கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: தமிழ் ஆவண மாநாடு 2013: மாநாட்டு முன்மொழிவுக் கோவை

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தமிழ் ஆவணம்
Tamil Documentation
Conference
மாநாட்டு முன்வ
NOO] FOUN
நூலக நிறு!

மாநாடு O13
மாழிவுக் கோவை
LAHAM IDATION
வன வெளியீடு

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jĜ Mtz khehL 2013
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfh
i

jĜ Mtz khehL 2013
h£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit
i

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Copyright © 2013 by Noolaham Foundation
All text within this publication is available under the NonCommercial - NoDerivs license.
For more Information, Visit http://creativecommons.org/lic
COVER IMAGE CREDITS Karagattam : S. Siva Saravanan Old books on shelves : Adam Woolfitt/Corbis Manuscript : Vignesh Rana Paddy Field : Sudipto Sarkar Farmer : Prashanth Baradwaj
Cover & Inner Seperation Pages designed By : E. Arjuna
ii

oundation
is available under the Creative Commons Attribution -
.
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
Siva Saravanan am Woolfitt/Corbis gnesh Rana dipto Sarkar ashanth Baradwaj
Pages designed By : E. Arjunar
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kheh£L Ãfœ¢á Ãuš
muq;F - Mtzg;gLj;jYk; njho
kz;lgk; - rq;fug;gps;is kz;lgk;> nfhO 27-04-2013 : K.g 10.00 - gp.g
muq;fj;jiyik : Nguhrpupau; t.kNf ,izg;ghsu; : nre;J}ud; =fe;j
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;
1. jkpo;r;R+oypy; Xtpaq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jYk; Ngzpg;g
- Kidtu; e. NtYrhkp (ngupahu; gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nryk 2. Significance of digitization in protecting endan
- Kidtu;. e.fNzrd; (gpnuQ;R Ma;T epWtdk;> GJr;Nr 3. kdpj r%f tuyhw;W Mtzq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; Gi
- ng . re;jpud; (gpnuQ;R Ma;T epWtdk;> GJr;Nrup) 4. gz;ila fhy Xiy kw;Wk; fhfpj Mtzq;fs; - ghJ
- tP .Kj;Jf;Fkhu; (gpnuQ;R Ma;T epWtdk;> GJr;Nrup) 5. 
- Nr.rptrz;Kfuh[h (tpupTiuahsu;> rpj;jkUj;Jtg; gpupT
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
muq;F - tuyhW>njhy;ypay;>ku kz;lgk; - rq;fug;gps;is kz;lgk;> nfhO
27-04-2013 : gp.g 1.00 - gp.g 3
muq;fj;jiyik : Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;k ,izg;ghsu; : rpthde;juh[h M
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;
1. ,yq;ifj; jkpou; kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fSk; mtw;i
- ,.kA+uehjd; (fl;blf;fiyQu;> If;fpa muG mkPufk;) 2. aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; fhy gz;ghl;Lr; nr
- fyhepjp. f . mUe;jtuh[h (tpupTiuahsu;>tuyhw;Wj 3. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> fy
- nry;tp. nfsup Gz;zpa%u;j;jp (jw;fhypf fl;Liuahrpupau 4. nty;yhntsp fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhWk; njhy;ypay; vr;rq;f
- nghd;Dj;Jiu epyhe;jpdp (jw;fhypf fl;Liuahrpupau;> t 5. kl;
/
gOfhkj;Jr; rhrdq;fs; - v];.Nf.rptfNzrd; (tpupTiuahsu;>tuyhw;Wj;Jiw >a
iii

kheh£L Ãfœ¢á Ãuš
Mtzg;gLj;jYk; njhopDl;gKk;
ug;gps;is kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G jkpo; rq;fk;
-2013 : K.g 10.00 - gp.g 12.00
iyik : Nguhrpupau; t.kNf];tud; su; : nre;J}ud; =fe;juh[;
s Mtzg;gLj;jYk; Ngzpg;ghJfhj;jYk;
upahu; gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nryk;;) tion in protecting endangered documents
uQ;R Ma;T epWtdk;> GJr;Nrup) tzq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; Gifg;glf;fiyapd; gq;fspg;G
;T epWtdk;> GJr;Nrup) ;Wk; fhfpj Mtzq;fs; - ghJfhj;jYk; guhkupj;jYk;
Ma;T epWtdk;> GJr;Nrup) l;Lr;Rtbfisg; ghJfhj;jYk;> Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
iuahsu;> rpj;jkUj;Jtg; gpupT> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;)
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ - tuyhW>njhy;ypay;>kuGupik ug;gps;is kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G jkpo; rq;fk;
4-2013 : gp.g 1.00 - gp.g 3.00
iyik : Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;kehjd; su; : rpthde;juh[h Mjpiuad;
pf; fl;blr; R+oy;fSk; mtw;iw Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
yQu;> If;fpa muG mkPufk;) r;Rf;fhuu;fs; fhy gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;F - xU tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it
h (tpupTiuahsu;>tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;) ;lwpag;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> fy;ntl;lha;tpd; ,d;iwa Nghf;Fk; u;j;jp (jw;fhypf fl;Liuahrpupau;>tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;) ; tuyhWk; njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
p (jw;fhypf fl;Liuahrpupau;> tuyhw;Wj;Jiw>fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;) ;fs;
iuahsu;>tuyhw;Wj;Jiw >aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;)
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muq;F - ehl;lhupay; kz;lgk; - rq;fug;gps;is kz;lgk;> nfhO
27-04-2013 : gp.g 4.00 - gp.g 6
muq;fj;jiyik : Nguhrpupau; rp.nks ,izg;ghsu; : fdfuj;jpdk; rut
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;
1. fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; ehl;lhu; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;jy
- Nfh . Ffd; (fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;) 2. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;J topghl;L kuGfis newpg;gLj;Jk; g
- jpU.t.Fzghyrpq;fk; (tUifjUtpupTiuahsu; > fpof 3.  nkhopj;Jiw 4. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; thOfpd;w jkpo;>K];ypk; ngz;fspilN
- nry;tp. k. Rfd;ah 5. ehl;lhupyf;fpaq;fis Ma;T nra;jYk; Mtzg;gLj;jY : fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof nkhopj;Jiw khztu;fspd; M - Nguhrpupia mk;kd;fpsp KUfjh]; ( fpof;Fg; gy;fiy
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muq;F - fiy kz;lgk; - tpNdhjd; kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G 27-04-2013 : K.g 10.00 - gp.g
muq;fj;jiyik : Nguhrpupau; rgh n[ ,izg;ghsu; : ju;kuhN[e;jpud;
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;
1. fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; f
muq;fpaYk; fw;ifnewp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,d epfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;jy; - nry;tp. Nutjp fNz]; 2. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l tPjp ehlfq;fs;
- jpU.fpUiguh[h jpUr;nre;J}ud; 3. 1960fspypUe;J 2012 tiuahd ,uhtNzrd; t
mzpfyd;fisAk;> xg;gidiaAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
- nry;tp.yhtz;ah kfhNjth
iv

muq;F - ehl;lhupay;
ug;gps;is kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G jkpo; rq;fk; 4-2013 : gp.g 4.00 - gp.g 6.00
iyik : Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU su; : fdfuj;jpdk; rutzd;
l;lhu; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;jy; - ele;jJk; elf;f Ntz;baJk;
iyf;fofk;) ghl;L kuGfis newpg;gLj;Jk; gj;jjpfis ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T
ifjUtpupTiuahsu; > fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;) ;j tha;nkhopg; ghly;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy;
; (tpupTiuahsu; > nkhopj;Jiw >fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;) Ofpd;w jkpo;>K];ypk; ngz;fspilNa epytp tUk; ehl;Lg; Gwf;fijfs;
a;T nra;jYk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk; - tha;g;Gf;fSk; rthy;fSk; nkhopj;Jiw khztu;fspd; Ma;Tfs; KUfjh]; ( fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; )
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
muq;F - fiy dhjd; kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G jkpo; rq;fk;
-2013 : K.g 10.00 - gp.g 1.00
iyik : Nguhrpupau; rgh n[auhrh su; : ju;kuhN[e;jpud; rpe;Jrd;
thkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; ehlfKk; p Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,d;Wtiuf;Fk; mq;F eilngw;w
;jy;
nra;ag;gl;l tPjp ehlfq;fs;
e;J}ud; tiuahd ,uhtNzrd; tlNkhb ehlfj;jpdJ Mil ;gidiaAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
h
iv

Page 6
4. fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw elhj;jpa fi
(1993-2012k; Mz;Ltiu)
- jpUkjp.mgpuhkp ju;Nke;jpuh 5. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; c Uthf;fk; ngw;w FWe;jpiug;glq;fspd
- jpU.eNlrd; ee;jFkhu; 6. fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Ez;fiyj;Jiw rhu;e;j khztu;fs; rku;gpj;j ngUk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufi Mtzg;gLj;jy;
- Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU (fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;)
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ
muq;F - r%fk; kz;lgk; - tpNdhjd; kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G
27-04-2013 : gp .g 2.00 - gp.g
muq;fj;jiyik : Nguhrpupau; nr.Na ,izg;ghsu; : gpNukFkhu; Nyhf
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;
1. murw;w Njrq;fspdJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kaw;rpfs; ,aq
Kfq;nfhLj;jy; rpy mwpKff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
- jpU.FkhutbNty; FUgud; (tpupTiuahsu;> rl;lj;Jiw> 2. Miuak;gjp jkpo; r%fk;
- jpU.f. rghnuj;jpdk; 3. aho;g;ghzj;J itj;jpa E}y; ntspaPl;by; I.nghd;ida
- Mtz Ma;T- =. md;Gr;nry;tp (tpupTiuahsu;)> f. = 4. ftpQu; Rgj;jpudpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidAk; ftpij
nraw;ghl;bidAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
- jpU. eNue;jpud; epUrhe;j; 5. 19Mk; Ew;whz;bd; ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp jkpoupd; ,yq;i
ce;jy;> ,Oit fhuzpfspd; nraw;ghLk;
- jpU. uh.epj;jpahde;jd; 6. jkpo; NgRk; Ntlu;fspd; topghl;L kuig Mtzg;gLj;jy
- jpU.F.utpr;re;jpud; (tpupTiuahsu;>Ez;fiyj;Jiw> f 7. ,yq;ifapd; Kjw; jkpo; ngz; rQ;rpifahsu; kq;fsk
- rpj;jpuNyfh nksdFU (Xa;T ngw;w Nguhrpupau;> Ez;f 8. Mtzg;gLj;jYk; jpUNfhzkiyAk;
- jpUkiy etk; (%j;j Clftpayhsu;)
v

z;fiyj;Jiw elhj;jpa fiyepfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;jy;. u)
puh k; ngw;w FWe;jpiug;glq;fspd; tpguq;fspid Mtzg;gLj;jy;
;jpd; Ez;fiyj;Jiw rhu;e;j rpwg;Gg; gl;lnewp ,Wjpahz;L ngUk; Ma;Tf; fl;LiufisAk; mjd; tpguq;fisAk;
(fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;)
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muq;F - r%fk; dhjd; kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G jkpo; rq;fk; 4-2013 : gp .g 2.00 - gp.g 5.00
iyik : Nguhrpupau; nr.Nahfuhrh su; : gpNukFkhu; Nyhfgpurhj;
tzg;gLj;jy; Kaw;rpfs; ,aq;f Ntz;ba rl;l tiuaiwf;F pKff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
d; (tpupTiuahsu;> rl;lj;Jiw> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;) ;
E}y; ntspaPl;by; I.nghd;idah - tuyhw;W Ma;T
r;nry;tp (tpupTiuahsu;)> f. =jud; (kUj;Jtu;) ;f;if tuyhw;wpidAk; ftpijapidAk; fiy> murpay;
g;gLj;jy;
; pa tk;rhtsp jkpoupd; ,yq;if Nehf;fpa mirtpaf;fKk; spd; nraw;ghLk;
opghl;L kuig Mtzg;gLj;jy;
iuahsu;>Ez;fiyj;Jiw> fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf; fofk;) ; ngz; rQ;rpifahsu; kq;fsk;khs; khrpyhkzp
a;T ngw;w Nguhrpupau;> Ez;fiyj;Jiw> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;) hzkiyAk;
ftpayhsu;)
v

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muq;F - jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf kz;lgk; - rq;fug;gps;is kz;lgk;> nfhO 28-04-2013 : K.g 9.00 - gp.g
muq;fj;jiyik : Nguhrpupau; rp. jpy ,izg;ghsu; : rz;Kfjh]; tuh
Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;
1. jkpopy; gjpthFk; Rtu;f; ftpijfSk; mtw;wpd; Mtz
- jpU.rQ;rPtp rptFkhu; (KJepiy cjtpg; gjpthsu;> njd 2. nkhop ,yf;fpag; gfpu;Tfs; - Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz
Muk;g fhy  nkhopj;Jiw > rg 6. jkpopy; E}yilTfs;: mwpjYk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
- jpU.,uh. jkpo;nry;td; ([t`u;yhy; NeU gy;fiyf;f 7. ,yq;ifapy; rl;lq;fis jkpo;nkhop%yk; Mtzg;g
ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T
- jpU. etuj;jpdk; rptFkhu; (Kd;dhs; cjtp tpupTiuahsu;> murwptpay;Jiw> Nguhj 8. ,yq;ifapy; gidAk; gidnjhlu;ghd nkhop tof;Ff
- jpU. f. ,uFgud; (KJepiy tpupTiuahsu;> njd;fpof;F 9. jkpopy; mr;Nrwpa Kjy; E}y;fSk; mtw;iwf; fz;L
ngUKaw;rpAk;
- mUl;jpU jkpo; Nerd; mbfshu; 10.  jkpo;j;Jiw> aho;.gy;fiyf;fo 11. fpof;fpyq;if fpwp];jt ,jo;fs; - njhz;ld;> ntl;lh
- jpUkjp. W}gp tyd;uPdh gpuhd;rp]; (KJepiy tpupTiuahsu;> nkhopj;Jiw> fpof;F gy;fiyf
vi

- jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;
g;gps;is kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G jkpo; rq;fk; 4-2013 : K.g 9.00 - gp.g 1.00
iyik : Nguhrpupau; rp. jpy;iyehjd; su; : rz;Kfjh]; tuhfpdp
ftpijfSk; mtw;wpd; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
epiy cjtpg; gjpthsu;> njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;) fs; - Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba - Mtzg;gLj;jj; jtwpa ;fpa Kaw;rpfs ; rh ,yf;fpaq;fs; - Xu; Ma;T
zpak; Tf;Fg; gpd;du; Clfj;Jiwapy; rpq;fs> jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G
tk;
lftpayhsu;) po; kf;fspd; rpWtu; tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fSk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
pTiuahsu;> nkhopj;Jiw > rgufKt gy;fiyf;fofk;) wpjYk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
t`u;yhy; NeU gy;fiyf;fofk;) s jkpo;nkhop%yk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;: nkhopf;nfhs;ifapid
u; hsu;> murwptpay;Jiw> Nguhjid gy;fiyf;fofk; ) idnjhlu;ghd nkhop tof;FfSk;
y tpupTiuahsu;> njd;fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;) ; E}y;fSk; mtw;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;j jdpehafk; mbfshupd;
bfshu; tuyhW
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puhd;rp]; khopj;Jiw> fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;)
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muq;F - E}yftpay; kz;lgk; - rq;fug;gps;is kz;lgk;> nfhO
28-04-2013 : gp.g 2.00 - gp.g
muq;fj;jiyik : Nguhrpupau; Nrh.re ,izg;ghsu; : ghyFkhud; rptu Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;
1. ,yq;ifapd; cau;fy;tpj;Jiwia ru;tNjr juj;jpw;F
gupkhw;w ru;tNjr tiyaikg;gpd; tfpgq;F: xUGjpa v
- jpU. J. gpujPgd; > jpU.kh. >jdd; 2. aho;g;ghzg; nghJrd E}yfk; Xu; tuyhw;wha;T
- jpU. fNzrypq;fk; n[ajP];tud; (tUifjU tpupTiuah 3. E}y;Njl;lk;: Xu; kjpg;gPl;L Ma;T
- mdpjh fpU];drhkp (E}yfu;> Nfhz;lhtpy; nghJ E}y - fy;gdh re;jpuNrfu; (rpNu\;l cjtp E}yfu;> aho;. gy;fi 4. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpYs;s fpue;j tupt
(Fwpg;ghf ,e;Jrka E}y;fis) Mtzg;gLj;jy;
- yjh ckhrq;fu; (rpNu\;l cjtp E}yfu;> aho;. gy;fiyf 5. ,yq;ifapd; nghJ E}yf Kiwik
- fyhepjp ikjpyp tprhf&gd; (cjtp E}yfu;> aho;. gy;f
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muq;F - gz;ghL kz;lgk; - tpNdhjd; kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G
28-04-2013 : K.g 9.00 - gp.g
muq;fj;jiyik : Kidtu; nry;tp. ,izg;ghsu; : rhUjd; rptFUeh Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;
1. fiy gz;ghl;L epidTfSk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
- jpU. v];. vjpu;kd;drpq;fk; (Kd;dhs; fyhrhug; gzpg;g 2. kUkf;f(s;) jhaKk; jha;top KJnrhKk;
- ftpf;Nfh nty;yT+u;f; Nfhghy; (rP. Nfhghyrpq;fk;) 3. fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo;kf;fspd; tho;f;i
- nry;tp. Nkup tpdp/g;uPlh re;jpuNrfh; 4. Mtzg;gLj;jypd; mj;jpahtrpaj;ij mthtpepw;Fk;
kpf;f rpj;jpiur; nrt;tha; rlq;F epfo;r;rpAk; mjd;NghJ - jpUkjp. NjtFkhup Re;juuh[d; (tpupTiuahsu;> nkho 5.  nfhOk;G jkpo; rq;fk; 4-2013 : gp.g 2.00 - gp.g 1.00
iyik : Nguhrpupau; Nrh.re;jpuNrfuk; su; : ghyFkhud; rptuad;
pj;Jiwia ru;tNjr juj;jpw;F cau;j;Jtjpy; E}yfj; jfty;
ikg;gpd; tfpgq;F: xUGjpa vz;zf;fU njhlu;ghd Ma;T
. >jdd; }yfk; Xu; tuyhw;wha;T
P];tud; (tUifjU tpupTiuahsu;> tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;) Ma;T
fu;> Nfhz;lhtpy; nghJ E}yfk;) ;l cjtp E}yfu;> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;) f E}yfj;jpYs;s fpue;j tuptbtj;jpYs;s tlnkhop E}y;fis ;fis) Mtzg;gLj;jy;
jtp E}yfu;> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;) f Kiwik
gd; (cjtp E}yfu;> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk; )
ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ muq;F - gz;ghL dhjd; kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G jkpo; rq;fk; 4-2013 : K.g 9.00 - gp.g 1.00
iyik : Kidtu; nry;tp. jpUre;jpud; su; : rhUjd; rptFUehjd;
Sk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
k; (Kd;dhs; fyhrhug; gzpg;ghsu; > jpUNfhzkiy) ;top KJnrhKk;
ghy; (rP. Nfhghyrpq;fk;) yq;ifj; jkpo;kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpa gd;Kfj;jhf;fk;
re;jpuNrfh; pahtrpaj;ij mthtpepw;Fk; clg;Gf; fpuhkj;jpd; jdpj;Jtk;
; rlq;F epfo;r;rpAk; mjd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fSk;
uuh[d; (tpupTiuahsu;> nkhopfs;Jiw> rgufKt gy;fiyf;fofk;) ghl;bd; guk;gy;
pa czT KiwfSk; MNuhf;fpakhd tho;Tk; - kUj;JtuPjpahd Ma;T
;Jtu; )
vii

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cŸsl¡f«
muq;F - Mtzg;gLj;jYk; njhopDl;gKk;
1. jkpo;r;R+oypy; Xtpaq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jYk; Ngzpg;ghJf
- e. NtYrhkp .................................................................... 2. Significance of digitization in protecting endangered d - e.fNzrd; ................................................................ 3. kdpj r%f tuyhw;W Mtzq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; Gifg;g
- ng . re;jpud; ................................................................... 4. gz;ila fhy Xiy kw;Wk; fhfpj Mtzq;fs; - ghJfhj;j
- tP .Kj;Jf;Fkhu; ............................................................. 5.  Mt
- Nr.rptrz;Kfuh[h ......................................................
muq;F - tuyhW>njhy;ypay;>kuGupik
1. ,yq;ifj; jkpou; kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fSk; mtw;iw M
- ,.kA+uehjd; ............................................................. 2. aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; fhy gz;ghl;Lr; nr
- f . mUe;jtuh[h ....................................................... 3. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> fy
- nfsup Gz;zpa%u;j;jp .................................................. 4. nty;yhntsp fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhWk; njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis
- nghd;Dj;Jiu epyhe;jpdp .............................................. 5. kl;
/
gOfhkj;Jr; rhrdq;fs; - v];.Nf.rptfNzrd; ....................................................
muq;F - ehl;lhupay; 1. fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; ehl;lhu; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;jy; - e
- Nfh.Ffd; ................................................................... 2. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;J topghl;LkuGfis newpg;gLj;Jk; gj;j
- t.Fzghyrpq;fk; ....................................................... 3. K];ypk; ngz;fs
Gwf;fijfs;
- k.Rfd;ah ................................................................. 5. ehl;lhupyf;fpaq;fis Ma;T nra;jYk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof nkhopj;Jiw khztu;fspd; Ma;Tfs
- mk;kd;fpsp KUfjh]; ..................................................
viii

cŸsl¡f«
Yk; njhopDl;gKk;
tzg;gLj;jYk; Ngzpg;ghJfhj;jYk; .................................................................................................03
protecting endangered documents ..........................................................................................05 ;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; Gifg;glf;fiyapd; gq;fspg;G .................................................................................................06 fpj Mtzq;fs; - ghJfhj;jYk; guhkupj;jYk;
.................................................................................................08 bfisg; ghJfhj;jYk;> Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
..........................................................................................09
y;ypay;>kuGupik
;blr; R+oy;fSk; mtw;iw Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
...........................................................................................13 ;fhuu;fs; fhy gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;F - xU tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it
...........................................................................................15 g;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> fy;ntl;lha;tpd; ,d;iwa Nghf;Fk; ...........................................................................................17 Wk; njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
...........................................................................................19
...........................................................................................21
ijfis Mtzg;gLj;jy; - ele;jJk; elf;f Ntz;baJk;
.......................................................................................... 25 uGfis newpg;gLj;Jk; gj;jjpfis ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T ..........................................................................................27 ;nkhopg; ghly;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy;
..........................................................................................29 fpd;w jkpo;>K];ypk; ngz;fspilNa epytp tUk; ehl;Lg;
...........................................................................................31 ra;jYk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk; tha;g;GfSk; rthy;fSk; iw khztu;fspd; Ma;Tfs; ..........................................................................................32
viii

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muq;F - fiy 1. fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs
muq;fpaYk; fw;ifnewp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,d;Wt epfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;jy;
- Nutjp fNz]; ............................................................. 2. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l tPjp ehlfq;fs;
- fpUiguh[h jpUr;nre;J}ud; ........................................... 3. 1960fspypUe;J 2012 tiuahd ,uhtNzrd; tlNkhb eh Mil mzpfyd;fisAk;> xg;gidiaAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy
- yhtz;ah kfhNjth ..................................................... 4. fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw elhj;jpa fiyepfo
(1993-2012k; Mz;Ltiu)
- mgpuhkp ju;Nke;jpuh .................................................... 5. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; cUthf;fk; ngw;w FWe;jpiug;glq;fspd; tpg
- eNlrd; ee;jFkhu; ...................................................... 6. fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Ez;fiyj;Jiw rhu;e;j rpwg;G
khztu;fs; rku;gpj;j ngUk; Ma;Tf; fl;LiufisAk; mjd
- rp .nksdFU ..............................................................
muq;F - r%fk; 1. murw;w Njrq;fspdJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kaw;rpfs; ,aq;f
Kfq;nfhLj;jy; rpy mwpKff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
- FkhutbNty; FUgud; ................................................. 2. Miuak;gjp jkpo; r%fk;
- f . rghnuj;jpdk; ........................................................ 3. aho;g;ghzj;J itj;jpaE}y; ntspaPl;by; I.nghd;idah
- =. md;Gr;nry;tp f .=jud; ....................................... 4. ftpQu; Rgj;jpudpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidAk; ftpijapid
nraw;ghl;bidAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
- eNue;jpud; epUrhe;j; .................................................... 5. 19Mk; Ew;whz;bd; ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp jkpoupd; ,yq;if N
,Oit fhuzpfspd; nraw;ghLk;
- uh.epj;jpahde;jd; ........................................................ 6. jkpo; NgRk; Ntlu;fspd; topghl;L kuig Mtzg;gLj;jy; - F.utpr;re;jpud; ........................................................... 7. ,yq;ifapd; Kjw; jkpo; ngz; rQ;rpifahsu; kq;fsk;khs
- rpj;jpuNyfh nksdFU ................................................ 8. Mtzg;gLj;jYk; jpUNfhzkiyAk;
- jpUkiy etk; ...........................................................
ix

pGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; ehlfKk; ;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,d;Wtiuf;Fk; mq;F eilngw;w
.......................................................................................... 35 g;gl;l tPjp ehlfq;fs;
..........................................................................................37
,uhtNzrd; tlNkhb ehlfj;jpdJ ;gidiaAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
..........................................................................................39 j;Jiw elhj;jpa fiyepfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;jy;
..........................................................................................40 ;w FWe;jpiug;glq;fspd; tpguq;fspid Mtzg;gLj;jy;
...........................................................................................41 z;fiyj;Jiw rhu;e;j rpwg;Gg; gl;lnewp ,Wjpahz;L
a;Tf; fl;LiufisAk; mjd; tpguq;fisAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
..........................................................................................43
g;gLj;jy; Kaw;rpfs; ,aq;f Ntz;ba rl;l tiuaiwf;F
wpg;Gf;fs; ..........................................................................................47
.......................................................................................... 48 tspaPl;by; I.nghd;idah - tuyhw;W Ma;T
.........................................................................................50 uyhw;wpidAk; ftpijapidAk; fiy> murpay; j;jy;
...........................................................................................51 ;rhtsp jkpoupd; ,yq;if Nehf;fpa mirtpaf;fKk; ce;jy;> Lk;
.......................................................................................... 53 l;L kuig Mtzg;gLj;jy;
.......................................................................................... 55 ; rQ;rpifahsu; kq;fsk;khs; khrpyhkzp
.......................................................................................... 56 iyAk;
.......................................................................................... 57
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muq;F - jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; 1. jkpopy; gjpthFk; Rtu;f; ftpijfSk; mtw;wpd; Mtzg;gL
- rQ;rPtp rptFkhu; ........................................................ 2. nkhop ,yf;fpag; gfpu;Tfs; - Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba
fhy  ntl;lhg;G vd
- W}gp tyd;uPdh gpuhd;rp]; ............................................
muq;F - E}yftpay; 1. ,yq;ifapd; cau;fy;tpj;Jiwiar; ru;tNjr juj;jpw;F ca
gupkhw;w ru;tNjr tiyaikg;gpd; tfpgq;F: xUGjpa vz
- J. gpujPgd;> jpU.kh. >jdd; .................................... 2. aho;g;ghzg; nghJrd E}yfk; Xu; tuyhw;wha;T
- fNzrypq;fk; n[ajP];tud; ......................................... 3. E}y;Njl;lk;: Xu; kjpg;gPl;L Ma;T - mdpjh fpU];drhkp - fy;gdh re;jpuNrfu; ..................................................... 4. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpYs;s fpue;j tuptbtj
(Fwpg;ghf ,e;Jrka E}y;fis) Mtzg;gLj;jy;
- yjh ckhrq;fu; .......................................................... 5. ,yq;ifapd; nghJ E}yf Kiwik
- ikjpyp tprhf&gd; ....................................................
x

k; ,yf;fpaKk;
fSk; mtw;wpd; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
...........................................................................................61 tzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba - Mtzg;gLj;jj; jtwpa Muk;g ; ..........................................................................................63 paq;fs; - Xu; Ma;T
..........................................................................................64 pd;du; Clfj;Jiwapy; rpq;fs> jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G
.......................................................................................... 66 ;fspd; rpWtu; tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fSk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
.......................................................................................... 68 ; Mtzg;gLj;jYk; ..........................................................................................70 ;nkhop%yk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;: nkhopf;nfhs;ifapid
..........................................................................................72 hlu;ghd nkhop tof;FfSk;
..........................................................................................74 Sk; mtw;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;j jdpehafk; mbfshupd;
.......................................................................................... 76
; .......................................................................................79 s; - njhz;ld;> ntl;lhg;G vd;gd Fwpj;j rpwg;G Ma;T
...........................................................................................81
iar; ru;tNjr juj;jpw;F cau;j;Jtjpy; E}yfj; jfty; ;gpd; tfpgq;F: xUGjpa vz;zf;fU njhlu;ghd Ma;T
d; ......................................................................................85 ; Xu; tuyhw;wha;T
.......................................................................................... 87 ;T
..........................................................................................90 yfj;jpYs;s fpue;j tuptbtj;jpYs;s tlnkhop E}y;fis ) Mtzg;gLj;jy;
..........................................................................................92 wik
..........................................................................................94
x

Page 12
muq;F - gz;ghL 1. fiy gz;ghl;L epidTfSk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
- v];. vjpu;kd;drpq;fk; ................................................. 2. kUkf;f(s;) jhaKk; jha;top KJnrhKk;
- nty;yT+u;f; Nfhghy; (rP. Nfhghyrpq;fk;) .......................... 3. fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo;kf;fspd; tho;f;ifa
- Nkup tpdp/g;uPlh re;jpuNrfh; .......................................... 4. Mtzg;gLj;jypd; mj;jpahtrpaj;ij mthtpepw;Fk; clg;G rpj;jpiur; nrt;tha; rlq;F epfo;r;rpAk; mjd;NghJ ghlg;gL
- NjtFkhup Re;juuh[d; ................................................ 5. 

Page 13
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xii

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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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1

Page 15
2
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Page 16
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jÄœ¢ NHÈš XÉa§fis Mtz¥ ngÂ¥ghJfh¤jY« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Ngu m
oFf;fiyfspy; fhz;Nghupd; fz;izAk; fUj jkpo; ehl;L Xtpaq;fis> Xtpaf;$lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jp e ek; flik.
Mtzk;
Mtzk; (Documentation) vd;gJ gy nra;jpfisg; gjpa goq;fhy VLfs;. ,J ve;j tbtj;jpYk; ,Uf;fyhk;.M E}w;whz;by; Nrf;fpohu; ,aw;wpa ngupa Guhzj;jpy; Kjd; Kjy vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtu;. mwptpay; top Mtzg;gLj;Jjy; (Doc nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ.
,d;ndhU $W epGzj;Jt Mtzg;gLj;Jjy; (Speciali ,jpy; gOJ ghu;j;jy; (Repair) vd;gJk; Kf;fpag;gzpahFk;.
Xtpatif
Xtpaq;fspy; Rij Xtpak; (Frescoes)> vz;nza; Xtpak cz;L. ePz ;l ehs; ,Ug;gJ Rij Xtpaq;fNsahFk;. Xt cz;L. Xtpaq;fisf;fz;L gpbj;J ntspcyfpw;F nt %NthJg;uha;> S.K. Nfhtpe;jrhkp Nghd;Nwhu; ,d;wpy;yhjJk;> FWk;Gj;jdq;fshYk;> Xtpa Mu;tyu;fspd; mf;fiwapd;ik Rw;Wyhj;jyq;fs; Mf;fpaJk;> fhyg;goikAk; ,d;wpaikah
ghiw Xtpak;
ghiw Xtpaq;fisg; nghUj;jtiu jkpo; ehl;by; kl;Lk; ghiw Xtpaq;fs; cz;L. kdpjdpd; ghu;itf;Fj;jg;gp , moptpy;yhky; ,Ue;jJ. Kjypy; rupahd Kiwapy; Gifg ghjpg;Gf;fisg; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. tz;zq;fspy; gbe;J Xtpaq;fs; cupe;j epiyapy; my;yJ ntbj;J ,Ue;jhy; rupahd filrpahf ‘ghyptpiday; mrpl;Nll;’ gir nfhz;L Nkw;gug;i
RtNuhtpak;
RtNuhtpaq;fspYk; Rw;Wr;R+oy;>  J}R> mOf;F> kd mopT Vw;gLk;. ,ijAk; Kjypy; ed;F Ma;T nra;a Ntz
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

š XÉa§fis Mtz¥gL¤jY« h¤jY«
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Nguhrpupau; Kidtu; e. NtYrhkp
ghupd; fz;izAk; fUj;ijAk; ftu;tJ Xtpaf;fiy. ;$lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jp ekJ kugpdUf;F tpl;Lr;nry;tJ
d;gJ gy nra;jpfisg; gjpa itj;Js;s> vOjp itj;Js;s tbtj;jpYk; ,Uf;fyhk;.Mtzk; vd;w nrhy; fp.gp.12k; ngupa Guhzj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyhf te;Js;sJ. ,ij fsg;gzp op Mtzg;gLj;Jjy; (Documentation Science) vd;gJ ,d;W
tzg;gLj;Jjy; (Specializing Documents) ,d;wpaikahjJ. ;gJk; Kf;fpag;gzpahFk;.
scoes)> vz;nza; Xtpak; (Oil Paintings) vd;w ,U tif ij Xtpaq;fNsahFk;. Xtpa moptpw;F gy fhuzq;fs; gpbj;J ntspcyfpw;F ntspg;gLj;jpa T.A.Nfhgpehjuht;> Nghd;Nwhu; ,d;wpy;yhjJk;> MLkhL Nka;f;Fk; rpWtu;fspd; u;tyu;fspd; mf;fiwapd;ikahYk;> Xtpa ,Ug;gplq;fisr; yg;goikAk; ,d;wpaikahf;fhuzq;fs; MFk;.
;jtiu jkpo; ehl;by; kl;Lk; IE}Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ghiwfspy; pjdpd; ghu;itf;Fj;jg;gp ,Ue;jtiu ghiw Xtpaj;jpw;F ; rupahd Kiwapy; Gifg;glk; vLj;J> rupahd Kiwapy; ;Lk;. tz;zq;fspy; gbe;Js;s khRfis mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ;yJ ntbj;J ,Ue;jhy; rupahd gir nfhz;L xl;l Ntz;Lk;.
ll;’ gir nfhz;L Nkw;gug;ig xl;bg;ghJfhf;fyhk;.
+oy;>  J}R> mOf;F> kdpjf;ifahSif Nghd;wtw;why; ; ed;F Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mOf;F> cg;Gg;gbtq;fis
3

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4
ePf nkd;ikahfj; ghJfhf;f Xtpa ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
;fptpl;L ï ï ï ï ï ï Nfhapy;fisg; mopTfs;
Ntz;Lk;. cile;j Nja;j;J gz;ghl;Lj;njhl;by;fs; gFjpfspy; tz;zk; gpsh];lu; jPl;l Ntz;Lk;. vd nfhz;L miof;fg rPuik gl;b
cs;s Xtpaq;fNs. Mdhy; mit gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy cz;ik.
1. ,e;jpa Mtzf;fhg;ghsu; rq;fk; 2. gpupl;b\; Mtzf;fofk; 3. midj;Jyf Mtz kd;wk; Mfpait Mtzk; fhf;Fsk; mikg;Gfs; MFk;. Xtpa ,aw;if moptpypUe;Jk;> nraw;if moptpypUe;Jk; XusNt f
jpUntWk;G+u; Nfhapypd; rpj;jpu $lKk;> gpw rpj;jpu khlq;f nrq;fy; fl;llq;fNs. vdNt neLq;fhyk; epy;yhky; mope;J fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l rpj;jd;dthry; Fiff;Nfhtpy; Xtpaq Mu;tyu;fspd; myl;rpag;Nghf;FfSk; gho;gl fhuzq;fs tUNthu; fhzhkNyNa jpUk;gpr;nry;Yk; mtyepiy Vw;gl
mopahj Xtpaq;fs;: rpy fhuzq;fs;
fhQ;rpifyhrehju; Nfhapiyf; fl;Ltpj;jtd;> fiyf;f fhkd; vd;nwy;yhk; Gfog;ngw;w ,uh[rpk;kd; vd;Dk; gy Nru;e;j ngUk;ghyhd Xtpaq;fspd; kPJ Rij G+rg;gl;L Nrho ,it ,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiwapduhy; mwptpay goikahd ,uh[rpk;kd; fhy Xtpaq;fs; ntspNa nfhz gjpTnra;aNtz;ba Xu; cz;ikahFk;.
kJiu $lyofu; Nfhapy; fp.gp 16Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; N fle;Jk; nkUF Fiyahky; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk tz;zq;fs; ,aw;ifg;nghUs;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> %ypifr;rhW Ntz;Lk;. vdTk; mwpfpNwhk;. ,t;thW ,aw;ifg;nghUs mopT ,y;iy vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
,t;thW Xtpaq;fisg; nghUj;jtiu mtw;iwg; gLj;jyhFk;.

gpsh];lu; nfhz;L gl;b itf;fNtz;Lk;. cyu;e;jgpd; k; jPl;l Ntz;Lk;. rPuikf;fg;gl;lgpd; #upaxsp glhky;
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
jhl;by;fs; vd miof;fg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtw;wpy; t gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; mope;J tUtJ vjhu;j;jkhd
; rq;fk;
;wk; k; mikg;Gfs; MFk;. Xtpaq;fs; cs;spl;l Mtzq;fis
f moptpypUe;Jk; XusNt fhf;f KbfpwJ.
;jpu $lKk;> gpw rpj;jpu khlq;fSk;> vOnjopy; mk;gyq;fSk; Lq;fhyk; epy;yhky; mope;Jgl;ld.Kjyhk; kNfe;jputu;kd; hry; Fiff;Nfhtpy; Xtpaq;fs;> fhyg;goikahYk; Xtpa fSk; gho;gl fhuzq;fshFk;. ,jdhy; ,ijf;fhz pr;nry;Yk; mtyepiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
zq;fs;
f; fl;Ltpj;jtd;> fiyf;fly;> fiyf;fhtyd;> mj;jpae;j ,uh[rpk;kd; vd;Dk; gy;yt murd;. mtd; fhyj;ijr; pd; kPJ Rij G+rg;gl;L Nrhou; fhy Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ;Tj;Jiwapduhy; mwptpay; Kiwg;gb ePf ;fg;gl;L fhyj;jhy; Xtpaq;fs; ntspNa nfhz;L tug;gl;ld vd;gJ ,q;F ahFk;.
p.gp 16Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jJ. gy E}w;whz;Lfisf; paspf;fpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,t;Nthtpak; jPl ;lg;gad;gLj;jpa spy; ,Ue;Jk;> %ypifr;rhWfspypUe;Jk; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;f ,t;thW ,aw;ifg;nghUs;fshy; tiuag;gl;l Xtpaj;jpw;F
.
nghUj;jtiu mtw;iwg; NgzpghJfhg;gNj Mtzg;
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 18
ï ï ï ï ï ï
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIGITIZATION IN ENDANGERED DOCUMENTS ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
T
he social history of communifies can be traced records and documents. These documents recorded on plates are endangered and desfined to disappear in the condifions. These documents have social significance a Archive Programme 458 (EAP458 – on-going project in F funded by Brifish Library) has provided insights in trac agrarian community through idenfificafion and digifizafi recorded in paper, palm-leafs and copper plates.
These documents relates to social relafions, ec relafions etc. Which reflects the social history of a parfic social history of any community or interface with othe traced through idenfificafion and digifizafion of related digifizafion process provides scope for understanding a c through the idenfified endangered documents.
Digifizafion has been done for various official reco knowledge-sharing, fast-retrieval and cost-effecfiveness can be applied to protect the endangered documents informafion related to the objecfive of the project. The v documents depends on the content, quality of digital taken to protect it from tampering and informafion loss
The present paper will highlight the process involved documents as applied for the EAP458 project which The paper will detail the procedures, problems and l digifizafion process in terms of idenfificafion, collecfion digifizafion and retenfion.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

E OF DIGITIZATION IN PROTECTING D DOCUMENTS
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
N. Ganeshan
munifies can be traced and understood through past documents recorded on paper, palm-leafs and copper fined to disappear in the near future due to neglected ave social significance and historic value. Endangered 58 – on-going project in French Insfitute of Pondicherry, provided insights in tracing the social history of Tamil enfificafion and digifizafion of endangered documents nd copper plates.
to social relafions, economic transacfions, power e social history of a parficular community. Similarly the ty or interface with other community or issues can be nd digifizafion of related documents available. Thus the ope for understanding a community or issues of debate red documents.
for various official records to provide transparency, al and cost-effecfiveness. Similarly digifizafion process endangered documents which would contain specific cfive of the project. The value of a digifized records and ntent, quality of digital image and security measures ring and informafion loss.
light the process involved in digifizafion of endangered EAP458 project which will be useful for replicafion. cedures, problems and limitafions experienced in the f idenfificafion, collecfion, classificafion, organizafion,
5

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6
ï ï ï ï ï ï
kÅj r_f tuyh‰W Mtz§fis ghJfh¥gâš òif¥gl¡fiyÆ‹ g§ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
c
yfj;jpd; midj;J capupdq;fSk; VNjh xU t milahsq;fis tpl;Lj;jhd; nrd;W ,Uf;fpd;wd. mt;t gilj;j kdpj ,dKk; jhd; tho;e;j jlaq;fis Mq;fhq;Nf
mj;jlaq;fs; eLfy;> fy;ntl;L> fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak gy;NtW epiyfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,t;thwhd jlaq Gifg;glf;fUtpfisf; nfhz;L Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Gifg;gl khztu;fs; mwpT tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ek; Kd;Ndhu; tho;e;j tu ngUk; gq;fhf mikfpwJ.
kdpj clw;gFjpapy; Kf;fpakhd ghfq;fspd; jdpj;jd;i ,izahf ehk; Gifg;glf; fUtpiaf; $wyhk;. fz;zhy ek;khy; kl;LNk epidj;J kfpoKbAk;. Mdhy; Gifg;glf; fU Gifg;glk; cyfNk ghu;j;J tpaf;Fk;.
gy tuyhW fle;j epfo;Tfis ,d;Wk; ehk; Ritf;fpN Gifg;glf;fUtpNa MFk;. Gifg;glfUtp %yk; ek; Kd;Nd Gifg;glj;jpd; %yk; ,d;Wk; ehk; urpf;Fk; gbahf gy tuyhW
1959 Mk; Mz;L tpal;ehk; ehl;bd; kPJ mnkupf;fh Nghu; Nghuhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. mg;Nghupy; gy Foe;ijfs; mywpf;nfh ngz; Foe;ijAk; Mil ,y;yhky; mOJ nfhz;L Xb t fytuf; fhl;rpiag; Gifg;glkhf vLj;J me;ehl;Lg; gj;jpup ghu;g;gtiunay;yhk; neQ;RUf itj;jJ. mg;Gifg;glk; cy Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,g;Nghu; KbTf;F tu ,g;Gifg;glk; cWJiz
jkpo;ehl;bd; fiyfisg; gw;wpAk; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw ,q;Fs;s fiyfisAk; Nfhtpy;fisAk; fyhr;rhuq;fisAk Gifg;glk; vLj;Jjhd; khztu;fSf;Fg; ghlk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpd; gy Gfo; ngw;w RtNuhtpaq;fspy; rpj;jd;dt mt;Nthtpaq;fis ,d;W vtuhYk; ghu;f;f Kbahky; Fi

uyh‰W Mtz§fis¥
òif¥gl¡fiyÆ‹ g§fË¥ò
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ng.re;jpud;
pupdq;fSk; VNjh xU tifapy; jhd; tho;e;jjw;fhd rd;W ,Uf;fpd;wd. mt;thwhd capupdq;fspy; MwwpT ;e;j jlaq;fis Mq;fhq;Nf tpl;Lr; nrd;wpUf;fpd;wd.
l;L> fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak; Xiyr;Rtbfs;> vd;nwy;yhk; f;fpd;wd. ,t;thwhd jlaq;fisr; Nrfupj;jplTk; mtw;iwg; Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Gifg;glq;fs; tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ; ek; Kd;Ndhu; tho;e;j tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpj; njupe;Jnfhs;s
hd ghfq;fspd; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ fz;. fz;Zf;F tpiaf; $wyhk;. fz;zhy; ehk; ghu;f;Fk; gy fhl;rpfis bAk;. Mdhy; Gifg;glf; fUtp %yk; ehk; Mtzg;gLj;Jk; f;Fk;.
s ,d;Wk; ehk; Ritf;fpNwhk; vd;why; mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ;glfUtp %yk; ek; Kd;Ndhu; Mtzg;gLj;jp tpl;Lr;nrd;w k; urpf;Fk; gbahf gy tuyhWfs; fhl;rpfshf cs;sd.
ehl;bd; kPJ mnkupf;fh Nghu; njhLj;jNghJ el;bd; kpfg;ngupa ; gy Foe;ijfs; mywpf;nfhz;L Xb tu ,tu;fSld; xU hky; mOJ nfhz;L Xb te;jJ. gpd;Gwj;jpy; Gif #o;e;j f vLj;J me;ehl;Lg; gj;jpupif ntspapl;lJ. me;jf; fhl;rp itj;jJ. mg;Gifg;glk; cyf ehLfspy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij
u ,g;Gifg;glk; cWJizahf ,Ue;jJ.
w;wpAk; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wpAk; gapYk; khztu;fSf;F ;fisAk; fyhr;rhuq;fisAk; Gifg;glf;fUtpiaf; nfhz;L Sf;Fg; ghlk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
tNuhtpaq;fspy; rpj;jd;dthry; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ. Mdhy; hYk; ghu;f;f Kbahky; Fifahf kl;LNk fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 20
Xtpaj;jhy; rpwg;Gfisf; nra;Ak; Mz;LfSf;F ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï goq;fhyf; NghJ Gfo;ngw;w fhzKbfpwJ.
Kd; fiyg;nghUl;fisAk; mjd; nrJf;fg;gl;l jdpr;rpwg;Gfis rpj;jd;dthry; kfhgypGu rpw;gq;fisAk; Xtpaq;fs; kpfj; fy;ntl;LfSk Jy;ypakhf ,d;W Gif e
fhw;why; nghypT ,oe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,JNghy; ,y Mtzq;fSk; cs;sJ. mitfspd; cz;ik epiyah %yk;jhd; ehisa re;jjpapdUf;Fg; gad;glg;NghfpwJ.
ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;Ws;s tuyhW> rKfk; rhu cs;sd. mit Xiyr;Rtb> fhfpjj;jhs;> nrg;Gg;gl;lak;> fy;nt vd;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;. EAP-458 jpl;lk; %ykhf tuyhw;W M kw;Wk; mijr; rhu;j;j njhopy; El;gf; fUtpfs; %ykhf M Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fhyr;R+oyhy; fw;fNs fiue;J tUk; epiyapy; ,itfs ,Uf;Fk; vd;W epidf;f tha;g;G cz;L. Mifahy; Mtz Mtzk; nra;jhy; vjpu; tUk; jiyKiwfSf;Fg; gad;gLk; Gifg;glq;fis kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; cyfj;jpy; cs;s mid ,t;thW gy tifapy; Gifg;gl Mtzk; kdpj tho;f gq;fhf mikfpwJ. vdNt Gifg;glf;fUtp topahfj; jkpou rpd;dq;fis Mtzg;gLj;JNthk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

thry; Xtpaq;fs; ,d;W Gifg;glj;jhy; kl;LNk mjd;
;Gfis sAk; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
rpw;gq;fisAk; kpfj; Jy;ypakhf Gifg;glf;fUtp ehk; fhz KbfpwJ. %yk; Mtzk; gy E}W ;l kfhgypGu fy;ntl;LfSk; rpw;gq;fSk; $l ,d;W fly; g;gLfpd;wd. ,JNghy; ,yq;ifapy; gytifahd jkpo; fspd; cz;ik epiyahdJ Gifg;gl Mtzq;fspd; ;Fg; gad;glg;NghfpwJ.
;Ws;s tuyhW> rKfk; rhu;e;j gy nghUl;fs; ek;kpilNa pjj;jhs;> nrg;Gg;gl;lak;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> Xtpak;> fiyg;nghUl;fs; jpl;lk; %ykhf tuyhw;W Mtzq;fisg; Gifg;glf;fUtp El;gf; fUtpfs; %ykhf Mtzg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gJ ,q;Ff;
;J tUk; epiyapy; ,itfs; kl;Lk; vj;jid E}w;whz;Lf;F cz;L. Mifahy; Mtzq;fisg; Gifg;glf;fUtp %yk; yKiwfSf;Fg; gad;gLk; tifapy; Mtzg;gLj;jKbAk;. yk; cyfj;jpy; cs;s midtUk; ,d;W ghu;f;f KbfpwJ. l Mtzk; kdpj tho;f;iff;Fk;> tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> ngUk; g;glf;fUtp topahfj; jkpou;fspd; vQ;rpapUf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lr; hk;.
7

Page 21
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ï ï ï ï ï ï
g©ila fhy Xiy k‰W« fh»j M ghJfh¤jY« guhkǤjY« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
g
z;ila fhy kf;fspd; ehfupfj;ijAk; gz;ghl;Lf; tsu;r;rpiaAk; Md;kpf kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpiaAk njuptpf;ff; $ba mwpTg; ngl;lfq;fshfg; goq;fhy Xiy jpfo;fpd;wd. goq;fhyj;jpy; muz;kidfs;> Nfhtpy;fs;> r ,y;yq;fs;> Kw;fhy muR mjpfhupfspd; ,y;yq;fs; Kjypa , Mtzq;fs; ,d;W ghJfhg;G fUjp E}yfq;fs; kw;Wk; mUq;f Ngzg;gl;LtUtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa ,lq Mtzq;fis ,d;iwa jiyKiwapdu; gad;gLj;jpf;nf jiyKiwapdUk; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mtw;iwg; Kiwa ek; xt;nthUtUila jiyaha flikahFk;.
Mtzq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;S ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpakhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s #oiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Mtz nghJthfj; jhtu nghUl;fshff; fUjg;gLk; Xiyr;Rtbfs Ntjpk kw;Wk; capupay; fhuzpfshy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wd
Xiy kw;Wk; fhfpj Mtzq;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gL fhuzpfs;> capupay; fhuzpfs; ,tw;iw tifg;gLj;Jjy;.
Xiy kw;Wk; fhfpj Mtz guhkupg;gpy; tof;fj;jpypU njhopEl;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mtzq;fSf;F Vw;gL topKiwfisAk;> ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shd Mtzq;fis NkY jLj;Jg; guhkupg;gjw;fhd topKiwfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
Nkw;fz;l topKiwfis tpsf;fkhf tptupf;f Kay;fpw

Xiy k‰W« fh»j Mtz§fŸ - guhkǤjY«
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
tP. Kj;Jf;Fkhu;
hfupfj;ijAk; gz;ghl;Lf; $WfisAk; ghuk;gupa fiy ; tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpiaAk; rKjha #oy;fisAk; gw;wp fq;fshfg; goq;fhy Xiy kw;Wk; fhfpj Mtzq;fs; z;kidfs;> Nfhtpy;fs;> rka klq;fs;> fy;tpahsu;fspd; upfspd; ,y;yq;fs; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l gz;ila jp E}yfq;fs; kw;Wk; mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; bfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gz;ila Kiwapdu; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJ kl;Lky;yhky; vjpu;fhy ; tifapy; mtw;iwg; Kiwahfg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gJ vd;gJ flikahFk;.
; gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Mtzq;fs; vjdhy; wpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ. gz;ila Mtzq;fs; ilahff; nfhz;Nl Mtzq;fs; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wd. ; fUjg;gLk; Xiyr;Rtbfs; kw;Wk; fhfpjr; Rtbfs; gTjPf > shy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wd.
q;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; gTjPf fhuzpfs;> Ntjpk ,tw;iw tifg;gLj;Jjy;.
guhkupg;gpy; tof;fj;jpypUf;Fk; goq;fhy kw;Wk; jw;fhy p Mtzq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;igj; jLg;gjw;fhd ;shd Mtzq;fis NkYk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfhj tifapy;
wfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
psf;fkhf tptupf;f Kay;fpwJ ,f;fl;Liu.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 22
ï ï ï ï ï ï
 k vOjp itj;jJld; mtw;iwf; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; gpujpgz te;Js;sdh;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fhfpjg;ghtid mwpKf gof;fk; gbg;gbahf epd;WNgha;tpl;lJ. vdNt> jw;fhyj;jpy; ahTk; 150 - 200 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Kw;gl;litahfNtAs;s vtUk; ,yh;. VLfis thrpg;NghUk; mUikahfNtAs;sdh
xU fhyj;jpy; jkpo;kUj;Jt Xiyr;Rtbfs; gy;yhapuf;f itj;jpah;fspd; mrpuj;ij> gpwUf;Ff; nfhLf;f tpUk;ghj jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,q;F eilngw;w cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; Ng rpy Mapuf;fzf;fhff; FWfpg; Ngha;tpl;ld. mtw;Ws;Sk KidKwpe;Jk; rpjpykile;JKs;sd.
,t;Ntl;Lr;Rtbfs; jdpg;gl;lth;fsplKk;> rpy Ehyfq;fs Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ngUk;ghYk; fhl;rpg; cs;sd.
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofg; gpujhd Ehyfj;jpy 207 Vl;Lr;Rtbfspy; 102 Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; jkpo;kUj;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L M jkpo;kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfisg; gpd;tUk; %d;W gphpTfspy;
1.  njd;dpe;jpa itj;jpah;fshYk; v E}y;fshFk;. 3. E}w;ngah; VJk; Fwpg;gplg;glhky; itj;jpaKiwfs; vOjg ,it ,yq;if> ,e;jpar; rpj;j kUj;JtE}y;fspypUe fspypUe;Jk; vOjpitf;fg;gl;litahFk;. ,j;jifa Vl;Lr
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

kU¤Jt V£L¢Rtofis¥
, Mtz¥gL¤jY«
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Nr.rptrz;Kfuh[h
;ehbahf tpsq;Fgit jkpo;kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;RtbfshFk;. pj;jitj;jpa E}y;fisAk;> kUj;JtKiwfisAk; VLfspy; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; gpujpgz;zpg; (gb vLj;J) ghJfhj;Jk; ;by; fhfpjg;ghtid mwpKfkhdijj; njhlh;e;J VnlOJk; pl;lJ. vdNt> jw;fhyj;jpy; fhzf;fpilf;Fk; Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; ;Fk; Kw;gl;litahfNtAs;sd. jw;fhyj;jpy; VnlOJNthh; Uk; mUikahfNtAs;sdh;.
Xiyr;Rtbfs; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fpy; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> rpj;j f;Ff; nfhLf;f tpUk;ghj jd;dyg;Nghf;F> fle;j %d;W lngw;w cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; jw;NghJ Ngha;tpl;ld. mtw;Ws;Sk; fzprkhdit nry;yhpj;Jk;>
;sd.
th;fsplKk;> rpy Ehyfq;fspYk;> jdpahh; epiyaq;fspYk; it ngUk;ghYk; fhl;rpg; nghUshfNt ,t;tplq;fspy;
fg; gpujhd Ehyfj;jpy; Nrfhpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s l;Lr;Rtbfs; jkpo;kUj;Jtj;Jld; njhlh;ghditahff; bg;gilahff; nfhz;L MuhAkplj;J> ,yq;ifapYs;s gpd;tUk; %d;W gphpTfspy; mlf;fyhk;
;. itj;jpah;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rpj;jitj;jpa E}y;fshFk; }y;fs;.
pe;jpa itj;jpah;fshYk; vOjg;gl;L> ,q;F tof;fpypUe;j
y; itj;jpaKiwfs; vOjg;gl;Ls;s Vl;Lr;Rtbfs;. rpj;j kUj;JtE}y;fspypUe;Jk;> jkJ nrhe;j mDgtq; ;litahFk;. ,j;jifa Vl;Lr;RtbfNs mjpfstpy; cs;sd.
9

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,t;Ntl;Lr;Rtbfspy; ,Jtiu itj;jpak; vd;gij ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï Vw;nfdNt mr;Rthfdk; mtw;iwg; Nghd;w VLfspypUe;J  ,e;E gy gFjpfs; ,d;dKk; Vl;Lr;Rtbfspy; cs;sd.
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,yq;ifj; fhl;LtJld; mjw;fhd 1. ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
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njhlu;ghfTk; vy;yhtw;wpidAk;tpl gz;ghl;lk;rq;fis khw;wq;fis fz;lwptJk; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
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aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;fhy murpay; kw;W Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; Njitg;gLfpd;w mNjNeuj;jpy; gz;g Mjhuq;fs; mtw;Wld; xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ mjpfstpNy Kf;fpakhdnjhU mk;rkhFk;. czT> cil> gof;ftof;f Nghd;w gy tplaq;fs; aho;g;ghz kf;fspd; gz;ghl;by Gul;l];jhe;J rkakhdJ jiyepkpu;e;jJ. fy;tp> r%fk;> ng fiyfspy; khw;wq;fs; gy Vw;gl;ld. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; fhy gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fs; gpd;te;j fhyq;fspy; mopf;fg;gl;N my;yJ khw;wkile;j epiyapNyh fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,d tho;tpaypy; mJ mjpfstpyhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpf Kbfpd;wJ.
References Anthozi, R.G., Dutch in Ceylon, Asian Educational Services Araaratnam,S., The Dutch Power in Ceylon 1658 – 1687), Julius Stein Van Collenlse., Selection from the Dutch reco (Trans Arasaratnam>S.,), Ceylon. Pieris, P.E., Ceylon and the Hollanders 1658 – 1796, Navra gj;kehjd;.rp.> aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;> Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;y
16

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mit jw;fhyj;jpYk; njhlu;fpd;wdth vd;gjidf; rKjhaj;jpd; fl;lha NjitahFk;.
FKiwapd; mbg;gilapy; ,t;tha;Tf; fl;LiuahdJ k; ,uz;lhe;jur; rhd;Wfs; ,t;tha;Tf;F tYr;Nru;j;Js;sd. ;> gpwnjhy;ypay; tuyhw;W %yq;fs;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; mwpQu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l Ehy;fs>; fl;Liufs;> rQ;rpiffs;> j;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs; Nghd;wd ,f;fl;Liuapidg;
s;sd.
f;fhuu;fs;fhy murpay; kw;Wk; epu;thf tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; pd;w mNjNeuj;jpy; gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;Fj; njhlu;ghd pd;w NghJ mjpfstpNy mq;F fpilj;J tUfpd;wik zT> cil> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> Ngr;R tof;F> jpUkzk; hz kf;fspd; gz;ghl;by; khw;wq;fspid Vw;gLj;jpd. pkpu;e;jJ. fy;tp> r%fk;> nghUshjhuk;> ,yf;fpak;> nkhop> l;ld. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; fhyj;jpy; mtu;fshy; tpijf;fg;gl;l ;j fhyq;fspy; mopf;fg;gl;Nlh my;yJ ftdpf;fg;glhkNyh pNyh fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,d;Wtiu aho;g;ghz kf;fspd; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUg;gjid mtjhdpf;f
sian Educational Services, New Delhi.
in Ceylon 1658 – 1687), New Delhi, 1958. tion from the Dutch records of the government of Sri Lanka,
nders 1658 – 1796, Navrang, New Delhi, 1995. uhr;rpak;> Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;> nfhOk;G> 2011.
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uyhw;W %yq;fspy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kjd;ikahdit vd;w tifapy; cz;ikahd tuyhw;iw ntspf;nfhzu;t fpwp];Jtpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; Kjyhf  fpof;fpyq;if njw;fpy; FKf;fd; ejpapidAk; vy;iyfshff; nfhz;l jw;N vDk; ,U epu;thf khtl;lg; gpupTfisANkahFk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; KOikahd njhy;ypayha; njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fsj;jpD}lhfTk;> tuyhw;Wj;Jiw gy fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. mit E}y;fspYk;> fl rQ;rpiffspYk;; ntspte;Js;sd. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; Ngu jiyikapyhd FOtpduhy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;g gy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. mit njhlu;gh ,izaj;jsj;jpYk; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. Njrj;jpd; tuy ntspf;nfhz;Ltug;glNtz;ba fl;lha R+oypy; ,j;jifa MapDk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; njhlu;ghd Ma;TfSk; mtw;wpd KOikahf czug;glhj epiyapy; kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; f Muha Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjnthd;whFk;. gpuNjrk; xd $Wtjw;F ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfis tpl> fy;ntl;Lf;fNs cWj
,t;tha;thdJ kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; njhd;ik fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gpuhkpr; rhrdq fisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;ly;> mtw;wpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; kl vLj;Jiuj;jy;> mz;ikf; fhy Ma;T Kaw;rpfspd; %yk; f %yk; njspthFk; Njr tuyhw;wpid ntspg;gLj;j Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jr¤âš f©l¿a¥g£l
«, fšbt£lhŒÉ‹ ï‹iwa ngh¡F«
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nfsup Gz;zpa%u;j;jp
sg;G Njrk;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
l;Lf;fs; Kjd;ikahdit. mit rkfhyj;J Mtzq;fs; uyhw;iw ntspf;nfhzu;tjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. Kjyhf  fpof;fpyq;ifapy; tlf;fpy; ntUfyhw;iwAk;> vy;iyfshff; nfhz;l jw;Nghija kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw
fisANkahFk;.
Oikahd njhy;ypayha;Tfs; elj;jg;glhj NghjpYk; }lhfTk;> tuyhw;Wj;Jiw rhu;e;NjhuhYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; it E}y;fspYk;> fl;Liufshf gj;jpupiffspYk;> . mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;kehjd; mtu;fsJ l;lf;fsg;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fsMa;tpd; NghJ NkYk; l;Ls;sd. mit njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; gj;jpupifapYk; ;gl;Ls;sd. Njrj;jpd; tuyhW cz;ikj; jd;ikAld; fl;lha R+oypy; ,j;jifa Kaw;rpfs; tuNtw;fj;jf;fit. ;ghd Ma;TfSk; mtw;wpd; mtrpaKk; vkJ r%fj;jhy; apy; kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; fy;ntl;lha;tpd; epiy njhlu;gpy; jnthd;whFk;. gpuNjrk; xd;wpd; tuyhw;iw MjhuG+u;tkhff;
tpl> fy;ntl;Lf;fNs cWjpahd rhd;Wfshfpd;wd.
g;G Njrj;jpd; njhd;ikiaj; njspthf;fy;> mq;F ;jg;gl;Ls;s gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fisAk; Vida fy;ntl;Lf; ; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tuyhw;wk;rq;fis a;T Kaw;rpfspd; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs; uyhw;wpid ntspg;gLj;jy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
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,t;tha;thdJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; milahsg;gLj;jYk; vd;wthwhFk;. ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
Nky;tUk; mikg;gpy; Muhag;glT gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fis milahsg;gLj;j Njrj;J tuyhw;Wz;ikfisj; njspth mtw;wpd; %yk; njupatUk; tuyhw;W ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liu rku;g;gpg;gjw;F tuy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ma gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Neubahf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l Kjd;e epiyj; juTfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 kz;Kidg;gw;W> Nttfk;gw;W> rk;kh Kjyhd gFjpfspy; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L Nguhrpupau;. nr.guztpjhd n (Inscription of Ceylon) vDk; E}ypy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw fhy Ma;Tfspy; nty;yhntsp> gontsp> fhad;Flh> KU milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpw;g jpUf;Nfhapy; rpj;jpuNtyhAju; Rthkp Nfhapypy; cs;sd. kw;W gOfhkk;> tPuKid> fSjhtis Kjyhd gy ,lq;fspY milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,t;tha;tpy; gpd;tUk; KbTfs; ngwg;gl;ld.  ,e;Jg; gpuhkzu;fs; tho;e;jikf;F kj;jpapy; rkzk;> ngsj;jk; Mfpa rkaq;fs; Kw;fhyj MjhuG+u;tkhd rhd;Wfis gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fz;Ln E}w;whz;Lfspy; muru;fs;> td;dpau;> nghJkf;fs; MfpNa toq;fpaik gw;wpa tptuq;fis ,ilf;fhyf; fy;ntl;L Kbfpd;wJ.
18

; mikg;gpy; Muhag;glTs;sJ. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; dq;fis milahsg;gLj;jy;> gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; yhw;Wz;ikfisj; njspthf;fy;> gpw;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fis l;Liu %yk; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
njupatUk; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F tuyhw;Wr; tuyhw;W nra;jpfis E}y;fs;> vLj;Jiuj;jYk; Mtzq;fs;> bg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ma;T nra;Ak; tuyhw;wha;T Kiw mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l Kjd;epiyj; juTfSld; ,uz;lhk; ;Ls;sd.
Njrkhd kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Nfhuisg;gw;W> VwhT+u;gw;W> ;gw;W> Nttfk;gw;W> rk;khe;Jiwg; gw;W> mf;fiug;gw;W ;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mg;gFjpfspy; nkhj;jk; 166 Nguhrpupau;. nr.guztpjhd ntspapl;l ,yq;ifr; rhrdq;fs; py; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iwtpl ,d;Dk; gy mz;ikf; gontsp> fhad;Flh> KUf;fd; jPT Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %d;W hkp Nfhapypy; cs;sd. kw;Wk; ntUfy;> nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy> s Kjyhd gy ,lq;fspYk; gpw;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fs; ngwg;gl;ld.  jkpo; e;jikf;Fk; ,r;rhrdq;fs; cWjpahd rhd;Wfshfpd;wd. py muru;fspd; Ml;rp eilngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;J rkak; gpuhkzu;fs; tho;e;jikf;Fk; rhd;Wz;L. Fwpg;ghf jkpou; fpa rkaq;fs; Kw;fhyj;jpy; epiyngw;wpUe;jikf;fhd kpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fz;Lnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. 16Mk;> 17Mk; ;dpau;> nghJkf;fs; MfpNahu; Nfhapy;fSf;F khdpaq;fs; s ,ilf;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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ï ï ï ï ï ï
btšyhbtË »uhk¤â‹ tuyhW« bj v¢r§fis Mtz¥gL¤jY« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
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uhjd fhyk; Kjyhf  gf;fp vy;iy> kz;^ mikfpd;wJ.
Ma;Tg;gpuNjrkhdJ tlf;Nf Nfhtpy; NghujPT f; fpu nfUld; Mw;wpidAk; fpof;Nf kl;lf;fsg;G thtpapidAk; N vy;iyfshff; nfhz;l fpuhkkhFk;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpNy mk;k Fsj;J tl;il vd ehd;F Fbrdq;fisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhz
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

»uhk¤â‹ tuyhW« bjhšÈaš
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nghd;Dj;Jiu epyhe;jpdp
j;jkpou; tho;e;j gok; Njrkhf jpfo;tJ kl;lf;fsg;ghFk;. fs Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L kuGupikr; rpd;dq;fisAk; tzg;gLj;Jk; gzpapy; tuyhw;wha;thsu;fs;  gf;fp vy;iy> kz;^u; re;jpia ikag;gLj;jpajhf
f Nfhtpy; NghujPT f; fpuhk vy;iyapidAk; njw;Nf l;lf;fsg;G thtpapidAk; Nkw;Nf Jk;ghiy Mw;wpidAk; hFk;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpNy mk;kd;Fsk;> ehjid> Nfhtpy;jPT >
q;fisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
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,f;fpuhkj;jpd; Nghd;w ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; Fd;W> ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï me;jtifapy; tjdkhu; ,yf;fpaf;Fwpg;Gf;fspD}lhf tuyhw;wpidj; ghiw> tuyhw;wpid Fltiuf; mj;NjhL fy;ntl;L> njhy;ypay; kl;lf;fsg;G ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; mwpe;J njhl;lj;J vr;rq;fspD}lhf G+u;t rptd;Nfhapy nfhs;syhk
rupj;jpuk
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jPT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J nty;yhntspapd; eLg;gFjpahFk ,bf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; vr;rq;fshf Mya ,bghl;bd; fw;rpij Kd;gf;ff; fy;yhyhd fjT> %y];jhdj;J fy;yhyhd f Myaj;ij myq;fupf;fpd;wd. mJ jtpu;e;j fplhuk; Nghl;l jPu;j;jf;fiu> Mizf;fhud; ntsp> NrhkRe;juu; ,wf;fj Nkw;F kiyj;njhlupy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fw;rpw;gKk; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; td;dpau;tPL Nghd;w njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfis njhd;ikiaAk; r%f gz;ghl;lk;rq;fisAk; mwpe;J nf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
crhj;Jiz
• eluhrh FXC, kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;trupj;jpuk;> kl;lf;fsg;G fyhr
• gj;kehjd;.rp>  Fkud; gjpg;g
• Nfhghyrpq;fk;.rP> nty;yhntsp tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> tpj;jpahya khztu; kd;w ntspaPL > 2013
• Nfhghyrpq;fk;.rP> kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhW xU mwpKfk;> 200
• fs Ma;Tk; Neu;fhzYk;
20

kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk;> ehLfhLg;gw;W> ehjidg;gw;W }lhf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. mj;NjhL kpf Kf;fpakhf jhy;ypay; vr;rq;fspD}lhf Mtzg;gLj;jy; nghUj;jkhdJ.
;ntl;L> ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
njhl;lj;J kiy> ehr;rpkhu; fy;yb> Rthjpak;kd; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; rptd;Nfhapy; mike;jpUe;j ,lkhf Nfhtpy; ;yhntspapd; eLg;gFjpahFk;. ,f;Nfhapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; Mya ,bghl;bd; fw;rpijTfs;> mopf;fg;gl;l Nfhtpypd; y];jhdj;J fy;yhyhd fjT> jw;NghJs;s gps;isahu; mJ jtpu;e;j fplhuk; Nghl;l gs;sk;> kuj;Jiw> cr;re;jPT tsp> NrhkRe;juu; ,wf;fj;jb> Mapuk; tpOJ Mykuk;> ;nlLf;fg;gl;l fw;rpw;gKk; fy;YuYk; mopghLfSld; d;w njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfis Mtzg;gLj;jp ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; ;lk;rq;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; KfkhfNt ,t;tha;T
rupj;jpuk;> kl;lf;fsg;G fyhrhug;Nguit> 1998 Kk; tuyhWk;> Fkud; gjpg;gfk;> 2004.
sp tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> nty;yhntsp fiykfs; kfh tspaPL > 2013
tuyhW xU mwpKfk;> 2005.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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k£
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mJ xUGwk; ,Uf;f> kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; tuyhw;i ,d;dKk; G+r;rpa epiyapy;jhd;; cs;sd. mbg;il Ma;Tfs vd;gJ tUe;jj;jf;fnjhU tplak;. tl ghfj;J tuyhw;iwg; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; xg;gpl;lhy; gL ghjhsj;jpy; cs;sik njsp
mJkl;Lky;y> kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; tuyhW ,JfhW vOjg;gltpy;iy. ,j;Njrk; KOtJk; Mq;fhq;Nf njhy;ypay kz;zhf kiwe;J fplf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpid ntspf; nfhz;L nghWg;ghFk;.
,e;j tifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G efhpy; ,Ue;J njd; Nkw;Nf mike;Js;s gOfhkj;jpy; Ie;J rhrdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd mtw;wpid Mtzg;gLj;jp ghJfhj;jy; mtrpakhdJ.
,e;j rhrdq;fs; 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; jrhg;jj;j ,it gphpj;jhdpah; Ml;rpf; fhyj;Jf;Fhpj;jhdit. ,r;rhrdq;f vd;whYk; ,g;gFjpapy; tho;e;j rhjhuz kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nra ghJfhf;fpd;w toik fhzg;gl;Ls;sik rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
,f;fhyg;gFjpay; mwptpay; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp fhuzk rhjdq;fs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk; nra;jpfis rh mth;fs; fhl;ba Mh;tk; tpaf;fj;jf;f xU tplakhFk;. ,e;j r Muha;e;J ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> ghJfhj;jy; kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk
gOfhkj;J tay; ntspapy; Mq;fhq;F 5 rhrdq;fs; fhz rhrdq;fs; thrpf;f Kbahj msTf;F rpijtile;J fhz rhrdq;fSk; ey;y epiyapy; cs;sd. mr;rhrdq;fspy;>
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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uhd jkpoh;fspd; tuyhw;W ,Ug;G njhlh;gpyhd xU rpy e;j NghjpYk;> ,JtiuAk;> Mjp Kjy; ,d;W tiuahd zk; xd;W E}YUg;gLj;jg; gl;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ
;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; tuyhw;iwg;gjpT nra;Ak; nraw;ghLfs; ;; cs;sd. mbg;il Ma;Tfs; $l Kd;ndLf;fg; gltpy;iy ;. tl ghfj;J tuyhw;iwg; gjpT nra;tjpy; Vw;g;gl;bUf;Fk; ghjhsj;jpy; cs;sik njspthFk;.
Njrj;jpd; tuyhW ,JfhWk; xg;gpay; hPj papy; Muha;e;J Jk; Mq;fhq;Nf njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; Gije;J kz;NzhL . mtw;wpid ntspf; nfhz;L te;J> ghJfhg;gJ jkpoh;fspd;
efhpy; ,Ue;J njd; Nkw;Nf Rkhh; 35 fpNyhkPw ;wh; J}uj;jpy; rhrdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhyj;jpd; Njit fUjp hj;jy; mtrpakhdJ.
hz;bd; ,uz;lhk; jrhg;jj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ f;Fhpj;jhdit. ,r;rhrdq;fs; etPd fhyj;Jf;Fhpj;jhdit hjhuz kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nra;jpfis fUq;fw;fspy; nghwpj;J
s;sik rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w ;j NghjpYk; nra;jpfis rhrdq;fspy; nghwpj;J itg;gjpy; ;jf;f xU tplakhFk;. ,e;j rhrdq;fs; fhl;Lk; tplaq;fis hj;jy; kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk;.
q;fhq;F 5 rhrdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; %d;W sTf;F rpijtile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Vida ,uz;L s;sd. mr;rhrdq;fspy;> jw;NghJ ehk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w
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jkpo; rhrdr; Muha;jYk; E}y;fs;....) ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï vkJ nkhop nra;jpfis ehl;il xU cs;s eil Nehf;fkhFk;.
gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mq;fpNyah; rkfhy NghjpYk; kl;lf;fsg;G rhrd Mz;l mtw;wpy; tbtpy; tuyhw;W fhyg;gFjpr; fhzg;gLjy ,wg;Gr; kuGfNshL
nra;j nra
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,e;j rhrdq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jpg; ghJfhg;gjd; Clhf Mh;tj;ij J}z;b Kd;Ndw;wfukhd khw;wq;fis Vw;g;gLj
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s;sJ. mtw;wpy; ,wg;Gr; nra;jpfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ;fsg;G tuyhw;W kuGfNshL njhlh;G gLj;jp xg;gpay; hPj papy;
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;gLj;jpg; ghJfhg;gjd; Clhf vk;kth;fs; kj;jpapy; tuyhw;W khd khw;wq;fis Vw;g;gLj;j KbAk; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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l;lhupay; Ma;Tfs; ,d;W cyfshtpa uPjpa ,t;tha;Tfspd; %yk; cyfpy; fhzg;ngWk; gy;NtW gz;ghl;L Ntu;fisj; NjLfpd;wdu;. ,t;tifapy; ,yq;ifa ,t;tif Ma;Tfs; ,d;W ngU Kf;fpaj;JtKil ,t;tha;TfSf;Fr; rthyhftpUg;gJ Kiwahd Mtzg;g Kiwahd Mtzg;gLj;jy;fspd;wp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;T KbTfs; gytPdkhditahfTk; mikAk; vd Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdu;. ,t;tifapy; fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; eh Ma;TfSf;F Kjy; Njitahf mikaf; $ba tpjj;jpy; ehl czug;gLfpd;wJ. mj;njhFg;G Ma;thsDf;Fj; Njita toq;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tpguq;fs; ek Ntz;Lk;. gpwuhy; rpijf;fg;glhkYk; khw;wg;glhkYk; Ma;t ek;gpf;iff;FupaitahFk;.
fpof;fpyq;if> tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; njhlf;fk; kl;lf;fsg epu;thf khtl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhftpUe;jJ. 1961 ,y; kl vdg; gpupf;fg;gl;l gpd;G kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw> jpUNfhzki cs;slf;fpajhff; fpof;fpyq;if cs;sJ. ,q;F jkpi jkpoUk; K];ypk;fSk; ngUk;ghd;ikahf tho;fpd;wdu;. uPj pahd jdpj;Jtq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mNjNeuk; mU xw;Wikahff; $b tho;e;jtu;fshfTk; cs;sdu;. vt;th r%fq;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;fpwJ.
fpof;fpyq;ifia kl;Lk; KOikahf cs;slf;fpa G+uz ,Jtiu ntsptutpy;iy. vdpDk; kl;lf;fsg;G khepy c fijfs;>  ,yq;iff; fpuhk fijfs; vd;Dk; njhFg;Gf;fspy; ,g;gpuNjrk; rhu;e;j rpy f rpy rpW rQ;rpiffs; rpy ehl;lhu; fijfisg; gpuRupj;Js;s urid Nehf;fpyhdit. fij nrhd;dtu; tpguk;> nrhy;yg nrhy;yg;gLk; gz;ghL vd;w EZf;f tpguq;fsw;witah ,jdhy; ntWk; ghlq;fis kl;Lk; Ma;T nra;a Ntz;ba e Ma;Tf;Fg; nghUe;jhJ. tpjptpyf;fhf  jpUNfhzkiy vd;w ,U pajhftpUe;jJ. 1961 ,y; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; xU gFjp> mk;ghiw ;G> mk;ghiw> jpUNfhzkiy vDk; %d;W khtl;lq;fis f cs;sJ. ,q;F jkpioj; jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;l hd;ikahf tho;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; rka> r%f> gz;ghl;L z;Ls;sdu;. mNjNeuk; mUfUNf mike;j fpuhkq;fspy; shfTk; cs;sdu;. vt;thnwdpDk; ,t;tha;T ,t;tpU J.
Oikahf cs;slf;fpa G+uzkhd ehl;lhu; fijj;njhFg;G pDk; kl;lf;fsg;G khepy cgfijfs;> ,yq;if ehl;lhu; f; fijfs;> ,yq;iff; fpuhkj;J K];ypk;fspd; tha;nkhopf; ; ,g;gpuNjrk; rhu;e;j rpy fijfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. jtpu u; fijfisg; gpuRupj;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit rhd;dtu; tpguk;> nrhy;yg;gl;l R+oy;> nrhy;yg;gl;l Neuk;> Zf;f tpguq;fsw;witahff; fijfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. k; Ma;T nra;a Ntz;ba epiyik cs;sJ. ,J mwptpay; f;fhf 

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fij tpjj;jpYk; nrhd;dtu; ngWfpd;wd. NghJkhdit ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
nrhd;dtu; ,yq;iff; tpguk;> vdNt my;y tpguk;> nkhopeil ,it vd;gJ fpuhkj;J nkhopeil> kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
vd;gtw;iwg; K];ypk;fspd; ,g;gpuNjrj;J r%f eilKiwfs; gjpT ehl;lhu; tha;nkhopf nra;J
fij
cyfkakhjy;> etPd kakhjy;> jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; goik Nghw;whj gz;G> gpw gz;ghl;L Clhl;lk;> Clf Mjpf ehl;lhu; tof;fhWfs; tof;fpoe;J tUfpd;wd. ,J ehl;lhu; fi fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; ehl;lhu; fijfs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;fpd;w M mikaf;$ba ehl;lhu; fijfisAk; jfty;fisAk; ,J KOikahf toq;f KbahikAk;> ehl;lhu; fijfs; mUfpf ,aw;ifr; R+oypy; fs Ma;T nra;J jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;f ,e;epiyapy; ,Jtiu fpof;fpyq;ifapy; ntspte;j eh Fiwepiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;LtJk; mwptpay; Ma;Tf;F mbg xU ehl;lhu; fijj; njhFg;ig fhye;jho;j;jpNaDk; ,d;iwa vd;W Muha;tJk; ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;. ,t;tha;t Mtzg;gLj;jypd; mtrpaj;ijAk; mwptpay; Ma;tpd; mbg KbAk;.
26

eil> r%f eilKiwfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; gjpT nra;Js;s K];ypk;fspd; tha;nkhopf; fijfs; vd;w njhFg;G fij vd;gtw;iwg; gjpT nra;Js;s tpjj;jpYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
pg;gplj;jf;fJ. k; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,g;gpuNjrj;J ehl;lhu; fijfs; Fwpj;j mwptpay; Ma;Tf;Fg;
jy;> jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if> etPd fy;tp Kiw> ;ghl;L Clhl;lk;> Clf Mjpf;fk; Nghd;w gy fhuzq;fshy; tUfpd;wd. ,J ehl;lhu; fijfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. vdNt jfs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;fpd;w Ma;thsUf;F mbg;gil %ykhf sAk; jfty;fisAk; ,Jtiu ntspte;j njhFg;Gf;fs; k;> ehl;lhu; fijfs; mUfpf;nfhz;L tUfpd;w jw;fhyj;jpy; ra;J jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;f KbahikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. pyq;ifapy; ntspte;j ehl;lhu; fijj; njhFg;Gf;fspd; k; mwptpay; Ma;Tf;F mbg;gilahf mikaj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; ye;jho;j;jpNaDk; ,d;iwa R+oypy; vt;thW cUthf;fyhk; Nehf;fq;fshFk;. ,t;tha;tpd; %yk; mwptpay; epiyg;gl;l k; mwptpay; Ma;tpd; mbg;gilfisAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 40
ï ï ï ï ï ï
k£l¡fs¥ò njr¤J tÊgh£L kuòf be¿¥gL¤J« g¤jâfis ika¥gL ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,
yq;ifapd; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;Lkugpy; topghl;LkuGfS Kf;fpaj;JtKz;L. ,yq;ifj; jkpoupilNa gapy;epiyapY gy.
mtw;Ws; Mfkrpw;grhj;jpuq;fis mbg;gilahff; tiuaiwf;Fs; mlq;fhj gj;jjp topghLfs; ghuk;gupaq;fi ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gLk; topghLfs; vd;gd topghLfspy; nry;thf;Fs;s (Dominate) topghlhf fUjg;gL mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l topghLfs; MFk;.
,q;F Vida topghLfspd; gpurpj;jk; FiwT. M nghWj;jtiuapy; ,e;epiy rw;W tpj;jpahrkhdJ. Mfk t ,q;F gpurpj;jkhdit. ,g;gj;jjpfis Mtzg;gLj;Jt Nehf;fkhFk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jtu;fspd; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L toi Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. ,t; topghl;bf;Fupa G+ir t ke;jpuq;fisAk;> ghtidfisAk; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; Mt vd;gij gj;jhrp vdTk; miog;gu;. gj;jhrp vDk; nrhy; k epiyapy; cs;s gpuNjr tof;fhw;Wr; nrhw;gjkhFk;. gj;jjpfs ke;jpu VLfshFk;. trjp fUjp ,q;F gj;jjp vDk; nrhy;Ny v
gj;jjpfs; ngUk;ghYk; vj;nja;tj;jpd; G+irtpj mj;nja;tj;jpd; ngauhNyNa miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kh $Wfpd;w gj;jjp khupak;kd; gj;jjp vdTk; fhspak;kDf gj;jjpfhspak;kd; gj;jjp vdTk;> Ngr;rpak;kDf;Fupa t Ngr;rpak;kd; gj;jjp vdTk;> fz;zifak;kDf;Fupa t fz;zifak;kd; gj;jjp vdTk;> flyhr;rpak;kDf;Fupa flyhr;rpak;kd; gj;jjp vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kl;lf;f ghuk;gupa topghLfSf;F Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;w gj;j tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpadthf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. topghl;b fhty; nra;Ak; Kiw> mk;kDf;F mLf;Fr; rhj;Jk; Kiw> m
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jr¤J tÊgh£L kuòfis
g¤jâfis ika¥gL¤âa MŒî
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
t.Fzghyrpq;fk;
hl;Lkugpy; topghl;LkuGfSf;Fk; rKjhatoikfSf;Fk; jkpoupilNa gapy;epiyapYs;s topghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fs;
q;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l topghLfs;> Mfk p topghLfs; ghuk;gupaq;fisAk; rKjha toikfisAk; ;gLk; topghLfs; vd;gd gpujhdkhdit. ,t;tif inate) topghlhf fUjg;gLtJ> Mfk rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fis fs; MFk;.
pd; gpurpj;jk; FiwT. Mdhy; kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;ijg; tpj;jpahrkhdJ. Mfk tpjpf;Fl;glhj gj;jjp topghLfNs ;jjpfis Mtzg;gLj;JtNj ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liuapd;
; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L toikfspy; kuGrhu; topghLfs; t; topghl;bf;Fupa G+ir tpjp KiwfisAk; mjw;fhd Ak; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; MtzNk gj;jjp vdg;gLk;.gj;jjp g;gu;. gj;jhrp vDk; nrhy; kl;lf;fg;G kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gapy; ;Wr; nrhw;gjkhFk;. gj;jjpfs; jkpo; nkhopapy; mike;Js;s q;F gj;jjp vDk; nrhy;Ny vLj;jhsg;gLfpd;wJ.
vj;nja;tj;jpd; G+irtpjpKiwfis $Wfpd;wdNth miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. khupak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis j;jjp vdTk; fhspak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis $Wfpd;w k;> Ngr;rpak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis $Wfpd;w gj;jjp z;zifak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis $Wfpd;w gj;jjp k;> flyhr;rpak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis $Wfpd;w gj;jjp iof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gLfpd;w hukhf tpsq;Ffpd;w gj;jhrpfs; ngUk;ghYk; gpd;tUk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. topghl;blk; mikf;Fk; Kiw>kz;lgk; ;F mLf;Fr; rhj;Jk; Kiw> mk;kid Fk;gj;jpy; itj;jYk;
27

Page 41
mitfSf;fhd epWj;Jk; mk;kid Kjypa ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï gj;jjp tpjpfSk; topghLfs; ,lk; Muhjpf;Fk; gw;wpaitAk; kilg;gpupTfSk;> gpwTk; fhyk;fhykhf Kiwfs;> mlq;Fk;.
mitfSf;fhd G+irnra;gtu; r%f mk;kDf;F tho;tpaypy; iff;nfhs;s ,iz> kilg; xUg g J
tUtjdhy; mtw;iw xUthOk; gz;ghlhfNt fUj gy;NtW tpOkpaq;fisAk; jhq;fpa gj;jjp topghLfs; rk Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,oe;J tUfpd;wd. gj;jjpfs; Muk;gfhy gapyg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jk; guk;giu rhuhj VidNahU vz;zk; fhuzkhf ,itfs; kiwj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s njspTk;> tpsf;fKk; ,y;iy. ,t;thwhd xU R+oypy ntspf;nfhzug;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ntspf;nfhzug;gLjYf;F mtrpakhFk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; topghl;Lf; Fupa gj;jjpfs; Muk Ngzg;gl;L te;Js;sd. gpd;du; mitfspy; rpy VLfs Nthl;lj;jpy; ,g;gj;jjpfs; cUf;Fiye;J Nghfyhapd. ghuk tpsq;Fk; gj;jjpfis
1. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs; 2. nrg;Gg;gl;lag; gjpTfs; 3. mr;Rg; gpujpfs; 4. xypehlhg; gjpTfs; 5. ,Wtl;Lg; gjpTg; gpujpfs; 6. ,izaj;jsg; gjpTfs; Kjypa Kiwapay;fspy; Mtzg;gLj;jyhk;.
,t;thW gj;jjpfs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ gj;jj nfhs;syhk;. ,g;gj;jjpfSf;F ,ilNaahd nghJikfi ,dq;fhzyhk;.
mj;Jld; gj;jjpfspd; cg gpupTfis milahsk; f nkhopg;gad;ghL> mikg;G> Xir> tpj;Jtj;jd;ik Kjypai
r%fkhw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g gz;ghLfSk; khWk; ,ay ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bw;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;. vdNt kh epiyj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gJ epr;rak; my;y. ,e;epiyapy; gj;jj nraw;ghlhfpd;wJ.
28

k;> mk;kDf;F ,iz> Jiz> gupthuj; nja;tq;fis mitfSf;fhd kilg; gpupTfSk; ke;jpuae;jpuq;fSk;> G+irnra;gtu; iff;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mDl;lhd Kiwfs; k;.
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
khf r%f tho;tpaypy; xUgFjpahf ,q;F filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L hOk; gz;ghlhfNt fUjNtz;Lk;. r%ftho;tpaypy; q;fpa gj;jjp topghLfs; rkfhy r%fr; nraw;ghl;by; jkJ ;wd. gj;jjpfs; Muk;gfhyk; Kjy; tha;nkhop kughfNt ; guk;giu rhuhj VidNahUf;F Ngha;r; Nruf; $lhJ vd;w ; kiwj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ntspAyfpw;F mitgw;wpa . ,t;thwhd xU R+oypy; mitfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;. ntspf;nfhzug;gLjYf;F ,itfis Mtzg;gLj;JtJ
hl;Lf; Fupa gj;jjpfs; Muk;gfhyj;jpy; tha;nkhopkughfg; u; mitfspy; rpy VLfspy; vOjpitf;fg;gl;ld. fhy iye;J Nghfyhapd. ghuk;gupa topghLfspd; nghf;fprkhf
;
tzg;gLj;jyhk;.
g;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ gj;jjpfspd; tifikfis mwpe;J ,ilNaahd nghJikfisAk;> jdpj;jd;ikfisAk;
gpupTfis milahsk; fz;Lnfhs;syhk;. gj;jjpfspd; > tpj;Jtj;jd;ik KjypaitfisAk; fz;Lnjspayhk;.
;ghLfSk; khWk; ,ay;gpdJ. kl;lf;fsg;GNjrj;jpd; ghUe;Jk;. vdNt khWk; gz;ghl;by; gj;jjpfs; ; my;y. ,e;epiyapy; gj;jjpfspd; Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kf;fpa
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 42
ï ï ï ï ï ï
 vOj;jpNy cUthf;fg;gLjy;> Mrpupau vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUj;jy;> jdpkdpj czu;Tfs;> md;w ngw;Ws;sik Nghd;w tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vd ghly;fspd; xU tsu;r;rpepiyahfNt mikAk; mNjNti jdpahdnjhU gFjpahfTk; mike;Js;sd. ,j;jifa t kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; tYthdnj tUtij ntspg;gLj;JtjhfNt ,t;tha;T mikfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa ghly;fis rw;W vOj;jwpTs;s fpuhkpag; G mtu;fs; jk; ghly;fis ifnaOj;jpNyh> rpW mr;Rg; gpujpf gpujpfis kf;fs; Kd;Nd ghb tpw;gid nra;Jk; tUf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJk; mit tha;nkhop kugpy; fhY}d gapy;epiyapy; mit ngUk;ghYk; tha;nkhopahfNt i kugpNy mspf;if vd;gJ ikakhf mikfpd;wJ. mspf;iff mspf;ifapNyNa mit KOik milfpd;wd.
,j;jif fpuhkpag; Gytu;fisAk;> mtu;fsJ ghly;fi E}w;whz;bypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wd. ,e;E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

kuò rh®aj thŒbkhÊ¥ tz¥gL¤jš
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
rpd;dj;jk;gp re;jpuNrfuk;
Kk; ,yf;fpa tuyhWk; tha;nkhop> vOj;J nkhop vd;w d; mbg;gilapNyNa Nehf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sd.
gz;GfSk; tha;nkhop kugpd; gz;GfSk; fye;jJk; khopahly; KiwAs;s ghly; kunghd;W ePz;l fhykpUe;J
;thwhd ghly;fis tha;nkhopg; ghly;fspd; tsu;r;rpahff; ha;nkhopg; ghly;fshfNt nfhs;fpd;whu;.
s; vd;W ehk; VyNt tiuaiw nra;Js;s njhFjpapd; py; ,Ue;J ,t;tifg; ghly;fs; NtWgl;L epw;gJ
Uthf;fg;gLjy;> Mrpupaupd; ngau;> cUthd fhyk; dpkdpj czu;Tfs;> md;whl epfo;Tfs; vd;gd Kf;fpak; ;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdNt ,g;ghly;fs; tha;nkhopg; hfNt mikAk; mNjNtis tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ke;Js;sd. ,j;jifa tha;nkhopg; ghly; kuG  rpW mr;Rg; gpujpfshfNth Mf;Ffpd;wdu;. mr;Rg; tpw;gid nra;Jk; tUfpd;wdu;. ,t;thW vOj;jpNy t tha;nkhop kugpy; fhY}d;wpaitahfNt mikfpd;wd. Yk; tha;nkhopahfNt ifaspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;ghly; hf mikfpd;wJ. mspf;iff;fhfNt mit vOjg;gLfpd;wd. k milfpd;wd.
sAk;> mtu;fsJ ghly;fisAk;; gw;wpa jfty;fs; 19 Mk; . ,e;E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j Ntyhg;Nghbahu;> gf;fPu; Gytu;>
29

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jk;gpnyt;it ghly;fs;gw;wp ,k;kf;fs; Ma;tpNy ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï vt;thwhapDk; kj;jpapy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w mwpaKbapDk; mz;zhtpahu;> 20Mk; mjpf Ntlg;gps;is> fe;jg;Gytu;> f mtw;wpy; mjpfkhdit Ntz
E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapNy nry;thf;Fw;W epytpapUf;f jfty;fs; epUgpf;fpd;wd. m jfty;fs; mwpag;gl;l NghJk; gyuJ ghly;fs; mope;J tha;nkhop %yk; epyTfpd;wd. ,e;E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gF mr;R> ifnaOj;Jg;gpujpfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. rpj Nt.rpd;dj;jk;gp Kjyhd Gytu;fs; ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhF
jw;NghJ tho;gtu;fspy; ,U jiyKiwf; ftpQu;fis KjyhtJ gpuptpdu; %j;j jiyKiwapdu;. ,tu;fsJ ghl kuGj;jd;ikiag; NgZgit. Mdhy; eilKiw cl;nfhz;lit. kPuhck;kh> w`;kj;Jk;kh> wrpah ck;kh> vdg; gyiu ,t;tifapy; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mLj;jJ ,uz;lht ,tu;fspy; rpyu; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa Mf;f> mspf;if Kiwf rpdpkhg; ghly;fspd; jhf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;ltu;fshf cs;sdu
K];ypk;fs; kj;jpapy; tho;fpd;w fpuhkpag; Gytu;fspy Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tu;fs; Kf;fpakhf fpuhkpaf; ‘ftp’ t ghlTk; ty;ytu;fshf cs;sdu;. 85 taijAila kUjK vd;gtu; gy ftpj; njhFjpfisg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tw;wpy njhFjp 149 ftpfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,it Jd;gpay; c ntspg;gLj;JtdthFk;. ,wf;fhkk; wrpah ck;kh vd;gtu vd;gd gw;wpa gy ftpj;njhFjpfisf; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpf mf;fiug;gw;iwr; Nru;e;j kPuhck;kh vd;gtu; epidj;jkh fpuhkpag; ghly; nkl;Lg; ghly;fisAk; ghlty;ytuhf cs;s
vdNt ,g;ghly;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw Mfpa njhifapy; mjpfkhdJkhd ghly; kughf epytpte;Js;sd. $WfSk;> mtw;wpd; mspf;if Nehf;Fk; rpwe;j ,yf;f epw;fpd;wd. vdNt ,g;ghly;fis fpuhkpa kf;fspd; ft ekJ ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpNy gjpTnra;aNtz;Lk;. ,jw;F K Mtzg; gLj;jg; glNtz;Lk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;ltu;fspd; ghly;fs; Mtzg;gLj;jy; K Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
30

tlg;gps;is> fe;jg;Gytu;> fhj;jpNfRg; Gytu; Nghd;w rpyuJ tw;wpy; mjpfkhdit Ntzg;gltpy;iy.
ry;thf;Fw;W }w;whz;L ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
fhyg;gFjpapNyNa epytpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,j;jifa vd;gjidf; ghly; kuG fs ty;fs; epUgpf;fpd;wd. mjpfkhd Gytu;fisg; gw;wpa ; gyuJ ghly;fs; mope;Jtpl;ld. rpy miuFiwahf . ,e;E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; tho;e;j gy Gytu;fsJ fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. rpjk;gug;gps;is> kh.nghd;dd;> ;fs; ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
jiyKiwf; ftpQu;fis milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. ,jpy; Kiwapdu;. ,tu;fsJ ghly;fs; Kw;wpYk; ,g;ghly;fspd; . Mdhy; eilKiw tho;tpay; mk;rq;fisAk; `;kj;Jk;kh> wrpah ck;kh> Nfjhugps;is> fjpu;fhkj;jk;gp plyhk;. mLj;jJ ,uz;lhtJ jiyKiwf; ftpQu;fshFk;. ;fpa Mf;f> mspf;if Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpaNghJk; gyUk; cl;gl;ltu;fshf cs;sdu;.
;fpd;w fpuhkpag; Gytu;fspy; gyu; ngz;fshf cs;sik pakhf fpuhkpaf; ‘ftp’ tbtj;jpy; ghly;fis vOjTk; ;. 85 taijAila kUjKidiar; Nru;e;j w`;kj;Jk;kh sg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tw;wpy; ‘m\;ug; xg;ghup’ vd;w ftpj; ;lJ. ,it Jd;gpay; czu;Tfis kpf cUf;fkhf kk; wrpah ck;kh vd;gtu; FLk;gg; gpur;rpidfs;>murpay; pfisf; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfshf Mf;fpAs;shu;. mt;thNw k;kh vd;gtu; epidj;jkhj;jpuj;Nj ftpfisAk; Vida sAk; ghlty;ytuhf cs;shu;.
;fsg;G> mk;ghiw Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; nropg;ghdJk; y; kughf epytpte;Js;sd. ,tw;wpd; gilg;ghf;f mofpay; f Nehf;Fk; rpwe;j ,yf;fpag; Nghf;fpid ntspg;gLj;jp is fpuhkpa kf;fspd; ftpij Mf;fq;fshff; nfhz;L nra;aNtz;Lk;. ,jw;F Kjypy; ,g;ghly;fs; midj;Jk;
hly;fs; Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kiwapaiy Mjhukhf; nfhz;L
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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ï ï ï ï ï ï
k£l¡fs¥ò kht£l¤âš thG»‹w j bg©fËilna ÃyÉ tU« eh£L¥ ò ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
e
tPd fiy ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fj;j te;Js;sJ.,j;jifanjhU #oypy; ngz;fs; jq;fSf;fhd czu;Tfisj; jhq;fNs nghJ ntspapy; epd;W mtw;i ntspgLj;jTk; Kide;jdu;.,jd; tpisT Mapuj;Jj; nj r%fg;gug;gpy; ngz;zpa Nehf;fpyhd fUj;jpay;fisf; Njhd;w top tFj;jJ.
,jd;gb ,yq;ifapYk; ngz;zpak; rhu;e;j fUj;jp mNdf fiy ,yf;fpaq;fs; ntsp tuyhapd. ,j;jifan ,Ug;G rhu;e;Jk; mtu;fspd; Mw;wy;fs;> czu;Tfs;> jpw ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w tpjk; rhu;e;Jk; NgRtJ vd;gJ vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf;fspy; xd;whf mikgit ngz;fspilN fijfshFk;. ,jd;gb kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; jkpo;> K];y ehl;Lg;Gwf;fijfs; gw;wp mwpjYk;> mtw;wpid Mtz Nehf;fkhf mikfpd;wJ
kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrkhdJ jkpo;> K];yPk;>guq;fp ,d k ,aw;if R+oiyj;jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l ,lkhff; fhz r%fj;jsj;jpy; mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ug;gpDk nfhz;l FLk;gq;fs; mNefk; fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;g Ngr;Rnkhopahff; nfhz;l ,tu;fs; jq;fs; ntspg;g topahfNt nra;fpd;wdu; ,tw;wpNy ngz;fspd; Ngr;Rnk ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. ngz;fs; tPl;bDs; vd vd;gjw;F tpil mspg;gjhf ngz;fspd; kjp El;gj;jpi Mw;wy;fisAk; jpwikfisAk; giw rhw;Wtjhf ,e;j ehl ,tw;wpd; topahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpw tplaq;fSk; fUj;J mjprak; nfhz;ldthfTk; tpae;J$wj;jf;ftifapYk; mi
ngz;fis mwptpy;yhjtu;fshfTk;> gae;jtu;fsh KbntLf;f Kbahjtu;fshfTk; rpj;jpupf;fpd;w R+o;epiya Mw;wy;fis> jpwd;fis> cupatifapy; mtu;fs; jk; fU ehl;lhu; fijfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Mtzj;njhFg;G K njhFf;fg;gLk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ht£l¤âš thG»‹w jÄœ, KÞÈ« a ÃyÉ tU« eh£L¥ òw¡fijfŸ
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
k.Rfd;ah
;gJ Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhfNt ,Ue;J ypy; ngz;fs; jq;fSf;fhd Mirfis vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis ntspapy; epd;W mtw;iwj; jq;fspd; nkhopfspD}lhf jd; tpisT Mapuj;Jj; njhshapuj;J vz;gJfspd; gpd; ;fpyhd fUj;jpay;fisf; nfhz;l fiy ,yf;fpaq;fs;
gz;zpak; rhu;e;j fUj;jpay;fis cs;thq;fpf;nfhz;L sp tuyhapd. ,j;jifanjhU gpd;dzpapy; ngz;fspd; w;wy;fs;> czu;Tfs;> jpwikfs;> mtw;wpid mtu;fs; ;e;Jk; NgRtJ vd;gJ mtrpakhFk;. ,jw;F rpwe;j mikgit ngz;fspilNaepytp. tUfpd;w ehl;Lg;Gwf; g;G khtl;lj;jpy; jkpo;> K];yPk; ngz;fsplk; toq;fp tUfpw wpjYk;> mtw;wpid Mtzg;gLj;jYk; ,f; fl;Liuapd;
kpo;> K];yPk;>guq;fp ,d kf;fs; Nru;e;J tho;e;J tUfpd;w nfhz;l ,lkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,q;Nf Mz;fs; hz;ltu;fshf ,Ug;gpDk; ngz; jiyikj;Jtj;ijf; ; fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpo;nkhopapidg; tu;fs; jq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jy;fisAk; ,k;nkhopapd; ;wpNy ngz;fspd; Ngr;Rnkhopapd; ntspg;ghlhf mikfpw ;fd. ngz;fs; tPl;bDs; vd;d nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs; ngz;fspd; kjp El;gj;jpidAk; Gj;jp rhJu;aj;ijAk; ; giw rhw;Wtjhf ,e;j ehl;Lg; Gwf; fijfs; mikfpd;wd ;gLfpw tplaq;fSk; fUj;JfSk; Mr;rupak;kpf;fdthfTk; e;J$wj;jf;ftifapYk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.
u;fshfTk;> gae;jtu;fshfTk;> mbgzpgtu;fshfTk; ; rpj;jpupf;fpd;w R+o;epiyapy; ngz;fspd; RahjPdkhd atifapy; mtu;fs; jk; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gij ,e; pd;wd. Mtzj;njhFg;G KiwapaYf;F ,iaa ,it
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eh£lhÇy¡»a§fis MŒî brŒjY« Mt thŒ¥òfS« rthšfS« »H¡F¥ gšfiy¡f khzt®fË‹ MŒîfŸ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
eh
l;lhupyf;fpaq;fis Ma;T nra;jnyd;gJk; gjpT Njrpa milahsq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jypd; xU gFjpahFk jkpopy; ehl;lhupyf;fpaq;fisg; gjpTnra;jYk; Ma;Tnra;jY ngw;wJ.
1. Mq;fpNyau; RNjr r%fj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;f
fUjpaik 2. RNjrpfspd; Njrpa milahs  ah fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;> njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy nfhLf;fg;gl;L jkpo;rpwg;G khztu;fshy; Mtzg;gLj;jYld tUfpd;wd.
fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jkpo;rpwg;Gf; fw;if (Kjy;njhFjp khztu;fs; 1996 ,y;ntspNawpdu;) nj mk;rq;fisAk; jOtpait vdpDk; ehl;lhupyf;fpak; gw ,f;fl;Liuapy; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof nkhopj;Jiwapy; kh ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpa Ma;Tfs; ,q;F gjpT nra;ag;gLk;.
32

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
mk;kd;fpsp KUfjh];
;T nra;jnyd;gJk; gjpT nra;jnyd;gJk; mr;r%fj;jpd; ;Lgpbj;jypd; xU gFjpahFk;. me;jtifapy; Kjd;Kjyhf gjpTnra;jYk; Ma;Tnra;jYk; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; eil
;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd xU rhjdkhf mtw;iwf;
 aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> pof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ehl;lhupaYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; u;fshy; Mtzg;gLj;jYld; Ma;TfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L
pd; jkpo;rpwg;Gf; fw;if 1993/1994 fy;tpahz;by; 96 ,y;ntspNawpdu;) njhlq;fp jkpoha;tpd; gy;NtW pDk; ehl;lhupyf;fpak; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; fzprkhdit. f;fof nkhopj;Jiwapy; khztu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
gjpT nra;ag;gLk;.
MŒî brŒjY« Mtz¥gL¤jY« S« »H¡F¥ gšfiy¡fHf bkhʤJiw fŸ
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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ï ï ï ï ï
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
33

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ï
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34

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 48
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»H¡F¥gšfiy¡fHf RthÄ Éòyhdaj mH» ÃWtf¤âš ehlfK« mu§»aY« f‰ifbe¿ ï‹W tiu¡F« m§F eilbg‰w Ãfœîfis ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,
yq;ifapd; fpof;F khfhzj;jpYs;s cau;epWtdq Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw;fw;iffs; epWtfKk; Kf;f 1982,y; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l Rthkp tpGyhde;j ,ir eldf;fy;Y mofpaw;fw;iffs; epWtfkhf cs;sJ. ,k;khw;wkhdJ ,e;epWtfj;jpNy ,ir> eldk;> ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;> fl;G vd ehd;F fw;ifnewpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;ehd;F fw;ifnewpfSk; eld ehlfj;Jiw> ,irj;J epu;thfg; gpupTfspd; fPo; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. xt;nthU fw;ifn tPjk; xt;nthU fy;tpahz;Lf;Fk; gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq nra;ag;gLfp;d;wdu;.
,tu;fs; xU fw;ifnewpia rpwg;Gg;ghlkhf fw ntspNaWfpd;wdu;. Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw;fw;if ahnjdpy; fw;ifnewpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;LuPjpa nrad;KiwfSf;$lhfTk; fw;gpf;fg;gLtjhFk;.
mJkl;Lkd;wp ,q;Fs;s fw;ifnewpapdu; gye elj;jptUfpd;wdu;. ,e;epfo;Tfs; khztu;fspd; fy;tprhu ,e;epWtfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; rpwg;Gf;Fk; gaDs;sjhf cs fw;ifnewpAk; gy epfo;Tfis elj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. vdpD epfo;TfisNa Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld; ,f;fl;Li epWtfj;ijAk; mJ elhj;jpa epfo;TfisAk; cyfwpar; nr mjd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; VidNahUf;Fk; Gupjy; Vw;gLt
Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtf eld epfo;Tfis ,d;W tiu elj;jpAs;sJ. ,jpy; ehlff;fw;if ,q;F Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ ehlf epfo;Tfs;> $j epidTg;NgUiufs;> Ma;tuq;Ffs;> gapw;rpg;gl;liwfs;> E} fiyQu;fs;> gpwehl;L mwpQu;fSldhd re;jpg;Gf;fs;> fs
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

thÄ Éòyhdaj mH»a‰ f‰iwfŸ mu§»aY« f‰ifbe¿ Mu«ã¡f¥g£lâÈUaJ eilbg‰w Ãfœîfis Mtz¥gL¤jš
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Nutjp fNz];
hzj;jpYs;s cau;epWtdq;fspy; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof w;iffs; epWtfKk; Kf;fpakhd xd;whf jpfo;fpd;wJ. pGyhde;j ,ir eldf;fy;Y}upNa ,d;W Rthkp tpGyhde;j cs;sJ. ,k;khw;wkhdJ 2005 ,y; muq;NfwpaJld; ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;> fl;Gykw;Wk; njhopy;El;gf;fiyfs; ;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
eld ehlfj;Jiw> ,irj;Jiw> fl;Gyj;Jiw vd;w %d;W fpd;wJ. xt;nthU fw;ifnewpf;Fk; jyh 50 khztu;fs; k; gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FOtpdhy; njupT
pia rpwg;Gg;ghlkhf fw;W Ez;fiyg; gl;ljhupahf pGyhde;j mofpaw;fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rk; ;nthd;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;LuPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp mjpfstpyhd pf;fg;gLtjhFk;.
fw;ifnewpapdu; gyepfo;TfisAk; xOq;FgLj;jp s; khztu;fspd; fy;tprhu; eltbf;iffSf;F kl;Lkd;wp pwg;Gf;Fk; gaDs;sjhf cs;sJ. me;jtifapy; xt;nthU elj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,q;F eld ehlfj;Jiwapd; k; Nehf;Fld; ,f;fl;Liu mikfpd;wJ. ,J ,e; fo;TfisAk; cyfwpar; nra;tjw;Fk; ,e;epWtfk; gw;wpAk;
dNahUf;Fk; Gupjy; Vw;gLtjw;F VJthf mikAk;.
w; fw;iffs; epWtf eldehlfj; JiwahdJ gy;NtW s;sJ. ,jpy; ehlff;fw;if newpapdu; elhj;jpa epfo;TfNs jhtJ ehlf epfo;Tfs;> $j;Jf;fs;> epidTjpd tpohf;fs;> fs;> gapw;rpg;gl;liwfs;> E}y; ntspaPLfs;> gpwnkhop NgRk; Sldhd re;jpg;Gf;fs;> fs Ma;Tfs;> Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;>
35

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ehlfg;Nghl;bfs;> ,q;F mj;NjhL rpwg;ig ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
,e; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
epfo;TfshdJ ,e;epfo;Tfs; vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; Gjd;fpoik ntspAyfpw;F fiy> fhtpfshfTk; Mw;Wiffs; fyhr;rhu Rthkp ghuk;gupa vdg; cs;sd. tpGyhde;j gyjug;gl;l mk;rq;
vdN m
gjpag;gl Ntz;bait. mjw;F Mtzg;gLj;jy; mtrpa Mtzf;fl;Liuia rku;g;gpf;f tpisfpNwd;.
ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs; midj;Jk; gpd;tUk; Kiwfspd; f
1. ,Wntl;Lf;fs; 2. Xspg;gjpTfs; 3. Xypg;gjpTfs; 4. Gifg;glq;fs; 5. tha;nkhopj;juTfs; 6. E}y;fs; 7. rQ;rpiffs; 8. ehlfg;gpujpfs; 9. Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> tpsk;guq;fs;
36

w;Wiffs; vdg; gyjug;gl;l epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa Mtzq;fNs
fyhr;rhu fpw;F ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Rthkp ghuk;gupa tpGyhde;j mk;rq;fs; mofpaw; nghUe;jpajhfTk; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpd; cs;sJ.
pfshfTk; cs;sd. vdNt ,e;epfo;Tfs; tuyhw;wpy; Mtzg;gLj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. ,jd; nghUl;L ,t; pisfpNwd;.
;Jk; gpd;tUk; Kiwfspd; fPo; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
k;guq;fs;
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 50
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k£l¡fs¥ãš M‰Wif brŒa¥g£l ehlf§fŸ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
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l;lf;fsg;gpd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; mNefkhd nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. mitgw;wp KOikahd tpguq;fs; m ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
❖ ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; etPdehlfq;fspd; tUiff;Fg;gpd;du;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,d;Wtiu gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhf
❖ nghJthf ,e;ehlfq;fspy; rpWtu;> ngz;fs;. Rfhjhu
tplaq;fs; NgRnghUshff; fhzg;gLk;.
❖ gy;fiyf;fof> ghlrhiy khztu;fSk;> jdpeh
mikg;Gf;fSk; ,jid Mw;Wif nra;gtu;fshff; fhz
❖ ,e;ehlf jahupg;Gf;fis murrhu;gw;w njhz;lu;
epWtdq;fSk;> gy;fiyf;fof ehlfj;JiwapdUk; Nk
❖ Fwpg;ghf kl;lf;fsg;gpidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; tPjpehl
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
Mtzg;gLj;Jjypd; mtrpak;
❖ eilngw;w xt;nthU ehlfq;fisAk; Mtzg;gLj;Jtj
njhlu;r;rpf;F rpwe;j Mjhuq;fshff; fhzg;gLk;.
❖ ,j;Jiwapy; Ntiy nra;NthUf;Fk;> gapy;NthUf;Fk;> M
,t; Mtzg;gLj;jy; JizGupAk;.
❖ ,e;ehlfq;fspd; Mw;WifKiw> fUg;nghUs; Nghd
vt;thwhd jhf;fj;jpid nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;gjid mw
❖ ehlfj;jpy;  ngz;fs;. Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w r%f tpopg;Gzu;T hzg;gLk;.
khztu;fSk;> jdpehlff; FOf;fSk; ,jur%f ;Wif nra;gtu;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
murrhu;gw;w njhz;lu; epWtdq;fSk;> rpy mur of ehlfj;JiwapdUk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
; nghWj;jtiuapy; tPjpehlfq;fs; kf;fs;kj;jpapy; ghupa .
k;
;fisAk; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tPjp ehlf tuyhw;Wj; shff; fhzg;gLk;.
hUf;Fk;> gapy;NthUf;Fk;> Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;NthUf;Fk;
GupAk;.
Kiw> fUg;nghUs; Nghd;wd ghu;itahsu; kj;jpapy; Yj;jpAs;sJ vd;gjid mwpa cjTk;.
w;wp mwpa cjTtNjhL mtu;fspd; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd ;gLj;jy; ,Uf;Fk;.
37

Page 51
Mw;Wif Muha;e;J ❖ ❖ ❖ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
ehlfj;jiyg;G fUg;nghUs; fij
mit nra;ag;gl;l gw;wpa ehlfq;fs; jfty;fNshL xt;nthd;iwAk; Mtzg;gLj;Jjy;. fPo;f;fh
❖ ehlfg;gpujp ❖ newpahs;if ❖ jahupg;G ❖ gq;Fgw;wpa fiyQu;fs; ❖ Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk; ❖ fhyk; ❖ cil> xg;gid> ,ir ❖ Mw;Wifr;nrOik ❖ ehlfj;jpd; jhf;fk;
Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Kiw Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; mid Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
❖ ,Wntl;Lf;fs; ❖ Gifg;glq;fs; ❖ tha;nkhopj;juTfs; ❖ Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs; ❖ rQ;rpiffs; ❖ gj;jpupiff;Fwpg;Gf;fs; ❖ miog;gpjo;fs; ❖ E}y;fs; ❖ nra;jpkly;fs; ❖ tpsk;guq;fs;
38

;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; fPo;f;fhZk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; tpupthf y;fNshL Mtzg;gLj;Jjy;.
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
upf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; midj;Jk; gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy;
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 52
1960fËÈUaJ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ ï ï ï ï ï ï
tlnkho x¥gidiaí« ehlf¤âdJ Mtz¥gL¤jš
2012 tiuahd Mil mÂfy
ïu
,
uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpd; Mil mzpfyd;fs;> xg;gi ehfuPf tsu;r;rpiaAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fle;j vt;tif khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shdJ vd;gij Nehf;fkhff; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 rpq;fghF Mfpa ,U e tpypUe;J jiyKiw jiyKiwahf ,d;Wk; ,sk; ji nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wNjh mNjNghd;W  Nguhrpupau; rp. nksd njhlf;fk; 2012 tiu ,sk; jiyKiwapduhy; Mw;W Fwpg;gpl;L $wf;$ba mk;rkhFk;. ,uhtNzrd; ehlfkhd tpj;jpahde;jdpdhy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L te;j tlNk $j;Jg; Gj;jhf;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;Nl ,J Mw;Wif Muk;gfhyj;jpy; 1960fspy; $j;jpd; xU rpy mk;rq;fi Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jd; mtu;fs; NkilNaw;wpdhu;. , nksd FUtpdhy; ,d;Wtiu ,e;ehlf nraw;ghlhdJ Kd
50 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf Mw;Wif nra;ag;gLfp;d fhuzkhd xd;whf Mil mzpfyd;fisAk;> xg;gidi ebg;G vd;gd ,uhtNzrdpy; vt;thW Kjd;ikf; f mNj msTgq;fpid Mil mzpfyd;fSk;> xg;gidA tbtikg;G> ftu;r;rpahdtz;zq;fs;> Neu;j;jpahd tz ifahs;tjd; cj;jpfs; vd;gdNt ,e;ehlfj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F $wKbAk;.
1960fspy; Nguhrpupau; R.tpj;jpahde;jd; njhlf;fk; 2 rp.nksdFU tiu Nkilaplg;gl;l ,uhtNzrd; tlNkhb xg;gid vd;gd tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jtpjk;> mit Nk ,tw;wpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tz;zq;fs;> tz;zf;fyg fhuz tpsf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; fhykhw;wj;jpw; Nfw;g Mil khw;wj;jpw;F cs;shd tpjk; gw;wpAk; ,t; Mtzg;gLj;jy; R
Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kiw
1. Gifg;glq;fs; 2. ,Wntl;Lf;fs; 3. xspg;g 5. rQ;rpiffs; 6. ,izak; 7. Neu;f
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

aJ 2012 tiuahd ïuhtnzr‹
f¤âdJ Mil mÂfy‹fisí«, « Mtz¥gL¤jš
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
yhtz;ah kfhNjth
il mzpfyd;fs;> xg;gidahdJ fhykhw;wj;jpidAk;> lahff; nfhz;L fle;j 50 tUlfhyj;jpw;F Nkyhf hdJ vd;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Nl ,t; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
dNk> rpq;fghF Mfpa ,U ehlf kuGfs; vt;thW rur;re;jpu wahf ,d;Wk; ,sk; jiyapduhy; gpd;gw;wp Mw;Wif Nghd;W  Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU MfpNahupypUe;J 1960fs; jiyKiwapduhy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wik ;. ,uhtNzrd; ehlfkhdJ 1960 njhlf;fk; Nguhrpupau; f nra;ag;gl;L te;j tlNkhb rhu;e;j $j;J tbtkhFk;. of;fg;gl;Nl ,J Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L te;jJ. mjhtJ j;jpd; xU rpy mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fp ehlftbtpNy u;fs; NkilNaw;wpdhu;. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J Nguhrpupau; ,e;ehlf nraw;ghlhdJ Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
f Mw;Wif nra;ag;gLfp;d;w ,e;ehlfj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F pfyd;fisAk;> xg;gidiaAk; $wKbAk;. Mly;ghly;> ; vt;thW Kjd;ikf; fhuzpfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wNjh zpfyd;fSk;> xg;gidAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vspikahd q;fs;> Neu;j;jpahd tz;zf;fyg;G> %yg;nghUl;fis t ,e;ehlfj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ vd;W
pj;jpahde;jd; njhlf;fk; 2012 Mk; Mz;L Nguhrpupau; gl;l ,uhtNzrd; tlNkhb ehlfj;jpd; Mil mzpfyd;> ;gl;bUe;jtpjk;> mit Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l %yg;nghUl;fs; z;zq;fs;> tz;zf;fyg;Gf;fs;> ifahsg;gl;l cj;jpfs;> hykhw;wj;jpw; Nfw;g Mil mzpfyd;> xg;gid Mfpad ;wpAk; ,t; Mtzg;gLj;jy; Rl;;bepw;fpd;wJ.
Wntl;Lf;fs; 3. xspg;gjpTfs; 4. E}y;fs; izak; 7. Neu;fhzy;fs;
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ï
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï
»H¡F¥gšfiy¡fHf Ãfœîfis Mtz¥gL¤jš E©fiy¤Jiw (1993-201
fp
of;fpNy cs;s cau;fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; fpof;F Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;. ,J 1981 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. ,jpy; xU mq;fkhf jpfo;tNj fpof JiwahFk;. Ez;fiyj;JiwahdJ 1991,y; Muk;gpf;fg nraw;ghLfs; ,d;W tiu Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.m fiyfisAk;> jkpou;ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; mj;NjhL  Xtpaf; fz;fhl;rpfs;> fUj;juq;Ffs;> Ma;Tfs; mj;NjhL tpupTiuahsu;fspd; Kaw;rpapdhy; cUthf;f cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
fiy rhu;e;j gy epfo;Tfis elhj;jp tUfpd;w Ez;fi ahTk; njhFj;J Mtzg;gLj;jNtz;ba xd;whFk;. ngw gpd;tUk; Kiwfspd; fPo; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Mtzg;gLj;Jk;Kiw 1. fiyepfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghd ,Wntl;LgjpTfs; 2. miog;gpjo;fs; 3. gj;jpupiff;Fwpg;Gf;fs; 4. rQ;rpiffs; 5. Gifg;glq;fs; 6. E}y;fs;
40

y¡fHf E©fiy¤Jiw elh¤âa fiy
tz¥gL¤jš (1993-2012« M©Ltiu)
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
mgpuhkp ju;Nke;jpuh
;tp epiyaq;fspy; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofkhdJ kpfTk; 1981 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L ,d;Wtiu tPupakhf mq;fkhf jpfo;tNj fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj; hdJ 1991,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; gyfiyr; ;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.mjhtJ fpof;fpNy fhzg;gLk; ;ijAk; mj;NjhL  ghuk;gupa ;> fUj;juq;Ffs;> Ma;Tfs; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;. ; Kaw;rpapdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Gj;jhf;f ntspg;ghl;L
elhj;jp tUfpd;w Ez;fiyj;JiwapdJ fiy epfo;Tfs; Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; midj;Jk;
g;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,Wntl;LgjpTfs;
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 54
ï ï ï ï ï ï
k£l¡fs¥ãš cUth¡f« bg‰w FWa Égu§fËid Mtz¥gL¤jš ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
01.Kd;Diu
e
tPd njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tpUj;jpAk; mtw;wpd; tp kl;lq;fspy; epfo;fhy Nehf;fpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tU Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;jpar;rpdpkhtpd; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; mtw;wp gutyhf;fkila mjDila njhlh;r;rp  jd; fhuzq;fshf ;wpd; ntspg;ghLfis fiy Mh;tyh;fSk; fiyr; hs;tNjhL Vidath;fSk; ,jid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F py; vt;tpj Iag;ghLk; ,y;iy. ,dptUk; jiyKiwapdh; hl;lhsh;fshf cUthFtjw;Fk; ,it gw;wpa mwpjYk;; q;fshf mikfpd;wd.
g ,d;ndhU gpuNjrk; mwpahj #oypy; kl;lf;fsg;G ;bid kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrk; mwpahj #oypYk; Vida
41

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gpuNjrq;fSk; mwpar;nra;jy; mikag;ngw;wNjhL ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï kl;lf;fsg;G ,jd; Kw;WKOjhf gpuNjrkhdJ Kf;fpa fhyNthl;lj;jpy; Nehf;fkhf mwpahj gy;NtWgl;l murpay; epiyapYk; mikfpd;wJ.
nghUshjhu gz;ghl mjd;
FWe;jpiug;glq;fis Njit fUjpa epiyapYk; mtw;wpd ,yq;if kw;Wk; rh;tNjr mbg;gilapy; jd;id milah kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ntspte;Js;sd vdNt ,tw;wpid gpw Mtzg;gLj;jy; fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;.
,JtiufhyKk; ntspte;j FWe;jpiug;glq;fis Mtz fhyq;fspy; vt;thwhd FWe;jpiug;glq;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G gpu vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; mtw;wpid Kd;ndLj;Jr;n nfhLg;gjhfTk; ,r;nraw;ghL mikAk;;.
05. Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kiwapay;
,t; Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kiwapay; Fwpg;ghf cs;slq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 1. Kjy;epiyj; juTfshf Neh;fhzy;fs; %ykhfTk; F
jfty;fs; ngwg;gLk;. 2. topepiyj;juTfshf rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jphpiffs;> E
gad;ghLilajhf mikAk;.
42

wpahj epiyapYk; mjd; tpguq;fspid Mtzg;gLj;jp f;fkhf mikfpd;wJ.
gy;NtWgl;l gz;ghl;LUthf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; j;jpy; murpay; nghUshjhuk; gz;ghL vd;gtw;wpw;F Vw;g Ujpa epiyapYk; mtw;wpd; NgRnghUs; mbg;gilapYk; ;gilapy; jd;id milahsg;gLj;jpa FWe;jpiug;glq;fs; vdNt ,tw;wpid gpwUk; mwpar;nra;Ak; tifapy; tahFk;.
FWe;jpiug;glq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,dptUk; ug;glq;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpw;F Njitahf cs;sJ tw;wpid Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;tjw;fhd xU rpe;jidia
kAk;;.
pay;
Kiwapay; Fwpg;ghf ,uz;L jd;ikfSf;Fs;
h;fhzy;fs; %ykhfTk; FWe;jpiug;glq;fs; %ykhfTk;
piffs;> gj;jphpiffs;> E}y;fs; Nghd;wdTk; ,jw;F ;.
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 56
ï ï ï ï ï ï
»H¡F¥ gšfiy¡fHf¤â‹ E©fiy¤Jiw rh® ïWâah©L khzt®fŸ rk®ã¤j bgU« MŒî (Dissertation) mj‹ Égu§fisí« Mtz¥gL¤jš ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
1986
,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fo nraw;ghLfs; 1992 ,ypUe;J Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ez;f 1992 ,ypUe;J Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;dhspy; ehlfK tpNrl fw;ifnewp Muk;gpf;fg; gl;lJ.
tpNrl fw;if newpiag; gpd;gw;Wk; khztu;fs; jkJ 100gf;fj;jpw;Ff; Fiwahj xU ngUk; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu (D Ez;fiyj;Jiwapy; tpNrl fw;ifnewp gapd;w Kjy; ntspNaWfpd;wdu;.
1997 ,ypUe;J 2012 tiu Vwj;jho 70f;F Nkw;g khzhf;fuhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tha;Tf;fl;Li Fwpg;ghf ,yq;if jkpou; gz;ghl;bYk;> rpwg;ghf fpof;F nra;ag;gl;litahFk;
,t;tha;Tfs; Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> fl;blk;> mitf;F M eldk;)> fpuhkpaf; fiyfs;> rlq;Ffs;> Nfhtpy;fs;> topg kf;fs; fiyfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW nghUs;fspy; nra;ag;gl;L
,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liufs; Ma;tpd; Muk;gepiyapy; cs;s Ma;T nra;ag;gapw;wg;gl;l khztu;fspdhy; nra;ag;gl;lika nfhz;Ls;sd. ,j;juTfs; ,j;Jiwapy; NkYk; M JizGuptd.
,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liufis Mtzg;gLj;jYk; mwpKf Mtzg;gLj;jy; KiwapaYf;F ,iaa> ,it Mtzg;gL
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

‹ E©fiy¤Jiw rh®aj áw¥ò¥ g£lbe¿
rk®ã¤j bgU« MŒî¡ f£Liufisí« fisí« Mtz¥gL¤jš
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
rp.nksdFU
;l fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Ez;fiyj;Jiwapd; uk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ez;fiyapy; tpNrl fw;ifnewpfs; pd;wd. gpd;dhspy; ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; vd;w ghlj;jpy;
l;lJ.
;gw;Wk; khztu;fs; jkJ ,Wjp Mz;by; jl;lr;R tbtpy; ngUk; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu (Dissertation) rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. w;ifnewp gapd;w Kjy; njhFjp khztu;fs; 1997,y;
u Vwj;jho 70f;F Nkw;gl;l ngUk; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; s;sd. ,t;tha;Tf;fl;Liufspy; 90 tpfpjkhdit ;ghl;bYk;> rpwg;ghf fpof;F khfhzj; jkpou; gz;ghl;bYk;
;gk;> fl;blk;> mitf;F Mw;W fiyfs;> (ehlfk;> ,ir> q;Ffs;> Nfhtpy;fs;> topghl;L Kiwfs;> tpspk;G epiy W nghUs;fspy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s.
;tpd; Muk;gepiyapy; cs;sdthapDk; KiwapaYf;$lhf tu;fspdhy; nra;ag;gl;likapdhy; ngWkjpkpf;f juTfisf; ,j;Jiwapy; NkYk; Ma;T nra;gtu;fl;F kpFe;j
Mtzg;gLj;jYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jYk; kpf mtrpakhFk;. ,iaa> ,it Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
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ï
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
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44

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 58
ï
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
45

Page 59
ï
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46

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 60
mur‰w ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ ï ï ï ï ï ï
ïa§f áy m¿Kf¡ nt©oa njr§fËdJ F¿¥ò¡fŸ
r£l tiuaiw¡F Mtz¥gL¤jš Kf
Fwpr;nrhw;fs; : murw;w Njrq;fs;> murw;w Njrj;jpd Gyikj;Jtr; nrhj;Jhpikr; rl;lk;>  murw;w Njrj;jpdJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kaw;rp> tr; nrhj;Jhpikr; rl;lk;>  tj;ij jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis> ,y;yhnjhopf;fj; njhlh;r;rpahfr; nrayhw;Wk;. ,j;jifa tzg;gLj;jiyg; NgZtJk; rl;l hPjpahf Klf;fg;gLk;
hf G+h;tkhfTk; cjhrPdk; nra;jy; vd;gjw;fg;ghy; gy;NtW kyhz;ikj; Njrk; murw;w Njrq;fspdJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; ;rpf;Fk;. 

Page 61
ï ï ï ï ï ï
Miua«gâ jÄœ r_f« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
j
kpo; NgRk; ey;Yyfpy;  fpof;F khepyq;fs; njhd;ikahYk; gz;ghl gpuNjrq;fs; MFk;. ,q;Nf jkpou;fSk;> jkpo; NgRk; , ghd;ikapduhf tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. jkpou;fs; kj;jpa tUzq;fs; vd;W gy gpuptpdu; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. G+u;tPfFbfshf Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,af;fu;> ehfu; vd;Ng NtWk; rpyu; njd;dpe;jpa ehl;L kd;du;fs; ,yq;ifia fhyj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F Copak; nra;ate;jtu;fshfTk; gi jq;fptpl;Nlhupd; guk;giuapduhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,t;t milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; NtWk; rpyu; mtu rupahf ntspg;gLj;jg;glhj epiyapy; ,d;Wk; tho;e;J tUf Nru;e;Njhu; rdj;njhifapy; Fiwthdtu;fshfTk; Vid kiwf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;iw nfhz;bUg;gtu;fshfTk; ,Ue;J milahsk; fhzg;gl;L mwpf;if Mtzg;gLj;jNtz;baJ
,uhtzd; Ml;rp epiwtile;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; muR nra;Jnfhz;bUe;j fhyk; fp.K.543,y; ,e;jpaht tpul;babf;fg;gl;l tp[ad; jd; Njhou;fs; 700 NgUld; gha jk;g td;dpia te;jile;jhd; vd;gJ tuyhW.
,jd;gpwF fp.K.2k; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp.12k; E}w;w njd; ,e;jpa jkpo; muru;fSk; gilnaLg;G mbf;fb , ,yq;ifapy; murjhdpfis mikj;Jk; rpw;wuru;fSf;F nrd;Ws;s tuyhWfs;NtW fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
jkpo; murjhdpfs; mDuhjGuk;> nghyd;dWit Mf Aj;jj;jpy; Njhw;Nwhbr;nrd;w rpq;fs kd;du;fs; jQ;rk; GFe gFjp efuq;fs; tpsq;fpd ,q;fpUe;J nghyd;eWit> m nrd;wiltjw;F mg;NghJ mtu;fSf;F jho; rkntspahd k ghij Clfkhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
48

Äœ r_f«
f . rghnuj;jpdk;
j;jpd; tfpghfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whFk;. mjpYk; s; njhd;ikahYk; gz;ghl;L tsq;fshYk; mjp rpwg;Gw;w pou;fSk;> jkpo; NgRk; ,dkhd K];ypk;fSk; ngUk; pd;wdu;. jkpou;fs; kj;jpapy; Fyq;fs; > Nfhj;jpuq;fs;> u; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspy; rpyu; ,yq;ifapd; ;w ,af;fu;> ehfu; vd;Nghupd; topj;Njhd;wy;fshfTk; ;L kd;du;fs; ,yq;ifia ifg;gw;wp Ml;rp nra;J te;j nra;ate;jtu;fshfTk; giltPuu;fshfTk; ,q;Nf te;J fTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,t;thwhd FytpUjpdu;fspy; rpyu; hjpYk; NtWk; rpyu; mtu;fsJ G+u;tPf Ra milahsk; apy; ,d;Wk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,t;thwhd r%fj;ij wthdtu;fshfTk; Vidatu;fshy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Nw ;bUg;gtu;fshfTk; ,Ue;J tUtjdhy; ,tu;fs; rupahf f Mtzg;gLj;jNtz;baJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
le;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; ,af;f tk;rj;jpy; te;j FNtdp k; fp.K.543,y; ,e;jpahtpd; tq;fhsNjrj;jpy; ,Ue;J jhou;fs; 700 NgUld; gha;f;fg;gy; %ykhf ,yq;ifapd; vd;gJ tuyhW.
;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp.12k; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; ; gilnaLg;G mbf;fb ,lk;ngw;W te;jNjhL mtu;fs; mikj;Jk; rpw;wuru;fSf;F KbR+l;btpl;L jhafk; jpUk;gp lf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
Guk;> nghyd;dWit Mfpa ,lq;fspy; epWtg;gl;lNghJ ;fs kd;du;fs; jQ;rk; GFe;j ,lkhf khfk Nghd;w njd; ;fpUe;J nghyd;eWit> mDuhjGuk; Mfpa ,lq;fis ;fSf;F jho; rkntspahd kl;lf;fsg;G khepyk; rpwe;jnjhU
.
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 62
,jdhy; Miuak;gjp> kd;du;fshy; 

Page 63
ï ï ï ï ï ï
ahœ¥ghz¤J it¤âaüš btËp£ I. bgh‹idah - tuyh‰W MŒî ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
V
ohiyapd; fpof;Fg;gFjpapNy rpj;jitj;jpah; Iak;g Gj;jpudhf gpwe;jth; nghd;idah mth;fs;. ,th; Voh irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyapy; fy;tpfw;W Rd;dhf Fkhurhkpg;GytuplKk; jkpopyf;fpak;> ,yf;fzq;fis I cUthfpdhh;. mJkl;Lkd;wp jdJ je;ijahhplk; rpj;j itj rpj;j itj;jpak;> Md;kpfk; ,uz;ilAk; mbg;gilahf it gpurq;fk;> fl;Liu Mf;fk;> ftp Gidjy;> Myaj;njhz;L> Kjypa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; Md;kpfr; nraw;ghl;by; < itj;jpaE}y;fisg;gjpg;gpj;jYf;F mr;R,ae;jpuk; Njitg;gl mr;Rae;jpurhiyia mikj;J fyhty;yp vDk; rQ;rpi ntspapl;lhh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mUshde;jrptk; vDk; jPl;rhe ,yq;ifapy; rpj;jitj;jpa E}y;fisg; gjpf;fNtz;Lnk FlhehL KOtJk;> td;dpg;gpuNjrj;jpYk; Njb VLfs;> i nfhz;L rpj;jitj;jpaj;Jiwapy; kpFe;j gw;Wk;> r%f rpj;jitj;jpa E}y;fshf ntspaplj;njhlq;fpdhh;. aho;g;ghz vd;W Muk;gpj;J gjpd;%d;W itj;jpaE}y;fis ntspapl;l 1927 ,y; ,Ughiyr;nrl;bahuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l itj;jpa gjhh;j;j#lhkzp> 1930 ,y; itj;jpaj;njspT (mDge nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy; 202 nra;As;fNs ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bU Nehf;Fld; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1932 ,y; itj;jparpe;jhk jd;te;jpupak;> 1936 ,y; mq;fhjpghjk;> 1938,y; itj;j vDk; E}yhdJ 1930Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1936Mk; Mz;L ghfq;fshf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjyhk; ghfk;- rpuNuhf nfh;g;gNuhf epjhdk;> %d;whk; ghfk; - rj;jpNuhfepjhdk Nyw;gdNuhf epjhdk;> Ie;jhk;ghfk; - NkfNuhfk;> gpsit Mwhk; ghfk;- cjuNuhf epjhdk;> Vohk; ghfk; - %yk fpue;jp> Fl;lNuhf epjhdq;fs; MFk;. ,th; 1948 ,y; ij va;jpdhh;. E}y;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; gy E}yhrphpah;fs; E}y; ntspaPl;Lld; epWj;jpapUe;j Ntisapy; I.nghd;ida kj;jpapYk; aho;g;ghzj;J itj;jpa E}y; ntspaPL vd;W M E}y;fis ntspapl;lhh;. ,J rpj;jkUj;Jt tuyhw;wpy; xU ik mLj;J jw;NghJ gy E}y;fs; ntsptuj;njhlq;fpapUg;gJk; epiwNtwpapUf;fpwJ.
50

it¤âaüš btËp£oš h - tuyh‰W MŒî
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
=.md;Gr;nry;tp f.=jud;
pNy rpj;jitj;jpah; Iak;gps;is mth;fspd; rpNu~;l ah mth;fs;. ,th; Vohiy VONfhtpybapy; cs;s py; fy;tpfw;W Rd;dhfk; KUNfR gz;bjhplKk;> f;fpak;> ,yf;fzq;fis Iak;jpupGwf; fw;W fy;tpkhdhf J je;ijahhplk; rpj;j itj;jpaj;ij fw;Wj;Njh;e;jhh;. ,th; ;ilAk; mbg;gilahf itj;Nj nraw;gl;L te;jhh;. rkak;> Gidjy;> Myaj;njhz;L> Guhzglyk;> $l;Lg;gpuhj;jid Md;kpfr; nraw;ghl;by;  ;F mr;R,ae;jpuk; Njitg;gl;lJ. 1930 ,y; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; fyhty;yp vDk; rQ;rpifia rpwe;j Mf;fq;fSld; shde;jrptk; vDk; jPl;rhehkk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. ,th; }y;fisg; gjpf;fNtz;Lnkd;w Mu;tj;jpy; aho;g;ghzf; Njrj;jpYk; Njb VLfs;> ifnaOj;Jg;gpujpfis ngw;Wf; py; kpFe;j gw;Wk;> r%fNehf;Fk; nfhz;L ,tw;iw plj;njhlq;fpdhh;. aho;g;ghzj;J itj;jpa E}y; ntspaPL tj;jpaE}y;fis ntspapl;lhh;. ,th; gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fshtd hy; ,aw;wg;gl;l itj;jpatpsf;fk; vDk; mkph;jrhfuk;> itj;jpaj;njspT (mDge;jj;Jld;) 500 nra;Al;fisf; ;fNs ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jjhy; mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk; 32 ,y; itj;jparpe;jhkzp> 1933 ,y; nrhh;f;fehjh; hjpghjk;> 1938,y; itj;jpag+uzk; - 205. guuhrNrfuk; ;L Kjy; 1936Mk; Mz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; VO . Kjyhk; ghfk;- rpuNuhfepjhdk;> ,uz;lhk; ghfk; - ; ghfk; - rj;jpNuhfepjhdk;> ehd;fhk; ghfk; - thjgpj;jrp hfk; - NkfNuhfk;> gpsitNuhfk;> gTj;jpuNuhf epjhdk;> dk;> Vohk; ghfk; - %yk;>mjprhuk;> fpufzp> fug;ghd;> Fk;. ,th; 1948 ,y; ij khjk; 30Me; jpfjp ,iwgjk; tjpy; gy E}yhrphpah;fs; rpukq;fis vjph;nfhz;L xU Ntisapy; I.nghd;idah mth;fs; gy ,ila+WfSf;F ;jpa E}y; ntspaPL vd;W Muk;gpj;J gjpd;%d;W itj;jpa kUj;Jt tuyhw;wpy; xU ikf;fy;yhFk;. ,thpd; Kaw;rpia sptuj;njhlq;fpapUg;gJk; mtUila vz;zk; jw;NghJ
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 64
fÉP® ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ ï ï ï ï ï ï
fÉijÆidí« Mtz¥gL¤jš
Rg¤âuÅ‹ fiy, thœ¡if muáaš tuyh‰ bra‰
f
tpQu; Rgj;jpud; mtu;fspd; tho;f;if Xl Rthu];akhdJkhFk;. mWgJfspd; Muk;gk; tu;f;fg;Ngh vOe;jfhyg; gFjpahFk;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 1960fspy; ei ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ftpQy; Rgj;jpud; gilj;j ftpij tpijfshf vy;yh ,lKk; Ntu;tpl;L vOr;rpA+l;bd. Rgj;jpu 1979k; Mz;L tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l tpuf;jpahy; eQ;rUe;jp jw;nf
,tu; tho;e;j fhyg;gFjp ,yq;ifapd; kpfKf;fpa m neUf;fbfisAk; fz;l xUfhy fl;lkhFk;. INuhg;gpa Vf gy tpLjiyf;Fuy;fs; fpsu;e;J ,yq;ifapYk; khw;wq;fis
,tuJ murpay; tho;tpd; Muk;gj;jpy; jkpouRf;fl;rpa mf;fl;rpf;fha; jPtpugpur;rhuj;jpYk;  jkpo; murpay; NgjNtWghl;iltpl;L ,ize rpwe;j xUNjrkhf fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk; vdg;gy fdT fz ,Wjpapy; jdJ fdTfs; fiye;J NghdJk; jdJ nrhe;j th tho;it KbTf;F nfhz;L te;Jtpl;lJ.,tuJ tho;T jPt tho;Nt MFk;. ,yq;ifapy; Nrhryp\g;Gul;rp tUk; vy;Nyh vd;gjpy; mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;ifitj;J mjw;fhf jd jd;dykpy;yhj kdpju;.
xLf;fg;gl;l> kf;fspd; tho;tpw;fhfTk; rhjpf; nfhLikf FunyOg;gpd. ciog;gtu;> xLf;fg;gLgtu;fspd; cupikf Fwpg;ghf ’eil’> ‘gho;gl;l rhjpntwp’> ’rpWiknfhy;y’> ’ tzf;fk;’> ’,uj;jf;fld;’ ,f;ftpijfs; xLf;fg;gl;l k giwrhw;Wtjhf cs;sJ. ,tuJ ftpijfs; ‘,uj;jf;fld mtupd; ez;gu;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.1997,y; ftpQu; ftpijfs;’ kw;Wk; Nguhrpupau; nksd FU mtu;fshy; nj
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

uÅ‹ š « fiy, thœ¡if muáaš tuyh‰¿idí«
bra‰gh£oidí«
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
eNue;jpud; epUrhe;j;
u;fspd; tho;f;if Xl;lk; kpf RWRWg;ghdJk; fspd; Muk;gk; tu;f;fg;Nghuhl;lk; cr;rk; mile;J Gul;rp g;ghzj;jpy; 1960fspy; eilngw;w jPz;lhikf;nfjpuhd ; Rgj;jpud; gilj;j ftpijfs; xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Gul;rp ;tpl;L vOr;rpA+l;bd. Rgj;jpud; 1935 ,y; kl;Lefupy; gpwe;J tpuf;jpahy; eQ;rUe;jp jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhu;.
,yq;ifapd; kpfKf;fpa murpay;> r%fkhw;wq;fisAk; fl;lkhFk;. INuhg;gpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F vjpuhf cyfpy; ,yq;ifapYk; khw;wq;fis cUthf;fpaJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; jkpouRf;fl;rpapd; ghy;  ’rpWiknfhy;y’> ’rq;fhid kz;Nz cdf;F ;ftpijfs; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; typapid cyFf;F J ftpijfs; ‘,uj;jf;fld;’ vDk; ngaupy; rpWnjhFg;ghf plg;gl;lJ.1997,y; ftpQu; rhUkjp njhFj;j ’Rgj;jpud; ksd FU mtu;fshy; njhFg;gl;l ftpijj; njhFg;G vd
51

Page 65
,tuJ ,tiug;gw;wpa cz;ikahFk;. nraw;ghl;bidAk; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï Ntfkhd ftpijfSk; fhy KO ,tuJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; Xl;lk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; ,tiug;gw;wpa tho;f;if gy cz;ik vd;gJ tuyhw;wpidAk;> ,d;Dk; rpyjfty;fs; kdpju;fspd; ,f;fhyj;jpy; KOikahf Mq
Kf
t ft
,Ue;J kiwj;J nrd;W tpLfpwJ. Rgj;jpuid ,d;iw mtNuhL gofpatu; epidtpy;jhd; mtu; tho;fpwhu;. ,tu; t ,Ue;j murpay; Ngr;rhsu;fs; Nghy; ,y;yhky; md;W jho efuRj;jpnra;Nthu;> rPty; njhopyhsu;fs;> ryitj;njhopyh gofp fye;Jiuahb mtu;fs; tho;f;ifia Gupe;J nfhz kdpju;. ,g;gbg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhfTk; mtu;fspd; tho;f;i fhzpf;ifahf;fpa Rgj;jpudpd; MSikfs; Mtzg;gL ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; midj;Jk; gpd;tUk; Kiwfspd; fPo
1. Rgj;jpudpd; murpay; fiy tho;it FLk;g cwtpdu;fs
ngwy; 2. Rgj;jpudpd; ftpijfisj; njhFj;jy; 3. Rgj;jpudpd; ftpijfSf;$lhf Ngrg;gl;l tplaq;fs; 4. xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSldhd Rgj;jpudpd; tho;T 5. Rgj;jpud; njhlu;G nfhz;l kf;fs; mtu;fspd; gpd;dz 6. Rgj;jpud; njhlu;G nfhz;l murpay; ,af;fq;fs;> murpa 7. Rgj;jpud; rk;ge;jkhf te;j gj;jpupifj; JZf;Ffs; 8 Rgj;jpuDila neUf;fkhd ez;gu;fs;
52

;gw;wpa rpyjfty;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf ntspaplg;gl;lNghJk; j;jy; ,d;Dk; KOikahf jahupf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gNj ;if tuyhw;wpidAk;> ftpijapidAk;> fiymurpay; ;jy; vd;gJ ,f;fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;.
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ cz;ik kdpju;fspd; tho;f;if epidTfis ek;kpy; fpwJ. Rgj;jpuid ,d;iwa jiyKiwapdu; mwpahu;. hd; mtu; tho;fpwhu;. ,tu; tho;e;jfhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ghy; ,y;yhky; md;W jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fshff; fUjg;gl;l yhsu;fs;> ryitj;njhopyhsu;fs; Nghd;w vy;NyhUlDk; ho;f;ifia Gupe;J nfhz;L mtu;fSf;fhf Fuy;nfhLj;j hfTk; mtu;fspd; tho;f;iff;fhfTk; jd;tho;f;ifia ; MSikfs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gly; kpf mtrpakhFk;. ; gpd;tUk; Kiwfspd; fPo; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
ho;it FLk;g cwtpdu;fsplk;> Neu;fhzy; %yk; gjpTfs;
jhFj;jy; hf Ngrg;gl;l tplaq;fs; gj;jpudpd; tho;T kf;fs; mtu;fspd; gpd;dzpfs;
urpay; ,af;fq;fs;> murpay; gpuKfu;fs; j;jpupifj; JZf;Ffs;
ez;gu;fs;
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 66
19M« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ ï ï ï ï ï ï
ïy§if fhuÂfË‹ ü‰wh©o‹ neh¡»a bra‰ghL«
mirÉa¡fK« ïaâa t«rhtË ca
,
Jtiu gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,e;jpa tk;r Nehf;fpa tUif my;yJ FbNaw;wk; tuyhw;Wj; jfty Nfhl;ghl;Lj;jsj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Muhag;gltpy;iy. m ,e;jpa tk;rhtspj; jkpou;fspd; ,yq;if Nehf;fpa tUif (pull & Push Theory) mbg;gilapy; Muhag;glTs;sJ.
fPioj;Njaj;ij Nehf;fpa Mq;fpNyaupd; tUifN ,yq;iff;F tuTk;> Xu; ,df;FO vd;w tifapy; ,q;F tho;thjhu gpur;rpidfs; Gjpa gupkhzq;fisg; ngwTk; f Nehf;fpa INuhg;gpau; tUif Kjy;> ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsu;f gutpr; nrd;wik tiu ,k;kf;fs; tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l gy;NtW ,Oit> ce;jw;fhuzpfspd; nraw;ghLfspdhy; epfo;e;j r%
fhydp Ml;rpahsu; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy Nghd;w eltbf;iffspy;  njh cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy; ,jdhy; FbNaw;w cw;gj;jp nra %yg;nghUl;fis tpepNahfpf;Fk; ehL vd;w epiyf;F ,e ,e;jpaj; jkpou; FbNaw;wk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; type;j vjpu nraw;ghl;bdhy; ,lk; ngw;wd. Fwpg;ghf mit>
tupia nraw;ifahf mjpfupj;jy; tWikia nraw;ifahf cUthf;Fjy; Mq;fpNyaupd; epytupf; nfhs;ifAk;> J}z;lw;fhuzpA
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

©o‹ ¡»a bra‰ghL«
mirÉa¡fK« ïaâa t«rhtË cajš, jÄHÇ‹
ïGit
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
uh.epj;jpahde;jd;
}w;whz;bd; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspj; jkpou;fspd; ,yq;if aw;wk; tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fshf Muhag;gl;Ls;sNjad;wp apy; Muhag;gltpy;iy. mf;Fiwg;ghl;il ePf;Fk;Kfkhf ; ,yq;if Nehf;fpa tUif ,Oit ce;jw; fhuzpfspd;
; Muhag;glTs;sJ.
Mq;fpNyaupd; tUifNa ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp jkpou;; O vd;w tifapy; ,q;F Njhw;wk; ngwTk; mtu;fspd; upkhzq;fisg; ngwTk; fhuzkhfpaJ. fPioj;Njaj;ij jy;> ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsu;fs; FbNaw;w ehLfis Nehf;fp s; tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l gy;NtW Njhw;wq;fSk;> khw;wq;fSk; aw;ghLfspdhy; epfo;e;j r%f epfo;TfshFk;;.
hspj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd tu;j;jfg; gapu;r;nra;if ;lik kdpj ciog;Gf;fhd Njitfis ,e;ehLfspy; kJ cw;gj;jpia Nkk;gLj;jTk;> jkJ epfu ,yhgj;ij w;w ehLfspd; RNjr cw;gj;jp nghUl;fspd; Vw;Wkjp jkJ ;fpd;wnjd mtu;fs; czu;e;jdu;. vdNt ,jw;nfjpuhd Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. mNj rkak; jhk; ifg;gw;wpa FbNaw;w s Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ mjw;F Njitahd njhopyhsu;fis r;ridfis vjpu;Nehf;fpdu;. vdNt mj;njhopyhsu;fspd; pa tptrhapfis njhopyhsu;fshf ehL flj;j Ntz;ba hf gy ce;jw; fhuzpfis type;J cUthf;fpdu;.
;sf Ra cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F Kw;whfj; jil tpjpj;jy;
Wikia cUthf;fp> njhopyhs tu;f;f re;ijnahd;iw ; FbNaw;w cw;gj;jp nra;j ehL vd;w epiyapypUe;J k; ehL vd;w epiyf;F ,e;jpah js;sg;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhf> pupj;jhdpaupd; type;j vjpu;Kfkhd ce;jw; fhuzpfspd;
wpg;ghf mit> pj;jy; Uthf;Fjy; s;ifAk;> J}z;lw;fhuzpAk;
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czTg;gQ;rKk;> ,e;jpa Muhag;glTs;sd ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï epy rhjpf; vd;gd tk;rhtsp $whf;fw; nfhLikfs;
Gtpapay; Nfhl;ghL
jkpoupd; Fbafy;Tk;
uPjpahd tho;tpay; ‘,l mikT’ vd;gd vd;gtw;Wld
,Oit fh
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,e;jpajkpoiu ,yq;if nraw;gl;ltu;fs; fq;fhzpfs;. mtu;fs; rpy XOq;F Kiw jkpou;fis ,q;F Fbaku;j;jpdu;;.
,jw;Nfw;g Nfhg;gp gapUf;fhd ru;tNjr uPjpahd Nfs;tp ePf;fg;gl;likAk;> gz uPjpahd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;; vd;gd nraw;gl;ld vd;gJk; ,q;F Muhag;glTs;sd.
mLj;J ,t;thW tUif je;j njhopyhsu; r%fj;jpd r%f mirtpaf;f khjpupfs; ,q;F Muhag;gLk;. ,jpy; 1. n ngUe;Njhl;lk; rhuhj r%f khjpupfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;L Mu
FbAupik gpur;rid ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp jkpou;fspd; khw;wq;fisf;nfhz;L te;jd. mitAk; 20gJfspYk; gpd khw;wq;fisf;nfhz;L te;jd vd;gJ ,q;F Muhag;glTs
ngUe;Njhl;l Nritahsu; juj;jpyhd ngUe;Njhl;lk; r jdpahd Ma;thf ,q;F nfhs;sg;gLk;.
vOgJfSf;F gpd;duhd mirtpaf;fj;jpy; cs;sf mi murpay; fhuzpfs; nUk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpte;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf vd;gJfspy; mjd; gpd;du;; r%f mirtpaf;fj;jpy vt;thW nry;thf;F nrYj;jpd vd;gJ ,q;F Muhag;glTs;s
,J Nghy ,Oitf; fhuzpfshf ,yq;iff;F mz;ik ehl;$yp> ,jkhd fhyepiy> fq;fhzpkhupd; ftu;r;rpfukhd Nrkpj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $batha;g;G> cwTKiwfis gpupa K fhuzpfisf; $wyhk;
,t;tbg;gilapy; ,t;tha;tpy; fUJNfhshf ,e;j ce;jy;;> ,Oit fhuzpfspd; nraw;ghl;bdhy; cUthdJ. , jskhFk;. ,q;F r%f mirtpaf;fj;ij ,uz;L fhuzpfs milahsk; fhzyhk;. xd;W ,e;jpa jkpou;fspy; ,yq r%f nghUshjhu gifg;Gyk; fhuzpfshf miktJld nghUshjhuKk;> kw;Wk;; r%f ngWkhdKk; ,q;F Muhag;g
54

k;
‘,l mikT’ vd;gtw;Wld;> ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j
;tpay; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
vd;gd ,Oit fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,q;F
; ,e;jpajkpoiu ,yq;iff;F mioj;Jtu V[d;Lfshf tu;fs; rpy XOq;F Kiwfspd; mbg;gilapy;; nraw;gl;L u;;.
ru;tNjr uPjpahd Nfs;tpAk;> njhopyhsh; mbik Kiw nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;; vd;gd vt;thW ,Oit fhuzpfshf hag;glTs;sd.
e;j njhopyhsu; r%fj;jpd; Fb ,Ug;Gk; mjd; cs;sf ;F Muhag;gLk;. ,jpy; 1. ngUe;Njhl;lk; rhu;e;j r%fk; 2. upfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;L Muhag;gLk;.
a tk;rhtsp jkpou;fspd; r%f mirtpaf;fj;jpy; ngUk; mitAk; 20gJfspYk; gpd;du; 70gJfspYk; vt;thwhd vd;gJ ,q;F Muhag;glTs;s fhuzpfshfTs;sd.
uj;jpyhd ngUe;Njhl;lk; rhu;e;j jkpou;fspd; r%f ,Ug;G g;gLk;.
irtpaf;fj;jpy; cs;sf mirthdJ ngUksT ,dj;Jt ;thf;F nrYj;jpte;Js;sJ. vOgj;J Ie;JfSf;F gpd;du; ;du;; r%f mirtpaf;fj;jpy; r%f me;j];j;;J vd;w fhuz;p d;gJ ,q;F Muhag;glTs;sd.
shf ,yq;iff;F mz;ikapy; jkp;o;ehL mike;Js;sik> ;fhzpkhupd; ftu;r;rpfukhd Ngr;R> gzj;ij rpwpjsNtDk; > cwTKiwfis gpupa Kbahky; cld;tUjy; vdg;gy
ha;tpy; fUJNfhshf ,e;jpa jkpou;fspd; tUifahdJ aw;ghl;bdhy; cUthdJ. ,JNt ,jd; gpujhd Nfhl;ghl;Lj; f;fj;ij ,uz;L fhuzpfspd; nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa jkpou;fspy; ,yq;if Nehf;fpa mirtpaf;fk; fhuzpfshf miktJld; kpf gpujhd ngUq;fhuzpahf gWkhdKk; ,q;F Muhag;gLk;.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 68
ï ï ï ï ï ï
jÄœ ngR« ntl®fË‹ tÊgh£L kui Mtz¥gL¤jš ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
k
l;lf;fsg;G r%f mikg;G kpfg; Guhjd tuyhw;Wg; gpd xU gFjpapdNu ,q;F thOk; jkpo; NgRk; Ntlu; ,dk;. , FbfSs; xUtuhd ,af;fupd; vr;rq;fshfTk;> mtu;fspd itj;jpUg;gtu;fshfTk; cs;sdu;.
,tu;fs; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; KWe;jhid> Nfhq;fid> n fStd;Nfzp> Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; tho;fpd;wdu;. jkf;Nf nfhz;l ,k; kf;fs; rpq;fs> jkpo; kf;fSld; ,ize;J rpq NgRk; NtluhfTk; ,d;W khwptpl;ldu;. rpq;fsk; NgRk; N ntspte;J tpl;ld. jkpo; NgRk; Ntlu;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T E guk;giu ,d;W fhlhz;L fplf;fpd;wd’ vd fh.jh.nry;tuh[N r%f mirtpaf;fk; fyhepjp.A.tp.jq;fuhrh mtu;fSk; ‘ke;jpu rkarlq;F’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFUTk; M
,tu;fs; xU FOthf $l;lkhf tho;tjdhYk; njhopy nfhs;tjdhYk;> ,Jtiu fhyKk; ,tu;fisg; gw;wpa Mt ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. vdNt ,tu;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy; kpf m
tpspk;G epiy kf;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;; gpujhdnewpa fl;lj;jpy; ,j;jifa Ma;Tfs; Mtzg;gLj;jy;fs; kpf m ,j;jifa Ma;tpd; %yk; kl;lf;fsg;G r%f mikg;gpy; tho Ntlu;fspd; topghl;L kuG gw;wpAk; gz;ghL gw;wpAk; Fwpg;g njspthf Muhag;gl;L Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

tl®fË‹ tÊgh£L kuig
š
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F.utpr;re;jpud;
pfg; Guhjd tuyhw;Wg; gpd;Gyj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; kpo; NgRk; Ntlu; ,dk;. ,tu;fs;  mtu;fspd; topghl;L Kiwfis ,d;Wk;
u;.
e;jhid> Nfhq;fid> nghz;Lfs; Nrid> thfNdup> py; tho;fpd;wdu;. jkf;NfAupa nkhop> gz;ghL> topghL o; kf;fSld; ,ize;J rpq;fsk; NgRk; NtluhfTk;> jkpo; pl;ldu;. rpq;fsk; NgRk; Ntlu;gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; epiwthf ; Ntlu;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T Ey;fs; kpff; FiwT. ‘ghuhz;l d;wd’ vd fh.jh.nry;tuh[Nfhghy; mtu;fSk; ‘Ntlu;fspd; p.jq;fuhrh mtu;fSk; ‘ke;jputhjpNa nja;tkhf mgpeaf;Fk; hrpupau; rp.nksdFUTk; Ma;Tfisr; nra;Js;sdu;.
khf tho;tjdhYk; njhopy; epkph;j;jk; ,lq;fis khw;wpf; k; ,tu;fisg; gw;wpa Mtzg;gLj;jy;fs; elhj;jg;glhky; is Mtzg;gLj;jy; kpf mtrpakhFk;.
pa Ma;Tfs;; gpujhdnewpahf Nkw;fpsk;gp cs;s ,f;fhy Mtzg;gLj;jy;fs; kpf mtrpak; vd czug;gLfpd;wJ. ;fsg;G r%f mikg;gpy; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; jkpo; NgRk; k; gz;ghL gw;wpAk; Fwpg;ghf Fku nja;tr; rlq;F gw;wpAk; Lj;jg;gLk;.
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ï ï ï ï ï ï
ïy§ifÆ‹ Kj‰ jÄœ bg© rŠái k§fs«khŸ kháyhk ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,
Ugjhk; Ew;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapypUe;J njd;dhr ,af;fq;fspy; gy ngz;fs;  Vida gj;jpupiff; fl;Liufs; mikAk;.
56

Kj‰ jÄœ bg© rŠáifahs®
kháyhkÂ
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
rpj;jpuNyfh nksdFU
w;gFjpapypUe;J njd;dhrpa ehLfspy; rKf [dehaf Lgl;L ciof;fj;njhlq;fpdu;. ngz;fs; rKf murpay; j;jpa itjPff; fUj;JfSf;F vjpuhff; Fuy;nfhLj;jdu;. ,e; epiyikia xU nghJg;Nghf;fhff; fhzyhk;. d; xU gFjpahfngz;fSf;fhf rQ;rpiffisMuk;gpj;jdu;. s;’ vDk; ngaUld; xU rQ;rpif ntsptuj; njhlq;fpaJ. piaahfr; nraw;gl;ltu; kq;fsk;khs; khrpyhkzp. jkpo; ahd kq;fsk;khs; gw;wpAk; KOikahd jfty;fSk; ;l Muha;r;rpfSk; ,Jtiu ntsptutpy;it. jkpo; kfs; ; ,yq;ifapy; ngw Kbatpy;iy. 1969Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; hu;. mtuJ ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd;du; 1970 – 71 vdj; jpfjpapl;L pd; ,Wjp ,johFk;.
; vd kh.kq;fsk;khs;. jp.GtNdRtupNjtp vDk; ngau;fs; p kq;fsk;khspd; ,isa Gjy;tpahthu;.
920fspYk; 30fspYk; ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpuNjrq;fsp;y; pytw;wpYk; jkpo; ehl;by; gpuRukhd ngz;fs; rQ;rpiffs; kq;fsk;khs; jkJ fhyj;jpy; ntspte;Jnfhz;bUe;j pAs;shu;.
pYk; mq;fpUe;J jkpo; kfs; ntspte;Js;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; pif vd;w tifapYk; mf;fhyj;jpy; r%f>murpay;jsq;fspy; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jJ vd;w tifapYk; ,r; rQ;rpif
hl;by; ,j;jifa nray; ghLfspy;  ;Liufs; mikAk;.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 70
ï ï ï ï ï ï
Mtz¥gL¤jY« âUnfhzkiyí« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Nfh
Nz\;tuh; Myag; ghuk;ghpaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpNa ,jpfhrq;fs; gpwg;ngLj;jd.
,tw;wpd; njhd;kq;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> Rtbfs; M ,jpfhrq;fspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;l milahsq;fs; mid thapyhfNt gjpT tif ngw;Wj; jpfoj; njhlq;fpd.
cjhuzk;:-
ifyhrGuhzk; NfhNzryGuhzk; NfhNz\h; fy;ntl;L
18k; E}w;whz;by; vOe;jjhf Mjhug;gLj;jg;gLk; jpUf fhjy;> Nfhzkiy me;jhjp vd;gd ,uz;lhk; fhyf; fl;lg
kWkyh;r;rp E}w;whz;L vdf; $wg;gLk; 19k; E}w;wh Mf;fpfs; cUthfj; njhlq;Ffpwhh;fs; ,jpy; fhyj;jpd; fUj vd;W Ngrg;gl;l ehty;> rpWfij ehlfk;> kuGtif rq;fPjk; n vd;w tbtq;fs; Jiw hPjpahf tpUj;jp ngw Gjpa mr;R tbtq fy;tp> tpUj;jpAk; mbG+z;l fhuzq;fshfpd;wd.
,yq;ifapd; %j;jehty;fs; gpwg;ngLj;j gpuNjrkh fhzg;gl;lij gy Ma;thsh;fspd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gf;fS epw;gij gjpTfSk;> tuyhWfSk; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
etPd kWkyh;r;rpf; ftpij kunghd;W kuGfis kPwp ci ngWtijAk; ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpuNjrtsh;Tld; rkr ntspaPLfs; %yk; Ch;[pjg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,it Nghd;w rpWfij etPd ehlf tsh;r;rp> vd;gdT tsh;e;J ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpuNjr tsh;r;rpAld; Nghl;b
ghuk;ghpakhd ,irtsh;r;rp. NfhNzrh; NfhtpYld; n ,J Nghd;Nw eld tsh;r;rpAk; fhzg;gLk; epiyapy; ,J
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Y« âUnfhzkiyí«
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
jpUkiy etk;
huk;ghpaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpNa jpUNfhzkiyapd; Guhz
;ntl;Lf;fs;> Rtbfs; Mq;fhq;F nrhy;yg;gl;l Guhz> l;l milahsq;fs; midj;Jk; gy;NtW Guhzq;fs;
; jpfoj; njhlq;fpd.
f Mjhug;gLj;jg;gLk; jpUf;fuirGuhzk;> rpj;jpNtyhAjh; ;gd ,uz;lhk; fhyf; fl;lg; gjpTfshf Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.
f; $wg;gLk; 19k; E}w;whz;by; etPd ,yf;fpaq;fis hh;fs; ,jpy; fhyj;jpd; fUj;Njhl;lk; fUjp etPd tbtq;fs; ehlfk;> kuGtif rq;fPjk; nky;ypir> eldk; fiy Xtpak; pUj;jp ngw Gjpa mr;R tbtq;fSk;> mijnahl;ba Mq;fpy zq;fshfpd;wd.
s; gpwg;ngLj;j gpuNjrkhf jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjrk; spd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gf;fSk; Ma;TfSk; vLj;Jf;fhl;b
k; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
unghd;W kuGfis kPwp cilj;Jf; nfhz;Ltsh;e;J> tphpT da gpuNjrtsh;Tld; rkr;rPh; ngw;W tsh;e;Jte;Js;sik ;jg;gLfpwJ.
Pd ehlf tsh;r;rp> vd;gdTk; fpisnfhz;l tsh;r;rpahf puNjr tsh;r;rpAld; Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhs;fpwJ.
p. NfhNzrh; NfhtpYld; njhlh;G gl;ljhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ; fhzg;gLk; epiyapy; ,J gw;wp NfhNzrh; fy;ntl;Lk;>
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gy;NtW Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. %yk; ,ir ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï nky;ypir tsh;j;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mikg;Gf;fs; jyGuhzq;fs;> vd;w ,J epWtdtifapy; xU epWtdkag;gl;l tbtk; Njthug;gjpTfs; 1960 tifapy; tsuKw;gl;lit. fisj; njhlh;e;J 1945k; nghpa M
N –
tifapy; nky;ypir> etPd ehlfk;> vd;gd gykhd epWtd vl;b epw;fpd;wd.
,];yhkpa r%f mikg;Gf;fisAk; tho;f;if Kiwf NeNuhba tsh;r;rpnahd;W ,ize;J tsh;e;j khtl;lkhf ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; 1971k; Mz;L NrFtuh nfhs;sj; njhlq;fp fle;j %d;W jrhg;jfhy Aj;j K]; $ba Nghhpyf;fpaq;fs; vOe;Js;sd. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mq;fPfhuj;ijNah ngwtpy;iynad;gJ FiwghL.
nghJthfNt jpUNfhzkiy khtl;l Mf;f ,y tbtq;fshapDk; rhp Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mtzg;gjpTf Ngrg;gLk; FiwghL.
58

jthug;gjpTfs; nghpa tsikg;gj;J Nghd;wtw;wpy; g;gl;l tifapy; 1945k; Mz;Lf;Fg;gpd; gy;NtW rigfs; .
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
; 1960 fisj; njhlh;e;J – tsh;r;rpg; gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gy fapy; tsuKw;gl;lit. NtW gpuNjrq;fSld; xg;gpLk; fk;> vd;gd gykhd epWtdj; jd;ik nfhz;ltsh;r;rpia
;fisAk; tho;f;if KiwfisAk; xl;ba jdpj;Jtkhd ze;J tsh;e;j khtl;lkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghh;tif 1971k; Mz;L NrFtuh Nghuhl;lk; fhuzkhf Kis ;W jrhg;jfhy Aj;j K];jPGf;fspYk; milahsg;gLj;jf; s;sd. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,it Njrpa gjpTfisNah ad;gJ FiwghL.
iy khtl;l Mf;f ,yf;fpaq;fshapDk; rhp> fiy> Lj;jg;gl;l Mtzg;gjpTfs; ngw Kbatpy;iynad;gJ
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 72
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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59

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kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 74
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jÄÊš gâthF« Rt®¡ fÉijfS« Mtz¥gL¤jY« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,
yf;fpaq;fs; kdpj czu;Tfspd; tbfhy;fs; vd MapDk; jkpo;f; ftpijr; R+oypd; ghLnghUs; Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj mjd; NghJikak; khWgl;Lr; nry;Yk; Nghf;iff; fhzK cs;sthW nrhy;Yjy; vd;gjpy; ,Ue;J> r%f rPu;jpUj;j ntspg;ghL> czu;T epiyg;ghL vd tifg;gLj;jf; $bajha ftpij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; NkNyhq;fp epw;git> jd;dpiy czu mlf;fKbahj Mirfs;> kfpo;r;rpg; G+upg;G> gugug;G> mwpthu mth Kjyhdtw;wpy; ntspg;gLj;jy;fNsahFk;.
,j;jifa czu;T epiyg;ghLfis kdpjd; vOj;jwpT ,yf;fpaq;fshfg; guttpl;lhd;. vOj;jwpitg; ngw;wNghJ m MapDk; vOj;jpyf;fpak; mjd; vOj;JU tbtk; fhuzk tbfhy;fshf mike;Jtpl Kbtjpy;iy. mjhtJ epidj;j Ng gjpTnra;Jtpl Kbahj NghJ iftrg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; mjhtJ NkirapNyh gjpT nra;tJ my;yJ tha;tpLr; nrhy;yptpLtJ gjpTnra;fpd;w ftpijfs; my;yJ fhw;wpy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w Mtzkhfhky; Mf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpNyNa twpjhfp NghAk; t
,t;thW mq;fpq;F vd Rtu;fs;> kjFfs;> ghlf;nfh kyry$lr; Rtu;fs;> tpLjpr; Rtu;fs;> E}yfNkirfs; vOjg;gLk; ftpijfs; nghJNehf;F trjp fUjp ,t;th tifgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa ftpijfis Mtz nfhs;StJk;> ,f;ftpijfspd; ntspg;gLjd;ik> ghLnghU Muha;tJk; ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
,j;jifa Rtu;f;ftpijfs; gw;wpa KOikahd M Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.M $lq;fspy; vOjg;gLk; ftpijfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; cs;sd vd gjpthfp cs;sjhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,t;thtzg;gLj;jy; ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F kw;Wk; t rpy ,lq;fspy; vNjl;irahf jpul;lg;gl;lit. fhjy;> kd
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

F« Rt®¡ fÉijfS« mt‰¿‹ Y«
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
rQ;rPt p rptFkhu;
u;Tfspd; tbfhy;fs; vdg; nghJthff; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ; ghLnghUs; Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;J Muha;e;jhy; fhynthOq;fpy; nry;Yk; Nghf;iff; fhzKbAk;. me;j xOq;F cs;sij ; ,Ue;J> r%f rPu;jpUj;j fUj;jpay;> nfhs;if murpay; vd tifg;gLj;jf; $bajha;r; nry;Yk;. vJ vt;thwhapDk; p epw;git> jd;dpiy czu;Tfshd Vf;fq;fs;> rQ;ryq;fs;> ;rpg; G+upg;G> gugug;G> mwpthu;e;j fUj;jpaiy ntspg;gLj;Jk;
;jy;fNsahFk;.
hLfis kdpjd; vOj;jwpT ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy; tha;nkhop vOj;jwpitg; ngw;wNghJ mit Vl;by; gjpTnra;ag;gl;ld. ; vOj;JU tbtk; fhuzkhf vg;nghOJk; czu;Tfspd; jpy;iy. mjhtJ epidj;j Nghnjy;yhk; Vl;Lf; ftpijfshfg; ftrg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; mjhtJ ctupNyh> kjfpNyh my;yJ J tha;tpLr; nrhy;yptpLtJ jhd; trjpahfpd;wJ. ,t;thW J fhw;wpy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w ftpijfs; vjpu;fhy re;jjpf;F ;jpNyNa twpjhfp NghAk; tpLfpd;wd.
tu;fs;> kjFfs;> ghlf;nfhg;gpfspd; gpd;Gwk;> tFg;giw> Rtu;fs;> E}yfNkirfs; vdg; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; ehf;F trjp fUjp ,t;tha;tpy; Rtu;f;ftpijfs; vd fa ftpijfis Mtzg;gLj;jy; Nehf;fpy; njhFj;Jf; ; ntspg;gLjd;ik> ghLnghUs;> r%f Nehf;F vd;gd gw;wp f;fq;fshFk;.
; gw;wpa KOikahd Ma;T jkpo;r; R+oypy;Kd;du; huq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.MapDk; Mq;fpynkhopapy; kyry s; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; cs;sd. rpq;fsj;jpy; gq;fu; ftpijfs; bfpd;wJ.
;ifapd; fpof;F kw;Wk; tlf;F khfhzq;fspy; Fwpj;j pul;lg;gl;lit. fhjy;> kd cior;ry;> ,aw;if ,urpg;G>
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jd;epiyg;ghL> my;yJ jd;ikapy; ghly;fspd; czu;tpidAk;> nfhz;ljhfTk; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
eifr;Rit my;yJ fpz;ly;> ntspg;gil Nfhgk; vdg;gy;jug;gl;l ghL nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L
rkfhyf; ftpijr; nry;newpfspd; jhf;fk; cwTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; gy tpje;J e nghJj;jsj;jpy; gjpT nra;a Kbahj msT fhzg;gl;ld. fpilf;fg;gl;l ftpijfsp vOJgtupd; kd tf;fpuj;ijAk; cselj;ijg;ghq;ifAk; fh ed;Fmwpag;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fspd; re;jq;fSf;F mikaT rpy nrhy;y te;j tplaj;ij ve;jnthU kiwg;Gkpd;wpg; mtw;Ws; mfg;gl;Ls;s fUj;jpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jf NkNyhq;fp epw;Fk; Mjpf;fj; jd;ikf;F vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhL
Rtu;f;ftpijfs; njhlu;e;J eilg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf ,jd; NjlYk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk; r%fj;jpd; kw;nwhU nts ekf;Ff; fhl;Lk;. r%fj;jpd; czu;Tfis Nghypj;jdj;jpw;F epd;W fhz;gjw;F Rtu;f;ftpijfs; rpwe;j ClfkhFk;.
62

;yJ fpz;ly;> ntspg;gilahff; fhl;lg;glKbahj vjpu;g;G ghL nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gl;ld. ntspg;gLj;jy; ; nry;newpfspd; jhf;fk; fhzg;gLtJld; ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ ;wJ. ,tw;wpy; gy tpje;J eaq;$w Kbahj msTf;F tpur ; gjpT nra;a Kbahj msTf;F J}riz thu;j;ijfisf; fpilf;fg;gl;l ftpijfspy; gy ,j;jifait. ,it ; cselj;ijg;ghq;ifAk; fhl;Ltd. rpy jpUf;Fws; Kjyhd ; re;jq;fSf;F mikaTk; vOjg;gl;bUe;jd. ,tw;Ws; ;jnthU kiwg;Gkpd;wpg; gr;irahff; $Wtd. MapDk; y; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jf; fUjj;jf;fit. rpy r%fj;jpy; ;ikf;F vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhLg;gitahf ,Ue;jd.
eilg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU Mf;fg;gjpT Kaw;rp. k; r%fj;jpd; kw;nwhU ntspg;gilj;jd;ikahd Kfj;ij u;Tfis Nghypj;jdj;jpw;Fk; mOj;jq;fSf;Fk; ntspapy; fs; rpwe;j ClfkhFk;.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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ï ï ï ï ï ï
bkhÊ ïy¡»a¥ g»®îfŸ Mtz¥gL¤j¥ Mtz¥gL¤j¤ jt¿a Mu«gfhy  Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
mikg;Gfs; vd;w tpjj;jpNy jpUNfhzkiy khjh; rq;f
NkYk; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba> NjlYf;Fhpa rQ;rpif cjad;> et[Ptd; Mfpait Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. rpWf GNyhyp nghpajk;gpg;gps;is> Mde;jd;> ghzd; MfpNah
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

¥ g»®îfŸ Mtz¥gL¤j¥gl nt©oa -
jt¿a Mu«gfhy  jpUNfhzkiyapypUe;J ’ Mfpad Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
pr;r kyhpd; fhjy;’ ftdpg;gpw;Fs;shfpd;wJ.
tpjj;jpNy kh. gPjhk;guk; mth;fsJ rpWth; ghly;fs;
tpjj;jpNy R. nghd;dk;gyg;gps;is vOjpa rjhrptyPyh
.
Ny jpUney;Ntyp tpj;jpahty;yp mk;khs;> kapypl;b
tdpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
tpjj;jpNy fz;b murd; xg;ghhp> G+rzpahs; fij Mfpa s;shfpd;wd.
p. j. rutzKj;Jg;gps;isapd; ‘jkpo;ghi\’ E}y; ftdpf;fg;
w;FopA+h; eluhrdpd; fl;Liufs; Kf;fpakhdit.
;jpNy t. rptRg;gpukzpak;> rhujh MfpNahhpd; Mf;fq;fs;
jpUNfhzkiy khjh; rq;fk; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
;ba> NjlYf;Fhpa rQ;rpiffshf jkpo; kfs;> vhpkiy> Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. rpWfij vOj;jhsh; vd;w tpjj;jpNy Mde;jd;> ghzd; MfpNahh; ftdj;jpw;Fhpath;fshth;.
63

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ï ï ï ï ï ï
 gpuge;j jPgk;> rJumf ,yf;fz E}y;fs; njhz;Z}w;whW tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. rjf ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Njhw;wk; tlnkho Mk; E}w;whz;by; khzpf;fthrfUld; jkpopy; mwpKfkhd Nkw;gl;l rjf ,yf;fpaq;fs; epiy ngw;wpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk; <  mUs;kpF ,uh[ ,uhN[];tuprjfk;> rjfk;> Mfpa rjfq;fNs ,d;W epiy ngw;Ws;sd. < tuyhw;W G+u;tkhd ,Ug;gpay;Gfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;w N mwpKfk; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLtNjhL  Ma;NtL> ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W E}y ngw;w jfty;fs; Mfpad ,t; Ma;tpd; Jiz %yq;fshf
64

‹¿a rjf ïy¡»a§fŸ - X® MŒî
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
[dfh rptRg;gpukzpak;
pNy rjf ,yf;fpaq;fSf;nfd;W jdpj;Jtkhd rpwg;G iy rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fSk; mj;jpahtrpakhf filg;gpbf;f a Kbahj gy tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfSk; cs;sd.MapDk; ,d;W gyu; mwpahj epiyapy; cs;sdu;. gpw;gl;l fhy Pupak;> gpuge;j jPgk;> rJumfuhjp> gpuge;j kugpay; Nghd;w ;whW tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspy; xd;whfr; rjfj;jpidf; ;fspd; Njhw;wk; tlnkhopahff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; fp.gp 9 fUld; jkpopy; mwpKfkhdJ. jkpo; ehl;by; Ke;E}Wf;Fk; y ngw;wpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;  NaRehju; jpUr;rjfk;> re;epjpr; ;W epiy ngw;Ws;sd. ; rjf fl;Liufs;> L> ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W E}y;fs;>,izaj;jsk; %ykhfg; a;tpd; Jiz %yq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 78
Ma;T gFg;gha;T KiwapidAk; tifapy; xg;gha;T ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï  fiy> fyhr;rhuj;jpd; toptopahf jdf;Nf cupj;jh rjfq;fspy; epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wjid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ
 tuyhw;iwAk; epiy ngwr; bg;gilapy; ,e;j Ma;tpd; fUJNfhs; jfTilaJ vd
uyhw;Wg; gjpTfis epiy epWj;j cjTtJld; mLj;J ; NjlYf;F gq;fspg;gJld; vjpu;fhyg; gz;ghl;L Ngzw; Rl;b epw;Fk;. ,e;j tifapy; Mf;ftpaw; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; zahf ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liu mikAk;. 

Page 79
ïy§ifÆ‹ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ ï ï ï ï ï ï
Clf¤JiwÆš gil¥ò¡fË‹ í¤j K¡»a¤Jt«
á§fs, Koî¡F¥ jÄœ ã‹d® bkh
,
yq;ifapy; %d;W jrhg;jq;fshf epytpa Aj;j R nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e; epiyikapy; jw;NghJ ,yq;i mikjpiaAk; njhlu;e;Jk; jf;f itj;jpUg;gJ kpfTk; mj ,yq;ifapy; thOk; ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd Gupe;Jzu;Tk rpwe;j njhlu;ghlYk; kpfTk; mj;jpahtrpakhfpd;wd.
,jpy; nkhopngau;g;gpdJ gq;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk gad;ghL mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;L tUk; epiyapy;> r%fj;j gilg;Gf;fs; Vida nkhopapid thrpf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; Ng ,jw;F nkhopngau;g;G Kf;fpakhd xd;W. ,e;j Ma;tpd; % mtw;wpd; cs;sPLfSk; Muhag;gl;L> jkpo; - rpq;fs nkho rpq;fs - jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G gilg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jk; fpukkhf
mj;NjhL ,yq;ifapy;> nkhop Gupe;Jzu;T ,d;ik tho;tpay; uPjpahfTk;> r%f> nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk; gy gpur ,g; gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;Jk; mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfs; Fwpj;Jk; cs;sJ. mNj Nghy kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; eilKiw rthy;fisAk; ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F nkhopngau;g;G gilg; cjtpahf mikAk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; gy tpjq;fspy; Muhag
‘,yq;ifapd; Aj;j KbTf;Fg; gpd;du; Clfj;Jiwapy gilg;Gf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;’ vDk; jiyg;gpyhd vdJ fUJNfhs;fis tYg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpyhd rpy Mjhuq Nrfupj;J rku;g;gpf;f cs;Nsd;.
Mf nkhj;jj;jpy;> fs Ma;tpid %ykhff; nfhz Ma;twpf;ifahdJ> ,uz;L tpjkhd juTfisg; gad;gLj
1. ntspf;fsj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l Kjy; epiyj; juTfs; 2. gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l ,uz;lhk; epiy
66

í¤j š K¡»a¤Jt«
á§fs, Koî¡F¥ jÄœ ã‹d®
bkhÊbga®¥ò
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
vk;. up\hd; n\uPg;
;jq;fshf epytpa Aj;j R+o;epiy jw;nghOJ KbTf;Ff; yikapy; jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; epyTk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; itj;jpUg;gJ kpfTk; mj;jpahtrpakhf cs;sJ. ,jw;F ;fpilapyhd Gupe;Jzu;Tk;> nkhopfisg; gw;wpa mwpjYk;> ;jpahtrpakhfpd;wd.
q;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhfpwJ. nkhopfspd; tUk; epiyapy;> r%fj;jpy; xU nkhopapy; vOjg;gLk; thrpf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; Ngha;r; NrUtJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. d xd;W. ,e;j Ma;tpd; %ykhf gilg;gpd; %yq;fSk; ;gl;L> jkpo; - rpq;fs nkhopngau;g;G gilg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jk;>
lg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jk; fpukkhf vOjg;gl cs;sJ.
hop Gupe;Jzu;T ,d;ikahy; ehshe;jk; kf;fs; jkJ Ushjhu uPjpahfTk; gy gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfs; Fwpj;Jk; ,e;j Ma;tpy; njspTgLj;jg;gl ; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fisAk;> epfo;fhy jw;F nkhopngau;g;G gilg;Gfs; vt;tpjj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F j;Jk; gy tpjq;fspy; Muhag;glTs;sJ.
;Fg; gpd;du; Clfj;Jiwapy; rpq;fs> jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G vDk; jiyg;gpyhd vdJ Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; vdJ Nehf;fpyhd rpy Mjhuq;fisAk; Neu;fhzy;fisAk;
;tpid %ykhff; nfhz;L tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j jkhd juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp vOjg;gLk;.
;gl;l Kjy; epiyj; juTfs; (Primary Data)
ngwg;gl;l ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfs; (Secondary Data)
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 80
,tw;Ws; Nfs;tpf; mike;j Kjy;epiyj; fUj;Jf;fis ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
Kjy; epiyj; juTfs;> rpyu; njupT nra;ag;gl nfhj;Jf;fs; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;L> mtu;fsplkpUe;J ngw juTfs; MFk;. mNjNtis rpyUld; elj;jg;gl;l
juTfs; rpy ngwg;gLk;. ,k; Kjy;epiyj; juT
toq;Fgtu;fs; gyUk; ,yq;ifapd; g rk;ge;jg;gl;l Kf;fpa];ju;fshf ,Ug;gu;. mt;thNw> ,e;j rQ;rpiffs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;Jk;> ,izaj;jpypUe;Jk; ngwg;gl;L mit Njitahd ,lq;fspy; gpuNahfk; nra;ag;g
,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;LiuahdJ> ngUk;ghYk; gz mbg;gilapy; mikatpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> mt;tg;Ngh cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; Mzpj;jukhf vLj;Jf; $Wt juTfspd; gpuNahfq;fs; ,lk;ngWk;. msit rhu;e;j j mtw;wpd; tpsf;fq;fs; Ma;tpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
vdJ Ma;thdJ ‘,yq;ifapd; Aj;j KbTf;Fg; gpd jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G gilg;Gf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;’ vd m fhyj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; Fwpj;Jk;> mtu;fshy; vOjg KbTf;Fg; gpd;du; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;L ntsptUk; gilg;Gf cl;gLj;jg;gLk;. mj;NjhL ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fsKk;> jk cs;s nkhopfs; vd;gjhy;> mit ,uz;bYk; vOjg;gl;lJ gilg;Gf;fNs ,q;F ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j Ma;Tf;fhf jkpo; nkhop ,yf;fpathjpfs; gyiuAk gyiuAk; NeubahfTk;> kpd;dQ;ry; %ykhfTk; mZfp nfhs;sg;gLk;. Ma;Tj;jiyg;G Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs mjhtJ ,yq;ifapd; nkhopngau;g;Gg; gilg;Gf;fs; khj ,e;jpahtpypUe;J vOjg;gl;l nkhopngau;g;Gg; gilg;Gfs; vOjg;gLk;. mj;NjhL ,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy;> ,yq;ifapy gw;wpAk;> nkhopngau;g;G gw;wpAk; G+uzkhd tpsf;fkspf;f K Aj;j fhyg;gFjpapy;> xOq;fhd nkhop njhlu;ghlypd;ika Muha;e;J> ,yq;ifapy; ,U nkhopfisg; NgRk; r%f mD$yq;fisAk;> gpujp$yq;fisAk; cjhuzq;fshf mZfg;gLk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

fs;> rpyu; njupT nra;ag;gl;L> mtu;fsplk; xNu khjpupahd ;gl;L> mtu;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L tis rpyUld; elj;jg;gl;l fye;Jiuahly;fspd; %yKk; ;gLk;. ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
gyUk; ,k; ,yq;ifapd; Kjy;epiyj; juTfisg; gytpjkhd ngw;Wf; gilg;Gf;fNshLk; nfhs;s jkJ
,Ug;gu;. mt;thNw> ,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; E}y;fs;> ;Jk;> ,izaj;jpypUe;Jk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfs; lq;fspy; gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gLk;.
hdJ> ngUk;ghYk; gz;G rhu;e;j xU tpgupg;G ;w NghjpYk;> mt;tg;NghJ nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fis pj;jukhf vLj;Jf; $Wtjw;fhfTk;> msit rhu;e;j ;ngWk;. msit rhu;e;j juTfs; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L> ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fapd; Aj;j KbTf;Fg; gpd;du; Clfj;Jiwapy; rpq;fs> spd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;’ vd miktjhy;> ,yq;ifapd; Aj;j wpj;Jk;> mtu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l gilg;Gfs; Fwpj;Jk;> Aj;j ;fg;gl;L ntsptUk; gilg;Gfs; Fwpj;Jk; kl;LNk Ma;Tf;F q;ifapy; rpq;fsKk;> jkpONk mjpfsT ghtidapy; t ,uz;bYk; vOjg;gl;lJk;> nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJkhd nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
p ,yf;fpathjpfs; gyiuAk;> rpq;fs nkhop ,yf;fpathjpfs; Q;ry; %ykhfTk; mZfp mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fs; ngw;Wf; Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gjdhy;> gau;g;Gg; gilg;Gf;fs; khj;jpuk; vd;gjhy;> may;ehlhd khopngau;g;Gg; gilg;Gfs; Fwpj;J kl;LNk ,f; fl;Liu f; fl;Liuapy;> ,yq;ifapy; ghtidapy; cs;s nkhopfs; G+uzkhd tpsf;fkspf;f Kay;Ntd;. ,yq;ifapy; epytpa nkhop njhlu;ghlypd;ikahy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gfs; Fwpj;Jk; nkhopfisg; NgRk; r%fq;fSf;fpilNa Vw;glf; $ba fisAk; cjhuzq;fshf Kd;itj;J> Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid
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ï ï ï ï ï ï
bghyeWit kht£l¤ jÄœ k¡fË‹ Éisah£L ghlšfS« Mtz¥gL¤ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,
yq;ifapy; cs;s ,Ugj;ije;J khtl;lq;fspy; nghy ,J 3293 rJu fpNyhkPw;wh; gug;ig cilaJ. ,q;F VO c 98 fpuhk Nrtfu; gpupTfSq; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F n MFk;. nkhj;jr; rdj;njhifapy; 90.3 tPjkhd kf;fs; rpq K];ypk;fs;;; 2.0 tPjkhd kf;fs; jkpou;fs;. ,k;khtl;lj kyhau; Nghd;Nwhu; 0.1 tPjkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. khtl;lj;jpy; rpq;fsnkhopNa ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; nkho tPjkhd kf;fs; NgRfpd;wdu;. ,q;F thOk; 70 tPjj;jpw;Fk ,tu;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; fhy;eilfisAk; tsu fhykhf epytpte;j ehl;lhupaw; $Wfshd ehl;lhu;ghly;fs;> tpLfijfs;> ehl;lhu; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> gz;ghLfs; vdg tsu;e;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ehl;lhu;ghly;fSs; xU ghly;fshFk;. ,tw;iw rpWtu;fs; tpisahLk; NghJ mwpT $bthOk; kNdhghd;ik> ,ir> kfpo;r;rp vd;W ,t nfhilfisr; nrhy;yKbahJ.
njhd;kk;
nghyeWit khtl;lj;jpy; ,t;tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fs ghlg;gl;Lk; tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;Lk; te;Js;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lh tpisahl;L> G+g;gwpj;jy; tpisahl;L> ML Gyp tpisahl;L> fps;spg; Guhz;b tpisahl;L> rpWtu; rpWkpau; Js;sp tpi vtlk; Gq;fk;Gspab tpisahl;L> eup tpisahl;L> ghl;ld; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L> ML kwpj;jy; tpisahl;L> khL tpisahl;L> tl;lf;fha; tpisahl;L> Mr;rp tpisahl;L> tl;lf tpisahl;L> cg;G tpisahl;L> Mlh Njhlh ky;ypaNu tpi tpisahl;Lf;fs; ,g;gFjpj; jkpo; rpWtu;fspilNa epiwe;J
gapy;epiy
XLjy;> jhtpg;gha;jy;> Fjpj;jy;> jhz;Ljy;> nrhw;gapw;r gapw;rpfis tsu;g;gitahfTk;> Ik;Gyd;fSf;Fk; xU mike;jpUf;Fk; ,t;tpisahl;Lf;fis ,d;W tpisahL
68

kht£l¤ jÄœ k¡fË‹ áWt® hlšfS« Mtz¥gL¤jY«
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v];.it. =ju;
;ije;J khtl;lq;fspy; nghyeWit khtl;lKk; xd;whFk;. ;ig cilaJ. ,q;F VO cjtp murhq;f mjpgu; gpupTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 359>197 ; 90.3 tPjkhd kf;fs; rpq;fstu;fs;; 7.6 tPjkhd kf;fs; s; jkpou;fs;. ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpaj;jkpou;> gwq;fpau;> hfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,e;j tifapy; nghyeWit gUk;ghd;ikapdupd; nkhopahFk;. jkpo; nkhopia 9.6 q;F thOk; 70 tPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhNdhu; tptrhapfshtu;. hu; fhy;eilfisAk; tsu;f;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fsplk; fhyk; Wfshd ehl;lhu;ghly;fs;> ehl;lhu; fijfs;> gonkhopfs;> f;fq;fs;> gz;ghLfs; vdg; gyjd;ikfs; md;W njhl;L ehl;lhu;ghly;fSs; xU tifNa rpWtu; tpisahl;Lg; s; tpisahLk; NghJ mwpT> Mw;wy;> rpe;jid> xOf;fk;> ir> kfpo;r;rp vd;W ,t; tpisahl;Lf;fs; toq;Fk;
,t;tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fs; rpwpNahuhy; fhyq;fhykhfg; ; te;Js;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf CQ;ry; tpisahl;L> nfhj;J hl;L> ML Gyp tpisahl;L> fpl;bg;Gs; tpisahl;L> fps;spf; rpWtu; rpWkpau; Js;sp tpisahLk; tpisahl;L> vtlk; > eup tpisahl;L> ghl;ld; Fj;J tpisahl;L> FR tpl;lhy; kwpj;jy; tpisahl;L> khLk; nfhk;gw tpisahl;L> Myh l;L> Mr;rp tpisahl;L> tl;lf;NfhL tpisahl;L> jz;zpf;Fl Mlh Njhlh ky;ypaNu tpisahl;L vd vz;zpiwe;j gy
; rpWtu;fspilNa epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
;jy;> jhz;Ljy;> nrhw;gapw;rp> ehg;gapw;rp> fzf;Fg; Nghd;w k;> Ik;Gyd;fSf;Fk; xUNru ,d;g%l;^tdthfTk; ;Lf;fis ,d;W tpisahLtJ kpff;Fiwe;J tUtJld;
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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gy cs;slf;fk;> tpisahl;Lf;fis tpisahl;Lf;fs; te;Jtpl;ld. njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
rpWtu;fSf;F jpwd; ,r;rpwhu;fs; mq;nfhd;Wk; fhu;l;^d; gw;wpAk; rpWtu;fSf;Fr; vkJ gioa tpisahl;Lf;fs; g njupahky; ,Ug;gJld; vkJ
nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gj ,q;nfhd;Wkhf tpisa jw;NghJ jkJ nghOJNghf ghu;j;jy; my;yJ glq;fisg; g fopf;fpd;whu;fs;.
NgZif
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l epiy njhlUkhftpUe;jhy; nghyeWit ghly;fs; vy;yhk; kwf;fg;gl;Nlh my;yJ mope;Njh N ehl;Lg;Gw Ma;thsu;fs; Kd;te;J fs Ma;tpd; %yk nrd;W mtw;iwr;rupahfj; njhFf;fNtz;Lk;. gpd;du; mt E}y;fshfNth my;yJ ,Wtl;Lf;fspy; xspg;glq;fshf ghlrhiyfs;> Mrpupau;fs;> rpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; ngupatu;fSf;F ,it gw;wpa gapw;rpfs;> tpsf;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhL ghJfhf;f KbAk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

oa tpisahl;Lf;fs; gytw;iwg;gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; upahky; ,Ug;gJld; vkJ Kjpatu;fSk; jkf;Fj; njupe;j f;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gjw;F Kd;tuhjjdhYk; ,e;j
; ;NghJ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,q;nfhd;Wkhf jkJ nghOJNghf;fhf tpisahlg;gl;L fpwpf;fl; kwf;fg;gLk; mbj;jiyak;> epiyf;F
;j;jy; my;yJ glq;fisg; ghu;j;jy; vd;W jkJ nghOijf;
khftpUe;jhy; nghyeWit khtl;lr; rpWtu; tpisahl;Lg; lh my;yJ mope;Njh Ngha;tpLk;. ,jidf;fhg;ghw;w e;J fs Ma;tpd; %yk; midj;J fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; f;fNtz;Lk;. gpd;du; mtw;iw gFg;gha;T nra;J rpWrpW l;Lf;fspy; xspg;glq;fshfNth gjpT nra;J ,g;gFjpg; ;fs; kw;Wk; ngupatu;fSf;Fk; ,tw;iw tpdpNahfpg;gJld; ;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhLj;J ,tw;iw mope;J Nghfhky;
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ï ï ï ï ï ï
jÄÊš üyilîfŸ : m¿jY« Mtz¥gL¤jY« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
c
yf nkhopfspy; cs;s njhd;ik tha;e;j nkhopfSs jkpopy; Gidfijfs;> fl;Liufs;> gaz E}y;fs;> nkho mfuhjpfs; vdg; gy ,yf;fpa tiffspYk; Mz;LNjhWk; ntspahfpd;wd. jkpo; nkhop rhh;e;j ,yf;fpa Ma;TfS kUj;Jtk;> Nrhjplk;> nghwpapay; Nghd;w gy;Jiwrhh; E}y;f gy;fpg; ngUfpAs;ss ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fis> ,yf;fpa Ma E}y;fis tif njhifg;gL;j;Jjy; vd;gJ Kf;fpa E}yilTfis cUthf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhd xd;w fzzpj; njhopy;El;g cjtpAld; vz;zpk (Digital) Kiwa ,;k;KiwNa thrfg; gad;ghl;bw;F vspikahf ,Uf;Fk;. N tpiuthfg; gzp Kbg;gjw;Fk; nghpJk; cjtpahf ,Uf;F jkpopy; vOe;j E}yilT Kaw;rpfisAk;> ,d;iwa #oypy Mtzg;gLj;jypd; mtrpaj;ijAk; ikag;gL;j;jp mikfpwJ
jkpopy; E}yilTfs;
jkpopy; E}yilTfis cUthf;Ftnjd;gJ kpfg;go vd;gijj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;Nj mwpayhk;. njhy (njhy;fhg;gpak;: 1593> 1597) Mfpa ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;ngw;Ws;s vl;Lj;njh fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; midj;Jk; njhifg;gLj;jg;ngw;w gl;ba ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;J ‘rPfd;ghy;F’ Kjy; E}w;nwhif (1709) vd;W ‘m. jhNkhjud;’ mth;fsh jhkR 1996: 159)
irkd; fhrpr; nrl;bahhpd; jkpo; nkhop E}w;gl;bay; (184 [hd; kh;lhf;fpd; jkpo; mr;R E}y; gl;bay; (1865)> [p.A.N gphpl;b\; fUT+yj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s jkpo; E}y;fs; gw;wpa njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j E}yilT tif E}y;fshFk E}yfj; jkpo;r;Rtbfs; ml;ltiz (1912)> jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;epiyar; Rtbfspd; tpsf;fk; (1962)> ruRtjp kfhy; j gl;bay; (1964)> jkpo;ehl;L Foe;ij E}w;nwhif (1965)> jkp 1972)> m. jhNkhjud; mth;fspd; jkpo; mfuhjpfs; gw;wpa mth;fs; njhFj;j nkhopngah;g;G E}w;nwhif (1983)> ,e;jpa N
70

lîfŸ : tz¥gL¤jY«
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,uh. jkpo;r;nry;td;
hd;ik tha;e;j nkhopfSs; Kf;fpakhd nkhopahf cs;s fs;> gaz E}y;fs;> nkhopngah;g;G E}y;fs;> Gyk;ngah;e;j iffspYk; Mz;LNjhWk; Vuhskhd ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fs; rhh;e;j ,yf;fpa Ma;TfSk; ngUfpAs;sd. mwptpay;> ; Nghd;w gy;Jiwrhh; E}y;fSk; jkpopy; ntsptUfpd;wd. Mf;fq;fis> ,yf;fpa Ma;Tfis> gad;ghl;L Jiwrhh; L;j;Jjy; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. ,jw;fhf ;baJ mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. NkYk; E}yilTfisf; d; vz;zpk (Digital) KiwapYk; Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. w;F vspikahf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; Ma;Tj; Njlypd; NghJ ; nghpJk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. me;j tifapy; ,;f;fl;Liu pfisAk;> ,d;iwa #oypy; E}yiltpd; NjitapidAk;>
k; ikag;gL;j;jp mikfpwJ.
Uthf;Ftnjd;gJ kpfg;goikahd xd;whfNt cs;sJ e;Nj mwpayhk;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; E}y;> njhif fpa ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. nrk;nkhop Lj;jg;ngw;Ws;s vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L> gjpnzd; ; njhifg;gLj;jg;ngw;w gl;baypy; mlq;FtdthFk;. jkpo;f; paj;Jtkspj;J ‘rPfd;ghy;F’ cUthf;fpag; gl;baNy jkpopd; ‘m. jhNkhjud;’ mth;fshy; Fwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. (md;dp
kpo; nkhop E}w;gl;bay; (1849)> Nf. fpuhypd; njhif (1853) }y; gl;bay; (1865)> [p.A.Nghg;> vy;.b. gh;ndl; njhFj;j> ;Ws;s jkpo; E}y;fs; gw;wpa ml;ltiz (1909) Nghd;wd yilT tif E}y;fshFk;. nrd;idf; fPo;j;jpirr; Rtb z (1912)> jkpo; ,yf;fpa mfuhjp (1952)> rhkpehj Iah; k; (1962)> ruRtjp kfhy; jkpo; mr;Rg; Gj;jf mfu thpirg; ;ij E}w;nwhif (1965)> jkpo; E}y; tptu ml;ltiz (1961- pd; jkpo; mfuhjpfs; gw;wpa E}w;nwhif (1978)> r. rptfhkp E}w;nwhif (1983)> ,e;jpa Njrpa E}y; tptug;gl;bay; (1981)>
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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rpyg;gjpfhu Nfhit E}yilTg; nghpJk; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï jkpo; (1982) Njf;fk; Ma;Tj; Ma;tlq;fy; gzpfspy; vdg; Vw;gl;lJ. jsj;jpy; gy;NtW Njf;fk;
(1973)> E}yilTfis rhd;whfj; tifkhjphp lhf;lh; K. jkpopypUe;J E}yilTg; t. cUthf;Ftjpy fiyf;fsQ;r
gpujpf
gpwnk jkpOf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;e;j nkhopngah;g;Gg; ghpkhw;wq;fs; r. rptfhkp mth;fs; 1983 Mk; Mz;L nkhopngah;g;G E ,jd; %yk; gpwnkhopfspypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s E vd;Wk;> jkpopypUe;J gpwnkhopfSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;s E}y;fs mwpa Kbfpd;wd. ,jw;Fg; gpwF cyf nkhopfspypUe;J (1990 tiu) Fwpj;j milT xd;wpid e.KUNfr ghz j.n[fjPrd;> r.KUNfrd; MfpNahh; KiwNa gpnuQ;R nkh E}y;fs;> n[h;kd; nkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s E}y;f njhFj;Jj; jpwdha;T E}yilT Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ld ntsptutpy;iy). rpwpa mstpy; ele;Njwpa E}yilT K nkhopngah;g;G E}yilT 1983 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF nkhopngah;j;Jiwapy; kl;Lkd;wp NtW ve;jj; JiwapYk; cUthftpy;iy.
E}yilTfis cUthf;Fjy; E}yf E}y;fs;
E}yfj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y;fis vz;zpk Kiwa xusT Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtJ MWjyhd tplakhf cs;s KOtJk; cs;Nshh; vspikahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; mbg;gilap
,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fs;
Mz;bw;F xU Kiw jkpopy; ntspte;Js;s ,yf;fp (Subject), cs;sPL (Content) mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jp E}y Ntz;Lk;. fzpdpj; njhopy;El;g cjtpAld; vz;zpk Ntz;Lk;. E}ypd; ngah;> Mrphpah; ngah;> gjpg;gf Kfthp> n Fwpg;G Mfpadtw;iwj; njhFj;J mfu thpirapy; E}yi vz;zpk Kiwapyhd E}yilTg;gjpT gad;ghl;L mbg;g kpfTk; cjtpahf mikAk;.
,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fis Mz;bw;F xU Kiw milT KOikahd ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fspd; E}yiltpid cU mbg;gilapy; ve;j Jiwapy; mjpfkhd ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fs ve;j Jiwapy; Fiwthf Mf;fq;fs; cUthfpd;wd v ,jd; %yk; r%fg; Nghf;fpid mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g E}y;fi ftdg;gLj;jg;ngwhj ,yf;fpa tifikfspy; Mf;fq;f Kaw;rpfis nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,t;tiff; fhuzpfshy; E Mtzg;gLj;jYk; mtrpakhfpwJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

lhf;lh; K. t. fiyf;fsQ;rpak; (1974)> ghujpahh; E}w;ngah; ifkhjphp E}yilTg; gpujpfSk; jkpopy; vOe;Js;sd.
;
ilTfis ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
cUthf;Ftjpy; 1980 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF ;whfj; jkpopypUe;J gpwnkhopf;Fk;> gpwnkhopfspypUe;J hopngah;g;Gg; ghpkhw;wq;fs; Fwpj;j tptuq;fisj; njhFj;J ; Mz;L nkhopngah;g;G E}yiltpid ntspapl;Ls;shh;. e;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4234 fSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;s E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if 730 vd;Wk; F cyf nkhopfspypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s E}y;fs; xd;wpid e.KUNfr ghz;bad; njhFj;J ntspapl;lhh;. ahh; KiwNa gpnuQ;R nkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s ;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s E}y;fs; (1983-2010) Mfpadtw;iw Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ldh; (,it ,d;Dk; E}y;fshf ; ele;Njwpa E}yilT Kaw;rpfs; jtph;j;J KOikahd Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF jkpopy; cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy. ;wp NtW ve;jj; JiwapYk; Fwpg;gpLk;gbahd E}yilTfs;
;
E}y;fis vz;zpk Kiwapy; Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpfs; MWjyhd tplakhf cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mjid cyfk; g; gad;gLj;Jk; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
py; ntspte;Js;s ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fisg; nghUz;ik g;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jp E}yilT nra;J E}yhf ntspapl l;g cjtpAld; vz;zpk KiwapYk; Mtzg;gLj;j h; ngah;> gjpg;gf Kfthp> ntspte;j Mz;L> gjpg;G gw;wpa ;J mfu thpirapy; E}yiltpid cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. lTg;gjpT gad;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; cyfk; KOikf;Fk;
;bw;F xU Kiw milT nra;tjd; %yk; Xh; Mz;bd; ;fspd; E}yiltpid cUthf;fyhk;. me;j E}yiltpd; jpfkhd ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fs; cUthfpd;wd vd;gijAk;> ;fq;fs; cUthfpd;wd vd;gijAk; fz;lwpa ,aYk;. mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g E}y;fis cUthf;f ,aYk;. NkYk; tifikfspy; Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd ,t;tiff; fhuzpfshy; E}yiltpid cUthf;FjYk; J.
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ï ï ï ï ï ï
ïy§ifÆš r£l§fis jÄœbkhÊ _y bkhÊ¡bfhŸifÆid ika¥gL¤âa M ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
mwpKfk; j
kpo; nkhop NgRk; r%fq;fisr; rhh;e;j gpugy rl Njhd;wpa ,yq;ifapy;> jkpo; nkhop%yk; rl;lq;fs; Ki ghupa FiwghlhfNt Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifanjhU # gy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd. ,yq;ifapd Vw;fg;gLk;tiu rpq;fsnkhopNa murfUknkhop me;j];jp Mz;bd; murpayikg;gpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rPh;jpUj;jq;fs murfUk nkhop vd;w me;j];jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ nkhop%yk; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; gy;NtWgl;l FiwghLf Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; cz;ikj;jd;ikapid m jkpo;nkhop %yk; rl;lq;fs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;; fhz me;epiyg;ghl;by; jhf;fk; nrYj;jf;$ba fhuzq;fisAk; M
Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid
rl;lq;fis jkpo; nkhop %yk; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,yq jhf;fj;jpidr; nrYj;jpAs;sjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ. 1956Mk; M jdpr; rpq;fs nkhopr;rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljd; %yk; rpq;fs ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,yq;if murpdhy; rl;lq;fis j jlq;fy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. njhlh;e;J nkhopf;nfhs;ifapy; nfhz;L jkpo;nkhop%yKk; rl;lq;fs; mr;rplg;gl;ld. vdpDk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; FiwghLfs; njhlh;e;jt jz;lidr; rl;lf;Nfhit> Fbapay; elgbKiwf;Nfhit> F rhd;Wf;fl;lisr; rl;lk; 2 Nghd;wdtw;wpid jkpo;nk fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifanjhU epiyg;ghl;bid N nkhopf;nfhs;if khj;jpuk; jhf;fk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. khwhf nrYj;jpAs;sd vd;w thjKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa t nkhop %yk; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; f milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. jkpo;nkhop %yk; rl;lq;fis M NgRk; rl;lty;Ydh;fs; Mh;tk; fhl;lhik> rl;lj;Jiwapy nry;thf;F> rl;lk; njhlh;ghd E}y;fis jkpopy; ntspapLfpd gue;J fhzg;glhik.
72

£l§fis jÄœbkhÊ _y« Mtz¥gL¤jš:
fÆid ika¥gL¤âa MŒî
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
etuj;jpdk; rptFkhh;
q;fisr; rhh;e;j gpugy rl;lty;Ydh;fSk;> ePjpgjpfSk; nkhop%yk; rl;lq;fs; Kiwahf Mtzg;gLj;jg;glhik fpd;wJ. ,j;jifanjhU #o;epiyapid cUthf;fpajpy; Yj;jpAs;sd. ,yq;ifapd; murfUknkhopahf jkpOk; murfUknkhop me;j];jpidg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. 1978 Mk; z;Ltug;gl;l rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; tpisthf jkpo; nkhopAk; ;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. vdpDk;> rl;lq;fis jkpo; y; gy;NtWgl;l FiwghLfs; njhlh;e;Jk; fhzg;gLtjhf cz;ikj;jd;ikapid mwpAk; tifapy; ,yq;ifapy; tzg;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;; fhzg;gLfpd;w epiyg;ghl;bidAk;> ;jf;$ba fhuzq;fisAk; MuhaNtz;ba NjitAs;sJ.
k; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,yq;ifapd; nkhopf; nfhs;if ghupa $wg;gLfpd;wJ. 1956Mk; Mz;L A+d; khjk; 15 Mk; jpfjp tw;wg;gl;ljd; %yk; rpq;fsk; mur fUk nkhopahf;fg;gl;lJ. f murpdhy; rl;lq;fis jkpo;nkhop%yk; ntspapLtjpy; khopf;nfhs;ifapy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf mr;rplg;gl;ld. vdpDk; rl;lq;fis jkpo;nkhop%yk; py; FiwghLfs; njhlh;e;jtz;zNk cs;sd. Fwpg;ghf pay; elgbKiwf;Nfhit> Fw;wtpay; elgb Kiwf;Nfhit> ghd;wdtw;wpid jkpo;nkhopapy; ngWtjpy; rpukq;fs; jhU epiyg;ghl;bid Njhw;Wtpj;jjpy; ,yq;ifapd; ;fk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. khwhf NtWk; fhuzpfSk; jhf;fk; zg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa thjj;jug;gpdh;> rl;lq;fis jkpo; py; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfshf gpd;tUtdtw;iw ;nkhop %yk; rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; jkpo; nkhop ; fhl;lhik> rl;lj;Jiwapy; Mq;fpy nkhop nrYj;Jfpd;w y;fis jkpopy; ntspapLfpd;w NghJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; tha;g;G
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 86
NkYk;> mKy;g;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wNghJ> fhzg;gLk; mt;thwhapd; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; njhlh;ghd ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
jw;NghJ Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk; Kk;nkhopf;nfhs jkpo;nkhop%yk; rl;lq xU rpy FiwghLfSk; epth;j;jp nra;ag;gly ,yq;ifapd; nkhopf;nfhs;ifahdJ rl ghjpg;gpidr; nrYj;jtpy;iyah> , gpur;rpidfSf;fhd mbg;gilfs; ahit? Ngh njhlh;ghd njsptw;w jd;ikAk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd. ,j;j gpur;rpidahf mike;Js;sJ.
Ma;T tpdh kw;Wk; Nehf;fk;
,t;tha;T ,yq;ifapy; jkpo;nkhop %yk; rl;lq;fi epiyg;ghl;bid nkhopf;nfhs;ifapid ikag;gLj;jp M rl;lq;fis jkpo; nkhopapy; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; FiwghLf ,t;tha;tpw;fhd tpdhthFk;. ,t;tha;tpDila Nehf rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jk; epiyg;ghl;bid milahsk; f rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; fhzg;gLk; rthy;fis mikfpd;wd.
Ma;tpd; fUJNfhs;
jkpo; nkhop%yk; rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; , ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gNj ,t;tha;tpd; fUJNf
juT Nrfupg;Gk; Ma;T KiwapaYk;
Kjyhk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfs; ,t;th tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;glTs;sd. Kjyhk; epiyj;juT Neh;fhzy; kw;Wk; tpdhf;nfhj;JKiw gpd;gw;wg;glTs;sJ 3 fy;tpkhd;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l khzth;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; Ne ,uz;lhk; epiyj;juTfSf;fhf rl;lE}y;fs;> Kd;ida Ma;t fl;LiufSk; gad;gLj;jg;glTs;sd. ,t;tha;tpd; gFg;gha Kiwapaiyg; gpd;gw;wpajhf mikAk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pf;fg;gLk; Kk;nkhopf;nfhs;ifahdJ rpwe;j Kiwapy; jkpo;nkhop%yk; rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; fSk; epth;j;jp nra;ag;glyhk; vdTk; thjplg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhopf;nfhs;ifahdJ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
r; rl;lq;fis jkpo;nkhop %yk; nrYj;jtpy;iyah> ,y;iyahapd; Mtzg;gLj;jy; mbg;gilfs; ahit? Nghd;w tpdhf;fSk;> mtw;Wld; ; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd. ,j;jifa tplaNk ,t; Ma;tpw;fhd
po;nkhop %yk; rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd fapid ikag;gLj;jp Ma;Tnra;fpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy;; zg;gLj;Jtjpy; FiwghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth vd;gNj ,t;tha;tpDila Nehf;fq;fshf;, jkpo; nkhop%yk; yg;ghl;bid milahsk; fhzy; kw;Wk; jkpo;nkhop%yk; ; fhzg;gLk; rthy;fis milahsk; fhzy; vd;gd
s Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,yq;ifapd; nkhopf; nfhs;if ;gNj ,t;tha;tpd; fUJNfhshf mikfpd;wJ.
paYk;
k; epiyj;juTfs; ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fpid milAk; d. Kjyhk; epiyj;juTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf ;JKiw gpd;gw;wg;glTs;sJ. rl;lj;juzpfs;> rl;lj;Jiwrhh; hzth;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; Neh;fhzypw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLth;. l;lE}y;fs;> Kd;ida Ma;twpf;iffs; kw;Wk; njhlh;Gila ;sd. ,t;tha;tpd; gFg;gha;thdJ KOikahf gz;Grhh; ikAk;.
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ï ï ï ï ï ï
ïy§ifÆš gidí« gidbjhl®g tH¡FfS« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,
yq;ifj; jPtpy; aho;g;ghzf; FlhehL> kiotPo;r;rp F vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; NghjpYk; ngUepyg;gFjpNahlhd epy khupfhyj;jpy; Kw;whfNt mj;njhlu;G mw;Wg;Ngha; xU jPthf mikg;igf; nfhz;lJ. kio ePiuAk;> mjidr; Nrkp Kw;whfNt tw;wpg;NghFk; rpW Fsq;fisAk; KOtJkhf typa Rz;zg;ghiwfis cilj;J kpf Moj; Njhz;b k clYiog;ghYk; epyj;jb ePiug; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba gpuhe;jpak;; Ntshz;ik nra;af;$ba epyg;gFjpia kpff; F mq;F cw;gj;jp gz;zg;gLk; ney;Yk; rpWjhdpa tiffSk xU gFjpiaNa epiwT nra;af;$badtha; mike;jd ghijfSk; ghyq;fSk; nrt;tNd mikf;fg;ngwhj epiy ney; Kjyhdtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJk; rpukkhdj #o;epiyapy; Flhehl;L kf;fspd; czTk; rPtNdhghaKk ek;gpadthfNt mike;jd.
,yq;ifapd; gpw gpuhe;jpaq;fis tpl FlhehL gid ,aw;ifahfNt tsu;e;J gad;jUtJk; jhuhskhff; fpilg kf;fshy; ed;F gad;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. gidapd; gok;> fpo gy;NtW tifapy; czTj;Njit epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. gi mtu;fspd; ciwtplj;ij mikj;Jf;nfhs;sg; ngUkstpy; c JuTfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; NtypahfTk; mit mike;jd. ms;sp ,iwg;gjw;fhd fUtpfis Mf;fTk; gidapd; ghf ghj;jpuq;fs;> gLf;iffs;> tptrha tpahghu cgfuzq vd;W ,d;dit ahTk; gid%yk; ngwg;gl;ld. aho;g;g gidapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; fs;Ns cjtpaJ.
gad;ghl;bYs;s ve;jg; nghUSk; mjw;Ff; Fwpa nfhz;ljhfNt tpsq;Fk; vd;gJ xU nkhopapay; epaj Fwpj;jdNt” (njhy;:640) vd;Dk;NghJ vy;yhg; nghUSk vd;w cz;ikAk; ngwg;gLk;. me;j tifapy; gid njhlu;gh nghUs;gz;lq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; Vuhskhd nrhw;fs; jkpo KOtJNk gz;ilf;fhyk; njhlf;fk; gidapd; gaid mw njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;gd Kjw;nfhz;L gy E}y;fspy; njhlu ,Ue;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij - mwpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;.
74

gidí« gidbjhl®ghd bkhÊ
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
f.,uFgud;
f; FlhehL> kiotPo;r;rp Fiwe;j xU gpuhe;jpak;;; FlhehL ngUepyg;gFjpNahlhd epyj;njhlu;G kpfr; RUq;fpajha;> hlu;G mw;Wg;Ngha; xU jPthf mike;Jtplf; $ba Gtpapay; ePiuAk;> mjidr; Nrkpj;J itj;Jf; fLq;Nfhilapy; sq;fisAk; KOtJkhf ek;gpapUf;f Kbahj epiyapy;> lj;J kpf Moj; Njhz;b kpFe;j nghUl;nryNthLk; fLk; ; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fl;lhar; #o;epiyf;F Ml;gl;l ;$ba epyg;gFjpia kpff; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa nfhz;lJ. y;Yk; rpWjhdpa tiffSk; Flhehl;L kf;fspd; Njitapy; ;af;$badtha; mike;jd. etPd fhyj;Jf;F Kd;ghf Nd mikf;fg;ngwhj epiyapy; gpw gpuhe;jpaq;fspypUe;J f; nfhs;tJk; rpukkhdjhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. ,j;jF ; czTk; rPtNdhghaKk; fzprkhd mstpy; gidia
;fis tpl FlhehL gidtsk; kpFe;jjha; mike;jJ. UtJk; jhuhskhff; fpilg;gJkhifahy;> gid Flhehl;L l;lJ. gidapd; gok;> fpoq;F> gjePu; vd;gdtw;wpypUe;J t epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. gidkuk;> Xiy> kl;il vd;gd j;Jf;nfhs;sg; ngUkstpy; cjtpd. FbapUg;Gf;fs;> Njhl;lk; hfTk; mit mike;jd. Mo;e;j fpzWfspypUe;J ePiu s Mf;fTk; gidapd; ghfq;fNs gad;gl;ld. rkayiwg; rha tpahghu cgfuzq;fs;> tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs; %yk; ngwg;gl;ld. aho;g;ghz Mltupd; fspkfpo;Tf;Fk;
cjtpaJ.
ghUSk; mjw;Ff; FwpaPlhf mike;j nrhw;fisf; ;gJ xU nkhopapay; epajp. “vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; k;NghJ vy;yhg; nghUSk; nrhy;yhw; Fwpf;fg;gLtdNt e;j tifapy; gid njhlu;ghfTk; gidapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ; Vuhskhd nrhw;fs; jkpopNy cs;sd. jkpo;r; rKjhak; f;fk; gidapd; gaid mwpe;jpUe;jJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> hz;L gy E}y;fspy; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfis - gidf;F ;J nfhs;fpNwhk;.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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aho;g;ghzk; tof;fpy; nrhw;fspw; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; gdk; ehs; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
itj;Jg; goj;jpypUe;J gid rpy gad;gLj;jj;jf;f toq;fptUfpd;wd. jkpo; njhlu;ghd gidapd; ngwg;gLk; ehl;by; gaid Vuhskhd tifapy;> fopia> tof;fw;Wg; cjhuzkhf kpFjpahfg; ghapNy gjg;gLj;jpg; nrhw;fisf; Nghd gutp> gdhl;L ngw;w
epiy
ngw
fz
n
Fwpj;J toq;fptUk; nrhy; mJ. mr;nrhy; gw;wp tpNrlkhd K Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; jkpo; ehl;by; mz;ikf;fhyj jw;fhyj; jkpofuhjp’ mr;nrhy;iy ‘,yq;if tof;F’ vd;W ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpd; njhd;ikia epWtT gidNahL njhlu;G gl;ldtha; ,yq;ifapNy toq;fptUk Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. rpy gdk;gz;lq;fs; ,yq;ifapNy NtW tpjkhfTk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijAk; czf; ,yq;ifapy; ‘gdq;fl;b’ vdg;gLtJ> jkpo; ehl;by; ‘gi vt;thwhapDk; ,yq;ifapNyNa gidNahL njhlu;G mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ mfuhjpfis xg;G Nehf;F Muha;fpd;wNghJk; njupa tUfpd;wJ.
aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; gidNahL njhlu;Ggl;ldtha; K tof;fpoe;J NghAs;sd; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fhuz Ik;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;j aho;g;ghzk; NtW , ,d;W aho;g;ghzk; gidia ek;gp ,y;iy. aho;g;ghzk Jiwfspy; fy;tp; mjd; %yk; gy;Njrpa Ntiytha;g;G ntspehl;L tho;f;if Kiw; etPd tpQ;Qhd njhopy; El;g cw;gj;jpfs;; Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fspd; tsu;r;rp; nts ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuk;; ntspapypUe;J ney; Kjyhd cz vd;W kpfTk; khwptpl;l epiyapy; kpf etPd tho;f;if K kpfTk; Fiwe;Jtpl;lJ. ,j;jF epiyapy; gidg; gad;g te;j nrhw;fSk; tof;fpoe;J Nghfpd;wd; Ngha;tpl;ld (c #o;epiyapy; mtw;iw Mtzg;gLj;JtJ mj;jpahtrpa mg;gzpia Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jtjhf ,e;j Ma;T mikAk;.
xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; aho;g;ghz r%fj;jpy; gidf;F ,Ue aho;g;ghzj;jpd; FwpaPlhf mike;J tpl;lJ. aho;g;ghzj;Nj ,yr;rpidfspYk; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; milahskhff; ifahs njhlu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy vOe;jd. (c+k; : jhytpyhrk;) ,yq;fpaq;fSk; gy vOe;Js;sd. (c+k; : ‘fq;Fkl;il’ ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rKjhak; KOtjpdJk; FwpaPlhfTk; gid : Kwpe;j gid) ,t;thwhd mk;rq;fisAk; njhFj;J Nehf
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

aid kpFjpahfg; ngw;w rKjhakhifahy; aho;g;ghz uhskhd nrhw;fisf; fz;L nfhs;syhk;. mj;jifa ; tof;fw;Wg; Nghd epiyapy; ,yq;ifapy;> Fwpg;ghf ;wd. fopia> ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
cjhuzkhf ghapNy gutp> gdhl;L nta;apypw; vd;w nrhy;iyf; fha itj;J> Fwpg;gplyhk;. ePz;l tifapy;> gjg;gLj;jpg; ngwg;gLk; xUtifg; gdk;gz;lk; mr;nrhy; gw;wp tpNrlkhd Kiwapy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyNa po; ehl;by; mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l ‘fpupahtpd; y ‘,yq;if tof;F’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. (,jd;%yk; pd; njhd;ikia epWtTk; tha;g;Gz;L) ,t;thwhf> ,yq;ifapNy toq;fptUk; gy nrhw;fs; me;j mfuhjpapNy ;gz;lq;fs; ,yq;ifapNy xUtpjkhfTk; jkpo; ehl;by; ;wd vd;gijAk; czf; $bajhfTs;sJ. cjhuzkhf ;gLtJ> jkpo; ehl;by; ‘gid nty;yk;’ vdg;gLfpd;wJ. Na gidNahL njhlu;Ggl;ldthd jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; mfuhjpfis xg;G Nehf;Fk;NghJk; gpuNjr tof;Ffis d;wJ.
hL njhlu;Ggl;ldtha; Kd;G toq;fpa nrhw;fs; gy ; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; E}W Mz;LfSf;F my;yJ e;j aho;g;ghzk; NtW ,d;iwa aho;g;ghzk; NtW. ek;gp ,y;iy. aho;g;ghzk; cyfkakhfp tpl;lJ. etPd ; gy;Njrpa Ntiytha;g;G; Gyg;ngau;T mjd; %ykhd Pd tpQ;Qhd njhopy; El;gk;; mjd; %yk; etPd tptrha dq;fspd; tsu;r;rp; ntspaplj;Jj; njhlu;Gfs;; Vw;Wkjp pUe;J ney; Kjyhd czTg; gz;lq;fs; nfhs;tdT py; kpf etPd tho;f;if Kiwapy; gidapd; gad;ghLk; epiyapy; gidg; gad;ghl;bd; fhuzkhfg; gad;gl;L ghfpd;wd; Ngha;tpl;ld (c+k; : cky;; gl;il). ,j;jF g;gLj;JtJ mj;jpahtrpakhd gzpahf mikfpd;wJ. hf ,e;j Ma;T mikAk;.
r%fj;jpy; gidf;F ,Ue;j Kjd;ik fhuzkhf gid e;J tpl;lJ. aho;g;ghzj;NjhL njhlu;Ggl;l epWtdq;fspd; pd; milahskhff; ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; gid e;jd. (c+k; : jhytpyhrk;) gidiaf; FwpaPlhff; nfhz;l d. (c+k; : ‘fq;Fkl;il’ rpWfij – nrq;if Mopahd;) tjpdJk; FwpaPlhfTk; gid gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. (c+k; ;rq;fisAk; njhFj;J Nehf;Ftjhf ,e;j Ma;T mikAk;.
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ï ï ï ï ï ï
jÄÊš m¢nr¿a Kjš üšfS« m f©Lão¤j jÅehaf« mofshÇ‹ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Kd;Diu “j
kpo;r; #oypy; Mtzg;gLj;jYk; Ngzpg;ghJfhj;jY ,d;W ehk; rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ 1950fspy; mUl;jpU jdpehafk mhpa Kaw;rpfisg; gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gJ Kf;fpakhFk;. cy mbfshhpd; gd;Kfj; jd;iknfhz;l jkpo;g; gzpfSs; jk fz;Lgpbj;Jj; je;j ngUk; gzp gw;wp ,f;fl;Liu Muha Kw;g
c.Nt.rhkpehj Iah; jkpofnkq;Fk; Rw;wpj; jphpe;J fz;n Rtbfis xg;GNehf;fpagpd; jpUj;jpa gjpg;Gf;fis ntsp mspj;jhh;. mtUila Kaw;rp ,y;iyNay; mhpa gy goe fpilj;jpUf;fkhl;lh. mNjNghd;wnjhU mhpa gzpiaj mbfshUk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bYk; mjd gzpahw;w te;j Nkdhl;L fpwp];jt mwpQh; rpyh; ,aw;wpa E E}y;fs; - kiwe;J fple;j #o;epiyapy; jdpehafk; mbfsh njhlh;e;J  2. jkpo; mfuhjp vd;gdNt mit. y;fs;. ,itNa INuhg;gpah; xUtuhy; jkpo;j;Jiwapy ,tw;Ws; mfuhjp ,Jtiu fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. Md fiy’ vd;Dk; E}iy jdpehafk; mbfshh; yp];gd; Njrpa fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. ifnaOj;Jg; gbapy; 160 gf;f mstpy; Nghh E}y; ,J. ,yj;jPd; nkhopapyf;fz mbg;gilapy; jkpio mt;tbg;gilapNyNa jkpo; ,yf;fz E}iy ahj;Js;s gh fhl;Lfpd;whh;.
76

¿a Kjš üšfS« mt‰iw¡ Åehaf« mofshÇ‹ bgUKa‰áí«
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
jkpo; Nerd;
Lj;jYk; Ngzpg;ghJfhj;jYk;” vDk; njhdpg; nghUspy; fspy; mUl;jpU jdpehafk; mbfshh; ,J tplaj;jpy; vLj;j ;jpUg;gJ Kf;fpakhFk;. cyfj; jkpo; mwpQh; jdpehafk; hz;l jkpo;g; gzpfSs; jkpopy; mr;Nrwpa Kjy; E}y;fis gw;wp ,f;fl;Liu Muha Kw;gLfpd;wJ.
kq;Fk; Rw;wpj; jphpe;J fz;nlLj;j gy jkpo; ,yf;fpa Vl;Lr; Uj;jpa gjpg;Gf;fis ntspapl;L jkpo; nkhopf;F Gj;Japh; y;iyNay; mhpa gy goe;jkpo; E}y;fs; ,d;W ekf;Ff; ;wnjhU mhpa gzpiaj;jhd; jkpo;j;J}J jdpehafk; dhwhk; E}w;whz;bYk; mjd; gpd;dUk; jkpofj;jp;y; rkag; ;jt mwpQh; rpyh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; – jkpopy; mr;Nrwpa Kjy; iyapy; jdpehafk; mbfshh; mtw;iwj; NjLk; Kaw;rpapy; nkhpf;f ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;wNghnjy;yhk; me;ehLfspy; cs;s }y;fis NjLtij tof;fkhff; nfhz;lhh;. mk;Kaw;rpapy; e;j gy E}y;fisj; jkpo; cyfpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
wpQh;’ vd;W Nghw;wg;glj;jf;f vd;wpf; vd;wpf;f]; mbfshh; pajhf 1550Mk; Mz;L Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. 1. jkpo; nkhop fuhjp vd;gdNt mit. ,itapuz;Lk; mr;Nrwhj E} xUtuhy; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; vOjg;ngw;w Kjy; E}y;fs;. fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. Mdhy; ‘jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fzf; fk; mbfshh; yp];gd; Njrpa E}yfj;jpy; 1954Mk; Mz;L apy; 160 gf;f mstpy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l ;fz mbg;gilapy; jkpio Muha;e;j vd;wpf;f]; mbfshh; f;fz E}iy ahj;Js;s ghq;fpidj; jdpehafk; mbfshh;
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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fhh;j;jpy;yh E}y;. efhpy; jkpo; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
,J 38 vOj;Jf;fisf;nfhz;L mr;rplg;gl;lJ. xU gf;fq;fisf; (Cartilha)
fpwp];jtd; Kjd; nfhz;l jd; Kjypy; kPl;Gf;fhf mr;rplg;ngwhky; ,e;E}y; jkpo; mwpaNtz;ba 1554Mk; nkhopapy; jkpo;r; Mz;L mr;N nrh mi
ngah;j;njOjg;ngw;wjhf> nrhy;Yf;F nrhy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa n jdpehafk; mbfshh; A+d; khjk; 1954Mk; Mz;by; yp] ghh;itapl;L ,jd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jiuj;jhh;.
jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk;
fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];jth;fs; jq;fs; topghl;bd;NghJ fj;Njhypf;f rkag; Nghjidfspd; RUf;fKk; ,e;E}ypy; ml mbfshUk; Gdpj ,uhag;ghpd; kDNty; mbfshUk; ,i y; 1578Mk; Mz;L Nfusj;jpy; cs;s nfhy;yk; vd;Dk; mr;Nrwpa Kjy; jkpo; E}yhf ekf;Ff; fpilg;gJ ,Jjhd;. ,g;NghJ fpilf;fg;ngWfpwJ. ,g;gpujp mnkhpf;f If;fpa e E}yfj;jpy; cs;sJ. mjd; xspg;glg; gpujpfis mbfshh; n gz;ghL (Tamil Culture) vd;w Mq;fpy ,jopy; vOjpaNghJj jkpOyfk; mwpe;;Jnfhz;lJ.
fphpj;jpahdp tzf;fk;
,J tpdhtpil Kiwapy; mike;j fpwp];jt kjg; N 120 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}y; 1579Mk; Mz;L nfhr xU gpujp gpuhd;]; ehl;by; cs;s nrhh;Nghd; gy;fiyf;fofj;j mq;fpUe;J kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. mg;gpujp nrhh;Nghdpy; ,Ue;jN jdpehafk; mbfshh;f;Fj; J}j;Jf;Fb Mah; NkjF Nuh[; M ,e;jg; gpujpapid mbfshh; mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;L `h fldhff;nfhLf;f mth;fSk; mjd;gpd; NtW gyUk; m E}yfj;jpy; ,d;W gj;jpukhfg; ghJfhj;J itj;jpUf;fpd;w ,Ue;j ,e;E}y; ghJfhf;fg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk;; jdpehafk; m
mbahh; tuyhW (Flos Sanctorum)
,J fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpd; Gdpjh;fSila tuyhW gw;w Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpjk;gudhh; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Gd ,jdhy; jkpo; kz;zpy; mr;rplg;gl;l Kjy; jkpo; E}y; vd ,J 669 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l nghpa E}yhFk;. tuyhw;W ahUila fz;Zf;Fk; mfg;glhky; ,Ue;j #o;epiyapy;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Pl;Gf;fhf mwpaNtz;ba midj;ijAk; RUf;fkhff; $Wk; ,e;E}y; 1554Mk; Mz;L Nghh;j;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; yp];gd; ypy; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ r;rplg;ngwhky; jkpo; nkhopapy; jkpo;r; mr;Nrwpa nrhw;fs; E}y; INuhg;gpa ,JthFk;. vOj;Jf;fspy; ,e;E}y;
f;F nrhy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopngah;g;Gld; ntspahfpaJ. jk; 1954Mk; Mz;by; yp];gDf;Fr; nrd;W ,e;E}iyg;
;Jiuj;jhh;.
s; jq;fs; topghl;bd;NghJ gad;gLj;Jk; ke;jpuq;fSk;> pd; RUf;fKk; ,e;E}ypy; mlq;fpAs;sd. vd;wpf; vd;wpf;f]; kDNty; mbfshUk; ,ize;J nkhopngah;j;j ,e;E} ; cs;s nfhy;yk; vd;Dk; Chpy; mr;rhfpaJ. ,e;jpahtpy; kf;Ff; fpilg;gJ ,Jjhd;. ,jd; gpujp xd;Nw xd;Wjhd; g;gpujp mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;L `hh;th;l; gy;fiyf;fof ;glg; gpujpfis mbfshh; ngw;W mJgw;wp Muha;e;J jkpo;;g; q;fpy ,jopy; vOjpaNghJjhd; ,e;E}y; gw;wpa nra;jpfis
; mike;j fpwp];jt kjg; Nghjidfs; mlq;fpa E}yhFk;. }y; 1579Mk; Mz;L nfhr;rpapy; mr;rplg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}ypd; nrhh;Nghd; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. gpd; mJ vg;gbNah ;gpujp nrhh;Nghdpy; ,Ue;jNghJ vLf;fg;gl;l xspg;glg; gpujp f;Fb Mah; NkjF Nuh[; Mz;lifaplkpUe;J fpilj;jJ. nkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;L `hh;th;l; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;Ff; jd;gpd; NtW gyUk; mij xspg;glk; vLj;J jq;fs; ghJfhj;J itj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. kiwe;JNghFk; Mgj;jpy; w;Ff; fhuzk;; jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; Kaw;rpahFk;.
m) Gdpjh;fSila tuyhW gw;wpa E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; 1586Mk; udhh; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Gd;idf;fhaypy; mr;Nrw;wg;gl;lJ. g;gl;l Kjy; jkpo; E}y; vd;w ngUik ,e;E}Yf;F chpaJ. nghpa E}yhFk;. tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,e;E}y; hky; ,Ue;j #o;epiyapy; jdpehafk; mbfshh; 1954Mk;
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Mz;L cyfpw;F vd;Wk; kfpo;;r;rpiaAk; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
A+d; khjj;jpy; tj;jpf;fhd; E}yfj;jpy; ,e;E}y; , mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. mwpQh; gyh; gy Mz;Lfshf ,e;E}iyf; fz;Lgpbj;j KiwapidAk;> mjdhy
‘xd;Nw cyfk;’ vd;w jd; E}ypy; mbfshh; t
KbTiu
kiwe;Jfple;j ,g;goe;jkpo; E}y;fis jdpehafk; mbf ,e;j Kaw;rpapy;  Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; mr;N jkpo; ehl;by; mr;Nrwpa jkpo; E}y; Nghd;w tuyhw;W Kf;fpa gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bd; jkpo; eil> mr;Rf;fiy> Nkd Kaw;rpfs; Nghd;wit gw;wpa gy cz;ikfisAk; jkpOy NgUjtpahf mike;jJ.
78

hd; E}yfj;jpy; ,e;E}y; ,Ug;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;J jkpo; wpQh; gyh; gy Mz;Lfshfj; Njbf;nfhz;bUe;j E}y; ,J KiwapidAk;> mjdhy; jhk; mile;j mstw;w ngUk; vd;w ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
jd; E}ypy; mbfshh; tpghpf;fpd;whh;.
; E}y;fis jdpehafk; mbfshh; Njbf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. mth; ad;why; ,t;thpa E}y;fis jkpOyfk; ,oe;jpUf;ff;;$Lk;. uhy; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; vOjg;ngw;w E}y;> Kjd; Kjypy; jkpo; ; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; mr;Nrwpa jkpo; E}y;> Kjd; Kjypy; y; Nghd;w tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,e;E}y;fSf;F cz;L. ; eil> mr;Rf;fiy> Nkdhl;L jkpo; mwpQh;fspd; mhpa cz;ikfisAk; jkpOyfk; czu mbfshhpd; Kaw;rp
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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ï ï ï ï ï ï
 Mq;fhq;F ntspte;jd. ,t tuyhW njhlu;ghdjhf mikfpd;wJ.
02) Ma;T Nehf;fk;
,yf;fzg;Gyik rhu;e;j mwpQu;fs; gyu;  ,yf;fz tpd 02. Rd;dhfk; Fkhurhkpg;Gytu; - ,yf;fz rQ;rpif 18 tpidg;gFgj tpsf;fk; vd;w E}iy 1913 ,y; vOjp nt 03. K. rpjk;gug;gps;is jkpo; tpahfuzk; vd;w E}iy
mikg;gpy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiwiaf; Fwpg;gpL 04. Nru;. nghd;. ,uhkehjd; - nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; 05. f. Kj;Jj;jk;gpg;gps;is - ed;D}y; ,yFNghjk;> ed
Nghj ,yf;fzk; 06. rz;Kfehijau;. - 1933 ghl;bay; tpdhtpilia vOj 07. f. tPufj;jp - nkhopj;Nju;r;rpAk; ,yf;fzKk; 1957> ,y 08. f. nrhf;fypq;fk; - ,yf;fzj;njspT 1981 Kjw;gjpg;G 19
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ïy¡fz tuyhW
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
nry;tuQ;rpjk; rptRg;ukzpak;
g;gJ Nghy ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fk; tuyhW ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jkpo; o ,stuR ,uh. ,sq;Fkud; NtYg;gps;is Nghd;wtu;fs; j; jkpo; ,yf;fz tuyhW njhlu;ghf E}y;fs; vJTk; q;fhq;F ntspte;jd. ,t;tha;T  ,yf;fz tpdh tpil u; - ,yf;fz rQ;rpif 1879 vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhu;. ;w E}iy 1913 ,y; vOjp ntspapl;lhu;. tpahfuzk; vd;w E}iy 1886 ,y; vOjpAs;shu;. trd a eilKiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
re;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; d;D}y; ,yFNghjk;> ed;D}y; cjhuz tpsf;fk;> Gjpa
l;bay; tpdhtpilia vOjpdhu;.
k; ,yf;fzKk; 1957> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; 1968 j;njspT 1981 Kjw;gjpg;G 1989> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G
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09. 10. 11. 12. 13. ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï rr;rpjhde;jk; vd;w gz;bju; f. m. vk;. NtYg;gps;is rz;Kfjh]; V. E}iy E/khd; ehfypq;fk; Mq;fpy - kQ;Rfhrpdpak; ,aq;Fjkpopay; nkhopapYk; vOjpAs;shu;. - Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fs;
- jkpo; ,yf;fz tuyhW - jkpo; ,yf;fz ,ay;Gfs; - mbg;gilj; jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
(200 (2002
14. ngh. nrq;fjpu;r;nry;td; - jkpo; ,yf;fzj;jpw;F ,yq;i
(KJkhzpg;gl;l Ma;NtL) 15. rp. nry;tuQ;rpjk; - Ie;jpyf;fz kuG
05) Ma;tpd; mikg;G gpd;tUkhW mikAk;. 1. ,yf;fz E}y;fs; vOe;jjw;fhd gpd;dzp vLj;Jf; fhl 2. 

Page 94
ï ï ï ï ï ï
»H¡»y§if »¿Þjt ïjœfŸ - b bt£lh¥ò v‹gd F¿¤j áw¥ò MŒ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
mwpKfk;: ,
yq;ifapy; jkpopy; ,jopaypd; Njhw;wk; ngU kjg; gug;GjYf;fhd gpujhd Clfkhf fp.gp 19k; Ehw;wh gj;jpupiffisg; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdu;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ghJfhyd; gj;jpupifia ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; $w K K];ypk;fSk; jj;jk; kjg; gug;GjYf;fhfg; gj;jpupiffis ,e;Jrhjdk;> K];ypk; Nerd; vd;Dk; gj;jpupiffs; mj;ji
,yq;ifapy; ntsptUk; ,jo;fs; Fwpj;j KOikah Ntz;ba Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fhy fl;lj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ntsptUk; fj;Njhypf;f ,jo;fs; Fwpj;j t Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Nehf;fk;:
fpwp];jt ,jo;fs; Fwpj;j KOikahd Ma;Tfs; Kd Fwpj;j tpguq;fis ntspf;nfhzu;e;J ,tw;iw Mtzg fl;Liuapd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;.
fpwp];jtk;; vd;Dk;NghJ Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;> fj;Njh rigapdu; Kjyhd gy gpuptpdiuAk; mg; gjk; Fwpf;Fk ,jopay; gq;fspg;G fzprkhdJ. vdpDk; Ma;T Nehf;fKk; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; khjhe;j ntspaPLfshf ntsptU ,U ,jo;fNs ,q;F Nehf;fg;;gl;Ls;sd.
tplak;:
,yq;iff; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapy; jpUNfhzkiy xd;whf 1965 njhlf;fk; 2012 tiu ,aq;fp te;jJ. jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; epu;thfj;jpd; fPNoNa k [_iy 03k; jpfjpapd; gpd;du; jpUNfhzkiy kiwkht kiwkhtl;lk; jdpahfTk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.) ,f; Fwpj;j fhy gpujhd Kftupahff; nfhz;L ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ‘n ‘ntl;lhg;G’ vd;Dk; gj;jpupifANk ,q;F ftdj;jpw;F
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

»¿Þjt ïjœfŸ - bjh©l‹, gd F¿¤j áw¥ò MŒî
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Whgp tyd;uPdh gpuhd;rp];
jopaypd; Njhw;wk; ngUk;ghYk; kjk; rhu;e;jpUe;jJ. lfkhf fp.gp 19k; Ehw;whz;by; fpwp];jt kp\dupkhu; hlq;fpdu;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 1876 ,y; ntspte;j rj;jpaNtj ;F cjhuzkhff; $w KbAk;. njhlu;e;J ,e;Jf;fSk; g;GjYf;fhfg; gj;jpupiffisg; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdu;. d;Dk; gj;jpupiffs; mj;jifad.
jo;fs; Fwpj;j KOikahd Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl ha;e;j fhy fl;lj;jpy; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; Fwpg;ghf jhypf;f ,jo;fs; Fwpj;j tpguq;fis ntspf;nfhzUtJ
Oikahd Ma;Tfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;glhj #oypy; mit zu;e;J ,tw;iw Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F Cf;Ftpg;gNj ,f; k;.
hkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;> fj;Njhypf;fky;yhj Vida fpwp];jt iuAk; mg; gjk; Fwpf;Fk;. fpof;fpyq;ifapy; ,tu;fsJ . vdpDk; Ma;T Nehf;fKk; RUf;fKk; fUjp fpof;fpyq;iff; e;j ntspaPLfshf ntsptUk; njhz;ld;> ntl;lhg;G Mfpa ;Ls;sd.
r;rigapy; jpUNfhzkiy – kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;lKk; tiu ,aq;fp te;jJ. (1893 njhlf;fk; 1964 tiu pd; epu;thfj;jpd; fPNoNa kl;lf;fsg;G ,aq;fp te;jJ. 2012 jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lk; jdpahfTk; kl;lf;fsg;G ;Ffpd;wd.) ,f; Fwpj;j fhyj;Js; kl;lf;fsg;G Maufj;ij tspte;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ‘njhz;ld’; vd;Dk; rQ;rpifAk;> Nk ,q;F ftdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpU
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,jo;fSk; vdg; ,it Nghf;fpidAiladthf mt;ttw;wpd; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï
gy;Jiw mikg;gpYk;> fj;Njhypf;f jdpj;Jtq;fis rhu;e;j nghUspYk;> tplaq;fisj; rka cs;sd. tplaq;fSf;F milahsg;gLj;j Nehf;fj;jpYk; vdNt jk;kfj;Nj mtw;iw mg;ghy; KbAk;.
xd;wpypUe cs;slf fiy
jd
njhz;ld;:
1969 njhlf;fk; ,w;iwtiu ,r; rQ;rpif ntsptU Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,r; rQ;rpif fhy Xl;lj;jpy; fiy - ,yf;f khjhe;jk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s r%fj; njhlu;G epiya nts Centre) ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,k; kiwkhtl;lj epiyaj;jpw;nfd epakpf;fg;gLk; ,af;Fdu; (mtu; m rQ;rpifapd; gpujhd Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;Wthu;. ,jd; fhykhf kyu;Nte;jd; gzpahw;Wfpd;whu;. Rkhu; 30 gf;fq;f mike;Js;sJ. gy;NtW rpukq;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; fle;j eh ntsptUtJ ,jd; ngWkjpf;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
ntl;lhg;G:
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aho;g;ghzk; ciog;gpd; 844 mg;Nghja nghJrd E}y;fisAk;> ,e;E}y; itj;jparhiy E}y;epiyak; ePjpkd;wf; %yk; epiyaj;jpw;F ,ytr 30 fhhpajhprpahf rQ;rpiffisAk; Njhw;wk; tPjpapy; E}y;epiyakhfj; ey;y kpd;rhu fhyk; ngw;w tpsq;fpa Muk;gk tuyhw
epiya nfhz Njh
Mz;L ij khjk; efurig nghWg;Ngw;W elj;jj; njhlq;f tPl;bw;F ,lk;khw;wg;gl;L mq;F rpwpJ fhyk; ,aq;fpte;jJ fl;lkhf 1952 Mk; Mz;L mjw;nfd tprhykhd fl;llk; m 1954 Mk; Mz;L jw;NghJ ,aq;fptUk; ,lj;jpy; fl;llj fl;llg;gzpfs; eilngw;Wte;j fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf 1958 M nghJrd E}y;epiyak;’ vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;L te gzpfs; epiwTngwhj fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ mg;Nghja Jiuag;gh mth;fshy; fl;llj;jpd; fPo;j;jsj;jpw;F nfhz;Lt njhlq;fpaJ.
aho; kf;fsJ nghf;fprkhf tsh;e;J te;j E}y;epiyak; E}y;fs; %yk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; mike;jpUe;j E}yfq jdJ ngaiug; gjpTnra;J aho;Flhehl;il rh;tNjr mst kf;fsJ mwptpay; NjlYf;F fsk; mikj;J mth;fsJ tsh E}y;epiyak; jkpo; kf;fSld; ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUe;jjw;F ,dKuz;ghl;lhy; mopf;fg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 1981 M Njjp eilngw;w jkpoh; kPjhd ,dntwpj; jhf;Fjypd; N E}yfk; mopf;fg;gl;lNghJ mjd; trk; ,Ue;j 97000 mh E}yfk; rhk;gyhfp nfhbath; kdq;fisAk; rhe;jg;glj;jpaJ E}yfj;ij kPz;Lk; ,aq;fitf;Fk; gzpfs; 1984 Mk; M Mk; Mz;by; mg;gzpfs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L GJg;nghypTld; fhzyhk;.
Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;
aho;g;ghzg; nghJrd E}yfk; Xh; tuyhw;wha;T vDk; j Ma;thdJ gy Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ 1. aho;g;ghzj; jkpouJ gz;ghl;Lf; fUT+ykhfj; jpfOk; ,
Mtzg;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ 2. ,e;E}y;epiyaj;jpd; jw;Nghja eph;thff; fl;likg;Gf
vd;gtw;iw vd;gtw;iw Ma;Tnra;jy; 3. aho; kf;fsJ tho;tpaypy; ngw;Ws;s nry;thf;F> kw;Wk
Mw;wptUk; gq;fspg;G vd;gtw;iw Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,t; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu m
88

k; Njhw;wk; ngw;w tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ 1933 Mk; fhhpajhprpahf tpsq;fpa jpU.K.f.nry;yg;gh mth;fsJ tr E}y;epiyakhfj; Njhw;;wk;ngw;W 1934 Mk; Mz;L y ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ rQ;rpiffisAk; tPjpapy; kpd;rhu epiyaj;jpw;F nfhz;L ,aq;fp Kd;ghf te;jJ. thlif 1935 miw Mk; ;jpw;F ey;y fhyk; Muk;gkhtijf; fhzyhk;. 1935 Mk; hWg;Ngw;W elj;jj; njhlq;fpaJld; fr;NrhptPjpapy; thlif rpwpJ fhyk; ,aq;fpte;jJ. E}yf tsh;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa ;nfd tprhykhd fl;llk; mikf;Fk; jpl;lk; Njhw;wk;ngw;W q;fptUk; ,lj;jpy; fl;llj;jpw;fhd mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;lJ. fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf 1958 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J ‘aho;g;ghzg; gauhy; miof;fg;gl;L te;jJ. 1954 Mk; Mz;L fl;llg; y; ,Ue;jNghJ mg;Nghja efu gpjhthf ,Ue;j my;gpul; d; fPo;j;jsj;jpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;L md;wpypUe;J ,aq;fj;
sh;e;J te;j E}y;epiyak; jd;trk; itj;jpUe;j gy mhpa tpy; mike;jpUe;j E}yfq;fspy; kpfr;rpwe;j E}yfk; vd ;Flhehl;il rh;tNjr mstpy; gpugy;ag;gLj;jp te;jJ. aho; k; mikj;J mth;fsJ tsh;r;rpf;F gy gzpfis Mw;wpte;j ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUe;jjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,yq;ifapd; k Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 1981 Mk; Mz;L Mdp khjk; 1 Mk; ,dntwpj; jhf;Fjypd; NghJ jPitj;J mopf;fg;gl;lJ. ; trk; ,Ue;j 97000 mhpa gy E}y;fs; moptile;jd. q;fisAk; rhe;jg;glj;jpaJ. rpwpJ fhyk; nghyptpoe;jpUe;j f;Fk; gzpfs; 1984 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lhYk; 2001 tw;wg;gl;L GJg;nghypTld; ,d;W tiu ,aq;fp tUtijf;
k; Xh; tuyhw;wha;T vDk; jiyg;gpd;fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; bg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. l;Lf; fUT+ykhfj; jpfOk; ,e; E}y;epiyaj;jpd; tuyhw;iw hff; nfhz;Ls;sJ hja eph;thff; fl;likg;Gf;fs;> kw;Wk; mjd; tsq;fs; a;Tnra;jy; gw;Ws;s nry;thf;F> kw;Wk; mth;fsJ mwptpay; NjlYf;F
z;L ,t; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 102
Ma;T E}y;fs;> ntspte;j jfty;fs;> jfty;fs; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï vdJ Kiwapay;
rQ;rpiffs;> vd;gtw;iw ,t;Ma;Tf; nra;jpfs; E}yf cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; kw;Wk; fl;LiuahdJ juTfshff; E}y; Mf;fq;fs;> epiyak; nfhz;L toq;fpa E}y; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l njhlh;ghf epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls jfty;fs; ntspapl Gifg
njhl
,i
Ma;tpd; fUJNfhs; 1. aho; kf;fsJ mwptpay; nghf;fprkhfj; jpfOk; nghJ
mwptpay; Jiwrhh; tplaq;fis ghJfhj;J tUk; fUT 2. aho;kf;fsJ gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;ghpaq;fspd; gpujp
tpsq;fpAs;sJ. 3. Flhehl;L kf;fsJ fy;tp kw;Wk; mwptpay; Jiw rhh;e;j epiyaj;jpd; gq;fspg;G kpf Kf;fpak; tha;e;jjhFk;.
KbTiu
gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; mwptpay; Jiwrhh; tpilaq;fi gpuhe;jpakhf tsh;e;J te;j aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mw midtUk; ngw;W tsh;r;rpailAk; tifapy; E}y; epiya fhzyhk;. mtw;wpd; njhlh;r;rpahf aho;g;ghzj;jth;fs; 193 E}y;epiyak; mikf;Fk; gzpia Muk;gpj;jpUe;jdh;. m %yk; aho; nghJrd E}y;epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;L mjdJ vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; njd;MrpahtpNy kpfr; rpwe;j E}y ngaiu gjpT nra;J nfhz;lJld; Flhehl;L kf;fis ngU Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;fpa E}y;epiyak; ,yq;ifapy; ,lk; ngw 1981 Mk; Mz;L Kw;whf mopf;fg;gl;lhYk; kPz;Lk; Gdu njhlh;e;J toq;fp tUtijf; fhzyhk;. ,d;W aho;g;ghz Jiwrhh; tsh;r;rpf;F ,e;E}y; epiyak; Mw;wptUk; gq;fspg midtuhYk; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hdJ E}y; epiyak; njhlh;ghf mwpQh;fshy; vOjg;gl;l yak; njhlh;ghf ntspaplg;gl;l kyh;fs;> gj;jphpiffspy; ;fs; q;fs;> ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
toq;fpa Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; Gifg;glq;fs;> ,izaj;jsj;jpypUe;J gpujk E}yfh; ngwg;gl;l toq;fpa
ff; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghf;fprkhfj; jpfOk; nghJrd E}y;epiyak; mth;fsJ is ghJfhj;J tUk; fUT+ykhfj;jpfo;fpd;wJ.
ghuk;ghpaq;fspd; gpujpgypg;ghf ,e;E}y; epiyak;
;Wk; mwptpay; Jiw rhh;e;j tsh;r;rpapy; aho; nghJrd E}y; Kf;fpak; tha;e;jjhFk;.
pay; Jiwrhh; tpilaq;fisg; ghJfhj;J jdpj;Jtkhd ho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mwptpay; Jiwrhh; tplaq;fis Ak; tifapy; E}y; epiyaq;fisAk; mikj;jpUe;jijf; hf aho;g;ghzj;jth;fs; 1933 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J nghJrd pia Muk;gpj;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fsJ mauhj ciog;gpd; ak; mikf;fg;gl;L mjdJ mjPj tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Nrit ;MrpahtpNy kpfr; rpwe;j E}y;epiyaq;fspy; xd;whfj; jdJ d; Flhehl;L kf;fis ngUik gLj;jpAk; te;jJ. ngUk; ak; ,yq;ifapy; ,lk; ngw;w ,dg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; rpf;Fz;L pf;fg;gl;lhYk; kPz;Lk; Gduikf;fg;gl;L jdJ Nritia zyhk;. ,d;W aho;g;ghz kf;fsJ fy;tp kw;Wk; mwptpay; iyak; Mw;wptUk; gq;fspg;G kpf Kf;fpak; tha;e;jjhfNt
.
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ï ï ï ï ï ï
üšnj£l« : X® kâ¥Õ£L MŒî ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
,
d;iwa jfty; Afj;jpy;> kdpjDf;fhd mbg;gilj; N fUjg;gLfpwJ. jfty; ngUf;fk;> kw;Wk; jfty; ntbg;gpd; f rpjwpf; fhzg;gLk; jfty; rhjdq;fspypUe;J thrfnuhUt midj;ijAk; Njbg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ fbdkhdjhf tpiuthdJk;> RygkhdJkhd mZFKiwfs;> gy;NtW m kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjdthf cs;sd. thrfnuhUtupd nghUj;jkhd jftiy ,yFthf milahsk; fz;L> tp E}y;tpgug;gl;bay;fs;> Rl;bfs; vd;gd ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd
E}y;tpgug;gl;bay; vd;gJ vOjg;gl;l kw;Wk; nts tpguq;fs; mlq;fpa gl;bay;fis Kiwahd xOq;fikg tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. me;j tifapy;> E}y;N ,yq;ifapYk; Gyk;ngah;ehLfspYk; ntspaplg;gl;l < tpguq;fis cs;slf;fpa xU E}y;tpgug;gl;bayhfj; jpfo;f 2002k; Mz;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,Jtiuapy;> vl;L xt;nthU njhFjpapYk; 1000 E}y;fspd; tpguq;fs; cs gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jkpo;j;Jiw rhh;e;j fw;ifnewpfSf;F Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;bay; njhlh;ghd kjpg
crhj;Jiz rhjdnkhd;wpd; kjpg;gPl;L gpukhzq;fs (authoritative), Nehf;fk; (purpose), tpahgfj;jd;ik (cove cldbj; jfty; toq;fy; (up-to-date information) vd;gt tpgug;gl;bayhdJ kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. E}y;Njl;lk; v xU jdpkdpj Kaw;rpahfNt ,d;Wtiu njhlh;fpwJ. ,g;g jk;ik  ntspaPl;Lj;JiwapYk; ed;F m Nritfs; vDk; epWtdj;ij ];jhgpj;J> me;epWtdj;jpD E}y;fis ntspapl;L tUfpwhh;. ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;baYk;> ,e ntspaPl;Lj;Jiwapy; jkpo; E}y;fSf;fhd ntspaPl;L epW ngw;Ws;s Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk; vDk; ntspaPl;lhsupdJ vdNt> mjpfhuG+h;tkhd xU crhj;Jiz rhjdkhf ,
90

MΔ
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
mdpjh fpU];drhkp fy;gdh re;jpuNrfh;
kdpjDf;fhd mbg;gilj; NjitfSs; xd;whfj; jftYk; ;> kw;Wk; jfty; ntbg;gpd; fhuzkhf gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; q;fspypUe;J thrfnuhUth; jkf;F Njitahd jfty; nfhs;tJ fbdkhdjhf cs;sJ. jfty; NjlYf;fhd mZFKiwfs;> gy;NtW mwpTrhh; Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rpf;F cs;sd. thrfnuhUtupd; Njliy G+h;j;jp nra;af;$ba hf milahsk; fz;L> tpiuthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F d;gd ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.
vOjg;gl;l kw;Wk; ntspaplg;gl;l Mtzq;fSila s Kiwahd xOq;fikg;gpy; jahupf;Fk; nraw;ghlhfNt me;j tifapy;> E}y;Njl;lk; vDk; ntspaPlhdJ> fspYk; ntspaplg;gl;l  vl;L njhFjpfs; ntspte;Js;sd. E}y;fspd; tpguq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nrd;idg; w rhh;e;j fw;ifnewpfSf;F Xh; crhj;Jiz rhjdkhf pgug;gl;bay; njhlh;ghd kjpg;gPlhf ,t;tha;T mikfpwJ.
pd; kjpg;gPl;L gpukhzq;fshf tpsq;Fk; mjpfhuTilik , tpahgfj;jd;ik (coverage)> ek;gfj;jd;ik (reliability), -date information) vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e; E}y; g;gl;Ls;sJ. E}y;Njl;lk; vDk; ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;bayhdJ d;Wtiu njhlh;fpwJ. ,g;gzpapy; fle;j gy tUlq;fshf pU.vd;.nry;tuh[h mth;fs; E}yftpay; Jiwapy; epiwe;j spaPl;Lj;JiwapYk; ed;F mwpKfkhdth;. mNahj;jp E}yf ];jhgpj;J> me;epWtdj;jpD}lhf E}yftpay; Jiwrhh;e;j ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;baYk;> ,e;epWtdj;jpdhy; ,yq;ifapd; ;fSf;fhd ntspaPl;L epWtdq;fSs; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij ; vDk; ntspaPl;lhsupdJ MjuTld; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. crhj;Jiz rhjdkhf ,J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glf;$baNj.
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 104
vdpDk;> gd;neLq;fhyj;jpw;F Ntz;baJ nghUshjhuk;> ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï mLj;J jpU.vd;.nry;tuh[h ,e;;E}y;tpgug;gl;baypDila ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
rkak;> njhlUtjw;fhd r%fk;> mth;fspdhy; tuyhW> Kf;fpa fhj;jpukhd kw;Wk; Kd;ndLf Nehf;fk; Vid el
 mit njhlh;ghd Njliy Nkw;nf rhjdkhf tpsq;FtJkhFnkd ,jd; Mrpupaupdhy; njuptpf gpuNjr uPjpahf Fwpj;j ,dk; rhh;e;j> nkhop rhh;e;j ntspa Kaw;rpahfTk;> ,r;r%fk; rhh;e;j tuyhw;W gjpTfis mLj nraw;ghlhfTNk Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;bajhFk;. epWtd uPj vJTkpd;wp> jdpkdpj Kaw;rpahy; ntspf;nfhzug;gL cupa thrfh;fis rupahd Kiwapy; nrd;wilatpy;iy fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;baypy;> mjpfstpy; jdpE}y;fNs ,itjtpu> jdpE}yhf fUjg;glf;$ba rpwg;Gkyh;fS Qhgfhh;j;j kyh;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;> rQ tiuglq;fs;> ifnaOj;Jg;gpujpfs;> xyp - xspg;gjpT eh Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. tplauPjpahf Nehf;Fifapy;> r cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. E}ypay; gjpit nghWj;jti tpguq;fSk;> E}y; gw;wpa mwpKff; Fwpg;Gk; njspthfj; jug xOq;fikg;gpy; rh;tNjr E}w;gl;bayhf;f tpjpKiwfs; K mtjhdpf;fKbfpwJ. xU E}yftpayhsupdhy; njhFf;fg;g ,J milahsk; fhl;LfpwJ. NkYk;> xt;nthU MtzK gjptpw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sij> Jy;ypakhd ghugl;rkw;w j gjpTfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. fpilf;fg;ngw;w Mtzq;fsp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy;> fhyxOq;F kw;Wk; E}y;fS tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy.
jdpkdpj Kaw;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhf tpsq;Fk; ,e;E}y;t xU Njrpa E}y;tpgug;gl;baypd; Njitia czh;j;j ,k;Kaw;rpahdJ epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf khw;wk;ng E}YUtw;w jfty; rhjdq;fspd; tpguq;fisAk; cs;slf;F
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

mth;fspdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;LtUk; ,g;gzp> NkYk; jw;fhd fhj;jpukhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl k;.
pDila ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;  fyhr;rhuk;> ;> tuyhW> kw;Wk; Vida Jiwrhh;e;j ntspaPLfis jhlh;ghd Njliy Nkw;nfhs;gth;fSf;F crhj;Jiz ,jd; Mrpupaupdhy; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> h;e;j> nkhop rhh;e;j ntspaPLfis Mtzg;gLj;Jk; ghupa ;j tuyhw;W gjpTfis mLj;j jiyKiwf;F ifaspf;Fk; tz;bajhFk;. epWtd uPjpahd epjpAjtpfs;> MjuTfs; ;rpahy; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;bayhdJ> iwapy; nrd;wilatpy;iy vd;gJ xU FiwghlhfNt
jpfstpy; jdpE}y;fNs (monographs) ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. jg;glf;$ba rpwg;Gkyh;fSk;> rpy fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> ;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;> rQ;rpiffs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> pfs;> xyp - xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs; vd;gd auPjpahf Nehf;Fifapy;> rfy Jiwrhh;e;j Mtzq;fSk; y; gjpit nghWj;jtiuapy;> mbg;gil E}ypay; ff; Fwpg;Gk; njspthfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. E}ypay; gjpTfspd; l;bayhf;f tpjpKiwfs; Kiwahf gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sij tpayhsupdhy; njhFf;fg;gl;l E}y;tpgug;gl;bay; vd;gij kYk;> xt;nthU MtzKk; KOikahf Muhag;gl;Nl y;ypakhd ghugl;rkw;w jfty;fis nfhz;l E}ypay; lf;fg;ngw;w Mtzq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa gjpTfs; hyxOq;F kw;Wk; E}y;fSf;fhd juf;fl;Lg;ghL vd;gd
g;ghlhf tpsq;Fk; ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;bay;>  ;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf khw;wk;ngw;W> E}YUtpyhd> kw;Wk; ; tpguq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk;NghJ ,J rhj;jpakhfyhk;.
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ahœ¥ghz¥ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ ï ï ï ï ï ï
tÇtot¤âYŸs (F¿¥ghf ïaJrka gšfiy¡fHf tlbkhÊ üšfis) üyf¤â
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ue;j tuptbtk; my;yJ fpue;j ypgp jkpofj;jpy; fp.g Ml;rpNahL Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; gf;jp Myaq;fs; Myakugpy; mikf;fg;gl;lNjhL gpuhkzh;f Muk;gpj;jikNaahFk;. mj;Jld; tlnkhopAk; tlnkhop , ,Ue;j nkhopNahLk; ,yf;fpaj;NjhLk; fye;J nfhz;ld tl vOj;Jf;fs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; fpue;jk; vd;w Gjpa tuptbt tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kl;Lkd;wp fy;ntl fpue;j vOj;Jf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit jkpo; vOj;Jf;fNs mtw;wpy; rpwpa NtWghL fhzg;gl;likahy; fpue;j t fhyj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ. ,jdhy; fhyg; Nghf;fpy E}y;fis jkpopy; vOJtjw;F fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; gad E}y;fshf ntsptUtjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;. fpue;j thptbtkh ngw;wjhy; ,J gy;yth; fpue;jk; vdTk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. tof;fpYs;s NghJk; mk;Kiw mUfptUtijf; fhzyhk; V vd;Dk; tuptbtj;ij rpwg;ghff; nfhz;Ls;sJk; irt mijg;gad;gLj;Jk; fhuzkhfyhk;.
fpue;j tuptbtpyike;j rk];fpUj E}y;fs; gytw;iwAk tho;e;j mwpQh;fs; gyUk; vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shh;fs;. mth;f nkhopfspYk; ghz;bj;jpak; kpf;ftu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. Rthkp Qhdg;gpufhrh;> rq;fu gz;bjh;> fhrpthrp nre;jpehija ehtyh; Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fshthu;fs;. mtu;fs ypgpapy; vOjpdhu;fs;. mJ kl;Lkd;wp fpue;j tuptbtj jkpo; E}y;fis fpue;j tuptbtj;jpYk; vOjpdhu;fs;. NkY E}y;fSf;F tpsf;fTiufisAk;> Fwpg;GiufisAk; jkpopy mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,e;E}y;fs; ,e;Jjj;Jtk; cs;sijAk; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
aho; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpy; fpue;j ypgp gad;gLj;jg;g E}y;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; irtrpj;jhe;jk;> ,e;Jrkaf; fpu cs;sd ,e;E}y;fspy; gy jdpNa fpue;j ypgpapy; vOjg;g fpue;j ypgpAk; fye;J Mf;fg;gl;ldthfTk; cs;sd. ,tw
92

gšfiy¡fHf Jrka Ÿs ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
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yjh ckhrq;fh;
fpue;j ypgp jkpofj;jpy; fp.gp 7k; E}w;whz;lstpy; gy;ytu; jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; gf;jp ,af;fj;ijj; njhlu;e;J jkpof f;fg;gl;lNjhL gpuhkzh;fs; fpupia nra;Ak; KiwAk; ; tlnkhopAk; tlnkhop ,yf;fpar; nry;thf;Fk; jkpoj;jpy; jhLk; fye;J nfhz;ld tlnkhopia vOJtjw;F jkpopy; ; fpue;jk; vd;w Gjpa tuptbtk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ;fspy; kl;Lkd;wp fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. dit jkpo; vOj;Jf;fNshL xw;Wik nfhz;bUe;jhYk; zg;gl;likahy; fpue;j tuptbtj;jpd; gad;ghL FWfpa . ,jdhy; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; ,e;Jkjk; rhu;e;j tlnkhop fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;likNa ,it jdp zkhFk;. fpue;j thptbtkhdJ gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ; vdTk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,d;Wtiu ,t;ntOj;JKiw UfptUtijf; fhzyhk; Vnddpy; rk];fpUjk; Njtehfup ff; nfhz;Ls;sJk; irtrkaf; FUkhh;fs; $Ljyhf
hk;.
;fpUj E}y;fs; gytw;iwAk; jkpo;ehl;bYk; ,yq;ifapYk; ntspapl;Ls;shh;fs;. mth;fs; jkpo; rk];fpUjk; Mfpa ,U pf;ftu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. mtu;fSs; ,yq;ifau;fshd ;bjh;> fhrpthrp nre;jpehijah; tl;Lf;Nfhl;il mk;gythz ;ftu;fshthu;fs;. mtu;fs; rk];fpUj E}y;fis fpue;j l;Lkd;wp fpue;j tuptbtj;jpYs;s E}y;fis jkpopYk;> j;jpYk; vOjpdhu;fs;. NkYk; fpue;j tuptbtj;jpy; cs;s k;> Fwpg;GiufisAk; jkpopy; nfhLj;Js;sij ,e;E}y;fspy; ,e;E}y;fs; ,e;Jjj;Jtk; ,e;Jrkak; rhh;e;j E}y;fshf
s;sJ.
py; fpue;j ypgp gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Vwj;jhs E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l trpj;jhe;jk;> ,e;Jrkaf; fpupiafs; rhh;e;j E}y;fs; mjpfk; pNa fpue;j ypgpapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. Vidait jkpOk; dthfTk; cs;sd. ,tw;iwtpl rpy E}y;fs; KOtJk;
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fpue;j vOjg;gl;Ls;sijAk; kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. nra;ag;gltpy;iy ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï aho;. ypgpapy; gy;fiyf;fof mike;Js;s me;E}y;fis fhzf;$bajhf vdpDk; E}yfj;jpy; NghJk; fpue;j thrpj;J mtw;wpd; cs;sJ.
cs;s ypgpapy; E}y;fspd; mjpYs;s jiyg;G cs;s K E
t
Nju;r;rpAs;stu;fs; ,y;yhikNa vjpu;Nehf;fpa Kf;fpa g E}y;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; vtUf;FNk njupatuhky; Xl;lj;jpy; kiwe;J Ngha;tpLk; vd;w mr;rNk NkNyhq;fp , goikahditahfTk;. jFe;j guhkupg;G ,y;iyNay; cs;sd. ,e;E}y;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ,e;Jrkak; rhu;ghf cs;s fyhr;rhuk;> ,e;Jrkak; kw;Wk; tuyhW rhh;e;J gy mwpag mwpa KbAk;. ,J vkJ jkpoh; tuyhw;Wf;F mjd; rpwg;g jpz;zk;. mj;Jld; ,e;J ehfupfj;ij xU ghlkhff; nfhz;b ,J mtrpakhdnjhd;whFk;. NkYk; ,g;gy;fiyf;fofk; nj ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; cupa Kf;fpakhd epWtdkhf gpufldk; n ,e;E}y;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhFk;. vdNt tUk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; Kjw;fl;lkhf me;E}y;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s Xh; RUf;f E}y;tpgug;gl;baiy (Annotated bibliography) n nray;tbtKk; fhyj;jpd; NjitAkhFk;. NkYk; ,e;E} kw;Wk; gad; czh;e;j Jiwrhh;e;j ty;Ydh;fs; cjt K njhopy;El;g trjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,yj;jpudpay; Gj;jfq rpwg;ghdJk; tuNtw;fj;jf;fJkhFk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hJk; mtw;wpd; jiyg;G Kd;Diu Nghd;wit jkpopYk;
ajhf cs;sJ.
j;jpy; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
cs;s E}y;fspd; tpguq;fs; midj;Jk; fzdp ; fpue;j ypgpapy; cs;s E}y;fs; fzdpapy; gjpNtw;wk; s thrpj;J mjpYs;s E}y;tpguq;fisg; ngWtjpy; a vjpu;Nehf;fpa Kf;fpa gpur;ridahFk;. ,jdhy; ,e; tUf;FNk njupatuhky; gad;gLj;jg;glhkNyNa fhy d;w mr;rNk NkNyhq;fp ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;E}y;fs; kpfTk; guhkupg;G ,y;iyNay; mope;Jtplf; $baitahfTk; k; ,e;Jrkak; rhu;ghf cs;sd. ,jd; %yk; jkpoh; gz;ghL> tuyhW rhh;e;J gy mwpag;glhky; ,Uf;Fk; tplaq;fis ; tuyhw;Wf;F mjd; rpwg;gpw;F NkYk; cu%l;Lk; vd;gJ j;ij xU ghlkhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,g;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F Yk; ,g;gy;fiyf;fofk; njhlq;fpaNghJ jkpopw;Fk; ,e;J d epWtdkhf gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. me;j tifapYk; ;baJ Kf;fpakhFk;. vdNt fpue;j ypgp mwpTilNahh; mUfp me;E}y;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s mk;rq;fis RUf;fkhf vOjp Annotated bibliography) ntspapLtJ Xh; nghUj;jkhd tAkhFk;. NkYk; ,e;E}y;fis mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jk; hh;e;j ty;Ydh;fs; cjt Kd;tUthh;fNsahdhy; etPd Lj;jp ,yj;jpudpay; Gj;jfq;fshf khw;wpdhy; mJ NkYk; Fk;.
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ï ï ï ï ï ï
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ftiy mwpe;J nfhs;tJ vd;gJ kdpju; xt;nthUt jftiyg; ngWtjw;Fg; gy;NtW topKiwfs; cs;sd> vdpD fzprkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg; ngWfpd;wd. E}yfq;fs nghJ E}yfq;fs;> fy;tp epWtd E}yfq;fs;> rpwg;G E}yfq ,tw;Ws; jfty; mgptpUj;jpf;Fupa capNuhl;lKs;s mik tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mwpitg; ngWtjw;fhd nghJ E}yfq;fis ehk; ,dq;fhl;lyhk;> vdpDk; ,e;eh toq;Ftjpy; ,it gy;NtW gpur;rpidfisAk; rthy;fis
,g;gpur;rpidfis Ma;Tnra;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd ,yq;ifapDila nghJ E}yfq;fs; rhu;e;J ntspte;j E ,jo;f; fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; rl;l tiuGfs; Kjyhd g ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs; ,t; Ma;Tf;fhd mbg;gilj; juTfshf Kiw> tuyhw;W Ma;T Kiw> kjpg;gPl;lha;T Kiw Ng mbg;gilapy; ,t; Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJ Nfhl;ghL> ,yq;ifapy; mjd; eilKiw> nghJ E}yfq;f mikg;Gf;fspd; jw;Nghija epiy ,jdhy; nghJE}yf N kw;Wk; jPu;Tfs; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,t; Ma;T mike;J fh
94

bghJ üyf Kiwik
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ikjpyp tprhf&gd;
vd;gJ kdpju; xt;nthUtuJk; cupik MFk;. jw;NghJ topKiwfs; cs;sd> vdpDk; ,J njhlu;gpy; E}yfq;fNs g; ngWfpd;wd. E}yfq;fs; nghJthf %d;W tifg;gLk;. E}yfq;fs;> rpwg;G E}yfq;fs; vd ,it mikfpd;wd. upa capNuhl;lKs;s mikg;Gf;fshfg; nghJ E}yfq;fs; mwpitg; ngWtjw;fhd cs;@u; Eiothapy;fshfg; ;fhl;lyhk;> vdpDk; ,e;ehl;by; rPuhd jfty; Nritia r;rpidfisAk; rthy;fisAk; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wd.
nra;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;. q;fs; rhu;e;J ntspte;j E}y;fs;> gUt ,jo;> kpd;gUt ;l tiuGfs; Kjyhd gy;NtW Mtzq;fspypUe;Jk; ;fhd mbg;gilj; juTfshf cs;sd. tpsf;ftpay; Ma;T > kjpg;gPl;lha;T Kiw Nghd;w Ma;T Kiwapay;fspd; dLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJ E}yfq;fs; gw;wpa mbg;gilf; eilKiw> nghJ E}yfq;fis epu;tfpf;Fk; cs;@uhl;rp iy ,jdhy; nghJE}yf Nritapy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs;
py; ,t; Ma;T mike;J fhzg;gLk;.
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Page 110
ï ï ï ï ï ï
fiy g©ghL ÃidîfS« Mtz¥ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
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iy gz;ghL epidTfSk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk; kf;fSila fiyfs; gz;ghL gw;wpa %y Ntu;fisAk Muha;e;J mjid Mtzg;gLj;jjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij t
ghuk;gupaf; fiyfshd giw Nksf;$j;J> $j;J (t tre;jd; $j;J> Fuitf;$j;J> kFbf;$j;J> fhkd; $j;J> J fufk;> fhtb> Fk;kp> Nfhyhl;lk; Nghd;wit gw;wpAk;> gz gz;ghL> ,e;J rkag; gz;ghL> rka rkurg; gz;ghL> r xOf;fKiwg; gz;ghL> ehl;Lg;ghly; gz;ghL> tlNrupg gz;ghL> rl;ljpl;lg; gz;ghL> fiy fyhrhug; gz;ghL> nkh njhlu;G> ,];yhkpau;> rpq;fstu;> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju cs;s njhlu;Gfshy; gz;ghl;L uPjpapy; Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs; tpupthf Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fiyfspNy Kjyhtjhff; $j;jpid vLj;Jf;nfhz;lh kuGf;fiyahf cs;sJ. tlNkhbf;$j;J> njd;Nkhbf;$j;J> $j;Jf;fs; cs;sd. tpyhrk; Kw;whf mUfpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,uz;Lk; ,d;Wk; fpuhkpa kf;fshy; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; Ml;lk;> ghl;L> jhsk;> xg;gid> c fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit tpupthff; fl;Liuapy; vLj;Jf; fhl
mLj;jjhf giwNksf;$j;jpid Nehf;Fkplj;J ghuk;gupakhdJ. ,jid mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu xU rhfpaj mtu;fSk; ,jidf; iftpl;Ls;sjhy; fl;lhak; Mtzg;gL
Vida tre;jd; $j;J> kFbf;$j;J vd;gd jdpj;J nfhz;lit. ,d;W kFbf;$j;J Kw;whf mUfpg;Ngha;tpl;l rka epfo;TfspYk;> ghlrhiy tpohf;fspYk; ,lk;ngWfpd gw;wp ghu;f;ifapy; goe;jkpou; tho;tpy; ,J $j;jhf epfo;j;j ,d;ndhyp khj;jpuk; vQ;rpAs;sJ. rhkj;jpa tPLfspYk;> N Fuitnahypf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;DnkhU fiyahd Jzq Ngha;tpl;lJ. mLj;jjhf kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fSila tho nghd;du; rq;fu; Ml;lk; ,d;Wk; mtu;fshy; iff;nfhs;sg;g
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ÃidîfS« Mtz¥gL¤jY«
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v];.vjpu;kd;drpq;fk;
Sk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk; vd;Dk; tplag;gug;gpy; jkpo; gw;wpa %y Ntu;fisAk; mtw;wpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fisAk; ;jjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;f Ntz;bajhf cs;sJ.
w Nksf;$j;J> $j;J (tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb> tpyhrk;)> Fbf;$j;J> fhkd; $j;J> Jzq;iff;$j;J> nfhk;G Kwpg;G> k; Nghd;wit gw;wpAk;> gz;ghL gw;wpajhf : Nruehl;Lg; > rka rkurg; gz;ghL> rhjpg;gz;ghL> njhopw;gz;ghL> g;ghly; gz;ghL> tlNrupg;gz;ghL> r%f nghUshjhug; y fyhrhug; gz;ghL> nkhop ,yf;fpag; gz;ghL> jkpofj; ;> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju;> Mq;fpNyau; KjyhNdhUld; uPjpapy; Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs; gw;wpnay;yhk; Ma;jypd; NghJ
$j;jpid vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; mJ vkJ kpfg; goikahd bf;$j;J> njd;Nkhbf;$j;J> tpyhrk; vd %d;W tifahd w;whf mUfpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. Vida tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb f;fshy; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,f;$j;J ghl;L> jhsk;> xg;gid> cil Mfpatw;wpy; NtWghLfs; ff; fl;Liuapy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
;jpid Nehf;Fkplj;J ,JTk; jkpou; fiyfspy; kf;fhyk; tiu xU rhfpaj;jhNu Mb te;Js;sdu;. ,d;W ;sjhy; fl;lhak; Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ.
Fbf;$j;J vd;gd jdpj;Jtkhd gy rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Kw;whf mUfpg;Ngha;tpl;lJ. tre;jd; $j;J Mq;fhq;Nf tpohf;fspYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. mLj;Jf; Fuitf;$j;Jg; ho;tpy; ,J $j;jhf epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,d;W Ml;lk; xope;J J. rhkj;jpa tPLfspYk;> Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fspd; NghJk; ;DnkhU fiyahd Jzq;iff;$j;J Kw;whf ,y;yhky; fj; jkpo; kf;fSila tho;tpy; ,lk;ngWk; fhkd; $j;J> ; mtu;fshy; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ.
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,d;DnkhU nfhz;lJ Nru;j;J khztu;fsJ ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï ,dp ,f;fiyahliyr; gz;ghL nfhk;G tpohf;fspy; ghuk;gupaf; gw;wp tpisahl;L> Nehf;Fkplj;J nra;tu;. ,lk;ngw;WtUfpd;wd.
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,d;Dk; ek; gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fs; gy mUfpg;Ngh fhj;jzk;> KWf;F E}y; NghLjy; MfpadTk; jw;nghOJ ei vd Nehf;Fk; NghJ ru;f;fiuaKJ> jz;zPu; Nrhw;Wg;gs tPLfspNy ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,it rk;ge;jkhd eilKiw Ntz;baitahFk;.
,it jtpu ,d;Dk; rpy gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fs; fl mtw;Ws; ke;jpuk;> khe;jpupfk;> kidab rh];jpuk;> trpak rpe;J> fhtbr; rpe;J> mk;kd; fhtpak;> FSj;jpg; ghly;f fl;lhak; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;baitahFk;. ,i njupTgLj;jg;glTs;sd.
98

yahd nfhk;G Kwpg;G mUfpg;Nghfpd;wJ. kpfr; rpwg;Gf;fs; tlNrup> njd;Nrup vd ,U gpupthfg;gpupe;J ghly;fSld; u;. kw;Wk; fufk;> fhtb> Fk;kp Nghd;w fiyfs; ghlrhiy ;ngw;WtUfpd;wd.
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
plj;J jkpou;jk; gz;ghL mjp rpwg;Gkpf;fjhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F; Nru ehl;Lg; gz;ghL> ,e;Jrkag; py;> xOf;fKiw> ehl;Lg;ghly;> tlNrup> r%f nghUshjhuk;> op ,yf;fpag; gz;ghLfs; gw;wp tpupthfg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ;G> ,];yhkpau;> rpq;fstu;> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju;> z;ghl;L uPjpahf Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; gw;wpnay;yhk; ghu;f;f
; tiu jdpj;Jtkhd gz;ghl;Lg;ghuk;gupak; cs;sJ. hl;iltopj;jy;> gy;Yf;nfhOf;fl;il nrhupjy;> rhkj;jpak;> g;ghuk;gupar; rlq;Ffs; ,lk;ngWk;. kuzk; rk;gtpf;Fk; Ljy;> fhy; fOTjy;> tha;f;fuprp Nghly;> ghil fl;Ljy;> ; cilj;jy;> khj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;> fy;iy itj;jy;> vl;Lr; j;jy;> thop ghLjy;> jpjp> Mz;Lj; jptrk;> khsak; vd gy hy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nfhyq;fs; gy mUfpg;Nghfpd;wd. fz;Z}W> ehT+W> ; MfpadTk; jw;nghOJ eilKiwapy; ,y;iy. rlq;Ffs; aKJ> jz;zPu; Nrhw;Wg;gs;sak;> taputu;kil Mfpad t rk;ge;jkhd eilKiwfs; fl;lhak; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl
;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fs; fl;Liuapy; Muhag;glNtz;Lk;. kidab rh];jpuk;> trpak; KjyhditAk; vz;nza;r; fhtpak;> FSj;jpg; ghly;fs;> fpuhkpaf; ftpfs; rfyJk; Ntz;baitahFk;. ,it gw;wpnay;yhk; Ma;tpy;
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

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ï ï ï ï ï ï
kUk¡f(Ÿ) jhaK« jhŒtÊ KJbrh ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
jh
a;top kughdJ (Matrilineal System) goika gz;ghl;bid mbnahw;wpte;j NgZifahFk;. ,j;jha;top ,e;jpa ehl;by; NruehL vd mwpag;gl;l Nfusj;jpd; kUkf;f kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrk; kw;Wk; Gj;jsg; gpuNjrk; vd;gtw;wpd; jh kUkf;fs; jhak; vd;gJ kUkf;fs;top nrhj;Jupik vdg; n KJnrhk; vd;gJ jha;topg; goikahd nrhj;Jupik vdg; xNu mu;j;jg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;litahFk;. ,q;F fhzg;g KOf;f KOf;f Nruj;jpd; kUkf;fs; jhaj;ijNa mbnahw;w
kUkf;fs; jhak; njhlu;ghd Ma;Tfspd;gb Nfusj;j ngUq;Fbapduhd ehau; r%fj;jpy; ngUkhs;fspd; M E}w;whz;by; eilKiwf;F te;Jtpl;ljhfTk; mtu;fsJ Ml;r gpd;du; Nfusj;jpd; vy;yhr; r%fkl;lj;jpYk; ,J tpupTgl;b ,r;rl;lj;jpd; epiyepWj;jyhdJ 1933y; nrd;id rl;l epu;z kUkf;fs;jha rl;l %yj;jpd;gb (Marumakka thayam Act- 1 jha;topr; nrhj;Jf;fs; rkkhfg; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd
kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; Gj;jsg; gpuNjrq;fspy; kuGtopahf epyTlikr; r%fkhd Kw;Ff r%fj;jpd; ngauhy; mio Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpapy; fp.gp 19 Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu e KOikahd nray;ghLfs; xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpapd; gpw;gFjp te;Js;sik Ma;Tfspy; Gydhfpd;wJ. vdpDk; kl;l 07.02.1916y; njhug;gl;l 4260k; ,yf;f fhzp tof;fpy; m Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jha;top KJnrhk; rh fp.gp 20k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjptiu ,jd; rpwg;gpay;Gf vd;gjid cWjpnra;Jnfhs;syhk;.
Rkhu; Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; eilKiwapypUe;jjhff; fUj tof;fhWfs; tpupthf Ma;Tg;gLj;jg;gl;Lk; xg;GNehf;fg;gl;L Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

haK« jhŒtÊ KJbrhK«
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
nty;yT+u;f; Nfhghy; (rP.Nfhghyrpq;fk;)
lineal System) goikahd r%fq;fspd; ePz;lfhy gZifahFk;. ,j;jha;top kugpd; rpwg;gpay;ghf miktNj pag;gl;l Nfusj;jpd; kUkf;f(s;) jhaKk; 

Page 113
ï ï ï ï ï ï
»¿Þjt¤â‹ tUif ïy§if¤ jÄ thœ¡ifÆš V‰gL¤âa g‹Kf¤ jh ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
I
Nuhg;gpau;fs; tu;j;jf Nehf;fk; fUjp ,yq;iff;F t tUifapdhy; fpwp];jtk; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspilNa g gd;Kfj; jhf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,tu;fspd; tUif rK fy;tp> ,yf;fpaj; Jiwfspy; ghupa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ ,yq;ifapy; cWjpAld; epiyehl;bf;nfhs;tjw;nfd ifahz;ldu;. mtw;Ws; kpfTk; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa tplak; m gug;Gk; eltbf;iffs; vdyhk;. ,tu;fs; kiwg;guk;gYf;n ifahz;L ntw;wpf;fz;lhu;fs; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
INuhg;gpaupd; tUiff;F Kd;du; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fs ghu;itapy; Nehf;fg;gl;L INuhg;gpaupd; tUiff;F gpd;d xg;gPl;L mbg;gilapy; njspTg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F Nghu;j Nehf;fk; fUjpahjhf ,Ug;gpDk; ,tu;fspd; tUifapd; g kf;fspilNa gug;gg;gl;lJ.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu vjpu;j;J mtu;fSf;F Nghl;bahf fPioj nfhs;Sk; Nehf;Fld; xy;yhe;ju;fs; ,yq;iff;F tU tUifapdhy; Gul;l];jhe;J kjk; ,yq;ifapy; gutpaJ. , tho;tpy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl fhuzkha; mike;jJ. ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpau; trkhdJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; kjr;Rj kf;fs; gfpuq;fkhf jhk; tpUk;gpa kiwiag; gpd;gw;w ,t;tplaq;fs; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl cs;sd.
Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid
Ma;tpw;fhd juTfisr; rpy E}y;fspy; ntspte;j nfhz;lJld;> ,yq;ifapy; INuhg;gpaupd; tUif Vw;gLj tplak; KOikahfj; njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vdf; $wKb
ngUk;ghYk; vy;yhf; fl;LiufSk; xNu jd;ikahd ghu;f;ff; $bajhAs;sJ.
Ma;tpd; gug;G
fp. gp 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp. gp 20 Mk; E}w;whz gug;ghff; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
100

tUif ïy§if¤ jÄœ k¡fË‹ V‰gL¤âa g‹Kf¤ jh¡f«
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Nkup tpdp/gphPlh re;jpuNrfu;
hf;fk; fUjp ,yq;iff;F tUifj; je;jhYk;> ,tu;fspd; ;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspilNa gutpaJld;> kf;fspd; tho;tpy; paJ. ,tu;fspd; tUif rKf> rka> gz;ghl;L> nghUshjhu> upa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mtu;fs; jkJ MSifia piyehl;bf;nfhs;tjw;nfd gy;NtW topKiwfisf; ; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa tplak; mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l kiwia ,tu;fs; kiwg;guk;gYf;nfd gy;NtW Clfq;fisAk; ; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
;du; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;Tg; gpd;dzp gd;Kfg; g;gpaupd; tUiff;F gpd;duhd khw;wq;fs; ,t; Ma;tpy; ;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; tUif tpahghu ; ,tu;fspd; tUifapd; gpd;du; fj;Njhypf;f kiw jkpo;
u;fSf;F Nghl;bahf fPioj;Nja tu;j;jfj;ij jk;trkhf;fpf; e;ju;fs; ,yq;iff;F tUifj; je;jdu;. ,tu;fspd; k; ,yq;ifapy; gutpaJ. ,tu;fspd; tUifAk; kf;fspd; ;gl fhuzkha; mike;jJ. Xy;yhe;jupd; MSifapd; gpd; J. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; kjr;Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJld;> k;gpa kiwiag; gpd;gw;w tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ njspT.
;gl cs;sd.
py E}y;fspy; ntspte;j fl;Liufspy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; uhg;gpaupd; tUif Vw;gLj;jpa gd;Kfj; jhf;fk; vd;Dk; j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vdf; $wKbahJs;sJ.
ufSk; xNu jd;ikahd juTfisNa Kd;itg;gijg;
e;J fp. gp 20 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjp Ma;Tg;
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 114
,yf;fpa ghu;f;Fk; Vw;gLj;jpa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï ,t; Ma;Tj; NghJ kPsha;T
gd;Kfj; mit jiyg;Gld; fl;Liufshff; jhf;fk; INuhg;gpau;fspd; njhlu;ghd njhlu;Gila fhz fUj;Jf;fis tUif KbahJs;sJ. E}y;fisAk;> ,yq;ifj Kd;i vd E
fUj;jpy; nfhz;l mbg;gilapy; rpy E}y;fs; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;j
Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;
• ,t;tha;T INuhg;gpau; ,yq;ifia jkJ Ml;rpf;F cl;gL jkpo; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; vt;thwhd jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gl;ld v
• ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l gd;Kf tsu;r;rpg; gpd;dz INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUifapdhy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fshy; , Vw;gl;l rhjf> ghjf tpisTfisAk; Ma;T nra;tJ.
• INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif ,yq;if jkpo; kf;fspd; tho nrYj;jpaJ vd;gijj; fz;lwptJ.
• ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; INuhg;gpau;fshy; eilKiwg;gL tho;f;ifapy; ed;ikfisah> ghjpg;Gf;fisah vw;gLj;j
Ma;tpd; gad;ghL
INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; th tsu;r;rp fz;lJ vd;gij Ma;T nra;J ntspf; nfhz;L tU
Ma;T Kiwapay;
• E}y;fspypUe;Jk; ngwg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; tpguz> xg;gPl Kiwapay;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ma;T Nkw;nf
• ,t; Ma;thdJ Kjd;ik> Jizik Mjhuq;fis m
Ma;tpd; juTfs;
• ,jd; Kjd;ik Mjhukhf – tuyhw;W E}y;fs; Kd;;it
• Jiz Mjhuq;fshf - rQ;rpiffs;> Ma;NtLfs;> fl;L juTfs; mikfpd;wd
Ma;tpd; gad;ghL
• fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho jhf;fk; Fwpj;jf; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd njsptpidg; ngW
• INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif> mtu;fshy; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; k khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;j njspit tuyhw;W uPjpahf mwpaf;$
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

lu;Gila E}y;fisAk;> E}y;fspy; tUk; fl;LiufisAk; u;fspd; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; lu;ghd f; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
fhz fUj;Jf;fis KbahJs;sJ. Kd;itf;Fk; vdpDk; xU tifapy; rpy tplaq;fisf; KOikahf
rpy E}y;fs; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
;ifia jkJ Ml;rpf;F cl;gLj;jpa fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifj; whd jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gl;ld vd;gij Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;JtJ. d;Kf tsu;r;rpg; gpd;dzpia Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;JtJld;> hy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fshy; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fisAk; Ma;T nra;tJ.
q;if jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; vj;Jiwfspy; jhf;fk; wptJ. pau;fshy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; kf;fs; h> ghjpg;Gf;fisah vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jjy;.
q;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; vj;Jiwfspy; ghupa nra;J ntspf; nfhz;L tUjy;.
fUj;Jf;fs; tpguz> xg;gPl;L Ma;T> gFg;gha;T vd;Dk; hff; nfhz;L Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
izik Mjhuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tuyhw;W E}y;fs; Kd;;itf;Fk; juTfs; mikfpd;wd. piffs;> Ma;NtLfs;> fl;Liufs;> gj;jpupiffs; Kjypad
q;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpa gd;Kfj;
jhlu;ghd njsptpidg; ngWjy;. tu;fshy; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l ghupa tuyhw;W uPjpahf mwpaf;$bajha; ,Uj;jy;.
101

Page 115
• • Ma;tpd; ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
ï ï ï ï ï ï INuhg;gpau;fspd; Mokhf fpwp];jt ngwf;$bajha; KbTfs;
mwpaf; kiwg;guk;gYld; ,Uj;jy;.
$bajha; tUif ,Ug;gJ.
vj;Jiwfspy; njhlu;Gila ghupa tplaq;fs
tsu
• fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.
• INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif ,yq;if jkpo; kf;fspd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
• kiwg;gug;g ,tu;fs; ifahz;l Clfq;fs; r%fj;jpy; g
• kp\dupkhu; kf;fs; tpUk;gp Vw;ff;$ba> Vw;fdNt mt Clfq;fisNa kiwg;gug;g ifahz;lhu;fs; vdyhk;.
• fp. gp 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp.20 Mk; E}w;wh ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifg; gpd;dzpia Mo
• kiwg;gug;ghsu;fs; ifahz;l kiwg;gug;G Clfq;fS rpwg;gplk; gpbf;fpd;wd.
102

vj;Jiwfspy; ghupa tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;gij Ug;gJ. d; njhlu;Gila tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j Mokhd mwpitg;
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; gd;Kfj; jhf;fj;ij
,yq;if jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; rhjf> ghjf
;l Clfq;fs; r%fj;jpy; gy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Vw;ff;$ba> Vw;fdNt mtu;fspilNa gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;j
ifahz;lhu;fs; vdyhk;. pUe;J fp.gp.20 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy;
ho;f;ifg; gpd;dzpia Mokhf mwpaf;$bajhAs;sJ.
;l kiwg;gug;G Clfq;fSs; fy;tp> ,yf;fpak; vd;gd
kheh£L K‹bkhÊî¡ nfhit

Page 116
ï ï ï ï ï ï
Mtz¥gL¤jÈ‹ m¤âahtáa¤ij mthÉà jŤJt« Ä¡f á¤âiu¢ br›thŒ rl§F Ãf ghl¥gL« ghlšfS« ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
Ma;twpKfk;:
G
j;jskhtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;snjhU jkpo;f;fpuhkNk ‘c jkpoh;thOk; Vida gFjpfspypUe;J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw gz;ghl;lk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf ,f;fpuhkk; tp njhd;ikiaAk; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; giwrhw;Wk; xU rkar; nrt;thAk; me;epfo;tpd; NghJ gbf;fg;gLk; ghly;fSk; c FbNawpa fhyj;jpypUe;J ,r; rlq;F epfo;r;rp ,lk;ngw;WtU ghly;fs; ,f;fpuhkkf;fspd; g+h;tPf k;> mth;fSila ghuk ek;gpf;iffs;> topghLfs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d mk;rq;fis ehfhpfj;jpd; jhf;fk; fhuzkhf mz;ikf;fhykhf ,r;rl ghlg;gLk; ghly;fspYk; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;LtUfpd;wik mJ kl;Lkd;wp ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fs; n fhuzq;fspdhy; ,f;fpuhkj;ijtpl;L> ehl;iltpl;L NtWe ,t;thwhdnjhU #o;epiyapy; vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,r;rlq;F epfo ghly; fSk; Kw;whf kiwe;J Nghff;$ba re;jh;g;gKk; cUt ,k; kf;fs; njhlh;ghd gy jfty;fs; mth;fsJ re;jpapduhy; kl Kbahj mghak; Vw;gLk;. vdNt ,e;epfo;r;rp njhlh;ghd jf ghly;fSk; Mtzg;gLj;jg;glNtz;bajd; mtrpaj;ijg; mikfpd;wJ.
Ma;Tg; gug;G:
rpj;jpiu khjj;jpy; fpl;lj;jl;l 12my;yJ 15 ehl;fs; ei rlq;fpidAk; mjd;NghJ gbf;fg;gLk; ghly;fisAk; ik mikfpd;wJ.
Ma;thjhuq;fs;:
,r;rlq;fpy; Neubahff; fye;J nfhz;Lk;> gytUlq;fs mDgt mwpT> mDgtk; tha;e;j Kjpath;fsplk; ciuah jfty;fs;> Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l ghly;fs; vd;gd Kjd;ik Mjhuq Fk;kpg;ghly;fs; njhlh;ghd fl;Liufs;> Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; N gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ahtáa¤ij mthÉÉF«, cl¥ò¡ »uhk¤â‹ u¢ br›thŒ rl§F Ãfœ¢áí« mj‹nghJ
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
NjtFkhhp Re;juuh[d;
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,e;jpa tpsq;Ffpd;wd:
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108

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vd;gd tho;f;ifnewpfs; MNuhf;fpak; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. nghJthd ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
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