsequently looking after us. They do manual articipants had small children. A ly handicapped which makes her child.
s who have lost their husbands ceive such help suffer from happiness. There were instances

Page 36
reported of obvious neglect and c. is supported in preference to an against those actions. When th regarding any assistance they fe ignored causing severe psycholog
Most of the women earn their inco which vary from selling paddy, places, opportunities for daily wag and access to the services offered limited, often due to the fact th loners.
Those women made an important been provided with any liveliho self -initiated -employment for a three days, is about Rupees 300, adequate they sometimes borrow Overall many of their statement: Their comments read thus
we have lived so far; there live................ it was difficult some how grown up now...... is immaterial for us; some more .

ases of favourism where one village other and there is no way to voice ey approach the relevant officials eel that they are being deliberately gical impact on them.
ome from self-employment ventures
rice, curd and rice-flour at distant e labour, running of small businesses, 1 by Government and the NGOs are at they are widows and therefore
i statement to say that they have not od assistance. The earnings through week /=, working every two days or
= to 400 As this amount is hardly. - from neighbors to avoid starvation. s reflected their loss of hope in life
e are a few days more for us to
to raise our children but they are -....whether we are given or not given
days ahead
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Theme 3: Self employment
As regards the occupation of these in self employment was more. TE employment they could make a livin do anything without being self em work because they had to bring up th employment and shoulder the bur level the women were skilled enou house-hold tasks, horticulture and I the earning capacity. Being used to g their husbands, the difficulties w
maintaining their families was a cor the opinions and concerns which car them.
"Self employment for widows” is been given so far. Nothing is accom in Sewing but they have sent us ba They (Government officers) have n are providing ways and means for grinding mill is found everywhere I places...
Theme 4: Intolerance by Officers
The GramaNiladhari and other offic times...
...No assistance has
- 33

families, the percentage involved ney said that, only through selfEg so far. They wouldn't be able to
ployed. They were compelled to heir children and forced to find an den of the family. At the village gh to be engaged in labour work, home garden cultivation and had.
etting much more income through ere as much after losing them. mplex issue for them. These were me out during the discussions with
much talked about but nothing has plished yet. We went for Training ck without doing anything.. o concern for us. Now only they self employment..... Rice-flour but nothing has been done in our
cers discriminate against us some been provided through Women's

Page 38
Societies. Individual credi provided................... They of there were any viable credit scł could they repay it? We do not h income.................How can we to get proper income... ventures. They pointed out that assistance is provided for self-em Grama Niladaries are there to pro do anything unless they benefit s
Theme 5: Ostracization
“Marginalizing or sidelining us not prevalent within our family attending in religious and soci knowingly invite us, but we dic relatives when we were present. differently and use words that disheartened when we participate the community........ We do . events..
.... We usuall and return.
As far as these women are concer was very low. When attending neglected even by their relatives. found particularly among the kin

• schemes too have not been vined that they would get involved if iemes. Even if they get loans, how avė any ventures which could yield jet loans when it would be so difficult ......We are reluctant to do joint they would be willing if individual uployment. Though the Officials and
vide suitable projects, they wouldn't omething from the people.
on the basis that we are widows is circles. We voluntarily keep out of Eal ceremonies..... Some of them I have to face difficulties from our
They would look at us and treat us E hurt. We always feared and got -d in the functions and festivals within not like to participate in public Sy go and stand aside as observers
ned, attendance at social ceremonies special functions these women are - Discrimination of this nature is not asfolk but as far as the community is
34

Page 39
concerned........ they are prohib. functions. When performing rituals to their daughters........other fa extending invitations to their relativ do not even invite these women sin women are invited they hesitate to anticipation that the community men their feelings.
Whatever that happened at the com. Even though they liked to participa the bitter experiences, disheartening made them seclude themselves with of the society towards widows incre called to attend funerals and functi public functions. Even if we are invi such events and functions.
Additional Observations made d
FHFs had to endure walking 1 reach their work sites due to facilities The occupations of the FHFs va wage earnings, to selling hand-1 agricultural labourers. Feelings of frustration when liv
3:

ted from participating in these to their grand-daughters or even milies raise questions. When res for rituals and functions, some ce they are widows. Even if these participate in such events in the nbers might say something to hurt
munity level caused mental stress. te in functions and public events,
words and isolation faced by them but appearing in public. The attitude ased their suffering. We would be ons at the temples but not for any ted we do not feel happy attending
uring the discussions:
ong distances in certain areas to the non availability of transport
ried from agriculture -based, daily pounded rice-flour and working as
ving alone

Page 40
Distrust in the system beca persons who were supposed Extreme sadness at their los: short life span in front of the unwritten custom and tra participating in rituals and fu Not being invited to wedding attending funeral houses is co Endless wait for assistance to Not interested to meet officia A feeling of dissatisfaction a received Display of great interest in p questions Inefficiency of community effective assistance Uncertainty in accessing t employment and ensure a stal Never ending wait for assista Poverty leading to inability t Inadequate infrastructural de

use they were cheated by the very to be assisting them. s and the belief that they had only a
.
ditions that exclude them from nctions ss and other auspicious events while onsidered appropriate o give details of their situation als except to seek assistance. t their plight and on what they have
articipating at meetings and fielding
based organizations in providing
bank loans, micro credit for self ble income for their living nce and dependence o help others who are in need. velopment.
36

Page 41
CHAPTI CONCL
Majority of women in the study constraints. Many of them remain p
war situation. The scenario pointed enabling environments to increase affected women in the selected re planning processes and developmer carefully the scope of providing diffe particularly in the North and East o
Although not exclusively targete majority of loans and other micro-ci but not in a satisfactory manner considered as panacea for all ills pa encountered by women in post co access to agricultural land and ot problem in the North and East. C women are unable to engage in m them victims of abject poverty and
meet the needs of such women sho between men and women even a patriarchal attitudes a legal framewo: participation in the political arer involvement of some women they skills and experience but also have rights and responsibilities.
3T

ER SIX USION
- continue to confront multiple Psycho-socially affected in the post d to the urgent necessity to create the livelihood options of the war gions. For this to happen, future antal interventions need to consider erent livelihood options for women of the country
d to women, the overwhelming redit opportunities went to women - Such programs should not be articularly the economic problems nflict societies. Women's lack of her productive assets is a major Consequently, widows and single any productive activities making deprivation. Urgent measures that uld be decided providing equality t the lowest level. To break the rk should be available for women's na. However with the increased have not only acquired leadership e become aware of their political

Page 42
As opined by during the rehabili the rebuilding of the economy may in the reconfiguration of gender rebuilding of war-torn societies. I makers and operational actors to u and rebuilding interact when i encountered by females in post w instances it is very important to designing, implementation, and reconstruction programmes. In : programmes that seek to addre particularly war widows need to account the situation of women, and the ways in which they deal w
On the basis of the findings of this s are being put forward to improve t of the war affected FHFs
to create an enabling environm of the women in the selected i to identify the types of live opportunities available that ta the post war context provide better life options to i responsibilities of the househo to give priority to the nee
demobilization process

tation and reconstruction processes - become a formal exercise, resulting
roles that cause challenges in the It is therefore important for policynderstand the complex ways gender resolving many of the problems ar situations. As reiterated in many o involve women in the planning, - evaluation of rehabilitation and addition, it appeared important for ess issues of security of females be gender-sensitive by taking into the particular problems they face, with them
tudy the following recommendations he living conditions and livelihoods
ent to increase the livelihood options regions lihoods and business development urget female heads of households in
the women who took on the old most unexpectedly eds of the ex-combatants in the
38

Page 43
to identify and remove the cor livelihoods to identify livelihood opportunitie from various groups identify issues related to femal security, transport facilities prepare profiles of selected femal widows, abandoned women e illustrating their livelihoods, livi in household and community act to them for decision making, the post war situation. to recognize the under-valued a women make to conflict prev resolution and peace-building. to stress the importance of wom as active agents in peace and se
39

astraints in accessing loans for
es for women heads of households
le heads of households such as
le heads of households (including tc) from the selected regions, ng conditions, their participation civity and opportunities available ir risks and vulnerabilities in the
and under-utilized contributions ention, peacekeeping, conflict
men's equal and full participation ecurity

Page 44
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