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jkpo; ehl;by; Rtu; Xtpak; vOjg;gl;l khspiffs;> rpj;jpu %Nte;ju;fsplKk; rpj;jpukhlq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,y kJiuf;fhQ;rp> neLey;thil> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Fwpg;Gfs; cz;L.
“nts;spad;d tpsq;FQ; RijAuP> kzpfz;ld;d khj;jpu l;bz;fho; cUtg; gy;Y}nthU nfhb tis ,f; fUnthL ngaupa fhz;gpd; ey;ypy;” vd;gJ ef;fPuupd; neLey;thil jUk; rpj;jpu $l tUz
njd;dhl;L Xtpak; vd;gJ tpe;jpa kiyapypUe;J nj cs;s Xtpaq;fshFk;. ,tw;wpw;Fj; ‘jl;rpz rpj;jpuk;’ vd;w
jkpo;ehl;L Xtpaq;fs;
jkpofj;jpy; cs;s gioa ngupa Nfhapy;fisnay;yhk nghJthff; $wyhk;. mtw;wpd; kPJ jdp mf;fiw nrYj;j k
jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; (kJiuia mLj;Js;sJ) RtNuh vd;W ,jw;Fg; ngau; ‘vOj;njopy; mk;gyk;’ vd;Wk; ‘v ,tw;iwg; gw;wpg; gupghly; gfu;fpd;wJ> ,q;Fs;s Xtpaj fy;yhd fij Xtpakhf tiuag;ngw;Ws;sJ.
jpUr;rp jpUntWk;G+u;f; Nfhapypy; rpj;jpuf;$lk; vd;w njd;dpe;jpa rhrdj; njhFjp - %d;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Vohk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; Mz;l kNfe;jpu mikj;jhd;. mjpy; rpy RtNuhtpaq;fis vOJtpj;jhd;. g fhyj;jpy; fw;wspfs; vOj;jd. ,jpYk; RtNuhtpaq;fs; ti
rpw;wd;d thry; Fiff;Nfhapy; Xtpaq;fs; Vohk; tiuag;ngw;wd. jkpo;ehl;bd; RtNuhtpaq;fspy; ,it kq;ifau; Xtpak; cs;sj;ij ms;Stdthf cs;sd. M gFjpia kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sd. kw;w gFjp mope;Jtpl;lJ.
jpUkiyg;Guj;jpy; cs;s irtf;Fiff; Nfhapy;fs; ki Nfhapy;fs; Mfpad RtNuhtpaq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jd.
fhQ;rpGuk; ifyhr ehju; Nfhapy; Kjy; fw;wspf; Nfh RtNuhtpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;bUe;jd. njd;dhu;fhL khtl;lj;j RtNuhtpaq;fs;  rpj;jpukhlq;fs; vd;W ngau;ngw;wd. hlq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; GwehD}W> > rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Kjypatw;wpy; RtNuhtpaf;
Q; RijAuP> pu l;bz;fho; fhb tis ,f; ;gpd; ey;ypy;” hil jUk; rpj;jpu $l tUzidahFk;.
tpe;jpa kiyapypUe;J njw;Nf ,yq;ifj; jPT tiuapy; w;Fj; ‘jl;rpz rpj;jpuk;’ vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
ngupa Nfhapy;fisnay;yhk; Xtpaf; fiyf;$lq;fs; vdg;
; kPJ jdp mf;fiw nrYj;j kd;du;fSk; jtwtpy;iy.
uia mLj;Js;sJ) RtNuhtpak; cz;L. Xtpar; rhiy jopy; mk;gyk;’ vd;Wk; ‘vOnjopy; kz;lgk;’ vd;Wk; u;fpd;wJ> ,q;Fs;s Xtpaj;jpy; mfypif rhgk; ngw;Wf; ag;ngw;Ws;sJ.
hapypy; rpj;jpuf;$lk; vd;w kz;lgk; cz;L. ,ijj; %d;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
;gFjpapy; Mz;l kNfe;jputu;kd; Fiff;Nfhapy;fis tpaq;fis vOJtpj;jhd;. gpwF ,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktu;kd; ,jpYk; RtNuhtpaq;fs; tiuag;ngw;wpUe;jd.
fhapy; Xtpaq;fs; Vohk; E}w;whz;by; rkzu;fshy; ; RtNuhtpaq;fspy; ,itNa goikahdit. eld ms;Stdthf cs;sd. Mdhy; mit ,Lg;Gf;F Nky; . kw;w gFjp mope;Jtpl;lJ.
rtf;Fiff; Nfhapy;fs; kiyabgl;bapy; cs;s itztf; q;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jd.
Nfhapy; Kjy; fw;wspf; NfhapyhFk;. ,q;Fk; Vuhskhd ;jd. njd;dhu;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s gid kiyf;Nfhapy; ;zk; ,Ue;jd.
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jQ;irg; ngupaNfhapy; fu;g;gf; fpUfj;ijr; Rw;wpAs;s RtNuhtpaq;fs; cz;L. fp.gp. 10> 11 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; t ehadhupd; tuyhW tiuag;ngw;Ws;sJ.
,q;F fhzg;gLk; rpy Xtpaq;fs; fp.gp. gjpNdohk; E kd;du; fhyj;jpYk; tiuag;ngw;wit. ,it Guhzf;fij
Nrhou;fs; fhyj;J Xtpaq;fspd; kPJ Rij G+rp kiwj;Jt jk;fhy Xtpaq;fis tiuar; nra;j nfhLikAk; epfo;e;Js Kd;gpUe;j Ml;rpahsu; tiue;j Xtpaq;fspd; kPJ Rij Xtpaq;fis tiue;jtu;fNs vd;gijAk; kwe;JtplKbah
NkYk;> fhQ;rp itFz;lg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; khba fpufj;jpYk;> cj;ju Nk&u; Re;ju tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Nf fpUfj;jpYk; RtNuhtpaq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
jQ;ir jpUtyQ; Ropapy; cs;s <];tud; Nfhapy; fu;g;g cs;sd. jpUee;jpf;fiuapy; cs;s Gfo; tha;e;j Fiff; ghu;tjp Xtpaq;fSk; fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFj Rtu; Xtpaj;ij ,it xj;Js;sd.
vl;LkhD}u; Nfhapy; eluh[u; RtNuhtpak; 16 Mk; E}w;w Rij Xtpak; jpuhtpl Xtpaq;fSs; kpfg; gioaJ vd;ghu; l
Xtpaq;fspd; tiffs;
,U tiffspy; Xtpaq;fs; jPl ;lg;gLfpd;wd. 1. Rij Xtpak; 2. nea; Xtpak;
RtNuhtpaq;fs; nea; Xtpaq;fshfTk; (Oil Paintings) Ri tiutJz;L.
Rtupy; nea;nfhz;L jPl ;lg;gLk; my;yJ Rtupy; fpo nea;nfhz;L jPl ;lg;gLk; Xtpak; nea; Xtpak; (Oil Painting
Rtupy; Rij G+rp mJ cyuhky;  11 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tiuag;ngw;wit. Re;ju%u;j;jp w;Ws;sJ.
paq;fs; fp.gp. gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bYk;> jQ;ir ehaf;f w;wit. ,it Guhzf;fijfis tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
spd; kPJ Rij G+rp kiwj;Jtpl;L mtw;wpd; kPJ ehaf;fu;fs; nra;j nfhLikAk; epfo;e;Js;sJ. Nruu;fSk; mtu;fSf;F ;j Xtpaq;fspd; kPJ Rij G+rp kiwj;Jtpl;Lj; jq;fspd; vd;gijAk; kwe;JtplKbahJ.
g; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; khbapy; cs;s muq;fehju; fu;g;gf; ;ju tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; khbapy; cs;s fu;g;gf; Ue;jd.
s;s <];tud; Nfhapy; fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpYk; RtNuhtpaq;fs; s;s Gfo; tha;e;j Fiff; Nfhapy; cs;s fzgjp> rpt- ;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; vOjg;ngw;wit. m[e;jh
d.
u; RtNuhtpak; 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;lit. ,e;jr; Ss; kpfg; gioaJ vd;ghu; lhf;lu; Mde;j Fkhurhkp
; jPl ;lg;gLfpd;wd.
q;fshfTk; (Oil Paintings) Rij Xtpaq;fshfTk; (Frescoes)
g;gLk; my;yJ Rtupy; fpopia xl;litj;J mjd; kPJ
; nea; Xtpak; (Oil Paintings) MFk;.
ky; 

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Xtpa mopTfs;
Nfhapy;fisg; ‘gz;ghl;Lj; njhl;by;fs;” vd mi mtw;wpy; cs;s Xtpaq;fNs Mdhy;> mitfs; fhyg; goi mope;JtUtJ vjhu;j;jkhd cz;ik.
1. ,e;jpa Mtzf; fhg;ghsu; rq;fk; 2. gpupl;b\; Mtzf; fofk; 3. midj;Jyf Mtz khw;wk;
Mfpait Mtzk; fhf;Fk; mikg;Gfshf ,aq;fp Mtzq;fis ,aw;if moptpypUe;Jk; nraw;if mo KbfpwJ.
1. jpUntWk;G+u; Nfhapypd; rpj;jpu $lKk; gpw rp mk;gyq;fSk; nrq;fy; fl;llq;fs;. mit neLq;f 2. Kjyhk; kNfe;jpu tu;kd; (fp.gp. 600-630) fhyj Fiff;Nfhapy; Xtpaq;fs; fhyg; goikahYk; M FsWgbfshYk; ,q;F te;J jq;fpr; nry;Nthu;f mope;Jnfhz;L tUfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,tw;iwf jpUk;gp tpLfpd;wdu;. 3. Fif Xtpaq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J ntspAyfpw Nfhgpehjuhau;> %NthJg;uha;> Nguhrpupau; v];.Nf Njhd;whjjhYk; mope;J tUfpd;wd. 4. jpUkiyg;Guj;J irtf; Nfhapy;fs; kiyabg Nfhapy;fs;> fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;, gdk mw;Gjkhd Xtpaq;fs; vy;yhk; rupahd guhkupg;gpd 5. xU tk;r muru;fs; Mz;lNghJ tiuag;gl;l Xt tk;rj;J muru;fs; Rij G+rp kiwj;Jtpl;Lj; jq;fs tiuAk; ,Ul;lbg;Gg; gzpfshYk; kiwe;jd. 6. Xtpaq;fisg; gpujp vLf;fhky; tpl;lJ. 7. Xtpa Mu;tyu;fspd; $Ljyhd mf;fiw ,d;ik.
mopahj Xtpaq;fs; : rpy fhuzq;fs;
fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapiyf; fl;Ltpj;jtd; fiyf fhkd; vd;nwy;yhk; Gfo;ngw;w ,uh[rpk;kd; vDk; gy;yt m ngUk;ghyhd Xtpaq;fspd; kPJ Rij G+rg;gl;L Nrhou; fh ,it ,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj; Jiwapduhy; mw fhyj;jhy; goikahd ,uh[rpk;kd; fhy Xtpaq;fs; n vd;gJ ,q;F gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Xu; cz;ikahFk
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

j; njhl;by;fs;” vd miof;fg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzNk dhy;> mitfs; fhyg; goikahYk; gpwfhuzq;fshYk; z;ik.
su; rq;fk; k;
hw;wk;
k; mikg;Gfshf ,aq;fp te;Jk; Xtpaq;fs; cs;spl;l ptpypUe;Jk; nraw;if moptpypUe;Jk; XusNt fhf;f
pd; rpj;jpu $lKk; gpw rpj;jpu khlq;fSk; vOnjopy; ; fl;llq;fs;. mit neLq;fhyk; epy;yhk mope;Jtpl;ld. ;kd; (fp.gp. 600-630) fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l rpw;wd;dthry; ;fs; fhyg; goikahYk; MLkhL Nka;f;Fk; rpWtu;fspd; te;J jq;fpr; nry;Nthu;fspd; mf;fiwapd;ikahYk; pd;wd. ,jdhy; ,tw;iwf; fhz tUNthu; fhzhkNy
; fz;Lgpbj;J ntspAyfpw;Fj; njuptpj;j jpUthsu;fs; Jg;uha;> Nguhrpupau; v];.Nf. Nfhtpe;jrhkp Nghd;wtu;fs; ;J tUfpd;wd.
f; Nfhapy;fs; kiyabg;gl;bapy; cs;s itztf; fyhrehju; Nfhapy;, gdkiyf; Nfhapy; Mfpatw;wpd; ; vy;yhk; rupahd guhkupg;gpd;ikapdhy; mope;Jtpl;ld. z;lNghJ tiuag;gl;l Xtpaq;fspd; kPJ mLj;J tUk; j G+rp kiwj;Jtpl;Lj; jq;fs; Xtpaq;fis mtw;wpd; kPJ zpfshYk; kiwe;jd. f;fhky; tpl;lJ. Ljyhd mf;fiw ,d;ik.
py fhuzq;fs;
piyf; fl;Ltpj;jtd; fiyf;fly;> fiyf;fhtyd;> mj;ae;j ,uh[rpk;kd; vDk; gy;yt murd;. mtd; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j PJ Rij G+rg;gl;L Nrhou; fhy Xtpak; jPl;lg;ngw;wpUe;jJ. Ma;Tj; Jiwapduhy; mwptpay; Kiwg;gb ePf ;fg;gl;Lf; rpk;kd; fhy Xtpaq;fs; ntspNa nfhz;Ltug;ngw;wd tz;ba Xu; cz;ikahFk;.
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kJiuf; $lyfu; Nfhapy; (fp.gp. gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz gy E}w;whz;Lfisf; fle;Jk; nkUF Fiyahky; fhl;rpas jPl ;lg; gad;gLj;jpa tz;zq;fs; ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fspypUe jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mwpfpNwhk;. ,t;t tiuag;ngw;w Xtpaj;jpw;F mopNt ,y;iy vd;gJk; ,q;Fg
ghiw Xtpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ghJfhg;G KiwfS
Xtpak; vd;wJk; ek; epidTf;F tUtJ m[e;jh ngapd;bq;f; vd;fpNwhk;. Xtpajpw;F ehd;F mLf;Ffs; cs rpj;jpuk; tiua KbAk; vd;w gonkhop ekf;Fg; Gjpjhd (Support) Xtpaq;fs; jPl ;lg;gl;ld. ghiwiaj; jhq;fpahf ghiwNahtpakhFk;. ghiwNahtpaq;fspd; fhyk; Vwj;jh 1000 tiu MFk;. ,e;jpah cyfj;jpNyNa mjpf mstpy; g ehL. ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; 1500 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,e;jpahtpy; ghiwNahtpaq;fs; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. jkp Nkw;gl;l ghiwfspy; ghiwNahtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjyhf 1856 ,y; my;Nkhuh vd;w njhlu;ghd Ma;Tfs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld. kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpY 1887 ,y; [hd; fhf;gu;d; kw;Wk; Mu;r;ghy;L fhu;iyy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. tp.v];. tfhd;fu; vd;gtu; gpk;Ngl;fh gF ,Ug;gijg; gjpT nra;Js;shu;. ghiwNahtpaq;fisg; ghJf ghiwfisg; gw;wp ed;F mwpa Ntz;Lk;.
ghiwfs; %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit> Vupg; ghiwf cUkhw;W ghiwfs; MFk;. Fiffspy; cs;s ghiwfspd Mjpfhy kdpjd; ghiwNahtpaq;fis tbj;jhd; vd;W jhd kzw;ghiw> gbfg;ghiw kw;Wk; fUq;fy; ghiwfspy; X fhzKbAk;. ,d;iwa tiuapy; Rz;zhk;Gf; fw;ghiwfsp jlaq;fs; VJkpy;iy.
ghiwNahtpaq;fs; nrq;Fj;jhd> rha;thd kw;Wk fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghiwNahtpaq;fs; nghJthf jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. G+kpapypUe;J ngwg;gl;l tz;zq;fs; Nru;j;J miuf;fg;gl;L> kpf nky;ypa jputepiyf;Ff; Ntu;j;J}upif nfhz;L jPl ;lg;gl;Ls;sd. vt;tpjkhd Rz jsNkh mikf;fg;glhky; ghiw vt;tpjj;jpYk; rPuikf;fg;g itj;J jPl ;lg;gl;lJ.

(fp.gp. gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;L) RtNuhtpaq;fs; (Murals) nkUF Fiyahky; fhl;rpaspg;gjpypUe;J ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; ; ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fspypUe;Jk; %ypifr; rhWfspypUe;Jk; vdTk; mwpfpNwhk;. ,t;thW ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fshy; pNt ,y;iy vd;gJk; ,q;Fg; GydhFk;.
tw;wpd; ghJfhg;G KiwfSk;
dTf;F tUtJ m[e;jh Xtpaq;fshFk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; jpw;F ehd;F mLf;Ffs; cs;sd. Rtu; ,Ue;jhy; jhNd gonkhop ekf;Fg; Gjpjhdjy;y> gy;NtW jhq;fpfspy; ;ld. ghiwiaj; jhq;fpahff; nfhz;L jPl ;lg;gl;lJjhd; htpaq;fspd; fhyk; Vwj;jho fp.K. 3000 Kjy; fp. K fj;jpNyNa mjpf mstpy; ghiwNahtpaq;fs; cs;s xU jpfspy; 1500 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fspy; 2500 Fiffspy; s; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. jkpo; ehl;by; kl;Lk; 500 f;Fk; htpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1856 ,y; my;Nkhuh vd;w ,lj;jpy;jhd; ghiwNahtpak; g;gl;ld. kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpYs;s kpu;rhG+u; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ;Wk; Mu;r;ghy;L fhu;iyy; vd;gtu;fshy; ghiw Xtpak; hd;fu; vd;gtu; gpk;Ngl;fh gFjpapy; 754 ghiwNahtpaq;fs; ghiwNahtpaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ gw;wpa mwptpidg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
;gLk;. mit> Vupg; ghiwfs;> gbTg; ghiwfs; kw;Wk; iffspy; cs;s ghiwfspd; jd;ikfis mwpahkNyNa q;fis tbj;jhd; vd;W jhd; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf k; fUq;fy; ghiwfspy; Xtpaq;fs; jPl ;lg;gl;bUg;gijf; py; Rz;zhk;Gf; fw;ghiwfspy; Xtpaq;fs; jPl ;lg;gl;ljw;fhd
;Fj;jhd> rha;thd kw;Wk; njhq;F ghiwfspy;jhd; htpaq;fs; nghJthf 

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ghiwNahtpaq;fspy; KOf;f KOf;f mfupkg; nghUl Ma;tpd; %yk; njupatUfpwJ> mit nrq;fhtp> kQ gy;yhz;Lfshf ghiwNahtpaq;fs; epiyj;jpUg;gjpypU jPl ;lg;gl;l Xtpaq;fs; ghiwAld; kpf nkJthf tpidGupe;j mike;Jtpl;ld vd;Nw Cfpf;f tifAz;L. ,jdhy; xU cUthfpAs;sjhy; jz;zPuhy; ghiwNahtpaq;fs; ghjpf;f
FiffspYk; ghiwr; rupTfspYk; jPl ;lg;gl;l ghi ghu;itf;Fj; jg;gpapUe;jtiu mit ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shft ghiwNahtpaq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fyhf mit mopit vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;sd vd;W mwpAk; NghJ cUthfpwJ.
jl;g ntg;g R+o;epiyahy; ghiwfs; nghuptjhy; ghiwNa cg;Gf;fs; Xtpaj;jpd; kPJ cUthFtJk; ghjpg;ig cz mg;gFjpfspy; G+Q;irfs; tsu;e;J Xtpaq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd nfhz;L Xtpaq;fs; kPJ $L fl;Ltjhy; Xtpaq;fs; rpi kz;nzwpag;gLk;NghJk; jz;zPu; mbf;fb Xtpaj;jp mg;gFjpapYs;s Xtpaq;fs; Nja;e;J> mope;J tpl VJthFk kw;Wk; fupj;Jfs;fs; gbtjhYk; ghiwNahtpaq;fs; ghjpf;f
ghiwNahtpaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ mwptpay; rhu ghiwapd; jd;ik> tz;zj;jpd; jd;ik> Rw;Wr; R+o ghiwNahtpaq;fisg; ghJfhf;ftpayhJ.
Kjypy; Xtpaq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; Gifg;gln gjpTg; gzpfisr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rupahd Kiwapy Ntz;Lk;. tz;zq;fs; kPJ gbe;Js;s J}R kw;Wk; gzpahFk;. mjd;gpd; Ez;Zapupfis mfw;Wk; gzpi My;f`hy; kw;Wk; gytpj fupkf; fiug;ghd;fisf; nfh cupe;j epiyapNyh my;yJ ntbj;Njh fhzg;gLkhapd; mt xl;lNtz;Lk;. filrpahf ghyptpidy; mrpl;Nll; my;yJ nfhz;L Nkw;gug;G ghJfhf;fg;glyhk;.
RtNuhtpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ghJfhg;G KiwfS RtNuhtpaq;fs; vdg;gLk; Rtiuj; jhq;fpahff; (Su jPl ;lg;gl;litahFk;. RtNuhtpaq;fs; mikg;gpd; mb gpupf;fyhk;. xd;W>  mit nrq;fhtp> kQ;rl;fhtp> nts;isf;fspkz; paq;fs; epiyj;jpUg;gjpypUe;J jz;zPupy; miwj;Jj; ; kpf nkJthf tpidGupe;j rpypf;fh Jfy;fshf ghiwAld; ;f tifAz;L. ,jdhy; xU gbT Nghd;W Xtpaj;jpd; kPJ
; ghiwNahtpaq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
upTfspYk; jPl ;lg;gl;l ghiwNahtpaq;fs; kdpjdpd; mit ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shftpy;iy. vg;nghOJ kdpjd; gpbj;J Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fyhf khw;wpdhNdh md;wpypUe;J s;sd vd;W mwpAk; NghJjhd; ekf;F xU Ntjid
hiwfs; nghuptjhy; ghiwNahtpaq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. UthFtJk; ghjpg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;. kioePu; tbtjhy; ;J Xtpaq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fstpfs; fspkz;izf; fl;Ltjhy; Xtpaq;fs; rpijfpd;wd. ngUq;fhw;wpdhy; ;zPu; mbf;fb Xtpaj;jpd; kPJ tope;J XLtjhy; a;e;J> mope;J tpl VJthFk;. J}Rfs;> mOf;Ffs;> xl;lil
; ghiwNahtpaq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
hJfhg;gJ mwptpay; rhu;e;j xU eltbf;ifahFk;. ;jpd; jd;ik> Rw;Wr; R+oy; Nghd;wtw;iw mwpahky; ;ftpayhJ.
pahd Kiwapy; Gifg;glnkLj;jy;> mstpLjy; Nghd;w z;Lk;. rupahd Kiwapy; ghjpg;Gfisg; gjpT nra;a gbe;Js;s J}R kw;Wk; mOf;Ffis ePf ;FtJ Kjy; apupfis mfw;Wk; gzpiar; nra;aNtz;Lk;. ,g;gzp upkf; fiug;ghd;fisf; nfhz;L nra;ayhk;. Xtpaq;fs; bj;Njh fhzg;gLkhapd; mtw;iwr; rupahd girnfhz;L ptpidy; mrpl;Nll; my;yJ ghuyha;L gp72 vd;w girfs; lyhk;.
w;wpd; ghJfhg;G KiwfSk;
; Rtiuj; jhq;fpahff; (Support) nfhz;L tu;zq;fshy; paq;fs; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,U tifahfg; uhtpak; kw;wJ cyu; RtNuhtpakhFk;. Rtu; 

Page 22
jPl ;lg;gLk; Xtpak; cyu; RtNuhtpakhFk;. ,uz;L tif xNu tpjkhditNa. ,e;jpahtpy; fp.gp. 2 njhlf;fk; fp. gp 7 fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j Gj;j kjr; RtNuhtpaq;fs; m[e;jh Fiff RtNuhtpaq;fs; jf;fhzj;jpYs;s ghjhkp Fiffs;> k Fiffs;> jkpo; ehl;bYs;s gdkiy> jpUg;gUj;jpf;Fd;wk;> ,lq;fspYs;sit rpwe;jit. vy;Nyhuh> jQ;rhT+u;> Nygh ,e;J rkaj; njhlu;ghdit.
RtNuhtpaq;fs; jPl ;l Rtu; rupahd Kiwapy; mikf;f Rtu; ,Ue;jhy;jhNd rpj;jpuk; tiua KbAk; vd ekJ Rtiur; rupahd Kiwapy; jahu; nra;a gy;NtW Kiwfs Rz;zhk;Gf; fhiu nfhz;L G+rNtz;Lk;. gpd;du; Rz fopT Mfpatw;iwj; jz;zPU ld; fye;J cuypNy itj;J khjq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; fhiur; rhe;ij vLj;J mjid ,ae;jpuj;jpy; itj;J japu;g; gir Nghd;W ru;f;fiuf; fopTl gpd;G nfhSU itj;J ed;F nkUJthf ,Uf;Fk;gb G+r Rz;zhk;G JfSld; ,sePu; kw;Wk; RLePu; Nru;j;Jg; gira rpy ,lq;fspy; kz;Rtu;fspy; itf;Nfhy;> fha;e;j G tYg;gLj;jp> nky;ypa kz;nfhz;L G+rp mjd; kPJ RtNuht
RtNuhtpaq;fspy; ehd;F mLf;Ffs; cs;sd. mit j my;yJ nky;ypa kz; G+r;R Mfpa jsk; tz;zf; fyit M tz;zq;fs; G+kpapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; mfupkg; nghUl;fsh Rz;zhk;G gad;gLj;Jtjhy; fhw;wpYs;s fhu;gd; il fl;bahtjhy; Xtpaq;fs; gy ,lq;fspy; gy E}W Mz;Lfs
RtNuhtpaq;fspd; ghjpg;G Rw;Wr; R+oy;>  J}R> m Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLgit MFk;. rpijTfs; vy;yh mLf;F mLf;fpNyh Vw;glyhk;.
RtNuhtpaq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; mtw;wpd; j jd;ik> ePu;f;frpTk; kioePu;> kdpjdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs nra;j gpwNf ghJfhj;jpl mwptpay; Kiwapy; KbntLj;j ghJfhg;Gg; gzpapidr; nra;NthuhYk; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLk;.
Xtpaq;fis Ma;T nra;J gjpT nra;ag;gl;l gpd;G Gi mjd; gpd;du; RtNuhtpaq;fs; kPJ gbe;j J}Rfs;> mOf;Ffs fiug;ghd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L mfw;w Ntz;Lk mfw;wg;gLfpd;wd. kioePu;f; frptpdhYk;> xOf;fypdhYk mtw;iw fha;j;Jtbj;j ePupy; Njha;f;fg;gl;lik cwpQ;Rk; jh mfw;wyhk;.
8

uhtpakhFk;. ,uz;L tif Xtpaq;fspYk; tu;zq;fs; py; fp.gp. 2 njhlf;fk; fp. gp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd Nuhtpaq;fs; m[e;jh Fiffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpwe;j s;s ghjhkp Fiffs;> kfhuh\;l;uj;jpYs;s vy;Nyhuh kiy> jpUg;gUj;jpf;Fd;wk;> rpj;jd thry;> jQ;rhT+u; Mfpa vy;Nyhuh> jQ;rhT+u;> Nygh\p Mfpa ,lq;fspYs;sit
; rupahd Kiwapy; mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mjdhy;jhNd ; tiua KbAk; vd ekJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; $wpAs;sdu;. hu; nra;a gy;NtW Kiwfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. Rtiu G+rNtz;Lk;. gpd;du; Rz;zhk;G> kzy;> ru;f;fiuf; ld; fye;J cuypNy itj;J ed;F Fj;jNtz;Lk;. %d;W r; rhe;ij vLj;J mjid mk;kpf;fy; Nghd;w miuit r Nghd;W ru;f;fiuf; fopTld; Nru;j;J miuf;f Ntz;Lk;. nkUJthf ,Uf;Fk;gb G+r Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; nkU$l;l w;Wk; RLePu; Nru;j;Jg; girahf;fp Rtupd; kPJ G+rNtz;Lk;. py; itf;Nfhy;> fha;e;j Gy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;l z;L G+rp mjd; kPJ RtNuhtpak; jPl;bdhu;.
mLf;Ffs; cs;sd. mit jhq;fpahfpa Rtu;> Rz;zhk;G pa jsk; tz;zf; fyit MfpaitahFk;. ngUk;ghyhd lf;Fk; mfupkg; nghUl;fshfpa tz;zg; nghUl;fshFk;. ; fhw;wpYs;s fhu;gd; il Mf;i]Lld; tpidGupe;J lq;fspy; gy E}W Mz;Lfshf epiyj;J epw;fpd;wd.
Rw;Wr; R+oy;>  J}R> mOf;Fk;> kdpjf; ifahSif Fk;. rpijTfs; vy;yh mLf;FfspNyh my;yJ VjhtJ xU
d Kiwapy; mtw;wpd; jd;ik> Rw;Wr;R+oy;> Rtupd; kdpjdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ed;F Ma;T pay; Kiwapy; KbntLj;jpl ,aYk;. rpy Ntisfspy; huhYk; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLk;.
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l gpd;G Gifg;glq;fs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ; kPJ gbe;j J}Rfs;> mOf;Ffs; Kjypad vuprhuhak;> fupkf; ; nfhz;L mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; gbe;j mOf;Ffs; rptpdhYk;> xOf;fypdhYk;> cg;Gf;fs; cUthfpapUe;jhy; ha;f;fg;gl;lik cwpQ;Rk; jhis xl;b cg;Gfisf; fiuj;J
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Rz;zhk;Gf; fyitahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; ,Uf;Fk Ez;zpa fUtpnfhz;L Nja;j;Njh my;yJ mkpyk; nfhz;L vz;nza;> vz;nza;g; gir MfpaitapUe;jhy; mtw;i my;yJ 10-20 tpOf;fhL ePupy; fiuj;j vd;gpA+l;ily mfw;wyhk;. nkOF xl;b ,Uf;Fkhapd; mjid l;iuf;FNs nll;uhFNshiuL nfhz;L mfw;wyhk;. fup gbe;j gFjpapy; K 15 Kjy; 20 epkplk; tiu fhj;jpUe;j gpd;du; nlhY}aPd ; Nj mfw;wyhk;. thu;dP\ ; mfw;w mrpl;Nlhd;> nry;Nyhrhy;t;> mi My;f`hy;> [Nrh g;A+l;ily; My;f`hy; vd; g;A+l;ily; My kpfTk; gaDs;sitfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. thu;dp\; fiug;ghidg; G+rpf; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; fiue;j Row;rp Kiwapy; Nja;J thu;dPi] mfw;wyhk;. thu;dP\ fiutJ njupate;jhy; cldbahf me;jg; gFjpapy; lu;gd lu;gd;ild; Mapy; fiug;ghdpd; fiuf;Fk; jd;ikia cl
cile;j gFjpfspy; gpsh];lu; nfhz;L gl;b itf;f Nt gpd;du;> nkUJthfj; Nja;j;J mjd; kPJ tz;zk; jPl;lNt
rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;G> R+upa xsp glhJ ghJfhf;f Ntz;L jtpu;f;f R+upa xsp glhky; fhf;fNtz;Lk;.
,JfhWk; fz;ltw;wpypUe;J rpy fUj;JUf;fs; Njhd;w 1. Mtzq;fspy; ,d;wpaikahjJ Xtpak;. 2. goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Xtpaq;fs; kpFjpAk; Ngr 3. fhye;NjhWk; Njhd;wpa kd;du;fs; Nfhapy;fi
Xtpaq;fisAk; tiue;J rpj;jpu $lq;fshfTk; M 4. Mtzk; fhf;Fk; mikg;Gf;fshYk;> ,e;jpaj; n
Xtpaq;fs; fhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 5. Xtpa moptpw;Fj; njhlu;Gila Nfhapy;fisA jsq;fshf;fpaJk;> jdp kdpj mf;fiwapd fhuzq;fshFk;. 6. ,d;W ghiw Xtpaq;fSk; RtNuhtpaq;fSk; f mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs;> Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fs; Mfpat tUk; fhg;ghl;rpau; kw;Wk; Copau;fspd; fLikahd 7. Xtpaq;fisg; ghJfhj;J itj;jNy mtw;iw Mtz
,g;gzpfSf;F mwptpay; KiwAk; mwptpay; rh tUfpd;wd.
Mtzk; gpwe;jJ mwpT njspe;jJ! Mtzk; fhg;Nghk; mwpit tsu;g;Nghk;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; ,Uf;Fkhapd; mjid kpff; ftdkhf ;Njh my;yJ mkpyk; nfhz;L fiuj;Njh mg;Gwg;gLj;jyhk;. MfpaitapUe;jhy; mtw;iw 20 tpOf;fhL mNkhdpah Pupy; fiuj;j vd;gpA+l;ily; mkpd; nfhz;L fiuj;J ;Fkhapd; mjid l;iuf;FNshNuh vjpypd; my;yJ fhu;gd; w;wyhk;. fup gbe;j gFjpapy; Kjypy; l;iu vjdhykpd; jltp pUe;j gpd;du; nlhY}aPd ; Njha;j;j gQ;R nfhz;L Jilj;J pl;Nlhd;> nry;Nyhrhy;t;> miky; mrpl;Nll;> il mrpl;Nlhd; y;f`hy; vd; g;A+l;ily; My;f`hy; Nghd;w fiug;ghd;fs; hzg;gLfpd;wd. thu;dp\; gbe;j ,lq;fspy; Nkw;$wpa Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; fiue;j thu;dp\; gQ;rpd; cjtpahy; ;dPi] mfw;wyhk;. thu;dP\; mfw;Wk; NghJ tz;zk; ahf me;jg; gFjpapy; lu;gd;ild; Mapy; Cw;wNtz;Lk;. d; fiuf;Fk; jd;ikia clNd epWj;jptpLk;.
;lu; nfhz;L gl;b itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gl;b itj;jJ fha;e;j
jd; kPJ tz;zk; jPl;lNtz;Lk.;
xsp glhJ ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. tz;zq;fs; kq;Ftijj;
Ntz;Lk;.
;J rpy fUj;JUf;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. mit ikahjJ Xtpak;.
py; Xtpaq;fs; kpFjpAk; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sd. pa kd;du;fs; Nfhapy;fisf; fl;baNjhL mtw;wpy; e;J rpj;jpu $lq;fshfTk; Mf;fpitj;Js;sdu;.
kg;Gf;fshYk;> ,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; JiwapduhYk; tUfpd;wd.
hlu;Gila Nfhapy;fisAk; fl;lq;fisAk; Rw;Wyhj; dp kdpj mf;fiwapd;ikAk; fhyg; goikAk;
;fSk; RtNuhtpaq;fSk; fhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd vdpy; tzf; fhg;gfq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; gzpahw;wpa> gzpahw;wp k; Copau;fspd; fLikahd ciog;NgahFk;. ;J itj;jNy mtw;iw Mtzg;gLj;jpaJk; MFk;. NkYk; pay; KiwAk; mwptpay; rhjdq;fSk; ngUk; gq;fhw;wp
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reference 1. fiyf;fsQ;rpak; njhFjp 5 jkpof murpd; jkpo; tsu;r;r 2. Mtzj;jpd; fij> n[.vj;jpuh[;> Foe;ij ,yf;fpaf; fo 3. jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs;> kapiy rPd p. Ntq;flr 4. jkpof Nfhapw;fiy tuyhW> lhf;lu; mk;ig kzptz;z 5. ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpohrpupau; kd;w Ma;Tf; Nf kJiu ‘mlhq;f tpkhdk; xUghu;it’ jpUkjp rq;fu N 6. Hand book on Conservations in Museums Dr. V. Jayar
Museums,Govt. Museum, Chennai, 2002. 7. Care of Paintings – Dr. V. Jayaraj published by Commissio
Chennai, 2002.
interview
With Dr. V. Jayaraj (Retd.) Curator, Chemical Conservatio Museum, Chennai – 600008.
10

jkpof murpd; jkpo; tsu;r;rpj;Jiw> nrd;id puh[;> Foe;ij ,yf;fpaf; fofk;> nrd;id> 1993 fs;> kapiy rPd p. Ntq;flrhkp> nrd;id> 2000. > lhf;lu; mk;ig kzptz;zd;> 2005 kpohrpupau; kd;w Ma;Tf; Nfhit – Kjy; njhFjp – 2010> xUghu;it’ jpUkjp rq;fu NtyhAjk;.
in Museums Dr. V. Jayaraj published by Commissioner of nnai, 2002. j published by Commissioner of Museums, Govt. Museum,
tor, Chemical Conservation and Research Laboratory, Govt.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIGITIZATION IN
ENDANGERED DOCUME
Introduction
The social history of communities can be traced a records and documents. The digitization of endange archive of documents of socio-historical relevance to sociologists and linguists. These documents, recorde copper plates, provide a rare and unique opportu aspects of social history of village life in the more rem at a time when new power structures and social iden with and against local traditional feudal systems an (Zoe, 2012).
The documents are scattered in the homes of T descendants of traditional power holders, who are of such documents can have for understanding soc of the scholarly value, the document holders are no forefathers’ documents, such as depositing them in th of these materials will open a new avenue of analysi of rural India, a field for which there is a lack of resear Revenue Records as well as the “Village Notes” of not contain these types of documents (Zoe, 2012). T significance and historic value.
Endangered Archive Programme 458 (EAP458 Institute of Pondicherry, funded by British Library insights in tracing the social history of Tamil ag identification and digitization of endangered docume leafs and copper plates. Most of the documents id destined to disappear in the near future given both southern India and neglected condition in which they relate to social relations, economic transactions, pow the social history of a particular community. These
1 Dr. N. Ganeshan, Research Associate (Endangered Archive of Pondicherry, Puducherry – 605 001 INDIA. Email: ngane

OF DIGITIZATION IN PROTECTING
NGERED DOCUMENTS
Dr. N. Ganeshan1
unities can be traced and understood through past igitization of endangered documents is to create an -historical relevance to historians, anthropologists, se documents, recorded on paper, palm-leaves and e and unique opportunity to glimpse a variety of age life in the more remote parts of the Tamil region uctures and social identities were being forged both nal feudal systems and British colonial legislations
red in the homes of Tamil villagers, especially the wer holders, who are unaware of the importance for understanding social history. Though unaware cument holders are not prepared to part with their as depositing them in the local archives. Digitization new avenue of analysis at the level of micro-history there is a lack of research material since the colonial he “Village Notes” of the Settlement Surveys does cuments (Zoe, 2012). These documents have social .
ramme 458 (EAP458 – on-going project in French ded by British Library and Arcadia) has provided l history of Tamil agrarian community through of endangered documents recorded in paper, palm- t of the documents identified for digitization are near future given both the very humid climate of condition in which they are stored. These documents omic transactions, power relations etc. which reflect lar community. These endangered documents with
iate (Endangered Archives Programme 458), French Insfitute
001 INDIA. Email: nganeshan@ifpindia.org
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their exceptional scholarly value are of great scope history of Tamil village life over a period of three c history of any community or interface with other traced through identification and digitization of r Thus the digitization process provides scope for un issues of debate through the identified endangered d
Thus, digitization has been done for various transparency, knowledge-sharing, fast-retrieval and digitization process can be applied to protect the en would contain specific information related to the ob of a digitized records and documents depends on t image and security measures taken to protect it from loss. The present paper will highlight the process endangered documents as applied for the EAP458 for replication. The paper will detail the procedure experienced in the digitization process in terms classification, organization, digitization and retention
Identification of document holders:
Identification of the document holders was an im collection of endangered documents and digitizatio carried out an intensive field work in small villages (Kallar Nadu and Kongu Nadu) searching for docu a number of different ‘old’ documents handed down Further, these villagers having documents (documen give leads and contacts of the other such document h Thus eighty document holders were identified ha details of these document holders were enlisted.
Collection of documents:
In the second stage, from this list, the docum over phone and introduced about the purpose of th the availability of endangered documents with them villagers, those who were contacted, denied having found some excuses to inform the non-availability villagers accepted the availability of documents and visit to their home. With this consensus of 40 docume visited for collection of available documents. Thus app were collected from the 40 villagers/document hol ethical point of view, before collecting the documents
12

lue are of great scope in understanding the social ver a period of three centuries. Similarly the social interface with other community or issues can be and digitization of related documents available. provides scope for understanding a community or dentified endangered documents.
een done for various official records to provide ring, fast-retrieval and cost-effectiveness. Similarly plied to protect the endangered documents which ation related to the objective of project. The value cuments depends on the content, quality of digital taken to protect it from tampering and information highlight the process involved in digitization of plied for the EAP458 project which will be useful ill detail the procedures, problems and limitations ion process in terms of identification, collection, gitization and retention.
ument holders:
ent holders was an important step in the process of ments and digitization. In the first stage, the team work in small villages in two traditional territories u) searching for documents, few villagers showed cuments handed down by the villagers’ forefathers. g documents (document holders) were requested to other such document holders (snowball technique). rs were identified having collections and contact ders were enlisted.
ents:
this list, the document holders were contacted bout the purpose of the project and also to clarify documents with them. In this process few of the ntacted, denied having such documents while few the non-availability of such documents. Only 40 ility of documents and consensus were obtained for onsensus of 40 document holders, their homes were le documents. Thus approximately 10000 documents illagers/document holders for digitization. On the llecting the documents, consent from the document
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holder’s were obtained by explaining to them that them will be used only for research purpose and w purpose.
Classification and organization of docume
Classification of the collected document is an im the scope and content of the documents. Firstly th classified based on the material such as paper docum and copper plates. The collected documents were dus to identify the damaged documents. Additional pre dusting, cleaning, taping of fragile documents, were paper documents that were in tore condition were sti made proper for digitization. Similarly palmleaf man and kept inside the bags were opened, dusted and its preservation; and copper plates were applied w increase the visibility of letter quality. The collected d viewed to understand the wider content. These co volume (a few up to a thousand documents) datin century to mid twentieth century. These documen interest in not only the transformation and continui land tenures and revenue collection, kinship pattern structures. The documents included: genealogica religious tax collection, folk tales, loans agreemen records, marriage announcements, etc.
Digitization:
Digitization is the process of converting any phys a paper record, photograph or graphic items, into an image that can be accessed and stored electronically. archival materials from formats that can be read by p that can be read only with the help of machines (di archives over analogue collection is that digital file compressed, transferred and retrieved over compute
Planning for Digitization
Documents digitization is a strategy that has an overall endangered archive programme. Digiti initiative. Therefore, number of critical planning issue commencement of digitization i.e., determining wha where, when and how. Given scale of paper docum
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

plaining to them that the document collected from search purpose and will not be used for any other
ganization of documents:
cted document is an important step to understand documents. Firstly the collected documents were al such as paper documents, palm-leaf manuscripts d documents were dusted and examined separately ments. Additional preservation measures, such as agile documents, were undertaken at this time. The tore condition were stick with transparent tape and Similarly palmleaf manuscripts that were dwindling e opened, dusted and applied lemon gross oil for plates were applied with rice flour or “vibuthi” to quality. The collected documents were quickly over- ider content. These collection contains of varying and documents) dating from the mid seventeenth tury. These documents covered a wider scope of ormation and continuity of customary law but also lection, kinship patterns, caste relations and power included: genealogical charts, land transactions, tales, loans agreements, honour struggles, temple ents, etc.
of converting any physical or analogue item, such as r graphic items, into an electronic representation or d stored electronically. Digitization process converts ts that can be read by people (analogue) to a format e help of machines (digital). One advantage digital tion is that digital files may be read, reformatted, etrieved over computer networks.
ation
s a strategy that has been undertaken as part of ve programme. Digitization is not a stand alone f critical planning issues has been considered before n i.e., determining what documents to be digitized, scale of paper documents, palm-leaf manuscripts
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and copper plates, most cost-effective and efficient c tools (as EAP standard) have been used to achieve the access to documents.
Value Assessment for Digitization
Endangered documents digitization programme information sharing and preservation. These benefits a value assessment for digitization. The following tab the digitization plan has been proceeded:
VALUE ADDED BENEFIT
REQUIREMENT
Enhanced Access and Information Sharing
The documents are endangered and are of use for research and accessed frequently by many people.
If fre dig inf dis
Preservation and Protection of Archives
The documents lasting historical value but in a fragile condition.
The documents are important that must be protected.
Di is do de ne to ac do
Reduction of Paper Documents and Research Continuity
Endangered Documents physical storage condition, lack of space. British Library (EAP) is implementing an archive programme that will facilitate increased use of digitized documents.
Di sit ph ho du Do dis to Di do res
14

effective and efficient complement of approach and een used to achieve the long-term preservation and
r Digitization
igitization programme offers strategic benefits for rvation. These benefits form the basis for establishing tion. The following table offers information on how proceeded:
UIREMENT COMMENTS
ents are d and are of use h and accessed by many people.
If the documents are frequently accessed and used, digitization can support better information sharing and ease of dissemination electronically.
ents lasting value but in a
dition.
ents are important be protected.
Digitization is a strategy that is often used for endangered documents archives that are destined to disappear due to neglected storage condition or to create a digital archives or access copy for endangered documents.
d Documents torage condition,
ce. rary (EAP) is ting an archive e that will facilitate use of digitized s.
Digitization can be used in situations when storage of physical documents is either too hot to preserve or unavailable due to lack of space. Documents retention and disposal policy must be applied to digital copy records. Digital copies of hard copy documents can be used for research
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In addition to the above, when undertaking a val of endangered documents the following issues shoul
Depending on the tools available, some docum digitization than others. For example, copper pl or materials that are bound such as books, noteboo capture effectively. Photographs, maps and plans c may require a special kind of digitization techniqu guidelines in terms of resolution and quality. It is als items that may need additional preservation measur plates that are fading or paper records that are fragil
The value of a digitised document is dependen of digital capture and the security measures taken and information loss. The systems and requirement documents are protected according to the best pract required are that documents are to be authentic, com relied on as evidence for research purpose.
TO BE... ...DIGITAL CAPTUR
Authentic The product of endangered documents
project, documented, need for copying
Complete Accurate, legible reproduction of t intellectual and physical components of to content.
Accessible Available, searchable and readable to
it, for as long as it is required.
Selection of archival materials for digitization sh understanding of copyright law and rights of owne from the document holders were obtained and w importance of the documents that needs protection an documentation and research purpose. Though digi can also present certain risks in relation to the protec Careful consideration should be given before dig “Confidential”, “Top Secret”, or those containing se
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hen undertaking a value assessment of digitization following issues should be considered:
available, some documents are more suitable for r example, copper plates, palm-leaf manuscripts uch as books, notebooks, may be more difficult to phs, maps and plans can also pose challenges and f digitization technique, software programme and ion and quality. It is also important to consider frail al preservation measures such as palmleafs, copper r records that are fragile.
ocument is dependent on the content, the quality urity measures taken to protect it from tampering tems and requirements are designed to ensure that rding to the best practices available. The standards are to be authentic, complete and accessible and to be rch purpose.
...DIGITAL CAPTURE MUST BE
f endangered documents which is under the scope of the mented, need for copying.
gible reproduction of the original that contains all d physical components of the original without alterations
archable and readable to all those with a right to access
as it is required.
rials for digitization should first be based on a clear aw and rights of ownership. In this regard consent were obtained and were done by explaining the that needs protection and its usefulness for historical purpose. Though digitization has many benefits it n relation to the protection of sensitive information. be given before digitizing documents that are or those containing sensitive personal information.
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During the digitization process these documents shou to get the approval from the document holders for ensure that the documents are digitized with the kno the document holder, in addition to being used for fu
Metadata Requirements
All paper, palmleafs and copper plate docume identifiers or metadata elements as per the EAP information about documents, such as their date classification, etc. and it will be easier to facilitate a following is a list of image metadata elements requir
IMAGE METADATA ELEMENTS
Reference Collectio
Creator EAP team
Place/Address Place and
holder
Date Date of d
Image file format Raw (NE
Capture Device (Hardware) Nikon D9
Capture Details (Software used etc.) Camera C
Colour (indicate pixel depth) sRGB-16
Resolution 12.2 meg
Checksum software Used MD-5
Technical Requirements
EAP requires that digitised documents me specifications for image quality based on interna technical standards ensures the accurate reprodu considering the levels of access requirements and t There are three conditions that will determine the qu
16

s these documents should be kept separate and have document holders for digitization. This is done to digitized with the knowledge and due approval by ion to being used for future research purpose.
nts
copper plate documents digitized require unique ents as per the EAP guidelines. Metadata is the ts, such as their date, title, description, security be easier to facilitate and access to documents. The
tadata elements required by EAP.
MENTS OBLIGATION
Collection details
EAP team (EAP458)
Place and Address of the document holder
Date of digitization
Raw (NEF)
Nikon D90 camera
sed etc.) Camera Control Pro
) sRGB-16 bit
12.2 mega pixel
MD-5
ents
tised documents meet the minimum technical lity based on international standards. Applying the accurate reproduction of documents while ss requirements and the cost of electronic storage. t will determine the quality of digital capture:
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• User needs: access, web use and information sha
• Archival preservation: long-term storage for perm
• Re-formatting such as document conversion for O (OCR).
Digital documents that are to be retained as preservation quality image capture. Digital records sharing and web use only, and that will not be reta of time, require a lower quality image capture with access. Likewise, reformatting or converting files for can pose an additional set of requirements.
Technical specifications for image quality are ma
• Resolution: the number of elements (dots, lines image.
• Bit-depth: the number of “colours” or “channe values.
• Image mode: defines an image according to it “describing” colour.
• File format: the way in which a file is enco purposes.
For long-term archival preservation, as per documents with additional details such as an officia and ink markings require a minimum 8-bit depth gre Documents with extensive graphics and photograph Image Format) with a minimum bit-depth 8-bit grey
Requirement of Tools and Resources
Digitization in-situ requires a set of tools and re stand, laptop, imaging software, a storage device a your budget and available resources. The type of ca the document type and its volume. Capturing and im (RAW - NEF) will also depend on the system one Tools required for digitization include:
• Camera (Nikon D90)
• Camera stand (specifically made for digitizing) w
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

se and information sharing.
g-term storage for permanent records. ument conversion for Optical Character Recognition
are to be retained as archives require optimum apture. Digital records to be used for information d that will not be retained for an extended period ity image capture with smaller file sizes for ease of or converting files for additional uses such as OCR, equirements.
r image quality are made up of four attributes: f elements (dots, lines or pixels) that comprise an
“colours” or “channels” used to represent tonal
image according to its bit-depth and method for
which a file is encoded to be read for specific
preservation, as per EAP requirement, textual tails such as an official seal, simple graphics pencil inimum 8-bit depth greyscale or 24-bit depth colour. aphics and photography will require TIFF (Tagged
m bit-depth 8-bit greyscale or 24-bit colour.
ls and Resources
es a set of tools and resources such as camera with are, a storage device and available staff. Consider sources. The type of camera chosen will depend on ume. Capturing and imaging software and file type d on the system one is using and the user needs. include:
made for digitizing) with lighting set up;
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• Laptop with Capturing and Imaging software (C
• Storage Device (External Hard Disc);
• UPS for continuous power supply;
• Other tools for dusting and cleaning (scissors, br
• Document management programme with file pla
On field (in-situ) Digitization
EAP458 decided that the digitization will be d staff members. There are advantages and disadvant advantages are that it is the most risk free way of dig sensitive information as there is less risk of unau information. Less risk of damage to documents as the team has complete control over the digitization proc
Disadvantages are that it requires staff to be av of the time for digitization. Project management a cannot be effectively done by the staff members, oft other duties. It requires space for documents to be organization, for equipment and for the staff. Some presence and interference may affect the continuous
Training Requirements
The final step during the planning stage of digit requirements, particularly if the decision is to do the by the staff members. A training programme should the following issues:
• Proper use of digitization hardware and software
• Digital image formats;
• Proper records handling techniques to avoid dam
• The use of a file classification scheme for organiz
• Maintaining the documents in their original orde
• Analysing to identify and process docum information;
• Digitization documentation requirements;
18

d Imaging software (Camera Control Pro);
ard Disc); r supply; d cleaning (scissors, brushes, cotton etc.) rogramme with file plan (RAW-NEF).
itization
digitization will be done in on-filed (in-situ) by antages and disadvantages with this approach. The ost risk free way of digitizing documents containing e is less risk of unauthorized access to sensitive ge to documents as they remain on-site. The EAP458 er the digitization process.
requires staff to be available full time or for most Project management and quality control checking the staff members, often in addition to performing e for documents to be placed for classification and and for the staff. Sometime the document holder’s y affect the continuous flow of the digitization.
nts
planning stage of digitization is to identify training he decision is to do the digitization on filed (in-situ) ng programme should be developed that addresses
hardware and software;
echniques to avoid damage to records; ion scheme for organizing images; ts in their original order;
and process documents containing sensitive
n requirements;
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• Need to identify and process documents that re techniques, such as copper plates, palm-leafs, p documents;
• Standards and procedures for quality control che
• Varying work to avoid fatigue from repetition.
Preparing Physical Files for Digitizing
The following is a list of preparatory tasks that mus prior to digitization commencing. Any additional pr dusting, cleaning, taping of fragile documents, can Remove the following materials: file clips, staples, clips, coloured tags and rubber bands. Replace them clips, or replace them with the tag after digitizing it. and place the content/s of the envelope on the file fo
Documents that are clearly duplicates or copies, a be removed from the file of disposed of. Please note if it is a value added exercise involving many copie found on file.
Quality Checking and Control
Quality control measures include periodic testing imaging calibration (e.g. “focusing” your camera o each other) and verification of authenticity. The de measure will depend on your tools, such as softwa document storage system.
Quality control measures for checking digital throughout the process, preferably by an assigned sta errors. This can include checking individual files fo imaging or classification. For large volumes, it is sampling (5% to 10%) should be applied. Image q a big concern, especially when using low resolution continuous tone image mode (also known as line-co “sees” only black and white, and cannot distinguish from ink type. Quality control of images includes ch
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ess documents that require specialised digitization er plates, palm-leafs, photographs or large format
for quality control checking; igue from repetition.
iles for Digitizing
paratory tasks that must be undertaken on documents ing. Any additional preservation measures, such as ragile documents, can be undertaken at this time. ials: file clips, staples, plastic sleeves, clips, metal r bands. Replace them with the stainless steel paper e tag after digitizing it. Remove envelopes from file
envelope on the file for digitization.
duplicates or copies, and not annotated copies, can isposed of. Please note that this is only worthwhile involving many copies of the same document are
d Control
include periodic testing and cleaning of camera lens, using” your camera or computer screen to match of authenticity. The details of your quality control r tools, such as software, camera and an electronic
s for checking digital images should be applied ably by an assigned staff member who can chart any ing individual files for any errors in arrangement, r large volumes, it is recommended that random be applied. Image quality of digitised records is n using low resolution, 1-bit black and white non- (also known as line-copy). 1-bit B&W image mode and cannot distinguish greys such as pencil marks l of images includes checking for:
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• smallest detail legibly captured (digitise smalles punctuation marks, including decimal points);
• completeness of detail (digitise acceptability of segments of lines);
• dimensional accuracy compared with the origina
• completeness of overall image area (e.g. missing the image area);
• true colour rendition in the case of colour images colour as an intrinsic part of the document, you standard colour sheet for calibrating your image
Review, Evaluation and Revision of Digiti As in any other process it is productive to rev and evaluate how effective it has been. This is an redundancies, inefficiencies or problems in the proce process accordingly. Any changes to the process mu training programme.
Testing Access to Digital Images
It is important to test retrievability of and acces been captured into database, server or some other retrieval exercise involving a sample of digitised doc
Applying Retention Policy to Digital Documents
Ensure that decisions have been made in relation to of image copy of the documents have been given to DVDs as in the file format of JPEG. It is also to be n documents should be cleaned, organized, filed, comp document holders because of their historic value and
Contents of Listing Template
The content of listing template contains the fo gives precise information of the digitized documen
20

tured (digitise smallest type size for text; clarity of ing decimal points); igitise acceptability of broken characters, missing
pared with the original;
age area (e.g. missing information at the edges of
e case of colour images. Where digitization involves of the document, you should consider including a calibrating your image capture tools.
and Revision of Digitization Processes
it is productive to review the digitization process t has been. This is an opportunity to identify any problems in the process and revise and enhance the nges to the process must be reflected in an updated
gital Images
ievability of and access to digital images that have server or some other electronic storage system. A sample of digitised documents should suffice.
n Policy to Digital and Hard Copy
been made in relation to the retention and disposition nts have been given to the document holders in the JPEG. It is also to be noted that hard copies of the , organized, filed, compiled and returned back to the their historic value and must not be destroyed.
emplate
mplate contains the following components which he digitized document. Institution of Deposit such
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as Name of institution, contact address etc.; Descript folder name, digital file name, title, dates of origin digital copies, physical characteristics, scope and co etc.; Details on Individual Family Institution such i history or biographical information etc.; and Techni date of images created, file format, capture device, co the format contains technical details for audio and f listing template was specifically for EAP. Such for customized based on the requirement of the project organization.
Conclusion:
Information is an intangible but invaluable organizations and individuals, which will benefit th is well organized and permanently preserved. The g is to cater the multiuser and provide sustainable reso as institutional assets. One important aspect of digiti long-term preservation and continued access to the d if valid archival records are properly kept and mana resources to future generations, and provide a glim advantage in converting the endangered documents t to even remote location via internet connection, enab The archives of these endangered documents alone research and be conducted off-site.
The digitization process in terms of identificat organization, digitization and retention of enda palm-leafs and copper plates) and techniques descr understood through EAP458 project “Constituting Agrarian History” funded by British Library and Ar of Pondicherry. Thus the digitization of endangered d the documents provided broader scope for understan in Tamil Nadu. Similarly the social history of any c other community or issues can be traced through id of related documents available. Thus the digitizatio understanding a community or issues of debate throu documents.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

t address etc.; Description such as reference, digital e, title, dates of original material, creation dates of cteristics, scope and content, languages of material mily Institution such institution and family name, ation etc.; and Technical Details such as place and mat, capture device, colour, resolution etc. Similarly details for audio and for moving image. The stated ally for EAP. Such formatting of template can be irement of the project undertaken and need of the
gible but invaluable resource for institutions, , which will benefit them by using it especially if it ently preserved. The goal of digitization initiatives rovide sustainable resources which can be regarded portant aspect of digitization initiative is to ensure a ntinued access to the digitized materials. Therefore, roperly kept and managed, it will provide archival s, and provide a glimpse of the past. An immense dangered documents to a digitized form is its access ternet connection, enabling unlimited potential use. ered documents alone could provide a potential for
-site.
in terms of identification, collection, classification, d retention of endangered documents (paper, ) and techniques described in this article have been project “Constituting a Digital Archive of Tamil British Library and Arcadia in the French Institute ization of endangered documents and the content in er scope for understanding the agrarian community social history of any community or interface with n be traced through identification and digitization le. Thus the digitization process provides scope for r issues of debate through the identified endangered
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Acknowledgements:
The author would like to thank Dr. Zoe Head Mr. Ponnarasu Subramaniam, Co-applicant, Endan 458 (funded by British Library and Arcadia), French the support and discussions on process and proce motivated the author to write this paper.
References:
Caste, Land and Customs: Rescuing Endangered Documen 1950) - http://clac.hypotheses.org/the-project.
Caste, Land and Customs - http://www.ifpindia.org/Caste-
D. Doermann, J. Liang, and H. Li, 2003. Progress in Came Proceedings of Seventh Internafional Conference on Docu 606- 610.
Endangered Archives Programme - http://eap.bl.uk/
Xiaofan Lin, 2006. Quality Assurance in High Volume Docum in the 2nd Internafional Conference on Document Image A
Zoe Headley, 2012. Documenting Crime and Punishmen ceias-Newsletter, No. 4. (http://ceias.ehess.fr/docannexe.
22

:
thank Dr. Zoe Headley, Principal Applicant and , Co-applicant, Endangered Archive Programme- y and Arcadia), French Institute of Pondicherry for on process and procedures of digitization which this paper.
ng Endangered Documents of Tamil Agrarian History (1650- g/the-project.
/www.ifpindia.org/Caste-Land-and-Custom.html
2003. Progress in Camera based Document Image Analysis, onal Conference on Document Analysis and Recognifion, pp.
- http://eap.bl.uk/
ce in High Volume Document Digitization: A Survey, published ce on Document Image Analysis for Libraries, Lyon, France.
g Crime and Punishment in Tamil Nadu: Fieldwork Report, eias.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1972)
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cyfj;jpy; midj;J capupdq;fSk; VNjh xU ti milahsq;fis tpl;Lj;jhd; nrd;W ,Uf;fpd;wd. mt;th gilj;j kdpj ,dKk;> jhd; tho;e;jjw;fhd jlaq;fis t capupdq;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w jlaq;fis tpl Nkk;gl;lit Xtpak;> fy;ntl;L> rpw;gk;> Xiyr;Rtbfs;> fl;llk;> jhs;fspy kw;Wk; fiyg;nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gplKbAk;. ,t ek; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; ,Uj;jiy kl;Lkpy;yhky;> mth;fs; v $WfSld; tho;e;;Js;sdu; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
,e;jtifapy; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w jkpo; r mopatilaf;$ba mghaj;ij vjph;Nehf;fpAs;sJ. mwptp tsu;r;rpailahj fle;j fhyq;fspy; tuyhw;W Mtz (DIGITIZING) vd;gJ tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fSf;F kpfTk; f te;jJ.
,d;iwa epiyapy; tuyhw;W Mtzq;fis Kiwah vspjhfTk; vz;zpkg;gLj;j gy topfs; fz;Lgpbf fz;Lgpbg;Gfspw; rpwe;jJ Gifg;glf;fUtp. Gifg;glf;fU NghJ mJ vjpu; tUk; jiyKiwfSf;Fg; gad;gLk;tifa
gy tuyhW fle;j epfo;Tfis ,d;Wk; ehk; Ritf;fpNwh Gifg;glf;fUtpNa MFk;. Gifg;glf;fUtp %yk; ek tpl;Lr;nrd;w Gifg;glj;jpd; %yk; ,d;Wk; ehk; urpf;Fk; gb rhl;rpfshf cs;sd.
me;etifapy; EAP 4582 jpl;lk; %ykhfj; jkpo; ehl;by Gifg;glf;fUtp kw;Wk; mijr; rhu;e;j njhopy; El;gf; f vz;zpkg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;j
1 P. Chandran,Project Associate [ Photographer]-EAP-458 Fr Puducherry – 605 001 India Email: chandranstills@yahoo
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
rKf tuyhw;W Mtzq;fis vz;zpkk
Gifg;glf;fiyapd; gq;fspg;G
2. EAP 458 - constituting a digital archive of Tamil agrarian h by British library and Arcadia. Project headed by Dr. Zoe H the French institute of Pondicherry

yhw;W Gifg;glf;fiyapd; Mtzq;fis gq;fspg;G
vz;zpkkhf;fypy;
rchive of Tamil agrarian history in the colonial period funded oject headed by Dr. Zoe Headley and S.Ponnarasu, Hosted by rry
ng. re;jpud;1
q;fSk; VNjh xU tifapy; jhd; tho;e;jjw;fhd nrd;W ,Uf;fpd;wd. mt;thwhd capupdq;fspy; MwwpT ho;e;jjw;fhd jlaq;fis tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sJ. mit kw;w aq;fis tpl Nkk;gl;litahf cs;sd. cjhuzkhf r;Rtbfs;> fl;llk;> jhs;fspy; vOjg;gl;lit> nrg;Gg; gl;lak; ;wtw;iw Fwpg;gplKbAk;. ,t;tif nghUl;fspypUe;J ehk; kl;Lkpy;yhky;> mth;fs; vt;tsT nropg;GlDk;> fyhrhu ;gij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w jkpo; rhu;e;j fiyg; nghf;fp\q;fs; vjph;Nehf;fpAs;sJ. mwptpaw; fz;Lg;gpbg;Gf;fs; ngupJk; q;fspy; tuyhw;W Mtzq;fis vz;zpkkhf;Fjy; Ma;thsu;fSf;F kpfTk; fbdkhd gzpahfNt ,Ue;J
Mtzq;fis KiwahfTk;> tpiuthfTk; kwWk; gy topfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. mt;thwhd fg;glf;fUtp. Gifg;glf;fUtp %yk; vz;zpkg;gLj;Jk;
wfSf;Fg; gad;gLk;tifapy; mikAk;.
,d;Wk; ehk; Ritf;fpNwhk; vd;why; mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ifg;glf;fUtp %yk; ek; Kd;Ndhu; vz;zpkkhf;fp yk; ,d;Wk; ehk; urpf;Fk; gbahf gy Gifg;gl tuyhWfs;
;lk; %ykhfj; jkpo; ehl;by;> tuyhw;W Mtzq;fisg; r; rhu;e;j njhopy; El;gf; fUtpfisf;nfhz;L ehq;fs;
f;fpNwhk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
hotographer]-EAP-458 French Institute of Pondicherry, ail: chandranstills@yahoo.com
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EAP 458 (ENDANGER ARCHIVES PRO
EAP 458 jpl;lj;jpd; %ykhf DSLR (Digital Single Lens Computer %ykhf Camera Control Pro View NX Software gad Mtzq;fis> Gifg;glf;fUtpiaf; nfhz;L vt;th ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gijg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
(DIGITIZING)
vz;zpkkhf;fy; tpsf;fg
Gifg;glf;fUtp epiyg;ghl;by; Gifg;glf;fUtpiaf Ntz;Lk;> Gifg;glf;fUtp fPo ; gFjpapy; Mtzq;fisf; fpl fzpdp %yk; rupahf cs;sjh vd;W ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ca ([LV] LIVE VIEW ) OPTION CLICK
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nra;J Mtzq;fisf; fzpd ,t;thW ehk; ghu;g;gjhy; rupahd Kiwapy; ehk; nra;fpNw mwpa KbfpwJ. ehk; vz;zpkkhf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F Vw;wthW fisf; fzpdp fzpdpapy;
Nghd;w njhopy; SET
nra;J El;gf;fUtpfs; nfhs;syhk;. nfhz;L ,t;thwhd vz;z Ki
tpiutpy; 
nra;JKbf;fKbAk;.
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24
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DANGER ARCHIVES PROGRAMME)
f DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflect) Nikon D90 Camera kw;Wk; Pro View NX Software gad; gLj;jp jkpo; tuyhW rhu;e;j tpiaf; nfhz;L vt;thW vz;zpkkhf;fpf;nfhz;L hk;.
vz;zpkkhf;fy; 
tpsf;fg;glq;fs;

l;by; Gifg;glf;fUtpiaf; fzpdp %yk; ,izf;f gFjpapy; Mtzq;fisf; fplj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mtzq;fisf; vd;W ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Camera Control Pro Software %ykhf a;J Mtzq;fisf; fzpdpapy; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ. d Kiwapy; ehk; nra;fpNwhkh vd;gijf; fzpdp %yk; fhs;syhk;. khf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F ,t;thwhd Vw;wthW Kiwapy; Gifg;glf;fUtpapy;
Gifg;glf;fUtp OPTION kw;Wk; f;fUtpfs; nfhz;L vz;zpkkhf;fy; nra;Ak; NghJ kpf
AMERA CONTROL PRO.
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fzpdpapy; Vw;fdNt nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s
CAMERA C LIVE VIEW vd;w OPTION topahf Mtzq;fisf; fzpd nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
CAMERA CONTROL PRO. SOFT
Exposure-1
ehk; vz;zpkkhf;Fk; ,lj;jpd;
Lighting
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jFe;jthW Exposure 1 gad;gLj;jp Shutter Mode – Aperture – Exposure C rup nra;J rpwe;j Kiwapy; vz;zpkkhf;fy; nra;a ,e;j
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

%ykhf Uj;jg;gl;Ls;s
CAMERA CONTROL PRO. SOFTWARE hf Mtzq;fisf; fzpdp topahf ghu;j;J rup nra;J
RA CONTROL PRO. SOFTWARE
Exposure-1
j;jpd;
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CAMERA CONTOL PRO SOFTWARE
y; e – Aperture – Exposure Comp – ,t;thwhd Option fisr; ;zpkkhf;fy; nra;a ,e;j Exposure 1 gad;gLfpwJ.
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26
CAMERA CONTROL PRO. SOFT
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2 gad – ISO Sensitivity – White Balance – Color Temperature
gad (DIGITIZING) vz;zpkkhf;fy; kpfr;rupahd Kiwapy;fzpdpy
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A CONTROL PRO. SOFT WARE
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28
gad space - Option Set nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
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vz;zpkkhf;fy; nra;j Mtzq;fis
RAW File fis kw;Wk; Rotate nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
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KbTiu
,t;Tyfpy; gy;NtW njhopy; El;g fUtpfs; fz Gifg;glfUtp %yk; jhd; ekJ goq;fhy tuyhw;iw jpwe;J cynfq;Fk; cs;s tuyhw;W Mtzq;fis vz;zpg;gLj;J epjp cjtp toq;fp tUfpwJ.
BRITISH LIBRARY
aplk; epjp ehl;by; vq;nfq;F Mtzk; cs;sJ vd;gij fsg;gzp % itj;jpUg;gtu;fis Neupy; nrd;W vz;zpg;gLj;jypd; vz;zpg;gLj;jypd; ed;ikfisAk; $wp Mtzq;fisg tuyhw;W Mtzq;fis mtu;fSf;Fupa ,lj;jpNyNa G njhopy; El;g fUtp nfhz;L rpwe;j Kiwapy; vz;zpkk mt;thW nra;j midj;J Mtzq;fisAk; Mtzk;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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%ykhf (DVD)
toq;FfpNwhk;. ekJ tuyhw;W Mtz vd;gij vz;zp mtu;fs; ngUk; kfpo;r;rp milfpd;wdu;.
,t;thwhd Kiwapy; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s jkpo; fsg;gzp %yk; Ma;T nra;J> mt; Mtzq;fis itj;j vz;zpkg;gLj;jypd; mtrpaq;fisAk;> ed;ikfisA ngw Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ngWk; Mtzq;fis vz;zpk gapw;rpfs; mspf;f EAP 458 FO cWJizahf ,Uf;Fk;.
,yq;ifapy; cs;s jkpo; tuyhw;W Mtzq;fis tho;f;iff;Fk;> tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> ngUk;gq;fhf mikAk;. vdN ,yq;ifj; jkpou;fspd; vQ;rpapUf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;f
30

;. ekJ tuyhw;W Mtzq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ k; kfpo;r;rp milfpd;wdu;.
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; tuyhw;W Mtzq;fis vz;zpkgLj;Jtjhy; kdpj gUk;gq;fhf mikAk;. vdNt Gifg; glf;fUtp topahfj; pUf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fis vz;zpkkhf;FNthk;.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
gz;ila fhy Xiy kw;Wk; fhfpj Mtz
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gz;ila fhy kf;fspd; ehfupfj;ijAk; gz;ghl;Lf; tsu;r;rpiaAk; Md;kPf kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpiaAk njuptpf;ff; $ba mwpTg; ngl;lfq;fshfg; goq;fhy Xiy jpfo;fpd;wd. goq;fhyj;jpy; muz;kidfs;> Nfhtpy;fs;> r ,y;yq;fs;> Kw;fhy muR mjpfhupfspd; ,y;yq;fs; K gz;ila Mtzq;fs; ,d;W ghJfhg;G fUjp E}yfq;fs Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; Ngzg;gl;L tUtijf; fhzKbfpd fhzg;gLk; gz;ila Mtzq;fis ,d;iwa jiyKi kl;Lky;yhky; vjpu;fhyj; jiyKiwapdUk; gad;gLj;Jk; t Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gJ vd;gJ ek; xt;nthUtUila jiyah
mt;thW Mtzq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; gzpapid Mtzq;fs; ve;j tifahd nghUl;fspd; kPJ vOjg;gl tifahd nghUl;fisf;nfhz;L vOjpAs;sdu; vd;gjid vd;gjidAk; mit ve;j Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ v mwpe;J nfhz;l gpwNf Mtzq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; gz me;j mbg;gilapy; goq;fhy Xiy kw;Wk; fhfpj Mtzq kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikfs; Mfpatw;wpidf; fhz;Nghk;.
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jpl;lk;> gpuQ;R Ma;T epWtdk;> ghz;br;Nrup.
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rpupjhsg;gid
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y;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfis ePf ;fhtpl;lhy; jAk; ntg;gj;ijAk; khw;wp khw;wp cs;spOj;J ntsptpLk;
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Page 47
nray; eilngWk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf Xiyapd; jd;ik F FiwAk; epiy Vw;gLk;. vdNt Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l kl;ilap gpupj;J vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l Xiyfisfg; gr rkjiuapy; itj;J $ohq;fw;fisf; nfhz;L mOj;jpj; nra;tjd; %yk; Xiyapd; cl;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ,iln gad;ghl;Lf;fhyk; ePb f;fg;gLk;.
epoypy; cyu itj;jy;
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Xiy thWjy;
epoypy; cyu;j;jg;gl;l Xiyfisj; Njitf;Nfw;w ePs vOJtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
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vOJtjw;Fj; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l Xiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. vOj;jhzpfisg; ngUk;ghYk; %d;W Fz;nlOj;jhzp> thnwOj;jhzp kw;Wk; klf;nfOj;jhzp
Fz;nlOj;jhzp vd;gJ Xiyapy; vOJtjw;F cs;stu;fs; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,jpy; xU Kid $u;ik Fz;L tbtpYk; fhzg;gLk;.
thnwOj;jhzp vd;gJ XusT vOjf; fw;Wf;nfhz;l ep Xiyfis thuTk; gad;gLj;JtJ. ,jpy; xUKid $ fj;jp tbtpYk; fhzg;gLk;.
klf;nfOj;jhzp vd;gJ ed;F vOJgtu;fs; gad;gLj $u;ikahdjhfTk; kWKid fj;jp tbtpYk; fhzg;gLk epiyapy; mikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
vOJk; Kiw
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

khf Xiyapd; jd;ik Fd;wp mjd; gad;ghl;Lf; fhyk; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l kl;ilapypUe;J euk;G ePf ;fp Xiyfis jLf;fg;gl;l Xiyfisfg; gr;ir epwk; khWtjw;F Kd;ghf ;fisf; nfhz;L mOj;jpj; Nja;f;fNtz;Lk;. mt;thW ;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfs; ePf ;fg;gLk;. Xiyapd;
s R+upa xsp glhj tifapy; gr;ir epwk; khWk; tiu (7 ;j Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;tjd; %yk; mjpf ntg;gk; ,d;wp mjd; ePb j;J gad;gLk; jd;ik khwhkYk; tpsq;Fk;.
yfisj; Njitf;Nfw;w ePs mfyj;jpy; eWf;fpf; nfhz;L
nra;ag;gl;l Xiyfspy; vOJtjw;F vOj;jhzpfs; pfisg; ngUk;ghYk; %d;W tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit zp kw;Wk; klf;nfOj;jhzp vd;gdthFk;.
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T vOjf; fw;Wf;nfhz;l epiyapy; cs;stu;fs; vOjTk; ;JtJ. ,jpy; xUKid $u;ikahdjhfTk; kWKid
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apy; vOJk; Kiwapy; gutyhf ,lj;jpw;Fj; jf;fthW Uk;ghyhd ,lq;fspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l vOj;JKiwahdJ yJ ifapy; vOj;jhzpiaAk; itj;J fPw y; Kiwapy; iyfspy; Gs;spapl;L vOJk; gof;fk; ,y;iy vd;gjw;F fpope;J tpLk; vd;w fhuzj;ijNa ngUk;ghYk; $Wtu;. k; Gs;spapl;L vOJk;NghJ njhlu;r;rpahf vOJk; nghOJ
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vOj;jhzpia vLj;J vOJtJ vd;gJ Ntfk; Fiw Vw;Gilajhf ,Uf;fhJ vd;gNj cz;ik.
ik jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; Xiyapy; jlTjy;
vOjg;gl;l Xiyfspy; vOj;Jf;fs; ed;whfj; njupt fPw y;fspy; NkYk; ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;glhj tifapy; ik my;yJ k eilKiwg; gof;fkhFk;. mt;thW jltg;gLk; ik ja cs;sd. tpsf;nfz;iz my;yJ ,Yg;ig vz;iz nf mjd; Nkw;Gwk; nry;Yk; Gifia kiwf;Fk; tifapy; Fop mjpy; gbAk; Gifj;Jfs;fis vLj;J Nfhitapiyr; rh rhw;Wld; fye;J cUthf;fg;gl;l ikia nfhz;L jltpg; g
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34

tJ vd;gJ Ntfk; FiwtJld;> vOJk; Kiwf;F j cz;ik.
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fis mtw;wpd; ePs j;jpw;Fj; jFe;jgb xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L ,uz;L Jisfs; ,lg;gl;l xiyfspy; ,lJ Gwk; cs;s s;s Jisapy; ehuhrKk; ,lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ehuhrk; f mjpfupf;Fk; nghOJ mtw;iw njhFj;J njha;tpd;wp Fk;. ,J %q;fpy;. cNyhfk; kw;Wk; je;jk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jd; xUKid E}Yld; ,izf;fg;gl;Lk; kWKid g;gjw;F Vw;wtifapYk; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Xiyfspd; pd; mstpw;F jf;f tifapy; mtw;iw fhf;Fk; tifapy; kh> gyh my;yJ %q;fpy; Nghd;w kuq;fspdhNyh my;yJ p Nghd;w cNyhfq;fspdhNyh cUthf;fg;gl;litahf Xuq;fs; Kwpe;J tplhkYk; gf;fq;fs; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfhj
iyfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; gof;fk; Fiwaf; fhuzkhf k; mwpe;j xd;whFk;. jhtug;nghUl;fspd; nrYNyh]; pypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lNj fhfpjk; MFk;. fhfpjj;ij fhfpjr;Rtbfs; Xiyr;Rtbapd; ghJfhg;G topKiwfis hf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; fhfpjr;Rtbfisg; nghUj;jtiu pjk; jahupf;Fk; nghONj ghJfhg;Gg; gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ
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ngsjPf f; fhuzpfs;
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Ntjpay; fhuzpfs;
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Nkw;$wg;gl;l fhuzpfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; Rtbfi tifapy; jLg;gJ kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Rtbfis vt;th tifapy; ghJfhg;G topKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ g
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hff; fUjg;gLk; Xiyr;Rtbfs; kw;Wk; fhfpjr; Rtbfs; pa kpd; tpsf;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Neubj; jhf;fj;jpdhy; j ,og;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp mjd; jd;ikia ,oe;J RUz;L . NkYk; mjpf ntg;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf jPg;gw;wpf;nfhz;L Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
eubj; jhf;fj;jpdhy; mbj;Jr;nrd;WtpLtjd; fhuzkhf tzq;fs; mope;Jtpl;l epiyia mwpaKbfpd;wJ. NkYk; py; Rtbfis itg;gjd; %yk; G+Q;rizfs; cUthFk; Rtbfspd; jd;ik Fd;wp vspjpy; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shFk;.
py; fhzg;gLk;  d; Nghd;witAk; vypfSk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
f;fs; Rtbfspy; cs;s  vg;gbg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; Rtbfis ;gJ njupahkYk; jtwhd Kiwapy; ifahStjdhYk;
hy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; Rtbfis vt;thW ghjpg;G Vw;glhj pf;fg;gl;l Rtbfis vt;thW NkYk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfhj is Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ gw;wpf; fhz;Nghk;.
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Rj;jk; nra;jy;
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NkYk; Rj;jk; nra;ag;gl;l Xiyr; Rtbfis nykd; f Nghd;w jhtu vz;nza;fisf; nfhz;L G+Rtjd; %yk; Kl;ilfSk; mope;J NkYk; G+r;rpfs; tuhj tifapy; ghJf nghWj;jtiu J}Rfis Rj;jk; nra;J Nguh-il-FNyhN nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L ghJfhg;Gg; Ngiofisg; ga ghJfhf;fyhk;.
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ngl;bfspy; itj;jy;
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Rtbfis itf;Fk; ,lk; jiu kl;lj;jpypUe;J ed;F c fl;blj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ ed;W. R+upa xsp vspjpy; CLUt Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mjpfk; xspjuf;$ba kpd;tpsf;Ffis voltage nfhz;l Foy; kpd;tpsf;Ffis gad;gLj;Jjy; mjp Rtb ghJfhg;G miwapy; jl;gntl;g epiyahdJ 24 Kjy kpfhkYk; FiwahkYk; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; mtrpakh nfhz;l miwfis mikj;jy; mtrpakhdJ. NkYk;  xsp kw;Wk; 

Page 51
jw;fhy Rtb ghJfhg;G E}yfq;fspy; Fspu;rhjd tr ghJfhj;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,jd;%ykhf Rtb miwapd; fhw fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; Rtbg; ghJfhg;G miwapy; jPt pgj;jpidj fUtpfisAk; xyp ngUf;fp fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy ghJfhg;G gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fs; jFe;j Rtb ghJ ghJfhg;G fUtpfis gad;gLj;Jk; mwpT ngw;wtuhfT xd;whFk;.
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NkYk; Rtbfspy; kQ;rs;> Nfhit ,iy> kw;Wk; C rhWfis jltp itg;gjd; %yk; G+r;rpfspd; ghjpg;Gf;F Ms
ntg;gk; kw;Wk;  xsp>  fUQ;rPufk;> fw;G+uk;> fpuhk;G Nghd;wtw;iw rk msT xd;whfr; Nru;j;J gUj;jp E}ypdhyhd Jzpfspy; rpW rpW Kbr;Rfshf fl;b fpy; itf;Fk; nghOJ mtw;wpd; kzk; fhuzkhf G+r;rpfs; hJ.
Nfhit ,iy> kw;Wk; Ckj;ij ,iy Nghd;wtw;wpd; k; G+r;rpfspd; ghjpg;Gf;F MshfhJ.
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38
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gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;lstpy; mr;Rae;jpurhiyfs Vl;Lr;Rtbfspy; ,Ue;j jkpo; E}y;fspw;gy mr;rpy; gjpg Vl;Lr;RtbfSk; fzprkhd mstpy; mr;rpy; gjpg nghWj;jtiuapy; Vl;Lr;RtbfspypUe;J mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf;fg ‘mKjhfuk;’ vd;Dk; tp\itj;jpaE}y; tpsq;FfpwJ. vd;gtuhy; 1892 Mk; Mz;L gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;ljhFk; mti gps;is vd;gtuhy; eadtpjp FzKk; kUe;Jk;> nr mTljj;jpul;L4 Kjyhd Ehy;fSk;> I.nghd;idah v ghfq;fs;)5> mq;fhjpghjk; (thfljj;Jtj;Jld;)6> ,Ughiy gjhh;j;j#lhkzp7> nrhf;fehjh; jd;te;jphpak;8> itj;jpa rpe itj;jpa G+uzk; - 205 (mfj;jpaKdpth; mUspr; Vl;Lr;RtbfspypUe;J mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
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$w Ntz;Lk;. “Rtbfspd; mopT vd;W ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> fl tWikahYk;> mwpahikahYk;> me;epauhYk;> cw;wtuhY mope;jit Nghfj; jw;NghJ vQ;rpapUg;git rpyNt” vd rhyg; nghUj;jkhdJ.12 jkpo; kUj;Jth;fspd; mrpuj;ij> jd;dyg;Nghf;F> fle;j %d;W jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhf , Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; jkpo; kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; mtw;Wl;gy mope;Jk; vQ;rpatw;Wl; fzprkhdit n rpjpykile;Jk; Ngha;tpl;ld
“rpj;jkUj;Jtk; rk;ge;jkhd E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gio NjhWk; itj;jpah;fsplKk;> mth;fsJ guk;giuapdhpl mtw;wpw; ngUk;ghyhdit ghJfhg;gw;Wk;> gadw;Wk; nry vd;W ,.ghyRe;juk; mth;fs; ,q;Fs;s Vl;Lr;Rtbfspd; e Nehf;fw;FhpaJ.13
vdNt> mope;jitNghf> jg;gpg;gpioj;Jj; j rpjwpf;fplf;Fk; jkpo; kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj chpa Kiwapy; Mtzg;gLj;jpj; jw;fhy> vjph;fhyr; re;jjpa Ntz;baJk; fhyj;jpd; fl;lhakhFk;. mit gw;wp aho;g E}yfj;jpYs;s jkpo; kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfis mbg;gila Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.
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kd;duhl;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh; klq;fs;> Myaq;fs; vd;gd itj;jjpy; ngUk;gq;fhw;wpAs;sd. MapDk; itj;jpa itj;jpah;fshYk;> mth;jk; guk;giuapduhYNk g mth;fs; fhyj;jpw;Ff;fhyk; gioa Vl;Lr;Rtbfisg; gpu Ntg;gpiy> kQ;rs;> fw;G+uk; Nghd;w fpUkp nfhy;ypfi te;Js;sdh;. Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; kPJ Ks;KUf;fkpiyahy; m %yk; mtw;wpYs;s vOj;Jf;fisj; Jyf;fkhf;fp thrpf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ.15 Ks;KUf;fpiyr;rhW fpUkpnfhy;ypahf cjTfpwJ. vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; mt gad;ghl;bypUe;jjhYk; mit ghJfhf;fg; gl;ld.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pT vd;W ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> fly; nts;sj;jhYk;> jPa pdhYk;> k;> me;epauhYk;> cw;wtuhYk;> kw;wtuhYk;> G+r;rpfshYk; vQ;rpapUg;git rpyNt” vd;w V. thRfpNjtpapd; $w;W kUj;Jth;fspd; mrpuj;ij> gpwUf;Ff; nfhLf;f tpUk;ghj jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,q;F ele;j cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; po; kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; rhptug;ghJfhf;fg;glhikahy; tw;Wl; fzprkhdit nry;yhpj;Jk;> KidKwpe;Jk;>
d E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gioa Xiyr;Rtbfs; fpuhkq;fs; mth;fsJ guk;giuapdhplKk; Njq;fpf; fplf;fpd;wd. Jfhg;gw;Wk;> gadw;Wk; nry;yhpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd” q;Fs;s Vl;Lr;Rtbfspd; epiyia vLj;Jf;$wpAs;sJk;
Nghf> jg;gpg;gpioj;Jj; jw;NghJ gy ,lq;fspYk; Vl;Lr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj;Jg; ghJfhj;jYk;> mtw;iw pj; jw;fhy> vjph;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;Fg; gad;gLk;gb nra;a akhFk;. mit gw;wp aho;g;ghzg;gy;fiyf;fof gpujhd Vl;Lr;Rtbfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,f;fl;Liuapy;
pj;jYk;> ghJfhj;jYk;
}y;epiyaq;fis epWtp> Vl;Lr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj;Jg; ;ghf> aho;g;ghz kd;dh; fhyj;jpy; ruRtjp k`hyak; ;gl;L mq;F kUj;Jtk; cl;gl gy;Jiwrhh;e;j Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; zr;rhpj;jpuk; $WfpwJ.14
lq;fs;> Myaq;fs; vd;gd Vl;Lr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj;J ;sd. MapDk; itj;jpa VLfspw; ngUk;ghyhdit ; guk;giuapduhYNk ghJfhf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sd. ioa Vl;Lr;Rtbfisg; gpujp gz;zpAk; (gb vLj;Jk;)> Nghd;w fpUkp nfhy;ypfisapl;Lk; VLfisg;ghJfhj;J PJ Ks;KUf;fkpiyahy; mjd; rhW gLk;gb Nja;g;gjd; isj; Jyf;fkhf;fp thrpf;Fk; tof;fKk; jw;fhyj;jpYk; yr;rhW fpUkpnfhy;ypahf Xiyfisg; ghJfhg;gjpYk; Nkyhf Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; mth;fshy; mbf;fb gbf;fg;gl;Lg; ghJfhf;fg; gl;ld.
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,e;jpahitg; nghWj;jtiuapy; Vl;Lr;Rtbfisg; Nehf;Fld; gy epWtdq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jQ;i cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id murpdh; fPo ;j;j gy;fiyf;foff; fPo ;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk; vd;gd mtw;W
Mdhy;> ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; jkpo; Vl;Lr kUj;Jt Xiyr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj;J> ghJfhj;J Mtz rhptu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;. thrpfrhiyfs>; vd;gd fzprkhd mstpy; Vl;Lr;Rtb NghjpYk;> mtw;iwr; rhptug;ghJfhj;J> Mtzg;gLj;Jk ,y;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Vl;Lr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpg;g tFf;fg;glhjpUg;gJk; tUj;jj;jpw;FhpaJ.
jw;NghJ vk;kplKs;s Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; 150 Kw;gl;litahfNtAs;sd. vdNt> mtw;iwj; jl;g nt ,uhkghzk; Nghd;w G+r;rpfshYk; ghjpf;fg;glhky; ghJfhj gy;fiyf;foff; fPo ;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; Ehyfj;jpYs;s Vl;Lr;Rt ntg;gepiyfspdhy; rpijtilahky; ,Ug;gjw;fhff; Fsph;rh ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.15 mt;tpjNk> nrd;i Fsp&l;lg;gl;l miwapy; Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tU fug;gd;> ,uhkghzk; Nghd;w G+r;rpfpspypUe;J ghJfhg;g tprpwyhk; vd;whYk; mit Vl;Lr;Rtbfis vt;tpjj;jpYk cWjpg;gLj;jy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.njd;dpe;jpa Rtbfs; Ma MNyhridAld; rpy E}yfq;fspy; Ntg;ngz;nzapy; (Njitg;gbd; rpwpJ fha;r;rp) mjdhy; Vl;Lr;Rtb Xiy itg;gjd; %yk; Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; rpwpJ fhyk; Jyf;fkhfTk;> r itj;jpUf;Fk; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;LtUtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ
Mtzg;gLj;jy;
Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; chpaKiwapy; gl;bayplg;gl;L> mtw;w ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;jhd; mit gadhspfSf;F rpwg Ma;thsh;fSf;Fk; gpuNahrdkhf mikAk;.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mjpfgl;rkhf aho;.gy;fiyf;fofg; g Vl;Lr;Rtbfs;tiu Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Lg; ghJfhg;ghf itf tpguq;fs; rp.KUfNts; mth;fshy; gl;bayplg;gl;L ,uz;L gF Kjy; gFjpapy;191 – 126 Vl;Lr;Rtbfspd; tpguKk;> ,uz tiuapyhd Vl;Lr;Rtbfspd; tpguq;fSk; gpd;tUk; xOq

uapy; Vl;Lr;Rtbfisg; ghJfhj;J Mtzg;gLj;Jk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jQ;ir ruRtjp k`hy; E}yfk;> ;> nrd;id murpdh; fPo ;j;jpirr; Rtb E}yfk;> Nfusg; bfs; E}yfk; vd;gd mtw;Wl; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
ghWj;jtiuapy; jkpo; Vl;Lr;Rtbfisf; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpo; Nrfhpj;J> ghJfhj;J Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ ,d;dKk; y vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;. rpy E}yfq;fs; jdpahh; prkhd mstpy; Vl;Lr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj;J itj;Js;s ;ghJfhj;J> Mtzg;gLj;Jk; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; mtw;wplk; . Vl;Lr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd tphpthd jpl;lq;fSk; pw;FhpaJ.
Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; 150 – 200 Mz;LfSf;Fk; dNt> mtw;iwj; jl;g ntg;g epiyfshYk;> fug;ghd;> Yk; ghjpf;fg;glhky; ghJfhj;jYk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. Nfus fs; Ehyfj;jpYs;s Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; mq;Fs;s kpifahd jl;g ahky; ,Ug;gjw;fhff; Fsph;rhjdk; nra;ag;gl;l Xh; miwapy; j;jf;fJ.15 mt;tpjNk> nrd;id jpahrgpf;fy; nrhirl;bapYk; ;Rtbfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.16 Vl;Lr;Rtbfisf; ;w G+r;rpfpspypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;F etPd fpUkpehrpdpfs; ;Lr;Rtbfis vt;tpjj;jpYk; ghjpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gij J.njd;dpe;jpa Rtbfs; Ma;thsh; muq;fuh[; mth;fspd; ;fspy; Ntg;ngz;nzapy; thiog;goj;ij Cwitj;J mjdhy; Vl;Lr;Rtb Xiyfisj; Jilj;J Rj;jg;gLj;jp ; rpwpJ fhyk; Jyf;fkhfTk;> rpijtilahkYk; ghJfhg;ghf ;gl;LtUtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.17
apy; gl;bayplg;gl;L> mtw;wpYs;s tplaq;fs; njspthf ; mit gadhspfSf;F rpwg;ghfr; rpj;jkUj;Jth;fSf;Fk;> hf mikAk;.
khf aho;.gy;fiyf;fofg; gpujhd E}yfj;jpy; Rkhh; 207 g;gl;Lg; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit gw;wpa hy; gl;bayplg;gl;L ,uz;L gFjpfshf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. r;Rtbfspd; tpguKk;> ,uz;lhk; gFjpapy;19 127 – 207
pguq;fSk; gpd;tUk; xOq;fpy; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.20
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1. jiyg;G (Rtbapy; jiyg;gplg;glhjtplj;Jg; n ,ilf;fhyj;jiyg;G milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;g 2. gpujp ghlj;njhlf;fk; (Kjy; ghly; thp my;yJ Kjy 3. gpujpg; ghl KbT (gpujpapd; filrp thp) 4. Xiyfspd; vz;zpf;if 5. msTk;> gpw ngsjPf tpguq;fSk; (Xiyapd; msT> 6. Fwpg;Gfs;
,j;njhFg;GKiwahdJ cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtd khjphpg; gbtj;ij21 XusTf;F xj;jpUe;jhYk; rpy Kf;f ,Ug;gijAk; mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhfTs;sJ. cjhuzkhf mr;rhd tpguk;> nra;Ash? ciueilah? ,uz;Lk; fye;jjh E}ypd; rpwg;G / RUf;fk;> E}ypd; cl;jiyg;Gfs; Ngh ,lk;ngwtpy;iy
aho;.gy;fiyf;fof E}yf Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;baypd;gb m 102 Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; jkpo; kUj;Jtk; rhh;e;jitahf cs;sd E}w;RtbfSk;> 07 khl;L thflr; RtbfSk; cs;sd. jkpo;kUj;Jtj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf tpsq;fpAs;sd vd;gJ Fw ,t;tha;tpy; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
kUj;Jtj;Jld; Neubahfj; njhlh;Ggl;l 102 Vl;Lr;Rtbf 30 RtbfSk;> ngahplg;glhjitahf 72 RtbfSk; cs. ,yq;iff;Fhpa jkpo; kUj;Jt E}y;fisf; nfhz;litah rpj;jkUj;Jt E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gdthf 21 RtbfSk; fhz ,r;Rtbfspy; 75 Rtbfs; ey;y epiyapYk;> 27 Rtbf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;baypd; cjtpAld; Nkw;gb t ,Ue;jhYk; ,g;gl;bay;fs; gadhsp xUth; jkf;Fj; Nji ,yFtpy; milahsq;fhzf; $baKiwapy; tphpthd mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy; mtr Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; 102 vd;Wk;> mtw;Ws; Ehw;ngah; Fwpf;fg;gl;l %yk; mwpaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jhYk; cz;ikapy; ngUk;ghy Ehy;fs; vOjg;gl;bUg;gij my;yJ cs;slf;fg;gl;bUg;gij
cjhuzkhf> 29 Mk; ,yf;f Vl;Lr;Rtb rh;g;g rh];jpuk; - Ehyfg;gl;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.22 Mdhy; ,r;Rtbapy - njhpftp> mKjhfuk; - rh;g;grh];jpuk; Mfpa NtW ,U Ehy Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.23 mt;tpjNk> 169 Mk; ,yf;f Vl;Lr;Rtb n
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jiyg;gplg;glhjtplj;Jg; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; xU ilg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) jy; ghly; thp my;yJ Kjy; thp) pd; filrp thp)
f guq;fSk; (Xiyapd; msT> ey;yepiy> rpjpyk; Nghd;wd)
yfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdr; Rtb tpsf;f ml;ltiz xj;jpUe;jhYk; rpy Kf;fpa jfty;fs; Nrh;f;fg;glhky; bajhfTs;sJ. cjhuzkhf> Rtbapd; KOik/ FiwT> ueilah? ,uz;Lk; fye;jjh?> nra;Al;fspd; vz;zpf;if> }ypd; cl;jiyg;Gfs; Nghd;w tpguq;fs; ,g;gl;baypy;
Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;baypd;gb mq;Fs;s 207 Vl;Lr;Rtbfspy; tk; rhh;e;jitahf cs;sd. mtw;iwtplr; rpy khe;jphPf hflr; RtbfSk; cs;sd. mr;RtbfSk; Kw;fhyj;jpy; f tpsq;fpAs;sd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vdpDk;> mit g;gltpy;iy.
; njhlh;Ggl;l 102 Vl;Lr;Rtbfspy; E}w;ngahplg;gl;litahf tahf 72 RtbfSk; cs. ngahplg;gl;l Rtbfs; 30 ,y; E}y;fisf; nfhz;litahf 09 RtbfSk;> njd;dpe;jpa ;gdthf 21 RtbfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mJ kl;Lkd;wp> ;y epiyapYk;> 27 Rtbfs; rpijtile;j epiyapYk;
; cjtpAld; Nkw;gb tpguq;fis mwpaf;$bajhf dhsp xUth; jkf;Fj; Njitahd Vl;Lr;Rtb xd;iw f; $baKiwapy; tphpthd tpguq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf jAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. jkpo; kUj;Jt w;Ws; Ehw;ngah; Fwpf;fg;gl;lit 30 vd;Wk; ,g;gl;bay;fs; Yk; cz;ikapy; ngUk;ghyhd Vl;Lr;Rtbfspy; NkYk;gy
;yJ cs;slf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.
;f Vl;Lr;Rtb rh;g;g rh];jpuk; - nrfuha Nrfuk; vd;W kl;LNk s;sJ.22 Mdhy; ,r;Rtbapy; ,e;Ehiyj;jtpu> rpj;juh&lk; ;jpuk; Mfpa NtW ,U Ehy;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sik 169 Mk; ,yf;f Vl;Lr;Rtb nrfuhrNrfuk; - ru;g;grh];jpuk;
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vd;W kl;LNk gl;baypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.24 ,r;RtbapYk; rpj Mfpa ,U E}y;fSk; mlf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tpU Rtbf my;yJ xd;iwg; ghh;j;J kw;wJ vOjg;gl;Nlh ,Uj;jy; Ntz
Rtb ,yf;fk; 7 eadtpjp (Kjypad) vd;W gl;baypy; j Fwpg;Giuapy; 10 E}y;fSf;Fhpa VLfs; vd;w Fwpg;G mr;Rtbapy; cs;s E}w;ngah; tpguq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gltpy mr;RtbapYs;s E}w;ngah;fs; thrpj;jwpag;gl;ld. mit tU
1. guuhrNrfu eadtpjp 2. fz;buhrNghpy; ghba eadtpjp 3. eadtpjp 4. mfj;jpah; itj;jpak; - filf;fhz;lk; 100 5. mfj;jpaRthkpahh; vz;gJ 6. mfj;jpah; gpd;Dhy; vz;gJ 7. itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp 8. Nuhkhp\p EhW 9. MjPj k;.....(njspthf ,y;iy) 10. jpy;iyKdp(?)
,tw;Ws; guuhrNrfu eadtpjp vd;gJ Vw;nfdNt kUe;Jk; vd;Dk; E}ypd; xU gFjpahfr; r.jk;gpKj;Jg;gps;i rpuNuhfepjhdj;jpy; eadtpjp vd;Dk; gFjpapy; I gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,f;fl;Liuahrphpa ,UtuJ mr;Rg;gpujpfSlDk; xg;G Nehf;fg;gl;L> ghlNgjq vd;gd vOjg;gl;L mz;ikapy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mJ NghyNt fz;buhrh Nghpy; ghba eadtpjp v mth;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l eadtpjp FzKk; kUe;Jk; v rpq;f kd;dd; eadtpjp vd;W ,f;fl;Liuahrphpauhy me;E}Yk; Vl;Lr;RtbAld; xg;G Nehf;fg;gl;L> ghlNgjk;> n ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.27
mLj;J> gyVl;Lr;Rtbfspy; Muk;gj;jpy; mjhtJ Kj Fwpg;gplg;glhky; tplaq;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sNghjpYk;> E}w;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L vOjg;gl;bUg;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Vl;Lr;Rtbf;Fg; ngahplg;glhikahy; ‘ifthflk;’ vd;W gl jw;fhypf ngah; nfhLj;Js;shh;.28 Mdhy;> ,r;Rtbapy; gy;NtW kUe;Jfs; nra;Ak; Kiwfs; gw;wp vOjg;gl;Ls;s tpsf;fk; vd;w E}w;ngah; ,lg;gl;Ls;sJld; me;Ehy; 121M ,e;E}y; I.nghd;idah gjpg;gpj;j ‘,Ughiyr; nrl;bahh fl;Liuahrphpauhy; milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
42

l;Ls;sJ.24 ,r;RtbapYk; rpj;juh&lk;-njhpftp> mKjhfuk; ;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tpU RtbfSk; xUtuhy; vOjg;gl;Nlh vOjg;gl;Nlh ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kjypad) vd;W gl;baypy; jiyg;G Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJld;> hpa VLfs; vd;w Fwpg;G kl;Lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.25 ; tpguq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,f;fl;Liuahrphpauhy; hrpj;jwpag;gl;ld. mit tUkhW –
adtpjp
filf;fhz;lk; 100
;gJ
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tpjp vd;gJ Vw;nfdNt Fwpg;gpl;l eadtpjp FzKk; Fjpahfr; r.jk;gpKj;Jg;gps;is mth;fshYk;> guuhrNrfuk; p vd;Dk; gFjpapy; I.nghd;idah mth;fshYk; j;jf;fJ. ,f;fl;Liuahrphpauhy; ,e;E}yhdJ Nkw;gb xg;G Nehf;fg;gl;L> ghlNgjq;fs;> nra;Al;fSf;fhd ciu
; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.26
Nghpy; ghba eadtpjp vd;gJ r. jk;gpKj;Jg;gps;is dtpjp FzKk; kUe;Jk; vd;Dk; E}ypYs;s ,yq;ifr; d;W ,f;fl;Liuahrphpauhy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJld; ;G Nehf;fg;gl;L> ghlNgjk;> nghUSiu vd;gd vOjg;gl;L
; Muk;gj;jpy; mjhtJ Kjy; Xiyapy; E}w;ngah; VJk; ; vOjg;gl;Ls;sNghjpYk;> Rtbapd; ,ilapy; Gjpjhf l;bUg;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. cjhuzkhf> Kjyhk; ,yf;f ahy; ‘ifthflk;’ vd;W gl;baypl;lth; milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; h;. Mdhy;> ,r;Rtbapy; 1 – 50 Xiyfs; tiuAk; iwfs; gw;wp vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. 51Mk; Xiyapy; itj;jpa l;Ls;sJld; me;Ehy; 121Mk; Xiy tiu fhzg;gLfpwJ. ;gpj;j ‘,Ughiyr; nrl;bahh; itj;jpa tpsf;fk;’ vd;gJ
; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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NkYk;> aho;.gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpYs;s jkpo mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nehf;Fkplj;J>  ,q;F tof;fpypUe 3. E}w;ngah; VJk; Fwpg;gplg;glhky; itj;jpaKiwfs
,it ,yq;if> ,e;jpa rpj;j kUj;Jt Ehy mDgtq;fspypUe;Jk; itj;jpah;fshy; vOj Vl;Lr;RtbfNs ,q;F mjpfstpw; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 I.nghd;idah Nghd;wth;fshy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk;> mit KOikahd gjpg;Gf $wNtz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpakhdJ 4 ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; rpy E}W ghly;fNs mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf nrfuhrNrfuk; mr;Rg;gjpg;gpy; fhzg;glhj gy gFjpfs; 10 Rtbapy; fhzg;gLtJ ,f;fl;Liuahrphpauhy; fz;lwpag;gl ehbtpjp> Fzghlk; vd;Dk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo ; ,lk;ngw;W ,yf;f Vl;Lr;Rtbfspy; ,Jtiu mr;rpy; ntsptuhjJk;> n $wg;gLtJkhd nrfuhrNrfuk; rh;g;grh];jpuk; vd;Dk E ,f;fl;Liuahrphpauhy; ghprPy pf;fg;gl;L> ciunaOjg;gl;L nt
mt;tpjNk guuhrNrfuitj;jpa E}yhdJ 12>000 ,aw;wg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; Rkhh; Voha mr;rpy; gjpg;gpfg;gl;Ls;sd.30 Vidait ,d;dKk; V aho;.gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpYs;s 19 Mk; ,yf;f rd;dpNuhfj;Jf;FhpaJk; I.nghd;idah mth;fshy; rd;dpNuhf epjhdj;jpy;31 fhzg;glhjJkhd gjpide;J ghl ghlNgjq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ciufNsh vOjg;gl;by;iy v mg;gjpg;Gfspy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

of E}yfj;jpYs;s jkpo; kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfis ;Fkplj;J>  njd;dpe;jpa rpj;j w;wg;gl;L> ,q;F tof;fpypUe;j Vl;Lr;Rtb Ehy;fshFk;.
g;glhky; itj;jpaKiwfs; vOjg;gl;Ls;s Vl;Lr;Rtbfs;. e;jpa rpj;j kUj;Jt Ehy;fspypUe;Jk;> jkJ nrhe;j ; itj;jpah;fshy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;. ,j;jifa mjpfstpw; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
}y;fspw; fzprkhdit Kd;dh; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy ;idah Nghd;wth;fshy; Vl;Lr;RtbfspypUe;J mr;rpy; it KOikahd gjpg;Gfshf mikatpy;iy vd;Nw fuhrNrfu itj;jpakhdJ 4000 ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljhf }W ghly;fNs mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.29 mNj Ntis fhzg;glhj gy gFjpfs; 102 Mk; ,yf;f(ngahplg;glhj) iuahrphpauhy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. mit kuzf;Fwpfs;> iyg;Gfspd; fPo ; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. NkYk;> 29> 169 Mk; u mr;rpy; ntsptuhjJk;> nrfuhrNrfuj;ijr; Nrh;e;jjhff; ; rh;g;grh];jpuk; vd;Dk Ehy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. me;Ehy; g;gl;L> ciunaOjg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.23
tj;jpa E}yhdJ 12>000 ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ;w NghjpYk; Rkhh; Vohapuk; ghly;fs; tiuapNyNa Vidait ,d;dKk; Vl;Lr;RtbfspNyNa cs;sd. pYs;s 19 Mk; ,yf;f Vl;Lr;Rtbapy; guuhrNrfuk; ghd;idah mth;fshy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l guuhrNrfuk; g;glhjJkhd gjpide;J ghly;fs; tiu fhzg;gLtJld;>
d.
;gjpg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; kw;nwhU ngUq;FiwghL ahnjdpy; pUe;J mg;gbNa gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahFk;. mjhtJ> ufNsh vOjg;gl;by;iy vd;gJld; nghUslf;fk; $l vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;tplj;jpy; jkpo;gy;fiyf;fof
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Xiyr;Rtbj;Jiwapd; Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;whf nrk;gjpg Kidth; j.Nfh.gukrptk; mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik “Vw;nfdNt ntspte;j gioa E}y;fis kPz ;Lk; ,d xg;gpl;L Ntz;ba ciutpsf;fq;fs;> mfuhjpfs;> gpd;dpi nrk;gjpg;GfshFk;”32 me;jtifapy; mr;rpy; ntspte;j  ,Jtiu mr;rpy; ntsptuhj  mr;rpy; ntspahd E}y;fisr; nrk;gjpg;Gf kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj;J> ghJfhj;Jr; rpwe;j mtrpakhfpd;wJ. vt;tpjk; mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l xU E}iy ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbfpwNjh mJ Nghy> Vl;Lr;Rtbfis kUj;Jth;fs;> Ma;thsh;fs; KjypNahh; jkf;Fj; Njitah ngw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy; mit tpsf;fkhd Kiwa Mtzg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> xU RtbapYs;s Fwpg;ghf> cl;jiyg;Gfs; (ngUk;ghYk; Vl;bd; ,lJ gf;f kUe;Jfspd; ngah;) njhlh;r;rpahf KOikahfj; njhFf;fg;gl mJ gadhspfSf;F kpfTk; gpuNahrdkhdjhf mikAk;.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; cs;s Rtbf; fhg;gfq;fs; fhyj;J tpguq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;jp ntspapl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws (,uh.eph;kyhNjtp)33> Nfusg;gy;fiyf;fof fPo ;j;jpirr; R (#.eph;kyhNjtp)34> cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdr; Rt (jp.kfhyl;Rkp)21 vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. ,tw;Ws; cyfj tpsf;f ml;ltizahdJ (njhFjp – 1) rpj;jkUj;Jtk rw;W tphpthf vLj;Jf;$Wk; tpjj;jpy; mike;Js;sik gpd;gw;wp ,yq;ifapYs;s jkpo; kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbf tuNtw;fj;jf;fJ.
Vl;Lr;Rtbfspy; cs;s tplaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F gad;gLj;j Ntz;baJk; fhyj;jpd; fl;lha Njitahf c vLj;jy; (photo scan)> kpd;tULjy; (scan) vd;gd rp rpjpykile;JtUk; Vl;Lr;Rtbfisf; fl;lhak; ,k;Kiwap Rd;dhfk; gpuNjrrig E}yfj;jpYs;s Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; mt ghJfhf;fg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.17 MapDk; mtw;Ws; jkpo vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. aho;.gpujhd E}yfj;jpYs;s Rk photo scan Kiwapy; fzdp kag;gLj;jj; jw;NghJ elt Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
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q;fSs; xd;whf nrk;gjpg;Gfis cUthf;Fjy; vd;W mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. a E}y;fis kPz ;Lk; ,d;W fpilf;Fk; RtbfSld; ;fq;fs;> mfuhjpfs;> gpd;dpizg;GfSld; ntsptUtd apy; mr;rpy; ntspte;j  ghJfhj;Jr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; Mtzg;gLj;jy; ;rpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l xU E}iy E}yfj;jpypUe;J ,yFthfg; J Nghy> Vl;Lr;Rtbfisg; ghtpg;Nghh; Fwpg;ghf> jkpo; jypNahh; jkf;Fj; Njitahd Vl;Lr;Rtbfis ,yFtpy; ; mit tpsf;fkhd Kiwapy; tplaq;fs; gl;bayplg;gl;L ;. mjhtJ> xU RtbapYs;s tplaq;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; k;ghYk; Vl;bd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. c-k; hf KOikahfj; njhFf;fg;gl;L ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;
Nahrdkhdjhf mikAk;.
Rtbf; fhg;gfq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; Rtbfs; gw;wpa ;jp ntspapl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; jkpo;r; Rtbfs; ml;ltiz y;fiyf;fof fPo ;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; tpsf;f ml;ltiz jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdr; Rtbfs; tpsf;f ml;ltiz plj;jf;fd. ,tw;Ws; cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdr; Rtb jhFjp – 1) rpj;jkUj;Jtk; rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fisr; tpjj;jpy; mike;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mtw;iwg; kpo; kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfis ml;ltizg;gLj;JtJ
plaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F etPd njhopy;El;gtpaiyg; j;jpd; fl;lha Njitahf cs;sJ. mtw;Ws;> Gifg;glk; ULjy; (scan) vd;gd rpwe;j KiwahFk;. Fwpg;ghf> fisf; fl;lhak; ,k;Kiwapy; Mtzg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ;jpYs;s Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; mt;tpjk; kpd;tUlg;gLk; NghJ J. MapDk; mtw;Ws; jkpo; kUj;Jt VLfs; VJk; ,y;iy ;.gpujhd E}yfj;jpYs;s Rkhh; ,UgJ Xiyr;RtbfSk; p kag;gLj;jj; jw;NghJ eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;L tUtJ
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KbTiu
,yq;ifapy; Fwpg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; fhyq;fle;J jkpo; kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; fhg;gfk; my;yJ E}yf aho;.gy;fiyf;fofk;> aho;.nghJ E}yfk; vd;gtw;Wld trjpfSlDk; cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjpy; jkpo; kUj rpwg;G vd;gtw;iwj; jk;kfj;Nj nfhz;L> ePz ;lfhykhf rpjwpf;fplf;Fk; jkpo; kUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtbfis ,ad;wt eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkNrtfh;fSlhf khzth;fSlhfTk; Vl;Lr;Rtbfisr; Nrfhpg;gij Cf;Ft
mt;tpjk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l Vl;Lr;Rtbfis ntWk; fhl;r mt;Ntl;Lr;RtbfisAk;> gpwE}yfq;fspYs;s Vl;L fzdpkag;gLj;JtJld;> mit midj;ijAk; cs;slf;f Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; ml;ltizfs; njhFf;fg;gl;L ntspaplg;gL ,r;Rtbfis Muha;e;J nrk;gjpg;Gfis ntspapl Kd Vl;Lr;Rtbfspy; cs;s jkpo; kUj;JtKiwfs; chpaKiw
crhj;Jiz Ehy;fs; 1. jk;igahgps;is> R. (gjpg;ghrphpah;) mKjhfuk; t
nrd;idg;gl;bdk;.1892 2. jk;gpKj;Jg;gps;is> r. (gjpg;ghrphpah;) eadtpjp Fz
Qhdg;gpufhr ae;jpurhiy> 1904 3. jk;gpKj;Jg;gps;is> r. (gjpg;ghrphpah;) nrfuhrNrfuk;
ae;jpurhiy> 1932 4. mUshde;jk; eP.gp. ahh; ,e;j - Gyth; r.jk;gpKj;Jg;gps;i
gf;.23 5. nghd;idah> I. (gjpg;ghrphpah;) guuhrNrfuk; (7 ghfq;fs 6. nghd;idah> I. (gjpg;ghrphpah;) mq;fhjpghjk; (thfl
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; mr;Rae;jpurhiy 1936 7. nghd;idah> I. (gjpg;ghrphpah;) ,Ughiyr;nrl;bahh #lhkzp– aho;g;ghzk; irtg;gpufhr ae;jpurhiy> 192 8. nghd;idah> I.(gjpg;ghrphpah;) nrhf;fehjh; jd;te;jphpak
mr;Rae;jpurhiy> 1933 9. nghd;idah> I.(gjpg;ghrphpah;) itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp
mr;Rae;jpurhiy> 1932 10. nghd;idah> I.(gjpg;ghrphpah;) itj;jpaj; njspT -
Rd;dhfk;. 1930 11. nghd;idah> I. (gjpg;ghrphpah;) itj;jpa G+uzk; - 20
nra;jJ) - Vohiy jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; mr;Rae;jpurhiy>
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ho;g;ghzj;jpy; fhyq;fle;Jtpl;l ,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpyhapDk; ; fhg;gfk; my;yJ E}yfk; xd;W jdpj;Njh my;yJ hJ E}yfk; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;jjhfNth rfy ; Ntz;Lk;. mjpy; jkpo; kUj;Jtj;jpd; njhd;ik> tuyhW> j nfhz;L> ePz ;lfhykhf vk;kj;jpapy; mq;Fkpq;Fkhfr; Vl;Lr;Rtbfis ,ad;wtiuapy; Nrfhpj;Jg; ghJfhf;f ;Lk;. fpuhkNrtfh;fSlhfTk;> itj;jpah;fs;>itj;jpa fisr; Nrfhpg;gij Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
l;Lr;Rtbfis ntWk; fhl;rpg;nghUshf itj;jpUf;fhky;> gpwE}yfq;fspYs;s Vl;Lr;RtbfisAk; kpd;tUb> t midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpajhf tphpthd jkpo; kUj;Jt ; njhFf;fg;gl;L ntspaplg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsh;fs; ;gjpg;Gfis ntspapl Kd;tuNtz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; Uj;JtKiwfs; chpaKiwapy; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
pg;ghrphpah;) mKjhfuk; tpf;Nlhhpah [_gp mr;Rf;$lk;>
jpg;ghrphpah;) eadtpjp FzKk; kUe;Jk; - mr;RNtyp 1904 jpg;ghrphpah;) nrfuhrNrfuk; - mr;RNtyp Qhdg;gpufhr
;j - Gyth; r.jk;gpKj;Jg;gps;is – jpUkfs; gjpg;gfk;. 2010>
pah;) guuhrNrfuk; (7 ghfq;fs;) 1928 – 1936 rphpah;) mq;fhjpghjk; (thfl jj;Jtj;Jld;) – Vohiy purhiy 1936 rphpah;) ,Ughiyr;nrl;bahh; itj;jpatpsf;fk;> gjhh;j;j rtg;gpufhr ae;jpurhiy> 1927 pah;) nrhf;fehjh; jd;te;jphpak; - Vohiy jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
pah;) itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - Vohiy jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
hpah;) itj;jpaj; njspT - jpUkfs; mr;Rae;jpurhiy>
hpah;) itj;jpa G+uzk; - 205 (mfj;jpa Kdpth; mUspr;
rk;ge;jh; mr;Rae;jpurhiy> 1938
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12. thRfpNjtp V. kUj;Jtr; Rtbfspd; mopTk; ghJfhg;Gk
- rpj;j kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt KiwikfSf;fhd g fUj;juq;F> ghisaq;Nfhl;il. 1999.gf;.13 13. ghyRe;juk; ,. gz;ghl;Lg; ghJfhg;G (fl;Liu) – jhafk 14. Kj;Jj;jk;gpg;gps;is M. aho;g;ghzr; rhpj;jpuk; - ehty
gf;.46 15. yypjh jp. kUe;J nra;Kiwfs; - cyfj; jkpohuha;r
nrd;id 600113. 1985. Gf;. 2 16. thRfpNjtp V. kUj;Jtr; Rtbfspd; mopTk; ghJfhg;Gk
gf;. 16 17. nrse;juuh[ rh;kh f. –(jfty;) – Ehyfh;> Rd;dhfk; gpu 18. KUfNts; rp. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fof Ehyf Vl;L
Ehyfk;> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk; 1992 19. KUfNts; rp. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fof Ehyf Vl;Lr
Ehyfk;> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk; 1997 20. Nkw;gb Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;bay; gFjp – 1 gf;.i 21. kfhyl;Rkp jp. cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdr; Rtbfs; – 1 rpj;jkUj;Jtk; - cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> rp.I 600113. 1998. gf;. 8 22. aho;.gy;fiyf;fof Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;bay; -1 gf;. 8 23. rptrz;Kfuh[h Nr. nrfuhrNrfuk; rh;g;g rh];jpuk; (%y 24. aho;.gy;fiyf;fof Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;bay; -11 gf;. 13 25. aho;.gy;fiyf;fof Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;bay; -1 gf;. 2 26. rptrz;Kfuh[h Nr. guuhrNrfu eadtpjp (%yKk; ci 27. rptrz;Kfuh[h Nr. fz;buhrh Nghpy; eadtpjp vd;D
eadtpjp (%yKk; ciuAk;) 2012. 28. aho;.gy;fiyf;fof Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;bay; - 1 gf;. 1 29. rptrz;Kfuh[h Nr.  ,yq;if. 1993. Gf;. 44 30. Nkw;gb gf;.7 31. nghd;idah I. guuhrNrfuk; (%d;whk; ghfk;) –
mr;rpae;jpurhiy. 1932 32. gukrptk; j.Nfh. mfj;jpah; itj;jpa fhtpak; 1500 (tho;j
fofk;> jQ;rhT+h; 1994 33. eph;kyhNjtp ,uh. jkpo;r; Rtbfs; ml;ltiz - jpUtde
jkpo;r; Rtbfs; ml;ltiz. 1983 34. eph;kyhNjtp #. Nfusg; gy;fiyf;fof fPo ;j;jpirr; Rtb
(Kjy; njhFjp) 1985.
46

Rtbfspd; mopTk; ghJfhg;Gk; Xh; fz;Nzhl;lk; (fl;Liu) j;Jt KiwikfSf;fhd gy Nehf;F mZFKiw gw;wpa l;il. 1999.gf;.13 ; ghJfhg;G (fl;Liu) – jhafk; rQ;rpif> 1986> gf;15 ho;g;ghzr; rhpj;jpuk; - ehtyh; mr;rfk;> aho;g;ghzk;. 1915.
iwfs; - cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> b.b.b.I jukzp>
;. 2 Rtbfspd; mopTk; ghJfhg;Gk; Xh; fz;Nzhl;lk; (fl;Liu)
y;) – Ehyfh;> Rd;dhfk; gpuNjrrig Ehyfk;. g; gy;fiyf;fof Ehyf Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;bay; (gFjp -1) >
fk; 1992 g; gy;fiyf;fof Ehyf Vl;Lr;Rtbfs; gl;bay; (gFjp -11) >
fk; 1997 ay; gFjp – 1 gf;.i pohuha;r;rp epWtdr; Rtbfs; tpsf;f ml;ltiz njhFjp ;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> rp.I.b tshfk;>jukzp>nrd;id
;Rtbfs; gl;bay; -1 gf;. 8 hrNrfuk; rh;g;g rh];jpuk; (%yKk; ciuAk;) - 2010 gf;.v ;Rtbfs; gl;bay; -11 gf;. 13 ;Rtbfs; gl;bay; -1 gf;. 2
Nrfu eadtpjp (%yKk; ciuAk;) 2012. ;buhrh Nghpy; eadtpjp vd;Dk; ,yq;ifr; rpq;f kd;dd;
k;) 2012. tbfs; gl;bay; - 1 gf;. 1 ;Jr; rpj;jkUj;Jt Ehy;fs; Xh; mwpKfk; - rpj;jkUj;Jt . 1993. Gf;. 44
rfuk; (%d;whk; ghfk;) – Vohiy jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
; itj;jpa fhtpak; 1500 (tho;j;Jiuapy;) - jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;
tbfs; ml;ltiz - jpUtde;jGuk;>Nfusg; gy;fiyf;fofj;
. 1983 ;fiyf;fof fPo ;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; tpsf;f ml;ltiz
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
,yq;ifj; jkpou; kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fS
Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
mwpKfk;
kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; (Traditional Built Environme tpOkpaq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs; Nghd $Wfspd; ngsjpf ntspg;ghlhf tpsq;FtJld;> mr;rK nghUshjhu> murpay; jhf;fq;fSf;F Vw;g mr;rKjhaj;j vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjhf cs;sd. gz;ghl;L epidTfisj; itj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik fl;blr; R+oy;fSf;F cz;L. ,jdh tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F R+oy; vd;Dk;NghJ mJ kuGtopahd cau;Fbf;Fupa nre (Classical Built Environment)> rhjhuz kf;fSf;F cupa ku xUq;Nf Fwpf;fpwJ. kpf mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu cyf ms R+oy;fNs gz;ghl;Lf; fUT+yq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gl;L Ma;Tf Amos. 1969, p.1) Mtzg;gLj;jj; jf;fdthfTk;> Ngzpf; fUjg;gl;L te;jd. ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFjpfspy; goikah Vwj;jho ,y;iy vdyhk;. ,jdhy; ,yq;ifj; jkpou; nra;tjpy; fl;blr; R+oy;fspd; gq;F Kw;whfNt ,y;yhky; ,
1960fspy; cyfpd; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; rhjhuz kf gq;F czug;gl;lJld;> ,J Fwpj;j Ma;TfSk; Kd;nd 1969) ,t;tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf> rhjhuz kf;fSila fl;blr nfhz;bUe;j ,yq;ifj; jkpou; R+oypy; gz;ghl;L M cl;gLj;jf;$ba tha;g;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;ld. MapDk; ekJ R+oy tpopg;Gzu;itNah Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. xU Gwj;jpy; cyfka Xupdkhf;fk;> r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; vd;gd ekJ khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;f> ,d;ndhU Gwk; mw Nghu; vd;gdTk; ekJ kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; gy R fhuzkhapd. ,ijj; jLj;J epWj;JtJ KbahJ. Md Mtzg;gLj;jp itf;f KbAk;. (LeBlanc, Francois. and Epp
gz;ghl;L kuGf;fhd cupik> kdpj cupikapd; xU gFj MNyhrid mikg;ghd “epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; fsq;fs; v

kpou; kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fSk; mtw;iw
Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
,. kA+uehjd;
aditional Built Environment) xU rKjhaj;jpd; Njitfs;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d gz;ghl;Lf; hf tpsq;FtJld;> mr;rKjhak; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; r%f> ;fSf;F Vw;g mr;rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisAk; gz;ghl;L epidTfisj; jk;Ks; ePz ;lfhyk; nghjpj;J R+oy;fSf;F cz;L. ,jdhy; xU rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;L l;blr; R+oy;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. kuGtopf; fl;blr; opahd cau;Fbf;Fupa nre;newpf; fl;blr; R+oy;fisAk; jhuz kf;fSf;F cupa kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fisAk; ;ikf;fhyk; tiu cyf mstpYk; $l> nre;newpf; fl;blr; ;fshff; nfhs;sg;gl;L Ma;Tf;F cupadthfTk;> (Rapoport, ;jj; jf;fdthfTk;> Ngzpf; fhf;fg;gl Ntz;badthfTk; jkpou; gFjpfspy; goikahd nre;newpf; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; jdhy; ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw Ma;T q;F Kw;whfNt ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jJ.
l;L tuyhw;wpy; rhjhuz kf;fSila fl;blr; R+oy;fspd; Fwpj;j Ma;TfSk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.(Rapoport, Amos. hjhuz kf;fSila fl;blr; R+oy;fisNa mbg;gilahff; pou; R+oypy; gz;ghl;L Ma;Tfspy; fl;blr; R+oy;fis w;gl;ld. MapDk; ekJ R+oypy; ,J Nghjpa Mu;tj;ijNah py;iy. xU Gwj;jpy; cyfkakhf;fj;jpd; $whd gz;ghl;L u khw;wq;fs; vd;gd ekJ fl;blr; R+oy;fspy; Ntfkhd ;bUf;f> ,d;ndhU Gwk; mwpahik> ,aw;ifr; rPw ;wq;fs;> opf; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; gy Rtbd;wp mope;J Nghtjw;Ff; epWj;JtJ KbahJ. Mdhy;> Kbe;jtiu mtw;iw eBlanc, Francois. and Eppich, 2005. Rand. p.2)
k> kdpj cupikapd; xU gFjp vd;W $Wk; And];Nfhtpd; dTr; rpd;dq;fs; fsq;fs; vd;git kPj hd midj;Jyf
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mit” (“INfhNkh];”)> vjpu;fhyj; jiyKiwapdupd; cupi gz;ghl;L kuGfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd flg;ghLk; nghWg typAWj;JfpwJ. (Declaration of ICOMOS, 1998) ,jd; m kuGfspd; xU gFjpahd kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; Fwpj;j jfty;fis ekJ vjpu;fhyj; jiyKiwapdUf;F tpl;L Mtzg;gLj;jy; ekJ flg;ghLk; nghWg;Gk; MFk;.
Mtzg;gLj;jYf;fhd 
fl;blr; R+oy;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; cyfshtpa mbg;gilapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s rhjhuz
 kf;fSila fl;blr; R+oy;fspd;
 Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;T>
 rKjhaq;fspd; gz;ghl;L
 tuyhw;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy; ,j;jifa fl;blr; R+oy;fspd; gq;F Fwpj;j tpsf;fk;> Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ

,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFjpfspy; Mtzg;gLj;jj; jFe;j fl;blr; R+oy;fs; VuhskhfNt cs;sd.
 ,tw;Ws; vz;zpf;ifapy; 
mjpfkhditAk;> g kf;fSila tPL fNs. ,it ,yq;ifj; jkpou; r khw;wq;fisAk; tsu;r;rpfisAk; fhl;LtJld;> r%fj;jpy gz;ghl;L epiyikfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf cs;sd cUthd fhyj;J epiyikfisg; gpujpgypg;gJld;> gpw;fhy Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisAk; nghjpj;J itj;jpUg;git. (M ,tw;wpd; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gz;ghL njhlu;g Kf;fpa Ma;Tg; nghUl;fshf tpsq;ff;$bad.
,d;ndhU Kf;fpa fl;bltif> topghl;blq;fs;. , ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLk; fl;blr; R+oy; tiffSs; ,t;t 400 Mz;Lf;fhykhf gy;NtW r%f> murpay;> nghUs cUthf;fk;> tsu;r;rp Mfpatw;wpd;kPJ ngUksT jhf;f (rptj;jk;gp> fhu;j;jpNfR.> 2000. gf;.133-145.) mtw;iwr; rpwg ,it cs;sd.
klq;fs; ,d;ndhU tif. njUNthu ,isg;ghW re;ijfSf;F mz;ikapy; mike;j klq;fs;> Rliy kl
50

j; jiyKiwapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L> ;gjw;fhd flg;ghLk; nghWg;Gk;> ,d;W ekf;F ,Ug;gij ICOMOS, 1998) ,jd; mbg;gilapy;> ekJ gz;ghl;L opf; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; Fwpj;j Ma;Tfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;> ; jiyKiwapdUf;F tpl;Lr; nry;tjw;Fkhf mtw;iw k; nghWg;Gk; MFk;.
l;blr; 
R+oy;fs; tpa uz pd;
 u;T> hl;L jpy; q;F ;wpd; ghJ spy; ;blr; .
py; mjpfkhditAk;> gy;tifg;gl;L miktdTk; t ,yq;ifj; jkpou; rKjhaj;jpd; fhyKiwg;gl;l Ak; fhl;LtJld;> r%fj;jpy; epyTk; r%f> nghUshjhug; tspg;gLj;Jtdthf cs;sd. xt;nthU tifAk; mit sg; gpujpgypg;gJld;> gpw;fhy tsu;r;rpfspd; jhf;fq;fspdhy; jpj;J itj;jpUg;git. (Mayooranathan, R., 2002. p.21.) fj; jkpou; gz;ghL njhlu;ghd Ma;TfSf;F ,t;tPL fs; psq;ff;$bad.
tif> topghl;blq;fs;. ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFjpfspy; r; R+oy; tiffSs; ,t;tifAk; mlq;Ffpd;wJ. fle;j W r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;> ,tw;wpd; w;wpd;kPJ ngUksT jhf;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> gf;.133-145.) mtw;iwr; rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLj;JtdthfTk;
f. njUNthu ,isg;ghW klq;fs;> Nfhapy; klq;fs;> ike;j klq;fs;> Rliy klq;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW tif
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klq;fs; ,tw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. (NrhkRe;juf;FUf;fs;> FKjh. tiffs; jtpu;e;jit jw;fhyj;jpy; gad;ghL mw;Wg; Ngha nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspd; ntspg;ghLfshff; fhz mtw;NwhL njhlu;Gila fl;blr; R+oy;fSk; Mtzg;gLj;jg
,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFjpfspy; cs;s gy re;ijfs; gy nfhz;lit. md;whlj; NjitfisAk; nghUshjhuj; Nji Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wk; re;ijfs; (Balasundarampillai, 19 Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU mk;rk;. NtW gy fl;blq;fSk;> mit n $l ,yq;ifj; jkpoupd; gz;ghl;L tho;f;ifapd; , jpfo;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghfg; ghlrhiyfs;> itj;jpa rhiyfs Nghd;wit rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;G Ki
kdpju; cUthf;fpa R+oy;fshd Njhl;lq;fs;> tay R+oy;fNs. ,tw;wpd; mikTj;jpir> msT> may; fhz Kiwfs;> ghij> fpzW> MLfhy;> tug;G> tha;f;fhy;> Nghd;w gy ngsjPf mk;rq;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; r%f> ngh vd;gtw;Wld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;lit.
jdpj;jdpahd fl;blq;fs;> rpwpa mstpyhd fl;blr; R+o Kjypa fl;blr; R+oy;fspd; ngsjPf f; $Wfs; rKjhaj;jpd mk;rq;fspdhy; mikT ngWtJk;> mt;thwhd mikT tho;f;if Kiw khw;wq;fspy; jhf;fk; nfhz;bUg;gJk cs;sd. (Brand, Stewart., 1995. p.3) ,jdhy;> rKjhaj;jpd ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F mtrpak;.
 ,yq;ifj; jkpoupd; kuGtopf;
 fl;blq;fs;> Fwpj;j gz;ghl;Lf; jf;f tiffSk;> ,yq;ifj; gy ,d;iwa fUT+yq;fshff; fl;blr;R+oy;fSk; fl;blq;fSk;> jkpoUila fl;blr; epiy.
R+oy;fs;
kuGtopg; nfhs;sj;
Vwj;jho
 

  fl;bl 
Kw;whfNt mope;Jtpl;ld. NtW rpy Ntfkhf mopit neUq;Ffpd;wd.

. xU fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd;
 tl gFjpapy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk;
 ,Ue;j> tl;lkhd js tbtKk;>


jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

rhkRe;juf;FUf;fs;> FKjh. 2007. gf;.39.) ,tw;Ws; rpy ;jpy; gad;ghL mw;Wg; Ngha;tpl;ld. rKjhaj;jpd; r%f> spd; ntspg;ghLfshff; fhzg;gl;l ,t;thwhd fl;blq;fSk; r; R+oy;fSk; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bait.
py; cs;s gy re;ijfs; gy E}w;whz;L fhyj; njhlu;r;rp fisAk; nghUshjhuj; NjitfisAk; epiwNtw;Wtjpy; ; (Balasundarampillai, 1980.) rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;by; gy fl;blq;fSk;> mit njhlu;ghd fl;blr; R+oy;fSk; z;ghl;L tho;f;ifapd; ,d;wpaikahj mk;rq;fshfj; iyfs;> itj;jpa rhiyfs;> njhlu;tz;b epiyaq;fs; ;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;G KidfshfTk; mike;jit.
;fshd Njhl;lq;fs;> tay;fs; Nghd;witAk; fl;blr; j;jpir> msT> may; fhzpfSldhd njhlu;G> gpupf;Fk; Lfhy;> tug;G> tha;f;fhy;> ,isg;ghWtjw;fhd xOq;F s; rKjhaj;jpd; r%f> nghUshjhu tho;f;if> gz;ghL u;G nfhz;lit.
rpwpa mstpyhd fl;blr; R+oy;fs; jtpu Cu;fs;> efuq;fs; sjPf f; $Wfs; rKjhaj;jpd; tho;f;ifKiwapd; gy;NtW tJk;> mt;thwhd mikTfs; gpd;du; mr; rKjhaj;jpd; py; jhf;fk; nfhz;bUg;gJk; gyuhy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;L p.3) ,jdhy;> rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lf; fUT+yq;fisg; yhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,tw;iw Mtzg;gLj;jy;
 uGtopf;
 +oy;fs;

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uGtopg; 
Vwj;jho fhs;sj; fl;bl 

tW rpy
;wd.
;ifapd;
 ;fspYk;
 btKk;>
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kz;Rtu;fSld;> gidNahiyf; $iuAk; nfhz;l tl;l Kw;whf ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;ld. 1940fspy; aho;g;ghz kht gy ,lq;fspYk; ,t;tl;l tPL fs; fhzg;gl;ljw;fhd rhd;W Bryant., 1946.) 1970fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; mk;gdpy; ,uz jz;zP& w;Wg; gFjpapYk; rpy tPLfs; fhzg;gl;ld. mope;Jtpl;bUf;Fk;.
aho;g;ghzj;J ehl;Lg;Gwf; fPo ; kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd gpize;jpUe;jit %tyF tPL fs;. ehw;GwKk; Nty miof;fg;gl;l ngUk;ghYk; Xuiwf; Fbir> jiythry;> m %d;W gpupTfisf; nfhz;L ,it mike;jpUe;jd.(M ghf;fpaehjd;.> 2006.) aho;g;ghz khtl;lk; KOtjpYk; k jw;fhyj;jpy; ,tw;iwf; fhz;gJ kpfTk; mupjhfp tpl;lJ.
jpz;izfSld; $ba ehw;rhu;> vz;rhu; tPL fs; aho; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gl;ld. ,t;tif tPL fSf;Fr; rpwe;j vL aho;g;ghz efupd; tz;zhu;gz;izg; gFjpapy; mike 1975) ,tw;Wl; gy> tzpfuhd nrl;bkhu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;ld ,Ue;j tPL fspw; rpy 1970fspNyNa guhkupg;G trjpfs; ,y;y ey;y epiyapy; ,Ue;j tPL fs; gyTk; $lg; Nghu;f;fhyj;jpy
ngUk;ghYk; aho;g;ghzg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; xd;W tpwhe;ijfs;> mLf;fis Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l tPl ;L t tPLfs;. kz;tPLfs; fy;tPLfshf khwj;njhlq;fpa fhyj;j fUj KbAk;. 19k; E}w;whz;bd; KbTg; gFjpapYk;> 20 Mk aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rpy r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fspd ,t;tif tPLfs; vdyhk;. ,j;jifa tPLfspw; gy rpwpa m vdpDk;> ,uz;L khbfisf; nfhz;l ngupa tPL fSk; ,t;t cs;sd. rpy tPL fspy; Nkdhl;Lf; fl;blf;fiyj; jhf;fq;fi tPL fs; gy ,d;dKk; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; gy gFjpfspYk; gut
Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l jpz;izfSld; $ba ehw;rhu; t ehw;rhu; tPL fs; jsghlg; gad;ghl;Lf;F Vw;wtifapy; nfhz;bUe;jd. Kd;Gwj; jpz;izfs; tpwhe;ijfshf tifapy; Kfg;G jho;thfg; gzpe;j Njhw;wj;Jld; ,Uf;f> g Kfg;GfSld; myq;fhu Ntiyg;ghLfs; mike;J fhzg;g P.25) ,j;jifa tPL fspd; Njhw;wk;> aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;J Ntiy ngw;Wr; nrd;wtu;fshy; cUthd nghUshjhu t Nky; eLj;ju tFg;ghupd; Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;G nf
52

yf; $iuAk; nfhz;l tl;l tPL fs; ,d;iwf;F Vwj;jho . 1940fspy; aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpYk;> td;dpg; gFjpapd; s; fhzg;gl;ljw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.( Naish, Richard. w;gFjpapy; mk;gdpy; ,uz;L tPL fs; kl;Lk; ,Ue;jd. y tPL fs; fhzg;gl;ld. jw;NghJ ,it Kw;wpYkhf
; fPo ; kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; tho;tpaNyhL neUf;fkhfg; tPLfs;. ehw;GwKk; Ntypahy; R+og;gl;L> tPL vd iwf; Fbir> jiythry;> mLf;fis Mfpa Kf;fpakhd it mike;jpUe;jd.(Mayooranathan, R., 1975; mfpyd;> z khtl;lk; KOtjpYk; kpfg; gutyhff; fhzg;gl;lit. J kpfTk; mupjhfp tpl;lJ.
w;rhu;> vz;rhu; tPL fs; aho; khtl;lj;jpd; efug; gFjpfspy; if tPLfSf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshfg; gy tPLfs;> ;gz;izg; gFjpapy; mike;jpUe;jd.(Mayooranathan, R. nrl;bkhu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;ldthfj; njupfpwJ. ,g;gFjpapy; Na guhkupg;G trjpfs; ,y;yhky; mopaj; njhlq;fptpl;ld. gyTk; $lg; Nghu;f;fhyj;jpy; Kw;whf mope;JNgha; tpl;ld.
gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L miwfs;> patw;iwf; nfhz;l tPl ;L tifAs; mlq;Ftd “l” tbt hf khwj;njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpd; xU cw;gj;jpahf ,ijf; ; KbTg; gFjpapYk;> 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fspd; ntspg;ghlhf cUthdit ;jifa tPL fspw; gy rpwpa my;yJ eLj;ju msTs;sit. fhz;l ngupa tPL fSk; ,t;tiff;Fs; mlf;ff;$badthf ;Lf; fl;blf;fiyj; jhf;fq;fisAk; fhz KbAk;. ,t;tif
j;jpd; gy gFjpfspYk; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
zfSld; $ba ehw;rhu; tPL fisg; Nghyd;wpg; gpw;fhy d;ghl;Lf;F Vw;wtifapy; kl;lkhd jiuaikg;igf; ;izfs; tpwhe;ijfshf khw;wk; ngw;wd. Kd;ida pe;j Njhw;wj;Jld; ,Uf;f> gpw;fhy ehw;rhu; tPL fs; epkpu;e;j yg;ghLfs; mike;J fhzg;gl;ld. (Mayooranathan, 2002. w;wk;> aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;J kyhah Nghd;w ehLfSf;F y; cUthd nghUshjhu tsk;> mjdhy; cUthd Gjpa k; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;G nfhz;lJ vdyhk;. (rj;jparPy d;>
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r. 2007. gf;. 230-235) aho;g;ghzj;jpd; gz;ghl;L t ,t;tif tPL fSk; ,d;Wk; FlhehL KOtJk; gutyhf ,tw;iw ,bj;Jg; Gjpa ghzpapy; mike;j tPL fisf; f ,it mope;Jnfhz;L tUfpd;wd.
,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFjpfspy; FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpapd topghl;Lf; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; Vwj;jho Kw;whfNt mope;J rkaj;jpd; mwpKfk;> gioa rka topghLfis kiwthf e Gjpa topghl;Lf; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; cUthff; fhuzkhapd. ( 40-41.) jw;fhyj;jpYk;> gy;NtW r%f khw;wq;fs;> rk];fpU vd;.> 2004. gf;. 38 - 40.) Kjypatw;why; gy;NtW khw;wkiltjd; %yk; my;yJ Kw;whfNt iftplg;gL fl;blr; R+oy;fSk; milahsk; fhz Kbahjgb khwpt Ma;TfSf;Fg; gad;gLk;gb ,tw;iw Kiwg;gb Mtzg;gL
mope;JtUk; fl;bl tiffspy; Kf;fpakhd ,d;ndhd Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjp tiu njUNthu klq;fs; ah fhzg;gl;ld. mbg;gilapy; njUNthu klj; njhFjpfs; nk R+oypd; cw;gj;jp vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. vdNt njho Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Ntfk; mjpfupj;Jr; nrd;wNghJ xU fhy f ,y;yhnjhope;jJld;> klf; fl;blq;fs; gyTk; ftdpg;ghuw klq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu rpy klq;fs; fhy khw;wq;fNshL gad;ghlw;Wg; Ngha; mope;jd. Mdhy; NtW rpy ,lq;f rhu;e;j klq;fSf;fhd Njit ,d;dKk; ,Ue;JtUtJ f fl;blq;fSld; $ba klq;fs; Nghu;r; R+oypy; mope;J Ngha
klf; fl;bl tifAs; ,d;ndhU Jiz tifa mUfpy; mike;j klq;fs;. nghJthf ,it tzpfu;fspd efug;gFjpapy; mike;jpUe;j “fq;fh rj;jpuk;” (Chandrah kpfr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;fpaJ. rpy Xtpaq;fisA nfhz;bUe;j ,J xU mupjhd gz;ghl;Lf; fUT+ykhfTk; nf Nky; goik tha;e;jjhfTk;> aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;bd; fl epidTr; rpd;dkhfTk; jpfo;e;j mijg; ghJfhj;J itj;jp ehNk mjid mopj;Jtpl;Nlhk;.
,yq;ifj; jkpou; kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fi njhlu;gpyhd rpy Kd;Kaw;rpfs;
1960 fspy; cyf mstpy; rhjhuz kf;fSila fl;b Mu;tj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahf> 1970fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,y
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

o;g;ghzj;jpd; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWk; lhehL KOtJk; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; papy; mike;j tPL fisf; fl;bf;nfhs;Sk; tof;fj;jpdhy;
;wd.
py; FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpapd; njhlf;fj;Jf;F Ke;jpa fhy wj;jho Kw;whfNt mope;J Ngha;tpl;ld. vdpDk; Gjpa a topghLfis kiwthf elj;jNtz;ba Njit vd;gd ; cUthff; fhuzkhapd. (rptypq;fk;> %.> 2004. gf;. 04> r%f khw;wq;fs;> rk];fpUjkakhf;fk; (rz;Kfypq;fd;> ) Kjypatw;why; gy;NtW kuGtop topghl;L Kiwfs; J Kw;whfNt iftplg;gLtjd; %yk; mtw;Wf;Fupa k; fhz Kbahjgb khwptUfpd;wd. ,jdhy; vjpu;fhy
w;iw Kiwg;gb Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.
spy; Kf;fpakhd ,d;ndhd;W klf; fl;bltif MFk;. 20 iu njUNthu klq;fs; aho;g;ghzg; gFjpapy; gutyhff; UNthu klj; njhFjpfs; nkJthf efu;e;j Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp fhuzkhfg; ;Jr; nrd;wNghJ xU fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,tw;Wf;fhd Njit ;blq;fs; gyTk; ftdpg;ghuw;W mope;J Nghapd. Nfhapy; klq;fs; fhy khw;wq;fNshL njhlu;Gila fhuzq;fshy; . Mdhy; NtW rpy ,lq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu Nfhapy; ,d;dKk; ,Ue;JtUtJ fz;$L. rpy rpwe;j kuGtopf; Nghu;r; R+oypy; mope;J Ngha;tpl;ld.
d;ndhU Jiz tifahf miktJ re;ijfSf;F hJthf ,it tzpfu;fspd; gad;ghl;Lf;fhdit. aho; fq;fh rj;jpuk;” (Chandrahasan, A., 2007. 28) ,t;tiff;F q;fpaJ. rpy Xtpaq;fisAk; (Chandrahasan, A., 2007. 33) z;ghl;Lf; fUT+ykhfTk; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. E}whz;LfSf;F aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;bd; fle;JNghd fhyfl;lk; xd;wpd; ;j mijg; ghJfhj;J itj;jpUe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ;.
Gtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;JtJ
w;rpfs;
; rhjhuz kf;fSila fl;blr; R+oy;fs; Fwpj;J cUthd 0fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd;
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fl;Lg;ngj;ij tshfj;jpy; fl;blf;fiyj;Jiwj; jkpo; khz Nju;Tf;fhfr; rhjhuz kf;fspd; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; njhlu;gh vOjpdu;. “aho;g;ghzj;J kuGtop ehu;rhu; tPL fs;”> “FbNaw aho;g;ghzj;J ehw;rhu; tPL fs;”> “aho;g;ghzj;J ,isg;gh xy;yhe;ju; tPLfs;”> “tl khfhzj;J tl;l tPLfs;” Nghd vOjg;gl;ld. ,j; njhlf;ffhyf; fl;LiufSf;fhff; Fwpg;gplj ,lk; ngw;wd. kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;j gq;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j Kd;Ndhbr rKjhaj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLk;gb KOikahfg; ghJfhf;fg;glhk
,yq;ifj; jkpoupd; kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy; Fwpj;j tpo Kaw;rpahf> 2002 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 2009 tiu “aho;g;g (Traditional Buildings of Jaffna) vd;Dk; jiyg;gpyhd Mq;fpy ,aq;fpaJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,j;Jiwapy; Gjpa Mu;tk; Vw;g ,Ue;jJ.
,yq;iff; fl;blf;fiyQu; rq;fj;jpd; > nrg;nlk;gu; 2 gFjpf;fhd Ma;tpjopYk; aho;g;ghzf; fl;blf;fiy njhlu;g ntspte;jd. 2002 Mk; Mz;by; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fi fl;blf;fiyg; ghzpfSk; mk;rq;fSk; njhlu;ghd fUj;ju ,J njhlu;ghd gy Ma;Tf; fl;LiufSk; thrpf;fg;gl;ld. , gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fs; rpyUk; kuGtopf; fl;blq;fs; F tpisTfs; mr;rpYk; ntspte;jd. (mfpyd;> ghf;fpaehjd FKjh. 2007.)
,yq;ifj; jkpou; kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fis M
nghJthff; fl;blr; R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;j mt;thtzq;fspd; tbtk;> mtw;wpd; cs;slf;fk; M ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. fl;blr; R+oy;f ntspg;gLj;JtJ mtw;wpd; ngsjPf f; $WfNs. mtw;w gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kay;fpNwhk;. Ma;TfSf;F mbg;gilahdit ngsjPf j; jfty;fNs ,t mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L tbtq;fspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s K ,uz;lhtJ msT tiuglq;fs;. vdNt> fl;blr; R+oy NjitfSf;fhapDk;> vjpu;fhyj; NjitfSf;fhf Mtz Nkw;gb tbtq;fspy; fl;blr; R+oy;fisg; gjpT nra;Jnf nraw;ghlhf ,Ue;JtUtijf; fhzyhk;. (Carter, Thom 2006. p.28)
54

lf;fiyj;Jiwj; jkpo; khztu;fs;> jkJ ,Wjpahz;Lj; ; fl;blr; R+oy;fs; njhlu;ghd jiyg;Gf;fspy; fl;Liufs; op ehu;rhu; tPL fs;”> “FbNaw;wthjr; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;l ;”> “aho;g;ghzj;J ,isg;ghW klq;fs;”> “aho;g;ghzj;J zj;J tl;l tPL fs;” Nghd;w jiyg;Gf;fspy; fl;Liufs; ; fl;LiufSf;fhff; Fwpg;gplj; jf;f mstpy; fs Ma;TfSk; r; R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;j Kad;wjpy; ,f; fl;Liufspd; vdpDk;> ,e;j Kd;Ndhbr; nraw;ghLfspd; tpisTfs; Oikahfg; ghJfhf;fg;glhky; NghdJ ftiyf;FupaJ.
opf; fl;blr; R+oy; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk; xU Kjy; 2009 tiu “aho;g;ghzj;J kuGtopf; fl;blq;fs;” d;Dk; jiyg;gpyhd Mq;fpy nkhop ,izaj;jsk; xd;W iwapy; Gjpa Mu;tk; Vw;gLtjw;F ,J J}z;LNfhyhf
u; rq;fj;jpd; > nrg;nlk;gu; 2002 - ngg;utup 2003 fhyg; ;g;ghzf; fl;blf;fiy njhlu;ghd rpy Mq;fpyf; fl;Liufs; z;by; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; aho;g;ghzf; ;rq;fSk; njhlu;ghd fUj;juq;F xd;Wk; ,lk; ngw;wJld; iufSk; thrpf;fg;gl;ld. ,Nj fhyg;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghzg; Uk; kuGtopf; fl;blq;fs; Fwpj;J Ma;T elj;jpdu;. ,jd; ;jd. (mfpyd;> ghf;fpaehjd;. 2006; NrhkRe;juf;FUf;fs;>
opf; fl;blr; R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy;
+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpd; cs;slf;fk; Mfpa ,uz;L tplaq;fisf; ;bapUf;Fk;. fl;blr; R+oy;fspy; nghjpe;Js;s jfty;fis gsjPf f; $WfNs. mtw;wpd; thapyhfNt r%fj;jpd; wpe;Jnfhs;s Kay;fpNwhk;. vdNt fl;blr; R+oy; Fwpj;j t ngsjPfj; jfty;fNs ,t;thwhd ngsjPfj; jfty;fis q;fspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. xd;W xspg;glq;fs;. ;fs;. vdNt> fl;blr; R+oy; njhlu;ghd cldb Ma;Tj; j; NjitfSf;fhf Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;Jf;fhapDk; R+oy;fisg; gjpT nra;Jnfhs;tJ xU ,d;wpaikahj ; fhzyhk;. (Carter, Thomas and Elizabeth Collins Cromley,
MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit


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fl;blr; R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; xspg;glq;fs gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; xspg;glq;fis vLg;gjd; Njhw;wj;ijg; ngUksTf;Fg; gjpT nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk xspg;glq;fis ,yFtpy; Gupe;J nfhs;tu; vd;gjdhy;> fl;b ntspaPL fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> fz;fhl nghUj;jkhdit. jw;fhyj;jpy; xspg;glq;fisg; gpbg;gjw Njitapy;iy. vz;zpk xspg;glf; fUtpfspd; tsu;r;rp juk toptFj;Js;sJld;> XusT gapw;rpAld; ey;y xspg;glq cs;sJ. vdpDk;> vz;zpk xspg;glq;fs; Fwpj;j rpy ftdj;Jf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpa Nrkpj;J itg;gjpy; cs;s gpur;rpid. ,tw;iwr; Nrkpj;J i tof;nfhope;J NghtJk;> jw;fhyj;jpy; cs;s Clfq;fspy; x Nrkpj;J itf;f KbahikAk; ,tw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. vd NgZtjd; %yk; ,tw;wpd; gad;gL fhyj;ij ePl ;bf;nfh p.46) fl;blr; R+oy;fspd; vy;yhg; ngsjPf mk;rq;fisAk; x KbahJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; fl;blq;fspd; msTfs;> gy;Nt njhlu;Gfs;> gy;NtW $Wfspd; fl;Lkhd tpguq;fs; Nghd fhl;LtJ rhj;jpak; ,y;iy.( D’Ayala, D., and P. Smars. 2 tiuglq;fs; fl;blr; R+oy;fisg; gjpT nra;tjpy; ,d;wpai
Kiwahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l msT tiuglq;fisg; Nghd;w fl;blk; xd;iwf; fl;bf;nfhs;s KbAk;. my;yJ gad;gLj;jp fzpdpapy; Kg;gupkhz khjpupfis cUthf;fpf thrpg;gjpy; gapw;rpngw;w xUtuhapd; tiuglq;fs; Kg;gupkhz mikg;igAk; mjd; gy;NtW ngsjPf mk;r nra;Jnfhs;syhk;. ,J fl;blr; R+oy;fisg; gjpT nra;t ,d;wpaikahikia ekf;F czu;j;JfpwJ. fl;bl tiugl jpwDk; cs;stu;fNs ,jidr; rupahfr; nra;a KbAk;. m nrytplNtz;bapUf;Fk;. (English Heritage, 2006. p.8) vt;ts Jy;ypakhd jfty; Njitg;gLfpwNjh mt;tsTf;F mt;ts msT tiuglq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;fhff; fl;blr; R+oy;fi cUthf;Ftjpy; gad;gl;l fl;blg; nghUl;fs;> gy;NtW fhyf mile;j tpjk; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; mwpa KayNtz;Lk;. if fl;blr; R+oy;fspd; gFjpfis neUf;fkhff; ftdpf;Fk; t tplaq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ ,yFthdJ.
mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy;> fl;blr; R+oy;fisg; gjpT njhopy;El;gq;fSk;> fUtpfSk; ngUksT tsu;r;rpail Nyru; JUty;> cyf epiyfhl;L Kiwik> jpUj;jpa
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

g;gLj;Jtjpy; xspg;glq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. spg;glq;fis vLg;gjd; %yk; fl;blr; R+oy;fspd; gjpT nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. jtpuTk;> rhjhuz kf;fs; ;J nfhs;tu; vd;gjdhy;> fl;blr; R+oy; Fwpj;j E}y;fs;> gpw ad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> fz;fhl;rpfspy; itg;gjw;Fk; kpfTk; ; xspg;glq;fisg; gpbg;gjw;F mjpf nryNth NeuNkh ;glf; fUtpfspd; tsu;r;rp jukhd xspg;glq;fis vLg;gjw;F gapw;rpAld; ey;y xspg;glq;fis vLg;gJk; rhj;jpakhfp xspg;glq;fs; Fwpj;j rpy ghjfkhd mk;rq;fisAk; mtrpak;. ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdJ ,tw;iw ePz ;lfhyk; ;rpid. ,tw;iwr; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; Clfq;fs; Ntfkhf yj;jpy; cs;s Clfq;fspy; xg;gPl;lstpy; ePz ;l fhyj;Jf;Fr; k; ,tw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. vdpDk; ,tw;iw Kiwahfg; ad;gL fhyj;ij ePl ;bf;nfhs;syhk;.(Robin Letellier, 2011. g; ngsjPf mk;rq;fisAk; xspg;glq;fs; %yk; gjpT nra;a lq;fspd; msTfs;> gy;NtW miwfSf;F ,ilapyhd ; fl;Lkhd tpguq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw xspg;glq;fs; %yk; yala, D., and P. Smars. 2003. p 26) ,jdhNyNa msT sg; gjpT nra;tjpy; ,d;wpaikahjitahf cs;sd.
msT tiuglq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kPz ;Lk; mNj ;bf;nfhs;s KbAk;. my;yJ> cupa nkd;nghUl;fisg; hz khjpupfis cUthf;fpf;nfhs;syhk;. tiuglq;fis tuhapd; tiuglq;fs; %ykhfNt mf;fl;blj;jpd; jd; gy;NtW ngsjPf mk;rq;fisAk; rupahff; fw;gid r; R+oy;fisg; gjpT nra;tjpy; msT tiuglq;fspd; zu;j;JfpwJ. fl;bl tiuglq;fs; tiutJ gw;wpa mwpTk; r; rupahfr; nra;a KbAk;. mj;NjhL ,jw;F mjpf NeuKk; Heritage, 2006. p.8) vt;tsTf;F vt;tsT EZf;fkhd> fpwNjh mt;tsTf;F mt;tsT mjpf NeuKk; Njitg;gLk;. pg;gjw;fhff; fl;blr; R+oy;fis msf;Fk;NghJ> mtw;iw lg; nghUl;fs;> gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fShlhf mit tsu;r;rp k; mwpa KayNtz;Lk;. ifahy; msntLf;Fk; Kiwapy; neUf;fkhff; ftdpf;Fk; tha;g;Gf; fpilg;gjhy;> Nkw;gb ,yFthdJ.
l;blr; R+oy;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;Fg; gad;glf;$ba k; ngUksT tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sd. xspg;gl mstpay;> hl;L Kiwik> jpUj;jpa xspg;gl Kiw Nghd;w gy
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njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs; ,d;W gad;gL Rad. and Chabbi, Amel., 2007. p.5-8) ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj ngw KbAk;. MdhYk; ,j;jifa Kiwfs; mjpf nryT jkpou; R+oypy; ngUk;ghyhd Ntisfspy; Nkw;nrhd;d vspikahdJk;> mbg;gilahdJkhd fUtpfNs NghJk xspg;gl Kiw> rpy vspikahd xspg;gl mstpay; K nrytpd;wp Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l mbg;gil KiwfSld; (Almagro, Antonio, 1999)
kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fspd; cUthf;fKk;> mtw;w njhLGydhFk; (Tangible)> njhLGydhfhg; (Intangible) ngW rhu;e;j topKiwfspdhNyNa Vw;gLfpd;wd.(Karakul, ,r;R+oy;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F ,t;tpUtifg; ng mtrpak;. MfNt> kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fis Mtzg mk;rq;fis kl;Lkd;wp> njhLGydhfh mk;rq;fisAk; ftd (Karakul, Ozlem., 2007. p.159-162.; ICOMOS Charter. 1996.)
xU rKjhaj;jpd; njhLGydhfh mk;rq;fs; nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfs;> r%fr; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;w gz;ghl;Lr; nraw;g FwpaPL > Mf;fj;jpwd; Nghd;w gz;ghl;L ntspg;ghLfs; ,tw;wpd; jhf;fq;fisf; fl;blr; R+oy;fspy;> miktplk;> xOq;fikT> ntsprhu; ,ay;Gfs;> fl;blf;fiyf; $ jsghlq;fs;> epwk;> tbtk;> ghzp> fl;blg;nghUl; gad mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.(Karakul, Ozlem., 2007. p.158-159)
,t;thwhd mk;rq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisf; fs mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; %ykhfTk;> Neu;fhzy;fs; ClhfTk; ng ,it Fwpj;J Kiwahd ftdk; nrYj;jNtz;baJ m jpul;lYf;Ff; fl;blf;fiy> nghwpapay;> efug; Gtpapay;> tuy Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa gy;Jiw mwpT Njitg;gLtJ
rpy ,lu;g;ghLfs;
,yq;ifj; jkpou; R+oypy; ,t;thwhd Mtzg;g ,lu;g;ghLfs; gy.
fl;blr; R+oy; njhlu;gpyhd jfty; Nrfupg;G> Mtzg;gLj;j jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd gy;Jiw mwpT ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFj vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fl;blf;fiyj;Jiw njhlu;ghd ghlnewpf
56

;Jk; fUtpfs; ,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.(Eppich, -8) ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj; Jy;ypakhd tpisTfisg; fa Kiwfs; mjpf nryT gpbf;ff;$bad. ,yq;ifj; Ntisfspy; Nkw;nrhd;d gjpTfisj; jahupg;gjw;F Jkhd fUtpfNs NghJkhdit. vdpDk; jpUj;jpa hd xspg;gl mstpay; Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mjpf mbg;gil KiwfSld; Nru;j;Jg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
pd; cUthf;fKk;> mtw;wpy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fSk; LGydhfhg; (Intangible) ngWkhdq;fspd; CLnjhlu;Gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.(Karakul, Ozlem., 2007. p.151.) ,jdhy;> ;tjw;F ,t;tpUtifg; ngWkhdq;fs; Fwpj;j mwpTk; fl;blr; R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jk;NghJ njhLGydhFk; ydhfh mk;rq;fisAk; ftdj;Jf;F vLg;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
; ICOMOS Charter. 1996.)
hfh mk;rq;fs; nghUshjhur; nraw;ghLfs;> md;whl tPl ;Lr; s; Nghd;w gz;ghl;Lr; nraw;ghLfs; ClhfTk;> cl;nghUs;> gz;ghl;L ntspg;ghLfs; ClhfTk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. lr; R+oy;fspy;> miktplk;> FbapUg;G tbTU> ntsprhu; y;Gfs;> fl;blf;fiyf; $Wfs;> myq;fhuf; $Wfs;> ghzp> fl;blg;nghUl; gad;ghL Nghd;w gytw;wpD}lhf
., 2007. p.158-159)
hlu;ghd jfty;fisf; fs Ma;Tfspd;NghJ Fwpg;ghd Neu;fhzy;fs; ClhfTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. vdNt dk; nrYj;jNtz;baJ mtrpak;. ,t;thwhd jfty; wpapay;> efug; Gtpapay;> tuyhW> r%ftpay;> khdpltpay;
;Jiw mwpT Njitg;gLtJ njspT.
py; ,t;thwhd Mtzg;gLj;jypy; vjpu; Nehf;ff;$ba
fty; Nrfupg;G> Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw cupaKiwapy; pT ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFjpfspy; Nghjpa msT ,y;iy. ;Jiw njhlu;ghd ghlnewpfs; ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFjpg;
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gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ,y;yhikAk;> fl;blf;fiyj; njhop milahky; ,Ug;gJk; ,j;Jiw njhlu;ghd cs;sPL fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
jfty; jpul;lypy; Neubahf  mr;R+oy;fspy; jhf;fq;fis c gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; Fwpj;j mwpTk;> mtw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd XusTf;Fj; Njit. mj;Jld;> fl;blr; R+oy;fis msj;jy xspg;glq;fis vLj;jy;> rpy etPd njhopy;El;gq;fisf; i Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jpwd; Njit. ,j;jifa jpwd;fisj; Njb ,lu;g;ghL.
kuGtopr; nrhj;Jf;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpfs; n Fwpj;j rKjhaj;jpd; tpopg;Gzu;tpy; ngupJk; jq;fpAs;s gFjpfspy; kpfTk; FiwT. Fwpg;ghf> kuGtopf; fl;blr;R+oy FiwT. mj;Jld;> gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; fl;blr; R+oy;fi Nghd;wtw;Wf;F mDkjp ngWtjpy; cupikahsu;fspd; x Ntisfspy; fbdkhfNt cs;sJ.
kuGtopf; fl;blr; R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;jtjpy;> nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ> gapw;rp n ngWtJ Nghd;wtw;Wf;F epjp Mjhuq;fs; Njit. jtpu Mt kf;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L Nru;g;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffSk;> gapw;rpaspj;jy; Nghd;wdTk; epjp Mjhuq;fis Ntz;b epw
,d;iwa Njit ,f;fl;Liuapy; ,Jtiu vLj;jhsg;gl;l tplaq;fs; fl;blr; R+oy;fspd; epiy> mtw;iw Mtzg;gLj;JtJ FiwghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw XusTf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs rhj;jpaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Mtzg;gLj;jy; nraw;ghl xU rpyuhy; kl;Lk; Kbaf;$ba ,yFthd tplak; m mikg;Gf;fisAk;> jdpg;gl;ltu;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L K Vw;gLj;JtJ mtrpak;. ,j;Jiwapy; Kd;Ndwpa gy e nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> murhq;fSf;Fg; Gwk;ghfg; gy g R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;JjypYk; mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjpYk cUthf;fpa rq;fq;fSk;> NtW jdpahu; mikg;Gf;fSk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

kAk;> fl;blf;fiyj; njhopy;Jiw ,g;gFjpfspy; tsu;r;rp w njhlu;ghd cs;sPL fisg; ngWtjpy; ,lu;g;ghLfisj;
 mtw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; Fwpj;j tpsf;fKk; fl;blr; R+oy;fis msj;jy;> tiuglq;fisj; jahupj;jy;> tPd njhopy;El;gq;fisf; ifahSjy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk; j;jifa jpwd;fisj; Njbg; ngWtJk; xU Kf;fpakhd
tzg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wp ngWtJ ,jd; Njit u;tpy; ngupJk; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,J ,yq;ifj; jkpou; g;ghf> kuGtopf; fl;blr;R+oy; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;T kpf kpff; zq;fshy; fl;blr; R+oy;fis msj;jy;> xspg;glk; vLj;jy; tjpy; cupikahsu;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngWtJk; gy ;sJ.
is Mtzg;gLj;jtjpy;> gy;NtW fUtpfs;> Jizg; gw;Wf;nfhs;tJ> gapw;rp ngWtJ> ntspr;Nritfisg; jhuq;fs; Njit. jtpu Mtzg;gLj;jypd; tpisTfis w;fhd eltbf;iffSk;> tpopg;Gzu;T eltbf;iffs;> pjp Mjhuq;fis Ntz;b epw;gd.
vLj;jhsg;gl;l tplaq;fs; ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFjpfspy; tw;iw Mtzg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpyhd rhj;jpaq;fs;> XusTf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sd. FiwghLfis ePf ;fpr; Mtzg;gLj;jy; nraw;ghl;il Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tJ ba ,yFthd tplak; my;y. ,jpy; gq;fspf;ff;$ba u;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L Kiwahd fl;likg;G xd;iw iwapy; Kd;Ndwpa gy ehLfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff; q;fSf;Fg; Gwk;ghfg; gy gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk;> fl;blr; k; mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjpYk; mf;fiw nfhz;ltu;fs; $b W jdpahu; mikg;Gf;fSk; rpwg;ghfg; gq;fhw;wp tUtij
57


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Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kaw;rpfspy; khztu;fis  Ma;Tfis Cf;Ft fofq;fspd; cjtp ngWjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; ,yq gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; rpwg;ghf  epy msitahsu;> gltiuQu;fs;> xs gapw;Wtpf;Fk; njhopy;El;g epWtdq;fSk; ,ize;J nra
gy;fiyf; fofq;fSf;F ntspNa fl;blr; R+oy;fs; nj mwpQu;fs; Nru;e;J xU mikg;ig cUthf;fpf; nfhs;t cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tsq;fis xUq;fpizg;gjw;F kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;JtJ> jpl;lq;fis ntspehLfspy; cs;s ,J Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fSld; ,iz Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fspd; cjtp ngWtJ Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,J R+oy;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpyhd gy;NtW nraw cUthf;fp ntspapLjy;> gd;dhl;L epakq;fis mbg Mtzg;gLj;jYf;fhd epakq;fis cUthf;Fjy; Nghd  cUthFk; Mtzq;fs; gd;dhl;Lj; ju ,J top tFf;Fk;.
crhj;Jizfs;
mfpyd;> ghf;fpaehjd;.> aho;g;ghzj;J %tyF tPL f tho;Tk; - Xu; mwpKff; ifNaL> NfhFyk; ntspaPL > 20
rz;Kfypq;fd;> vd;.> aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mz;zkhu; khdpltpay; - rkak; r%fk; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;> nka;ag;g
rj;jparPy d;> rkhjpypq;fk;.> kyhaf; Fbngau;Tk; aho;g;g yf Nrit> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> 2006.
rptj;jk;gp> fhu;j;jpNfR.> aho;g;ghzj;J ,e;J kf;fspi mirtpaf;fKk; topghLk;> aho;g;ghzk;: r%fk;> gz;gh ,y;yk;> nfhOk;G. 2000.
rptypq;fk;> K.> rPupZitj; jpUT+u;> irtj; jpUnewpf; f
NrhkRe;juf;FUf;fs;> FKjh.> aho;g;ghzj;Jg; gz;ghl;by Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;> nfhOk;G. 2007.

py; khztu;fis  gapw;rp toq;fy;> td;gpujp tj;jy;> Ma;Tfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;> ntspehl;Lg; gy;fiyf; hd;w nraw;ghLfspy; ,yq;ifj; jkpou; gFjpfspy; cs;s  gltiuQu;fs;> xspg;glg; gpbg;ghsu; MfpNahiug; tdq;fSk; ,ize;J nrayhw;WtJ rhj;jpak;.
tspNa fl;blr; R+oy;fs; njhlu;gpy; mwpT ngw;w gy;Jiw g;ig cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; gad; juf;$baJ. ;fis xUq;fpizg;gjw;F ,J trjpahf miktJld;> Vw;gLj;JtJ> jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fpr; nraw;gLj;JtJ> ;w mikg;Gf;fSld; ,ize;J nraw;gLtJ> And];Nfh gWtJ Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,J tha;g;ghf mikayhk;. fl;blr; jhlu;gpyhd gy;NtW nraw;ghLfSf;fhd topfhl;bfis ;dhl;L epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jkpopy; ;fis cUthf;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; Nkw;gb mikg;G py;  aho;g;ghzk;: nkhopAk;
NaL> NfhFyk; ntspaPL > 2006.
ho;g;ghzj;jpy; mz;zkhu; topghL> ,yq;if-,e;jpa ; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2004.
kyhaf; Fbngau;Tk; aho;g;ghzr; r%fKk;> mNahj;jp E} k;> 2006.
ho;g;ghzj;J ,e;J kf;fspilNa r%f Nky;epiyg;ghl;L ;> aho;g;ghzk;: r%fk;> gz;ghL> fUj;Jepiy> Fkud; Gj;jf
j; jpUT+u;> irtj; jpUnewpf; fofk;> ,Ztpy;> 2004.
h.> aho;g;ghzj;Jg; gz;ghl;by; klKk; klf;fl;blf;fiyAk;>
k;G. 2007.
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Balasundarampillai, P., Markets and Fairs of Northern Sr
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Brand, Stewart., How Buildings Learn: What Happens Afte
Chandrahasan, A., Resfing Places and Resfing Halls in
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Carter, Thomas and Elizabeth Collins Cromley, Invitafion
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D’Ayala, D., and P. Smars Minimum requirements for me
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Eppich, Rad. and Chabbi, Amel. (ed), Recording, Document
the Conservafion of Heritage Places, Vol. 2 Illustrated Exam
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Karakul, Ozlem., Folk Architecture in Historic Environments
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LeBlanc, Francois. and Eppich, Rand., Documenfing Our Pa
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Mayooranathan, R., Tradifional “Nalusar” or Courtya
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try for Everybody, XVII CIPA International Symposium on
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and Fairs of Northern Sri Lanka, Proceedings of the Fourth
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arn: What Happens After They’re Built, Penguin Books, 1995
es and Resfing Halls in Jaffna, unpublished dissertation
itecture, University of Sri Lanka,1978.
llins Cromley, Invitafion to Vernacular Architecture: A Guide
s and Landscapes. Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press,
um requirements for metric use of non-metric photographic
h. 2003.
the 50th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human
d), Recording, Documentafion, Informafion Management for
es, Vol. 2 Illustrated Examples, Section 1, 2007.
he Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites,
in Historic Environments: Living Spaces for Intangible Cultural
umber 75, Autum 2007.
nd., Documenfing Our Past for the Future, Newsletter 20.3 Fall
titute, 2005.
“Nalusar” or Courtyard Houses of Jaffna, unpublished
ment of Architecture, University of Sri Lanka,1975.
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Sri Lanka Institute of Architects, September 2002 – Febr
Institute of Architects, Colombo, 2002.
Naish, Richard. Bryant., Circular Houses in Ceylon. Antiquit
Rapoport, Amos. House, Form and Culture, Englewood Cli
Robin Letellier, Recording, Documentafion, Informafion M
Heritage Places, Vol. 1 Guiding Principles with contribution
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Sivapalan, K., Resfing Places and Resfing Halls in Jaffna, un
Department of Architecture, University of Sri Lanka,1978.

g the Architectural Tradifions of Jaffna, The Journal of the
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ouses in Ceylon. Antiquity 20(80) Dec.1946: 205-209.
d Culture, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1969.
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inciples with contributions from Werner Schmid and Francois
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ersity of Sri Lanka,1978.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;;fhyg
nry;thf;Ffs; - xU tuyhw;Wg; ghu
mwpKfTiu ,yq;ifapy; jdpj;Jtkhd tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;l FlhehLk; xd;whFk;. 16Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;ghf Nghu Mq;fpNyau;fs; Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu;fspd; M ,yq;if ,Ue;jJ kl;Lkd;wp aho;g;ghzf; FlhehL KOtJ fple;jjd; gpd;dzpapy; ,g;gFjpfs; INuhg;gpau;fsJ cl;gl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fshf khwpf;nfhz;ld. me;jtif gz;ghl;bYk; Cwpg;NghapUe;j aho;g;ghz kf;fSf;F fy;t rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gyhj;fhuj;jpidg; gpuNahfpg;gjd; th eltbf;ifapid kl;Lkd;wpf;$lNt aho;g;ghzf; Flhe gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;fpidAk; Vw;gLj;jpdu;. ,j;jifa kjk;> nkhop> ,yf;fpak;. fiy> tho;f;ifKiw Nghd;w t ,tw;wpy; rpy mk;rq;fs; gpd;du; te;j Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsu fhzg;gl gy mk;rq;fs; ,d;Wtiu aho;g;ghzf; Flhe Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; rpwg;gpidAk; vLj;Jf;$Wfpd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fsJ gz;ghl;L m mtu;fsJ tho;f;if Kiwapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp jq;fsJ nry;thf;fpid ,yq;ifapy; epiyehl;baJ Nghd lr;Rf;fhuu;fisg; Nghd;W Nkhrkhf ele;Jnfhs;shi lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; gz;ghl;L vr;rq;fs; mtu;fspd; nry;thf;f ,d;Wtiu ,dq;fhl;b epw;fpd;wd vdyhk;.
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; M gy;NtW tifahd jfty;fs; fpilf;fg;gl;L te;jhYk; mf;fhyg; gFjpapNyw;gl;l gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;Fj; njh Muhag;gltpy;iy. mj;Jld; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;;fhy gz;ghl;L mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghfTk; ,f;fl;Liu M Ml;rpapy; aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; Vw;gl;l Gjpa gz;gh mit ve;jsTf;Fg; ghuk;gupa aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;by; khw jw;fhyj;jpYk; njhlu;fpd;wdth? vd;gjid Muha;tJk; mt rKjhaj;jpd; fl;lha NjitAkhFk;. vdNt ,j;jifa epiwNtw;Wtjid ,t;tha;T Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sn

Flhehl;by; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;;fhyg; gz;ghl;Lr; ;thf;Ffs; - xU tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it
f. mUe;jtuh[h
tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; aho;g;ghzf; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;ghf Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs;> lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;;> hg;gpa ,dj;jtu;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo ; njhlu;r;rpahf ho;g;ghzf; FlhehL KOtJk; mtu;fSf;F mbikg;gl;Lf; g;gFjpfs; INuhg;gpau;fsJ gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;fpw;F hwpf;nfhz;ld. me;jtifapy; ,e;Jkjj;jpYk; ,e;Jg; aho;g;ghz kf;fSf;F fy;tpapidAk;> rYiffisAk;> ;jpidg; gpuNahfpg;gjd; thapyhfTk; jq;fsJ murpay; ;$lNt aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; lr;Rf;fhu;fs; jq;fsJ ; Vw;gLj;jpdu;. ,j;jifa gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;fhdJ > tho;f;ifKiw Nghd;w tbtq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ; te;j Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsu;fshy; mopf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; ;Wtiu aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; ,tu;fspd; Ml;rpapd; pidAk; vLj;Jf;$Wfpd;w tifapy; jiyepkpu;e;J u;j;Jf;Nfau;fsJ gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis mopj;Njh my;yJ py; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpNah lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; mtw;wpy; ;ifapy; epiyehl;baJ Nghd;W gpd;te;j Mq;fpNyau;fs; Nkhrkhf ele;Jnfhs;shikapd; tpisthfNt gy q;fs; mtu;fspd; nry;thf;fpid aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; ;wd vdyhk;.
; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyg;gFjp njhlu;ghfg; ; fpilf;fg;gl;L te;jhYk; mit xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L z;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;Fj; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; Mokhf lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;;fhy gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;Fj; njhlu;ghfTk; u;ghfTk; ,f;fl;Liu Muha;fpd;wJ. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; hl;by; Vw;gl;l Gjpa gz;ghl;lk;rq;fisf; fz;lwptJk; aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;by; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd? mit h? vd;gjid Muha;tJk; mtw;wpid Mtzg;gLj;JtJk; khFk;. vdNt ,j;jifa Nehf;fq;fis Xustpw;fhtJ
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;snjdyhk;.
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aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;;fhy gz;ghl jdpj;J vtUk; jw;fhyk;tiu Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ljhfj lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;fhy aho;g;ghzj;jpidg; gw;wpg; gy;Nt Muha;r;rpahsu;fspdhy; vOjg;gl;L ntspte;Js;sd v Ntz;Lk;. mtw;wpYk;$l aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;Lg; gz;g fhzg;gltpy;iynad;Nw $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf Hollanders (1658 – 1796), K.M.de, Silva. & W.G.M, Beumer M and Views of Dutch Ceylon (1602 – 1796) , K.M.de, Silva vO Arasaratnam
vOjpa
The Dutch Power in Ceylon 1658 – 1 Ceylon> nr. fpU];zuh[htpd; ,yq;iftuyhW kw;Wk; Ng K.Fzrpq;fk; Nghd;wtu;fsJ E}y;fSk; fl;LiufSk;$l Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwf;Fs;NsNa aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; nry;thf;Fr; rk;ke;jkhd tplaq;fisf; $Wfpd;wd vd;gJ
Ma;tpy; tuyhw;W uPj pahd mZFKiw gpd;gw;wg;g gug;Giuf;fhf te;j Gul;l];jhe;Jf; FUkhu;fs; vOjpa Fw aho;g;ghze; njhlh;ghd rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupj;J vOjg;gl;l lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;fhy epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;> mopghLfs; Mjhuq;fshf Ma;Tf;fhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. Nk ,uz;lhe;jur; rhd;Wfs; tupirapy; lr;Rf;fhuhu;fsJ fhye vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;> Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs;> ,izaj;j ,j;Jiwapy;  Muha;r;rpahs ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs; vd;gd ,f;fl;Liuf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl
lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; ,yq;if tUif
16Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l kWkyu;r;r Nehf;Ff;nfhz;l rpy muRfs;; Mjpf;f tp];jupg;Gf;fhd Ka (Perera,S.G,1948,P.245)
,j;jifa Kaw;rpfspy; < Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ngapd;> xy;yhe;J> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gpu Mgpupf;f> tlmnkupf;f> njd;dnkupf;f kw;Wk; mT] FbNaw;wq;fshff; nfhz;bUe;jJld; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ngsjPf kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fisj; jq;fsJ ehl;bd gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;ld. (Fzuhrh>f.>fkyh>F>2008>gf;.25 jq;fsJ epu;thf Kiwfis ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz nfhz;ljd; %ykhf mg;gFjpfspd; kf;fisj; jq;f fhyg;gFjpapy; khw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspYk;;;  jk;ehl;ltiu mq;Nf %ykhfTk; mtu;fsJ nfhs;ifapidf; ifg;gw;wg;gl nfhz;ld. ,j;jifa fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fspnyh 16Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; fPi oj;Nja ehLfs;kPJ jq Muk;gpj;jdu; (Silva,K.M.De.,1981,pp.98-99).

lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;;fhy gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;Fj; njhlu;ghfj; a;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy. mNjNeuj;jpy;; j;jpidg; gw;wpg; gy;NtW E}y;fSk; fl;LiufSk; g;gl;L ntspte;Js;sd vd;gjidAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s o;g;ghzf; Flhehl;Lg; gz;ghL gw;wpa nra;jpfs; tpupthf
jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf
P.E.Pieris
vOjpa
Ceylon and the ilva. & W.G.M, Beumer MfpNahu;fs; vOjpa Illustrations 1796) , K.M.de, Silva vOjpa A History of Sri Lanka, S. wer in Ceylon 1658 – 1687) S.G.Perera
vOjpa
History of ,yq;iftuyhW kw;Wk; Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;kehjd;> fyhepjp E}y;fSk; fl;LiufSk;$l mtu;fsJ gue;j Ma;tpy; xU a aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; lr;rf;fhuu;fs;;fhy gz;ghl;Lr; q;fisf; $Wfpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
d mZFKiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj;jpy; kjk; e;Jf; FUkhu;fs; vOjpa Fwpg;Gf;fs;> neju;yhe;J nrd;W fisr; Nrfupj;J vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Liufs;> rpd;dq;fs;> mopghLfs; Nghd;wd gpujhd Kjy;ju j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd rapy; lr;Rf;fhuhu;fsJ fhye;njhlu;ghf gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; pf; fl;Liufs;> ,izaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l juTfs;> mwpQu;fs;> Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; Nghd;wtu;fsplkpUe;J ;fl;Liuf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
f tUif
g;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l kWkyu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf Vfhjpgj;jpa Mjpf;f tp];jupg;Gf;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; ,wq;fpf;nfhz;ld. ifa Kaw;rpfspy;  ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; Nghd;w ehLfs; Mrpa> ;dnkupf;f kw;Wk; mT];Nuypa ehLfisj; jq;fsJ e;jJld; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l q;fisj; jq;fsJ ehl;bd; eyd;fSf;fhfTk; ,it uhrh>f.>fkyh>F>2008>gf;.252-254) NkYk; ,e;ehLfs; wfis ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;l ehLfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpf; jpfspd; kf;fisj; jq;fsJ tpRthrpfshf FWfpa w;fhd nraw;ghLfspYk;;;  jk;ehl;ltiu mq;Nf FbNaw;Wjy; vd;gdtw;wpd; s;ifapidf; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ehLfspy; tpupTgLj;jpAk; dpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fspnyhUtuhd Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs;;; py; fPi oj;Nja ehLfs;kPJ jq;fsJ ftdj;jpidr; nrYj;j
p.98-99).
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njhlu;e;J Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; te;j jlj;jpidg; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpatu;fs; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;. neju;yhe;j rpwpa muRfs; ,ize;J 1581,y; If;fpa khfhzf; Fba (,isajk;gp.K.>1969>g.172). ];ngapdplkpUe;J Rje;jpu lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; ehsiltpy; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj gl;Nltpahtpidj; jq;fsJ fPi oj;Nja ehLfspd; jiy lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l fWthtpdhy; njd;dpe;jpaj; JiwKfq;fisj; jq;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;f mtu;fspd;; Mjpf;fr; nraw;ghLfis tp];jupj;Jf; nfhs lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; ,yq;ifkPJ ftdj;jpidj; jpUg;Gtjw;f (Arasaratnam. S,1958, p.106). 1602,y; Kjd; Kjyhf Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l lr;Rf;fhuu;fSf;F fz;b kd;du;fs (Gunasingam. M, 2005, 227).
Fwpg;ghf mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; fz;b Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fis ,e;ehl;bypUe;J tpul;Ltjw;F lr;Rf;f Muha;tjid tpLj;J mtu;fsJ cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;n mf;fiw fhl;bapUe;jhd; (Ibid).
1652,y; INuhg;ghtpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fSf;Fk; rkhjhdk; ePq ;fpa epiyapy; ,yq;ifapy; KOikahd tp];jupg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F lr fpl;baJ (murul;zk;>rp.>1959>82). njhlu;e;J ,yq;if xt;nthd;whff; ifg;gw;wp te;j ,tu;fs; 1658,y; thd;Nfh ngupa gilnahd;Wld; Gwg;gl;L Kjypy; kd;dhiuAk aho;g;ghzf;Flhehl;bidAk; mjDld; Nru;e;j gFjpfisA kPl;Lj; jq;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo ; nfhz;Lte;jdu;. lr nfhOk;G te;jikapd; gpd;duhfTk; tlgpuNjrk; Nghu fPN ojhd; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; mtu;fsJ tl Ms;Gy tpsq;fpa kd;dhu;> Cu;fhtw;Wiw> aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;ilfi (Fzuhrh>f.>2001>g.48). kd;dhupy; tpise;j Kj;Jf;fS tu;j;jfKk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fis ,yq;ifapd; tlf;FNehf;f fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;Fnkd;gjpy; ,UNtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fS
gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;F
nghJthfg; gz;ghnld;gjid kpfj;njspthf tiuaW kdpju;fs; kl;LNk gz;ghL vd;w nrhy;NyhL njhlh;Gil kdpju;fisg; gpw tpyq;fpdq;fsplkpUe;J NtWgLj;jpAk; fUj;J ,yf;fpatpay;> tuyhw;wpay;> cstpay;. rKjhat Jiwfspy; gy epiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; mjw;F ti mjhtJ gz;ghL gw;wpa tiuaiw Vwj;jhs 160f;Fk;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

u;fs; te;j jlj;jpidg; gpd;gw;wp fPi oj;Njaq;fspy; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;. neju;yhe;jpd; tlgFjpapy; fhzg;gl;l 1,y; If;fpa khfhzf; Fbaurpidj; jhgpj;Jf;nfhz;ld ];ngapdplkpUe;J Rje;jpuj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l fj;njhopy; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wq; fz;ldu;. Pi oj;Nja ehLfspd; jiyikafkhf Mf;fpf; nfhz;l fhzg;gl;l fWthtpdhy; ftug;gl;ldu;. mJkl;Lkd;wp sj; jq;fsJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo ; itj;jpUg;gjd; %ykhf Lfis tp];jupj;Jf; nfhs;syhnkd;w vz;zKk;$l tdj;jpidj; jpUg;Gtjw;fhd fhuzq;fspnyhd;whFk; 1602,y; Kjd; Kjyhf ,yq;ifAld; njhlu;Gfis ;fSf;F fz;b kd;du;fs; mDruiz toq;fpdu; ;ghf mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; fz;baurd; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; ypUe;J tpul;Ltjw;F lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; cs;Nehf;fj;jpid sJ cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpNyjhd; mjpfsTf;F
d).
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fSf;Fk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fSf;FkpilapNy ,yq;ifapy; KOikahd mstpy; jq;fsJ Mjpf;f Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F lr;Rf;fhuu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; >82). njhlu;e;J ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gFjpfis ,tu;fs; 1658,y; thd;Nfhd;]; (Van Goens) jiyikapy; l;L Kjypy; kd;dhiuAk; ehd;F ehl;fspd; gpd;ghf jDld; Nru;e;j gFjpfisAk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fsplkpUe;J ; fPo ; nfhz;Lte;jdu;. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; nry;thf;fpDs; uhfTk; tlgpuNjrk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; hy; mtu;fsJ tl Ms;Gyj;J mjpfhuj;jpw;F Mjhukhf w> aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;ilfisf; ifg;gw;w Ntz;bapUe;jJ ;dhupy; tpise;j Kj;Jf;fSk; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; ahid ,yq;ifapd; tlf;FNehf;fp efu;tjw;F mbg;gilahd jpy; ,UNtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,lkpy;iy.
d kpfj;njspthf tiuaWj;Jf; $WtJ fbdkhdjhFk;. d;w nrhy;NyhL njhlh;Gilatu;fs;. NkYk; ,J kl;LNk ;fsplkpUe;J NtWgLj;jpAk; fhl;LfpwJ. gz;ghL vd;Dk; ;wpay;> cstpay;. rKjhatpay;> khdpltpay; Nghd;w gy ;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; mjw;F tiuaiwAk; gythwhf cs;sJ. uaiw Vwj;jhs 160f;Fk; Nkyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik
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Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vdNt lr;rf;fhu;fsJ Ml;rpapd; gadhf a khw;wq;fspy; gz;ghL njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
16Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ,yq;ifA Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fSf;F aho;g;ghzj fhye;jho;j;jpNa Vw;gl;lJ
(Silva,Cosme., ,1994,p.1 ,g;gFjp mtrpag;gltpy;iy. mjdhy; mtu;fs; jq;fS xUtiu aho;g;ghzj;jpy; muruhf;FtJld; kl;Lk; epd re;ju;g;gq;fspnyy;yhk; aho;g;ghzj;jpd;kPJ jhf;Fjy;fis te;jdu;. ,Ug;gpDk; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; kPj hd murpay;> Mfpad ,yq;ifapd; gpw gFjpfspy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;f Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;ifapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; Vw;gl;L nry;thf;fhdJ aho;g;ghzj;jpd;kPJ Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fsJ gl;ljd; gpd;ghfNt ,lk;ngw;wnjdyhk;. Mdhy; lr;R Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fsplkpUe;J 1658,y; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNa aho;g;ghzf;FlhehLk; mtu;fsJ nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gl nry;thf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;Fk; aho;g;ghzf; Flh nry;thf;Ffshff; fhzg;gl;ld.
rkak;
lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;fhy gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;Ffspy; ,d;Wti nry;thf;F mtu;fshy; ,yq;ifapy; gug;gg;gl;l Gul;l];j iffSf;F aho;g;ghzk; nrd;w rkaj;jpy; ,q;Nf fj;Njhypf;f rkak; Nghd;w kjq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. me gz;ghlhdJ Gjpa tbtj;jpidg; ngw;wpUe;j fhykhf m (fpU];zuh[h>nr.>2000>g.237). ,tw;Ws; fj;Njhypf;f rk eypTw;w epiyapNyNa fhzg;gl;L te;jd. Nghu;j;Jf;Nf mlf;FKiwfSf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,it lr;Rf;fh neUf;fbapidAk; re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUe;;jJ.
Fwpg;ghf lr;Rf;fhuu;fisg; nghWj;jtiu mtu;fsJ kjg;gug;Gr; nraw;ghLfSf;F mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; gykhd fj;Njhypf;f kjkhdJ ngupa jilahff; fhzg;gLfpd aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;if KOtjpYkpUe (NkyJ). ,g;gpd;dzpapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fspd; kjg;gz topghl;lk;rq;fisAk; mfw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffsp Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fis Kw;whf xopf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; tu;j;jfj;jpidNah kl;Lk; xopj;jhy; NghfhJ. fj;Njhypf;f Nru;e;j tifapy; xopf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. fhuzk;
64

hu;fsJ Ml;rpapd; gadhf aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; Vw;gl;l d khw;wq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
uk;gj;jpypUe;J ,yq;ifAld; Neubahd cwTfis ;Nfau;fSf;F aho;g;ghzj;Jldhd mtu;fsJ cwT
ilva,Cosme., ,1994,p.15).
me;jsTf;F mtu;fSf;F mjdhy; mtu;fs; jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhd Ml;rpahsu; ruhf;FtJld; kl;Lk; epd;Wnfhz;ldu;. mJ ruptuhj hzj;jpd;kPJ jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mr;RWj;jpAk; zj;jpd; kPj hd murpay;> nghUshjhur; nry;thf;Ffs; gFjpfspy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; jq;fsJ Mjpf;fj;jpid aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; Vw;gl;L tpl;lJ. Mdhy; gz;ghl;Lr; pd;kPJ Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fsJ Neubahd Ml;rp Vw;gLj;jg; w;wnjdyhk;. Mdhy; lr;Rf;fhuu;fisg; nghWj;jtiu 8,y; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaNghNj sJ nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,jdhy; murpay; ;thf;Fk; aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; Vw;gl;l rkfhyj;Nja
.
r; nry;thf;Ffspy; ,d;Wtiu ePb j;Jj; njhlu;e;J tUfpd;w fapy; gug;gg;gl;l Gul;l];jhe;J rkak;. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; rd;w rkaj;jpy; ,q;Nf ,e;Jkjk;> ,];yhkpakjk;> jq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. me;j tifapy; gd;Kfr; r%fg; dg; ngw;wpUe;j fhykhf mf;fhyg;gFjp mike;jpUe;jJ 7). ,tw;Ws; fj;Njhypf;f rkae; jtpu;e;j Vida rkaq;fs; g;gl;L te;jd. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fspd; Ml;rpapy; gy;NtW g;gl;bUe;j ,it lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Ml;rpapy; kw;nwhU z;bapUe;;jJ.
; nghWj;jtiu mtu;fsJ tu;j;jf kw;Wk; Gul;l];jhe;J mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; gykhd epiyapy; fhzg;gl;L te;j jilahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wnjdf;fUjp mk;kjj;jpid ;wp ,yq;if KOtjpYkpUe;Nj mfw;Wtjw;F Kw;gl;ldu; ghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fspd; kjg;gz;ghl;bd; tbtq;fspidAk; tjw;fhd eltbf;iffspy; ,tu;fs; ,wq;fpdhu;fs;. xopf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; fly;typikiaNah my;yJ pj;jhy; NghfhJ. fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpidAk; mtw;Wld; tz;bapUe;jJ. fhuzk; fj;Njhypf;fKk; tu;j;jfKk;
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Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fSf;F fPi oj;Njr ehLfspy; typi (Arasaratnam,S.,1965,pp.1-13).
,jdhy; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; ,yq;ifapidf; ifg;gw;w rkaj;jpidj; jilnra;tjw;fhd gy rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpdu;. rl;lnkhd;wpd; gpufhuk; fj;Njhypf;f rkak; mDl;bg;gjw;Fj; j FUkhu;fis kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gtu;fSf;Fk; Mjutspg;g tpjpf;fg;gLnkd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ (Arasaratnam,S., 1982, pp Gul;l];jhe;J jpUr;rigfspy; elf;f Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl kjj;jtu;fSf;F ePf ;fg;gl;lJ.
fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpypUe;j %lek;gpf;iffis aho;g;g mtu;fis ,yFthfr; rPu;jpUj;jkjkhfpa Gul;l];jhe;J lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; vz;zpdu; (Fzrpq;fk;>K.>2008>g.24 aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kl;Lky;y ,yq;if KOtJk; Gul;l];j gug;Gtjw;fhd eltbf;ifapy; ,wq;fpdu;. me;jtifapy kjkhw;w eltbf;ifapy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpatu; Nghy;Nj vd;gtNu. 1656,y; ,yq;if te;j ,tu; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs ,yq;ifapidf; ifg;gw;Wfpd;w ,Wjp Kaw;rpapy;  gFjpfspypUe;j rigfs; Nghd;W gpujhd Gul;l];jhe;J ,aq;fpaJ
(Arasaratnam,S.,1965,pp.1-13).
,tw;wpy; Nghjfu mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; jq;fsJ gug;Gtjw;Ff; ifahz;l topKiwfisNa ,tu;fSk; if jahupj;J mtw;wpd; %ykhfr; rkaj;jpidg; gug;gpdu;. RNjr fw;W mt;topNa rkaj;jpidg; gug;gpdu;. njhopy; uPj pa fy;tpKiwfs; vd;gd cau; tFg;gpdu;fis kjkhw;wQ; nra;a rhjpf;fl;Lg;ghLfs;> nfhLikahd rPjd Kiwfs; vd aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; kjkhw;wk; nra;aj;J}z;ban mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; jkpOf;F nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;ld.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

j;Njr ehLfspy; typikapidf; nfhLj;jpUe;jd.
,yq;ifapidf; ifg;gw;wpa clNdNa fj;Njhypf;f d gy rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpdu;. Fwpg;ghf 1658,y; ,aw;wg;gl;l pf;f rkak; mDl;bg;gjw;Fj; jil tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. fj;Njhypf;f pUg;gtu;fSf;Fk; Mjutspg;gtu;fSf;Fk; kuzjz;lid J Arasaratnam,S., 1982, pp.191-205). fj;Njhypf;fr; rlq;Ffs; elf;f Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. kuztup Gul;l];jhe;J
%lek;gpf;iffis aho;g;ghz kf;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;b j;jkjkhfpa Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;jpw;F khw;wptplyhnkd (Fzrpq;fk;>K.>2008>g.243). ,jd; tpisthfNt yq;if KOtJk; Gul;l];jhe;J kj;jpid cldbahfg; ; ,wq;fpdu;. me;jtifapy; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Muk;gfhy ;fpa gq;fhw;wpatu; Nghy;NjA (Rev. Baldaeus) Rthkpfs; te;j ,tu; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fsplkpUe;J d;w ,Wjp Kaw;rpapy;  nfhOk;G> kd;dhu; Nghd;w d;W gpujhd Gul;l];jhe;J jpUr;rigapd; cWg;gpduhf
p.1-13).
,tw;wpy; Nghjfu; xUtUk; mjpfhupfs; gyUk; ghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; jq;fsJ fhyg;gFjpapy; rkaj;jpidg; iwfisNa ,tu;fSk; ifahz;ldu;. tpdhtpilfisj; kaj;jpidg; gug;gpdu;. RNjr nkhopfis ,jd; nghUl;Lf; g; gug;gpdu;. njhopy; uPj pahd rYiffs;> Nkiyj;Nja g;gpdu;fis kjkhw;wQ; nra;aj; J}z;baJ. ,tw;wpidtplr; hd rPjd Kiwfs; vd;gdTk; mjpfsthdtu;fis jkhw;wk; nra;aj;J}z;banjdyhk;. Gul;l];jhe;J kj f;F nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;ld. ,tu;fs; ,yq;ifapy; rkag;
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Nghjfu;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; aho;g;ghzj nrkpdupfisj; jpwe;jdu; (mUikehafk;> f.>1967> g.37).
NkYk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fisg; Nghyd;wp lr;Rf;fh ,Wjpf;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifau;fSf;F kjr; Rje;jpuj;jpid ,e;J Myaq;fs; gy jpUj;jg;gl;ld. gpuhkzu;fs; ,e fpupiafis elhj;jpdu;. ,jw;Ff;fhuzk; lr;rf;fhuu;fs; R re;jpf;f tpUk;ghky; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. fhuzk; mtu;fs gug;Gtjid tpLj;J tzpfj;jpidg; ngUf;F tjhff; fhzg;g Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ehl;L kf;fspd; MjuT mtrpankd;gjid fhuzkhfr; irtrkaj;jpd; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhykhf lr;rf;fh $wyhk;. Mdhy; fyhepjp Fzrpq;fk; lr;rf;fhuu;fspd; M kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;ljhf $Wfpd;whu; (Fzrpq;fk;>K.> 2 jtnwd;gjid gy;NtW rhd;Wfs; %ykhf mwpa K ,tu;fSk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fisg; gpd;gw;wp aho;g;ghzj fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; fiyaopTf; nfhs;ifapidANk Nk ,tUk; mNj E}ypy; kw;nwhU ,lj;jpy; irtkf;fSk; jq gpuNjrq;fspy; mDl;bj;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wik Ma;thsu Kuz;gl;l fUj;jpid vkf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ (NkyJ).
1680,y; lr;R mjpfhupfspdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Gs;s gpuNjrj;jpd; kf;fs; njhifahdJ 169>299Mff; fhzg;gl kf;fs; aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; tho;e;Js;sdu;. 1664,y njhlh;ghd mwpf;ifahdJ aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bYk Gul;l];jhe;J fpwp];jtu;fspd; njhifahdJ 130>000 vd ,tu;fspd; njhif 104>000 vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ Nk.Nfh. Fzrpq;fk;> K.>2008>g.230). 1671,y; ntsp Flhehl;by; 142>357 njhifahd kf;fs; tho;e;jjhf fpwp];jtu;fs; vdTk; $Wfpd;wJ (Ibid., Inv.1280.ff K.>2008>g.231). Mdhy; ,j;jifa juTfs; lr;rf;fhuu;fs ,Ug;gjdhy; ngUkstpw;F ek;gfj;jd;ik mw;w juT ,Wjpahfg; ngwg;gl;l mwpf;ifapid Nehf;fpdhy; irtu;fN Flhehl;by; Kw;whf thotpy;iynad;w epiyNa fhzg ntspAyfj;jpw;F fpwp];jtu;fshfTk; tPl ;by; ,e;Jf;fs vd;gjidAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; gfypy; Njt itj;Jf;nfhz;L fzpg;gpLjy; jtwhdJ. NkYk; lr;Rf;fhuu ,Wjpapy; rkar;Rje;jpuj;jpid toq;fpdhu;fnsd;why; irt njhifapdu; fhzg;gl;ljd; gpd;dzpapy; mtu;fspd; M vd;gjidAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
66

k; Nehf;Fld; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; nfhOk;gpYk; ,uz;L ikehafk;> f.>1967> g.37).
isg; Nghyd;wp lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; jq;fsJ Ml;rpapd; au;fSf;F kjr; Rje;jpuj;jpid toq;fpdu;. ,g;gpd;dzpapy; g;gl;ld. gpuhkzu;fs; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J tUif je;J ;Ff;fhuzk; lr;rf;fhuu;fs; RNjr kf;fsJ vjpu;g;Gf;fisr; f;fyhk;. fhuzk; mtu;fspd; gpujhd ,yf;F rkak; dg; ngUf;F tjhff; fhzg;gl;ljdhy; ,tw;wpidr; rpwg;ghf ; MjuT mtrpankd;gjid mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; Wkyu;r;rpf;fhykhf lr;rf;fhuu;fspd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpidf; rpq;fk; lr;rf;fhuu;fspd; Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; irtrka fpd;whu; (Fzrpq;fk;>K.> 2008>g.245). Mdhy; ,J ;Wfs; %ykhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. Muk;gfhyq;fspy; sg; gpd;gw;wp aho;g;ghzj;jpy; RNjr kjq;fspd; kPJ f; nfhs;ifapidANk Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. NkYk; ,lj;jpy; irtkf;fSk; jq;fsJ rkaj;jpid kiwthd ; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wik Ma;thsu;; ,t;tplakhff; nfhz;bUe;j Lj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ (NkyJ).
spdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Gs;sptpguq;fspd;gb aho;g;ghzg; J 169>299Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fspy; 85 rjtPj khd y; tho;e;Js;sdu;. 1664,y; Gul;l];jhe;J fpwp];jtkjk; aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bYk; kd;dhupYk; fhzg;gl;l njhifahdJ 130>000 vdTk; aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; dTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ
(Hague Arch.,VOC, Inv.1246.f.19, 08>g.230). 1671,y; ntspte;j kw;nwhU mwpf;ifapy; ahd kf;fs; tho;e;jjhfTk; mtu;fspy; 141>456Ngu; ;wJ (Ibid., Inv.1280.ff127-244, Nk.Nfh. Fzrpq;fk;> ifa juTfs; lr;rf;fhuu;fshy; vLf;fg;gl;l jfty;fshf ek;gfj;jd;ik mw;w juTfshfNt ,it cs;sd. pid Nehf;fpdhy; irtu;fNsh my;yJ ,];yhkpau;fNsh ynad;w epiyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; shfTk; tPl ;by; ,e;Jf;fshfTk; gyu; tho;e;Js;sdu; z;Lk;. ,jdhy; gfypy; Njthyaq;fSf;Fr; nry;gtu;fis ; jtwhdJ. NkYk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; jq;fsJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd; toq;fpdhu;fnsd;why; irtu;fs; vdg;gl;l xU Fwpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dzpapy; mtu;fspd; Mjutpidg; ngWtjw;fhfNt
tz;Lk;.
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aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bYk; kd;dhupYk; Gul;l];jhe;J td;dp;g; gFjpfspy; gug;gg;gltpy;iy. fhuzk; ,g;gpuNjrq mjpfstpy; Vw;gltpy;iy. mJkl;Lkd;wp mf;fhyg;gFjpapy kjq;fspy; mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;fshf lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; kjk; gug;Gfpd;w eltbf;iffs; ,yq;if fhzg;gl;lhYk;$l mJ epiyahdjhf mikatpy;iy. fh ehl;bid tpl;L mfd;wJNk mk;kjj;jpidr; rhu;e;jtu;fs Vw;gl;lJ.
lr;rf;fhuu;fspd; rkag; gpur;rhu eltbf;iffs; aho;g;gh gy fhuzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; kf;fs; nj fhzg;gl;l gwq;fpau;fs; kj;jpapNyjhd; jdpj;Jr; nry;thf kjk; fhzg;gl;lJ> tptpypa E}y;fis Mjhukhff;nfhz;l , mf;fhy aho;g;ghz kf;fspilapNy Nghjpa fy;tpawpT fhz Muhjidfis Gul;l];jhe;J kjk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy mDl;lhd Kiwfs;$l irtkf;fspd; gz;ghl;Lld; xj irtj;jkpo;g; gz;ghl;by; Cwpa kuG Kiwikfs; fj;Njhypf topghl;L kugpYk; ,ay;ghfNt ,izf;fg;gl;ld (re vy;yhtw;wpidtpl tu;j;jfNk mtu;fspd; gpujhd Nehf;fk ,tu;fs; gy rl;lq;fisg; gpwkjq;fSf;F vjpuhfg; gpwg;gpf eilKiwapy; ,tu;fshy; nraw;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy (mUi
nghJg;gl ghu;j;jhy; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;Ffspnyhd;whf mtu;fsJ Gul;l] fj;Njhypf;fu;fSld; xg;gpLfpd;wNghJ ,tu;fsJ vz;zpf;i ,d;Wtiu mopf;fKbahj gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;fhf aho;g;g
Gul;l];jhe;J Njthyaq;fs;
lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; tzpfk; vd;gj gug;GjYf;Fg; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fisg; Nghd;W ntwpj;jdkh ,jw;fhfg; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fisg; Nghd;W nryTfS Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fspd; Njthyaq;fisNa ngUkstpw;Fj jyq;fshf khw;wpf;nfhz;ldu;. my;yJ rkag;gpur;rhuj;Jf;F Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJ jpUr;rigfs; fhzg;gl;l ,lq;fspy nfhz;ldu;.(Pieris,P.,1995,p.59-64).
lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; fhyg;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 32 KOtJk; 240 Njthyaq;fSk; fhzg;gl;ljhf lr;R Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (rp.b.NtYg;gps;is>1964> g.2
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; kd;dhupYk; Gul;l];jhe;J rkak; gug;gg;gl;l mstpw;F py;iy. fhuzk; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; ,tu;fsJ nry;thf;F l;Lkd;wp mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; td;dpg;gFjp kf;fs; jq;fspd; ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdu;. Muk;gj;jpy; ;w eltbf;iffs; ,yq;ifapy; ntw;wpaile;jJ Nghd;W hdjhf mikatpy;iy. fhuzk; mtu;fsJ Ml;rpahdJ k;kjj;jpidr; rhu;e;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapYk; tPo ;r;rp
;rhu eltbf;iffs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ntw;wp ngwhikf;Fg; d. ,yq;ifapy; kf;fs; njhifapy; kpfTk; Fiwthff; apNyjhd; jdpj;Jr; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w kjkhf ,tu;fsJ ;fis Mjhukhff;nfhz;l ,r;rkaj;jpid tpsq;Ftjw;F pNy Nghjpa fy;tpawpT fhzg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; tpf;fpuf kjk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpd; rpy kf;fspd; gz;ghl;Lld; xj;jtifapy; mike;jpUe;jd. kuG Kiwikfs; fj;Njhypf;f rka tho;TKiwikapYk; Nt ,izf;fg;gl;ld (re;jpufhe;jd;>V>N[.>1993>g.76). mtu;fspd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,t;tplakhf jq;fSf;F vjpuhfg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lNghJk;$l mtw;wpid w;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy (mUikehafk;> f.>1967> g.38).
f;fhuu;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tpl;Lr; nrd;w Kf;fpakhd d;whf mtu;fsJ Gul;l];jhe;Jkjk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ;wNghJ ,tu;fsJ vz;zpf;if Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;
;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;fhf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
;fs; Nehf;fk; tzpfk; vd;gjhff; fhzg;gl;ljdhy; kjk; isg; Nghd;W ntwpj;jdkhd nray;fspy; 1964> g.23). rpwpa Nfhapy;fshapDk;
67


Page 82
fw;fisf;nfhz;L kpf Neu;j;jpahd Kiwapy; mit tbti Njthyaq;fs; fhzg;gl;l ,lq;fpy; jq;fsJ Myaq mtw;wpid mopj;Njh my;yJ mg;gbNa jkJ topghl;blq;f topghl;blq;fis mikj;jpUe;jdu;. ,e;j Myaq;fspy gae;J jpdKk; Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhu; topghl;Lf;fhf t Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; fl;l Muk;gpj;j Myaj;jpid lr;Rf;fhuu;f kzw;fhL> kapypl;b> mr;RNtyp> tl;Lf;Nfhl;il> rhf;Nfh gz;lj;jupg;G Nghd;w gy ,lq;fspYk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspdh mikf;fg;gl;ld (NkyJ). Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fisg;NghyN rkaj;jpidg; gug;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahfg; gad;gL jpUr;rigapid mz;kpj;jtifapy; ghlrhiyfSk; mtu Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
irtMyaq;fs;
lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpapy; RNjr rka jilr;rl;lq;fs; ePf ;fg;gl;likapdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,e;J #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ. njhlu;e;J  Nghd;wtw;wpy; g.>Neu toq;fg;gl;l rkar;Rje;jpuj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpid aho;g;ghz Myankhd;wpy; fhzg;gl;Ls;s NfhGuk; giwrhw;Wfp ifyhrehju; Myaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tpkhdj;jpd; rpw lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; MilfisAk; mtu;fsJ jiy m fhzg;gLtjid mtjhdpj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. , lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; ,ay;Gfis cs;thq;fpa tifapy; czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
Myag;Gduikg;G kw;Wk; Myaq;fis mikf;fpd;w gz ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jf;fs; ngwNtz;bapUe;jik Fwpg;gp tz;zhu;gz;izapy; ,Ue;j ngUk; nry;te;juhd itj;j tz;zhu;gz;iz itj;jP] ;tud; Nfhapiyf; fl;l cj;juT fl;b Kbj;J Fk;ghgpNrfKk; nra;Jnfhz;lhu; (,uhrehafK aho;g;ghzj;jpyike;Js;s ngUkhs; NfhapYk; ,f;fh NfhapNy. njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J te;j Nrhdpar;nrl;bfs; j ,f;Nfhapiy mikj;jdu;. (NkyJ) NkYk; eapid khtpl;lGuk; fe;jrhkp Nfhapy;> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; ,bf;fg;g Nghd;wdTk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; Gduikg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;litN mike;Js;s gps;isahu; Myak;> tPukhfhsp mk;kd; Mya
68

hd Kiwapy; mit tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. fj;Njhypf;f lq;fpy; jq;fsJ Myaq;fis mikj;Njh my;yJ mg;gbNa jkJ topghl;blq;fshfNth khw;wpNah jq;fsJ e;jdu;. ,e;j Myaq;fspy; murhq;fj;jpd; fl;lisf;Fg; ;fhNdhu; topghl;Lf;fhf te;J nrd;wdu;. ky;yhfj;jpy; pj;j Myaj;jpid lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; fl;b Kbj;jdu;. rq;fhid. yp> tl;Lf;Nfhl;il> rhf;Nfhl;il> rhtfr;Nrup> Kfkhiy> q;fspYk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspdhy; gy fpwp];jt Myaq;fs; ghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fisg;NghyNt ,tu;fSk; fy;tpapid xU fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,jd;fhuzkhfNt fapy; ghlrhiyfSk; mtu;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jik
; ,Wjpapy; RNjr rkaq;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j apdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,e;J rkak; vOr;rpailtjw;fhd  Gjpa Nfhapy;fisf; fl;Ljy; guhrpupau; G\;gul;zk;>g.>Neu;fhzy;) lr;Rf;fhuu;fspdhy; d; jhf;fj;jpid aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,e;J ;s NfhGuk; giwrhw;Wfpd;wJ. ,q;F mike;Js;s g;gLfpd;w tpkhdj;jpd; rpw;gq;fspy; cs;s cUtq;fs; Ak; mtu;fsJ jiy myq;fhuq;fisAk; nfhz;L f;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ,J ,e;Jrka tsu;r;rpahdJ cs;thq;fpa tifapy; vOr;rpaile;jikapid
yaq;fis mikf;fpd;w gzpfSf;F murpd; mDkjpia Ntz;bapUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. me;jtifapy; ngUk; nry;te;juhd itj;jpypq;fr; nrl;bahu; fp.gp 1787,y; ud; Nfhapiyf; fl;l cj;juTngw;W 1791,y; mf;Nfhapiyf; a;Jnfhz;lhu; (,uhrehafKjypahu;>1933> g.186). NkYk; gUkhs; NfhapYk; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapNy mikf;fg;gl;l ;J te;j Nrhdpar;nrl;bfs; jhq;fs; topghL nra;a Ntz;b NkyJ) NkYk; eapid ehfG+rzp mk;kd; Nfhapy;> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; ,bf;fg;gl;l ey;Y}h; fe;jrhkp Nfhapy;; duikg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;litNa. ,itjtpu ePuhtpabapy; k;> tPukhfhsp mk;kd; Myak;> tz;zhu;gz;iz Nkw;F
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gps;isahu; Myak;> Ntk;gbg; gps;isahu; Nfhapy; vd;g Nru;e;jitNa (irtrkaf;Nfhapy;fs; gw;wpa gjpT> 1898).
fy;tp
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fisg; NghyNt ,tu;fSk; rka  K.>2008>g.231).
1690,y; ey;Y}upy; jkpo;r; nrkpdup epWtg;gl;lJ. ,J l cau;fy;tp epWtdkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ (Fzrpq;fk;>K typfhkk;> tlkhuhl;rp> jPT g;gFjpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; gy epu;thfj;jpd; fPo ; rpwg;ghf ,aq;fp te;jd. tz;zhu;gz;i ,aq;fpa lr;Rg;ghlrhiy gw;wpAk; rpyhgj;jpy; 80 khztu;fS njhlu;ghfTk; Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;sd (Hague Arch., Inv, Fzrpq;fk;> K.>2008>g.231). 1663,y; kd;dhupYk; a ghlrhiyfspy; 15012 khztu;fs; fw;Wte;Js;sdu;. 18>000 Mf cau;e;J nfhz;lJ. (Ibid) 1756,y; ah kl;lf;fsg;G Nghd;wtw;wpy; fy;tp fw;Wte;j khztu;fspd fhzg;gl;ljidg; Gs;sptpguq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd (fpU Kd;ida fhyq;fSld; xg;gpLkplj;J lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; mwpK fhuzkhf ngz;fy;tpahdJ XusTf;fhtJ tsu;r;rp Nfhapw;gw;Wg;ghlrhiy> GNyhyp> fhiuefu; Nfhapw;gw;Wg; Muk;gpj;J elj;jg;gl;l Nfhapw;gw;Wg;ghlrhiyfspy; Kf;fpa
,yf;fpaq;fs;
lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; RNjr ,yf;fpaq ,tw;wpid lr;R Mtzq;fspd; %ykhfj; njupe;Jnf jq;fsJ kjg;Nghjidapd; epkpj;jkhf mtu;fs; jkpio
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; gps;isahu; Nfhapy; vd;gdnty;yhk;; lr;Rf;fhyj;ijr; hapy;fs; gw;wpa gjpT> 1898).
hyNt ,tu;fSk; rka Nehf;Fld; fy;tpg;gzpapy; ltpy; xOq;FKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l gy ghlrhiyf;fy;tp z;ldu;. lr;Rf;fhuu;fisg; nghWj;jtiu mtu;fs; ;W jq;fspd; fy;tpr;nraw;ghl;bid KOtJkhf tplhky; mur Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; fPN oNa mjid ; Njitapidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L fy;tpapid ,jid lr;Rf;fhuu;fhy fy;tp eltbf;ifapd; rpwg;ghd fhs;syhk;. me;jtifapy; ,tu;fs; ,yq;ifapy; xU cUthf;Ftjw;F Kad;wtu;fs; vd;w tifapy;; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; g;gLfpd;wdu; (Sasikala,K.,2001,p.83). ,tu;fs; Nghu;j;Jf; s kjk; khw;Wfpd;w epWtdkhfg; ghlrhiyapidNa cl;glj; jkJ Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; mikj;jdu;. (Hague Arch., Inv, 326 3ff 677 – 678,
Nk.Nfh.
nrkpdup epWtg;gl;lJ. ,J lr;rf;fhuu; mikj;j KjyhtJ hzg;gl;lJ (Fzrpq;fk;>K.>2008>g.250). 1769fspy; jpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; gy ghlrhiyfs; lr;rf;fhuu;fspd; ;fp te;jd. tz;zhu;gz;izapy; 50 khztu;fSld; k; rpyhgj;jpy; 80 khztu;fSld; ,aq;fpa jkpo;ghlrhiy
;sd (Hague Arch., Inv, 326 3ff 677 – 678,
Nk.Nfh. ). 1663,y; kd;dhupYk; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;l tu;fs; fw;Wte;Js;sdu;. ,J ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; ;lJ. (Ibid) 1756,y; aho;g;ghzk;> jpUNfhzkiy> ;tp fw;Wte;j khztu;fspd; njhifahdJ 30859Mff; ;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd (fpU];zuh[h>nr.>2000>g.237). Lkplj;J lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fl;lhaf; fy;tpapd; XusTf;fhtJ tsu;r;rp fz;lnjdyhk;. fl;ilNtyp yp> fhiuefu; Nfhapw;gw;Wg; ghlrhiyfs; lr;Rf;fhu;fshy; w;Wg;ghlrhiyfspy; Kf;fpakhdit.
hyj;jpy; RNjr ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy tsu;r;rp fz;ld. spd; %ykhfj; njupe;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. fhuzk; pkpj;jkhf mtu;fs; jkpiof; fw;fTk; mk;nkhopapidg;
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gw;wp njupe;Jnfhs;sTk; Kide;jdu;. ,j;jifanjhU g kjrhu;ghd gilg;Gf;fs; jkpopy; nkhop ngau;fg;gl;L nt Nghy;Nla]; Rthkpfs;
‘Beschrgving Van Malabar en nrhe;jg; gilg;gpid 1671,y; ntspapl;bUe;jhu;
(Bald ,f;fhy jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;wpidf; $Wfpd;w aho;g;ghz kapy;thfdg;Gytu; 17Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; vOjp n rupahfj; njupatpy;iy. ,J lr;Rj;Njrhjpgjp kf;uh vd;gt vOjg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; vOe;j kw;nwhU Kf;fpaj;Jtk vd;w E}yhFk;. Njrhjpgjp irkDila Kaw;rpapdhy; 17 ,J gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ (fpU];zuh[h> nr.> 2002> 250)
rpd;dj;jk;gpg;Gytupdhy; vOjg;gl;l fy;tisae;jhjp vd vd;w E}Yk; ,f;fhyj;jpw;FupaNj. Nrdhjpuha Kjy ey;iyae;jhjp vd;gdTk; vOjg;gl;ld. NkYk; lr;Rf;fhuu;f vOjg;gl;ld. fzgjp Iaupdhy; myq;fhu&gehlfk;> mjp& vd;gd vOjg;gl;ld. Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpg;Gytupdhy; Njt (NkyJ). ,j;jifa ,yf;fpaq;fnsy;yhk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs my;yJ kjr;Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dzpapNyhjhd
nkhop
lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Ml;rpahdJ gy Mz;Lfs ePb j;J te;j aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tpl;Lr; nrd;w Kf;fpakhd gz;ghl;Lr; nry fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tu;fs; aho;g;ghz kf;fSf;Fg; Gjpajhf njhopy;> rkak;> czT> cil> tho;f;ifKiw Nghd;wtw;w nrhw;fs; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cyhe;jh> gpRf;fhy;> rf;flj;jhu;> nehj;jhupRyhr;rp> gPN wh Nghr;rp> Jl;L> tq;FNwhl;L Nghd;w lr;Rnkhopr; nrhw;f Fwpg;gplyhk;. aho;g;ghz kf;fSld; ,tu;fs; neUq;fpg; nrhw;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mjpfk; Ngrg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fshap fhyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopahdJ fpwp];jt rpe;jidfSf;Fk fUtpahf khwpanjd;gjidAk; kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. Ngh nkhopapidf; fw;W kw;iwa Nghjfu;fSf;F topfhl;bahf
Nfhl;ilfs;
lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; fl;blf;fiyapy; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wd Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j Nfhl;ilfis nra;J etPd Kiwfspy; jq;fSf;Nfw;w tifapy; ghJfhg aho;g;ghzf;Nfhl;il> Cu;fhtw;Wiwapy; mike;Js;s
70

de;jdu;. ,j;jifanjhU gpd;dzpapy;jhd; mtu;fspd; py; nkhop ngau;fg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;ld. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
gving Van Malabar en Coromandel'
vd;w jd;Dila ; ntspapl;bUe;jhu;
(Baldaeus,p.,1672,pp.190-191).
NkYk; df; $Wfpd;w aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy vd;w E}ypid ;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; vOjp ntspapl;lhu;. cWjpahdfhyk; r;Rj;Njrhjpgjp kf;uh vd;gtupd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f vOe;j kw;nwhU Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gilg;Gj; Njrtoik kDila Kaw;rpapdhy; 1707,y; lr;R murhq;fj;jpdhy; ];zuh[h> nr.> 2002> 250).
Ojg;gl;l fy;tisae;jhjp vd;w gpuge;jKk; kiwirae;jhjp upaNj. Nrdhjpuha Kjypahupdhy; ey;iyntz;gh> jg;gl;ld. NkYk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; fhyj;jpy; ehlfq;fs; gy ; myq;fhu&gehlfk;> mjp>jp tpyhrk;> thygPf ehlfk; khurhkpg;Gytupdhy; Njtrfha ehlfk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ q;fnsy;yhk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Ml;rpapd; eLg;gFjpapNyh gl;ljd; gpd;dzpapNyhjhd; Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gy Mz;Lfs ePb j;J te;jikapd; gpd;dzpapy; mtu;fs; Kf;fpakhd gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;fhf mtu;fSila nkhop ;g;ghz kf;fSf;Fg; Gjpajhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Ml;rpKiw> > tho;f;ifKiw Nghd;wtw;wpidf; Fwpf;fpd;w lr;Rnkhopr; ;wd.
;jhu;> nehj;jhupRyhr;rp> gPN wh> Ngj;jy;> tf;F> jhr;rp> gf;$R> ghd;w lr;Rnkhopr; nrhw;fis ,jw;F vLj;jf;fhl;lhff; Sld; ,tu;fs; neUq;fpg; gofpaikapdhy; lr;Rnkhopr; k; Ngrg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fshapw;W. mNjNeuj;jpy; ,tu;fspd; fpwp];jt rpe;jidfSf;Fk; mDl;lhdj;Jf;Fk; rpwe;j Ak; kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. Nghy;Nla]; RthkpfNs jkpo; ghjfu;fSf;F topfhl;bahf tpsq;fpdhu;.
apy; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;. Vw;fdNt aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ;fg;gl;bUe;j Nfhl;ilfis ,tu;fs; Gdu;epu;khzk; f;Nfw;w tifapy; ghJfhg;ghd Vw;ghLfSld; fl;bdu;. w;Wiwapy; mike;Js;s Nfhl;il> G+efupf;Nfhl;il>
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kd;dhu;Nfhl;il Nghd;w Nfhl;ilfis ,t;thW jpUj;jp m vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fsplk fnsy;yhk;; Iq;Nfhz tbtj;jpy; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;ld. tuzp kw;Wk; neLe;jPT Nghd;w gFjpfspYk; lr;Rf;fhuu vr;rq;fs; ,Ug;gjhfg; Nguhrpupau; fpU\;zuh[h jd;Di 2 E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; ep&gpg;gjw;F Nkyjpf Mjhuq;fs Nfhl;ilfis Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; vj;jifa Nehf;fq;fs; fU Nehf;fq;fNs ,tu;fsJ epu;khzj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;lJ. me tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis Kfhikg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd ,t tpsq;fpd.
,tu;fs; Nfhl;ilfisg; GdUj;jhuzk; nra;J w;whz;by; etPd Kiwfspy; tprhykhd nfhj;jsq;fN Rygkhf ntbf;ff;$ba khjpupf; Nfhl;ilapd; Klf mikj;Jf;fl;lg;gl;l Nfhl;il fl;Lfpd;w Kiwfisg; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;te;j Mq;fpNyau;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf aho;g;ghzf; N epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,uhzpkhspif Mq;fpNyau;f gFjpfs; Nfhl;ilfspy; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Cu;f ngUkstpw;F lr;Rg;ghzpapy; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f Aj;jfhyq;fspy; ghJfhf;fpd;w muzhfg; gad;gl;lJ.
tho;tplq;fs;
lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; fl;blf;fiyapd; ghzpahdJ aho;g mikg;gpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. flw;fiuapypUe;J vLf tPL fisAk; Nfhl;ilfisAk; mikf;fpd;w Kiwapi mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;. mfz;l tpwhe;ijfs;> cau;thd tisTfs;> rpwg;ghd nfhupe;jpad; J}z;fs;> Kfg;gpd; vd lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; ,y;yq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. ah %yg;nghUl;fSf;fhd jl;Lg;ghL fhzg;gl;ljdhy; ,t flypypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l KUiff;fw;fs; my;yJ flw;gtsf; f tPL fspd; jsq;fSf;F ,wf;fkjp nra;ag;gl;l khgps; fw;fs;
aho;g;ghzf;Flhehl;bd; kj;jpapYs;s Ie;jhk; F tPLfs;> flw;fiug; gFjpapYs;s rpy tPLfs; lr;Rf;fhuu fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tPj pfs;
aho;g;ghzj;jpd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs mtu;fsJ ngau;fisr; nrhy;Yfpd;wd. aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;ilfis ,t;thW jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ilfSf;F yhk;. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpa Nfhl;il ;jpy; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;ld. (rrpjh> F.> 2010> gf;.111-113). d;w gFjpfspYk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; mikj;j Nfhl;ilfspd; pau; fpU\;zuh[h jd;Dila ,yq;if tuyhW ghfk; pg;gjw;F Nkyjpf Mjhuq;fs; Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j;jifa s; vj;jifa Nehf;fq;fs; fUjpf; fl;bdhu;fNsh mj;jifa zj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;lJ. me;epaupkpUe;J ghJfhg;;G kw;Wk; ikg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd ,tw;wpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fshf
; GdUj;jhuzk; nra;J mikj;jNghJ 17Mk; E} ; tprhykhd nfhj;jsq;fNshLk; gPuq;fpfis itj;Jr; jpupf; Nfhl;ilapd; Klf;Ffspy; Kidg;Gf;fisAk; fl;Lfpd;w Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpdu;. lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; q;fpNyau;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhl;ilfspy; j;Jf;fhl;lhf aho;g;ghzf; Nfhl;ilapy; jw;NghJ mope;j hzpkhspif Mq;fpNyau;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;lNj. rpy paikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Cu;fhtw;Wiwf;Nfhl;il kl;LNk d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;Nfhl;ilfspd; gyNk gyUf;F muzhfg; gad;gl;lJ.
yapd; ghzpahdJ aho;g;ghz kf;fspd; tPL fl;Lfpd;w . flw;fiuapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l Nfhuy; fw;fspdhy; k; mikf;fpd;w Kiwapid ,yq;ifaUf;F ,tu;fs; tpwhe;ijfs;> cau;thd KfLfs;> jdpj;Jtkhd ;jpad; J}z;fs;> Kfg;gpd; ,UkUq;fpYk; ,yr;rpidfs; q;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. aho;g;ghzf;Flhehl;by; fl;bl hL fhzg;gl;ljdhy; ,tu;fs; fl;blj;NjitfSf;fhf f;fw;fs; my;yJ flw;gtsf; fw;fisg; gad;Lj;jpapUe;jdu;. jp nra;ag;gl;l khgps; fw;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;ld.
kj;jpapYs;s Ie;jhk; FWf;Fj; njUg;gFjpfspYs;s ;s rpy tPL fs; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; ghzpapypNa ,d;Wq;
pfspypUe;Jk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fspdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l tPj pfs; fpd;wd. aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J gy gFjpfSf;Fk; ,j;jifa
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njUf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. gy tPj pfs; ,d;W mtu;fis mtu;fsJ ngaupdhNyNa miof;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
itj;jpaNritfs;
itj;jpaJiwapy; kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;l fhyg Ml;rp;fhyj;jpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. %ypifj; Njhl;lq;fs; mf;fiw fhl;baJ. ,tu;fspd; fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghz itj;jpaKiwfSk; ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;jd. aho;g;gh kapypl;bapYs;s fhrNeha; itj;jparhiy Nghd;witfn epWtg;gl;litfNs (fpU];zuh[h>nr.> 2002> g.262).
epiwTiu
1602,y; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuq;fspy; fhyb gj aho;g;ghzk; cl;gl ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuq;fisf; if ,tu;fspd; Ml;rpapd; tpisthf gy khw;wq;fs;; aho;g;gh nry;thf;Ffspy; gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;Fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tif kf;fspd; ehshe;j tho;Tld; gpize;j tifapy; ,d;W njupe;Njh njupahkNyh ,tw;Wf;Fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;s tpl;L mfd;W gy tUlq;fs; fle;j gpd;dUk; mtu;fs; ah gz;ghl;by; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;F njhlu;e;Jk; ,d;W mtu;f fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;
jkpo; 1. murul;zk;> rp. “,yq;ifapy; xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpapd; ts
(nfhOk;G : jkpo;r;rq;fk;> ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofk;;>1 2. mUikehafk;> f. “,yq;ifapy; xy;yhe;ju; gpd;gw;wp
,jo; 4 (aho;g;ghzk;: gy;fiyf;fofk;>1967). 3. ,uhrehafKjypahu;>nr. aho;g;ghzr; rupj;jpuk; (aho;g;g 4. ,isajk;gp> K. ,yq;ifr; rupj;jpuKk; INuhg;gpar
rpwpyq;fh Gj;jfrhiy> 1969). 5. fpU];zuh[h. nr> ,yq;iftuyhW> ghfk;-02 (aho;g
2000). 6. Fzrpq;fk;> K. ,yq;ifapy; jkpou; ( rpl;dp : vk;.tp. nt 7. Fzuhrh> f. aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy - xU kPs ;th
gjpg;gfk;> 2001). 8. Fzuhrh>f.> fkyh> F.> ,yq;ifr;RUf;ftuyhW (ah
2008).
72

. gy tPj pfs; ,d;W mtu;fis Qhgfg;gLj;Jfpd;w tifapy; of;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
kyu;r;rp Vw;gl;l fhyg;gFjpahf lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; k;. %ypifj; Njhl;lq;fs; mikg;gjpy; lr;R epu;thfk; pd; fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; itj;jparhiyfSk; su;r;rpaile;jd. aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s itj;jparhiy> tj;jparhiy Nghd;witfnsy;yhk; lr;Rf;fhuu;fhyj;jpy; uh[h>nr.> 2002> g.262).
iuNahuq;fspy; fhyb gjpj;j lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; 1658,y; pd; fiuNahuq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf;nfhz;ldu;. njhlu;e;J hf gy khw;wq;fs;; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Vw;gl;ld. mj;jifa y;thf;Fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it gpize;j tifapy; ,d;W cs;sd. aho;g;ghz kf;fs; ;Wf;Fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; ehl;bid le;j gpd;dUk; mtu;fs; aho;g;ghzf;Flhehl;L kf;fspd; ;F njhlu;e;Jk; ,d;W mtu;fs; ngau; nrhy;fpd;w tifapy;
apy; xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpapd; tsu;r;rpAk; tPo ;r;rpAk;”> ,sq;fjpu;
yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofk;;>1959). ;ifapy; xy;yhe;ju; gpd;gw;wpa rkaf;nfhs;if”> rpe;jid> iyf;fofk;>1967). ho;g;ghzr; rupj;jpuk; (aho;g;ghzk; : 1936). ;ifr; rupj;jpuKk; INuhg;gpar; rupj;jpuKk; (aho;g;ghzk; ; 9). ;iftuyhW> ghfk;-02 (aho;g;ghzk;: gpiwepyh ntspaPL >
py; jkpou; ( rpl;dp : vk;.tp. ntspaPL > 2008). itgtkhiy - xU kPs ;thrpg;G (aho;g;ghzk; : fkyk;
,yq;ifr;RUf;ftuyhW (aho;g;ghzk; : fkyk; gjpg;gfk;>
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9. eluhrh>t. (g.M)> tuyhw;W cyh> aho;g;ghzk; : ah
tpbaw; fofk;> 2010). 10. gj;kehjd;. rp> ,yq;ifj; NjrtoikfSk; r%f toi
Gj;jf ,y;yk;> 2001). 11. gj;kehjd;. rp> aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; (nfhOk;G: Fkud 12. NtYg;gps;is>rp>b. mnkupf;f ,yq;if kp\d; rupj;jpuk
English
13. Arasaratnam, S. “Dutch Sovereignty in Ceylon A Historica Journal of Historical and Social studies (Peradeniya : Unive 14. Arasaratnam, S. The Dutch Power in Ceylon 1658 – 1687 ( 15. Arasaratnam,S., J.H.O. Paulusz on the 1638 Westerwolt tre
tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 138 1982). 16. Arasaratnam, S. “The Administrative Organisation of
Ceylon”,The Ceylon journal of Historical and Social Studies 17. Baldaeus,p., Beschrijving der oost-Indiscche Kusten, Mala
1672 18. Brohier, R,l. Changing Face of Colombo (Colombo : Lake H 19. Gunasingam, M. Primay Sources for History of the Sri Lanka
2005). 20. Jeffries. Charles, Ceylon - The Path to Independence (Lond 21. Marashall,R. Singer. The Emerging Elite( Study of polific
Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology press, 1 22. Perera,S.G. History of Ceylon (Colombo : Lake house, 194 23. Perera,S.G., The Jesuits in Ceylon (Madurai: Denobili press 24. Pieries,P,E. (ed) The Dutch Power in Ceylon,1602-1670 (Lo 25. Robrecht Boudens, “The Catholic Church in Ceylon frpm
Journal, Vol-II, 1953. 26. Sasikala, K. Origin and Development of the Educafion of Ja
(Jaffna : University of Jaffna, 2001). 27. Silva.K.M.de, A History of Sri Lanka (Delhi: Oxford Univers
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;W cyh> aho;g;ghzk; : aho;g;ghzk; :rptj;jkpo; khdpl
; NjrtoikfSk; r%f toikfSk; (nfhOk;G : Fkud;
,uhr;rpak; (nfhOk;G: Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;> 2011). pf;f ,yq;if kp\d; rupj;jpuk; (Rz;zhfk; : 1964).
nty in Ceylon A Historical Survey of its Problems in Ceylon”, tudies (Peradeniya : University of Peradeniya,1958). r in Ceylon 1658 – 1687 (New Delhi : 1958).
the 1638 Westerwolt treaty in Ceylon: A rejoinder (Bijdragen de 138 1982). trative Organisation of the Dutch East India Company in
torical and Social Studies, January-December, Vol-8,1965. st-Indiscche Kusten, Malabar en Choromandel (Amsterdams,
lombo (Colombo : Lake House Investments Ltd, 1984). for History of the Sri Lankan Tamils (Sydney : M.V. Publications,
th to Independence (London: Pall mall Press, 1962). ng Elite( Study of polifical leadership in Ceylon) Cambridge:
te of Technology press, 1981). lombo : Lake house, 1948). (Madurai: Denobili press, 1941). in Ceylon,1602-1670 (London : Corzonprees,1929). c Church in Ceylon frpm 1658 to 1687”, The Ceylon Historical
ent of the Educafion of Jaffna Women, Master of Philoshopy, 1). ka (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981).
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kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l fy;nt
fy;ntl;lha;tpd; ,d;iwa Nghf;F
,yq;ifj; jkpou; g+u;tPf fhyk; Kjyhf nrwpe;J tho;e kl;lf;fsg;G NjrKk; xd;whFk;. ,q;F kl;lf;fsg;G N fpof;fpyq;ifapy; tlf;Nf ntUfyhw;iwAk; njw;Nf FKf nfhz;l jw;Nghija kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw vDk; ,U k Fwpj;jnjhU r%fj;jpd; my;yJ gpuNjrj;jpd; tuyhw ntspf;nfhz;LtUtjw;Fr; rhrdq;fs; Kjd;ikahdita fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> nrg;NgLfs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. ,t;tha;th Ma;Tg; nghUshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrk; vdg; G+u;tPf fhyk; Kjyhff; ikag;gLj;jpajhf ,t;tha;T mikfpd;wJ. ntUfypd; n Xah tiuAs;s gpuNjrNk ,JthFk;. 1962k; Mz;L ,e;epy vDk; ,U eph;thf khtl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. MapD nfhz;L gioa kl;lf;fsg;gpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk; ,
,yq;ifapd; Muk;gfhy tuyhwhdJ IjPf q;fspd; vdpDk; njhy;ypaypy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp ,e;epiyapy; Mjhuq;fSldhd tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gpAs;sJ. Kw;gl;l fhyk; Kjyhf  mk;ghiw vDk; ,U khtl;lg; gpupTfisANkahFk;. ;yJ gpuNjrj;jpd; tuyhw;iw ek;gj;jFe;j Kiwapy; dq;fs; Kjd;ikahditahf mikfpd;wd. rhrdq;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;. ,t;tha;thdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fis kl;LNk ;sJ.
; G+u;tPf fhyk; Kjyhff; fUjg;gLfpd;w gpuNjrj;ij mikfpd;wJ. ntUfypd; njd; vy;iy Kjy; FKf;fd; hFk;. 1962k; Mz;L ,e;epyg;gug;G kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw shfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. MapDk; g+u;tPf fhyj;ijf; fUj;jpw; ; midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk; ,t;tha;T cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
tuyhwhdJ IjPf q;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ. ;l tsu;r;rp ,e;epiyapy; khw;wq;fis cz;Lgz;zp wf; fl;bnaOg;gpAs;sJ. me;jtifapy; fpwp];Jtpw;F py; vOj;jwpTkpf;f kdpj rKjhankhd;W tho;e;jikf;F ;fNs rhd;whfpd;wd. gpuNjrk; xd;wpd; cz;ikj; tjw;F ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; kl;Lk; NghJkhditad;W. ;w tpguq;fs; rkfhyj;J Mtzq;fSld; xj;Jg; Nghfpd;w pd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhw;iwf; $Wfpd;w gpujhd %ykhf psq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jid kl;Lk; mbg;gilahff;; nfhz;L huG+u;tkhff; ntspf;nfhz;Ltu KbahJ.
py; E}yhrpupaupd; kNdhghtj;jpw;Nfw;g jpupj;Jk; khWgl;Lk; dhy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mt;thwd;W. mit rkfhyj;J fhzg;gLk; tptuq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; mit vOjg;gLk; . ,yf;fpa eak; fUjp tptuq;fis kpifg;gLj;jpf; $Wk; ; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; fhyk;
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gw;wpa Ma;T ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. vdNt fy;ntl;Lf;f NghJ mJ ngUksT ek;gfj; jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,U jd;ikkpf;f tptuq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd kpf Kf;f tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy tifg;gLk;. rpy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;slf;fpAs;s mNjNeuk; rpy> mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf gpuhkpr; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ahtw;wpYk; nghJthf mur cs;Nshupd; gpufldq;fs;> mtu;fSk; r%fj;jpd; Vid toq;fpa jhdq;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpiag; gjpT nra;fpd mf;fhy murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> r%fk;> rkak;> nkhop> vO tplaq;fisAk; njupe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. vdNt xU nfhz;L tUtjpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; gq;F kpf Kf;fpakhdj tha;e;j fy;ntl;Lf;fs; njhlu;ghd Ma;T fhyj;jpd; Njit
,Jtiu kl;lf;fsg;gpy; KOikahd njhy;nghUs; M ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rpwg;ghd %ykhff; nfhz;L kl;lf;fsg;gpd; G+u;tPf j;ij cWjpg;gLj;J Fbfs; ahu; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;j KbAk;.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpT tuyhw;whrpupau;fs spilNa fhzg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;> mg;gpuNjrj;jpw;Nf mupjhfNt cs;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf mtw;wpy; gy ftdpg Fifj; jsq;fspy; vOjg;gl;l gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; ngUks njhopypd; %yk; ngUk; mopitr; re;jpj;Js;sd. ,d;Dk fhzg;gLfpd;w %lek;gpf;iffspdhy; ntspf;fhl;lg;glhJ mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy ,e;j md;dpag;gl;l jd;ik tpyfp fy;ntl;Lj; njhlu;ghd Kjy; fy;tpawpTila cau; kl;lk; tiu Vw;gLj;jg;gly; N r%fj;jpd; gpujhd Mtzkhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ntspAy tug;gLk;. mj;Jld; mit ftdpj;jw;Fupa nghUshf;fg;gL Njrj;jpd; tuyhw;iwj; njspthf;f KbAk;. fy;ntl;Lj; njh mtrpaKk; vkJ r%fj;jhy; KOikahf czug;glhj epi fy;ntl;lha;tpd; epiy njhlu;gpy; MuhaNtz;baJ ,d;wpa
,t;tha;thdJ kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;jpd; njhd;ikia gpbf;fg;gl;L Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fisAk milahsg;gLj;jy;> mtw;wpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; kl;l vLj;Jiuj;jy;> mz;ikf; fhy Ma;T Kaw;rpapd; %yk; fz;l
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jhFk;. vdNt fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; fhyj;ij mstpLfpd;w j; jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy; cz;ikj; e;J nfhs;tjw;fhd kpf Kf;fpakhd Mtzq;fshf ,it
;gLk;. rpy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ePs khf> mjpf tptuq;fis > mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; kpfr;rpwpadthff; tw;wpYk; nghJthf murd; Kjyhd cau;epiyapy; tu;fSk; r%fj;jpd; Vida epiyfspy; cs;NshUk; nra;jpiag; gjpT nra;fpd;wd. vdpDk; ,tw;wpypUe;J ;> r%fk;> rkak;> nkhop> vOj;J tsu;r;rp Kjyhd gy;NtW ;s Kbfpd;wJ. vdNt xU Njrj;jpd; tuyhw;iw ntspf; spd; gq;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,j;jifa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; hd Ma;T fhyj;jpd; Njitahf cs;sJ.
Oikahd njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;glhj epiyapy; ;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rpwg;ghditahFk;. Vnddpy; ,tw;iw pd; G+u;tPfj;ij cWjpg;gLj;JtJld; ,g;gFjpf;Fupa G+u;tPf j;j KbAk;.
mwpT tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; kw;Wk;> tuyhw;wha;thsu;f hjpYk;> mg;gpuNjrj;jpw;Nf cupa nghJkf;fsplk; kpf zkhf mtw;wpy; gy ftdpg;ghuw;Wr; rpijtile;Js;sd. gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; ngUkstpy; fy;Yilj;jy; Kjyhd tr; re;jpj;Js;sd. ,d;Dk; rpy vkJ r%fj;jpdupilNa fspdhy; ntspf;fhl;lg;glhJ %b kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. f;fpaj;Jtk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; czu;j;jg;glhikNa MFk;. pyfp fy;ntl;Lj; njhlu;ghd tpopg;Gzu;T ghku kf;fs; l;lk; tiu Vw;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; %yNk vkJ d fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ntspAyfj;jpd; ghu;itf;Ff; nfhz;L dpj;jw;Fupa nghUshf;fg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; kl;lf;fsg;G hf;f KbAk;. fy;ntl;Lj; njhlu;ghd Ma;TfSk; mtw;wpd; Oikahf czug;glhj epiyapy; kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; py; MuhaNtz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjnthd;whFk;.
;Gj; Njrj;jpd; njhd;ikiaj; njspthf;fy;> mq;F fz;L s;s gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fisAk; Vida fy;ntl;Lf;fisAk; yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tuyhw;wk;rq;fis a;T Kaw;rpapd; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lf;fis
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milahsg;gLj;jYk; mit %yk; njspthFk; Njr tuyhw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;tha;thdJ tuyhw;W E}y;fs;> Mtzq;fs;> f mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likahy; ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tha;Tf;fhf Neubahfg; ngwg;gl;l Kj gpuNjrj;jpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs;> E}y;fs;> fl epiyj; juTfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fp.K. %d;whk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp ehd;fhk; E} Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fs; vy;yhk tuptbtq;fspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpofj;jpy; toq;fpa ,e rpwg;ghd vOj;Jf;fs; mike;jpUe;jikahy; mJ jkpo; gpuh
,yq;ifapy; 2000f;F Nkyhd gpuhkp rhrdq;fs; kiyfspYk; ngUq;fw;ghiwfspYk; Fifj;jsq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fSk; nrhw;nwhlu;fSk; ngUk;ghYk ngUk;ghyhdit XupU tupfspy; ngsj;j FUkhUf;F> r%fj;jpd; gyjug;gl;l kf;fs; mspj;j epyk;> fhy;tha;> Fif jhdq;fs; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; gytw;wpy; jhd tk;rk;> gl;lk;> gjtp> njhopy;> rkak;> ,dk; Nghd;witAk Nghd;w nra;jpfSk; $wg;gLfpd;wd.1
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,U gilfs; cs;sd. xd;W jk tof;fpypUe;j gioa gpuhkp tbtk;. ,J jpuhtpb my;yJ gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; mbj;jskhf tpsq;fpa ,t tl,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j gpuhkp tbtk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j ,tw;wpy; gpuhe;jpa tof;fhd nkhopr; nrhw;fs; gy fy ,yq;ifapd; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpf;Fupa nkhop> vOj;J ,lg;ngau; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;> rkfhyg; ghsp , ek;gfj; jd;ikia kjpg;gplTk; cjTfpd;wd.
2. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; 1970fspw;;F Kd;du; fz;Lgpbf;fg cs;s ,lq;fis milahsg;gLj;jy;
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; KOikahd njhy;ypayha;T njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fsj;jpD}lhfTk;> tuyhw;Wj; Jiw gy fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. mt;thW fz;lwpag;gl;l gpu
76

yk; njspthFk; Njr tuyhw;wpid vLj;Jiuj;jYk; Mfpa g;gLfpd;wJ.
E}y;fs;> Mtzq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw w;nfhs;sg;gl;likahy; ,J Xu; tuyhw;W Ma;thff; hf Neubahfg; ngwg;gl;l Kjd;epiyj; juTfSld; Ma;Tg; ;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs;> E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs; Kjyhd ,uz;lhk; ;gl;Ls;sd.
;
;L Kjy; fp.gp ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L tiu njd;dhrpaj; s;s Mtzq;fs; vy;yhk; gpuhkp vDk; tiff;Fupa d. jkpofj;jpy; toq;fpa ,e;j vOj;J Kiwapy; jkpOf;Fr; pUe;jikahy; mJ jkpo; gpuhkp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
kyhd gpuhkp rhrdq;fs; cz;L. ,it ngUk;ghYk; spYk; Fifj;jsq;fspYk; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpNy w;nwhlu;fSk; ngUk;ghYk; nghJthdit. ,tw;wpy; spy; ngsj;j FUkhUf;F> ngsj;j rq;fj;jpw;F mf;fhyr; spj;j epyk;> fhy;tha;> Fif> fw;gLf;if> czT Nghd;w . ,tw;wpy; gytw;wpy; jhdkspj;jtu; ngaNuhL mtupd; rkak;> ,dk; Nghd;witAk;> mtu;fs; tho;e;j ,lk;> Cu;
;wd.1
ilfs; cs;sd. xd;W jkpofk;>  vOj;J> rkak;> gz;ghL> r%fk;> nfhs;sTk;> rkfhyg; ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wk; tuyhw;wpd;
; cjTfpd;wd.
pw;;F Kd;du; fz;Lgpbf;fg;;gl;l gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; hsg;gLj;jy;
Oikahd njhy;ypayha;Tfs; elj;jg;glhj NghjpYk; }lhfTk;> tuyhw;Wj; Jiw rhu;e;NjhuhYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; t;thW fz;lwpag;gl;l gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fis fyhepjp
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nr.guztpjhd mtu;fs; ‘Inscription of Ceylon’ vDk; E}y (1970) ,e;E}ypd; Kjyhe; njhFjpapy; cs;s 180 fy;nt cs;sd. mjpy; 14 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; khj;jpuNk jpUNfhzkiy 166 rhrdq;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpw;Fupa ,g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;ghf Nfhuisg; gw;W> Vw kz;Kidg; gw;W> Nttfk; gw;W> rk;khe;Jiwg;gw;W> mf;f fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Fryd;fe;j (Fryhd; kiy)> fSJnghj;jhd> epad;l Ntfufy> `Ndd;Ndfy> kpAd;Fzh nt`u> jp];dNy ky;tj;j> mk;ghiw> tjpdhfy> gufhfy> c`gplfy;Nf> jk kiy (mf;fiug;gw;W)> fypXNl> nkhl;lafy> rq;fkz;fz etyu; Fsk;> gzk> fpuyz> FLk;gpfy> gk;guf] tp`Nufy> tpfufy;fe;j> nfhq;fy> Nthtl;lhfy Kjy fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.3
3.0 gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; njspthFk; tuy
3.1 mjpfkhd gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;si
 rkzr; rhu;Gi jkpofj;jpy; rkz rkak; rhu;e;jjhf cs;sd. ,yq;ifa rq;fj;jhUf;F toq;fg;gl;l jhdq;fis gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. mtu;fspd; fUj;J mtjhdj;jpw;FupaJ. “Muk;g fhyj;jpy gutpa NghJ Gj;j gpuhd; mikj;j tpjpfSf;F Vw;g rq;fj J}uj;jpNyNa tho tpUk;gpdu;. mjdhy; kiyabthu Fiffspy; tho;e;jdu;. Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;l rq;fj;jhu; ,y jq;fpapUf;f Neu;e;jJ. czT> cil> ciwtplk;> kUe;J toq;FtJ cghrfupd; jiyahd jh;kq;fs; vd;W fUj cs;s ntt;NtW nkhopfisg; NgRfpd;w gy;ypd kf;fspi ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspYk; tho;e;j kf;fs; rq;fj;jhUf;F toq;fpdu;. rq;fj;jhUf;F toq;FtJ xU Gz;zpa fUkk
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

tion of Ceylon’ vDk; E}ypy; njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;shu;. hFjpapy; cs;s 180 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; ; khj;jpuNk jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; cs;;sd. Vida mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpw;Fupaitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. pg;ghf Nfhuisg; gw;W> VwhT+u; gw;W> tpe;jidg; gw;W> ;W> rk;khe;Jiwg;gw;W> mf;fiug; gw;W Kjyhd ,lq;fspy;
y)> fSJnghj;jhd> epad;lutfy> cKdfy> Etufy> d;Fzh nt`u> jp];dNyfk> u[fy> c`z> tyfk> > gufhfy> c`gplfy;Nf> jkz> FLtpy;> Ky;iyf;Fsk;G l> nkhl;lafy> rq;fkz;fz;b> nwhl;lFyk> epyfpuprha> z> FLk;gpfy> gk;guf];jyht> fpupnghFd n`y> q;fy> Nthtl;lhfy Kjyhd Kg;gj;ije;J ,lq;fspy;
s; %yk; njspthFk; tuyhw;Wz;ikfs;
;Lf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
f; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhd gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ikahd Ma;T eilngwtpy;iy). ,jd; %ykhf yNa vOj;jwpTkpf;f kdpj rKjhankhd;W ,g;gFjpapy; . ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfis tpl Fifj; jsq;fspy; md;wp iwfspYk; rhrdq;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;ik rpwg;ghdJ.
uq;fisj; njspthf;Ffpd;wJ.
f;fs; ngsj;j> rkzr; rhu;Giladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ;jjhf cs;sd. ,yq;ifapy; ,it nghJthf ngsj;j q;fis gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. ,q;F Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;kehjd; pw;FupaJ. “Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ngsj;j rkak; ,yq;ifapw; j;j tpjpfSf;F Vw;g rq;fj;jhu; FbapUg;GfSf;Fr; rw;Wj; u;. mjdhy; kiyabthuq;fspy; ,ay;ghf mike;j ; Nkw;nfhz;l rq;fj;jhu; ,y;tho;Nthuhd cghrfu;fspNy > cil> ciwtplk;> kUe;J Mfpatw;iwr; rq;fj;jhUf;F hd jh;kq;fs; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,yq;ifapy; ; NgRfpd;w gy;ypd kf;fspilNa ngsj;jk; gutpa nghOJ o;e;j kf;fs; rq;fj;jhUf;F Fiffis ,Ug;gplq;fshf
;FtJ xU Gz;zpa fUkkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.”4
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78
kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nghJthf rq;f toq;fg;gl;lik gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jUfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; % 2000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dNu ngsj;j rkak; epiyngw;W ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ,J ,yq;ifapd; ,d;iwa epiy Nghd jkpo; ngsj;jkhfNt epiyngw;Ws;sJ. Vnddpy; ,g;gpuhkpf gpuhfpUjj;jpYk; jkpOf;Nf cupj;jhd rpwg;G vOj;J tbt Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jpuhtpl nkhopg; gpuhe;jpakhd Me;jpuhtpYk; fu;ehlfj;j fp.gp Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;L tiu mq;F gpuhfpUjNk fy;ntl;L mupjhfNt ,tw;wpNy RNjr nkhopr; nrhw;fs; fhzg;gLf ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;Fupa nkhopahff; fhzg;gl;likahy; mk vOjg;gl;ld. mNj Nghd;W kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; ngsj;jj;j ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vOjg;gl;lhYk; jkpoupilNa ngsj;jk; e Vuhskhff; fye;Js;sd. Guhjd jkpoupilNa ngsj;jk gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; njspthf;fpf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;w
kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Fryd; fe;j(Fryhd; kiy) vDkplj;jpY G vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. 3
jpa nyNz ]f
,jpy; 3
](390)> “nyNz” kNdhuNk vd;gJ nyNz Fif vd;gijAk; g
3
j F njd
“] Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk; gpuhfpUjr; nrhw;fshFk;. ,e;j jkpo; ngs rhd;whf epytp epw;fpd;w topghl;L Kiwahf fz;zfp to
 Rkd;> gUkfd;> gUkfs;. khw> ehf> guj> Nts; ngsj;ju;fshf ,Ue;jdu; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wd gFjpfspy; ngsj;j rkak; rhu;e;j njhy;nghUs; jlaq;fNs fpilf;fpd;w NghJ mJ xU rkaj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dk fhyj;jpy; rpq;fs kf;fs; tho;e;jikf;fhd vr;rkhf N kugwpahNjhu; tpLfpd;w kpfg;ngUk; jtwhff; fhzg;gLfpd
3.3 kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,e;J rkak; epiyngw;wpUe;jikf;fhd r
gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nghJthf ngsj;j rkaj;jpw gw;wpf; $Wtjhy; ,it ngsj;j rka tuyhw;wpw;Fupa rhd fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; jhdk; toq;fpNahupd; ngau;fis Neh khw Kd;du; ,tu;fs; itjPf > ngsuhzpf topghl;L new vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.5

y;ntl;Lf;fs; nghJthf rq;fj;jhUf;F Fiffs; jhdkhf isj; jUfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; %yk; kl;lf;fsg;G gFjpfspYk; u ngsj;j rkak; epiyngw;Ws;sJ vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. fapd; ,d;iwa epiy Nghd;W rpq;fs ngsj;jkhftd;wp ;Ws;sJ. Vnddpy; ,g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nghJtof;fhd upj;jhd rpwg;G vOj;J tbtq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sik
d Me;jpuhtpYk; fu;ehlfj;jpYk; RNjr nkhopfs; ,Ue;Jk; mq;F gpuhfpUjNk fy;ntl;L nkhopahf ,Ue;Js;sJ. kpf khopr; nrhw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; gpuhfpUjk; hff; fhzg;gl;likahy; mk;nkhopapNyNa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; ngsj;jj;jpw;Fupa gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; k; jkpoupilNa ngsj;jk; epytpaikahy; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; jd jkpoupilNa ngsj;jk; epytp te;Js;sJ vd;gij jspthf;fpf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
(Fryhd; rhw;fshFk;. dhuNk ” vd;gJ nyNz Fif kiy) ,e;j vd;gijAk; vDkplj;jpYs;s g
3 jkpo; j F 3 njd ngsj;jj;jpd; “]f fupNj 3
]” fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ]f vd;gJ vr;rkhf 3
](391)” rq;fj;jhiuAk; vk;kpilNa vd;wthW
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3
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l;L Kiwahf fz;zfp topghL mikfpd;wJ.
u; ngsj;ju;fshf ,Ue;jij vLj;Jf; $Wk; tuyhw;W l;Lf;fs; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; tUk; mgad;> fs;. khw> ehf> guj> Nts; Nghd;w ngau;fs; jkpou;fSk; jw;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wd. ,d;W ,yq;ifapy; jkpo;g; ;j njhy;nghUs; jlaq;fNsh mJ gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lf;fNsh kaj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dkhfg; ghu;f;fg;glhJ Kd;nghU o;e;jikf;fhd vr;rkhf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wik tuyhw;W Uk; jtwhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik ftiyf;FupaJ.
k; epiyngw;wpUe;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs;
hJthf ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l jhdq;fs; ;j rka tuyhw;wpw;Fupa rhd;Wfs; kl;LNk vd;W Kd;du; q;fpNahupd; ngau;fis Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ ngsj;ju;fshf > ngsuhzpf topghl;L newpfisf; filg;gpbj;jpUe;jdu;
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kl;lf;fsg;G gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gytw;wpy; rpt t (]pt) vd;w ngau; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jpypUe;J jhd; “ ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.6 muru;> ,sturu;> tzpfu;> fpuhkthr FLk;gj; jiytu; KjyhNdhu; “rpt” vd;w ngaiuf; n rptidg; Nghw;wp topgLk; kdg;ghq;FilNahu; ehl;bd; gy vd;gJk; gy ,dq;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fSk; gy r%fg; gpupTf topgl;Ls;sdu; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.7
epad;lutfy (401>402)> u[fy (431>443>449>450)> (518)> tpfufy;fe;j (537) Kjyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ‘rpt’ epad;lutfy fy;ntl;L Rj> rpt vDk; ,Utu; ,ize;J r gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. u[fy fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; (431>449>450 rq;fj;jhu; rpt vd;w ngaiur; #bapUe;jik gw;wpa Fwpg;Gz (1178) tUk; ‘cg]pf rpty’ vd;gjd; %yk; ngsj;j rka n ek;gpf;ifahfpa rpt topghL gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;w rpt - 478) gw;wp jkzf; fy;ntl;Lf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,td; ngs je;ijahf ,f;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whd;. rpt uf vd;Nghu; gj Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mUs; ngw;wtd;> rpt uf;fpj> rpt Fj;j- rptdhy; ghJfhf;fg mspf;fg;gl;ltd; vd;wthW fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s cghrpfh rpt> rpt Nju> gj rpt> ee;jp Nju> gUkf ee;jp v ,ize;J tUfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpypUe;J kl;lf;fsg;gpd; n xd;whf ngsj;jk; ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfkhf Kd;du; rpt Gydhfpd;wJ.
khNahd; (fz;zd;) topghLk; Kw;fhy kf;fspilNa Ng cs;s ,U fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; (531>532) gUkf fz vd;W vO fz vd;gJ fz;;zd; vd;gjd; gpuhfpUj kakhf;fNk M fy;ntl;by; (420) ‘cg]pf fz’ vd;Wk;> kw;WnkhU fy;nt tUfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; KUfidf; Fwpf;f gad;gLk; ‘tprhfd fy;ntl;by; (413) ‘tp]h`’vd tUfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; KU vdf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
3.4 fpwp];Jtpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpNyNa ,g;gFjpfspy; jkpo ,yq;ifj; jkpoupd; r%fg; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw kPl vd;wtifapy; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; n fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUg;gpDk; mjpy rpy jpuhtplr; nrhw;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpNy g kUkfd(kUkfd;)> kUkhd> kUfkhw> I> Nts(Nts;)
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

tl;Lf;fs; gytw;wpy; rpt tzf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ‘rpt’ s;sJ. ,jpypUe;J jhd; “rptd;” vd;w tbtk; cUg; sturu;> tzpfu;> fpuhkthrpfs;> jiytu;> f`gjp vd;Dk; u; “rpt” vd;w ngaiuf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,jd; %yk; g;ghq;FilNahu; ehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspYk; tho;e;Js;sdu;. ;jtu;fSk; gy r%fg; gpupTfisr; Nru;e;jtu;fSk; rptid plj;jf;fJ.7
[fy (431>443>449>450)> jkz (478)> gk;guf];jyht hd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ‘rpt’ vd;w ngau; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. vDk; ,Utu; ,ize;J rq;fj;jhUf;F toq;fpa jhdk; ;ntl;Lf;fspy; (431>449>450) ngsj;j rkaj; Jwtpfshd bapUe;jik gw;wpa Fwpg;Gz;L. gk;guf];jyht fy;ntl;by; ;gjd; %yk; ngsj;j rka ngz; tpRthrpapd; gioa rka ;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. cghrfdhd rpt (cgh]f l;Lf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,td; ngsj;j kjj; Jwtpahd kpj;jtpd; pg;gplg;gLfpd;whd;. rpt uf;fpj (557)> rpt G+jpa (443) tu;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;> rpt G+jpa(443) -rptdpd; pt Fj;j- rptdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ltd;> rpt jj;j- rptdhy; ;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. f`gjp rpt> cghrf rpt> > ee;jp Nju> gUkf ee;jp vd;wthW rpt vd;Dk; ngau; w;wpypUe;J kl;lf;fsg;gpd; njhd;ikahd topghLfSs; y; mwpKfkhf Kd;du; rpt topghL epiyngw;wpUe;jik
hLk; Kw;fhy kf;fspilNa Ngzg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpfhnufytpy; 1>532) gUkf fz vd;W vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F tUfpd;w d; gpuhfpUj kakhf;fNk MFk;.8 kpAz;Fzhntnfuf; ’ vd;Wk;> kw;WnkhU fy;ntl;by; (415) ‘mgp fz’ vdTk; f; Fwpf;f gad;gLk; ‘tprhfd;’ vd;gJ kpAz;Fzhntnfuf; tUfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; KUf topghLk; eilngw;Ws;sd
j;jpNyNa ,g;gFjpfspy; jkpou; tho;e;jikf;fhd rhd;W g; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw kPl ;gjw;fhd mbg;gil %yq;fs; ;fs; kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.  gUkfs(gUkfs;)> kUfkhw> I> Nts(Nts;)> g(h)sp Kjyhd gy jkpo;r;
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nrhw;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; gpuhfpUj nk mk;nkhopapdJ ,yf;fz kuGfSf;F Vw;g mtw;iw nrhw;fs; nka;naOj;jpy; Kbtjpy;iy. mit nghJth kUkfd;> kUkhd;> gUkfs; vDk; nrhw;fs; KiwNa kUk vOjg;gLk;.9
,e;jg;Nghf;if kl;lf;fsg;G gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; kUkf> mga> ehf> Njtek;gpa> fhkpd jp]> cjp> cja> rpt> N ehf gtj;;j Kjyhd gy;NtW nrhw;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. , kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpoff; fy;ntl;Lf mg;gbNa vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ mNj ngau;fs; ,yq;i jkpo; kakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpof tuyhw;W %yq;fspy; g jkpo; cwTg; ngau;fs; ,yq;ifapy; gz;L njhl;L ,Ue;j fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;dhrpahtpy; ngs vy;yhk; mr;rkaj;jpw;Fupajhd gpuhfpUjNk fy;ntl;L n ,Ug;gpDk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; nghJthf ,yq;ifapy; gpuhfpU nry;thf;F $Ljyhff; fhzg;gl;lik jkpo; NgrpNahu; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhff; cs;sd.
mJkl;Lkpd;wp jkpOf;Nf cupj;jhd vOj;Jf;fs jkpo; nkhopf;Nf rpwg;ghd <> k vd;w vOj;Jf;fSk; k ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. jkpo; ehl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,t;nt ehl;bw;F ntspNa ,yq;ifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik F nkhop cUthf;fk; ngw;W ePz ;l fhyj;jpd; gpd;dNu mk;nkho vd;gJ tuyhw;Wz;ik. mt;thwhapd; jkpo; nkhopf;Fupa E}w;whz;L Kjy; ghtidapy; cs;sjhy; ,f;fhyj;jpw;F jkpo; nkhop Ngrpa kf;fs; tho;e;jdu; vd;gij rhd;WfSl
mf;fiug;gw;W FLtpy; (480)vDkplj;jpy; fpilj;J tha;e;jJ. ,J fp.K ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;Lf;FupajhFk;. ‘ .. ‘jNkl’ .. .. a vd Gjd gpuhfpUjkag;gLj;jg;gl;L g
3
upaa j
3
Nkl jp]a ,q;F nyNd’ vOjg;gl;Ls;si vd ,jpy; vO
vDkplj;jpy; tho;e;Js;s jkpou; gw;wp ,r;rhrdk; Fwpg;gp Njrj;jpy; g+u;tPf fhykhf tho;e;Js;sikf;F ,J kw;WnkhU
3.5 kl;lf;fsg;gpy; FWepy muru;fspd; Ml;rp eilngw;Ws;s
kl;lf;fsg;gpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl eilngw;Ws;sikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; mjpfhukhdJ xNu ikaj;jpy; Ftpe;jpuh
80

po;r; nrhw;fs; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;likapdhy; uGfSf;F Vw;g mtw;iw vOjpAs;sdu;. gpuhfpUjj;jpy; tjpy;iy. mit nghJthf capNuwp tUk;. vdNt Dk; nrhw;fs; KiwNa kUkfd> kUkhd> gUkfs vd;W
gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; fhzyhk;. mtw;wpYk; gUkf> fhkpd jp]> cjp> cja> rpt> Nts;> uh[> tp]hf> Rkz Fj;j> rhw;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,jpy;; jkpo;g; ngau;fs; gpuhfpUj j;jf;fJ. jkpoff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; rpy gpuhfpUjg; ngau;fs; ghJ mNj ngau;fs; ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; pof tuyhw;W %yq;fspy; gpw;fhyj;jpw;Fupajhf tUk; rpy fapy; gz;L njhl;L ,Ue;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; gpuhkpf; ;wd. njd;dhrpahtpy; ngsj;j rkak; gutpa ehLfspy; gpuhfpUjNk fy;ntl;L nkhopahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Jthf ,yq;ifapy; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; jkpo; nkhopapd; g;gl;lik jkpo; NgrpNahu; ,g;gFjpapy; tho;e;jikia
cupj;jhd vOj;Jf;fshd s>d>w>o vd;gdTk; k vd;w vOj;Jf;fSk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; rkfhyj;jpy; jkpo; ; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. nghJthf xU fhyj;jpd; gpd;dNu mk;nkhopf;Fupa vOj;Jf;fs; Njhd;wpd ;thwhapd; jkpo; nkhopf;Fupa vOj;Jf;fs; fp.K %d;whk; ; cs;sjhy; ,f;fhyj;jpw;F gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu ;e;jdu; vd;gij rhd;WfSlhf epUgpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
480)vDkplj;jpy; fpilj;Js;s rhrdk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ; E}w;whz;Lf;FupajhFk;. ‘ jpfthgp ud tzpfd .. .. ... p]a nyNd’ vd ,jpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘jkpou;’ vd;gJ g;gl;L ,q;F vOjg;gl;Ls;sik rpwg;ghdJ. mjhtJ jPf thgp ou; gw;wp ,r;rhrdk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. jkpou; kl;lf;fsg;G ;Js;sikf;F ,J kw;WnkhU rhd;whFk;.
ru;fspd; Ml;rp eilngw;Ws;sikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; spYk; fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; rpw;wuru;fspd; Ml;rp ;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; %yk; fpwp];Jtpw;F J xNu ikaj;jpy; Ftpe;jpuhJ ntt;NtW gpuhe;jpaq;fspy;
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Rje;jpukhd gy mikg;Gf;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd vd;gijj; njup Gujhd fhyk; gw;wp kfhtk;rk; $Wk; jftYf;F Kuzhd ,e;E}y; Muk;g fhyk; Kjyhf yq;fh jPgk; xU ,uhr;rpakhf kd;du;fNs vq;Fk; Ml;rp nrYj;jpdhu;fs; vd;Wk; fUjj tuyhw;wpid mikj;Js;sJ. Mdhy; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspd njspthf;fk; xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ikakhff; nfhz;l xU Ml;rp eilngw;w mNjNeuk; ehl rpw;wuRfs; epytpAs;sJ.
,yq;ifapy; cs;s 21 fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ‘Nts;’ v kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Ks;spf;Fsk; kiy(481)> tpfhufy(tpfhu fy ,r;nrhy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Ks;spf;Fsk; kiy fy;ntl;b vd tUfpd;wJ. Mdhy; nr. guztpjhd mtu;fs; mjid ftdj;jpw;FupaJ. Mdhy; ,J rq;f fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk FWepy muru;fisf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk; nrhy; vd;gJ njs ngUk;ghYk; MSk; tu;f;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gl;lg; ngauh vdNt Nts; vdg;gLk; rpw;wuru; Ml;rp kl;lf;fsg;G g njspthfpd;wJ.
cjp> cgu[ ehf vDk; ngaiuf; nfhz;l FWepy m nrYj;jpAs;sdu;. cjp vd;gJ Muk;gj;jpy; tk;rj;ijf; F ,aw;ngauhf khwpaJ vd rq;f E}iy Muha;e;Njhu; Fwp vd;w ngaupy; r%fj;jpd; gyjug;gl;l kf;fs;> kd;du;fs;> rpw vdg; gyu; ,Ue;jijf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp rkfhy ghs ,J jp]> jpr> jp];]> jp]`> jp]a> jpr]. jp]pa> jp]p` M ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ‘mga’ vDk; ngaUk;; gutyhff; fhz jiytu;fshfTk; ,tu;fs; mwpKfkhfpd;whu;fs;. (396> 55
ma - (Iad;-ma;ad; vd;gjw;Fr; rkkhdjhFk;) (4 ngz;ghy; tbtk;) vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; u[fy fy;ntl;Lf;fs KiwNa cau; epiyapy; cs;s Mz;fisAk; ngz ngau;fshFk;;.11
u[> fkdp vDk; gl;lj;Jld; gyupd; ngau;fs; fy;ntl ehf(389>487)> k`u[(429)> u[ mga(389)> k[pku[(406)> jku[(549>551)> cjp u[ (550) Nj
Nghd;wi 3
tegpa
muru;fisf; Fwpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;litahFk;. cgu[ ehf tk;rj;jpd; gj;J rNfhjuu;fSs; ,isatdhf Fztu fhz;fpd;whu;.12
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Ue;Js;sd vd;gijj; njupe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ,it ; $Wk; jftYf;F Kuzhditahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. yq;fh jPgk; xU ,uhr;rpakhf ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; mDuhjGu Yj;jpdhu;fs; vd;Wk; fUjj;jf;f tifapy; ,yq;ifapd; Mdhy; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspd; %yk; ,t;tplak; njhlu;gpy; f; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. rkfhyj;jpy; mDuhjGuj;ij p eilngw;w mNjNeuk; ehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspYk; Rje;jpu
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ‘Nts;’ vd;w gjk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. y(481)> tpfhufy(tpfhu fy;)(529) Mfpa fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; s;spf;Fsk; kiy fy;ntl;by; ‘cghrf jdf Nts jNd’ uztpjhd mtu;fs; mjid ‘NtS’ vd thrpj;Js;sik rq;f fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;j ‘Ntspu;’ vdg;gLk; ad;gLk; nrhy; vd;gJ njspT. ,J xU gl;lg; ngauhFk;. d; njhlu;Gila gl;lg; ngauhfNt ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ;wuru; Ml;rp kl;lf;fsg;G gFjpfspy; eilngw;Ws;sik
gaiuf; nfhz;l FWepy muru;fSk; ,g;gFjpfspy; Ml;rp Muk;gj;jpy; tk;rj;ijf; Fwpj;J epd;W fhyg; Nghf;fpy; ;f E}iy Muha;e;Njhu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.10 mj;Jld; ‘jp]’ g;gl;l kf;fs;> kd;du;fs;> rpw;wuru;fs;> FWepyj;jiytu;fs; f;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp rkfhy ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fSk; $Wfpd;wd. p]a> jpr]. jp]pa> jp]p` Mfpa ngau;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ; ngaUk;; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpw;wuru;fshfTk; pKfkhfpd;whu;fs;. (396> 550>535>389>429).
rhw;fs; ;gjw;Fr; u[fy rkkhdjhFk;) fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; (422>423)> ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. mgp
3
(427)(matpd; ,it s;s Mz;fisAk; ngz;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk; rpwg;Gg;
d; gyupd; ngau;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; tUfpd;wd. cgu[ > k[pku[(406)> > cjp u[ (550) Nj
Nghd;wit 3
tegpa k`u[(422>423>428)> Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. mga ,it g;gl;litahFk;. cgu[ ehf vd;gtidf; fjpu;fhk rj;jpupa s; ,isatdhf Fztu;j;jd mtu;fs; milahsq;
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k[pk> k[pku[ vd;git ‘kPd td;’ vd;w gjj;ijf; kPd td; vd;gJ jkpofj;jpd; ghz;baiuf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk ghz;bau; tk;rj;jtu;fshf milahsq; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
3.6 kl;lf;fsg;gpd; g+u;tPf Fbahd ehfu;
,yq;ifapd; g+u;tPf Fbfshf ,af;fu;> ehfu; ,tu;fspy; ehfu; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tho;e;jikf;fhd rhd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ‘ehf’ vd;w ngaiur; #ba gyu; ngsj;j gw;wp ,it $Wfpd;wd. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpw;Fupa %d;W khtl;lj;jpYs;s 5 fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; ,g;ngau; tUfpd;wJ vd;w ngaiuj; jhq;fpa FWepy murupd; ngauhfTk; ,tw;w jkpo; E}y;fspYk; ehf muru;fs; gw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; IjPf q kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuj;jpYk; ehfu; gw;wpa jfty;fs; ,lk
mk;ghiw gk;guf];jyht(507) vDkplj;jpYs;s fy;nt rikaw;$l Nkw;ghu;itahsdhd gUkf vd;w gl;lj;ij xUtidg; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,q;Fs;s kw;WnkhU fy;nt vd tUfpd;wJ. ,J ‘ehfgu;tj’ (ehfkiy) vd;w gjj kl;lf;fsg;G Fryd;fe;j fy;ntl;by;(389) Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ‘ mga’(uh[ mga)> ‘u[ fkzp jp]’ (uh]fhkzp jp]) vdtU Kd;Ndhu;fshf kfh ehf> Nfhj;jga> fhf;f tz;z jp] guztpjhd mtu;fs; fUj;J njuptpj;Js;shu;.16 ,jid Mu nkhl;lafy;Y vDkplj;jpYs;s fy;ntl;by; (487)cgu[ Mfpa %d;W re;jjpapdu; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Kd;du; , thrpg;ghd ‘jrgjpfuz [tfz;a cgu[ ef’ vd;gJ jpUj cgu[ ef’ vd kPs Fztu;j;jd mtu;fshy; thrpf;fg;gl;lJ gj;Jr; rNfhjuu;fSs; ,isatdhfpa cguh[ vd;gjhFk;. jk;gpahfpa cguh[ kfhehf jp]kfhuhktpy; kl;Lk; muNr ,isa rNfhjudhfpa kfhehftpd; Ml;rp kl;lf;fs vdf;nfhs;sKbAk;.17
3.7 kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,Ue;j ,df;FOf;fs;
gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; gy ,dq;fisr; Nru;e;j r%fq;fs ngau;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. jkpou;> ehfu; vDk; , ,yq;ifapy; Ie;J gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; jkpou; gw;wpr; rhrdq;fs; tTdpah khtl;lj;jpd; Gspaq;Fsj;jpYk;> kw;W NrUtpy vDkplj;jpYk; fpilj;Js;sJ.18 kw;WnkhU rhrdk vDkplj;jpy; fpilj;Js;sJ. ‘jpfthgp ud tzpfd .. .. ... .. a nyNd’ vd ,jpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘jkpou;’ vd;gJ ‘jNkl ,q;F vOjg;gl;Ls;sik rpwg;ghdJ.

‘kPd td;’ vd;w gjj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ghspr; nrhw;fshFk;. z;baiuf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk; ngauhFk;. vdNt ,tu;fis
lahsq; fhzKbfpd;wJ.13
hd ehfu; bfshf ,af;fu;> ehfu; vd;Nghu; fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;. ; tho;e;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ngaiur; #ba gyu; ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F toq;fpa nfhil sg;G khtl;lj;jpw;Fupa %d;W fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; mk;ghiw ;fspYk; ,g;ngau; tUfpd;wJ. ,J jdpg;ngauhfTk;> ‘ehf’ murupd; ngauhfTk; ,tw;wpy; cs;sJ. ghsp E}y;fspYk; s; gw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; IjPf q;fs; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whfpd;wd.14
; ehfu; gw;wpa jfty;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
07) vDkplj;jpYs;s fy;ntl;by; murdJ muz;kidapw; hd gUkf vd;w gl;lj;ijr; #ba ehf Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,q;Fs;s kw;WnkhU fy;ntl;by; (522) ‘efgtj’(ehfgg;gj) ;tj’ (ehfkiy) vd;w gjj;jpypUe;J kUtpapUf;fyhk;.15 l;by;(389) Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ‘cgu[ ef’(cguh[ ehf)> ‘u[ ’ (uh]fhkzp jp]) vdtUk; ngau;fs; Jl;lifKDtpd; hj;jga> fhf;f tz;z jp] MfpNahiuNa Fwpf;fpwJ vd juptpj;Js;shu;.16 ,jid Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; kWj;Js;sdu;. fy;ntl;by; (487)cgu[ ef> u[ mga> u[fkzp jp] ;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Kd;du; ,Ue;j guztpjhd mtu;fspd; ;a cgu[ ef’ vd;gJ jpUj;jg;gl;L ‘jrgjpfuz rffza d mtu;fshy; thrpf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thwhapd; mjd; nghUs; dhfpa cguh[ vd;gjhFk;. ,jdhy; Njtek;gpa jP] dpd; ]kfhuhktpy; kl;Lk; muNrhr;r> fjpu;fhkr; rj;jpupau;fspd; hehftpd; Ml;rp kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; gue;jpUe;jJ
f;FOf;fs;
q;fisr; Nru;e;j r%fq;fspd; ngau;fSk; rKjhaq;fspd; . jkpou;> ehfu; vDk; ,dg;ngau;fs; mtw;wpYz;L. hrdq;fspy; jkpou; gw;wpr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uz;L ;jpd; Gspaq;Fsj;jpYk;> kw;Wnkhd;W jpUNfhzkiyapd; ;Js;sJ.18 kw;WnkhU rhrdk; mf;fiug;gw;W FLtpy; (480) s;sJ. fthgp ud ‘jkpou;’ tzpfd vd;gJ .. ‘jNkl’ .. ... .. .. vd .. a gpuhfpUj Gjd g 3
upaa kag;gLj;jg;gl;L
j
3
Nkl jp]
hdJ.
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,tw;iw tpl ‘gj’ vDk; ngau; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,J k fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpu ,r;nrhy; ,q;F mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehl;bd; Vid r%fg; gpuptpdupd; ngau; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,q;F ,g;ngaiuf; fhzKbatpy;iy. vdpDk; gj> guj ,uz vd;gJ Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;kehjd; mtu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. ve;jnthU rhrdKk; gj vd;Dk; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; , gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. vdNt gUkf vd;Dk; nrhy; Mjpapy toq;ftpy;iy vd;Nw fUjyhk;. gj vd;Nghu; jkpo; nkhop to guTtjw;F Kd; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j G+u;tPf f; Fbfspd; xU nghUj;jkhdJ.19
3.8 rKjhaj;jpd; jiyikahsuhd gUkfd;
‘gUkf’ vd;gJ epu;thfj;jpy; ehl;bdJ KJnfYk;ghf t xU tFg;gpdu; #bapUe;j tpUNj ,JthFk;. ,g;gjj;Jld ‘gUkfs’ (gUkfs;) vd;w gjKk; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy guztpjhd mtu;fs; ,jid gUkfS vd thrpf;fpd;w gioa rpq;fsr; nrhy; vdTk;> tlnkhopapYs;s ‘gpuKf’ vd $wpAs;sNjhL ghsp nkhopr; nrhw;fshd gKf;Nfh> ,jw;Fk; njhlu;Gz;L vdTk; $Wfpd;whu;.20 Mdhy; ‘gpuK vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fk; vJtpj njhlu;Gk; ,y;iynad;gij jF rp.f. rpw;wk;gyk; mtu;fs; jdJ aho;g;ghzk; - njhd tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
‘gUkf’(gUkfd;) vd;Nghu; ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;L ,J jiyikahsiuf; Fwpf;fNt gad;gl;Ls;sJ. mjht gpupTfspd; jiyikg; gjtpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;. ,tu muru;fspd; epu;thfj;jpw;F gq;F nfhz;Nlhuhtu;.21 gUkf vd;gtd; nfhjpkj vd;w ,d;ndhUtNdhL Nru;e;jspj;j F fy;ntl;Lf; $Wfpd;wJ. Fryd;fe;j (393)> fSJnghj u[fy(435)> rq;fkz;fz;b(488)> gzk(495)> fpuyz gk;guf];jyht (507>515>516)> nfhq;fy(547) Kjyhd ,lq ,J ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.22 gUkf mfp> gUkf NtNy> gUkf gUkf vd;Dk; gjj;Jld; ,ize;J tUfpd;wJ.
3.9 Mupaj; nja;tq;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs;
gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspy; Mupaj; nja;tq;fspd; ngau;fs; rp.f rpw;wk;gyk; mtu;fs; $Wfpd;whu;. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;j (542) cghrfdhd ‘,e;j Fj;j’ gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,jpy; t
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ngau; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,J kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; cs;s 21 J. ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpuhe;jpaq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; g;gLfpd;wJ. ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfspy; ‘guj(u;)’ vDk; zg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,q;F fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; y. vdpDk; gj> guj ,uz;Lk; xNu ,df;FO my;y d; mtu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; cs;s k; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; ,lj;J gUkf vd;w nrhy;iyg; kf vd;Dk; nrhy; Mjpapy; gj vd;Dk; FOtpdupilNa ;. gj vd;Nghu; jkpo; nkhop toq;Fk; gFjpfspy; gpuhfpUjKk; tho;e;j G+u;tPf f; Fbfspd; xU gFjpapdu; vd;W nfhs;tNj
suhd gUkfd;
; ehl;bdJ KJnfYk;ghf tpsq;fpa nry;tr; nropg;Gila Nj ,JthFk;. ,g;gjj;Jld; ,jd; ngz;ghy; tbtkhfpa k; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gUkfS vd thrpf;fpd;whu;. gUkf> gUkfs vd;gd lnkhopapYs;s ‘gpuKf’ vd;gjd; topte;j nrhy;nydTk; ; nrhw;fshd gKf;Nfh> ghnkhf;Nfh Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; $Wfpd;whu;.20 Mdhy; ‘gpuKf’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fk; gUkf lu;Gk; ,y;iynad;gij jFe;j tpsf;fj;Jld; Nguhrpupau; J aho;g;ghzk; - njhd;ik tuyhW vDk; E}ypy;
u; ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;. Nt gad;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ ,J ntt;NtW rKjhag; f; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;. ,tu;fs; ehf> Nts; Nghd;w FWepy nfhz;Nlhuhtu;.21 gUkf vDk; gl;lj;ij jhq;fpa ehf dhUtNdhL Nru;e;jspj;j Fif gw;wp gk;guf];jyht(507) d;fe;j (393)> fSJnghj;jhd(397)> cKdfy(403)> 88)> gzk(495)> fpuyz(496>497)> FLk;gpfy(498)> nfhq;fy(547) Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; mfp> gUkf NtNy> gUkf tuhyp Kjyhd gy ngau;fs;
e;J tUfpd;wJ.
pa tpguq;fs;
j; nja;tq;fspd; ngau;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjhf Nguhrpupau; fpd;whu;. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpw;Fupa Nfhd;fyf; fy;ntl;L ’ gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,jpy; tUk; ‘,e;j’ vd;gJ ,e;jpuiuf;
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Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; u[fy fy;ntl;Lf;fspy (457>458) (,e;jpurhyh) fhzg;gLfpd;J. ,j;Jld; ,q;Fs;s kw;Wn kfpe;j vd tUk; ngau;fs; KiwNa ,e;jpud;> kfpe;jpud tbtkhFk;.23
4.0 gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspd; mz;ikf;fhy fz;L
mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gy Ma;T K me;jtifapy; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jifrh rp.gj;kehjd; mtu;fspd; jiyikapyhd FOtpdu; fl Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;T Kaw;rp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,J kl;lf;f kiy Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; eilngw;wJ. ,e;J rka fyhrhu mDruizNahL ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j Nguhrpupau;fs gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsu;fs; MfpNahUk; ,jpy; mlq kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; fhad;Flh> mk;ghiw kht ,lq;fspYk; Gjpjhf fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
,tw;Wld; gy;fiyf;fof tuyhw;Wj; Jiw khztu Kaw;rpfSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. mit kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jp cs;s KUf;fd; jPT > FLk;gp kiy Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; Nkw jPt py; xU gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;L ,t;tha;thsuhYk; FLk;gp kiy gy;fiyf;fof tuyhw;Wj;Jiw khztdhd m.rjhde;j fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpid thrpf;Fk; Kaw;rp ,d;D vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fjpuntspapYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz
4.1 Gjpjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yk; njs
4.1.1 kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jkpo; ngsj;j gs;sp
nty;yhntspapy; cs;s Mapuq;fhy; Mykuk; vD E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s ngUk;ghz> ngUk;ghz; vd ehd;F tpjkhf ,jid th ‘ngUk;ghz;’ vd fUJtNj nghUj;jkhdJ vd Nguh fUJfpd;whu;. ,r;nrhy;yhdJ ngsj;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd; rpy ,irNahL gbf;Fk; rq;fj;jhiuf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mt;thW Fwpg;gpLtJ tof;fk; vd;gij ,yq;ifg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq Kbfpd;wJ. ‘k[;[pk’ epfhaj;ijg; gz;NzhL ghLgtiu ‘k[ epfhaj;ijg; vd;w gpuhfpUj gbg;gtiu - kakhd ‘VNfhj;ju nrhy;Yf;Fg; g
3
zf’ gjpyhf vd;Wq; ‘ngUk;ghz
Fwpg;gpl;ld
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. mt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Njuu; jk mq;fpUe;j gs;sp jkpo;g; ngsj;jg; gs;spahFk;.24
84

fy;ntl;Lf;fspy (457>458) Fifapd; ngauhf ‘,jrhy’ ,j;Jld; ,q;Fs;s kw;WnkhU fy;ntl;by;(468) ,bf> iwNa ,e;jpud;> kfpe;jpud; Mfpa ngau;fspd; gpuhfpUj
spd; mz;ikf;fhy fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
f;fsg;gpy; gy Ma;T Kaw;rpfs; eilngw;Ws;sd. y;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jifrhu; Xa;T epiyg; Nguhrpupau; yikapyhd FOtpdu; fle;j tUlk; Ig;grp khjj;jpy; pg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,J kl;lf;fsg;gpd; nty;yhntsp> Fryhd; lngw;wJ. ,e;J rka fyhrhu mYty;fs; jpizf;fsj;jpd; ypUe;J te;j Nguhrpupau;fs;> Kidtu;fs; ,yq;ifg; s; MfpNahUk; ,jpy; mlq;fpapUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. had;Flh> mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpd; gontsp Kjyhd
;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
tuyhw;Wj; Jiw khztu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l rpy Ma;T it kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; Nfhuisg; gw;W gpuNjrj;jpy; y Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. KUf;fd; ha;thsuhYk; FLk;gp kiyapy; ,U fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpof;Fg; w khztdhd m.rjhde;jd; vd;gtuhYk; milahsq; thrpf;Fk; Kaw;rp ,d;Dk; G+uzj;Jtkilatpy;iy spapYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yk; njspthFk; tuyhw;Wz;ikfs;
j;j gs;sp
Mapuq;fhy; Mykuk; vDkplj;jpy; fp.K ,uz;lhk; f;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ngUk;gz> ngUk;gz;> ehd;F tpjkhf ,jid thrpf;f Kbe;jNghjpYk;> ,jid nghUj;jkhdJ vd Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;kehjd; mtu;fs; ngsj;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd; rpy gFjpfis kddk; nra;J uf; ,yq;ifg; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. gpuhkpr; mt;thW rhrdq;fs; gbg;Nghiu rpytw;wpd; ‘g
3 %yk; zf’ vd;W mwpa y;Yf;Fg; ;ju g; gz;NzhL g zf’ gjpyhf vd;Wq; ghLgtiu ‘ngUk;ghz;’ Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. ‘k[pk vd;w g
nty;yhntspapNy 3
zf’ J}a vd;Wk; jkpo;r; ‘mq;Fj;ju’ nrhy;iy
g
3
zf
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Njuu; jkpouhjy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt g; gs;spahFk;.24
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Fryhd; kiyapYs;s rhrdnkhd;wpy; gz;ghzd; njupfpd;wJ. nty;yhntspf; fy;ntl;bw; ngUk;ghz; vd;g mike;Js;sJ. Fryhd;kiyapw; gz;ghzd; xU trdj mjpNy Kd;dajpYs;s ngUk; vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gj tUfpd;wJ. ghz; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf ghzd; vd;w nrhy; tU ghzNd vy;yhr; rhrdq;fisAk; gz;ghzd;. mJ gpuhfpUj gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; tof;fpNy vOjpatu;fs
g
3
zf vd
gFjpnahd;wpid ,irg;ghq;fpw; gbg;gtiuj; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs rkak; Mjpapy;> ,yq;ifapNy jkpioAk;> NtW nkhopa gutpanjd;gij Kd;Nd Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. Fryhd; kiyapy gy Jwtpfs; tho;e;j gs;sp. neLq;fhyk; epytpa gs Jwtpfs; tho;e;j gs;sp vd;gJk; jkpo;r; r%fq;fSf;Fup njupatUfpd;wJ.25
4.1.2 kl;lf;fsg;gpy rkz rkak; epiyngw;wpUe;jik
nty;yhntspapd; Gs;sGbr;rhd; kiyapd; NkYs;s tuyhw;wpy; kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. fhyj;jhw; njhlu;ghdJ. mjid ,yq;ifapw; fpilj;j KjyhtJ Nguhrpupau; fUJfpd;whu;. mJ gpuhfpUjk; fye;j jkpo;r; rhrd vd;gjhy; mjidj; jkpo; nkhopapy; vOjpAs;sdu;.
jkpofj;Jg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; vy;yhk; jkpo; n mit ngUk;ghYk; rkzk; njhlu;ghdit. ,r;rhrd E}w;whz;LfSf;FupajhFk;. vd mJ vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rhrdk; ‘rpg;Gf 3
y rkz f
3
kp rkaj;Jg;
Fuj;jp k
Fuj;jp> Futu; vd;w nrhy;ypd; ngz;ghy; tbtkhFk jkpofj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspw; gj;jpdpf; Fwj;jpahu; Kjyhd n Fwpg;Gf;fs; cz;L. jkpofj;Jg; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspw; fhzg rkzg; ngz; Jwtpaiuf; Fwpg;gpLtd vd;gJk; ,q;F F jiyik> Nkd;ik vd;gtw;iw kPvd;w XnuOj;Jr; nr tof;fpNy> fhyNtWghbd;wp> MjpKjy; ,d;Wtiu to FOnthd;wpd; ehafpapidNa rhrdj;jpy; kPFwj;jp vd;W F
,e;jr; rhrdk; fhzg;gLk; kiyapd; Nkw; Fif fhzg;g nrq;fw; fl;Lkhdj;jpd; vr;rq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nrq;fw jkpofj;jpYs;s fp.gp Kjyhk;> %d;whk; E}w;whz;LfSf vd;Wk; njd;dpe;jpaj; njhy;ypayhsu;fs; fUj;Jj; n fhzg;gLk; njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fs; mq;F rkzuhd ng ,Ue;jikf;fhd milahsq;fshFk;. ngUtzpf v
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

rdnkhd;wpy; gz;ghzd; vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; njspthfj; y;ntl;bw; ngUk;ghz; vd;gJ rhrdj;jpd; KO tbtkha; apw; gz;ghzd; xU trdj;jpy; mike;j njhluhAs;sJ. ; vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf gz; vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy; pyhf ghzd; vd;w nrhy; tUfpd;wJ. gz;NzhL ghLfpd;w pUj hfpUj nkhopapy; tof;fpNy vOjpatu;fs; g
3
zf vd;W ngsj;j nrhy;yg;gLk;. ju;kk; gw;wpa jyj;jpYs;s gpujhd w; gbg;gtiuj; jkpo;r; nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. ngsj;j jkpioAk;> NtW nkhopapidAk; Ngrpatu;fspilNa ;gpl;Nlhk;. Fryhd; kiyapy; ,Ue;j rq;fj;jhu; ngUk;gs;sp . neLq;fhyk; epytpa gs;sp. mJ jkpouhd ngsj;j Jk; jkpo;r; r%fq;fSf;Fupa gs;sp vd;gJk; ,g;nghOJ
ak; epiyngw;wpUe;jik
r;rhd; kiyapd; NkYs;s fy;ntl;nlhd;W ,yq;if tk; tha;e;jJ. fhyj;jhw; gpw;gl;l mJ rkz rkak; fapw; fpilj;j KjyhtJ jkpo;g; gpuhkpr; rhrdnkd;W puhfpUjk; fye;j jkpo;r; rhrdk;. rkzk; njhlu;ghd rhrdk;
papy; vOjpAs;sdu;.
dq;fs; vy;yhk; jkpo; nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ; njhlu;ghdit. ,r;rhrdk; fp.gp %d;whk;> ehd;fhk; r;rhrdk; ‘rpg;Gf 3
y rkz f
3
kp rkaj;Jg; Fuj;jp kP Fuj;jp Ntkp ngUtzpf’ ngz; Jwtpaiug; gw;wpaJ. pd; ngz;ghy; tbtkhFk;. ,jw;Ff; fhyj;jhw; gpw;gl;l ;jpdpf; Fwj;jpahu; Kjyhd ngz; Jwtpau; gyiug; gw;wpa ; gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; gk;kpjp Nghd;w nrhw;fs; pg;gpLtd vd;gJk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplw;FupajhFk;. Kjd;ik> w kPvd;w XnuOj;Jr; nrhy;; Fwpf;Fk;. kPvd;gJ jkpo; MjpKjy; ,d;Wtiu toq;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;. Fwj;jpfs; rhrdj;jpy; kPFwj;jp vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
iyapd; Nkw; Fif fhzg;gLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf Guhjdkhd s; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nrq;fw;fs; mstpw; ngupadntd;Wk; %d;whk; E}w;whz;LfSf;F cupadtw;iwg; Nghd;wd ;ypayhsu;fs; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. kiyapNy q;fs; mq;F rkzuhd ngz; Jwtpaupd; gs;spnahd;W ;fshFk;. ngUtzpf vd;W rhrdk; Fwpg;gpLgtu;
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Fwj;jpfSf;fhd gs;spia mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jtuhjy; $Lk mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jtu;fspy; tzpfUk; Kjd;ikahdt gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; %ykhfg; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.26
4.1.3 tay;ntsp njhlu;ghd nra;jp kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; tlf;Nf Nfhuisg;gw;W fpuhkkhd KUf;fd; jPPt py; fpilj;j rhrdj;ij thrpf;f Kw;g  vk;khy; thrpf;f Kbatpy;iy. fPo ;tUkhW mtw;iw mil
,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; 
XusT njspthfj; njupe;jJ. mjpYk vDk; nrhy;iy kw;iwa vOj;Jf;fis tplj; njspth vd;gJ taYk; tay; rhu;e;j gpuNjrj;ijAk; Fwpf;f goe gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j nrhy;yhFk;. ,jid mbg;gilahff tay;fs; epiwe;j gFjpapy; fpilj;Js;s ,r;rhrdk; taY epfo;r;rpia Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ vd ehk; fUjyhk;;. ,ji mtu;fSk; xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;shu;. Mjpapy; tay;fis cUth nfhz;ltu;fspd; ngau;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; $Lk; vd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vdpDk; rhrdj;jpd; Vida vOj;Jf;fs; me;epfo;r;rp gw;wpa tptuq;fis njspthf ntspg;gLj;j Kb
5.0 kl;lf;fsg;gpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;;gl;Ls;s gpw;fhyf; f %yk; njspthFk; tuyhw;Wz;ikfSk;
13Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %d;W Rthkp Nfhapypy; cs;sd. mj;NjhL ntUfy;> nfhf;fl;br;N fSjhtis Kjyhd gy ,lq;fspYk; gpw;fhyf; fy fhzg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
5.1 ,ilf; fhyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fSf;F khdpak; toq;fg;gl;Ls
jpUf;Nfhapy; rpj;jpuNtyhAju; Rthkp Nfhapyp fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; xd;W = rq;f rf;futu;j;jpfs; = tp[aghF NjtUila gj;jhtJ Ml;rpa ehs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L rptQhd rq;fuu; Nfha ahNuh khdpakhf mspj;jijg; gjpT nra;fpd;wJ. ,J gpe;jpaitahfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. kw;iwa fy;ntl;Lk; = rf;futu;j;jpfspd; vl;lhk; Ml;rpahz;by; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. M njhlu;gpy; mwpa Kbahjgb fy;ntl;L rpijtile;Js;sJ
86

kj;Jf; nfhLj;jtuhjy; $Lk;. rkzUf;F ciwtplq;fis zpfUk; Kjd;ikahdtu;fs; vd;gijj; njd;dpe;jpa wpaKbfpd;wJ.26
d nra;jp
; tlf;Nf Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fl;gl;l lj;j rhrdj;ij thrpf;f Kw;gl;lNghJ mjid KOtJkhf fPo 
;tUkhW mtw;iw milahsk; fhz Kbe;jJ.
jspthfj; j;Jf;fis njupe;jJ. tplj; njspthf mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf thrpf;f    Kbe;jJ. 
 (kUjk;) ‘kUjk;’ T gpuNjrj;ijAk; Fwpf;f goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpa fhyk; Kjy; Fk;. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ lj;Js;s ,r;rhrdk; taYld; njhlu;Gila VNjhnthU d ehk; fUjyhk;;. ,jidg; Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;kehjd; ;. Mjpapy; tay;fis cUthf;fp mtw;iw cilikahf;fpf; wpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; $Lk; vd mtu; Cfk; njuptpj;Js;sik j;jpd; Vida vOj;Jf;fs; njspthfj; njupahj epiyapy; njspthf ntspg;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy.
gpbf;fg;;gl;Ls;s gpw;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mtw;wpd; w;Wz;ikfSk;
l;l fhy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %d;W jpUf;Nfhapy; rpj;jpuNtyhAju; ;NjhL ntUfy;> nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy> gOfhkk;> tPuKid> lq;fspYk; gpw;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy milahsq; ;fJ.
Sf;F khdpak; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sik hAju; Rthkp Nfhapypy; %d;W fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ;Lf;fspy; xd;W = rq;fNghjp tu;kuhd jpupGtdr; jtUila gj;jhtJ Ml;rpahz;bNy ij khjk; 20Mk; tl;L rptQhd rq;fuu; Nfhapypw;F Nthtpy; vd;w ,lj;ij g; gjpT nra;fpd;wJ. ,J gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;;bw;F ;wJ. kw;iwa fy;ntl;Lk; = rq;fNghjp tu;kuhd jpupGtdr; pahz;by; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk; eilngw;w jpUg;gzp ;ntl;L rpijtile;Js;sJ. jpUf;Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
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FUehfy; murpypUe;J murhz;l Ie;jhk; tp[aghF> gjpdh efupypUe;J murhz;l Mwhk; tp[aghF MfpNahupd; fhy Ntz;Lk;.27
kw;WnkhU fy;ntl;by; xU ney; taypd; miuthrp fy;ntl;L nghwpf;fg;gl;l J}z; Xu; vy;iyf; fy;yhf milah 17Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; muru;fs; Nfhapy;fSf;F khd tptuq;fis ,ilf;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yk; mwpe;Jn
5.2 Nfhapy;fSf;F jpUg;gzpfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik.
ntUfw; rpj;jpuNtyhAju; Rthkp Nfhapypw; rhrdnk mr;rhrdj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; `pA+netpy; (Hugh Nev vdpDk; mtuJ thrpg;gpw; rpy jpUj;jq;fis fh.,e;jpug Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,r;rhrdj;jpNy mJ vOjg;gl;l fh ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. vdpDk; rhrdj;jpd; tuptbtq;fs; 16M cupait. vdNt mJ 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;l nghUj;jkhd Kbghfyhk;.28
rpj;jpuNtyhAju; Rthkp Nfhapw; jpUg;gzpfs; eiln fl;lg;gl;lik gw;wp ,r;rhrdj;jpw; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;Fg; Gw rpjk;gug;gps;is vd;gtu; mikj;Js;shu; vd;gJ ,jd; % kjpy;fis mikj;jtu;fspw; fapyha td;dpadhu; ngaUk; ,l njw;Fj; jpirapYs;s kjpiy mikj;Js;shu;. kl;lf;fsg;G Nru;e;j fiuA+utu;fs; vd;Nghuhy; Nkw;Fg;Gw kjpy; mikf;f vd;W ghuhl;lg; ngw;w ntUfYf;F ,yq;ifapd; gy ghfq;fs NghFk; tof;fk; epytpanjhU fhyj;jpNy ,e;jr; rhrdk; vO tlf;F vy;iyapd; mUNf ntUfy; Myak; mike;Js;sj kf;fs; ,t;thyaj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;l Mu;tj;jpid ,jd; % tlf;Fg; Gw kjpiyr; nrl;bfs; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;Js;sdu;. , njhlu;Gilatu;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
5.3 nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP];tuh; Myaj;jpYs;s
nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP] ;tuh; Myaj;jp fy;ntl;nlhd;W cs;sJ. Jz;lkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fy Mz;Lfs; goik tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd Nguhrpupau; fw;gf;fpufj;NjhL ,ize;j rpy fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; ‘ntq;fl Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s jftiy ,jpypUe;J ngw K
5.4 tPuKidf; fy;ntl;L
Myaj;jpd; ,lg;Gw %iyapy; fpilahf itf;fg;gl;Ls %d;W gf;fq;fspYk; thrfq;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ‘jpU ee;jh t
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;l Ie;jhk; tp[aghF> gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bNy Nfhl;il tp[aghF MfpNahupd; fhyq;fisr; Nru;e;jdthapUj;jy;
U ney; taypd; miuthrp vy;iyia Fwpg;gpLtjdhy; Xu; vy;iyf; fy;yhf milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. 16Mk;> u;fs; Nfhapy;fSf;F khdpaq;fs; toq;fpaik gw;wpa tl;Lf;fspd; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
s; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik. Rthkp Nfhapypw; rhrdnkhd;W fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ; `pA+netpy; (Hugh Neville) fp.gp 1887 ,y; thrpj;jhu;. jpUj;jq;fis fh.,e;jpughyhTk; M.NtYg;gps;isAk;; j;jpNy mJ vOjg;gl;l fhyk; gw;wpa vt;tpj Fwpg;Gk; rdj;jpd; tuptbtq;fs; 16Mk;> 17Mk; E}w;whz;LfSf;F ; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;l xU rhrdnkd;W nfhs;tNj
fhapw; jpUg;gzpfs; eilngw;w nghOJ mjd; kjpy;fs; ; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;Fg; Gw kjpiy jpkuru; kfd; gioapw; kj;Js;shu; vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; Gydhfpd;wJ. Nfhapy; pyha td;dpadhu; ngaUk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,tu; Nfhapypd; ikj;Js;shu;. kl;lf;fsg;G kf;fs; kw;Wk; ePu;nfhOk;igr; hy; Nkw;Fg;Gw kjpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njrj;Jf; Nfhapy; ;F ,yq;ifapd; gy ghfq;fspYKs;s irtu;fs; ahj;jpiu fhyj;jpNy ,e;jr; rhrdk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Ufy; Myak; mike;Js;sjhy;> kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;J ,e;J z;l Mu;tj;jpid ,jd; %yk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ikj;Jf; nfhLj;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fs; NfhapYld; neUq;fpa pg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jhd;wP];tuh; Myaj;jpYs;s fy;ntl;L
;Njhd;wP] ;tuh; Myaj;jpy; gpw;fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j z;lkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fy;ntl;lhdJ ,UE}w;iwk;gJ ,Uf;fyhk; vd Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;kehjd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; ‘ntq;fl uhkd; rhkp Nrfu;’ vd;gtuhy; jftiy ,jpypUe;J ngw Kbfpd;wJ.
apy; fpilahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Jz;lkhd fw;rhrdj;jpd; ; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ‘jpU ee;jh tpsf;F’ njhlu;ghd nra;jp ,jpy;
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$wg;gl;Ls;sJ vd Nguhrpupau; rp.gj;kehjd; mtu;fshy; m ,r;rhrd thrfq;;fs; mlq;fpa fw;J}z; Kiwahfg; ghJf Nja;tile;jpUe;jikia mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
5.5 eLfy; itf;Fk; Kiw jkpo; fpuhkq;fspy; xd;whd gOfhkk; khNtw;F tay;ntspapy; eLfw;fshf epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpNy ku $wg;gl;Ls;sd. fzgjpg;gps;is vd;gtu; 1919 Mk; Mz;L i mile;jhu; vdTk; kw;WnkhU fw;J}zpNy fe;jg;gd; (19 MfpNahUk; nja;tPf kuzkile;j nra;jpAk;> 1890Mk; Mz vd;gtUf;Fj; jhdk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nra;jp gw;wpa Fw %yk; ,we;NjhUf;F eLfy; itf;Fk; kuG kl;lf;fsg;G g vdf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
,t;tha;tpy; gpd;tUk; KbTfs; ngwg;gl;ld.  17Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; muru;fs;> td;dpau;> nghJk khdpaq;fs; toq;fpaik gw;wpa tptuq;fis ,ilf;f mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tuyhw;wk;rq;fis rhrdq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J> mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gJ xt;nth
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; 1. Paranavitana.S, Inscription of Ceylon, vol-01, Colombo, 2. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f>  aho;g;ghz gy
1996> g-37 3. Inscription of Ceylon, 1970 4. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1996 5. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1996> g- 38 6. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1996> g- 38 7. gj;kehjd;.rp> ,yq;ifapy; ,e;Jrkak;> mfpy ,yq;i
Gj;jf ,y;yk;> 2005 8. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1996> g- 238 9. gj;kehjd;.rp> ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rhrdq;fs;> ,e;J
jpizf;fsk;-nfhOk;G> 2006
88

; rp.gj;kehjd; mtu;fshy; milahsq; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;J}z; Kiwahfg; ghJfhf;fg;glhikahy; vOj;Jf;fs; jhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
;whd gOfhkk; khNtw;Flhtpy; %d;W fw;J}z;fs; Wj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpNy kuzr;nra;jp gw;wpa thrfq;fs; s vd;gtu; 1919 Mk; Mz;L ijkhjk; 27Mk; jpfjp gukgjk; fw;J}zpNy fe;jg;gd; (1908) kw;Wk; fe;jNts;(1927) le;j nra;jpAk;> 1890Mk; Mz;Lf;Fupa fy;ntl;by; ehifah g;gl;Ls;s nra;jp gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; tf;Fk; kuG kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjr kf;fspilNa epytpaJ
Tfs; ngwg;gl;ld.  jkpo; e;jikf;Fk; ,r;rhrdq;fs; cWjpahd rhd;Wfshfpd;wd. py muru;fspd; Ml;rp eilngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;J rkak; ;Wz;L. Fwpg;ghf jkpou; kj;jpapy; rkzk;> ngsj;jk; ; epiyngw;wpUe;jikf;fhd MjhuG+u;tkhd rhd;Wfis nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. tay; epyk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fSk; e;jd vd;w tptuj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ; muru;fs;> td;dpau;> nghJkf;fs; MfpNahu; Nfhapy;fSf;F ;wpa tptuq;fis ,ilf;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yk; f;fsg;gpd; tuyhw;wk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w ,j;jifa tw;iwg; ghJfhg;gJ xt;nthUtuJk; flikahFk;.
eylon, vol-01, Colombo, 1970 rka tuyhW> aho;g;ghz gy;fiyf;fofk; - jpUney;Ntyp>
1996 1996> g- 38 1996> g- 38
; ,e;Jrkak;> mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wk; - Fkud;
1996> g- 238
jkpo;r; rhrdq;fs;> ,e;J rka fyhrhu mYty;fs; 06
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10. Dorai Rangaswamy.MA, The surname of the cankam a
1968, pp-39,43 11. gj;kehjd;.rp> Nk.$.E}> 2006> g -xxx 12. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> aho;g;ghzk; - njhd;ik tuyhW>
ntspaPL > 1993> g-112 13. jq;Nf];tup.f> fpof;fpyq;if G+u;tPf tuyhW> kzpNkf 14. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1996> g- 123 15. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1996> g- 125 16. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1996> g- 125 17. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1996> g- 199 18. gj;kehjd;.rp> Nk.$.E}> 2006> g-xxxviii 19. www.puthinappalakai.com 20. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1993> g-110 21. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1993> g-111 22. Paranavitana.S, Inscription of Ceylon, vol-01, Co 23. rpw;wk;gyk;.rp.f> Nk.$.E}> 1996> g - 300 24. www.puthinappalakai.com 25. www.puthinappalakai.com 26. www.puthinappalakai.com 27. gj;kehjd;.rp>  Fkud; Gj 28. gj;kehjd;.rp> Nk.$.E}> 2004
fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
 
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

urname of the cankam age Literary and Tribal, (Madras),
06> g -xxx
k; - njhd;ik tuyhW> aho;g;ghz gy;fiyf; fof
f G+u;tPf tuyhW> kzpNkfiyg; gpuRuk;> 2007> g- 102 1996> g- 123 1996> g- 125 1996> g- 125 1996> g- 199
06> g-xxxviii om 1993> g-110 1993> g-111 on of Ceylon, vol-01, Colombo, 1970 1996> g - 300 om om om
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






MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit





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
gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fy;
 nty;yhntspf; 
fy;ntl;L 

nty;yhntsp 
Gs;sGbr;rhd; kiyf; fy;ntl;L
KUf;fd; jPPt py; fpilj;j rhrdk;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013





   


; kiyf; fy;ntl;L

rdk; 

91


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92
FLk;gp kiyf; fy;ntl;L
ntUfy; 
fy;ntl;L


nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP] ;tuu; Nfhapy; fy;ntl
jpUf;Nfhapy; fy;ntl;bd; thrfq;fs;





 


hd;wP] ;tuu; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L
hrfq;fs;

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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
nty;yhntspf; fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhW njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fis Mtzg;gLj;j
epy
mwpKfk;
,yq;ifj; jkpou; G+u;tPf fhyk; Kjyhf nrwpe;J thOk kl;lf;fsg;Gk; xd;whFk;. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G cUthfpapUe;jJ. mJ tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; njw;fpYk; t nfhz;l epyg;gFjpahf mike;jpUe;jJ.
fpof;fpyq;ifapNy tlf;Nf ntUfyhw;iwAk; njw vy;iyfshff; nfhz;Ls;s epyg;gFjp kl;lf;fsg;G Njrk; vd Mdhy; jw;NghJ ,jd; njw;nfy;iyahdJ fl;lfhkk kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhW vd;w E}ypNy jFe;j rhd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. murpay; KiwfspYk; rKjha toikf NkNyhq;fpapUe;jikahy; mjid ‘Kf;FtNjrk;’ vd;WQ
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrk; vd;gJ czu;r;rp G+u;tkhdJ. tho;e;j kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;GfisAk; mbg;gi kl;lf;fsg;G KOtJk; Kw;fhyq;fspy; xU jdpahd e GykhfNth mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mjpw; Nfhuisg;g kz;Kid> vUtpy;> NghujPT > gOfhkk;> ehLfhL> rk gpupTfs; ,Ue;jd. mtw;wpy; td;dpau; vd;Dk; rpw;wurupd; M Ml;rp guk;giu topahdJ. nghyd;dWit> Nfhl;il> gyKw;wpUe;j fhyq;fspy; td;dpau; mtw;wpd; Nkyhjpf;fj murUf;;Fj; jpiw nrYj;jpdhu;fs;. Vida fhyg;gFjpfspy Ghpe;jdu;.
,g;gpuhe;jpakhdJ murpaypd; mbg;gilapNy gy gpupTfs midj;Jk; xU nghJthd Njrj;jpd; mk;rq;fshdit vd me;jtifapy; fhLk; RidAk; ftpd;jU NrhiyAk; kl;lf;fsg;G tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,j;Njrj;jpy; mz;ikf;fhykhf fstha;Tfis Nkw;nfhz njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fisAk; Mtzg;gLj;Jk; gzpapy;

y;yhntspf; fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhWk; ;ypay; vr;rq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
epyhe;jpdp nghd;Dj;Jiu
hyk; Kjyhf nrwpe;J thOk; gpujhdkhd epyg;gFjpfspy; ;jpa fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G Njrk; vd;w nrhy;tof;F pYk; fpof;fpYk; njw;fpYk; tiuaiwahd vy;iyfisf; ;jpUe;jJ.
f ntUfyhw;iwAk; njw;Nf FKf;fd; ejpapidAk; g;gFjp kl;lf;fsg;G Njrk; vd;W Kw;fhyq;fspy; toq;fpaJ. w;nfy;iyahdJ fl;lfhkk;tiu tpahgpj;Js;sJ vd E}ypNy jFe;j rhd;WfSld; rP.Nfhghyrpq;fk; wfspYk; rKjha toikfspYk; Kf;Ftupd; nry;thf;F id ‘Kf;FtNjrk;’ vd;WQ; nrhy;tJz;L.
czu;r;rp G+u;tkhdJ. mJ gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;Fk; mq;F d njhlu;GfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lnthd;whFk;. yq;fspy; xU jdpahd epu;thfg; gpupthfNth Ml;rpg; y;iy. mjpw; Nfhuisg;gw;W> thfiu> kl;lf;fsg;G> > gOfhkk;> ehLfhL> rk;khe;Jiw> ghdik vd;Dk; ;dpau; vd;Dk; rpw;wurupd; Ml;rp Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. mtu;fspd; ghyd;dWit> Nfhl;il> fz;b Nghd;w ,uhrjhdpfs; ;dpau; mtw;wpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij xg;Gf; nfhz;L mq;Fs;s ;fs;. Vida fhyg;gFjpfspy; mtu;fs; Rje;jpukhf Ml;rp
pd; mbg;gilapNy gy gpupTfshfg; gpupe;jpUe;jNghJk; mit j;jpd; mk;rq;fshdit vd;w czu;T tYg;ngw;wpUe;jJ. k; ftpd;jU NrhiyAk; fodpAk; nfhz;l Njrkhf
hf fstha;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L kuGupikr; rpd;dq;fisAk; tzg;gLj;Jk; gzpapy; tuyhw;wha;thsu;fs; 

Page 108
tUfpd;wdu;. Mq;fhq;Nf cjpupfshf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; njhd;ikahd tplaq;fis mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk ,Us;R+o;e;j ,j;Njr tuyhw;wpy; tuyhw;W mk;rq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,e;j Mtzg;gLj;jy; khehL fhyj;jpd;
me;jtifapy; jkpou;fs; tho;e;j goe;Njrq;fspy; xd;W ,jw;F ,q;Fs;s njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fs; cWjpahd rhd;Wfs Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpahfNt ,t;tha;T mikfpd;wJ.
nty;yhntspf; fpuhkkhdJ khefupd; njw;FNehf;fp R mike;Js;sJ. mjhtJ fSthQ;rpf;FbapypUe;J gl;bU NghujPT f; fpuhkj;ij ClWj;Jr; nry;Yk; kz;^u; ghi ePz ;lfhykhf miof;fg;gLfpd;w mk;gpyhe;Jiw> gf;f ikag;gLj;jpajhf mikfpd;wJ. ,J tlf;Nf Nfhtpy; Ngh njw;Nf fUld; Mw;wpidAk; fpof;Nf kl;lf;fsg;G tht Mw;wpidAk; vy;iyfshff; nfhz;l fpuhkkhFk;. ,f;fpuhk Nfhtpy;jPT > Fsj;J tl;il vd ehd;F Fbrdq;fisf; nfh
Ma;tpd; mZFKiwahdJ ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfspD njhy;ypaw; jlaq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy;> njhy;ypaw njhd;ikia mwpjy;> nty;yhntspf; fpuhkk; njhd;ik vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jy; vd;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. tuyhw;wpid kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk;> ehLfhLg;gw;W> eh Fwpg;Gf;fspD}lhf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
•
nty;yhntsp fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wp ,yf Muha;jy;
1. kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk;
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; tuyhw;wk;rq;fisj; njhFj;Jf G+u;trupj;jpuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; Voh Klq;fpapUe;jJ. ,e;E}ypd; Vl;Lg;gpujpfs; gytw;iwr; Nr eluhrh mjid ‘kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;’ vd;;Dk; ngaU gjpg;ghrpupau; E}Yf;F toq;fpa ngau;. mJ %yg;gpujpfspw; f
G+Nfhs mikg;G> nkhoptopg; ghuk;gupak;> mur mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gpuhe;jpa czu;tpidg; gpujpgypg;g Nfhl;ghL. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; tuyhw;iw tFj;Jf; nfhs;t khd;kpak;’ vd;Dk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; G+u;trupj;jpuk;;.
94

pupfshf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;TfspD}lhf tuyhw;wpd; wpaKbfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,it KOik ngwtpy;iy. py; tuyhw;W mk;rq;fis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; g;gLj;jy; khehL fhyj;jpd; Njitahf mikfpd;wJ.
ho;e;j goe;Njrq;fspy; xd;W nty;yhntspf; fpuhkkhFk;. ;rq;fs; cWjpahd rhd;Wfshf mikfpd;wd. mtw;wpid
,t;tha;T mikfpd;wJ.
J khefupd; njw;FNehf;fp Rkhu; 33 fpNyhkPw ;wu; J}uj;jpy; thQ;rpf;FbapypUe;J gl;bUg;G ghyj;jpD}lhf Nfhapy; ;Jr; nry;Yk; kz;^u; ghijapy; ehjidr; re;jpnad pd;w mk;gpyhe;Jiw> gf;fp vy;iy> kz;^u; re;jpia J. ,J tlf;Nf Nfhtpy; NghujPT f; fpuhk vy;iyapidAk; ; fpof;Nf kl;lf;fsg;G thtpapidAk; Nkw;Nf Jk;ghiy hz;l fpuhkkhFk;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpNy mk;kd;Fsk;> ehjid>
ehd;F Fbrdq;fisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
dJ ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfspD}lhf Muha;jy;> mq;Fs;s tzg;gLj;jy;> njhy;ypaw; jlaq;fspD}lhf mjd; hntspf; fpuhkk; njhd;ikkpf;f Xu; tuyhw;Wg;gpuNjrk; d;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. Kjyhtjhf ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; rupj;jpuk;> ehLfhLg;gw;W> ehjidg;gw;W Nghd;w ,yf;fpaf; s;syhk;.
;jpd; tuyhW gw;wp ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfspD}lhf
yhw;wk;rq;fisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; E}yhf kl;lf;fsg;G . ,J nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; VohtJ jrhg;jk;; tiu Vl;Ltbtpy; l;Lg;gpujpfs; gytw;iwr; Nrhjpj;j tpj;Jthd; vt;.vf;];.rp khd;kpak;’ vd;;Dk; ngaUld; ntspapl;lhu;. me;jg;ngau; ngau;. mJ %yg;gpujpfspw; fhzg;glhjnthd;W.
ptopg; ghuk;gupak;> murpay; tuyhW Mfpatw;iw pa czu;tpidg; gpujpgypg;gNj ‘kl;lf;fsg;G Njrk;’ vd;w ; tuyhw;iw tFj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;nfd te;jNj ‘kl;lf;fsg;G ;gpd; G+u;trupj;jpuk;;.
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‘G+u;trupj;jpuk;’ trd eilapYk; nra;As; eilapYKs yhFk;. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; kfpik ngUikfis vLj;Jf;$ khtl;lj;jpy; mike;J fplf;fpd;w gy fpuhkq;fspd; ng Myaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> FLf;if $Wk; tpguk; Kjyp nra;fpd;wJ.
nty;yhntspf; fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wp ,y Muha;fpd;wNghJ mjd; njhd;ikia mwpaKb vd;gJ Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ eilKi %d;whk; E}w;whz;by; ,f;fpuhkk; vg;ngauhy; mio mwpaKbatpy;iy. Mdhy; fp.gp 11Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F ‘kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;j
kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuj;jpid %ykhff; nfhz;L E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa gFjpapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Ml;rpahsd Mapuk; mtzk; ney; tpijf;fj;jf;f fodpia cUthf;f jw;NghJ ehjid MW vd miof;fg;gLk; Mw;wpd; FWf;f mjpy; me;ePi uf;nfhz;L mf;fodpfSf;F ghrdk; nra;tpj jw;NghJ Nfhtpy;NghujPT vd miof;fg;gLk; Nghu;Kid toq;fpdhd; vdTk; taw;fhzpfSf;F ‘Ntyh;ntsp’ vd miz’ vdTk; ngaupl;lhd; vdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j Nehf;Fk;NghJ ehjid vDk; ngau; cUthf;fk; Rkhu; njhs Kw;gl;lJ vdf;$wyhk;.
2. ehLfhLg;gw;W (fypq;f khNfhd; Ml;rpf;fhyk;)
ehLfhLg;gw;W kl;lf;fsg;gpd; gioa gpupTfspy; xd;whF fhuzkhf vOe;jNj ehLfhL gutzpf;fy;ntl;L vdy Cu;fs; gytw;wpd; ngau;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Fwpg;g thbKid> ghkq;if> fy;kL> Nfhapy;kL> gl;bNkL Ntfhkk;> ty;ypg;gj;jhd;Nrid> fltj;ijntsp> jptpth tk;kpabtay;> gl;bg;gis> mZf;fd;ntsp> rpq;fhutj;i Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpNy ehjid vd;Nw nty;yhntsp
kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;trupj;jpuj;jpNy tu;zpf;fg;gLk; ,y tpguq;fspy; khNfhidg; gw;wpait kpfTk; tpupthdit. k vd;W me;E}y; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL kl;lf;fsg;Gr; mk;rkhfpa FbKiw khNfhdhy; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. kl;lf;f mtdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;J M tFf;fg;gl;lit.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

apYk; nra;As; eilapYKs;s gFjpfisf; nfhz;l E} ngUikfis vLj;Jf;$Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;> pd;w gy fpuhkq;fspd; ngau;> tuyhW> rhjpg;gpupTfs;> Lf;if $Wk; tpguk; Kjypatw;iw Kiwg;gLj;jpg; gjpT
;jpd; tuyhW gw;wp ,yf;fpaf; Fwpg;Gf;fspD}lhf njhd;ikia mwpaKbatpy;iy. nty;yhntsp ;fhyj;jpd;NghJ eilKiwf;F te;jngauhFk;. fp.K ;fpuhkk; vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij ,Jtiu p.gp 11Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; ,J ehjid vDk; jw;F ‘kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk;’ rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ.
;jpid %ykhff; nfhz;L Muha;fpd;wNghJ fp.gp 11Mk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Ml;rpahsdhftpUe;j kjpRjd; vd;gtd; ;fj;jf;f fodpia cUthf;fp jdJ kfd; ehjd; ngaupy; iof;fg;gLk; Mw;wpd; FWf;fhf miznahd;wpidf; fl;b odpfSf;F ghrdk; nra;tpj;jhd; vdTk; mf;fhzpfis miof;fg;gLk; Nghu;Kid ehL rpj;;jpuNty; Myaj;jpw;F pfSf;F ‘Ntyh;ntsp’ vdTk; fl;ba mizf;F ‘ehjd; dTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gau; cUthf;fk; Rkhu; njhshapuj;J Ik;gJ Mz;LfSf;F
Nfhd; Ml;rpf;fhyk;) d; gioa gpupTfspy; xd;whFk;. ,jd; tl;lhu czu;r;rpapd; L gutzpf;fy;ntl;L vdyhk;. ,jpNy tay;ntspfs;> ; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Fwpg;ghf mjpy; gl;batj;jtis> ;kL> Nfhapy;kL> gl;bNkL> Nkl;Lntsp> gs;sntsp> d> fltj;ijntsp> jptpthidntsp> nghj;jhidntsp> f;fd;ntsp> rpq;fhutj;ij> ehjid Nghd;w ,lq;fs; jid vd;Nw nty;yhntsp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
;jpNy tu;zpf;fg;gLk; ,yq;if muru;fisg; gw;wpa it kpfTk; tpupthdit. khNfhidf; ‘fypq;fkhNfhd;’ J. mj;NjhL kl;lf;fsg;Gr; rKjha mikg;gpd; gpujhd hy; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. kl;lf;fsg;G Kf;Ft td;dpikfs; . kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;J Myaj;njhOk;Gfs; ,tdhy;
95


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96
fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; khNfhd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy ehLfhLg;gw;wpd; tlf;F vy;iyahf ehjid Fwpg;gplg;gL tho;Tk; tsKk; (njhFg;G vt;. vf;];. rp. eluhrh) vd;wE}ypy
ehLfhl;L vy;iyfs; : ,jw;F ,g;NghJ tlf;F ehjid Njhl;lk;. vOthd;%iy Jypf;fpkzy;> rq;fj;jhd; njw;F fjph;fhkj;J kiy. Nkw;F VOtdKl;gl nfhYr FWtisahW> ,e;j ehd;F vy;iyAk; Msg;gl;l gFjpah gl;lq;fl;bd Kjypkhh; xd;gJ Ngu; gl;lq;fl;lhj Kjypkh Nghbkhh; VONgh;. ,g;gbape;jg; gFjpahz;bUe;jtu;fs;. G
Rkhu; 770 tUlq;fSf;F Kw;gl;L ehLfhLg;gw;W nghJthf ehLfhLg;gw;W vy;iy Fwpj;j Ma;Tfspy; t fjpu;fhk kiyAk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. fz;ba Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1747-1782) vOjg;gl;ljhff; nfhs;sg;g fy;ntl;by; ehjid tpy;iy fl;br; rlq;fpid Fwpg;gpLk; m cs;thq;fj;jf;fitahFk;. mf;fy;ntl;by; Kf;fpag;gLj;jg;g Nguhjid mg;G vd;ghd; Nga;fis Vtpf; nfhd;wjhfTk; VO td;dpakhUk; xd;gJ KjypkhUk; $bg;Ngrp Ngu jpl;lkpl;ljhfTk; ,jid mwpe;j Nga;fs; ,j;jftiy Ng mtd; mth;fs; midtiuAk; nfhy;YkhW Nga;fi ,uhrFy nja;tkhdJ ehjid tpy;iyfl;br; rlq;fpy; tpy;iyfl;br; rlq;F Kbe;jJk; mj;nja;tk; ahid cU mg;Git mbj;Jf;nfhd;wjhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jf tpy;iyfl;br; rlq;fpid mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Kjy; jftyhF
3. ehjidg; gw;W
Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpapd; njhlf;ffhyj;Nj ehLfhL kw;Wk; tpe;jidg; gw;Wf;fSk; ehjidg;gw;Wk; cUthf fz;lwpag;gltpy;iynadpDk; ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ Kd;dNuNa ,g;gw;Wf;fs; cUthfpAs;sikia mt;twpf Kbfpd;wJ. Rkhu; 200 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;ljhf ,f;fhyj;i ,d;iwa kz;Kid njd; vUtpy;> kz;Kid njd;Nkw kNfhahg; gFjpfs; cl;gl Cth kiyj;njhlu;tiu e td;dpau;fs; njhlu;gpy; mtu;fsJ ngau; tpguq;fs; rupahff; f ,uz;L td;dpau;fs; ehjid td;dpikahf flikahw ,uz;lhtJ td;dpaNd nty;yhntsp thior;Nrid nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mt;tpy;yk; jw;NghJ mopghLw;Wf; f gilahl;rpFy td;dp ehr;rpahUf;Fk; thupRfs; ,y;iyna

khNfhd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1215-1255) cUthf;fg;gl;l yahf ehjid Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Jgw;wp kl;lf;fsg;G vf;];. rp. eluhrh) vd;wE}ypy; fPo;tUkhW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
w;F ,g;NghJ tlf;F ehjidabg;gh> Ntlh; FbapUe;j Jypf;fpkzy;> rq;fj;jhd; gs;sk;> fUNtg;gq;fhL. Nkw;F VOtdKl;gl nfhYrhg;gio> Ry;yf;if MW> vy;iyAk; Msg;gl;l gFjpahdJ Mz;lDgtpj;jpUe;J ;gJ Ngu; gl;lq;fl;lhj Kjypkhh; ehYNgh; jiyiknra;j ;jg; gFjpahz;bUe;jtu;fs;. G+Ut gutzp Kw;Wk;.
Kw;gl;L ehLfhLg;gw;W cUthdjhff; nfhs;syhk;. ;iy Fwpj;j Ma;Tfspy; tlf;Nf ehjidAk; njw;Nf Ltijf; fhzyhk;. fz;baurd; fPu;j;jprpwp uh[rpq;fdpd; vOjg;gl;ljhff; nfhs;sg;gLk; ehLfhLg;gw;W gutzpf; l;br; rlq;fpid Fwpg;gpLk; mk;rq;fs; tuyhw;Wg; gjpTf;Fs; ;fy;ntl;by; Kf;fpag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w ,uhrgf;\ Kjypahiu ;fis Vtpf; nfhd;wjhfTk; ,jid mwpe;j kl;lf;fsg;gpd; KjypkhUk; $bg;Ngrp Nguhjid mg;Gitf; nfhy;yj; e;j Nga;fs; ,j;jftiy Nguhjid mg;Gtplk; njuptpf;f Ak; nfhy;YkhW Nga;fisg; gzpj;jjhfTk; ,jid d tpy;iyfl;br; rlq;fpy; epd;W mwpe;Jnfhz;ljhTk; k; mj;nja;tk; ahid cUntLj;Jr; nrd;W Nguhjid k; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jfty; goik tha;e;j ehjid ;Jnfhs;Sk; Kjy; jftyhFk;.
njhlf;ffhyj;Nj ehLfhLg;gw;W gpupf;fg;gl;L Ntfk; k; ehjidg;gw;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyk; rupahff; ; ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ Fbrd kjpg;gPl ;Lf;F(1824) thfpAs;sikia mt;twpf;iffs; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Sf;F Kw;gl;ljhf ,f;fhyj;ij Fwpg;gplyhk;. ehjidg;gw;W Utpy;> kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F> NghujPT > cfid kw;Wk; th kiyj;njhlu;tiu ePz ;bUe;jJ. ehjidg; gw;W J ngau; tpguq;fs; rupahff; fz;lwpag;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; td;dpikahf flikahw;wpa jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. ty;yhntsp thior;Nridia jdJ thr];jykhff; ; jw;NghJ mopghLw;Wf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tDf;Fk; Uf;Fk; thupRfs; ,y;iynaDk; jfty; nty;yhntspapy;
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,lk;ngWk; gilahl;rp Fbapdupd; Kd;NdhUf;fhd gpjpu;f td;dpr;rp kil%yk; ngwg;gLtijg; ghu;f;fyhk;. ,J F Nfhghy; vOjpa jkpof td;dpaUk;  gf;fk;: 76> 77) Nky;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;jpy; njhlf;f epiyapy; (fypq;f khNfh rpw;wuRfs; rpy gpw;gl;l murpay; #o;epiyapy; G+ghy Nfhj;j gpuptpduplk; khw;wk; ngw;wNghJk; rpy njhluNt nra;jd. fhyj;jpy; ehjidapy; (kl;lf;fsg;G - nty;yhntsp) , gw;wp gy Ma;thsh;;fs; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;wdh;. mf;fpuh tUle;NjhWk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; kiwe;j Kd;NdhUf;fhd gp ftdj;ijaPh;f;fpd;wJ. kuzpj;j jk; cwtpdh;;fis epid ehd;F kil (gilay;) itf;f gilahl;rp Fbapdh;; khj;jpuk itg;ghh;;fs;.
mjpy; jha;topapdUf;fhd kil> je;ij topapdU topapdUf;fhd kil> je;ijapd; jha;topapdUf;f vd;gdthFk;. ,t;td;dpr;rp kil gw;wp Cu;g;ngupahu;fs Nky;tUkhW fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jdu;. ehjidapypUe;j f thupR ,y;yhjpUe;jjhy; jdJ tNahjpg epiyapy; mf;fpuh mioj;J xU Ntz;LNfhspid itj;jhu;. jdJ kiw kidtpia ftdkhfg; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;SkhWk; mth; kuz midj;ijAk; Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;SkhWk; Ntz;b kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpd;du; mk;kf;fs; td;dp ehr;rpahiu ed;F ,Wjpf; fhyj;ij thior;Nrid (nty;yhntsp) ,y;yj;jpy jtwhJ topgl;Lte;jhu;. ehr;rpahu; fy;yb vd;Nw mg;Ngh ehr;rpahu; fy;yb kUtpg; gpd;du; ehr;rpkhu; fy;ybahapw kuGtopg; gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikapidf; $wpdhu;fs;.
NkYk; ehjidapd; KjyhtJ td;dpadhu; gw;wpa j Nfhghy; vOjpa kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhW - xU mwpKfk nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ.
“ehjid KjyhtJ td;dpad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fSj fl;lg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ mjidg; ghu;itaplte ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j aho;g;ghzf; FOtpy;; ,Ue;j Nehf;fpg; gazpj;jNghJ fSjhtis Myaj;Jf;F tl fjpu;fhkk; nry;yKbahJ jdJ ngw;NwhUld; fSjhti ClWj;Jr; nry;Yk; ghijapd; tlghy; fSjhtisf;Fk
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

upd; Kd;NdhUf;fhd gpjpu;f;fld; topghl;by; itf;fg;gLk; tijg; ghu;f;fyhk;. ,J Fwpj;J ftpf;Nfh nty;yT+u;f; paUk;  je;ij topapdUf;fhd kil> jhapd; je;ij ;ijapd; jha;topapdUf;fhd kil> td;dpr;rpkil kil gw;wp Cu;g;ngupahu;fsplk; tpdhtpaNghJ mtu;fs; pj;jdu;. ehjidapypUe;j filrp td;dpadhu; mtUf;F tNahjpg epiyapy; mf;fpuhkj;Jg; gilahl;rp Fyj;jtiu d itj;jhu;. jdJ kiwTf;Fg; gpd;du; jdJ md;G f;nfhs;SkhWk; mth; kuzkhdJk; mjw;fhd rlq;Ffs; kw;nfhs;SkhWk; Ntz;bf;nfhz;lhu;. td;dpadhupd; s; td;dp ehr;rpahiu ed;F ftdpj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. jdJ (nty;yhntsp) ,y;yj;jpy; fopj;j mtu; fy;yb Iq;fuid pahu; fy;yb vd;Nw mg;NghJ mJ miof;fg;glyhapw;W. ;du; ehr;rpkhu; fy;ybahapw;W vd jq;fs; fpuhkj;jpdJ
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pad; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak; J mjidg; ghu;itaplte;j td;dpaDf;F fjpu;fhk ho;g;ghzf; FOtpy;; ,Ue;j xU mofpa ngz;; fjph;;fhkk; jhtis Myaj;Jf;F tlf;Nf gUtk; mile;jjhy; J ngw;NwhUld; fSjhtis gps;iisahu; Myaj;ij ; tlghy; fSjhtisf;Fk; Njw;whj;jPT f;Fk; ,ilapy;
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jq;fitf;fg;gl;bUe;j jfty; njuptpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; gpd;d mtisf;fz;L Mirnfhz;ljhfTk; mtu;fis jhd; jq;fitf;FkhW fl;lisapl;L ehjidf;F (nty;yhnts rpyehl;fs; fopj;Jte;J mtisj; jdJ ,uz;lhtJ j itj;jpUe;jjhfTk; mts; %yk; gpwe;j gps;isfis gl;lz mtu;fSf;F fSthQ;rpf;Fbapd; thtpf;F mz;kpj;j toq;fpaNjhL Nfhtpy;NghujPT rpj;jpuNtyhAju; Myaj nfhLj;jjhfTk; jfty;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd”.
,jd;NghJ fSthQ;rpf;Fbapd; Kf;fpa Fbtopapduh kw;Wk; rpd;df; fTj;jd; vDk; mz;zd; jk;gp topte;j td;dpadhy; fhzpfs; toq;fg;gl;lNjhL Nfhtpy;NghujPT tz;zf;fuhf gzpahw;Wk; rpwg;GupikAk; toq;fg;gl;l njuptpf;fpd;wd.
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1. Filtiuf; fy;ntl;L
gz;ila tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; njhy;ypaw xd;whFk;. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ePz ;l fhyk; mopahjpUf nra;jpfs; fw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;ld. ,t;thW fy;ypy; nghw vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghYk; kd;du;fspd; Mizfs Nghd;wit fy;ntl;Lf;fshfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it jtpu Nghd;Nwhu; njhlu;gpYk; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; njhlu;gpyhd nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nghJkf;fspd; ghu;itf;f nghJ ,lq;fspNy mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhapy;fs;> Nghupy; ntw;wpaPl ;ba ,lq;fspy; epWtg;gl;l ntw;wpj;J}z;fs epidTf; fw;fis epWj;jpa ,lq;fs; Nghd;w gy gFjpfspY
98

njuptpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; gpd;du; mq;F nrd;w td;dpad; ;ljhfTk; mtu;fis jhd; jpUk;gptUk;tiu mq;NfNa ;L ehjidf;F (nty;yhntsp) jpUk;gpajhfTk; gpd;du; isj; jdJ ,uz;lhtJ jhukhf;fp fSthQ;rpf;Fbapy; k; gpwe;j gps;isfis gl;lzf; Fbapdu; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L apd; thtpf;F mz;kpj;j gFjpapy; tay; fhzpfis PT rpj;jpuNtyhAju; Myaj;jpy; Kd;dPl;L cupikAk; g;gLfpd;wd”.
bapd; Kf;fpa Fbtopapduhf tpsq;fpa ngupa fTj;jd; ; mz;zd; jk;gp topte;j ,U FbapdUf;Fk; ehjid ;fg;gl;lNjhL Nfhtpy;NghujPT rpj;jpuNtyhAju; Myaj;jpy; rpwg;GupikAk; toq;fg;gl;ljhf fs Ma;Tj; jfty;fs;
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; tuyhw;wpid mq;Fs;s njhy;ypaw; jlaq;fspD} iuf; fy;ntl;L> njhl;lj;J kiy> Rthjpak;kd; Fd;W jPT rptd;Nfhapy; gw;wpa Ma;T> fplhuk; Nghl;l gs;sk;> sp> cr;re;jPT jPu;j;jf;fiuAk; NrhkRe;juu; ,wf;fj;jbAk;> kiyj;njhlupy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fw;rpw;gKk; fy;YuYk; hd;w njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfis Mtzg;gLj;jp ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; l;lk;rq;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
mwpa cjTk; njhy;ypaw; rhd;WfSs; fy;ntl;Lk; ; ePz ;l fhyk; mopahjpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjg;gl;l d. ,t;thW fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa fy;ntl;L ; kd;du;fspd; Mizfs;> mtu;fs; nra;j gzpfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it jtpu tPuu;fs;> gpuGf;fs;> mjpfhupfs; pa epfo;Tfs; njhlu;gpyhd nra;jpfs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
; nghJkf;fspd; ghu;itf;fhf epWj;jg;gLtjdhy; mit g;gLfpd;wd. Nfhapy;fs;> Fiffs;> nghJ kz;lgq;fs;> ; epWtg;gl;l ntw;wpj;J}z;fs;> eLfw;fs; vdg;gLk; ,we;Njhu; lq;fs; Nghd;w gy gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
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fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; ngUk;gh miltjpy;iy. ,yf;fpaq;fspy; VL ngau;j;J vOJgtuhy tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;W ,it ve;j khw;w fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,d;DnkhU rpwg;Gj;jd;ik mtw;wpd; eilahFk;. vdNt vk;Kd;Ndhu;fs; ,f;fw;fis kl;Lk kl;ghz;lq;fs; Nghd;w nghUl;fspYk; vOjpAs;sdu;.
tuyhw;wha;tpy; fhyk; ,d;wpaikahj xU Njitah fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy;jhd; fhyj;jpYk; epytp te;j murpay;> rKjha> nghUshjh rhd;whjhuq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf tl ,y Midf;Nfhl;il Nghd;w ,lq;fspNy fpilj;Js;sd. fpof;f ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Guhjd Myaq;fspYk; Vida gpw ,lq; mtw;wpid thrpj;jwpe;J mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp N rpe;jidfs; jw;NghJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthfp tUtjd; ,Us;R+o;e;j gFjpahfhJ vdf;$wyhk;;.
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fy;ntl;Lf;fisg; nghwpj;jtu;fs; mtw;iw tuy nfhs;stpy;iy. gioa nra;jpfisg; fhyKiwg;gLj;jp rKjha nra;jpfis Kiwahf tpgupg;gNjh mtu;fspd; K tuyhw;wha;thsu;fNs ,tw;iw tuyhw;W %yq;fshfg; g
,yq;ifapy; fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;whjhuq;f fy;ntl;lhf Filtiuf; fy;ntl;L rpwg;Gg; ngWfpd;w tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; jkpou;fs; tho;e;jikf;fhd rhd;w nty;yhntspg;gpuNjr kf;fs; efuk; vOjpa fy; vd m ,Utpjkhf Nehf;f KbAk;. Vnddpy; jq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpi FbapUg;Gf;fisg; gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;w Mtzkhf ,jidf kf;fs; efuk; vOjpa fy; vd mioj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. kw;nw jkpo; nkhopf;Fupa rpwg;G vOj;J dd;dfukhFk;. ,jid m vOjpa fy; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fyhk;.
nghJthfg; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs; tuptbtkhfTk; g nkhopahfTk; epytp te;Js;sJ. gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwp ngUk;ghYk; kiy KfLfspYk; kf;fs; FbapUg;G gpuNjrq
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;gl;l gpd;du; ngUk;ghYk; ve;j khw;wj;jpidAk; py; VL ngau;j;J vOJgtuhy; gy khw;wq;fSf;Fs;shFk; d;W ,it ve;j khw;wq;fisAk; miltjpy;iy. rpwg;Gj;jd;ik mtw;wpd; cyfpay; rhuhj kpifg;glhj dhu;fs; ,f;fw;fis kl;Lkpd;wp nghd;> nrk;G> nrq;fy;> ;fspYk; vOjpAs;sdu;.
;wpaikahj xU NjitahFk;. fhyj;ijf; fz;lwptjpy; fpf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy;jhd; ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; xt;nthU rpay;> rKjha> nghUshjhu tuyhw;iwg; gpujpgypf;Fk; Lfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf tl ,yq;ifapy; G+efup> fe;jNuhil> ;fspNy fpilj;Js;sd. fpof;fpyq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; q;fspYk; Vida gpw ,lq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wNghJk; d; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gJ njhlu;ghd j;jpapy; cUthfp tUtjd; fhuzkhf mit ,dpNkYk; ;$wyhk;;.
spd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp njd;dhrpahtpd; ; xUtuhf Nguhrpupau; Rg;guahY mtu;fs; $wpa fUj;J
j;jtu;fs; mtw;iw tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fshff; ra;jpfisg; fhyKiwg;gLj;jp nrhy;tNjh> nghUshjhu> hf tpgupg;gNjh mtu;fspd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fky;y. ,f;fhy w;iw tuyhw;W %yq;fshfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;...........
fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;whjhuq;fspy; kpfTk; goik tha;e;j ;ntl;L rpwg;Gg; ngWfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; fp.K 2300 s; tho;e;jikf;fhd rhd;whf ,J mikfpd;wJ. ,jid efuk; vOjpa fy; vd miof;fpd;wdu;. ,jid ehk; ddpy; jq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpidg; gw;wpAk; mq;Fs;s G+u;tPf fpd;w Mtzkhf ,jidf; nfhz;L gz;Lnjhl;L ,e;j mioj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. kw;nwhU tpjkhfg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ dd;dfukhFk;. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L dfuk; yhk;.
;Jf;fs; tuptbtkhfTk; gpuhfpUjk; mtu;fsJ Ngr;R J. gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j rhrdq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; k; kf;fs; FbapUg;G gpuNjrq;fshd kiyabthuq;fspYk;
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nty;yhntspr; rhrdk; kpFe;j tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj ntspaplg;gl;l gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis mtrpak; ,jdhy; czug;gLfpd;wJ. ,w;iwf;F ,uz;l Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; nty;yhntspapNy jkpo;nk Mjhukhfpd;wJ. ePz ;lfhy tuyhw;Wf;Fupa ,r;rhrdk; , kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjhfNt mikAk;.
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njhlf;fk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyq;fspy; rpwg;G xd;whf tpsq;fpAs;sJ. G+ghy Nfhj;jpu td;dpikfspd; M mth;fshYk; ,t;thyak; gupghypf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhff; $wpg;g
rpthyak; mike;jpUe;j ,lj;jpw;F mUfpy; tho;fpd;w tpdhtpaNghJ Myak; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; epyk; mfo nrq;fw;fl;bfs;> fUQ;rptg;G epwKila Guhjd nrhw fhzKbe;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. vdNt cupaKiwap Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wNghJ Mya tuyhW gw;wpa gy tplaq;f
vdNt ,tw;iwj; njhFj;J Nehf;Ffpd;wNghJ gz;i Njrj;jpy; gy rkaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; topghl;L Kiwf te;Js;sd. ,j;jifa rkag;gpupTfspy; xd;whf Fwpg;gpl tPuirtk;. irtrkaj;jpd; Kf;fpa cl;gpupTfspy; xd;whd Njhd;wp tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jhYk;; mJ  mopf;fg;gl;l Nfhtpypd; Kd;gf;ff; fy;y fy;yhyhd fjT> jPu;j;jf;fpzW> gPlf;fy;;> Mrdf;fy; vd;gd vJ vt;thwpUe;jNghjpYk; Myak; ,Ue;jikf;fhd jlaq ,d;Wtiu milahsk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. vdNt njhFj Njrj;jpNy tPuirtk; ngUQ; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jJ vd tPuirtj;jpd; nry;thf;F GuhjdkhdJ. mJ 13Mk Vw;gl;lnjd;W nfhs;Stjw;F VJf;fs; cz;L. vdNt kl;l NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ. mj;Jld; tPuirtj;njhlu;GfSk; Vw;g
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

iuahd fhyq;fspy; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;j Myaq;fspy; ,JTk; Nfhj;jpu td;dpikfspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;bUe;j ,g;gFjpfspy; hypf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhff; $wpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
lj;jpw;F mUfpy; tho;fpd;w kf;fsplk; njhlu;G nfhz;L e;j ,lj;jpy; epyk; mfog;gl;lNghJ mq;F jbg;ghd epwKila Guhjd nrhwpf;fw;fs; ntspg;gl;ljidAk; du;. vdNt cupaKiwapy; njhlu;r;rpahd Ma;Tfis tuyhW gw;wpa gy tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzuKbAk;.
;J Nehf;Ffpd;wNghJ gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; kl;lf;fsg;G tw;wpd; topghl;L KiwfSk; kf;fshy; Nghw;wg;gl;L ;gpupTfspy; xd;whf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jdpj;Jtk; nfhz;lJ ;fpa cl;gpupTfspy; xd;whd tPuirtk; fu;ehlf khepyj;jpy; Yk;; mJ  %y];jhdj;J > gPl f;fy;;> Mrdf;fy; vd;gd cWjpahd rhd;whfpd;wd. ak; ,Ue;jikf;fhd jlaq;fisAk; fw;rpijTfisAk; Kbfpd;wJ. vdNt njhFj;J Nehf;Fkplj;J kl;lf;fsg;G nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. mq;Fs;s uhjdkhdJ. mJ 13Mk;> 14Mk; E}w;whz;LfspNy Jf;fs; cz;L. vdNt kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpNy rpttopghL tPuirtj;njhlu;GfSk; Vw;gl;bUe;jij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
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5. fplhuk; Nghl;l gs;sk;
nty;yhntsp kf;fs; ehjid Mw;wpidj; Jizahff Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhz;ldu;. Vnddpy; Cupd; MW G+ty; vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thw;wpd; fi rpW Fopfisj; Njhz;bkf;fs; FbePU f;fhfg; gad;gLj Rj;jkhd FbePuhfpaJ. mJ G+tyhW vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfp rptd;NfhapYf;F rupNeuhf cs;s ,lNk fplhuk; Nghl;l gs Nghl;l gs;sk; vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ N ,bj;J mq;Fs;s nghd; nghUl; jputpaq;fisf; nfhs;is ngWkjpahd nry;tq;fis ngupa fplhuk; xd;wpy; ,l;L xopj;J itj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid G+jk; fhty eLg;gpuNjrj;jpw;F nry;gtu;fs; capUld; jpUk;Gtjpy;iy v
6. kuj;Jiw
,aw;ifapd; fhuzkhf kl;lf;fsg;gpy; vOthd;fiu ngUk; gpupTfs; mike;J tpl;ld. nty;yhntspf; fpuhkk gpuNjrk; Fbrdg; ngUf;fKk; gl;bdg; ghf;fq;fSk; epiwe;j goq;fhyk; Kjyhf thzpg epiyaq;fSk; tzpf r% mg;gFjpapy; tpUj;jpngw;W te;Js;sd. kPd tu; F mike;Js;sd. mq;F kpfg; gue;j tay;ntspfs; fhzg;gLf tpise;jikahy; Kw;fhyq;fspy; tpahghupfs; jpUNfhzk Kjyhd ,lq;fSf;F ney;iy tpw;gidf;F Vw;wpr; nrd;wd
tay;fSf;fg;ghy; glu;e;Js;s fhLfspy; Kjpiu> Njf;F Xq;fp tsu;e;Js;sd. mtw;iw ntl;b J}u Njrq;fSf;F Vw ahidf;nfhk;G Nghd;w nghUl;fisr; Nrfupj;j Ntlu;fs; gz nra;jdu;. mg;nghUl;fs; kd;dDf;Fj; jpiwahff; nfhL ,jdhy;jhd; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ,aw;iftsk; Fwpj ‘NfNwh]; ghjpupahu;’ $WifapNy> kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ,aw;i ngupJk; ftu;e;jJ vd;Wk; mq;Fs;s Rthj;jpa epiyfs; k mq;F Nghy; ,yq;ifapy; Ntnwq;Fk; czTg; nghUl;f fpilg;gjpy;iy vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ehl fUj;jpidAk; ,t;tplj;jpy; $Wjy; nghUj;jkhdJ.
Njky; Kjpiu fUq;fhypfSz;L - tsu;
Njf;Fz;L tdj;jpdpw; NjDKz ghy;kyp gRTKz;L NkjpfSz;L - jkpo;g
ghl;bw;F ey;yahidg; gupRKz;L
106

d Mw;wpidj; Jizahff; nfhz;L jq;fsJ tho;tpaw; hz;ldu;. Vnddpy; Cupd; ikag;gFjpapy; XLk; ehjid ;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thw;wpd; fiug;gFjpapy; G+ty; vdg;gLk; s; FbePU f;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,JNt kf;fSila yhW vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thw;wpy; Kd;ida ;s ,lNk fplhuk; Nghl;l gs;sk;. ,J ,d;Wtiu fplhuk; f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Myaq;fis l; jputpaq;fisf; nfhs;isapl;Lte;jNghJ Myaj;jpd; gupa fplhuk; xd;wpy; ,l;L Mw;wpy; Nghl;L ghJfhg;ghf pd;wJ. ,jid G+jk; fhty; nra;fpd;wJ vd;Wk; Mw;wpd; capUld; jpUk;Gtjpy;iy vd;gJk; IjPf k;.
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; vOthd;fiu> gLthd;fiu vd;Dk; ,U ;ld. nty;yhntspf; fpuhkk; mike;Js;s vOthd;fiug; l;bdg; ghf;fq;fSk; epiwe;j gFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. epiyaq;fSk; tzpf r%fj;jtupd; FbapUg;Gf;fSk; te;Js;sd. kPd tu; FbapUg;Gf;fSk; Mq;fhq;Nf e;j tay;ntspfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjpfkhd ney; mq;F py; tpahghupfs; jpUNfhzkiy> aho;g;ghzk;> khj;jiw tpw;gidf;F Vw;wpr; nrd;wdu;.
;s fhLfspy; Kjpiu> Njf;F> fUq;fhyp Kjypa kuq;fs; ntl;b J}u Njrq;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jdu;. Njd;> nkOF> isr; Nrfupj;j Ntlu;fs; gz;lkhw;WKiw %yk; tpw;gid Df;Fj; jpiwahff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ; ,aw;iftsk; Fwpj;J gjpNdohk;; E}w;whz;by; apNy> kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ,aw;iftsk; INuhg;gpau; rpyiug; ;Fs;s Rthj;jpa epiyfs; kpfTQ; rhjfkhdit vd;Wk; nwq;Fk; czTg; nghUl;fSk; MLkhLfSk; kypthff; ;Ls;shu;. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ehl;Ltsk; gw;wp Gytu;kzp $wpa
jy; nghUj;jkhdJ.
fUq;fhypfSz;L - tsu; z;L tdj;jpdpw; NjDKz;L z;L NkjpfSz;L - jkpo;g; ;F ey;yahidg; gupRKz;L
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nty;yhntspf; fpuhkKk; ,jw;F tpjptpyf;fpy;yhky rKis Nghd;w kuq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l Nrhiya kf;fsJ tho;thjhuj; NjitfSf;fhTk; tu;j;jf Nehf;fk; f ,tw;iw cupa ,lq;fSf;F Vw;wpr; nry;tjw;Fupa Nghf;Ft
vdNt kuj;Jiw vd;w Cupd; Gwk;ghff; fhzg njhLthtpnahd;wpd; xJf;Ff; FlhtpD}lhfg; ghupa kuq Fwpg;ghf ghij trjpfs; Fiwthd mf;fhyj;jpNy K] tpahghupfSk; jq;fsJ rpWrpW ehtha;fspYk; gha;kuk nghUl;fis Vw;wp te;J tpw;gid nra;Ak; ,lkhf ,k;kuj mj;NjhL ,tu;fs; ehtha;fisAk; ts;sq;fisAk; jpUg;gp nra;ag;gLk; ney;> nrq;fy; kw;Wk; ,f;fhLfspy; ngwg;gLk rKis Nghd;w kuq;fisAk; Vw;wpr; nfhz;L nry;tu;.
kuq;fis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; NghJ mtw;iw ePU s;Nghl ePs g;ghl;by; fl;Ltu;. mjpfsT kuq;fs; ,q;fpUe;J Vw;w mWj;j kuq;fs; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhNyNa ,f;Flh k Mdhy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp jw;NghJ ngUkuq;fs; m fhl;rpaspg;gijNa fsMa;tpd;NghJ mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
7. Midf;fhud; ntsp (Midf;fhud; Fsk;)
Rkhu; IE}W Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;Nj gzpf tho;e;Js;shu; vd;gw;fhd rhd;whf Midf;fhud nty;yhntspapd; tlfpof;Fg; gf;fkhf mike;j tay;gpuNj rpW gw;iwfSk; nfhz;l gue;j rJg;G epykhf md;W mike mjw;Fg; gf;fj;jpYs;s rpW FsNk Midf;fhud; FskhFk
,g;gzpf;fu; nty;yhntspapd; Nkw;Fg; gpuNjrj;J tdg;gF gpbj;J mtw;iw ed;F gapw;Wtpj;J tpw;gid nra;tij ahidia ,d;Wk;$l Midnad miof;Fk; ,g;gpuNj Midf;fhud; vd;Nw mioj;J te;jdu;. ,tu; jd;dplkpU ahidapd; cjtpAld;; eWGspa ehuhy; jpupf;fg;gl;;l ghupa fhl;by; elkhLk; ahidfisg; gpbj;J gue;j ntspapypUe;j n nty;yhntspapd; Nkw;nfy;iyf;fg;ghYs;s Midfl;ba mq;F gpbj;Jf; fl;Lk; ahidfisg; gpd;du; ,q;F Midf jq;fitj;J gof;Fthuhk;. gf;fj;jpy; ahidfSf;F ePu; gUf FsNk Midf;fhud; Fsk; vd;gu;. ahidfis ed;F go nfhz;LNgha; tpw;gid nra;thuhk;. mtu; ngaiuj; j ,d;W tsk;kpf;f rpWNghf (fhyNghf) tay;ntspahfTk mt;taYf;F ePu; gha;r;Rk; Fsq;fspy; xd;whfTk; fhl;rpjU
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

,jw;F tpjptpyf;fpy;yhky; Kjpiu> fUq;fhyp> Njf;F> ;dfj;Nj nfhz;l Nrhiyahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,k;kuq;fs; Sf;fhTk; tu;j;jf Nehf;fk; fUjpAk; ntl;lg;gl;ld. Mdhy; w;wpr; nry;tjw;Fupa Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
Cupd; Gwk;ghff; fhzg;gl;l kl;lf;fsg;G thtpapd; ; FlhtpD}lhfg; ghupa kuq;fisAk; Vw;wpr; nrd;wdu;. wthd mf;fhyj;jpNy K];]Pk ; tu;j;jfu;fSk; Vida pW ehtha;fspYk; gha;kuk; nghUe;jpa ts;sq;fspYk; d nra;Ak; ,lkhf ,k;kuj;Jiwapidg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. Ak; ts;sq;fisAk; jpUg;gpr; nry;Yk;NghJ ,q;F cw;gj;jp ;Wk; ,f;fhLfspy; ngwg;gLk; Kjpiu> fUq;fhyp> Njf;F> Vw;wpr; nfhz;L nry;tu;.
; NghJ mtw;iw ePU s;Nghl;L ts;sq;fspd; ,Ugf;fKk; kuq;fs; ,q;fpUe;J Vw;wg;gl;ljhy; ,j;Jiwiar; R+o ;Fk;. ,jdhNyNa ,f;Flh kuj;Jiw vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. Fjp jw;NghJ ngUkuq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L tay;epyq;fshff; ;NghJ mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
df;fhud; Fsk;) ;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;Nj gzpf;fu; xUtu; nty;yhntspapy; rhd;whf Midf;fhud;ntsp mikfpd;wJ. ,J f;fkhf mike;j tay;gpuNjrkhFk;. ,t;tplk; Gy;jiuAk; rJg;G epykhf md;W mike;jpUe;jnjdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. k Midf;fhud; FskhFk;.
pd; Nkw;Fg; gpuNjrj;J tdg;gFjpapy; elkhLk; ahidfisg; tpj;J tpw;gid nra;tij njhopyhff; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. nad miof;Fk; ,g;gpuNjr rhjhuz Fbkf;fs; mtiu te;jdu;. ,tu; jd;dplkpUe;j gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l nfhk;gd; pa ehuhy; jpupf;fg;gl;;l ghupa jpUf;Ff; fapiwf; nfhz;L ; gpbj;J gue;j ntspapypUe;j ngupa Gspakuj;jpy; fl;ba ,lNk yf;fg;ghYs;s Midfl;ba ntspnadf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. sg; gpd;du; ,q;F Midf;fhud; ntspf;F nfhz;L te;J j;jpy; ahidfSf;F ePu; gUfTk; Fspg;ghl;lTk; cUthf;fpa d;gu;. ahidfis ed;F gof;fpa gpd;du; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Ff; ;thuhk;. mtu; ngaiuj; jhq;fpa Midf;fhud; ntsp hyNghf) tay;ntspahfTk; Midf;fhud; Fsk; ,d;W
;fspy; xd;whfTk; fhl;rpjUfpd;wJ.
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8. cr;re;jPT jPh;j;jf; fiuAk; NrhkRe;juh; ,wf;fj;jbAk; Guhjd fhyj;jpy; Mya cw;rtq;fs; eilngw;W cupaKiwapy; jPu;j;jf;fiuf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L fiu itj;J G+irfs; elhj;jg;gl;l gpd;du; Rthkp jPu;j;jkhLtJk ,jidg; gpujpgypg;gjhfNt ,d;Wtiu ,f;fpuhk kf;fshy; c NrhkRe;juh; ,wf;fj;jb vd;Wk; Fwpj;j gFjpfs; miof;fg;g
Cupd; fpof;Fg;Gwkhf cr;re;jPT vd;Dk; tay;g thtpj;njhLitNa Kd;du; Nfhtpy; rlq;F kw;Wk; tpNrl ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ. me;j ,lj;jpy; rptDk; ghu;tjpAk; cy mk;kd; cyhtUk; rpq;f thfdk;> KUfd; cyhtUk; kapy itg;gjw;fhf %d;W mofpa gPl q;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. NrWk; fspAk; gbe;JNghdjhy; jPh;j;jkhLk; ,lj;ij ehji MW) khw;wNtz;bNaw;gl;lJ. vdpDk; gioa ,lk; ePz ;l miof;fg;glyhapw;W. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; mk;%d;W gPl q ,y;yhJNghdhYk; ,t;tplk; ,d;Wtiu jPu;j;jf;fiu vd;N
ehjidg; ghyj;jpw;F fpof;fhf Rkhu; E}W kPw ;wu; njh Nfhtpy; tsTf;F E}WkPw ;wu; njw;fpYkhf ehjidahw;wpd NrhkRe;juu; ,wf;fj;jb. Mw;wpypwq;Ftjw;F trjpahf ,w mikg;gpy; ,J mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Nfhtpy;jPT rptd;Nfhtpy; %y%u;j;jp NrhkRe;juu; vDk ,t;thya jPu;j;Njhw;rtk; cl;gl tpNrl epfo;Tfspy; mf;fhyj;Nj ,J NrhkRe;juu; ,wf;fk; vDk; ngaiuj;nfh mg;gFjp kf;fspd; ePuhLk; ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; fle;j K mJ mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. jw;NghJ ePu;j;jhtuq;fs; epiwe;j
9. Mapuk; tpOJ Mykuk;
xt;nthU CUf;Fk; nghJthf kuq;fs; tpUl;rkhf kl;Lky;yhJ mtw;wpd; fhyj;;njhd;ikiaAk; giwrhw nty;yhntsp CUf;F rpwg;Gr; Nru;j;J tpUl;rk; mspg;gJ ,e;j M kuk; tay;ntsp topahf Rkhu; xU fpNyhkPw ;wu; J}uj;jpYk; n ghijapy; Rkhu; ,uz;L fpNyhkPw ;wu; J}uj;jpYk; mike;J tpOJfs; Xb fpisgug;gp epw;Fk; ,t;My kuk; gyE}W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. md;W E}w;Wf;fzf;fpy; njd;gl;l tpOJfs mbaope;JNghAk; Nghu;f;fhyr; #oypy; vupf;fg;gl;Lk; fhzg;g mike;jpUe;j tpOJfSk; mope;JNgha;tpl;ld. ,Ug;gpD vd;w ngah; kl;Lk; epiyngwNt nra;fpd;wJ. ,q;F it
108

; NrhkRe;juh; ,wf;fj;jbAk;
cw;rtq;fs; eilngw;W jPu;j;jkhLfpd;wNghJ Rthkp vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L fiuapy; fl;lg;gl;l ,wf;fj;jbapy; pd;du; Rthkp jPu;j;jkhLtJk; tof;fkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ;Wtiu ,f;fpuhk kf;fshy; cr;re;jPT jPh;j;jf; fiu vd;Wk; ; Fwpj;j gFjpfs; miof;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
r;re;jPT vd;Dk; tay;gug;ig njhl;ljhf mike;j fhtpy; rlq;F kw;Wk; tpNrl epfo;tpy; Rthkp jPu;j;jkhLk; py; rptDk; ghu;tjpAk; cyhtUk; Vlfk; vDk; rpWNju;> k;> KUfd; cyhtUk; kapy; thfdk; vd;gtw;iw ,wf;fp q;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; njhLitf;Flh ; jPh;j;jkhLk; ,lj;ij ehjidg; gps;isahubf;F(ehjid vdpDk; gioa ,lk; ePz ;lfhykhf jPu;j;jf;fiunad;Nw f; fhyj;jpy; mk;%d;W gPl q;fSk; mopf;fg;gl;L jlaq;fs; d;Wtiu jPu;j;jf;fiu vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
;fhf Rkhu; E}W kPw;wu; njhiytpYk; Nfhtpy;jPT rptd; jw;fpYkhf ehjidahw;wpd; fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,lNk pypwq;Ftjw;F trjpahf ,wq;Fgb ntl;lg;gl;lhw; Nghd;w
e;jJ.
y%u;j;jp NrhkRe;juu; vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ljhfTk; l;gl tpNrl epfo;Tfspy; ,q;F jPu;j;jkhlg;gl;ljhfTk; ,wf;fk; vDk; ngaiuj;nfhz;bUe;jJ. gpw;gl;l fhyj;Nj hf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; fle;j Kg;gjhz;Lfhy Nghu;r;R+oyhy; hJ ePu;j;jhtuq;fs; epiwe;j gFjpahff; fhl;rp jUfpd;wJ.
thf kuq;fs; tpUl;rkhf tsu;e;J epoy; gug;gp epw;gJ ;;njhd;ikiaAk; giwrhw;wp epw;fpd;wd. mJNghyNt u;j;J tpUl;rk; mspg;gJ ,e;j Mapuk; tpOJ Mykuk;. ,t;My xU fpNyhkPw ;wu; J}uj;jpYk; nty;yhntsp tpNtfhde;jGuk; hkPw ;wu; J}uj;jpYk; mike;Js;sJ. xU Vf;fu; epyg;gug;gpy; ;Fk; ,t;My kuk; gyE}W Mz;Lfs; goikkpf;fnjd ;fzf;fpy; njd;gl;l tpOJfspy; mNdfkhdit jw;NghJ oypy; vupf;fg;gl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhtpy; mikg;gpy; ope;JNgha;tpl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk; Mapuk; tpOJ Mykuk; Nt nra;fpd;wJ. ,q;F itutu; topghLk; ehfjk;gpuhd;
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topghLk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. kpf ePz ;lfhyj;jpypUe;Nj , te;Js;sjhf Cu;g;ngupath;fs; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. ,t;thy 100 kPw ;wu; mz;ikapy; mike;Js;s Filtiuf; fy 300 Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,g;gFjp cWjpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sikahy; mk;kf;fs; jpuhtplg; gpuptpd fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ,t;topghLfis mtu;fNs Kd;n Kbfpd;wJ.
10. Nkw;F kiyj;njhlupy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fw;rpw;gKk; fy
ehfu;fs; ,yq;ifapd; Mjpf;Fbfs;. ,jdhy;jhd; ,y ehfjPgk; vd miof;fg;gl;likAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jid ‘,g;NghJ rpq;fsk;> jkpo; nkhop Kjypa nkhopfis topj;Njhd;wy;fNs’ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
me;jtifapy; nty;yhntspapd; njhl;lj;J kiyj; nj godpau; tl;ilg; gFjpfspYk; fpwp];JTf;F Kw;gl;l tho;e;Js;sik gy;NtW jfty;fshy; czug;gl;ljhFk;. fw;rpw;gk; mtu;fsJ topghl;Lf;Fupajhf tpsq;fpapU ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;Yuy; mtu;fsJ ghtidapypUe;jpUf
11. td;dpah; tPL
,yq;if tuyhw;wpNy gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L tiu t Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wdu;. kl;lf;fsg;G td;dpikfisg; gw;wp kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;> ehLfhLg %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf thior;Nrid FbapUg;gpy; ,Wjpahf td miwfisf;nfhz;l td;dpa tPL mike;jpUe;jJ. m njd;gl;lhYk; tho;tjw;F cfe;jjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. g FbapUg;G mg;NghNj mope;JNgha;f; fhzg;gl;lJ. mf;fhy FLk;gj;jpdu; tho;e;j td;dpa tPl ;bd; Kd;Gwj; jpz;iz tPl ;bd; %d;W fjTfSk; mofpa Ntiyg;ghLfs; kpf;fd #oypy; ,J Kw;whf mopf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
12. ehjid MW
‘Mwpy;yh CUf;F moF gho;’ vd;w KJnkhopf fpuhkj;jpid moF nra;tJ ehjid MwhFk;. ,aw;ifahd Nghf;fpidAk; nfhz;L epyj;jpy; gha;e;J nry;Yk; ,t;thW , fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J kf;fsJ Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fk; thzpfj;j
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pf ePz ;lfhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,q;F topghLfs; Mw;wg;gl;L ; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. ,t;thykuj;jpypUe;J Nkw;fhf Rkhu; ke;Js;s Filtiuf; fy;ntl;lha;tpd;gb fpwp];JTf;F fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,g;gFjpapy; kf;fs; tho;e;Js;sik mk;kf;fs; jpuhtplg; gpuptpduhd ehfupd kf;fNs vdf; ghLfis mtu;fNs Kd;ndLj;jpUg;gnudTk; ek;gTk;
;nlLf;fg;gl;l fw;rpw;gKk; fy;YuYk; jpf;Fbfs;. ,jdhy;jhd; ,yq;if Muk;gj;jpy; ehf ehL> Ak; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jidNa guztpjhd $Wifapy;> khop Kjypa nkhopfisg; NgRNthu; ,af;fu;> ehfu; pg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
spapd; njhl;lj;J kiyj; njhlupYk; kw;Wk; gliyf;fy;> k; fpwp];JTf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;KjNy ehfu; r%fk; y;fshy; czug;gl;ljhFk;. mg;gFjpapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l hl;Lf;Fupajhf tpsq;fpapUf;fNtz;Lnkd nghJthf u;fsJ ghtidapypUe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
hd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L tiu td;dpikfs; vDk; rpw;wuRfs; g; ngWfpd;wdu;. kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mike;jpUe;j ;fsg;G khd;kpak;> ehLfhLg; gutzpf; fy;ntl;L vd;gd
FbapUg;gpy; ,Wjpahf td;dpehr;rpahu; tho;e;j %d;W tPL mike;jpUe;jJ. mg;NghJ rw;W gOJw;wjhfj; ;jjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. gpd;Gwkhf ,Ue;j ,d;DNkhu; ha;f; fhzg;gl;lJ. mf;fhy fl;lj;Nj NrJg;gps;is mk;kh tPl ;bd; Kd;Gwj; jpz;izapd; Njf;Fkuj; J}z;fSk; fpa Ntiyg;ghLfs; kpf;fdthf tpsq;fpd. Nghu;f;fhyr; ;l epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
gho;’ vd;w KJnkhopf;F ,zq;f nty;yhntspf; jid MwhFk;. ,aw;ifahd ePu;g;ngUf;ifAk; epiyahd py; gha;e;J nry;Yk; ,t;thW ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; nry;t tskhff; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fk; thzpfj;jpw;Fk; kl;Lky;yhJ mtu;fsJ
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md;whl tho;tpaYf;Fj; Njitahd ePU k; ,jpypUe;Nj ng ehfupfq;fs; Mw;Wntspfis mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspNy Fwpg;ghf rpe;Jntsp> fq;if> aKid> fhtpupahWfs; ,e;j topfhl;b tsk; ngUf;fp epw;fpd;wd. ,jdhy;jhd; ,e;j e ,f;fpuhkk; ngWk; rpwg;gpidf; fpuhkpa kzq;fkOk; ghly nty;yhntspf;fpuhk kf;fs;.
nty;yhntsp nad;gnjq;fs; CNu - mjid tpUk;gp ailgtu;fs; ,d;gg;NgNw ehjid ahnwq;fs; ejpNa - mJ etfpupapYs;s xU fpisNa ghjyk; R+Ok; jlq;fspNy - ey;y ghrtk; kpf;f kPd ;fs; tho;tJz;L ehYGwKk; R+o tay; epyq;fSz;L - ,q;F eyd;ngw cioj;jpl ey;NyupfSz;L njq;F gid fKF ehl;bYz;L - ,sk; Nra;fs; gok;gwpf;fr; NrhiyfSz;L gl;b gl;bahfg; gRf;fnsy;yhk; - ,q;Nf tl;lkpl;Lj; jpupAk; epyq;fSz;L
,aw;if tdg;G kpf;f mofpa gpuNjrk; xUgf;fk; FwpQ epyg;gug;ghYk; R+og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fpuhkj;ij fhye;NjhWk ehjid MwhFk;. Nkw;Nf Jk;ghiy NkLtiu Rkhu; 2f nry;Yk; Mw;wpd; ,Ugf;fKk; kuq;fs; Fspu;r;rpA+l;b epw;fpd
NkYk; Rkhu; 3000 Vf;fUf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tay; epyq;fSf gha;r;rg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf ehjidf; fz;lk;> Vj;jhiyg tl;l tisf; fz;lk;> tl;lthd;> Gj;jbNkl;Lg; gFjpfis kf;fs; jq;fsJ md;whl NjitfSf;fhd ePi uAk; ,q Mw;wpd; ,Ugf;fKk; G+ty; vDk; rpW Fspfs; ntl;bAk; FbePi ug; ngw;wdu;. ,g;gFjpapy; G+ty;fs; gutyhfj; njd;gl ngauhYk; mioj;jdu;.
Mw;NwhL ,ize;jthW rpWrpW XilfSk; VupfSk mq;Fkpq;Fkhfg; gutpf; fplf;fpd;wd. ,t;Ntupfisr;Rw;w epiwe;Js;sd. ,jdhy; ,q;F fhy;eilfSf;Fj; Nji ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbtjdhy; fhy;eil tsu;g;Gk
mJkl;Lky;yhJ kPd ;gpbj; njhopypYk; ,g;gpuNjr kf;fs fiug;gFjp rJg;G epyq;fspy; tsUk; fw;gd;> rhg;ig Ngh
110

tahd ePU k; ,jpypUe;Nj ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. njhd;ikahd s mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspNy Njhd;wp tsu;r;rp ngw;wd. Kid> fhtpupahWfs; ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; njhd;ikf;F d;wd. ,jdhy;jhd; ,e;j ehjid Mw;wpd; tsj;jpdhy; fpuhkpa kzq;fkOk; ghlypD}lhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;
s; CNu - mjid g;NgNw - mJ a - ey;y
Jz;L ;fSz;L - ,q;F yupfSz;L
z;L - ,sk; yfSz;L hk; - ,q;Nf
z;L
fpa gpuNjrk; xUgf;fk; FwpQ;rpAk; Vida gpuNjrk; kUj ,f;fpuhkj;ij fhye;NjhWk; tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUg;gJ ;ghiy NkLtiu Rkhu; 2fpNyhkPw;wu; ePsj;jpw;F ePz ;L uq;fs; Fspu;r;rpA+l;b epw;fpd;wJ.
k; Nkw;gl;l tay; epyq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd ePu; ,jpypUe;Nj jidf; fz;lk;> Vj;jhiyg; gFjp> fpz;izabg; gs;sk;> d;> Gj;jbNkl;Lg; gFjpfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mJkl;Lkd;wp tfSf;fhd ePi uAk; ,q;Nfngw;Wf; nfhs;Sfpd;wdu;. k; rpW Fspfs; ntl;bAk; kuf; nfhl;Lf;fisg; gjpj;Jk; ; G+ty;fs; gutyhfj; njd;gl;ljhy; ,jid G+tyhW vd;w
rpWrpW XilfSk; VupfSk; Fl;ilfSk; rpW Fsq;fSk; pd;wd. ,t;Ntupfisr;Rw;wp rkjiuahd Gw;jiufSk; ;F fhy;eilfSf;Fj; Njitahd czTj; NjitAk; btjdhy; fhy;eil tsu;g;Gk; ,tu;fsJ njhopyhfpaJ.
jhopypYk; ,g;gpuNjr kf;fs;  rhg;ig Nghd;w Gy; tiffshy; gha;fs;
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gpd;dg;gl;lNjhL kf;fSf;fhd rpWifj;njhopyhfTk; m fiug;gFjpapd; rJg;G epyj;ij mz;bathW njd;gLk; ,W Xilfs; rq;fkpf;Fk; gFjpfspYk; Nfhil fhyj;jpy; Mw;wpd jpl;Lf;fspYs;s kziyf; nfhz;Lk; Vj;jhiy kw;Wk; Gj fhykhf nrq;fy; cw;gj;jpAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ. v nty;yhntspf; fpuhkj;jpd; mofpid kl;Lky;yhJ M njhopyPe ;Jk; czT+l;bAk; tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
•
Neu;fhzy; irtKk; jkpOk; ,uz;lwf; fye;J kpspUk; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd nty;yhntsp kf;fsplk; ,Ue Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; cq;fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
,k;kf;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisA nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. VyNt Fwpg;gpl;l tjdkhu topghL> tpehafu; topghL> rpttopghL vd;gd ,q;F rpw fhzg;gl;ld.
NkYk; ,e;jkf;fs; jq;fsJ tho;tpaw; fUkq;fis te;Js;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf G+g;Gdpj ePuhl;L tpoh> jpUkz kuztPl ;Lr; rlq;F Kiwfs; vd cupa tpjpg;gb jq;fsJ th kf;fs; epiwNtw;wp te;jdu;.
‘epiwnkhop khe;ju; Mizapw; fpsu;e;j kiwnkho njhy;fhg;gpa $w;Wf;fpzq;f ke;jpuf;fiyahdJ ,f;fpuh ,k;kf;fs; kpf ePz ;lfhyk; njhlf;fk; guk;giu topapYk epGzu;fs; tho;e;jdu;. ,tu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; nraw;gl;ldu;. mj;NjhL rhj;jpuk;> rFzk; Nghd;w rk;g te;Js;sd.
,NjNghd;W nty;yhntspf;fpuhk kf;fs; jq Ngzpte;Js;sdu;. kf;fspd; tho;tpy; rkaKk; fiyA gupzkpj;Js;sd. nghJthf ,k;kf;fspDila fiy ikakhff; nfhz;L tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;ld. Vnddpy; Mya NtW fspahl;l epfo;TfspYk; Fk;kp> tre;jdhl;lk;> ehl;;Lf;$j;Jf;fs;> Nkil ehlfq;fs;> Fuit mau;jy; Ng ngWfpd;wd.
mj;NjhL ,q;F ghlYld; Mlg;gl;Lte;j fpuhkpa tpis mtw;wpy; rha;e;jhLjy;> rg;ghzp nfhl;Ljy;> MizahLjy;>
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

rpWifj;njhopyhfTk; mike;jJ. NkYk; Mw;wpd; mz;bathW njd;gLk; ,Wfpa fspkz;izf; nfhz;Lk; k; Nfhil fhyj;jpy; Mw;wpd; Mokw;w gFjpfspy; njd;gLk; z;Lk; Vj;jhiy kw;Wk; Gj;jbNkl;Lg; gFjpapy; kpf ePz ;l Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ. vdNt ,e;j ehjidahwhdJ mofpid kl;Lky;yhJ Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fSf;F
fpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
;lwf; fye;J kpspUk; tpOkpaq;fshy; Mokhfg; hntsp kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l Neu;fhzy; fpu;e;J nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisAk; topghl;L KiwfisAk; VyNt Fwpg;gpl;l tjdkhu; rlq;F kw;Wk; khupak;kd; topghL vd;gd ,q;F rpwg;ghd topghl;L Kiwfshff;
J tho;tpaw; fUkq;fisAk; kuGtop gpwohJ elhj;jp pj ePuhl;L tpoh> jpUkzr; rlq;F> rpRg;gpwg;G kw;Wk; d cupa tpjpg;gb jq;fsJ tho;tpaw; fUkq;fis ,f;fpuhk
zapw; fpsu;e;j kiwnkhop jhNd ke;jpunkd;g’ vd;w ke;jpuf;fiyahdJ ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. hlf;fk; guk;giu topapYk; rPl u;KiwapYk; ke;jpuf;fiy u;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; kf;fspd; ed;ik fUjpNa puk;> rFzk; Nghd;w rk;gpujha tof;fhWfSk; epytp
spf;fpuhk kf;fs; jq;fsJ fiyak;rq;fisAk; tho;tpy; rkaKk; fiyAk; ,ul;ilf; Foe;ijfshfg; ,k;kf;fspDila fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; Myaq;fis f;fg;gl;ld. Vnddpy; Mya tUlhe;j cw;rt jpdq;fspYk; k; Fk;kp> tre;jdhl;lk;> nrk;ghl;lk;> fhtbahl;lk;> fq;fs;> Fuit mau;jy; Nghd;w fiy epfo;r;rpfs; ,lk;
lg;gl;Lte;j fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. p nfhl;Ljy;> MizahLjy;> Milfiljy;> Myhg;gwj;jy;>
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iftPRjy;> fps;spf; fps;spg; gpwhz;b> fPr;R khr;Rr; rk;gyk;> fz;fl;b tpisahl;L> gy;yhq;Fop tpisahl;L> Ruf;fha; ,O gps;isahu; fl;il> rpy;Yf;NfhL> ghLfhtb> NfhGu thry;> jl;L kwpj;jy;> kl;ilg;ge;J> fpl;bg;Gs;S> CQ;ry; Nghd;wt ,t;tupa fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; fiyak;rq;fs kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd tho;tpaw; Nfhyq;fisAk; gz nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
KbTiu
vdNt njhFj;J Nehf;Ffpd;wNghJ kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhw;w ghupa rthyhf miktJ njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfs;. Mdhy; nty Filtiuf;fy;ntl;L kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhw;wpy; kl;Lky;y jdpj;Jtk; kpf;fjhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ,f;fy;ntl tUlq;fSf;F Kjy; jkpou;fs; tho;e;Js;sik cWjpahfpd
NkYk; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; mofpw;Fk; nry;tr;nropg;gpw;Fk epd;wJ. jdpj;Jtkhd topghl;L KiwfisAk; gz;g ,k;kf;fs; fhyNthl;lj;jhYk; Aj;jR+oyhYk; gy ,lg;nga re;jpj;j NtisapYk; jq;fsJ gz;ghl;lk;rq;fis itf;ftpy;iy. khwhf ,d;Wtiu ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; fhzg fpuhkpa topghl;lk;rq;fSk; mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jp epw;f mk;rq;fSk; njhy;ypaw; rhd;WfSk; vk;%jhijau; tpl;Lr ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;tNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ mtw;iwg;Ngzp v tpl;Lr; nry;y Ntz;ba ghupa nghWg;G Njrj;J kf;fSf;Fup
crhj;Jiz
• eluhrh F.X.C.> kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;trupj;jpuk;> kl;lf;fsg;G f
• gj;kehjd;. rp>  Fkud; gj
• Nfhghyrpq;fk;. rP> nty;yhntsp tuyhWk; gz;ghL kfhtpj;jpahya khztu; kd;w ntspaPL > 2013
• Nfhghyrpq;fk;. rP> kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhW xU mwpKfk;> 2
• fe;ijah tp. rp> kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk;>  1964.
• G\;gul;zk;. g> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy;  2000.
• kNf];tuypq;fk;. f> kl;lf;fsg;G tho;Tk; topghLk;> n 2008.
• fsMa;Tk; Neu;fhzYk;
112

hz;b> fPr;R khr;Rr; rk;gyk;> ghl;ld; Fj;J> giwad; Fj;J> op tpisahl;L> Ruf;fha; ,Oj;jy;> ehAk; ,iwr;rpj; Jz;Lk;> L> ghLfhtb> NfhGu thry;> ehAk; GypAk;> thu; mbj;jy;> pl;bg;Gs;S> CQ;ry; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdNt f;fs; kw;Wk; fiyak;rq;fspD}lhf nty;yhntspf;fpuhk ;tpaw; Nfhyq;fisAk; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fisAk; mwpe;J
;wNghJ kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhw;wpid Muha Kw;gLNthUf;Fg; paw; rhd;Wfs;. Mdhy; nty;yhntspapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l sg;G tuyhw;wpy; kl;Lky;yhJ  kl;lf;fsg;G fyhrhug;Nguit> 1998. ;fpaKk; tuyhWk;> Fkud; gjpg;gfk;> 2004. hntsp tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;> nty;yhntsp fiykfs; d;w ntspaPL > 2013 g;G tuyhW xU mwpKfk;> 2005. g;Gj; jkpofk;> 
0. f;fsg;G tho;Tk; topghLk;> nfhOk;G jkpo;r; rq;f ntspaPL >
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
gOfhkj;J rhrdq;fSk; tuyhWk
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;Jf;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd gz;ghL> cz;L. ‘kl;lf;fsg;G Njrk;’ vd;w ngah; kj;jpa fhyk; Kjy; t mk;ghiw khtl;lk; kw;Wk; jw;Nghja nghydWit kh cs;slf;fpNa kl;lf;fsg;G Njrk; mike;jpUe;jJ. gp kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; gy gpuNjrq;fisAk; xd;wpi cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. (1962) mJkl;Lky;yhky;> kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrq;fisAk; xd;wpizj;J tlkj;jpa khfhzk; cU tuyhW fhl;Lk; rk;gtq;fs;.
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; vy;iy> Gtpapay; rpwg;Gfs Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
“kfhtyp fq;ifapd; xU fpisahd ntUfy; njw;Nf FKf;fd; MW tiuAk; gue;J ePz ;L f epiwe;j epyg;gFjpaha; ,e;j ehL jpfOk;. R ePz ;L> fpof;F Nkw;fha;> KiwNa nea;jYk; kU mzpngw mike;jJ. Vwf;Fiwa vOgJ iky; m tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ,aw;ifr; rpwg;gpid Rthkp tpGyhde;jh;
“fhTk; nghypYk; fopKfKk; Gd;dzpe;j VhpAk; ky;fp ,uj;jpdj; jPn td Mhpah; Nghw;Wk; msprhy; ,yq;ifapNy rPuhh; Fzjpiriar; Nrh;e;J tsh;GfOk; Vuhypadw; nre;neypd; Ritj;jPq ;f fd;dnyhL njq;F dpsePUk; jPk;gytpd; ms;skph;Jk; vq;Fk; Fiwah ,aYila ed;dhL kl;lf;fsg; ngd;Dk; ehL’3 vd mjd; ,aw;i tbj;Js;shh;. ,t;thW rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;w Njrj;jpy; fpuhkq;fspy; xd;Wjhd; gOfhkk;. “rpq;fhuf; fz;b” v kl;lf;fsg;G efhpy; ,Ue;J njd;Nkw;Nf Rkhh; 40 iky; J

fhkj;J rhrdq;fSk; tuyhWk;
v];. Nf. rptfNzrd;
jdpj;Jtkhd gz;ghL> fyhrhuk;> kuGfs;> tuyhW ;w ngah; kj;jpa fhyk; Kjy; toq;fg;gl;L te;jJ.1jw;Nghja w;Nghja nghydWit khtl;lj;jpd; gy gpuNjrq;fis jrk; mike;jpUe;jJ. gpd;dh;> jpl;lkpl;l tifapy;> gpuNjrq;fisAk; xd;wpizj;J mk;ghiw khtl;lk; l;Lky;yhky;> kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; tlf;Nf ,Ue;j gy ;J tlkj;jpa khfhzk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,itnay;yhk;
y;iy> Gtpapay; rpwg;Gfs; gw;wpa gpd;tUk; $w;W
xU fpisahd ntUfy; fq;ifg; nghpahW njhlf;fk; tiuAk; gue;J ePz ;L fplf;Fk; tskhh;e;j> nrOik a; ,e;j ehL jpfOk;. Rkhh; E}w;wpKg;gJ iky;fs; a;> KiwNa nea;jYk; kUjKk; Ky;iyAk; FwpQ;rpAk; Vwf;Fiwa vOgJ iky; mfd;W fplg;gJ ,e;j ehL”2 vd
g;gpid Rthkp tpGyhde;jh; gpd;tUkhW tpghpj;Js;shh;.
fKk; Gd;dzpe;j ; jPn td y; ,yq;ifapNy rh;e;J tsh;GfOk;
; Ritj;jPq ;f fd;dnyhL tpd; ms;skph;Jk; ila ed;dhL
ehL’3 vd mjd; ,aw;if tdg;ig rpwg;gpj;J ftp g;gpf;fg;gLfpd;w Njrj;jpy; mikag;ngw;w gok;ngUk; fhkk;. “rpq;fhuf; fz;b” vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; gOfhkk; d;Nkw;Nf Rkhh; 40 iky; J}uj;jpy; mikag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
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kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rk; mjd; eLtd; mi nfhz;lJkhd thtpahFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt> kl;lf;f nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ehl;bd; tdg;Gf;Fk; tsj;jpw;Fk; tht fhuzkhfNt kl;lf;fsg;gpy;> “vOthd;fiu”> “gLthd mikag; ngw;Ws;sJ. thtpapd; Nkw;fpy; mike;Js;s gF ,e;jg; gpuNjrj;jpy;jhd; gOfhkk; mike;Js;sJ.
gOfhkk;
‘gOfhkk;’ ,d;W> “jpUg;gOfhkk;” vd;wiof;fg;g vd;gjw;F xd;Wf;F Nkw;g;gl;l tpsf;fq;fs; cz;L. vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpapUf;f $Lk;. mjhtJ kf;fs; “ghOfk” vd;gh;. “ghOfk” vd;w nrhy; kUtp> gpd;d Ntz;Lk;.5,d;ndhU fhuzKk; cz;L. tpe;jidf; fh xUtdhd ‘gOtd;’ vd;gtd; tho;e;j> ,g;gFjp ‘gOtd;f kUtp ‘gOfhkk;’ vd;whapw;W.6,d;W ‘jpUg;gOfhkk;’ vd ,q;Fs;s tay;ntspapy; gy rhrdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rhrdk; - 1
,e;jf; rhrdf;; Fwpg;gpy; ,U NtW fhyg;gFjpapy; ,w nra;jpfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. fe;jg;gd; (1908) kw;Wk; f (1927) vd;gtUk; nja;tPf kuzkile;jdh; vdj; nj fy;ntl;bd; kw;nwhU gf;fj;jpy; ‘ngh.F.F.rz;Kfk;’ vdf ,f;fy;ntl;ilg; nghwpj;jtUilajhf ,Uf;fyhk;. (glk; 1)
rhrdk; - 2
,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kw;nwhU rhrd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzgjpg;gps;is vd;gth; 1919 Mk; jpfjp gukgjtpaile;jhh; vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhr nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;Jf;fs; kj;jpapy; kq;fyk;> mk itf;Fk; tof;fk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ( g
rhrdk; - 3
,r;rhrdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,lj;Jf;F fpof;Fg; g fiuapy; kw;nwhU rhrdk; ehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; rpijtile;Jfhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; mr;rhrdk; jkpo; n
me;j rhrdj;jpd; jw;Nghja epiyiag; glj;jpy fhzg;gLk; vOj;Jf;fs; njsptpy;iy| rpijtile;Js;s kuzr;nra;jpiajhd; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mjhtJ gOfhkj;ij

hd mk;rk; mjd; eLtd; mike;Js;sJk; 50 iky; ePs k; jd; fhuzkhfNt> kl;lf;fsg;G vd cz;lhdJ vdf; dg;Gf;Fk; tsj;jpw;Fk; thtp VJthfTs;sJ.,aw;ifapd; “vOthd;fiu”> “gLthd;fiu” vd;Dk; ,UgphpTfs; d; Nkw;fpy; mike;Js;s gFjp gLthd; fiu vdg;gLk;.4
k; mike;Js;sJ.
g;gOfhkk;” vd;wiof;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ‘gOfhkk;’ ;l tpsf;fq;fs; cz;L. “gOfhkk;” vd;gJ>“ghOfkk;” ;wpapUf;f $Lk;. mjhtJ gho;Nghd fpuhkj;ij rpq;fs k” vd;w nrhy; kUtp> gpd;dhspy; “gOfhkk;” MfpapUf;f Kk; cz;L. tpe;jidf; fhl;by; tho;e;j Mjpf;FbfSs; ; tho;e;j> ,g;gFjp ‘gOtd;fkk;’ vd ,Ue;J> gpd;dhspy; . ,d;W ‘jpUg;gOfhkk;’ vd miof;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
rdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
U NtW fhyg;gFjpapy; ,we;j> ,uz;L Nghpd; kuzr; fe;jg;gd; (1908) kw;Wk; fe;jNty; kfs; rpd;dg;gps;is kuzkile;jdh; vdj; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ; ‘ngh.F.F.rz;Kfk;’ vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;;ngah;> lajhf ,Uf;fyhk;. (glk; 1)
;gLk; kw;nwhU rhrdj;jpYk; kuzr;nra;jpjhd; ps;is vd;gth; 1919 Mk; Mz;L ij khjk; 27Mk; f;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhrdj;jpd; Muk;;gj;jpy; Fk;gk; ; kj;jpapy; kq;fyk;> mkq;fyk; ,uz;Lf;Fk; Fk;gk; fpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ( glk; - 2)
pd;w ,lj;Jf;F fpof;Fg; gf;fk; gpujhd tPj papd; kW ehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; vOj;Jf;fs; njsptpy;yhky; . Mdhy; mr;rhrdk; jkpo; nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
hja epiyiag; glj;jpy; fhzyhk;. ,r;rhrdj;jpy; ptpy;iy| rpijtile;Js;sd. MdhYk; ,r;rhrdKk; ;wJ. mjhtJ gOfhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fzgjp> fw;gfehjd;
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vd;gthpd; kuzk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. M rhrdj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; 3Mk; gpiw tbthd mi Vidarhrdj;jpy; epiwFlk; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; , nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (glk; -3 )
tuyhw;wpy; gOfhkk;
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; ,dTUthf;fk; gOfhkk; g ,jid> mz;ikf; fhy njhy;ypay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; cWjpg;g gpd;dh;jhd; vOthd; fiug; gpuNjrk; gl;bzg;ghq;Fld nfhz;lJ. mjw;F Kd;dh; kf;fspd; gpujhd tho;tplj;js mike;jpUe;jJ.
gOfhkk; gpuNjrj;jpy; mikag; ngw;w nty;yhntsp - Fifr; rhrdq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (glk; - 4) mi Ke;jpaitfshFk;. ,e;j rhrdq;fs; gw;wp> jifrhh; Nguhrph $wpAs;shh;.
“,w;iwf;F 2100 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G nty;yhnt tpsq;fpaikf;F mq;Fs;s fy;ntl;Lj; jf;f r nry;thf;F ngsj;j rkak; %ykhfg; gutpaJ vd;gj
vdNt> gOfhkk; mike;Js;s> gLthd; fiug; gpuNj nfhz;lJ.
mj;Jld;> kl;lf;fsg;G G+h;t rhpj;jpuk; vd;w E}ypNy kl;lf ,uhr;rpaq;fis mikj;jpUe;jik gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tUfpd
“fyp fle; njz;Z}w;whz;by; fUjpa ,yq;if jd;dpy; typa tupaf;fNuhL fye;jth; ku ngd;whfp eyptpy;yh epUgQ;nra;J efnuyh kpiwfnsd;d xypts Ufe;jj nkd;Wk; efujpY iwe;jhh; ehfh;”8
vd;w thpfs; ehfh; ,af;fNuhL fyg;Gw;W ehfh; g ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;G G+h;t rhpj;jpuk; Fwpg;gpl
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mz;L njsptpy;iy. Mdhy; k; gpiw tbthd milahsk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; ,f;fy;ntl;by; kl;Lk; gpiw
dTUthf;fk; gOfhkk; gpuNjrj;jpYk; Vw;g;gl;bUe;jJ. pay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kj;jpa fhyj;jpd; ; gpuNjrk; gl;bzg;ghq;Fld; $bajhf tsh;r;rpaile;J ;fspd; gpujhd tho;tplj;jskhf gLthd;fiug; gpuNjrk;
kag; ngw;w nty;yhntsp - ehjidg; gpuNjrj;jpy; %d;W g;gl;Ls;sd. (glk; - 4) mit fp.K. 2Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F q;fs; gw;wp> jifrhh; Nguhrphpah; rp. gj;kehjd; gpd;tUkhW
q;fSf;F Kd;G nty;yhntspapy; jkpo; Ngr;R nkhopahf ;Fs;s fy;ntl;Lj; jf;f rhd;whFk;. gpuhfpUj nkhopr;
k; %ykhfg; gutpaJ vd;gjw;Fk; milahsk; MFk;.”7
s;s> gLthd; fiug; gpuNjrk; kpfg; Gujhd fpuhkq;fis
rhpj;jpuk; vd;w E}ypNy kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; ehfh; rpwpa gy ik gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tUfpd;wd. mf;Fwpg;G gpd;tUkhW.
hz;by; fUjpa
e;jth; ku
efnuyh
k; efujpY
f;fNuhL fyg;Gw;W ehfh; gyk; ngw;wdh; vd;gjid g;G G+h;t rhpj;jpuk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s> kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy;
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Mjpf;Fbfspd; cUthf;fk; njhlh;gpyhd fUj;Jf;fis nty cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J gOfhkk; cs;spl;l gLthd fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; cUthf;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
mJkl;Lky;y> kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; nrq;fyb - fhahd;F ,lq;fspy; mz;ikapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpuhkpr; rhrdq tha;e;jitfshFk;.10 mit> jkpoh;fspd; njhd;ikia vdNt> gOfhkk; cs;spl;l gLthd;fiug; gpuNjrk; Mj tpsq;fpapUe;jJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,uh[ul;il ehfhpfk; epiyngw;wpUe;j fhyg;gFjpapy; m jpiwnrYj;Jk; muRfshf kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;J muRf ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l FWepy muRfs; gw;wp> Fwpg;Gfs tUfpd;wd. Gujhd> tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j js Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fpuhkj;Jf;F mz;ikapYs;s jpf;Nfhil v ehzaq;fs; nghydWitf; fhyj;jpw;F chpj;jhdit. E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; th;j;jf tpahghu eltbf;iff te;jij ehzaq;fs; cWjpg;gLj;jfpd;wd. (glk; .5)
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;NjhL fypq;fkhfd; Vw;g;gLj;jpapUe G+h;t rhpj;jpuk; tpghpf;fpd;wJ. ,q;F epyTk; [hjff; fijf Vw;gLj;jpapUe;j njhlh;Gfs; tpgupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. khfd; gw;w “jpdrpq;fs; rhpj;jpuk;”> “Rfjpud; rhpj;jpuk;”> “Fbg;gphpTfs;”> “F khfd; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tUfpd;wd.
“...gl;bUg;Gf;F mUfhikapYs;s NghujPT rpj;jpu ,tNd GJg;gpfpwhd;. ,f;NfhtpYf;Fk; nfhf;f ney;tay;fs; gytw;iw toq;fpa ,k;kd;ddJ g vd;Dk; CuhFk;. kj;jpa kiyehl;bypUe;J gOfh ‘fz;b mjh;’ ,td; fhyj;jpNy ngUk; gof;fk; cwy
kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; gy td;d kl;lf;fsg;G> kz;Kid> gOfhkk;> NghujPT > rk;khe;Jiw mtw;Ws; gpujhdkhdit. mtw;wpd; cw;g;gj;jpia Muha;e Mjhuq;fspy;iy.12 Nghh;j;Jf;Nfauhd Nfnwh]; vojpAs Fwpg;Gfspy; gOfhkj;jpy; ,Ue;j td;dpah; Ml;rp gw;wp mwpe
fz;b ,uhr;rpak; epiyngw;wpUe;j fhyg;gFjpapy; gOf gz;lhuDf;F vjpuhf NghhpLtjw;F Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#hpa
116

hlh;gpyhd fUj;Jf;fis nty;yhntsp - gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; Ofhkk; cs;spl;l gLthd;fiug; gpuNjrj;jpd; ngUq; j;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.9
Njrj;jpd; nrq;fyb - fhahd;Flh>mk;ghiw - gontsp Mfpa ;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpuhkpr; rhrdq;fs; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jkpoh;fspd; njhd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wd. gLthd;fiug; gpuNjrk; Mjpf;Fbfspd; tho;tplj;jskhf plj;jf;fJ.
ngw;wpUe;j fhyg;gFjpapy; me;j kd;dh;fSf;F fl;Lg;gl;L l;lf;fsg;G Njrj;J muRfs; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. epy muRfs; gw;wp> Fwpg;Gfs; kl;lf;fsg;G G+h;t rhpj;jpuj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j jskhf gOfhkk; tpsq;fpapUf;f ;ikapYs;s jpf;Nfhil vd;w ,lj;jpy; fpilj;j %d;W fhyj;jpw;F chpj;jhdit. vdNt> fp.gp.9Mk;> 10Mk; ;j;jf tpahghu eltbf;iffs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;W Lj;jfpd;wd. (glk; .5)
ypq;fkhfd; Vw;g;gLj;jpapUe;j njhlh;Gfis kl;lf;fsg;G ,q;F epyTk; [hjff; fijfspYk; khfd; gOfhkj;NjhL upf;fg;gLfpd;wd. khfd; gw;wp kl;lf;fsg;G G+h;t rhpj;jpuj;jpy;> ; rhpj;jpuk;”> “Fbg;gphpTfs;”> “Fspf;fy;ntl;L” vd;w gphpTfspy; ;wd.
ikapYs;s NghujPT rpj;jpuNtyhAj Rthkp Nfhtpiy ;. ,f;NfhtpYf;Fk; nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiyf; NfhtpYf;Fk; w toq;fpa ,k;kd;ddJ gpujhd murpUf;if gOfhkk; pa kiyehl;bypUe;J gOfhkj;Jf;F te;j ePz ;l topahd j;jpNy ngUk; gof;fk; cwyhapw;W”11
sg;G Njrj;jpy; gy td;dpr; rpw;wuRfs; fhzg;gl;ld. hkk;> NghujPT > rk;khe;Jiw> ehL> fhL> ghzik vd;gd w;wpd; cw;g;gj;jpia Muha;e;J mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F Nghjpa ;Nfauhd Nfnwh]; vojpAs;s E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ;j td;dpah; Ml;rp gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.13
w;wpUe;j fhyg;gFjpapy; gOfhkk; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. [atPu jw;F Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#hpaDf;F 5890 giltPuh;fisg;
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gOfhkj;J td;dpik nfhLj;Jjtpdhd; vd xy;yhe;jg; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. gOfhkj;J td;dpikfs; fz;b ,uhr;rpa gw;wpa nra;jpfs; gy E}y;fspy; tUfpd;wd.
“....kz;^hpypUe;Jk; gOfhkj;jpypUe;Jk; te;j ‘fz vy;iyapidr; rhh;e;Js;s ‘fz;bad; fl;L’ vd;Dk xd;Wgl;ld....”14
vd;w kw;nwhU Fwpg;Gk; ,q;Nf vLj;Jf; fhl;lj;jf;fJ.
“ gz;ilag; Gfo;kpf;f gOfhkk; Mjpapy; fz thr];jykhf ,Ue;jJ. ‘rpq;fhuf; fz;b’> rpd;dq;fs; ,d;Dk; tof;fpYs;sd. murg; gpujp gz;lfrhiyfSk;> mtw;wpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; gz;l ghJfhtyh;> giltPuh;;fSk; ,q;F jq;fpapUe;jdh;. NtyiuAk;> ! = khNtw;Flhtpy; Myaq; nfhz;b tzq;fp te;jdh; ”15
NtW gy E}y;fspYk; gOfhkk; fz;baurh;fspd; fpof;F ,Ue;J te;Js;sik gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nra;j td;dpikfs; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;;NjhL neUf;fkhd njh vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Nghh;j;Jf;;Nfah;> xy;yhe;jh;> Mq;fpNyah; fhyj;jpYk; td jpnusgjp mk;kd; Myaj;ijr; Rw;wp ehl;lg;gl;Ls;s fw;W}z my;y. mit midj;Jk; fy;ntl;Lfs;. E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Rz;zhk;ig mbj;J te;jjpdhy; nghwpg;Gfs; Kw;whf fyitiag; gad;gLj;jp Rz;zhk;ig mfw;wpdhy; kj;jpa jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;fpwhh; Nguhrphpah;
fpof;ifAk; Nkw;ifAk; ,izg;gjpy; fSjhtis - Kjy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;; ngw;wpUe;jJ. td;dpik xUthpd; , gOfhkj;jpd; kWfiuapYs;s fSjhtisapy; Jiwab (glk; 7) kj;jpa fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpiar; Nrh;e;jJ. mj;Jld tPjpf;F “td;dpadhh; tPjp” vdg;ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tPjp eph;thf thry;jyk; xd;W ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; ,g;ngah; t
gOfhkj;Jf; Fsf;fiuapy; ePs khd eLfy; xd;Ws;sJ. vd;w fUj;J ,Ue;jhYk; eLfy; topghL fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;Jjtpdhd; vd xy;yhe;jg; ghjpupahd gpypg; Nthy;ilah; d;dpikfs; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;NjhL vw;gLj;jpa njhlh;Gfs; tUfpd;wd.
Ofhkj;jpypUe;Jk; te;j ‘fz;b mjh;’ Cth khfhzj;jpd; ;s ‘fz;bad; fl;L’ vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; tPuKid topNahL
;Nf vLj;Jf; fhl;lj;jf;fJ.
f;f gOfhkk; Mjpapy; fz;baurh;fspd; Nfhilf;fhy ;jJ. ‘rpq;fhuf; fz;b’> ‘mikr;rh; gpl;b’ vd;Dk; tof;fpYs;sd. murg; gpujpepjp xUth; ,q;fpUe;jhh;. gy tw;wpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; gz;lhuq;fSk; gy Vtyhsh;fSk;> Sk; ,q;F jq;fpapUe;jdh;. ,th;fs; rk;G ehtw;gjpr; rpj;jpu w;Flhtpy; Myaq; nfhz;bUe;j khNtw;FilahiuANk
hkk; fz;baurh;fspd; fpof;F khfhz jsq;fspy; xd;whf wpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.16 vdNt> gOfhkj;ij Ml;rp r;rpaj;;NjhL neUf;fkhd njhlh;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;
Mq;fpNyah; fhyj;jpYk; td;dpikg; gjtpfs; njhlh;e;jd.17 ; Rw;wp ehl;lg;gl;Ls;s fw;W}z;fs; ntWk; fhtw; J}z;fs; ;ntl;Lfs;. E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd tUlq;fshf njhlh;r;rpahf pdhy; nghwpg;Gfs; Kw;whf kiwe;Jtpl;ld. ,urhadf; hk;ig mfw;wpdhy; kj;jpa fhy tuyhW njhlh;ghd gy KbAk; vd;fpwhh; Nguhrphpah; gj;kehjd;. (glk; 6)
izg;gjpy; fSjhtis - gOfhkj;J Jiw Mjpfhyk; ;jJ. td;dpik xUthpd; ,wg;igf; $Wk; rhrdk; xd;W fSjhtisapy; Jiwabapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fjpiar; Nrh;e;jJ. mj;Jld; fSjhtisapy; cs;s xU ;ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tPj papy; gOfhkj;J td;dpikapd; ;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; ,g;ngah; toq;fg;glyhapw;W.
; ePs khd eLfy; xd;Ws;sJ. mJ kj;jpa fhyg;gFjpf;FhpaJ
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1. gOfhkk; - khNtw;Flh gFjpapy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l
mwptpj;jy;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ehd;fhtJ rhrdk Kbatpy;iy. ,it eLfw;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;w gpuNjrk; kf;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J ghijahf ,Ue;jpU ,q;F> ,e;j eLfy; mwptpj;jy;fis kf;fs; ghh;it kj;jpa fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj fz;bNahL Vw;g;gLj ClhfNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jd. fz;bf;Fk; g Nghf;Ftuj;Jg;ghij ‘fz;b mop’> ‘fz;baf; fl;L’ > ‘fz kf;fshy; miof;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf mg;ghij ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zj;Njhd tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;fpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j jskhf , fhzg;gLk; njhy;ypay; vr;rq;fSk; kuGf;fijfSk; c
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E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpf;Fhpad. ,r;rhrdq;fspy;> rkf jpUj;jkhfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mz;Lfs; njspthff
3. ,e;j rhrdq;fs;; kpfg;gioikahdit vd;w fz
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4. jw;fhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s Vuhskhd r ,r;rhrdq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtkw;wjhfptplhJ. ,r;rhdq;f r%f epiy gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sKbAk;.
5. fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpuhe;jpak; tuyhw;Wg; go vd;gjid kWf;fKbahJ. vjph;fhyr; re;jjpapdU Ntz;baJ vkJ tuyhw;Wf; flikahFk;. tuyhw;W Ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;T kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; t ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vk;kth; kj;jpapy; me;j czh;itf ghLglNtz;Lk;.
6. ,t;thW tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f gOfhkj;jpd; tuyhw;whj NjlNtz;Lk;. njhy;ypay; mfo;tha;Tfs; Nkw;;nfhs vkJ Njrj;jpd; njhd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sK

;ikahd tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;iff; nfhz;l gOfhkj;jpy; njhlh;gpy; gpd; tUk; tplaq;fis vd;dhy; njhptpf;f
Fjpapy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l %d;W rhrdq;fspYk; kuz ;Ls;sd. ehd;fhtJ rhrdk; rpijtile;Js;sJ| thrpf;f fw;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rhrdq;fs; fhzg;gLk; uj;J ghijahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;jhd; pj;jy;fis kf;fs; ghh;itf;fhf el;L itj;jpUf;fyhk;. e;Nj fz;bNahL Vw;g;gLj;jg;gl;l njhlh;Gfs; gOfhkk; l;bUe;jd. fz;bf;Fk; gOfhkj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd mop’> ‘fz;baf; fl;L’ > ‘fz;b mjh;’ vd gythW ,d;Wk; tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; Clhf z;Lk; vd vz;zj;Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; gOfhkk; paj;Jtk; tha;e;j jskhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,jid> mq;F ;rq;fSk; kuGf;fijfSk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
q;fpNyah; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpw;Fupad. mjhtJ 20Mk; pad. ,r;rhrdq;fspy;> rkfhy tof;fpYs;s jkpo;nkhop
;sJ. Mz;Lfs; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
oikahdit vd;w fzpg;G jtwhdJ. KjyhtJ oikahdJ. ,uz;lhtJ 94 tUlq;fs; goikahdJ. ; njspthff; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mjpy; tj;ijf; nfhz;L ghh;f;Fkplj;jpy; mr;rhrdKk; 20Mk; E}
vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ
;J nfhs;s Vuhskhd rhd;Wfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> kw;wjhfptplhJ. ,r;rhdq;fisf; nfhz;L Fwpj;j fhyr; fhs;sKbAk;.
;w gpuhe;jpak; tuyhw;Wg; goikAk; rpwg;Gk; nfhz;bUe;jJ . vjph;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;fhf ,tw;iwg; ghJfhf;f ;Wf; flikahFk;. tuyhw;W Mtzq;fisg; ghJfhf;f kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; thOfpd;w xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ; kj;jpapy; me;j czh;itf; fl;b vOg;g ehk; midtUk;
pf;f gOfhkj;jpd; tuyhw;whjhuq;fis fpukkhd Kiwapy; ; mfo;tha;Tfs; Nkw;;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;. mjd; %yk; a cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sKbAk; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.
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mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; 1. gj;kehjd;. rp. Nguhrphpah;.“ 2004. g.89. 2. 50th Anniversary of Sri Lanka‘s Independence – North
1990, Trincomalee, 1998. g.33 3. tpGyhde;jh;> Rthkp “aho; E}y;” ghaputpay;> jQ;rhT+h;> 4. gj;kehjd;.rp. Nguhrphpah;.“ 2004. g.87. 5. eluhrh. vt;.vr;.rp. kl;lf;fsg;G ,lg;ngah; tuyhW> Njt
1970. g. 2. 6. fNzruhrh.K. ‘NghujPT g; gw;W kf;fspd; fyhrhuk
nty;yhntsp> 2011. g.10. 7. gj;kehjd;.rp. Nguhrphpah;. “Rahl;rp mikg;Gf;fshd f
tPuNfrup> 2012.09.06. g.28. 8. fkyehjd;. f> fkyh fkyehjd; - kl;lf;fsg;G
2004.g.3 9. gj;kehjd;.rp. Nguhrphpah;. “jpUNfhzkiy td;d
toikfSk;”> tPuNfrup> 7.9.2012> g.22 10. gj;kehjd;.rp. Nguhrphpah;.“kl;lf;fsg;G njhy;ypaYk; jk
tPuNfrup> 13.1.2013> g.19 11. fe;ijah. tp.rP.>kl;lf;fsg;G jkpofk;> (,uz;lhk; gjpg;G
- 405 12. gj;kehjd;. rp. Nguhrphpah;. “kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;J td;dpi
tPuNfrup> 8.9.2013> g.32 Piers.R , “Administrtion of Justice and Revenue in the I Government” Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Colombo.1954 .PP.125 -160. 13. NkyJ 14. fe;ijah.tp.rP.>kl;lf;fsg;G jkpofk;>(,uz;lhk; gjpg;G) 15. fe;ijah.tp.rP. kl;lf;fsg;G irtf; Nfhtpy;fs;> kl;lf;f 16. Kanagaratnam.S.O. Monograph of Batticaloa District, Co 17. gj;kehjd;.rp. Nguhrphpah;. “kj;jpa fhy kl;lf;fs
Muha;tjw;FjTk; tPuKid> gOfhkj;J jpnusgjp tPuNfrup> 11.9.2013> g.22
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;.“ 4. g.89.
Independence – North – East Provincial Council, 1958 –
E}y;” ghaputpay;> jQ;rhT+h;> 1974. g-7  4. g.87.
g;G ,lg;ngah; tuyhW> Njtdf; fhl;rp kyh;> kl;lf;fsg;G -
; gw;W kf;fspd; fyhrhuk; md;Wk;> ,d;Wk;”> kUjk;>
“Rahl;rp mikg;Gf;fshd fpof;fpyq;if td;dpauRfs;”> 8. kyehjd; - kl;lf;fsg;G G+h;t rhpj;jpuk;> kl;lf;fsg;G.
“jpUNfhzkiy td;dpaUk; NfhNzrh; Nfhtpy; .9.2012> g.22
l;lf;fsg;G njhy;ypaYk; jkpo; nkhopapd; njhd;ikAk;”>
jkpofk;> (,uz;lhk; gjpg;G) kl;lf;fsg;G> 2002> gf;. 404
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;J td;dpikfspd; tuyhw;W mk;rq;fs;”
ce and Revenue in the Island of Ceylon Under the Dutch ylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society ,New Series ,Vol.3,
jkpofk;>(,uz;lhk; gjpg;G) kl;lf;fsg;G> 2002>g.157 irtf; Nfhtpy;fs;> kl;lf;fsg;G>1991> g.101 h of Batticaloa District, Colombo,1921. P.80
“kj;jpa fhy kl;lf;fsg;G Njr tuyhw;iw rPuhf d> gOfhkj;J jpnusgjp mk;kd; Nfhapy; rhrdq;fs;>
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; ehl;lhh; fijf Mtzg;gLj;jy; - ele;jJk; elf;f Ntz
1. mwpKfk;
ehl;lhhpay; Ma;Tfs; ,d;W cyfshtpa hPj papy ,t;tha;Tfspd; %yk; cyfpy; fhzg;ngWk; gy;NtW gz;ghl;L Nth;fisj; NjLfpd;wdh;. ,t;tifapy; , gpuNjrq;fspy; ,t;tif Ma;Tfs; ,d;W ngU fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tha;TfSf;Fr; rthyhftpUg;gJ Ki NghjhikahFk;. Kiwahd Mtzg;gLj;jy;fspd;wp jukw;witahfTk; Ma;T KbTfs; gytPd khdita gy Ma;thsh;fSk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdh;. ,t;tifapy; f fijfs; Fwpj;j mwptpay; Ma;TfSf;F Kjy; Njita ehl;lhh; fijj; njhFg;gpd; mtrpak; czug;gLfpd;wJ. Njitahd midj;J tpguq;fisAk; toq;ff;$bajhf , ek;gpf;iff;Fhpaitahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpwuhy; rpijf Ma;thsUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fs; ek;gpf;iff;Fhpaita
fpof;fpyq;if> tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; njhlf;fk; kl;lf;fsg eph;thf khtl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhftpUe;jJ. 1962 , mk;ghiw vdg; gphpf;fg;gl;l gpd;G kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw> j khtl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhff; fpof;fpyq;if cs;sJ. , rpq;fsth; vd;w ehd;F ,d kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;. ,jpy; jkpi jkpoUk; K];ypk;fSk; gwq;fpaUk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdh;;. , hPj pahd jdpj;Jtq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. mNjNeuk; mU xw;Wikahff; $b tho;e;jth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. vt;thnw r%fq;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;fpwJ.
jkpo; ehl;lhhpay; Ma;Tfs; ntWkNd urid Nfhl;ghl;lbg;gilapyhd Ma;Tfshf mika Ntz;Lk; Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mbg;gilfshf typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.3 ,t;tif Ma;TfSf;F fpof;fpyq

;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; ehl;lhh; fijfis ;gLj;jy; - ele;jJk; elf;f Ntz;baJk;;
Nfh.Ffd;
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y;fs; ek;gpf;iff;FhpaitahFk;.1
fhyk; njhlf;fk; kl;lf;fsg;G> jpUNfhzkiy vd;w ,U lf;fpajhftpUe;jJ. 1962 ,y; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; xU gFjp ;G kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw> jpUNfhzkiy vDk; %d;W f; fpof;fpyq;if cs;sJ.2 ,q;F jkpoh;> K];ypk;> gwq;fpah;> ;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;. ,jpy; jkpioj; jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;l paUk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdh;;. ,th;fs; rka> r%f> gz;ghl;L z;Ls;sdh;. mNjNeuk; mUfUNf mike;j fpuhkq;fspy; shfTk; cs;sdh;. vt;thnwdpDk; ,t;tha;T ,k;%d;W ;fpwJ.
fs; ntWkNd urid Kiw Ma;Tfshftd;wp fshf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; mt;tif Ma;Tfs; ;Ftjw;fhd mbg;gilfshf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; f Ma;TfSf;F fpof;fpyq;if jkpo; ehl;lhh; fijfis
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Mtzg;gLj;j Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs; NghJkhd ,Jtiu fpof;fpyq;ifapy; ntspte;j ehl;lhh; f epiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;LtJk; mwptpay; Ma;Tf;F mbg;gi fhye;jho;j;jpNaDk; ,d;iwa #oypy; ehl;lhh; fijfis vd;W rpe;jpg;gJk; ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
2. fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; ehl;lhh; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;j
‘kl;lf;fsg;G khepy cgfijfs;’4> ‘,yq;iff; fpuhkj;J fijfs;’5 vd;w ,uz;L njhFg;Gf;fSk; fpof;fpyq;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd. ‘ fy;tp vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;L ,Wjpahf ‘kz;tsr; n nkhopr; nrhw;fSf;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; jug;gLfpd;wd.
fp. tprhf&gd; njhFj;j ‘ kd;dhh;> tTdpah> jpUNfhzkiy> kl khtl;lq;fspypUe;J Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l 128 ehl;lhh; fijfis
126

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hh; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;j Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs;
jfs;’4> ‘,yq;iff; fpuhkj;J K];ypk;fspd; tha;nkhopf; hFg;Gf;fSk; fpof;fpyq;if ehl;lhh; fijfis kl;Lk; . ‘ ,lk;> ;gpl;L ,Wjpahf ‘kz;tsr; nrhw;fs;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; Ngr;R q;fs; jug;gLfpd;wd.
j;Jj; jkpo; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;’ aho;g;ghzk;> Ky;iyj;jPT > pah> jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw Mfpa ;gl;l 128 ehl;lhh; fijfis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,f;fijfs;
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nja;tf; fijfs;> Nga;f; fijfs;> ke;jpuf; fijfs;> kdpjg; g tpyq;Ff; fijfs; vd;W Mwhf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l ehl;lhh; fijfs; 33 ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. , tiuahd 20 Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU ehl;lhh; fijapd; mbf;Fwpg;gpYk; jftyhsh; ng jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,ay;ghd Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,it vOjg nfhz;L tUtjw;Ff; fbdkhd Ngr;nrhypfSk; vOj;J to mNjNeuk; ehl;lhh; fijapd; mbapy; rpy Ngr;R tof;Fr nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sik ehl;lhh; fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; nkh  ‘tha;nkhop kuGfSk; tuyhWk;: Gd Nfhapiyr; #oTs;s r%fg; gpd;Gyj;ijAk; r%f nfhs;tjw;fhd mwpKf Ma;T’12 vd;w fl;LiuAk;> ‘r%fK cwitg; NgZtjpy; mkph;jfop fg;gNye;jp khjh Nfhap Ma;TfSf;F mbg;gil %yq;fshf Fwpj;j Nfhapy;fis gad;gLj;jpAs;sd. mt;tifapy; Fwpj;j Nfhapy;fisg; gw;w tpguj;NjhL gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
wkP] ; mg;Jy;yh`;tpd; ‘fpof;fpyq;iff; fpuhkpak;’ vd fij> ]jfh (jh;kk;) nfhLf;fhj fij vd;w jiyg;Gfspy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. jftyhsh; ngah; kl;Lk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
jp. rjhrpt Iahpd; kl;lf;fsg;G tre;jd; ftpj;jpu eNue;jpurpq;fidg; gw;wpa xU ehl;lhh; fij ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
jtpu kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l nrayfk; ntspapl;l ‘fsg;G’ nfhil> Mf;fhz;bAk; ghk;Gk;> fhfKk; ghk;Gk;> VO fly; j vd;w jiyg;Gfspy; ehd;F ehl;lhh; fijfisg; gjpT nra;J vt;tpj Fwpg;GfSk; ,y;iy.
v];. tpN[#hpa> V.n[.Fzth;j;jd> ng. fzehjgps;i jkpopYk; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ ‘,yq;if ehl;lhh; fijfs;’ vd njhlh;fshf ntspte;jpUf;fpd;wikia mwpa Kbfpd;w kl;LNk ghh;itf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,j;njhlhpYs;s 25 Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l fijfshFk;. fijapd; mbapy; jug;gl;Ls;s
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s;> ke;jpuf; fijfs;> kdpjg; gz;Gf; fijfs;> mur fijfs;> whf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; ; 33 ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,it 1987 njhlf;fk; 2007 hyg;gFjpapy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. bf;Fwpg;gpYk; jftyhsh; ngah;> Kfthp Nghd;w tpguq;fs; r;R tof;fpy; ,it vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. vOj;J tof;fpy; Ngr;nrhypfSk; vOj;J tof;fpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sd. mbapy; rpy Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fSf;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; ; fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; nkhop njhlh;gpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s J. ehl;lhh; fijfspy; ehl;lhh; ek;gpf;iffs; tUfpd;w Rl;bf;fhl;bapUg;gJk; tpsf;fkspj;jpUg;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
w;W %yq;fshf...’ vd;w E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ‘Ch;fspd; s;: kl;lf;fsg;G ehtyb flyhr;rpak;kd; mwpKf Ma;T’11 p kuGfSk; tuyhWk;: Gd;idr;Nrhiyf; fhspak;kd; g; gpd;Gyj;ijAk; r%f khw;wq;fisAk; tpsq;fpf; ’ vd;w fl;LiuAk;> ‘r%fKk; rkag; nghWikAk;: r%f op fg;gNye;jp khjh Nfhapy;’13 vd;w fl;LiuAk; Fwpj;j ;fshf Fwpj;j Nfhapy;fisg; gw;wpa ehl;lhh; fijfisg; py; Fwpj;j Nfhapy;fisg; gw;wpa ehl;lhh; fijfs; jftyhsh; ;sd.
pof;fpyq;iff; fpuhkpak;’ vd;w E}ypy; [pd; fij> nfsrpf; j fij vd;w jiyg;Gfspy; %d;W ehl;lhh; fijfs; gjpT gah; kl;Lk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
f;fsg;G tre;jd; ftpj;jpul;by; mbf;Fwpg;Gg; gFjpapy; ehl;lhh; fij ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
nrayfk; ntspapl;l ‘fsg;G’ vd;w rQ;rpif rdpgfthdpd; ;> fhfKk; ghk;Gk;> VO fly; jhz;b tuk; Nfl;Lg;Nghd fij ;lhh; fijfisg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. ,jpy; jftyhsh; gw;wpa
th;j;jd> ng. fzehjgps;is MfpNahuhy; rpq;fsj;jpYk; q;if ehl;lhh; fijfs;’ vd;w njhFg;ghFk;.14 ,J %d;W ;wikia mwpa Kbfpd;w NghJk; ,uz;lhtJ njhlh; pd;wJ. ,j;njhlhpYs;s 25 fijfspy; 5 jkpoh;fsplk; ijapd; mbapy; jug;gl;Ls;s jftyhsh; ngaiu itj;Nj
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jkpouh> rpq;fstuh vd;W milahsk; fhz Ntz;bAs aho;g;ghzg; Ngr;R tof;fpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
,Jtiu mtjhdpj;jtw;wpypUe;J fpof;fpyq;if Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; rpy Kd;Kaw;rpfNs eilngw;Ws K];ypk;fspd; ehl;lhh; fijfisj; njhFf;fpd;w Ka khtl;lj;ij kl;Lk; mbg;gilahff;nfhz;Ls;sik Fwpg;gpl
3. fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; ehl;lhh; fijfis Mtzg;gLj
eltbf;iffs; fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; ehl;lhh; fijfis Ma;T n KOikahfg; gad;glf;$ba ehl;lhh; fijj; njhFg;G m NjitahFk;. mJ Fwpj;J Ma;thsd; vjph;ghh;f;fpd;w cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; tp gaDilajhFk;.
3.1. fpof;fpyq;ifapd; midj;Jg; gpuNjrq;fisAk; cs;sl
Ntz;Lk; ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiu gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lq fijfis Ma;Tg;nghUshfj; Njh;e;njLg;gth;fs; gpuNjr mjpYk; Rl;bg;ghfr; rpy fpuhkq;fis kl;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fs epiwT nra;fpd;wdh;. FWfpa fhy ,t;tha;Tfspd; NghJ jdpg;gl;l xUth; nrd;W fs Ma;T nra;jy; Ma;T newpg ,J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidj; njhpT nra;Ak; K Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.15 Fwpg;gpl;l fpuhkq;fspy; fs Ma;T Nkw fUj;Jf;fis mg;gpuNjrk; KOtjw;Fk; nghJf;Nfhl;gh newpahFk;. Ma;T KbTfs; gytPd khditahf mikt cUthf;f Kbahikf;Fk; ,j;jifa gytPd q;fNs fhuz
fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; ehl;lhh; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;J nfhz;l gyUk; FOthfr; nraw;gLtJk; Njitf;Nfw;gf; fh xU fpuhkj;jhNdDk; tpLglhj tifapy; fs Ma;T elj;jg NghJ efh;g;Gwk; fpuhkg;Gwk;> Gjpa fpuhkk;> gioa fpuhkk jkpo;f; fpuhkk;> K];ypk; fpuhkk; vd;w NtWghLfs; jtp ehl;lhh; fijfs; ,j;jifa NtWghLfisnay;yhk; fle;Jk
3.2. rkfhyj;jpy; cUthfpa ehl;lhh; fijfSk; Nrfhpf;f ehl;lhh; fijfs; r%f khWjy;fSf;Nfw;g kiwAk; my GjpjhfTk; Njhd;Wk;.16 mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Rdhkpg kj;jpapy; gy ehl;lhh; fijfs; cUthfpd. mNjNghy Nghuh
128

ilahsk; fhz Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,t;ite;J fijfSk;
jg;gl;Ls;sd.
;wpypUe;J fpof;fpyq;if jkpo; ehl;lhh; fijfis d;Kaw;rpfNs eilngw;Ws;sd vdyhk;. Fwpg;ghf fisj; njhFf;fpd;w Kaw;rp ngUk;ghYk; mk;ghiw hff;nfhz;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
;lhh; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;j Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba
l;lhh; fijfis Ma;T nra;fpd;w Xh; Ma;thsDf;F ehl;lhh; fijj; njhFg;G my;yJ njhFg;Gfs; ,d;iwa Ma;thsd; vjph;ghh;f;fpd;w midj;Jj; jfty;fisAk; ;Lk;. ,jw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;tJ
;Jg; gpuNjrq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhff; fs Ma;T mika
iu gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf ehl;lhh; ; Njh;e;njLg;gth;fs; gpuNjrj;ij tiuaWj;Jf; nfhz;L ;fis kl;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fs Ma;T nra;J jkJ Ma;it fhy ,t;tha;Tfspd; NghJ Fwpj;j gpuNjrk; KOtjw;Fk; Ma;T nra;jy; Ma;T newpg;gl;ljhf mikahJ vd;gjhy; ,jidj; njhpT nra;Ak; Kiw (Sampling Method) vd;W puhkq;fspy; fs Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;L mjd; %yk; ngWk; Otjw;Fk; nghJf;Nfhl;ghlhff; fhl;LtNj ,t;tha;T gytPd khditahf miktjw;Fk; Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfis
ifa gytPd q;fNs fhuzq;fshFk;.
hh; fijfis Mtzg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ,j;Jiwapy; Mh;tk; ;gLtJk; Njitf;Nfw;gf; fhyj;ij tiuaWj;Jf; nfhz;L tifapy; fs Ma;T elj;jg;gLtJk; mtrpakhFk;. ,jd; jpa fpuhkk;> gioa fpuhkk;> rpwpa fpuhkk;> nghpa fpuhkk;> k; vd;w NtWghLfs; jtph;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; WghLfisnay;yhk; fle;Jk; gutf;$bait.
pa ehl;lhh; fijfSk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
jy;fSf;Nfw;g kiwAk; my;yJ khw;wkilAk;. mj;Jld; kf; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Rdhkpg; Ngudh;j;jj;jpd; NghJ kf;fs; Uthfpd. mNjNghy Nghuhl;l #o;epiyapYk; gy ehl;lhh;
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fijfs; cUthfpAs;sd. Jd;gq;fisj; jhq;f Kbahj kd cUthf;fp mikjpailtJ ,ay;G. ,t;thwhd ehl;lhh; f nra;tJk; xU r%fj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tuyhw;iw mwptj
3.3. ghypay; fijfSk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
ngUk;ghyhd Ma;thsh;fs; ghypay; fijfisr; Nrfhpg mtw;iwr; nrhy;gth;fSk; Nfl;gth;fSk; nfl;LtpL nrhy;yg;glf;$lhjit. nkhj;jj;jpy; mit Mghrkhdit fhuzq;fshFk;. vdpDk; ghypay; fijfs; mtw;wpd; ghy ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w NtWgy nra;jpfSk; cz;L. fijf;f nkhopg;gpuNahfk;> nkhop ,yhtfk;> kdpj kdk; vd;gt cjTfpd;wd.17 ,jdhy; ,tw;iw mwf;fopthd fijfs; ehl;lhh; fijfspy; cah;T> jho;T vd;w tpOkpak; Njita Kiwg;gb Nrfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;NghJ jftyhsp jd; tpg ,t;thwhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Nrfhpg;ghsh; ,ufrpak; Ngz Nt
3.4. mwptpay; hPjpahff; fijfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk
rpWth;fs; jhj;jhtpd; kbapYk; ghl;bapd; kbapYk; ePj pf; fijfisf; Nfl;l #o;epiyia ,d;W fhzKbahJ khwptpl;lJ. ehl;lhh; fijfisj; njhpe;jth;fs; Njit Vw;g nrhy;Yfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; mtw;iw ,aw;ifr; #oypy; Nrf vdpDk; fs Ma;tpy; mwptpay; mZFKiw gpd;gw;wg;gl typAWj;Jfpd;wdh;. Nrfhpg;ghsd; vg;NghJk; jd; gzpa ,Ue;jhy; jw;nrayhf vjph;ghuhj tifapy; rpy ehl;lhh; fi fpl;Lk;.19 fs Ma;T cz;ikia mbg;gilahff; n fw;gidiar; rhh;e;jpUf;ff; $lhJ. mJ Fztpay;G mftakhdJ my;y.20 vdNt ehl;lhh; fij Nrfhpg;ghs milahsk; fhz Ntz;Lk;. fij nrhy;Yjy; Nfl;l cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhfr; Nrfhpg;ghsh; gyKiw mtrpakhFk;. jftyhspfSld; ciuahb neUq;fpg; g nrhy;Yjy; Nfl;lYf;fhd #oiy ,ad;w tiu cUthf;f cz;ikahd jfty;fisg; ngw cjTk;. jftyhsUil njhopy;> fy;tp> rhjp Nghd;wdTk; fij nrhd;d ehs;> N Ntz;Lk;. mNjNeuk; nrhy;yg;gl;l fijapd; ngah;> nrh Kiw> fij nrhy;tjpy; jaf;fk; fhl;lg;gl;ljh> mjw;fhd fh vg;nghOJ njhpe;J nfhz;lhh;> vq;F itj;J> ahh; %yk tpguq;fSk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; xypehlhtpy; gjpT nra;J gpd; vOjpf; nfhs;tJ Neuj;ij k jlq;fiyf; Fiwf;fTk;> ,ay;ghd #oiy cUthf;fTk;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;gq;fisj; jhq;f Kbahj kdpj kdk; ,j;jifa fijfis ay;G. ,t;thwhd ehl;lhh; fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gJk; Ma;T ;gpl;l fhy tuyhw;iw mwptjw;F cjTk;.
fhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; ghypay; fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gjpy; mf;fiw fhl;Ltjpy;iy. Nfl;gth;fSk; nfl;LtpLthh;fs;. mjdhy; mit ;jj;jpy; mit Mghrkhdit vd;w vz;zq;fNs ,jw;Ff; pay; fijfs; mtw;wpd; ghypay; jd;ikfisAk; jhz;b ra;jpfSk; cz;L. fijf;fl;Lkhdk;> fw;gid> tplak;> htfk;> kdpj kdk; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s ,it ;iw mwf;fopthd fijfs; vd;W xJf;fj; Njitapy;iy. ;T vd;w tpOkpak; Njitapy;iy.18 vdNt mtw;iwAk; jd;NghJ jftyhsp jd; tpguq;fisf; $wj; jaq;ff;$Lk;. fhpg;ghsh; ,ufrpak; Ngz Ntz;ba mtrpak; cz;L.
jfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; apYk; ghl;bapd; kbapYk; ,yhtfkhf cl;fhh;e;J mw yia ,d;W fhzKbahJ. mtw;wpd; gapy;epiy ,d;W j; njhpe;jth;fs; Njit Vw;gLk; NghJ kl;LNk mtw;iwr; w;iw ,aw;ifr; #oypy; Nrfhpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhfptpl;lJ. y; mZFKiw gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gyUk; sd; vg;NghJk; jd; gzpapy; mf;fiw nfhz;ltdhf hj tifapy; rpy ehl;lhh; fijfisr; Nrfhpf;Fk; tha;g;Gf; ;ikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lNjad;wp Ma;thshpd; $lhJ. mJ Fztpay;G mbg;gilapy; GwtakhdJ. ehl;lhh; fij Nrfhpg;ghsh; ey;y fij nrhy;ypfis ;. fij nrhy;Yjy; Nfl;lYf;fhd ,aw;ifr; #oiy hfr; Nrfhpg;ghsh; gyKiw fsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W tUtJ d; ciuahb neUq;fpg; goFtjd; %yk; fijfisr; y ,ad;w tiu cUthf;fpa gpd; fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gJ gw cjTk;. jftyhsUila ngah;> ,lk;> taJ> rkak;> Tk; fij nrhd;d ehs;> Neuk; vd;gdTk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl g;gl;l fijapd; ngah;> nrhy;yg;gl;l #oy;> nrhy;yg;gl;l ; fhl;lg;gl;ljh> mjw;fhd fhuzk;> jftyhsp ,f;fijia ;> vq;F itj;J> ahh; %yk;> Ch;> njhopy;> rhjp Nghd;w z;Lk;. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; Nrfhpg;ghsh; mtjhdj;Jld; vOjpf; nfhs;tJ Neuj;ij kPj g;gLj;jTk;> fij Nrfhpg;gpy; ;ghd #oiy cUthf;fTk; cjTk;.
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3.5. Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l ehl;lhh; fijfs; jiyg;gplg;gl;L tif
ehl;lhh; fijfisr; Nrfhpg;gth;fs; jftyhspfs; ngahpLfpd;wdh;? mtw;iw vt;thW tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh mtrpakhFk;. rpyNtis jftyhsh;fs; ehl;lhh; fij mwpKfKkpd;wp ehl;lhh; fijfis kl;Lk; $wf;$Lk;. Nrfhpg;ghsh; fijfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ngahpLtJk; m tifg;gLj;JtJk; Kf;fpakhFk;. ehl;lhh; fijfis t nra;Jtplf;$ba tplaky;y. ,jw;F cs;slf;fk;> tbtk Nghd;w gy mbg;gilfs; cs;sd. vdpDk; ngUk;ghyhNd tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. xU ehl;lhh; fijiag; gy jlitf cl;nghUis tpsq;fpa gpd;dNu mij vt;tiff;Fs; m Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ehl;lhh; fijfs; njhlh;ghd Ma;tpy; t Ma;thf mikfpd;wJ.
3.6. ehl;lhh; fijfspy; ifahsg;gLk; Ngr;R nkhop khw;w ehl;lhh; fijfs; Ngr;R nkhopapy; mike;jitahFk Ngr;Rr; re;jk;> thf;fpa mikg;G> ciuahly; Kiw> tl;lh Kjypatw;iw mwpa ehl;lhh; fijfs; Jiz nra;fpd;wd. Nrfhpf;fpd;w NghJ mjd; nkhop njhlh;gpy; mjpf ftdk; tha;nkhopf; fijfspy;jhd; nkhop jd; Nth;fis Cd Ngr;rpd; mh;j;jk; nkhop rhh;e;jJ kl;Lky;y gz;ghl;NlhL vdNt xU r%fj;jpd; nkhop tuyhw;iw mwptjw;Fk; mjD fl;likg;gjw;Fk; ehl;lhh; fijfspy; ifahsg;gLk; nkh njhFf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. rpyNtis jd; gpuNjr njhFg;gth;fs; myhjpahd gpuNjr czh;T fhuzkhf msTf;fjpfkhd mf;fiw fhl;Lk; NghJ ehl;lhh; fijf ,oe;JtpLfpd;wd. tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Kbahj xU ghlkhf fijfspy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;w nkhop mf;fiw$l msT fle xU kdpjd; NgRfpd;w ,ay;ghd Ngr;R tof;Nf mjpYk njhFg;ghsh; ehl;lhh; fijfSf;Fs; Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fi
3.7. ehl;lhh; fijfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w ek;gpf;iff
Ntz;Lk; ek;gpf;iffs; r%fj;Jf;Fr; r%fk; NtWgl;lit. xU r ,d;ndhU r%fj;jpypUf;fhJ. vdNt Fwpj;j ehl;lhh; fijfs ek;gpf;ifs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> tuyhw;Wg; gbkq;fs; vd NghJ njhFg;ghsh; mtw;iw mbf;Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l Ntz;ba Fwpj;j ehl;lhh; fijfis Mokhd Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;Jk; M gad;glhky; NghFk;.
130

fijfs; jiyg;gplg;gl;L tifg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; fhpg;gth;fs; jftyhspfs; Fwpj;j fijfSf;F vd;d ;thW tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;? vd;w jfty;fisg; ngWtJ ftyhsh;fs; ehl;lhh; fijfisg; gw;wpa vt;tpjkhd jfis kl;Lk; $wf;$Lk;. mt;thwhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; hUj;jkhd ngahpLtJk; mwptpay; Kiwg;gb mtw;iw k;. ehl;lhh; fijfis tifg;gLj;Jjy; rhjhuzkhfr; jw;F cs;slf;fk;> tbtk;> mikg;G> nray;ghL> #oy; d. vdpDk; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; nghUs; mbg;gilapNyNa l;lhh; fijiag; gy jlitfs; fUj;J}d;wpg; gbj;J mjd; Nu mij vt;tiff;Fs; mlf;FtJ vd;w KbTf;F tu jfs; njhlh;ghd Ma;tpy; tifg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ mbg;gil
ahsg;gLk; Ngr;R nkhop khw;wg;glf;$lhJ khopapy; mike;jitahFk;. Ngr;R nkhopapd; mikg;G> ;G> ciuahly; Kiw> tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;> xypg;G Kiwfs; ijfs; Jiz nra;fpd;wd.21 ,jdhy; ehl;lhh; fijfisr; op njhlh;gpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; khop jd; Nth;fis Cd;wp epw;fpwJ.22 xU njhlhpd;> J kl;Lky;y gz;ghl;NlhL kpfj; njhlh;GilaJkhFk;.23 uyhw;iw mwptjw;Fk; mjD}lhfg; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iwf; jfspy; ifahsg;gLk; nkhopiar; rhpahff; ifahz;L hFk;. rpyNtis jd; gpuNjrk; rhh;e;j ehl;lhh; fijfisj; Njr czh;T fhuzkhf jd; gpuNjr nkhop njhlh;gpy; l;Lk; NghJ ehl;lhh; fijfs; jd; ,ay;ghd epiyia fhs;s Kbahj xU ghlkhfptpLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ehl;lhh; hop mf;fiw$l msT fle;Jtplhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ;ghd Ngr;R tof;Nf mjpYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khwhfj;
;Fs; Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fisj; jpzpf;ff; $lhJ.
,lk;ngWfpd;w ek;gpf;iffs; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lg;gLjy;
; r%fk; NtWgl;lit. xU r%fj;jpypUf;Fk; ek;gpf;iffs; dNt Fwpj;j ehl;lhh; fijfs; toq;Ffpd;w gpuNjrk; rhh;e;j ;> tuyhw;Wg; gbkq;fs; vd;gd mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w bf;Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. ,y;iyNay; okhd Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;Jk; Ma;thsh;fSf;F mf;fijfs;
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3.8. ehl;lhh; fijfspd; khw;W tbtq;fSk; njhFf;fg;g xU ehl;lhh; fijiag; gy jftyhsh;fSk; mwpe;jpUg;g gyuhYk; nrhy;yg;gl tha;g;GfSz;L. Nrfhpg;ghsh; myl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW Nrfhpj;j ehl;lhh; fijfspy; mjpfkh tbtq;fisj; jtph;j;J mbg;gilapy; NtWghLfisA njhFj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,UNtW gz;ghLfisr; Nrh;e;j xNukhjphpf; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,uz;L fijfis EZfp mbehjkhf tpsq;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; khWgl;L tpsq;Ffpd;wd. jtph;f;fpd;w NghJ Mokhfr; rpe;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
xU ehl;lhh; fij gy khw;W tbtq;fspy; fhzg;glyhk;. m Xhplj;jpy; xUtuhy; njhpe;J gilf;fg;gl;l fijapypUe;J fpi mf;fij jhd; Njhd;wpa ,lj;jpypUe;J gy;NtW ,lq;fS NghJ vspjhf mt;tplq;fSf;Nfw;g khw;wkile;jpUf;fy vOjg;gl;Lk; mr;rplg;gl;Lk; ,Ug;gpDk; epy vy;iy fle;J khw;wkile;Nj jPU k;.25 vdNt ehl;lhh; fijfspd; khw;W Ma;thsh;fs; mtw;iw xg;gpl;lhuha KbAk;. khw;W t xd;whfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy njhlh;ghd ehl;lhh; fij kl;lf;fsg;G khepy cgfijfs; vd ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; vd;w njhFg;gpYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. , E}ypy; cs;sthNw mtjhdpf;fpd;w NghJ  nghUSk;> etkz jpUlh;fs; njhlg;gag;gLth;. mg;gbg;gl;l Myaq;fspy mg;nghUl;fisr; #iwahLtJk;> Mya rpw;gq;fis tpf;fpufq;fisf; fth;e;J nrd;W cUf;fp MAjq;fs; nra;t
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w;W tbtq;fSk; njhFf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
jftyhsh;fSk; mwpe;jpUg;gh;. mjdhy; xNu ehl;lhh; fij Sz;L. Nrfhpg;ghsh; myl;rpakpd;wp mtw;iwr; Nrfhpf;f ehl;lhh; fijfspy; mjpfkhf xw;Wik ,Uf;fpd;w khw;W ;gilapy; NtWghLfisAila khw;W tbtq;fisj; W gz;ghLfisr; Nrh;e;j - Nkw;Nghf;fhd Njhw;wj;jpy; uz;L fijfis EZfp MuhAk; nghOJ mtw;wpd; s; khWgl;L tpsq;Ffpd;wd.24 vdNt khw;W tbtq;fisj; ;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
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; cs;s nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP] ;tuh; Myak; ;fsg;G khepy cgfijfs; vd;w njhFg;gpYk;  nghUSk;> etkzpAk; nghjpe;jpUg;gJ tof;fk;. mg;gbg;gl;l Myaq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrh; Eioe;J Jk;> Mya rpw;gq;fis mbj;Jilg;gJk;> cNyhf ;W cUf;fp MAjq;fs; nra;tJk; cz;L.
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mg;NghJ xUtd; mq;Nf fy;yhy; nra;ag;gl;l ee;jp cU vd;W Nfl;lhd;.
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“XNfh ,J fy;Y khL Gy;Yj; jpd;Dkh” vd;whd;.
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G+rfh; xUgpb Gy;iy vLj;J> gagf;jpAld; “ee;jpg; ngU rhg;gplg;gh” vd;W nrhd;dhh;.
fy;Y khl;Lld; G+rhhp fijg;gijg; ghh;j;jJk; Nghh;j;J rphpj;jhd;. mNjNtis fy;yhy; nra;j ee;jp Js;sp vOe;J “ Gy;iyj; jpd;W rhzKk; Nghl;lJ. mjidf; fz;l js $l;bf;nfhz;L gwe;J Nghdhd;.
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khj;jpuky;y tpf;fpuf Muhjidia Kw;whf xopg;gJk; jk; jhL GFj;JtJk; mth;fsJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
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 “,e;j khL Gy;Yj; jpd;Dkh?” vd V Mj;jpuj;jpy; “,d;W jpd;Wtpl;lJ ,dp %d;whk; ehs;jhd “mg;gbahdhy; ehd; %d;whtJ ehs; ,q;F tUNtd;. Ntz;Lk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,f;Nfhtpy; jiuf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;. vd;W nrhy;yptpl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lhdhk;. FUf;fNsh kd %d;whtJ ehspy; ,f;Nfhtpy; ,bgl;lhy; Ch; kf;fs; vd;id Nfhtpiyg; guhkhpf;fj; njhpahjtd; Nfhtpiyg; gwpnfhL jpl;Lthh;fNs vd;nwz;zpf; FKwpagbNa %d;W ehl;f Kw;whfg; gop fple;jhh;.
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,t;tpU tbtq;fSk; xNu mbf;fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s rpW khw;wk; cs;sJ. KjyhtJ tbtj;ijtpl ,uz;lht KjyhtJ tbtj;jpy; ehl;lhh; fij jd;ik epiyapy; tbtj;jpy; glh;f;if epiyapy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. jtpu Kjy Njitaw;w gpur;rhuk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. nkhopeil ,ay;gh mtw;Wf;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy (v-L Jtpgh~fh;). jftyhsh; tpguk; jug;gltpy;iy. ,uz;lht jtph;f;fg;gl;Ls;s mNjNeuk; ehl;lhh; fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; nt vd;w ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;Fkhd tpsf;fq;fs; mbf;Fwp  njhFf;fpd;w NghJ Vw;gl;l mbg;gilfs; vd;gtw;iwnay;yhk; ,J cs;slf;fpapUf;f N fs Ma;Tr; #oYf;F nfhz;L nrd;W gpd; Ma;Tf;Fs; top
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mbf;fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ehl;lhh; fijj; jiyg;gpy; J tbtj;ijtpl ,uz;lhtJ tbtk; rpwpJ ePs khdJ. ; fij jd;ik epiyapy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ $wg;gLfpd;wJ. jtpu KjyhtJ tbtj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; fpd;wJ. nkhopeil ,ay;ghd Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,Ue;jhYk; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy (v-L: nff;ifnfhl;br; rphpj;jy;> ; jug;gltpy;iy. ,uz;lhtJ tbtj;jpy; ,f;FiwghLfs; l;lhh; fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; nts;isah;> ghuj;ijg; NghLjy; hd tpsf;fq;fs; mbf;Fwpg;gpy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt l;lhhpay; rpe;jidfSf;F mwpKfkhfp mij xU fy;tpg; j;jy;fisAk; Ma;TfisAk; Kd;ndLf;fpd;w #oypy; opapy; mZFk; Kjy; Kaw;rpahf  njhFf;fpd;w sh ,Uf;fhJ. vdNt ,tw;iwnay;yhk; cs;slf;Ffpd;w tahdjhFk;. ehl;lhh; fijfisr; Nrfhpf;fpd;w NghJ jhFf;fpd;w NghJ Vw;gl;l Fog;gq;fs;> tifg;gLj;jypd; ;yhk; ,J cs;slf;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ Ma;thsh;fis nrd;W gpd; Ma;Tf;Fs; top elj;Jk;.
ghJ fpof;fpyq;ifapy; ,Jtiu Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l apy; kpff; FiwthditahFk;. ‘ cyfj;J ehl;lhh; fij Ma;Tfs; vd;w nghJj;jsj;Jf;Fs; ;f KbAk;.
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mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; 1. Kj;ijah X. Kidth;> (fl;.) ‘ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; fs
FUehjd; Kidth;> QhdNrfud; Nj. Kidth; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;> fiyQd; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. gf;. 32 2. gj;kehjd; rp. Nguhrphpah;> jpdf;Fuy; - jpdrhpg; gj;jphpi
‘fpof;fpy; ,g;NghJk; ghtidapYs;s jkpofj;jpy; tof 3. Rg;gpukzpad; ng. Nguhrphpah;> 2009> jkpof ehl;L
ngq;fSh;. gf;. 205-212 4. vjph;kd;drpq;fk; v];.> kl;lf;fsg;G khepy cgfijf
kl;lf;fsg;G 5. Kj;JkPuhd; v];.> 2011> ,yq;iff; fpuhkj;J K];ypk
jzy; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id 6. tprhf&gd; fp. fyhepjp> 2009>  2004
%yq;fshf..> nkhopj;Jiw> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; 8. wkP] ; mg;Jy;yh`;> khh;r; 2001> fpof;fpyq;iff; fpuhkpa
-13. gf;. 68>69 9. rjhrpt Iah; jp. (njhFg;ghrphpah;)> 1940> kl;lf;fsg;G t
mOj;jfk;> Rz;zhfk;> gf;. 43>44 10. kyh;r;nry;td; j.> 2011> ‘fsg;G’ KjyhtJ Mz;L khtl rpwg;G kyh;> khtl;l nrayf gz;ghl;Lg; gphpT> khtl;l n 11. mk;kq;fpsp KUfjh];> (fl;.) ‘Ch;fspd; milahsg;gLj ehtyb flyhr;rpak;kd; mwpKf Ma;T’> rpj;jpuNy (njhFg;ghrphpah;)> 2004> K.F.E}. gf;. 172-185 12. ejpuh khpare;jdk;> (fl;.) ‘tha;nkhop kuGfSk; t fhspak;kd; Nfhapiyr; #oTs;s r%fg; gpd;Gyj;i tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd mwpKf Ma;T’> rpj;jpuNy (njhFg;ghrphpah;)> 2004> K.F.E}. gf;. 155-171 13. W}gp tyd;hpdh (fl;.)> ‘r%fKk; rkag; nghWikAk
mkph;jfop fg;gNye;jp khjh Nfhapy;’> rpj;jpuNyf (njhFg;ghrphpah;)> 2004> K.F.E}. gf;. 186-209 14. tpN[#hpa v];.> Fzth;j;jd V.n[.> fzehjgps;is n
ehl;lhh; fijfs; (rpq;fsk; - jkpo;)> gq;fspg;gpyhd ,yq;if fdlh mgptpUj;jp epjpak;> fdba Y}jud; cy 15. ghyRe;juk; ,. fyhepjp> 2005>  nrd;id. gf;.33
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

(fl;.) ‘ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; fs Ma;T newpKiwfs;’> ,uhk hdNrfud; Nj. Kidth; (njhFg;ghrphpah;fs;)> 2005> gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. gf;. 32 jpdf;Fuy; - jpdrhpg; gj;jphpif> 27.01.2013 (QhapW)> (fl;) dapYs;s jkpofj;jpy; tof;fw;Wg; Nghd nrhw;fs;’ gf;. 19 phpah;> 2009> jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;Tfs;> fht;ah>
l;lf;fsg;G khepy cgfijfs;> khtl;l fyhrhu Nguit>
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009>  kyh; gjpg;gfk;>
hrphpia (gjpg;ghrphpah;)> 2004> tha;nkhop kuGfs; tuyhw;W
> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; 001> fpof;fpyq;iff; fpuhkpak;> ky;ypifg; ge;jy;> nfhOk;G
rphpah;)> 1940> kl;lf;fsg;G tre;jd; ftpj;jpul;L> jpUkfs; ;. 43>44 g;G’ KjyhtJ Mz;L khtl;l kf;fs; fiy ,yf;fpa tpohr;
gz;ghl;Lg; gphpT> khtl;l nrayfk;> kl;lf;fsg;G ;.) ‘Ch;fspd; milahsg;gLj;jypy; Nfhapy;fs;: kl;lf;fsg;G mwpKf Ma;T’> rpj;jpuNyfh nksdFU Nguhrphpia .F.E}. gf;. 172-185
‘tha;nkhop kuGfSk; tuyhWk; : Gd;idr;Nrhiyf; oTs;s r%fg; gpd;Gyj;ijAk; r%f khw;wq;fisAk; mwpKf Ma;T’> rpj;jpuNyfh nksdFU Nguhrphpia .F.E}. gf;. 155-171
fKk; rkag; nghWikAk;: r%f cwitg; NgZtjpy; hjh Nfhapy;’> rpj;jpuNyfh nksdFU Nguhrphpia .F.E}. gf;. 186-209 d V.n[.> fzehjgps;is ng.> (gjpg;ghrphpah;fs;)> ,yq;if ; - jkpo;)> gq;fspg;gpyhd mgptpUj;jpf; fofk;> (MjuT) p epjpak;> fdba Y}jud; cyf cjtp. 2005>  d;id. gf;.33
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16. ];Bgd; Qh. Nguhrphpah;> 2009> jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; t
gg;spNf~d;];> nrd;id. Kd;Diu 17. uh[ehuhazd; fp.> 1992> taJ te;jth;fSf;F k
Kd;Diu 18. gpr;ir m. Kidth;> 2003> jkpo; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay
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ghisaq;Nfhl;il. gf;.96 20. Njf;fkiy rP.nr. Kidth;> (fl;.) ‘ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; fs M ,uhkehjd; MW. Kidth; (njhFg;ghrphpah;) 1990> eh r%ftpay;Jiw> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;. gf 21. Rg;gpukzpad; ng. Kidth;> (fl;.) ‘ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs
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nrd;id. Kd;Diu. gf;. 15 23. ruRtjp NtZNfhghy;> 1991> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Nfhl;ghl;L
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2009> jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; tha;nkhopf; fijfs;> ghit Kd;Diu > taJ te;jth;fSf;F kl;Lk;> ePy f;Fapy;> nrd;id.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
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rk;ge;jg; gl;litahFk;. ,it kugpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl njhFjp vd;W nfhs;syhk;. kl;lf;fsg;G Njr kuG rhu; topgh kuGfs; Mfpa jsq;fisr; rhu;e;jpUg;gJld; kPs r; nra;jy; v mike;Js;sd.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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khupak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis $Wfpd;w gj;jjp k fhspak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis $Wfpd;w gj;jjp Fk vdTk;> Ngr;rpak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis $Wfpd;w vdTk;> fz;zifak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis $Wf gj;jjp> NjNte;jpud; gj;jjp> Fsf;fl;Lg; gj;jjp> nfhk;Gg; gj gj;jjp vdTk;> flyhr;rpak;kDf;Fupa topghLfis $W gj;jjp> gukeapdhUf;Fupa topghLfisf; $Wfpd;w vdTk;> ngupajk;gpuhDf;Fupa topghLfisf; $Wfpd;w miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
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jpnusgjpak;kd; topghl;Lf;nfd gj;jjp tiffs; vJ ,jw;F jpnusgijak;kd; tpjpE}y; vd;w topghl;L E}y; gad ghz;ltu; fijiaj; jOtpajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.7
140

is $Wfpd;w gj;jjp khupak;kd; gj;jjp vdTk; s $Wfpd;w gj;jjp Fk;gg; gj;jjp> milay; gj;jjp topghLfis $Wfpd;w gj;jjp Ngr;rpak;kd; gj;jjp ;Fupa topghLfis $Wfpd;w gj;jjp $dw; gyif sf;fl;Lg; gj;jjp> nfhk;Gg; gj;jjp> fd;dpkhu; gj;jjp> Ntlg; Df;Fupa topghLfis $Wfpd;w gj;jjp flyhr;rpak;kd; opghLfisf; $Wfpd;w gj;jjp guk eapdhu; gj;jjp topghLfisf; $Wfpd;w gj;jjp ngupa jk;gpuhd; gj;jjp
gpupTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhspak;kd; gj;jjpapy; jp (milay;gj;jjp) vDk; ,U gpupTfisf; fhzyhk;. tlgj;jpufhspG+ir> tPukfhfhspG+ir> fq;iffhspG+ir> fhspG+ir> eurpq;ffhspG+ir vd G+ir tpjpKiwfs; ; rpy jdpj;jdpahd gpupTfshfTk; toq;Ftij ilf;fyg;gj;jjp Kiwg;gb VwhT+u; gj;jpufhspak;kd; fhspak;kd; Myaj;jpYk; G+irfs; eilngWfpd;wd.3
papy;> nja;Nte;jpud; gj;jjp> $dw;gj;jjp> Kdpgj;jjp> gj;jjpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nfhk;Gg;gj;jjp nfhk;G f topghl;Lj; jd;ikAld; nra;Ak; tpjp KiwapidAk; uptpg;gd. Vida gj;jjpfs; fz;zifak;kd; topghl;L sAk; cs;slf;fpadthf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ngr;rpak;kd; ag;Ngr;rp gj;jjp> Rliyg; Ngr;rp gj;jjp vd tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
iwfs; ,t;tpU gj;jjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.4
pghl;Lg;gj;jjpapy; Fk;gg;gj;jjp> Kj;Jkhupg;gj;jjp> p vd;gd cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;gj;jjpfis Kj;Jkhup> fUkhup Kjypa nja;tq;fSf;F topghLfs; ; kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; Fk;gj;Jkhup> rptKj;Jkhup Tk; fUkhup> Mde;jkhup topghLfs; rpWghd;ikahfTk;
; gj;jhrpapy;> jpiuNru;kle;ijg; gj;jjp> Fk;gg;gj;jjp fhl;ilf;fy;yhW flyhr;rpak;kd; Myaj;jpy; jpiuNru; yhr;rpak;kd; Myaj;jpy; Fk;gg;gj;jjp KiwapYk; G+irfs;
f;nfd gj;jjp tiffs; vJTk; ,Ug;gjhf njupatpy;iy. }y; vd;w topghl;L E}y; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;topghL hf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.7
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kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gLfpd;w ghuk;gupa tpsq;Ffpd;w gj;jjpfs; ngUk;ghYk; gpd;tUk; tpla fhzg;gLfpd;wd. topghl;blk; mikf;Fk; Kiw> kz mk;kDf;F mLf;Fr; rhj;Jk; Kiw> mk;kid Fk;gj;jpy; kilg;gpupTfSk;> mk;kDf;F ,iz> Jiz> gupthuj gw;wpaitAk; mitfSf;fhd kilg;gpupTfSk; ke;jpu Muhjpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> G+ir nra;gtu; iff;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tpjpfSk; gpwTk; mlq;Fk;.
gj;jjpfis Mtzg;gLj;jy;
gj;jjp topghLfs; fhyk; fhykhf r%f tho;tpa filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUtjdhy; mtw;iw xU thOk; gz r%f tho;tpaypy; gy;NtW tpOkpaq;fisAk; jhq;fpa gj nraw;ghl;by; jkJ Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,oe;J tUfpd;wd. tha;nkhop kughfNt gapyg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jk; gu Ngha;r;Nruf; $lhJ vd;w vz;zk; fhuzkhf ,itfs ntspAyfpw;F mit gw;wpa njspTk;> tpsf;fKk; ,y;i mitfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ntspf;nfhzug;gLjy; Ntz;L ,itfis Mtzg;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; topghl;Lf;Fupa gj;jjpfs; M kughfg; Ngzg;gl;L te;Js;sd. gpd;du; mitfspy; rpy V fhyNthl;lj;jpy; ,g;gj;jjpfs; cUf;Fiye;J Nghfyha nghf;fprkhf tpsq;Fk; gj;jjpfis
1. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs; 2. nrg;Gg;gl;lag; gjpTfs; 3. mr;Rg; gpujpfs; 4. xyp ehlhg; gjpTfs; 5. ,Wtl;Lg; gjpTg; gpujpfs; 6. fzzpg; gjpTfs; 7. ,izaj;jsg; gjpTfs; Kjypa Kiwapay;fspy; Mtzg;gLj;jyhk;.
,t;thW gj;jjpfs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ gj;jjpf nfhs;sTk; ,g;gj;jjpfSf;F ,ilNaahd nghJikfi ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sTk; mj;Jld; gj;jjpfspd; fz;Lnfhs;sTk; KbAk;. mj;Jld; gj;jjpfspd; nkho tpj;Jtj;jd;ik KjypaitfisAk; ,dq;fhzKbAk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

aw;wg;gLfpd;w ghuk;gupa topghLfSf;F Mjhukhf k;ghYk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpadthf ; mikf;Fk; Kiw> kz;lgk; fhty; nra;Ak; Kiw> iw> mk;kid Fk;gj;jpy; itj;jYk; mitfSf;fhd ,iz> Jiz> gupthuj;nja;tq;fis epWj;Jk; ,lk; kilg;gpupTfSk; ke;jpu> ae;jpuq;fSk;> mk;kid a;gtu; iff;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mDl;lhd Kiwfs; Kjypa
; fhykhf r%f tho;tpaypy; xU gFjpahf ,q;F ; mtw;iw xU thOk; gz;ghlhfNt fUj Ntz;Lk;. Okpaq;fisAk; jhq;fpa gj;jjp topghLfs; rkfhy r%fr; j;ij ,oe;J tUfpd;wd. gj;jjpfs; Muk;g fhyk; Kjy; l;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jk; guk;giu rhuhj VidNahUf;F ;zk; fhuzkhf ,itfs; kiwj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. njspTk;> tpsf;fKk; ,y;iy. ,t;thwhd xU R+oypy; spf;nfhzug;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ntspf;nfhzug;gLjYf;F mtrpakhFk;.
opghl;Lf;Fupa gj;jjpfs; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; tha;nkhop . gpd;du; mitfspy; rpy VLfspy; vOjp itf;fg;gl;ld. ; cUf;Fiye;J Nghfyhapd. ghuk;gupa topghLfspd; is
s;
; tzg;gLj;jyhk;.
g;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ gj;jjpfspd; tifikfis mwpe;J ,ilNaahd nghJikfisAk;> jdpj;jd;ikfisAk; mj;Jld; gj;jjpfspd; cggpupTfis milahsk; j;Jld; gj;jjpfspd; nkhopg;gad;ghL> mikg;G> Xir>
sAk; ,dq;fhzKbAk;.
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r%f khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g gz;ghLfSk; khWk; ,ay;g ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bw;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;. vdNt khWk; gz;gh vd;gJ epr;rak; my;y. ,e;epiyapy; gj;jjpfspd; Mtzg;gLj me;j tifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G Njrnkq;Fk; tputpf; fhzg;gLf mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ ,t;topghLfspd; jdpj;jd;ikfis ,t;topghl;Lf;F Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;w gj;jjpfis g mk;rq;fis mwptjw;Fk; ,lu;ghLfs; gy cs;sd. ,Ug;gpD gpujp je;Jjtpaik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mitfis mbg;g Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp njhlu;fpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gy gj ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;w Ntisapy; Kj gj;jjpAk; ghly;fSk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; fd;dd; Flhitr; mr;rpy; ntspapl;Ls;sik gj;jjpfis Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F X Nfhapy;fspd; gj;jjpfs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fhspNfhapw; gj;jjp - VwhT+u;
gj;jjpfis Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; VwhT+u; f $Wfpd;w gj;jjp Kf;fpaj;J tk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,g;gj;jjp milay ,g;gj;jjpia VwhT+iur; Nru;e;j =fe;juh[h. v]; (taJ - 5
VwhT+u; fhsp Nfhapypd; gj;jjpapy; Kjy; jiyg;G fpupa mLj;J rlq;F Kiw> mk;kd; nfhYKiw> kil Kiw thiof;Fiy gOf;fg;Nghly;> Nehu;g;G Kiwf; fpupia> ah fl;Lk; fpupia> fly; Fspg;G> Cu;f;fhty;> ngUk; fupia> j Kiw> MAj G+ir> itutu; Nts;tp Kiw Kjypa n ve;jpuq;fs; gyTk; cs;sd.
mit fjT jpwj;jYf;Fupa ve;jpuk;> gps;isahu; ve;jpuk NghLk; ve;jpuk;> Nehu;g;Gf; fl;Ltjw;Fupa ney;Yf; Fw ve;jpuk;> mLg;G ve;jpuk;> Nehu;g;G ,iyapy; fz;zhy; N ve;jpuk;> Nehu;g;G rPiyapy; NghLk; ve;jpuk;> Nehu;g;G rPiy rf;jp G+ir ve;jpuk;> ahf G+ir ve;jpuk;> kJ kilr; rPi ve;jpuk;> kJr; rpul;ilf;Fs; NghLk; ve;jpuk;> kJg; gpbf;Fk MAj G+ir ve;jpuk;> gl;lhzp kil ve;jpuk;> fly; Fspg ve;jpuk; KjypadTk; ,g;gj;jjpapy; cs;sd.
mj;Jld; rlq;Fr; nray;KiwfSf;Fg; ghtpf;fg;gLk; ke vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo ; NkYk; gy cg jiyg;Gf;fSld; fhz ke;jpuk;> [yk; mul;ly; ke;jpuk;> gps;isahu; G+ir ke;jpuk fl;Lk; ke;jpuk;> mgpNrf ke;jpuk;> mk;kd; nfhYKiw vd;w

;ghLfSk; khWk; ,ay;gpdJ. kl;lf;fsg;G Njrj;jpd; e;Jk;. vdNt khWk; gz;ghl;by; gj;jjpfs; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; apy; gj;jjpfspd; Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kf;fpa nraw;ghlhfpd;wJ. rnkq;Fk; tputpf; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,t;topghLfis $u;e;J hLfspd; jdpj;jd;ikfis mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; psq;Ffpd;w gj;jjpfis ghu;itapLtjw;Fk; mjpYs;s hLfs; gy cs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; rpyu; gj;jjpfis Nghl;Nlh ;jf;fJ. mitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gj;jjpfs; ;fpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gy gj;jjpfs; tha; nkhop kughfTk;> g;gLfpd;w Ntisapy; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;zifak;kd; yg;gpy; fd;dd; Flhitr; Nru;e;j f. MWKfk; vd;gtu; pfis Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F Xu; Kd;khjpupahFk;. gpd;tUk; g;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
k; Kaw;rpapy; VwhT+u; fhspNfhapypd; topghLfisf; gWfpd;wJ. ,g;gj;jjp milay; gj;jjp vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ;j =fe;juh[h. v]; (taJ - 50) vd;gtu; je;Jjtpdhu;.
j;jjpapy; Kjy; jiyg;G fpupah ghfk; vd mike;Js;sJ. ; nfhYKiw> kil Kiw> tPufk;gk; ntl;Lk; fpupia> Nehu;g;G Kiwf; fpupia> ahf Kiw> rf;jp G+ir> Nehu;g;Gf; u;f;fhty;> ngUk; fupia> jPf ;Fop %l;ly;> kJ nfhLf;Fk; ; Nts;tp Kiw Kjypa nra;KiwfSk; mtw;wpw;Fupa
ve;jpuk;> gps;isahu; ve;jpuk;> Nehu;g;G itf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fg; l;Ltjw;Fupa ney;Yf; Fw;Wtjw;F cuy; eLtjw;Fupa u;g;G ,iyapy; fz;zhy; Nghly; ve;jpuk;> xd;gJ Fk;g hLk; ve;jpuk;> Nehu;g;G rPiy Kbe;j gpd; NghLk; ve;jpuk;> r ve;jpuk;> kJ kilr; rPiy ve;jpuk;> kJ %Lk; rPiy hLk; ve;jpuk;> kJg; gpbf;Fk; kdpjdpd; ifapy; ve;jpuk;> p kil ve;jpuk;> fly; Fspg;G ve;jpuk;> thzpg fhaj;jpup papy; cs;sd.
wfSf;Fg; ghtpf;fg;gLk; ke;jpuq;fs; fpupah ghf ke;jpuq;fs; y cg jiyg;Gf;fSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fjT jpwf;Fk; ;> gps;isahu; G+ir ke;jpuk;> Jthu G+ir ke;jpuk;> fhg;Gf; k;> mk;kd; nfhYKiw vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo ; Flj;Jf;F ePu;
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thu;f;Fk; ke;jpuk;> tpehafu; kil ke;jpuk;> Njq;fha; cilf ke;jpuk;> mk;kd; miog;G ke;jpuk;> tPugj;jpuu; ke;jpuk;> mk Fk;g ke;jpuk;> mk;kd; G+ir ke;jpuk;> mk;kd; cs;S Rw;W k ke;jpuk;> ,lJ Gwk; ,Usd; ke;jpuk;> tyJ Gwk; kUsd; k ghyfu; ke;jpuKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
G+uz MFjp vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo ; Njq;fha; ntl;b 24 F Nehu;g;G
NkYk; gupthuj; nja;tq;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo ; gy n fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; itutu; ke;jpuk;> tPugj;jpuu; Ngr;rpak;kd; ke;jpuk;> rpq;fehj itutu; ke;jpuk;> fhNlw gpupj;jpaq;fpupf; fhsp ke;jpuk;> gplhup mk;kd; ke;jpuk;> Ie ke;jpuk;> mk;kDf;F jPgk; fhl;Lk; ke;jpuk;> mk;kDf;F Kjypad fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tPufk;gk; ntl;Lk; ke;jpuk; vd;w gpujhd jiyg;gpd; f fhNlwp ke;jpuk;> fk;gsp itutu; G+ir ke;jpuk;> Ehy; fl;ly KjypadTk; thiof;Fiy miog;G vd;Dk; jiyg;g mj;Jld; Nehu;g;G ney; Fw;Wk; cuy; ke;jpuk;> mNfhu ke;jpu ahf ke;jpuk;> nea;thu;j;jy; ke;jpuk;> tpehafu; ke;jpuk;> rpt ke;jpuk;> jPtsu;j;jy; ke;jpuk; KjypadTk; fhzg;gLfpd;w
G+uz MFjp vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo ; Njq;fha; ntl;b 24 vd;gdTk;> Nehu;g;G fpupia ke;jpuq;fs; vDk; jiyg;gpy; m ke;jpuk;> fwp itf;f> japu; itf;f> kil itf;f> Njq;fha; Fspg;G ke;jpuk;> vz;nza; Xj thzpg fhaj;jpup ke;jpuk;> k Nehu;g;G vwpAk; ke;jpuk;> Maj G+ir> Njq;fha; ntl;ly;> k jhyhl;L Kjypa mk;rq;fSld; VwhT+u; fhsp Nfhapy; gj;jj
$dw;gyif tpjpKiw - fd;dd;Flh fz;zifak;kd; gj
vkf;Ff; fpilj;j NkYnkhU gj;jjp fd;dd; Flh rlq;Ffis newpg;gLj;Jk; fz;zifak;kd; gj;jjpapy; $ ,g;gj;jjpapid fd;dd;Flhitr; Nru;e;jtUk; Nfha rpd;dtp;g;Nghb fpU];zg;gps;is (taJ-72) vd;gtu; je;J
fd;dd;Flh fz;zifak;kd; gj;jjpapd; $dw;gyi jiyg;ghf fd;dpf;fhy; ntl;l vd;W mike;Js;sJ. mjd; mike;Js;sd. gQ;r nfstpak; $l;l> nfq;if tpul;l> rhg
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

l ke;jpuk;> Njq;fha; cilf;Fk; ke;jpuk;> gQ;r fu;j;jhf;fs; puk;> tPugj;jpuu; ke;jpuk;> mk;kdpd; Kd;dpWj;Jk; xd;gJ ;jpuk;> mk;kd; cs;S Rw;W kil G+ir ke;jpuk;> fd;dpkhu; ;jpuk;> tyJ Gwk; kUsd; ke;jpuk;> ntspr;Rw;W ml;l jpf;F ;wd.
pd; fPo ; Njq;fha; ntl;b 24 Fz;lj;Js; Nghly;> rf;jp G+ir>
s; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo ; gy nja;tq;fSf;Fupa ke;jpuq;fs; tutu; ke;jpuk;> tPugj;jpuu; ke;jpuk;> khupak;kd; ke;jpuk;> j itutu; ke;jpuk;> fhNlwp ke;jpuk;> tjdkhu; ke;jpuk;> gplhup mk;kd; ke;jpuk;> Ie;J Njq;fha; ntl;Lk; Kiw l;Lk; ke;jpuk;> mk;kDf;F mu;r;rid nra;Ak; ke;jpuk;
; vd;w gpujhd jiyg;gpd; fPo ; gps;isahu; G+ir ke;jpuk;> u; G+ir ke;jpuk;> Ehy; fl;ly; ke;jpuk;> ntl;Lk; gyp ke;jpuk; miog;G vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo ; gps;isahu; ke;jpuk; cuy; ke;jpuk;> mNfhu ke;jpuk;> ,uz;L ahf Fk;g ke;jpuk;> ;jpuk;> tpehafu; ke;jpuk;> rptd; ke;jpuk;> fhsp rf;jp mk;kd;
jypadTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
;gpd; fPo ; Njq;fha; ntl;b 24 Fz;lj;Js; Nghly;> rf;jp G+ir ;jpuq;fs; vDk; jiyg;gpy; mKJ itf;f mkpu;j fhaj;jpup f;f> kil itf;f> Njq;fha; ntl;l> ke;jpu thf;fpak;> fly; thzpg fhaj;jpup ke;jpuk;> kJ ke;jpuk;> kJg;gyp ke;jpuk;> G+ir> Njq;fha; ntl;ly;> kil xg;Gf; nfhLf;Fk; ghly;> ; VwhT+u; fhsp Nfhapy; gj;jjp Kw;Wg; ngWfpd;wJ.
d;Flh fz;zifak;kd; gj;jjp khU gj;jjp fd;dd; Flh fz;zifak;kd; Nfhapy; ;zifak;kd; gj;jjpapy; $dw;gyif tpjpKiwahFk;. itr; Nru;e;jtUk; Nfhapw; G+rfUkhd jpUthsu;.
s (taJ-72) vd;gtu; je;Jjtpdhu;.
k;kd; gj;jjpapd; $dw;gyif tpjp Kiwapy; KjyhtJ d;W mike;Js;sJ. mjd; fPo ; ke;jpuKk; nray; KiwAk; k; $l;l> nfq;if tpul;l> rhgk; ePf ;f> fjT jpwf;f> gbflf;f>
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mf;fpdp G+ir> gps;isahu; G+ir> mk;kDf;F kilfl;b jpU itf;f> mNfhunkOg;g> Ke;EhW ntw;wpiy mu;r;rid gz fl;l> Fk;g jhdk;> gpuhz ke;jpuk;> Fk;gj;Jf;F kQ;rs;> re;jd vLf;f ke;jpuk;>fhaj;jpup ke;jpuk;> taputu; tpjp Kiw> ge;jy ke;jpuk;> mk;kDf;F Nts;tp elj;Jk; ke;jpuk;> ghidf;F E ke;jpuk;> nghq;fy; ghid kd;whb mLg;gpy; itf;f ke;jpu Nghl ke;jpuk;> jLj;j ghid nghq;f ke;jpuk;> GtNd];tup ek];fhuk;> fhsp nrgk;> tpWkh nrgk;> tp];Z nrgk;> cUj nrgk;> mdy; jzpf;f> jpahdk;> Njtp ke;jpuk;> mkpu;jk; x KiwfSk;> mtw;wpw;Fupa ke;jpuq;fSk;> ve;jpuq;fSk; fh
gq;rhl;ruk; vd;Dk; gpujhd jiyg;gpd; fPo ; tUz gQ nyl;Rkp gQ;rhl;ruk;> rf;jp gQ;rhl;ruk; Kjypa ke;jpuq;fS gpuhzk;> Mrdj;jpNyw;w> Gz;zpah MNtrk;> etf;fpuf mu;r;rid ke;jpuk;> G+ir xg;Gf; nfhLf;f> fzgjp Njhj;jpu Fk;gk; itf;f> fhj;jtuhaDf;F Fk;gk; itf;f ke;jpuk; ve;jpuk; KjypaitfSld; fd;dd;Flh fz;zifak tpjpKiw Kw;Wk; vd cs;sJ.
mj;Jld; NjNte;jpud; tpjp> FSj;jpapd; tuyhW> Fk;g k vLf;f> kd;whl;L KiwAld; rlq;FfSf;Fupa jdpahd v rlq;F ve;jpuk;> G+uz Fk;gk; itf;f ve;jpuk; Kjypad ,g
khupak;kd; gj;jjp
Nkw;Fwpj;j fd;dd;Flh fz;zifak;kd; gj;jjpa je;Jjtpa rpd;dtpg;Nghb fpU];zg;gps;is mtu;fNs kh je;Jjtpdhu;.
khupak;kd; gj;jjpapy; jPu;j;j rl;b vLf;f> kzp vLf mtw;wpw;Fupa nray;KiwfSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld tpsf;Ff;F kil itf;f> re;jdk; njspf;f> nghup itf;f> Njq gz;z vd jiyg;gpl;L mtw;wpw;Fupa nray;KiwfSld;
Fk;g tpjp vd jiyg;gpl;L mtw;wpy; gy cg gpupTfSk ke;jpuq;fSk; tputpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; Klb jz;zPu; thu;f;f> Fk;gj;Jf;F Mthfdk; gz;z> Fk;gj Jhgk; nfhLf;f> $d;W Fk;gk; cUg;gz;zp itf;f> m $wg;gLfpd;wJ. tp];ZTf;F Fk;gj;jpd; ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; xU kil> nja;thidak;kDf;F xU kil> ghz;bkh Njtpf
144

r> mk;kDf;F kilfl;b jpUKOf;Fg; gz;z> rpq;fhrdk; W ntw;wpiy mu;r;rid gz;z> mk;kDf;F %d;W kil k;> Fk;gj;Jf;F kQ;rs;> re;jdk;> gj;jpu G];gk; rhw;w> Fk;gk; ;> taputu; tpjp Kiw> ge;jy; Nghl fpupia> Xkk; tsu;f;Fk; lj;Jk; ke;jpuk;> ghidf;F E}y; Rw;wy; ke;jpuk;> epyq;fl;l ;whb mLg;gpy; itf;f ke;jpuk;> ghy; thu;f;f ke;jpuk;> muprp hq;f ke;jpuk;> GtNd];tup rptk;> re;jpu ek];fhuk;> R+upa nrgk;> tp];Z nrgk;> cUj;jpu nrgk;>  fzgjp ;> Njtp ke;jpuk;> mkpu;jk; xg;Gf; nfhLf;f> Kjypa nray; ;jpuq;fSk;> ve;jpuq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jiyg;gpd; fPo ; tUz gQ;rhl;ruk;> gj;jpdp gQ;rhl;ruk;> ;rhl;ruk; Kjypa ke;jpuq;fSk;> ePw zpa> mf;fpdp G+ir> ;zpah MNtrk;> etf;fpuf Muhjid> mk;kd; fyrkhl> f; nfhLf;f> fzgjp Njhj;jpuk;> mNfhue; jzpf;f> fhspf;F f;F Fk;gk; itf;f ke;jpuk; vDk; nray;Kiw> ke;jpuk;> d;dd;Flh fz;zifak;kd; gj;jjpapd; $dw;gyif .
p> FSj;jpapd; tuyhW> Fk;g ke;jpuk;> Myhj;jp Ve;j> jPu;j;jk; rlq;FfSf;Fupa jdpahd ve;jpuq;fs; ,jpYs;sd. Fk;gr;
tf;f ve;jpuk; Kjypad ,g;gj;jjp Vl;by; cs;sd.
fz;zifak;kd; gj;jjpapd; $dw;gyif tpjp Kiw ;zg;gps;is mtu;fNs khupak;kd; gj;jjp xd;wpidAk;
j;j rl;b vLf;f> kzp vLf;f> jPgf;fhy; vLf;f ke;jpuKk; k; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; rpq;fhrdj;jpy; gj;jpuk; Nghl> k; njspf;f> nghup itf;f> Njq;fha; cilf;f> nea;Ntj;jpak; pw;Fupa nray;KiwfSld; ke;jpuq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
mtw;wpy; gy cg gpupTfSk; mtw;wpd; nray; KiwfSk; ;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; Klb fOtp Ehy; Rw;wp itf;f> Mthfdk; gz;z> Fk;gj;Jf;F jPgk; fhl;l> Fk;gj;Jf;F k; cUg;gz;zp itf;f> mLj;J kil itj;jy; gw;wpf; Fk;gj;jpd; ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; xU kil> ts;spak;kDf;F xU xU kil> ghz;bkh Njtpf;F xU kil> khupak;kDf;F
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kil> tPugj;jpuUf;F kil> Ngr;rpak;kDf;F kil> fhj;j kq;iff;F kil> jhkiu kq;iff;F kil> mf;fpdp khiyf njhlq;fp Ml;Lf;fd;dp  gpuhz ke;jpuk;> Kf KjypaitfSld; mitfSf;Fupa ve;jpuq;fSk; ,j ml;ruk;> gps;isahu; ml;ruk;> = KUfg; ngUkhd; ml;ruk; gj;jjp Kw;wpw;W vd tUfpd;wJ. ,g;gj;jjp ve;j khupak;kd Kbatpy;iy.
gukeapdhu; gj;jjp - jhoq;Flh
jhoq;FlhtpYs;s gukeapdhu; Nfhapy; topghLfisf gj;jjpahFk;. ,g;gj;jjp Vl;Lg;gpujpahf cs;sJ. ,t;Ntl;bd; , vOjg;gl;ls;sd. ,t;NtL 22 nr.kPePs j;jpidAk;> 3 nr. ,jidj;je;Jjtpatu; jw;fhyk; kl;lf;fsg;G efupy; trpg;g Nfhapy; G+rfUkhd jpUthsu; khzpf;fg;Nghb jq;fuh[h (t
Fk;gk; itj;jy; vd;Dk; gpujhd jiyg;gpd; fPo ; gps;isahUf;F Fk;gk; itj;jy;> mNfhu khupak;kDf;F ke;jpuKk; nray;KiwAk; kilitj;jy; vDk; jiyg ghytjdDf;F kil> tPugj;jpuUf;F kil> mDkhUf;F k itutUf;F kil> G+jj;Jf;F kil> gj;jufhspf;F tl;lhk guRuhkUf;F kilAk; Fk;gKk;> ml;lghyfu;fSf;F vl VO kil> gps;isahUf;F tl;lhkil> tpWkDf;F MW KjypadTk; ,d;d jpirapy; ge;jypl;L ,d;d nja;tj Ntz;Lk; vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rlq;FfSf;Fupa ke;jpuq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. fhg;Gf; f ke;jpuk;> ney;Yf;Fw;Wk; ke;jpuk;> Jhgk; fhl;Lk; ke;jpuk;> rh mLg;G itg;gjw;Fupa ke;jpuk;> Nehu;g;Gr; NrhW fiuj;nj ke;jpuk;> nghq;fy; ghid vOg;g> gLfsk; vOg;g> mgpNrfk fj;jp ntl;L Kjypa rlq;F KiwfSk; mitfSf;Fupa $wg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUePW Nghly; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; gj;jjp K
ngupajk;gpuhd; gj;jjp - jhoq;Flh
jhoq;Flhtpy; cs;s ngupajk;gpuhd; Nfhapy; rlq;F ngupajk;gpuhd; gj;jjp MFk;. ,g;gj;jjp Vl;LUtpYs;sJ. 30 cilaJ. Vl;bd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. , MWKfj;jhd; FbapUg;igr; Nru;e;j rp.,uhNre;jpuk; (taJ mkuj;Jtk; mile;Jtpl;lhu;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

gr;rpak;kDf;F kil> fhj;jtuhaDf;F kil> G+q;fky ff;F kil> mf;fpdp khiyf;F xU kil> Myhj;jpf;fd;dp Kg;gj;ije;J fd;dpfSf;F kil Kjypa fUkq;fs; d.
e;jpuk;> gpuhz ke;jpuk;> Kfk; fOtp jpUePW rhj;j ke;jpuk; f;Fupa ve;jpuq;fSk; ,jpYs;sd. khupak;kd; Fk;g KUfg; ngUkhd; ml;ruk; MfpaitfSld; khupak;kd; . ,g;gj;jjp ve;j khupak;kd; NfhapYf;FupaJ vd mwpa
pdhu; Nfhapy; topghLfisf; $Wfpd;w gj;jjp gukeapdhu; jpahf cs;sJ. ,t;Ntl;bd; ,UgJ Xiyfspy; ,U gf;fKk; nr.kPePs j;jpidAk;> 3 nr.kPmfyj;jpidAk; cilaJ. ; kl;lf;fsg;G efupy; trpg;gtUk; jhoq;Flh gukeapdhu; khzpf;fg;Nghb jq;fuh[h (taJ - 70) vd;gtu;.
; gpujhd jiyg;gpd; fPo ; kz;lgk; fhty; gz;zy;> ;jy;> mNfhu khupak;kDf;F Fk;gk; itj;jy;>mjw;Fupa ilitj;jy; vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo ; kq;fyUf;F kil> puUf;F kil> mDkhUf;F kil> ePy hNrhjaDf;F kil> kil> gj;jufhspf;F tl;lhkil> Rthjpak;kDf;F kil> k;> ml;lghyfu;fSf;F vl;L kil> VO fd;dpkhUf;F ;lhkil> tpWkDf;F MW kil> gl;lhzpf;F xU kil ; ge;jypl;L ,d;d nja;tj;jpw;F ,t;thW kil itf;f
s; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. fhg;Gf; fl;Lk; ke;jpuk;> Nehu;g;Gf; fl;Lk; k;> Jhgk; fhl;Lk; ke;jpuk;> rhbf;F Ehy; tisAk; ke;jpuk;> ;> Nehu;g;Gr; NrhW fiuj;njwpa ke;jpuk;> nfhY epj;jhl;l ;g> gLfsk; vOg;g> mgpNrfk; gz;Zk; Kiw> cf;fpu tPu iwfSk; mitfSf;Fupa ke;jpuq;fSk; ghtidfSk;
; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; gj;jjp Kw;Wg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
lh upajk;gpuhd; Nfhapy; rlq;F Kiwfisf; $Wk; gj;jjp g;gj;jjp Vl;LUtpYs;sJ. 30 nr.kPePs Kk;> 3 nr.kPmfyKk; ;fspYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;gj;jjpapidj; je;Jjtpatu; ru;e;j rp.,uhNre;jpuk; (taJ - 55 ) vd;gtu;. jw;fhyk;
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,g;gj;jjpapy; Kjypy; rptDf;F ve;jpuKk; kilAk; vd gps;isahUf;F ve;jpuKk; kilAk;> ePy hNrhjaDf;F NjtDf;F kil> fl;lhbkhUf;F kil> fe;jrhkpf;F rf;fuK kilAk;> tPugj;jpuUf;F rf;fuKk; ke;jpuKk; kilAk;> mk cs;sd.
kil itj;jy; vd;Dk; gpujhd jiyg;gpd; fPo ; 71 n KiwAk; mitfSf;Fupa ke;jpuq;fSk; ghtidfSk; $
ve;jpuKk; ke;jpuKk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mLg;G itf;F Rw;Wk; ke;jpuk;> jPu;j;jk; Xjp thu;f;Fk; ke;jpuk;> ghid ng thu;f;Fk; ke;jpuk;> gLfsk; vOg;Gk; ke;jpuk; KjypadTk fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,g;gj;jjpapd; rpwg;gk;rk; ,g;gj;jjpapid vOjpatuJ ng ,lk; Kjypad ,t;Ntl;Lg; gpujpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t
fypAf tUlk; Mapuj;J njhshapuj;J 87 Mz;L 11 k jhsq;Flhtpy; trpf;Fk; rpd;dj;jk;gp fhspf;Fl;b Mfpa eh nja;tj;Jila mUisf; nfhz;L vOjp Kbj;Njd; vd vO
ngupajk;gpuhd; gj;jjp - MWKfj;jhd; FbapUg;G
MWKfj;jhd; FbapUg;gpy; mikag; ngw;ws;s n topghl;L Kiwfisf; $wfpd;w gj;jjp ngupa jk;gpuhd; tbtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,t;NtL 15 nr.kPePs Kk; 2 1 ,t;NtL ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; Fw;W itf;fhj vOj;Jf;fshy je;Jjtpatu; MWKfj;jhd; FbapUg;igr; Nru;e;jtUk; m Nfhapypy; guk;giuapy; te;j G+rhupAkhfpa jpUthsu; fzgj vd;gtuhtu;.
,g;gj;jjpapd; Kd;Ds;s rpy Xiyfs; rpijti Nghf vQ;rpAs;s Xiyfspy; Fw;wk; nghWj;jUs Ntz fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njhlu;e;J flw;fiuapy; G+ir Kbj;J Njq ke;jpuk;> jPu;j;jk; vLf;Fk; ke;jpuk;> jPu;j;jk; njspf;Fk; ke;jpuk rf;fuk;> ngupajk;gpuhd; kil fl;l ml;ruk;> Jlf;f itf ke;jpuk;> Jhgk; Giff;f ke;jpuk;> fzgjp G+ir Kjypa rlq ghtidfSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mj;Jld; gps;isahUf;Fupa kilAk; ke;jpuKk; ght vwpAk; ke;jpuk;> kQ;rl; jz;zPu; vwpAk; ke;jpuk;> kil 12 kilf;fr; rf;fuk;> mk;kd; kilr;rf;fuk;> rhb vOg;g r

f;F ve;jpuKk; kilAk; vd;Dk; jiyg;G cs;sJ. mLj;J ilAk;> ePy hNrhjaDf;F ve;jpuKk; kilAk;> tpWkh ;F kil> fe;jrhkpf;F rf;fuKk; kilAk;> rf;jpf;F rf;fuKk; k; ke;jpuKk; kilAk;> mk;kd; Fk;g rf;fuk; vd;gdTk;
pujhd jiyg;gpd; fPo ; 71 nja;tq;fSf;F kilitj;jy; ;jpuq;fSk; ghtidfSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
k; jiyg;gpy; mLg;G itf;Fk; ve;jpuk;> ghidf;F Ehy; hu;f;Fk; ke;jpuk;> ghid nghq;f itf;Fk; ke;jpuk;> ghy; g;Gk; ke;jpuk; KjypadTk; mtw;wpw;Fupa ghtidfSk;
;gj;jjpapid vOjpatuJ ngau;> vOjg;gl;l Mz;L> vOjpa jpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpguk; tUkhW
hshapuj;J 87 Mz;L 11 khjk; 19 jpfjp jpq;fl;fpoik j;jk;gp fhspf;Fl;b Mfpa ehd; ngupajk;gpuhDf;F gj;jhrp
;L vOjp Kbj;Njd; vd vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fj;jhd; FbapUg;G y; mikag; ngw;ws;s ngupajk;gpuhd; NfhapYf;Fupa ;w gj;jjp ngupa jk;gpuhd; gj;jjp MFk;. ,g;gj;jjp Vl;L tL 15 nr.kPePs Kk; 2 1/2 nr.kPmfyKk; cilaJ. w;W itf;fhj vOj;Jf;fshy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidj; bapUg;igr; Nru;e;jtUk; mt;T+upYs;s ngupa jk;gpuhd; rhupAkhfpa jpUthsu; fzgjpg;gps;is Nrfuk; (taJ - 59)
rpy Xiyfs; rpijtile;Js;s. rpijtile;jit Fw;wk; nghWj;jUs Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; gpuhar;rpj;j tpjp w;fiuapy; G+ir Kbj;J Njq;fha; cilj;J kz;nzLf;f k;> jPu;j;jk; njspf;Fk; ke;jpuk;> mLj;J tPugj;jpud; kilfl;l fl;l ml;ruk;> Jlf;f itf;Fk; ke;jpuk;> Glit tpupf;f ;> fzgjp G+ir Kjypa rlq;FfSk; ml;ruKk; ke;jpuKk; s;sd.
pa kilAk; ke;jpuKk; ghtidAk;> kilf;F jz;zPu; Pu; vwpAk; ke;jpuk;> kil gpupf;Fk; ke;jpuk;> fe;jrhkpf;F kilr;rf;fuk;> rhb vOg;g rf;fuKk; ke;jpuKk; kilAk;>
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mLg;Gf;F rf;fuKk; ke;jpuKk; kilAk;> khupak;kDf kilAk;> ke;jpuKk; rf;fuKk;> Fk;gj;jpw;Fupa ml;ruq;fs ke;jpuk;> gLfsk; vOg;Gk; ke;jpuk;> ghid itf;f ke;jp ke;jpuk;> ghy;thh;f;f ke;jpuk;> Ehy; Xjpf;fl;l ke;jpuk;> ghi nghq;fy; vOg;g ke;jpuk;> ntw;wpiy itf;f ke;jpuk;> G+ X ke;jpuf;fl;L> flYs; ghy; thu;f;f> nrt;tha;r;rlq;F nra;Ak; gy;NtW rlq;F KiwfSk; mitfSf;Fupa ke;jpuq;fSk ,t;Ntl;by; tputpf;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ,t;Ntl;by ,lq;fspy; ke;jpuKk; ghtidAk; tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;j
epiwthf
kl;lf;fsg;G Njrnkq;Fk; gue;J fhzg;gLk; gj;jjp to gz;ghLfs; kl;Lkd;wp tuyhw;W %yq;fSk; $l. ,t mupa gj;jjpfs; gy ,d;W rpijtile;Js;sikAld gj;jjpfis guhkupg;Nghu; rupahd Kiwapy; mitfisf; cUf;Fiye;Js;sd. vkf;F fpilj;Js;s gj;jjp VLfS fzzpg;gjpthf;Fk; nraw;ghLfs; eilngw;Wf; nfhz Mtzg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghL ,d;iwa R+oYf;F ,d;wpaik
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; 1. gf;jtj;ryghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay; , g.151 2. rpw;wk;gyk;>rp.>g.246 3. Fzghyrpq;fk;>t.> k;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; Mfkk; rhu
rhuhj rf;jp topghL - Xu; xg;gPl ;lha;T>.g.160 (mr;rpy; tu 4. Fzghyrpq;fk;>t.> K.F.Ehy;.>g.161 5. Fzghyrpq;fk;>t.> K.F.Ehy;.>g.161 6. Fzghyrpq;fk;>t.> K.F.Ehy;.>g.162 7. Fzghyrpq;fk;>t.> K.F.Ehy;.>g.163
crhj;Jiz %yq;fs; 1. VwhT+u; fhspNfhapy; gj;jjp - ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp 2. fd;dd;Flh fz;zifak;kd; gj;jjp $dw;gyif tj 3. khupak;kd; gj;jjp - ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp 4. jhoq;Flh gukeapdhu; gj;jjp - Vl;Lg;gpujp 5. jhoq;Flh ngupajk;gpuhd; gj;jjp - Vl;Lg;gpujp 6. MWKfj;jhd; FbapUg;G ngupajk;gpuhd; gj;jjp - Vl;Lg;g
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

k; kilAk;> khupak;kDf;F rf;fuk;> ePy hNrhjaDf;F ;> Fk;gj;jpw;Fupa ml;ruq;fs;> kilf;F jPu;j;jk; njspf;Fk; ;jpuk;> ghid itf;f ke;jpuk;> ghidf;F gj;jpuk; vupf;f Ehy; Xjpf;fl;l ke;jpuk;> ghidf;F gj;jpuk; rhj;j ke;jpuk;> ;wpiy itf;f ke;jpuk;> G+ Xjpf;fl;l ke;jpuk;> ml;lkhdhf ;f> nrt;tha;r;rlq;F nra;Ak; tif> Nfhtyd; gLfsk; vd tfSf;Fupa ke;jpuq;fSk; ml;ruq;fSk; nra;KiwfSk; pd;wd. NkYk; ,t;Ntl;by; gLfsk; vOg;g vd xd;gJ Ak; tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ue;J fhzg;gLk; gj;jjp topghLfs; ,g;gpuhe;jpa kf;fspd; w;W %yq;fSk; $l. ,t;topghl;il newpg;gLj;Jfpd;w rpijtile;Js;sikAld; fhzhkw; NghAKs;sd. d Kiwapy; mitfisf; ifahshikapd; fhuzkhf fpilj;Js;s gj;jjp VLfSk;> ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfSk; Lfs; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. gj;jjpfis
;iwa R+oYf;F ,d;wpaikahjJ.
khdpltpay; , g.151 rka tuyhW>g.246
g;G khtl;lj;jpy; Mfkk; rhu;e;j Mfkk; g;gPl ;lha;T>.g.160 (mr;rpy; tuhjJ)
hy;.>g.161 hy;.>g.161 hy;.>g.162 hy;.>g.163
p - ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp
;kd; gj;jjp $dw;gyif tjpKiw (if.v.gp) Oj;Jg; gpujp ;jjp - Vl;Lg;gpujp gj;jjp - Vl;Lg;gpujp gupajk;gpuhd; gj;jjp - Vl;Lg;gpujp
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 ,U tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;thsh;fs; gFj;J Neh tuyhw;iw mt;thW gFg;gjpy; rpf;fy;fs; cz;L. Vndd gz;GfSk; vOj;J kugpd; gz;GfSk; fye;jJk; ,u nkhopahly; KiwAs;s ghly; kunghd;W ePz ;lfhykpUe ,j;jifa ghly;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fshf kjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa kuGfs; tYthf Nt&d;wpapUe kuG mwpKfkhdjd; tpisthfNt ,g;ghly;fs; cUt mwpKfkhdNghJ tha;nkhop kuGfSf;Fg; ghpr;rakhd ghly;fis vOj;jpNy cUthf;fpdh;. Fwpg;ghf mjpfk; vO Gyth;fs; ,j;jifa ghly;fis vOjp mtw;iw kf;fs; kj;j mit vOj;jpNy cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp> mr;R ,g;ghly;fs; cs;sd. mr;Rg;gpujpfs; ngUk;ghYk; 4-12 gf;fq cs;sd. rpy ghly;fs; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fshfTk; cs;sd. , Gyth;fs; kf;fs; $Lk; ,lq;fspNy ghbf;fhl;b tpw;gid n cUthf;fg;gl;lhYk; tha;nkhop kugpy; fhY}d;wpaita ngUk;ghYk; tha;nkhopfNt ghpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd ikakhf mike;jJ.
fpuhkpa kf;fSf;fhf fpuhkpa kf;fshy; gilf;fg;g tpsq;fpd. jkJ fpuhkq;fspy; md;whlk; elf;Fk; Kf;fpa nfhiyfs;> nrhe;jg; gpur;rpidfs;> r%fr; rPh;NfLfs;> Nfh gw;wp ,g;Gyth;fs; mjpfk; ghbdh;.
jkpofj;jpNy ,j;jifa ghly; kuG gutyhf epyt Ntq;flhrygjpapd; Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;w E}y; vL fh.rptj;jk;gp vOjpa rpy fl;LiufSk; ,e;j kuG gw;wp vLj
 mk;ghiw Mfpa ,d;Wtiu tYthdnjhU kughf epytptUfpd;wJ. ePz

j;J kuG rhh;e;j tha;nkhopg; ghly;fis
Mtzg;gLj;Jjy;
rp. re;jpuNrfuk;
yf;fpaj;ij vOj;jpyf;fpak;> tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak; vd;w py; Ma;thsh;fs; gFj;J Nehf;Fth;. Mdhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa ; rpf;fy;fs; cz;L. Vnddpy; jkpopy; tha;nkhop kugpd; gz;GfSk; fye;jJk; ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lJkhd ; kunghd;W ePz ;lfhykpUe;J epytpte;Js;sJ. Mdhy; ;fshf kjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
s; tYthf Nt&d;wpapUe;j r%fr; #oy;fspy; vOj;J hfNt ,g;ghly;fs; cUthapd. mjhtJ vOj;J kuG p kuGfSf;Fg; ghpr;rakhd kf;fs; jkJ tha;nkhopg; ;fpdh;. Fwpg;ghf mjpfk; vOj;jwptpidg; ngwhj fpuhkpag; vOjp mtw;iw kf;fs; kj;jpapNy mspf;if nra;fpd;wdh;. ;ld. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp> mr;Rg;gpujp vd;w ,U tbtq;fspNy pfs; ngUk;ghYk; 4-12 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l rpW E}y; tbtpNy ; gpuRuq;fshfTk; cs;sd. ,t; mr;Rg; gpujpfis fpuhkpag; pNy ghbf;fhl;b tpw;gid nra;fpd;wdh;. ,it vOj;jpNy op kugpy; fhY}d;wpaitahf mike;jd. ,g;ghly;fs; hpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mspf;ifNa mg;ghly;fspd;
hkpa kf;fshy; gilf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fshf mit ; md;whlk; elf;Fk; Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fs;> mdh;j;jq;fs;> fs;> r%fr; rPh;NfLfs;> Nfhapy; tuyhWfs; Kjyhdit h;.
ghly; kuG gutyhf epytpte;Js;sJ vd;gij ,uh. ,yf;fpak; vd;w E}y; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Nguhrphpah;
ufSk; ,e;j kuG gw;wp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
d;w gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,e;jg; ghly; kuG ;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspNy ,g;ghly;fs; ghf epytptUfpd;wJ. ePz ;lfhykhf ,g;gpuNjr kf;fspd;
MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit


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Kf;fpakhdnjhU ,yf;fpar; nraw;ghlhfTk; mth;fsJ t gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tdthfTk; ,g;ghly;fs; ,Ue;Jte;jNghJ tpy;iy. mjdhy; mit njhlh;e;J moptile;Jnfhz;L nr moptiltijf;F Kf;fpakhf ,U fhuzq;fs; mbg;gila
1. ,g;ghly;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fshff; fUjg;glhik: ,jdhy
cl;gltpy;iy. mtw;iw cUthf;Fk; gilg;ghspfs; Gyt kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. 2. ,g;ghly;fs; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfshfTk; vspa jhs;f
gpujpfshfTk; fhzg;gLtjdhy; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs cs;sd. mjpfkhd ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l Gytdpd; ki mope;JNghfpd;wd.
,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; vOj;J kuGrhh;e;j tha;nkhopg; ghly Gyth;fs; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;Js;sd fpilf;ftpy;iy my;yJ xUrpy ghlw; gFjpfs; kl;LNk w;whz;bNyNa mjpfkhf fpuhkpag; Gyth;fs; tho;e;Js;sd ghly;fspd; xUrpy gFjpfs; kl;Lk; tha;nkhopahf epyTfpd moptile;J nry;tijj; jLg;gjw;fhf Kiwahf Mt mg;NghNj ,g;gpuNjrq;fsJ ,yf;fpa tuyhw;iw KOi fUj;jpw; nfhz;L kl;lf;fsg;G - mk;ghiwg; gpuNjrq;fs Ma;thsh; Neubahf Nkw;nfhz;l fs Ma;Tfs; Clhf vO mit njhlh;ghd jfty;fSk; jpul;lg;gl;ld. ,g;ghly;fs; g mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhW %d;W ngUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpf;f
1. r%fg; gpur;rpid gw;wpa ghly;fs; 2. murpay; rhh;e;j ghly;fs; 3. rkag; ghly;fs;
,e;jg; gphpTfs; xt;nthd;wpDs;Sk;; gy;NtW cg gphpT
vOj;J kuGrhh;e;j tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs; ngUk;ghYk; r% mike;Js;sd. ,e;j tifg;ghl;bDs; ,aw;if mdh;j gpur;rpidfs;> ntspehl;bw;Fg; gzpahl;fshfr; nry;Yjy;> r gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa ghly;fs; mlq;Fk;.
rKfg;gpur;rpid gw;wpa ghly;fspy; mjpfkhdit gw;wpadthFk;. ,it ngUk;ghYk; E}y; tbtpy; te;jit 1957 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l nts;sg;ngUf;F> 1978 Mk; M
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

raw;ghlhfTk; mth;fsJ tho;tpay; ,af;fj;jpw;F Kf;fpa g;ghly;fs; ,Ue;Jte;jNghJk; mit Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl ;e;J moptile;Jnfhz;L nry;tdthf cs;sd. ,t;thW ,U fhuzq;fs; mbg;gilahf cs;sd.
hff; fUjg;glhik: ,jdhy; ,it vt;tpj ftdpg;Gf;Fk; Uthf;Fk; gilg;ghspfs; Gyth;fshfNth ftpQh;fshfNth
; gpujpfshfTk; vspa jhs;fspy; mr;rplg;gl;l rpwpa mr;Rg; jdhy; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; mope;JNghff; $badthf ;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l Gytdpd; kiwtpd; gpd; NgZif mw;W
uGrhh;e;j tha;nkhopg; ghly;fis vOJfpd;w gy fpuhkpag; hyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;Js;sdh;. Mdhy; mth;fsJ ghly;fs; rpy ghlw; gFjpfs; kl;LNk fpilf;fpd;wd. 20Mk; E} pag; Gyth;fs; tho;e;Js;sdh;. MdhYk; mth;fspy; gyhpd; ;Lk; tha;nkhopahf epyTfpd;wd. vdNt ,it njhlh;e;J g;gjw;fhf Kiwahf Mtzg;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;iw KOikAwr;nra;ayhk;. ,jidf; - mk;ghiwg; gpuNjrq;fspy; 2010-2011 fhyg;gFjpapy; ;l fs Ma;Tfs; Clhf vOj;J kuG rhh;e;j gy ghly;fSk; ; jpul;lg;gl;ld. ,g;ghly;fs; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L nghUs; ;W ngUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ghly;fs; ;
pDs;Sk;; gy;NtW cg gphpTfs; mlq;Ffpd;wd.
opg; ghly;fs; ngUk;ghYk; r%fg; gpur;rpid gw;wpadthfNt ;ghl;bDs; ,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fs;> kuzq;fs;> FLk;gg; gzpahl;fshfr; nry;Yjy;> r%fr; rPuopTfs; vdg; gy;NtW
lq;Fk;.
ghly;fspy; mjpfkhdit ,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fs; hYk; E}y; tbtpy; te;jitahfTk; cs;sd. ,g;gFjpapy; s;sg;ngUf;F> 1978 Mk; Mz;L vw;gl;l #whtsp> 2004
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,y; Vw;gl;l Rdhkp Mfpa ,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fs; gw;w ,it mt;tdh;j;jq;fs; Vw;gl;l gpd;dh; epytpa Jd;gpay ,g;ghly;fs; fhtpak;> mk;khid> Fk;kp Mfpa tbtq;fspy mdh;j;jq;fspd;NghJ jkJ gpuNjr kf;fs; vjph;nfhz;l mt gw;wpa tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfshfNt ,g;ghly;fs; cs;sd. mi
1. #whtspapd; nfhLikapidapl;Lg; ghlg;gl;l Fk
ehuhazgps;isahy; ghlg;gl;lJ. 56 ghly;fisAk; 8 2. #whtspj; Jah; mk;khid: kz;^h; kh. nghd;dd;
mbfshy; Md 39 ghly;fisAk; 9 gf;fq;fisAk; nf 3. Gay; fhtpak;: Nridf;FbapUg;G eh.tpdhafKh;j ehd;fbfshy; Md 72 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 9 gf;fq 4. #whtsp mk;khid: Nfhl;ilf;fy;yhW K. fhRgjp
gf;fq;fisAk; 216 mbfisAk; nfhz;lJ. 5. Gay; fhtpak;: fd;;dd;Flh kh.rpjk;gug;gps;isahy; ghl
ghly;fisAk; 5 gf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. 6. #whtsp Jauf; fhtpak;: VwhT+h; rPd pKfk;kJ
ehd;fbfshy; Md 51 ghly;fisf;nfhz;lJ. Jz;Lg;g 7. #whtsp mk;khid: Kjiyf;Flh e.kh. Nfjhugps;is
Nkyhd mbfisf;nfhz;l ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp. 8. 1957 Mk; Mz;L nts;sf; fhtpak;: kUjKid mfkJ
vd;gtuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ehd;fbfshy; Md 70 ghly;f gpujp. 9. 1957 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l nts;sg;ghly;: kUjKid ,];khapyhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ehd;fbfshy; Md 34 ghly gpujp. 10. 1957 Mk; Mz;L ngUq;fhw;W kioahy; Vw;gl;l ngU
j. Rg;gpukzpak; vd;gtuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ifnaOj;Jg; g Mk; Mz;L mr;rplg;gl;lJ. 86  Fk;kp Mfpa tbtq;fspy; ghlg;gl;litahFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l Njr kf;fs; vjph;nfhz;l mtyq;fisAk; mopTfisAk;
,g;ghly;fs; cs;sd. mit gpd;tUkhW:
pidapl;Lg; ghlg;gl;l Fk;kpg;ghl;L : kz;^h; Nfh.
;gl;lJ. 56 ghly;fisAk; 8 gf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
: kz;^h; kh. nghd;dd; vd;gtuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. vl;L sAk; 9 gf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ ;FbapUg;G eh.tpdhafKh;j;jp vd;gtuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. y;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 9 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ hl;ilf;fy;yhW K. fhRgjpahy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; 8
sAk; nfhz;lJ.
kh.rpjk;gug;gps;isahy; ghlg;gl;lJ. vl;lbfshy; Md 23 sAk; nfhz;lJ. ;: VwhT+h; rPd pKfk;kJ mz;zhtpahy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
;fisf;nfhz;lJ. Jz;Lg;gpuRukhf ntspte;jJ. yf;Flh e.kh. Nfjhugps;isahy; ghlg;gl;lJ. 250 ,w;Fk; ;l ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp. fhtpak;: kUjKid mfkJ nyt;it Kfk;kJ ,];khapy; d;fbfshy; Md 70 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ifnaOj;Jg;
nts;sg;ghly;: kUjKid mfkJ nyt;it Kfk;kJ ehd;fbfshy; Md 34 ghly;fisf;nfhz;l ifnaOj;Jg;
hw;W kioahy; Vw;gl;l ngUnts;sj;jk;khid: rpj;jhz;b y; ghlg;gl;lJ. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf ,Ue;j ,e;E}y; 2006
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kuzq;fs; gw;wpa ghly; gFjpapy; jkJ fpuhkq;fspy; Vw;g nfhiyfs; vd;gd gw;wpa ghly;fs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;w fijg;ghly;fshfNt mikfpd;wd. mjhtJ Fwpj;j rk ,it mikfpd;wd. Mdhy; ghpjhgfukhd kuzq;fs; g Gytdpd; Jd;gpay; czh;r;rp ntspg;ghL Kf;fpak; ngW xg;ghhpg; ghly;fspd; mikg;igf; nfhz;lit. mj;jifa g
khtpy; mk;khid: fjpuntsp r. muRkzp vd;gtu 1.
,lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j NtyhAjk; vd;gth; 1967 Mk; Mz ,g;ghly; ghlg;gl;lJ. NtyhAjj;jpd; tho;f;if tuy tuyhw;iwAk; $Wk; fijg;ghlyhf cs;sJ. mbfisf;nfhz;l ,g;ghly; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs ,we;j kfd;kPJ xg;ghhp: tiyapwT V.fe;jrhkp vd;gt 2. jpBh; NehAw;W ,we;jNghJ jd; Ntjidia ,iwt mikAk; ,g;ghly; 75 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ. M\;ug; xg;ghhp: kUjKid m.w`;kj;Jk;khthy; ghlg 3. Xg;ghhpapd; gy;NtW nghUsikg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;l xypg;gjpTg; gpujpahfTk; cs;sJ. Nfhilg;G+ gwpf;fr; nrd;W ,we;j gps;is kPJ g 4. Nt.rpd;dj;jk;gp vd;gtuhy; 1980fspy; ghlg;gl;lJ. 50 nfhz;l ,g;ghly; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahfTk; tha;nkho
vOj;J kuG rhh;e;j tha;nkhopg; ghly;fspy; FLk;gg kpfg; gpujhdkhdit. Kf;fpakhf K];ypk; ngz;fs; j gpur;rpidfisAk; Jauq;fisAk; ftpfshf vOJk; tof;i ftpfspNy ngz;fspd; ,ay;ghd Ntjid czh;T mj;jifa ftpj; njhFjpfs; gpd;tUkhW:
%j;j kfSf;Fg; ghba ftpfs;: Kf;FOj;Jk;kh vd;gtuh 1.
cs;sd. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs;sJ. ,isa kfSf;Fg; ghba ftpfs;: Kf;FOj;Jk;khthy; 2.
48 ftpfs; cs;sd. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs;sJ. uhj;jhTf;Fg; ghba Jauf;ftpfs;: e[Pgh vd;Dk; ngz; jd 3.
,f;ftpj; njhFjpapy; 63 ftpfs; cs;sd. fztdhy; iftplg;gl;l xU ,sk; ngz;zpd; ftpfs 4.
ngz;zhy; 1970 fspy; ghlg;gl;lJ. 190 ,w;F Nkyhd ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs;sJ. gps;isj; jtk; 5. : VwhT+iur; Nrh;e;j ikKehr;rp vd;gt vd;w Ntjidahy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; ghlg;gl;l epyTfpd;wJ. 30 ,w;Fk; Nkyhd ftpfisf; nfhz;lJ
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jpapy; jkJ fpuhkq;fspy; Vw;gl;l ghpjhgfukhd kuzq;fs;> ;fs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; nfhiyfs; gw;wpa ghly;fs; d;wd. mjhtJ Fwpj;j rk;gtk; gw;wpa tpghpg;Gf;fshf ghpjhgfukhd kuzq;fs; gw;wpa ghly;fspy; mt;thwd;wp p ntspg;ghL Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ,it ngUk;ghYk; f; nfhz;lit. mj;jifa ghly;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
tsp r. muRkzp vd;gtuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. khtpy; vd;w k; vd;gth; 1967 Mk; Mz;L nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l NghJ hAjj;jpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; nfhiynra;ag;gl;l fijg;ghlyhf cs;sJ. 250 mbfSf;F Nkw;gl;l
; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs;sJ. iyapwT V.fe;jrhkp vd;gtuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. jdJ kfd; jd; Ntjidia ,iwtdplk; nrhy;ypg; Gyk;Gtjhf isf; nfhz;lJ.
m.w`;kj;Jk;khthy; ghlg;gl;lJ. 170 ftpfshy; MdJ. sikg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahfTk; s;sJ. ;W ,we;j gps;is kPJ ghba mk;khid: gOfhkk; y; 1980fspy; ghlg;gl;lJ. 50 ,w;Fk; Nkyhd mbfisf;
j;Jg; gpujpahfTk; tha;nkhopahfTk; cs;sJ.
;nkhopg; ghly;fspy; FLk;gg; gpur;rpid gw;wpa ghly;fs; khf K];ypk; ngz;fs; jkf;Ff; FLk;gj;jpNy Vw;gLk; Ak; ftpfshf vOJk; tof;iff; nfhz;ls;sdh;. ,j;jifa ;ghd Ntjid czh;Tfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ;tUkhW:
s;: Kf;FOj;Jk;kh vd;gtuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 116 ftpfs; jpahf cs;sJ.
tpfs;: Kf;FOj;Jk;khthy; ghlg;gl;l ,f;ftpj; njhFjpapy; aOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs;sJ.
pfs;: e[Pgh vd;Dk; ngz; jdJ uhj;jhTf;Fg; ghb mDg;gpa pfs; cs;sd. U ,sk; ngz;zpd; ftpfs;: mf;fiug;gw;iwr; Nrh;e;j xU lg;gl;lJ. 190 ,w;F Nkyhd ftpfs; mlq;Fk; ,j;njhFjp ;sJ. r; Nrh;e;j ikKehr;rp vd;gtuhy; jdf;Fg; gps;is ,y;iy k; E}w;whz;by; ghlg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ tha;nkhopapy; kyhd ftpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
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152
NehAw;wtUf;Fg; ghba ,ug;Gj; Jth: m. kPuhck;kht 6.
gpujp Neha;jPh;f;Fk; xg;ghhp: m. kPuhck;khthy; ghlg;gl;lJ. i 7. gphpe;j FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;f;Fk; gpuhh;j;jid: m. kPuhck;kh 8.
gpujp
FLk;gg; gpur;rpid gw;wpa ghly;fs; vy;yhk; ifnaOj;j cs;sd. rpy Gyth;fs; FLk;gj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp NtW gpur;r Jauq;fisg; nghUshff; nfhz;l ghly;fis vOjp mtw tpw;gidAk; nra;fpd;wdh;. mtw;wpy; rpy E}y;fs; gpd;tUk
njd;fjpiu KUfd; Nghpy; rpiwkPl ;l Fk;kp: e.kh.Nfjhu 1. gw;wp ,iwtdplk; Ntz;bg; ghlg;gl;lJ. 70 ghly;fis rpd;df;Fsj;J fhspak;kd; rpiwkPl ;l fhtpak;: e.kh.N 2. kPl ;Gg; gw;wp ,iwtdplk; Ntz;bg; ghlg;gl;lJ. ,e;E ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. nry;yg;gh rpiwkPz ;l jpUg;gjpfk;: nry;yg;gh vd;g 3. mr;rhf;fg;gl;lJ. jdJ rpiwtho;T> rpiw kPl ;G vd;gd g mbfshy; Md 27 rpe;Jg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
mLj;J fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; kf;fs; kj;jpafpof;F ehL nry;tJ njhlh;ghf gy gpur;rpidfis vjph;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.m gy neLk;ghly;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;ghly;fs; jPh;g;gij Kf;fpa ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sd. mj;jifa rpy
ntspehL Nghd nts;sk;kh: rP.,y;ah];> vk;.vk;.vk;. 1.
,y; ghlg;gl;lJ. ,f;fijg;ghly; 10 gFjpfisf; nfh ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ,g;gpujp jl;lr;Rg; gpujpahfTk; xy rj;jhUk; nrsjhTk;: vk;.vk;.vk;. ,];khapy; vd;gtu 2.
ghlg;gl;lJ. 9 gFjpfisf; nfhz;l ,f;fijg;ghlypy; 5 fl;lhh; Nghd fyh: fd;dd;Flh fp.mUsk;gyk; vd;gt 3. ntspehL Nghd nts;sk;khitg; gpd;gw;wp $j;Jg;ghly ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs;sJ. tl;behr;rp nghl;lfg;Nghb: fp.mUsk;gyj;jhy; 2012 , 4. mikg;gpy; ghlg;gl;l ,g;ghly; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf c
,g;ghly;fs; kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfspy; ngz;fs; Kfth;fshy; Viofs; Vkhw;wg;gLjy;> FLk;gr; rPuopT> fzt eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd

ug;Gj; Jth: m. kPuhck;khthy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ifnaOj;Jg;
Puhck;khthy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp
; gpuhh;j;jid: m. kPuhck;khthy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ifnaOj;Jg;
hly;fs; vy;yhk; ifnaOj;jpy; my;yJ tha;nkhopapNyNa j;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp NtW gpur;rpidfshy; jkf;F Vw;gLfpd;w ;l ghly;fis vOjp mtw;iw mr;rpl;L kf;fs; kj;jpapNy w;wpy; rpy E}y;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
rpiwkPl;l Fk;kp: e.kh.Nfjhugps;isahy; jdJ rpiw kPl;Gg; g; ghlg;gl;lJ. 70 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l 10 gf;f E}yhFk;.
; rpiwkPl ;l fhtpak;: e.kh.Nfjhugps;isahy; jdJ rpiw Ntz;bg; ghlg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; vl;L mbfshy; Md 30
pUg;gjpfk;: nry;yg;gh vd;gtuhy; 70 fspy; ghlg;gl;L tho;T> rpiw kPl ;G vd;gd gw;wpg; ghlg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; vl;L hly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
kf;fs; kj;jpafpof;F ehLfSf;F Ntiytha;g;Gf;fhfr; fis vjph;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.mtw;iwg; nghUshff; nfhz;L ;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;ghly;fs; mj;jifa gpur;rpidfisj; hz;Ls;sd. mj;jifa rpy ghly;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
;kh: rP.,y;ah];> vk;.vk;.vk;. ,];khapy; MfpNahuhy; 1986 g;ghly; 10 gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 70 ,w;Fk; Nkyhd pujp jl;lr;Rg; gpujpahfTk; xypg;gjpTg; gpujpahfTk; cs;sJ. vk;.vk;. ,];khapy; vd;gtuhy; vz;gJfspd; gpw;$w;wpy; nfhz;l ,f;fijg;ghlypy; 56 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
;Flh fp.mUsk;gyk; vd;gtuhy; 1990 fspy; vOjg;gl;lJ. hitg; gpd;gw;wp $j;Jg;ghly; mikg;gpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ;sJ. fp.mUsk;gyj;jhy; 2012 ,y; vOjg;gl;lJ. $j;Jg; ghly; y; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs;sJ.
f;F ehLfspy; ngz;fs; vjph;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs;> ;gLjy;> FLk;gr; rPuopT> fztd;khhpd; Cjhhpj;jdk; Mfpa Lj;Jf;fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd.
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,dKuz;ghLfSk; Nghuhl;lKk; epytpa fhyfl;lq nfhz;L mjpfkhd ghly;fisf; fpuhkpag;Gyth;fs; Muk;gfhyq;fspy; ,dKuz;ghl;ilg; nghUshff; nfhz MapDk; ehl;bd; Rje;jpukw;w #oy; fhuzkhf mit N xUrpy ghly;fNs fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
jpUf;Nfhapy; rpj;jpuNty; nrk;ky; Nghpy; jkpo;nkho 1. jpUf;Nfhapiyr; Nrh;e;j t. ,uhirah vd;gth; ghbdhh;. FbNaw;wk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lNghJ mjw;F vjpuhd cz Mz;L ,r;rpe;Jg; ghliy mth; ghbdhh;. ,e;E}y; vl;L m 4 gf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
,jd; gpd; ,dg;Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;w #oypy; fpuhkpa Nghf;Ffs; fhzg;gl;ld.
,d tpLjiy rhh;e;j ghly;fs; 1. Nghhpd; mtyq;isr; rpj;jphpf;Fk; ghly;fs;. 2.
KjyhtJ tiff;Fg; gpd;tUk; ghly;fisf; $wyhk;:
Njhy;tp epr;rak;: ,J $j;Jg; ghly; mikg;gpy; vOjg;gl 1.
fijg;ghlyhf mikAk; ,J ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs thuhnad; Njhoh> rpq;fs muNr epy;Y> tPuk; tPuk; tPuk 2.
MWkh: Mfpa ghly;fis rp.Nahfehjd; vd;gth; vO ,iraikj;Jk; ghbdhh;. jdpehL Nff;fpwhz;lh> vy;hphpfhwd; Gs;s Gbf;fhd;: , 3.
vd;gth; ghbAs;shh;.
vdpDk; ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; cUthfpa murpay; rhh; ghly nfh^uq;fisAk; kf;fs; mDgtpj;j mtyq;fisAk; Fwpg;ghf ,lg;ngah;T> mfjptho;T vd;gd Kf;fpakhfg; Ng ,j;jifa mtyq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtd.
mfjpfspd; mepahaj; Jau tuyhw;W mk;khid: f 1. Mz;L ghlg;gl;lJ. ,g;ghly; ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz gFjp ,dg;gpur;rpidapd; tuyhW $WtjhfTk; ,uz;l ,lk;ngw;w ,lg;ngah;T> mfjptho;T vd;gd gw;wpg; NgR jkpo; mfjpfSf;fhf khkhq;fg;gps;isahh; Njhj;jpuk;: e 2. Mk; Mz;L ghlg;gl;lJ. vl;lbfshy; mike;j 40 ghly;f rpe;J tbtj;jpy; mike;Js;sd.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hl;lKk; epytpa fhyfl;lq;fspy; mtw;iwg; nghUshff; isf; fpuhkpag;Gyth;fs; ghbAs;sdh;. me;jtifapy; hl;ilg; nghUshff; nfhz;l gy ghly;fs; cUthapd. #oy; fhuzkhf mit Ngzg;glhky; mope;Jtpl;ld. ;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
nrk;ky; Nghpy; jkpo;nkhop mDjhgg; gj;J: ,e;E}iy ,uhirah vd;gth; ghbdhh;. 1956 ,y; fy;Nyhahr; rpq;fsf; l;lNghJ mjw;F vjpuhd czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jp mNj th; ghbdhh;. ,e;E}y; vl;L mbfshy; Md 16 ghly;fisAk;
.
; eilngw;w #oypy; fpuhkpag; Gyth;fspd; ghly;fspy; ,U
;fs; hpf;Fk; ghly;fs;.
Uk; ghly;fisf; $wyhk;:
g; ghly; mikg;gpy; vOjg;gl;lJ. ieahz;bj; jd;ikahd J ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs;sJ.
uNr epy;Y> tPuk; tPuk; tPuk; vd;dlh tPuk;> MWkh kdk; rp.Nahfehjd; vd;gth; vOjpAs;shh;. ,tw;iw mtNu
;hphpfhwd; Gs;s Gbf;fhd;: ,g;ghly;fis j.fjph;fhkj;jk;gp
cUthfpa murpay; rhh; ghly;fspy; mjpfkhdit Nghhpd; gtpj;j mtyq;fisAk; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;ld. o;T vd;gd Kf;fpakhfg; Ngrg;gl;ld. gpd;tUk; ghly;fs;
;gLj;Jtd.
u tuyhw;W mk;khid: fh. rpj;jpuNtyhy; 2007 Mk; y; ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jJ. KjyhtJ uyhW $WtjhfTk; ,uz;lhtJ gFjp 2007 Mk; Mz;L jptho;T vd;gd gw;wpg; NgRtjhfTk; mike;jJ.
;fg;gps;isahh; Njhj;jpuk;: e.kh.Nfjhugps;isahy; 2007 ;lbfshy; mike;j 40 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,g;ghly;fs; ;sd.
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154
mfjp mk;khid: fp. mUsk;gyj;jhy; 2007 ,y; ghlg;g 3.
141 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ,j;njhFjp ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp mfjpfs; xg;ghhp: mf;fiug;gw;iwr; Nrh;e;j ,.K.mfkJ ny 4.
ifnaOj;;Jg; gpujpahf cs;s ,j;njhFjpapy; 30 ftpfs td;nray; fl;Lg; ghly;: nr.jk;gpuhrh vd;gtuhy; 1991 , 5. Md 10 rpe;Jg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ifnaOj;Jg; gpu KUfd; gj;jpg; gjk;;: nr.jk;gpuhrh vd;gtuhy; 1990 ,y; g 6.
10 rpe;Jg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf ,yq;ifapd; Nfhyj;J mk;khid: e.kh. Nfjhugps;i 7. Mz;by; ,Ue;J 2000 Mk; Mz;L tiu vOjg;g Nghuhl;lr; #oiyAk; tuyhw;W Xl;lj;jpy; ghLk; ,g mbfisf; nfhz;lJ. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahfNt cs;s vq;fl ehl;Lf;Fs;s vd;dlhg;gh> nry;yg;Nghl;L mbr;rp 8.
fg;gy; epz;L mbf;fpwJ: Mfpa ghly;fis j.fjph;fhkj;j
fpuhkpag; Gyth;fspd; ghly;fspy; fzprkhdit jkJ tuyhw;Wg; ghly;fshfTk; topghl;Lg; ghly;fshfTk; mik ngUk;ghYk; tsk; Ntz;LtdthfNt mike;jd. mj;ji
fd;dd;Flh fz;zfp mk;kd; Nghpy; fhtbg; ghl 1.
gps;isahy; 1984 ,y; ghlg;gl;lJ. GspabkL tlgj;jpufhsp mk;kd; fhtpak;: kh.rpjk 2. ghlg;gl;lJ. 12 ghly;fisAk; 4 gf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;l GspabkL tlgj;jpufhsp mk;kd; fhtbg; ghly;f 3. fp.mUsk;gyk; vd;gtuhy; 2010 Mk; Mz;L ghlg;gl;lJ fhtbr; rpe;Jg; ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. rpd;df;Fs  nry;yg;Nghl;L mbr;rp mbr;rp> ghyk; ghf;fg; Nghtk;> fpa ghly;fis j.fjph;fhkj;jk;gp vd;gth; ghbdhh;.
y;fspy; fzprkhdit jkJ gpuNjrf; Nfhapy;fs; gw;wpa ghl;Lg; ghly;fshfTk; mike;jd. ,t;topghl;Lg; ghly;fs;
thfNt mike;jd. mj;jifa ghly;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
mk;kd; Nghpy; fhtbg; ghl;L: fd;dd;Flh kh.rpjk;gug;
;gl;lJ. mk;kd; fhtpak;: kh.rpjk;gug;gps;isahy; 1986 ,y; k; 4 gf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
mk;kd; fhtbg; ghly;fSk; fhtpag; ghly;fSk;: 2010 Mk; Mz;L ghlg;gl;lJ. 12 fhtpag; ghly;fisAk; 12 k; nfhz;lJ. ;kd; jytuyhW fhtpa Fk;kp: e.kh.Nfjhugps;isahy; 1999
; ghly;fisAk; 60 Fk;kpg; ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
gps;isahh; mfty; tpdhafh; Njhj;jpuk;: e.kh. y; ghlg;gl;lJ. 16 fhtbr; rpe;Jg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
;khid: e.kh.Nfjhugps;isahy; 2004 ,y; ghlg;gl;lJ.
ehfjk;gpuhd; mk;khid: kz;^h; kh. nghd;ddhy; 1981
hy; Md 28 ghly;fs; nfhz;lJ.
; rpe;J: fh.rpj;jpuNty; ghbdhh;. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf
sahh; fhtbg; ghly;fs;: rp. gpurhj; vd;gtuhy; 2010 Mk;
;fisf; nfhz;l ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahf cs;sJ. s; Myaj;jpy; fs;th; gpbgl;l fhtpak;: kh. rpjk;gug;gps;isahy;
;fs; cs;sd.
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fd;dd;Flh fz;zfp mk;kd; kiof;fhtpak;: fd;dd 11.
ghlg;gl;l ,e;E}y; 20 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. fd;dd;Flh fz;zfp mk;kd; fhtbg; ghly;: fp. mUsk 12.
,e;E}ypy; 32 rpe;Jg; ghly;fs; cs;sd. rpj;jhz;b Kj;Jkhhpak;kd; fhtpaKk;> jhyhl;Lk;: 13.
ghlg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; 34 fhtpag;ghly;fisAk; 2 nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,g; ghly;fs; vJTk; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. vkJ gpujhd fldhFk;. mjD}lhfNt vkJ ,yf;f nra;aKbAk;.,j;jifa Mtzg;gLj;jiyr; nra;a Kd;dh tha;nkhopg; ghly;fshff; nfhs;tjh my;yJ jdpahdnjhU nfhs;tjh vd;w gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPh;T fhZjy; Ntz;Lk;. jkpofj;jpYk; ,Jgw;wpa Fog;gepiy cz;L.
 gz;bg; gs;S rpe;Jfs; vd;gdTk; ,tw;W
vdf; $Wfpd;whh;. MapDk; mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; fh nr.Nahfuhrh MfpNahh; ,g;ghly;fis jdpahdnjhU ,y rpy fl;Liufis vOjpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,g;ghly;fspd; gpujhd gz;Gfshfpa vOj;jpNy c ngaiuf; nfhz;bUj;jy; my;yJ $l;Lepiy Mrphpaj; j fhyj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Mfpait ,g;ghly;fis epak ,Ue;J NtWgl;lit vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. mNjNtis tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa cw;gj;jpf; $Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; cUt mbg;gilapy; tha;nkhopg; ghly;fshf cs;sd. vdNt ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; jdpahdnjhU tifg;ghlhf mq;fPf hpg;gJk mtrpakhFk;.
,t;thW jdpahdnjhU gFjpahff; nfhs;Sk;Ng nghUj;jkhdnjhU ngaiu ,LtJk; mtrpakhFk;. , kj;jpapy; thjq;fs; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,J vJTk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. ,g;ghly;fs; gw;wpf; fl;Liufs
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

d; kiof;fhtpak;: fd;dd;Flh NehQ;rpg;Nghb vd;gtuhy; ;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ;kd; fhtbg; ghly;: fp. mUsk;gyk; 2010 Mk; Mz;L ghba
s; cs;sd.
; fhtpaKk;> jhyhl;Lk;: tp.rpfz;bjhrd; vd;gtuhy; fhtpag;ghly;fisAk; 22 jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fisAk;
tzg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,tw;iw Mtzg;gLj;JtJ jD}lhfNt vkJ ,yf;fpa tuyhw;iw KOikAwr; g;gLj;jiyr; nra;a Kd;dh; ,g;ghly; kugpid epakkhd ;tjh my;yJ jdpahdnjhU tha;nkhopg; ghly; tifahff; ; jPh;T fhZjy; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;  nks.rpj;jpuNyfh> ly;fis jdpahdnjhU ,yf;fpaj; njhFjpahff;nfhz;L k Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
gz;Gfshfpa vOj;jpNy cUthf;fg;gLjy;> Mrphpahpd; ;yJ $l;Lepiy Mrphpaj; jd;ik ,d;ik> cUthFk; pait ,g;ghly;fis epakkhd tha;nkhopg; ghly;fspy; f; fhl;Lfpd;wd. mNjNtis tha;nkhopg; ghpkhw;wKiw> Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; ly;fshf cs;sd. vdNt ,g;ghly;fis tha;nkhopg; tifg;ghlhf mq;fPf hpg;gJk; mjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJk;
gFjpahff; nfhs;Sk;NghJ mjidr; Rl;Ltjw;Fg; ,LtJk; mtrpakhFk;. ,J gw;wp ,yf;fpa mwpQh;fs; wNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,Jtiu mj;jifa thjq;fs; ;ghly;fs; gw;wpf; fl;Liufs; vOjpath;fSk; ,J gw;wpr;
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rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. fh.rptj;jk;gp> nr.Nahfuhrh MfpNahh; mi XusT tha;nkhop> vOj;Jepiyngw;w tha;nkhopg; ghly;f rw;Wk; nghUj;jkhdjhf mikatpy;iy. ,k;kuigr; Rl tha;nkhop kugpdJk; ,izT> tha;nkhopg; ghuk;ghpaj;j gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mikaNtz;Lk;. ,tw;iwf rhh;e;j tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs;’ vd;w njhlh; rw;Wg; nghUj;jk ,f;fl;Liuapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; ,J KOika ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Mgphpf;fhtpy; ,j;jifanjhU ,yf;fpa kuig Oratu Literature Mfpa nrhw;fspd; ,izthf mr;nrhy; cUth Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sik ,t;tplj;jpy; Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ
MfNt ,Jtiu fhyKk; ftdpf;fg;glhky; ,Ue;j ,yf;fpaj; njhFjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; Mtzg;gLj;JtJ Ghpfpd;w Kjd;ikg; gzpahFk;.
1. crhj;Jiz: 1. fiyaurp>rp., 1980>‘tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak;> vOj;jpy
rptj;jk;gp>fh (gjp)> ,yq;ifj;jkpo; ehl;lhh; tof;f aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> aho;g;ghzk;.
2. fs Ma;tpy; jfty; toq;fpNahhpd; tpguq;fs;:
ngah;> taJ. fy;tp> njhopy;> Ch;> re;jpj;j ehs; vd;w x
1. mUsk;kh>R.> 65> juk; 7> MAs;Ntj itj;jpah;> mf;fi 2. mypahh;>f.> 47> juk; 3> $yp;> rk;khe;Jiw> 12.01.2011. 3. m`kJnyt;it>K.,> 84> v];.v];.rp> Xa;Tng
23.01.2012. 4. m[ptj;>vk;.vk;.vk;.> 65> v];.v];.rp. Mrphpah;> VwhT+h;> 5. Mjk;nyt;it> vk;.V.> 62> juk; 4> tptrhak;> ,wf;fhk 6. Mde;juhrh>,.> 68> juk; 8> tptrhak;> jpUf;Nfhapy;> 14 7. ,g;uhnyt;it>nkh.fh.> 84> juk; 1> mz;zhtp> kUjK 8. ,uhrJiu>fh.> 73> v];.v];.rp> Tptrhak;> jk;gpYtpy;> 1 9. ,];iky;> v];.vk;.> 73> juk; 4> tptrhak;> rk;khe;Ji 10. ff;fPk ;>fiyjhrd;> 46> juk; 10> nerT> kUjKid> 18. 11. Fzuhrh> 48> ,y;iy> $yp> fjpuntsp> 03.02.2011. 12. Fznuj;jpdk;>it.> 59> f.ngh.j.rhjhuz juk;> tptr 13. Nfhtpe;juhrh>nr.> 52> juk; 5. G+rfh;> mk;gpshe;Jiw> 15
156

nr.Nahfuhrh MfpNahh; miutha;nkhop> ghjp tha;nkhop> yngw;w tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs; vd;nwy;yhk; Fwpg;gpLtJ katpy;iy. ,k;kuigr; Rl;Lk; nrhy; vOj;J kugpdJk; T> tha;nkhopg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; gFjpahf mikjy; Mfpa mikaNtz;Lk;. ,tw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ‘vOj;J kuG d;w njhlh; rw;Wg; nghUj;jkhdJ vdf; fUjp mj;njhlNu pwJ. vdpDk; ,J KOikahdjy;y. ,J gw;wp thjq;fs;
hU ,yf;fpa kuig Orature vd miog;gh;. mjhtJ Oral, izthf mr;nrhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L mJ Ma;thsh;fshy;
;tplj;jpy; Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ.
; ftdpf;fg;glhky; ,Ue;j ,j;jifa ghly; kuig xU fhs;tJk; Mtzg;gLj;JtJk; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpw;F ehk;
;.
;nkhop ,yf;fpak;> vOj;jpyf;fpak; gu];gu ghjpg;Gf;fs;’ ;ifj;jkpo; ehl;lhh; tof;fpay;> jkpo;j;Jiw ntspaPL > k;> aho;g;ghzk;.
oq;fpNahhpd; tpguq;fs;:
y;> Ch;> re;jpj;j ehs; vd;w xOq;fpy; jug;gLfpwJ.
As;Ntj itj;jpah;> mf;fiug;gw;W. 06.11.2010. p;> rk;khe;Jiw> 12.01.2011. 84> v];.v];.rp> Xa;Tngw;w mjpgh;> mf;fiug;gw;W>
];.v];.rp. Mrphpah;> VwhT+h;> 04.02.2010 > juk; 4> tptrhak;> ,wf;fhkk;>12.05.2010.
> tptrhak;> jpUf;Nfhapy;> 14.11.2010. > juk; 1> mz;zhtp> kUjKid> 04.08.2010.
;.rp> Tptrhak;> jk;gpYtpy;> 15.11.2010. uk; 4> tptrhak;> rk;khe;Jiw> 10.08.2010.
; 10> nerT> kUjKid> 18.07.2010. p> fjpuntsp> 03.02.2011. .ngh.j.rhjhuz juk;> tptrhak;> ehtw;fhL> 29.06.2010.
; 5. G+rfh;> mk;gpshe;Jiw> 15.07.2010.
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14. rz;Kfehjd;>Neh.> 53> ,y;iy> mz;zhtp> fd;dd 15. rhe;jp KifjPd ;>m.ny.> 68> juk; 5> tpahghuk;> fhj;jjd 16. rptg;gpufhrk;>rp.> 63> juk; 10> G+rfh;> gz;lhhpahntsp> 15 17. rptg;gpufhrk;>j.> 67> f>ngh.j.rhjhuz juk;> Mrphpah;> g 18. rptypq;fk;>nr.> 73> tFg;G 4> tl;ltpjhid> fjpuntsp> 19. Rf;$h;>rP.nkh.m.> 48> f.ngh.j.rhjhuz juk;> nksytp> 20. Righ;>vk;.I.vk;.> 56> f.ngh.j. rhjhuz juk;> ,y;iy> 21. nry;yj;Jiu>f.> 62> juk; 6> G+rfh;> rpj;jhz;b> 20.09.2 22. nry;tuhrh>nr.> 73> tFg;G 4> tptrhak;> tk;kptl;lthd 23. QhdNjrpfd;>Nrh.> 53> gl;lg;gbg;G> Mrphpah;> kz;^h;> 18 24. jhNkhjuk;>e.> 63> ,y;iy> tptrhak;> rpj;jhz;b> 04.1 25. jhypg;>I.vk;.> 33> gl;lg;gbg;G> tphpTiuahsh;> VwhT+h;> 0 26. ey;yjk;gp> t.> 73> tFg;G 5> tptrhak;> fjpuntsp> 04.0 27. ey;yypq;fk;>j.> 72> v];.v];.rp.> Xa;Tngw;w mjpgh;> Mi 28. E}h;A ad;dh> 42> f.ngh.j.rhjhuz juk;> tPl ;L Ntiy 29. guRuhkd;>Nfh.> 72> juk; 5. tptrhak;> tk;kptl;lthd 30. gpurhj;.rp.> 22> juk; 10> tptrhak;> rpj;jhz;b> 17.09.201 31. Gtpf;Fkhh;>f.> 26> f.ngh.j.cah;juk;> $j;Jf;fiyQh;> 32. kNfe;jpuh>j.> 67> v];.v];.rp> Nfhapy; tz;zf;fh;> jk 33. khzpf;fd;>rp.> 62> juk; 5> thfd Xl;Leh;> Nfhshtpy;> 34. kPuhnyt;it>j.ny.> 66>f.ngh.j.rhjhuz juk;> X
15.06.2010. 35. KUNf];gps;is>rp.> 62> f.ngh.j.cah; juk;> Mrphpah;> g 36. K];jgh>mypKfk;kJ> 67> v];.v];.rp.> Xa;Tngw;w Mrp 37. K[h`pj;>v.vy;.vk;.> 29. gl;lg;gbg;G> tphpTiuahsh;> Vw 38. %h;j;jp> r.> 53> tFg;G 6> tptrhak;> fjpuntsp> 04.02.2 39. Nahfr;re;jpud;>F.> 52> juk; 10> Nkrd;> mf;fiug;gw;W> 40. uhrg;G> j.> 51> juk; 8> fly;njhopy;> jpUf;Nfhapy;> 14.11.2 41. tbNty;>f.> 70> juk; 5> gjpthsh;> MiyabNtk;G> 05 42. ty;ypGuk;>f.> 53> juk; 5> kPd ;gpb> tk;kptl;lthd;> 17.0 43. thynyl;Rkp>f.> 70> juk; 9> tPl ;L Ntiy> kz;^h;> 19.0 44. tpkNy];thp>,.> 63> juk; 7. tPl ;LNtiy> jk;gpYtpy;> 45. `dpgh>vk;.> 45> gl;lg;gbg;G> cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghs 46. [ae;jpuh>,.> 56> f.ngh.j.rhjhuz juk;> tq;fp
13.11.2010.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

y;iy> mz;zhtp> fd;dd;Flh> 04.02.2010. > juk; 5> tpahghuk;> fhj;jjd;Fb> 27.06.2010 0> G+rfh;> gz;lhhpahntsp> 15.07.2010. .j.rhjhuz juk;> Mrphpah;> gOfhkk;> 27.10.2010. 4> tl;ltpjhid> fjpuntsp>03.02.2011. h.j.rhjhuz juk;> nksytp> ml;lhsr;Nrid> 23.01.2012 h.j. rhjhuz juk;> ,y;iy> fhj;jhd;Fb> 12.03.2010 > G+rfh;> rpj;jhz;b> 20.09.2-10. 4> tptrhak;> tk;kptl;lthd;> 18.09.2010. ;lg;gbg;G> Mrphpah;> kz;^h;> 18.03.2010. > tptrhak;> rpj;jhz;b> 04.11.2010. ;G> tphpTiuahsh;> VwhT+h;> 05.01.2012. > tptrhak;> fjpuntsp> 04.02.2011.
;.rp.> Xa;Tngw;w mjpgh;> Miuak;gjp> 18.06.2010. .rhjhuz juk;> tPl ;L Ntiy> VwhT+h;> 20.02.2011. . tptrhak;> tk;kptl;lthd;> 17.09.2010. rhak;> rpj;jhz;b> 17.09.2010. .cah;juk;> $j;Jf;fiyQh;> fd;dd;Flh> 19.06.2012. ;.rp> Nfhapy; tz;zf;fh;> jk;gpYtpy;, 06.11.2010.
thfd Xl;Leh;> Nfhshtpy;> 05.11.2010. .ngh.j.rhjhuz juk;> Xa;Tngw;w Mrphpah;> VwhT+h;>
.ngh.j.cah; juk;> Mrphpah;> gOfhkk;>20.03.2010.
v];.v];.rp.> Xa;Tngw;w Mrphpah;> VwhT+h;> 04.02.2010. l;lg;gbg;G> tphpTiuahsh;> VwhT+h;> 05.01.2012. ptrhak;> fjpuntsp> 04.02.2011.
; 10> Nkrd;> mf;fiug;gw;W> 28.10.2010 jhopy;> jpUf;Nfhapy;> 14.11.2010. pthsh;> MiyabNtk;G> 05.11.2010. Pd ;gpb> tk;kptl;lthd;> 17.09.2010 > tPl ;L Ntiy> kz;^h;> 19.03.2010. 7. tPl ;LNtiy> jk;gpYtpy;> 23.01.2012 ;G> cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsh;> mf;fiug;gw;W> 27.10.2010. .j.rhjhuz juk;> tq;fp Kfhikahsh;>jpUf;Nfhapy;>
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kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpapy; jkpo;> K];ypk; ngz;fs
ehl;lhu; fijfs;
ehtw;Flh> G+nehr;rpKidf; fpuhkq;fis khj;j
Mtzg;gLj;jy; mwpKfk;
cynfq;fpYk; cs;s tuyhWfs; midj;Jk; mjpfhu ntw;wpfis khj;jpuNk ikag;gLj;jpajhff; fl;likj;J te ,lk;ngwhj Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo ; mfg;gl;Lf;nfhz;l kf;fs; rh rpe;jpg;gJ> mjw;fikthf nraw;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.
,jdbg;gilapNy ehl;lhu; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;w jk; mL nkhop %ykhfj; jkJ mDgt mwpTfisf; flj;Jfpd;w ,d;W gy;NtW tbtq;fShlhfg; gutyhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w ehl;lhupay; Ma;TfSk;> ehl;lhupay; JiwAk; jkJ ms tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,j;jifa ehl;lhupaypNy ngz;fspd; gq;F nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ngz;iz epyj;JlDk;> ts nra;ag;gLfpd;w rlq;Ffshfl;Lk;> ngz;iz Kjd;ikg; g ikag;gLj;jpaJkhd ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;> fijfs;> gonkhopf ,tw;wpnyy;yhk; ngz;fspd; cyfk; rhu;e;j ghu;it> R+oy; czu;Tfs;> tbfhyhf tpsq;Fk; Mirfs;> vz;zpylq;f fw;gidfs;> kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;> vd midj;Jk; njspt
vdNt ,tw;wpw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshf mikt xd;whf tpsq;FtJkhd ehl;lhu; fijfisf; Fw tho;e;J tUfpd;w jkpo;> K];ypk; ngz;fsplk; epyTk; kw;Wk; G+nehr;rpKidf; fpuhkq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfh Mtzg;gLj;jypd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
ehl;lhupay; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
1846 Mk; Mz;L folklore vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr gad;gLj;jpatu; tpy;ypak; jhk]; Mthu;. folklore vd;Dk; mu;j;jj;jpid ehl;lhupay; vd  ehl;Lg;Gwtpay jkpo; ehl;bYk; mj;Jiw rhu;e;J Muha tpisAk; Ma;thsu

Fjpapy; jkpo;> K];ypk; ngz;fspilNa epyTk;
ehl;lhu; fijfs;
Rfd;ah kfhNjtd;
idf; fpuhkq;fis khj;jpuk; cs;slf;fpajhd
Mtzg;gLj;jy;
hWfs; midj;Jk; mjpfhuj;jpYs;stu;fshy; mtu;fsJ ;gLj;jpajhff; fl;likj;J te;j R+oypy;> ,t; tuyhWfspy; fg;gl;Lf;nfhz;l kf;fs; rhu;e;J nghJ ntspapy; NgRtJ> ;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.
; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;w jk; mLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F tha; mwpTfisf; flj;Jfpd;w kf;fs; gw;wpa gfpu;TfshdJ fg; gutyhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,jw;F tYr;Nru;g;gdthf hupay; JiwAk; jkJ msg;ngupa gq;fspg;gpid Mw;wp
y ngz;fspd; gq;F Kf;fpa tfpghfj;jpidf; z epyj;JlDk;> tsikAlDk; njhlu;GgLj;jpr; k;> ngz;iz Kjd;ikg; gLj;jpaJk; xU rpy ,lq;fspy; hly;fs;> fijfs;> gonkhopfs;> kw;Wk; tpLfijfshfl;Lk; yfk; rhu;e;j ghu;it> R+oy; rhu;e;j Gupjy;> fUj;jhsk; kpf;f k; Mirfs;> vz;zpylq;fh Mw;wy;fs;> tpupe;J nry;Yk; fs;> vd midj;Jk; njspthf gjpT nra;ag; gl;bUf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshf miktJk;> ehl;lhupay; $Wfspy; ehl;lhu; fijfisf; Fwpg;ghf kl;lfsg;Gg;gFjpapNy ;ypk; ngz;fsplk; epyTk; ehl;lhu; fijfis ehtw;Flh q;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mwpag;gLj;JtNj ,t; k;.
;fk;
re vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypid Kjd;Kjypy; ]; Mthu;. folklore vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypw;fhd jkpo;  ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;> ehl;lhu; tof;fhw;wpay; vd Muha tpisAk; Ma;thsu;fs; tiuaiw nra;Js;sdu;.
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,d;W tiuapYk; xt;nthUtUk; jk; Gupjypd; mbg;gil ifahz;L tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Folk vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; tho;fpd;w kf;fs kf;fs; FOtpid ehl;lhu; vd miog;gu;. ,q;F ehl;lhu; vd;fpd;w tpdh vOfpd;wJ. “fpuhkq;fSf;NfAupa kuG-ghu gof;ftof;fq;fs;> ,iw topghl;L Kiwfs;> njhopy; K FOf;fs;”1 vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Lore vd;gJ mwpT MFk;. v tho;fpd;w kf;fs; $l;lk;> mtu;fsJ mwpTfs; gw;wp M ehl;lhupay; vd miog;gJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ehl;lhupayhdJ khdpltpay;> nkhopapay;> r%f JiwfSld; neUq;fpa Clhl;lj;jpidf; nfhz;b Ma;Tfis KOikahf;Ftjpy; ehl;lhupaypd; gq;F kfj;j ghu;itapy; ehl;lhupay; Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fspdJ gz;ghl;by; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
“cyfpy; njupa te;Js;s ve;jg; gz;ghl;bYk; ehl;lhu; t me;j mstpw;F ehl;lhu; tof;fhWfs; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;> cy xNu khjpupahd fijfs;> gonkhopfs;> Nghd;w ehl;lhu vOj;jwptw;w midj;J rKjhaq;fspYk; fhzg;gLt ntt;NtWgl;l gz;ghLfis ,izf;Fk; ghykhff ehl;lhu; tof;fhWfs; rka> r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu mspf;fpd;wd. epahag;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; mtw;ij xU j jiyKiwf;F nfhz;L nrYj;Jk; xU fy;tpf;fUtpahfT nraw;gLfpd;wd”2.
,j;jifa ehl;lhupaypid tpy;ypak; [hd; jhk]; vd tof;fq;fs;> rlq;F Kiwfs;> %lek;gpf;iffs;> f Nghd;wit”3 vd tiuaWf;fpd;whu;.
ehl;lhu; fijfs; Xu; mwpKfk;
,t;tpjkhf ehl;lhupaypd; xU $whf mike;jpUg;gJ eh topahf xUtupd; mDgtq;fspid kw;wtUf;F $WtjpypU gpd;du; gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rpAw;W ehl;lhupd; mwpT> EZ fw;gidfs;> thOk; R+oy; rhu;e;j Gupjy; Mw;wy;fs; nfhz ngw;wJ. gy jiyKiwfshf tha;nkhop %ykhfNt , rpy ,lq;fspy; fijfs; jpupgile;Jk; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuN jd;ikAk; ,f; fijfSf;F cz;L.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Uk; jk; Gupjypd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,r; nrhw;gjj;jpidf; ;gplj;jf;fJ.
,lj;jpy; tho;fpd;w kf;fs; FOtpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,k; miog;gu;. ,q;F ehl;lhu; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLNthu; ahu;? puhkq;fSf;NfAupa kuG-ghuk;gupak;> gz;ghl;L fyr;rhuk;> hl;L Kiwfs;> njhopy; Kiwf;Nfw;g thOfpd;w r%ff; re vd;gJ mwpT MFk;. vdNt xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; tu;fsJ mwpTfs; gw;wp Muha;fpd;w ,ay; Mifahy; Uj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
pay;> nkhopapay;> r%ftpay;> cstpay; Nghd;w Clhl;lj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,dtiutpay; y; ehl;lhupaypd; gq;F kfj;jhdJ. khdpltpayhsu;fspd; pl;l kf;fspdJ gz;ghl;by; xU Kf;fpakhd mq;fkhff;
e;jg; gz;ghl;bYk; ehl;lhu; tof;fhWfs; ,y;yhky; ,y;iy. hWfs; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;> cyfg; nghJikAk; tha;e;jit. nkhopfs;> Nghd;w ehl;lhu; tof;fhWfs; vOj;jwpTs;s> jhaq;fspYk; fhzg;gLtjhy; ehl;lhu; tof;fhWfis ,izf;Fk; ghykhff; fUjyhk;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp %f> murpay;> nghUshjhu epWtdq;fSf;F mq;fPf huk; ;wd. NkYk; mtw;ij xU jiyKiwapypUe;J ,d;ndhU ;Jk; xU fy;tpf;fUtpahfTk; $l ehl;lhu; tof;fhWfs;
tpy;ypak; [hd; jhk]; vd;gtu; “ goq;fhy elj;ijfs;> wfs;> %lek;gpf;iffs;> fijg;ghly;fs;> gonkhopfs; d;whu;.
pKfk;
U $whf mike;jpUg;gJ ehl;lhu; fijfshFk;. tha;nkhop pid kw;wtUf;F $WtjpypUe;J Muk;gkhd ,f;f;fijfs; ;W ehl;lhupd; mwpT> EZf;fk;> fUj;Jf;fs;> vz;zk;> ;e;j Gupjy; Mw;wy;fs; nfhz;lnjhU fsQ;rpakhf KOik tha;nkhop %ykhfNt ,f;fijfs; flj;jg;gLtjpdhy;> le;Jk; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk; NtWgl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; z;L.
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R. rz;KfRe;juk; ehl;lhu; fijfis ehd;F ngUk; g gpupg;gu; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
❖ kdpjf; fijfs; ❖ kpUff; fijfs; ❖ ke;jpuf; fijfs; ❖ nja;tf; fijfs;
NkYk;> Nj. Y}u;j;J ehl;lhu; tof;fhWfSs; ehl;lhu Guhzf; fijfs; Nghd;witfSk; mlq;Fk;. ,j;jif Kiwahfj; njhFf;fg;glTk; ,y;iy. Ma;T nra;ag; ngwTk
ehl;lhu; fijfs; xU mikg;gpw;Fs; cl;gl;lit vd;fpwh ,tu; fijfspdJ Fiw - FiwePf;fk;> jil> kPW jy;> tpi epiy cs;sikia vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;.
1936y; ];bj; jhk;g;rd; fij tiffis Ma;T nra;aj; n Mz;b Mu;Nd vd;fpd;w gpd;dpa mwpQu; INuhg;gpa fijt xd;wpid ntspapl;lhu;. tuyhw;W epytpay;f; Nfhl;ghL V ];bj; jhk;g;rd; fij tif miltpid cUthf;fpdhu milT (the types of the folktale)> ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpaf; fij literature) vDk; MW njhFjpfshyhd Ma;T ehl;lhupa cUthf;fj;jpf;F ngupJk; cjtpaJ. cl;yp vd;gtupd; ehl gw;wpa Ma;T kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
jkpofr;R+oypy; ehl;lhu;fijfs; njhlu;ghd tplak;fspy Njbr;Nrfupj;J> tifg;gLj;jp> njhFj;J Ma;T nra;jtu ngUkhs;> MW. ,uhkehjd;> fp. uh[ehuhazd; Nghd;Nwh
,yq;ifapy; ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpa Ma;Tf;$Wfspy; Vidatw;wpy; ,d;Dk; rupahd njhFg;Gfs;$l tutpy;i ,Ug;gpDk; ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpak; njhlu;ghd mNdf M ehl;LGwf;fijfs; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf gy;fiyfo Ma;TfspYk;> jdpg;gl;l Ma;Tf;fl;LiufspYk; ,it gw;w
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ehl;lhu;fijfis cgfijfs; vd vd;W Muk;gpf;fpd;w ,t; cgfijfg;gz;G MdJ f mwpTf;Fj;jFe;jhw;Nghd;W gy;NtW tiffspy; ifahsg;g mwptJ mtrpakhFk;.
kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ehtw;Flh> G+ne gw;wpa mwpKfk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G efuj;jpypUe;J Rkhu; Ie;J fpNyhkPl ;lu; nj kuq;fis xU fhyj;jpy; Vuhskhff; nfhz;bUe;j mofpa r ,q;Nf Muk;g fhyq;fspy; jkpo; kf;fSk;> ehtw;Flh

; fijfis ehd;F ngUk; gpupthf ehl;lhupay; mwpQu;fs;
hu; tof;fhWfSs; ehl;lhu; fijfs; gokuGf; fijfs;> fSk; mlq;Fk;. ,j;jifa tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs; y;iy. Ma;T nra;ag; ngwTkpy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
g;gpw;Fs; cl;gl;lit vd;fpwhu; u\;a mwpQu; tpshbkPu; gpwhg;. wePf;fk;> jil> kPW jy;> tpisT vd;fpw xU tha;g;ghl;L hl;bdhu;.
tiffis Ma;T nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ,jw;F Kd;dNu pa mwpQu; INuhg;gpa fijtif milT (tale type index) w;W epytpay;f; Nfhl;ghL Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jpdhy;j;jhd; miltpid cUthf;fpdhu;. ,tuJ ehl;lhu; fijtif )> ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpaf; fij $wilT (motif index of folk pfshyhd Ma;T ehl;lhupaypy; Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fspd; paJ. cl;yp vd;gtupd; ehl;lhu; fijfspd; ,lg;ngau;r;rp hFk;.
jfs; njhlu;ghd tplak;fspy; Mu;tk; nfhz;L mtw;wpid njhFj;J Ma;T nra;jtu;fspy; Nfh.Nfrtd;> V.vd;. p. uh[ehuhazd; Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.
yf;fpa Ma;Tf;$Wfspy; ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; jtpu;j;J d njhFg;Gfs;$l tutpy;iy vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. k; njhlu;ghd mNdf Ma;Tfspy; xU gFjpahfNt s;sd. Fwpg;ghf gy;fiyfofq;fSf;F rku;gpf;fg;gLfpd;w f;fl;LiufspYk; ,it gw;wpa tpguq;fis mwpayhk;.
jfis cgfijfs; vd;Nw miog;gu;. Xu; CupNy gfijfg;gz;G MdJ fijnrhy;gtu;fspd; mDgt ;NtW tiffspy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd.,it gw;wp tpupthf
py; cs;s ehtw;Flh> G+nehr;rpKid fpuhkq;fs;
Rkhu; Ie;J fpNyhkPl ;lu; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s ehty; khff; nfhz;bUe;j mofpa rpwpa fpuhkk; ehtw;Flh MFk;. kpo; kf;fSk;> ehtw;Flh fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; mz;ika
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fhyq;fspy; ,lk;ngl;l FbNaw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf K];ypk tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. ehtw;Flhtpw;F mUfhikapy; m epiwe;j fhl;Lg; gFjpahf Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; tpsq;f Kw;wpYk; K];ypk; ,dj;jtu;fs; ,ize;J thOk; xU gpu
,t;tpU fpuhkq;fspYk; tho;fpd;w kf;fs; fly;> M mz;b tho;fpd;wikapdhy; kPd; gpbj;jy;> kPd; $L ,i Ntiy> tPl ;Lj; Njhl;lk; nra;jy;> kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfSf;F Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; murhq;f> jdpahu; epWtdq;fspy; n njhopy; tiffisj; Nju;Tnra;J jkJ tho;tpid kfpo;r kjk;> fpwp];jt kjk;> ,];yhkpa kjj;jpdu; ,q;Nf ,i fhyq;fspd; NghJk; RdhkpapdhYk; jkJ FLk;gj;jpYs;s M jiyikj;Jtk; nfhz;l FLk;gq;fshf tho;e;J tUfpd;w
,f;fpuhkj;jtupilNa Vuhskhd ehl;lhupay; $Wf ,ize;Js;sikapid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. gj;jhrp Kiw vd nja;t topghl;L Kiw> K];ypk; kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;w f (kUj;Jtpr;rp> if itj;jpak;)> ehl;lhu; tpisahl;Lfs;> gon ghly;fs;> el;lhu; fijfs; vd fpuhkq;fSf;Nf cupj;jhd tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;.
ngz;fsplk; epyTfpd;w ehl;lhu; fijfs;.
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,tw;wpNy Ie;J fijfs; khj;jpuk; tpupthff; ,f;fijfs; midj;Jk; mf;fijfisr; nrhd;d Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ths kPd; fij
xU jq;fr;rpf;F 7 mz;zd;khuhk;. me;j VO mz;zd Kd;dhNyNa vOk;gp Mj;jf;fle;J Ntiyf;Fg; NghapUth jhdhk; Mj;jf; fle;J Ngha; mz;zd;khUf;F rhg;ghL nf
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf K];ypk; kf;fSk; xd;whf ,ize;J ;Flhtpw;F mUfhikapy; mike;Js;s nehr;rp kuq;fs; d;ndhU fhyj;jpy; tpsq;fpa G+nehr;rpKidf; fpuhkk; s; ,ize;J thOk; xU gpuNjrkhFk;.
ho;fpd;w kf;fs; fly;> MW Nghd;w fiuNahuq;fis Pd; gpbj;jy;> kPd; $L ,isj;jy;> jr;R Ntiy> Nkrd; y;> kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfSf;F nry;Yjy;> Ra njhopy;fis > jdpahu; epWtdq;fspy; njhopy; Gupjy; vdj; jkf;fhd a;J jkJ tho;tpid kfpo;r;rpahf elhj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,e;J hkpa kjj;jpdu; ,q;Nf ,ize;J trpf;fpd;wdu;. Aj;j hYk; jkJ FLk;gj;jpYs;s Mz;fis ,oe;jtu;fs; ngz; ;gq;fshf tho;e;J tUfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
hskhd ehl;lhupay; $Wfs; mtu;fsJ tho;tpaYld; hdpf;fyhk;. gj;jhrp Kiw vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;w ehl;lhu; ; kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;w ftp ghLjy;> ehl;lhu; kUj;Jtk; hl;lhu; tpisahl;Lfs;> gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> ehl;lhu; fpuhkq;fSf;Nf cupj;jhd mofpay;fNshL ,k; kf;fs;
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NghwJf;F thskPd ; jhdhk; mtf;F cjtp nra;apw. xt;n Nghff;Fs;s jq;fr;rp ths kPD l;l ngha; nrhy;yp Vkhj;jpg thskPd ; vd;d nrQ;Rjhk; xt;nthU KiwAk; ek;ks Vk Kiw ,ts tplf; $lhJ vz;L epidr;rpj;J thskPd jhkjk; ey;yh clk;G KOtJk; jz;l Ks;shy fpopr;rpg; N vLj;Jj;J Mj;Jf;Fs;s ghQ;rp ngha;w;whk;.jq;fr;rpf;F vd;d ngha; nrhy;ypl;lhshk; rpd;dz;zd; KSr;rhg;ghl;ilA vdf;Fk; mbr;rpg; Nghl;lhd; vz;L. clNd kj;j mz;zd rpd;dz;zd mbr;Nr nfhz;L Nghl;lhDfshk;. ,g;gpbNa khg;gpis ghu;j;J fy;ahz ehSk; te;jpr;rhk;. fypahzj Njbj; jpupQ;rh xU ,lKk; G+ fpilf;fiyahk;. xNu xU , Ngha; fple;jpr;rhk;. mg;g mq;f Ngha; G+itj; njhl;lJjhd; j
ths fpopf;fy;y tlnjU Nghifapy rpd;dz;zd; mbr;rhd; vz;L nrhd;dhNs nel;^up
vz;L xU ghl;Lf; Nfl;Lr;rhk;. clNd jq;fr;rp ele;j rpd;dz;zd; ve;j jg;Gk; nra;ay ehd; jhd; ngha; nrhy nfhs;Sq;f mz;zh vz;L fjwp mOjhshk;. clNd kd;dpr;rpl;lhuhk;. mtu Gjr;r Gijay; Nky ,Ue;j G+ kuj;j G+t MQ;rpl;Lg; Ngha; jq;fr;rp fy;ahzj;j ey;y gbah elj;j
fijnrhd;dtu; - ey;yk;kh (rPd pahr;rp) taR - 83 ,lk; - ehtw;Flh
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162

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MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit


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ey;y tbthd gps;isfs;. ,Jfsf; nfhz;L NghfZk;. , jhq;f Nghl;bUe;j cLg;ngy;yhk; fyl;b nuz;L Gs;isfS Gs;isfSk; me;j cLg;g Nghl;Lj;Jf. gpwF nuz;L Nghiu nfhz;L NghwhDfshk;. Nghf;Fs;s vd;d nra;apJ ,is Nghl;Lg; NghFJ topg;ghL neLf. %j;j Gs;s vd;d nrQ;rpr vz;L epdr;rp re;Njhrkhg; NghFJ.,isa Gs;s ftiya te;jpl;lNk ek;ksj; jha; guhkupr;rNj ,t;tsT ehSk;. xU jha; vYth. mjhy ehk Nfhj;j Kwpr;rpg; NghLtk;> me;j epdr;rp Fswpf;nfhz;L NghFJ. ,Q;r te;J eha; ghj;jpr Kwpr;rpg; Nghl;bUf;F> Ngha; kzk; Gbr;rpg; Gbr;rp %j;j kfs mb mb ehNa> ePvq;f te;jh ehNa> Ngh ehNa vz;L %j;j Foupl;L ,isa kfs;l Cl;l NghFJ. Nghd clNd jha fl;bg;Gbr;rpf; fj;jp> fOtpj; Jlr;rp> rhg;ghL FLj;J uhrh gL gLf;f tr;rhr;rp. uhrh thu NeukhFJ jha xOg;gp Ntw ,l Gs;s vOg;gpr;rp.eha; jq;fkh Nghr;RJ. mg;gpbNa Glitah uhrh te;jTlNd ele;j vy;yhj;ijAk; nrhy;ypr;rp. ,j Nfs GUrDk; vd;d nrQ;rhq;f vz;lh topg;ghlhy Nghd x fl;by;y tsj;jhl;bj;jhq;f. %Z ehs; kl;bYk; eha; fl;by nra;Ak; mOfpg; NghFk;. %Z ehisf;Fg; GwF ngha; Jwe ehj;jk;. mJf;Fj;jhd; nrhy;wJ ehag; Nghy vz;lhYk; jha
fijnrhd;dtu - Riykhd;Mr;rp taR - 63 ,lk; - G+nehr;rpKid
khjtplha; Njhd;wpa fij
egp vz;L nrhy;Ywhf vYth mtf kfs; ghj;jpkh mtq njho vOg;gy. mg;g kfs; njho vOg;giyNa vz;L thg;g nrk;gUj;jpak; G+ epz;br;rp. gpr;rpj;J te;J clNd fhl;bd Nghapl;l kfs; ePq ;f jiya KOfpl;L khspiff;Fs;s G+U jiya KSfpdhq;f. clNd Ngha; khspiff;Fs;s ,Ue;j ,wq;fp te;j $uhdpfs; vz;L nrhy;Ythf> me;jg; ngz VO mz;ilf;F Fspg;ghl;bg; Nghl;L> mtq;f nghapj;j khjtplha; tuy.GwF mypahu; mtq;f vz;L nrhy;yp xU Kbr;rhu;. nghk;Gisf;F Mfhky; tuy jhNd mjhy mi ,tl GuprdhU Aj;jj;Jf;F Nghw> Nghu;f;fsj;Jf;Fg; Nghw ,z;ilf;F vj;jpd Ngu ePirjhf;fpdha;? vj;jpd Ngu e ,t Nff;fpw me;j ths; ,tNthl fijf;fpw. ,g;Gb ,Uf;f Cl;Lf;fhup vy;yhk; nrhy;w> ghj;jpkh ahNuhilNah fjr;rpl mtif Nghd kl;Ly ahNuhilNah fijr;rpl;L ,Uf;fhs; v nrhd;dhf. cq;fl kdprp ahNuhilNah fjr;rpl;b ,Uf;fhq vd;d vz;L xUf;fhg; Ngha;g; ghUq;f.vz;lJk; ,tq;f x
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

fsf; nfhz;L NghfZk;. ,tDfs; vd;d nra;jhDfs; k; fyl;b nuz;L Gs;isfSf;Fk; FLj;jhDfs;. nuz;L ;Lj;Jf. gpwF nuz;L NghiuAk; Fjpiuapy vj;jp vLj;jpl;L ;Fs;s vd;d nra;apJ ,isa Gs;s Nfhj;j Kwpr;rp Nghl;Lg; f. %j;j Gs;s vd;d nrQ;rpr;rp ehk xUj;jdpl;l thr;rpl;lk; FJ.,isa Gs;s ftiyapy NghFJ. ehk jha cl;Ll;L upr;rNj ,t;tsT ehSk;. ekf;F ehag;Nghy vz;lhYk; hj;j Kwpr;rpg; NghLtk;> me;j topahy jha; tul;Lk; vz;L J. ,Q;r te;J eha; ghj;jpr;rp Gs;isfs; ,y;y. nfhj;J k; Gbr;rpg; Gbr;rp %j;j kfs;l Cl;ljhd; Ngha; Nru;e;jpr;rp. hNa> Ngh ehNa vz;L %j;j kfs; jpuj;jpg; Nghl;lhs;. eha; NghFJ. Nghd clNd jha; te;jpUf;fh vz;L Xbg; Ngha; r;rp> rhg;ghL FLj;J uhrh gLf;fpw fl;by;y nfhz;L Ngha; khFJ jha xOg;gp Ntw ,lj;Jy khj;Jtk; vz;L Ngha; ghr;RJ. mg;gpbNa Glitahy Nghj;jp Gs;s jha tr;rpl;L. ;ijAk; nrhy;ypr;rp. ,j Nfs;tpg; gl;L %j;j kfSk; mts;l ;lh topg;ghlhy Nghd xU ehag; Gbr;rp te;J mbr;rpf; Z ehs; kl;bYk; eha; fl;by;y gLf;FJ. mg;g eha; vd;d ehisf;Fg; GwF ngha; Jwe;J ghj;jh eha; GOj;J rupahd ehag; Nghy vz;lhYk; jha; jha; jhd;.
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ngha;j;J thwd; vz;L nrhy;ypg;Nghl;L> js;sp epz;L ghj;J fhzy. filrpahf epiyabf;F te;jhf. Xk; ghj;jpkh a fjtj; jpwe;J gj;jhf.thNshl jhd; fijf;fh. ePahNuhl fi jhd; fijr;r. mg;g ths; NgR vd;Ndhl. ths; Ngrpdhjhd; mg;g tho; nrhy;ypr;rp Xk; ehd; jhd; fijr;r ghj;jpkhNthl re;Njfk; nfhs;s Ntzhk;. mJyjhd; ,tf nrhd;dhf ng Mfhjtdh Mf;F. Mk;gpis vz;L nrhd;dh nghk;gpis nrhd;dhf. nghk;gps vz;lh nghk;gpisf;fp Gs;sf;Fly; , ,wf;F vz;L nrhd;dhf. ,g;gbah xU ehs; ,tq;f cLg;G khwp gpQ;rpl;Nl ,Uf;F mjdhy Nghu;itaj; ijf;fpwJf ,Uf;fhf. mg;g mypahu; mtf te;jpl;lhq;f . fjtj; jpwf;fg; N Cz;bg; Gbr;rhq;f. mypahu; mtq;fshy fjtj; jpwf;f Vy ghj;jpkhl %r;rf; Fw vz;L Mz;ltdpl;lf; Nfl;lhf. cl te;jpl;LJ. mg;g mtq;fl fhy; vd;d nrQ;rpr;R jhNd nrh fjT Jwgl;Lj;J. mg;g nghk;gpisfSf;F %r;Rf; FwQ;rjhy
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ngz;ziy Mziyf; fij
xU kdprp vd;d nrQ;rhthk; khjhok; gonkhz;l c xU Gs;s ,Ue;jpr;rhk;. ey;y tbthd xU nghk;Gsg; Gs nrQ;rhthk; Gs;isa vLj;J fupag; G+rp Gs;saf; fWg;ghfpg; tr;rpl;lhthk;. kf;fs; vy;yhk; te;jhf. ,J ahnuz;L Nff fhtYf;nfz;L $ypf;Fg; Gbr;rpl;L te;jpUf;fd; vz;L ntspahy Nghd kl;by Gs;isa fOtp tbthf tr;rpUf Neuj;jpy fupag; G+rp tr;rpUf;fpw. ,g;gbah ,Uf;ff;f kf;fs ehSk; ,e;jg; Gs;s ,q;f jhd; jq;Fjh? ,e;j Gs;s Mu;l Vyhkg; Nghapl;L. ,t nrhd;d ek;kl Gs;sjhd; vz;L. tbthd Gs;isah khjhsk; goj;Jf;f ,Ue;j Gs;s Nghy kf;fs;s xUj;jd; vd;d nra;jhd; Vd;lh ,e;j Gs;isa vz;L Nfl;lhd;. ,td; Mrg; gLthd; vz;Ljhd; mt fupag fy;ahzk; KbNfhDk;> Cnuy;yhk; $l;l;b vy;NyhUf;Fk; vd;d nrd;r;rpJ Gd;dq;nfhl;ilag; Gwf;fp ehl;bg;Nghl;L. , nghz;z Nrhbr;rp tr;rpupf;fp. Gs;s vd;d nrQ;rpr;rp gpd;dh vz;L Nghd Gs;s ghf;FJ Gd;df;nfhl;l Ksr;rpupf;fp. e vz;L nrhy;y Gd;d kuk; Ksr;rp vOk;gpr;rp. clNd Gs;s G GwfhNyNa Vwpj;jhd;. Gs;isAk; vupdjhd; mtDk; gpd;d Gd;dkuNk Gd;dkuNk ,d;ndhU Kok; nfhz;L XL v tse;jpr;r;rp. ,g;gbah Nky Nky Ngha; filrpahf flYf;Fs Gs;s flYf;Fs;s Fjpr;rpl;L . mg;g Gwfhy;y mtDk; Fjp vz;L tUFnjy;Yth? mJ mtq;f nuz;LNgUk; jhdhk;.
164

pg;Nghl;L> js;sp epz;L ghj;Jj;J ,Uf;fhq;f. xUtiuAk; ;F te;jhf. Xk; ghj;jpkh ahNuhilNah fijf;fpw> mg;g jhd; fijf;fh. ePahNuhl fijr;r ghj;jpkh? ehd; thNshl d;Ndhl. ths; Ngrpdhjhd; ehd; cz;iknad ek;Gtd;. ; jhd; fijr;r ghj;jpkhNthl vz;L. ,Jf;F Vd; re;Njfk;? Jyjhd; ,tf nrhd;dhf nghk;gpis Vd;lh Mk;gpisf;F vz;L nrhd;dh nghk;gpisf;F Mfhjtdh Mf;F vz;L ghk;gpisf;fp Gs;sf;Fly; ,wq;F. Mk;gps vz;lh R+yht bah xU ehs; ,tq;f cLg;Gj; ijf;fhq;f. Nghu;it khwp hy Nghu;itaj; ijf;fpwJf;fhf ,tf fjt milr;rpl;L e;jpl;lhq;f . fjtj; jpwf;fg; Nghf clNd NgU tpuyhy fjt tq;fshy fjtj; jpwf;f Vyhkg; Nghapl;L. Mz;ltNd> eP z;ltdpl;lf; Nfl;lhf. clNd mtq;fSf;F Rfkpy;yhk ; vd;d nrQ;rpr;R jhNd nrhu;e;Jfpl;L tpOe;Jl;L. clNd sfSf;F %r;Rf; FwQ;rjhy jhd; khjtplha; thwJ.
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hk; khjhok; gonkhz;l clr;rhthk;. mJf;Fs;Ns ghj;jh tbthd xU nghk;Gsg; Gs;sahk;.clNd kdprp vd;d upag; G+rp Gs;saf; fWg;ghfpg; Nghl;L ney;Yg; gha;f;fp fhty; te;jhf. ,J ahnuz;L Nff;f ,J ehd; ney;Yg; gha;f;fp r;rpl;L te;jpUf;fd; vz;L nrhd;dhf. kf;fs; vy;yhk; sa fOtp tbthf tr;rpUf;fpw. GwF kf;fs; jpUk;gp thu w. ,g;gbah ,Uf;ff;f kf;fs;s xUtd; Nfl;lhd; ,tsT ; jq;Fjh? ,e;j Gs;s Mu;l Gs;s? ,tf;F xz;Lk; nra;a ek;kl Gs;sjhd; vz;L. GwF Gs;isa fOtpj; Jlr;rp oj;Jf;f ,Ue;j Gs;s Nghy tr;rpUe;jh. mg;g ,jg; ghj;j ;jhd; Vd;lh ,e;j Gs;isa vdf;F fy;ahzk; Kbr;rpj; jh thd; vz;Ljhd; mt fupag; G+rp Gs;isa tr;rpUe;j. ,dpf; ;yhk; $l;l;b vy;NyhUf;Fk; nrhy;ypahr;rp. mg;g ,e;j Gs;s lag; Gwf;fp ehl;bg;Nghl;L. ,td; khg;gps;isah ,Uf;fhd;> s;s vd;d nrQ;rpr;rp gpd;dhy xz;Lf;Fg; ngha;j;J thwd; d;df;nfhl;l Ksr;rpupf;fp. ehDk; gj;jpdp jhAk; gj;jpdp r;rp vOk;gpr;rp. clNd Gs;s Gd;d kuj;jpy vwpr;rp. mtDk; Ak; vupdjhd; mtDk; gpd;dhNyNa Vupdjhd;. ,g;gbah dhU Kok; nfhz;L XL vd;lJk; mJ ,d;ndhU Kok; Ngha; filrpahf flYf;Fs;s Gd;idkuk; rtz;L Nghf mg;g Gwfhy;y mtDk; Fjpr;rpl;lhd;. Mzy> ngz;zy tq;f nuz;LNgUk; jhdhk;.
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fijnrhd;dtu; - Riykhd;Mr;rp> taR - 63 ,lk; - G+nehr;rpKid.
gd;wpAk; mf;fhTk;
xU Cupy xU mf;fh ,Ue;jhthk;. mt xt;nthU e ney; mtpr;rp fhaitfpwjhk;. ,j xspQ;rpUe;J ghj;jpl;L mf gd;wp xz;L te;J xNu fhatr;r ney; vy;yhj;ijAk; jpd ,e;j gd;wpiaf; ifAk; fsTkhg; gpbf;f NtZnkz;L m toik Nghy fha tr;rpl;L cs;Sf;Fs;s Nghw khjpupg; Ng gd;wp vd;d epidr;Rjhk; mf;fh tPl ;Lf;Fs;s Ngha;l;lh ney;Y tpupr;rpUe;j ghapy tha tr;rp rhg;gplf;Fs;s mf;fh Xb mb mbnad mbr;rpg;Nghl;lhthk;. ,jdhy gd;wpf;F rupah xU ehisf;F rupahd ghlk; fw;gpf;f NtZk; ,e;j mf;fhT gd;wp ,Uf;ff;f me;j Neukhg; ghj;J me;j mf;fhf;F mtq ,Ue;jhthk;. me;j mf;fhl mk;kh nfhQ;rk; tarhd f njupahjhk;. fhJk; Nff;fhj nrtpl;L kdprpahk;. me;j kd ek;kl mf;fhf;F ey;ynjhU khg;gps ghj;jpUf;fd;> ,ui $l;bj;J tUtd;> mf;fht tbth Nrhbr;R it vz;L fpotpAk; mf;fht tbth Nrhbr;rp tr;rp ,uitf;F gd;wp khg epdr;rpl;L ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;L ,Ue;jhthk;. mg;g gd;wp t ntf;fg;gu;whu; mjdhy mtu; tPl ;Lf;Fs;s ,Uf;fhuhk; mf;f itg;gk; fypahzk; Kbr;rpj;J mf;f tPl ;Lf;Fs;s ,Uf;fl;Lk fpotpAk; gd;wp nrhd;dj ek;gp mf;fht tPl ;Lf;Fs;s mDg;g nfhQ;r Neuj;jhy tPl ;Lf;Fs;s ,Ue;J mf;fh mk;khtf; $g
mf;fh : mk;kyf;fh mk;kyf;fh vz;l fhy; KOJk; N fpotp : Ngrhkg;gL khg;gps;s fhYf;F nfhYR Nghu;w mf;fh : mk;kyf;fh mk;kyf;fh vz;l ,Lg;gsTk; N fpotp : Ngrhkg;gL khg;gps;s xl;bahzk; fl;whu;. mf;fh : mk;kyf;fh mk;kyf;fh vz;l fOj;jsTk; N fpotp : Ngrhkg;gL khg;gps;s jhyp fl;whu;
nfhQ;r Neuj;jhy ghj;jh mf;fhl rj;jk; ,y;iyahk;. f nfhz;Lj;jht; vz;L. nts;sd tpbQ;Rk; mf;f vOk;giya vz;L fpotp fple;J $g;gpl;Lg; ghj;jpr;rhk;. rj;jk; fpj;jk fjtj; jl;bdh Jwf;fiyahk;. fpotp fple;jJ xg;ghup tr ,e;j rj;jj;jf; Nfl;Lg; gf;fj;J tPl ;by ,Uf;fpwtq;f vy vz;L Nfl;lhq;fshk;> fpotp ele;j vy;yhj;ijANk mtq tPl ;Lf;F Nky Vwp $iuiag; gpupr;rpg; ghj;jh mf;fht KOrh %iyapy RUz;L gLj;jpUf;fhk;. gpwF tPl ;Lf;Fs;s ,wq;f ghk;Gl tapj;j ntl;b cs;Sf;Fs;s ,Ue;j mf;fht vLj;jh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

r;rp>
e;jhthk;. mt xt;nthU ehSk; mtq;fl tPl ;L thry;y j xspQ;rpUe;J ghj;jpl;L mf;fh tPl ;Lf;Fs;s Nghd clNd r;r ney; vy;yhj;ijAk; jpd;Ll;L Nghapu;ujhk;. xU ehs; khg; gpbf;f NtZnkz;L me;j mf;fh epdr;Rj;J> ney;y ;Sf;Fs;s Nghw khjpupg; Ngha; xspQ;rp epz;L ghj;jhthk;. f;fh tPl ;Lf;Fs;s Ngha;l;lh jhNd vz;L epdr;rpl;L te;J tr;rp rhg;gplf;Fs;s mf;fh Xb te;J gd;wpag; gpbr;rp rupahd hk;. ,jdhy gd;wpf;F rupahd Nfhgkhk; me;j mf;fhtpy. w;gpf;f NtZk; ,e;j mf;fhTf;F vz;L kdjpy epdr;rpj;J ghj;J me;j mf;fhf;F mtq;fl mk;kh khg;gps;s ghj;jpl;L k;kh nfhQ;rk; tarhd fpotpahk;. fz;Zk; rupahj; tpl;L kdprpahk;. me;j kdprpl;l Ngha; gd;wp nrhy;ypr;rhk; khg;gps ghj;jpUf;fd;> ,uitf;F khg;gpisa tPl ;Lf;Ff; bth Nrhbr;R it vz;L nrhy;ypj;J gd;wp Ngha;l;lhk;. r;rp tr;rp ,uitf;F gd;wp khg;gpisaf; $l;bj;J tUnkz;L Ue;jhthk;. mg;g gd;wp te;J nrhy;ypr;rhk; khg;gps;s Pl;Lf;Fs;s ,Uf;fhuhk; mf;fht ehk tPl;Lf;Fs;s mDg;gp f;f tPl ;Lf;Fs;s ,Uf;fl;Lk; ehk ntspapy ,Ug;gk; vz;L. mf;fht tPl ;Lf;Fs;s mDg;gpl;L ntspahy gLj;Jj;jhthk;. ,Ue;J mf;fh mk;khtf; $g;gpu;uhthk;.
yf;fh vz;l fhy; KOJk; NghFJ fh ps;s fhYf;F nfhYR Nghu;whu;
yf;fh vz;l ,Lg;gsTk; NghFJ fh ps;s xl;bahzk; fl;whu;.
yf;fh vz;l fOj;jsTk; NghFJ fh ps;s jhyp fl;whu;
f;fhl rj;jk; ,y;iyahk;. fpotp epdr;rpjhk; mf;fh epj;jpu tpbQ;Rk; mf;f vOk;giyahk;. vd;dlh rj;jj;jf; fhzy g; ghj;jpr;rhk;. rj;jk; fpj;jk; xz;ilAk; fhziyahk;. ;. fpotp fple;jJ xg;ghup tr;rp fj;J fj;njdf; fj;jpr;rhk;. tPl ;by ,Uf;fpwtq;f vy;yhk; Xb te;J vd;d ele;j ele;j vy;yhj;ijANk mtq;fl;l nrhd;dhthk;. clNd pupr;rpg; ghj;jh mf;fht KOrh tpOq;fpg; Nghl;L ghk;G xz;L k;. gpwF tPl ;Lf;Fs;s ,wq;fp ghk;g mbr;rpf; nfhz;LNghl;L s;s ,Ue;j mf;fht vLj;jh mf;fh nrj;Jg; Ngha;j;jhthk;.
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gpwF Xbg; Ngha; ,Jnfy;yhk; fhuzkhd gd;wpaj; Njbg te;jhq;fshk;.
fijnrhd;dtu; - NfhkshNjtp taR - 59 ,lk; - ehtw;Flh
KbTiu vdNt ,f;fijfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk; kl;lf;fs ngz;fsplk; vt;tifahd ehl;lhu; fijfs; epyTfpd ngWtJld;> mit rhu;e;j fhj;jpukhd Ma;Tfis t Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,t; Mtzg;gLj;jy; cWJiz GupAk; v
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; 1. tayl; rNuh[h (f.M)> ru;tNjr jkpo; vOj;jhsu; khehL 20 2. nry;yg;ngUkhs;.M> ehl;lhu; tof;fhw;wpay;> gf;fk; 166. 3. NkyJ> gf;fk; 166.
rhd;whjhuq;fs; ❖
E}y;fs; - nry;yg;ngUkhs;. M> ehl;lhu; tof;fhw;wpay; njhF
Ma;Tf;fofk;> jpUney;Ntyp> 1989-1991. - Y}u;j;J.Nj> ehl;lhu; tof;fhw;wpay; fs Ma;T> jpU
1986. - rz;KfRe;juk;.R> ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Xu; mwpKfk;>
ntspaPL > 1975. - ,uhkehjd;.MW> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;Tfs;> kz
1986. - Kj;Jr;rpjk;guk;.r> jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; ngz
nrd;id> 1998. - mUzhr;ryk;.f.> kiyafj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> jkpo - rptRg;gpukzpak;.t> kl;lf;fsg;G ehl;lhupay;> ,yq - mg;Jy;yh ukP] ;> fpof;fpyq;if fpuhkpak;> ky;ypifg
❖
Neu;fz;Nlhu; tpguk; 1. fijnrhd;dtu; - ey;yk;kh (rPd pahr;rp)
taR - 83 ,lk; - ehtw;Flh . 2. fijnrhd;dtu; - Riykhd; Mr;rp
taR - 63 ,lk; - G+nehr;rpKid 3. fijnrhd;dtu; - NfhkshNjtp
taR - 59 ,lk; - ehtw;Flh
166

fhuzkhd gd;wpaj; Njbg;Gbr;rp mbr;rpf; nfhz;LNghl;L
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nfhs;tjd; %yk; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpapy; jkpo;> K];ypk; ehl;lhu; fijfs; epyTfpd;wd vd;fpd;w Gupjypidg; fhj;jpukhd Ma;Tfis tUq;fhyq;fspy; VidNahu; ;gLj;jy; cWJiz GupAk; vdyhk;.
r jkpo; vOj;jhsu; khehL 2011 fl;Liuf;Nfhit> gf;fk; 13.
; tof;fhw;wpay;> gf;fk; 166.
hl;lhu; tof;fhw;wpay; njhFjp 3> ehl;lhu; tof;fhw;wpay; ;Ntyp> 1989-1991.
f;fhw;wpay; fs Ma;T> jpUney;Ntyp ghupNts; gjpg;gfk;>
;Lg;Gw ,ay; Xu; mwpKfk;> nrd;id ,yf;fpa khztu;
;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;Tfs;> kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;>rpjk;guk;>
of ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; ngz;fs;> jkpo; Gj;jf Myak;>
afj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> jkpo; kd;wk;> ,yq;if> 1994. l;lf;fsg;G ehl;lhupay;> ,yq;if> 24. pyq;if fpuhkpak;> ky;ypifg; ge;jy;>,yq;if> 21
;
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d kshNjtp
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj
muq;fpaYk; fw;ifnewp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpy tiuf;Fk; mq;F eilngw;w epfo;Tfis Mt
Kd;Diu
Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ xd;iwg;gw;wp mwptjw;Fj; ngWjy; my;yJ cUthf;Fjy;> xOq;fikj;jy;> gh nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Mtzg;gLj;jy; Mtz xypg;gjpTfs;> epfo;glq;fs;> glq;fs;> tha;nkhopj;jft tbtq;fspy; ,Uf;fyhk;. gy JiwfspYk; Mtzg nraw;ghlhFk;.
vkJ ,d;iwa nraw;ghLfis ehk; kl;Lkd;wp vkf;fLj nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjd; %ykhd fw;wiyg; ngWtjw;Fk; M vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. ,t;thwhd Nehf;fq;fspd; mb mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; fw;i ,d;W tiuf;Fk; mq;F eilngw;w epfo;Tfis Mtz mikfpd;wJ. ,f;fl;Liuia KOikahf tpsq;fpf; nf mofpaw; fw;iff; epWtfj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wpAk;> mq;Fs;s f tsu;e;j tpjk; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;ghf ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; fw mtrpakhFk;. ,j;njspjyhdJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; %yk; Mtz ,t;Mtzg;gLj;jypd; mtrpak; vd;gtw;iwj; njspTgLj;J
Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfk; (m
Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; gw;wp Nehf;Fk; Ngh %d;W fpNyh kPw ;wu; njw;Nf cs;s fy;yb vDk; Cupy; mi Muk;gj;jpy; mjhtJ 1982 Mk; mz;L njhlf;fk; 2001 Mk; M ,ir eldf;fy;Y}up” vDk; ngaupy; ,aq;fp te;jJ. mj;Jld jpizf;fsj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;fp te;jJ. ,jd;NghJ ,f;fy fy;tp mikr;R mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; mg;gl;l Ngha;tpl;lJ. mjdhy; gyupd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;fTk 1999 ,y; Rthkp tpGyhde;j ,ir eldf;fy;Y}upia f ,izf;Fk; Kaw;rpia fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nk 20.04.2001 md;W ,f;fy;Y}up fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jl tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfk;” vdg; ngau; #l;lg

e;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; ehlfKk; ; fw;ifnewp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J 2011 q;F eilngw;w epfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;jy;
Nutjp fNz\;
xd;iwg;gw;wp mwptjw;Fj; Njitahd Mtzq;fisg; jy;> xOq;fikj;jy;> ghJfhj;jy;> gfpu;jy; Nghd;w . Mtzg;gLj;jy; Mtzq;fs;> E}y;fs;> rhrdq;fs;> glq;fs;> tha;nkhopj;jfty;fs;> nghUl;fs;> vdg;gy y JiwfspYk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; kpf Kf;fpa xU
is ehk; kl;Lkd;wp vkf;fLj;j jiyKiwapdUk; njupe;J fw;wiyg; ngWtjw;Fk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; JizGupAk; hwhd Nehf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Rthkp tpGyhde;j ; ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; fw;ifnewp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J lngw;w epfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;jy; vDk; ,f;fl;Liu KOikahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F Rthkp tpGyhde;j tuyhW gw;wpAk;> mq;Fs;s fw;if newpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L f ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; fw;if gw;wpAk; njspT Vw;gLtJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; %yk; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tplaq;fs;> k; vd;gtw;iwj; njspTgLj;Jk;.
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; fw;iffs; gw;wp Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,J kl;lf;fsg;G efupypUe;J s;s fy;yb vDk; Cupy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;epWtfkhdJ z;L njhlf;fk; 2001 Mk; Mz;L tiu “Rthkp tpGyhde;j upy; ,aq;fp te;jJ. mj;Jld; ,f;fy;Y}upahdJ fyhr;rhu p te;jJ. ,jd;NghJ ,f;fy;Y}up toq;fpa gl;lq;fisf; py;iy. mjdhy; mg;gl;lq;fSf;F ngWkjp ,y;yhkw; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;fTk;> gy Nghuhl;lq;fspd; gpd;Gk; ,ir eldf;fy;Y}upia fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; f;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jd; gadhf p fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; rk;gpujha G+u;tkhf “Rthkp
; epWtfk;” vdg; ngau; #l;lg;gl;L ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
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Nkw;gb ,izf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd; NkYk; ,jid juKa gy;fiyf;fofk; epakpf;fpd;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; Nguhrpupau; m ,izg;ghsuhf tUif jUfpd;whu;. mjd;gpd;; Nguhrpu ,g;gzpf;F epakpf;fpd;wJ. mjd;NghJ mq;F gl;lg;gbg;G mjhtJ mf;fy;Y}upapy; bg;Nshkh rhd;wpjo; ngw;w k ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tNjhL mtu;fSf;F ,uz;L tUl vd;w nraw;ghL Nkw;nfhs;;sg;gLfpwJ. ,t;Ntisa eilngw Muk;gpf;fpd;wd. mjpy; xd;Wjhd; “fpof;fpi Ez;fiyj;JiwAk;> Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iff Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy m mjpy; mjpfkhf gq;F gw;wpNahu; tpGyhde;j mofpa tpupTiuahsu;fSk; khztu;fSNkahFk;. “fpof;fpir” e Nghuhrpupau; rp.nksdFU> cjtp newpahsuhf jpU.tpkyu me;epfo;thdJ >hfpdp nghq;fy; tpohtpy; xspgu muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,jidaLj;J e eilngWfpd;wJ. ,jid tbtikj;J> jahupj;J> xOq rp.nksdFU mtu;fNsahFk;. mj;Jld; ,jw;F cjtp ne ghyRFkhu; kw;Wk; tpky;uh[; MfpNahu; nraw;gl;bUe;jh Nghd;Nw eilngw;wJ.
,t;thwhd epfo;Tfs; 2005 fspNy Rthkp tpGy epWtfj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; mo fw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j khztu;fs; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOj M fpuhkpa fiyfs; gw;wp Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOJtjw;Fk; mD ,e;epWtfj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;ljd ,izg;ghsuhftpUe;j Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU mtu;f rpw;gk;> Gifg;glk;> rpdpkh Kjyhd njhopy;El;gf; fiyfi tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;ij Ez;fiyg nghUl;Lk;> gue;j mwpitAk; Muha;r;rp kdg;ghq;fpidAk Jiwrhu; mwpQu;fspd; JizAld; Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;i ,jdbg;gilapy; Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lnkhd;iw Nguhrpupau; r KOtbtk; nfhLf;fpwhu; Nguhrpupau; jl;rzh%u;j;jp mtu;fs Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidaLj;J ehd;F tUl g Kbtpy; Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu xd;wpidAk; rku;g;gpf;f Ntz gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FOtpw;F mDg;gg;g ,j;Jld; ,irj;Jiw> eld ehlfj;Jiw> fl;Gyj; n Jiwfs; Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd mDkjpfSk;> tha;g;G trjpfS ,e;epWtfk; gy;fiyf;fof rl;lj;jpd; fPo ; 2005.06.03 md tu;j;jkhdpapy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
,jidj; njhlu;e;J tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; e ehlfj;Jiw> fl;Gy njhopy;El;gj;Jiw Mfpa Jiwfs; M

; gpd; NkYk; ,jid juKah;j;Jtjw;fhf rpyiu fpof;Fg; . Muk;gj;jpy; Nguhrpupau; mk;kd;fpsp KUfjh]; ,jd; fpd;whu;. mjd;gpd;; Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU mtu;fis jd;NghJ mq;F gl;lg;gbg;G tFg;G Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. shkh rhd;wpjo; ngw;w khztu;fis ,g;gl;lg;gbg;gpy; tu;fSf;F ,uz;L tUl epiwtpy; gl;lk; toq;Fjy; ;;sg;gLfpwJ. ,t;Ntisapy; mq;F gy epfo;Tfs; jpy; xd;Wjhd; “fpof;fpir”. fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof pGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpdUk; ,ize;J fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy me;epfo;it elhj;jpapUe;jdu;. pNahu; tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jps;s ;fSNkahFk;. “fpof;fpir” epfo;it newpg;gLj;jpapUe;jtu; tp newpahsuhf jpU.tpkyuh[; mtu;fs; nraw;gl;bUe;jhu;. nghq;fy; tpohtpy; xspgug;ghdJld;> tTdpahtpYk; f;fjhFk;. ,jidaLj;J epWtfj;jpNy “yak;” epfo;T btikj;J> jahupj;J> xOq;fikj;jpUe;jtu; Nguhrpupau; ;. mj;Jld; ,jw;F cjtp newpahsu;fshf tpupTiuahsu; ; MfpNahu; nraw;gl;bUe;jhu;fs;. ,e;epfo;Tk; fpof;fpir
005 fspNy Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; pl;lJ. mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; ;fs; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOj Muk;gpf;fpd;wdu;. mjd;NghJ ;fl;Liu vOJtjw;Fk; mDkjp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; ; Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;ljdhy; epWtfj;jpd; md;iwa pupau; rp.nksdFU mtu;fs; ,ir> eldk;> Xtpak;> yhd njhopy;El;gf; fiyfisAk; ghlnewpfshf;fp Rthkp s; epWtfj;ij Ez;fiyg; gy;fiyf;fofkhf khw;Wk; Muha;r;rp kdg;ghq;fpidAk; khztu; ngWk; nghUl;Lk; Ald; Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;ij jahupf;f Kd;tUfpwhu;. pl;lnkhd;iw Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU jahupf;f ,jw;F pupau; jl;rzh%u;j;jp mtu;fs;. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; %jitahy; idaLj;J ehd;F tUl gl;lg;gbg;igAk;> ehd;F tUl d;wpidAk; rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ izf;FOtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;L mDkjp ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. ehlfj;Jiw> fl;Gyj; njhopy;El;gj;Jiw vdg;Gjpa kjpfSk;> tha;g;G trjpfSk; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;Jld; j;jpd; fPo ; 2005.06.03 md;W 1395/22 Mk; ,yf;f tpNrl .
de;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; ,irj;Jiw> eld ;gj;Jiw Mfpa Jiwfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,ir> eldk;>
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ehlfk;> fl;Gyf;fiyfs; vd;gtw;wpy; khztu;fs; xd;iw ghlkhf fw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jidf; fw;W ntspNaWk; NghJ vDk; gl;lj;jpid ngw;Wf; nfhs;tu;. ,g;gl;lj;Jld; fw;ifn ,lg;gLk; cjhuzkhf BFA (ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;) ,t;t
Nkw;gb Rthkp tpGyhde;jh mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfk te;jpUfpd;wJ. ,t;tsu;r;rpahdJ mq;F eilngw;w> ei %yKk; ntspg;gl;L epw;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ fpof;fpir> yak; N ,d;W tiu gy Kf;fpa epfo;Tfis ,e;epWtfk; fz xt;nthd;Wk; tuyhw;wpy; gjpag;gl Ntz;baJk;> Mtz vdpDk; ,f;fl;LiuahdJ ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; fw;i epfo;TfisNa Mtzg;gLj;j Kd;tUfpd;wJ. me;jt muq;fpaYk; fw;ifnewp gw;wp Nehf;fp ,J 2008 njhlf;fk; 2 ,q;F Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
me;j tifapy; mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpYs;s ehl gw;wp Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,t;tpNrl fw;if newpf;fhf K fy;tpahz;bw;fhf 50 khztu;fs; cs;thq;fg;gLfpd xt;nthU fy;tpahz;bw;Fk; 50 khztu;fs; tPj k; cs;thq ,t;thW njupthFk; khztu;fSf;F mjpfstpyhd nra;K uPj pahd fw;gpj;jYk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mJkl;Lky;yhJ Nguhrpupau;fs;> tpupTiuahsu;fs;> Vida nkhopf;fiyQu gpw ,lq;fSf;F khztu;fis mioj;Jr; nrd;Wk; fw;g gq;nfLg;gjw;fhd tha;g;G trjpfs; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;g  ehlfj;Ji Nguhrpupau;> tpupTiuahsu;fspdJk;> khztu;fspdJk; ci epfo;Tfs; ehlfj;Jiwahy; elhj;jg;gLtjw;F fhuzkh eilngw;w epfo;TfNs ,f;fl;Liuapd; %yk; Mtzg;gLj
epfo;Tfs; - 2008
2007.11.12 md;W Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;i muq;fpaYk; ghlnewpf;Fupa Kjy; njhFjp khztu;fs; cs 2008 Mk; Mz;L ,tu;fsJ miuahz;L fw;if newpa mq;F flikahw;wpa tpupTiuahsu; m.tpky;uh[pd; ma ehlfj;Jiw tpupTiuahsu; jpUkjp n[awQ;rpdp Qhdjh] ,U Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; ele;NjwpaJ. mjhtJ Rthkp tpGyhd “jz;zPu;” FWk;gl tpohthFk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

w;wpy; khztu;fs; xd;iw ehd;F tUlq;fSf;Fr; rpwg;Gg; df; fw;W ntspNaWk; NghJ ,sk; Ez;fiykhdp (BFA) s;tu;. ,g;gl;lj;Jld; fw;ifnewpg;ghlk; milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs; lfKk; muq;fpaYk;) ,t;thW mikAk;.
mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfkhdJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L tsu;e;J dJ mq;F eilngw;w> eilngWfpd;w gy epfo;Tfspd; . mjhtJ fpof;fpir> yak; Nghd;w epfo;Tfspy; Muk;gpj;J o;Tfis ,e;epWtfk; fz;L tUfpd;wJ. ,e;epfo;Tfs; g;gl Ntz;baJk;> Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;baJkhFk;. hlfKk; muq;fpaYk; fw;if newpapdhy; elhj;jg;gl;l ;j Kd;tUfpd;wJ. me;jtifapy; ,q;Fs;s ehlfKk; ehf;fp ,J 2008 njhlf;fk; 2011 tiu elhj;jpa epfo;TfNs d.
;iffs; epWtfj;jpYs;s ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; fw;ifnewp Nrl fw;if newpf;fhf Kjd; Kiwahf 2006/2007 tu;fs; cs;thq;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J khztu;fs; tPj k; cs;thq;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. Sf;F mjpfstpyhd nra;Kiwf; fw;gpj;jYk;> Nfhl;ghl;L Lfpd;wJ. mJkl;Lky;yhJ ehlfj;Jiwapy; Nju;r;rp ngw;w s;> Vida nkhopf;fiyQu;fs; vdg;gyiuAk; nfhz;Lk;> s mioj;Jr; nrd;Wk; fw;gjw;fhd> gapw;rpg;gl;liwfspy; rjpfs; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Lk; tUfpd;wd. mj;NjhL j;Jf;fis ,q;Fs;s ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs; ghlkhfg; ;jp tUtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mj;NjhL ,e;epWtfj;jpYs;s ;fSld; fiyfis gfpu;e;J nfhz;Lk; gy epfo;Tfis khj;jkhf Nehf;Fk; NghJ ehlff; fw;ifnewp toq;Ffpd;w hd fw;gpj;jYk;> ehlfj;Jiw ,izg;ghsu;> ehlfj;Jiw Jk;> khztu;fspdJk; ciog;Gf;fNs gy jdpj;Jtkhd lhj;jg;gLtjw;F fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf iuapd; %yk; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; ehlfKk; y; njhFjp khztu;fs; cs;nsLf;fg;gLfpd;wdu; vdpDk; miuahz;L fw;if newpapd; mDgtj;NjhLk; mg;NghJ uahsu; m.tpky;uh[pd; mauhj Kaw;rpapdhYk; kw;Wk; kjp n[awQ;rpdp Qhdjh]pd; Xa;tpd;wpa gapw;rpapdhYk; paJ. mjhtJ Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; epidT tpoh kw;iwaJ ;.
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Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; epidT jpd tpoh gw;wp Nehf ehlfj;Jiwapd; Vw;ghl;by; ,q;Fs;s midj;J fw;ifnewpa elhj;jg;gl;l khngUk; tpohthFk;. ,e;epfo;T 17.12.2008 - 2 ,jid Kd;dpd;W elhj;jpatu; ehlfj;Jiw tpupTiua Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;tpohthdJ Ie;J ehl;fisf; nfhz;l ehl;fSk; fhiy muq;F> khiy muq;F vd;w mbg;gilapy; g epfo;Tfisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jJ. mj;Jld; Muk xt;nthU fw;if newpf;Fk; mtu;fsJ epfo;TfSf;fhf xt;n mj;Jld; ghuk;gupa fiyfspd; Mw;WiffSk; ,t;tpohi khztu;fs;> tpupTiuahsu;fspdJk; gy Mw;WiffSk ,jw;Fk; mg;ghy; ,e;epfo;tpw;fhf ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ehlfj jkpo; ehlfj;jpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLk; ,uhkhD[k; kpfg;gpugykhd rq;fPj G+rzk; mupksk; gj;kehjd; Nghd;N mj;Jld; ,e;epWtfj;jpNy Gjpjhf epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l tpGyh jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ kl;Lky;yhJ ghlrhiy kl;lf; guprpy;fSk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; epWtfj;jpNy gzpahw;W tpUJfs; toq;fg;gl;lNjhL fiyQu;fSf;F caupa tpGyh tpGyhde;ju; jpd tpohit gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfs; myq;fupj
Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; epidT jpd njhlf;ftpoh - fhi
Neuk; epfo;Tfs;
09.00 tpGyhde;ju; rpiy jpwe;J itj;jy;. 09.05 tpGyhde;ju; ghly;. 09.10 mjpjpfs; nfsutk.; 09.15 tpGyhde;ju; rkhjpapypUe;J gpujk mjpjpf
mioj;J tuy;. 09.20 kq;fy tpsf;Nfw;wy;. 09.25 jkpo; tho;j;J
tuNtw;G eldk; - eldj;Jiw khztu;f 09.30 tuNtw;Giu
jpUkjp. n[ae;jp jprhehaf;fh> ,izg;ghs R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;. 09.35 MrpAiu
jiytu;> ,uhkfpU\;zkp\d; Rthkpfs 09.40 jiyikAiu
gzpg;ghsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.

dT jpd tpoh gw;wp Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,e;epWtfj;jpNy s;s midj;J fw;ifnewpapdiuAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L k;. ,e;epfo;T 17.12.2008 - 21.12.2008 tiu eilngw;wJ. tu; ehlfj;Jiw tpupTiuahsu; jpU.m.tpky;uh[; vd;gJ J Ie;J ehl;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jJld; ,t; Ie;J muq;F vd;w mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ke;jpUe;jJ. mj;Jld; Muk;gtpoh> ,Wjpehs; tpohTld; u;fsJ epfo;TfSf;fhf xt;nthU ehs; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ; Mw;WiffSk; ,t;tpohit myq;fupj;jJ kl;Lky;yhJ spdJk; gy Mw;WiffSk; ,t;tpohtpy; muq;Nfwpd. hf ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ehlfj;Jiwg; NguhrpupaUk;> ,e;jpaj; iof;fg;gLk; ,uhkhD[k; kw;Wk; jkpo; ,irj;Jiwapy; mupksk; gj;kehjd; Nghd;Nwhu; tutiof;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. hf epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l tpGyhde;ju; rpiy Muk;gtpohtpNy y;yhJ ghlrhiy kl;lf; fiyg; Nghl;bfis elhj;jp Yk; epWtfj;jpNy gzpahw;Wk; %j;j tpupTiuahsu;fSf;F yQu;fSf;F caupa tpGyhde;ju; tpUJk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ;tUk; epfo;Tfs; myq;fupj;jpUe;jd.
jpd njhlf;ftpoh - fhiy muq;F -17.12.2008
epfo;Tfs;
rpiy jpwe;J itj;jy;. ghly;. utk.; rkhjpapypUe;J gpujk mjpjpfis kz;lgj;jpw;F
;. fw;wy;.
k; - eldj;Jiw khztu;fs;.
;jp jprhehaf;fh> ,izg;ghsu;> fl;Gyf;fiy> tfk;.
kfpU\;zkp\d; Rthkpfs;. u
.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
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09.45 mwpKfTiu
jpU.m.tpky;uh[;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m. 09.50 rpwg;Giu
Nguhrpupau;.rp.nksdFU> jiytu;> Ez;f fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk.; 09.55 gpujk mjpjpAiu
rptNerJiu re;jpufhe;jd;> Kjyikr;ru;> 10.10 tpGyhde;ju; ghly;fspd; ,ir ,Wtl;L n 10.25 rpwg;G mjpjpAiu
gjpthsu;> fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;. 10.30 “mirTg; gbkk;” ,Wtl;L ntspaPL . 10.45 Xtpaf;fz;fhl;rp
rpwg;GiuAk; ,uridg;gfpu;Tk;.
,yf;fpaf; fUj;juq;F - khiy muq;F -17.12.20
Neuk; epfo;Tfs; 02.00 kq;fy tpsf;Nfw;wy;. 02.05 jkpo;nkhop tho;j;J. 02.10 tuNtw;Giu
jpUkjp.thdjp gfpujd;. 02.15 jiyikAiu
fyhepjp nr.Nahfuhrh> nkhopapaw;Jiw> fpo 02.35 Ma;Tf;fl;Liu - 01
Nguhrpupau; nry;tuhrh> fy;tpapaw;Jiw> fpo 02.55 fye;Jiuahly;. 03.10 jhsthj;jpa ,ir
v];.rpwpjud;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epW
03.30
Ma;Tf;fl;Liu - 02 fyhepjp>f.ehNf];tud;>jiytu;>nkhopapa gy;fiyf;fofk;. 03.50 fye;Jiuahly;. 04.05 Ma;Tf;fl;Liu - 03
Kidtu; mupksk; gj;kehjd;> nrk;nkhop 04.25 fye;Jiuahly;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

h[;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
nksdFU> jiytu;> Ez;fiyj;Jiw>
yf;fofk.; iu re;jpufhe;jd;> Kjyikr;ru;> fpof;F khfhzk;. ghly;fspd; ,ir ,Wtl;L ntspaPL . iu f;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;.
k;” ,Wtl;L ntspaPL . l;rp
uridg;gfpu;Tk;.
khiy muq;F -17.12.2008
epfo;Tfs; fw;wy;. o;j;J.
p gfpujd;.
hfuhrh> nkhopapaw;Jiw> fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk.;
- 01 ;tuhrh> fy;tpapaw;Jiw> fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk.; ;. ir
pupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;. - 02 f];tud;>jiytu;>nkhopapaw;Jiw> rg;gpufKtg; k;. ;. - 03 sk; gj;kehjd;> nrk;nkhop epWtdk;> nrd;id. ;.
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04.35 Ma;Tf;fl;Liu - 04
g.,uFgud;> rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> njd;f 04.55 fye;Jiuahly;. 05.10 ed;wpAiu
jpUkjp.n[ae;jp tpf;duh[d;> tpupTiuahs
,ir tpoh - fhiy muq;F- 18.12.2008
Neuk; epfo;Tfs;
09.00 Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; jpUTUtr; rpiyf;F k
09.05 gpujk mjpjpfis kz;lgj;jpw;F mioj;Jt
09.10 kq;fy tpsf;Nfw;wy;.
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nry;tp.rut];jp Rg;ukzpak;> tpupTiuahs
09.25 jiyikAiu
jpUkjp.ghyhk;gpif ,uhN[];tud;> gzpg
09.30 taypd; ,irtpUe;J
thj;jpa ,irepfo;r;rp> tpupTiuahsu;fs;> k R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
10.10 ,irauq;F
,uz;lhk; tUl ,irj;Jiw khztu;fs
10.40 taypd; ,irf;fr;Nrup
nry;tp.ru];tjp Rg;ukzpak;> R.tp.m.f.epW
10.45 rpwg;G mjpjpAiu
nry;tp.u[dp eluh[h> cjtpf;fy;tpg;gzpg kl;lf;fsg;G.
11.05 nfsut mjpjpAiu
fyhg+rzk; jpU.[Pt d;Nahrg;
11.10 ,irf;fr;Nrup
jpUkjp.gpupaju;rpdp n[fjP] ;tud;> tpupTi

- 04 u\;l tpupTiuahsu;> njd;fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;. ;.
p tpf;duh[d;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
;F- 18.12.2008
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s kz;lgj;jpw;F mioj;Jtuy;.
fw;wy;.
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;gpif ,uhN[];tud;> gzpg;ghsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
tpUe;J epfo;r;rp> tpupTiuahsu;fs;> khztu;fs;>
fk;.
l ,irj;Jiw khztu;fs;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
f;fr;Nrup jp Rg;ukzpak;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
u luh[h> cjtpf;fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsu;> mofpaw;fy;tp>
Aiu pU.[Pt d;Nahrg;
;rpdp n[fjP] ;tud;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
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Page 189
11.40 gpujk mjpjpAiu
fyhG+rzk; jpUkjp.,uhN[];tup jl;rzh Kd;idehs; mjpgu;> Rthkp tpGyhde;jh ,
11.50 ,irf;fr;Nrup
jpUkjp.tj;ryh rq;fuehuhazd;> tpupTi
12.20 ed;wpAiu
jpUkjp.mDrpah gpiul;> tpupTiuahsu;> R
,ir tpoh - khiy muq;F - 18.12.2008
Neuk; epfo;Tfs;
02.30 kq;fy tpsf;Nfw;wy;
02.35 tuNtw;Giu
jpUkjp.nfsupkyu; kNfe;jpud;> tpupTiua
02.40 jiyikAiu
jpUkjp ghyhk;gpif ,uhN[];tud;> gzp
02.45 tPi z ,ir
thj;jpa ,ir epfo;r;rp> tpupTiua R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
03.05 ,irf;fr;Nrup
nry;tp rpahksq;fp fUzhfud;> tpupTiu
03.35 taypd; ,irf;fr;Nrup
jpUkjp.ghyhk;gpif ,uhN[];tud;> gzp
04.05 Kidtu; mupksk; gj;kehjidg; gw;wpa
jpU. Nty;KUF rpwpjud;> tpupTiuahsu;>
04.10 ,irf;fr;Nrup
Kidtu; mupksk; gj;kehjd;> nrk;nkho
06.10 ed;wpAiu
jpUkjp gpupaju;rpdp n[fjP] ;tud;> ,irj
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

u pUkjp.,uhN[];tup jl;rzh%u;j;jp mjpgu;> Rthkp tpGyhde;jh ,ireldf;fy;Y}up
h rq;fuehuhazd;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
ah gpiul;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
;F - 18.12.2008
epfo;Tfs;
;Nfw;wy;
pkyu; kNfe;jpud;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
u k;gpif ,uhN[];tud;> gzpg;ghsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
ir epfo;r;rp> tpupTiuahsu;fSk; khztu;fSk;
tfk;.
p sq;fp fUzhfud;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
rf;fr;Nrup k;gpif ,uhN[];tud;> gzpg;ghsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
pksk; gj;kehjidg; gw;wpa mwpKfTiu F rpwpjud;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
p
pksk; gj;kehjd;> nrk;nkhop epWtdk;> nrd;id.
u;rpdp n[fjP] ;tud;> ,irj;Jiw> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
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eld tpoh - fhiy muq;F - 19.12.2008
Neuk; epfo;Tfs;
09.00 gpujk mjpjpfis tuNtw;wy;.
09.05 kq;fy tpsf;Nfw;wy;.
09.10 tpGyhde;ju; ghly;
09.15 tuNtw;Giu
nry;tp.jhf;\hapdp Nfhghyrpq;fk;> tpupTi
09.20 jiyikAiu
jpUkjp.ghyhk;gpif ,uhN[];tud;> gzpg
09.25 fNzrte;jdk; - eldtbtikg;G> jpUkj
tpupTiuahsu>; R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
09.40 ypq;frku;g;gzk;
eldtbtikg;G> nry;tp.jhf;\hapdp Nfh R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
09.55 xapyhl;lk;
eld tbtikg;G> nry;tp.c\he;jpdp Jiuu R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
10.10 gQ;r thj;jpa rq;fkk;
eld tbtikg;G> jpUkjp.\hu;kpsh w R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
10.30 rpwg;G mjpjpAiu
fiykhkzp> jpUkjp.,uh[Fkhup rpjk;guk mofpaw;fiy> mf;fiwg;gw;W.
10.35 tu;z[hy eldk;
eld tbtikg;G> nry;tp.jhf;\hapdp Nf R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
10.55 Gj;jhf;f eldk;
eld tbtikg;G> jpUkjp.\hu;kpsh w R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
176

;F - 19.12.2008
epfo;Tfs;
s tuNtw;wy;.
fw;wy;.
hly;
apdp Nfhghyrpq;fk;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
;gpif ,uhN[];tud;> gzpg;ghsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
k; - eldtbtikg;G> jpUkjp.\hu;kpsh wQ;rpj;Fkhu;> >; R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
k; g;G> nry;tp.jhf;\hapdp Nfhghyrpq;fk;> tpupTiuahsu;>
fk;.
g;G> nry;tp.c\he;jpdp Jiuuh[h> tUif tpupTiuahsu;;>
fk;.
q;fkk; kg;G> jpUkjp.\hu;kpsh wQ;rpj;Fkhu;> tpupTiuahsu;>
fk;.
u jpUkjp.,uh[Fkhup rpjk;guk;> cjtpf;fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> > mf;fiwg;gw;W.
dk;
g;G> nry;tp.jhf;\hapdp Nfhghyrpq;fk;> tpupTiuahsu;> fk;.
; kg;G> jpUkjp.\hu;kpsh wQ;rpj;Fkhu;> tpupTiuahsu;>
fk;.
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Page 191
11.05 nre;jkpo;ehL
eld tbtikg;G> nry;tp.jhf;\hapdp Nf R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
11.15 gpujk mjpjpAiu
jpUkjp.c\h fdfRe;juk;> Mrpupia> tpd
11.20 rq;fkk;
jpUkjp.\hu;kpsh wQ;rpj;Fkhu;> tpupTiuah
11.45 jpy;yhdh
eld tbtikg;G> nry;tp. jhf;\hapdp Nf R.tp.m.f. epWtfk;.
12.00 kq;fsk;
12.10 ed;wpAiu
jpUkjp \hu;kpsh wQ;rpj;Fkhu;> tpupTiuah
ehlf tpoh fhiy muq;F - 20.12.2008
Neuk; epfo;Tfs; 09.00 gpujk mjpjpfis tuNtw;wy; 09.05 kq;fy tpsf;Nfw;wy; 09.10 Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; ghly;
,irj;Jiw khztu;fs; 09.15 tuNtw;Giu
jpUkjp.n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh];> tpupTiua 09.20 jiyikAiu
jpU.m.tpky;uh[;> tpupTiuahsu;;> R.tp.m.f 09.25 gpujk mjpjpAiu
Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;> jkpo;ehL. 09.30 nfsut mjpjpAiu
ju;krpwp gz;lhuehaf;f> gzpg;ghsu;> l;iwf 09.35 xspgLk; fhyk;
1k; tUl khztu;fspd; muq;f Mw;Wif newpahs;if:jpUkjp.n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh] R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

g;G> nry;tp.jhf;\hapdp Nfhghyrpq;fk;> tpupTiuahsu;> fk;.
u fdfRe;juk;> Mrpupia> tpd;rd;l; Njrpa ghlrhiy.
sh wQ;rpj;Fkhu;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
g;G> nry;tp. jhf;\hapdp Nfhghyrpq;fk;> tpupTiuahsu;> tfk;.
sh wQ;rpj;Fkhu;> tpupTiuahsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
- 20.12.2008
epfo;Tfs; s tuNtw;wy; fw;wy;
e;ju; ghly; hztu;fs;
;rpdp Qhdjh];> tpupTiuahsu;;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
[;> tpupTiuahsu;;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
u hkhD[k;> jkpo;ehL.
iu uehaf;f> gzpg;ghsu;> l;iwf;Nfhd; Ml;]; nrd;uu;. ; tu;fspd; muq;f Mw;Wif pUkjp.n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh];> tpupTiuahsu;;>
fk;.
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10.05 giwNksf; $j;J
khkhq;fk; FOtpdu;> gpyhyp Ntk;G> nty;y 10.25 tre;jd; $j;J
Njw;whj;jPT tre;jd; $j;J Mw;Wiff; FO 11.00 ntspehl;Lg;ngz;
fye;Jiuahly;: 2k; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khz newpahs;if: jpUkjp n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh] R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
ehlftpoh - khiy muq;F - 20.12.2008
Neuk; epfo;Tfs; 02.00 J}q;fpfs;
newpahs;if: jpU.m.tpky;uh[;> tpupTiua 02.30 fd;uPd ;
2k; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs; newpahs;if: jpU.m.tpky;uh[;> tpupTiua 03.15 MlyirT muq;F
R.tp.m.f.epWtf khztu;fs;> newpahs;if: jpUkjp.n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh] R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
ehlf tpoh - ,uT muq;F - 20.12.2008
Neuk; epfo;Tfs; 06.00 tuNtw;Giu
jpU.m.tpky;uh[;> tpupTiuahsu;;> R.tp.m.f 06.05 $j;J mwpKfk; 06.10 tlNkhbf; $j;J - Mw;Wif epfo;T 08.10 njd;Nkhbf; $j;J - Mw;Wif epfo;T
,Wjp ehs; epfo;Tfs; - khiy muq;F - 21.12.20
Neuk; epfo;Tfs; 02.00 Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; jpUTUtr; rpiyf;F k 02.15 mjpjpfis Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; rkhjpapypU 02.30 kq;fy tpsf;Nfw;wy;.
178

j;J
tpdu;> gpyhyp Ntk;G> nty;yhntsp.
re;jd; $j;J Mw;Wiff; FOtpdu;.
z;
;: 2k; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs;> jpUkjp n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh];> tpupTiuahsu;;>
fk;.
;F - 20.12.2008
epfo;Tfs;
pU.m.tpky;uh[;> tpupTiuahsu;;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
j;Jiw khztu;fs; pU.m.tpky;uh[;> tpupTiuahsu;;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;. q;F
f khztu;fs;> pUkjp.n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh];> tpupTiuahsu;;> fk;.
;F - 20.12.2008
epfo;Tfs;
[;> tpupTiuahsu;;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;. ; ;J - Mw;Wif epfo;T j;J - Mw;Wif epfo;T
khiy muq;F - 21.12.2008
epfo;Tfs; e;ju; jpUTUtr; rpiyf;F kyu;khiy mzptpj;jy;. hkp tpGyhde;ju; rkhjpapypUe;J mioj;J tuy;. fw;wy;.
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Page 193
02.35 tuNtw;Giu
nry;tp.rpahkshq;fp fUzhfud;.
02.40 jkpo;nkhop tho;j;J - ,irj;Jiw khzt
02.45 tpGyhde;ju; ghlypirj;jy; - ,irj;Jiw
02.50 jiyikAiu
cgNte;ju;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
03.00 rpwg;Giu> gzpg;ghsu;> R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
03.10 rpwg;G epfo;r;rp
gzpg;ghsupd; rpwg;G Ma;T - “Rthkp ,d;dpir” ehl;ba ehlfk;.
04.10 Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; epidT jpdj;ijnahl Nghl;bfspd; ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fSf;fhd tpU
04.20 nfsut mjpjpAiu
04.30 Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; ,sk; tpUJ toq;fy;.
04.40 gpujk mjpjpAiu
tpehaf%u;j;jp Kuspjud;> ghuhSkd;w c
05.00 Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epW
fiyQu;fis nfsutpj;jy;.
05.10 Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; caupa tpUJ toq;fy
05.15 ed;wpAiu.
Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; epidT jpd tpohitaLj;j ,t tutiof;fg;gl;l ehlfj;Jiwg; Nguhrpupauhd ,uhkD khztu;fSf;F gapw;rpg;gl;liwAk; elhj;jg;gl;lJ.
mLj;J Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epW 2008.11.27 md;W “jz;zPu;” FWk;gl tpoh eilngw;wJ. ,f (tpupTiuahsu;) newpg;gLj;jpapUe;jJld; ehlfj;Jiw khz jpiuf;Fk; gpd;dhYs;s nraw;ghLfspy; gq;F gw;wpAk; ,Ue ,d;wp mikahJ cyF” vDk; fUj;ij Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf m nraw;ghLfspy;  R.tp.m.f.epWtfk;.
rpwg;G Ma;T - “Rthkp tpGyhde;jupd; ePuu kfspu; l;ba ehlfk;.
e;ju; epidT jpdj;ijnahl;b eilngw;w ghlrhiy kl;l tw;wp ngw;wtu;fSf;fhd tpUJ toq;fy;.
iu
e;ju; ,sk; tpUJ toq;fy;.
u p Kuspjud;> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;
e;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; gzp GupAk; %j;j nfsutpj;jy;.
e;ju; caupa tpUJ toq;fy;.
T jpd tpohitaLj;j ,t;tpohTf;F ,e;jpahtpypUe;J g; Nguhrpupauhd ,uhkD[k; mtu;fisf; nfhz;L wAk; elhj;jg;gl;lJ.
;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; ehlfj;Jiwapduhy; Wk;gl tpoh eilngw;wJ. ,f;FWk;glj;ij jpU.m.tpky;uh[; pUe;jJld; ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs; gyu; ,jpy; ebj;Jk; hLfspy; gq;F gw;wpAk; ,Ue;jdu;. ,j;jpiug;glkhdJ “ePu; ; fUj;ij Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;jpUe;jJ. FWe;jpiug;gl y;yhJ mj;jpiug;gl tpohitAk; xOq;FgLj;jp elhj;jpa
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ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;F FWe;jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; mD FWe;jpig;gl tpohtpy; “kdpjNeak;” FWe;jpiug;glKk; ciuia Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU toq;fpaJk; ,q;F Fw
epfo;Tfs; - 2009
2009 Mk; Mz;L Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpa ehlfj;Jiwahy; mjpfsthd epfo;Tfs; elhj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiy epfo;Tfs; vdg;gpupf;ff;$bajhfTk; cs;sJ.
fw;ifnewp epfo;Tfs; - 2009
,uz;lhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;F 90 nra;Kiwg;ghlkhf  ghly;fis Kaw;rpia 10.02.2009 ,y; ehlfj;Jiw Kd;ndLj;jJ. k tbtkhd tre;jd; $j;ij khztu;fs; fw;Fk; Nehf;fpY GJg;nghypTld; tpsq;f itf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk; tre;jd; $ Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjw;fhf kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s Njw fpuhkq;fSf;F khztu;fis tpupTiuahsu; m.tpky;uh[ tre;jd; $j;Jf;fisg; ghu;itaplr; nra;tNjhL me;epf fye;Jiuahb me;epfo;Tfisf; nfhz;L tpguzg;glk; mj;NjhL tre;jd; $j;J ghly;fisr; nrk;ikahf;Fk; jpUkjp gpupaju;rpdp n[fjP] ;tud;> jpU.j.gpujPgd; MfpNahi
ghuk;gupa jkpo; thj;jpaq;fisf; nfhz;lJk;> gh cs;slf;fpa ,d;dpa mzp xd;iw (ghuk;gupa Ngz;l; thj;j Nkhfdjhrd;> ckh rpwprq;fu; MfpNahu; khztu;fis nf
27.05.2009 md;W “,yq;ifapd; FWk;glq;fSk jiyg;gpy; Ma;tuq;F eilngw;wJ. ,e;epfo;tpy; m.tpky;u “ntl;il”> “The Come From” vd;fpd;w jpiug;glq;fs; j fye;JiuahlYk; eilngw;wJ.
ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;F ehlf vOj;JU vOJ ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;F mikthf rpWfij Mrpupau;fs;> rpWfi nfhz;L gapw;rpg;gl;liwfs; elhj;jg;gl;ld. me;j tifapy Ma;thsuhd Nguhrpupau; nr.Nahfuhrh mtu;fisf; nfhz;L mNjNghy; 17.06.2009 md;W gpugy etPd rpWfij vOj
180

We;jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; mDgj;ij toq;fpaJ. jz;zPu; Neak;” FWe;jpiug;glKk; jpiuaplg;gl;lJld; mJgw;wpa
FU toq;fpaJk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
thkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy pfo;Tfs; elhj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it fw;ifnewp epfo;Tfs;> bajhfTk; cs;sJ.
2009
iw khztu;fSf;F 90 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; nfhz;l uJ ghuk;gupa muq;f tbtkhd tlNkhbf;$j;J
KiwfisAk;> ghly;fisAk;; kPS Uthf;fk; nra;Ak; lfj;Jiw Kd;ndLj;jJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ghuk;gupa muq;f hztu;fs; fw;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;> kPz ;Lk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ;Fk; Nehf;fpYk; tre;jd; $j;ij kPS Uthf;fk; nra;Ak; w;fhf kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s Njw;whj;jPT > te;jhW%iy Mfpa tpupTiuahsu; m.tpky;uh[; mioj;Jr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s taplr; nra;tNjhL me;epfo;j;Jiff; fiyQu;fNshLk; f; nfhz;L tpguzg;glk; xd;wpidAk; cUthf;fpdu;. y;fisr; nrk;ikahf;Fk; epfo;T tpupTiuahsu;fshd d;> jpU.j.gpujPgd; MfpNahiuf; nfhz;L elhj;jg;gl;lJ.
q;fisf; nfhz;lJk;> ghuk;gupa Mly; tbtq;fis ;iw (ghuk;gupa Ngz;l; thj;jpaf;FO) tpupAiuahsu;fshd MfpNahu; khztu;fis nfhz;L cUthf;fpdhu;.
q;ifapd; FWk;glq;fSk; ,d;iwa Nghf;Fk;” vd;w ;wJ. ,e;epfo;tpy; m.tpky;uh[pd; “fpr;rhd;”> Nf.ujpjudpd; vd;fpd;w jpiug;glq;fs; jpiuaplg;gl;lJld; mJ gw;wpa .
f;F ehlf vOj;JU vOJtJ (Script writing) vDk; fij Mrpupau;fs;> rpWfij Ma;thsu;fs; vd;Nghiuf; hj;jg;gl;ld. me;j tifapy; 16.06.2009 md;W rpWfij hfuhrh mtu;fisf; nfhz;L gapw;rpg;gl;liw elhj;jg;gl;lJ. gpugy etPd rpWfij vOj;jhsuhd jpU.tp.nfsupghyd;
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Page 195
mtu;fisf; nfhz;L gapw;rpg;gl;liw elhj;jg;gl;lJ. kw vOj;jhsuhd jpU. kyu;r;nry;td; vd;gtiuf; nfhz;L g md;W khiy “ehDk; NfhB];tud;” vDk jpiug;glk; jpi ,lk;ngw;wJ.
22.06.2009md;W fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj rp.n[arq;fu; mtu;fs; %ykhf “$j;jpd; ,d;iw epiy” vd Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;L elhj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;epfo;tpy; ,uz;lhk; t gq;F gw;wpapUe;jdu;.
24.06.2009 md;W kl;/te;jhW%iy kfhtpj;jpa gpuptpy; ehlfj;ij xU ghlkhf gapy;fpd;w khztu;fSf;F mk;khztu;fis epWtfj;jpw;F mioj;J mtu;fSf;F ehl fhiy 8.30 njhlf;fk; khiy 4.30 kzp tiu ehlf khztu;fSk; elhj;jpdu;.
jpU. nfsuPrd; mtu;fshy; ,uz;lhk; ehlfj;Jiw k etPd rpe;jidfs;> etPdj;Jtk;> gpd; etPdj;Jtk;> etf Nghd;w jiyg;Gf;fspy; 01.07.2009 md;W fUj;juq;F epW
18.11.2009 - 24.11.2009 tiu ehlfj;Jiwapd; Vw;ghl cs;s njhopy; Kiwf; fiyQu;fisf; nfhz;l ehlff;FO nfhz;L ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;F ehlfj;jpw;fhd gapw;r vd;w njhdpg; nghUspyhd gapw;rpg;gl;liw eilngw;wJ. , khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;L mjd; %y; rpwpa ehlfk; xd
fiy epfo;Tfs; - 2009
03.03.2009 md;W ehlfj;Jiwahy; kl;lf;fsg;G E}y E}yf thuj;jpw;fhf thrpg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kf;fSf;F ehlfk; xd;w jahupf;fg;gl;L kl;lf;fsg;gpd; gy ,lq;fspYk
Njrpa xUikg;ghl;Lr; nraw;jpl;l gzpafk; (N Unit) murpayikg;G mYty;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa xUik gz;ghl;L tpoh” (Multi Cultural Show – 2009) 04.05.2009 fw;iffs; epWtf ,uhrJiu muq;fpNy rpwg;ghf eiln ghuk;gupa eldq;fis khztu;fisf; nfhz;L tbtik Fwpg;ghf fpof;fpyq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; KJrkhd tlN ghly;fisAk;> jhsf;fl;Lf;fisAk; mbehjkhff; nfh “Nghu;f;fsk;” vDk; Gj;jhf;f epfo;T Nkilaplg;gl;lJ. ,J N mj;Jld; Nghu;f;fs Mw;Wiff;fhd Nkw;ghu;it> MNyhri
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;gl;liw elhj;jg;gl;lJ. kw;WnkhU gpugy etPd ehlf ;td; vd;gtiuf; nfhz;L gapw;rpg;gl;liw elhj;jg;gl;lJ. ;tud;” vDk jpiug;glk; jpiuaplg;gl;L fye;JiuahlYk;
g;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw tpupTiuahsuhd jpU. “$j;jpd; ,d;iw epiy” vd;fpd;w jiyg;gpy; Ma;tuq;F J. ,e;epfo;tpy; ,uz;lhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs;
;/te;jhW%iy kfhtpj;jpahyaj;jpy; f.ngh.j cau;jug; gapy;fpd;w khztu;fSf;F guPl ;irf;F cjTk; Nehf;fpy; ;F mioj;J mtu;fSf;F ehlfg; gapw;rpg;gl;liw xd;wpid y 4.30 kzp tiu ehlfj;Jiw tpupTiuahsu;fSk;>
; ,uz;lhk; ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;F fhydpj;Jtk;> k;> gpd; etPd j;Jtk;> etfhydpj;Jtk;> cyfkakhjy; 009 md;W fUj;juq;F epWtfj;jpNy elhj;jg;gl;lJ.
iu ehlfj;Jiwapd; Vw;ghl;by; ‘kf;fs; fsup’ (nfhOk;gpy; u;fisf; nfhz;l ehlff;FO) ehlff; FO fiyQu;fisf; ;fSf;F ehlfj;jpw;fhd gapw;rpg;gl;liwAk;> ehlfj; jahupg;Gk; pw;rpg;gl;liw eilngw;wJ. ,jD}lhf ehlf ebg;Gg; gapw;rp
jd; %y; rpwpa ehlfk; xd;Wk; mspf;if nra;ag;gl;lJ.
j;Jiwahy; kl;lf;fsg;G E}yfj;jpdhy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l f;fpaj;Jtj;ij kf;fSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpy; tPj p ;lf;fsg;gpd; gy ,lq;fspYk; NkilNaw;wg;gl;lJ.
raw;jpl;l gzpafk; (National Integration Programme ;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L mikr;rpd; “gy;ypd how – 2009) 04.05.2009 md;W tpGyhde;j mofpaw; muq;fpNy rpwg;ghf eilngw;wJ. me;epfo;tpNy jkpog; u;fisf; nfhz;L tbtikj;J Mw;Wif nra;jpUe;jdu;. ; kf;fspd; KJrkhd tlNkhbf; $j;jpd; Mly;fisAk;> sAk; mbehjkhff; nfhz;L gyijAk; ,izj;j o;T Nkilaplg;gl;lJ. ,J Nguhrpupaupd; gilg;ghf;fkhFk;. ;fhd Nkw;ghu;it> MNyhrid> ghly;fs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F
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Nguhrpupau; nghWg;ghftpUe;jhu;. ,jw;fhd Mlw;gapw;rpi ckh rpwprq;fu; (ehlfj;Jiw tpupTiuahsu;fs;) MfpNahu jahupj;jpUe;jtu; tpupTiuahsu; jpU.tpky;uh[; Mthh;. , rpq;fs ghuk;gupa muq;f mspf;iffs; ,e;epfo;tpNy , rpq;fstu;fSf;F jkpo; fiytbtq;fisg; ghu;g;gjw;fhd rpq;fsf; fiytbtq;fis ghu;g;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gKk; fpil
03.06.2009 md;W ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fshy; epWt vDk; jiyg;gpy; jkpo; fpuhkpa eldq;fs; epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. m khztu;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. ,e;epfo;T %yk; ehlfj ghly; gapw;rpfSk; jkpou; ghuk;gupa epfo;j;Jiff;fhd ,jd;NghJ ,irTk; mirTk; vd;w tpjj;jpy; eifr;Ri ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fshy; mspf;if nra;ag;gl;lJ. ghu;i tpupTiuahsu;fs;> khztu;fs; gq;F nfhz;ldu;.
,e;jpahtpy; guj ehl;ba Nkw;gbg;ig Nkw;nfh Nkhfdg;gpupaid epWtfj;jpw;F mioj;J mtuJ Mw;Wi muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ. mjpy; Nkhfpdp Ml;lk;> Fr;Rg;gpb Ml;lk;> g etPd Kiwiaf; ifahz;L ,izg;G eldk; Nghd;wit
29.07.2009 md;W muq;f epfo;thf Kjyhk; tUl “gz;Gk; gaDk;”> “kPz ;Lk; njhlq;Fk; kpLf;F” Mfpa ,U e muq;fg;ghly;fSk; mspf;if nra;ag;gl;lJ.
18.08.2009 md;W ,uz;lhk; tUl 45 khzt ,iize;J Ie;J ehl;fs; nfhz;l fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh epfo;T jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhLj;jNjhL mjw;fhd xOq;FfisAk; Ngu Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhu;. mj;NjhL Rw;WyhTf;Fupa midj;J ,izg;ghsu; jpU.tpkyuh[; mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,e;epf epfo;TfisAk; mNj Neuk; fw;if Nehf;fj;ijAk; mbg;gi ,jd;NghJ gpugy rpq;fs ehlff; fiyQuhd ju;krpwp gz;l ehlff;FOtpdUld; re;jpg;Gk;> fye;Jiuahly;fSk;> epfo Mw;Wif nra;af; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. mjidaLj;J g kf;fs; fsup ehlff; FOtpdUldhd re;jpg;G ,lk;n ehlff;FOtpd; Mw;WiffSk;> rpq;fs ghuk;gupa mspf;i fw;iffs; epWtf khztu;fspdJk; muq;f mspf;iffs; , tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtf khztu;fisf; nfh kf;fs; fsup muq;Nfw;w fhuzkhf mike;jJ. jkpo; rpq;f ,r;Rw;Wyh ghykhf mike;jJ. mj;NjhL mLj;J Nguhrpu
182

u;. ,jw;fhd Mlw;gapw;rpia f.Nkhfdjhrd;> jpUkjp. pupTiuahsu;fs;) MfpNahu; toq;fpapUe;jdu;. ,jidj; u; jpU.tpky;uh[; Mthh;. ,NjNghy; gy jkpo;> K];ypk;> pf;iffs; ,e;epfo;tpNy ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,e;epfo;T %yk; tbtq;fisg; ghu;g;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gKk;> jkpou;fSf;F ;g;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gKk; fpilj;jJ.
j;Jiw khztu;fshy; epWtfj;jpNy “,irTk; mirTk;” ldq;fs; epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. mjpy; Kjyhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw u;. ,e;epfo;T %yk; ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;F Mly;> huk;gupa epfo;j;Jiff;fhd gapw;rpfSk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ; vd;w tpjj;jpy; eifr;Ritg; ghzpapy; jpUkzf;fhl;rp spf;if nra;ag;gl;lJ. ghu;itahsu;fshf epWtfj;jpYs;s
; gq;F nfhz;ldu;.
a Nkw;gbg;ig Nkw;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,yq;ifauhd ;F mioj;J mtuJ Mw;Wif epfo;T xU ehs; tpohthf p Ml;lk;> Fr;Rg;gpb Ml;lk;> guj ehl;bak; mj;Jld; gujj;jpy; izg;G eldk; Nghd;wit epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;ld.
;f epfo;thf Kjyhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fshy; lq;Fk; kpLf;F” Mfpa ,U ehlfq;fs; Nkilaplg;gl;lJld; ra;ag;gl;lJ.
;lhk; tUl 45 khztu;fSk;> tpupTiuahsu;fSk; z;l fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh epfo;T ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,r;Rw;Wyhit ;fhd xOq;FfisAk; Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU mtu;fs; w;WyhTf;Fupa midj;J xOq;FfisAk; ehlfj;Jiw tu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,e;epfo;thdJ mjpfstpyhd fiy ;if Nehf;fj;ijAk; mbg;gilahf; nfhz;like;jpUe;jJ. f; fiyQuhd ju;krpwp gz;lhuehaf;fhtpdJ ‘l;iuf;Nfhd’; ;> fye;Jiuahly;fSk;> epfo;j;JiffSk; ,lk;ngw;wik. mike;jJ. mjidaLj;J guhf;fpuk neupay;y mtu;fsJ dUldhd re;jpg;G ,lk;ngw;wJ. mjpy; kf;fs; fsup ;> rpq;fs ghuk;gupa mspf;iffSk;> tpGyhde;j mofpaw; dJk; muq;f mspf;iffs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,r;re;jpg;Ng Rthkp ; epWtf khztu;fisf; nfhz;L “kpUr;rfbfk;” ehlfj;ij khf mike;jJ. jkpo; rpq;fs ehlfj;Jiwapdu; ,iza . mj;NjhL mLj;J Nguhrpupau; fh.rptj;jk;gp mtu;fisr;
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re;jpj;J fye;JiuahLk; epfo;Tk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,jd;NghJ Rw;Wyh nrd;w khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. mJkl;Lk nfhOk;gpYs;s gpugy muq;Ffshd yady; ntd;w;> Yk muq;F Mfpa muq;F ghu;itapl;lJld; fpuhkpa fiy muq epfo;j;Jiffspyk;  “ntw;wplk;” Nghd;w ehlfq;fs; Nkilaplg;g
22.09.2009 md;W etuhj;jpup tpohit Kd;dpl;L ehlfj;Jiw tpupTiuahsuhd jpU.f.Nkhfdjhrd; mtu mtu;fspd; rpWtu; ehlfkhd “Ntlid cr;rpa nts;isg; nra;ag;gl;L NkilNaw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ehlf khe;ju;fshfT tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs; gq;F nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,uz;lhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fspd; fiy epfo epWtfj;jpNy eilngw;wJ. mjpy; “me;jg;Gu ufrpak;” vD ehlfk; khztu;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;L Nkilaplg;gl;lJ. m ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fshy; “fw;f frlw” vDk; ehlfk; Nki
02.12.2009 md;W ,e;jpaj; jkpo; ehlff; fiyQuhd cUthf;fkhd “ghupgLfsk;” vDk; ehlfk; jpiuaplg;gl;L m fye;JiuahlYk; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
09.12.2009 md;W ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fsJ fw;wy; “Xjy;Nyh” ehlfj;ij jpiug;glkhfTk;> ehlfkhfTk; ,U tpjk; gw;wpa ,U jpiug;glq;fs; Nkilaplg;gl;L mjd; gpd fye;JiuahlYk; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
epfo;Tfs; - 2010 fw;ifnewp epfo;Tfs; - 2010
2010 Mk; Mz;L Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw epfothf ,lk;ngw;wJ xU fw;if rhu;e;j epfo;Nt MFk;. gpupj;jhdpahtpYs;s “Fun For Life” vDk; ehlff;FOitr; Nr tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iwfs; epWtfj;jpw;F tUif je;J khztu;fSf;F gapw;rpg; gl;liw xd;wpid elhj;jpapUe;j jpUkiwf;fyhkd;w wpWtfUk; (jpUts;Std;> wjptjd
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

k; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,jd;NghJ NguhrpupauJ Mrph;thjq;fis w;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. mJkl;Lky;yhJ mr;Rw;Wyhtpd; NghJ fshd yady; ntd;w;> Yk;gpdp muq;F> fpuhkpa fiy pl;lJld; fpuhkpa fiy muq;f khztu;fSld; ,ize;J ;. ,f;fy;tpr; Rw;WyhthdJ ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;F ke;jpUe;jJ.
;lhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fshy; mtu;fsJ ehlf hf khztu;fshy; vOjg;gl;L jahupf;fg;gl;l “Vf;fk;”> d;w ehlfq;fs; Nkilaplg;gl;ld.
hj;jpup tpohit Kd;dpl;L epfo;e;j fiy epfo;Tfspy; jpU.f.Nkhfdjhrd; mtu;fshy; Nguhrpupau; nksdFU Ntlid cr;rpa nts;isg; Gwhf;fs;” ehlfk; newpahs;if . ,jpy; ehlf khe;ju;fshfTk;> ghlfu;fshfTk; ,uz;lhk; ; gq;F nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
w khztu;fspd; fiy epfo;nthd;W 23.09.2009 md;W jpy; “me;jg;Gu ufrpak;” vDk; kNdhujpa ghzpapyhd ;fg;gl;L Nkilaplg;gl;lJ. mNjNghy; 24.09.2009 md;W w;f frlw” vDk; ehlfk; Nkilaplg;gl;lJ.
j; jkpo; ehlff; fiyQuhd gpusad; vd;gtuJ Gjpa ehlf Dk; ehlfk; jpiuaplg;gl;L mjd; gpd;du; me;ehlfk; gw;wpa .
;Jiw khztu;fsJ fw;wy; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf Nrf;];gpaupd; khfTk;> ehlfkhfTk; ,UNtW tpjkhf cUthf;fg;gl;l ; Nkilaplg;gl;L mjd; gpd;du; mj;jpiug;glq;fs; gw;wpa .
2010
p tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy Kjy; ;if rhu;e;j epfo;Nt MFk;. mjhtJ 08.02.2010 md;W ” vDk; ehlff;FOitr; Nru;e;j Ie;J fiyQu;fs; Rthkp ; epWtfj;jpw;F tUif je;J ,uz;lhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw w xd;wpid elhj;jpapUe;jdu;. mtu;fSld; kl;lf;fsg;G ; (jpUts;Std;> wjptjdp) mtuJ FOtpdUk; fye;J
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nfhz;L ehlfg;gapw;rpg; gl;liwia Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,g;g 2.00 kzpf;F Muk;gkhfp khiy 5.30f;F epiwTw;wJ.
13.02.2010 md;W “Fun For Life” ehlff;FOtpdupd mj;Jld; ,tu;fs; gNy eldk;> Nkilg;nghUl;fisf; ifah mirTfs; vd;gd Nghd;w tplaq;fis ,uz;lhk; tUl gapw;Wtpj;jdu;.
2010 Mk; Mz;L cyfg; Gfo; ngw;w ehlff; fiyQU Nru;e;j ehlff;fhuuhfpa “ghjy; ru;f;fhu;” - mtu;fSi ehlfq;fspy; gq;F gw;wp mDgtq;fisg; ngw;wtUkhd tUif je;J ,uz;L ehl;fs; nfhz;l ehlfg; gapw;r khztu;fSf;F Nkw;nfhz;lhu; ,jd;NghJ jdp ebg;gpd cs;s mlf;F KiwfSf;F vjpuhf muq;fr; nraw;ghl;bd; Nghd;w gapw;rpfs; khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;ld. mJ kl ,U Mw;WiffSk; ,lk;ngw;wJld; mJ gw;wpa fye;Jiua
2010 Mk; Mz;bNy rpq;fs fz;ba eldf; fiyQU thj;jpa fiyQUkhd “fu;\” vd;gtupd; ,uz;L ehs; eldj;jiw khztu;fSf;Fk; Nru;j;J epWtfj;jpNy ei mtu;fspdhy; fz;ba eldj;jpd; Muk;g gapw;rpfs; khz fu;\ mtu;fsJ Mw;WiffSk; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
rPd xNguhtpd; gapw;rpAk;> epfo;j;JifAk; vDk; epfo tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy eilngw;wJ. je;jpUe;j xU xNguhf;fiyQuhy; ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fS %yk; ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs; rPd ehl;bd xNguhit N mjpy; rpwpjsNtDk; gapw;rpia ngWtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkhf m
25.06.2010 njhlf;fk; 27.10.2010 tiu f.ngh.j ca ghlkhf gapYk; khztu;fSf;fhf cau;ju tFg;G ehlfK mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fUj;juq;F tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;i kl;{fSjhtis kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. mjpy Nkw;gl;l mjpfkhd khztu;fs; nfhz;ldu;.
03.07.2010> 04.07.2010 Mfpa ,U jpdq;fspy; kl;lf cau;ju tFg;G khztu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ ehlfKk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gapw;rpAk;> fUj;juq;Fk; Rthkp t epWtfj;jpy; ehlfj;Jiwahy; elhj;jg;gl;ld. ,jw;F epWtf toq;fpaJ.
184

wia Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,g;gapw;rpg; gl;liwahdJ gpw;gfy;
y 5.30f;F epiwTw;wJ.
r Life” ehlff;FOtpdupd; Mw;Wiffs; ,lk;ngw;wJ. Nkilg;nghUl;fisf; ifahSk; tpjk;> Fuy; gapw;rp> Nkil laq;fis ,uz;lhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;F
Gfo; ngw;w ehlff; fiyQUk;> ,e;jpahtpd; fy;fj;jhitr; ; ru;f;fhu;” - mtu;fSila khztUk;> mtUila gtq;fisg; ngw;wtUkhd “gpuzhg; Kfu;[p” mtu;fs; s; nfhz;l ehlfg; gapw;rpg; gl;liwia ehlfj;Jiw hu; ,jd;NghJ jdp ebg;gpd; %yk; vt;thW r%fj;jpy; puhf muq;fr; nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; Fuy; nfhLg;gJ vd;gd f;F toq;fg;gl;ld. mJ kl;Lky;yhJ gpuzhg;Kfu;[papd; Jld; mJ gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly;fSk; eilngw;wJ.
s fz;ba eldf; fiyQUk;> rpq;fs fz;ba eld ngu ” vd;gtupd; ,uz;L ehs; gapw;rpg;gl;liw ehlfj;Jiw> ; Nru;j;J epWtfj;jpNy eilngw;wJ. mjd;NghJ fu;\ pd; Muk;g gapw;rpfs; khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJld;
; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
epfo;j;JifAk; vDk; epfo;T 2010 Mk; Mz;L Rthkp ; epWtfj;jpNy eilngw;wJ. mJ ag;ghdpy; ,Ue;J tUif hy; ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;fhf epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ; rPd ehl;bd xNguhit Neubahf fhZk; tha;g;igAk; ngWtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gkhf mJ mike;jJ.
.10.2010 tiu f.ngh.j cau;ju tFg;gpy; ehlfj;ij xU ;fhf cau;ju tFg;G ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij q;F tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtf ehlfj;Jiwahy; aj;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. mjpy; mg;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s gj;jpw;Fk; s; nfhz;ldu;.
Mfpa ,U jpdq;fspy; kl;lf;fsg;G fy;tp tyaj;jpw;Fl;gl;l f;F mtu;fsJ ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij pAk;> fUj;juq;Fk; Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; lhj;jg;gl;ld. ,jw;F epWtf khztu; xd;wpaKk; MjuT
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05.08.2010 md;W kl;/rpthde;jh Njrpa ghlrhiya ehlfj;ij gapYk; khztu;fSf;F ehlfj;Jiw ,i kw;Wk; ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSk; ,ize;J gapw;rpg;g mg;ghlrhiyapYs;s ehlfj;ij gapYk; 50 khztu;fs; gq
epfo;Tfs; - 2010
24.02.2010 md;W ag;ghdpa ghuk;gupa ehlf tbtkhd midj;J tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSk; me;epfo;tpy; gq “Neh” ehlfk; gw;wpa fye;JiuahlypYk;  “milahsk;”> “rhf;filf;F ehlfq;fis Nkilapl;ldu;.
27.03.2010 md;W Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpa ehlfj;Jiwapd; Vw;g;ghl;by; “cyf ehlf jpd tpoh” rpwg;g gpujk mjpjpahf fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof cgNte;ju;> kw;W rp.nksdFU MfpNahu; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. me;epfo;tpN %dh.fh. vd;gtUf;F %j;j ehlff; fiyQUf;fhd nfsut tplakhFk;. mj;Jld; cyf ehlf jpd tpohr; nra;jpAk ehlfq;fSk; Nkilaplg;gl;lJ.
ehlfk; newpahsu; jahupg kfhftp fhspjhrupd; mgpf;QhdrhFe;jyk;
jpUkjp. n[auQ;rdp Qhdjh];
,uz;lhk; ehlfj;Ji khztu;f
Gj;jhf;fk; k.yhtz;ah>
t.epu;kyfhe;jd;
k.yhtz;a t.epu;kyfh
jiytpjp (tlNkhbf; $j;J)
,uz;lhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pthde;jh Njrpa ghlrhiyapy; f.ngh.j cau;ju tFg;gpy; ;fSf;F ehlfj;Jiw ,izg;ghsu; jpU.m.tpky;uh[; ;fSk; ,ize;J gapw;rpg;gl;liwia elhj;jpdu; mjpy; j gapYk; 50 khztu;fs; gq;F gw;wpdu;
pa ghuk;gupa ehlf tbtkhd “Neh” ehlfk; jpiuaplg;gl;lJ. ztu;fSk; me;epfo;tpy; gq;F nfhz;lJld; jpiuaplg;gl;l ahlypYk;  “milahsk;”> “rhf;filf;Fs; Kj;J”> “fhNthiy” Mfpa
hkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy yf ehlf jpd tpoh” rpwg;ghf eilngw;wJ. ,e;epfo;tpd; yf;fof cgNte;ju;> kw;Wk; rpwg;G mjpjpahf Nguhrpupau; nfhz;ldu;. me;epfo;tpNy %j;j ehlff; fiyQuhd lff; fiyQUf;fhd nfsutpg;G ,lk;ngw;wJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ehlf jpd tpohr; nra;jpAk; thrpf;fg;gl;lJld;> fPo ;tUk; .
ewpahsu; jahupg;G ehlff;fU p. n[auQ;rdp h];
,uz;lhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs;
J];ae;j kfhuh[h rFe;jiyia fhe;ju;tkzk; Gupe;jij kwe;jikapdhy; vw;gl;l tpisTfs;. z;ah> yfhe;jd;
k.yhtz;ah> t.epu;kyfhe;jd;
%d;W tpjkhd eldq;fs; (tlNkhbf;$j;J> fpuhkpa eldk;> guj ehl;bak;) xNu ,irf;F Mlg;gLfpd;wJ. ;lhk; tUl ;Jiw
u;fs;.
fhjypd; gpd;Gk; rPj df;nfhLik
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gpNwk;ep\he;> ghLfspd; fij
2k;
gpNwk;ep\h (jdpahs; ebg;G)
tUl ehlfj;Jiw
2 Mk; tU khztd;.
ehlfj;Ji khztd;. NtYrutzdpd; “NjtNyhf ahid”
jpU.f.Nkhfdjhrd;>
3 Mk; tU jpUkjp.ckhrpwprq;f u;
ehlfj;Ji (ehlfj;Jiw
khztu;f tpupTiuahsu;fs;)
cyf ehlf tpohitaLj;J Rthkp tpGyhde;j mof ehlfj;Jiwapduhy; fy;tpr;Rw;Wyh xd;W Kd;ndLf;f ,izg;ghsu; tpky;uh[;> ,irj;Jiw tpupTiuahsu; n MfpNahUk;> 3 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSk; Rw;WyhthdJ Ie;J ehl;fs; nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jJ. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; eilngw;w kf;fs; fsup ehlf;fFOtpd; eh mike;jpUe;jJ. mj;Jld; kf;fs; fsup xg;gidf; f gapw;rpiaAk; khztu;fs; mq;F ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. N NghJ aho; gy;fiyf;fof ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSlD fye;JiuahlypYk;  kl;lf;fsg;gpy; eilngw;w fyhr;rhu epfo;tpYk ehlfj;Jiw> ,irj;Jiw> eldj;Jiw khztu;fs; gq;F g
gpugy rpq;fs ehlff;fiyQUk;> jahupg;ghsUkhd j newpahs;ifapYk;> mtuJ ehlff; FOtpd; (“l;iuf;Nf “Ntjhsk;” vDk; gpukhz;lkhd rpq;fs nkhopapyhd ehlfj;Jiwapd; Vwg;ghl;by; Rthkp tpGyhde;jh mofpaw muq;fpNy muq;NfwpaJ. me;epfo;tpNy kl;lf;fsg;G gy;fiyf;fof cgNte;ju; kw;Wk; Nguhrpupau;fs;> tpupT khztu;fs;> ghlrhiy khztu;fs; vdg;gyUk; gq;F nf
2010 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjp epfo;thf khngUk; FW tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy elhj;jg;gl;lJ tiu eilngw;wJ. ,e;ehlf tpohthdJ ,yq;ifj; tuyhw;wpNy Kjy; Kiwahf 41 ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;J
186

gpNwk;ep\he;> p\he;> 2k; hlfj;Jiw
2 Mk; tUl d;.
ehlfj;Jiw khztd;.
FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Nrhfq;fs;.
Nkhfdjhrd;> p.ckhrpwprq;f u;
;Jiw uahsu;fs;)
3 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs;
Nrhk;Ngwpj;jdkhd xUtdpd; epiwNtwhj fdTyf tho;f;if.
;J Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy w;Wyh xd;W Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ehlfj;Jiw rj;Jiw tpupTiuahsu; nry;tp.ru];tjp Rg;gpukzpak; hlfj;Jiw khztu;fSk; gq;F nfhz;ldu;. mf;fy;tpr; fhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jJ. mjw;fhd fhuzk; ahnjdpy; ;fs; fsup ehlf;fFOtpd; ehlf tpohit ghu;itapLtjhf f;fs; fsup xg;gidf; fiyQu; %ykhf xg;gidg; ;F ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. NkYk; mf;fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhtpd; hlfj;Jiw khztu;fSlDk;> tpupTiuahsu;fSlDk; ;.
lngw;w epfo;Tfspd; tupirapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f muq;f uhjpahu; ghly;fSf;F ,iraikj;J ghly;fshfTk;> ra;Ak; epfo;T ,lk;ngw;wJ. mNjNghy; jkpo; fpuhkpag; ;gl;l epfo;Tfs; jpUNfhzkiyapy; ,lk;ngw;w fyhr;rhu lngw;w fyhr;rhu epfo;tpYk; NkilNaw;wg;gl;ld. ,jpy;
j;Jiw khztu;fs; gq;F gw;wpdu;.
QUk;> jahupg;ghsUkhd ju;krpwp gz;lhuehaf;fhtpdJ hlff; FOtpd; (“l;iuf;Nfhd;”) jahupg;gpYk; cUthd hd rpq;fs nkhopapyhd ehlfk; 2010 Mk; Mz;L thkp tpGyhde;jh mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtf ,uhrJiu e;epfo;tpNy kl;lf;fsg;G murhq;f mjpgu;> fpof;Fg; w;Wk; Nguhrpupau;fs;> tpupTiuahsu;fs;> gy;fiyf;fof tu;fs; vdg;gyUk; gq;F nfhz;lhu;fs;.
jp epfo;thf khngUk; FWehlftpoh ehlfj;Jiwahy; ; epWtfj;jpNy elhj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J 08.11.2010 - 12.11.2010 tpohthdJ ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ehlfg; gug;gpy;> ehlf 41 ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;J newpg;gLj;jp kpfTk; rpwg;ghd
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KiwapYk;> etPd muq;fg; gupkhzq;fSld; 3Mk; tUl Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;ld. ehlfq;fis newpg;gLj;JtJ njhl ehd;F khjq;fSf;F Nkyhf khztu;fSf;F toq;f mspf;if nra;ag;gl;l xt;nthU ehlfKk; 25-30 epkplq;fi me;ehlfq;fSf;fhd KOg;nghWg;igAk; ehlfj;Jiw , mtu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. me;epfo;thdJ fhiy kh ehl;fs; eilngw;wJ. ,yq;if G+uhfTk; FWehlf tpohtpw;fh mj;Jld; ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa tpsk;gug;gLj;jYk; Nkw;nfhs Nkw;gl;l ghu;itahsu;fs; gy ,lq;fspYk; ,Ue;J tU FWehlf tpohthf kl;Lkd;wp 3 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Ji newpahs;iff;;Fupa guPl ;irahfTk; mike;jpUe;jJ. ehlfk; x Kjy; midj;J gapw;rpiaAk; mDgtj;ijAk; ehlfj;Ji %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;ba ehlfg;gl;bayhdJ gpd;tUkhW Neu tiuaiwf;Fs; jpl;lk
FWehlf tpoh - 2010 (40 ehlfq;fspd Kjyhk; ehs; epfo;j;Jiffs; - 08.11.2010
fhiy muq;F
Neuk; ehlfk; 09.00 - 09.45 jhj;jh nrhd;d fij V.vy;.md 09.45 - 10.30 Nfhkhspfspd; tpLjp t.epu;ky
10.30 - 11.15 xU &gha; rh.mNrhf 11.15 - 12.00 ghiwAk; frpTk; Ne.,e;J[
khiy muq;F
04.00 - 04.45 Gdugp [ddk; Gdutp kuzk; , 04.45 - 05.30 rhj;jpuk; vJf;fb F 05.30 - 6.15 cWjp kdk; , 06.15 - 7.00 ju;kk; N
,uz;lhk; ehs; epfo;j;Jiffs; - 09.11.2010
Neuk; ehlfk; 09.00 - 09.45 rPj h 09.45 - 10.30 $l;baf;fk;
10.30 - 11.15 gps;is mOj fz;zPu; 11.15 - 12.00 tho;f;if vDk; ghijapNy
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pkhzq;fSld; 3Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fshy; ;fis newpg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd fw;gpj;jYk;> gapw;rpfSk; khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;ld. FWehlf tpohtpy; ehlfKk; 25-30 epkplq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jJ. hWg;igAk; ehlfj;Jiw ,izg;ghsu; jpU.m.tpky;uh[; u;. me;epfo;thdJ fhiy khiy vdj; njhlu;r;rpahf Ie;J +uhfTk; FWehlf tpohtpw;fhd miog;gpjo; mDg;gg;gl;lJ. psk;gug;gLj;jYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jpdKk; 500f;F ,lq;fspYk; ,Ue;J tUif je;jpUe;jdu;. me;epfo;T p 3 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;fhd ehlf Tk; mike;jpUe;jJ. ehlfk; xd;iw njupT nra;J Mw;Wif mDgtj;ijAk; ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fs; FWehlf tpoh ;gJ Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;ba tplakhFk;. FWehlf tpoh Neu tiuaiwf;Fs; jpl;lkplg;gl;L muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ.
h - 2010 (40 ehlfq;fspd; Mw;Wif) ffs; - 08.11.2010
ehlfk; newpahsu; rhd;d fij V.vy;.mdd;rpah mTl;];Nfhd; pfspd; tpLjp t.epu;kyfhe;jd; ha; rh.mNrhf;Fkhu; k; frpTk; Ne.,e;J[h
ddk; Gdutp kuzk; ,. ep\he;jpdp ; vJf;fb F.fp\he;jp dk; ,.yypj&gd;
Nah.byf;\dh
iffs; - 09.11.2010
ehlfk; newpahsu;
j.Njtkyu; ;fk; K.n[af;Fkhu; mOj fz;zPu; rp.[pNth[pdp f vDk; ghijapNy u.NfhFyd;
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khiy muq;F
04.00 - 04.45 capu; NjLk; [lq;fs; 04.45 - 05.30 kq;ifauha; gpwg;gjw;Nf 05.30 - 06.15 NfhJilf;Fk; FQ;Rfs; 06.15 - 07.00 fub
%d;whk; ehs; epfo;j;Jiffs; - 10.11.2010 - fhi
Neuk; ehlfk; 09.00 - 09.45 Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpNy 09.45 - 10.30 epuhfupf;f Kbahjgb
10.30 - 11.15 Mr;rp Rl;l til 11.15 - 12.00 rj;jpa Nrhjid
khiy muq;F
04.00 - 04.45 rk;Gfd; 04.45 - 05.30 XAkh miyfs; 05.30 - 06.15 fq;if ejpf;fiu 06.15 - 07.00 flypd; mf;fiw NghNthu;
ehd;fhk; ehs; epfo;j;Jiffs; - 11.11.2010 - fhi
Neuk; ehlfk; 09.00 - 09.45 khd; 09.45 - 10.30 tpbaiyj;Njb
10.30 - 11.15 ghYf;Fg; ghyfd; 11.15 - 12.00 rhk;gy; tpijg;Gf;fs;
khiy muq;F
04.00 - 04.45 cWjp 04.45 - 05.30 vd;d nra;ayhk; 05.30 - 06.15 nghUsw;w fpWf;fy; 06.15 - 07.00 ,dpAk; Ntz;lhk;
188

jLk; [lq;fs; m.up\;tpdp uha; gpwg;gjw;Nf rp.rptkjp lf;Fk; FQ;Rfs; rp.mNdh[h e.ee;jFkhu;
ffs; - 10.11.2010 - fhiy muq;F
ehlfk; newpahsu; hU fhyj;jpNy Ng.Nyh[pdp ;f Kbahjgb u.gtpj;jpuh ;l til f.Nutjp rhjid rp.rhe;jyf;\p
; jp.mgpuhkp iyfs; u.nry;tuh[; ejpf;fiu k.yhtz;ah mf;fiw NghNthu; f.jpUr;nre;J}ud;
ffs; - 11.11.2010 - fhiy muq;F
ehlfk; newpahsu;
J.fhQ;rdh j;Njb F.R[pgd; g; ghyfd; fp.fiyuhjh tpijg;Gf;fs; f.yf;\yh
,.mgu;dh ra;ayhk; R.jNgjpdp w;w fpWf;fy; u.uhftd;
; Ntz;lhk; Ny.gpwpd;rpyp
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Ie;jhk; ehs; epfo;j;Jiffs; - 12.11.2010 - fhiy
Neuk; ehlfk; 09.00 - 09.45 epj;jpa epju;rdKk; ehisa ju;rdK 09.45 - 10.30 ehd; tpUk;Gk; gs;spf;$lk; 10.30 - 11.15 ,g;gbf;F czu;Tfs; 11.15 - 12.00 ahidAk; rpl;Lf; FUtpAk;
khiy muq;F
04.00 - 04.45 ngz;fSk; kdpju;fSk; vd;Wzu 04.45 - 05.30 fpup[h 05.30 - 6.15 jpir njupahj ehNlhbfs; 06.15 - 7.00 ,bfiu kz; 07.00 - 07.45 Vfiytd;
epfo;Tfs; - 2011
2009> 2010 Mk; Mz;Lfisg; Nghy; 2011 Mk epfo;Tfs; FiwthfNt eilngw;Ws;sd. mjd; fhuz fiyepfo;Tfs; vd;wpy;yhky; 2011 epfo;Tfs; vDk; nghJt Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
23.02.2011 md;W Gjd;fpoik epfo;thf FWk;glq fye;JiuahlYk; vDk; epfo;T eilngw;wJ. me;epfo;t 4.00 tiu eilngw;wJ. mjd;NghJ “fpr;rhd;” “fhjiy FWe;jpiug;glq;fs; jpiuaplg;gl;L mJ gw;wpa fye;Jiu rpdpkhTf;fhd mwpKfk; vd;w njhdpg;nghUspyhd epfo;T FWe;jpiug;glq;fs; ehlfj;Jiwapduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl epfo;Tk;> mJgw;wpa fye;JiuahlYk; vd;gJ ,q;F ftdpf
09.03.2011 md;W Kjyhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khz epfo;T ,lk;ngw;wJ. mjidj; njhlu;e;J ,uz;lhk; tUl n[arPy d;> nu[pdh MfpNahuJ epfo;j;Jif ,lk;ngw;wJ. kdk; vd;gd ,d;wpaikahjJ” vDk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk fye;JiuahlYk; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
2011 Mk; Mz;L Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iff ehlff;FO cWg;gpduhd fhspjh]; vd;gtUila “muq;fp eilngw;wJ. ,e;epfo;tpy; Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU gpujk rQ;rpiff;F kjp;g;Giu toq;fpdhu;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ffs; - 12.11.2010 - fhiy muq;F
ehlfk; newpahsu; pju;rdKk; ehisa ju;rdKk; j.Nrhgdh Uk;Gk; gs;spf;$lk; j.Nkhfdg;gpupah czu;Tfs; Nah.Nfhgpehj; k; rpl;Lf; FUtpAk; uh.ju;\d;
k; kdpju;fSk; vd;Wzu gh.epNwh[pdp
r.byf;rdh upahj ehNlhbfs; g.bNd];Fkhup kz; f.fkyjh]; d; j.fA+upah
;Lfisg; Nghy; 2011 Mk; Mz;bNy ehlfj;Jiwapd; ngw;Ws;sd. mjd; fhuzkhf fw;ifnewp epfo;Tfs;> 2011 epfo;Tfs; vDk; nghJthd jiyg;gpd; fPo ; epfo;Tfs;
poik epfo;thf FWk;glq;fs; jpiuaplYk; mJ gw;wpa ;T eilngw;wJ. me;epfo;thdJ gpw;gfy; 1.30 njhlf;fk; d;NghJ “fpr;rhd;” “fhjiy nrhjg;GtJ vg;gb” vd;w ,U ;gl;L mJ gw;wpa fye;JiuahlYk; eilngw;wJ. ey;y njhdpg;nghUspyhd epfo;TfNs KOePs jpiug;glq;fs;> wapduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpiug;glq;fis jpiuapl;l hlYk; vd;gJ ,q;F ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
k; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fspd; fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; ; njhlu;e;J ,uz;lhk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fshd epfo;j;Jif ,lk;ngw;wJ. mJ “e”bfDf;F cly;> Fuy;> J” vDk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. mjidj; njhlu;e;J .
pGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy> kf;fs; fsup pjh]; vd;gtUila “muq;fpay;” rQ;rpif ntspaPl ;L tpoh uhrpupau; rp.nksdFU gpujk mjpjpahff; fye;J nfhz;L
hu;.
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15.03.2011 md;W epWtfj;jpNy kf;fs; fsup cWg;gpd MfpNahu; midj;J tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fisAk; c gl;liwia Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. mjw;F mLj;j ehs; mjhtJ 16. ,af;Fduhd guhf;fpukneupay;y mtu;fSk; ,d;Dk; rpy ,ize;J gapw;rpg;gl;liwia Kd;ndLj;jdu;. mg;ga tz;b” ehlfj;jahupg;Gf;fhd ebfu;fisAk;> ghlfu;fis gapw;rpg;gl;liwahf mike;jJ.
17.03.2011 md;W epWtfj;jpNy “kpUr;rfbfk;” ehlf jk tz;b” ehlfj;jpw;fhd xg;ge;jKk; njhlf;f tpohTk; eiln jkpo; ehlf tuyhw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd epfo;thf fzpf;fg;gl Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtf khztu;f KOikahd ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fhd gapw;rpfis toq;fp khztu;fisAk;> tpupTiuahsu;fisAk; itj;J kf;fs Mw;Wif nra;tjw;fhd xg;ge;jk; gy;fiyf;fof epUthfj;J Nkw;nfhs;sgg;gl;l epfo;thf mike;jJ. ,e;ehlfj;jpw;fh ,af;Fduhd ‘guhf;fpuk neupay;y’ mtu;fSk;> epiwNt rp.nksdFU mtu;fSk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. NkYk; ,e;epfo;tpd “fspkz; tz;b” ehlfj;jpw;fhd ghj;jpuq;fs; njupTnra;ag ehlf ghj;jpuq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; khztu;fSf;F ifaspf fspkz; tz;b ehlfj;jpw;fhd gapw;fs; Kiwahf Muk;gpf
2011 Mk; Mz;L ehlfj;Jiw gapw;rpg;gl;liwia xO ghlj;jpw;fikthf kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpYs;s mkpu;jfop rpj kl;lf;fsg;G kj;jpa fy;Y}up> kl;lf;fsg;G kfh[dhf; fy;Y} Miuak;gjp kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fpuhd;Fsk; kfh tpj;jpah %d;W ehl;fs; nfhz;l gapw;rpg;gl;liwia xOq;FgLj;j ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fis MW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xt ghlrhiyfSf;F mDg;gpapUe;jdu;. mg;gapw;rpg;gl;liw ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;F gapw;rp toq;fp mjw;$lhf cUt nra;J guPl ;irapd; NghJ ifaspj;jdu;. me;epfo;thdJ ehlfg; gapw;rpg;gl;liwia xOq;FgLj;jp elhj;Jtjw;f gapw;rpiaAk; mspj;jJ.
28.12.2011>; 29.12.2011 Mfpa ,U jpdq;fspYk; ehlf t elhj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ ,Wjp tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fspd Nehf;fkhf nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdpDk; ehlftpohthfTk; ehd;F ehlfq;fs; ehlfj;Jiwapd; khztu;fspd; ne Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;ld. me;ehlfq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; xU nfhz;bUe;jJld; xt;nthU ehlfq;fSk; ntt;NtW fhzg;gl;ld. Nkilaplg;gl;l ehlfq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW m

;jpNy kf;fs; fsup cWg;gpdu;fshd rptNerd;> yPy htjp fj;Jiw khztu;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa tifapy; gapw;rpg; jw;F mLj;j ehs; mjhtJ 16.03.2011 md;W kf;fs; fsupapd; ;y mtu;fSk; ,d;Dk; rpy kf;fs; fsup cWg;gpdu;fSk; Kd;ndLj;jdu;. mg;gapw;rpg;gl;liwahdJ “fspkz; ebfu;fisAk;> ghlfu;fisAk; Nju;T nra;atjw;fhd .
;jpNy “kpUr;rfbfk;” ehlf jkpo;nkhop ngau;g;ghd “fspkz; k; njhlf;f tpohTk; eilngw;wJ. me;epfo;thdJ  epiwNtw;w ,af;Fduhd Nguhrpupau; g;gl;ldu;. NkYk; ,e;epfo;tpd; NghJ gapw;rpg;gl;liw %yk; ghj;jpuq;fs; njupTnra;ag;gl;L jkpo;ghuk;gupa Kiwg;gb k; khztu;fSf;F ifaspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J
gapw;fs; Kiwahf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L eilngw;wd.
iw gapw;rpg;gl;liwia xOq;FgLj;jp elhj;Jjy; vDk; puNjrj;jpYs;s mkpu;jfop rpj;jp tpehafu; kfh tpj;jpahyak;> l;lf;fsg;G kfh[dhf; fy;Y}up> kl;lf;fsg;G ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up> ;> fpuhd;Fsk; kfh tpj;jpahyak; Mfpa ghlrhiyfSf;F pg;gl;liwia xOq;FgLj;jp elhj;Jtjw;fhf ,Wjp tUl W FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOitAk; xt;nthU e;jdu;. mg;gapw;rpg;gl;liwapd; %yk; khztu;fis w;rp toq;fp mjw;$lhf cUthf;fpa ehlfq;fis xspg;gjpT aspj;jdu;. me;epfo;thdJ ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fSf;F xOq;FgLj;jp elhj;Jtjw;fhd KO mDgtj;ijAk;
pa ,U jpdq;fspYk; ehlf tpohnthd;W ehlfj;Jiwahy; ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fspd; ,Wjp Mw;Wif guPl ;iria dpDk; ehlftpohthfTk; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; NghJ wapd; khztu;fspd; newpahs;ifapYk;> jahupg;gpYk; hlfq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; xU kzpj;jpahy Neu msitf; ehlfq;fSk; ntt;NtW ghzpfisAk; nfhz;L hlfq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW ml;ltizg;gLj;jyhk;.
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fhyk; ehlfk; jahupg;G 28.12.2011 gQ;r tu;z eupahu; 4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;J
khztu;fspd; FO-0 28.12.2011 mgRuk; 4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;J
khztu;fspd; FO-0 29.12.2011 fUQ;Rop 4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;J
khztu;fspd; FO-0 29.12.2011 tpopg;G 4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;J
khztu;fspd; FO-0
xl;Lnkhj;jkhf Nehf;Fk; NghJ Rthkp tpGyhde;j mo ehlfj;J iw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J 2011 tiu gy Kf;fpakhd ,jidf; fUj;jpf; nfhz;L me;epfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;J mike;Js;sJ. ,f;fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s epf midj;Jk; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; NghJ ifa ,dptUk; fhyq;fspYk; eilngWfpd;w epfo;TfSk; M ,jw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F ,f;fl;Liu Ji re;Njfkpy;iy.
rhd;whjhuq;fs; 1. Neu;fhzy;> nksdFU.rp> Nguhrpupau;. 2. Neu;fhzy;> ckhrwprq;fu;> tpupTiuahsu;> ehlfj
mofpaw;fw;iffs; epWtfk;. 3. Neu;fhzy;> Nkhfdjhrd;.f> ,izg;ghsu;> eld eh
mofpaw;fw;iffs; epWtfk;. 4. Neu;fhzy;> tpky;uh[;.m. 5. Neu;fhzy;> jpUr;nre;J}ud;.fp. 6. Neu;fhzy;> yhtz;ah.k. 7. Neu;fhzy;> mgpuhkp.jp. 8. eldehlfj;Jiw fhyhz;lwpf;if> Rthkp tpGyhde;j 9. Nyh[pdp.Ng> Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; e
nra;ag;gl;l FWehlf tpoh” gw;wpa Ma;T> 2001. 10. epfo;Tfspd; NghJ ntspaplg;gl;l Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> i 11. Gifg;glq;fs;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jahupg;G newpahs;if pahu; 4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw
khztu;fspd; FO-01
mdd;rpah
4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fspd; FO-02
n[af;Fkhu;
4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fspd; FO-03
jpUr;nre;J}ud;
4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khztu;fspd; FO-04
ee;jFkhu;
ghJ Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpNy pUe;J 2011 tiu gy Kf;fpakhd epfo;T fs; ,lk;ngw;W s;s d. e;epfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpahfNt ,f;fl;Liu py; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s epfo;TfSf;fhd Mtzq;fs; ku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; NghJ ifaspf;fg;gLk;. 2012 njhlf;fk; lngWfpd;w epfo;TfSk; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. dLg;gjw;F ,f;fl;Liu Jizahf mikAk; vd;gjpy;
Nguhrpupau;. u;> tpupTiuahsu;> ehlfj;Jiw> Rthkp tpGyhde;j k;.
;.f> ,izg;ghsu;> eld ehlfj;Jiw> Rthkp tpGyhde;j k;.
;.fp.
;lwpf;if> Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw;fw;iffs; epWtfk;.
de;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfj;jpy; 2010,y; Mw;Wif ” gw;wpa Ma;T> 2001. plg;gl;l Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> ifNaLfs;> gpujpfs;.
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kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l tPjp e
fpUi
mwpKfk;
cyf muq;f tuyhw;wpd; Xl;lj;jpy;> etPd muq;F Njhd $ba gy muq;f tbtq;fs; cUthfj; njhlq;fpd. mtw kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpa> kf;fNshL kf;fshf epfo;j;jf;$ ,t;tuq;fpd; jdpj;Jtk;. etPd ehlfj;jpd; Nfhl;ghL v tplaq;fs; NgR nghUshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. m NgR nghUSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,t;tuq;fpd; Njhw;wj Kf;fpakhdJ. ,tNu muq;if Kjd; Kiwahf kf;fSf fhyq;fspy; mjpfhu th;f;fj;jpd; mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhfTk rhjhuz kf;fs; vjph;g;Gf; Fuy;fis vOg;g rpwe;j Clfkhf
etPd ehlfq;fspy; kf;fs; gw;wpa gpur;rpidfs; mNd NkilfspNy Ngrg;gl;ld. mjid cilj;njwpe;J tPj pehl nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fs; nrwpe;J tho;fpd;w Fb tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> tzpf ikaq;fs;> Ch;tyq;fs;> fhybf;F tUfpd;wJ muq;F. $Ljyhf tPj pfspy; ,e;ehl ,jd; fhuzj;jpdhy; jhd; tPj p ehlfk; my;yJ njUntsp Play / Street Theatre) vd ngah;fs; cUthfpapUf;fpd;wJ.
,t;tuq;fpd; ghh;itahsh;fshf rpWth; Kjy; nghpat jug;gpdUk; cs;thq;fg;gLth;. ,jpy; ve;j tiuKiwAk; , midj;Jj; jug;gpdUf;Fk; nrd;wila Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ tPj pfspd; Ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g Neur;RUf;fj;jpidf; filg;g nry;gth;fs;> Vida nghJ ,lq;fSf;F tUgth;fs; mjp tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mjidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,UgJ n epiwtilaf; $ba tifapy; ehlfj;jpid tbtikj;Jf;
ghh;itahsh;fis tpiutpy; ftuf;$bajhfTk;> nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; ,yFtpy; cs;thq;ff; $bajhfT mike;jpUf;Fk;. NkYk; gq;F nfhs;fpd;w ebfh;fs;> ghh tifapy; cly; nkhopapidg; gad;gLj;Jth;. Fuypid Vw

;gpy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l tPjp ehlfq;fs;
fpUiguh[h jpUr;nre;J}ud;
l;lj;jpy;> etPd muq;F Njhd;wpa gpw;ghL> Nfhl;ghLfSld; Uthfj; njhlq;fpd. mtw;Ws; xd;Wjhd; tPj p ehlfk;. NshL kf;fshf epfo;j;jf;$ba kf;fspd; muq;F vd;gJ Pd ehlfj;jpd; Nfhl;ghL vd;dntd;why; kf;fs; gw;wpa f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. mJ Nghd;Nw tPj p ehlfq;fspd; ;Fk;. ,t;tuq;fpd; Njhw;wj;jpy; “xf];jhNghypd;” gq;F f Kjd; Kiwahf kf;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jpath;. Muk;g ; mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhfTk;> mepahaq;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; is vOg;g rpwe;j Clfkhf tPj p ehlfk; ,Ue;jJ.
; gw;wpa gpur;rpidfs; mNdfkhf milf;fg;gl;l glr;rl;l id cilj;njwpe;J tPjpehlfk; %ykhf muq;F tPjpf;Ff; ; nrwpe;J tho;fpd;w FbapUg;Gf;fs;> Nfhapy;> re;ij> ikaq;fs;> Ch;tyq;fs;> itj;jparhiyfs; vd kf;fs; $Ljyhf tPj pfspy; ,e;ehlfk; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;ld. p ehlfk; my;yJ njUntsp muq;F (Street Drama / Street ;fs; cUthfpapUf;fpd;wJ.
;fshf rpWth; Kjy; nghpath;fs; tiuapyhd midj;Jj; ,jpy; ve;j tiuKiwAk; ,Uf;fhJ. nrhy;yg;gLk; nra;jp d;wila Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,t; muq;fpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. eur;RUf;fj;jpidf; filg;gpbg;gh;. Vndd;why; tPj pfspy; lq;fSf;F tUgth;fs; mjpf Neuk; Xh; ,lj;jpy; nrytpl fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,UgJ njhlf;fk; Kg;gJ epkplj;Jf;Fs; ehlfj;jpid tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;th;.
utpy; ftuf;$bajhfTk;> tpag;g+l;lf; $bajhfTk;> tpy; cs;thq;ff; $bajhfTk;> tpWtpWg;ghfTk; Mw;Wif nfhs;fpd;w ebfh;fs;> ghh;itahsh;fis 

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gad;gLj;Jth;. vspikahd Kiwapy; tz;z kakhd M gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Mly;> ghly;fisf; ifahz;L NgR ngh mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
nkhj;jj;jpy;> tPj p ehlfq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gLk; tplaq;fs; C nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; ,t;tuq;fpd; ,jw;fhfNt Mw;Wiff;Fg; gpd;dh; ghh;itahsh;fis tifapy; NgR nghUs; gw;wpa ciuahly;fs; ,lk;ngW RKfkhd gy jPh;Tfs; vl;lg;gLk;. my;yJ mJ gw;wp rpe;jpf nraw;ghLfs; %ykhfj;jhd; xU tPj p ehlfk; KOikngWk
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tPj p ehlfk;.
1990f;F gpd;dNu kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tPj p ehlfk; mwpKfkhd ,JTk; njhw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; kl;lf;fsg;g Mz;L nt. jtuh[h mth;fshy; “rfjp” vd;Dk; tPj p ehlfk; n ,e; ehlfj;jpid kl;lf;fsg;G thrfh; tl;lk; jahhpj;J t cWg;gpduhd jpU.Mde;jdpd; Ntz;LNfhspd; ngahpN vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.1 ,jd; gpd; 1996 ,y; ghyRFkhh ‘ghujp gpbj;j Njh; tlk;’ vDk; tPj p ehlfj;jpidAk;> 1998 Y.M.C.A epWtdj;jpw;fhf ‘eQ;rpdpy; tpisaNth?’ v newpg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.2
kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tPj p ehlfq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F ah ifnfhLj;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;w cz;ik tuyhw;wpD}lhlf ,q;F tPj p ehlfq;fis mwpKfk; nra;j nt.jtuh[h k aho;g;ghzj;jpy; fy;tp fw;w fhyj;jpy; tPj p ehlfr; nraw;ghL te;Jk; mr;nraw;ghLfspy;  Rdhkp Nghd;w mdh;j;jq;f rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Fb nfhz;ljdhy;> mstpy; tPj p ehlfr; nraw;ghLfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ljhf M ,d;W kl;lf;fsg;gpd; midj;Jg; gpuNjrq;fspYk; gy;NtW ehlfr; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjid mtjhd
Mw;Wifapd; NgR nghUs;
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w Mw;Wiffs;> mjpfhuj;jpw;F rthy;fs;> czh;Tfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jT
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

iwapy; tz;z kakhd MilfSk;> fhl;rpg; nghUl;fSk; ;fisf; ifahz;L NgR nghUSf;F tYT+l;Ltjhf ,ir
py; nrhy;yg;gLk; tplaq;fs; Clhf r%fj;jpy; khw;wq;fisf; ghOJjhd; ,t;tuq;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gLk;. gpd;dh; ghh;itahsh;fis NkYk; rpe;jpf;fj;J}z;Lk; a ciuahly;fs; ,lk;ngWk;. ,t; ciuahly; Clhf k;. my;yJ mJ gw;wp rpe;jpf;ff;$ba #oy; cUthFk;. ,r; U tPj p ehlfk; KOikngWk;.
k;.
g;gpy; tPjp ehlfk; mwpKfkhdJ. etPd ehlf tUifAld; . me;j tifapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Kjd; Kiwahf 1992Mk; ; “rfjp” vd;Dk; tPj p ehlfk; newpg;gLj;jg;gl;L muq;NfwpaJ. thrfh; tl;lk; jahhpj;J toq;fpaJ. thrfh; tl;lj;jpd; ; Ntz;LNfhspd; ngahpNy jtuh[h newpg;gLj;jpdhh; ; gpd; 1996 ,y; ghyRFkhh; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tPj p ehlfj;jpidAk;> 1998; ,y; rp.n[a;rq;fh; kl;lf;fsg;G Q;rpdpy; tpisaNth?’ vDk; tPj p ehlfj;jpidAk;
q;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F aho;g;ghz tPj p ehlfr; #oy; cz;ik tuyhw;wpD}lhlf njhpa tUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ fk; nra;j nt.jtuh[h kw;Wk; rp.n[a;rq;fh; MfpNahh; yj;jpy; tPj p ehlfr; nraw;ghLfspy;  2002Mk; Mz;L iu kl;lf;fsg;Gg; G+uhfTk; mjpfsthd tPj p ehlfq;fisj; ;> Rdhkp Nghd;w mdh;j;jq;fSf;Fg;;gpd; mjpfsthd mur sg;gpy; Fb nfhz;ljdhy;> mitfs; %ykhfTk; ghhpa s; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ljhf Mjhuq;fs; giw rhw;Wfpd;wd. g; gpuNjrq;fspYk; gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhf gyUk; ,e; Lj;Jr; nry;tjid mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ.
s; Mw;Wiffs;> mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhLf;fTk;> hd;wtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jTk;> rkfhy tplaq;fisg;
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gpur;rhug;gLj;jTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ngz;zpak;> rpWt Nghijt];J Nghd;w tplaq;fSs; cs;slq;Fk; gy;NtW ehlfq;fspy; NgR nghUshfg; Ngrg;gl;ld.
ngz;zpak; gw;wpa tPj p ehlfq;fspy; ngz;fSf;nfjpu J];gpuNahfk;> FLk;g td;Kiw> rPj df; nfhLik> mlf;F mjw;fhd jPh;T gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;b
rpWth;fs; njhlh;ghd tPj p ehlfq;fspy; rpWth; chpikf njhopyhsh;fs;> J];gpuNahfk;> ghypay; td;Kiw> rpWth vdg; gy tplaq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b> mjw;fhd jPh;TfSk; K
Rfhjhuk; gw;wpa tPj p ehlfq;fspy; nlq;F> vapl;] tpopg;Gzh;T> Nghrhf;F> Rj;jkhf tho;jy;> rpwe;j czT tplaq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;ld.
nghUshjhuk; gw;wpa tPj p ehlfq;fspy; tpiyAah;T> cw;gj;jpfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. nraw;if ,urhadq;fis tpisTfs; vdg; gy tplaq;fs; Ngrg;gl;ld.
Nghijt];J gw;wpa tPj p ehlfq;fspy;> kJ> Gifg;gpb gpur;rpidfs;> Neha;fs;> caph; ,og;Gf;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh ngw;wpUe;jd. mj;NjhL murpay;> Nghh;> fy;tp> thrpg;ig t ,yQ;r Coy;> ghFghL Nghd;w nghJ tplaq;fSk; Ngrg;gl
ehlfq;fspd; midj;Jg; NgR nghUs;fSk;> kf;fs; kj;j ey;y khw;wq;fis cUthf;FtjpD}lhf> MNuhf;fpakhd vd;w Nehf;fpy; mike;jpUg;gij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
tPj p ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gy;NtW jug;gpdUk; tPj p ehlfr; nr fhzKbfpd;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; ehlfj;JiwNahL njhlh;Gil Kd;ndLj;jdh;. jw;nghOJ me;j epiy khwp tUtjid mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; Mjpf;fNk mjpfkhf cs;sJ. Rdhkpf;Fg;gpd; tUif je;j epWtdq;fs; mjpf ftdk; n ngz;fs;> rpWth; gw;wpa Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk tPj p ehlfq;fisj; jahhpj;J tUfpd;wd.
NkYk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> ghlrhiyfs;> itj;jparh khefurig vdg; gy mur epWtdq;fs;> ,ju ehlff;
194

;gl;ld. ngz;zpak;> rpWth;> Rfhjhuk;> nghUshjhuk;> Ss; cs;slq;Fk; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; jdpj;jdpahf> tPj p grg;gl;ld.
lfq;fspy; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwfshd> ghypay; w> rPj df; nfhLik> mlf;F Kiwfs; gw;wpg; NgrpaNjhL uahly;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
hlfq;fspy; rpWth; chpikfs;> rpWth; fy;tp Kiw> rpWth; ;> ghypay; td;Kiw> rpWth;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwfs;> ;fhl;b> mjw;fhd jPh;TfSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
hlfq;fspy; nlq;F> vapl;];> Vida Neha;fs; gw;wpa hf tho;jy;> rpwe;j czTg; gof;f tof;fq;fs; Nghd;w
ehlfq;fspy; tpiyAah;T> ,aw;if tptrhak;> cs;Sh; nraw;if ,urhadq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; Vw;gLk;
; Ngrg;gl;ld.
ehlfq;fspy;> kJ> Gifg;gpbj;jy; ghtidfshy; Vw;gLk; og;Gf;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;Tf; fUj;Jf;fs; mjpfkhf ,lk; y;> Nghh;> fy;tp> thrpg;ig tsh;j;jy;> ,aw;ifg; ghJfhg;G>
nghJ tplaq;fSk; Ngrg;gl;ld.
gR nghUs;fSk;> kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jp tjpD}lhf> MNuhf;fpakhd #oiyf; fl;bnaOg;gyhk; j mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
sh;fs;
ug;gpdUk; tPj p ehlfr; nraw;ghLfspy;  mikg;Gf;fSk; e;j epiy khwp tUtjid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,jpy; jpf;fNk mjpfkhf cs;sJ. mjpYk; Nkw;$wpaJ Nghd;W pWtdq;fs; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf j;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epWtdq;fs; mjpfstpyhd Ufpd;wd.
;> ghlrhiyfs;> itj;jparhiyfs;> gpuNjr nrayfq;fs;> pWtdq;fs;> ,ju ehlff; FOf;fs; jdpg;gl;l hPj papYk;>
MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit


Page 209
mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fNshL ,ize;Jk; tPj p ehlfq kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w vOgj;ije;J tPj khd ehlfq;f rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fNs toq;Ffpd;wd vd;gJ ,q;F Nehf
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tPj p ehlfr; nraw;ghLfspy; 

Page 210
mur epWtdq;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G itj;jparhiy ❖ thior;Nrid itj;jparhiy ❖ khefu rig - kl;lf;fsg;G ❖ kl;lf;fsg;G E}yfk;. ❖ gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; ❖
kl;lf;fsg;G ehlfj;Jiw> rhh;e;j rhuhj khzth;fs gapw;wg;gl;l ,isQh;> Atjpfs;> mur> mur rhh;gw;w epW Copah;fs;> ,ju mikg;Gf;fspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; egh ehlfq;fspy; gq;F gw;wpa fiyQh;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l tPjp ehlfq;fs;
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l tPj pehlfq;fs;> ehlf jahhpg;G> Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;> gq;Fgw;wpa fiyQ ehlfj;jpd; jhf;fk; Nghd;w jfty;fNshL gl;bay; ,lg;gLf
Fwpg;G - gy;NtW mrhjhuz #o;epiy fhuzkhf M ehlfq;fs; gw;wp mwpag;glhkYk;> mwpag;gl;l rpy t KOikahfg; ngw KbahkYk; cs;sik Fw $basT vt;tsT juTfisg; ngw KbANkh Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
01. “rfjp” fij : Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;> nghU
fhuzq;fshy; Xh; ,isQd; jw;nf mg;nghOJ mq;F tUk; ,Uth; mt mtDf;F cjTtjhff; $wp kf;fspl ,isQd; ,Uthpd; thf;FWjpia e gzk; jpul;ba ,UtUk; mt;tplj;j rhfTk; tpltpy;iy> thoTk; tpltp newpahs;if : nt.jtuh[h jahupg;G : nt.jtuh[h> kl;lf;fsg;G thrfh; tl Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: kl;lf;fsg;G rhy;]; kz;lg Kd;wy; gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : jahee;jh> Njtfhe;jd;> [Pt h> ey;y
tl;l cWg;gpdh;fs;.
ghly;fspy; fpuhkpa nkl;Lf;fs; ifahsg;gl;ld. rhj Kf%b Nghd;wd gad;gLj;jpapUe;jdh;. xg;gidahf Kfj rhpghjpahfg; G+rp ,Ue;jdh;.
196

hiy
rhh;e;j rhuhj khzth;fs;> gapw;rpg; gl;liwfs; %yk; s;> mur> mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspy; njhopy; GhpAk; spy; Ntiy nra;Ak; egh;fs; Nghd;wth;fNs ,t;tPj p Qh;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
g;gl;l tPjp ehlfq;fs;
;ag;gl;l tPj pehlfq;fs;> ehlfj; jiyg;G> fij> newpahs;if> ;> fhyk;> gq;Fgw;wpa fiyQh;fs;> ,ir> cil> xg;gid> ty;fNshL gl;bay; ,lg;gLfpd;wd.
#o;epiy fhuzkhf Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l rpy tPj p g;glhkYk;> mwpag;gl;l rpy tPj p ehlfq;fspd; jfty;fis bahkYk; cs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,Ue;j NghJk; uTfisg; ngw KbANkh me;j mstpw;F jfty;fs;
apy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;> nghUshjhug; gpur;rpid Nghd;w ;fshy; Xh; ,isQd; jw;nfhiy nra;a Kaw;rpf;fpd;whd;. J mq;F tUk; ,Uth; mtidj; jLf;fpd;wdh;. gpd;dh; ;F cjTtjhff; $wp kf;fsplk; gzk; jpul;Lfpd;wdh;. me;j d; ,Uthpd; thf;FWjpia ek;gp ,wq;fp te;J ghh;f;fpd;whd;> pul;ba ,UtUk; mt;tplj;jpy; ,y;iy.,Wjpapy; mtid ; tpltpy;iy> thoTk; tpltpy;iy uh[h h[h> kl;lf;fsg;G thrfh; tl;lk;
sg;G rhy;]; kz;lg Kd;wy; - 1992
h> Njtfhe;jd;> [Pt h> ey;yjk;gp kw;Wk; Vida thrfh; Wg;gpdh;fs;.
f;fs; ifahsg;gl;ld. rhjhuz cilfSld;> njhg;gp> pUe;jdh;. xg;gidahf Kfj;jpy; fWg;G> nts;is epwq;fs;
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Kjd; Kiwahf tPj p ehlfk; ghh;j;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;> ehlf mDgtk; fpilj;jnjd;Wk;> nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;Wk; ghh;itahsh;fs; $wpdh;.3
02. “ghujp gpbj;j Nju; tlk;”
1996k; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; fpof;Fg; gy;fiy khzth;fis itj;J> tpupTiuahsu; ghyRFkhu; ,e nra;jjhf jfty;fs; $Wfpd;wd.4
03. “eQ;rpdpy; tpisaNth?” fij : nraw;if ,urhadg;nghUl;fis tpt
Vw;gLk; gpd; tpisTfs;> mjid vd;gJ gw;wpajhd tpopg;Gzh;T tpl newpahs;if : rp. nIa;rq;fh; jahhpg;G : Y.M.C.A (fpwp];jt thypgh; rq;fk;)> k Mw;Wif nra;j ,lq;fs;> fhyk;
: kl;lf;fsg;G efh; - 1998
- April 2000 - fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;f nra;ag;gl;lJ. gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : cjtp - m.tpkyuh[;> Y.M.C.A apy;
Mw;Wifapy; gq;nfLj;jdh;.5
04. “,J vkJ gilg;G” fij : ngz; cupik gw;wpaJ. ngz;fs
cupikfs; Mz;fshYk;> Klf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F vjpuhf tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jp cupik Nf newpahs;if : gapw;rpg; gl;liw Clhf rp. n[arq;fu jahupg;G : #upah ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jp epiyak Mw;Wif nra;j ,lq;fs;> fhyk;
: Ig;grp - 2000 - rdr%f epiyak; F #upah Kd;wy;> ehtw;Flh ngz;fs Nrit rq;fk;> jpUNfhzkiy - fhu;j;jpif - 2000 - fhe;jp rpiya - khu;fop - 2000 - tpGyhde;jh fy - gq;Fdp - 2001 - md;idau; jpd Njthyak;> ehtw;Flh> cyf gy;fiyf;fofk;. gq;Fgw;wpath;fs; : nr.ky;ypfh> G.tp[pfyh> th.c
Nj.mUl;ftpjh> eP.n[auhzp> Nfh.gputh[pdp> f.Y}u;j;J [Pt fh m.,yf;Nf];tup> j.n[ae;jp> rp.[Pt y
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hlfk; ghh;j;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;> ,jd; %yk; tpj;jpahrkhd ;Wk;> nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf hsh;fs; $wpdh;.3
Fjpapy; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;foj;jpy;> Ez;fiyj;Jiw iuahsu; ghyRFkhu; ,e; ehlfj;jpid newpahs;if
.
f ,urhadg;nghUl;fis tptrhaj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy; ; gpd; tpisTfs;> mjid vt;thW epth;j;jp nra;ayhk; gw;wpajhd tpopg;Gzh;T tplaq;fs; Ngrg;gl;ld. ;rq;fh; (fpwp];jt thypgh; rq;fk;)> kl;lf;fsg;G k; sg;G efh; - 1998 2000 - fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof ehlf tpohtpy; Mw;Wif
l;lJ.
m.tpkyuh[;> Y.M.C.A apy; Ntiy nra;j ,isQh;fNs fapy; gq;nfLj;jdh;.5
cupik gw;wpaJ. ngz;fspd; gilg;Gf;fs;> mtu;fspd; fs; Mz;fshYk;> Vida r%fq;fshYk; ;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F vjpuhf ngz;fs; Fuy; nfhLj;J>
u;it Vw;gLj;jp cupik NfhUfpd;wdu;. ; gl;liw Clhf rp. n[arq;fu; newpg;gLj;jpdhh;. gz;fs; mgptpUj;jp epiyak;> kl;lf;fsg;G6 k; 2000 - rdr%f epiyak; FkhuGuk;> Kd;wy;> ehtw;Flh ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;> fhe;jp rq;fk;> jpUNfhzkiy pif - 2000 - fhe;jp rpiyab> kl;lf;fsg;G
p - 2000 - tpGyhde;jh fy;Y}up> mf;fiwg;gw;W
p - 2001 - md;idau; jpd tpoh - nkjb];j jpUr;rig ak;> ehtw;Flh> cyf ehlfjpd tpoh fpof;Fg;
f;fofk;. pfh> G.tp[pfyh> th.cjauhzp> M.fpy;lh&gpdp> l;ftpjh> eP.n[auhzp> ,.mUs;N[hjp> ,.mKjh> th[pdp> f.Y}u;j;J [Pt fh> n[.M.n[];kpd; Ngfd;> ;Nf];tup> j.n[ae;jp> rp.[Pt yjh.
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198
tre;jd; ghly; nkl;Lf;fs;> fpuhkpa ,ir Nghd;wt Mly;fis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. rhjhuz xg;gid Nkw;n
nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; ghu;itahsu;fsplk; ,yFth ,dp ,it gw;wp rpe;jpg;gjhfTk;; $wpdhu;.7
05. “ehl;bd; tsk; fz;bLNthk;” fij : ntspehLfSf;F Ntiy tha;g;Gj;
Jd;gq;fSf;F Mshfpd;wdh;. c cUthfpd;wJ. Mjyhy; ntspehLf fzprkhd tsq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd m khf thoyhk; vd;gjid vLj;Jf; $ newpahsu; : ];uhd;yp gpughfud; jahupg;G : YMCA - fpwp];jt thypgu; rq;fk;> kl Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: kl;lf;fsg;G efu; - 2001 gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : cjtp - jpyfehjd;> ghly; - rq;fPj h fpUrhe;jp> btjh;rpdp> gpujPg;> gtee;jp
Mly;> ghly;> fpuhkpa nkl;Lf;fs; Nghd;wd mjpfkhff Nky; rl;il(Top)> [Pd ;];> Nrhy;l; Nghd;wd cilfshf mz Kfj;jpy; fPw g;gl;ld.
Kjy; jlitahf tPj p ehlfk; ghu;f;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpil ghu;itahsu;fs; $wpdu;. ,yFthf cs;thq;ff; $bajhf
06. “gr;irg; G+kp tPl;bdpNy” fij : ,aw;ifahd tsq;fis cjwpj cw;gj;jpfis gad;gLj;JtJk;> m gw;wpAk; nrhy;Yfpd;wJ. newpahs;if : rp. n[arq;fu; jahupg;G : fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;J Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof thshfk; - 2 gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : re;jpuFkhu;> jahgud;> nfsuP] ;tud
tsu;kjp jhsk;> giw> Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,Ue;jhu;fs;> cil ePs khd Nky; rl;il(Top)> fWg;G [Pd ;]

;> fpuhkpa ,ir Nghd;wtw;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp ghly;> u;. rhjhuz xg;gid Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
hu;itahsu;fsplk; ,yFthfr; nrd;wile;jpUe;jjhfTk;.
;; $wpdhu;.7
hk;”
LfSf;F Ntiy tha;g;Gj; Njbg; Nghtjdhy; mq;F gy ;fSf;F Mshfpd;wdh;. capiug; gwpnfhLf;Fk; epiy fpd;wJ. Mjyhy; ntspehLfSf;Fg; Nghfhky;> ek; ehl;bNy hd tsq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd mjidg; gad;gLj;jp re;Njh\ oyhk; vd;gjid vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ.
p gpughfud; fpwp];jt thypgu; rq;fk;> kl;lf;fsg;G.
sg;G efu; - 2001 jpyfehjd;> ghly; - rq;fPj h> eph;thfk; - arpe;jh rrpfyh> ;jp> btjh;rpdp> gpujPg;> gtee;jp> Y.M.C.A cWg;gpdh;.
;Lf;fs; Nghd;wd mjpfkhff; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd. ePs khd ;l; Nghd;wd cilfshf mzpe;jdh;. gy th;zf; NfhLfs;
fk; ghu;f;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jJ. tpag;ghf ,Ue;jJ vdg;
thf cs;thq;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jnjdf; $wpdu;.8
fahd tsq;fis cjwpj;js;sp tpl;L nraw;ifahd pfis gad;gLj;JtJk;> mjdhy; Vw;gLk; jPt pidfs;
; nrhy;Yfpd;wJ. q;fu; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw
; gy;fiyf;fof thshfk; - 2001 khu;> jahgud;> nfsuP] ;tud;> Nkhfdjh\d;> thtzp>
p paq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. $j;J> nkl;Lf;fs; gad;gLj;jp ky; rl;il(Top)> fWg;G [Pd ;];> rhjhuz xg;gid.9
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07. “rpWtu; kw;Wk; kJ ghtid gw;wpa ehlfk;” fij : fpuhkj;jpy; tho;fpd;w rpWtu;fspd;
fy;tp> kJ ghtid Nghd;w gy gpur rpW rk;gtq;f@lhf ntspg;gLj;jy;. newpahs;if : ];ud;yp gpughfud; jahupg;G : Y.M.C.A Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: rj;JUf;nfhz;lhd;> kr;re;njhLtha gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : rj;JUf;nfhz;lhd;> kQ;re;njhLtha;> r
fpuhkpa nkl;Lf;fs;> $j;J jhsf;fl;Lf;fSld; $ba ,i ngUq;fhl;rpg;gz;Gk; ,e;ehlfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ld.
,jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa rpWtu;fs; vjw;Fk; jaq;fhky; K mj;NjhL mtu;fs; jhdhfNt Gjpatifahd ehlfq;fis cUthfpaJ.10
08. “fd;dp ntb gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T ehlfk;” fij : fd;dp ntb gw;wpa mwpTWj;jy;fSl Ntz;Lk;> vt;thwhd ,lq;fspy vd;gJ gw;wpajhd tpopg;Gzu;Tg; gpu newpahs;if : gq;F gw;wpa fiyQu;fspd; $l;LUt jahupg;G : ru;Nthjah - kl;lf;fsg;G Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: te;jhW%iyr; re;ij. rj;JUf;nfhz gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : re;jpuFkhh;> jahgud;> nfshP] ;tud;>
,ir thj;jpaq;fshf giw> kj;jsk;> jhsk; gad Kfj;jpy; th;zf;NfhLfs; Nghlg;gl;ld> fd;dpntb gl mzpe;jpUe;jdh;.
nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fis ghh;itahsh;fs; ,yFthf c mwpaKbfpd;wJ.11
09. “Gifg; gpbj;jYf;F vjpuhf” Gifj;jy; vjph;g;G jpdj
ehlfk;. fij : kdpjd; vt;thW Gifg;gpbj;jYf;F
cz;lhFk; Neha;fs;> FLk;gg; gpur;r kPS tjw;fhd topKiwfs; Nghd fij gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ. newpahs;if : jpU.utPe ;jpud; jahhpg;G : fhj;jhd;Fb fyhr;rhu kj;jpa epiya
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

d gw;wpa ehlfk;”
py; tho;fpd;w rpWtu;fspd; cupikfs;> guhkupg;G> rpWtu; J ghtid Nghd;w gy gpur;rpidfis ikag;gLj;jp> rpW tq;f@lhf ntspg;gLj;jy;. gpughfud;
;nfhz;lhd;> kr;re;njhLtha; - 2002 - 2003 hz;lhd;> kQ;re;njhLtha;> rpWtu; fof khztu;fs;
jhsf;fl;Lf;fSld; $ba ,irAk;> rhjhuz xg;gidAk;>
;jpy; fhzg;gl;ld.
s; vjw;Fk; jaq;fhky; Kd;tUk; ,ay;G cUthdJ. Gjpatifahd ehlfq;fis Rakhf jahupf;Fk; jd;ik
;Gzh;T ehlfk;”
tb gw;wpa mwpTWj;jy;fSld;> vt;thW ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;f k;> vt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf elf;fNtz;Lk; gw;wpajhd tpopg;Gzu;Tg; gpur;rhuk;. ;wpa fiyQu;fspd; $l;LUthf;fk;. ah - kl;lf;fsg;G
%iyr; re;ij. rj;JUf;nfhz;lhd; - 2003 hh;> jahgud;> nfshP] ;tud;> Nkhfdjhrd;.
w> kj;jsk;> jhsk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. xg;gidahf hlg;gl;ld> fd;dpntb glq;fSld; $ba cilfis
hh;itahsh;fs; ,yFthf cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;lhh;fs; vd
uhf” Gifj;jy; vjph;g;G jpdj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l tpopg;Gzh;T
; vt;thW Gifg;gpbj;jYf;F mbikahfpd;whd;> mjdhy; Fk; Neha;fs;> FLk;gg; gpur;rpidfs;> ,itfspy; ,Ue;J w;fhd topKiwfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fis Kd;itj;Jf; d;dg;gl;Ls;sJ. Pe ;jpud;
;Fb fyhr;rhu kj;jpa epiyak;
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Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: fhj;jhd;Fb - 2003 gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : ebg;Gg; gapw;rp ngw;w fhj;jhd;Fb fi
ghh;itahsh;fis xd;W Nrh;f;f khj;jpuk; ughd; ,ir r%fj;jpy; cs;s rhjhuz kdpjh;fs; ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;f cilfs;> xg;gid Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
eifr;Rit czh;Tld; ehlfj;jpidg; ghh;j;jjhfTk;> cs;sij mwpe;jjhfTk; ghh;itahsh;fs; $wpAs;shh;fs;.
10. “Ntz;lhk; vd;W nrhy;fpd;NwhNk” fij : ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; td;K ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; tifapy; Mz;fs typAWj;jy;. newpahs;if : fkyh thRfp> rp.n[arq;fu;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jahhpg;G : %d;whtJ fz; - cs;@u; mwpTj
FO gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : %d;whtJ fz; ez;gu;fshd>
NrhjP] ;tud;> Ffjh];> tD[d;> j Nahz;rd;> Rfe;jd;. Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;
: rPy hKid> fStd;Nfzp> k kapyq;fur;ir. ghiyabntl;i jpahtl;lthd; kw;Wk; tTdpah> ,t;thw;Wif epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhyk; : 2005 gq;Fdp apy; ,Ue;J 2012 ti
ghuk;ghpa ,irAk;> thj;jpaq;fSk; ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. [Pd ;Rk; mzpe;jdh;> gpw;fhyj;jpy; ifj;jwp Milfis mz
gy tPl ;L td;Kiwfs; ntspNa njhpa te;jd. xU cUntLj;J Mbajhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.13
11. “Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd;” fij : xd;whf ,ize;J tho;e;j r%fk; R epthuzq;fspdhy; vt;thW rpjwb tpopg;Gzh;T. newpahs;if : jpU. J. nfshP] ;tud; jahhpg;G : fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof tshfk;. Md gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : Nkhfdjhrd;> Faytd;> ckh> Rfd;a
200

;Fb - 2003 gapw;rp ngw;w fhj;jhd;Fb fiyf;FOf; fiyQh;fs;.
rh;f;f khj;jpuk; ughd; ,irf;fUtp gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. dpjh;fs; ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; vd;wgbahy; ajhh;j;jkhd
g;gl;ld.
hlfj;jpidg; ghh;j;jjhfTk;> ,d;W jhd; ,g;gbahd jpdk; tahsh;fs; $wpAs;shh;fs;.12
;NwhNk” Sf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhf> mjid jhopf;Fk; tifapy; Mz;fs; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij j;jy;.
thRfp> rp.n[arq;fu; elj;jpa fsg;gapw;rpDhlhf f;fg;gl;lJ. tJ fz; - cs;@u; mwpTj;jpwd; nraw;ghl;L ez;gu;fs;
tJ fz; ez;gu;fshd> nfshP] ;tud;> fUNze;jpuh> ;tud;> Ffjh];> tD[d;> jD[h> tpNdh[h> ];nuy;yh> ;rd;> Rfe;jd;.
d> fStd;Nfzp> kz;^h;> ghiyabj;Njhzh> ;fur;ir. ghiyabntl;il> rpd;dtj;j> fpuhd;> ;lthd; kw;Wk; tTdpah> kd;dhu; khtl;lq;fspYk;
;Wif epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. q;Fdp apy; ,Ue;J 2012 tiu epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
paq;fSk; ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. Muk;gj;jpy; fWg;G hpNrl;Lk;> py; ifj;jwp Milfis mzpe;jdh;. rhjhuz xg;gid.
spNa njhpa te;jd. xU mk;kh ehlfj;jpidg; ghh;j;J Lfpd;wJ.13
,ize;J tho;e;j r%fk; Rdhkpf;Fg;gpd; epWtdq;fspd; q;fspdhy; vt;thW rpjwbf;fg;gLfpd;wdh; vd;gJ gw;wpa
h;T. nfshP] ;tud; ; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw
gy;fiyf;fof tshfk;. Mdp - 200514 rd;> Faytd;> ckh> Rfd;ah> J];ae;jp> fiykfs;
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$j;jpd; ,irAk;> Mly;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. k& [Pd ;Rk;;> epw rhy;itAk; cilfshfg; gad;gLj;jpdh ebj;jdh;.15
12. “ehisa tpbnts;sp” fij : Rdhkpapdhy; kdepiy ghjpf
tho;fpd;wth;fis toikahd epi cUthf;fg;gl;l fij newpahs;if - jahhpg;G
: jpU. ];ud;yp gpughfud; Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;
: rpq;fs kfhtpj;jpahya mfjpKfhk
ghz;bUg;G mfjpKfhk; fhyk; : 2005-2006 gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : newpahshpd; cstpay; fw;ifnewp k
fijapd; czh;TfSf;F Vw;g ghly;fs; gad;gLj;jg fWg;G [Pd ;Rk;;> epw rhy;itAk; cilfshfg; gad;gLj miuthrpg;gFjpf;F gr;ir> nts;is> ePy epwq;fisg; G+rpd
,e;j Mw;Wifapd; gpd;dh; ghjpg;gpy; ,Ue;J nfhQ;r Mw;Wif nra;jth;fSld; GJ cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpajhfT
13. “cz;ikiaj; Njb”
2006y; #oiyg; ghJfhg;Nghk; vDk; fUg;nghUs ngz;fs; ghlrhiy juk;-10 khztpfisf; nfhz;L J.nfs Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.17
14. “md;ig epiwj;jpLNthk;” fij : ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwfs
gpur;rhuk; newpahs;if : rp.n[arq;fu; jahhpg;G : care international GBV Project, %d;w gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : kl;lf;fsg;G kz;Kidg;gw;W gp cs;slf;fpa muq;f Mw;Wiff; FO Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: jpUg;ngUe;Jiw> rj;JUf;nfhz;lhd
ghuk;ghpa ,irAk;> thj;jpaq;fSk; ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. e mzpe;jdh;. rhjhuz xg;gidAld; ebj;jdh;.18
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Sk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. k&z; Nky; rl;ilAk;> fWg;G ilfshfg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. rhjhuz xg;gidAlNd
pdhy; kdepiy ghjpf;fg;gl;L mfjp Kfhk;fspy; ;wth;fis toikahd epiyf;F nfhz;LtUk; Nehf;fpy; f;fg;gl;l fij
d;yp gpughfud;
kfhtpj;jpahya mfjpKfhk;> fStd;Nfzp mfjpKfhk;>
g;G mfjpKfhk; 2006
hpd; cstpay; fw;ifnewp khzth;fs;
Vw;g ghly;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ePy Nky; rl;ilAk;> k; cilfshfg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. xg;gid - Kfj;jpd; ;is> ePy epwq;fisg; G+rpdh;.
h; ghjpg;gpy; ,Ue;J nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf kPz ;ljhfTk;> cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpajhfTk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.16
g;Nghk; vDk; fUg;nghUspy; kl;/fy;yb tpNtfhde;jh ztpfisf; nfhz;L J.nfshP] ;tudpd; newpahs;ifapy;
Sf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwfs; epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w k;
;fu;
ational GBV Project, %d;whtJ fz; sg;G kz;Kidg;gw;W gpuNjr ,isQu; Atjpfis f;fpa muq;f Mw;Wiff; FO
e;Jiw> rj;JUf;nfhz;lhd; - 2007> 2008
paq;fSk; ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. ePs khd ifj;jwp Milfis Ald; ebj;jdh;.18
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15. “Rj;jkhFNthk; Rj;jkhf;FNthk;” fij : Kfhk;fspy; tho;fpd;wth;fs; Rj;j
Vw;gLk; tpisTfis> Esk;G> fug;g Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;f topKiwfisAk; $Wfpd;wd. newpahs;if : Nguh.rp.nksdFU jahhpg;G : IRD, fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fi gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : utpr;re;jpud;> Nkhfdjhrd;> gpujPgd
fiykfs; kw;Wk; [Pt N[hjp ,y;y k Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;
: ghykPd ;kL mfjpKfhk;> rj;JU
mkph;jfop mfjpKfhk; fhyk; : 2007
$j;J> nky;ypirg; ghly; nkl;Lf;fis ifahz;ld jhsk; Mfpa fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Esk;G> fug;g ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g cil xg;gid Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
ehlfj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ Nghd;W vq;fsJ #oiy R xg;Gf; nfhz;ldh;. eifr;Rit czh;Tld; ghh;j;J urpj;jhh
16. “kuq;fis eLNthk;”
Rw;whliy Rj;jkhf itj;jpUg;Nghk; vd;Dk; fUg;n rig> fNdba khefu rig xd;wpak; Mfpatw;wpd; mDru hp khzth;fisf; nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid r.re;j 2007y; kl;lf;fsg;G efhpy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.20
17. “ehwhj efhpy; tho” fij : Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiy Rj;jkhf it MNuhf;fpakhd r%fj;ijf; fl;bna newpahs;if : J. nfshP] ;tud;> j. tpNtfhde;juhr jahhpg;G : kl;lf;fsg;G khefu rig> fNdba k gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : kfh[df; fy;Y}hp khzth;fs;> cil Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: kl;lf;fsg;G efh; - 2007
$j;J nkl;by; ghly;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. ePs khd N rhy;itAk; cLj;jpapUe;jdh;. FwpaPl ;L xg;gid Nghl;bUe
18. “kuNk kuNk” fij : #oypy; fhzg;gLk; fz;ly; jhtuq ,r;nraw;ghl;lhy; ,aw;if tsq;fs caphpdq;fspd; ngUf;fKk; ji midtUk; jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
202

Nthk;” spy; tho;fpd;wth;fs; Rj;jj;jpid filg;gpbf;fhtpl;lhy; ; tpisTfis> Esk;G> fug;ghd;G+r;rp> ,iyahd; Nehahsp ghj;jpuq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LtNjhL> Rj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk; wfisAk; $Wfpd;wd. nksdFU f;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw ;jpud;> Nkhfdjhrd;> gpujPgd;> ckh> Rfd;ah> J];ae;jp>
s; kw;Wk; [Pt N[hjp ,y;y khzth;fs;.
;kL mfjpKfhk;> rj;JUf;nfhz;lhd; mfjpKfhk;> op mfjpKfhk;
nkl;Lf;fis ifahz;ldh;. kj;jsk;> `hh;Nkhdpak;> Lj;jg;gl;ld. Esk;G> fug;ghd;G+r;rp> ,iyahd; Nghd;w id Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Nghd;W vq;fsJ #oiy Rj;jkhf itj;jpUg;Nghk; vd
czh;Tld; ghh;j;J urpj;jhh;fs;.19
j;jpUg;Nghk; vd;Dk; fUg;nghUspy; kl;lf;fsg;G khefu ;wpak; Mfpatw;wpd; mDruizAld;> kl;/,e;Jf; fy;Y} hhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid r.re;jpuNrfuk; newpg;gLj;jpapUe;jhh;. ;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.20
wr; #oiy Rj;jkhf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJNt ;fpakhd r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; vd;gij typAWj;jy;.
P] ;tud;> j. tpNtfhde;juhrh sg;G khefu rig> fNdba khefu rig xd;wpak; f; fy;Y}hp khzth;fs;> cil> xg;gid - r.re;jpuNrfuk;
g;G efh; - 2007
ike;jpUe;jd. ePskhd Nkw;rl;ilAk;> fWg;G [Pd ;Rk;> FwpaPl ;L xg;gid Nghl;bUe;jdh;.21
fhzg;gLk; fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. w;ghl;lhy; ,aw;if tsq;fs; mope;J Nghfpd;wd. mj;NjhL q;fspd; ngUf;fKk; jilg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;topit
Uk; jLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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newpahs;if : jpU.F.utpr;re;jpud;
kl;/rprpypah ngz;fs; cah;jug; ghlrhiy jahhpg;gpy; nfhz;L mq;Nf 2007 fhyg;gFjpapy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l
19. “nkhl;Lf;fs; kyu” fij : rpWtu; ,y;yq;fspy; thOk; rpWtu;f
$wy;.
%d;whtJ fz; ez;gu;fs; FOtpd; fsg;gapw;rp xOq;f ed;dlj;ij jpizf;fsk;> amicidi bambani (INGO) %d;wht Nkw;nfhz;l rpWtupy;yr; rpWtu;fSldhd fiyahf;fr; nr cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; gy;NtW rpWtupy;y gq;Fgw;wpapUe;jhu;fs;.23
20. “vapl;]; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T ehlfk;” fij : fpuhkq;fspy; tho;fpd;w kf;fSf;F
Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy;> ,e; Neha; g Kiwfs;. vt;thW ghJfhg;ghf tplaq;fs; njspTgLj;jg;gl;ld. newpahs;if : jpU. ];ud;yp gpughfud; jahhpg;G : World Vision Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;
: gLthd;fiug; gpuNjrq;fshd jhz fhyk; : 2007 gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : cjtp newpahs;if - Njt mNyhrpa arpe;jh rrpfyh> jahd;> gpujPg;> ,ik
giw> jhsk; Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fNshL> xg;ghhp> j czh;TfSf;F Vw;why; Nghy; ifahz;ldh;. ghj;jpuq;fspd th;zk; G+rg;gl;ld. midtUk; ePy epw Nkw;rl;ilAk;> fW [pk;dh];bf; Kiwapyhd ghj;jpu mirTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;g
ghh;itahsh;fSf;F vapl;]; gw;wpa mwpjy; cz;lhf V
21. “rkj;Jtk; fhz;Nghk;”
care international GBV nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; fPo ; jpUNfhzk Atjpfis cs;slf;fpa muq;f Mw;Wiff; FOnthd;w ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhd gpur;rhuj;jpi ,e;ehlfk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd tsthsuhf %d J.nfsuP] ;tud; mtu;fs; gq;Fgw;wpapUe;jhu;. ,t;thw;Wi jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; gy gFjpfspYk; Mw;Wif n
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pud; ;jug; ghlrhiy jahhpg;gpy; A/L ehlfj;Jiw khzth;fisf;
jpapy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.22
y;yq;fspy; thOk; rpWtu;fspd; gpur;rpidfis vLj;Jf;
; FOtpd; fsg;gapw;rp xOq;fikg;gpy; ,t;thw;Wif rpWtu; di bambani (INGO) %d;whtJfz; ez;gu;fs; ,ize;J u;fSldhd fiyahf;fr; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; NghJ 2007; ,y; ;fsg;gpd; gy;NtW rpWtupy;yq;fisAk; Nru;e;j rpWtu;fs;
;T ehlfk;”
spy; tho;fpd;w kf;fSf;F vapl;]; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it k; Nehf;fpy;> ,e; Neha; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;> Neha; guTk; s;. vt;thW ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w ;fs; njspTgLj;jg;gl;ld. ;ud;yp gpughfud;
n
;fiug; gpuNjrq;fshd jhz;bab> nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy
ewpahs;if - Njt mNyhrpa];> eld mikg;G - btjh;rpdp> rrpfyh> jahd;> gpujPg;> ,ikf;rd;> nfsrpfd;.
hj;jpaq;fNshL> xg;ghhp> jhyhl;Lg; ghly; nkl;Lf;fis fahz;ldh;. ghj;jpuq;fspd; jd;ikfSf;F Vw;g Kfj;jpy; k; ePy epw Nkw;rl;ilAk;> fWg;G [Pd ;];k; cLj;jpapUe;jdh;.
pu mirTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
; gw;wpa mwpjy; cz;lhf VJthf mike;jJ.24
w;wpl;lj;jpd; fPo ; jpUNfhzkiy %Jhu; gpuNjr ,isQu; ;f Mw;Wiff; FOnthd;wpid cUthf;fp mjDhlhf fSf;F vjpuhd gpur;rhuj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;Fld; jw;fhd tsthsuhf %d;whtJfz; FOitr; Nru;e;j gw;wpapUe;jhu;. ,t;thw;Wif 2007> 2008 tUlq;fspy; gy gFjpfspYk; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.25
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22. “MNuhf;fpa tho;T” fijr;RUf;fk; : ,aw;if tptrhaj;jpid Nkw;nf typAWj;Jk; tifapy; nraw;if Vw;gLk; jPi kfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy newpahs;if : j.tpNtfhde;juhrh> r.re;jpuNrfuk;> jahhpg;G : rh;Nthjah gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s ,isQh Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: mk;ghiw gpuNjrk; - 2008
,ir thj;jpaq;fshf giw> jhsk; gad;gLj;jg;gl mzpe;jpUe;jdh;. FwpaPl ;L xg;gid Nghlg;gl;bUe;jJ> tbtikf;fg;gl;ld (c-k;) jf;fhspg; gok;.
Mw;Wif eilngWk; ,lj;jpy; fijNahL njhlh;Gila Mw;Wif ntspiaAk;> Mw;Wifahf khw;wp mjd; %yk GJikahf ,Ue;jJ. nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; k nrd;wile;jpUe;jd.26
23. “ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwfis xopg;Nghk;” fij : FLk;gq;fspy; ngz;fs; Mz
re;jh;g;gq;fs;> mj;NjhL rpWth;> Nghi mitfis jLf;Fk; topKiwf njhFj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ. newpahs;if : jpU.fp.NrNahd;> jpU.Kuspjh]; jahhpg;G : Oxfam GB, World Vision Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfs
2008 gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : Kuspjh];> kzpkhwd;> rpahkpdp> &g
Mly;> ghly;fNshL Nlhy;fp> giw> ughd; Nghd;w thj;j rhjhuz cil> xg;gidapNy ebj;jdh;.
ehlfk; %ykhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; kf;f Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wjh? vd;gjid ,e; ehlff; FOf;fs; nj mg;nghOJ mth;fsplk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;g;gl;ljid mtjhd
24. “gs;sp nry;y...”
Action Aid, W.W.D.F Mfpa epWtdq;fspd; tho;thjhu nry;yhJ ,iltpyfp tho;fpd;w rpWtu;fis kPs Tk; ghlrh Mw;Wifahf ,J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.,jw;fhd tsthsuh
204

f tptrhaj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid j;Jk; tifapy; nraw;if ,urhadg; gad;ghl;bdhy; ; jPi kfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;. fhde;juhrh> r.re;jpuNrfuk;> Mh;.jD[h ah ; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s ,isQh;fs;
w gpuNjrk; - 2008
iw> jhsk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rhjhuz cilfis xg;gid Nghlg;gl;bUe;jJ> ifg; nghUl;fs; nghpjhf
hspg; gok;.
;jpy; fijNahL njhlh;Gila gjhijfs; njhq;ftplg;gl;L ifahf khw;wp mjd; %ykhfTk; nra;jp nrhy;yg;gl;lik y;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,yFthf
;Kiwfis xopg;Nghk;”
;fspy; ngz;fs; Mz;fshy; td;Kiwf;fhshFk; q;fs;> mj;NjhL rpWth;> Nghijt];J gw;wpa gpur;rpidfs;> is jLf;Fk; topKiwfs; Nghd;w rk;gtq;fisj;
f; $Wfpd;wJ. rNahd;> jpU.Kuspjh];
, World Vision
g;gpd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfspy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;ld. -
;> kzpkhwd;> rpahkpdp> &gh> rq;fPj h. tpehaf%h;j;jp
p> giw> ughd; Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld> ebj;jdh;.
;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; khw;wq;fis d ,e; ehlff; FOf;fs; njhlh;e;Jk; mtjhdpj;;J te;jd> ;fs; Vw;g;gl;ljid mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jpUf;fpd;wJ.27
pWtdq;fspd; tho;thjhu nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; fPo ; ghlrhiy rpWtu;fis kPs Tk; ghlrhiy nry;yj; Jhz;Ltjw;fhd ;gl;lJ.,jw;fhd tsthsuhf %d;whtJfz; ez;gu;fs;
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FOitr; Nru;e;j J. nfsuP] ;tud; mtu;fs; nraw;gl;bU kl;lf;fsg;gpd; gy;NtW fpuhkq;fspy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l
25. “Gj;jfNk Gj;jfNk” fij : khzth; kj;jpapy; thrpg;gpidj;
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l newpahs;if : jpU. F. utpr;re;jpud;
kl;/rprpypah ngz;fs; cah;jug; ghlrhiy jahhpg;gpy; O nfhz;L mq;Nf 2008 fhyg;gFjpapy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l
26. “,ytr tPLfs; toq;fypy; cs;s FsWgbfs; gw;wpa fij : ,ytrkhf tPL fs; fl;bf;nfhLf;fg;gL
cs;sth;fs; mr;rYiffis c Nkhrb nra;fpd;wdh;. ,J gw;wp ghjpf rYiffs; fpilf;fhkYk; Nghfpd;wd nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. newpahs;if : btjh;rpdp jahhpg;G : NEHRP gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : jPgd;> kjpuh[;> gpurhe;jpdp> epUr tpf;fpdgpujhg; Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: Gy;Ykiyg; gpuNjrk; - 2009
$j;J ghly; nkl;Lf;fSk;> jtpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. midtUk; nrk;kQ;rs; epw Nkw;rl;ilAk;> [Pd ;Rk; cLj;j
gpur;rpidfs; mwpag;gl;L eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;ljd; tpi tPL fs; fl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.30
27. “thrpg;gpd; mtrpak;” gw;wp E}yf thrpg;G thuj;jpy; tpo fij : ekJ r%fk; thrpg;G ,d;ikahy Kfk; nfhLf;fpd;wd> vd;gjid ghl cs;s rpy egh;fs; Nghd;Nwhiu mb rk;gtq;f@lhf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfp newpahs;if : jpU.m.tpkyuh[;> jpU.j.tpNtfhd
khzth;fs; MfpNahhpd; $l;LUth jahhpg;G : nghJ E}yfk; kl;lf;fsg;G Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: fy;yb E}yfk; Kd;wy;> GJ}h; E}yfk gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpay; fw;i
ehlfj;Jiw khzth;fshd jpUr;n re;jputh;zd;> yhtz;ah> mgh;zh fhQ;rdh> byf;rdh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;tud; mtu;fs; nraw;gl;bUe;jhu;. ,e;ehlfk; 2008 ,y;
;fspy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.28
h; kj;jpapy; thrpg;gpidj; J}z;Lk; tifapy;> mjd; ;Jtq;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld. utpr;re;jpud;
;jug; ghlrhiy jahhpg;gpy; O/L ehlfj;Jiw khzth;fisf;
jpapy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.29
py; cs;s FsWgbfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T”
hf tPL fs; fl;bf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd> Mdhy; mjpfhuj;jpy; h;fs; mr;rYiffis chpath;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fhky; nra;fpd;wdh;. ,J gw;wp ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F njhpahkYk;> s; fpilf;fhkYk; Nghfpd;wd. ,t; cz;ikfs; kf;fSf;F ;gLfpd;wd. dp
kjpuh[;> gpurhe;jpdp> epUrhe;> tpNdh[pdp> Ch;kpsh> gpujhg;
yg; gpuNjrk; - 2009
jtpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. full face make-up Nghlg;gl;ld.
w;rl;ilAk;> [Pd ;Rk; cLj;jpapUe;jdh;.
ltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf> mg; gpuNjr kf;fSf;F ;fpd;wJ.30
p E}yf thrpg;G thuj;jpy; tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jy;.” %fk; thrpg;G ,d;ikahy; vt;thwd gpur;rpidfSf;F hLf;fpd;wd> vd;gjid ghlrhiy khzth;fs;> r%fj;jpy; py egh;fs; Nghd;Nwhiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xU rpy ;f@lhf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
pkyuh[;> jpU.j.tpNtfhde;juhrh> gq;F nfhz;l h;fs; MfpNahhpd; $l;LUthf;fk; }yfk; kl;lf;fsg;G
}yfk; Kd;wy;> GJ}h; E}yfk; Kd;wy; - 2009 tpGyhde;j mofpay; fw;iffs; epWtf 2Mk; tUl iw khzth;fshd jpUr;nre;J}ud;> uhftd;> ee;jFkhh;> h;zd;> yhtz;ah> mgh;zh> yf;ryh> jNghjpdp> ,e;J[h>
h> byf;rdh
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206
,ir thj;jpaq;fshf giw> jhsk; gad; gLj;jg;gl mirTfis Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. cilfshf gr;ir T- rhjhuz xg;gid Nghlg;gl;ld.
ghh;itahsh;fs; Mh;tj;Jld; ghh;itapl;ldh;. nrhy;yg nfhz;L gyUk; fye;Jiuahlypy;  yad;]; f gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;f
eprhe;jd;> jpyfd;> rq;fh;> fpU];dNt ahopdp> Nfhkpjh> gthdp> mD[h> fN[e;jpdp> rpe;Jrh> epNwh[pdp> fq;f eprhe;juh[h. Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;
: Xl;lkhtb njhlf;fk; jpUf;Nfhtpy; t fhyk; : 2009 - 2010 fhyg;gFjp
$j;jpd; ,ir> mirTfSld;> kj;jsk;> giw> Nksk;> X ghtpj;jpUe;jdh;. Esk;G> Nehahsp> itj;jpah; vd;w ghj;jp cil> xg;gid tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
Mw;Wifapd; gpd;dh; fhj;jhd;Fb> fubadhW N eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.32
29. “fl;Lz;l nkhl;Lf;fs;” fij : jw;fhy etPd fy;tp Kiwapdhy;
gLfpd;whh;fs;. Nkyjpf tFg;Gf;fs fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;whh;fs; vd;git newpahs;if : jpU.j. tpNtfhde;juhrh>
Diploma
kh jahhpg;G : Njrpa ,isQh; Nritfs; kd;wk;> gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : Diploma ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; fw;i Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: fy;yb - NtY}h; - 2010
$j;J> fpuhkpa nkl;Lf;fSk;> khzth;fspd; Gj;JUt giw> jhsk;> ughd; Mfpa thj;jpaq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl fWg;G [Pd ;]; Mfpa cilfis mzpe;jpUe;jdh;.33

w> jhsk; gad; gLj;jg;gl;ld. ghly;> Mly; %ykhf ;. cilfshf gr;ir T-shirt> fWg;G Jeans mzpe;jdh;> .
d; ghh;itapl;ldh;. nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fis cs;thq;fpf; ypy;  yad;]; fpsg;> Psycho social service.
; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw khzth;fshd ;> jpyfd;> rq;fh;> fpU];dNtzp> ruz;ah> epNuh[pdpNjtp> > Nfhkpjh> gthdp> mD[h> rd;rpah> jpyf&gp> jkpopdp> pdp> rpe;Jrh> epNwh[pdp> fq;fhjud;> bkhypdp> fpUghfud;>
h[h.
b njhlf;fk; jpUf;Nfhtpy; tiu 2010 fhyg;gFjp
d;> kj;jsk;> giw> Nksk;> Xfz; Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fSk; hsp> itj;jpah; vd;w ghj;jpuq;fspd; jd;ikfSf;F Vw;g l;bUe;jd.
hj;jhd;Fb> fubadhW Nghd;w gFjpfspy; rpukjhd ;ld. 2
etPd fy;tp Kiwapdhy; rpWth;fs; vt;thW ghjpf;fg; hh;fs;. Nkyjpf tFg;Gf;fs;> ghPl ;irfs; vd;W vt;thW j;jg; gLfpd;whh;fs; vd;gitfis rpj;jhpf;fpd;wd. pNtfhde;juhrh>
Diploma
khzth;fs; isQh; Nritfs; kd;wk;> kl;lf;fsg;G ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; fw;if khzth;fs;
NtY}h; - 2010
k;> khzth;fspd; Gj;JUthf;fg; ghlYk; ,lk;ngw;wd> j;jpaq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. nts;is Nrl;> ry;thh;>
mzpe;jpUe;jdh;.33
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30. “kdpjk;” fij : kd NehahdJ midtUf;Fk;
tpahjpia fl;lhak; Fzg;gLj;j rpfpr;irg;gphpT ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. fl;lhak; rpfpr;irf;F nfhz;Ltu gLj;Jfpd;wJ. newpahs;if : jpU.F.utpr;re;jpud; jahhpg;G : Rfhjhu cstpay; gphpT> thior;Nr gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Ji Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: thfiu njhlf;fk; kl;lf;fsg;G tiu
fpNuf;f Nfhu]; jd;ikahd ,irNahL jNgyh> giw kQ;rs; Nky; rl;ilAk;> gr;ir [Pd ;Rk;> fWg;G rhy;itA xg;gid Nghlg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Mw;Wiff;Fg; gpd;dh; kd Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl Fzg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf itj;jpah; njhptpj;jpUf;fpd;whh;.
31. “kJghtid gw;wpaJ” fij : r%fj;jpy; Mz;fs; kJ mUe;Jfp
cs;s ngz;fSk;> rpWth;fSk gpur;rpidfs; newpahs;if : jpU.];ud;yp gpughfud; jahhpg;G : World Vision gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : J];ae;jp> ,ikf;rd;> nfsrpfd;> rrpf Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: fpuhd; - 2011
ghly;fs; fpuhkpa nkl;by; mike;jpUe;jd. midtUf;F fWg;G [Pd ;Rk;;> epw Jzpj;Jz;LfSk; cilfshfg; gad;gL nts;is> ePy epwq;fis Kfk; G+uhfTk; G+rpapUe;jdh;.
32. “gRg;ghy;” fij : cs;@u; gRg;ghy; ghtidia Cf;F newpahs;if jahupg;G
: %d;whtJ fz; ez;gu;fs; FO
2011y; ntgh; ikjhdk; - kl;lf;fs FwpQ;rhKid> tTdjPT re;ij M ,ypUe;J ,d;W tiu epfo;j;jg;gl;L gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : %d;whtJ fz; ez;gu;fshd>
Ffjh];> epNuhrpdpNjtp> rpe;Jrh epNuh[pdp> uh[jpyfd;> J];ae;juh[
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ehahdJ midtUf;Fk; tuf;$ba xU tpahjp. mt; a fl;lhak; Fzg;gLj;jyhk;. mjw;fhd itj;jpa g;gphpT ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. MfNt ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fis ; rpfpr;irf;F nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njspT pd;wJ. tpr;re;jpud; cstpay; gphpT> thior;Nrid. ;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw khzth;fs;.
njhlf;fk; kl;lf;fsg;G tiu - 2010 - 2011
d ,irNahL jNgyh> giw ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. cilfshf r [Pd ;Rk;> fWg;G rhy;itAk; cLj;jpapUe;jdh;. ghj;jpu
d Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gyh; rpfpr;irf;fhf te;J h; njhptpj;jpUf;fpd;whh;.34
py; Mz;fs; kJ mUe;Jfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; FLk;gj;jpy; ngz;fSk;> rpWth;fSk; jpdKk; vjph; Nehf;Fk; dfs;
;yp gpughfud;
n p> ,ikf;rd;> nfsrpfd;> rrpfyh> gw;wpkh> RNu];
2011
ike;jpUe;jd. midtUf;Fk; nghJthd Nky; rl;ilAk;> ;LfSk; cilfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. xg;gid - gr;ir>
; G+uhfTk; G+rpapUe;jdh;.35
u; gRg;ghy; ghtidia Cf;Ftpj;jy;
tJ fz; ez;gu;fs; FO36
tgh; ikjhdk; - kl;lf;fsg;G th;j;jff; fz;fhl;rpapYk;> Kid> tTdjPT re;ij Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;ld. 2011
,d;W tiu epfo;j;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. tJ fz; ez;gu;fshd> nfshP];tud;> NrhjP];tud;> ;> epNuhrpdpNjtp> rpe;Jrh> eprhde;juh[h> thfprd;> dp> uh[jpyfd;> J];ae;juh[;> rjhh;j;jd;.37
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33. “kdprd; ,Uf;fpwhd; kdprp vq;Nf?” fij : r%fk; Mzhjpf;fj;jpdhy; fl;l ngz;fspd; chpikfs; kWf;fg;gLf Nfs;tpf; FwpahfpAs;sJ. MfNt nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAW newpahs;if : jpU. v];. re;jpuFkhh; jahhpg;G : fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof tshfk; - 20 gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof 2 Mk; tUl fi
$j;jpd; jhsf;fl;Lf;fSk;> giw> Nksk;> kj;jsk;> j gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ghj;jpuj;jpd; jd;ikf;F jFe;j cila fhzg;gl;ldh;.38
34. “ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd ghypay; gpur;rpidfs;” fij : ngw;Nwhh;fs; ntspehL nry;t
cwtpdh; tPL fspy; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf mt;tPL fspy; tho;fpd;w Mz;fshy Mshf;fg;gLfpd;whh;fs;. newpahs;if : thzp jahhpg;G : jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;> kl;lf;fsg;G. gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : nre;J}ud;> kjpuh[;> &gd;> jh;rpdp> Nf Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: kl;/rprpypah ngz;fs; cah;jug; ghlr
Nkhbikg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,iria ifahz;ldh;. rhjhuz ebfh;fs; Njhd;wpdh;.39
35. “nksdq;fs; nkhopahdhy;” fij : rpWth;fs; nrhe;j tPl ;by; ng
ftdpg;ghuw;Wk; tho;fpd;wdh;> tho;fpd;wth;fs; vt;thW J];gpuNa ghlrhiyfspy; vt;thW xJf;fg;g rk;gtq;fs; %ykhf fij nrhy;yg;g newpahs;if : jpU.f.Nkhfdjhrd;> jpUkjp.ckh r khzth;fs; MfpNahhpd; $l;LUth jahhpg;G : kl;lf;fsg;G Nghjdh itj;jparhiy Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;
: kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s mi
itj;jparhiyfs;> kl;lf;fsg;G (fpl;lj;jl;l Kg;gJf;F Nkw;gl;l Mw;W
208

prp vq;Nf?”
Mzhjpf;fj;jpdhy; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; spd; chpikfs; kWf;fg;gLfpd;wd> mth;fSf;fhd ,lk; ; FwpahfpAs;sJ. MfNt mth;fSf;Fk; rk chpik Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jy;. ;. re;jpuFkhh;
; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw
gy;fiyf;fof tshfk; - 2011
;fiyf;fof 2 Mk; tUl fiyj;Jiw khzth;fs;
giw> Nksk;> kj;jsk;> jhsk; Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fSk; ; jd;ikf;F jFe;j cilapYk;> rhjhuz xg;gidapYk;
pay; gpur;rpidfs;” h;fs; ntspehL nry;tjw;fhf ngz;gps;isfis h; tPL fspy; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf tpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; fspy; tho;fpd;w Mz;fshy; ghypay; J];gpuNahfq;fSf;F
g;gLfpd;whh;fs;.
wf; fyhkd;wk;> kl;lf;fsg;G.
;> kjpuh[;> &gd;> jh;rpdp> Nfhgp
pah ngz;fs; cah;jug; ghlrhiy - 2011
ria ifahz;ldh;. rhjhuz cilapYk;> xg;gidapYk;
y;”
s; nrhe;j tPl ;by; ngw;Nwhuhy; jz;bf;fg;gl;Lk;> huw;Wk; tho;fpd;wdh;> cwtpdh;fspd; tPL fspy; ;wth;fs; vt;thW J];gpuNahfq;fSf;F cl;gLfpd;wdh;> yfspy; vt;thW xJf;fg;gLfpd;wdh; Nghd;w rpW rpW ;fs; %ykhf fij nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. khfdjhrd;> jpUkjp.ckh rpwprq;fh;> kw;Wk; gq;F nfhz;l h;fs; MfpNahhpd; $l;LUthf;fk; sg;G Nghjdh itj;jparhiy> Unicef
g;G khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s midj;Jg; gpuNjr nrayfq;fs;> arhiyfs;> kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; fpuhd; re;ijfs;. l;l Kg;gJf;F Nkw;gl;l Mw;Wiffs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd)
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fhyk; : 2011-2012 fhyg;gFjp gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : Rthkp tpGyhde;jh mofpa tphpTiuahsh;fshd jpU.f.Nk rpwprq;fh;> 4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw ud;> ee;jFkhh;> yhtz;ah> re;j mgpuhkp> [pNth[pdp> Njtkyh;> N fiyuhjh> Nutjp> nuh[d;> mdy; j
#o;epiyf;Fk;> czh;TfSf;Fk; Vw;g ghly;> ,ir Nghd `hh;Nkhdpak;> jhsk; Mfpa fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld fWg;G [Pd ;Rk;> k&d; rhy;itAk; cilfshfg; gad;gLj xg;gidapy; fhzg;gl;ldh;.
ghh;itahsh;fs; kdk; nefpo;e;J ghh;itapl;ldh;> cz;ikr; rk;gtq;fis mOJnfhz;L $wpdh;> nrhy;yg;g vLg;gjhfTk; $wpdh;> ,e; ehlfk; gy jug;gpdhplKk; ey;y t
36. “gs;sp nry;Nthk;”
fy;Flh tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfj;jpd; khztu;fis gh gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhf kl;/fWthf;Nfzp tpf;Nd];tuh tpj;jpah Mrpupau; J.nfsuP] ;tud; mtu;fshy; ,e;ehlfk; cUthf;f thfNdup> fhahd;Nfzp> ,whNyhil Mfpa fpuhkq;fspy;
37. “Kbr;Rf;fs;” fij : tPl;by; mg;gh Fbg;gjdhy; jlk; k jpUkzk;> ntspehLfspy; vjph;Ne ngz;fs; td;Kiwf;fhshFk; re;j newpahs;if : jpU.m.tpkyuh[;> kw;Wk; gq;Nfw
$l;LUthf;fk; jahhpg;G : fhtpah - Self Woman’s develop
Clf jhprdk;> Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;
: tTdjPT> fubGty;> gj;jiuf;fl;i fhyk; : 2011 - 2012 fhyg;gFjpapy; gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : nea;jy; Clf jhprd cWg;gpdh;fsh
fhQ;rdh> rptkjp> mdd;rpah> uhj rPyd;> yPd];> Rjh;rd;> jNd];tud fhaj;hp> gpufh];> Nfhgp> ga];> Rjh>
ehlf czh;TfSf;F Vw;g ghly;fis gad;gLj;jpdh;. [Pd ;]; Nghd;wd cLj;jpdh;. rhjhuz xg;gid Nkw;nfhs;s
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

012 fhyg;gFjp
tpGyhde;jh mofpay; fw;iffs; epWtf> uahsh;fshd jpU.f.Nkhfdjhrd;> jpUkjp.ckh h;> 4 Mk; tUl ehlfj;Jiw khzth;fshd jpUr;nre;J} e;jFkhh;> yhtz;ah> re;jyf;]p> byf;rdh> fhQ;rdh> p> [pNth[pdp> Njtkyh;> Nyh[pdp> rptkjp> mdd;rpah> jh> Nutjp> nuh[d;> mdy; jh;rd;.
f;Fk; Vw;g ghly;> ,ir Nghd;wd ifahsg;gl;ld. Nlhy;fp> fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. nrk;kQ;rs; Nky; rl;ilAk;> Ak; cilfshfg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. midtUk; rhjhuz
nefpo;e;J ghh;itapl;ldh;> ciuahlypd; NghJ gy nfhz;L $wpdh;> nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; gw;wp ftdj;jpy; k; gy jug;gpdhplKk; ey;y tuNtw;igg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.40
yfj;jpd; khztu;fis ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;yj; Jhz;Lk; zp tpf;Nd];tuh tpj;jpahya khztu;fSf;fhf ehlf ;fshy; ,e;ehlfk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 2011 ,y; ,e;ehlfk; Nyhil Mfpa fpuhkq;fspy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.41
mg;gh Fbg;gjdhy; jlk; khWk; ngz;fs;> ,s taJj; k;> ntspehLfspy; vjph;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;w s; td;Kiwf;fhshFk; re;jh;g;gq;fspd; njhFg;G.
pkyuh[;> kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;w fiyQh;fs; MfpNahhpd; thf;fk;
- Self Woman’s development center, Batticaloa, nea;jy; hprdk;>
PT> fubGty;> gj;jiuf;fl;il> GJ}h; 012 fhyg;gFjpapy; Clf jhprd cWg;gpdh;fshd jpUr;nre;J}ud;> ee;jFkhh;> h> rptkjp> mdd;rpah> uhjh n[fjh> Ffd;> gpurd;dh> Pd];> Rjh;rd;> jNd];tud;> uFkhd;> epUrhe;> eprhe;jpdp> gpufh];> Nfhgp> ga];> Rjh>
ghly;fis gad;gLj;jpdh;. nts;is Nrl;> ry;thh;> fWg;G jhuz xg;gid Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jJ.
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210
nrhy;yg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nrd;w tuNtw;igAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.42
38. “ngz;fSk; kdpju;fs; vd;Wzu”
jpUg;ngUe;Jiw r%f mgptpUj;jp epWtdj;jpd; ghy;epi J.nfsuP] ;tud; mtu;fshy; ,e;ehlfk; cUthf;fg;gl;l kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ
39. “Nghrhf;fhd r%jhaj;ij Nehf;fp” fij : fUTw;w jha;khUf;fhd Nghrh
jha; fUTw;w fhyj;jpy; Kiwa cz;zhkYk;> itj;jparhiy MNyhridfisg; gpd;gw;whkYk gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; vt;thwhd F gpd;dh; vd;d gpur;rpidfis vj mjdhy; fUTw;w jha; vt;thw Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; nrhy;yg newpahs;if : jpU.m.tpkyuh[;> kw;Wk; gq;Nfw
$l;LUthf;fk; jahhpg;G : thior;Nrid MOH, World Visio Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: thior;Nrid itj;jparhiy> ehr
fpz;izab - 2012 gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : nea;jy; Clf jhprd cWg;gpdh;fsh
fhQ;rdh> rptkjp> n[fjh> gpurd eprhe;jpdp> fhaj;hp> gpufh];> Nfhgp
fpukpa eld> ghly; ,irNahL nlhy;fp> `hh;Nkhdpak ,sk; ePy Nky; rl;ilAk;> fWg;G [Pd ;Rk;> rptg;G rhy;itA xg;gid Nghlg;gl;bUe;jJ.
jha;khh;fSf;F fl;lhakhd tplaq;fs;> ,e; ehlfk; mi Nghlg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpaNjhL ebg;gpidAk; ghuhl;b
40. “nfhQ;rk; NahrpAq;Nfh” fij : Mz;fs; kJ mUe;jptpl;L jtw ngz;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs newpahs;if : Njt mNyhrpa]; jahhpg;G : World Vision, Ez;fiyf; fofk; gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : cjtp - btjh;rpdp> ,ir - nry;t fye;J nfhz;l nghj;Jtpy; khzt

kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nrd;wile;jNjhL> ehlfk; ey;y
d;Wzu” tpUj;jp epWtdj;jpd; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jt gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhf ,e;ehlfk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 2011; ,y; ,e;ehlfk; pYk; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.43
j Nehf;fp”
jha;khUf;fhd Nghrhf;fpd; mtrpak; gw;wpaJ. UTw;w fhyj;jpy; Kiwahd Nghrhf;Fs;s czT hkYk;> itj;jparhiyf;Fr; nrd;W itj;jpa idfisg; gpd;gw;whkYk; ,Ug;gjdhy; mth;fSf;Fg; ; Foe;ijfs; vt;thwhd FiwghLfSld; gpwf;fpd;wdh;> ; vd;d gpur;rpidfis vjph; Nehf;Ffpd;wdh; gw;wpAk;> ; fUTw;w jha; vt;thwhd Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;w k; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.
pkyuh[;> kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;w fiyQh;fs; MfpNahhpd; thf;fk;
;Nrid MOH, World Vision, nea;jy; Clf jhprdk;
;Nrid itj;jparhiy> ehrpte;jPT fy;Flh> tpehafGuk;> zab - 2012 Clf jhprd cWg;gpdh;fshd jpUr;nre;J}ud;> ee;jFkhh;> h> rptkjp> n[fjh> gpurd;dh> jNd];tud;> epUrhe;> dp> fhaj;hp> gpufh];> Nfhgp
ahL nlhy;fp> `hh;Nkhdpak; ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. cilfshf g;G [Pd ;Rk;> rptg;G rhy;itAk; cLj;jpapUe;jdh;. rhjhuz
tplaq;fs;> ,e; ehlfk; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; fl;lhak; aNjhL ebg;gpidAk; ghuhl;bdhh;fs;.44
s; kJ mUe;jptpl;L jtwhd KbntLg;gjhy; FLk;gg; Sf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;. Nyhrpa];
n, Ez;fiyf; fofk; btjh;rpdp> ,ir - nry;tf;Fkhh;> gapw;rpg; gl;liwapy; nfhz;l nghj;Jtpy; khzth;fs;
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Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;
: jhz;bab> Nfhkhhp> nghj;Jtpy;> rq fhyk; : gq;Fdp - 2012
fpukpa eld> ghly; ,irNahL giw> nlhy;fp ghtpf;fg;g epw Nky; rl;ilAk;> fWg;G [Pd ;Rk; cLj;jpapUe;jdh;. xg;gi Nghlg;gl;bUe;jd.45
41. “mk;kh Rk;kh ,Uf;fpwh” fij : nghJthf Mz;fs; khj;jpuk;jhd;
ngz;fs; nra;Ak; tPl;L Ntiy vLg;gJkpy;iy. Mdhy; mitfS newpahs;if : jpU. F. utpr;re;jpud; jahhpg;G : fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof tshfk;> nf gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof 2k; tUl Ez
Nksk;> giw> jhsk; ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. ePy epw Nk mzpe;jpUe;jdh;> rhjhuz xg;gidapy; ebj;jdh;. fUj ciuahbdh;.46
42. “kPdtdpd; Jauk;” fij : kPdth;fspd; cz;ikahd ciog
Ruz;lg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk;> jq;$rp gpbg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; ghjfq;fs; gw;wpA newpahs;if : jpU.F.utpr;re;jpud; jahhpg;G : flw;nwhopy; mjpfhu rig> kl;lf;fs gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: flw;nwhopy; mjpfhu rig> kl;lf;fs
kPd th; ghly; nkl;L> $j;J ghly; nkl;L> giw> vLf;F ,irf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ePy epw Nky; rl;ilAk;> fW rhjhuz xg;gidapy; ebj;jdh;.
jhq;fs; ,t;thwhd gpur;ridfSf;f cz;ikahf ,jw;fhd jPh;Tfis ngw;Wj;ju Ntz;Lk; vd kPd th;fs; $
43. “mdh;j;jq;fSf;F Kd; Maj;jk; nra;jy;” fij : jw;Nghja #oypy; ,aw;if
nts;sg;ngUf;F> #whtsp kw;Wk
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

b> Nfhkhhp> nghj;Jtpy;> rq;fkd;fz;b - 2012
ahL giw> nlhy;fp ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. cilfshf nrk;kQ;rs; ;Rk; cLj;jpapUe;jdh;. xg;gid - gy epwq;fspYk; NfhLfs;
f Mz;fs; khj;jpuk;jhd; Ntiy nra;gth;fs;. Mdhy; s; nra;Ak; tPl;L Ntiyfis vtUk; ftdj;jpy; kpy;iy. Mdhy; mitfSk; kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
utpr;re;jpud; ; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw
; gy;fiyf;fof tshfk;> nfhk;khJiw - 2012
;fiyf;fof 2k; tUl Ez;fiyj;Jiw khzth;fs;.
tpf;fg;gl;ld. ePy epw Nky; rl;ilAk;> fWg;G [Pd ;Rk; g;gidapy; ebj;jdh;. fUj;jpid cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;L
spd; cz;ikahd ciog;G vt;thW ,ilj; jufh;fshy; g;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk;> jq;$rp J}z;by; Nghd;wtw;why; kPd;
y; Vw;gLk; ghjfq;fs; gw;wpAk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. tpr;re;jpud; hopy; mjpfhu rig> kl;lf;fsg;G.
; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw khzth;fs;
hopy; mjpfhu rig> kl;lf;fsg;G - 2012
ghly; nkl;L> giw> vLf;F> jNgyh> kj;jsk; Nghd;wd ePy epw Nky; rl;ilAk;> fWg;G [Pd ;Rk; mzpe;jpUe;jdh;> h;.
;ridfSf;f cz;ikahfNt Kfk; nfhLf;fpd;Nwhk;> Ntz;Lk; vd kPd th;fs; $wpdh;.47
aj;jk; nra;jy;” a #oypy; ,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fshd Rdhkp> g;ngUf;F> #whtsp kw;Wk; Nghh; mdh;j;jq;fs; jpBh;
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vd Vw;gLfpd;wd. mitfspy; clikfisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd K newpahs;if : jpU.];ud;yp gpughfud; jahhpg;G : vfl; gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : fpq;rpyp> gw;wpkh> RNu];> nfsrpf
g;hplh Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;> fhyk;
: fy;Kid> ghz;bUg;G - 2012 fhh;j;
ghly;> Mly;fNshL [pk;dh];bf; cly; mirTfisA ntspg;gLj;jpdh;. toik Nghy; ePy Nky; rl;ilAk;> fWg;G [ cilfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. xg;gid - Kfj;jpd; gr;i NfhLfs; tiue;jpUe;jdh;. ghh;itahsh;fSf;F Kd;dh VJthf mike;jJ.48
44. “rpWth; ghJfhg;G” fij : rpWth;fs; gy;NtW re;jh;g;gq J];gpuNahfq;fSf;Fk; Msh gpd;dkhfpd;whh;fs;. mth;fis eh kPl;nlLj;J ghJfhg;ghd tho;f;ifi newpahs;if : jpU. ];ud;yp gpughfud; jahhpg;G : Offer, vfl; gq;F gw;wpath;fs; : n[uhy;l;> ];hPgd;> fphPrd;> jhpdh> jahd Mw;Wif nra;j ,lk;
: Mapj;jpakiy> ghtw;nfhbr;Nrid fhyk; : 2013 jw;nghOJ tiu
xg;ghhp> jhyhl;Lg; ghly; nkl;Lf;fis fijapd; czh ePy Nky; rl;ilAk;> fWg;G [Pd ;];> epw Jzpj;Jz;LfSk; c xg;gid - Kfj;jpd; gr;ir> nts;is> ePy epwq;fshy; NfhL
ehlf Kbtpy; ghh;itahsh;fspd; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; Mh nfhz;ldh;. nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; vkJ Ch;fspYk; ,lk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;wdh;.49
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ehlfq;fNshL ve;jj; jftYk; fpi ❖
nry;tk;> tpUl;rk;> fhw;Nw rhl;rpahf> xU gpb md %yk; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fs; ,izf;fg;gLk;. Mtzq;fSk; ,izf;fg;gLk;.

w;gLfpd;wd. mitfspy; ,Ue;J ek;ikAk;> ekJ fisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Kd; Maj;jr; nraw;ghLfs;.
;yp gpughfud;
> gw;wpkh> RNu];> nfsrpfd;> n[uhy;l;> ];hPgd;> tpdp
> ghz;bUg;G - 2012 fhh;j;jpif
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s; gy;NtW re;jh;g;gq;fspy;; td;KiwfSf;Fk;> ahfq;fSf;Fk; Mshfp rPhope;J rpd;dh hfpd;whh;fs;. mth;fis ehk; midtUk; xd;W Nrh;e;J j;J ghJfhg;ghd tho;f;ifia toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ;ud;yp gpughfud;
fl;
;hPgd;> fphPrd;> jhpdh> jahd;> fky; fhe;
kiy> ghtw;nfhbr;Nrid ;nghOJ tiu
l;Lf;fis fijapd; czh;TfSf;F Vw;g gad;gLj;jpdh;. ;> epw Jzpj;Jz;LfSk; cilfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. s;is> ePy epwq;fshy; NfhLfs; tiue;jpUe;jdh;.
;fspd; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; Mh;tj;Jld; ciuahlypy; fye;J q;fs; vkJ Ch;fspYk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd> mJ gw;wp ftdk;
;fNshL ve;jj; jftYk; fpilf;fhj ehlfq;fs;> ehisa ;Nw rhl;rpahf> xU gpb md;G Mfpad.50 NkYk; Ma;tpd; ty;fs; ,izf;fg;gLk;. mj;NjhL jfty; ngwg;gl;l f;fg;gLk;.
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njhFg;Giu
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tPj p ehlfkhdJ r%fg; gpur;rpidfis fhz;gjw;fhd fhj;jpukpf;f> rpwe;j Clfkhf cs;sikia Kbfpd;wJ. mNdfkhf tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;Jk; t tUtjidAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. Muk;g fhyj;j Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;Ls;sJ.
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w tPj pehlfq;fspd; fUg;ngh fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rkfhyj;jpy; epyTfpd;w ngz;zpak;> rpW ehlfq;f@lhfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;;wd. mjd; %ykhfj; jPh;tpid NgR nghUs; fiyeaj;Jld; nrhy;yg;gLtjdhy; kf;fs; , ,e;j epiyikahdJ Vida ehLfspy; cs;s tPj p ehlfq;fisj; jdpikg; gLj;jpf; fhl;l cjTfpd;wJ.
,t; ehlfq;fspy; mtjhdpj;j rpwg;ghd tplak;> Mw;Wi tbtkhf khw;Wfpd;w Kiwik. ,J kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. cjhuzkhfg; ngz;fs; gw;wpa tPj p ehlf ntspapy; NgR nghUs; njhlh;ghd gy gjhiffs;> ngz;fsp fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy;.
ngUk;ghyhd ehlfq;fs; gapw;rpg;gl;liwapy; gq;F nfhz Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. mj;NjhL gy ehlfq;fs; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,it rpwg;igg; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.
,lk;ngw;w Mw;Wiffis xl;Lnkhj;jkhfg; ghh;f;fpd;w xNu tpjkhd fl;likg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzk $j;Jj; jhsf;fl;Lf;fs;> cilaikg;G Nghd;w tplaq;fs gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd epiyik n ghh;itahsh;fSf;Fr; rw;Wr; rypg;G Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ.
tPj p ehlfj; jahhpg;gpy; mjpfkhf mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq ,jdhy; rpy epWtdq;fspy; fij> kw;Wk; Vid jPh;khdpf;fpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; newpahsh;fSf;Fk; gq;Fgw;Wk jilg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F newpahsh; fijapy; jdJ nrYj;j Kbahky; Nghfpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyik Vw;glhk Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mj;NjhL ,e; ehlfr; nraw;ghLfspy;  mwpe;J> Gjpa ntspehl;L ehlfq;fis gilf;fpd;w NghJ ,d;Dk; mjpfkhd gyd;fisg; ngwyhk
MfNt vkJ rhjf ghjf jd;ikfisf; ftdj;jpy kl;lf;fsg;gpy; fhj;jpukhd muq;fg;gilg;ghf ntspg;gLj;j m ,jD}lhf ekJ r%fj;ij ,d;Dk; MNuhf;fpakhdjhf k
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

dJ r%fg; gpur;rpidfis kf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jp> jPh;T e;j Clfkhf cs;sikia tuyhw;wpD}lhf mtjhdpf;f pg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapNy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L Kbfpd;wJ. Muk;g fhyj;jpid tpl jw;nghOJ ghhpa
tPj pehlfq;fspd; fUg;nghUs; kpfTk; fhj;jpukhdjhf ; epyTfpd;w ngz;zpak;> rpWth;> vd jw;fhy tplaq;fs; gy d. mjd; %ykhfj; jPh;tpid vl;lyhk; vd ek;Gfpd;wdh;. rhy;yg;gLtjdhy; kf;fs; ,yFthf cs;thq;Ffpd;wdh;. a ehLfspy; cs;s tPj p ehlfq;fspy; ,Ue;J vkJ pf; fhl;l cjTfpd;wJ.
pj;j rpwg;ghd tplak;> Mw;Wiff; fsj;jpidAk;> Mw;Wif ik. ,J kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gutyhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wik ; ngz;fs; gw;wpa tPj p ehlfnkd;why; Mw;Wif nra;Ak; d gy gjhiffs;> ngz;fspd; Mf;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
apw;rpg;gl;liwapy; gq;F nfhz;lth;fspd; $l;LUthf;fkhf . mj;NjhL gy ehlfq;fs; njhlh;r;rpahf tUlf;fzf;fpy; df; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,it kl;lf;fsg;G tPj p ehlfq;fspd;
xl;Lnkhj;jkhfg; ghh;f;fpd;w NghJ> midj;J ehlfq;fSk; hzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf ghly;> nkl;Lf;fs;> Mly;> aikg;G Nghd;w tplaq;fs; ,d;dKk; khw;wkpy;yhky; ,t;thwhd epiyik njhlh;e;jhy; tPj p ehlfj;jpy;
pg;G Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ.
khf mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fNs ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. py; fij> kw;Wk; Vida tplaq;fis mth;fNs wpahsh;fSf;Fk; gq;Fgw;Wk; fiyQh;fSf;Fkhf Rje;jpuk; ;F newpahsh; fijapy; jdJ KOikahd gq;fspg;gpidr; . ,e;j epiyik Vw;glhky; jLf;f rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs;
raw;ghLfspy;  tPj p ehlfq;fis ;fg;gilg;ghf ntspg;gLj;j midtUk; Kd;tuNtz;Lk;. ;Dk; MNuhf;fpakhdjhf khw;wyhk;.
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mbf;Fwpg;Gf;fs; jfty; jtuh[h. nt> taJ - 49> gpuNjr nrayhsh;> nehr;rpKi 1. tpkyuh[;. M>taJ - 41> ehlf tphpTiuahsh; kl;lf;fs 2. jtuh[h. nt> taJ - 49> gpuNjr nrayhsh;> nehr;rpKi 3. tpkyuh[;. M>taJ - 41> ehlf tphpTiuahsh; kl;lf;fs 4. rp.n[arq;fu;. rp> taJ - 48> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> ,Uj 5. NkyJ 6. #hpah ngz;fs; epiya Mtzj;njhFg;G 7. ];ud;yp gpughfud;> taJ - 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> , 8. re;jpuFkhh;. v];> taJ - 36> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nrq 9. ];ud;yp gpughfud;> taJ - 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> , 10. re;jpuFkhh;. v];> taJ - 36> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nrq 11. utPe ;jpud;. v];> taJ - 42> fyhr;rhu cj;jpNahfj;jh;> k 12. fUNze;jpuh. n[> taJ - 32> %d;whtJ fz; ez;gh 13. nfshP] ;tud;. J> taJ - 33> Mrphpah;> rPyhKid> 201 14. ckh rpwprq;fh;> taJ - 33> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nghpa 15. ];ud;yp gpughfud;> taJ - 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> , 16. re;jpuNrfuk;. r> tPj pehlf muq;fpd; mofpaYk;> murpaY 17. fUNze;jpuh. n[> taJ - 32> %d;whtJ fz; ez;gh 18. ckh rpwprq;fh;> taJ - 33> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nghpa 19. re;jpuNrfuk;. r> tPj pehlf muq;fpd; mofpaYk;> murpaY 20. tpNtfhde;juhrh. j> taJ - 31> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh 21. utpr;re;jpud;. F> taJ - 38> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;l 22. nfshP] ;tud;. J> taJ - 33> Mrphpah;> rPyhKid> 201 23. ];uhd;yp gpughfud;> taJ - 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> 24. nfshP] ;tud;. J> taJ - 33> Mrphpah;> rPyhKid> 201 25. tpNtfhde;juhrh. j> taJ - 31> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh 26. NrNahd;. fp> taJ - 28> jd;dhh;tj; njhz;lh;> re;jpnt 27. nfshP] ;tud;. J> taJ - 33> Mrphpah;> rPyhKid> 201 28. utpr;re;jpud;. F> taJ - 38> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;l 29. btjh;rpdp taJ - 29> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> Cwzp> 2 30.
214

puNjr nrayhsh;> nehr;rpKid> 2013.03.09 hlf tphpTiuahsh; kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.02.09 puNjr nrayhsh;> nehr;rpKid> 2013.03.09 hlf tphpTiuahsh; kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.02.09
> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> ,UjaGuk;> 2013.02.25
tzj;njhFg;G 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> ,UjaGuk;> 2013.03.03 6> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nrq;fyb> 2013.03.06 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> ,UjaGuk;> 2013.03.03 6> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nrq;fyb> 2013.03.06 > fyhr;rhu cj;jpNahfj;jh;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.02.27 32> %d;whtJ fz; ez;gh;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.03.10 3> Mrphpah;> rPy hKid> 2013.03.08 > ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nghpa cg;Nghil> 2013.02.25 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> ,UjaGuk;> 2013.03.03 uq;fpd; mofpaYk;> murpaYk;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2007 32> %d;whtJ fz; ez;gh;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.03.10 > ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nghpa cg;Nghil> 2013.02.25
uq;fpd; mofpaYk;> murpaYk;. kl;lf;fsg;G> 2007 - 31> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> fy;yb> 2013.03.02 > ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.03.06 3> Mrphpah;> rPy hKid> 2013.03.08 - 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> ,UjaGuk;> 2013.03.03 3> Mrphpah;> rPy hKid> 2013.03.08
- 31> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> fy;yb> 2013.03.02 d;dhh;tj; njhz;lh;> re;jpntsp> 2013.03.01 3> Mrphpah;> rPy hKid> 2013.03.08 > ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.03.06 r; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> Cwzp> 2013.02.20
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ehlf ,Wtl;L> Gifg;glq;fs; 31. utpr;re;jpud;. F> taJ - 38> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;l 32. tpNtfhde;juhrh. j> taJ - 31> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh 33. utpr;re;jpud;. F> taJ - 38> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;l 34. ];uhd;yp gpughfud;> taJ - 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> 35. nfshP] ;tud;. J> taJ - 33> Mrphpah;> rPyhKid> 201 36. fUNze;jpuh. n[> taJ - 32> %d;whtJ fz; ez;gh 37. re;jpuFkhh;. v];> taJ - 36> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nrq 38. btjh;rpdp taJ - 29> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> Cwzp> 2 39. ehlf ,Wtl;L 40. nfshP] ;tud;. J> taJ - 33> Mrphpah;> rPyhKid> 201 41. jpUr;nre;J}ud;. fp> taJ - 25> 42. nfshP] ;tud;. J> taJ - 33> Mrphpah;> rPyhKid> 201 43. ehlf ,Wtl;L> Gifg;glq;fs; 44. ehlf ,Wtl;L 45. utpr;re;jpud;. F> taJ - 38> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;l 46. NkyJ 47. ];uhd;yp gpughfud;> taJ - 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> 48. NkyJ 49. re;jpuNrfuk;. r> tPj pehlf muq;fpd; mofpaYk;> murpaY 50.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;fs;
> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.03.06 - 31> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> fy;yb> 2013.03.02 > ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.03.06 - 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> ,UjaGuk;> 2013.03.03 3> Mrphpah;> rPy hKid> 2013.03.08 32> %d;whtJ fz; ez;gh;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.03.10 6> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> nrq;fyb> 2013.03.06
r; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> Cwzp> 2013.02.20
3> Mrphpah;> rPy hKid> 2013.03.08 25> 3> Mrphpah;> rPy hKid> 2013.03.08 ;fs;
> ehlf tphpTiuahsh;> kl;lf;fsg;G> 2013.03.06
- 49> ehlfr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;> ,UjaGuk;> 2013.03.03
uq;fpd; mofpaYk;> murpaYk;. kl;lf;fsg;G> 2007
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(60fs; njhlf;fk; 2012 tiu)
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,uhtNzrd; kuG jOtpa xU $j;JUt ehlfkhF ,uhtNzrd; tlNkhb ehlfkhdJ Nguhrpupau; R.tpj;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nkilaplg;gl;lJ. ,J Kw;wpYk; $j tlNkhb ehlfkhfNt vOjg;gl;L Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L t ,uhtNzrdhdJ tlNkhbf; $j;jhf Nkilaplg;gl;L> jd;;;dfj;Nj tlNkhbf; $j;jpd; mk;rq;fshd Mly;> g cs;thq;fp mj;Jld; ebg;G vd;gijAk; cl;GFj;jp ts $j;jpid Ml;l epiyapypUe;J ehlf epiyf;F nfhz;L n ehlfj;jpw;F cz;L. cUtr; nrk;ikapidAk;> etPd ehlf nfhz;like;jJTk; ,e;ehlfj;jpw;Fk;> mjdJ ntw;wpf;F vdyhk;. ,e; ehlfkhdJ 1964 > 1969 > 1970 fspd; eLg;g 2012 tiu Nkilaplg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
,uhtNzrdpy; ,uhtzd; Jd;gpay; ehafdhf (tra ,q;F tPu czu;Nt gpujhd mk;rkhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w midtiuAk; ,oe;Jk;> ,Wjpapy; tPu czu;T ce;jy Nghu;f;fsj;jpNyNa capu; ePf;fpd;whd;. ,uhtzzJ tPuj;j ehlfkhdJ vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jdJ fijr; RUf;fj;jpid vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy;> ,uhtzdplk; J}JtUfpd;whd;. ,uhkdJ J}ij m mq;fjid mDg;gp tpLfpd;whd;. ,jidf; Nfl;l ,uhk tUfpd;whd;. ,UtUf;Fkpilapy; ,lk;ngWk; rz;ilapy mj;Jld; rioj;JtplhJ ,uhkid Njhw;fbf;FkhW jd ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahiuAk; NghUf;F mDg;Gfpwhd;. ,uhkD ,e;jpu[pj; ,UtUk; capupof;fpd;wdu;. ,Wjpahf ,uht Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; kbfpd;whd;. ,JNt ,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;j
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rd; ehlfj;jpd; xg;gid> cilaikg;G. (60fs; njhlf;fk; 2012 tiu)
k. yhtz;ah
pKfk; pa xU $j;JUt ehlfkhFk;. 1964 ,y; Kjy; Kjyhf khdJ Nguhrpupau; R.tpj;jpahde;jdpdhy; Nguhjidg; g;gl;lJ. ,J Kw;wpYk; $j;jk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpa xU l;L Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ 60 fspy; ; $j;jhf Nkilaplg;gl;L> gpw;fhyj;jpy; gbg;gbahf pd; mk;rq;fshd Mly;> ghly;> vd;gtw;iw khj;jpuk; d;gijAk; cl;GFj;jp tsu;r;rpAw;wJ vdyhk;. ehl;Lf; ehlf epiyf;F nfhz;L nrd;w ngUik ,uhtNzrd; k;ikapidAk;> etPd ehlfg; gz;GfisAk; jd;dfj;Nj j;jpw;Fk;> mjdJ ntw;wpf;F cWJizaha; mike;jJ 4 > 1969 > 1970 fspd; eLg;gFjpfs;> 2000 > 2003 > 2010 >
fpd;wJ.
; Jd;gpay; ehafdhf (tragedy hero) rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;shd;. k;rkhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. vjpup Kd;gzpahJ> Rw;wk; jpapy; tPu czu;T ce;jypdhy; ,uhkDld; Nghupl;L d;whd;. ,uhtzzJ tPuj;jpid ikakhf itj;NJ ,e;
id vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy;> rPi jia tpLkhW mq;fjd; hd;. ,uhkdJ J}ij myl;rpak; nra;J ,uhtzd; hd;. ,jidf; Nfl;l ,uhkd; ,uhtzDld; NghUf;F apy; ,lk;ngWk; rz;ilapy; ,uhtzd; Njhw;fpd;whd;. kid Njhw;fbf;FkhW jdJ jk;gp Fk;gfu;zd;> kfd; f;F mDg;Gfpwhd;. ,uhkDldhd Nghupy; Fk;gfu;zd;> ;fpd;wdu;. ,Wjpahf ,uhtzNd ,uhkDld; Nghupl;L
Nt ,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpd; fijr; RUf;fkhFk;.
puq;fshf ,uhtzd;> kz;Nlhjup> ,e;jpu[pj; > Fk;gfu;zd;> uhkd;> ,yf;Fkzd; MfpNahiuf; Fwpgplyhk;. ,J jtpu
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Mytl;lk;> Filgpbg;Nghu; vLj;JiuQu;fs;> jl KuriwNthu;> gpw;ghl;Lf;fhuu; MfpNahiuAk; ghj;jpuq;f ghj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapyhd ciuahly;fs; ,lk; ngWif Njhd;Wfpd;wd. Muk;gj;jpy; rPi jia tpl;L tpLkhW mq ,ilapyhd ciuahlypy; Kuz; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. mji ,uhtzd; - kz;Nlhjup > ,uhtzd; - Fk;gfu;zd ,e;jpu[pj; - ,yf;Fkzd;> ,uhtzd; - kz;Nlhjup - ,e;j ciuahly;fs; %ykhf Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; ehlfj;jpd Kidfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,uhtNzrd; ehlfkhdJ 1960> 1969> 1970 fspy gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fisf; nfhz;L Nguhj Nkilaplg;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J Nguh. rp. nksdFU mtu;fs khztu;fisf; nfhz;L 2000> 2003> 2010> 2012 tiu N
xg;gid> cilaikg;G gw;wpa mwpKfk;.
xU muq;f Mw;Wifiaj; jpwk;gl epfo;j;jp Kbg;gjw xd;wpize;jhy; khj;jpuk; NghjhJ. gytifg;gl;l muq cs;sPl hf Ntz;Lk;. xU ehlfnkhd;iw NkilNaw;Wtj khj;jpuk; NghjhJ. Vida muq;f %yfq;fshd xg;gid> xd;wpizAk; NghJjhd; mJ xU KOikngw;w ehlfk %yfq;fs; ve;jsT jdpj;Jtk; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wNjh me jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ghj;j ghj;jpuj;jpDila rKjhag; gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;LtUt ,lk;> fUtp Mfpatw;iw njhspthfg; Gyg;gLj;JtjpYk;> gue;jjhff; fhl;LtjpYk; tif khjpupg; ghj;jpuq;fis Nk xg;gidapd; gq;F mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
xg;gidahdJ nghJthf ehlfq;fspy; ehd;F tif ,ay;G xg;gid> FwpaPl ;L xg;gid> tpyq;F xg;gid> tu MFk;. ,ay;G xg;gidAs; ghj;jpu xg;gidAk; mlq;Fk (style) xg;gidAk; ,lg;gLk;.
ehlfk; xd;wpw;F xg;gid ve;jsT mtrpaNkh mNjas ehlfj;jpDila fijia XusT mDkhdpg;gjw;F Mil ehlfj;jpw;nfd Milapidj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ mjw;n ,jdJ nghWg;;G Mil tpjhdpg;ghsiuNa rhUk;. tb ghj;jpuj;jpw;Nfw;wthW mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mNj Neuk; ebf
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; vLj;JiuQu;fs;> jl;bjhq;FNthu;> NjNuhl;b> ; MfpNahiuAk; ghj;jpuq;fshff; nfhs;sKbAk;. ,q;F iuahly;fs; ,lk; ngWifapy; mq;F Kuz;ghLfSk; rPi jia tpl;L tpLkhW mq;fjDf;Fk; ,uhtzDf;Fk; z; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. mjidj; njhlu;e;J gy ,lq;fspy; ,uhtzd; - Fk;gfu;zd;> ,uhtzd; - ,e;jpu[pj;> tzd; - kz;Nlhjup - ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahupw;fpilapyhd k; Kuz;ghLfs; ehlfj;jpd; fijNahl;lj;jpy; gy jpUg;G
1960> 1969> 1970 fspy; Nguh.R.tpj;jpahde;jdpdhy; sf; nfhz;L Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguh. rp. nksdFU mtu;fspdhy; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof 0> 2003> 2010> 2012 tiu Nkilaplg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
w;wpa mwpKfk;.
; jpwk;gl epfo;j;jp Kbg;gjw;F XupU mk;rq;fs; khj;jpuk; hjhJ. gytifg;gl;l muq;F rhu;e;j mk;rq;fs; mjw;F fnkhd;iw NkilNaw;Wtjw;F ntWkNd ebfu;> Nkil ;f %yfq;fshd xg;gid> cil> xsp> xyp> fhl;rp vd;gd xU KOikngw;w ehlfkhfj; jpfOk;. Vida muq;f ; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wNjh me;jsT xg;gidAk; jd;dfj;Nj fhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ghj;jpukhf ebfid khw;WtjpYk;> ;dzpiaf; nfhz;LtUtjw;Fk;> nghUshjhuk;> fhyk;> spthfg; Gyg;gLj;JtjpYk;> ep[tho;it tpl ngupJgLj;jp khjpupg; ghj;jpuq;fis Nkilapy; nfhz;L tUtjpYk;> pd;wJ.
ehlfq;fspy; ehd;F tifahfg; gpupj;J ,lg;gLfpd;wJ. id> tpyq;F xg;gid> tupf;Nfhl;L xg;gid vd;gdNt j;jpu xg;gidAk; mlq;Fk;. ehlfq;fspd; ghzpf;Nfw;g
e;jsT mtrpaNkh mNjasT MilAk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. T mDkhdpg;gjw;F Mil ngupJk; JizGupfpd;wJ. xU Nju;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ mjw;nfd rpy tpjpKiwfs; cz;L. hdpg;ghsiuNa rhUk;. tbtikf;fg;gLk; MilahdJ. ; Ntz;Lk;. mNj Neuk; ebfuJ clyikg;gpw;Nfw;wjhfTk;
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mtuJ epwj;jpw;Nfw;wjhfTk; cil tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;f ebfuJ epwj;jpw;Nfw;g ,sk; tu;zk;> fLk; tu;zk; rhu;e;J Ng mt;thW ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk Milapid tbtikf;f Kb tbtikf;fg;gLk; Mil ehlfj;jpd; xspaikg;Gld; ng Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; Milfs; ghj;jpu xg;gidNahL kl;Lkd ehbf;Nfw;wthWk; nghUe;jpf; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld khw;wj;ij Ntlcil Vw;gLj;Jk;. cil tpjhdpg;ghsu; K tpsq;fpf ; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd; ghj;jpuj;jpd; ngsjPf g; g > tho;e;j fhyk; > ,lk; > njhopy;> Fzhk;rq;fs;> me;j];J nfhz;Nl cilapid tbtikf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ntl ci (style) epiyepWj;j cjTk;. ehlf Nkhb gw;wp ghu;g;gtw;F
mzpfyd;fs;
xg;gid Mil vd;gtw;wpw;f;F mLj;jgbahf mzpfyd;fshFk;. ,J xg;gidapDs; mlq;Ffpd;w xU Nehf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. Vnddpy; xU ehlfj;jpy; Nkil KOtJk; ghj;jpukhf epw;gjw;F mzpfyd;fsJ gq ehlfj;jpd; muq;f %yfq;fs; vd;Dk; NghJ xg;gid Mil nfhLg;gJ Nghd;W mzpfyd;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhL mzpfyd;fs; xg;gidapDs; mlq;Ffpd;wikapdhy; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mzpfyd;fis ghj;jpuj;jpw;Nfw;g njupT nra;tJ x mtu; vOj;JUit ed;whf thrpj;J tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l tbtikf;f jpl;lkply; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; NghJ tz;z nghUj;jg;ghLfs;> %yg;nghUs; (material) vd;gtw;wpy; cj;j ghj;jpuq;fspd; moiff; $l;LtjpYk;> ghj;jpug; gz;ig nghUshjhu R+o;epiyfis ntspg;gLj;jTk;> fhyk;> ehf nfhz;LtuTk; mzpfyd;fs; cjTfpd;wd. rpy ehlfq;fs nraw;gLk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; rpyk;G> ,uhkhazj;jpy; rPi fizahop> rhFe;jyj;jpy; Nkhjpuk;> kfhghujj;jpy; ft rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;. mzpfyd;fspd; tbtikg;G itj;Jk; mJ Kjy;epiyg; ghj;jpukh? my;yJ fil epiy nfhs;sKbAk;. me;jstpw;F mzpfyd;fspd; tfpghfk; eh
,uhtNzrd; ehlfKk; ,t;thwhd muq;f %yfq;fis jtwtpy;iy. if Nju;e;j> mDgtkpf;f fiyQu;fshy; c vd;gd tbtikf;fg;gl;L ,d;W tiu rpwg;ghd Ki tUfpd;wJ.
218

cil tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp k;> fLk; tu;zk; rhu;e;J Nghjpa mwpT ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ilapid tbtikf;f KbAk;. mj;Jld; ehlfj;jpw;nfd fj;jpd; xspaikg;Gld; nghUe;jp fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. hj;jpu xg;gidNahL kl;Lkd;wp ehlfj;jpd; Nghf;F > capu; zg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; ebfuplj;jpy; fhz;gpag; gz;G ;Jk;. cil tpjhdpg;ghsu; Kjypy; vOj;JUit ed;whf gpd; ghj;jpuj;jpd; ngsjPf g; gz;Gfshd ghy;> taJ> msT py;> Fzhk;rq;fs;> me;j];J> rhjp vd;gtw;iw ftdj;jpw; kf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ntl cilahdJ jahupg;gpd; Nkhbia ehlf Nkhb gw;wp ghu;g;gtw;F jfty; nfhLf;Fk;.
tw;wpw;f;F mLj;jgbahf Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wf;$baJ dapDs; mlq;Ffpd;w xU gFjp vdpDk; jdpj;J gpupj;J Vnddpy; xU ehlfj;jpy; ghj;jpuq;fs; rpwg;ghf Njhd;wp pw;gjw;F mzpfyd;fsJ gq;F kpfTk; Jiz Gupfpd;wJ. d;Dk; NghJ xg;gid Mil vd;gtw;wpw;f;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Sf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ; mlq;Ffpd;wikapdhy; mjw;F rkdhd gq;fpid
pw;Nfw;g njupT nra;tJ xg;gid fiyQuJ nghWg;G. thrpj;J tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l gpd;dNu mzpfyd;fis ;Lk;. ,jd; NghJ tz;zq;fs;> tz;zf;fyg;Gfs;> ; ( aterial) vd;gtw;wpy; cj;jpfisf; ifahs;tJ mtrpak;. tjpYk;> ghj;jpug; gz;igg; Gyg;gLj;jTk;> rhjp> rka> tspg;gLj;jTk;> fhyk;> ehfuPf k; vd;gtw;iwf; fz; Kd; cjTfpd;wd. rpy ehlfq;fspy; mzpfyd;fNs ghj;jpukhf pyk;G> ,uhkhazj;jpy; rPi japd; R+lhkzp> ,uhkdpd; khjpuk;> kfhghujj;jpy; ftr Fz;lyk; vd;gd ,jw;F zpfyd;fspd; tbtikg;G> jd;ikapid> mstpid ;jpukh? my;yJ fil epiyg; ghj;jpukh? vd;gij mwpe;J zpfyd;fspd; tfpghfk; ehlfj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ.
;thwhd muq;f %yfq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;fj; gtkpf;f fiyQu;fshy; cil> xg;gid> mzpfyd;fs; d;W tiu rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L
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60fspy; ,uhtNzrd; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L te;j Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jhky;> nkd;ikahd> EZf;fkhd x etPd xg;gid cj;jpfisAk; xd;wpizj;J> xU ehl;Lf NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ. ,d;W tiuf;Fk; mj;jd;i MdhYk; 6fs; njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiuf;Fk; Nkilaplg;gL cil Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;FfisAk fhzyhk;.
mzpfydhdJ xg;gidapd; xU tiff;Fs; mlq;F Nehf;f Ntz;ba flg;ghL vkf;Fz;L. ,uhtNzrdpy; gad Muk;g fhyfl;lq;fspy; tlNkhbf; $j;jpw;Nfahd tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> mjw;Fg; gpd;duhd (2000 KOf;f tlNkhbf; $j;Jf;fspd; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;b mjhtJ tlNkhbf; $j;Jf;fSf;Nfahd ghukhd Kb> Mlk;gukhd tbtikg;Gf;fspdhyhd mzpfyd;fs; ftu;r;rpahd epwq;fspy; mike;j> rhjhuzj; Jzpfsh kpfTk; vspa Mdhy; mu;j;jj;ijj; juf;$ba xg;gid> nghUl;fspypUe;J nra;ag;gl;l mzpfyd;fs; vd;gd gad;g
60fspy; Nguh.R.tpj;jpahde;jdpdhy; Nki Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;gid> cil> mzpfyd; vd;gt njhlf;fk; Nguh. rp. nksdFUtpdhy; Nkilaplg;gl;l cil> mzpfyd;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;Fk; epiwa NtWghLfs Nkilaplg;gl;l ,uhtNzrdpy; xg;gid> cil> mzpf jd;ikfisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;like;jJ vdpDk;> 20 ,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpy; mJ Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lJ. 60f ,lk;ngw;wd. ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; > kz;N mq;fjd; Mfpa Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fSk;> vLghu;Nghu; (gpw;ghl Mdhy; 2000 f;Fg; gpwF ,Nj ghj;jpuq;fSld; ,d;Dk; Mytl;lk; gpbg;Nghu;> Fil gpbg;gtu;> KuriwNthu;> NjNuh ghj;jpuq;fSk; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
,uhtNzrdpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;gid> cil> m jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupj;J Nehf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; cz;L xg;gid gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J> ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l xg;gid jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kfg; G+r;Rf;fSk;> mjd; Nk ifahsg;gLk; epwq;fSk; mofpay; rhu;e;jjhfNt fhzg;gL
60 fspy; Nguh.R.tpj;jpahde;jdpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ,uht 60 fspy; Nkilaplg;gl;l ,uhtNzrdpy; cil> xg R. tpj;jpahde;jdpd; kidtpahd fkyh tpj;jpahde;jd; vdpDk; tpj;jpahde;jd;> rptj;jk;gp> fkyh tpj;jpahde;jd
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

w;Wif nra;ag;gl;L te;j NghJk;> mupjhu xg;gid d;ikahd> EZf;fkhd xg;gid cgfuzq;fisAk;> ; xd;wpizj;J> xU ehl;Lf; $j;jpw;fhd jd;ikapypUe;J d;W tiuf;Fk; mj;jd;ik Ngzg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ;W tiuf;Fk; Nkilaplg;gLk; ,uhNtzrdpd; xg;gid> k; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;FfisAk;> xU rpy khw;wq;fisAk;
pd; xU tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk; vdpDk;> mjid Ntwhf z;L. ,uhtNzrdpy; gad;gLj;jgl;l mzpfyd;fshdJ lNkhbf; $j;jpw;Nfahd jd;ikfisf; nfhz;L jw;Fg; gpd;duhd (2000 fspy;) Mw;Wiffspy; KOf;f pd; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;buhJ tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Sf;Nfahd ghukhd Kb> gsgsf;Fk; cil> kpfTk; pdhyhd mzpfyd;fs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J khWgl;L> e;j> rhjhuzj; Jzpfshyhd ghuk; Fiwe;j cil> j;ijj; juf;$ba xg;gid> ,yFthff; fpilf;ff; $ba
zpfyd;fs; vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
hde;jdpdhy; Nkilaplg;gl;l ,uhtNzrdpy; cil> mzpfyd; vd;gtw;wpFk;> 2000 Mk; Mz;L FUtpdhy; Nkilaplg;gl;l ,uhtNzrdpd; xg;gid> ;wpw;Fk; epiwa NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 60fspy; py; xg;gid> cil> mzpfyd;fs; vd;gd ghuk;gupaj; hz;like;jJ vdpDk;> 2000 f;Fg; gpwF Nkilaplg;gl;l Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lJ. 60fspy; Fiwthd ghj;jpuq;fNs ;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; > kz;Nlhjup> ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkzd;> q;fSk;> vLghu;Nghu; (gpw;ghl;L) khj;jpuNk fhzg;gl;ldu;. ghj;jpuq;fSld; ,d;Dk; Nkyjpfkhf vLj;JiuQu;fs;> ;gtu;> KuriwNthu;> NjNuhl;bfs;> jl;b jhq;FNthu; Mfpa
.
;sg;gl;l xg;gid> cil> mzpfyd;fs; vd;gtw;wpidj; Ntz;ba mtrpak; cz;L. Mifapdhy; Kjyhtjhf q;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l xg;gid Xu; mofpay; jd;ikapidj; fg; G+r;Rf;fSk;> mjd; Nky; tiuag;gLk; NfhLfSk;> pay; rhu;e;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
dpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ,uhtNzrdpy; cil> xg;gid. ,uhtNzrdpy; cil> xg;gid Mfpatw;wpid Nguh. hd fkyh tpj;jpahde;jd; mtu;fs; tbtikj;jpUe;jhu;. ;jk;gp> fkyh tpj;jpahde;jd; MfpNahu; FOthfr; Nru;e;J
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,t; tbtikg;gpy;  fd;df; fJg;Gf;fspy; G+rg;gl;l rptg;G epwk;> Kfj;jpy epwk; vd;gd ,jd; %ykhfNt Kfj;jpy; ,lg;gl;lJ. , Mifahy; GUtq;fSk;> kPi rAk; Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[ tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. fz;fs; fWg;G epwj;jhy; jbg;ghf t Nehf;fp tisthf tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jdJ Nehf;fk; ah nghUe;jpatd; vd;Wk; mtd; Nfhgf;fhud; vd;gijAk; G mtd; xU rpt gf;jd; vd;gijg; Gyg;gLj;j new;wpapYk;> iff new;wpapd; eLtpy; rptg;G epw tl;lg; nghl;L itf;fg;gl;bU MfpNahUf;F GUtKk; kPi rAk; ,uhtzid tpl rw;W mtu;fSf;Fk; new;wpapy; jpUePW G+rg;gl;bUe;jJ. NkYk; kz ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkzd;> mq;fjd; MfpNah jbg;ghf tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. new;wpapy; ehkkplg;gl;bUe;jJ epwk; G+rg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J jtpu gpw;ghl;Lf;fhuu;fs; vl;Lg ngz;fs; ehy;tUk; Nkilapd; gpd;Gwkhf ,U gf;fKk; mtu;fSf;Fk; rhjhuz xg;gidNa ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,q pancake, eyebrow pencil, lipstick vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
,q;F mzpag;gl;bUe;j mzpfyd;fs; gw;wp N Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahu; af;\ Fyj;jtu;fs; Mi xNu jd;ikiaAila mzpfyd;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;bU nghUe;jpatu;fs; vd;gijg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; %tU khu;Gf; ftrk; mzpag;gl;lJ. ,uhtzd; gpujhd fjh myq;fhuq;fs; $ba khu;Gf; ftrKk;> Vida ,UtUf;Fk; myq;fhuk; Fiwe;j khu;Gf; ftrKk; mzpag;gl;lJ. ,e;j f fljhrp kl;ilapdhNyNa ntl;b tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. Nguh. tbtikj;jpUe;jhu;. khu;Gf; ftrk; Nghd;Nw iffspy; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,uhtzDf;F rpwg;ghfTk;> ,uhtzid tpl rw;W NtWgl;ljhfTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ fljhrp kl;ilapdhy; tbtj;jpw;Nfw;g ntl;b vLf;fg;gl;L> m epwf; fljhrp xl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J ghu;g;gjw;F xU gpukhz;lj jd;ikapidAk; ntspg;gLj;jp epd;wJ. fhJfspy; mz Gd;idf;fha;fshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjhtJ Gd;i epw fljhrp xl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. Kbapid vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy;> gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vd;djhd; mJ kuG jOtpajhf fhzg;gl jd;ikapidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ vdyhk;. ,uhtdDf;fhd Ntiyg;ghLfs; $ba> jq;f epwj;jpdhy; tbtikf;fgl
220

,jw;fhd xg;gidia eh. Re;juypq;fk;> fh. rptj;jk;gp jypy; Kf xg;gidia vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy; base vdg;gLk;
ck
vdg;gLk; xU tifahd
cream
Nghd;w G+r;rpid hz;ldu;. gy tu;zq;fs; me;j
colour stick
,y; fhzg;gLk;. itahd tz;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xg;gidia py; xU gsgsg;Gj; jd;ikia ,e;j
colour stick
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. g;gl;l rptg;G epwk;> Kfj;jpy; Mq;fhq;Nf G+rg;gl;l kQ;rs; Nt Kfj;jpy; ,lg;gl;lJ. ,uhtzd; gpujhd ghj;jpuk; rAk; Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; I tpl rw;W tpj;jpahrkhf fWg;G epwj;jhy; jbg;ghf tiuag;gl;L> GUtq;fs; Nky; Ue;jJ. ,jdJ Nehf;fk; ahnjdpy; ,uhtzd; xU tPuk; ; Nfhgf;fhud; vd;gijAk; Gyg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ; Gyg;gLj;j new;wpapYk;> iffspYk; jpUePW G+rg;gl;bUe;jJ. l;lg; nghl;L itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; k; ,uhtzid tpl rw;W rpwpajhf tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. G+rg;gl;bUe;jJ. NkYk; kz;Nlhjupf;Fk; rhjhuz xg;gid ;Fkzd;> mq;fjd; MfpNahUf;F fz;fSk; GUtq;fSk; w;wpapy; ehkkplg;gl;bUe;jJ. Kfj;jpy; Mq;fhq;Nf kQ;rs; pu gpw;ghl;Lf;fhuu;fs; vl;Lg; Ngupy; Mz;fs; ehy;tUk;> ; gpd;Gwkhf ,U gf;fKk; epWj;jp itf;fg; gl;bUe;jdu;. dNa ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,q;F xg;gidf;fhf colour stick, vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
mzpfyd;fs; gw;wp Nehf;Fifapy;> ,uhtzd;> ahu; af;\ Fyj;jtu;fs; Mifahy;> ,tu;fs; %tUf;Fk; yd;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,tu;fs; %tUk; tPuk; yg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; %tUf;Fk; clypd; Nkw; gFjpapy; . ,uhtzd; gpujhd fjhghj;jpuk; Mifapdhy; rw;W rKk;> Vida ,UtUf;Fk; (Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj;) rw;W rKk; mzpag;gl;lJ. ,e;j ftrq;fs; midj;Jk; rhjhuz ;b tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. Nguh. nksdFU mtu;fNs ,jid ftrk; Nghd;Nw iffspy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;j iftq;fpAk; tzDf;F rpwg;ghfTk;> Fk;gfu;zd; ,e;jpu[pj;Jf;F ;ljhfTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. khu;Gf; ftrkhdJ rhjhuz ;Nfw;g ntl;b vLf;fg;gl;L> mjw;F Nkyhy; jfjff;Fk; jq;f J ghu;g;gjw;F xU gpukhz;lj; jd;ikapidAk;> cz;ikj; ;jp epd;wJ. fhJfspy; mzpag;gl;bUe;j Fz;lyq;fs; ;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjhtJ Gd;idf;fha;fSf;F Nkyhy; jq;f bapid vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy;> ,q;F kuG jOtpa $j;J Kb J kuG jOtpajhf fhzg;gl;lhYk; jd;dfj;Nj xU stylized vdyhk;. ,uhtdDf;fhd Kb mjp rpwg;G tha;e;jjhf> epwj;jpdhy; tbtikf;fgl;bUe;jJ. 60fspy; khj;jpuk;
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,lk;ngw;w Mw;Wifapy; ,uhtzDf;F ,uz;L tpjkh Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahUf;Fk; jq;f epwj;jhyhd rw;W myq;fhuq;fs; Fiwe;j> mstpy; rpwpaJkhd Kb ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahu; fOj;jpy; KOf;f nts;is epw Kj;Jf;fshNyNa tbtikf;fg;gl;b rpwg;gk;rk; vd;dntd;why;> ve;j Neuj;jpYk; me;j Kj;Jf;f gpupj;J vLj;J kPz ;Lk; Nfhu;f;f KbAk;. jw;Nghija K xU Kj;J Njitaw;wJ vd;why; mjid Ntwhf;Ft Kj;Jf;fisAk; gpupf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; Njitaw;wij Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mj;jd;ik ,q;F ,y;iy.
,Nj Nghd;W ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkzd; MfpNahu;f;f NghJ mtu;fs; tdthrk; nra;tjw;F mwpFwpahf K mzpfyd;fisNa mzpe;jpUe;jdu;. mjhtJ nts;is nra;ag;gl;l G+f;fspdhy; khiy> ifg;gl;bfs;> nfhz;i tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,tu;fSf;fhd fhjzpfSk tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mq;fjDf;F ,uhtzd;> Nghd;W jiyf;F Kb mofhf tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. jq xl;lg;gl;L eLtpy; $k;G Nghd;w mikg;G nghUj;jg;gl;lJ. f khiy khj;jpuk; mzptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. fhjpy; Gidf;f ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,NjNghd;W kz;Nlhjup new;wpr;Rl;b > rpkpf fOj;NjhL xl;ba rpupakhiy> xl;bahzk; vd;gdt ,g;ghj;jpuj;Jf;F xU murp vt;thW mzpfyd;fs; mzp itj;Jf; nfhz;L mzpfydhdJ tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ mjidr; Rw;wp G+ itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Vida ghj;jpuq;fshd gpw;ghl;Lf;fhuu;fspy; Mz;fs; cliyg; Nghu;j;jpagb> ,d;DnkhU rhy;itahy; jiyapy ngz;fs; new;wpr;Rl;b itj;J> rpkpf;fp> khiy> tisa mj;Jld; nfhz;il Nghl;L mjidr; Rw;wpg; G+ itj;jpUe;jd $wf;$ba ,d;DnkhU mk;rk; ,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpy; tpy;> mk;Gfs; Mfpait midj;Jk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf; $j;Jf fjhAjq;fSk;> $j;J tpy; mk;GkhFk;. 60 fspy; ,uhtNzr kl;lf;fsg;gpy; 70 fSf;F gpd;du; Nkilaplg;gl;l rpy $j;J ,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpd; cil xg;gidiag; gpd;gw;wpajh
60 fspy; kpfTk; vspikahdjhfTk;> ,yFthdjhf ,uhtzd;> kz;Nlhjup> Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahU cotton NriyfspdhYk;> ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkzd;> mq;f cotton NriyfspdhYk; cil tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahUf;F ePs khf ghthil (
skirt
) Nghd;W i
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

tzDf;F ,uz;L tpjkhd Kbfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ahUf;Fk; jq;f epwj;jhyhd Mdhy; ,uhtzid tpl > mstpy; rpwpaJkhd Kbfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ;jpu[pj; MfpNahu; fOj;jpy; mzpe;jpUe;j khiy KOf;f shNyNa tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;j Kj;Jf;fSila ;j Neuj;jpYk; me;j Kj;Jf;fis khiyapypUe;J Ntwhfg; ;f KbAk;. jw;Nghija Kj;Jf;fs;> xU khiyapYs;s hy; mjid Ntwhf;Ftjw;F khiy KOtjpYKs;s k;. gpd;du; Njitaw;wij vLj;J tpl;L kPz ;Lk; Nfhu;f;f ,q;F ,y;iy.
,yf;Fkzd; MfpNahu;f;fhd mzpfyd;fs; vd;Dk; nra;tjw;F mwpFwpahf Kw;WKOjhf G+f;fspdhyhd e;jdu;. mjhtJ nts;is epwj;jpyike;j fljhrpapdhy; y> ifg;gl;bfs;> nfhz;ilg;gl;b> fhy;g;gl;b vd;gd u;fSf;fhd fhjzpfSk; Gd;idf; fha;fshNyNa ;fjDf;F ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj;f;Fg; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. jq;f epwf; fljhrpapdhy; mofhf mikg;G nghUj;jg;gl;lJ. fOj;jpy; fljhrp kyu;fshyhd l;bUe;jJ. fhjpy; Gidf;fha;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l fhjzp z;Nlhjup new;wpr;Rl;b > rpkpf;fp> tisay;fs;> Kj;Jkhiy> y> xl;bahzk; vd;gdtw;wpidAk; mzpe;jpUe;jhu;. ;thW mzpfyd;fs; mzpe;jpUg;ghNuh mjid kdjpy; dJ tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. jiyf;F nfhz;il Nghl;L
e;jJ.
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ahdjhfTk;> ,yFthdjhfTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. u;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahUf;F gsgsg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;l hkd;> ,yf;Fkzd;> mq;fjd; MfpNahUf;F rhjhuz l tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu;zd;> f ghthil (
skirt
) Nghd;W ijf;fg;gl;L> Neuhf my;yhky;
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xU gf;fkhf gy RUf;fq;fs; itj;J ijf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ ghthil Nghd;W Nghl;L tpl Ntz;baJjhd;. mjw;F N fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,uhkd;> ,yf;FkzDf;F fhtp epw
cotton
N ,Lg;gpy; rhy;it fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,Nj NghyNt mq;fjDf;F gsgsg;ghd
cotton
Nriyahy; mike;j ePs khd ghthi vd;gd tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jtpu gpw;ghl;Lf;fhuu;fspy; M rhy;itAk;> jiyapy; jiyg;ghifAk; fl;bapUe;jdu;. ng Nriy fl;bapUe;jdu;. ,JNt 60 fspy; cil xg;gid tpjkhFk;.
2000fspy; Nguh. rp. nksdFUtpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ,uht
,J xU ajhu;j;jtpNuhj ehlfg;ghzpapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l xg;gidAk; Nkhbg;gLj;jg;gl;;ljhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,q;F ,ay ghj;jpuxg;gidAk; tpyq;Fxg;gidAk; rhjhuzxg;gi murFLk;gq;fSf;Nfahd ghj;jpuxg;gid ,uhtzd;> ,e;jpu[pj; Mfpaghj;jpuq;fSf;F ,lg;gl;lJld;> tdthrk; MfpNahUf;Fk; ghj;jpuxg;gidNa ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. th mq;fjd;> ePy d; MfpNahUf;F tpyq;Fxg;gid ,lg;gl;bUf Fil> KuriwNthu;> jl;bjhq;FNthu;> vLj;JiuQu;> Nj rhjhuzxg;gid ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,q;F xg;gidf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;l epwq;fshf epwq;fSNk ifahsg;gl;lJ. ,J jtpu fgpyk>; ,s nts;is Mfpa epwq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,q;F xt;n (base) G+rg;gl;L> mjw;FNky; tz;zq;fs; Njitf;Nfw Gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; ifahsg;gl;bUe;jd. ntWkNd x khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jhky; gyepwq;fis cgNahfpjJ xg;g epr;rakhf xg;gidahsupd; cj;jp vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk Nguh. rp. nksdFUtpdhy; Nkilaplg;gl;l ,uhtNzr tbtikj;jpUe;jtu; jpUkjp. thRfp. n[arq;fu;.
,q;F ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj;> kz;Nlhju Mifahy; mjw;;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd xg;gi ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu;zDf;F fz;fs; fWg;G epwj;jhy; j jbg;ghfTk;> cau;e;jjhfTk; tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. , rptg;Gtz;zk; fLikahf jPl ;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J Nfhgf;Fzj;ijAk; mRuFzj;ijAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. 60fs Mw;Wiffspy; njhlu;e;J kPir tiuag;gl;L te;J kPir xl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. Njit Vw;gl;likapdhy; Xu
222

; itj;J ijf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jid mg;gbNa vLj;J Ntz;baJjhd;. mjw;F Nkyhy; ,Lg;gpy; xU rhy;it zDf;F fhtp epw
cotton
Nriyahy; jhu;ghr;rp fl;lg;gl;L> ,Nj NghyNt mq;fjDf;Fk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. kz;Nlhjupf;F ; mike;j ePs khd ghthil> Nky;rl;il> Nky;j;Jz;L jtpu gpw;ghl;Lf;fhuu;fspy; Mz;fs; ehy;tUk; Ntl;bAk;> hifAk; fl;bapUe;jdu;. ngz;fs; gr;ir epwj;jpy;
cotton 60 fspy; cil xg;gid vd;gd tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;j
Utpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ,uhtNzrdpy; xg;gid> cil hlfg;ghzpapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l xU ehlfkhifahy; ,jdJ hfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,q;F ,ay;G xg;gidf;Fs; cs;slq;Fk; g;gidAk; rhjhuzxg;gidAk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. j;jpuxg;gid ,uhtzd;> kz;Nlhjup> Fk;gfu;zd;> ,lg;gl;lJld;> tdthrk; nra;Ak;> ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkd; Na ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. thdug;gilfshd mDkhd;> tpyq;Fxg;gid ,lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J jtpu Mytl;lk;> q;FNthu;> vLj;JiuQu;> NjNuhl;b Mfpaghj;jpuq;fSf;F ;jJ.
d;gLj;jg;gl;l epwq;fshf rptg;G> kQ;rs; Mfpa ,U ,J jtpu fgpyk>; ,sQ;rptg;G> ,sk;kQ;rs;> fWg;G d;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,q;F xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;jpw;Fk; mbg;G+r;R tz;zq;fs; Njitf;Nfw;gTk; ghj;jpuj; jd;ikapid sg;gl;bUe;jd. ntWkNd xU ghj;jpuj;jpw;F xU epwj;ij pwq;fis cgNahfpjJ xg;gid nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J j;jp vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. 2000 fSf;Fg; gpwF Nkilaplg;gl;l ,uhtNzrdpy; cil> xg;gidapid hRfp. n[arq;fu;.
;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj;> kz;Nlhjup MfpNahu; af;\ Fyj;jtu;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd xg;gid ifahsg;gl;bUe;jJ. fz;fs; fWg;G epwj;jhy; jbg;ghf jPl ;lg;gl;L> GUtq;fs; ; tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. ,UtUf;Fk; fz;fSf;FfPo ; jPl ;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J mtu;fSf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; j;ijAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. 60fs; njhlf;fk; 2003 tiuahd r tiuag;gl;L te;J 2010> 2012 Mw;Wiffspy; t Vw;gl;likapdhy; XupUghj;jpuq;fSf;F khj;jpuk;
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jhb xl;lg;gl;lJ. ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu;zd; Mfpa gh kQ;rs;epwk;> fd;dk;> %f;F MfpagFjpfspy; G+rg;gl;b cs;s rhj;tPf Fzj;jpidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,uhtzd; rpt jpUePW G+rg;gl;bUe;jJ. gpd;duhfte;j Mw;Wiffspy; rpt %d;W epwq;fisg; ghtpj;J gpiw Nghd;w tbtpy; ng ,e;jpu[pj; rw;W taJFiwe;jtdhfTk; Mdhy; fk;g rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;likahy; fz;fSf;FfPo ; rptg;Gtz;zk; GUtq;fSk; jbg;ghf fWg;Gtz;zj;jpdhy; jPl ;lg;gl;be;jJ xg;gid ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. GUtq;fs; rw;W tisthf jPl ;l epwk; mjpfkhfNt G+rg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkd; M cau; tu;f;fj;jpdu; vd;gij Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; xg;gi jhuhskhf kQ;rs; epwk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J rhj;tPf Fzj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. GUtq;fs; tpy; Nghd;W t nts;isepw NfhL tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. ,tu;fSf;F ,s thdug;gilfshd mDkd; mq;fjd; ePy d; MfpN ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. fgpyk;> kQ;rs;> nts;is Mfpaepwq;fs; ga xg;gid Kfj;jpy; tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. Kfj;jpy; cs;sNfh kQ;rs; Mfpa epwq;fspdhNy tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. fz;f NkYk; vLj;JiuQu;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; jhb>kPi r vd;gd ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ.
NjNuhl;b Mytl;lk;> KuriwNthu;> jl;bjhq;FNthu; M ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,q;F xg;gidf;fhf mbg;G+r;R vdg;gLk; ( pancake vd;W $wyhk;. ,yf;fk; 29> 30 gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ foundation ,l;lgpd;; pancake gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jd; f jd;ikia nfhz;LtUtjw;fhFk;. NkYk; rptg;G> kQ;rs tu;zq;fSf;F colour plate vdg;gLk; xUtif oil pa Mfpatw;iw grape hair vdg;gLk; xUtif nraw;if K mstpw;Nfw;g ntl;bnaLj;J sprit gum vdg;gLk; girapd ghu;g;gjw;F cz;ikj; jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;jpepw;fpwJ. , cjl;Lr; rhak; shadow, eye liner, sponch vd;gdTk; gad;gL
,J tiu ele;j Mw;WifapNyNa 2010> 2013 khj;jpuk;jhd; mjp rpwg;G tha;e;j Nlhg;ghf;fs; gad;gL Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj;> ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkzd;> mDkd;> Mfpa ghj;jpuq;fs; midj;Jk; ,e;j Nlhg;ghtpid mzpe Mw;Wifapd; xg;gidapid nfhOk;G kf;fs; fsupapd; x mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 2000> 2003 Mw;Wiff;F Mw;Wifapd; xg;gid rw;W tpj;jpahrkhdJ. kPi r> jhb epwj;jhy; GUtq;fs; jPl ;lg;gl;L> mjw;F Nkyhy; kQ;rs;>
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;> Fk;gfu;zd; Mfpa ghj;jpuq;fSf;F ,ilapilNa MfpagFjpfspy; G+rg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J mtu;fsplj;Nj hl;Lfpd;wJ. ,uhtzd; rptgf;jd Mifahy; new;wpapy; uhfte;j Mw;Wiffspy; rptg;G> ke;rs;> nts;is Mfpa gpiw Nghd;w tbtpy; nghl;Lkhj;jpuk; ,lg;gl;bUe;J. e;jtdhfTk; Mdhy; fk;gPujd;ik nfhz;ltdhfTk; Sf;FfPo ; rptg;Gtz;zk; G+rg;gltpy;iy. fz;fSk; z;zj;jpdhy; jPl ;lg;gl;be;jJ. kz;Nlhjupf;F murpf;Fupa q;fs; rw;W tisthf jPl ;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. Kfj;jpy; kQ;rs; ;jJ. ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkd; MfpNahu; tdj;jpy tho;e;jhYk; pe;Jnfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; xg;gid ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. Kfj;jpy; ad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J mtu;fsplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; . GUtq;fs; tpy; Nghd;W tisf;fg;gl;L mjw;F Nkyhy; ;bUe;jJ. ,tu;fSf;F ,sk;epwq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ; mq;fjd; ePy d; MfpNahUf;F tpyq;F xg;gid ;> nts;is Mfpaepwq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L Fuq;F Nghd;w Ue;jJ. Kfj;jpy; cs;sNfhLfs; ngUk;ghYk; nts;is> tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. fz;fs; jbg;ghf jPl ;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. Uf;Fk; jhb>kPi r vd;gd xl;lg;gl;L rhjhuz xg;gid
wNthu;> jl;bjhq;FNthu; MfpNahUf;F rhjhuz xg;gid f;fhf mbg;G+r;R vdg;gLk; (base) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jid k; 29> 30 gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ngz; ghj;jpuj;jpw;F khj;jpuk; d;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jd; fhuzk; Kfj;jpy; xUgsgsg;Gj; hFk;. NkYk; rptg;G> kQ;rs;> nts;is fgpy;> fWg;G Mfpa dg;gLk; xUtif oil paint; gad;gl;bUe;jJ. kPi r> jhb Lk; xUtif nraw;if Kbapid gad; gLj;jp mjid t gum vdg;gLk; girapdhy; Kfj;jpy; xl;lg;gl;lJ. ,J ia ntspg;gLj;jpepw;fpwJ. ,J jtpu eye brow pencil>
ponch vd;gdTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
ifapNyNa 2010> 2013 Mk; Mz;L Mw;WifapNy a;e;j Nlhg;ghf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. ,uhtzd;> d;> ,yf;Fkzd;> mDkd;> mq;fjd;> ePy d;> vLj;JiuQu; ; ,e;j Nlhg;ghtpid mzpe;jpUe;jdu;. 2010 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G kf;fs; fsupapd; xg;gidahsu; ghypj mNgyhy; 2000> 2003 Mw;Wiff;Fg; gpd; Nkilaplg;gl;l 2010 tpj;jpahrkhdJ. kPi r> jhb vd;gd xl;lg;gl;lJ. fWg;G > mjw;F Nkyhy; kQ;rs;> nts;is Mfpa epwq;fspy;
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ePs khfTk;> tisthfTk; tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. ghj;jpu ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj;> MfpNahuJ Kfq;f gr;ir> fgpyk; Mfpa tz;zg; gad;ghL ifahsg;gl;bUe 2013 ,Yk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
mzpfyd;fs; gw;wp Nehf;Fifapy; kpfTk; ,yFthf f nra;ag;gl;l mzpfyd;fNs ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;bU ftu;r;rpahdjhfTk;> cau; ghu;itiaf; nfhz;ljhfT mzpfyd;fsJ %yjdk; kpff; FiwthdNj. fljhrpkl vdg;gLk; xUtpj fha;fspypUe;Jk;> Jzpfs; gytw;iw rpytw;iw Nru;j;Jk; ,t; mzpfyd;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld mjid cUl;b> xl;b mjw;F gold kw;Wk; silver ,Lg;Gg;gl;b> iftq;fp> fOj;jzp vd;gd nra;ag;gl;bU ePs khd Kj;Jg;Nghd;W fhl;rpje;jhYk; mJ ntWk; ghu Gd;idf;fha;fSf;Fk; spray gz;zg;gl;L ,uhtzd;> mzpfyd;fshf ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu fljhrp kl;ilapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Kj;jhyhd khu;Gf;ft iftq;fp vd;gtw;wpid mzpe;jpUe;jdu;. ,tu;fSf;fhd ghuk; Fiwe;j tisay;fshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. nra;ag;gl;l tisay;fspd; Nky; jq;f epw> nts;sp e ,uhtzdJ mzpfyd;fs; KOf;f KOf;f jq;f epwj;jh MfpNahuJ mzpfyd;fs; nts;sp epwkhfTk; fhzg;gl;l jq;f Mguzq;fisg; Nghd;W fhl;rp juf;$ba mz Gidf;fha;fshyhd fhjzp> khiy> iftq;fpfs;> flj new;wpg;gl;b> ,Lg;Gg;gl;b> tisay;fs; vd;gd ,tU jiyapd; cr;rpapy; xU gf;fkhf nfhz;il Nghlg;gl;L n Nlhg;gh itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. nfhz;ilapy; Kj;Jf;fspdhyh new;wpapy; rptg;G epwg; nghl;L ,lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,uhtzd;> k fhy;fspy; khj;jpuk; jz;il mzpe;jpUe;jdu;. ,J vt;th nts;is epw cotton fapwpid ngupaJk; rpwpaJkhf ,u Jz;bd; Nky; ngupa fapw;Wj; Jz;il ,Wf;fkhfTk;> ,J ePs khd jb Nghd;W fhzg;gLk;. mjd; ,U %iyf gz;zg;gl;lJ.
,uhkd;> ,yf;Ftd;> mDkhd;> mq;fjd;> ePy d; MfpNa rhjhuz JzpapdhNy midj;J mzpfyd;fSk; tbt ,yf;Fkd; MfpNahuJ fhjzpfs; gr;irtu;zj;jpYk; nf ifg;gl;bfs; vd;gd kQ;rs;> nrk;kQ;rs; Mfpa epwq;fspy; ja vspikahfTk; mofpay; czu;NthLk; ,U tz;z ,tu;fsJ fhjzpfs; tbtj;jpy; kl;ilapy; ntl;lg;gl;L Jzp xl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. thdug;gilfSf;F midj;J mz
224

tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ. ghj;jpuq;fsJ Kfj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf e;jpu[pj;> MfpNahuJ Kfq;fspy; rptg;G> kQ;rs;> fWg;G> ; gad;ghL ifahsg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,Nj xg;gid KiwNa
ifapy; kpfTk; ,yFthf fpilf;ff; $ba nghUl;fspdhy; ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. ghu;g;gjw;F kpfTk; hu;itiaf; nfhz;ljhfTk; mikag;ngw;wpUe;j ,t; ff; FiwthdNj. fljhrpkl;ilapidAk;> Gd;idf;fha; e;Jk;> Jzpfs; gytw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpAk;> Kj;Jf;fs; zpfyd;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. kl;ilapid ePs khfntl;b> ;F gold kw;Wk; silver spray gz;zp neQ;Rg;gjf;fk;> zp vd;gd nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. ghu;g;gjw;F VNjh xU pje;jhYk; mJ ntWk; ghuk; Fiwe;j kl;ilNaahFk;. gz;zg;gl;L ,uhtzd;> kz;Nlhjup MfpNahu;fSf;F ;jJ. ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahu; ;gl;l Kj;jhyhd khu;Gf;ftrk;> ,Lg;Gg;gl;b> fOj;jzp> pe;jpUe;jdu;. ,tu;fSf;fhd fhjzpfs; jbg;ghd ngupa ; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ghuk; Fiwe;j gyifapdhy; ky; jq;f epw> nts;sp epw E}y;fs; Rl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. Of;f KOf;f jq;f epwj;jhYk;> Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; s;sp epwkhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. kz;Nlhjup KOikahf ;W fhl;rp juf;$ba mzpfyd;fis mzpe;jpUe;jhu;. khiy> iftq;fpfs;> fljhrp Kj;Jf;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l say;fs; vd;gd ,tUf;F tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. f nfhz;il Nghlg;gl;L nfhz;ilf;F fPo ; mofhd xU hz;ilapy; Kj;Jf;fspdhyhd mzp nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,uhtzd;> kz;Nlhjup MfpNahu; jkJ xU zpe;jpUe;jdu;. ,J vt;thW tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ vdpd;> ngupaJk; rpwpaJkhf ,uz;lhf kbj;J rpwpa fapw;Wj; j; Jz;il ,Wf;fkhfTk;> jbg;ghfTk; Rw;w Ntz;Lk;. g;gLk;. mjd; ,U %iyfisAk; ,izj;J gold spray
khd;> mq;fjd;> ePy d; MfpNahUf;F Mu;g;ghl;lk; ,y;yhky; j;J mzpfyd;fSk; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,uhkd;> pfs; gr;irtu;zj;jpYk; nfhz;ilg;gl;b> fOj;Jkhiy> k;kQ;rs; Mfpa epwq;fspy; jahupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ghu;g;gjw;;F zu;NthLk; ,U tz;zq;fspy; gpd;dg;gl;bUe;jJ. j;jpy; kl;ilapy; ntl;lg;gl;L> mjw;F Nky; gr;ir epwj; g;gilfSf;F midj;J mzpfyd;fSk; KOf;f KOf;f
MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit


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fgpyepwj;jpy; JzpfshYk; gyifapdhYk; jahupf;fg;gl;bU vd;gd rpul;ilNghd;w nky;ypa gyifapdhy; jahupf;fg;g NjNuhl;b ,sk; kQ;rs; epwj;Jzpahyhd mzpfyd rhk;gy;> rptg;GJzpahyhd mzpfyd;fisAk;> vLj;Ji mzpfyd;fisAk; mzpe;jpUe;jdu;. ,Jjtpu gpujhd Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj;> ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkdd;> mDkhd jkJ fOj;jpYk; ,Lg;gpYk; Vfhtlk; vDk; xU m ,J Kw;WKOjhf JzpapdhNy gpd;dy; Nghd;w m gpd;dg;gl;bUe;jJ. epw tpj;jpahrj;ijj; jtpu xNu Kiw ,jDld; nghUe;jf; $batpjj;jpy; jiyf;fpuPl Kk; Jz ,uhtzDf;F gr;ir> Fq;Fkepwk;> nrk;kQ;rs; Mfpa %d;W fpuPl k; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Fk;gfu;zDf;F rhk;gy; + kQ;rs; epw ,e;jpu[pj;Jf;F ,sQrptg;G> ,skQ;rs;> ,sePy k; Nru;e;j Vf ,uhkd;> ,yf;FtzDf;F tdthrj;ijf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf Vfhtlk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. thdug; gilfSf;F ntWkNd jiyg;gl;bAk; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;j epwj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jf;$bathW ,t; mzpfyd;fs; jahu Fiwe;jjhf> Jzpapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l ,t; mzpfyd;fs ghu;g;gjw;F Xu; mofpay; jd;ikAilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jhky;> ,uz;L> %d;W tz;zq;fi Miltbtikg;ghsupd; cj;jp. ,J ghj;jpuj; jd;ikiaA thOk; r%fg; gpd;dzpapidAk; ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wJ
xg;gid> mzpfyd;fs; ve;jsT ngupanjhU %yfq msT cilaikg;Gk; Kf;fpak; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ghj;jpuq;fs; mit mzpe;jpUf;Fk; cil %yk; mtw;wpd ntspg;gLj;jp epw;Fk;. ,uhtNzrdpYk; ,j;jd;ik filg tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; cil> mjd; epwk;> material> vd epw;fpd;wJ vdyhk;.
,uhtNzrdpy; midj;J ghj;jpuq;fspd; cilfSk; g tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,uhtNzrd;> kz;Nlhjup> , ghj;jpuq;fs; khj;jpuk; gl;Lf; fye;j cotton Nriyfshy; tbti Vida ghj;jpuq;fs; ahTk; jdp cotton Nriyfs; %yk; t mzpe;jpUe;jdu;.
MilfspYk; xU tz;zk; khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. rptg;G> gr;ir> nts;is> kQ;rs;> f
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ifapdhYk; jahupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. fhjzp> khiyg;gjf;fk; pa gyifapdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;L fgpyepwk; G+rg;gl;bUe;jJ. pwj;Jzpahyhd mzpfyd;fisAk;> jl;bjhq;FNthu; zpfyd;fisAk;> vLj;JiuQu;fs; gr;irJzpahyhd e;jdu;. ,Jjtpu gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fshd ,uhtzd> d;> ,yf;Fkdd;> mDkhd;> mq;fjd;> ePy d; MfpNahu; Vfhtlk; vDk; xU mzpfyd; mzpe;jpUe;jdu;. hNy gpd;dy; Nghd;w mikg;gpy; %d;W epwq;fspy; hrj;ijj; jtpu xNu Kiwapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. jj;jpy; jiyf;fpuPl Kk; JzpapdhNy nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. pwk;> nrk;kQ;rs; Mfpa %d;W epwKk; gad;gLj;jp Vfhtlk;> Df;F rhk;gy; + kQ;rs; epwk; Nru;j;j Vfhtlk;> fpuPl Kk;> kQ;rs;> ,sePy k; Nru;e;j Vfhtlk;> fpuPlKk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. dthrj;ijf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf gr;irAld; fgpyk; Nru;e;j ug; gilfSf;F ntWkNd fgpy epwj;jhyhd VfhtlKk;> ;bUe;jJ. xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;jpDila Milaikg;gpw;Fk;> W ,t; mzpfyd;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. kpfTk; ghuk; a;ag;gl;l ,t; mzpfyd;fs; gy tz;zf; fyg;Gf;fshf kAilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. jdpahf xU tz;zj;ij z;L> %d;W tz;zq;fis xd;wpizj;J> jahupj;jJ p. ,J ghj;jpuj; jd;ikiaAk;> mjdJ Fzhk;rj;ijAk;>
Ak; ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wJ vdyhk;.
e;jsT ngupanjhU %yfq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wNjh> mNj ak; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. xU ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; f;Fk; cil %yk; mtw;wpd; KOikahd gpd;dzpia rdpYk; ,j;jd;ik filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,q;F > mjd; epwk;> material> vd;gd ghj;jpug; gpd;Gyj;ij Rl;b
ghj;jpuq;fspd; cilfSk; gl;Lf; fye;j cotton Nriyfshy; tNzrd;> kz;Nlhjup> ,e;jpu[pj;> Fk;gfu;zd; Mfpa e;j cotton Nriyfshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l cilia mzpa> p cotton Nriyfs; %yk; tbtikf;fgl;l MilfisNa
k; khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;glhky;> tz;zf; fyg;Gfs; ;ir> nts;is> kQ;rs;> fgpyk;> rhk;gy;> ,sQ;rptg;G>
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,skQ;rs;> ,sePy k;> nrk;kQ;rs; Mfpa gpufhrkhd e gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. midj;J ghj;jpuq;fSf;FNk ghthil> vd %d;whfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l MilapidNa mzpe;jpUe;jd tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjhtJ tlNkhbf; $j;jpy; Nriy ,JNt fug;GLg;G vdg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; 2000fSf;Fg; g gad;gLj;jg;gl;l MilahdJ fug;GLg;G Nghd;W Nriyapi (jl;Lf;fs;) tUk;gbahfj; ijj;J ghthil Nghd;W tbti fug;GLg;gpd; cz;ikj;jd;ikapid ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd
,uhtzDf;F gr;ir> rptg;G> ,skQ;rs; Nru;e;j rhk;gy;> ,skQ;rs; Nru;e;j Milaikg;Gk;> ,e;jpu[pj;J ,sePy k; Mfpait Nru;e;j Milaikg;Gk;> kz;Nlhjupf Milaikg;Gk;> ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkzd; kw;Wk; thdug;gi ePy d; MfpNahUf;F fgpy epw (dark & light) Mila NkYk; vLj;JiuQUf;F gr;ir epw MilAk;> NjNuhl;b gpbg;Nghd;> KuriwNthd; MfpNahUf;F rptg;G> gr;ir> f jl;b jhq;FNthUf;F rhk;gy;> rptg;G fye;j MilA ghj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapyhd nghUj;jg;ghLfs; ,t; Mil njspthff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ af;\ Fyj;jtu;fs Fk;gfu;zd;> ,e;jpu[pj; MfpNahuJ cilapy; ga xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Ggl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mNj Ngh mDkhd;> mq;fjd;> ePy d; MfpNahuJ cilapy; gad xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Ggl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,U FOf NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;lhYk;> xd;Wlndhd;W neUq;fpa vdyhk;. ,uhtzd; FLk;gj;jhu; mur FLk;gj;jpdu; vd ftu;r;rpahd epwq;fSk;> ,uhkd; FOtpdu; tdthrj;jpd ,aw;ifNahL Nru;e;j rhjhuz epwq;fSk; kpfTk; rpwg jpUkjp. thRfp n[arq;fu; mtu;fs; cilaikg;gpid tpjhdpg;ghsuJ if tz;zKk;> if Nju;e;j cj;jpAk; cau; epiy ngw;W tpsq;Ftjw;F fhyha; mike;Js;sJ.
fk;g ,uhkhazj;jpy; xU gFjpahd Aj;j fhz;lj vOjg;gl;l ,e;j ,uhtNzrd; tlNkhb ehlfkhdJ tlNk vd;Wk; $wyhk;. me;jstpw;F ghj;jpu cUthf;fk;> Fzh xg;gid> kuG jOtpa Mdhy; etPd rpe;jid rhu;e;J vd;gtw;wpidj; jd;dfj;Nj cs;sk;rkhff; nfhz;L r 2013 tiu Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wJ vdyhk;.m jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;s xg;gid> cil Mfpatw;wpy;> Mu
226

;rs; Mfpa gpufhrkhd epwq;fs; cilaikg;gpw;fhfg; hj;jpuq;fSf;FNk ghthil> Nky;j;Jz;L> FWf;Fj;Jz;L ilapidNa mzpe;jpUe;jdu;. ,J fug;GLg;Gg; ghzpapy; J tlNkhbf; $j;jpy; Nriyapid Rw;wpr; Rw;wpf; fl;Ltu;. . Mdhy; 2000fSf;Fg; gpd;du; te;j Mw;Wiffspy; fug;GLg;G Nghd;W Nriyapid ntl;b> %d;W Rw;Wf;fs; ;J ghthil Nghd;W tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ghu;itf;F apid ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wJ.
ptg;G> ,skQ;rs; Nru;e;j MilAk;> Fk;gfu;zDf;F ilaikg;Gk;> ,e;jpu[pj;Jf;F ,sQ;rptg;G> ,skQ;rs;> ilaikg;Gk;> kz;Nlhjupf;F nrk;kQ;rs;> fgpyk; Nru;e;j ;Fkzd; kw;Wk; thdug;gilfshd mDkhd;> mq;fjd;> pw (dark & light) Milaikg;Gk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. r epw MilAk;> NjNuhl;b> Mytl;lk; gpbg;Nghu;> Fil pNahUf;F rptg;G> gr;ir> fgpyk; Nru;e;j Milaikg;Gk;> y;> rptg;G fye;j MilAk; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. hUj;jg;ghLfs; ,t; Mil tbtikg;gpd; %yk; njl;lj; mjhtJ af;\ Fyj;jtu;fshd ,uhtzd;> kz;Nlhjup> fpNahuJ cilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tz;zq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mNj Nghd;W ,uhkd;> ,yf;Fkzd;> MfpNahuJ cilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tz;zq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,U FOf;fSk; cilaikg;gpd; %yk; xd;Wlndhd;W neUq;fpa njhlu;igf; nfhz;bUe;jJ ;jhu; mur FLk;gj;jpdu; vd;gjw;F rhd;whf gpufhrkhd> kd; FOtpdu; tdthrj;jpdu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;FKfkhf epwq;fSk; kpfTk; rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. tu;fs; cilaikg;gpid tbtikj;jpUe;jhu;. cil Kk;> if Nju;e;j cj;jpAk; ,d;W ,uhtNzrd; ehlfk;
;F fhyha; mike;Js;sJ.
gFjpahd Aj;j fhz;lj;jpid mbg;gilahf itj;J ; tlNkhb ehlfkhdJ tlNkhbf; $j;jpy; xU gupNrhjid ghj;jpu cUthf;fk;> Fzhjpra tsu;r;rp> jdpj;Jtkhd y; etPd rpe;jid rhu;e;J jahupf;fg;gl;l cilaikg;G cs;sk;rkhff; nfhz;L rpwg;Gw;W 60 fs; njhlf;fk; ;gl;L tUfpd;wJ vdyhk;.mNj Neuk; ,uhtNzrdhdJ d> cil Mfpatw;wpy;> Muk;g fhyk; njhl;L ,d;W tiu
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mjd; tz;zk;> tbtikf;fgl;l tpjk; rhu;e;J ,e;jpa muq nfhz;bUg;gJTk; > xU ehlf Nehf;F rhu;e;j muq;f fz;Nz ehlf newpahsUk;> XtpaUk; ,ize;J nraw;gl;bUg;gJNk
rhd;whjhuq;fs; ❖ Gj;jfq;fs;
▪ ,uhtNzrd;(tlNkhb ehlfk;) - nksdFU.rp.- t
▪ muq;ftpay; - rf;jpg;ngUkhs;> rNuh[h.Nt - fht;ah
❖ Neu;fz;Nlhu;
▪ Nguh.rp.nksdFU mtu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly
▪ k. Rfd;ahTldhd fye;Jiuahly;.
▪ tpupTiuahsu; re;jpuFkhUldhd fye;Jiuahly
❖ Nguh.rp.nksdFUtpd; %ykhfj; jpul;lg;gl;l Gifg;glq ❖ 2010> 2012 Mw;Wiffspy; gq;Fgw;wpa vdJ mDgtk ❖ 2010> [dtup ghypj mNgyhy; mtu;fshy; e
gapw;rpg;gl;liw. ❖ 2010 Mk; Mz;L jpUkjp thRfp n[arq;fu; mtu;fshy; c
cjtpahsuhf ,Ue;j vdJ mDgtk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

l;l tpjk; rhu;e;J ,e;jpa muq;FfspDila xU jhf;fj;ijf; ehf;F rhu;e;j muq;f fz;Nzhl;lj;ij ikakhf itj;J ize;J nraw;gl;bUg;gJNk ,jdJ ntw;wpahFk.;
ehlfk;) - nksdFU.rp.- tpGyk; ntspaPL - 1998. Ukhs;> rNuh[h.Nt - fht;ah gjpg;gfk; - 1998.
u;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;. e;Jiuahly;. khUldhd fye;Jiuahly;.
khfj; jpul;lg;gl;l Gifg;glq;fs;. ; gq;Fgw;wpa vdJ mDgtk;. mNgyhy; mtu;fshy; elhj;jgl;l xg;gid gw;wpa
hRfp n[arq;fu; mtu;fshy; cil tbtikf;fg;gl;l NghJ>
mDgtk;.
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fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw elh epfo;Tfis Mtzg;gLj;jy; (1993 - 2
fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; tuyhW
fpof;fpNy cs;s cah; fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; fpo Kf;fpakhdJ. ,J kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; te;jhW% 1981k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L ,d;W tiu ,aq;fp tUf cUthf;fj;jpy; Kd;dhs; mikr;rh; C.W. Njtehafk; mt Muk;gj;jpy; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofkhdJ te;jhW%iy kj fy;Y}upahf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ ,J jdpg; gy Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,ize;j gy;fiyf tptrha gPlk;> tpQ;Qhd gPlk; Mfpa ,;U gPlq;fSNk Muk;g 1986k; Mz;L mq;fPf upf;fg;gl;l gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; xd vDk; ngaupy; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ.
1960 fspNyNa jpUNfhzkiy epyhntspg; gy;fiyf;fofk; xd;W epWTtjw;F ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;f NghJk; epjpg;gpur;ridahy; iftplg;gl;lJ.
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpidg; nghWj;j kl;by; epjp kw fhzg;gl;lhYk; fpof;fpy; cs;s xU Kf;fpakhd Ma;T ik ,q;F jkpo;> Mq;fpy nkhopapy; tpupTiufs; ,lk;ngWfpd;w
,d;W tptrha tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> f Kfhikj;Jt gPlk;> nrsf;fpa guhkupg;G tpQ;Qhdq;fs; gPl fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofkhdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
,d;W jpUNfhzkiy tshfk;> Rthkp tpGyhde;jh kUj;Jt gPlk; Mfpa Nghjidg; gPlq;fshf Mf;fg;gl;L ,d;W ,dj;jtu;fs; ,ize;J fw;fpd;w xU gy;fiyf;fofkhf n
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwapd; tuyh
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj; JiwahdJ 1991k KjyhtJ Ez;fiyj;Jiwj; jiytu; Nguhrpupau; rp. Nl fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj; JiwahdJ

iyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw elhj;jpa fiy fis Mtzg;gLj;jy; (1993 - 2005)
mgpuhkp jh;Nke;uh ;jpd; tuyhW
fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk; kpfTk; g;G khtl;lj;jpy; te;jhW%iyapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,d;W tiu ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof kr;rh; C.W. Njtehafk; mtu;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdth;. ofkhdJ te;jhW%iy kj;jpa fy;Y}upapy; gy;fiyf;fof mg;NghJ ,J jdpg; gy;fiyf;fofkhf ,aq;fhky; ld; ,ize;j gy;fiyf;fofkhf nraw;gl;lJ. ,q;F fpa ,;U gPlq;fSNk Muk;gg; gPlq;fshf ,Ue;J gpd;dNu ;l gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; xd;whf fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
fhzkiy epyhntspg; gFjpapy; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; jw;F ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrpupau;fs; Kaw;rpj;j tplg;gl;lJ.
dg; nghWj;j kl;by; epjp kw;Wk; tsthsh;fs; gw;whf;Fiw xU Kf;fpakhd Ma;T ikakhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; ; tpupTiufs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
gPlk;> tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> fiy fyhr;rhu gPlk;> tu;j;jf guhkupg;G tpQ;Qhdq;fs; gPlk; Mfpa gPlq;fisf; nfhz;L
raw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
shfk;> Rthkp tpGyhde;jh mofpaw;fw;iffs; epWtfk;> ; gPl q;fshf Mf;fg;gl;L ,d;Wtiu jkpo;> rpq;fsk;> K];ypk;
;w xU gy;fiyf;fofkhf nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
z;fiyj;Jiwapd; tuyhW
;fiyj; JiwahdJ 1991k; Mz;L ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jJ. ; jiytu; Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU mtu;fs;. ,jD} z;fiyj; JiwahdJ jdJ tsu;r;rpg; ghijapy;
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gazpf;f Muk;gpj;jJ. 1991k; Mz;L fpof;Fg;gy;fi cjtp tpupTiuahsuhf mUe;jjp mtu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl rp.nksdFUTk; mUe;jjpANk Ez;fiyj;Jiwrhu; tpup gpd;du; 1992k; Mz;L jpU.gh.RFkhh; cjtp tpupTiuahsu njhlu;e;J ghyrNwh[pdpAk; ,izf;fg;gl;lhu;. mLj;j fl Ez;fiyj;Jiw 1995k; Mz;L jpU.rp.n[a;rq;fiuA ,izj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. jpU.gh. RFkhUk;> jpU. rp. n[a khzth;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jpy; ghyRF khzth;. n[a;rq;fh; Ez;fiyj;Jiw khzth;. ,tu;f fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw jdJ ehlf n fz;lJ.
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;JiwahdJ 1993 Mz;L tiu ,UtUlk; nghJf; fw;if newpahfTk; ,uz newpahfTk; mikag;ngw;wpUe;jJ. 1998k; Mz;Lf;Fg nghJf;fw;if newpahfTk; ,uz;lhk; tUlj;jpy; jFjp m khztu;fs; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;ldh;. ,jdbg;gilapy; 1996k rpwg;Gg; gl;lk; ngw;w KjyhtJ khzth; njhFjp ntspNawp
Ez;fiyj;Jiwg; ghl newpf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lkh Ez;fiyj;Jiw ghlnewpiaAk; fsdp Ez;fiyj;Jiw nfhz;Nl jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g; ghlj;jpl;lq;fis aho; Nguhrpupah; fh. rptj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupah; rp. nksdFU jahupj;jdh;. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Ez;fiyj;Jiw tpu fhuzkhf Ez;fiyAk; ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ,ize;j Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU ehlfKk; muq;fpaiyAk; mUe;j ghlq;fisAk; fw;gpj;jdh;. Muk;g fhyfl;lj;jpy; Ez;fiy fw;gpj;jy; KiwNa ,lk;ngw;wJ. fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fo Ez;fiyj;Jiwapy; rpwg;Gg; gbg;gpid Nkw;nfhz;l khz mtu;fis cjtp tpupTiuahsh;fshf ,izj;Jf; 1996k; Mz;L R. rptnuj;jpdk;> t. ,d;gNkhfd; Nghd Ez;fiyj;Jiwapd; KjyhtJ cjtp tpupTiuahsh;f Mz;L Ez;fiyj;JiwahdJ KJfiykhdp fyhe mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jw;$lhf rp. n[a;rq;fh;> utpr;re;jpuh jkJ KJfiykhdp gl;lj;jpid G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhz;ldh
Nguhrpupah; rp. nksdFUtpidj; njhlh;e;J 2004k; Mz flikahw;wpa ghyRFkhh; mth;fs; Ez;fiyj;Jiwj Ez;fiyj;Jiw rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLj;jhh;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

1k; Mz;L fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw e;jjp mtu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Muk;gj;jpy; Nguhrpupau; Ez;fiyj;Jiwrhu; tpupTiuahsu;fshf tpsq;fpdu;. Fkhh; cjtp tpupTiuahsuhf ,izf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tiuj; izf;fg;gl;lhu;. mLj;j fl;lkhf fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof z;L jpU.rp.n[a;rq;fiuAk; cjtp tpupTiuahsuhf . RFkhUk;> jpU. rp. n[a;rq;fUk; aho; gy;fiyf;fof plj;jf;fJ. ,jpy; ghyRFkhu; jkpo; nkhopj;Jiw yj;Jiw khzth;. ,tu;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;l gpd;dNu iyj;Jiw jdJ ehlf nraw;ghLfspy; Jupj tsh;r;rp
;fiyj;JiwahdJ 1993k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 1998k; f; fw;if newpahfTk; ,uz;lhk; tUlk; rpwg;Gf; fw;if e;jJ. 1998k; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; Kjyhk; tUlk; z;lhk; tUlj;jpy; jFjp mbg;gilapy; rpwg;Gf; fw;iff;F dh;. ,jdbg;gilapy; 1996k; Mz;L Ez;fiyj;Jiwapy; khzth; njhFjp ntspNawpaJ.
newpf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ aho; gy;fiyf;fof k; fsdp Ez;fiyj;Jiw ghlnewpiaAk; mbg;gilahf; g; ghlj;jpl;lq;fis aho; Ez;fiyj;Jiwj; jiyth; guhrpupah; rp. nksdFU Mfpa ,UtUk; ,ize;J py; Ez;fiyj;Jiw tpupTiuahsHfs; gw;whf;Fiw Kk; muq;fpaYk; ,ize;j ghl newpahfNt ,lk; ngw;wJ. Kk; muq;fpaiyAk; mUe;jjp Ez;fiyAld; ,ize;j k;g fhyfl;lj;jpy; Ez;fiyj;Jiwapy; Nfhl;ghl;L uPj pahd ;wJ. fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj; JiwahdJ bg;gpid Nkw;nfhz;l khzth;fsJ jFjp mbg;gilapy; ahsh;fshf ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mjdbg;gilapy; k;> t. ,d;gNkhfd; Nghd;Nwhh; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof J cjtp tpupTiuahsh;fshf Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;. 1998k; J KJfiykhdp fyhepjpg; gl;lg;gbg;G newpapid rp. n[a;rq;fh;> utpr;re;jpuh> if.jpyfehjd; Nghd;Nwhh; d G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhz;ldh;.
pidj; njhlh;e;J 2004k; Mz;L rpNul;l tpupTiuahsuhff; th;fs; Ez;fiyj;Jiwj; jiytuhf nraw;gl;L gy ;ghLfis Kd;ndLj;jhh;.
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,d;W fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwj; ji nraw;gl;L tUfpd;whh;. fyhepjp t.,d;gNkhfd;> F. u gh.J~;ae;jp MfpNahh; ,tupw;F fPo ; epue;ju tpupTi nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wdh;.
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwapy; gl;l cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;> Ez;fi (MA)> KJjj;Jtkhdp (Mphil)> fyhepjp (Phd) gl;l Ma;Tf mj;NjhL ,j; Jiw rhh;e;j gy fhj;jpukhd nraw;ghLfisA
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwapd; ehlf
Ez;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; ehlf nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp Nehf rp.nksdFU mth;fsJ ehlf nraw;ghLfs;> jpU. gh. RF ghLfs; jpU.rp.n[a;rq;fh; mth;fspd; ehlf nraw;ghLfs;> c nraw;ghLfs; vd Nehf;fyhk;.
me;j tifapy; Nguhrpupah; rp.nksdFU fpof;F Jiwf;$lhf fz;zfp Fsph;j;jp (1993)> GjpanjhU tPL ( ,d;dpa mzp (1998)> ,uhtNzrd; ehlfk; (2001)> njd;Nkhb Ml;l mwpKfk; (2002)> $j;Jf;fr;Nrup> Nks Nfhyq;fs; (2003)> yak; (2005) Nghd;w epfo;Tfis epfo
jpU.gh.RFkhh; mth;fs; Ez;fiyj;Jiwf;$lhf (1995)> GOtha; gpwf;fpDk; (1995)> nrk;gtsf;fhsp (19 fUQ;Rsp> mePj pfs; (1998)> nfhq;ifj;jP(1999)> FwpQ;rpg epfo;j;jpAs;shh;.
jpU.rp.n[a;rq;fh; mth;fs; Ez;fiyj;Jiwf;$lhf g];kh#ud; (2000)> The flightless butter flies (2001)> Tear Kbahjgb Nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupj;Js;shh;.
cjtp tpupTiuahsu;fsJ ehlf nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp Neh jPh;T (2000)> m. tpkyuh[; mtSf;nfd;W (2000)> F. u (2002)> Ne. gpupae;jpdp kPz ;Lk; njhlq;Fk; kpLf;F (2002 (2005)> J. nfsuP] ;tud; Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd; (2005)> R. r (2005) Nghd;w jahupg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
Ez;fiyj;JiwahdJ ,it jtph;e;j gapw;rpg fz;fhl;rpfs;> ntspaPL fs;> thu epfo;Tfs; Nghd;w epfo epfo;j;Jif rhuhj nraw;ghl;bYk;  F. utpr;re;jpud;> R. re;jpuFkhh;> pw;F fPo ; epue;ju tpupTiuahsh;fshf ,izf;fg;gl;L
Ez;fiyj;Jiwapy; gl;l Nkw;gbg;G myFfSk; lfKk; muq;fpaYk;> Ez;fiyapay; ghlq;fSk; KJkhdp fyhepjp (Phd) gl;l Ma;TfSk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fhj;jpukhd nraw;ghLfisAk; Kd;ndLj;J tUfpd;wJ.
z;fiyj;Jiwapd; ehlf nraw;ghLfs; hlf nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp Nehf;Fifapy; mjid Nguhrpupah; nraw;ghLfs;> jpU. gh. RFkhh; mth;fsJ ehlf nraw; spd; ehlf nraw;ghLfs;> cjtp tpupTiuahsh;fsJ ehlf
pah; rp.nksdFU fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj; ;jp (1993)> GjpanjhU tPL (1994)> fpof;F eldk; (1995)> Nzrd; ehlfk; (2001)> fpof;fpir (2001)> tlNkhb 002)> $j;Jf;fr;Nrup> Nksg;Ngr;R (2002)> fpof;fpirf; 5) Nghd;w epfo;Tfis epfo;j;jpAs;shh;.
Ez;fiyj;Jiwf;$lhf ghujp gpbj;j Njh;tlk; ; (1995)> nrk;gtsf;fhsp (1997)> Mw;iwf;flj;jy; (1998)> fhq;ifj;jP(1999)> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L (2005) Nghd;wtw;iw
; Ez;fiyj;Jiwf;$lhf tpisahl;L(1998)> etPd butter flies (2001)> Tears of the child (2002)> epuhfupf;f hupj;Js;shh;.
ehlf nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp Nehf;Fifapy; R. rPt nuj;jpdk; tSf;nfd;W (2000)> F. utpr;re;jpud; NjtNyhfahid k; njhlq;Fk; kpLf;F (2002)> rp. jahgud; vtlk; vtlk; hkpf;Fg; gpd; (2005)> R. re;jpuFkhh; murdpd; tUif Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
,it jtph;e;j gapw;rpg;gl;liwfs;> fUj;juq;Ffs;> hu epfo;Tfs; Nghd;w epfo;j;Jif rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfs; k; 

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Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFUTk; Ez;fiyj; Jiw rhu
Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU mtu;fs; fpof;Fg; gy;fiy ,ize;J nraw;glj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ,tNu KjyhtJ Ez;f ,tu; fiy fyhr;rhug;gPlg; gPlhjpgjpahf ,Ue;j (1996k;) tpohthdJ Kjd; Kiwahf fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofj;j nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ cyf ehlf jpd tpoht ,tNu.
Ez;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; jahupg;Gf;fshf Nguhrpupau; jahupg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu;.
1. fz;zfp Fsph;j;jp - 1993 2. GjpanjhU tPL -1994 3. fpof;F eldk; -1995 4. ,uhtNzrd; ehlfk; - 2001 Mk; Mz;L 5. fpof;fpir - 2001 Mk; Mz;L 6. tlNkhb njd;Nkhb Ml;l mwpKfk; - 2002 Mk; M 7. Nksg;Ngr;R - 2002 Mk; Mz;L 8. yak; - 2005 Mk; Mz;L
fz;zfp Fsph;j;jp
fz;zfp mk;kd; rlq;fpy; ghlg;gLk; ghly;fis Xh te;J mjw;fhf cLf;F ry;yhp kj;jsk; rpyk;G taypd; Nghd Nrh;j;J ,irj;J toq;fg;gl;l njhFg;Ng fz;zfp Fsph;j;jpg
GjpanjhU tPL
Nguhrphpah; nksdFU mth;fshy; 1994 Mk; Mz;L ja gh.RFkhh;> fpUghfud; Nghd;w gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiu khzth;fSk; ebj;jpUe;jdh;. ,JNt kl;lf;fsg;gpy; xapyhf;f ehlfkhFk;.
fpof;F eldk;
fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Mlg;gLk; giwNksk;> tre;jd Nghd;w Ml;lf;Nfhyq;fis xd;W Nru;j;J xU njhFg;gh eldkhFk;. ,k; Kaw;rpahdJ 1995k; Mz;L Kd;ndLf;f
,d;dpa mzp
1998k; Mz;L jkpou;fspd; ghuk;gupaj;ij ntspg;gLj khztu;fisf; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l mzpNa ,d;d Mz;L gl;lkspg;G tpohtpw;Nf Kjd;Kiwahf Mil tbt
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Tk; Ez;fiyj; Jiw rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfSk;
mtu;fs; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; 1991k; Mz;L hu;. ,tNu KjyhtJ Ez;fiyj;Jiwj; jiytUkhthu;. hjpgjpahf ,Ue;j (1996k;) Mz;bNy cyf ehlf jpd f fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Ez;fiyj;Jiwapduhy; cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpw;F jiyik jhq;fpatUk;
jahupg;Gf;fshf Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU mtu;fs; ghupa ;shu;.
93
- 2001 Mk; Mz;L Mz;L l;l mwpKfk; - 2002 Mk; Mz;L k; Mz;L
;L
; ghlg;gLk; ghly;fis Xh; xOq;fikg;gpw;Fs; nfhz;L j;jsk; rpyk;G taypd; Nghd;w ,irf;fUtpfisAk; xd;W jhFg;Ng fz;zfp Fsph;j;jpg; ghly;fs; MFk;.
h;fshy; 1994 Mk; Mz;L jahhpf;fg;gl;l ehlfkhFk;. ,jpy; ;w gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsh;fSk; Ez;fiyj;jiw ;. ,JNt kl;lf;fsg;gpy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l KjyhtJ
g;gLk; giwNksk;> tre;jd;> kfpb> tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb d;W Nru;j;J xU njhFg;ghf cUthd eldNk fpof;F 1995k; Mz;L Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
; ghuk;gupaj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; gy;fiyf;fof k;gpf;fg;gl;l mzpNa ,d;dpa mzpahFk;. ,J 1999k; Kjd;Kiwahf Mil tbtikg;Gf;fSld; thj;jpaq;fs;
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,irf;fg;gl;L mspf;if nra;ag;gl;lJ. cyf ehlf jp epfo;thfTk;> ,Wjp ehs; jiyf;Nfhy; tpUJ nfsutpg;gpd mzp ,irf;fg;gLk;.
,uhtNzrd; ehlfk;
Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd; 1964 fspy; jahupj;j e ,jpy; gpujhd fjhghj;jpukhd ,uhtzd; Ntlk; jupj;j ,tu; 2001 Mk; Mz;by; Mly;> ghly;> ebg;G> czu;T nts Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpid ,d;ndhU jsj ,ijj; jahupj;jhu;.
fpof;fpir
2001 Mk; Mz;L cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpy;  tre;jd;> tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb> $j;jpir Ritgl mspf;if nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jpy; fhtpak;> cU khupak;kd; rpe;J> khupak;kd; tPj p cyh> fhj;jtuhad; F tpisahl;Lg;ghly;> Ntbf;ifg;ghly;> nfhk;G tpisahl;Lg fhjy; ghly;> nehz;b ehlg;ghly;> tlNkhbf; $j;Jg;ghly;> t njhFg;ghf mike;jJ.
tlNkhb njd;Nkhb Ml;l mwpKfk;
2002 Mk; Mz;L cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpy; tlNkhb jhsf;fl;Lf;fis mwpKfk; nra;j gpd;du; xt;nthU jhsf;f fhl;lg;gl;ld. ,jpy; Ez;fiyj;Jiw tpupTiuahsu;fSk
Nksg;Ngr;R
2002 Mk; Mz;L cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpy Njhy;thj;jpaq;fshd giw> jg;gl;il> kj;jsk;> cLf;F> v rpyk;G Nghd;w fQ;rf; fUtpfspd; ,irAk; xd;NwhL xd;W ,lk;ngw;wJ.
yak;
2005 Mk; Mz;L cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpy; ,d Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; fpwp];jt jtf;fhy tpahFyg; gpurq;f jpUf;fy;ahzg; ghly;fs;> ,d;dpa mzp> jkpo;kf;fspd ghuk;gupa eldq;fs;> njhopw;ghly;fs;> nghOJNghf;F , Nksg; Ngr;R> giwNks Ksf;fk;> tlNkhbj; jhsj;jpy; rpq ghjul;l eldk;> jkpoupd; gujk;> ,];yhkpaupd; fopfk;G eld ,ize;J MLk; tifapy; yak; epfo;j;Jif mspf;if nra
232

;ag;gl;lJ. cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpd; njhlf;f ehs; yf;Nfhy; tpUJ nfsutpg;gpd; NghJk; ghuk;gupa ,d;dpa
;jd; 1964 fspy; jahupj;j ehlfNk ,uhtNzrd; MFk;. ,uhtzd; Ntlk; jupj;jtu; Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU ;> ghly;> ebg;G> czu;T ntspg;ghL> ehlf mspf;if Kiw hlfj;jpid ,d;ndhU jsj;jpw;F Kd;Ndw;Wk; Kaw;rpahf
lf jpd tpohtpy;  njhopy;> khb> njd;Nkhb> $j;jpirfisAk; njhFj;J Xuplj;Nj ;lJ. ,jpy; fhtpak;> cUNtw;wk;> khupak;kd; eil> ; tPj p cyh> fhj;jtuhad; Fk;kp> fhtbg;ghly;> Vu;g;ghly;> ;ghly;> nfhk;G tpisahl;Lg;ghly;> KRj;Jtre;jd; ghly;> y;> tlNkhbf; $j;Jg;ghly;> thopghly; Nghd;w ghly;fspd;
pKfk;
hlf jpd tpohtpy; tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb Ml;lq;fSf;Fupa ;j gpd;du; xt;nthU jhsf;fl;Lf;Fupa Ml;lKiwfs; Mbf; j;Jiw tpupTiuahsu;fSk; khztu;fSk; gq;Nfw;wdu;.
yf ehlf jpd tpohtpy; ,lk; ngw;w epfo;thFk;. g;gl;il> kj;jsk;> cLf;F> vd;gdtw;wd; ,irAk; ry;yup> d; ,irAk; xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;J xypf;Fk; epfo;thf
ehlf jpd tpohtpy; ,dq;fSf;fpilNa xw;Wikia jtf;fhy tpahFyg; gpurq;fk;> ,];yhkpaupd; gf;fPu;igj;> ;dpa mzp> jkpo;kf;fspd; ghuk;gupa ,irtbtq;fs;> ;ghly;fs;> nghOJNghf;F ,ir> tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fs;> k;> tlNkhbj; jhsj;jpy; rpq;fs kf;fspd; fz;ba eldk;> ;> ,];yhkpaupd; fopfk;G eldk;> njd;Nkhb Ml;lk; Mfpad k; epfo;j;Jif mspf;if nra;ag;gl;lJ.
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,j;jifajhd fiyr; nraw;ghLfs; Nguhrpupau; Ez;fiyj;JiwNahL ,ize;J gilf;fg;gl;litahF NguhrpupaNuhL cWJizahf jpU.gh.RFkhu;> jpU.n[a;rq
jpU.gh.RFkhu; mtu;fSk; Ez;fiyj; Jiw rhu;e
fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwj; jiy gPl hjpgjpahfTk; ,tu; flikahw;wpdhu;. jpU.gh.RFkhu; m tpupTiuahsuhf fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,izf;fg fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; nfhz;lhlg;gLtjw;F %ytpi
Ez;fiyj;JiwapD}lhf ,th; Nkw;nfhz;l jahupg;G
1. ghujp gpbj;j Njh;tlk; - (1995) 2. GOtha; gpwf;fpDk; - (1997) 3. nrk;gtsf;fhsp - (1997) 4. Mw;iwf; flj;jy; - (1998) 5. mePj pfs; - (1998) 6. nfhq;ifj; jP- (1999) 7. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L - (2005)
ghujp gpbj;j Njh;tlk;
tPj p ehlfkhf muq;Nfw;wg;gl;l ,e; ehlfkhdJ c Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gjhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
GOtha; gpwg;gpDk;
Aj;jk; vj;jifa ghjpg;Gf;fis> fhaq;fis kf;fs vd;gJ gw;wp NgRk; ehlfkhFk;. mjhtJ Aj;jj;jpdhy; v Jd;gkile;jdu; vd;gij rpj;jupg;gjhFk;.
nrk;gtsf;fhsp
,e;jpa kugpyhd jhrp Fyj;jtupd; gpur;ridfs; $Wk;
Mw;iwf; flj;jy;
ngz; tpLjiy NgRtjhf mike;j ehlfNk Mw;i vj;jifa jilf;fw;fis jhz;Ltjhf mikag; ngw;Ws;s ehlfkhFk;.
mePjpfs;
kdpj cupikfs; jpdj;jpw;fhf NkilNaw;wg;gl;l Fwpa
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

nraw;ghLfs; Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU mtu;fshy; e;J gilf;fg;gl;litahFk;. ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfspy; jpU.gh.RFkhu;> jpU.n[a;rq;fu; Nghd;Nwhu; ,Ue;jdu;.
k; Ez;fiyj; Jiw rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfSk;
Ez;fiyj;Jiwj; jiytuhfTk; fiy fyhrhu hw;wpdhu;. jpU.gh.RFkhu; mtu;fs; 1992k; Mz;L cjtp iyf;fofj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lhu;. cyf ehlf jpdkhdJ
hz;lhlg;gLtjw;F %ytpijaha; ,Ug;gtu; ,tuhthu;.
,th; Nkw;nfhz;l jahupg;Gf;fs;
(1995) 997) ) 8)
)
g;gl;l ,e; ehlfkhdJ clypay; rhh;e;j ,af;fj;jpw;F e;jpUe;jJ.
f;fis> fhaq;fis kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ k;. mjhtJ Aj;jj;jpdhy; vkJ ehl;L kf;fs; vj;jifa upg;gjhFk;.
;jtupd; gpur;ridfs; $Wk; ehlfkhFk;.
mike;j ehlfNk Mw;iwf; flj;jy; MFk;. ngz;fs; ;Ltjhf mikag; ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;Jk;
;fhf NkilNaw;wg;gl;l FwpaPl ;L ehlfkhFk;.
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nfhq;ifj; jP
gj;jpdpj; nja;tkhfpa fz;zfpapid mbg;gilahff; n Jd;gKk;> gaKk; epiwe;j tho;tpy; vjpu;j;J epw;Fk; vOr;rpf nraw;gLk; ngz;iz ikag;gLj;jpa ehlfkhFk;.
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
jkpou; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; njhd;ik tha;e;j ehlf kuGf Kaw;rpahf FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L mikfpd;wJ.
jpU. rp. n[a;rq;fu; mth;fSk; Ez;fiyj; Jiw r
,d;iwa Ez;fiyj;Jiwj; jiytuhf tpsq;Fk; f fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; ehlf gq;fhw;wpatu;. ,tu; tpupTiuahsuhf flikahw;wpa fhy tpohtpw;fhd ehlf jahupg;Gfspy;  Atj mjdJ ntspg;ghLfisAk; rpj;jupg;gjhf tpisahl;L ehlf
etPd g];kh#ud;
,urhad MAjq;fshy; r%fj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fi mike;j ehlfkhFk;.
eQ;rpy; tpisaNth
fpUkp ehrpdpfspd; ghtidfis jtpu;j;J cs;@u; fUg;nghUisf; nfhz;lJ.
The flightless butterflies
“ePmioj;jJ Nghy; xU Qhgfk;” vDk; J.nfsupghy ehlfkhf jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
tears of the Child
,J “gps;is mOj fz;zPu;” ehlfj;jpd; Mq;fpy kueLif gw;wpajhd tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jk; ehlfkhFk rhu;e;jJ.
234

;zfpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ehlfkhFk;. Aj;jKk;> ;tpy; vjpu;j;J epw;Fk; vOr;rpf; Fuyhf> mePj pf;F vjpu; Fuyhf Lj;jpa ehlfkhFk;.
hd;ik tha;e;j ehlf kuGfis ntsp cyfpw;F fhl;Lk;
fpd;wJ.
;fSk; Ez;fiyj; Jiw rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfSk;. wj; jiytuhf tpsq;Fk; fyhepjp rp.n[a;rq;fu; mtu;fs; iyj;Jiwapdupd; ehlf nraw;ghl;by; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f hsuhf flikahw;wpa fhy fl;lq;fspy; cyf ehlf jpd py;  Atjpfspd; kdg; Nghuhl;lq;fSk; ;jupg;gjhf tpisahl;L ehlfk; mikfpd;wJ.
fj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fisf; $Wk; Nkhbikg;ghzpapy;
dfis jtpu;j;J cs;@u; cw;gj;jpfis Cf;fg;gLj;Jk;
Qhgfk;” vDk; J.nfsupghyd; mtu;fsJ rpWfijapid
Pu;” ehlfj;jpd; Mq;fpy tbtkhFk;. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; u;it Vw;gLj;Jk; ehlfkhFk;. ,J rpWtu; ehlf tifiar;
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cjtp tpupTiuahsu;fsJ Ez;fiyj;Jiw rhh;e;j fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw cjtp tpupTi cUthf;fpdu;. xt;nthUtUk; jhk; ngw;w mDgtq;fspd newpg;gLj;jpapUe;jdu;. mjdbg;gilapy;
R. rptuj;jpdk; - 2000 Mk; Mz;L “jPu;T” m. tpkyuhI; - 2000 Mk; Mz;L “mtSf;nfd;W” f. utpr;re;jpud; - 2002 Mk; Mz;L “NjtNyhfahid Ne. gpupae;jpdp - 2002 Mk; Mz;L “kPz ;Lk; njhlq;F rp. jahgud; - 2005 Mk; Mz;L “vtlk; vtlk;” J. nfshP] ;tud; - 2005 Mk; Mz;L “Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd R. re;jpuFkhu; - 2005 Mk; Mz;L “murdpd; tUif”
jPu;T
R.rptuj;jpdk; mtu;fs; ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujpapd; e itj;J ,yq;ifapd; rkfhy murpay; tplaq;fSf;Fg; jahupj;jpUe;jhu;. ,J ajhu;j;j ghzpapy; mike;j ehlfkhF
mtSf;nfd;W
m. tpkyuhI; mtu;fs; jahupj;j ehlfkhFk;. ,J ngz $Wk; ajhu;j;j ehlfkhFk;.
NjtNyhfahid
F. utpr;re;jpud; mtu;fs; jahupj;j ehlfkhFk;. ,J NtY ,e;ehlfkhdJ rpWtu;fSf;fhf tsu;e;Njhu;fshy; eb ,e;ehlfj;jpy; rpWtu;fsJ MSikiaj; J}z;Ltjhf fU
kPz;Lk; njhlq;Fk; kpLf;F
Ne.gpupae;jpdp mtu;fshy; kfhftp ghujpahupd; ftpi ntspg;gLj;Jk; epUj;jpaehlfkhFk;. Ntjidfs;> Nrhj Kaw;rpf;Fk; kdpjdpd; Kaw;rp gw;wp ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mf;fkh
vtlk; vtlk;
rp. jahgud; mtu;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ehlfkhFk;. , ehlfkhFk;. kdpj Neaj;jpidj; NjLtjhf tpisahl;bD
Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd;
J.nfsuP] ;tud; mtu;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ehlfkhF Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd; Vw;gl;l mDgtq;fSf;$lhf jahupf;fg;gl NghJk; kdpj r%fk; jpUe;jhky; ,Ug;gij ,e;ehlfk; nrh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Ez;fiyj;Jiw rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfs;
;fiyj;Jiw cjtp tpupTiuahsu;fs; gy gilg;Gf;fis ; jhk; ngw;w mDgtq;fspd; CL xt;nthU ehlfq;fis g;gilapy;
; Mz;L “jPu;T” Mz;L “mtSf;nfd;W” k; Mz;L “NjtNyhfahid”
; Mz;L “kPz ;Lk; njhlq;Fk; kpLf;F”(eldk;) z;L “vtlk; vtlk;” k; Mz;L “Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd;” ; Mz;L “murdpd; tUif”
,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujpapd; ehlfg;gpujpia mbg;gilahf murpay; tplaq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; ehlfk; hzpapy; mike;j ehlfkhFk;.
hupj;j ehlfkhFk;. ,J ngz;zpak; rk;ge;jhd gpur;rid
hupj;j ehlfkhFk;. ,J NtY rutzdpd; ehlf gpujpahFk;. hf tsu;e;Njhu;fshy; ebf;fg;gl;l rpWtu;ehlfkhFk;. ikiaj; J}z;Ltjhf fUg;nghUs; mike;jJ.
kfhftp ghujpahupd; ftpij tupfSf;F Gjpa Mf;fj;ij hFk;. Ntjidfs;> Nrhjidfs; vd;gtw;iw nty;y gw;wp ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mf;fkhFk;.
ahupf;fg;gl;l ehlfkhFk;. ,J jpU.gh.RFkhu; mtu;fspd; j; NjLtjhf tpisahl;bD}L fij nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
y; jahupf;fg;gl;l ehlfkhFk;. ,J Xu; tPj p ehlfkhFk;. tq;fSf;$lhf jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. NrhjidfSf;F cl;gl;l y; ,Ug;gij ,e;ehlfk; nrhy;ypaJ.
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murdpd; tUif
R. re;jpuFkhu; mtu;fsJ newpahs;ifapy; cUt epyTk; tho;tpay; gpur;rpidfs;> rkfhy ehl;L epiyik ghj;jpuq;fSf;$lhf ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
nghJthf ghu;f;ifapy; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof E mspf;iffSf;$lhf etPd ehlfk;> ajhu;j;j ehlfk;> g ehlfk;> rpWtu; ehlfk;> Nghd;w ehlf tiffisg; ghu;it mJkl;Lky;yhJ  m gpur;ridfs;> ngz;fs; gpur;ridfs; vd gyjug;gl;l r%fg;g ehlf mspf;iffs; jtwtpy;iy.
fz;fhl;rpfs;
fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; cy xU Kf;fpakhd jdp mk;rkhf jpfo;tJ fz;fhl;rp MF KjyhtJ cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpYk; fz;fhl;rp ,lk; ng E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; vd;gd fhl;rpf;Fk; tpw;gidf;Fkhf i jpd tpohtpy; fz;fhl;rpapd; Muk;gk; ,t;thwhfNt mik
1998k; Mz;L cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpy; fz;fhl;rpahd (23.03.98 - 27.03.98) ,lk; ngw;wJ. mjhtJ muq;fpa Gj;jf fz;fhl;rpAk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,jpy; Kf%bfs;> xg;gid Nghd;w nghUl;fSk; Gifg;glq;fs;> Gj;jfq;fs; vd;gd fh
2000k; Mz;L cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpd; NghJ Kjyhk fz;fhl;rpahdJ jpUkjp.jtkzpNjtp mUs;ee;jp (E}y mtu;fshy; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
2001k; Mz;L 26.03.2001 njhlf;fk; 30.03.200 fiyf;$lj;Js; mitf;fhw;Wiff; fiyfs; njhlu;ghd g nghWg;ghsuhf jpU.gh.RFkhu; mtu;fs; fhzg;gl;lhu;. Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU mtu;fs; jpwe;J itj;jhu;.
2005k; Mz;L ehlf muq;fpay; fz;fhl;rpapid (jiytu;> rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; epfo;fiyg;gs;sp> GJitg ,e;jpah) mtu;fs; njhlf;fp itj;jhu;.
Ez;fiyj;Jiwapduhy; elhj;jg;gLk; muq;fg;ng khztu;fsJ iftz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;jTk;> mtu;f tplaq;fis mDgtk; %yk; mwpaTk; tha;g;gha; mi muq;Fld; njhlu;Gila muq;fg; nghUl;fs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> m thj;jpaf;fUtpfs;> ehlfE}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; Nghd;w gyju fz;fhl;rp mike;jpUe;jJ.
236

newpahs;ifapy; cUthd ehlfkhFk;. r%fj;jpy; s;> rkfhy ehl;L epiyikfs; vd;gtw;wpid Nfhkhsp ;lg;gl;lJ.
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwrhu; ehlf hlfk;> ajhu;j;j ehlfk;> ghuk;gupa Kiwapy; mike;j ;w ehlf tiffisg; ghu;itapLk; tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJ. pd; elg;gpay; gpur;ridfs;> murpay; gpur;ridfs;> khztu; dfs; vd gyjug;gl;l r%fg;gpur;ridfis ntspf;fhl;lTk;
.
z;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; cyf ehlf jpd tpoh epfo;tpd; hf jpfo;tJ fz;fhl;rp MFk;. Ez;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; pohtpYk; fz;fhl;rp ,lk; ngw;wJ. ,f;fz;fhl;rpapy; ehlf hl;rpf;Fk; tpw;gidf;Fkhf itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. cyf ehlf
uk;gk; ,t;thwhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ.
jpd tpohtpy; fz;fhl;rpahdJ njhlu;e;J Ie;J ehl;fSf;F ; ngw;wJ. mjhtJ muq;fpay; njhlu;ghd nghUl;fhl;rpAk; J. ,jpy; Kf%bfs;> xg;gidfs;> $j;jpy; gad;gl;l Kbfs;
;fs;> Gj;jfq;fs; vd;gd fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
jpd tpohtpd; NghJ Kjyhk; ehs; njhlf;f tpohtpd;NghJ zpNjtp mUs;ee;jp (E}yfu;> fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;) J.
001 njhlf;fk; 30.03.2001 tiu Ez;fiyj;Jiwf; ff; fiyfs; njhlu;ghd glf;fhl;rp ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,jw;F u; mtu;fs; fhzg;gl;lhu;. jpiug;glf;fz;fhl;rpapidg; ;fs; jpwe;J itj;jhu;.
uq;fpay; fz;fhl;rpapid Nguhrpupau; Nf. FzNrfud; ; epfo;fiyg;gs;sp> GJitg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ghz;bNrup> j;jhu;.
elhj;jg;gLk; muq;fg;nghUl;fspd; fz;fhl;rpahdJ is ntspg;gLj;jTk;> mtu;fs; Nfhl;ghl;L hPj pahf mwpe;j ; mwpaTk; tha;g;gha; mike;jJ.  Gifg;glq;fs;> muq;fkhjpupfs;> NtlKfq;fs;> ;> rQ;rpiffs; Nghd;w gyjug;gl;l mk;rq;fspd; njhFg;ghf
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muq;fkhjpupfs; vd;Dk; NghJ fPioj;Nja> Nkiyj;Nja mjhtJ fPi oj;Nja muq;fkhjpupfs; vDk; NghJ ehl tifapy; Guhjd kf;fs; ,utpy; xd;W $b jP%l;b mji kfpo;e;j “Guhjd muq;F” ghuk;gupa kf;fspd; fiyahf > giwNksf; $j;J> epfo;j;jg;gLk; “ tl;lf;fsup” Nrhou; ,lk;ngw;w “jkpo; muq;F” ehl;ba rhj;jpu tpjpKiwfSf “rk];fpUj muq;F” rPd Ig;ghdpa muq;Ffshd Neh> fPioj;Nja muq;F khjpupfSk; Nkiyj;Nja muq;f k muq;F”> fpNuf;fj;jpypUe;J tsu;r;rp ngw;W tpsq;Fk; “cN muq;F” etPd muq;fhd %d;W gf;fk; milf;fg;gl;l x nfhz;l “glr;rl;l muq;F” Nghd;w muq;f khjpupfs; nw[ itf;fg;gl;lJ.
muq;fg; nghUl;fs; vDk; NghJ ghuk;gupa tlNkhb $j;J MAjq;fs;> Nghd;wdTk; NtlKfq;fs; fsp> fhfpjk;> gpsh nra;ag;gl;L tz;zq;fs; G+rg;gl;bUe;jd. ,it jt gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gwitfs;> kpUfq;fs; Nghd;w cUt mik itf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL njUf;$j;J> fjfsp> ghj;jpuq;fsJ tifapy; Kf%bfSf;F xg;gid nra;ag;gl;L fhl;rpf;F it
fz;fhl;rpapy; Ez;fiyj;JiwahdJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ Mtzq;fshd Gifg;glq;fSk; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl thj;jpaq;fshd giw> cLf;F> kj;jsk;> rtzpf;if> N ryq;if> el;LtNksk;> jg;gl;il Nghd;w ,irf;fUtpfSk
,f;fz;fhl;rpahdJ gy;fiyf;fof khztiuAk;> gh gadila itj;jJ. xt;nthU khztDk; fz;fhl;rpf;fh jd;dplk; cs; jdpj;jpwikfis ntspf;fhl;lTk;> jpwikf tha;g;gha; mike;jJ. mjdbg;gilapy; fsup fl;Lk; mDgt tbtikf;Fk; tpjk;> msTg; gpukhzk;> muq;f tuyh njhlu;ghd mwptpidg; ngw tha;g;gha; mike;jJ. ghlrhi mupa tha;g;gha; mike;jJ. Nfhl;ghl;L uPj pahd mwptpid mDgtpj;jy; Clhf njsptpidAk; kdg; gjptpidAk; ngw
fUj;juq;F
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; cyf 1996k; Mz;L fUj;juq;F epfo;TlNd Muk;gkhdJ. f tpohtpy; Xu; mk;rkhf ,lk;ngw Muk;gpj;jJ.
1996k; Mz;L “etPd muq;Fk;  “etPd j;JtKk; jkpo; ehlfK
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hJ fPioj;Nja> Nkiyj;Nja muq;fkhjpupfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. hjpupfs; vDk; NghJ ehlf tuyhw;Wld; njhlu;Gila py; xd;W $b jP%l;b mjidr; Rw;wptu epd;W Mbg;ghb uk;gupa kf;fspd; fiyahf epfOk; tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb ;gLk; “ tl;lf;fsup” Nrhou; fhy jkpo; eld> ehlfq;fs; ;ba rhj;jpu tpjpKiwfSf;F mikthf cUthf;fg;gl;l hdpa muq;Ffshd Neh> gP[ pq; xNguh> fGf;fp Nghd;w k; Nkiyj;Nja muq;f khjpupfs; vDk;NghJ “fpNuf;f u;r;rp ngw;W tpsq;Fk; “cNuhk muq;F” “vyprngj;jpad; ;W gf;fk; milf;fg;gl;l xU gf;fg; ghu;itahsu;fisf; hd;w muq;f khjpupfs; nw[pNghkpdhy; fhl;rpf;fhf nra;J
ghJ ghuk;gupa tlNkhb $j;Jf;fSf;F gad;gLj;Jk; fpuPl k;> Kfq;fs; fsp> fhfpjk;> gpsh];Nuhgup]; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; +rg;gl;bUe;jd. ,it jtpu rpWtu; ehlfq;fSf;Fg; fq;fs; Nghd;w cUt mikg;gpYk; NtlKfq;fs; fhl;rpf;F ;$j;J> fjfsp> ghj;jpuq;fsJ jd;ikapyhd ntspg;gLj;Jk;
d nra;ag;gl;L fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;lJ.
iwahdJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ Kjy; ,lk; ngw;w epfo;Tfspd; Sk; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tw;NwhL ghuk;gupa > kj;jsk;> rtzpf;if> Nksk;> nfhk;G> rq;F> ry;yup> l Nghd;w ,irf;fUtpfSk; fz;fhl;rpapy; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
yf;fof khztiuAk;> ghlrhiy khztiuAk; mjpf khztDk; fz;fhl;rpf;fhd Ntiyfspy;  jpwikfis cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;sTk; ;gilapy; fsup fl;Lk; mDgtk;> Nfhyk; NghLjy;> muq;fk; ; gpukhzk;> muq;f tuyhW Nghd;w gy;NtW tplak; ha;g;gha; mike;jJ. ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;Fk; ,J Xu; fhl;ghl;L uPj pahd mwptpid cilatu;fSf;Fg; ghu;j;J
Ak; kdg; gjptpidAk; ngw tha;g;gspj;jJ.
;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; cyf ehlf jpd tpoh epfo;thdJ pfo;TlNd Muk;gkhdJ. fUj;juq;F cyf ehlf jpd w Muk;gpj;jJ.
q;Fk; 

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rp.n[a;rq;fuk;> “rpWtu; ehlfKk; jkpo; ehlfr; #oYk;” vD mtu;fSk;> “khw;W muq;Fk; ngz;zpaKk;” vDk; ji nksdFU mtu;fSk; fUj;Jiu toq;fpdu;.
1999Mk; Mz;L ,lk; ngw;w fUj;juq;fpy; “kuGk; Nguhrpupau; fh.rptj;jk;gp jsTiuapidAk;> “kuGk; khw jiyg;gpy; Nguhrpupau; Nrh.fpU~;zuh[h mtu;fSk;> “; “kuG khw;wj;j jiyg;gpy; Nguhrpupia rpj;uNyfh nksdFU mtu;fSk; fU
2000Mk; Mz;L “21Mk; E}w;whz;by;  jpU.rp.n[a;rq;fu;> jpU.gh.RFkhu;> ehfypq;fk; (md;Gkzp)> jpUkjp.thRfp n[a;rq;fu; MfpNah
2005Mk; Mz;L cyf ehlf jpd tpohtpy; “21Mk; muq;F Mw;w Ntz;ba gq;F” vDk; jiyg;gpy; fUj;juq;F , ehs; fUj;juq;F ,lk;ngw;wJ. 1Mk; ehs; Nguhrpupau; rp.nks fUj;juq;f mwpKf ciuapid jpU.rp.nIa;rq;fu; mtu;fs jpU. gh. RFkhu; mtu;fs; epfo;j;jpdhh;. fUj;Jiufis jpU. nry;tp. tp[pfyh GtNde;jpud;> jpU. v];. jtuh[h MfpNah
2Mk; ehs; fUj;juq;fpw;F r%ftpQ;Qhdj;Jiw j mtu;fs; jiyikjhq;fpdhu;. mwpKfTiuapid jpU. jpwg;Giuapid Nguhrpupia rpj;uNyfh nksdFU mtu;fS Nf.V.FzNrfud; mtu;fSk; epfo;j;jpdhu;. fUj;Jiufi ujpjud;> jpU. f. tp[aNrfu;> jpU. ,. uhN[e;jpud;> jpU . n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh]; MfpNahu; toq;fpdu;.
nghJthf ghu;f;ifapy; fhy khw;wj;jpd; Nghf;fpy; f vd;gdtw;wpd; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wp Ngrg;gLtjhf ,f;fUj;juq;F
fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj; Jiwapduhy; e jpd tpoh Mw;Wiffs;
1996Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mw;Wiffs; ❖ fz;fhl;rpAk; fUj;juq;Fk;.
▪ “etPd muq;Fk;  “kuGk; khw;wKk; jj;JtNehf;fpy;” vd;w ;zuh[h mtu;fSk;> “; “kuG khw;wj;jpy; ngz;epiy muq;F” vDk; h nksdFU mtu;fSk; fUj;Jiufis toq;fpdu;.
; E}w;whz;by;  jpU.f.rpjk;guehjd;> a;rq;fu;> jpU.gh.RFkhu;> jpU.nt.jtuh[h> jpU.,uh. jp.thRfp n[a;rq;fu; MfpNahu; ciu epfo;j;jpdu;.
hlf jpd tpohtpy; “21Mk; E}w;whz;il vjpu;nfhs;tjpy; Dk; jiyg;gpy; fUj;juq;F ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,j; jiyg;gpy; ,U 1Mk; ehs; Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. jpU.rp.nIa;rq;fu; mtu;fs; epfo;j;jpdhu;. rpwg;Giuapid ;jpdhh;. fUj;Jiufis jpU.,.fpwp];up> jpU.,jpup]; A.P.M, ;> jpU. v];. jtuh[h MfpNahu; toq;fpdu;.
r%ftpQ;Qhdj;Jiw jiytu; jpU.fpU];zNkhfd; ;. mwpKfTiuapid jpU. rp. n[a;rq;fu; mtu;fSk; ;uNyfh nksdFU mtu;fSk; rpwg;Giuapid Nguhrpupau; epfo;j;jpdhu;. fUj;Jiufis jpU. m. tpkyuh[;> jpU. f. pU. ,. uhN[e;jpud;> jpU . N[hd;rd; uh[;Fkhu;> jpUkjp. hu; toq;fpdu;.
hy khw;wj;jpd; Nghf;fpy; fiyfs;> gz;ghLfs;> r%fk; p Ngrg;gLtjhf ,f;fUj;juq;Ffs; fhzg;gl;ld.
z;fiyj; Jiwapduhy; elhj;jg;gl;l cyf ehlf
iffs; ;. kpoh; muq;Fk;” - fyhepjp rp.nksdFU. hlfKk;” - jpU.rp.n[a;rq;fh;. ; ehlfr; #oYk;” - jpU.gh.RFkhh;. ;zpaKk;” - jpUkjp. rpj;jpuNyfh nksdFU.
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1997Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mw;Wiffs; ❖ giwNksf; $j;J ❖ fufk; ❖ Hamlet – Gdpj kpf;Nfy; Mz;fs; cau;jug; ghlrhiy
1998 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mw;Wiffs; ❖ giwNksf; $j;J - fSjhtis Midf;Fl;b FOtpd ❖ fh;zd; Nghh; - fSthQ;rpf;Fb gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupt ❖ gps;is mOj fz;zPh; - te;jhW%iy fdp];l tpj;j ❖ fhl;Lf;Fs;Ns jpUtpoh - fSjhtis kfh tpj;jpahya ❖ xw;Wikapd; rpd;dk; - rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy ❖ Kayhh; Kay;fpwhh; - kfh[dhf;fy;Y}up ❖ njd;Nkhbf;$j;J (my;yp mh;r;Rzh) - fd;dq;Flh $ ❖ Sperading the news - Gdpj rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhi ❖ Hamlet - Gdpj kpf;Nfy; Mz;fs; cah;jug; ghlrhiy ❖ Riders of the sea - Gdpj rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy ❖ tpisahl;L - fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj; Ji ❖ kq;fauha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf - gb fyhr;rhu tl;lk; kl;lf;fs ❖ Mw;iwf; flj;jy; - fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
1999Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mw;Wiffs; ❖ giw Nksf; $j;J - Midf;Fl;b FOtpdh; ❖ tre;jd; $j;J - te;jhW%iy fiyQh;fs; ❖ kfpb - te;jhW%iy fiyQh;fs; ❖ ftp - Miuak;gjp ,uhkfpU~;z tpj;jpahyak; ❖ fufk; - Miuak;gjp kfhtpj;jpahyak; ❖ kdpjd; NjLk; kdpjk; - rpthde;jh tpj;jpahyak; ❖ GOtha; kukhfp - tpNtfhde;jh kfsph; kfhtpj;jpahy ❖ jhAkha; ehAkhdhh; - Gdpj rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhi ❖ Antegone - tpd;rd;l; kfsph; ghlrhiy ❖ Chalk circle - Gdpj rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy ❖ Mad man on the roof - Gdpj rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhi ❖ Othello - Gdpj kpf;Nfy; Mz;fs; cah;jug; ghlrhiy ❖ Muty;yp ehlfk; - fStd;Nfzp ghujp fyhr;rhuf;FO ❖ tPk d; fkyf;fz;zp fy;ahzk; ($j;J) - fSjht
fiyf;FO ❖ Romeo & Juliet - my;gpNahd; mitf;fhw;W fiyf;fof ❖ nfhq;ifj; jP- fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

iffs;
z;fs; cau;jug; ghlrhiy
iffs; htis Midf;Fl;b FOtpdu;
pf;Fb gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpuptpdu; te;jhW%iy fdp];l tpj;jpahyak; fSjhtis kfh tpj;jpahyak; rpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy [dhf;fy;Y}up mh;r;Rzh) - fd;dq;Flh $j;Jf; FOtpdu; j rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy z;fs; cah;jug; ghlrhiy prpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy
iyf;fof Ez;fiyj; Jiw gb fyhr;rhu tl;lk; kl;lf;fsg;G g;gy;fiyf;fofk;
iffs; df;Fl;b FOtpdh; iy fiyQh;fs; yQh;fs; pU~;z tpj;jpahyak;
pj;jpahyak; pthde;jh tpj;jpahyak; hde;jh kfsph; kfhtpj;jpahyak; pj rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy ph; ghlrhiy h ngz;fs; ghlrhiy
pj rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy z;fs; cah;jug; ghlrhiy d;Nfzp ghujp fyhr;rhuf;FO ;ahzk; ($j;J) - fSjhtis ,e;J ,isQh; kd;wf;
; mitf;fhw;W fiyf;fofk; iyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw
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2000 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mw;Wiffs; ❖ giwNksf; $j;J - khkhq;fk; FOtpdh;> gpyhypNtk;G> ❖ giwNks jhsq;fs; - khkhq;fk; FOtpdh; ❖ ,uhk ehlfk;(tlNkhb) - gioa khzth; fyh kd;wk ❖ fhtb - jpUNfhzkiy rz;Kfh tpj;jpahyak; ❖ ek;ikg; gpbj;j gprhRfs; - jpUNfhzkiy NfhNz];t ❖ yl;Rkp - fPi oj; njd;wy; fyh kd;wk; jpUNfhzkiy ❖ eQ;rpdpy; tpisaNth(tPj p ehlfk;) - YMCA kl;lf;fsg;G ❖ nfq;if mk;kd; - fpU];zh fiyf;fofk; GJf;FbapU ❖ epthuzk; - Ez;fiyf;fofk; kl;bf;fop kl;lf;fsg;G ❖ ehlfq;fs; - #upah fyhr;rhuf; FO ❖ khnjhU ghfk; - ehtyb ehkfs; tpj;jpahyak; ❖ ,USk; tpbe;jJ (etPd ehl;Lf;$j;J) - ehfN[hjp fyh ❖ Thakur’s well - tpd;rd;l; kfsph; Njrpa ghlrhiy ❖ Chalk circle - Gdpj rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy ❖ Hamlet - Gdpj kpf;Nfy; Mz;fs; cah;jug; ghlrhiy ❖ Deth is a dream - my;gpNahd; mitf;fhw;W fiyf;fof ❖ mtSf;nfd;W - Ez;fiyj;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fo ❖ jPh;T - Ez;fiyj;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk; ❖ etPd g];kh#ud; - Ez;fiyj;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf
2001 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mw;Wiffs; ❖ giwNksf; $j;J - fSjhtis guRuhkd; FOtpdh; ❖ gz;ghl;L ,ir - fhh;Nky; ghj;jpkhf; fy;Y}up> fy;Kid ❖ fopfk;G - mGrhyp jw;fhg;Gf; FO> VwhT+h; ❖ fgwpq; igyh - Ngfh; xd;wpak;. kl;lf;fsg;G ❖ ,J vkJ gilg;G (tPj p ehlfk;) - #upah ngz;fs; mgpt ❖ fhkd; $j;J - Gjpa gz;ghl;L mspf;iff;FO> nghfte ❖ mUr;Rdd; jgR - Gjpa gz;ghl;L mspf;iff;FO> nghf ❖ nghd;dh; rq;fh; - Gjpa gz;ghl;L mspf;iff;FO> nghft ❖ ehl;lhh; ,ir - Gjpa gz;ghl;L mspf;iff;FO> nghfte ❖ etPd ehlfk; - Gjpa gz;ghl;L mspf;iff;FO> nghfte ❖ jhlif tjk; - ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up> kl;lf;fsg;G ❖ tpthjk; - nrq;fyb kfh tpj;jpahyak; ❖ ghu Kwp tpisahl;L - fSjhtis ,uhkfpU~;z tpj ❖ fpof;fpir (,ir Muk;gk;) - Ez;fiyj;Jiw fpof;Fg;g ❖ The ploug and stars - Gdpj rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy ❖ The truth prevails - kPuh ghypf;fh tpj;jpahyak;> fhj;j ❖ The flightless butterflies - Ez;fiyj;Jiw .fpof;Fg;gy
240

;Wiffs;
;fk; FOtpdh;> gpyhypNtk;G> nty;yhntsp hq;fk; FOtpdh; ioa khzth; fyh kd;wk; kz;^h;
;Kfh tpj;jpahyak; pUNfhzkiy NfhNz];tuh ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up yh kd;wk; jpUNfhzkiy p ehlfk;) - YMCA kl;lf;fsg;G
h fiyf;fofk; GJf;FbapUg;G fk; kl;bf;fop kl;lf;fsg;G uf; FO hkfs; tpj;jpahyak;
l;Lf;$j;J) - ehfN[hjp fyhkd;wk; fsph; Njrpa ghlrhiy ngz;fs; ghlrhiy
;fs; cah;jug; ghlrhiy d; mitf;fhw;W fiyf;fofk; kl;lf;fsg;G
j;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk; of;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk; iyj;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
iffs;
is guRuhkd; FOtpdh; ghj;jpkhf; fy;Y}up> fy;Kid
; FO> VwhT+h; pak;. kl;lf;fsg;G fk;) - #upah ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jp epiyak; l;L mspf;iff;FO> nghfte;jyhit
;ghl;L mspf;iff;FO> nghfte;jyhit ;ghl;L mspf;iff;FO> nghfte;jyhit hl;L mspf;iff;FO> nghfte;jyhit hl;L mspf;iff;FO> nghfte;jyhit
}up> kl;lf;fsg;G pj;jpahyak; jhtis ,uhkfpU~;z tpj;jpahyak; - Ez;fiyj;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
rprpypah ngz;fs; ghlrhiy ghypf;fh tpj;jpahyak;> fhj;jhd;Fb z;fiyj;Jiw .fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
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❖ Vd; ,e;j tpjpNah - kPuh ghypf;fh tpj;jpahyak;> fhj;jhd ❖ ,uhtNzrd; (tlNkhb ehlfk;) - Ez;fiyj;Jiw fp
2002 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mw;Wiffs; ❖ Nksf;fr;Nrup ❖ $j;J ❖ ghlrhiy ehlfk; ❖ rpWth;ehlfk; ❖ kPz ;Lk; njhlq;Fk; kpLf;F - Ez;fiyj;Jiw ❖ NjtNyhf ahid - Ez;fiyj;Jiw ❖ Nksg;Ngr;R - Ez;fiyj;Jiw ❖ tlNkhb njd;Nkhb Ml;l mwpKfk; - Ez;fiyj;Ji ❖ Tears of the child - Ez;fiyj;Jiw> Mq;fpy Nghjdh
2004 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mw;Wiffs; ❖ giwNks kj;js Kof;fk;
2005 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mw;Wiffs; ❖ giw Nksf;$j;J - fSjhtis guRuhkd; FO ❖ thstPk d; ehlfk; (njd;Nkhb) - fz;zfp fiyf;fof ❖ rPij #g;gdif tij (kPS Uthf;fpa tlNkhb $j;J fiyf;fofk;> %d;whtJ fz; cs;@h; mwpT jpwd; nr ❖ Ntz;lhk; vd;W nrhy;fpd;Nwhk; (tPj p ehlfk;) - %d;wht
nraw;ghl;Lf;FO ❖ fz;zp ntb ftdk; kf;fhs; - nrq;fyb kj;jpa fy;Y}u ❖ Njla kq;fyk; (eldk;) - Rthkp tpGyhee;j ,ir eld ❖ eld ehlfk; - Rthkp tpGyhee;j ,ir eldf; fy;Y}up ❖ ,irf;Nfhyq;fs; - Rthkp tpGyhee;jh ,ir eldf; fy ❖ Gjpjspj;jy; ebg;G (Improvisation Acting) - Ez;fiyj;J ❖ vtlk; vtlk; - ,uz;lhk; tUl Ez;fiyj;Jiw ❖ Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd; - %d;whk; tUl Ez;fiyj;Jiw ❖ murdpd; tUif - ehd;fhk; tUl Ez;fiyj;Jiw ❖ ,ir ehlfk; (mupr;re;jpu kahd fhz;lk;) - ,uz;lhk; ❖ FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L - Ez;fiyj;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fo ❖ yak; - Ez;fiyj;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
nghJthf Nehf;Fifapy; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof gy;NtW tifg;gl;l fiy epfo;Tfis Kd;ndLj;J tU jpfo;fpd;wJ.
,J njhlu;ghd Gifg;glq;fs; ,Wntl;Lf;fs; gj;jpupi Nghd;w Mtzq;fs; fl;Liu rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; NghJ vd;dh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ypf;fh tpj;jpahyak;> fhj;jhd;Fb hlfk;) - Ez;fiyj;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
iffs;
;F - Ez;fiyj;Jiw
;fiyj;Jiw ;Jiw
mwpKfk; - Ez;fiyj;Jiw
yj;Jiw> Mq;fpy Nghjdh gpupT
iffs; ;
iffs; is guRuhkd; FO hb) - fz;zfp fiyf;fofk;> fd;dq;Flh PS Uthf;fpa tlNkhb $j;J) - kl;lf;fsg;G rPyhKidf;
z; cs;@h; mwpT jpwd; nraw;ghl;Lf;FO ;Nwhk; (tPj p ehlfk;) - %d;whtJ fz; cs;@h; mwpTj;jpwd;
hs; - nrq;fyb kj;jpa fy;Y}up
thkp tpGyhee;j ,ir eldf; fy;Y}up hee;j ,ir eldf; fy;Y}up tpGyhee;jh ,ir eldf; fy;Y}up on Acting) - Ez;fiyj;Jiw tUl Ez;fiyj;Jiw
; tUl Ez;fiyj;Jiw k; tUl Ez;fiyj;Jiw ahd fhz;lk;) - ,uz;lhk; tUl Ez;fiyj;Jiw
;Jiw fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk; pof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
py; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;JiwahdJ o;Tfis Kd;ndLj;J tUfpd;w xU fy;tp epWtdkhf
;fs; ,Wntl;Lf;fs; gj;jpupiff;Fwpg;Gf;fs; miog;gpjo;fs; ku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; NghJ vd;dhy; toq;fg;gLk;.
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kl;lf;fsg;gpy; cUthd FWk;glq;f
mtw;wpDila Nghf;FfSk;
,d;W etPd njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tpUj;jpAk; mtw;wpd midj;Jr;nraw;ghLfspYk; CLUtpAs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf msg;ghpajhf mikfpd;wJ. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; rpwe;j nt 1895y; Lumiere rNfhjuh;fspdhy; rpwe;j ntspg;ghl;Lr; r gpd;dh; jkpo;ehl;by; td;ikahd Clfkhf 1931,y; nraw;ghLfspD}lhf ,e;jpar;rpdpkhf;fNs ,yq;if jkpo; #oy; fhzg;gl;likapdhy; jkpopy; rpdpkhf;fspid ja mw;w epiyapNyNa ,yq;ifj;jkpo;r; #oy; fhzg;gl;lJ. jkpo;rpdpkh jahhpf;fg;gLtJld; 1962> 1963,y; r% FWk;glq;fSk; ntsptUfpd;wd.
fhydpj;Jt> gpd;fhydpj;Jt mjNdhL ,ize;j c kf;fis etPd njhopy;El;gj;jpid EfUk; xU Efh;Tg ,jdhy; vq;fs; Njit> jpwd; vd;gtw;wpid njhopy;E ,izj;Jf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W rpe;jpg;ghuw;w epiyapNyN gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw njhopy;El;gk; vd;gd rfykl;lq;fspdhYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gL mjd; gad;ghL jPt pukilaj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. gpur;rpidfspidg; NgRtij ngUk;ghd;ikahfj; jt Kjd;ikahff;nfhz;L Ngrpte;j ,e;jpar;rpdpkhf;fspi #oy; cUthfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; vq;fs; milahsq;fs rhh;e;J rpe;jpf;fNtz;ba #oy; cUthFtJld; khw;Wr Nky;vOfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJjhd; FWk;glq;fspid jahhpf
,t;thwhdnjhU #o;epiyapy;jhd; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk czug;gl;L kl;lf;fsg;G r%fj;jpd; gy;NtWgl;l neUf;fb e ,yf;fpak;> Xtpak;> ehlfk; Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf ntspg;gLj rpj;jhpf;fpd;w GjpakuG 21 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy njhopy;El;gk; rhh;e;Njh> mur Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; rhh;e;Nj jdpg;gl;lth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l Kaw;rpapd; mbg;gilapy fUjhJ Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w ,r;nraw;ghLfs

f;fsg;gpy; cUthd FWk;glq;fSk;
mtw;wpDila Nghf;FfSk;
eNlrd; ee;jFkhh;
j;jpd; tpUj;jpAk; mtw;wpd; tphpthd Nghf;FfSk; ekJ CLUtpAs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf rpdpkhtpy; mjd; jhf;fk; 0k; E}w;whz;bd; rpwe;j ntspg;ghl;Lr;rhjdkhd rpdpkh hy; rpwe;j ntspg;ghl;Lr; rhjdkhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L ahd Clfkhf 1931,y; ghpzkpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa dpkhf;fNs ,yq;if jkpo; rpdpkhtpid Mf;fpukpf;fpd;w kpopy; rpdpkhf;fspid jahhpg;gjw;fhd  1963,y; r%jhak;> Njhl;lf;fhhp Nghd;w d.
t mjNdhL ,ize;j cyfkakhf;fy; nraw;ghLfs; ;jpid EfUk; xU Efh;Tg;gz;lkhf cUthf;fpAs;sJ. d; vd;gtw;wpid njhopy;El;gr;nraw;ghl;bDs; vt;thW rpe;jpg;ghuw;w epiyapNyNa ehk; njhopy;El;gq;fis whk;. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; fkuhtpd; ghtid> q;fspdhYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w #oypy; ,yq;ifapYk; laj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. ,JtiufhyKk; kf;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahfj; jtph;j;J tpahghuNehf;fj;jpid pte;j ,e;jpar;rpdpkhf;fspid kf;fs; epuhfhpf;fpd;w y; vq;fs; milahsq;fs;;> gpur;rpidfs;;> ,Ug;Gf;fs; y; cUthFtJld; khw;Wr;rpdpkh njhlh;ghd rpe;jid d; FWk;glq;fspid jahhpf;fpd;w #oy; cUthfpaJ.
yapy;jhd; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; FWk;glq;fspd; jhw;ghpak; ;jpd; gy;NtWgl;l neUf;fb epiyikfis ftpij> ehty;> d;wtw;wpD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jpa kuGld; rpdpkhtpD}lhf ; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; cUthfj;njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. r Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; rhh;e;Njh ve;j MjuTfSk; ,d;wp Kaw;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; vt;tpj ,yhgj;jpidAk; tUfpd;w ,r;nraw;ghLfs; ftdpg;gpw;Fhpajhfpd;wd.
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mj;Jld; mit$wtUk; nra;jpfSk; NgRnghUs;fSk ve;jsTJ}uk; nghUj;jg;ghLilajhf mikfpd;wnj r%fkf;fspd; tho;tpaYld; ,ize;jpUg;gjidAk; ,t Kidfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf ,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; kl;lf;fsg jdpj;Jtj;jpidAk; vt;thW Kd;nfhz;L nry;yg;Ngh rpe;jidia nfhLg;gjhfTk; ,J miktJld; vjph;fhy j cUthf;fk;ngw;w FWk;glq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;f tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
gpuNjr mwpKfk;
kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrk; vd;gJ gy;ypd kf;fspd; ,izg;g vd;gNjhL> flYk; MWk;Nrh;e;j xU fsg;Gg;gpuNjrkhF jdpahd xU tuyhw;Wg;ghuk;ghpak; cz;L. gjpag;gl;l tuy fh;zguk;giuf; fijfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;> kfhtk;rk; Kjypa E}y;fspD} Kbfpd;wJ.
Guhjd kl;lf;fsg;G NjrkhdJ tlf;Nf ntUfyhW ejpapidAk; vy;iyfshff; nfhz;l ngUepyg;gFjp kl;l jw;NghJ ,J JiwePy htizAld; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ r%f mikg;gpid epykhdpa mikg;gpd; ngauhy; mio Vf;fh; gug;Gs;s tpisr;ry; epyq;fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L Kf;fpa njhopyhf ,Ug;gjhy; tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahf mikg;Ng ,q;F tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. MapDk; Mq;fpNyah;fs mfr;rpijTfspid Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL kj;jpaju th;f;fj;jpd mz;bAk; ,lk;ngwj;njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,it gy;NtW ,lk;ngw;wit vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
20k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l etPd fy;tpf;n Clfq;fspd; tUif ahTk; njhopy;El;gNehf;F hPj pahd ,JtiufhyKk; nwhapw;wh; Nghd;w ngUepWtdq;fsp Digital njhopy;El;gk; midj;J jug;gpdUf;Fk; nrd;wil gPw ;whfkuhf;fspid gad;gLj;jpte;j ngUk;Kjyhspfs; ,d tplaq;fspid FWk;glq;fspD}lhf NgRfpd;w #oy; cU gutyhf;fk; rQ;rpiffs;> gapw;rpg;gl;liwfs; %ykhf mwpK FWk;gl jahhpg;gpw;fhd #oy; cUthfpd;wJ. ,r;re;jh;g;gj;j %ykhf fij> jpiuf;fij vOJtjw;fhd jpwik fhz rhh;e;J gpuNahfpf;fpd;w> gad;gLj;Jfpd;w mwpTfSk;> re;j kl;lf;fsg;gpDila FWk;glr;nraw;ghLfs; nkJthf ,g;gpd;Gyj;jpD}lhfNt kl;lf;fsg;G FWe;jpiug;glr; n Ntz;bAs;sJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

a;jpfSk; NgRnghUs;fSk; kl;lf;fsg;G r%fr;#oypy; ilajhf mikfpd;wnjd;gjidAk; kl;lf;fsg;G ize;jpUg;gjidAk; ,t; Mtzg;gLj;jy; ntspg;gLj;j Uk; fhyq;fspy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; milahsg;gLj;jiyAk;> Kd;nfhz;L nry;yg;Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd;gjw;fhd xU J miktJld; vjph;fhy jiyKiwapdh; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd xU nraw;ghlhfTk;
gy;ypd kf;fspd; ,izg;gpid nfhz;like;j gpuNjrk; ;e;j xU fsg;Gg;gpuNjrkhFk;. MapDk; kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F hpak; cz;L. gjpag;gl;l tuyhW njspthf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; rg;NgLfs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G G+h;t rhpj;jpuk;> k;rk; Kjypa E}y;fspD}lhf ,jid mwpe;Jnfhs;s
hdJ tlf;Nf ntUfyhW njhlf;fk; njw;Nf FKf;fd; fhz;l ngUepyg;gFjp kl;lf;fsg;G Njrkhf tpsq;fpaJ. Ald; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;Nghija kl;lf;fsg;gpd; mikg;gpd; ngauhy; miof;fyhk;. gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd ;fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;s kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tptrhaNk tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epykhdpa r%f J. MapDk; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; tUif rKjha kl;lj;jpy; NjhL kj;jpaju th;f;fj;jpd; cUthf;fk; efuq;fspid fpd;wJ. ,it gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; hdjhFk;.
papy; Vw;gl;l etPd fy;tpf;nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; ntF[d njhopy;El;gNehf;F hPj pahd rpe;jidfSf;F tpj;jpl;ld. Nghd;w ngUepWtdq;fspd; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;Jte;j ;J jug;gpdUf;Fk; nrd;wila ngUepWtdq;fspD}lhf> pte;j ngUk;Kjyhspfs; ,dq;fhl;lj;jtwpa> NgrKw;glhj }lhf NgRfpd;w #oy; cUthfpd;wd. ,t;thwhdnjhU ;rpg;gl;liwfs; %ykhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; Uthfpd;wJ. ,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; thrpg;Gf;fs; ciuahly;fs; OJtjw;fhd jpwik fhzg;gl;lNj jtpu njhopy;El;gk; Lj;Jfpd;w mwpTfSk;> re;jh;g;gq;fSk; ,y;yhj #oypNy r;nraw;ghLfs; nkJthf cUthfj;njhlq;Ffpd;wd. f;fsg;G FWe;jpiug;glr; nraw;ghl;bid Ghpe;Jnfhs;s
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,d;W tiuAk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;LtUk; FWe;jpiug;g kj;jpapy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghl;Lj;jskhf mik jug;gpdUk; ,ize;J Mf;fG+h;tkhd nraw;ghL ,JtiufhyKk; Ngrj;jtwpa> NgrNtz;ba tplaq;f kl;lf;fsg;G r%fj;jpw;Fk;> Vida gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; nghU ntspg;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jKilajhFk;.
Mtzg;gLj;jypy; cs;sPh;f;fg;gLk; tplak;
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; cUthf;fk; ngw;w FWk;glq;fs cs;shf;Fk;NghJ rpy tplaq;fspid fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sj FWk;glq;fspid Neumbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jk; Nghf;F ,q;F 30 epkplj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhf jahhpf;fg;gl;l FWk fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;Mtzg;gLj;jy; xU kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpidr; rh kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpid ikakhff;nfhz;L jahhpf fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F c jpiug;glj; jzpf;ifr;rigapd; mDkjpapid ngw nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Vnddpy; kl;lf;fsg;Gr; #oypy; F Nghf;F jw;NghJjhd; XusTf;F gutyhf;fkilaj; njhl ntspahfpAs;s midj;J FWk;glq;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gLf
MapDk; kl;lf;fsg;Gr; #oypid nghWj;jtiuapy; nraw;ghl;by;  jahhpg;G> %yf;fij> ,af;Fdh fijr;RUf;fk; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd
Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLk; FWk;glk; gw;wpa tpguk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jpiug;glr;nraw;ghLfs; vd;gJ Digital nj gpd;dh; Muk;gkhfpd;wd. kl;lf;fsg;G Njw;whj;jPT gpuNjrj ,af;fj;jpYk;> vOj;JUtpYk; 1995k; Mz;L Gijay; vd xU epkplj;jpidAk; nfhz;ljhd KOePs g;glk; ntspte;J FWk;glk; my;yhtpl;lhYk; mf;fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w Kf;f Fwpg;gplNtz;bAs;sJ. MapDk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; FWe;jpi 2000Mk; Mz;LfSf;F gpd;dNu Muk;gkhfpd;wd.
gpsTfs; - 2002
2002y; Fine Arts Creation Clhf 25 epkplq;fs vDk; FWk;glk; kl;lf;fsg;gpidr; Nrh;e;j NjtmNyh

f;fg;gl;LtUk; FWe;jpiug;glr; nraw;ghLfs; ,isQh;fs; nraw;ghl;Lj;jskhf mikfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; midj;J f;fG+h;tkhd nraw;ghLfspid Kd;ndLg;gNjhL > NgrNtz;ba tplaq;fspid Kd;ndLg;gjD}lhf da gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; nghUj;jKila FWk;glq;fspid
ajhFk;.
Ph;f;fg;gLk; tplak;
;fk; ngw;w FWk;glq;fspid Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F ;fspid fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sjy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf lapy; tifg;gLj;Jk; Nghf;F cs;sJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; l;ljhf jahhpf;fg;gl;l FWk;glq;fspidNa gpujhdkhf ,t;Mtzg;gLj;jy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpw;Fs; sg;G gpuNjrj;jpidr; rhh;e;jth;fspd; gilg;Gf;fSk; kakhff;nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gl;litfSk; gpujhdkhf ,t;Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F cs;sPh;f;fg;gLk; FWk;glq;fs; pd; mDkjpapid ngw;wpUj;jy; vd;gJ fUj;jpy; ; kl;lf;fsg;Gr; #oypy; FWk;glq;fspidj; jahhpf;Fk; f;F gutyhf;fkilaj; njhlq;fpapUg;gjhy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; k;glq;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
oypid nghWj;jtiuapy; fhj;jpukhd FWe;jpiug;glr; ;nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; kw;Wk; jq;fsJ gpur;rpidfspid> ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vDk; Nehf;fpy;  %yf;fij> ,af;Fdh;> xspj;njhFg;G> glj;njhFg;G> ;fs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
k;glk; gw;wpa tpguk;
;ghLfs; vd;gJ Digital njhopy;El;gj;Jld; 1990fspd; f;fsg;G Njw;whj;jPT gpuNjrj;ij Nrh;e;j eh.NahNfe;jpud; 1995k; Mz;L Gijay; vd;fpd;w xU kzpj;jpahyaKk; hd KOePs g;glk; ntspte;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,J f;fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghlhf ,jid k; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; FWe;jpiug;glr; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpg;ghf Nu Muk;gkhfpd;wd.
Clhf 25 epkplq;fspid nfhz;ljhf gpsTfs; pidr; Nrh;e;j NjtmNyhrpa]; mth;fspd; vOj;JU>
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,af;fj;jpy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. jahhpg;G: Mh;.utPe ;jp fkNf. ,jDila jpiuf;fij kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rhjp mi gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;w Xh; tplak;. ,jid mbg;gilahff; fy;tpgapYk; cah;rhjp ngz;Zf;Fk; Kbntl;Lk; nj mikg;gpy; cs;s MZf;Fk; ,ilNa cUthFk; fhj Mdhy; ,UtUf;Fk; rhjpaikg;G jilahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. v ntspNawp jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;Nthkh vd cj;Njrpf;fpw
,J mth;fSf;F jtwhf mika mt;,isQd; jd ngz;izf; fhjypg;gjhf njhptpf;fpwhd;. Mdhy; mt rhjp vd;d? vq;fsJ rhjp vd;d? ehd;Ngha; mth;fs Ngha; ngz;Nfl;gjh vd jd; kfdplk; Kuz;gl;Lf; nfh je;ij RftPdKw;W ,Uf;Fk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; jd; kf tpLf;fpwhh;. eP fhjypj;j ngz;zpd; gps;isf;F ,z vd;d tur;nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhq;f Mdh vd;dhy NghfKb nra;Jtpl;Lth vdf; $Wfpwhh;. Mdhy; me;j ,isQNd vd;d ntl;fk; vdf;$wpf;nfhz;L Kbntl;Lk; nghUl;f nry;tjhf jpiuf;fij mikfpd;wJ. xU ,isQDf;F kdg;Nghuhl;lkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gjidNa ,J NgrKw;g
,wf;if - 2004
2004 ,y; 25 epkplq;fspid nfhz;ljhd ,w jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. %yf;fij : ghkh> ,af;fk; : vk;.I.I rdy; I (>hfpdp). kl;lf;fsg;gpDila Aj;j r%f mi rpijTf;Fk;> ,og;gpw;Fk; cs;shf;fpaJ.) ,jd;mbg;gilapy jhapidAk; ,oe;j rpWtid ikakhff;nfhz;L ja mk;kk;khtpd; mutizg;gpy; thOk; rpWtid ghlrhiy jq;fpepd;W fy;tp fw;Fk; rpWtd; mjd;ghy; ehl;lkd;wp , fy;tpfw;f itf;fNtz;Lk; vDk; ehl;lk; nfhs;Sk; Mr nry;fpd;wJ.
fpr;rhd; - 2005
2005 ,y; Naithal Media Vision cUthf;fj;jpy; kl ,yq;if kw;Wk; rh;tNjr msTfspy; jpiuaplg;gl;lJk;> Ngrg fpr;rhd; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. 26 epkplq;fspid nfhz;l ,f hpah]; mfkl; (mk;hpjh Vak;) vd;gthpd; “fpU];zgps njhFjpapypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. jahhpg;G : fhiu.F.tpf;Nd] ,af;fk;: m.tpky;uhI;> xspg;gjpT: jah #hpahuhr;rp> gl jpYg;gzrphpae;j> y~;kprq;fh;> ghyd;. ,ir cjtp: b.rpy
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pd;wJ. jahhpg;G: Mh;.utPe ;jpud;> xspj;njhFg;G: Nghjpyhy; j kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rhjp mikg;G vd;gJ kpf ,Wf;fkhf ;. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ;Zf;Fk; Kbntl;Lk; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rhjp ; ,ilNa cUthFk; fhjYk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. g;G jilahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. vdNt ,UtUk; tPl ;iltpl;L hs;Nthkh vd cj;Njrpf;fpwhh;fs;.
mika mt;,isQd; jdJ mg;ghtplk; jhd; cah;rhjp jhptpf;fpwhd;. Mdhy; mtdJ je;ijNah mth;fsJ vd;d? ehd;Ngha; mth;fsplk; me;j cah; kdpjdplk; ; kfdplk; Kuz;gl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;whh;. ,Wjpapy; mtdJ k; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; jd; kfdplk; xU Ntz;LNfhis z;zpd; gps;isf;F ,z;ilf;F jiyKb vLg;gjw;F ;f Mdh vd;dhy NghfKbahJ ePNgha; me;j fhhpaj;j ;. Mdhy; me;j ,isQNdh rhjpapy; jho;e;j vq;fSf;F z;L Kbntl;Lk; nghUl;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L mtd; fpd;wJ. xU ,isQDf;Fs; rhjpaikg;G vt;thwhd
vd;gjidNa ,J NgrKw;gLfpd;wJ.
;fspid nfhz;ljhd ,wf;if vDk; FWe;jpiug;glk; j : ghkh> ,af;fk; : vk;.I.IhgPh; (vd;.Mj;kh)> (jahhpg;G : g;gpDila Aj;j r%f mikg;G gy;NtW tplaq;fspid hf;fpaJ.) ,jd;mbg;gilapy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; je;ijapidAk;> d ikakhff;nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. jdJ ; thOk; rpWtid ghlrhiyapy; Nrh;g;gJk; tpLjp xd;wpy; d; mjd;ghy; ehl;lkd;wp ,Ug;gJk; mtid vg;gbahtJ Dk; ehl;lk; nfhs;Sk; MrphpaUk; vd fij njhlh;e;J
Vision cUthf;fj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJk; fspy; jpiuaplg;gl;lJk;> Ngrg;gl;lJkhd FWe;jpiug;glkhf pkplq;fspid nfhz;l ,f;FWk;glj;jpw;fhd %yf;fij: ;) vd;gthpd; “fpU];zgps;is” tpyq;Ffspd; elj;ij jahhpg;G : fhiu.F.tpf;Nd];tud;. jpiuf;fij> trdk;> jpT: jah #hpahuhr;rp> glj;njhFg;G: kQ;Rsh eprhe;j> ;> ghyd;. ,ir cjtp: b.rpy;th> ghly;: Afghujp> rpd;ik.
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fiytbtikg;G: FyuhI; Nghd;Nwhhpd; ,izg;ghy; c rpWth; chpik njhlh;ghfTk;> rpWth; J];gpuNahfk ,f;FWk;glk;. 1990fspy; ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jhy; jk mjdhy; jdJ je;ijia ,of;Fk; rpWtd; jdJ F nry;fpwhs; jha;. mjd; epkph;j;jk; jdJ mk;kk;khtpd; Jiz FLk;gr;#oy; fhuzkhf ghlrhiyf;fy;tpia fw;fKbahj rpw;Wz;br;rhiyapy; njhopYf;fhf mkh;j;jg;gLfpd;whd;. Jd;gfukhd rk;gtq;fspid vLj;Jf;fhl;LtNjhL Aj;jfhy ,f;FWk;glk; NgrKidfpd;wJ. rpwe;jnjhU jpiuf;fij X kpfTk; Ngrg;gl;l xU FWk;glkhfNt ,J tpsq;Ffpd tpk;gk; rh;tNjr tpUJtpohtpy; rpwe;j FWk;glk;> rpwe;j vO fpilf;fg;ngw;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;.
Gfyplk;> Ghpjy; - 2005
2005y; SIM jahhpg;gpy; thior;Nrid kPuhNthilapi mth;fspd; vOj;JUtpYk;> ,af;fj;jpYk; Gfyplk; vDk; F kPuh> xspg;gjpT: v];.vk;.V. fhjh;> glj;njhFg;G: Visual Di K];Bd; Nghd;Nwhhpd; gq;fspg;gpy; cUthfpd;wJ. FLk;gngz ikakhff;nfhz;L ntspehLfSf;F gilnaLf;fpd;w #o fy;tp> ghrk;> mutizg;G tsh;g;GKiw vd;gd v vd;gjid Kd;dpWj;jp K];yPk ; r%fj;jpid ikakh nghWg;gw;wKiwapy; elf;Fk; khkd; mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;g fijapy; Mjutspf;Fk; Mrphpah;> filf;fhuh; vd kdpjNea Roy;fpwJ. ,tuhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ,d;ndhU FWk;glkhf Gh kPd;gpbf;fr;nry;tJk; mtd; mq;F toikahf kPd;gpbg;g mjdhy; jhd; jdpahfnrd;W ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpy;; kPd ;gpb mr;rpWtDf;Fs;s Mw;wypidAk;> jd;dk;gpf;ifapid mikfpd;wJ.
fpof;F thdk; - 2006
2006 ,y; Fine Arts Creation Clhf NjtmNyhrpa ,af;fj;jpYk; 22 epkplq;fspid nfhz;ljhd fpof;F ntsptUfpd;wJ. xspj;njhFg;G: cjaFkhh;> glj;njhF nry;tFkhh;. ,J ngz;zpak; rhh;e;j ciuahliyj; jUtj r%fj;jpid ikakhff;nfhz;L flw;njhopYf;fhff; flYf;F jhf;Fjypy; kuzkila md;whl tUkhdj;jpid ek;gpa rpj;jhpg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. fztid ,oe;jngz; j cUthf;Ftjw;fhf tPl ;LNtiyfs; nra;J jdJ md;whltho mtsJ r%fk; mts; gw;wpa gpw;Nghf;fhd vz;zq;fs
246

hd;Nwhhpd; ,izg;ghy; cUthf;fk; ngw;wNj fpr;rhd;. k;> rpWth; J];gpuNahfk; njhlh;ghfTk; NgRfpd;wJ q;if ,uhZtj;jhy; jkpoh;fs; ifJnra;ag;gLtJk; of;Fk; rpWtd; jdJ FLk;gnghWg;gpw;fhf ntspehL ; jdJ mk;kk;khtpd; JizAld; thOk; rpWtd; mtdJ iyf;fy;tpia fw;fKbahj #oy; cUthf gy;fiyf;fof ;fhf mkh;j;jg;gLfpd;whd;. mq;F mtd; mDgtpf;Fk; Lj;Jf;fhl;LtNjhL Aj;jfhy kl;lf;fsg;G r%fj;jpidAk; . rpwe;jnjhU jpiuf;fij Xl;lj;jpd; Clhf mf;fhyj;jpy; lkhfNt ,J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jw;F 2005k; Mz;L ; rpwe;j FWk;glk;> rpwe;j vOj;JU vd;gtw;wpw;F tpUJfs; ;f tplakhFk;.
hior;Nrid kPuhNthilapid Nrh;e;j KifjPd; `]d; f;fj;jpYk; Gfyplk; vDk; FWk;glk; cUthfpd;wJ. fij: jh;> glj;njhFg;G: Visual Dimersion, jahhpg;G: fhtj;jKid ;gpy; cUthfpd;wJ. FLk;gngz;fs; nghUshjhu Nehf;fpid fSf;F gilnaLf;fpd;w #oypy; mth;fsJ gps;isfspd; tsh;g;GKiw vd;gd vt;thW tPz bf;fg;gLfpd;wJ ;yPk ; r%fj;jpid ikakhff;nfhz;L ntsptUfpd;wJ. khkd; mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; ngz; vd;Wk; njhlUk; h;> filf;fhuh; vd kdpjNea tl;lj;jpid Nehf;fp Gfyplk; ;l ,d;ndhU FWk;glkhf Ghpjy; mikfpd;wJ. xU rpWtd; q;F toikahf kPd ;gpbg;gth;fshy; tpul;lg;gLfpd;whd; ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpy;; kPd ;gpbf;fpwhd;. ,f;fij efh;thdJ dAk;> jd;dk;gpf;ifapidAk; ntspg;gLj;JtjhfNt
on Clhf NjtmNyhrpa];rpd; vOj;JUthf;fj;jpYk;> pid nfhz;ljhd fpof;F thdk; vDk; FWk;glk; g;G: cjaFkhh;> glj;njhFg;G: tpdp tPbNah> ,ir: rhh;e;j ciuahliyj; jUtjhfNt mikfpd;wJ. flw;fiu ;L flw;njhopYf;fhff; flYf;Fr;nry;Yk; xUth; fz;Nthl;bd; ;whl tUkhdj;jpid ek;gpapUe;j mtdJ FLk;gj;jpid ztid ,oe;jngz; jdJ gps;isfis tsh;j;J fs; nra;J jdJ md;whltho;it fopg;gjidr; Rl;LtNjhL gpw;Nghf;fhd vz;zq;fspid nfhz;bUg;gjidAk;
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,J NgRfpd;wJ. ,f;FWk;glj;jpD}lhf Fwpg;ghf kl;lf;fs jiyikj;Jt FLk;gq;fshf ,Ug;gjidAk; mwpaKb 2006y; ,yq;ifapy; rpwe;j FWk;glj;jpw;fhd jkpopay Fwpg;glj;jf;fjhFk;.
nghpags;sp Ng];,khk; - 2007
2007 ,y; fhj;jhd;Fbiar; Nrh;e;j ukP] ; vd;gt vd;fpd;w FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. K];yPk ; gz fyhr;rhuj;jpid xl;bajhdjhfNt mikfpd;wJ. vq;fsJ ryitj;njhopyhspfs; Nghd;W K];yPk;fs; kj;jpap Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; gps;is gpwe;jTld; Nkw;nf taJfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xd;whf khwj;njhlq;Ffpd;w ek;gpapUe;j r%fmikg;gpdh; jq;fsJ nghUshjhuj;jpi tUlq;fspw;F fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; mth;fSf;F V NgRtjhf mikfpd;wJ.
Mj;kNeak; - 2008
2008y; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw jahhpf;fg;gl;l 3FWk;glq;fs; ntsptUfpd;wJ. Kjyhtj MfpNahhpd; ,af;fj;jpy; 7 epkplq;fspid nfhz FWk;glk; ntsptUfpd;wJ. glj;njhFg;G: Nkhfd; (AV fz;ghh;itaw;w tpNrlNjitAila xU khztd; gy gy;fiyf;fof tphpTiuf;fhf jdJ nts;isg;gpuk;gpd; cj mtd; nry;Yk; topapy; mq;F fy;tpfw;Fk; khzth;fSk; mf;fiwAk; nfhs;shky; mtidfle;J nry;fpwhh;fs;. xU flg;gjw;fhf fhj;Jf;nfhz;L epw;fpwhd;. Mdhy; mtDf;F ,Wjpapy; mtDf;F cjTtJ rhpahf elf;fKbahj ,d xUkhztNd mtDf;F cjTfpd;whd;. ,JNt jpiuf;fi J}a;ikahd Xh; ,jak;” vd;gij czh;j;Jtjhf mikf
tha;g;Gfs; - 2008
,uz;lhtjhf V.kNf];tud; kw;Wk; v];.gj;kehjd epkplq;fspid nfhz;l tha;g;Gfs; vDk; FWk;glk; j glj;njhFg;G: Nkhfd; (AV njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahf];j Mq;fpyghl tphpTiuapid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F tphpTiuahs nry;fpwhh;. Mdhy; khzth;fNsh mtiuf;fz;lTld; xo kz;lgj;jw;F nry;fpwhh; mq;F khzth;fs; vtUk; ,d;w jdJ tphpTiu Neuk; KbAk; tiuAk; fhj;jpUe;Jtpl;L f
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;jpD}lhf Fwpg;ghf kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpy FLk;gq;fs; ngz; ,Ug;gjidAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,f;FWk;glj;jpw;F FWk;glj;jpw;fhd jkpopay; tpUJ fpilf;fg;ngw;wik
7
biar; Nrh;e;j ukP] ; vd;gtuhy; nghpags;sp Ng];,khk; g;gl;Ls;sJ. K];yPk ; gz;ghl;by; xd;whd Rd;dj;J Nt mikfpd;wJ. vq;fsJ r%fmikg;gpy; KbjpUj;Jdh;> ;W K];yPk;fs; kj;jpapy; cs;s Rd;dj;Jrlq;F gps;is gpwe;jTld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,J gpd;dh; 10>12 xd;whf khwj;njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,j;njhopiyNa ; jq;fsJ nghUshjhuj;jpid 12 ;bapUg;gjhy; mth;fSf;F Vw;gLk; nghUshjhu rpf;fypid
f;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw khzth;fs; gapw;rpnewpapy; ntsptUfpd;wJ. Kjyhtjhf rpthIp kw;Wk; kpd;ndhsp epkplq;fspid nfhz;ljhd Mj;kNeak; vDk; lj;njhFg;G: Nkhfd; (AV njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahf];jh;) Aila xU khztd; gy;fiyf;fof tpLjpapy; ,Ue;J dJ nts;isg;gpuk;gpd; cjtpAld; ele;J nry;fpd;whd;. fy;tpfw;Fk; khzth;fSk; mk;khztidg;gw;wp vt;tpj dfle;J nry;fpwhh;fs;. xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; mtd; tPj pia pw;fpwhd;. Mdhy; mtDf;F ahUk; cjTtjhf ,y;iy. rhpahf elf;fKbahj ,d;DnkhU tpNrlNjitAila fpd;whd;. ,JNt jpiuf;fij jUk; nra;jpahFk;. “Njit j czh;j;Jtjhf mikfpd;wJ.
ud; kw;Wk; v];.gj;kehjd; ,Uthpd; ,af;fj;jpy; 5 ;g;Gfs; vDk; FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahf];jh;) ,jDila jpiuf;fij w;nfhs;tjw;F tphpTiuahsh; tphpTiu kz;lgk; Nehf;fp sh mtiuf;fz;lTld; xope;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;. tphpTiu khzth;fs; vtUk; ,d;wp kz;lgk; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ; tiuAk; fhj;jpUe;Jtpl;L ftiyAld; ntspNaWfpwhh;.
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,t;thwhf ,f;FWk;glk; mikfpd;wJ. tha;g;Gfs; fdpe;J czug;gLtjpy;iy Njitfs; czug;gLk;NghJ........ mikfpd;wJ.
fw;gJ ,g;gpbAkh - 2008
%d;whtjhf R.tre;jd;> b.fhaj;jphp MfpNahhpd; , nfhz;ljhd fw;gJ ,g;gpbAkh vDk; FWk;glk; jahh Nkhfd; (AV njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahf];jh;) E}yfj;jpy; Gj Tuite vOJfpwhs; xU khztp. Mdhy; Vida khzth;fNs ghh;j;J vOjp tphpTiuahshplk; xg;gilf;fpd;whh;fs;. mq;F thq;fp vOjpatUf;Nfh mg;ngz;iztpl mjpfGs;sp fpi xUtplaj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;s gyNgh; mjpy; tho;e;Jnfhz tho;tpy; vk;NkhL ,ize;Js;s kdpjh;fspd; ntspg ,k;%d;W glq;fSk; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;J
jz;zPh; - 2009
2009 ,y; Naithal Media Vision cUthf;fj;jpy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fij> jpiuf;fij> trdk;> ,af;fk; m #hpahuhr;rp> glj;njhFg;G: ney;rd;> ,ir: fhtpad;> fiytb gq;Fnfhs;sypy; 20 epkplq;fspid nfhz;ljhf ntspt mDkjpf;fg;gLk; rpWtdJ fle;jfhy rk;gtq;fNs tay;ntspfspd; Nrw;wpDs; ez;gh;fSld; tpisahLtJk gad;gLj;JtJk;> mt;ePi u mUe;JtJkhf fhl;rpfs; rpj epiyf;F js;sg;gLfpd;whd;. ,r;rk;gtq;fspD}lhfNt fi Rj;jkhd FbePi ug; gUFtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid N ,f;FWk;glk; mikfpd;wJ.
rhk;gy; - 2010
2010y; KifjPd; `]dpd; vOj;JUthf;fj;jpYk;> ,af;f ntspahfpAs;sJ. ,J ghlrhiy nry;Yk; rpWtd; mtdJ FL fhuzkhf Nghijt];Jf;F mbikg;gLtij rpj;jhpg;gjhf ,Wjpapy; rhk;gyhfNt nry;Yk; vd;gjid ,J vLj;Jf;fhl gilg;ghf kdpjd; te;jhd; vDk; FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd %yf;fijapypUe;J ,J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. ,U tisak; cU ikakhff;nfhz;L mtuJ jpiuf;fijapy; rpWth;fs mth;fsJ ge;J gQ;rh; Mfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,U FOtpdUf;F rpj;jhpf;fg;gLtNjhL gpd;dh; gpioapid nra;jth; gpio #oypy; Mj;khh;j;jkhd czh;T mth;fspilNa gfpug;gLt
248

fpd;wJ. tha;g;Gfs; fdpe;J tUk;NghJ mjd; Njitfs; s; czug;gLk;NghJ........ vDk; nra;jpia jUtjhf
b.fhaj;jphp MfpNahhpd; ,af;fj;jpy; 9 epkplq;fspid kh vDk; FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. glj;njhFg;G: pNahf];jh;) E}yfj;jpy; Gj;jfq;fspid Njb f\;lg;gl;L Mdhy; Vida khzth;fNsh mtsJ Tuite ,id thq;fp ; xg;gilf;fpd;whh;fs;. mq;F me;jngz;zpd; Tuite ,id z;iztpl mjpfGs;sp fpilf;fpd;wJ. xUth; f];lg;gl;L yNgh; mjpy; tho;e;Jnfhz;L nry;fpwhh;fs;. ,J vq;fsJ ;Js;s kdpjh;fspd; ntspg;gLj;jy;fis rpj;jhpf;fpd;wJ.
y;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiw jahhpg;GfshFk;.
Vision cUthf;fj;jpy; jz;zPh; vDk; FWk;glk; uf;fij> trdk;> ,af;fk; m.tpky;uhI;. xspj;njhFg;G: jah d;> ,ir: fhtpad;> fiytbtikg;G: FyuhI; MfpNahhpd; pid nfhz;ljhf ntsptUfpd;wJ. itj;jparhiyapy; fle;jfhy rk;gtq;fNs jpiuf;fijahf efh;fpd;wJ. ;gh;fSld; tpisahLtJk;> mRj;jkhd ePN uhilapid Ue;JtJkhf fhl;rpfs; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;L capiu ,of;Fk; r;rk;gtq;fspD}lhfNt fijaikg;gpid rpj;jhpg;gNjhL d; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l tifapy;
; vOj;JUthf;fj;jpYk;> ,af;fj;jpYk; rhk;gy; vDk; FWk;glk; nry;Yk; rpWtd; mtdJ FLk;gr;#oypd; jdpikg;gLj;jy; bikg;gLtij rpj;jhpg;gjhf ,J mikfpd;wJ. Gifg;gJ ; vd;gjid ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,thpd; kw;WnkhU k; FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. it.m`kj; vd;gthpd; l;ljhFk;. ,U tisak; cUl;Lk; rpWth;fspd; fijapid jpiuf;fijapy; rpWth;fs; fphpf;fl; tpisahLk;NghJ . ,jdhy; ,U FOtpdUf;FkpilNa tUk; Kuz;ghLfs; pioapid nra;jth; gpioapid xj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;w xU ;T mth;fspilNa gfpug;gLtij ,J ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
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ehDk; - 2010
2010 ,y; fSthQ;rpFbia Nrh;e;j eh.tpIajh]pd; vO glj;njhFg;G Mfpatw;wpd; ,izg;ghy; 3 epkplq;fspid FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. je;ij nra;fpd;w xt;nthU ,ize;J nra;Ak; kfd; xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; je;ij Gi f;Ffpd;wNghJ kfd; ehDk; vd Nfl;fpwhd; ,JNt , mikfpd;wJ. ,jid mtuJ FWk;glj; jahhpg;gpd; Muk;g
mk;kh - 2011
2011 ,y; Fine Arts Creation Clhf NjtmNyhrpa ,af;fj;jpYk; mk;kh vDk; FWk;glk; 20 epkplq;fspidf; xspj;njhFg;G: ee;jNfhghy; kw;Wk; gfPujd;> glj;nj ,ir:nry;tFkhh;. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; neUf;fbkpf;f Aj;j r%f jtWjyhd nra;jpg;ghpkhw;wk; Vo;ikahd FLk;gj;j mikfpd;wJ. mjhtJ kfid gbg;gpj;J xU ey;yepiyf;F kNdhgyj;Jld; tsh;f;Fk;jha; mtid efh;g;Gw khzth; t Nrh;f;fpwhs;. mq;F fy;tpfw;WtUk; Ntisapy; mtdJ jha #l;bw;F ,yf;fhtNjhL mth;fsJ ,Ug;gplk; jPa pl;L nfhO RftPd Kw;wpUg;gjhff; fbjk; %yk; jfty; mwpe;J tPL Neh jdJ jhapd; epiyapidf; fz;L kpfTk; kdepiy ghjpf;f mtDf;fhd rpfpr;irfs; eilngWtJkhfj; jpiuf;fij m
tPud; - 2011
2011 ,y; Fine Arts Creation Clhf mnyf;]; Njt jahhpg;gpYk;> Njt mNyhrpa]; mth;fspd; ,af;fj;jpYk; 20 tPud; vDk; FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhd xspj;n Nfhgp ukzd;> ,ir: nry;tFkhh;. Gyk;ngah; kf;fspd; Kw;gLfpd;wJ. tPudJ mf;fh mOjthW tPl;bw;Fs; tUfpd ez;gh;fs; mtis fpz;ly; nra;jikNa fhuzk;. ,ji eilngw;w ,lk;Nehf;fp nry;fpwhd; tPud;. mq;F jdJ mf;fh Kuz;gl;L rz;ilapLfpd;whd;. mq;F mth;fshy; jhf;fg tPud;. xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; tPudJ FLk;gj;jpdh; midtUk; fd Mdhy; tPl;ilf; ftdpg;gjw;fhf tPuid khj;jpuk; tpl;Lr;nr tPud; jdJ tPl;by; jq;fpapUf;Fk; Ntisfspy; jdJ ez;gh;fs; tPuidj; jhf;fpr; nry;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; mtdJ mf;fiwAk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; ntspehLfspy; nrhFrhf NgRtjhfj; jpiuf;fij mikfpd;wJ. ,j;jpiuf;fija nra;jp  f ,yq;ifapypUe;J Gyk;ngah;e;J nrd;w jkpoh;fs; ,q;F
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Nrh;e;j eh.tpIajh]pd; vOj;JU> ,af;fk;> xspj;njhFg;G> zg;ghy; 3 epkplq;fspidf; nfhz;ljhd ehDk; vDk; je;ij nra;fpd;w xt;nthU nray;fspidAk; je;ijAld; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; je;ij Gifgpbg;gjw;fhf rpful;bid J} vd Nfl;fpwhd; ,JNt ,f;FWk;glk; jUk; nra;jpahf FWk;glj; jahhpg;gpd; Muk;g Kaw;rpfshf Fwpg;gplKbAk;.
n Clhf NjtmNyhrpa];rpd; vOj;JUthf;fj;jpYk;> k;glk; 20 epkplq;fspidf; nfhz;ljhf ntsptUfpd;wJ. kw;Wk; gfPujd;> glj;njhFg;G: ikf;fy; bgPw;wh;];> pd; neUf;fbkpf;f Aj;j r%fmikg;gpidg; NgRtjhfTk; ; Vo;ikahd FLk;gj;jpid ghjpf;fr;nra;tjhfTk; gbg;gpj;J xU ey;yepiyf;F cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; ; mtid efh;g;Gw khzth; tpLjp xd;wpy; jq;fpg;gbg;gjw;fhf Uk; Ntisapy; mtdJ jha; ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; Jg;ghf;fpr; sJ ,Ug;gplk; jPa pl;L nfhOj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;Ntis jha; yk; jfty; mwpe;J tPL Nehf;fp kfd; tUfpd;whd;. mq;F ;L kpfTk; kdepiy ghjpf;fg;gl;ltdhf mtd;khWtJk; ngWtJkhfj; jpiuf;fij mikfpd;wJ.
on Clhf mnyf;]; NjtuQ;rd; mth;fspd; vOj;JU> mth;fspd; ,af;fj;jpYk; 20 epkplq;fSf;Fs; cl;gl;ljhd ;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhd xspj;njhFg;G: gfPujd;> glj;njhFg;G: khh;. Gyk;ngah; kf;fspd; vz;zg;ghl;bid typAWj;j OjthW tPl ;bw;Fs; tUfpd;whs; fhuzk; mtsJ tFg;G ra;jikNa fhuzk;. ,jid jl;bf;Nfl;gjw;fhf tFg;G hd; tPud;. mq;F jdJ mf;fhit fpz;ly; nra;jth;fSld; ;. mq;F mth;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;L fhaq;fSld; tUfpwhd; Lk;gj;jpdh; midtUk; fdlh Nehf;fp Gyk;ngah;fpd;wdh;. f tPuid khj;jpuk; tpl;Lr;nry;fpd;wdh;. ,r;re;jh;g;gq;fspy; f;Fk; Ntisfspy; jdJ mf;fhtpw;fhf rz;ilapl;l y;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; mtdJ FLk;gNkh tPud; gw;wp vt;tpj ; ntspehLfspy; nrhFrhf tho;e;J nfhz;bUg;gjidg; kfpd;wJ. ,j;jpiuf;fijapy; kiwKfkhf NgrtUk; py; jq;fis mh;g;gzpj;J> f\;lg;gl;Lg; NghuhLfpd;wNghJ ;J nrd;w jkpoh;fs; ,q;F Nghuhbath;fs; gw;wp vt;tpj
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rpe;jidAk; ,d;wp mq;F nrhFrhf tho;e;Jnfhz;bUg;gi xU rpe;jidiaf; nfhLg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ.
Kw;Wg;Gs;sp - 2011
2011 ,y; Nfhgpukzdpd; fij> jpiuf;fij> ,af;fk ahtw;wpd; ,izg;gpy; 7 epkplq;fspidf; nfhz;l K jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 2011 ,y; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w f ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fij mikfpd;wJ. khiyNeu nry;tjw;fhf Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; epw;fpd;wdh;. fpwP] ;k nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdepidj;J midtUk; Nrh;e;J xU mjhtJ xU Mz; ngz; cilapid mzpe;Jnfhz;L f ,lj;jpy; nry;fpwhd;. fpwP] ;kdpjNdh ele;Jnry;tJ ng gpbf;fpwhd;. mr;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; me;j,isQd; tprpy; mbj fpwP] ;kdpjid klf;fpgpbg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. ‘tpNtfk; vDk; njhdpg;nghUspidg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Mir - 2012
2012 ,y; Fine Arts Creation Clhf NjtmNyhrpa];rpd nfhz;ljhd Mir vd;fpd;w FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ bgPw ;wh;]; ,J xU ngz;;zpak; rhh;e;j fijf; fUthfNt ngz; jdJ je;ijahy; vt;thW fl;Lg;gLj;jYf;F gpd;dh; ,sk;ngz;zhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ jdJ mz;zd cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;whs; vdTk; gpd;dh; jpUkzkhfpa gpd;d vd fztdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhs; ,jd;NghJ mts; xU ehDk; xU kdpjh; vdf;Fk; rpy Mirfs;> ghrq;fs; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; mt;thW vd;id Ghpe;Jnfhz;l vd fbjk; xd;wpid vOjptpl;L mts; tPl ;iltpl;L nt fij efh;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;FWk;glk; ,yq;ifapy; fye;Jnfhz;L ntw;wpngw;wnjd;gJk; Fwpg;glj;jf;fJ.
vd; caph; ez;gd; - 2012
2012 ,y; kl;lf;fsg;gpidr; Nrh;e;j NtZjudpd; glj;njhFg;G Mfpatw;wpd; ,izg;gpy; 19 epkplq;fspidf; n vDk; FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;iwa kl;lf;fsg;Gr ,isQh;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhiyapid nra;a J}z;Ltjw;Fhp ntspg;gLj;j Kidfpd;wJ. (jdJ fhjYf;fhf jdJ ez fUj;jpaiy ,J nfhLf;fpd;wJ. ,U fy;Y}hp ez;gh;fs; xU fhjYf;F mtdJ ez;gd; ,ilA+whf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,Ueg rz;il vjph;ghuhjtpjkhf mth;fs; kuzkila> jhd; , mikNtd; vd vz;zp mth;fisf; flypy; J}f;fpg;Ng mwpe;j ,we;jth;fsJ ez;gd; njhiyNgrpapy; mtd Ngrp Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpw;F nfhiynra;j mtdJ ez;g
250

rhf tho;e;Jnfhz;bUg;gij Rl;LtNjhL mth;fSf;fhd mikfpd;wJ.
; fij> jpiuf;fij> ,af;fk;> xspj;njhFg;G> glj;njhFg;G kplq;fspidf; nfhz;l Kw;Wg;Gs;sp vDk; FWk;glk; ; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w fpwP] ; kdpjd; nraw;ghl;bid mikfpd;wJ. khiyNeuj;jpy; tFg;G Kbe;J tPl ;bw;F ;fs; epw;fpd;wdh;. fpwP] ;kdpjd; gpur;ridf;F VjhtJ midtUk; Nrh;e;J xU jpl;lkpl;L KbntLf;fpd;wdh;. lapid mzpe;Jnfhz;L fpwP] ;kdpjd; elkhl;lk; cs;s pjNdh ele;Jnry;tJ ngz; vd epidj;J mtid me;j,isQd; tprpy; mbj;J midtiuAk; mioj;J f mikfpd;wJ. ‘tpNtfk; ey;yJ td;Kiw Ntz;lhk;’ jpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Clhf NjtmNyhrpa];rpd; ,af;fj;jpy; 2 epkplq;fspid Wk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. glj;njhFg;G> ,ir: ikf;fy; k; rhh;e;j fijf; fUthfNt mikfpd;wJ. rpWtajpy; t;thW fl;Lg;gLj;jYf;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpwhs; vd;Wk; ;Fk;NghJ jdJ mz;zdhy; vt;thW fl;Lg;gLj;jYf;F ; gpd;dh; jpUkzkhfpa gpd;dh; Ntiyf;Fr; nry;yf;$lhJ fpwhs; ,jd;NghJ mts; xU fbjk; xd;wpid vOJfpwhs; ; rpy Mirfs;> ghrq;fs; ,Uf;F vd;idAk; ePq ;fs; hW vd;id Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhy; vd;idj; NjbthUq;fs; pl;L mts; tPl ;iltpl;L ntspNaWfpwhs;. ,t;thwhfNt ;FWk;glk; ,yq;ifapy; eilngw;w FWk;gltpohtpy; d;gJk; Fwpg;glj;jf;fJ.
r; Nrh;e;j NtZjudpd; fij> jpiuf;fij> ,af;fk;> g;gpy; 19 epkplq;fspidf; nfhz;ljhd vd; caph; ez;gd; ;wJ. ,d;iwa kl;lf;fsg;Gr; #oypy; fhjy;> kJ Nghd;wit pid nra;a J}z;Ltjw;Fhpa fhuzpfshf khwpapUg;gij jdJ fhjYf;fhf jdJ ez;gidf; nfhiy nra;fpd;w . ,U fy;Y}hp ez;gh;fs; xU ngz;iz fhjypg;gJk; jdJ lA+whf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,Uegh;fSf;FkpilNa eilngWk; h;fs; kuzkila> jhd; ,e;jf; nfhiyf;F fhuzpahf h;fisf; flypy; J}f;fpg;Nghl;L tpLfpd;whd;.) ,jid d; njhiyNgrpapy; mtdJ fhjyp NgRtJ Nghd;W hiynra;j mtdJ ez;gid tutioj;J mtidf;
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nfhiynra;fpd;whd;. jdJ caph; ez;gid ,oe;j Nr ikakhff;nfhz;L jpiuf;fij efh;fpd;wJ. fhl;rpa flw;fiu> tPjp> tPL vdr; nry;fpd;wJ. jpiug;glj;jpd; fh Xustpw;F xOq;fhf mikag;ngw;wpUg;gpDk; fijapDi r%fj;jpw;F ve;jsT nghUj;jg;ghLilaJ vd;fpd;w mikfpd;wJ. ,r;rk;gtj;jpd; nraw;ghL nfhiyapi fhuzpahfTk; mikayhk;. vt;thwhapDk; $wte $wpr;nry;tjhf mikfpd;wJ.
vdf;Fs; xUtd; - 2012
2012 ,y; kl;lf;fsg;G fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof th;j;jf K 25 epkplq;fspid nfhz;ljhd vdf;Fs; xUtd; F ,f;FWk;glj;jpd; fij: Mh;.fpNrh> ,af;fk;: f.Rjd;> glj;njh ,izg;ghy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. gy;fiyf;fofj jpiuf;fij njhlh;fpd;wJ. gy;fiyf;fof tho;f;i ,d;gJd;gq;fspidg; gfph;e;Jnfhs;s gyNgh; ez;gh;fshf jhd; Nrh;e;J $bj;jphpAk; ez;gh;fisj;jtpu NtWahUk; ,
,e;epiyapy; jdJ ez;gh;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; ngz jdf;Fkl;Lk; ,y;iy vd;fpd;w Vf;fKk;> jtpg;Gk; Fl;b Fl;bapd; ftiyapid jPh;g;gjw;F mtdJ ez;gd; xUn cUthf;fp Fl;bAld; chat gz;Zfpwhd;. jd;id xU czh;fpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; mitahTk; gadw;Wg;Nghf jw;n nry;fpd;wJ. ,Wjpapy; jw;nfhiyf;Fr; nrd;w Fl;bia mtd Mdhy; fhg;ghw;wpa ez;gd; ,wf;fpd;whd;. ,Wjpapy; ele;j c fhjyhy; el;ig ,oe;jth;fs; cz;L. Mdhy; el;ghy; f vd;w nra;jpiaj; jUtjhf ,f;FWk;glk; mika Gjpag kdg;Nghuhl;lq;fSk; vq;fis xd;wpf;fr;nra;fpd;wd.
gh];khf;]; - 2012
2012 ,y; 13 epkplq;fspid nfhz;ljhd gh]; khf;] Nrtpah; mth;fspd; jahhpg;gpy; cUthfpd;wJ. vOj;JU> ,af J~he;> FU> rpe;J> fiytbtikg;G: nry;tFkhh; Nghd;Nw ghPl ;irapy; vg;gpbahtJ gh];khf;]; ngw;wplNtz;Lk; vd xU ghlrhiy khztDk; mJ gw;wpa vz;zKk;> rpe;ji Kiwapy; jphpAk; mtDila ez;gh;fSk; vd ,jDi efh;fpd;wJ.
nfhs;is - 2012
2012 ,y; kl;lf;fsg;gpidr; Nrh;e;j ez;gh;fspd 16 epkplq;fspidf; nfhz;ljhd nfhs;is vDk; ,f;FWk;glj;jpd; vOj;JU> ,af;fk;: nwhrhd;> glj;njhFg
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

caph; ez;gid ,oe;j Nrhfj;jhy; nfhiy nra;tij ij efh;fpd;wJ. fhl;rpapDila fsq;fs; fy;Y}hp> ;fpd;wJ. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rp Neh;j;jp> jahhpg;G vd;gd ;ngw;wpUg;gpDk; fijapDila fU jw;fhy kl;lf;fsg;G j;jg;ghLilaJ vd;fpd;w Nfs;tpia vOg;Gtjhf ; nraw;ghL nfhiyapid nra;aj;J}z;Ltjw;Fhpa vt;thwhapDk; $wte;j nra;jpia mf;fiyQd; .
;Fg;gy;fiyf;fof th;j;jf Kfhikj;JtgPl khzth;fshy; hd vdf;Fs; xUtd; FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rh> ,af;fk;: f.Rjd;> glj;njhFg;G: NIhfpjh]; Nghd;Nwhhpd; Wfpd;wJ. gy;fiyf;fofj;jpid ikakhff;nfhz;Nl gy;fiyf;fof tho;f;ifapy; gyUf;F jq;fsJ fhs;s gyNgh; ez;gh;fshf ,Ug;ghh;fs; Mdhy; rpyUf;F h;fisj;jtpu NtWahUk; ,Uf;fkhl;lhh;fs;.
;gh;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; ngz; ez;gpfs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; ;w Vf;fKk;> jtpg;Gk; Fl;bapd; fijahf mikfpd;wJ. w;F mtdJ ez;gd; xUngz;zpd;ngahpy; Face BooK ;Zfpwhd;. jd;id xU ngz;fhjypf;fpwhs; vd Fl;b ahTk; gadw;Wg;Nghf jw;nfhiy nra;tjhf jpiuf;fij yf;Fr; nrd;w Fl;bia mtdJ ez;gd; fhg;ghw;Wfpd;whd; f;fpd;whd;. ,Wjpapy; ele;j cz;ikfs; njhpatUfpd;wJ. cz;L. Mdhy; el;ghy; fhjiy ,oe;jth;fs; ,y;iy f;FWk;glk; mika Gjpagilg;GfSk; GjpaKaw;rpfSk;
xd;wpf;fr;nra;fpd;wd.
d nfhz;ljhd gh]; khf;]; vDk; FWk;glk; gpuhd;]p]; Uthfpd;wJ. vOj;JU> ,af;fk;: tp.jphp~hd;> glj;njhFg;G: kg;G: nry;tFkhh; Nghd;Nwhhpd; njhFg;ghf mikfpd;wJ. hf;]; ngw;wplNtz;Lk; vd mr;rpe;jidahfNt thOk; J gw;wpa vz;zKk;> rpe;jidAk; ,y;yhky; nghWg;gw;w ez;gh;fSk; vd ,jDila fij jpiuf;fijA+lhf
dr; Nrh;e;j ez;gh;fspd; ,izg;ghy; Rajahhpg;gpy; ;ljhd nfhs;is vDk; FWk;glk; ntsptUfpd;wJ. af;fk;: nwhrhd;> glj;njhFg;G: guzp> ,ir: nre;J}ud;.
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mz;ikf;fhykhf ,yq;ifapYk; Fwpg;ghf kl;lf mT];Nuypah nry;tnjd;gJ eilngWfpd;w Xh;tplak vd;gJld; njhlh;GgLj;jp ,f;FWk;glj;jpw;fhd jpiuf;fi jq;ifapd; capiuf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf jdJ fpl;dpia t mt;,isQd; xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; gzj;Jld; nry;Yk; nra;ag;gl;L nfhiy nra;ag;gLfpd;whd;. ,jw;F fhuzk ez;gd; mT];Nuypah nry;Yk; Mirapy; jdJ ,d;Dnk ez;gidf; nfhiynra;J mg;gzj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfh ifJnra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gLtjhf fij mi VkhWgth;fSk; vk;KlNdNa ,Ug;gjhf mjdJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; epyTfpd;w nfhs;is> rl;ltpNuhjkhf ntspe r%fg;gpur;rpidahf ,dq;fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.
ehDk; xU jha; - 2012
2012 ,y; kl;lf;fsg;gpidr; Nrh;e;j Nfhth;j;jdpd; vO ngw;wNj 11 epkplq;fspidf; nfhz;l ehDk; xUjha; Kw;WKOjhf ,e;jpahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lNjhL ,e;jpaf; f ntspte;jjhFk;. ,e;jpa ,af;Fdh; ghYkNfe;jpu lhf ntspte;jpUg;gpDk; kl;lf;fsg;gpid Nrh;e;jthpd Mtzg;gLj;jypDs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jahhpg;G: nIauhI;> xspg;gjpT: fhh;j;jp> fij: Nkdfh Nghd;Nwhh; g fh;g;gkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mts; mDgtpf;Fk; Jd;gq;fs;> f Fwpg;ghf fztdhYk; czh;e;Jnfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy itj;J ghh;f;fpd;w #oy; cz;L. ,t;tplag;nghUspid vt;thwhd czh;TfisAk;> Jd;gq;fspidAk; mD tplag;nghUspid xU jpiuf;fijNahl;lj;jpD}lhf $wK tPl;LNtiyfspYk;> nraw;ghLfspYk; jd;id ,iz fijapd; KbT mikfpd;wJ.
typ - 2012
2012 ,y; kl;lf;fsg;gpidr; Nrh;e;j J~p vd;gthpd; ,af;fj;jpy; 11 epkplq;fspidf; nfhz;ljhd typ vDk; F ghly;: fhp> glj;njhFg;G: epNwh> J~p. fy;tpfw;W gl;ljh xU ,isQdpd; fijapidNa ,f;FWk;glk; NgRfpd;w xU njhopy; fpilf;fhjjd; tpuf;jpAk;> vj;jidNah Nt vJTk; gyd; juhj#oypy; ,dp tho;tjpy; mh;j;jkpy;i mUe;Jfpwhd;. mt;Ntis njhiyNgrp %ykhd miog;G tUfpd;wJ. mLj;jfzNk mtd; capiu tpL nghUj;jkhd fij vd;Nw $wKbAk;. Vnddpy; mtd;fw
252

fapYk; Fwpg;ghf kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; rl;ltpNuhjkhf eilngWfpd;w Xh;tplakhFk;. ,jidf; nfhs;is Wk;glj;jpw;fhd jpiuf;fij mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jdJ tjw;fhf jdJ fpl;dpia tpw;W gzk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ;jpy; gzj;Jld; nry;Yk; Ntisapy; gzk; gwpKjy; Lfpd;whd;. ,jw;F fhuzk; mtNdhL ,ize;jpUe;j ; Mirapy; jdJ ,d;DnkhU ez;gd; topahf mtdJ g;gzj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL ,Wjpapy; mth;fs; ilf;fg;gLtjhf fij mikfpd;wJ. Vkhw;Wgth;fSk;> a ,Ug;gjhf mjdJ nra;jp mikfpd;wJ. ,J ;is> rl;ltpNuhjkhf ntspehL nry;yy; Nghd;wtw;wpid ;b epw;fpd;wJ.
r; Nrh;e;j Nfhth;j;jdpd; vOj;JU> ,af;fj;jpy; cUthf;fk; nfhz;l ehDk; xUjha; FWk;glkhFk;. ,f;FWk;glk; hhpf;fg;gl;lNjhL ,e;jpaf; fiyQh;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpy; ,af;Fdh; ghYkNfe;jpuhtpd; gapw;rpg;gl;liwapD} ;lf;fsg;gpid Nrh;e;jthpd; gilg;ghf ,Ug;gjhy; ,t; lf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jahhpg;G: gj;kehjd;> glj;njhFg;G: fij: Nkdfh Nghd;Nwhh; gq;nfLj;Js;sdh;. xU ngz; ; mDgtpf;Fk; Jd;gq;fs;> f\;lq;fspid Mz;fshYk;> h;e;Jnfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy. mjid xU Gweilapy; ;L. ,t;tplag;nghUspid xU Mz;fh;g;gkhf ,Ue;jhy; ;> Jd;gq;fspidAk; mDgtpf;f NehpLfpd;wJ vDk; ;fijNahl;lj;jpD}lhf $wKw;gLfpwhh;. ,Wjpapy; mtsJ LfspYk; jd;id ,izj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fztdhf
r; Nrh;e;j J~p vd;gthpd; fij> jpiuf;fij> xspg;gjpT ; nfhz;ljhd typ vDk; FWk;glk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. h> J~p. fy;tpfw;W gl;ljhhp fy;tpapid epiwTnra;j Na ,f;FWk;glk; NgRfpd;wJ. jhd; fy;tpfw;Wk; jdf;F puf;jpAk;> vj;jidNah NtiyfSf;F tpz;zg;gpj;Jk; dp tho;tjpy; mh;j;jkpy;iy vd;W vz;zp eQ;rpid njhiyNgrp %ykhd njhopypy; ,iztjw;fhd zNk mtd; capiu tpLfpwhd;. jw;fhyr; #oYf;Fg; KbAk;. Vnddpy; mtd;fw;w fy;tp mtid jw;nfhiy
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nra;tjw;Fhpa rpe;jidapidj;jhd; nfhLj;jNj jtpu #oypid nfhLf;ftpy;iy. fhuzk; vq;fsJ fy;tpK gpur;ridfspypUe;J tpLgLtjw;Fkhd Kiwika jhq;fKbahj kdpjh;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gijN czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. jpwe;jntspfSk;> flw;fiur;#oYk; F mikfpd;wJ.
KbT
kl;lf;fsg;G r%fr;#oypy; FWe;jpiug;glr;nraw;ghL , Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w xd;whfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. M KOtPr;rpYk; KOg;ghpzhkj;jpYk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wj juj;jpw;Fhpajhf mikfpd;wjh ? vd;gJ tpkh;rdj;jpw;F MapDk; ,JtiufhyKk; FWe;jpiug;glr; nraw;ghl;by ftdpg;gpw;FhpajhFk;. KOePs glq;fspD}lhf NgrKbahj t lhf NgrKidfpd;wNghJ mit td;ikahdjhfNt m gpuNjrj;jpy; fkuh> njhopy;El;g ghtid njhlh;ghf ehq; #oy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
Vnddpy; rpdpkhj; njhopy;El;gj;jpidg; gpujh FWk;glq;fs; miktjhy; mjpy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;J cyfkakhjy; nraw;ghL kdpjiu kdpjh; md;dpag;gL js;Sfpd;w epiyapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; jdpj;Jtj;jpid tplaq;fspidAk; NgrNtz;baJ FWe;jpiug;glr; n flikahfpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Nghh;f;fhy r%f mik #oypYk; gy;NtW tplaq;fs; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpg; NgrN ,jw;F FWe;jpiug;glr; nraw;ghLfNs nghUj;jkhd Clfk nghOJNghf;Fr; rpdpkhtpw;Fs; jq;fis mwpahky; jpzpf ,f;FWk;glq;fspD}lhf vt;thW vq;fsJ r%fk; rhh nry;yg;Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd;gJ vk;kj;jpapy; cs;s ghhpa rt ehq;fs; nraw;gLtNjhL fkuh njhopy;El;gq;fs; rh FWe;jpiug;glr; nraw;ghl;by;  tjw;Fkhd Kiwikapid tpLj;J vijAk; thf;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gijNa ,f;FWk;glk; kiwKfkhf pfSk;> flw;fiur;#oYk; FWk;glk; efUk; fsq;fshf
; FWe;jpiug;glr;nraw;ghL ,d;W gutyhf vy;NyhuhYk; fNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; FWk;glq;fs; mjd; pYk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gJk; mit rpdpkhtpd; h ? vd;gJ tpkh;rdj;jpw;F cs;shf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. We;jpiug;glr; nraw;ghl;by;  mtw;wpd; j;Jf; nfhz;ljhfNt Mtzg;gLj;jypd; tplaq;fs; k;glq;fspd; ,Wtl;Lf;fs; ghtidf;F cjthjitahf ; tpguq;fspid KOikahf juKbatpy;iy vd;gjidf; tpguq;fspid KOikahf ngWtjpy; 

Page 268
Mz;L FWk;glj;jpd; ngah; Neuk; ,
2002 gpsTfs; 25 epkplk; Nj
2004 ,wf;if 30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; vk
2005 fpr;rhd; 26 epkplk; m
2005 Gfyplk; 30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; K
2005 Ghpjy; 30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; K
2006 fpof;Fthdk; 22 epkplk; Nj
2007 nghpags;sp Ng]; ,khk; 30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; uk
2008 Mj;kNeak; 3 epkplk; rpt
2008 tha;g;Gfs; 5 epkplk; V.
2008 fw;gJ ,g;gpbAkh 9 epkplk; R.
2009 jz;zPh; 20 epkplk; m
2010 ehDk; 3 epkplk; eh
2010 rhk;gy; 30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; K
2010 kdpjd; te;jhd; 30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; K
2011 mk;kh 20 epkplk; Nj
2011 tPud; 20 epkplk; Nj
2011 Kw;Wg;Gs;sp 7 epkplk; Nf
2012 Mir 2 epkplk; Nj
2012 vd; caph; ez;gd; 19 epkplk; Nt
2012 vdf;Fs; xUtd; 25 epkplk; f.
2012 gh]; khf;]; 13 epkplk; t
2012 nfhs;is 16 epkplk; nw
2012 ehDk; xU jha; 11 epkplk; Nf
2012 typ 11 epkplk; J
254

h; Neuk; ,af;Fdh;
25 epkplk; NjtmNyhrpa];
30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; vk;.I.IhgPh; (vd;.Mj;kh)
26 epkplk; m.tpky;uhI;
30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; KifjPd ; `]d;
30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; KifjPd ; `]d;
22 epkplk; NjtmNyhrpa];
hk; 30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; ukP] ;
3 epkplk; rpthIp> kpd;ndhsp
5 epkplk; V.kNf];tud;> v];.gj;kehjd;
9 epkplk; R. tre;jd;> jp.fhaj;jphp
20 epkplk; m. tpky;uhI;
3 epkplk; eh. tpIajh];
30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; KifjPd ; `]d;
30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; KifjPd ; `]d;
20 epkplk; NjtmNyhrpa];
20 epkplk; NjtmNyhrpa];
7 epkplk; Nfhgpukzd;
2 epkplk; NjtmNyhrpa];
19 epkplk; NtZjud;
25 epkplk; f. Rjd;
13 epkplk; tp. jphp~hd;
16 epkplk; nwhrhd;
11 epkplk; Nfhth;j;jdd;
11 epkplk; J~p
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fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Ez;fiyj;Jiw rhu;e;j r ,Wjpahz;L khztu;fs; rku;g;gpj;j 1996-2008 Ma;Tf; fl;L gpd; gl;lg; gbg;G newp gapd;w khztu;fs; rku;g;gpj;j Nguha;T fl;L
tpguq;fisAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
1986 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj nraw;ghLfs; 1992 ,ypUe;J Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ez;f 1992 ,ypUe;J Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;dhspy; ehlfKk tpNrl fw;if newp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpNrl fw;if newpia ,Wjp Mz;by; jl;lr;R tbtpy; 100 gf;fj;jpw;Ff; Fiwahj (Dissertation) rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ez;fiyj; Jiwapy; t njhFjp khztu;fs; 1997,y; ntspNaWfpd;wdu;.
1999 fspy; gl;lg; gbg;G newpfs; (M.A,M.Phil,Ph.D.) M khztu;fSk; Nguha;Tf;; fl;Liufs; (Thesis) rku;g;gpj;jdu Vwj;jho 80 ngUk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; khzhf;fuhy; rku fl;Liufspy; 90 tpfpjkhdit Fwpg;ghf ,yq;if jkpou; khfhzj; jkpou; gz;ghl;bYk; nra;ag;gl;litahFk;. nrYj;JkhW khztu;fSf;F MNyhridfs; toq;fg;gl;l
,t;tha;Tfs; Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> fl;blk;> mitf;F Mw ,ir> eldk;), fpuhkpaf; fiyfs; rlq;Ffs;> Nfhtpy;fs epiy kf;fs; fiyfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW nghUs;fspy; nra;a
gl;lg;gbg;G khztu;fspd; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; cs;sdthapDk; KiwapaYf;$lhf Ma;T nra;ag; g nra;ag;gl;likapdhy; ngWkjp kpf;f juTfisf; nfhz;Ls NkYk; Ma;T nra;gtu;fSf;F kpFe;j Jiz Guptd.
gl;lg;gbg;G khztu;fspd; Nguha;Tf;fl;Liufs, gl;likapdhy; kpfg; gpuNahrdkhdit. ,t;tha;Tf; fl mwpKfg;gLj;jYk; kpf mtrpakhFk;.
1996 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 2009 Mk; Mz;L t Ez;fiyj;Jiw tpNrl fw;if khztu;fs; (BA Hons ) rk jiyg;Gf;fSk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;LfSk;,
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;fofj;jpd; Ez;fiyj;Jiw rhu;e;j rpwg;Gg; gl;lnewp ; rku;g;gpj;j 1996-2008 Ma;Tf; fl;LiufisAk;
(Dissertation) hztu;fs; rku;g;gpj;j Nguha;T fl;LiufisAk;
(Thesis)
mtw;wpd; tpguq;fisAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
rp. nksdFU
;l fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Ez;fiyj; Jiwapd; uk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ez;fiyapy; tpNrl fw;ifnewpfs; pd;wd. gpd;dhspy; ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; vd;w ghlj;jpy; l;lJ. tpNrl fw;if newpiag; gpd;gw;Wk; khztu;fs; jkJ ; 100 gf;fj;jpw;Ff; Fiwahj xU ngUk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu k;. Ez;fiyj; Jiwapy; tpNrl fw;ifnewp gapd;w Kjy; tspNaWfpd;wdu;.
ewpfs; (M.A,M.Phil,Ph.D.) Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. mjpw; gapd;w iufs; (Thesis) rku;g;gpj;jdu.; 1997 ,ypUe;J 2008 tiu ;Liufs; khzhf;fuhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tha;Tf; Fwpg;ghf ,yq;if jkpou; gz;ghl;bYk;> rpwg;ghf fpof;F k; nra;ag;gl;litahFk;. cs;@u; fiyfspy; ftdk;
Nyhridfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
;gk;> fl;blk;> mitf;F Mw;W fiyfs; (ehlfk;> $j;J, fs; rlq;Ffs;> Nfhtpy;fs;> topghl;L Kiwfs;> tpspk;G gy;NtW nghUs;fspy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; Ma;tpd; Muk;g epiyapy; f;$lhf Ma;T nra;ag; gapw;wg;gl;l khztu;fspdhy; kpf;f juTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,j; juTfs; ,j;Jiwapy; kpFe;j Jiz Guptd.
; Nguha;Tf;fl;Liufs, KiwapaYf;$lhf nra;ag; khdit. ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liufis Mtzg;gLj;jYk; hFk;.
;fk; 2009 Mk; Mz;L tiu fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof f khztu;fs; (BA Hons ) rku;g;gpj;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liufspd;
Mz;LfSk;,
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1996 Mk; Mz;L 1. Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy; Nfhtyd; $j;J - G. G];guhz 2. nrl;bghisa fz;zif mk;kd; Mya rkar; rlq;F
tbNty; ,d;gNkhfd; 3. nty;yhntsp khupak;kd; Nfhtpy; rlq;F - xU ehlf e
rptuj;jpdk; 4. gl;bUg;Gj;njhFjp nghd; njhopyhsu; nra;fpd;w jq;f
mofpay; mk;rKk; - tdpjh muruj;jpdk; 5. kl;lf;fsg;G Njthyaf; fl;blf; fiyAk; Nkw;fj;Nja
gpughfud; 6. kl;lf;fsg;G jhkiuf; Nfzp khup mk;kd; Nfhtpy; r
ehlfj;jd;ikfSk; 7. nrl;bghisak; tre;jd; $j;J - rjhfud; 8. Gd;idr;Nrhiy fhspak;kd; Nfhtpy; rlq;F - xU ehl
1997 Mk; Mz;L 9. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; etPd ehlfk; xU tuyhw;W Nehf;F - Rg;g
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,Ue;j ghuk;gupa muq;F m bwhkh Nkhb ehlfk;> mjd; gpd;G te;j rpdpkhg; ghzp e tpj;jpahde;jdpd; $j;jpd; kPs ;fz;Lgpbg;gpd; jhf;fk;> g gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; tUifapdhy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; V kl;lf;fsg;gpd; etPd ehlfj;jpd; epiy Mfpadgw;wpf; $
10. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,e;J rpw;gg; ghuk;gupak; - fiythzp fe;j
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w kjk rhuh rpw;gq;fSk; fz;lwpg;gLtJld; rpw;g ghuk;gu Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.
11. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gdk;nghUs; iftpidg; ghuk;gupak;
rNwh[hNjtp ehuhazd;gps;is
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; gdk;nghUs; iftpid ,f;ifg;gzpfspd; fiy mk;rq;fSk;> etPd gdk;n mk;rq;fSk; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
12. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Xtpaf;fiy - fe;jtdk; cjaFkhu;
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;G Xtpau;fs; gw;wpAk;> k Xtpag;gapw;rp gw;wpAk;> rpj;jpu Mrpupau;fs; gw;wpAk; jfty khtl;l Xtpa tsu;r;rpf;F vd;ndd;d nraw;ghLfs; $wg;gLfpwJ.
256

Nfhtyd; $j;J - G. G];guhzp mk;kd; Mya rkar; rlq;F - xU ehlf epiy Nehf;F -
Nfhtpy; rlq;F - xU ehlf epiy Nehf;F - Re;juk;gps;is
jhopyhsu; nra;fpd;w jq;f eiffspd; nra; KiwAk; h muruj;jpdk;
;blf; fiyAk; Nkw;fj;Nja jhf;fKk; - Nwhr; ];lhd;yp
p khup mk;kd; Nfhtpy; rlq;FfSk; mjpy; fhzg;gLk;
j;J - rjhfud; d; Nfhtpy; rlq;F - xU ehlf epiy Nehf;F - md;gofd;
k; xU tuyhw;W Nehf;F - Rg;gpukzpak; kNfe;jpud;
py; ,Ue;j ghuk;gupa muq;F mjd; gpd;G kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F te;j ; gpd;G te;j rpdpkhg; ghzp ehlfk; mjd; gpd;G Nguhrpupau; ; kPs ;fz;Lgpbg;gpd; jhf;fk;> ghlrhiyfspy; muq;F> fpof;F fapdhy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Vw;gl;l ehlfj;jhf;fk;> ,d;W j;jpd; epiy Mfpadgw;wpf; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
ghuk;gupak; - fiythzp fe;jrhkp
;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w kjk; rhu;e;j rpw;gq;fSk;> kjk; wpg;gLtJld; rpw;g ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F Vw;g ,r;rpw;gq;fs;
s; iftpidg; ghuk;gupak; xU Ez;fiy Nehf;F - ps;is
pd; gdk;nghUs; iftpidfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mk;rq;fSk;> etPd gdk;nghUs; ifg;gzpfspd; fiy
;wd.
- fe;jtdk; cjaFkhu; ;G Xtpau;fs; gw;wpAk;> kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ghlrhiyfspy; pu Mrpupau;fs; gw;wpAk; jfty;fs; jug;gLtJld; kl;lf;fsg;G vd;ndd;d nraw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk; vd;Wk;
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1998 Mk; Mz;L 13. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; kjk; rhuh fl;blf;fiy - gpurhe;jp kfhypq
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; fpuhkg;Gwk; rhu;e;j , ,y;yq;fs;> nghJf; fl;blq;fs;> fy;tprhu; fl;;blq njhopw;rhiyf; fl;blq;fs;> nghJ kz;lgq;fs; Nghd ,f;fl;blq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jkpou; fl;blf;fiy mi mikg;Gk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tpsf;fg;gl;L fl;blf;fiy rk;ke;jkhf vOk; gpur;rpidf
14. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,ir - MWKfk; rpwpjud;
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tuyhW r%f mikg;gpd; Muhag;gLfpwJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; toq;Ffpd;w ,irfspd ,ir epWtdq;fspd; jfty;fSk; jug;gLfpd;wd.
1999 Mk; Mz;L 15. jkpo; ,ir Xu; Ma;T - moifah tpky;uh[;
,f;fl;Liuapy; jkpo; ,ir te;jJf;fhd fhuzq;fSk fhuzq;fSk;> tuyhWk; jug;gl;L jkpo; ,irapd; ,d;i fu;ehlf ,ir> ehl;lhupir> rpdpkh ,ir> fyg;gpir vd
16. gOfhkk; jpnusgij mk;kd; Myar; rlq;F - xU ehlf
n[fehjd;
,f;fl;Liuapy; gOfhkk; jpnusgij mk;kd; Mya jug;gLtJld; muq;f mk;rq;fs; nfhz;l jpnusgij $WfSk; Muhag;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL etPd muq jpnusgij mk;kd; rlq;fpy; fhzg;gLk; muq;f m $wg;gLfpd;wd.
2000 Mk; Mz;L 17. kl;lf;fsg;G $j;J kugpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; (kl;lf;fsg;gpy; M $j;Jf;fspd; Nkil> cil> xg;gid vd;gdtw;iw i jq;fj;Jiu epNtjh
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mlg;gLk; tlNkhb njd;N Vw;gl;L te;j khw;wq;fSk; $wg;gLtJld; cilaik ebfu;fs; ifahSk; MAq;fs; vd;gdTk;> ,it fhyk vd;gdTk; Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

l;blf;fiy - gpurhe;jp kfhypq;frptk;
;gpy; fpuhkg;Gwk; rhu;e;j ,y;yq;fs;> efu;Gwk; rhu;e;j lq;fs;> fy;tprhu; fl;;blq;fs;> tu;j;jf epiyaq;fs;> ;> nghJ kz;lgq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tpguq;fs; jug;gl;L k; jkpou; fl;blf;fiy mikg;G> ,];yhkpa fl;blf;fiy J. mj;Jld; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; fl;blg; nghwpapay; jd;ikAk; k;ke;jkhf vOk; gpur;rpidfSk; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.
Kfk; rpwpjud;
pd; tuyhW r%f mikg;gpd; gpd;dzpapy; ,ir gapy;Kiw ;gpy; toq;Ffpd;w ,irfspd; gFg;Gk; ,q;F nraw;gLfpd;w y;fSk; jug;gLfpd;wd.
ifah tpky;uh[;
te;jJf;fhd fhuzq;fSk;> jkpo; ,ir czu;Tf;fhd ug;gl;L jkpo; ,irapd; ,d;iwa Nghf;Ffshd gz;zpir> rpdpkh ,ir> fyg;gpir vd;gd gw;wp Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.
d; Myar; rlq;F - xU ehlf epiy Nehf;F - ,uhkypq;fk;
jpnusgij mk;kd; Myar; rlq;F gw;wpa tpguq;fs; q;fs; nfhz;l jpnusgij rlq;FfSk; mjd; muq;fpay; d. mj;NjhL etPd muq;f Kaw;rpfSf;F gOfhkk; ;fpy; fhzg;gLk; muq;f mk;rq;fs; cjTk; tpjq;fSk;
w;gl;l khw;wk; (kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mlg;gLk; tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb l> xg;gid vd;gdtw;iw ikak; nfhz;l Xu; Ma;T) -
py; Mlg;gLk; tlNkhb njd;Nkhb $j;Jf;fspd; kuGk; mjpy; ; $wg;gLtJld; cilaikg;G> xg;gid> Nkilaikg;G> ;fs; vd;gdTk;> ,it fhyk; NjhWk; vt;thW khwp te;jd
d.
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18. fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; gujf;fiy (jpUNfhzkiy> ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T) - gpupae;jpdp Rg;gpukzpak;
,f;fl;Liuapy; ,t;tpU khtl;lq;fspYk; cs;s epWtdq;fspYk; kd;wq;fspYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;w gujf jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; gujf;fiyf;fhf cioj;j> ciof jug;gl;Ls;sd.
19. fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; - fPjhNjtp jq;fy
,f;fl;Liuapy; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; fu;ehlf ,ir gutpa jug;gl;L tpGyhde;j ,ir eldf;fy;Y}up> kl;lf;fsg;g epWtdq;fs;> cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> gy;fiyf;fo rq;fPj j;jpw;F cs;s ,lk; Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2001 Mk; Mz;L 20. kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy
jhd;Njhd;wP] ;tuu; Myaj;ij ikag;gLj;jp vOe;j fi
,jpy; nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy fpuhkj;jpd; miktplKk; kf gpd;dzpfSk; jug;gl;L mjd; gpd;dzpapy; vOe Xtpaf;fiy> ,irf;fiy vd;gd Nehf;fg;gl;L, Myj;jpw;Fk; r%f mikg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s  nghUshjhu kj;j vd;gJk; ,t;thyaj;jpd; Muk;g fhy topghl;L KiwfS topghl;L KiwfSk; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
21. kl;lf;fsg;G efu khupak;kd; Nfhapy;fspy; Vw;gl;L
RukQ;rup
,jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; topglg;gl;L tUfpd;w Mfkk; Kiwfs; gpupf;fg;gl;L tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhl;lK khupak;kd; Nfhapy;> Cuzp nfhf;Jf;Fsj;J khupak jhkiuf;Nfzp Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Nfhapy;> kl;lf;fsg;G Nfhapy; Mfpad tpsf;fg;gl;L mjpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw mj;NjhL khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fSk; Muhag;gLfpd
2002 Mk; Mz;L 22. mk;ghiw khtl;l jkpo; tptrhapfs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gL
Xu; Ma;T - ,uj;jpdrpq;fk; FzrPy d;
,f;fl;Liuapy; mk;ghiw khtl;l jkpou;fs; gw;wpa mikg;Gk; nghUshjhu epiyAk; jug;gLtJld; rpwg Kiw tptrhaj;NjhL Nru;j;J tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rlq Ntshz;ikr; rlq;Ffs;, Nfhapy; rlq;Ffs; vd;W %d Ma;thsu;.
258

jf;fiy (jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lq;fis pae;jpdp Rg;gpukzpak;
khtl;lq;fspYk; cs;s ghlrhiyfspYk; cau;fy;tp spYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;w gujf;fiy gw;wp tpsf;fg;gLtJld; iyf;fhf cioj;j> ciof;fpd;w fiyQu;fspd; tpguKk;
lf rq;fPjk; - fPjhNjtp jq;fypq;fk;
zj;jpy; fu;ehlf ,ir gutpa KiwAk; r%fg;gpd;dzpAk; eldf;fy;Y}up> kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s ghlrhiyfs;> jdpahu; epWtdq;fs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; fu;ehlf ehf;fg;gLfpwJ.
py; nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;s
;ij ikag;gLj;jp vOe;j fiyfs; - guNk];tup rptFU
puhkj;jpd; miktplKk; kf;fs; tho;T KiwfSk; r%f mjd; gpd;dzpapy; vOe;j fl;blf;fiy, rpw;gf;fiy, vd;gd Nehf;fg;gl;L, mj;NjhL jhd;Njhd;wP] ;tuu; pw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s  nghUshjhu kj;jpa];;jhdkhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ uk;g fhy topghl;L KiwfSk; jw;NghJs;s jd;ikfSk; f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
;kd; Nfhapy;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; - ju;kjh]
lg;gl;L tUfpd;w Mfkk; rhu;e;j> rhuhj vd topghl;L psf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhl;lKid Gd;idak;gjp kfh zp nfhf;Jf;Fsj;J khupak;kd; Nfhapy;> Nfhl;lKid k;kd; Nfhapy;> kl;lf;fsg;G fy;yb = Kj;J khupak;kd; ;gl;L mjpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fSk; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. huzq;fSk; Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
ptrhapfs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; rlq;F Kiwikfs; gw;wpa
; FzrPy d;
khtl;l jkpou;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfKk; mtu;fsJ r%f piyAk; jug;gLtJld; rpwg;ghf tptrhapfspd; thof;if ;j;J tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rlq;Ffis tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs; fhapy; rlq;Ffs; vd;W %d;W tifapdjhf ghu;f;fpd;whu;
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23. Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpy; ,ir kuG - uh[pdp fe;ijah
,jpy; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;l kf;fspd; tuyhW> r vd;gdtw;wpd; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. mk ,iria kuG top ehlf ,ir> ehl;lhu; ,ir> fu;ehlf tFj;J jUfpwhu; Ma;thsu;. ghlrhiyfs;> cau; jdpa mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gdtw;wpy; toq;Fk; ,irtbtq;fs fl;l tsu;r;rpf;F vt;thwhf jahuhf Ntz;bAs;sJ ,t;tha;tpy; fUg;nghUsha; mike;Js;sd.
24. kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; kz;^u; fpuhkj;jpy; mike;Js;s ikag;gLj;jp vOe;j fiy tbtq;fs; - FKjpdp n[arpq
,jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s kz;^u; fpuhkj;j mikg;G mitfs; gz;ghLk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtJl kz;^u; fe;jrhkp Myaj; Njhw;wKk; jug;gLfpwJ. fl;Gy nrtpg;Gy fiyfSk; mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf fe;jrhkp NfhapYf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G t ,t;thyaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fiyak;rq;fSk; fhyg;gpd
2003 kw;Wk; 2004 Mk; Mz;L 25. Nky; epiyahf;fKk; nrl;bghisak; fz;zfpak;kd
KUifad;
,jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G nrl;bghisa fz;zfpak;kd; topghL> tuyhW> rhjp mikg;Gk; nry;thf;Fk; vd;gd fz;zfpak;kd; Nfhapy; fiyfspYk; topghLfspY Vida khw;wq;fSk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk; Muhag
26. kl;lf;fsg;G rpWtu; ehlfq;fs; - rptrk;G.jahgud;
,jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; mspf;if nra;ag;gl;l rpWtu; eh gl;baYk; jug;gLtJld; Kf;fpakhd rpWtu; ehlf MS ehlfq;fSk; jug;gl;L 1990 fspy; ,Ue;J 2003 tiu e kjpg;gPL k; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
27. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; khwp tUk; gz;ghL : Gd;idr;N
ikg;gLj;jpa Xu; Ma;T - Re;juypq;fk; Re;jpuFkhu;
,jpy; Gd;idr;Nrhiyf; fpuhkj;jpd; miktplk;> t fhspak;kd; Nfhapiy 1980 f;Fg; Kd;du;> 1980 f;F topghl;L Kiwfs;> cw;rtq;fs;> eph;thf Kiwf Myaj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l fiyfshy; Vw;gl;l k khw;wq;fSk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. Gd;idr;Nrhiy gj khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ljw;fhd cs;shu;e;j ntspahu;e;j fhu
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; ,ir kuG - uh[pdp fe;ijah
l;l kf;fspd; tuyhW> r%f nghUshjhu mikg;G apy; Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. mk;kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gapyg;gLk; ir> ehl;lhu; ,ir> fu;ehlf ,ir> Nghu;f;fhy ,ir vd u;. ghlrhiyfs;> cau; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs;> kd;wq;fs;> y; toq;Fk; ,irtbtq;fspd; ,d;iwa epiyAk; mLj;j f jahuhf Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;gd Nghd;w tplaq;fs;
; mike;Js;sd.
z;^u; fpuhkj;jpy; mike;Js;s kz;^u; fe;jrhkp Myaj;ij
tbtq;fs; - FKjpdp n[arpq;fk;
;jpy; cs;s kz;^u; fpuhkj;jpd; miktplKk; mjd; r%f hLk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mtw;wpd; mbahf gpwe;j ; Njhw;wKk; jug;gLfpwJ. ,f;Nfhapiy ikag;gLj;jpa k; mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyfSk; jug;gLtJld; kz;^u; fj;Jf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G tpsf;fg;gl;L Muk;g fhyq;fspy; fiyak;rq;fSk; fhyg;gpd;dzpapy; $wTk;gLfpd;wJ.
k; Mz;L
l;bghisak; fz;zfpak;kd; MyaKk; - uh[pdpNjtp
ghisa fz;zfpak;kd; Mya miktplk;> Mya kg;Gk; nry;thf;Fk; vd;gd $wg;gLtJld; nrl;bghisa fiyfspYk; topghLfspYk; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fSk; ;fhd fhuzq;fSk; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.
;fs; - rptrk;G.jahgud;
;if nra;ag;gl;l rpWtu; ehlfq;fspd; mwpKfKk; mjd; f;fpakhd rpWtu; ehlf MSikfSk; mtu;fs; epfo;j;jpa fspy; ,Ue;J 2003 tiu eilngw;w rpWtu; ehlfq;fspd;
hwp tUk; gz;ghL : Gd;idr;Nrhiy fhspak;kd; Nfhapiy e;juypq;fk; Re;jpuFkhu;
fpuhkj;jpd; miktplk;> tuyhW vd;gd jug;gLtJld; 80 f;Fg; Kd;du;> 1980 f;Fg; gpd;du; vdg;gpupj;J Mya ;rtq;fs;> eph;thf Kiwfs; vd;gd jug;gLfpd;wd. fiyfshy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fshy; mq;F Vw;gl;l ;wd. Gd;idr;Nrhiy gj;jpu fhspak;kd; Nfhapypy; cs;shu;e;j ntspahu;e;j fhuzq;fSk; myrg;gLfpd;wd
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2005 Mk; Mz;L 28. tlnfhOk;G jkpo; ehlfg;ghuk;gupak; (1940 fspypUe;J)
,jpy; tlnfhOk;G jkpou;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu e mbg;gilapy; ehlfq;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ehlf k nraw;ghLfs; $wg;gLtJld; epfo;j;Jif mbg;gilap $wg;gl;L ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd xw;WikAk; typAW
29. fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Ez;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; f
- Nkdfh NrhkRe;juk;
,jpy; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofj; Njhw;wk;, ts fiyr;nraw;ghLfSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. Ez;fiyj;J tpoh gw;wpa mwpKfKk; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Nj khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l gapw;rpfSk; khztu; nr
30. rpj;jhz;b rpj;jpuNtyhAj Myak; Xu; r%f gz;ghl;L N
,jpy; rpj;jhz;b fpuhkj;jpd; miktplKk; mjd; r tsq;fspd; gpd;dzpAk; jug;gl;L ,t;NtyhAj Rt nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; cs;s cwT Njlg;gLfpwJ. mj;Nj epfo;T, njhopy;rhu; gz;ghl;L epfo;T vd;gdTk; kpfg;ngUk; epfo;Tfshd nfhk;G Kwpj;jy;> R+ud; Nghu vd;gd tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
31. ,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj; jhgdj;jpd; tu;j;jf Njr
ehlfq;fs; - cjaNjtp ehfuh[h
,jpy; ,yq;if thndhyp gw;wp xu; mwpKfk; jug;gLf thndhyp Njrpa Nrit> tu;j;jf Nrit vd;gdtw;w gl;baYk; jug;gLfpwJ. ,ij tpl thndhyp ehlf vO ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;, ehlf xj;jpif njhopy;E thndhyp ehlfq;fspd; ,d;iwa epiyAk; $wg;gLfpd
32. fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; mr;rpy; ntspte;j ehlf E}y;fs; -
,jpy; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; 1964 ,d; gpd; mr;rpy; nts mit $Wfpd;w tplaq;fs; vd;gd $wg;gl;L me;ehlfq gw;wpa kjpg;gPL fs; jug;gLfpd;wd.
260

huk;gupak; (1940 fspypUe;J) - thtdp fpU\;zd;
;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyAk; jug;gLtJld; fhy jhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ehlf kd;wq;fspd; ClhfTk; ehlfr; d; epfo;j;Jif mbg;gilapy; ehlfq;fs; epfo;j;jg;gLtJ apyhd xw;WikAk; typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
; Ez;fiyj;Jiwapdupd; fiyr;nraw;ghLfs; Xu; ghu;it
yf;fofj; Njhw;wk;, tsu;r;rp> Ez;fiyj;Jiwapd; g;gl;Ls;sd. Ez;fiyj;Jiwapdu; elhj;Jfpd;w ehlf tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL fw;gpj;jy; KiwapD}lhf l;l gapw;rpfSk; khztu; nraw;ghLfSk; jug;gLfpd;wd.
Myak; Xu; r%f gz;ghl;L Nehf;F - eluh[h jpt;tpauhzp
pd; miktplKk; mjd; r%f> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L jug;gl;L ,t;NtyhAj Rthkp Myaj;jpw;Fk; ,f;fiyr; cwT Njlg;gLfpwJ. mj;NjhL tho;tpay; rhu; gz;ghl;L ;ghl;L epfo;T vd;gdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. r%fj;jpd; fhk;G Kwpj;jy;> R+ud; Nghu;> rpj;jpiuf;fij> Gjpu; vLj;jy; .
j; jhgdj;jpd; tu;j;jf Njrpa Nritfspy; xypg;gjpthd fuh[h
p gw;wp xu; mwpKfk; jug;gLfpwJ. mjd; gpd;du; ,yq;if tu;j;jf Nrit vd;gdtw;wpy; xypgug;ghd ehlfq;fspd; j tpl thndhyp ehlf vOj;JU ehlfj;jahupg;ghsu;fs; ;fs;, ehlf xj;jpif njhopy;El;g cj;jpfs; vd;gd Ngrg;gl;L
;iwa epiyAk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
py; ntspte;j ehlf E}y;fs; - Nkhfdh Foe;ijNty;
; 1964 ,d; gpd; mr;rpy; ntspte;j ehlf E}y;fspd; tpguk; ; vd;gd $wg;gl;L me;ehlfq;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L mit d;wd.
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33. Miuak;gjpapd; fiyg;ghuk;gupak; - ftpjh ,uhirah
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Gtpapayikg;Gk; mj jug;gLtNjhL Miuak;gjp fiy tbtq;fs; gw;wpa m xU Nehf;Fk; Miuak;gjpapy; eilngWfpd;w ghuk;gup tpohf;fSk; nfhz;lhl;lq;fSk; gjpag;gl;Ls;sd.
34. Rdhkp mdu;j;jKk; mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Nfhuis gpuNjrf; fiyfSk; - fzgjpg;gps;is guNk];tud;
,f;fl;Liuapy; tlf;F thfiug; gpuNjr njhopy;fs;, fi Rdhkp mdu;j;jj;jpdhy; ghjpg;gpw;F s;s hd fiyQu;fspd gjpag;gl;Ls;sd. mj;NjhL Rdhkpapd; gpd; r%ff; fl;li khw;wq;fs; jug;gl;L, Nfhuisg;gw;W tlf;F, thfiug; kf;fspd; csepiyfs; mtu;fis kd mOj;jq;fsp Ntjidfspy; ,Ue;Jk; vt;thW tpLtpf;fyhk; vd;gJ
35. tpj;jpahde;jDf;Fg; gpwF $j;jpay; Ma;Tfs; (mr;rpy; nt
cs;slf;fpa Ma;T) - fe;jrhkp Nkhfdjhrd;
,f;fl;Liuapy; $j;jha;Tfs; tsu;e;J te;j tpjKk; jug;gLtJld; $j;jha;T E}y;fspy; njupe;njLf;fg;g tplaq;fSk; jug;gl;L $j;jha;Tf;Fk; $j;J epfo;j;Jif uPj pahf Muhag;gLfpwJ.
36. jpUNfhzkiy ehlfg;ghuk;gugpak; - JiutPurpq;fk; t
,f;fl;Liuapy; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; njhopy jug;gLtNjhL jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; Muk;g njhlf;fk; 2005 tiu fhzg;gl;l etPd ehlfq;f jfty;fSk; ghlrhiyfspy; Muk;g fhyj;jpYk; 1990 tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;FfSk; jug;gl;L jpUNfhzkiy ehlf jug;gLfpd;wd.
2006 Mk; Mz;L 37. fd;dd;Flh mz;zhtpkhu;fspd; Mw;Wifr; nraw;ghLf
,f;fl;Liuapy; fd;dd;Flh gw;wpa mwpKfKk; mq;F t rhjp mikg;G> FbKiwfs; vd;gd jug;gl;L fd;dd;F ,lKk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; tpgukhf jug;gLfpwJ. $j;JUth nraw;ghLfSk; mtu;fisg; gw;wpa gioa fijfSk; epiyapy; mz;zhtpkhu;fspd; epiyAk; mtu;fs $wg;gLfpd;wd.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

uk;gupak; - ftpjh ,uhirah
;gpd; Gtpapayikg;Gk; mjpy; Miuak;gjp ];jhdKk; p fiy tbtq;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfKk; $j;Jf; fiy gw;wpa apy; eilngWfpd;w ghuk;gupa fpuhkpa tpisahl;Lf;fSk;
;fSk; gjpag;gl;Ls;sd.
dhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Nfhuisg;gw;W tlf;F thfiug;gw;W
gjpg;gps;is guNk];tud;
iug; gpuNjr njhopy;fs;, fiyfs; vd;gd jug;gLtJld; pg;gpw;F s;s hd fiyQu;fspd; fUj;J f;fSk; csepiyfSk; Rdhkpapd; gpd; r%ff; fl;likg;gpYk; fiyfspYk; Vw;gl;l isg;gw;W tlf;F, thfiug; gpuNjrj;jpy; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shd tu;fis kd mOj;jq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; ,og;G Fwpj;jhd t;thW tpLtpf;fyhk; vd;gJk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
$j;jpay; Ma;Tfs; (mr;rpy; ntspte;j $j;jha;T E}y;fis rhkp Nkhfdjhrd;
s; tsu;e;J te;j tpjKk; $j;J tsu;e;J te;j tpjKk; E}y;fspy; njupe;njLf;fg;gl;l E}y;fSk; mit jUk; ha;Tf;Fk; $j;J epfo;j;Jiff;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G tpku;rd
uk;gugpak; - JiutPurpq;fk; thd;kjp
kiy khtl;lj;jpd; njhopy; r%ff; fl;likg;G vd;gd kiy khtl;lj;jpd; Muk;g fhy ehlf tsu;r;rp 1900 fhzg;gl;l etPd ehlfq;fs; ehlf kd;wq;fs; Mfpa py; Muk;g fhyj;jpYk; 1990 fSf;F gpd; ghlrhiy ehlf ;gl;L jpUNfhzkiy ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tpguq;fSk;
hu;fspd; Mw;Wifr; nraw;ghLfs; - ju;kypq;fk; Faytuh[h
h gw;wpa mwpKfKk; mq;F thOk; kf;fspd; r%f mikg;G> ; vd;gd jug;gl;L fd;dd;Flhtpy; mz;zhtpkhu;fspd; ukhf jug;gLfpwJ. $j;JUthf;fj;jpy; mz;zhtpkhu;fspd; g; gw;wpa gioa fijfSk; jug;gLtNjhL khwp ,d;iwa ;fspd; epiyAk; mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fSk;
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Page 276
38. gujKk; $j;Jk; (kl;lf;fsg;G tlNkhb $j;ij ikag;g
ghyRe;juk;
,f;fl;Liuapy; gujKk; $j;Jk; tpupthf mwpKfk; nra;a cs;s xw;Wikfs; vLj;Jf; $wg;gLfpd;wd. xt;n jdpj;Jtq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gLtJld; gujj;ijAk; t Mfhupak;> mspf;if> Nkilaikg;G vd;w tifa xw;WikfSk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tha;T $j;ijA gujj;ijAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJld; mt;tpuz;ilAk; cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpiaAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
39. $j;Jf;fspd; ,d;iwa epiyAk; ,it vjpu; nfhs;S
gapd;w> gapyg;gl;L tUfpd;w fpuhkq;fshd mkpu;jfo Mjhukhff; nfhz;l Ma;T) - Fznul;zk; ckh
,t;tha;tpy; kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhW r%fk; $j;J gw;wp te r%fj;jpy; $j;J cUthFk; KiwAk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; V mspf;if Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSk; mjw;fhd ,g;gpd;dzpapy; mkpu;jfopapy; Mlg;gl;l $j;Jf;fS $j;Jf;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; jug;gl;L mkpu;jfopa rPy hKidapy; $j;J njhlu;e;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fSk; r gw;wp mt;T+u; kf;fsJ rhjf ghjfkhd mgpg;gpuhaq $j;Jf;fspd; ,d;iwa epiyAk; mit vjpu;nfhs;Sk
40. Rdhkpapd; gpd; mk;ghiw khtl;lr; rpWtu;fspd; c
ngWfpd;w ,lKk; mjd; gzpfSk; (mk;ghiw k epiyaq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l Ma;T) - gukhde;j
,f;fl;Liuapy; mdu;j;jq;fSk; mit Vw;gLj;Jfpd jug;gl;L mdu;j;jq;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; cs;s ik ,dq;fz;L mq;F eilngWfpd;w muq;f tpisa mit vt;thW rpWtu;fspd; csey tpUj;jpf;F vt;thW $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; ntw;wpfSk; Njhy;tpfSk; tpthjpf
41. kl;lf;fsg;G jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; gwq;fp ,dj;jtupd; gz;g
ju;kuh[h
,jpy; mUfp tUk; xU r%fkhf kl;lf;fsg;gpy; thO fhzg;gl;L mt; ,dj;jpdupd; kjk;> nkhop> tho;f;if fiy tbtq;fs; vd;gd tpsf;fg;gl;L ,it vt;thW ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd vd;gJ $wg;gLfpwJ.
262

g;G tlNkhb $j;ij ikag;gLj;jpa Xu; Ma;T) - J\;ae;jp
;Jk; tpupthf mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLtJld; ,tw;wpd; ,ilNa ;Jf; $wg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU tbj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; g;gLtJld; gujj;ijAk; tlNkhbiaAk; Mly;> ghly;> ilaikg;G vd;w tifapy; xg;gpl;L Muha;e;J mjd; ;wd. ,t;tha;T $j;ijAk; Fwpg;ghf tlNkhbiaAk; s;tJld; mt;tpuz;ilAk; ,izj;J Gjpa tbtq;fis
; tpsf;FfpwJ.
piyAk; ,it vjpu; nfhs;Sk; rthy;fSk; ($j;Jf;fs; ;w fpuhkq;fshd mkpu;jfop> rPy hKid Mfpa Cu;fis ) - Fznul;zk; ckh
uyhW r%fk; $j;J gw;wp te;j E}y;fs; jug;gl;L kl;lf;fsg;G k; KiwAk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fspdhy; $j;J ;l khw;wq;fSk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk; jug;gLfpwJ. opapy; Mlg;gl;l $j;Jf;fSk; rPy hKidapy; Mlg;gl;l ;fs; jug;gl;L mkpu;jfopapy; $j;J tplg;gl;likf;Fk; ;e;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fSk; rPyhKid $j;J kPS Uthf;fk; jf ghjfkhd mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;
yAk; mit vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fSk; jug;gLfpd;wJ.
w khtl;lr; rpWtu;fspd; csey mgptpUj;jpapy; muq;F ; gzpfSk; (mk;ghiw khtl;lf; fiuNahu rpWtu; ; nfhz;l Ma;T) - gukhde;jd; gpNukhde;jd;
;fSk; mit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w tpNrlkhd jhf;fq;fSk; jhf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; cs;s ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyaq;fis ngWfpd;w muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs; tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;L ; csey tpUj;jpf;F vt;thW cWJizahfpd;wd vd;W pfSk; Njhy;tpfSk; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
py; gwq;fp ,dj;jtupd; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fq;fs; - J\he;jpdp
fkhf kl;lf;fsg;gpy; thOk; gwq;fp ,dr;r%fk; ,dk; upd; kjk;> nkhop> tho;f;if Kiwfs>; njhopy;Kiwfs;;, psf;fg;gl;L ,it vt;thW jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; gz;ghl;by; vd;gJ $wg;gLfpwJ.
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Page 277
42. fy;tpapay; muq;F - ehtw;Flh (fpof;F) rpWtu;fSlhd
Ma;T - fiykfs; fpU\;z%u;j;jp
,t;tha;T xU gq;Fnfhs; Ma;thFk;. ehtw;Flhtpd mtu;fSld; njhlu;r;rpahd ciuahly;fspYk; ehlf muq;F %ykhf mth;fspd; MSik tpUj;jpapid c Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gq;Fnfhs; nraw;ghl;by; f Xtpaq;fs;> mtu;fs; vOjpa ghly;fs; Ma;thsUld; FOtpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l muq;f mspf;ifahd cs;nsLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
43. kl;lf;fsg;G rpWtu; ,y;yq;fspd; fiyr; nraw;ghLfs; -
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s rpWtu; ,y;yq;fspd njupe;njLf;fg;gl;;l ,y;yq;fshd ,uhkfpU\;z kp ,y;yk;> [Pt N[hjp kfspu; ,y;yk;> Xrhzk; ,y;yk;> md vd;gdtw;wpy; cs;s rpWtu;fspd; csuPj pahd tsu;r;rpf tsu;r;rpfSk; ,k;Kaw;rpfs; mtu;fspd; cstsu;r;r vd;gJk; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.
44. ntFrd Clfkhd rpdpkhTk; jkpo;r; r%fKk; (rkPg fh mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Xu; Ma;T) - Rfd;ah kfhNjth
,jpy; jkpo; rpdpkhtpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW jug;gl;L m murpaypYk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs; $wg;gLtJld; tpU MAj vOj;J> rptfhrp> md;dpad;> re;jpuKfp Mfpa glq ntFrd Clfk; vd;w Kiwapy; mJ vt;thW jkpo;r; r ,f;fl;Liu Muha;fpwJ.
45. khwptUk; jkpo; rpdpkhtpd; fjhehafp tpk;gk; - jNde;j
,jpy; jkpo;r; rpdpkhtpd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp gw;wp $ 1990 tiu fjhehafp tpk;gk; xd;W fhyj;jpD}lh vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu Muha;fpwJ. Kf;fpakhf 1990 tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwapy; tsu;r;rpailtjhy; 1990 f;F ,t; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
2007 Mk; Mz;L 46.  gl;bUg;Gg; gpuNjr iftpidg; nghUl;fs; -
49;. kl;lf;fsg;G fSthQ;rpf;Fbg; gpuNjr fiyg; ghuk;gupak
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;Flh (fpof;F) rpWtu;fSlhd gq;F nfhs; muq;f nraw;ghl;L
%u;j;jp
; Ma;thFk;. ehtw;Flhtpd; rpWtu;fis njupT nra;J ciuahly;fspYk; ehlf  kq;ifaw;furp kfspu; y;yk;> Xrhzk; ,y;yk;> mdhij rpWtu; guhkupg;G ,y;yk; u;fspd; csuPjpahd tsu;r;rpfSk; fiy nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd s; mtu;fspd; cstsu;r;rpf;F vt;thW cjTfpd;wd .
hTk; jkpo;r; r%fKk; (rkPg fhyj; jkpo;r; rpdpkhg; glq;fis u; Ma;T) - Rfd;ah kfhNjth
f;fkhd tuyhW jug;gl;L mJ jkpou;fspd; gz;ghl;bYk; f;fq;fs; $wg;gLtJld; tpUkhz;b> jtkha; jtkpUe;J> ;dpad;> re;jpuKfp Mfpa glq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L wapy; mJ vt;thW jkpo;r; r%fj;ij ghjpj;jJ vd;gjid
d; fjhehafp tpk;gk; - jNde;jpuuh[d; eFNy];tu
Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp gw;wp $wg;gLtJld; 1931 njhlf;fk; pk;gk; xd;W fhyj;jpD}lhf vt;thW tsu;e;J te;jJ ha;fpwJ. Kf;fpakhf 1990 njhlf;fk; fjhehafp tpk;gk; su;r;rpailtjhy; 1990 f;Fg; gpe;jpa fjhehafp tpk;gj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
;tpapay; muq;F
hlrhiyfis ikag;gLj;jpa Xu; Ma;T - tpthdejuh[h
spy; murpay; - mofpay; - Nrfu;
Njr iftpidg; nghUl;fs; - n[auhzp
bg; gpuNjr fiyg; ghuk;gupak; - epfpyh
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Page 278
50. aho;g;ghz ,ir ehlfg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ebfkzp tp tp
51. jkpo; rpq;fs muq;Ffspy; cilAk; xg;gidAk; - fpuprh
52. mDUj;jpud; (njd; Nkhb ehlfg;gpujp ) myq;fhu &gd
Xu; xg;G Nehf;F - jahdh
2008 Mk; Mz;L 53. Foe;ij rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; rpWtu; ehlfq;fs; - N[hjp
54. fhj;jtuhad; ehlfg;gpujpAk; fe;jd; fUiz ehlfg
Gdpjh
55. kl;lf;fsg;G Xtpau;fs; fkyehjd;> thrd;> fpf;Nfh Mfp
- tp[aGutp
2009 Mk; Mz;L 56. rpj;jhz;b kfpbf; $j;J gw;wpa Xu; Ma;T - R+upaFkhu;
57. gpf;fhNrhtpd; Xtpaq;fspy; fpA+gpr mZFKiwapd; nt
58. r%f typikg;ghLk; kuG top epfo;j;J fiyfSk; >ah
gpuNjr tre;jd; $j;J> xapyhl;lk; gw;wpa Xu; Ma;T - RF
59. kl;lf;fsg;G tlNkhbf; $j;Jf;F nry;iyah mz
tp.eprhe;jd;
KJfiykhdp (Ez;fiy) 2008 60. Nfhuisg;gw;W njw;Fg; gpuNjr fiyfSk; iftpidfS
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Nfhuisg;gw;wpd; Mfpatw;wpd; tpguq;fSk; fiyQu;fs;> iftpidQu ,g;gFjpapy; fiy tsu;j;j epWtdq;fspd; tpguq;fSk fhzg;gLfpd;w Nfhuisg;gw;wpd; gz;ghl;L Nfhyq;fS
61. kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; jkpo; K];yPk ; kf;fspd; tho;t
fhj;jhd;Fb) - tp];tuhzp tp];typq;fk;
,jpy; fpof;fpyq;if kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; Gt gpd;dzpfSk; jug;gLtNjhL jkpou; kj;jpapy; toq Foe;ij gpwg;Gr; rlq;F> G+g;G ePuhl;Lr;rlq;F> jpU vd;gdTk; K];yPk ;fs; kj;jpapy; toq;Ffpd;w tho;tpa rlq;F> tpUj;j Nrjd rlq;F> G+g;G ePuhl;Lr;rlq;F> j vd;gdTk; jug;gl;L ,t;tpuz;L r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,il Nehf;fp Muha;fpd;wJ.
264

huk;gupaj;jpy; ebfkzp tp tp ituKj;J - R[hde;jp
cilAk; xg;gidAk; - fpuprhe;jpdp
ehlfg;gpujp ) myq;fhu &gd; (njd; Nkhb) ehlfg; gpujp
pd; rpWtu; ehlfq;fs; - N[hjp ghyh
pAk; fe;jd; fUiz ehlfg; gpujpAk; - Xu; xg;gPl ;lha;T -
yehjd;> thrd;> fpf;Nfh MfpNahiu ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T
;wpa Xu; Ma;T - R+upaFkhu;
; fpA+gpr mZFKiwapd; ntspg;ghL - rpth[p
top epfo;j;J fiyfSk; >aho;g;ghzk; typfhkk; tlf;Fg; pyhl;lk; gw;wpa Xu; Ma;T - RFNze;jpud;
$j;Jf;F nry;iyah mz;zhtpahupd; gq;fspg;G -
y) 2008
Njr fiyfSk; iftpidfSk; - fe;jrhkp rrpjud;
g;gpd; Nfhuisg;gw;wpd; fiyfs;> iftpidfs;> ; fiyQu;fs;> iftpidQu;fs; MfpNahupd; tpguq;fSk; epWtdq;fspd; tpguq;fSk; jug;gLtJld; fiyapD}lhf
w;wpd; gz;ghl;L Nfhyq;fSk; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
kpo; K];yPk ; kf;fspd; tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs; (Miuak;gjp>
p tp];typq;fk;
;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; Gtpapay; tuyhWk; fyhr;rhu jhL jkpou; kj;jpapy; toq;Ffpd;w tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs;> G+g;G ePuhl;Lr;rlq;F> jpUkzr;rlq;F> kuzr;rlq;F ;jpapy; toq;Ffpd;w tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs;> Foe;ij gpwg;Gr; q;F> G+g;G ePuhl;Lr;rlq;F> jpUkzr;rlq;F> kuzr;rlq;F puz;L r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s rlq;Ffis xg;G
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Page 279
62. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,ir - Njt,uf;fk; ,sq;Nfhtd;
,f;fl;Liuapy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; gw;wp mwpKfk; jug;gLtJld fpuhkpa ,ir> ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir vd;gdTk; rpyg;gjpfhuj ,irf;Fw;wq;fs; vd;gdTk ,d;iwa ,irj;Jiwapy nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJk; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.
63. ngz;fspd; Ez;fiyj; jpwid ntspf; nfhz;L tu V (tTdpah khtl;lj;jpy; njw;Fj; jkpo; gpuNjrj;jpid mb tp[ayf;\p uh[kNdhfud; ,f;fl;Liuapy; tTdpahtpd; tuyhWk; r%f mik jug;gLtJld; mq;Fs;s ngz;fSf;fhd mur mikg vd;gdTk; ngz;fs; tsu;r;rpf;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ghl jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; vd;gdTk; ngz;fSk; ,lk;ngW Nkil epfo;r;rpfs;> Nghl;b epfo;r;rpfs; vd;gdTk; Muh tsu;g;gjpy; cs;s jilfSk; jilfSf;fhd fhuzq
64. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlfg;gDtiy mitf;fhw
khJikahs; tujuh[d; ,jpy; Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapd; ehlf mikg;Gk; e jd;ikAk; jug;gLtJld; guj ehl;baj;ij mbg;gila fs mikg;G> ehlfg;Nghf;F vd;gd tpsf;fg;gl;L m FwtQ;rp gpujpiaj; jahupf;Fk; Kiw mf;FwtQ;rpf;fhd Nkilaikg;G> xspaikg;G gf;f thj;jpa ,Uf;if, Gj vd;gdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
KJfiykhdp (ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;) - 2008 65. ehtpjd; ntsp gpuNjr fz;zfpak;kd; Mya rkar;rlq
rpq;fk; FzrPy d;
,f;fl;Liuapy; ehtpjd;ntsp gpuNjrk; gw;wpa rfy mq;Nf cs;s ,e;J kf;fspd; rlq;FfSk; jug;gLfpd ngWk; fz;zfp mk;kd;, jpnusgij mk;kd;> khup nja;tq;fshd fhspak;kh, Ngr;rpak;kh vd;gdTk eilngWk; rlq;FfSk; Myar; rlq;Ffspy; fhzg;gL $wg;gLfpd;wd.
66. aho;g;ghz njd;Nkhb ehl;Lf; $j;J - v];.vg;.Nrtpah
,f;fl;Liuapy; aho;g;ghzj;J njd;Nkhb ehl;Lf;$ $wg;gLfpwJ.
67. ehl;ba rh];jpu muq;f fl;likg;Gk; kl;lf;fsg;G muq
jpUg;gpurhe;jp ,sq;Nfhtd;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

t,uf;fk; ,sq;Nfhtd;
; gw;wp mwpKfk; jug;gLtJld; mJ fhl;Lk; nrt;tpay; ,ir ir vd;gdTk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; $wg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfs; k ,d;iwa ,irj;Jiwapy; rpyg;gjpfhu ghly;fs; vt;thW
vd;gJk; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.
pwid ntspf; nfhz;L tu Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tha;g;Gf;fs; w;Fj; jkpo; gpuNjrj;jpid mbg;gilahf; nfhz;l Ma;T).-
;
pd; tuyhWk; r%f mikg;Gk; ngz;fspd; epiyAk; gz;fSf;fhd mur mikg;Gf;fs; jdpahu; mikg;Gf;fs; ;rpf;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ghlrhiyfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; ;gdTk; ngz;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;w thndhyp epfo;r;rpfs;> epfo;r;rpfs; vd;gdTk; Muhag;gLfpd;wd. Ez;fiyia k; jilfSf;fhd fhuzq;fSk; Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
ehlfg;gDtiy mitf;fhw;Wiff;Fupa gpujpahf;Fjy; -
papd; ehlf mikg;Gk; ehlfg;Nghf;Fk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; guj ehl;baj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l eld ehlfj;jpd; ;F vd;gd tpsf;fg;gl;L mjd; gpd;dzpapy; Fw;whyf; ;Fk; Kiw mf;FwtQ;rpf;fhd [jpfs;, mitf;fhw;W Kiw, ;G gf;f thj;jpa ,Uf;if, Gjpa Aj;jpfs;, xsp mikg;Gfs; .
; muq;fpaYk;) - 2008 ;zfpak;kd; Mya rkar;rlq;F Xu; ehlf Nehf;F - ,uj;jpd
tsp gpuNjrk; gw;wpa rfy tpguq;fSk; jug;gLtJld; pd; rlq;FfSk; jug;gLfpd;wd. fpuhkj;jpy; Kd;Dupik jpnusgij mk;kd;> khupak;kd; vd;gdTk; rpWngz; h, Ngr;rpak;kh vd;gdTk; $wg;gl;L ,f;Nfhapy;fspy; yar; rlq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; ehlf mk;rq;fSk; vLj;Jf;
l;Lf; $j;J - v];.vg;.Nrtpah
j;J njd;Nkhb ehl;Lf;$j;J elhj;jg;gl;l Kiwik
l;likg;Gk; kl;lf;fsg;G muq;f fl;likg;Gk; - Xu; xg;gPL -
;
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,f;fl;Liuapy; ehl;ba rh];jpuk; jUfpd;w muq rfy jfty;fSk; jug;gLfpwJ. muq;f kz;lgk; $wg;gLfpwJ. mj;NjhL kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ehlf muq;Ff fl;likg;Gf;fSf;Fk; xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfs; Muhag;g
68. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; tlNkhb njd;Nkhb $j;Jf
Fkug;Nghb jtuhrh
,jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G tlNkhb, njd;Nkhb $j;Jf;fs; g ,uz;L NkhbfspYk; ebfu; ifahSk; MAjq;fs;> ci vd;gdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
69. Miuak;gjp gpuNjr ehlf kuGfs; - jq;fuhrh kyu;r;nry
,jpy; Miuak;gjp kuGtop ehlfq;fshd njd;Nk ,irehlfKk; $wg;gl;L mJ gw;wpa ghly; Ml;l Kiwf jug;gLfpd;wd. Miuak;gjp etPd ehlf Kaw;rpfs; 194 1960 - 1970 tiuahd fhyg;gFjp 70 f;F gpd;duhd me;ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL k; tpku;rdKk; jug;gLfpwJ
70. gs;S FwtQ;rp ,yf;fpaq;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; eh
,jpy; gs;S, FwtQ;rp Mfpa ,U ehlf tbtq;fis vLj fhzg;gLfpd;w ehlf mk;rq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
71. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l ghlrhiyfspy; tpj;jpahde;jd
Re;juypq;fk; re;jpuFkhu;
,f;fl;Liuapy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lg; ghlrhiyf tpj;jpahde;jd; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ja ehlfq;fspd; jhf;fk; ve;jsT ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ Muhag;g
72. gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahupd; ehlfg;gzp - fzgjpg;gps;i
,jpy; jkpo; ehlf kugpy; gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahupd; ehl
73.NghujPT g;gw;W ehl;Lf;$j;J fiyQu;fSk; mtuJ
rpthde;juh[h
,f;fl;Liuapy; NghujPT g;gw;wpd; ehl;Lf;$j;Jf; fiyQ gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa kjpg;Giu ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
74. Foe;ij rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; etPd ehlfg;gazk; m
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ma;T - fe;ijah rpwpfe;jNts

rh];jpuk; jUfpd;w muq;f fl;likg;G njhlu;ghd fpwJ. muq;f kz;lgk; mikj;jy; gw;wp tpNrlkhf l;lf;fsg;gpd; ehlf muq;Ffs; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;L ,uz;L ik Ntw;Wikfs; Muhag;gLfpwJ.
; tlNkhb njd;Nkhb $j;Jf;fspd; xg;gid Kiwik -
hb, njd;Nkhb $j;Jf;fs; gw;wp mwpKfk; jug;gLtJld; ; ifahSk; MAjq;fs;> cilayq;fhuk;> cly; myq;fhuk; .
kuGfs; - jq;fuhrh kyu;r;nry;td;
op ehlfq;fshd njd;Nkhb> tlNkhb $j;Jf;fSk; J gw;wpa ghly; Ml;l Kiwfs; jhsf;fl;Lf;fs; vd;gdTk; p etPd ehlf Kaw;rpfs; 1945 - 1960 tiuahd fhyg;gFjp hyg;gFjp 70 f;F gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjp vdg;gpupf;fg;gl;L PL k; tpku;rdKk; jug;gLfpwJ.
;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; ehlf mk;rq;fs; - tP. Fzghyh
,U ehlf tbtq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mtw;wpw;fpilNa q;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
rhiyfspy; tpj;jpahde;jd; ghzpapyhd ehlfq;fs; -
g;G khtl;lg; ghlrhiyfspy; 1960fSf;F gpd;du; g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jahupj;j tlNkhb, njd;Nkhb T ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.
; ehlfg;gzp - fzgjpg;gps;is md;gofd;
;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahupd; ehlfg;gzp gw;wp Muha;fpwJ.
;J fiyQu;fSk; mtuJ gilg;Gf;fSk; - %j;jjk;gp
;wpd; ehl;Lf;$j;Jf; fiyQu;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;L mtuJ u ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
pd; etPd ehlfg;gazk; mtuJ %d;W ehlfq;fis a;T - fe;ijah rpwpfe;jNts;
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,f;fl;Liuapy;  $j;J e $Wfs; etPd ehlfq;fl;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;likAk; t top tUk; muq;f tsu;r;rpia tpsf;Fk; ,tu; $j;jpd; m  md;idapl;l jP, Ve;ijAk;
lahff; nfhz;L Muhag;gLfpwJ.
;isapd; ehlfq;fspy; ehlfthf;f Kiwikfs; -
; fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfthf;f Kiwikfs;> ehlf uhag;gLfpd;wJ.
ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; - 2004
; $j;J topte;j muq;f tsu;r;rpAk; - Kj;Juh[h gpNuk;uh[;
f;F gpd;du; $j;jpy; Vw;gl;l ftd  $j;J ehlkhfpaijAk;> $j;jpd; rpy k; gad;gLj;jg;gl;likAk; tpgukhf Muha;fpwhu;. $j;jpd; a tpsf;Fk; ,tu; $j;jpd; mbehjkhd rlq;Ffs; vt;thW Xu; muq;f Kiwahf khwpAs;sd vd;gij Muha;fpwhu;. lq;Ffspy; ngwg;gLk; czu;T epiyapid etPd rlq;F q;fhsUk; Ngjkw ,ize;J ngWk; tifapidAk; jd;
pr;re;jpuh.
Theatre Based on Kooththu ( Traditional Theatre of the tory action research Vadamoody kooththu in Seelamunai, rq;fh;
z;L r%f muq;fpid kPS Uthf;fk; nra;jy; vd;gJ ,tuJ kpoupd; ghuk;gupa muq;fhff; $j;ijf; fhZk; ,tu;> $j;J U tifapy; mZFfpwhu;. rPy hKid vDk; fpuhkj;ijj; k; kuGtopf; fiyQu;fSlDk;> mf;fpuhk kf;fSlDk; ,tu; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu;. $j;J kPS Uthf;fk; vd;gJ btUgtu;fSld; ,ize;J $j;ij rkfhyj;jpw;Fupajhf d;gJ nraw;ghlf Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpwJ. $j;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; %fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; khw;wj;Jld; njhlu;GgLfpwJ. $j;J g;ghy; njhlu; fiyr; nraw;ghlhfpwJ. rKjha muq;fhf J. RahjPd khd r%f cUthf;fj;jpw;fhd fiy topr; . ,t;tifapy; ,tu; Ma;T $j;Jg; gw;wpa Xu; nraw;ghl;L
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78. jkpo; ehl;by; muq;ff; fl;Lkhdk;
(13 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;l jkpo; muq;if ikak ,f;fl;Liuapy; fp.gp. 13 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;l fhy fpilf;Fk; ,yf;fpa>fy;ntl;L Mjhuq;fisAk; rpw;g rhd;WfisAk; Jizahff; nfhz;L cyfmuq;f gpd;dzpapy; jkpo; muq;ff; fl;blf; fiyapd; t ntspf;nfhzu Kad;Ws;shu; Ma;thsu;.
fyhepjpg;gl;l Ma;T (Ph.D) 2009 79. khwptUk; r%fg; gz;ghl;by; kl;lf;fsg;G kuG top ehl
utpr;re;jpuh ,f;fl;Liuapy; 1980 fSf;F gpd;du; kl;lf;fsg;gpd khw;wq;fSk; mk;khw;wq;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G kuG t khw;wq;fSk; ntspf;nfhzug;gLfpd;wd
,t; Ma;Tfspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rq;fshtd: 1. fiyj;Jiwrhu; Ma;Tfs; nre;newp fiykuGfis nre;newp rhuhj Fwpg;ghf kf;fs; fiyfis rpwg;ghff ikak; nfhz;lik. 2. tpspk;G epiy kf;fs; vdf;fUjg;gl;l giwabg;Ng jkpo;NgRk; Ntlu;fs; MfpNahu; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ tuy Kiwfs;, gz;ghLfs; Nghd;wit gw;wpa jfty;fs; N 3. ,Jtiu Ngrg;glhj> ftdpf;fg;gl;lhj $j;Jf; fi
Nghd;Nwhu; gw;wpa jfty;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;lik. 4. kl;lf;fsg;G vd;wJk; $j;J jhd; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gLk ,Jtiu ftdk; nrYj;jg;glhj fl;blf; fiyfs;, rhuhf;fiyfs;> rlq;Ff;fiyfs; Mfpatw;iw Ma;Tg; 5. ftdpf;fg;glhj MSikfs; rpy ftdpf;fg;gl;lik. 6. ngz;fs; epiy epd;W fiyg; ghuk;gupaq;fs; mZfg;g 7. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,aq;fp te;j r%fr; nraw;ghl;L FO
nraw;ghLfs; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;lik. 8. csj;jhf;fj;jpypUe;J jhf;fKw;wtu;fis tpLtpf fiy Kaw;rpfs; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;lik. mtw;iw ntspf;nfhzu;e;jik. 9. fiyQu;fSld; gq;F nfhz;L gq;Fnfhs; nraw;ghl;L 10. etPdj;Jt> gpd; etPdj;Jt> gpd;fhydpj;Jtg;
gpuNahfpj;jik.
268

khdk;
;gl;l jkpo; muq;if ikakhff; nfhz;l Xu; Ma;T) ; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;l fhyg;gFjpia ikakhf itj;Jf l;L Mjhuq;fisAk; rpw;g Xtpaq;fspy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; hff; nfhz;L cyfmuq;ff; fl;blf; fiytuyhw;wpd; ;ff; fl;blf; fiyapd; tuyhw;iwAk; gz;GfisAk; hu; Ma;thsu;.
2009 y; kl;lf;fsg;G kuG top ehlfq;fs; - Kj;Juh[h gpNuk;uh[;
f;F gpd;du; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; r%f mikg;gpy; Vw;gl;l ;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G kuG top ehlfq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jpa
ug;gLfpd;wd
j;jf;f mk;rq;fshtd:
; nre;newp fiykuGfis Muha;tjpypUe;J NtWgl;L f;fs; fiyfis rpwg;ghff; ;fpuhkpaf; fiyfis Nehf;fp
df;fUjg;gl;l giwabg;Nghu;> ryitj;njhspyhsu;fs;> ahu; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ tuyhW> tho; Kiwfs;, topghl;L d;wit gw;wpa jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;lik. dpf;fg;gl;lhj $j;Jf; fiyQu;fs;, mz;zhtpkhu;fs; s; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;lik. jhd; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F $j;Jld; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ;jg;glhj fl;blf; fiyfs;, iftpidf;fiyfs;> kjk;
yfs; Mfpatw;iw Ma;Tg; nghUshff; nfhz;lik
; rpy ftdpf;fg;gl;lik. yg; ghuk;gupaq;fs; mZfg;gl;lik. e;j r%fr; nraw;ghl;L FOf;fspd; r%f vOr;rprhu;e;j Lf;fg;gl;lik. f;fKw;wtu;fis tpLtpf;f kl;lf;fsg;gpy;> eilngw;w y; vLf;fg;gl;lik. mtw;iw ,dq; fz;lik. mtw;iw
z;L gq;Fnfhs; nraw;ghl;L Ma;thfr; nra;ag;gl;lik. j;Jt> gpd;fhydpj;Jtg; ngz;zpa Nfhl;ghLfisg;
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
Miuak;gjp jkpo;r; r%fk;
Miu
Kd;Diu
jkpo; NgRk; ey;Yyfpy;  fpof;F khepyq;fs; mtw;wpd; njhd;ikahYk; gz;g ngw;w gpuNjrq;fs; vdyhk;. ,q;Nf jkpoUk; jkpo;NgRk; K] cs;sdh;. jkpou;fs; kj;jpapy; Fyq;fs;> Nfhj;jpuq;fs;> t tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspy; rpyu; ,yq;ifapd; G+u;t ,af;fu;> ehfu; vd;Nghupd; topj;Njhd;wy;fshfTk;> NtWk kd;du;fs; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;wp murhl;rp nra;J te;j Copak; nra;a te;jtu;fshfTk; giltPuuhf Nrtfk; Gupa epue;jukhfj; jq;fptpl;Nlhupd; guk;giuapduhfTk; ,Uf;fpd
,t;thwhd Fy tpUjpdu;fspy; rpyu; milahsk; fhz Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; NtWk; rpyu; mtu;fs kiwf;fg;gl;l my;yJ ntspg;gLj;jg;glhj epiyapy; ,d ,t;thwhd r%fj;jpdu; rdj;njhifapy; Fiwthdt Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kiwf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;ltu ,tu;fs; rupahf milahsk; fhzg;gl;L mwpf;if Mt mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,uhtzd; Ml;rp epiwtile;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; , muR nra;J nfhz;bUe;j fhiy fp.K.543y; ,e;jpahtpd; mbf;fg;gl;l tp[aDk; mtdJ Njhou;fs; vOE}W NgUk; gha khNjhl;lk; vd;Dk; jk;ggd;dpapy; fiujl;b te;jpwq;fpdu
,jd; gpwF fp.K.2k; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp.12k; gFjpapy; njd; ,e;jpa jkpo; muru;fshd Nru> Nrho> ghz ,lk;ngw;W te;jNjhL mtu;fs; ,yq;ifapy; ,uhrjhd rpw;wuru;fSf;F KbR+l;b tpl;L jhafk; jpUk;gpr; nrd;WKs ngWfpd;wd.
jkpo; murjhdpfs; mEuhjGuk;> nghyeWit Mfpa Aj;jj;jpy; Njhw;Nwhbr; nrd;w rpq;fs kd;du;fs; jQ;rk; njd;gFjp Fwpg;ghf khfk Nghd;w efuq;fs; tpsq;fpd

Miuak;gjp jkpo;r; r%fk;
Miuak;gjp f. rghnuj;jpdk;
j;jpd; tfpghfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jnjhd;whFk;. mjpYk; w;wpd; njhd;ikahYk; gz;ghl;L tsq;fshYk; mjp rpwg;Gg; ;Nf jkpoUk; jkpo;NgRk; K];yPk;fSk; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ; Fyq;fs;> Nfhj;jpuq;fs;> tUzq;fs; vd;W gy gpuptpdu; py; rpyu; ,yq;ifapd; G+u;tPf f; Fbfshfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;w j;Njhd;wy;fshfTk;> NtWk; rpyu; njd; ,e;jpa ehl;L jkpo; fg;gw;wp murhl;rp nra;J te;j fhyj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F mur k; giltPuuhf Nrtfk; Gupate;jtu;fshfTk; ,q;F te;J uk;giuapduhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
spy; rpyu; milahsk; fhzg;gl;L xU Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpakhf Yk; NtWk; rpyu; mtu;fsJ G+u;tPf Ra milahsk; ;gLj;jg;glhj epiyapy; ,d;Wk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. j;njhifapy; Fiwthdtu;fshfTk; Vidatu;fshy; tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; ,Ue;J tUtjdhy; ; fhzg;gl;L mwpf;if Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;baJk;
le;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; ,af;f tk;rj;jpy; te;j FNtdp y fp.K.543y; ,e;jpahtpd; tq;fhsNjrj;jpypUe;J tpul;b jhou;fs; vOE}W NgUk; gha;fg;gy;fs; %yk; ,yq;ifapd; papy; fiujl;b te;jpwq;fpdu; vd;gJ tuyhW.
;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp.12k; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyg; uru;fshd Nru> Nrho> ghz;baupd; gilnaLg;G mbf;fb s; ,yq;ifapy; ,uhrjhdpfis mikj;J murhz;Lk; jhafk; jpUk;gpr; nrd;WKs;s tuyhWfs; NtW fpilf;fg;
jGuk;> nghyeWit Mfpa ,lq;fspy; epWtg;gl;lNghJ rpq;fs kd;du;fs; jQ;rk; GFe;j ,lkhf ,yq;ifapd; Nghd;w efuq;fs; tpsq;fpd. ,q;fpUe;J nghyeWit>
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mEuhjGup Mfpa ,lq;fisr; nrd;wiltjw;F mg;NghJ m kl;lf;fsg;G khepyk; rpwe;jNjhu; ghij Clfkhf mike;jpU
,jdhy; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpd; thtpia mz;k Miuak;gjp> fy;yhW> mkpu;jfop Mfpa ,lq;fspy; njd kd;du;fshy; mtu;fsJ ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp “,UKid M mq;Nf ,uT gfyhf fhtw;gilapdu; flikapy;  ,ilepiy kw;WnkhU jdpj;Jtkhd FOkkhf njhlu;e;J tho;e;J te FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;J tho;e;J te;jjdhYk; mtu;fs njupahjjdhYk; VidNahuhy; ntWkNd “fiuahu;” vd;W gpd;dhspy; fiuahu; vd;Nghu; kPd ;gpbj;J tho;e;J tUk; khw;wpaikj;J tpl;lJ.
cz;ikapyNa ,e;jf; fiuahu; vd;gtu;fs; fhyj kd;du;fSld; gilnaLj;J te;Njhupy; murNrtfk cz;ikahFk;. kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak; Nghd;w fpof;fpd cUthf;fg;gl;l E}y;fs; xU jiyg;gl;rkhf Ma;tpid Nkw jtpu;e;j Vida rhjpapdUf;F r%f ,Ul;lbg;ig Vw;gLj;j kiwg;G my;yJ ,Ul;lbg;ig kPw pAk; Xu; ,U ntspg;ghl;il ,j;jifNahupd; cz;ik tuyhw;iwf; fz;Lzu KbfpwJ
kl;lf;fsg;G khepyj;jpd; njhd;ik tuyhW
Kjypy; kl;lf;fsg;G khepyj;jpd; gz;ila epyg;gug;gpi te;j Fbg;guk;gy;fisAk; gw;wp rpwpJ Muha;tJ mtrpakhF
kl;lf;fsg;G vd;w ngau; 1952k; Mz;bw;F Ke;jpa fhyg;g njhlf;fk; tlf;Nf ntUfy; tiuAk; Nkw;Nf gJisf; Fd tpupFlh fliyAk; vy;iyfshf;fp nfhz;bUe;j xU gue 1952k; Mz;bw;Fg;gpd;du; jhd; gbg;gbahf mjd; epyg;gpuN khepyk; FWepykhf khw;wkilaj; njhlq;fpaJ. rpq;fs Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L khtl;l myFfshfg; gpupj;jfw;wg;gl;ld.
,uhtz Copf; fhyj;jpd; gpd;G ,yq;if ehL J}u;e;J fhlhfNt rpy fhyk; fhl;rpaspj;jJ. ,uhtzdpd; topj;Nj ,af;f murpia fp.K.544k; Mz;by; tq;f Njrj;J ,s
272

nrd;wiltjw;F mg;NghJ mtu;fSf;F jho;rkntspahd u; ghij Clfkhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
Njrj;jpd; thtpia mz;kpj;j ePu; epiyg; gFjpfshd fop Mfpa ,lq;fspy; njd;dpe;jpa Nru> Nrho ghz;ba hg;Gf; fUjp “,UKid Mw;Wf;fhty; gil” epWtg;gl;L ;gilapdu; flikapy;  ,ilepiy rpq;fsr; r%fj;ijr; rhuhkYk; kkhf njhlu;e;J tho;e;J te;j ,tu;fs; Mw;Nwhuk; jq;fs; o;e;J te;jjdhYk; mtu;fsJ %ytuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp ; ntWkNd “fiuahu;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;L te;jjdhYk; ; kPd ;gpbj;J tho;e;J tUk; r%fj;jpdu; vd;w fUj;jpid
iuahu; vd;gtu;fs; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ,e;jpaj; jkpo; te;Njhupy; murNrtfk; Gupate;jtu;fNs vd;gJ hd;kpak; Nghd;w fpof;fpd; tuyhw;iw czu;j;jntd;W yg;gl;rkhf Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ljd; gadhf Kf;Ftu; r%f ,Ul;lbg;ig Vw;gLj;jp tpl;lJ. MapDk; mj;jifa Pw pAk; Xu; ,U ntspg;ghl;il eOttpl;ljdhy; mjd; %yk;
hw;iwf; fz;Lzu KbfpwJ.
; njhd;ik tuyhW
j;jpd; gz;ila epyg;gug;gpidAk; mq;Nf nrwpe;J tho;e;J p rpwpJ Muha;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
2k; Mz;bw;F Ke;jpa fhyg;gFjpapy; njw;Nf FKf;fd; MW iuAk; Nkw;Nf gJisf; Fd;WfisAk; fpof;Nf tq;fhs hf;fp nfhz;bUe;j xU gue;J tpupe;j jkpou; jhafkhFk;. ; gbg;gbahf mjd; epyg;gpuNjrq;fs; RtPf huk; nra;ag;gl;L laj; njhlq;fpaJ. rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fs; jpl;lkpl;L hfg; gpupj;jfw;wg;gl;ld.
; gpd;G ,yq;if ehL J}u;e;J NghdNjhu; tdg;Gf;Fd;wpa j;jJ. ,uhtzdpd; topj;Njhd;wyhf te;j FNtdp vd;w z;by; tq;f Njrj;J ,sturdhd tp[ad; fhjypj;J
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jpUkzk; nra;Ak; tiu ,q;F tho;e;J te;j RNjrp ,d ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. tp[adpd; rjpj;jpl;lj;jhy; rpd;dhgpd ,af;f rKfk; jkJ ,Ug;gplkhd jk;gtd;dpf;F mg;ghy; n epu;ge;jj;Jf;Fs;shdJ.
tp[adpd; tUif ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs tk;rj;ij kl;L khwhf RNjrpfshd ,af;fupd; tho;f;ifr; rupj;jpuj;ijNa ,uhtz kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; rPN uhLk; rpwg;NghLk; tho tp[adpd; nfhLq;Nfhd;ikf;fQ;rp ehfuPf kpoe;JNghd N rkntspfspYk; mr;rj;Jld; tho;e;J tuNtz;ba Ju;ghf ,tu;fs; jk;gtd;dpapy; ,Ue;J ,ufrpakhf ntspNawp n  tpj;Jthd; tp.rP.fe;ijah mtu;fsJ kl;lf;fsg;G cjpupr; nra;jpfs; mlq;fpa ntspaPL fSk; kl;LNk fpilf;fg kf;fspd; tho;Tk; murhl;rpAk; ,uhtzd; Copf;fhyj;jpd ngwf; $ba rhj;jpak; epyTfpd;wJ. mjd; fhuzkhf Mjpf;Fbfs; ,e;j NtLtu;fshf tho;e;J te;j ,af;fu; my fiue;J ehfuPf kile;j Kf;Ftu; vd;gLk; rhjpapdu; vd;gJ rhfpaj;jhu; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; vOthd; fiug;gFjpapd; rpy , fiuapd; gy ,lq;fspYk; gutp tho;e;J te;j NghjpYk; tht ,U Kid Mw;Wf;flitfspy; FbNaw tpy;iy. ,jw;F md jkpo;ehl;L kd;du;fspd; ghJfhty; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mizah
Mw;Wf;fhty; gilapdu;
fp.K. 2k; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp.12k; E}w;w ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba fypq;f kd;du;fs tUtJk; ,q;F Ml;rp Gupe;J te;j rpq;fs kd;du;fis tpul rpy fhyk; epiyepWj;JtJkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
,e;j fhyfl;lq;fspy; mtu;fsJ xt;nthU giln Njitg;gl;ltplj;Jk; gil tPuu;fshfTk; fg;gNyhl;L ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk; gyu; ,q;F te;Js;sNjhL gzpGupe;Js;sdu;. jkpoupd; mEuhjGuk;> nghyeWit
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;F tho;e;J te;j RNjrp ,dq;fshf ,af;fUk; ehfUNk ; rjpj;jpl;lj;jhy; rpd;dhgpd;dkhfr; rpjWz;L fhLiwe;j d jk;gtd;dpf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W xspe;J tho Ntz;ba
fapy; rpq;fs tk;rj;ij kl;Lk; Njhw;Wtpf;f cjttpy;iy. ; tho;f;ifr; rupj;jpuj;ijNa Gul;bg;Nghl;L tpl;lJ vdyhk;. rPN uhLk; rpwg;NghLk; tho;e;J te;j ,t;,af;fu; Fyk; ;fQ;rp ehfuPf kpoe;JNghd NtLtu;fshf fhLfspYk; jho; ho;e;J tuNtz;ba Ju;ghf;fpa epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ;J ,ufrpakhf ntspNawp njd;fpof;Fj; jpirahf efu;e;J e;j kl;lf;fsg;G khepyk; Nehf;fp tpiue;jdu;. ,tu;fNs j;ij Njhw;W tpj;jtuhthu; vd;W ,yf;fpa fyhepjp  u; vd;gLk; rhjpapdu; vd;gJ njspT. ,e;j Kf;Ftu; vd;w thd; fiug;gFjpapd; rpy ,lq;fspYk; Nkw;Nf gLthd; p tho;e;J te;j NghjpYk; thtpapd; Nra;ikahf ePu; gpupf;Fk; ; FbNaw tpy;iy. ,jw;F md;iwa Ml;rpapy; epiyj;jpUe;j hty; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mizahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
;
njhlf;fk; fp.gp.12k; E}w;whz;L tiu mt;tg;NghJ ghz;ba fypq;f kd;du;fs; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;J e;j rpq;fs kd;du;fis tpul;babj;J tpl;L jdJ Ml;rpia
,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
tu;fsJ xt;nthU gilnaLg;Gfspd; NghJk; my;yJ tPuu;fshfTk; fg;gNyhl;Lk; khYkpfshfTk; ,e;jpa gyu; ,q;F te;Js;sNjhL ,tu;fs; murNrtfu;fshfTk; mEuhjGuk;> nghyeWit Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspd; NghJ
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Njhw;Nwhbr;nrd;w rpq;fs kd;du;fs; kiwe;J tho;e;j m ,yq;ifapd; njd;gFjp Fwpg;ghf khfk Nghd;w ,lq;fN ,Ue;J nfhz;Ljhd; mtu;fs; giljpul;bf;nfhz;L kPz tUtJz;L. Jl;lfhkpdp vdg;gLk; nfKD kd;dd; ,jw Maj;j eltbf;iffspd; NghJ tpiuthfTk; trjpahfT my;yJ nghyeWit ,uhr;rpaq;fisr; nrd;wiltjw;F jho; rkntspNa gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. rpq;fs kd;d Kwpabg;gjw;F kl;lf;fsg;G thtpapd; ,Ufiu ePu; gpupf Mw;Wf;fhty; gil xd;wpid jkpo; kd;du;fs; epWj;jpapU gilahfTk; coTg;gilahfTk; nray;gl;L te;jdu;. tPuu;fs; xNu fhyj;jpy; xNu gFjpapy; ,Ue;J te;jtu;f khepyq;fspypUe;Jk; nfhz;L tug;gl;ltu;fshtu;. ,j;jif khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;Lk; Gjpa epakdq;fs; nra;ag;gl;Lk; e nraw;gl;L te;jdu;. ,d;iwa Coast Guards Nghd;Nw mike;jpUe;jJ.
vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf vjpupfs; R+o;e;J Kw;Wifapl;L ,uhr topapd;wp mur FLk;gKk; ke;jpup gpujhdpfSk; Xb xspe;J khz;L kba Neupl;lNghJ Mw;Wf;fhtypy; ,Ue;J te;j gi tho;e;J jkf;fhf kw;nwhU muR gjtp Vw;Wk; tiu fhj;jpUg;g gpui[fs; Nghd;Nw jq;fs; rPt Ndhghaj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rpfs tifapy; jk;trk; ,Ue;j ehtha;> Njhzp> glFfis ght Vw;wp ,wf;fy;> Nkw;Ff;fiuapy; tptrha cw;gj;jpapy;  Njhzp> glFfis ghtpj;J kPd ;gpbj;jy;> gazpfis ; tptrha cw;gj;jpapy; 

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Fwpg;gpl;l ,e;j Miuak;gjpr; r%fj;jpdiu VidNah mioj;jjw;F fhuzkhf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fUjyhk;.
1. thtpf;fiu Xukhf tho;e;J tUgtu;fs;. 2. Fy> ,d> kj Ngjk; njupahj may; ehl;bypUe;J ,q;F 3. ,q;F epiy ngw;wpUe;j Kf;Ftu;> Ntshsu; vd;w gpw r
fiue;J Nghfhky; tho;e;J tUgtu;fs;. 4. jk;iktpl Fy tupirapy; $batu;fshf ,Ug;gij m tpUk;ghj xU kdepiyahy; ,t;thW nghJikapy; i
“fiuahu;” vd;W nghUs; tpsq;fh epiyepd;W tpopf;fg rhjhuz kPd t kugpidr; rhuhjtu;fs; vd;gjw;F Mjhukhf Kd;itf;f KbAk;
1. thtpf;fiuia mz;kpj;j epyg;gug;gpy; gy E}w;whz;L NghjpYk; ,tu;fs; jq;fs; FbapUg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J miu f tpupe;J fplf;Fk; tq;fhs tpupFlh flypy; kPd ;gpb njhopy kdg;ghq;fw;W ,Ug;gJ. mNj rkak; Vida Fy kug vd;Nghu; Mo;fly; kPd ;gpbj; njhopy; tpUj;jp fz;L tU 2. xNu gpuNjrj;jpy; xd;whf tho;e;J tUfpd;w NghjpY
K];yPq ;fs; vd;NghuJ Ngr;R nkhop tof;fpw;Fk; Mi cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; nkhop tof;fpw;Fk; ,ilNa mjpf Nt kpfj;njspTk; nghUs;Nfhlypy; kJiu khtl;l kf;fs Ngr;rpy; fye;J xypg;gJ. 3. fy;tpapYk;> tPuj;jpYk; nfhs;ifg;gw;wpYk; tplhg;gpbahd
mjpf Kaw;rp ntspf;fhl;lg;gly;. ,r;r%fj;ij Nru;e;j Xu Ma;T ikak; tiu nrd;W gzpahw;wp tUfpwhu;. 4. ,k;kf;fspilNa epytptUk; FbNfhj;jpu top Kiw
mit ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW khepyq;fisAk; Nru;e;j fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf MWgl;b Fb> t kd;WshbFb> nghd;dhr;rpFb> gj;jpdhr;rpFb> Gyt ,it xt;nthd;Wk; ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; rfy ghd;ikapy; ngau; tpupT ngw;Ws;sd.
KbTiu
tpisAk; gapiu Kisapy; njupAk; vd;ghu;fs;. M Fwpj;j me;jj; jhtuj;jpw;fhd (Potential energy) mjhtJ epiwe;jpUg;gJ cz;ik. md;iwa fhy fl;lj;jpy; $l tPo rhu;e;j cWg;gpdu;fis mtutu;fs; ntspf;fhl;Lk; gz;G go
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jpr; r%fj;jpdiu VidNahu; fiuahu; vd;W ntWkNd
Utdtw;iwf; fUjyhk;.
tUgtu;fs;. hj may; ehl;bypUe;J ,q;F te;J tho;e;J tUgtu;fs;. f;Ftu;> Ntshsu; vd;w gpw rhjpapdUdUld; fye;J Rak;
tUgtu;fs;. $batu;fshf ,Ug;gij mwpe;Jk; mjidj; njhpag;gLj;j y; ,t;thW nghJikapy; itj;j ngauhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
psq;fh epiyepd;W tpopf;fg;gLk; ,r;r%fj;jpdu; epr;rakhf jtu;fs; vd;gjw;F Mjhukhf gpd;tUk; VJf;fis rhd;whf
epyg;gug;gpy; gy E}w;whz;L fhykhf tho;e;J tUfpd;w bapUg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J miu fpNyh kPw ;wu; njhiytpy; gue;J pupFlh flypy; kPd ;gpb njhopy; Kaw;rpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Nj rkak; Vida Fy kugpduhd Kf;Ftu; K];yPq ;fs;
; njhopy; tpUj;jp fz;L tUfpd;wdu;. tho;e;J tUfpd;w NghjpYk; gpwr%fq;fshd Kf;Ftu;> r;R nkhop tof;fpw;Fk; Miuak;gjp tho; FUFyj;jpdu; of;fpw;Fk; ,ilNa mjpf NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gJ. cr;rupg;gpy; ypy; kJiu khtl;l kf;fspd; nkhop tsKk; ,tu;fsJ
s;ifg;gw;wpYk; tplhg;gpbahd ghupa Kd;Ndw;wk; my;yJ ly;. ,r;r%fj;ij Nru;e;j XupUtu; ehrh vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;
gzpahw;wp tUfpwhu;. k; FbNfhj;jpu top Kiwfis vLj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ W khepyq;fisAk; Nru;e;j kf;fis cs;slf;fpaitahf zkhf MWgl;b Fb> tq;fhsu;> jpUtpsq;fk; Fb> ;rpFb> gj;jpdhr;rpFb> Gytdhu;Fb> tPukhzpf;fd;Fb. pa Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; rfy gpupTfisAk; cs;slf;fpa gw;Ws;sd.
py; njupAk; vd;ghu;fs;. Mk;. me;j rpW tpijapDs; otential energy) mjhtJ cs;epy Mw;wy; KOikAk; ;iwa fhy fl;lj;jpy; $l tPo ;r;rpAw;w murguk;giuapidr; u;fs; ntspf;fhl;Lk; gz;G gof;ftof;fq;fisf; nfhz;Nl
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mDkhdpg;ghu;fs;. r%fk; vg;NghJk; eLepiy epd;W rhu;e;Nj rpy fUkq;fis Mw;wp tpLk;. MapDk; cz;ik Ngha;tpLtjpy;iy fhyk; mtw;Wf;fhd fdpit ngw;Wj;je
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; 1. kl;lf;fsg;G khepyj;jpd; gz;ila tuyhw;W mbr;RtL
- fyhepjp f.jh.nry;tuhr Nfhghy; ( gz;bju; tp. rP. fe;i 4. fu;zguk;giu tuyhWk; IjPfq;fSk;
276

g;NghJk; eLepiy epd;W nray;gLtjpy;iy. gf;fk; ;wp tpLk;. MapDk; cz;ik vg;NghJk; xspe;J kiwe;J
;Wf;fhd fdpit ngw;Wj;je;Nj MFk;.
z;ila tuyhw;W mbr;RtLfs;
fhghy; ( gz;bju; tp. rP. fe;ijah (BOL) jPfq;fSk;
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
jkpo; itj;jpaj;ij aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ts gq;fhw;wpath;fs; - Mtz Ma;T
mwpKfk;:
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; jkpo; itj;jpak; Njhd;wpa fhyj;ij n ,Ue;jhYk; jkpo; murh;fSk;> gpd; Njhd;wpa itj;j tsh;j;njLj;Js;shh;fs;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; rpq;ifefh; murh;f gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. gy;yt murh;fspd; Gfo;> tPuk;> nfhil> jk fhyk; rpq;if Ml;rpf;fhykhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rpq;if murh;f Njh;r;rpAk;> jpwikAk; nfhz;L tpsq;fpdhh;fs;. fp.gp. 14M nrfuhrNrfuk; vDk; rpq;if Mupar; rf;futh;j;jpapdhy ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrfuhrNrfuk; vDk; kUj;JtE}y; ,aw cUthf;fg;gl;L jkpo; kUj;Jtk; rpwg;gplk; ngw;W tsh;e;J t ,g;gzpapy; njhle;J nrd;whd;. me;epaupd; Ml;rpapdh nrd;whYk; jdpg;gl;l rpy itj;jpah;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;L ,f;fhyfl;lq;fspy; jkpo; itj;jpaj;ij tsh;j;j rpy mth;fspd; Gifg;glj;ijAk; Mtzg;GLj;jYNk Kf;fpa ,
kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; tsj;njLj;j mwpQh;fs;: rpq;if Mupar;rf;futh;j;jp : nrfuhrNrfud;> guuhrNrfud
nrfuhrNrfud; fp.gp. 1467 ,w;Fg;gpd; ey;Y}h; ,uhrjhdpia fd nrfuhrNrfud;> guuhrNrfud;> Mfpa ,UtUk; ifg;gw;w elj;j fy;tpapy; rpwe;j kfhgz;bjdhd nrfuhrNrfud mikj;J fy;tp gapw;Wtpj;jhd;. Nrho> ghz;ba> njh gz;bjh;fis tutioj;J  gpd; Njhd;wpa itj;jpah;fSk; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J fhyj;jpy; rpq;ifefh; murh;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; kpfKf;fpa spd; Gfo;> tPuk;> nfhil> jkpo;Gyik cyfpy; gutpapUe;j ;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rpq;if murh;fs; gyUk; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; ;L tpsq;fpdhh;fs;. fp.gp. 14Mk; E}w;whz;by; rpq;ifauR Mupar; rf;futh;j;jpapdhy; Kjypy; Msg;gl;L te;jJ. vDk; kUj;JtE}y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. kUj;Jtkidfs; k; rpwg;gplk; ngw;W tsh;e;J te;jJ. guuhrNrfu kd;dDk; d;. me;epaupd; Ml;rpapdhy; jkpo; itj;jpak; mope;J tj;jpah;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. ,t;tha;;thdJ tj;jpaj;ij tsh;j;j rpy mwpQh;fspd; NritiaAk;
tzg;GLj;jYNk Kf;fpa ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Lj;j mwpQh;fs;:
rfuhrNrfud;> guuhrNrfud;
guuhrNrfud; y;Y}h; ,uhrjhdpia fdf#hpadpd; gps;isfshd ;> Mfpa ,UtUk; ifg;gw;wp guuhrNrfud; murhl;rpia z;bjdhd nrfuhrNrfud; Ch;NjhWk; ghlrhiyia hd;. Nrho> ghz;ba> njhz;il kz;lyq;fspypUe;J ehl;by; cs;s Gyth;fNshL ey;Y}upy; xU jkpo;r;rq;fk; e;;J ru];tjp klhyaj;jpy; ,y;yhj tlnkhop> njd;nkhop
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E}y;fisnay;yhk; tutioj;jhd;. mNef E}y;fisg; gz ,aw;Wtpj;jhd;. mth;fSf;F ghprpy;fs; toq;fp nfsutpj;Js mwptpNy rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhd;. NghupNy ,wf;Fk; tPuh;f cly;$Wfs; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. nrfuhr guuhrNrfuk; vDk; itj;jpaE}iyAk;> nrfuhrNrfuk vOJtpj;jhd;. fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk; itj;jparhiyfis e rpwe;j itj;jpa E}y;fisAk; vOjpaJld; rpwe;j it itj;jpah;fis cUthf;fpdhd;. itj;jparhiyf;F N muz;kidapypUe;J fhye;NjhWk; mDg;gpdhd;. ,jw;fh %ypifj; Njhl;lj;ij mikj;J ,kakiyapypUe;J %ypi te;jhd;. ,e;j %ypifj; Njhl;lj;jpw;F “kUe;Jkiy” vd fy;tpaq;fhl;by; ,Ue;jjhf aho;g;ghzr; rupj;jpuk; vO $Wfpwhh;. fp.gp.1620 ,y; rq;fpypa kd;dd; Nghh;j;Jf;N vd;gupdhy; gpbgl;L kuzkile;j gpd; ey;Y}h; ,uhrj ,q;F Ntiy nra;jth;fspdhy; VLfs; fsthlg;gl;l gpd; njhlq;fpaJ. rpyh; jkJ FLk;gr; nrhj;jhf VLfis fhuzkhftpUe;jhh;fs;. ,jd; gpd;dh; ,t;itj;jpak; j Kaw;rpapdhy; tsh;j;njLf;fg;gl;lJ. fp.gp. 1620- fp.gp 180 tsh;j;j mwpQh;fspd; tpguq;fis mwpa Kbatpy;iy.
,Ughiyr;nrl;bahh; :
,tUila fhyg;gFjp fp.gp. 1830 vdf;fUj ,l mwpaKbatpy;iy. kPrhiyapy; gpwe;j Ntshz;nrl;b tk;rj jq;fpapUe;jjhy; ,Ughiyr;nrl;bahh; vdg;ngah; ngw;whh;. ,th; itj;jpa E}y;fshd gjhh;j;j#lhkzp> itj;jpa ,aw;wpdhh;. kUe;J Muha;r;rpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpath;.
nghpaghpahupahh; guk;giu: fle;j 23 jiyKiwahf cs;s guk;giu aho;g;ghzj;jpy; FyNrfu kfhuh[hf;fs; tk;rk; vdf;fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,th nfhz;L itj;jpak; nra;jhh;fs;. rpwg;ghd rpfpr;iriaf; n itj;jpaj;ij aho;g;ghzj;jpNy itj;jpah; fpwPd ; mth;fs; g jkpo; itj;jpaj;ijf; nfhz;L nrd;wth;fs;.
,uh[h FyNrfuk; fp.gp 1854 - 1910 ,uh[h ,
278

;jhd;. mNef E}y;fisg; gz;bjh;fisf; nfhz;L Gjpjhf hprpy;fs; toq;fp nfsutpj;Js;shd;. guuhrNrfud; itj;jpa ;. NghupNy ,wf;Fk; tPuh;fspd; cliyf;fPwp Muha;e;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. nrfuhrNrfud; jd; jikad; ngaupy; aE}iyAk;> nrfuhrNrfuk; vDk; itj;jpaE}iyAk; Wk; itj;jparhiyfis epWtp itj;jpak; nra;tpj;jhd;. ; vOjpaJld; rpwe;j itj;jpah;fspd; cjtpAld; gy hd;. itj;jparhiyf;F Ntz;ba kUe;Jfis jd; hWk; mDg;gpdhd;. ,jw;fhf muz;kidf;F mUNf xU ,kakiyapypUe;J %ypiffis vLj;J ,q;F tsh;j;J l;lj;jpw;F “kUe;Jkiy” vdg; ngaupl;lhd;. ,j;Njhl;lk; aho;g;ghzr; rupj;jpuk; vOjpa M.Kj;Jj;jk;gpg;gps;is ;fpypa kd;dd; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa jsgjp tpypg;Nj xyptuh le;j gpd; ey;Y}h; ,uhrjhdp fsthlg;gl;l epiyapy; y; VLfs; fsthlg;gl;l gpd; jkpo; itj;jpak; moptilaj; k;gr; nrhj;jhf VLfis itj;jpUe;J mope;J Nghff; ; gpd;dh; ,t;itj;jpak; jdpg;gl;l rpy itj;jpah;fspd; l;lJ. fp.gp. 1620- fp.gp 1800 tiu rpj;j itj;jpaj;ij
s mwpa Kbatpy;iy.
p.gp. 1830 vdf;fUj ,lKz;L. ,thpd; ,aw;ngah; ; gpwe;j Ntshz;nrl;b tk;rj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; ,Ughiyapy; l;bahh; vdg;ngah; ngw;whh;. jkpopy; rpwe;j tpj;Jthdhd gjhh;j;j#lhkzp> itj;jpatpsf;fk; vDk; E}y;fis py; rpwe;J tpsq;fpath;.
guk;giu aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kpfTk; fPh;j;jp ngw;W tpsq;fpa ; vdf;fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,th;fs; RopGuj;ij trpg;gplkhff; ;. rpwg;ghd rpfpr;iriaf; nfhz;L nrd;wth;fs;. Mq;fpy itj;jpah; fpwPd ; mth;fs; gug;gpaNghJ mjw;F risf;fhJ nrd;wth;fs;.
1910 ,uh[h ,uhrrpk;kd; fp.gp 1911 - 1920
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Mtuq;fhy; jhNkhjuk;gps;isf;F itj;jpak; fw;gpj;jt fhyj;jpy; rpwg;ghd itj;jpak; nra;jhYk; $l rpwg;ghd kUj;J my;yJ nghJthd itj;jpag; gapw;rpiaNah kw;w itj;jp Kbatpy;iy.
rpy;yhiy itj;jpa kuG: rpy;yhiy itj;jpaj;jpd; M khjfy; te;j fhrpehjh; FyNrfuk;gps;is ,th;fspd; i rpwg;ghf eilngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,jpy; jdpehafk; murn gpd; me;Njhdpg;gps;is thhpj;jk;gp Rthk;gps;is gpd; R gpd; ,d;dhrpj;jk;gp me;Jf;Fl;b Mfpa Ie;J guk;giua ,d;dhrpj;jk;gp rpy;yhiyapy; FbNawp itj;jpaj;ij njhl
,uhritj;jpah; me;Jf;Fl
,Ughiyr; nrl;ba “vy;NyhUk; iftpl;lhy; rpy Vw;glf;fhuzkhf ,Ue;jt
VohtJ jiyKiw #ir
INuhg;gpa rpfpr;irfshy; F itj;jpaj;jhy; FzKw;w
vl;lhe; jiyKiw Rthk;g
 mj;Jf;Fl;b
bNawp itj;jpaj;ij njhlh;e;jhh;.
,uhritj;jpah; me;Jf;Fl;b ,d;dhrpj;jk;gp
,Ughiyr; nrl;bahhplk; fy;tp gapd;wth;. “vy;NyhUk; iftpl;lhy; rpy;yhiyj;jk;gp” vd;w gonkhop Vw;glf;fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth;.
VohtJ jiyKiw #irg;gps;is ,d;dhrpj;jk;gp
INuhg;gpa rpfpr;irfshy; Fzkhfhj mNefh; ,tUila itj;jpaj;jhy; FzKw;whh;fs;.
vl;lhe; jiyKiw Rthk;gps;is ,d;dhrpj;jk;gp
 itj;jpa rhiyAk; mbapl Ntz;Lnkd;W Fuy; vOg;gp gzpia Muk;gpj;J itj;jth;. 1930 ,y; mfpy ,yq;ifr; rpj;j itj;jpa rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; jiytUk; ,tNu.
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280
xd;gjhk; jiyKi
tl,yq;if rk;Nksdj;jpd; nra;ag;gl;lth;. M gl;ljhhpfSf;F ngw;whh;. mfpy itj;jpa rq;fj;ji tl,yq;if MA FOtpd; ,af;Feu kUj;Jtrigapd; mq;fj;jtuhfr; nr fy;Y}hpapd; ,Wjpa nraw;gl;lth;. “rpj;j tha;e;j gl;lk; ng ,yq;if RNjr khdpaq;fs; Miz nraw;gl;lth;.
gj;jhk; jiyKiw Rfe;jd; ,d;dhrpj;j
,yq;if thn Nritapy; rpj;j i Vw;gLk; FiwfSf yq;fh rpj;j MAh;N ,Ue;jJld;> nrd khtl;l Mizah
I.nghd;idah mt kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy
Vohiyiag; ,th; rpj;jitj;jpa mbg;gilahf itj gpurq;fk;> fl;Liua njhz;L> Guhzgly nraw;ghLfs; %y  Adhdpf; FOtpd; mq;fj;jtuhfr; nraw;gl;lth;. aho; MAh;Ntjf; fy;Y}hpapd; ,Wjpahz;L guPl ;rfh;fspy; xUtuhfr; nraw;gl;lth;. “rpj;j itj;jpa tprhuj;” vd;w kjpg;G tha;e;j gl;lk; ngw;w KjyhtJ jkpoUkhthh;. ,yq;if RNjr itj;jpa gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpduhfTk; nraw;gl;lth;.
gj;jhk; jiyKiw nw[pNdhy;l Rfe;jd; ,d;dhrpj;jk;gp :
,yq;if thndhypapd; jkpo; xypgug;Gr; Nritapy; rpj;j itj;jpak; %ykhf kf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; FiwfSf;F epthuzk; toq;fpdhh;. yq;fh rpj;j MAh;Ntjf; fy;Y}upapd; mjpguhf ,Ue;jJld;> nrd;.N[hd;]; mk;Gyd;]; aho; khtl;l MizahsuhfTk; gjtp tfpj;jhh;.
I.nghd;idah mth;fs; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; Mw;wpa Nritfs;:
Vohiyiag; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lth; ,th; rpj;jitj;jpak;> Md;kPf k; ,uz;ilAk; mbg;gilahf itj;Nj nraw;gl;L te;jhh;. rkak;> gpurq;fk;> fl;Liuahf;fk;> ftpGidjy;> Myaj; njhz;L> Guhzglyk;> $l;Lg; gpuhj;jid Kjypa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; Md;kPf r; nraw;ghl;by;  itj;jpa E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jYf;F mr;R ,ae;jpuk; Njitg;gl;lJ.
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1930 ,y; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; mr;Rae;jpurhiyia mikj;J rpwe;j Mf;fq;fSld; ntspapl;lhh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mUsh ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. ,th; ,yq;ifapy; rpj;jitj;jpa E}y Mu;tj;jpy; aho;g;ghzf; FlhehL KOtJk;> td;dpg; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfis ngw;Wf; nfhz;L rpj;j itj;j r%f Nehf;fq;nfhz;L ,tw;iw rpj;jitj;jpa E}y;fs aho;g;ghzj;J itj;jpa E}y; ntspaPL vd;W Muk;gpj;J gj ntspapl;lhh;. ,th; gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fshtd:
1. 1927 ,y; ,Ughiyr; nrl;bahuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l itj;jpa gjhh;j;j#lhkzp Mfpa E}y;fisAk>; I.nghd;id irtg; gpufhr mr;Rae;jpurhiyapy; mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lh
2. 1930 ,y; itj;jpaj; njspT (mDge;jj;Jld;) nghd mr;rpae;jpurhiyapy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 500 nra;Al;fi nra;As;fNs ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jjhy; mtw;i gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. 1932 ,y; itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp vDk; E}y; Vohiy jpUQh
gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. 1933 ,y; nrhh;f;fehjh; jd;te;jpupak; vDk; E}y
mr;Rae;jpurhiyapy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. 1936 ,y; mq;fhjpghjk; vDk; E}y; guuhrNrfu E}
,uz;lhk; gjpg;ghf ntspte;Js;sJ.
6. 1938 ,y; itj;jpa g+uzk; -205 (mfj;jpa Kdpth; mU
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; mr;rpae;jpurhiy> ky;yhfj;jpy; gjpg;gp E}yhdJ 1930Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1936Mk; Mz;L ghfq;fshf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 7. Kjyhk; ghfk; - rpuNuhf epjhdk; 8. ,uz;lhk; ghfk; - nfh;g;gNuhf epjhdk; 9. %d;whk; ghfk; - rj;jpNuhf epjhdk; 10. ehd;fhk; ghfk; - thj> gpj;j> rpNyw;gd Nuhf epjhdk; 11. Ie;jhk; ghfk; - NkfNuhfk;> gpsitNuhfk;> gTj;jpuNuh 12. Mwhk; ghfk; - cjuNuhf epjhdk; 13. Vohk; ghfk; - %yk;>mjprhuk;> fpufzp> fug;ghd;> fpue;j
1948 ,y; ijkhjk; 30 Me; jpfjp ,iwgjk; va;jpdhh;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;Rae;jpurhiyia mikj;J fyhty;yp vDk; rQ;rpifia pl;lhh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mUshde;jrptk; vDk; jPl ;rhehkk; ;ifapy; rpj;jitj;jpa E}y;fisg; gjpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w ehL KOtJk;> td;dpg; gpuNjrj;jpYk; Njb VLfs;> ;Wf; nfhz;L rpj;j itj;jpaj;Jiwapy; kpFe;j gw;Wk;> ;iw rpj;jitj;jpa E}y;fshf ntspaplj; njhlq;fpdhh;. tspaPL vd;W Muk;gpj;J gjpd;%d;W itj;jpa E}y;fis }y;fshtd:
ahuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l itj;jpa tpsf;fk; vDk; mkph;jrhfuk;> E}y;fisAk>; I.nghd;idah mth;fshy; aho;g;ghzk; iyapy; mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lhh;.
pT (mDge;jj;Jld;) nghd;idah mth;fshy; jpUkfs; pf;fg;gl;lJ. 500 nra;Al;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy; 202 hs;sg;gl;bUe;jjhy; mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;
p vDk; E}y; Vohiy jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; mr;Rae;jpurhiyapy;
jd;te;jpupak; vDk; E}y; Vohiy jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; pf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vDk; E}y; guuhrNrfu E}iyr; rhh;e;jJ. ,t;thz;by; e;Js;sJ.
; -205 (mfj;jpa Kdpth; mUspr; nra;jJ) I.nghd;idah purhiy> ky;yhfj;jpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. guuhrNrfuk; vDk; ;L Kjy; 1936Mk; Mz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; VO s;sJ. jhdk; uhf epjhdk;
epjhdk; > rpNyw;gd Nuhf epjhdk; ;> gpsitNuhfk;> gTj;jpuNuhf epjhdk; pjhdk; uk;> fpufzp> fug;ghd;> fpue;jp> Fl;lNuhf epjhdq;fs;
e; jpfjp ,iwgjk; va;jpdhh;.
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N[. g];jpahk;gps;is
kNyrpahtpy; itj;j aho;g;ghzk; te;J ey;Y Mz;L xU itj;jparhi khzth;fs; rpyUf;F Nghj ,t;itj;jparhiy ,uhrht khw;wg;gl;L jkpo;ehL nrd;i fy;Y}hp cUthdijaLj;J 1925 Mk; Mz;L itfhrp kh ,yq;ifapy; KjyhtJ MAs;Ntjf; fy;Y}hp cUthdJ.
yq;fh r
,f;f g];jpah flik a
gz ahw;wpd ,q;F t
H. =epthr Iaq itj;jpaf; fy;Y}upapy flikahw;wpath;.
R.E.W . n[Nfhul;zk; ( 1967- 1975) S.

N[. g];jpahk;gps;is
kNyrpahtpy; itj;jpaj; njhopy; nra;Jtpl;L aho;g;ghzk; te;J ey;Y}h; Nfhapy; tPj papy; 1920 Mz;L xU itj;jparhiyAk;> MAh;Ntj itj;jpa khzth;fs; rpyUf;F NghjidAk; elhj;jp te;jhh;. gpd; ,t;itj;jparhiy ,uhrhtpd; Njhl;lk; vDk; gFjpf;F khw;wg;gl;L jkpo;ehL nrd;idapy; 1924 ,y; MAh;Ntjf; 25 Mk; Mz;L itfhrp khjk; ,tuhy; ];uhd;yp tPj papy; ;Ntjf; fy;Y}hp cUthdJ.
yq;fh rpj;j MAs;Ntjf; fy;Y}up
,f;fy;Y}upf;F 1925- 1933tiu g];jpahk;gps;is mth;fs; mjpguhf flik ahw;wpdhh;.
gz;bj; vr; .v];. Iaq;fh; flik ahw;wpdhh;. ,th; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,q;F te;J flikahw;wpath;.
H. =epthr Iaq;fh; yq;fh rpj;j MAh;Ntj itj;jpaf; fy;Y}upapy; 1928 - 1941 tiu flikahw;wpath;.
967- 1975) S.A. ,uhirah (1941- 1967)
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A.V. ,uhrul;zk; (1975- 1989) g+. cNuhkN
g+. cNuhkNf];tud; tlf;F fpof;F khfhz gzpg;ghs Nguit cWg;gpduhfTk; flikahw;wpath;.
MAh;Ntj tprhuiz Mizf;FO nra;j Kbt kUj;JtkidAk;> rpj;j kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpAk; epWTtJ vd Mk; Mz;L mj;jpthukplg;gl;L fl;lg;gl;L jw;NghJ aho; gy rpj;j kUj;Jtg; gphpT ,aq;fptUfpwJ.
ifjb rpj;j Nghjdh itj;jparhi
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

1989) g+. cNuhkNf];tud; ( 1989-1991)
;F fpof;F khfhz gzpg;ghsuhfTk;> aho; gy;fiyf;fofg; kahw;wpath;.
izf;FO nra;j Kbtpd;gb aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rpj;j tf; fy;Y}hpAk; epWTtJ vd;w jPh;khdj;jpd; gadhf 1967 fl;lg;gl;L jw;NghJ aho; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; xU gpupthf fpwJ.
rpj;j Nghjdh itj;jparhiy
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KbTiu: aho;g;ghzj;jpy; jkpo; itj;jpak; Muk;gfhyj;jpy; k tsh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;itj;jpak; ngUts itj;jpah;fshf ,Ue;J kUj;Jt mwpit tsh;g;gjw;F jkpo;r tutioj;J VLfis vOjp itj;Js;sdh;. vdpDk; m kjkhw;wj;jhYk; Nkiyj;Nja itj;jpak; ,q;F GFj;jg;gl j vdpDk; rpy jdpg;gl;l itj;jpah;fshYk;> itj;jpaf; FLk ghJfhf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. ,e;epiyapy; mope;J Nghd V jdpg;gl;lth;fshy; fbd Kaw;;rpapd; gpd; E}y;fshf ntspt kUj;Jtj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;ij giw rhw;Wfpd;wJ.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : ❖ milf;fyKj;J. r> fhf;Fk; fuq;fs; ,d;dhrpj;jk;gp i
1983. ❖ md;Gr;nry;tp. => aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rpj;jkUj;Jtk; m
Ma;T> aho;g;ghzk;> 2007. ❖ ,uh[Nrfuk;> rpq;if murh;fspd; mWit kUj;Jtk;> ❖ ,e;jpuhzp. K> Vohiyf; fpuhkj;jpd; etkzpfs;> Voh ❖ rpj;j kUj;Jt nts;sptpoh kyh; 1984- 2009 aho;. gy ❖ gtstpohkyh;1925- 2000 yq;fhrpj;j MAh;NtjkU
2003. ❖ tl,yq;if rpj;j MAs;Ntj kUj;Jtkyh;> aho;g;ghz
284

j;jpak; Muk;gfhyj;jpy; kd;dh;fshy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L py; jkpo;itj;jpak; ngUtsh;r;rp fz;Ls;sJ. kd;dh;fNs mwpit tsh;g;gjw;F jkpo;r;rq;fk; mikj;J gz;bjh;fis itj;Js;sdh;. vdpDk; md;dpahpd; gilnaLg;ghYk;> itj;jpak; ,q;F GFj;jg;gl jkpo; itj;jpak; rPh;Fiye;jJ. pah;fshYk;> itj;jpaf; FLk;gq;fshYk; jkpo; itj;jpak; ;epiyapy; mope;J Nghd VLfs; jtph;e;J rpy VLfs; rpy papd; gpd; E}y;fshf ntspte;Js;sJ. ,it ,d;Wk; rpj;j iw rhw;Wfpd;wJ.
; fuq;fs; ,d;dhrpj;jk;gp itj;jpa guk;giu> rpy;yhiy>
hzj;jpy; rpj;jkUj;Jtk; md;Wk; ,d;Wk; Xh; tuyhw;W . ;fspd; mWit kUj;Jtk;> nfhOk;G> 2010. puhkj;jpd; etkzpfs;> Vohiy. 2012. kyh; 1984- 2009 aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;> ifjb 2011. 0 yq;fhrpj;j MAh;NtjkUj;Jtf;fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;.
j kUj;Jtkyh;> aho;g;ghzk;> 1978.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
ftpQu; Rgj;jpud; mtu;fspd; ftpij nraw
tho;f;ifapidAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy
Mtzg;gLj;Jtjd; mtrpak;
,d;W tuyhw;wpid Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ kpf K gy epfo;Tfs;> gy kdpju;fspd; cd;dj tho;f Mtzg;gLj;jg;glhkNy Nghdjhy; gy ey;y mDgtq;fi ehk; mwpahkNy Ngha; tpl;Nlhk;. mjd; ,og;Gf;F VJk mw;Gj kdpju;fs; gw;wpa epidTfs; ek;NkhNl kiwe;J tho;f;if ek; re;jjpapdUf;F vd;Wk; topfhl;bfshf ,U ,e;j Mtzg;gLj;jYk; Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. ehd; $ ru;thjpfhuj;jpd; fPo ; mlf;f epidj;j cNuhkh Gupapd; Ng rpWtajpNyNa cyifNa gpbf;fg; Gwg;gl;l khtPud; mnyf jkpod; nfhbfis ,yq;if Kjy; gu;kh tiu gwf;ftpl;l ,y;iy. ,tu;fs; kl;Lk; jhdh tuyhw;W ehafu;fs; ,y;iy epidj;J tho;Nthu; vy;NyhUk; ,e;j cyfpd; ehafu;fs; jhd tho;e;J kiwe;j ftpQu; Rgj;jpud; mtu;fspd; tho;f;if t rpwpa Kaw;rpNa ,JthFk;.
ftpQu; Rgj;jpud; mtu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhW Mt mtrpak; vd;dntd;why;. ,tu; jd; tho;ehis jdf;fhf nr nryT nra;jNj mjpfk;. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; tho;tpy; xsp ,tupd; tho;f;if Xl;lk; kpf RWRWg;ghdJk; gy Rthu];a ghijapy; gy jilfs; ,lu;fs; f\;lq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,y;iy> jd; nfhs;ifapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpf;nfhs;sTk; , mwpe;jNj vjpu;ghuhj re;ju;g;gj;jpNy vdJ ehlf topapd; je mtu;fspd; muq;f Ma;T $lj;jpy; mtUf;F xa;T fpil tho;f;if mDgtk; gw;wpAk; jhd; fz;l mw;Gj kdpju ,Ug;ghu;. mg;gb jhd; md;nwhU ehs; khiyg; nghOjpNy eh NghJ ftpQu; Rgj;jpud; mtu;fis gw;wpAk; Ngr njhlq;f mk;kdpju; Nky; kjpg;Gk; kupahijAk; vd;Ds; te;J tpl;l jd;NdhL Kbj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mw;g khdplu;fspd; Kd; tho;T tpUl;rk; tpl;L gue;Jfplf;Fk; Mykuk; Nghy vdf;F
cyfpy; jpdKk; gy Mapuk; Ngu; gpwf;fpd;wdu; ,wf;fpd KOikg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy mg;gb tho;Nthu; xU rpyNu m

;jpud; mtu;fspd; ftpij nraw;ghl;ilAk; ho;f;ifapidAk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;
eNue;jpud; epUrhe;j; rpak;
zg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd xU tplakhFk;. u;fspd; cd;dj tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; rupahf jhy; gy ey;y mDgtq;fisAk; tho;f;if juTfisAk; hk;. mjd; ,og;Gf;F VJk; 

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,Uf;Fk; tiu gyUf;F epoy; nfhLj;J gy capu;fs; jd mJ ,we;jhYk; gyUf;Fg; gad;gLk;. mg;gbg;gl;l kdpju; NghJ gyUf;fhf tho;e;J mtu;fSf;F topfhl;bahf ,Ue;j jdJ ez;gu;fs;> cw;whu;> khztu;fs; epidTfspYk; ft tpOkpaq;fis nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwhu;. ,tiu tho;f;ifia ekJ re;jjpapdu; mwpahkNy Ngha;f;nfhz;L vdf;F vOe;jJ. mg;NghJ rpe;jpj;jd; tpisNt ,t; Ma;T Nguhrpupauplk; $wpNdd; mtu; vdf;F KO xj;Jiog;Gk; je ftpijfs;> mtiug;gw;wp te;j fl;Liufs; Kf;fpakhf mtNu mtupd; tho;tpy; rpy RtLfis mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;. NkY ,g;NghJ fpilj;j jfty;fisf; nfhz;L ,e;j Mtzj;ij jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; ,t;Mtzg;gLj;jy; NkY $wpf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
Rgj;jpud; gw;wpa mwpKfk;
,tu; 1935.04.16 Mk; jpfjpad;W kl;lf;fsg;G kz;zpy f.jq;ftbNty; je;ij jpU.f.fe;ijah> jha; jpUkjp.f kl;lf;fsg;G nkjb]; kj;jpa fy;Y}upapy; jdJ fy;tpr; nraw tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,tu; xU gapw;wg;gl;l Mrpupau;. aho Rgj;jpuh mtu;fis tpUk;gp vy;Nyhupd; rk;kjj;jpYk; j jd;kidtp kPJ ,Ue;j md;gpd; fhuzkhfNt Rgj;j ftpijfis vOjpdhu;. ,tu;fsJ tho;Tf;F mu;j;jk; Nru kfhNrdd;> khJ}q;fd;> Mjtd; Mfpa Ie;J Gjy;tu;fs mofhdJ vdj; jdf;fhfTk; gpwUf;fhfTk; thOk; Ngh KbAk;. Rgj;jpud;> FLk;gk; vDk; FWfpa tl;lj;Jf;Fs; t tho;e;jpUe;jhy; mtu; ,d;W capNuhL ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. Md vy;NyhUk; rkk;. vy;NyhUk; vy;yhk; ngw;W ey;y gbahf jd; tho;itAk; mu;g;gzpj;j kdpju;.
,tu; gpwe;J tho;e;j fhyk; ,yq;if gy Kf;fpa m neUf;fbfisAk; fz;l fhyfl;lkhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; Gul;rpfSk;> tpLjiyf;Fuy;fSk; vOe;j fhyg;gFjpahFk Nghuhl;lk;> fWg;G ,d> nts;is ,dg; Nghuhl;lk; v tPrg;gl;ld. gy Gul;rpahsu;fSk; cyfpNyNa jiy epkpu;e;j Mthu;. ,tupd; nfhs;ifapy; kpfTk; ftug;gl;ltuhf R ,wf;Fk; tiu mtu; rpe;jidapy; ,Ue;J tpLgltpy;iy. tpij ,yq;ifapYk; Ntu;tpl Muk;gpj;jJ. ,ij ,tuJ fhl;bd.,tuJ ftpijfs; jdp rpwg;G tha;e;jdthFk;.
Rgj;jpudpd; ftpij nraw;ghLk; mit Ngrpa jsq;fSk;
mWgJfspd; Muk;gk;> tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lf; fUj;Jf ghijah?> ghuhSkd;w ghijah? vd tpthjk; fz
286

; nfhLj;J gy capu;fs; jd;idr; Rw;wp thotop nra;Ak; d;gLk;. mg;gbg;gl;l kdpju; jhd; ,tUk;. ,tu; ,Uf;Fk; ;fSf;F topfhl;bahf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; ,we;j NghJk; mtu; tu;fs; epidTfspYk; ftpij topapYk; tho;f;ifapd; ;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwhu;. ,tiug; Nghd;w mw;Gj kdpju;fspd; ; mwpahkNy Ngha;f;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhu;fNs vd;w ftiy ;jpj;jd; tpisNt ,t; Ma;Tf; fl;LiuahFk;. ,ijg;gw;wp vdf;F KO xj;Jiog;Gk; je;J topfhl;bdhu;. mtu; vOjpa l;Liufs; Kf;fpakhf mtNuhL cwthba ez;gu;fs; %yk; s mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;. NkYk; mwpe;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. ; nfhz;L ,e;j Mtzj;ij njhFj;J ,Uf;fpNwd;. NkYk; ; ,t;Mtzg;gLj;jy; NkYk; tpupthf;fg;gLk; vd;gijf;
k;
pad;W kl;lf;fsg;G kz;zpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tupd; ,aw;ngau; .fe;ijah> jha; jpUkjp.f.nja;thidg;gps;is MFk;. ;Y}upapy; jdJ fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;by;  ,uhFyd;> d; Mfpa Ie;J Gjy;tu;fs; gpwe;jdu;. tho;f;if nuhk;g ; gpwUf;fhfTk; thOk; NghJ mij czu;e;J nfhs;s k; FWfpa tl;lj;Jf;Fs; tho Mirg;gltpy;iy. mg;gb apNuhL ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mtu; mg;gb thotpy;iy. y;yhk; ngw;W ey;y gbahf tho Mirg;gl;ltu;. mjw;fhf dpju;.
k; ,yq;if gy Kf;fpa murpay; r%f khw;wq;fisAk; fl;lkhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; kl;Lky;y cyfpNyNa gy k; vOe;j fhyg;gFjpahFk;. kf;fSf;Fk; muRf;Fkhd ;is ,dg; Nghuhl;lk; vdg; gy tpLjiy tpijfs; k; cyfpNyNa jiy epkpu;e;jdu;. mjpy; xUtu; jhd; ‘khX’ ; kpfTk; ftug;gl;ltuhf Rgj;jpud; fhzg;gl;lhu;. mtu; apy; ,Ue;J tpLgltpy;iy. Nkw;F ehl;by; vOe;j Gul;rp Muk;gpj;jJ. ,ij ,tuJ gy ftpijfs; ntspg;gLj;jpf; p rpwg;G tha;e;jdthFk;.
k; mit Ngrpa jsq;fSk;
u;f;fg; Nghuhl;lf; fUj;Jf;fs; cr;rkile;J Gul;rpfug; jah? vd tpthjk; fz;L mzp gpupe;j fhykhFk;.
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mNjNtisapy; Rgj;jpud; Gul;rpfu ghl;lhsp tu;f;f epiyg ftpijfis vOjpdhu;. jkpo; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; aho;g;ghz jPz ;lhikf;nfjpuhd ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ftpQu; R xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F cj;Ntfk; Cl;bd. xLf;F Kiwf Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; fye;J nfhz;L ftpij Kof;fj;ij ,tu; e gpw ftpQu;fshy; ,irf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; < [dehafg; Nghuhl;lnkd fzpf;fg; ngWk; xLf;fg;gl;l jk rhjpapd; Nguhy; ,uz;Lgl;l jkpou;fis xd;W gLj;jpa Ng Njhou;fSld; ftpQu; Rgj;jpud; epd;W jd; ftpij topap epd;W cioj;jhu;.
,tuJ ftpijfs; gy E}y; tbtk; ngw;Ws;sJ. G+tuRfs; mikg;gpd; rhu;gpy; ,tuJ ftpijfis njh vd;w E}yhf ntspapl;lhu;. ,jpy; 91 ftpijfs; njhFf mile;J 18 tUlj;jpd; gpd;dNu ,e;j ftpijj; njhFg;G Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU mtu;fshy; njhFg;gl;l ‘ft vd;w E}ypy; NkYk; mtupd; Ritahd ftpijfs; nts epiwa ftpauq;fq;fspy; gq;F gw;wpatu;. MapDk; mtu tPrpa FLk;g R+whtspapy; mit rpijf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld iff;F fpilf;fhky; Ngha;tpl;ld. fpilj;j ftpijfi ftpijapidAk; Nru;j;J ,e;j ftpij njhFg;G E mf;ftpijfs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; , ngwf;$Lk;.
,yq;ifapd; jkpo;f;ftpij cyifg; nghWj;jtiu K Njhw;wj;jpid 1940 fspy; ,dq;fhzf; $bajhf ,U vOr;rpapidAk tsu;r;rpapidAk; ehk; ghu;f;f KbAk;. ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspfspy; Rgj;jpuDk; xUtu;. 1960f xU Kw;Nghf;F ftpQuhf milahsk; fhl;bf; nfhz;l R tpLk; tiu jd; nfhs;ifapy; ,Ue;J rw;Wk; jsut xLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fNsh mtu;fspd; cupik vq;F ghjpf;fg;gL kdpjd; rpijf;fgLfpwhNdh mq;nfy;yhk; Rgj;jpud; nrd;w nfhLj;jhu;. ftpij Kof;fk; nra;jhu;. ,tu; ftpijfs; xL xypj;jd. mtu;fspd; typAk; NfhgKk; mtupd; tupfspy; G
,tupd; ftpijfis ehk; ehd;fhf tFj;J ghu;f;f KbA 1. fl;rpf; ftpijfs; 2. murpay; ftpijfs; 3. nghJthd ftpijfs; 4. mf czu;Tf; ftpijfs;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;rpfu ghl;lhsp tu;f;f epiyg;ghl;by; epd;W czu;T kpf;f ; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 1960fspy; eilngw;w g; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ftpQu; Rgj;jpud; gilj;j ftpijfs; fk; Cl;bd. xLf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhf eilngw;w vy;yhg; ftpij Kof;fj;ij ,tu; epfo;j;jpdhu;. mtupd; ghly;fs; d. jkpo; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;  ez;gu;fsplk; ,Ue;j e;j ftpij njhFg;G E}y;fSk; ntspte;Js;sd. ; fpilf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; ,it NkYk; E}y; tbtk;
j cyifg; nghWj;jtiu Kw;Nghf;F ,yf;fpa ghuk;gupaj; dq;fhzf; $bajhf ,Ue;jhYk; 1960 fspNy mjd; Ak; ehk; ghu;f;f KbAk;. ,e;j vOr;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gj;jpuDk; xUtu;. 1960fspd; Kw;gFjpapy; jd;id lahsk; fhl;bf; nfhz;l Rgj;jpud; jhd; ,Wjp %r;ir py; ,Ue;J rw;Wk; jsutpy;iy. kf;fs; vq;nfy;yhk; pd; cupik vq;F ghjpf;fg;gLfpwNjh rhjpapd; ngaupy; vq;F q;nfy;yhk; Rgj;jpud; nrd;whu; jd; ftpij topapy; Fuy; ra;jhu;. ,tu; ftpijfs; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Fuy;fshf fhgKk; mtupd; tupfspy; Gyg;gl;ld.
ehd;fhf tFj;J ghu;f;f KbAk;.
s;
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fl;rpf; ftpijfs; vd;gd fl;rpapd; Njit fUjp mzpfSf;fhf vOjg;gl;ld. ,yq;if fk;A+dp];l; ‘njhopyhspapNy’ ,j;jifa ftpijfs; mjpfk; ntspte;jd
,tupd; murpay; ftpijfs; kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhd fhzg;gl;ld. gy tpjj;jpYk; murpaiy mit Ngrpd. mtu ftpijfisAk; murpay; ftpijfSf;Fs;NsNa itj;J ftpijapDs; ,it kpf Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpf fpof;F khfhzj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. 1960 fspd; gpw;gFjpa jPz ;lhikf;Fk; vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk; cr;rkile;jJ. mg;N kf;fSld; ,ize;J> ftpij %ykhfg; Nghuhbatu; Rg vjpu;g;G ftpij mlq;fpa njhFg;ghf ‘,uj;jf;fld;’ vDk; ft ,j;jidf;Fk; Rgj;jpud; mtu;fs; cau; Ntshsu; Fbia jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspy; xUtdhf jd;idAk; fUjp rhjp vj Rgj;jpud; mtu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l khf;]pr topr; rpj;jhe;jN
nghJ thrfu;fSf;fhf vOjpa ftpijfspy; mtupd; me;jf;ftpijfs; FiwthfNt fpilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ekJ Ju mtu; ifahSk; yhtfk; kpf rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;.
mf czu;Tf;ftpijfs; ngUk;ghyhdit mtu fhyg;gFjpapNyNa fpilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit ,Wjpf; f kdf;Fog;gj;jpw;F cs;shfp ,Ue;jhu; vd;gjw;F cjhuz ftpijfspy; cs;s kpfr; rpwg;G mk;rk; vd;dntd mf;ftpijapid vOJfpwhNuh mtu;fspd; xUtdhf jd mtu; nfhLj;Js;shu;. rhjp nfhLik ftpijfspy; ‘ghujj;j vd;w ftpijfspy;
‘tPukpUf;Fk; ghujj;jha; tpopj;njOe;njk; tPu tuyhw;iwg; gbf;fg; Nghfpd;whs;’
ftpijapy; jhDk; mjpy; xU mq;fkhfNt khwp tpLfpd ftpijapYk; jhDk; xd;whf khwp ftpijapid gilg;gJ ftpijfspYk; ghu;f;f KbAk;. ,tupd; ftpijfs; ahUf;fh mtUila ftpijfspy; tbtKk; mike;Js;sd. ,t;t tbtk; ngw;w ftpfspd; Clhf ,tupd; ftpj;Jtj;ijAk; nt KbAk;;. ,tupd; ftpijr; nraw;ghl;ilAk; tpl;L ,tupd; mu tho;f;if mDgtj;ijAk; gjpT nra;jy; vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpa

fl;rpapd; Njit fUjp fl;rpg; gj;jpuiffspy;> fl;rp . ,yq;if fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; gj;jpupifahfpa
pijfs; mjpfk; ntspte;jd.
jfs; kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhd jd;ikapidf; nfhz;L urpaiy mit Ngrpd. mtupd; rhjp xLf;FKiwf;nfjpuhd pijfSf;Fs;NsNa itj;Jg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tupd; f;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd. Rgj;jpud; mtu;fs; tu;. 1960 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjpf;Fk;> hl;lk; cr;rkile;jJ. mg;NghJ mq;F nrd;W Neubahf %ykhfg; Nghuhbatu; Rgj;jpud; mtu;fs;. ,tupd; rhjp g;ghf ‘,uj;jf;fld;’ vDk; ftpij njhFjp ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ;fs; cau; Ntshsu; Fbiar; Nru;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jNghJk; f jd;idAk; fUjp rhjp vjpu;g;G ftpijfis vOjpdhu;.
;l khf;]pr topr; rpj;jhe;jNk ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;.
jpa ftpijfspy; mtupd; ftpijr;rpwg;G Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. fpilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ekJ Ju;ghf;fpakhFk;. ,f;ftpijfspy; pwg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;.
; ngUk;ghyhdit mtupd; kuzj;Jf;F mz;kpj;j l;Ls;sd. mit ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; mtu; vt;tifahd Ue;jhu; vd;gjw;F cjhuzkhf cs;sJ. Rgj;jpudpd; rpwg;G mk;rk; vd;dntd;why; mtu; vtu; nghUl;L h mtu;fspd; xUtdhf jd;id epWj;jpNa jdJ Fuiy Lik ftpijfspy; ‘ghujj;jha; tpopj;njOths; .............’
hujj;jha; jk; wg;
;whs;’
U mq;fkhfNt khwp tpLfpd;whu;. ,g;gb jhd; vOjpa vy;yh khwp ftpijapid gilg;gJ ,tuJ rpwg;G ,ij vy;yhf; ,tupd; ftpijfs; ahUf;fhf vOjpdhu; vd;gjpy; ,Ue;Nj Kk; mike;Js;sd. ,t;thW ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;L E}y; ,tupd; ftpj;Jtj;ijAk; ntspg;ghl;ilAk; ek;khy; ghu;f;f ;ghl;ilAk; tpl;L ,tupd; murpay; nraw;ghl;ilAk; ,tupd; T nra;jy; vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd xU mk;rkhFk;.
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Rgj;jpudpd; tho;f;ifAk; mjpy; mtu; re;jpj;jitAk;
Rgj;jpud; mtu;fs; 1950fspy; jkpouRf;fl;rpapd; fl;rpapd; jPt pugpur;rhuuhf $l nraw;gl;lhu;. Rgj;jpud; jkp Nkw;nfhz;l rj;jpahfpuf Nghuhl;lj;jpy;  ,dk;> nk vy;NyhiuAk; Njhou;fs; vd;W jhd; miog;ghu;fs;. ‘tz NjhoNu’ vd;W jhd; Ngrpf;nfhs;tu;fs;. gy kzpNeuk; ci ehl;L elg;Gf;fs; cyfpd; epytuq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; gw;w Rgj;jpud; murpay; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;jhYk; xU mjpUg;jpahsu mePj p Mfpatw;iw vg;NghJk; mtu; ntWj;jhu;.
fk;A+dp];l; ,uz;lhf gpupe;J fhzg;gl;lJ xd;W , fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp (,J u];ahTf;F rhu;ghdJ) mLj;J fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp ,J rPd rhu;ghdJ. ,J khXtpd; nfhs;i ,jd; jiytuhf rz;Kfjhrd; fhzg;gl;lhu;.,f; fl;rpapy Nkyhf nraw;gl;L jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; vOr;rpf;fhfg; gh ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU tUlj;jpy; Nk jpdk; nfhz;l njuptpf;fg;gl;l NghJ aho;ghzj;jpy; ,jid nfhz;lhl jpiuauq;fpy; glk; KbAk; Neuj;ij vjpu;ghu;j;J glk; Kba jpBu; vd;W Nkjpdf; nfhz;lhl;lj;ij njhlq;fp nghyprhhp eilngw;Ws;sJ. ,jdhy; gy f\;lq;fisAk; ,lu;fis mDgtpj;jhu;. gpd;du; rz;Kfjhrdpd; jiyikapy; , Rgj;jpuDk; fl;rp nraw;ghLfspy; mjpUg;jpaile;J gpd;du; t nfhs;ifapy; ,Ue;J mtu; ,wf;Fk; tiu mtu; khwtpy;i vd;W ,aq;fpa ,af;fj;Jf;F ,tu; ntspapy; epd;W jdJ M
mtupd; nghJey tho;Tk; nraYk; mtupd; nrhe;j t tPrj;njhlq;fpaJ. aho;ghzj;J ey;Y}iu Nru;e;j Rgj;jpuhi nra;J mofhd [e;J Gjy;tu;fisAk; ngw;W kfpo;r;rpAld mJ njhlutpy;iy. ,tu; nghJ nraw;ghLfspy; mjpfkhf ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lJ. FLk;gj;ij KOikahf ftdpf;f Kbah
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

y; mtu; re;jpj;jitAk;
fspy; jkpouRf;fl;rpapd; ghy;  ,dk;> nkhop vd;w NtWghL ,y;iy. ;W jhd; miog;ghu;fs;. ‘tzf;fk; NjhoNu’> ‘rhg;gpLq;fs; ;tu;fs;. gy kzpNeuk; ciuahb gy tpthjq;fs; elf;Fk;. uq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; gw;wpg; Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghu;fs;. e;jhYk; xU mjpUg;jpahsuhfNt ,Ue;jhu;. Nghypj;jdk; tu; ntWj;jhu;.
pe;J fhzg;gl;lJ xd;W ,yq;if> nkh];Nfh rhu;ghd hTf;F rhu;ghdJ) mLj;J ,yq;if khf;rpr nydpd; hdJ. ,J khXtpd; nfhs;ifia Mjupg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. d; fhzg;gl;lhu;.,f; fl;rpapy; Rgj;jpud; 10 tUlq;fSf;F ;l kf;fspd; vOr;rpf;fhfg; ghLgl;lhu;. ,tu; fk;A+dp];lhf Ulj;jpy; Nk jpdk; nfhz;lhl $lhJ vd murhq;fj;jhy; j;jpy; ,jid nfhz;lhl epidj;j ,tu;fs; aho;ghz j;ij vjpu;ghu;j;J glk; Kba ntspte;j kf;fis itj;J l;lj;ij njhlq;fp nghyprhhplk; mb thq;fpa epfo;TfSk; f\;lq;fisAk; ,lu;fisAk; jd; nrhe;j tho;tpYk; fjhrdpd; jiyikapy; ,Ue;J fl;rp nraypof;fpd;wJ. ; mjpUg;jpaile;J gpd;du; tpyfpf; nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; jd; f;Fk; tiu mtu; khwtpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ‘fPi of;fhw;W’ tu; ntspapy; epd;W jdJ Mjuit toq;fpdhu;.
; nraYk; mtupd; nrhe;j tho;tpy; nky;y nky;y Gaiy ey;Y}iu Nru;e;j Rgj;jpuhit kdk; tpUk;gp jpUkzk; isAk; ngw;W kfpo;r;rpAld; Muk;gj;jpy; mtu; ,Ue;jhYk; J nraw;ghLfspy; mjpfkhf 

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gpur;ridia nfhz;L te;jJ. nghUshjhug; gpur;ridA ,jdhy; mtuplk; ,Ue;j tay; epyq;fis vy;yhk; ,of;f cwtpy; rw;W tpuprYk; cUthfpaJ. vy;NyhUf;Fk; rk cu epiwNtWkh? vd;w vjpu;ghu;g;G FLk;gg;gpur;rid NtW filrpf; fhyj;jpy; kdcsr;rYf;F cs;shf;fpaJ. cy eyj;Jf;fhf tho;e;Njhu; vy;NyhUk; mDgtpj;j Ntjidi ,tupd; Jaupd; NghJ ,tUf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jtu;fs; ,t
Rgj;jpud; fk;A+dp];l;lhf Kd;du; ,tupd; ez;gu; tl;l Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU> ghYkNfe;jpuh> ntypq;ld;> ,tu; fk;A+dp];l; Md gpd;du; gy ez;gu; tl;lhuk; Jiuul;zk; (uzrpq;fk;)> rptuhrh> Nahfehjd; (ftpQu; rh Nghd;NwhiuAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. cyfpy; elf;Fk; gy tplaq;f ez;gu;fSld; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghu;. ,tu; cyf elg;G foptJ $l ,tUf;Fj; njupahJ. tPj pNahu tpsf;Ffspd; m ,yq;if epytuk; tiu Ngrpf; nfhz;L ,Ug;ghuhk;. ez tpj;J mtu;fis nraw;gl itj;jhu;. Fwpg;ghf Neruh[htpd ftpQdhf;fpa ngUk; gq;F ,tiuNa rhUk;.
,tu; ez;gu; tl;lhuj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ele;j czu;r;rp ftpQu; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l fhrp Mde;jdpd;
‘rj;ij ,se;j jkpo; rhjp tho gj;jhapuk; ftp rhw;whky; rhNtNdh?’
vDk; ftpijia ‘Rje;jpud;’ gj;jpupifapy; ghh;j;j Rgj ’re;jk; ey;yh ,Uf;F. vJif NkhidAk; ey;yh ,Uf;F tupAk; ,Uf;F. Mdh xU ftpQd; gj;jhapuk; ftp rhw;wpd vjpuhf ,d;ndhU ftpQd; gjpndhwhapuk; ftp rhw;wpdhy tpLkh?’ vd;W Nfl;lhu;. mg;NghJ ez;gu; tl;lhuk; ,jw vOJkhW Nfl;lJf;F ‘rup ,e;jh vOjp nfhs;’vd;W nrhy;yj
‘xU Nfhbf; ftpijfshy; cyfk; Nghw;Wk; ngUq;ftpQd; vd ehkk; ngw;whYk; mJ xU nrhl;L ,uj;jj;ij cupikg; Nghupy; jUgtdpd; Gfo; Kd;Nd J}R J}R’
290

. nghUshjhug; gpur;ridAk; mtiu ikak; nfhz;lJ ; epyq;fis vy;yhk; ,of;f Neupl;lJ. fztd; kidtp fpaJ. vy;NyhUf;Fk; rk cupik tuNtz;Lk; vd;w fdT ;g;G FLk;gg;gpur;rid NtW ,it vy;yhk; Rgj;jpuid ;rYf;F cs;shf;fpaJ. cyfpNy jd;dyk; tpl;L gpwu; hUk; mDgtpj;j NtjidiaNa ,tUk; mDgtpj;jhu;. Mjuthf ,Ue;jtu;fs; ,tupd; rpy ez;gu;fNs MFk;.
Kd;du; ,tupd; ez;gu; tl;lhukhf ftpQu; fhrp Mde;jd;> YkNfe;jpuh> ntypq;ld;> tbNtY> Nghd;NwhiuAk;. u; gy ez;gu; tl;lhuk; ,tUf;F ,Ue;jJ. Fwpg;ghf uhrh> Nahfehjd; (ftpQu; rhUkjp)> fdfRe;juk;> Neruh[h cyfpy; elf;Fk; gy tplaq;fisAk; gy kzp Neuk; jdJ ,Ug;ghu;. ,tu; cyf elg;G gw;wp Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhy; ,uT . tPjpNahu tpsf;Ffspd; mUfpy; ,Ue;J rPd g;Gul;rp Kjy; ; nfhz;L ,Ug;ghuhk;. ez;gu;fspd; jpwikapid Cf;F j;jhu;. Fwpg;ghf Neruh[htpd; jpwikia mwpe;J mtiu iuNa rhUk;.
d; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ele;j xU rk;gtk; RthurpakhdJ
g;gl;l fhrp Mde;jdpd;
jkpo; rhjp tho p rhw;whky;
d;’ gj;jpupifapy; ghh;j;j Rgj;jpuDf;F rpupg;G te;J tpl;lJ. NkhidAk; ey;yh ,Uf;F. czu;r;rp Vw;g;gLj;jpwNghy pQd; gj;jhapuk; ftp rhw;wpdhy; jkpo; rhjp thOk; mjw;F pndhwhapuk; ftp rhw;wpdhy; mg;NghJ jkpo;r;rhjp mope;J ghJ ez;gu; tl;lhuk; ,jw;F gjpy; nrhy;tjhf xU ftp h vOjp nfhs;’vd;W nrhy;yj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
tpijfshy;
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o; Kd;Nd
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mg;gb cUthd ftpijNa ,J. vy;Nyhupd; ghuhl;il ,e;j ftpijapid gpNuk; Nghl;L tPL fspy; khl;b itj ,tiur; Rw;wp xU mofpa ez;gu; tl;lhuk; fhzg;gl;lJ. , cz;ikahf gofpajhy; fpilj;j cwTfs; ,itNa. ,d;W tho;e;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;why; mtu; cz;ik MFk;.
Rgj;jpud; Muk;gj;jpy; nfhOk;gpy; Mrpupauhff; flik fpuhkq;fshd fd;dq;Flh kfhtpj;jpahyak;> kl; GJ} kfhtpj;jpahyak;> VwhT+u; murpdu; jkpo; fytd; ghlrhi fy;tprhu; Nritia Mw;wpdhu;. ,tu; ngWthupahf kf;fSf kl;lf;fsg;gpd; fd;dq;Flh> gLthq;fiu> kz;lgj;jb gFjpf njhopw;rhiyapd; njhopw;rq;f Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; fye;J nfhz Fuy; nfhLj;jhu;. Fwpg;ghf mq;F Ntiy nra;j rj;jparPy d mtupd; kuzj;Jf;fhf Nfs;tp Nfl;L ‘rj;jpa rPy d; ,we;j vd ftpij vOjpdhu;. mtupd; murpay; MAjk; mtupd; ft
,yq;ifapy; vq;nfy;yhk; Kw;Nghf;F $l;lk; eil ng jdJ Mjuit jdJ nray; topapYk; ftpijapYk; ntspap njhopyhsu;fspd; $yp cau;Tg; Nghul;lj;jpYk; aho;ghz kf;fspd; rhjpf;nfjpuhd Nghul;lj;jpYk; fye;J nfhz;L epfo;j;jp xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Fuiy cyFf;F giw my;y vq;nfy;yhk; kf;fs; xLf;FjYf;F cs;shfpd;wdN ftpijahf xypj;jJ tpal;ehkupd; mnkupf;f Vfhjpgj;jpa Nghuhl;lk; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; jdJ Mjuit nfhLj;jhu;.md fpU];zFl;b> rz;Kfjhrd;> gpNuk;yhy; Fkurpwp> khh;l fhu;j;jpNfrd;> gPw ;wu; nfdkd; Nghd;NwhUld; ,ize;J n
md;W xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fshf fUjg;gl;l tz;zhu;> filau;> giwau;> efu Rj;jpnra;Nthu; vd vy;NyhUl mtu;fs; gpur;ridia mwpe;J mtu;fs; gpur;ridf;F jPu;T nfhz;lhu;. murpay; Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf mtu;fis gad;gLj mtu; mtu;fSld; goftpy;iy. md;iwa fhyj;jpy; mtu ,y;iy. mtu;fs; tPL fSf;F ahUk; NghtJk; ,y;iy. Md nghUl;gLj;jhky; mtu;f;s; tPL fSf;Fr; nrd;W gofp cwthb cz;L mtu;fs; gpur;ridia fz;Z}lhf fz;L mtu gy rpukq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ltu;. md;iwa fhyj;jpy; efu tPL fSf;Fr; nrd;W kdpjf;fopTfis mfw;Wk; Ntiya ahUk; tPL fSf;Fs;NsNa vLg;gjpy;iy Mdhy; jdJ t
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

,J. vy;Nyhupd; ghuhl;ilAk; md;W ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. hl;L tPL fspy; khl;b itj;jtu;fSk; cs;sdu;. ,g;gb ;gu; tl;lhuk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tu; ve;j tpj ghFghLk; ,d;wp j;j cwTfs; ,itNa. ,d;Wk; ,tu;fs; kdjpy; Rgj;jpud; vd;why; mtu; cz;ik tho;Tf;F fpilj;j mu;j;jNk
Ok;gpy; Mrpupauhff; flikahw;wp gpd;du; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; fhtpj;jpahyak;> kl; GJ}u; tpj;jpahyak;> fpuhd;Fsk; rpdu; jkpo; fytd; ghlrhiy Nghd;w ghlrhiyapy; jd; ;. ,tu; ngWthupahf kf;fSf;fhf Ntiy nra;j ,lq;fshf thq;fiu> kz;lgj;jb gFjpfs; kw;Wk; thor;Nrid fhfpj Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; fye;J nfhz;L mtu;fs; gpur;ridf;fhff; ;F Ntiy nra;j rj;jparPy d; kpd;rhuk; jhf;fp ,we;j NghJ p Nfl;L ‘rj;jpa rPy d; ,we;jJ ,aw;ifah? nraw;ifah?’ ; murpay; MAjk; mtupd; ftpijfNs MFk;.
; Kw;Nghf;F $l;lk; eil ngw;whYk; mq;nfy;yhk; nrd;W papYk; ftpijapYk; ntspapl;lhu;. kiy ehl;by; eilngw;w g; Nghul;lj;jpYk; aho;ghzj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w xLf;fg;gl;l l;lj;jpYk; fye;J nfhz;L jdJ ftpij Kof;fq;fis ; Fuiy cyFf;F giw rhw;wpdhu;. ,yq;if kl;Lk; Lf;FjYf;F cs;shfpd;wdNuh mq;nfy;yhk; ,tu; Fuy; upd; mnkupf;f Vfhjpgj;jpaj;Jf;Ff; nfjpuhd tpLjiyg; J Mjuit nfhLj;jhu;.md;iwa murpay; jiytu;fshd gpNuk;yhy; Fkurpwp> khh;l;bd; tpf;fpukrpq;f> tp[atPu> ghd;NwhUld; ,ize;J nraw;gl;Ls;shu;.
hf fUjg;gl;l tz;zhu;> rf;fpypau;> estu;> mk;gl;lu;> ra;Nthu; vd vy;NyhUlDk; Neubahf nrd;W gofp mtu;fs; gpur;ridf;F jPu;Tfhz gy Kaw;rpfis Nkw; f;fhf mtu;fis gad;gLj;Jk; murpay; thjpfis Nghy; y. md;iwa fhyj;jpy; mtu;fis tPL fSf;Fs; vLg;gJk; hUk; NghtJk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; Rgj;jpud; mij vijAk; Sf;Fr; nrd;W gofp cwthb mtu;fs; nfhLf;Fk; czit fz;Z}lhf fz;L mtu;fs; tho;tpy; xsp tPritf;f u;. md;iwa fhyj;jpy; efuRj;jp nra;Ak; njhopyhsu;fs; pTfis mfw;Wk; Ntiyapidr; nra;jdu;. mtu;fis g;gjpy;iy Mdhy; jdJ tPl ;Lf;F fopTfs; mfw;wtUk;
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uhkd; vd;w njhopyhspAld; ez;guhf gofpaJ kl;L uhkd;khkh vd;W mtiu $g;gpl nrhy;ypNa gof;fpdhu;. vy;NyhUf;Fk; Vw;gltpy;iy. me;j Neuj;jpy; mj;njhopyhs tpl;lhd; vd;gij mwpe;J mtu;fSf;fhf Fuy; nfhLj;J Ngh
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjpntwp cr;rk; ngw;W xLf;fg;gl;l k vd;W ntFz;L vOe;j Nghuhl;lk; rq;fhidg; Nghuhl;lkh ftpij mtu;fspd; tho;f;if typia cyFf;F vLj;Jf tzf;fk;’ vd;w ghlypy; rq;fhidAk; tpal;ehikAk; xd
‘Fr;rpf; Fbirf;Fs; nfhYtpUf;Fk; Nfhgj;ij nkr;RfpNwd;- rq;fhid kz;Zs; kyu;e;j kw;w tpal;ehNk....’
,tuJ ftpijfs; vy;yhk; md;iwa Njrhgpkhdp> n gj;jpupifapy; mjpfk; ntspte;jJ. gy ftpauq;fj;jpy; gy cs;shu;. khj;jis ftpauq;fk;> kl;lf;fsg;G itutu; N fhsp Nfhtpy; ftpauq;fk;> VwhT+u; tPugj;jpuu; ftpauq;fk rz;Kfjhrd; $l;lj;jpy; jiyik Vw;W Mw;wpa ciu ,Uf;fpwhu;.
Rgj;jpud; gw;wp mtUld; cwthba xU rpy ez;gu;fspd; th Rgj;jpud; gw;wp NgRk; vy;NyhUk; nrhy;Yk; tpla kdpju; jd; nrhe;j tho;it tpl kf;fspd; eyj;Jf;fhf mtiug; gw;wp NgRk; NghJk; mtu;fs; thapy; ,Ue;J tU njupfpd;wJ Rgj;jpud; mtu;fspd; tho;tpd; jhw;gupak mtupd; ey;ynjhU ez;gu; gy tplaq;fisAk; fye;Ji ftpijia ,tuplk; gbj;Jf; fhl;Lthu; ,UtUk; mij g ,Ug;gu;. Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU mtu;fs; Rgj;jpuidg ,og;gpd; typ mtu; thu;j;ijapYk;; fz;zpYk; Gyg;gl;l gpd;Dk; tho;NthNu cz;ik kdpju;fs;.
Nguhrpupau;; rp.nkhdFU ,tu; gw;wp $Wifapy;> jPtpu Nghf;Fila xUtdpd; tho;thfNt ehd; fU Nrhryprg;Gul;rp tUk; vd;gjpy; mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;i GwKk; jd; tho;it mu;g;gzk; nra;J cioj;j xUt Rgj;jpud; kpFe;j kdpj NeaKk; ,uf;f RghtKk; ,sfpa k vd;gJ mtd; tho;tpy; fLfsTk; ,Ue;jJ ,y;iy. ftpi
292

; ez;guhf gofpaJ kl;Lky;yhJ jdJ gps;isfis g;gpl nrhy;ypNa gof;fpdhu;.me;j fhyj;jpy; me;j JzpT e;j Neuj;jpy; mj;njhopyhsUs; xUtid ahNuh mbj;J ;fSf;fhf Fuy; nfhLj;J Nghubatu;.
cr;rk; ngw;W xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; ,dpAk; nghWg;gjpy;iy l;lk; rq;fhidg; Nghuhl;lkhFk;. ,ij gw;wp ,tu; vOjpa typia cyFf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ. ‘rq;fhidf;F vd; idAk; tpal;ehikAk; xd;whff; fhz;fpwu; Rgj;jpud;
f;Fs;
; Nfhgj;ij rq;fhid u;e;j k....’
; md;iwa Njrhgpkhdp> njhopyhsp Mfpa fk;A+dp];l; ;jJ. gy ftpauq;fj;jpy; gy tpjkhd ciufis epfo;j;jp k;> kl;lf;fsg;G itutu; Nfhtpy; ftpauq;fk;> VwhT+u; hT+u; tPugj;jpuu; ftpauq;fk;> ghl;lhsp Gwj;jpy; eilngw;w ik Vw;W Mw;wpa ciu vd gy ciufis epfo;j;jp
hba xU rpy ez;gu;fspd; thu;j;ijg; gjpTfs;
y;NyhUk; nrhy;Yk; tplak; xd;Wjhd; mtu; ey;y tpl kf;fspd; eyj;Jf;fhf tho;e;jtu;. mtu; ez;gu;fs; tu;fs; thapy; ,Ue;J tUk; thu;j;ij xt;nthd;wpYk; ;fspd; tho;tpd; jhw;gupak;. Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU y tplaq;fisAk; fye;JiuahLtu;. Rgj;jpud; vOjpa fhl;Lthu; ,UtUk; mij gw;wp tpupthf Ngrpf; nfhz;L FU mtu;fs; Rgj;jpuidg; gw;wp NgRifapy; Rgj;jpud; apYk;; fz;zpYk; Gyg;gl;lij ehd; ghu;j;Njd;. ,we;j k kdpju;fs;.
,tu; gw;wp $Wifapy;> ‘Rgj;jpud; tho;T kpFe;j d; tho;thfNt ehd; fUJfpd;Nwd;. ,yq;ifapy; py; mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;if itj;J mjw;fhf cs;Sk; k; nra;J cioj;j xUtd; mtd;. Gul;rpf;fhudhd ; ,uf;f RghtKk; ,sfpa kdKk; nfhz;ltd;. jd;dyk; Tk; ,Ue;jJ ,y;iy. ftpijapid mtd; xU murpay;
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MAjkhfNt fUjpdhd;. rhjp ,d tu;f;fj;jpd; ngauhy; ve;j gf;fk; mtd; Fuy; Xq;fp xypj;jJ. kf;fNs mtDf;F Kf;f gpd;dhNy vd;gJ mtd; ek;gpf;if
‘vy;yhk; ty;y kdpjNdAd;id nty;Yjw; fpe;jg; gpugQ;rj;Js; vJTNkapy;iy’ vd;W $Wthd;
,td; ftpij vy;yhtw;iwAk; gbf;Fk; NghNj Rgj;j Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. epiwe;j rpe;jidahsd; epiwaNt ftpij Mapuk; vd;why; vOj kwe;jJ Nfhb vdyhk;’ vd 1958,y; Rgj;jpuDld; kyu;e;j el;G mtd; ,wf;Fk; t ,d;iwa jiyKiwapdu; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mt
,tiu gw;wp rpj;jpuNyfh nksdFU mtu;fs; jd; epi NghJ ‘1973 Mk; Mz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; xU ehs; mjpfhi trpj;j nfhOk;G ghkd;fil xOq;if tPl ;L fjit ahNuh jpwe;J ghu;j;jhy; ifapy; rpwpa gazg;igAld; ftpQu; Rgj nksdFU Nfl;lJf;F vd;id tpl;L nfhOk;gpy; Gul;rp ele;J te;Njd;’ vd;W nrhy;yp rpupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl cs;Ns te;jh vdf;F mJjhd; Qhgfk; tUfpd;wJ. Rgj;jpudpd; MSi nray; thjj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s ,J milahskhf c ,yq;if murpay; r%f tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhF
1971 ,y; rpj;jpiu fpsu;r;rp ,jid mLj;J 1973>74 nfhs;if cila Mdhy; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpiar; rhuhj n Fohj;jpdu; [dNtfa vDk; xU xOq;fikg;ig cUthf ,Ue;j ,yq;if Rje;jpu fl;rpapd; Kw;Nghf;F mzpAk; ,f ,aq;fpaJ. khu;f;rPa jj;Jthu;j;j kugpy; khXtpd; jj;Jthh;j;j ,Ue;j ,f;FOtpdu; ,yq;if kf;fspd; tho;tpy;; Kw;Nghf jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fpdu;. ‘[dNtfk;’ vd jkpopYk; ‘[ gj;jpupiffs; ntspte;jd. gy fye;Jiuahly;fSk; $l;lq gj;jpupif %ykhf ghu;j;j Rgj;jpud; nfhOk;gpy; vd;d e te;j rk;gtNk Kjw;$wpajhFk; ,g;gb jd; tho;ehis xL tho;e;j kdpju; ,tu; vd;whu;.
Rgj;jpud; fk;A+dp];lhd gpwF ez;guhfp filrptiu “mtu; xU rpwe;j kdpju; mtNuhL ehk; gofpa fhyq;fs; k ehs; $l;lj;ij Kbj;J tpl;L VwhT+u; gpujhd tPj pf;F g]; V fhj;jpUe;j Neuj;jpy; Ngr;rpy; ,wq;fpdhu; Rgj;jpud; ,utpy
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

d tu;f;fj;jpd; ngauhy; ve;j cUtpYk; mlf;fg;gLk; kf;fs; J. kf;fNs mtDf;F Kf;fpak; kw;wnjy;yhk; mtDf;Fg; ;if
kdpjNdAd;id ;jg; gpugQ;rj;Js; y’ vd;W $Wthd;
wAk; gbf;Fk; NghNj Rgj;jpudplk; cs;s ftpj;Jtj;ijg; rpe;jidahsd; epiwaNt nra;a vz;zpatd; ‘vOJk; kwe;jJ Nfhb vdyhk;’ vd;W xuplj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;. ;j el;G mtd; ,wf;Fk; tiu njhlu;e;jJ. Rgj;jpuid pe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;’ vd;whu;.
ksdFU mtu;fs; jd; epidTfis gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk; g;gFjpapy; xU ehs; mjpfhiy Ntisapy; ehk; mg;NghJ Oq;if tPl ;L fjit ahNuh mtrukhf jl;Lfpwhu;fs; vd gazg;igAld; ftpQu; Rgj;jpud; ‘vd;d jpBnud;W?’ vd tpl;L nfhOk;gpy; Gul;rp ele;J tpLNkh vd;w gaj;jpy; XNlhb f; nfhz;Nl cs;Ns te;jhu;. mtiu gw;wp epidj;jJk; fpd;wJ. Rgj;jpudpd; MSikahw;wiyAk; Gul;rpfukhd fhs;s ,J milahskhf cs;sJ. 1970 fspd; Kw;gFjp w;wpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
;rp ,jid mLj;J 1973>74 fspy; Kw;Nghf;F ,lJrhup ;A+dp];l; fl;rpiar; rhuhj nghJthf efu;rhu;e;j ,isQu; U xOq;fikg;ig cUthf;fpdu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpapy; pd; Kw;Nghf;F mzpAk; ,f;FOTld; gu];gu MjuTld; ;j kugpy; khXtpd; jj;Jthh;j;j rpe;jidfis Mjupg;Nghuhf kf;fspd; tho;tpy;; Kw;Nghf;fhd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; dNtfk;’ vd jkpopYk; ‘[dNtja’ vdr;rpq;fsj;jpYk; fye;Jiuahly;fSk; $l;lq;fSk; eilngw;wd mtw;iw j;jpud; nfhOk;gpy; vd;d elf;fpwJ vd mwpa Neubahf k; ,g;gb jd; tho;ehis xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; tpbTf;fhf
gpwF ez;guhfp filrptiu ,Ue;j rptuhrh $Wifapy; uhL ehk; gofpa fhyq;fs; kpf;f mw;Gjkhd fhyq;fs;. xU whT+u; gpujhd tPj pf;F g]; VWtjw;fhf te;Njhk; g];Rf;F wq;fpdhu; Rgj;jpud; ,utpy; njhlq;fpa Ngr;R mjpfhiy
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tpbAk; tiu njhlu;e;jJ cyf elg;igNa mtu; mwpe;J kdpju;fis ghu;g;gJ kpfTk; fbdk;. Mrpupauhf jdJ fli njhl;b vy;yhk; nrd;W kf;fs; gpur;ridia mwpe;J mtu;f jd; FLk;gj;ijAk; ftdpj;J ,ilapy; gy ,lu;fs; f\;l gazq;fisj; jd; nfhs;ifapNy Nkw;nfhz;ltu;.mtu; e gupR” vd;whu;.
Rgj;jpud; mtu;fspd; tho;tpd; filrp fhy mDgtq;fs;
khNthtpd; kuzk; Rgj;jpuid Mo;e;j Jauj;Jf vz;zp fz;zPu;ky;ff; ftpijAk; tbj;Js;shu; ‘... kh X kw;Wk; ‘1977 Mf];l;’ td;Kiw Vw;gLj;jpa Vkhw;wKk; t jhf;fpAs;sd. 1977 Vw;gl;l fytuk; jkpou; kPj hd td;K njw;fpy; jkpou; kPJ td; Kiw Vtg;gl;L nrhj;Jf;fs Rgj;jpuid ,J kpfTk; fytug;gLj;jpaJ. ,dk; fle;j ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;j Rgj;jpud; jkpoUf;F kPj hd td;Ki njd;gFjp rpq;fs ,lJrhupfspd; epiyapdhy; Vkhw;wKw Vw;gl;l Fog;gq;fs; vy;;yhk; Rgj;jpuid kd mOj;jj;J me;j ey;y kdpju; 1979.10.30 jdJ capiu jhNd ,e;j nfhz;lhu;. thOk; fhyq;fis kf;fspd; eyid epidj;J kdpju; ,e;j ftpQu; Rgj;jpud;. VNjh gpwe;J tpl;Nlhk; ,e;j t vd;W thOk; kdpju;fs; ,tu; Kd; ntWk; J}R... ,e;j c ey;y cs;sk; ,e;j Rgj;jpud;. mtu; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; mtU fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;w ftiy ,Ue;jhYk; mtupd; tho nra;Ak; tha;g;ig vz;zp kfpo;r;rp milfpd;Nwd;. vd;;dh ,f;fl;Liuapid cUthf;fp cs;Nsd;. NkYk; tpguq;fs ,d;Dk; tpupTgLj;jg;gLk; vd;gij $wpf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. midtUf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfs;.
Mtzg;gLj;jy; 1. ftpQu; rhUkjp mtu;fshy; njhFf;fg;gl;L G+tuRfs; mi
“Rgj;jpud; ftpijfs;” vd;w E}y;. 2. Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU mtu;fshy; njhFg;gl;l ‘ftpQ
E}y;. 3. Rgj;jpudpd; ftpijfis Nahfehjd; (rhUkjp) jd
nghUshf vLj;Jr; nra;jik. 4. Rgj;jpud; ftpijfs; ntspte;j gj;jpupiffs;
Njrhgpkhdp njhopyhsp [dNtjk; Rje;jpud; tre;jk; Fkud;
294

f elg;igNa mtu; mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jhu;. ,tiu Nghy; bdk;. Mrpupauhf jdJ flikiaAk; nra;J nfhz;L gl;b gpur;ridia mwpe;J mtu;fs; gpur;ridf;fhfg; NghuhbAk; ,ilapy; gy ,lu;fs; f\;lq;fs; Vw;gl;Lk; rypf;fhJ jd; pNy Nkw;nfhz;ltu;.mtu; epidTfNs ,g;NghJ ,Uf;Fk;
; filrp fhy mDgtq;fs; ;jpuid Mo;e;j Jauj;Jf;F cs;shf;fpd;wJ. mtiu jAk; tbj;Js;shu; ‘... kh X vd;w khngUk; kdpjdpd;....’ w Vw;gLj;jpa Vkhw;wKk; tpuf;jpAk; Rgj;jpuid xd;whf ytuk; jkpou; kPj hd td;Kiwapd; cf;fpu tbtkhFk;. iw Vtg;gl;L nrhj;Jf;fs; vy;yhk; Nrjg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ug;gLj;jpaJ. ,dk; fle;j Njhoikiag; Ngzp mjpy; d; jkpoUf;F kPj hd td;Kiwapy; vJTk; nra;a Kbahj pd; epiyapdhy; Vkhw;wKw;;whu;. jd; nrhe;j tho;tpYk; Rgj;jpuid kd mOj;jj;Jf;F cs;shf;fpd. ,Wjpapy; jdJ capiu jhNd ,e;j cyfj;ij tpl;L tpbtpj;Jf; kf;fspd; eyid epidj;J mtu;fSf;fhf tho;e;j ey;y VNjh gpwe;J tpl;Nlhk; ,e;j tho;it vg;gbAk; thoKbAk; ; Kd; ntWk; J}R... ,e;j cyifAk; gpwiuAk; Nerpj;j mtu; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; mtUld; thOk; re;ju;g;gk; vdf;F ,Ue;jhYk; mtupd; tho;tpd; rpy RtLfisg; gjpT po;r;rp milfpd;Nwd;. vd;;dhy; Kbe;j jfty;fisg; ngw;W s;Nsd;. NkYk; tpguq;fs; fpilf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,J ;gij $wpf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. ,tiu gw;wp mwpa cjtpa ;j ed;wpfs;.
; njhFf;fg;gl;L G+tuRfs; mikg;gpd; rhu;gpy; ntspaplg;gl;l ;w E}y;.
tu;fshy; njhFg;gl;l ‘ftpQu; Rgj;jpud ftpijfs;’ vd;w
Nahfehjd; (rhUkjp) jdJ M.A gl;lj;jpw;fhd Ma;T k. pte;j gj;jpupiffs;
MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit


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5. Rgj;jpud; ciu epfo;j;jpa ftpauq;fk;
khj;jis ftpauq;fk; kl;lf;fsg;G itutu; Nfhtpy; ftpauq;fk; VwhT+u; fhsp Nfhtpy; ftpauq;fk; VwhT+u; tPugj;jpuu; ftpauq;fk; 6. Rgj;jpud; cwthba murpay; jiytu;fs;
fpU];zFl;b rz;Kfjhrd; gpNuk;yhy; Fkurpwp khh;l;bd; tpf;fpukrpq;f tp[atPu fhu;j;jpNfrd; gPw ;wu; nfdkd; 7. Rgj;jpud; flikahw;wpa ghlrhiyfs;
fd;dq;Flh kfhtpj;jpahyak; kl;/GJ}u; tpj;jpahyak; fpuhd;Fsk; kfhtpj;jpahyak; VwhT+u; murpdu; jkpo; fytd; ghlrhiy 8. Rgj;jpud; ez;gu; tl;lhuk;
Rgj;jpud; fk;A+dp];l;lhf Kd;du;
ftpQu; fhrpahde;jk; Nguhrpupau; rp.nksdFU ghYkNfe;jpuh ntypq;ld; tbNtY ,tu; fk;A+dp];l; Md gpd;du; el;G tl;lj;jpy; ,ize
Jiuul;zk; (uzrpq;fk;) rptuhrh Nahfehjd; (ftpQu; rhUkjp) fdfRe;juk; Neruh[h 9. ,tu; gofpa rhjpapd; ngauhy; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fs;
tz;zhu; rf;fpypau; estu; mk;gl;lu; filau; giwau; efu Rj;jpnra;Nthu;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ftpauq;fk;
fhtpy; ftpauq;fk; tpauq;fk; uq;fk; y; jiytu;fs;
lrhiyfs; ahyak; ;
hyak; fytd; ghlrhiy
d;du;
U
;du; el;G tl;lj;jpy; ,ize;jth;fs; k;)
Ukjp)
hy; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fs;
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10. Rgj;jpud; nraw;gl;l murpay; fl;rpfs;
jkpouRf;fl;rp fk;A+dp];l;; fl;rp 11. Rgj;jpudpd; 

Page 311
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
19Mk; Ew;whz;bd; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspj; jkpoupd; ,
mirtpaf;fKk;> ce;jy;> ,Oit fhuzpfspd
cyf tuyhw;W xOq;Ffspy; Fbngah;thdJ r%f ehfup VNjh xU tifapy; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. fp.K. 6 Mk;> 7 Mrpahtpd; f];gpad; fliy Rw;wpapUe;j ];nlg;]; Gy;ntspa njhlq;fpaNjhL kdpj ehfhpfj;jpd; xU gFjp Muk;gkhd ngsjpf> nghUspay; fhuzpfis ikakhff; nfhz;L c Nehf;fp jkJ Fbg;ngah;it Muk;gpj;jdh;. jkf;fpila Kuz;ghLfSk; xU FOtpdh; kw;wf; FOtpdiu mlf;fpa mijtpl Rje;jpuKs;s nghUshjhu tsq;fis Nehf;fp efu Fbg;ngah;thdJ ce;jy; ,Oitf; fhuzpfspd; mbg;g njspthdJ. nghJthf xU ehl;bd; Fbafy;T FbNww;w ,Oit fhuzpfs; jhd; rpwg;ghd fhuzpfshf mikfpd fhuzpfspy; r%f> nghUshjhu> ngsjPf fhuzpfs; gpujhd kf;fs; ntspNawpr; nry;fpd;w ehLfspd; r%f> nghUshjhu f vd;gJ FbNawpr; nry;fpd;w ehLfspd; rhjfkhd gpd;dz nraw;gLfpd;w ehLfspy; kpfr; rpwg;ghf rdj;njhif mjpfhpg ,oj;jy; kw;Wk; r%ff; fhuzpfs; gpd;dzpahf nraw;gLk gpd;dzpahf ,aq;Fk; ehLfspy; ifj;njhopy; tsh;r;rp> t Cjpak; my;yJ nghUshjhu thag;Gfs; vd;gd fhuzpfs fyhr;rhu> r%f> #ow;fhuzpfSk; ,jid eph;zapf;fpd fth;jd;ikfspy; rka Rje;jpuKk; eph;zafukhd fhuz Ehw;whz;L kw;Wk; 20 Mk; Ehw;whz;L Muk;gk; vd;gtw kf;fs; ,yq;if Nehf;fp tUifju ,f;fhuzpfspd; nra nrYj;jpAs;sd.
,e;jpa tk;rhtspj; jkpohpd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapid ,yq;if Nehf;fpa tuT> r%f ,Ug;G vd;gjhf kl;Lk; mji “,Oit ce;jw;” fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; vt;thW ,g mj;Jld; ,Nj fhuzpfs; mth;fs; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawp gy;NtW r%f khw;wq;fSf;Fk; th;f;f hPj pahd khw;wq;fS vd;w mbg;gilapy; Muha;tJ nghUj;jkhdJ.

d; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspj; jkpoupd; ,yq;if Nehf;fpa
k;> ce;jy;> ,Oit fhuzpfspd; nraw;ghLk;
uh. epj;jpahde;jd;
y; Fbngah;thdJ r%f ehfupfq;fspd; tsh;r;rpf; fl;;lq;fis pw;fpd;wJ. fp.K. 6 Mk;> 7 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; kj;jpa ;wpapUe;j ];nlg;]; Gy;ntspapypUe;J Mjp kdpjd; FbNawj; j;jpd; xU gFjp Muk;gkhdJ. mk;kf;fs; mbg;gilapy; s ikakhff; nfhz;L cyfpy; tskhd gpuNjrq;fis Muk;gpj;jdh;. jkf;fpilapy; Vw;gl;l Nfhj;jpuq;fspd; ; kw;wf; FOtpdiu mlf;fpahs Kw;gl;likAk; mth;fis hjhu tsq;fis Nehf;fp efur; nra;jJ. vdNt ,t;thwhd itf; fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gl;lJ vd;gJ hl;bd; Fbafy;T FbNww;wk; vd;w epfo;Tfspy; ce;jy; ;ghd fhuzpfshf mikfpd;wd. ,e;j ce;jy; ,Oitf; > ngsjPf fhuzpfs; gpujhd fhuzpfshFk;. ce;jy; vd;gJ hLfspd; r%f> nghUshjhu fhuzpahFk;. ,Oitf;fhuzp Lfspd; rhjfkhd gpd;dzp fhuzpahFk;. ce;jw; fhuzp pwg;ghf rdj;njhif mjpfhpg;G nghUspay; re;jh;g;gq;fis pfs; gpd;dzpahf nraw;gLk;. ,Oitf;fhuzp nraw;ghL py; ifj;njhopy; tsh;r;rp> th;j;jf hPj pahd tsh;r;rp> cah; hag;Gfs; vd;gd fhuzpfshf mikAk;1 kw;Wk; murpay;> Sk; ,jid eph;zapf;fpd;wd.2 ,Oitf; fhuzpfspy; Kk; eph;zafukhd fhuzpfshf mikfpd;wd.3 19 Mk; hw;whz;L Muk;gk; vd;gtw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpd; jkpo; ehl;L fju ,f;fhuzpfspd; nraw;ghLfs; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fr;
; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapid mwpa tUk; ehk; mr;r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;G vd;gjhf kl;Lk; mjid fz;Lnfhs;shky; Nkw;gb ; mbg;gilapy; vt;thW ,g;Nghf;fhdJ epfo;T ngw;wJ>4 h;fs; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawpa gpd;dUk; $l mth;fspd; ; th;f;f hPj pahd khw;wq;fSf;Fk; vt;;thW ,l;Lr; nrd;wd nghUj;jkhdJ.
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298
fPi oj;Njaj;ij Nehf;fpa Mq;fpNyahpd; tUifNa ,df;FO ,yq;ifapy; Njhw;wk; ngwTk; mth;fspd; t ghpkhzq;fisg; ngwTk; fhuzkhfpaJ. fPi oj;Njaj;ij Kjy; ,e;jpa njhopyhsh;fs; FbNaw;w ehLfis Nehf;f ,k;kf;fs; tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; “,O nraw;ghLfspdhy; epfo;e;j r%f ghpkhw;wq;fshFk;.
gphpj;jhdpahtpd; epyj;Njhw;wk;> fhyepiy vd;gd fhyg;gFjpapy; Gjpa ehLfhz; gazq;fspy;  ce;jw;” fhuzpfspd; f ghpkhw;wq;fshFk;.
hw;wk;> fhyepiy vd;gdNt me;ehl;ltiu kj;jpa ; gazq;fspy; 

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tFg;gpdh; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdpapidj; jk; trg;gLj;Jtjw;F jkJ nry;thf;fpid gpuNahfpj;jdh;” vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
thpAk; tWik cUthf;fYk;
Kd;$wg;gl;lJ Nghy 17 Mk; 18 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy Nehf;fp efh;e;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. Mq;fpNyahpd; tUifNah ,e;jpa nghUl;fspd; ,wf;Fkjp ,q;fpyhe;J Kjyhspj;Jtf Vw;gLj;Jk; vd me;ehl;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gy kDf;fs th;j;jfh;fshy; mDg;gg;gl;l ,k;kDf;fSf;F nrtprha;j;j gUj;jpapd; kPJ 1677 ,Yk; ,e;jpa gl;bd; kPJ 1696 ,Y tpjpj;jJ.13 1720 Mk; Mz;L ,g;nghUl;fspd; ,wf;Fkjp K ,JNt ,e;jpahtpd; tsh;r;rp jilg;ngwTk;> tWik tsh;r ,J ,t;thwpUf;f kWGwk; ,e;jpahtpd; cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpf gphpj;jhdpahtpd; Gilitfis ,e;jpahtpy; ,wf;Fkjp nra tiu tup tpjpf;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;jpah;fspdhy; Vw;Wkjp n Kjy; 30 rjtPj thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.15 ,t;thwhf Mq;fpNya tsh;r;rp mjd; KisapNyNa fps;sp vwpag;gl;lJ. gphpj;jhd fLikahd Nghf;F ,e;jpahtpd; RNjr cw;gj;jpia Kw;wh gy cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs; %lg;gl;ld. tptrh cw;gj;jp nra;j tpisepyq;fs; iftplg;gl;ld. Ntiyaw;w cUthfpaJ. ,Jtiu njhopw; gl;bdq;fshf tpsq;fpa , ghoile;jd. Mq;fpNyahpd; Nkw;gb eltbf;if kf;fi fpuhkj;Jf;Fj; Juj;jpaJ. ,Jgw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w NeU “v fle;j Ehw;whz;Lfspy; rdj;njhifahdJ tptrhaj fpuhkj;jpypUe;J efuj;Jf;Fk; ,lk; khwpaJ. Mdhy; , nfhs;ifapd; tpisthf ,J kWjiyahf ,lk;ngw ,e;jpah;fs; Gjpa njhopy;fis ehb ntspehLfSf;F Fb Ehw;whz;bNyNa Mq;fpNyah; cUthf;fpdh;.17 19k; Ehw kpfTk; cf;fpukile;jJ. 18
Mq;fpNyahpd; epy thpf;nfhs;ifAk; Jhz;lw;fhuzpAk;
18 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fk; ,e;jpah mjpfhpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy;  tWik tsh;rrp ngwTk; %yfhuzkhfpaJ. jpahtpd; cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpf;F cah;e;j thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjw;F 2 Kjy; 3.5 rj tPj k; ,e;jpah;fspdhy; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fSf;F 20 ;lJ. ,t;thwhf Mq;fpNyahpd; tUifahy; ,e;jpahtpd; fps;sp vwpag;gl;lJ. gphpj;jhdpah; filg;gpbj;j ,t;thwhd d; RNjr cw;gj;jpia Kw;whf ];jk;gpjk; milar;nra;jd. dq;fs; %lg;gl;ld. tptrha ifj;njhopy; nghUl;fis iftplg;gl;ld. Ntiyaw;w Copag;gilnahd;W Ntfkhf ; gl;bdq;fshf tpsq;fpa ,e;jpaf; ifj;njhopy; efuq;fs; Nkw;gb eltbf;if kf;fis kPz ;Lk; efuj;jpy; ,Ue;J w;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w NeU “vy;yh Kd;Ndwpa ehLfspYk; j;njhifahdJ tptrhaj;jpypUe;J ifj;njhopYf;Fk;> ,lk; khwpaJ. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lk; gphpj;jhdpa J kWjiyahf ,lk;ngw;wJ” vd;fpd;whh;.16 vdNt ehb ntspehLfSf;F Fbafy;tjw;fhd #o;epiy 18k; h; cUthf;fpdh;.17 19k; Ehw;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,J
;ifAk; Jhz;lw;fhuzpAk;
;jhdpa murhq;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; jkJ epy tUkhdj;ij gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; fpuhkpa Mq;fpNyah; epy thlifia mjpfhpj;jdh;. nrd;id miug;gq;F epy thpahf mwtplg;gl;lJ.19 ,t;thW ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ve;jnthU INuhg;gpa ehl;bNyh my;yJ pUe;jjhf tuyhW ,y;iy. thlif nrYj;jhj epyq;fs; pKjy; nra;ag;gl;ld. gioa [kPd ;jhh; Kiwf;F gjpyhf pNauhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. gioa [kPd ;jhh;fs; thlifia
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nrYj;jhj gl;rj;jpy; mth;fs; me;epyq;fspypUe;J ntspNaw me;epyq;fs; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld.20 epyTilikr; rl;lj;jpy me;epyq;fis ,yFthf tpw;gjw;F Vw;ghL nra;J nfhLj;jd fld;fisj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;j Kbahj NghJ jkJ tptrha mth;fs; ,oe;jdh;.21 Mq;fpNyahpd; ,e;eltbf;iffs epyq;fspYkpUe;j tptrhapfs; Ntiytha;g;gw;wth;fs ,f;fhuzq;fspdhy; ,e;jpah;fs; jkJ ehl;il tpl;L gpw ehL tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
kf;fs; njhif mjpfhpg;Gk; gaphpLk; epyq;fspd; tiu nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfhpg;Gk; ,jw;fpilapy; epyj;ij FLk;g tUkhdj;ijg; ghjpj;JtpLk; vd;w mr;rKk; tpt jkJ epyj;ijg; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLf;f Kbahky; jpzwpaj Ehw;whz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l epyj;jl;Lg;ghL> nrd;id khfhz Kf;fpakhd fhuzkhfpaJ.22
thp nfhLikAk; Fbafy;Tk;
1793 Mk; Mz;L tq;fhsj;jpy; Mq;fpNyah; nfh Nghy njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ‘uhaj;J thpKiw’ (Ryotwari s ,t;thpapid nrYj;j Kbahj [kPd ;jhh;fSk; mjpfkhd Fb nfhz;bUe;j mw;g nrhw;g chpikiaf;$l ,oe;jhh;fs;. t rpw;Wilik epyq;fSf;Ff;$l mjpf thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1 Gf;fhd; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;nthd;wpy; ,t;tifahd fl;lha Jd;gfukhf Mf;fptpl;lij mth; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.24 1808 M Mz;L thpahf &gh 818/- t#ypf;fg;gl;L gpd;dh; 1823 M mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
kWGwk;> ,e;jpahtpd; epyk; xU rhjpapdUf;F my;y nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jJ. mit vd;WNk mur cilikfshf gphpl;b\; Ml;rpahsh; vy;yh epyq;fSf;Fk; cilik thp gzk; nrYj;jj; jtwpdhy; mth;fs; epyq;fspypU me;epyq;fs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;L etPd gz;izfsplk thpKiw %yk; epyj;jpy; tUk; tpisr;ry; kPjhd t mwtplg;gl;ld.26 1820 f;Fk; - 1830 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l FbAhpikg; gj;jpuq;fs; kPs;ghprPyid nra;ag;gl;L th vdNt epyj;jpd; kPjhd KjyPLfs; kpf Ntfkhf Fiw 40 Vf;fuhf ,Ue;j ruhrhp epyTilik 1810 Mk; Mz;L 1820 - 1840 Mk; Mz;LfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mJ 7 Vf fhydpj;Jt Kiwf;Nf chpj;jhd Xh; Vw;ghl;bd; %yk; ,e ehlhf ,th;fs; nraw;ifahf cUthf;fpdh;. ,t; Vw;ghLf
300

e;epyq;fspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;L etPd [kPd;jhh;fsplk; . epyTilikr; rl;lj;jpy; rpy khw;wq;fisr; nra;J jw;F Vw;ghL nra;J nfhLj;jdh;. rpW epy tptrhapfs; jkJ Kbahj NghJ jkJ tptrha epyq;fis Mq;fpNyahplk; Nyahpd; ,e;eltbf;iffspdhy; gz;izfspYk; rpW s; Ntiytha;g;gw;wth;fshf mehjuthf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. s; jkJ ehl;il tpl;L gpw ehLfspy; Fbngah;e;jdh; vd;gij
; gaphpLk; epyq;fspd; tiuaiwAk;> tptrha cw;gj;jpg; k; ,jw;fpilapy; epyj;ij gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLj;jhy; jkJ tpLk; vd;w mr;rKk; tptrhapfs; jk; gps;isfSf;F hLf;f Kbahky; jpzwpajw;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;;. 19k; ;jl;Lg;ghL> nrd;id khfhz kf;fs; Fbngah;e;jikf;F
hsj;jpy; Mq;fpNyah; nfhz;Lte;j ‘rhRtj thpiag;’; ;J thpKiw’ (Ryotwari system) mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. kPd ;jhh;fSk; mjpfkhd Fbahdth;fSk; jk; epyj;jpd;kPJ kiaf;$l ,oe;jhh;fs;.23 tptrhapfSf;F nrhe;jkhapUe;j mjpf thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1800 Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;]p]; ;wpy; ,t;tifahd fl;lha thp t#y;> tptrhapfis kpfj; h; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.24 1808 Mk; Mz;L 2000 Vf;fh;fSf;F #ypf;fg;gl;L gpd;dh; 1823 Mk; Mz;L &gh 2121/- Mf
k; xU rhjpapdUf;F my;yJ xU gphptpdUf;F kl;LNk ;WNk mur cilikfshff; fUjg;gltpy;iy.25Mdhy; epyq;fSf;Fk; cilikahsuhdhh;fs;. coth;fs; hy; mth;fs; epyq;fspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhh;fs;. ;gl;L etPd gz;izfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. uhaj;J Uk; tpisr;ry; kPjhd thp vd;w tifapy; thpfs; ; - 1830 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Fbahdth;fspd; ;ghprPyid nra;ag;gl;L thpj;njhif cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.27 yPLfs; kpf Ntfkhf Fiwayhapd. 1717 Mk; Mz;L Tilik 1810 Mk; Mz;L 17 Vf;fuhf tPo;r;rpaile;J. f;Fk; ,ilapy; mJ 7 Vf;fuhf Fiwe;jJ.28 ,t;thW hd Xh; Vw;ghl;bd; %yk; ,e;jpahit xU tWikAila cUthf;fpdh;. ,t; Vw;ghLfs; vy;yhk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd
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rl;lq;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.29 ,j;jifa eltbf;if nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; kl;Lk; gphpj;jhdpahpd; Neuba tug;gl;ld. ,e;jpa epyTilik tPo ;r;rpNa ,j;jifa e $wg;gl;lhYk; ,jw;F vjpuhf Fbahdth;fs; ve;j tpjkhd Ng ,jw;F cz;ikahd fhuzk; ,e;jpa epyTilik nfhL ngWtjw;F gphpj;jhdpah; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;j xU topnad vz;zpdh;. epyf;nfhLikf;Fg; gpd; czT gQ;rk;> mhprpa NkYk; Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shf;fpd. 1848 Mk; Mz;L xU &gha;f tpiy 1850 Mk; Mz;L 30 GryhfTk; 1862 Mk; Mz;L 2 15 GryhfTk; 1922 Mk; Mz;L 5 GryhfTk; Fiwe;jJ. mbf;fb czT gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lJ. 1861 Mk; 1880 Mk; 189 KOtJNk nfhba gQ;rk; epytpaJ.31 Mdhy; njd; khepy nfhba gQ;rk; Muk;gkhapW;W. njd; khepyq;fspy; jhdpa jQ;rhT+hpy; $l nfhba gQ;rk; epytpaJ. 1799 Mk; 1834 gyKiw gQ;rq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. 1833/34 Mk; Mz;Lfs gQ;rj;jhy; 30% - 40% Mdth;fs; ,we;J Nghapdh;. ,f;fhy ,g;gQ;rj;jhy; kbe;J Nghdjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,g;gQ;rq;fs gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F ,lk;ngah;e;J nrd;wdh;. jkpoh;fs ,lq;fSf;Fk; gpd;dh; gbg;gbahf ntspehLfis Nehf;f Vnddpy; 1804 - 1877 Mz;Lfspy; jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lj;j gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lJ. lg;spA. v];. \py;yp vd;gth; mjpfhuG+h;t gQ;r rhTfspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ 1975f;Fk; 1900 Mz f;Fk; Nkyhff; fhzg;gl;lJ vd $Wfpd;whh;.33 Fwpg;ghfr nrq;fw;gl;L> GJit> nrd;id gFjpfspy; kf;fs; gQ;rj nghJthf vy;yh khepyq;fSNk gQ;rj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
epyj;jl;Lg;ghLk; jkpoh; Fbafy;Tk;
kWGwk; jkpo;ehl;L Fbg;ngUf;fk; fhuzkhf Fbahdtd vjph;Nehf;fpapUe;j NghjpYk; jd; re;jjpf;F epyj;ij mtd; $W epyj;ij Jz;lhLtJ jkJ tptrhaj;ijg; ghjpg;gJld; FLk;g mtd; fUjpdhd;. vdNt jdJ gps;isfspd; Fbafy;it Fbafy;T rpy ,lq;fspy; epyj;Jf;F vOe;j Njitia mwpf;ifapd;gb jpUr;rp> fhNthp> Mh;fhl;L gFjpfs;34 vd;gtw;w ngw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,g;gFjpfspd; Fbafy;T ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,JTk; mth;fs; Fbafy;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs
tl;bf;fldpd; nfhLikfs;
kWGwk; tl;bf; filf;fhuh;fspd; nfhLikapd; f my;yYw;wdh;. ,e;jpa r%f tof;fj;ijNa khw;wp tl;b epyj;ij gwpKjy; nra;tJk; ghuhjPd g;gLj;JtJk; mjw
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

d. ,j;jifa eltbf;iffspdhy; 51 % Md epyg;gug;G k; gphpj;jhdpahpd; Neubahd Ml;rpapd; fPo ;f;nfhz;L k tPo ;r;rpNa ,j;jifa epiyikf;Ff; fhuzk; vdf; ahdth;fs; ve;j tpjkhd Nghuhl;lq;fspYk;  mhprpapd; tpiy mjpfhpg;G mth;fis 1848 Mk; Mz;L xU &gha;f;F 40 Gryhf ,Ue;j mhprpapd; yhfTk; 1862 Mk; Mz;L 27 GryhfTk; 1911 Mk; Mz;L 5 GryhfTk; Fiwe;jJ.30 ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; J. 1861 Mk; 1880 Mk; 1890 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpah tpaJ.31 Mdhy; njd; khepyq;fspy; 1800 f;Fg; gpd;dNu njd; khepyq;fspy; jhdpaf; fsQ;rpak; vdf; fUjg;gl;l ; epytpaJ. 1799 Mk; 1834 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpfspy; . 1833/34 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; Fz;^h; gFjpapy; kl;Lk; s; ,we;J Nghapdh;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpfspy; 40 ,yl;rk; kf;fs; kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,g;gQ;rq;fspd; tpisthf ,e;jpa kf;fs; ah;e;J nrd;wdh;. jkpoh;fs; Ijuhghj;> m];]hk; Kjypa ahf ntspehLfis Nehf;fp njhopy; Njbr; nrd;wdh;.32 ;Lfspy; jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lj;jpy; kl;Lk; kpfg;nghpa czT \py;yp vd;gth; mjpfhuG+h;t kjpg;gPL fspd; Mjhuj;Jld; hdJ 1975f;Fk; 1900 Mz;LfSf;fpilapy; 1>500>000 d $Wfpd;whh;.33 Fwpg;ghfr; Nryk;> jpUr;rp> njd;Mh;fhL> gFjpfspy; kf;fs; gQ;rj;jhy; nghpJk; ghjpg;Gw;wdh;. k gQ;rj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
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f;fk; fhuzkhf Fbahdtdpd; gps;isfs; epy Njitia ; re;jjpf;F epyj;ij mtd; $W Nghl tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,t;thW rhaj;ijg; ghjpg;gJld; FLk;g tUkhdj;ijAk; ghjpf;Fnkd J gps;isfspd; Fbafy;it mtd; cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhd;. pyj;Jf;F vOe;j Njitia Fiwj;jJ. 1931k; Mz;L Mh;fhl;L gFjpfs;34 vd;gtw;wpy; epyg;gw;whf;Fiw cr;repiy ,g;gFjpfspd; Fbafy;T xU ehshe;j eltbf;ifahf bafy;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;W.
;fhuh;fspd; nfhLikapd; fhuzkhf jkpo; ehl;L kf;fs; tof;fj;ijNa khw;wp tl;bf;filf;fhuh;fs; fld;gl;Nlhh; ghuhjPd g;gLj;JtJk; mjw;fhd chpikia mth;fs;
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Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rpapy; rl;lG+h;tkhf ngw;Wf;nfhz filf;fhuh;fs; gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rpapy; nfhLq;Nfhyh;fsh njhpahj coth;fspd; epyj;ijg; Nghypg; gj;jpuq;fisf Fj;jif vd;w ngahpy; ngUk; gzj;njhifia mwtpl;ld Fbafy;itj; Jhz;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fshfpd. vdNt Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fs;jhd; ,e;jpah;fs; ,yq;iff;F t $Wtijtpl mth;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; Jd;gKw;w #o;epiyNa tplg;gl;likf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.34.
rhjpf; nfhLikAk; Fbafy;Tk;
,e;jpaj;jkpo; ehl;L Fbfs; ,yq;if kw;Wk; Jhu Fbngah;e;J nrd;wikf;fhd gpujhd fhuzpfspy; xd;W jPz ;lhikAkhFk;. rhjp mikg;ghdJ mk;kf;fspd; tho njhlh;e;J te;jJ. ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa FbNaw;w ehLfis jho;e;j rhjpiar; rhh;e;j Fbahdth; Mth;. 1931k; Mz mwpf;ifapd;gb ehl;il tpl;L nrd;wth;fspy; miuthrpf rhjpiar; Nrh;e;j `hprdq;fNs. mjpYk; rhjpf; nfhLi njhlh;r;rpahf epytpa gpuNjrk; jkpo;ehL MFk;. ,d;Wk; , kpFjpahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhyg;g fhuzkhf Fwpj;j kf;fs; mbikfshfNt elhj;jg;gl;ld Fbahdth;fs; epygpuGf;fspd; epyq;fspy; fl;Lz;L fple;jd ,th;fspy; gyh; epyj;Jld; gpizf;fg;gl;bUe;jdh;. NrUkhh;fSk; Giyah;fSkhth;.
epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;Jf;F vjpuhd Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; Mq xopg;gjpy; Kidg;Gf; fhl;bdh;. Mdhy; ,e;epyg;gpuGj fl;likg;Gk; jkJ Ruz;lYf;F rpwe;j fUtpnad gpd;dh; c epyg;gpuGj;Jt mikg;gpid jkJ Ruz;lYf;F Vw;w mi nfhz;lhh;fs;. cah;e;j rhjp gz;izahsidf;nfhz;L Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;. vdNt nrd;id khfhz kf;fs; xU kWGwk;> etPd gz;izahsh; nfhLikia mDgtpj;j Neubahd nfhLq;Nfhd;ik kw;Wk; rhjpak; vd;gtw;wh vdNt ,e;j mlf;FKiwapypUe;J tpLjiy ngw fpilj;j khfhzj;jpd; jho;e;j rhjp Fbahdth;;; ,yq;if kw;Wk; FbNaWtjpy; Mh;tk; nfhz;ldh;.
,e;jpa r%ff; fl;likg;G 3 fUj;JUtq;fspy; fhl;lg;g
fpuhk uh[;a r%fk; 1. rhjpak; 2. $l;Lf;FLk;gk; 3. 38
302

;lG+h;tkhf ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJk; ,lk;ngw;wd. tl;bf; l;rpapy; nfhLq;Nfhyh;fshf khwpdh;. vOj thrpf;fj; jg; Nghypg; gj;jpuq;fisf; fhl;b gwpKjy; nra;jdh;.35 gzj;njhifia mwtpl;ldh;. ,t;thwhd fhuzq;fSk; fhuzq;fshfpd. vdNt ,yq;ifapy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w e;jpah;fs; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;Ff; fhuzk; vdf; l;by; Jd;gKw;w #o;epiyNa ,yq;ifia Nehf;fpj; js;sp ;.
; s; ,yq;if kw;Wk; Jhu fpof;F Mrpa ehLfSf;Ff; pujhd fhuzpfspy; xd;W ,e;jpa rhjp mikg;Gk; mjd; g;ghdJ mk;kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; ePz ;l neLe;Jauhf ntspNa FbNaw;w ehLfis ehbr;nrd;Nwhh; ngUk;ghYk; hdth; Mth;. 1931k; Mz;L nrd;id Fbrd kjpg;gPl ;L nrd;wth;fspy; miuthrpf;Fk; $Ljyhdth;fs; jho;e;j Ns. mjpYk; rhjpf; nfhLikAk; gpuhkz Mjpf;fKk; jkpo;ehL MFk;. ,d;Wk; ,jd; tuyhw;W vr;rq;fs; ,q;F . fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhyg;gFjpapy; rhjp mlf;FKiwapd; ikfshfNt elhj;jg;gl;ldh;. jho;e;j rhjpiar; Nrh;e;j epyq;fspy; fl;Lz;L fple;jdh;. fld; epYit fhuzkhf ; gpizf;fg;gl;bUe;jdh;. ,th;fs; `hprdq;fshfpa h;.
Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; Mq;fpNyaNu rhjpia Kd;dpd;W h;. Mdhy; ,e;epyg;gpuGj;Jt mikg;Gk; mjd; rhjp rpwe;j fUtpnad gpd;dh; czh;e;J nfhz;ljdhy; ,e;jpa kJ Ruz;lYf;F Vw;w mikg;ghf mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpf; ;izahsidf;nfhz;L etPd [kPd;jhh; Kiwapidj; ;id khfhz kf;fs; xU Gwk;> gioa epyg;gpuGj;Jtk; h; nfhLikia mDgtpj;jNjhL Mq;fpy Ml;rpahshpd; kw;Wk; rhjpak; vd;gtw;whYk; mth;fs; my;yYw;wdh;. e;J tpLjiy ngw fpilj;j xU re;jh;g;gkhfNt nrd;id ahdth;;; ,yq;if kw;Wk; Jhu fpof;F ehLfis Nehf;fp dh;. 3 fUj;JUtq;fspy; fhl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.
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rhjpaikg;gpy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUe;j ,f;FLk;gq;fs; tsh;g;gJ xU fyhr;rhukhf gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.39 Nkw;$wpa fl;likg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdNt mk;kf mikg;gpNyNa nghpJk; jq;fpapUe;jdh;. vdNt> mr;r%fj;j vQ;rpath;fisj; jdpikg;gLj;jpaJ. vdNt vQ;rpath;fs eRf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. mth;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; cwTKiwj; j epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk; NghJ jhk; jdpj;J tplg;gl;bUg;gij fpuhkpa uh[;a r%fNk rhjpa fl;likg;Gf;F cl;gl;bUe;jj Gyk; ngau Muk;gpj;jJ. vdNt jhd;> nrd;id khfhz FLk;gkhf ,lk;ngw;wJ. kjk; vd;gJ jdpahd mikg;ghf NtWgl;l mikg;ghfTk; fhzg;gl;lik ,t;thwhd Gyg;n
vdNt jhd; nrd;id khfhzj; jkpoh; jkJ r%f t tPr;Rf;fhfTk; ,yq;if kw;Wk; Jhu Mrpa ehLfis kWGwk; jkpo; ehl;by; $ypj; njhopyhspahf Mf;fg;gl;bU eltbf;iffshy; Ntiyaw;w njhopyhsh;fshf khw;wg;gl;l N tpLjiyia Jhpjfjpapy; mile;Jnfhs;s tpUk;gpdh;. ngh tpiuthf jho;Tw;W nry;Yk; Nghf;fpidf; nfhz;ltdhf epiyf;fhd fhuzq;fis jhf;fp mopg;gij tpl jd;dpiy mtDf;Fj; Njitg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa r%f mikg;gpy; rhjp mi nghUj;jkw;wJk;> gpw;Nghf;fhdJk;> fl;Lg;ghLilaJkh Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fj; jilnad ,th;fs; czh;e;jdh;. f rhjp Ngjq;fshYk; mbik jdj;jpYk; NehAw;wit vd;gi kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; ty;ytdhf my;yhky; #oYf;F m
,Jjtpu> jkpo; ehl;bd; fhyepiy> tul;rp> kioapd ghjfkhf mike;jd. ,J mth;fspd; nghUshjhu tho Jiwfspy;  Nkw;$wpa tpsf;fj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpah xU tW tWikAila ehlhf Mq;fpNyauhy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ vd epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;jpd; nfhLikfSk; [kPd ;jhh; Kiwikfspd rhjpaikg;gpd; nfhLikfSk; tul;rpahd fhyepiyAk; fpu ,yq;if> kw;Wk; Jhu fpof;F ehLfSf;F FbNaWtjw;F r%fKk; jhk; thOk; epiyf;F ghjpg;Ngw;gLk; NghJk; jkJ t NghJk; me;epiyapypUe;J kPl ;rpailtjw;fhf njhopy
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

j;jg;gl;bUe;j ,f;FLk;gq;fs; goFtJ> tho;tJ cwTfis pd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.39 Nkw;$wpa %d;W mikg;GfSk; rhjpf; hz;bUe;jJ. vdNt mk;kf;fs; th;f;fk; vd;gij tpl rhjp e;jdh;. vdNt> mr;r%fj;jpy; Fwpj;j gphptpdh; Fbafy;tJ> ;jpaJ. vdNt vQ;rpath;fs; cah;e;j rhjpapduhy; NkYk; ho;f;ifapy; cwTKiwj; jpUkzk;> kuzk;> ghuk;ghpa hk; jdpj;J tplg;gl;bUg;gij mth;fs; czh;e;jdh;. gpd;dh; l;likg;Gf;F cl;gl;bUe;jjdhy;40 KO fpuhkpa r%fKk; t jhd;> nrd;id khfhz Gyk;ngah;r;rp vd;gJ FLk;gk; vd;gJ jdpahd mikg;ghfTk; rhjp vd;gJ kjj;jpypUe;J g;gl;lik ,t;thwhd Gyg;ngah;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapd.
fhzj; jkpoh; jkJ r%f tpLjiyf;fhfTk; nghUshjhu ;Wk; Jhu Mrpa ehLfis Nehf;fp gilnaLj;jdh;.41 njhopyhspahf Mf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,th;fs; Mq;fpNyahpd; jhopyhsh;fshf khw;wg;gl;l NghJ mr;r%f mikg;gpypUe;J le;Jnfhs;s tpUk;gpdh;. nghJthf ,q;Fs;s Fbahdtd; Nghf;fpidf; nfhz;ltdhff; fhzg;gl;lhd;. ,j;jho;TU ;fp mopg;gij tpl jd;dpiyapy; cah;e;J nry;Yk;; topNa ;jpa r%f mikg;gpy; rhjp mikg;Gk; mjDld; ,iathd dJk;> fl;Lg;ghLilaJkhd Nkw;Fwpj;j mk;rq;fs; ,th;fs; czh;e;jdh;.42 fhh;y;khf;]; “,e;jpa r%fq;fs; j;jpYk; NehAw;wit vd;gijAk; mJ kdpjid #o;epiy dhf my;yhky; #oYf;F mbikg;gLj;jpd” vd;fpd;whh;.43
hyepiy> tul;rp> kioapd;ik vd;gd tptrhapfSf;F th;fspd; nghUshjhu tho;it NkYk; ghjpj;jd. NtW p mwpNth mDgtNkh kpff; Fiwthf ,Ue;jikahy; ek;gpapUf;f Ntz;bath;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. Mz;Lf;F Ntiy fpilj;jJ. Vida fhyq;fspy; Ntiyaw;W
j;jpypUe;J ,e;jpah xU tWikahd ehL vd;gij tpl pNyauhy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. mj;NjhL k; [kPd ;jhh; Kiwikfspd; nfhLikfSk;> fld; gSTk; ; tul;rpahd fhyepiyAk; fpuhkpa uh[;a KiwAk; mth;fs; ehLfSf;F FbNaWtjw;F fhuzkhapd. ve;jnthU ghjpg;Ngw;gLk; NghJk; jkJ tho;thjhuq;fs; khw;wkilAk; kPl ;rpailtjw;fhf njhopy;tha;g;gpidj; Njb my;yJ
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NtW ,Ug;gplq;fisj; Njb my;yJ ghJfhg;igj; Njb m tpLjiyiaj; Njb mijtpl cfe;j ,lnkhd;iw Nehf;fp
jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs; ,yq;if Nehf;fp tUtjw;fhd ,Oit Nkw;Fwpj;j fhuzpfspdhy; jkpof kf;fsplkpUe;J ,lk;ngw;wJ vd;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ. Fbngah;ntd;gJ xd;wy;y. r%f nghUshjhu gz;ghl;Lf; fhuzpfshy; ,t;thW Fbngah;thf ,lk;ngw;wJ.44 Fbngah;ntd;gJ vy tho;tpy; ,lk;ngw;w mk;rk;jhd;. mJ kdpj ,ay;G Nehf;fpy my;yJ mirthf ,lk;ngwyhk;. Mdhy; kWGwk; ,f;F $ba ,Oit fhuzpfs;> vjph; fzpakhf rkepiyapy; nra hPj pahd Gyg;ngah;r;rp rh;tNjr muq;fpy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,i mNj khjphpahd NtnwhU ehl;Lf;F kf;fs; ,lk;ngah;e xNu ehl;L vy;iyf;Fs;Sk; ,Nj Nghd;w ,lg;ngah;r rhk;uh[;a ,iwikf;Fl;gl;l ,U Njrq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w , rl;lG+h;tkhd jd;ik ngw;wNj.
,yq;ifapd; Gtpapay; mikg;Gk; Fb tUifAk;
,yq;if jkpo;ehl;Lf;F mz;kpa ,lj;jpy; mike;Js jkpoh;fs; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;Fk; ,yq;ifah; ,e;jpah mJ mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt Nghh;j;Jf;Nf $l gy topfspy; FbtUif ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. rpw gw;wpj; jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs; kpFe;j gaKWj;jYf;Fs;shfp 16 Mk; Ehw;whz;bNyNa jkpoh;fs; ,q;F FbNawpaik Mdhy; Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapd; NghJ> ,yq;ifapy; ,e;jp ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,Nj rkak; ,e;jpa nghUshjhu epiy t mk;kf;fs; jkpo;ehl;il tpl mjpf tUtha; jUfpd;w , ,ay;Ge;jyhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.46
,yq;iff;F ,e;jpa jkpoh; tUifAk; fz;ba kf;fspd; th
Mq;fpNyauhy; ,yq;ifapy; FbNaw;wg;gl;l ,e;jpaj; nj jkJ jdpg;gl;l nghUshjhu ek;gfj; jd;ik nfhz;lth;f xU FOtpduhf> ,df;fyg;G mw;wth;fshf> jdpj;Jtkhf> vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;; thoyhk; vd;w ek;gpf;if mth;f
Vwf;Fiwa 160 tUlq;fSf;F Nkw;gl;l fhy tuyhw;i tk;rhtsp jkpo; kf;fs; fhydp Ml;rpahsh;fspd; Vw;Wk fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; FbNaw;wg;gl;lth;fshth;. Muk;gj Kaw;rpfspy; rpq;fs tptrhapfs;  ,yq;ifapy; ,e;jpa jkpohpd; tUif Ntfkhf ;jpa nghUshjhu epiy tPo ;r;rpaile;J nry;Yk; NghJ mjpf tUtha; jUfpd;w ,yq;ifia Nehf;fp efh;e;jJ .
UifAk; fz;ba kf;fspd; tho;tpaYk; py; FbNaw;wg;gl;l ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsh;fs; ,yq;ifapd; kPJ k;gfj; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldh;. jhq;fs; w;wth;fshf> jdpj;Jtkhf> kjk;> nkhop> rhjp> cwTKiw yhk; vd;w ek;gpf;if mth;fsplk; Vw;gl;bUe;jJ.47
f;F Nkw;gl;l fhy tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w ,e;jpa p Ml;rpahsh;fspd; Vw;Wkjp nghUshjhu nfhs;ifapd; w;wg;gl;lth;fshth;. Muk;gj;jpy; Mq;fpNyah; Nkw;nfhz;l s; 

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XusTf;F kl;LNk vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. kuk; ntl mbj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; mth;fs; XusT  1931k; Mz;Lfspy; ngU VJthf mike;jd. ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;l nghUshj ke;j epiyf;Nfw;gNt FbtUifapd; tpfpjhrhuk; fhyhfh tutpid Cf;Ftpf;FKfkhf 1889k; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl Nrit xg;ge;jk;> Copak; njhlh;ghd Vw;ghLfs;> Fwpg khjj;jpw;Fhpa Copak; mLj;J tUk; khjj;jpy; 10k; jpfjpa rl;lk;> ngUe;Njhl;l tptrha tsh;r;rp;ia cWjpahf Vw nghUshjhu eyd;fis ghJfhg;gjpy; Mq;fpNyah; Mh;t ehl;L njhopyhsh;fisf; fth;e;jpOf;ff;$ba ,Oitf; fhu
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Lj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. kuk; ntl;Ljy;> fhlopg;G> nfhl;by;fs; usT  1931k; Mz;Lfspy; ngUksT FbtuT mjpfhpg;gjw;F apy; ngUe;Njhl;l nghUshjhu nropg;Gj; jd;ik my;yJ fapd; tpfpjhrhuk; fhyhfhyk; NtWgl;lJ. njhopyhsh; 1889k; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l Njhl;lj;njhopyhsh; rl;lk;> jhlh;ghd Vw;ghLfs;> Fwpg;ghf njhopyhsh;fspd; xU tUk; khjj;jpy; 10k; jpfjpapy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w tsh;r;rp;ia cWjpahf Vw;gLj;j Njhl;l njhopyhshpd; hg;gjpy; Mq;fpNyah; Mh;tk;nfhz;lik> vd;gd jkpo; ;jpOf;ff;$ba ,Oitf; fhuzpfshapd.
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FbNawpa njhopyhsh;fs; FWfpa fhyg;gFjpapNyNa mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. ,e;ehLfspy; 3 my;yJ 4 Mz;Lfs Nrkpg;Gld; mth;fs; ehL jpUk;gf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. jq;f M nrhj;Jf;fshf itj;jpUe;jdh;. gyh; rpwpanjhU epyj;Jz;i jFjp ngw;wpUe;jdh;. $Ljyhd Njapiyia gwpj;j n jq;fg; gTz;fs; toq;fg;gl;ljhfTk; $wg;gl;lJ. jpUr gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J tUif je;j njhopyhshfs; 15> 20 &ghit jkJ Nrkpg;ghf itj;jpUe;jdh;. njd; Mh;fhl;L M toq;fg;gl;l rk;gsk; jkJ khtl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l rk;gs ,Ue;jnjdf;” $Wfpwhh;.53 ,yq;ifapypUe;J jpUk;gpath tiuAk; rpyNtisfspy; 500 &gh tiuAk; Nrkpg;ghf mth;fs; tho;e;j nrhe;j fpuhkq;fspy; ,isQh;fisA ,yq;ifia Nehf;fp fth;e;jpOj;jJ. ,jw;F kWjiyahff; F gaph;r;nra;if Kiwia mwpe;jth;fshfTk; rhjp fl;Lg;ghl;L fhzg;gl;ldh;. ,t;thwhd khw;wq;fs; jho;e;j rhjp Fbapd mjpfsT fhzg;gl;ld. Gjpa tho;f;if KiwiaAk; mD ,th;fs;> Ra ek;gpf;if Ra nfsutk; tha;f;fg; ngw;wth;fs ghugl;rkhf elhj;jg;gLtjw;F ,lkspf;ftpy;iy.
njd;dpe;jpa nghUshjhu epiy tPo ;r;rpaile;j Nghnj jk; ehl;il tpl mjpf tUtha; jUfpd;w ,yq;if Nghd nrd;wdh;.54 ,e;jpa murhq;fk; mth;fSf;nfjpuhf ve Kd;tutpy;iy. 1847k; Mz;L tiu ,e;jpah Fbafy;T kPj tpjp;f;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; Nkw;gb Mz;by; tpjpf;fg;gl;l ji tpjpf;fg;gl;lnjd;gjw;F Nghjpa Mjhuk; fpilahJ. 55
gpw;fhyj;jpy; njhopyhsh; tUifia fth;e;jpOg;gj Njhl;lg;Gwq;fspy; gy cl;fl;likg;G mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nr ghijaikj;jy;> Njhl;lg;Gwf;fy;tp> gps;is kLtq;fs; mi jpBnud RfaPd kilAk; NghJ thfd trjpfs; nra;J nfhL jkpo; njhopyhshfs; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawTk; epiyahd j nfhs;sTk; fhuzpfshapd.
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mg;NghJ ,e;jpa jkpoh;fspd; tUif vd;gJ Kw;WK nghWg;gpNyNa jq;fpapUe;jd. Muk;gj;jpy; fq;fhzpkhh;fspd ,q;F FbNaw;wg;gl;lhh;fs;. 25 my;yJ 30 Ngh; nfhz;l jiyik jhq;fpdhd;. ngUe;Njhl;l eph;thfj;jpw;F Ml;f ,tNd Ml;fisj; jpul;b te;J ,yq;if ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs

FWfpa fhyg;gFjpapNyNa jkJ FLk;g tUkhdj;ij Lfspy; 3 my;yJ 4 Mz;Lfs; njhopy; Ghpe;jhNyNa XusT ;gf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. jq;f Mguzq;fis ngz;fs; jkJ gyh; rpwpanjhU epyj;Jz;il thq;Fkstpw;F nghUspay; d Njapiyia gwpj;j ngz; njhopyhsh;fSf;Ff;$l ;ljhfTk; $wg;gl;lJ. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Ml;rpj; jiyth; ;j njhopyhshfs; 15> 20 khjq;fSf;Fs; 80 - 150 ;jpUe;jdh;. njd; Mh;fhl;L Ml;rpj; jiyth; “,yq;ifapy; tl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l rk;gsj;ijtpl 3 klq;F mjpfkhf q;ifapypUe;J jpUk;gpath;fs; 50 ,ypUe;J 200 &gh &gh tiuAk; Nrkpg;ghf itj;jpUe;jdh;. ,e;epiyik hkq;fspy; ,isQh;fisAk; AtjpfisAk; ngUksT j;jJ. ,jw;F kWjiyahff; Fbafd;W jpUk;gpath;fs; Gjpa th;fshfTk; rhjp fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fl;gl tpUk;ghjth;fshfTk; w;wq;fs; jho;e;j rhjp Fbapdh; vd;W fUjg;gl;l gphptpdhplk; ho;f;if KiwiaAk; mDtq;fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l sutk; tha;f;fg; ngw;wth;fshf kPz ;Lk; jkpo;ehl;by; jhk;
lkspf;ftpy;iy.
epiy tPo ;r;rpaile;j Nghnjy;yhk; mq;Fs;s jkpo; kf;fs; a; jUfpd;w ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfSf;Ff; Fbngah;e;J k; mth;fSf;nfjpuhf ve;j eltbf;ifiaAk; vLf;f tiu ,e;jpah Fbafy;T kPj hd vt;tpjkhd jiliaAk; b Mz;by; tpjpf;fg;gl;l jilahdJ ,yq;iff;nfjpuhf Mjhuk; fpilahJ. 55
tUifia fth;e;jpOg;gjw;fhf fhydpj;Jt eph;thfk; kg;G mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jd. Nghf;Ftuj;J> Rfhjhuk;> y;tp> gps;is kLtq;fs; mikj;jy;> Njhl;lj;njhopyhsh; thfd trjpfs; nra;J nfhLj;jik Nghd;w gy fhuzpfs; apy; FbNawTk; epiyahd jkJ tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf;
huzpapd; nraw;ghLk;
pd; tUif vd;gJ Kw;WKOJkhf fq;fhzpkhh;fspd; uk;gj;jpy; fq;fhzpkhh;fspd; cwtpdh;fs; Rw;wj;jth;fNs my;yJ 30 Ngh; nfhz;l xU FOTf;F xU fq;fhzp ;Njhl;l eph;thfj;jpw;F Ml;fs; Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; ,yq;if ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Nrh;j;jhd;. gy FOf;fspd;
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fq;fhzpfSf;F jiyik fq;fhzpfs; fhzg;gl;l fth;r;rpahd Ngr;R gy thf;FWjpfs; vd;gd njhopyhs fq;fhzp Kiwapy; cwtpdh; my;yJ rhjpiar; Nrh;e;j vd;w mbg;gilapy; njd;dpe;jpa jkpo; njhopyhsh;fSf;F Njhd;wpapUe;jJ. ,e;jpa FLk;gj;jth;fSf;F nra;jpfis tprhhpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; njhlh;;G+lf kdpjdhf fq;fhz njhopyhsh;fspd; nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; njhopyhspapd; gy fld; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;jhd;. Njhl;l fld;) ngWtjw;fpUe;j xNu egh; ,e;j fq;fhzpNa. ,y FbNaw;Wtjpy; fq;fhzpkhh;fspd; jdpg;gl;l ce;jw; fhuzpf nfhz;L tug;gLk; xt;nthU njhopyhspf;Fk; 5 &gh my;yJ jiyf;Fhpa ,dhkhf fq;fhzpf;F toq;fpaJ. vdNt fq cw;rhfkhf  njU Rj;jk; kw;Wk; ,d;Ndhud;d NtiyfS ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;. MSeh; gpul;hpf; Nehh;j; (1798 cs;Sh; njhopyhsh;fisj; jpul;bf; nfhs;s Kbahj #o;e njhopyhsh;fis Kjd;Kjypy; ,q;F nfhz;L te;jhh;. jpUNfhzkiy> fhyp Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ghijfis fl;Lf];Njhl;il> fSj;Jiw> tpf;Nlhhpah Mfpa ,lq;f Nghd;w NtiyfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.58 gpd;dh; ,th;f ,lq;fspy; epue;jukhf tho Muk;gpj;Jtpl;ldh;.
,j;Jld; Nfhg;gpg;gaph;r; nra;ifia ftur; nra;tjw vd;Nghiu  njd;dpe;jpa jkpoj;; njhopyhsh;fis ,q;F nfhz xd;whapw;W. vdNt 1834 ,y; 40 Vf;fuhf Muk;gpj;j Nf 19>062 Vf;fuhdJ.59
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

fq;fhzpfs; fhzg;gl;ldh;.56 ,f;fq;fhzpkhh;fspd; Wjpfs; vd;gd njhopyhsh;fis ,q;F tu  JiwKf ; ,d;Ndhud;d NtiyfSf;fhf jkpo; njhopyhsh;fs; Seh; gpul;hpf; Nehh;j; (1798 - 1815) nghJ Ntiyf;fhf l;bf; nfhs;s Kbahj #o;epiyapy; njd;dpe;jpaj; jkpo;j; ; ,q;F nfhz;L te;jhh;.57 ,th;fs; nfhOk;G> fz;b> ;w ,lq;fspy; ghijfis mikg;gJ kw;Wk; fk;gis> tpf;Nlhhpah Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ghyq;fis mikg;gJ j;jg;gl;ldh;.58 gpd;dh; ,th;fs; efuq;fspy; my;yJ efh;rhh; uk;gpj;Jtpl;ldh;.
ra;ifia ftur; nra;tjw;fhf cw;gj;jpapy; INuhg;gpah; 827 Mk; Mz;by; mg;Nghija Njrhjpgjp ghd;]; Nfhg;gpg; ;fpaJld; gpd;dh; Nfhg;gpg;gaph;r; nra;if gz;zg;gLfpd;w Mk; Mz;L gphpj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt mbik Kiwia ;likAk; kWGwk; gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fKk; jd; ehl;Lf;F ,wf;Fkjp thpia Fiwj;jikAk; ,yq;ifapy; NkYk; hz;lw; fhuzpahfpd. vdNt jhd; Vw;fdNt $wg;gl;lJ hopyhsh;fis ,q;F nfhz;L tUtJ jtph;f;f Kbahj ; 40 Vf;fuhf Muk;gpj;j Nfhg;gpg; gaph;r;nra;if 1845 ,y;
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ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;fs; vd;gij cWjpnra;a 24 rl;lq ,aw;wpaJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; ,aq;fpa ‘tptr njhopyhsh;fs; mDgtpj;j flw; gaz Jd;gq;fs;> f cly; Jd;gq;fis vLj;Jf; $wpaJ. vdNt murhq;fk; toq;Ftjhf gy cWjp nkhopfis toq;fpaJ.
,e;jpaj; njhopyhsh;fSf;F rhh;ghf ‘,q;fpyhe;J RtpN\ ,af;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fhydpj;Jt m njhopyhsh; eydpy; mf;fiw fhl;bd.60 Mdhy; mJ tho;tpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. Nkw;gb njhopyhsh gy Jd;g rk;gtq;fs; ,lk;ngw;w NghJk; njhopyhsh; tUi ,e;jpa murhq;fk;jhd; mth;fspd; tUifia jil nra;a njhlh;r;rpahf tuNt Kw;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,jw;F mbg;gilf; f nraw;ghLfshFk;. Mdhy; 1872 f;Fg;gpd; gy kUj;Jt toq;fg;gl;ld. ,jw;fhd rl;lG+h;t Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfh Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; kUj;Jt trjpfs; gw;wpa fl;lisfs; 1921 - 1938f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyf; fzpg;gPLfspy; 98.6 tPjk te;jdh;. ,jd;gb 1911k; Mz;L ,e;jpa jkpoh;fspd; njhi 1921k; Mz;by; ,J 602735 vd;W mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.6 ,e;j gpuNjrj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 2 gphptpduhf milah
1. ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;Nthh; 2. ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;ahNjhh;63
,th;fspd; njhif KiwNa 589>302 Ngh; ngUe;Njh 46864 Ngh; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;ahNjhh;. ,jid jkpoh;fspd; Fbg;guk;gyhdJ ngUe;Njhl;lq;fisr; rhh rhuhNjhh; vd;w mbg;gilapy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,J nj fzpg;gPL fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhj NghJk; ngwg;gl;l jfty;f rhh;e;j ,e;jpa jkpoh; 1926 ,y; 820>000 vd;Wk; ngUe;Njh 825>000 vd;w tifapy; tho;e;J te;Js;sdh;.
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gpw;fhyj;jpy; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspypUe;J r%f ngah;T kw ,g;ngUe;Njhl;lk; rhuhj ,e;jpaj; jkpoUld; xd;wpf; fy gpw;gl;lfhy murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu eltbf;iffSk; ,e;jr;r%fg; gphptpdUf;Fs;NsNa fth;e;jpOj;jpUf;fpd;wd 1964k; Mz;L rpwpkh - rh];jphp xg;ge;jk; 1971 Mk; Mz Nghd;w gy FbAhpik ngw;w gyh; ,e;j r%fj;jpy; fye;J
308

ij cWjpnra;a 24 rl;lq;fis ,yq;if murhq;fk; q;ifapy; ,aq;fpa ‘tptrha rq;fk;’ vd;w mikg;G lw; gaz Jd;gq;fs;> fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; wpaJ. vdNt murhq;fk; njhopyhsh;fSf;F ghJfhg;G fis toq;fpaJ.
rhh;ghf ‘,q;fpyhe;J RtpN\r ,af;fj;jpdh;’ Nkw;nfhz;l ;l fhyj;jpy; fhydpj;Jt muRk; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdpAk; fhl;bd.60 Mdhy; mJ mt;tsT Jhuk; njhopyhsh; py;iy. Nkw;gb njhopyhsh; tuT> guhkhpg;G vd;gtw;wpy; ;w NghJk; njhopyhsh; tUifapy; FiwT Vw;gltpy;iy. pd; tUifia jil nra;a Kw;gl;lNj xopa> njhopyhsh; ;sdh;. ,jw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzk;; ,Oit fhuzpfspd; 72 f;Fg;gpd; gy kUj;Jt trjpfs; njhopyhsh;fSf;F ;lG+h;t Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1880>81>82>1912 rjpfs; gw;wpa fl;lisfs; gy gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld.61 Mdhy; yf; fzpg;gPLfspy; 98.6 tPjkhd njd;dpe;jpa jkpoh;fSk; ,e;jpa jkpoh;fspd; njhif 530>984 Mf tpsq;fpaJ. d;W mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.62 ,e;jpaj;jkpo; kf;fis mth;fspd; hz;L 2 gphptpduhf milahsk; fhzyhk;.
iy nra;Nthh; iy nra;ahNjhh;63
a 589>302 Ngh; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;Nthh; ; Ntiy nra;ahNjhh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp ngUe;Njhl;lq;fisr; rhh;e;Njhh; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fisr; ; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,J njhlh;ghf rhpahd Fbg;guk;gy; j NghJk; ngwg;gl;l jfty;fspd;gb ngUe;Njhl;lq;fisr; 820>000 vd;Wk; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fis rhuhNjhh; 1927 ,y; ;e;J te;Js;sdh;.
poh;
;fspypUe;J r%f ngah;T kw;Wk; ,l ngah;tile;jth;fSk; paj; jkpoUld; xd;wpf; fye;J tpl;ldh;. Rje;jpuj;Jf;F hUshjhu eltbf;iffSk; ngUe;Njhl;l kf;fspy; gyiu Na fth;e;jpOj;jpUf;fpd;wd. 1949 fSf;Fg; gpd;dUk; php xg;ge;jk; 1971 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpuh - rpwpkh xg;ge;jk; gyh; ,e;j r%fj;jpy; fye;Jtpl;ldh;. gpd;dh; ,lk;ngw;w
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Njrpakakhf;fy; eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf ,e;j ngUe;N Fbj;njhifia mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Js;sJ. Mdhy; ,yq;if t kf;fspd; FbtuthdJ ngUe;Njhl;lk; rhh;e;j jkpo; kf;fspd ,t;thW ,yq;if te;j ngUe;Njhl;lk; rhuh ,e;jpaj; jkpo Ntiytha;g;Gj; NjbAk; vt;tpj khdpaKk; ngwhky; mur cjtpapd;wp ,yq;iff;F te;Js;shh;fs;.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gy khepyq;fspypUe;J ,th;fs; gy;NtW r%f NtWghLfisf; nfhz;lth;fshf ,th;fs; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il nrl;bkh fUjpNa ,th;fs; ,yq;if te;jhh;fs;. ,th;fspy; ngUk efuq;fs;> ngUe;Njhl;lk; vd;gtw;iw mz;bNa tho Muk ,th;fspd; njhlh;G neUf;fkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,th;fspy efuq;fspy; gyruf;F kw;Wk; Glitf; filfis elhj;jpd i[d kjj;jpdUk;> nrd;id th;j;jfh;fSk; ehsiltpy; j th;j;jfh;fspd; Kfth;fshf khwp tpl;lth;fshff; fhz ,th;fs; nry;thf;F ngw;wth;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldh;. mh nghUl;fs; ,th;fshy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. gy nrl;bkh nraw;gl;ldh;.
,th;fistpl> eif tpahghhpfs;> nkhj;j rpy;yiw tpahg kzpg;ngl;b tpahghhpfs;> jufh;fs; vd;NghUk; njhopy; e efuq;fs; rhh;e;J tho Muk;gpj;jdh;. ,th;fistpl fi nra;tjw;Fk; vLgpbahsh;fshf flikahw;Wtjw;Fk; ehl;L cjtpahsh;fshfTk; gyh; ,yq;if te;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. Ghptjw;Fk; cj;jpNahfg;G+h;tkhd me;j];j;ij ngw ,yq;ifapy; Fbakh;e;Js;sdh;. njhopyhsh;fspy; ,d;nd njhopyhsh;> Gifapuj Nritj; njhopyhsh;fs;> gy;NtW Ghptjw;fhd njhopyhsh;fs;> hpf;\h ,Og;Nghh;> Njhl;bfs Gwk;ghf Mrphpah;fs;> fiyQh;fs;> ebfh;fs; vd;gth;fSk; jkJ tho;f;ifia Muk;gpj;Js;sdh;.66
Fbafy;T ghpkhw;wKk; ,yq;ifapy; epue;jukhf jq;fpa ,e xU r%f mikg;gpy; Fbafy;T vd;gJ FLk;gkhf my;y ,lk;ngWkhdhy; me;ehl;bd; FbtUif me;ehl;bd; epu tha;g;Gz;L. (,e;jpahtpypUe;J Mz;fSf;F rkdhd ng tUifapy;  rpW tw;iw mz;bNa tho Muk;gpj;jdh;. ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; ff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,th;fspy; gyh; ngUe;Njhl;lk; rhh;e;j litf; filfis elhj;jpdh;. jkpo; ehl;by; nrl;bkhUk;> h;j;jfh;fSk; ehsiltpy; juF tpahghhpfshfTk; Mq;fpy khwp tpl;lth;fshff; fhzg;gl;likahy;65 ,yq;ifapy; ;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldh;. mhprp Nghd;;w cs;ehl;L Efh;T jp nra;ag;gl;ld. gy nrl;bkhh; jiyikf; fq;fhzpkhuhfr;
hhpfs;> nkhj;j rpy;yiw tpahghhpfs;> nghl;lzp tpahghhpfs;> h;fs; vd;NghUk; njhopy; epkpj;jk; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawp pj;jdh;. ,th;fistpl filfspy; rpg;ge;jpfshf Ntiy flikahw;Wtjw;Fk; ehl;Lf; Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bkhh;fSf;F yq;if te;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ,J jtpu> murhq;f Nrit khd me;j];j;ij ngw;wth;fSk; rpw;Whopah;fSk; h;. njhopyhsh;fspy; ,d;ndhU gphptpduhfpa JiwKfj; j; njhopyhsh;fs;> gy;NtW jpizf;fsq;fspy; njhopy; hpf;\h ,Og;Nghh;> Njhl;bfs; vd;w gyUk; ,th;fSf;Fg; s;> ebfh;fs; vd;gth;fSk; ,yq;iff;F te;J epue;jukhf ;sdh;.66
fapy; epue;jukhf jq;fpa ,e;jpaj; jkpoh;fSk; y;T vd;gJ FLk;gkhf my;yJ ghy; rkepiy mbg;gilapy; FbtUif me;ehl;bd; epue;ju Fbmikthf ,lk;ngw Mz;fSf;F rkdhd ngz;fSk; Foe;ijfSk; Fb l;by; epue;ju Fbaikit cl;nfhs;s fhuzkhfpaJ). f;fpa tUifia tiuaiw nra;Ak; Nrh. re;jpuNrfud; ;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Nfhg;gpr; nra;ifapd; tsh;r;rp
309


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,j;njhopyhsh;fis fth;e;jpOj;jnjdf; $Wfpwhh;. 1880 - fhyq;fspy; Nfhg;gpg; gaph;r; nra;ifapd; tPo;r;rp ,e;jp Fiwj;jJ. 1890 - 1930 Njapiy kw;Wk; ,wg;gh; gaph;r ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsh;fspd; tUifia mjpfhpf;fr; nra ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspd; tPo;r;rp fhuz tUif Fiwe;jJ. 1942 f;Fk; 1944 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhy NghJ [g;ghd; Fz;L tPr;R epfo;j;jpaik ,e;jpah; g 1945f;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsh; tUifapy; gy fl;Lg njhopyhsh; tUif gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;jJ. ,yq;ifa Muk;gkhdNjhL ,e;jpa kf;fs; ngUkstpy; ,yq;ifapy 1890 f;Fk; 1930 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l 40 Mz;Lfspy; N tsh;r;rpaile;j NghJ 7 Mz;Lfspy; Mz;Lf;F 2 ,yl;r ,yq;iff;F te;jdh;.
,jpy; ehk; fhzf;$ba Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fs; vd;dnt Nehf;fpa tUifahdJ ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspd; vOr;rp tPo ;r;rp mbg;gilapNyNa epfo;e;jnjd;W $wyhk;. mj;NjhL Njh njhopyhsh;fs; ,yq;ifapy; epue;jukhfj; jq;Ftij tpU gpw;gFjpapy; FLk;gq;fshf tUNthhpd; njhif mjpfhpj;ji njhifAk; mjpfhpf;fyhapw;W. Njapiyg; gaph;r;nra;if epue;jukhf FbNawp Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsh;fNs ,yq
KbTiu
Nkw;gb ,e;jpaj; jkpoh;fspd; ,yq;if Nehf;fpa Fbakh;e;jikAk; ce;jy; ,Oit fhuzpfspd; mb kpfj;njspthdJ. vt;thW INuhg;gpa Mjpf;Fbfs; nghUspa ,e;jpahit Nehf;fp ,lk;ngau Muk;gpj;jdNuh mjid Nghd jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J ,yq;ifia Nehf;fpj; js;sg;gl;ldh;. Md nraw;ifahd xU #o;epiyapid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gjpy; jkpof r%f #oYk; epykhdpa xLf;FKiwfSk; mj ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpNyah;fs; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fis Muk rhjfkhd nghUspay; fhuzpfs; ,yq;ifapy; nraw;gl;li FbNawTk; epue;jukhf jkJ Fbakh;tpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfh
mbf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;: 1. System Administration (02.05.012) – Migration Push 2. Ibid 3. Chris Riley - Study Note 4. tp. epj;jpahde;jd; eNlr Iah; fhyk; Kjy; ,yq;ifg;
nghUshjhu cUkhw;wk; khh;f;fk; ,jo; 1 (1992 gf;. 2
310

j;jnjdf; $Wfpwhh;. 1880 - 1889 Mz;LfSf;fpilg;gl;l nra;ifapd; tPo;r;rp ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsh; tUifia piy kw;Wk; ,wg;gh; gaph;r;nra;ifapd; vOr;rp kPz;Lk; Uifia mjpfhpf;fr; nra;jJ. 1930 f;Fk; 1942 f;Fk; jhl;lq;fspd; tPo;r;rp fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; njhopyhsh; ; 1944 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; 2k; cyf Nghhpd; epfo;j;jpaik ,e;jpah; gyh; Fbafy fhuzkhfpaJ. hsh; tUifapy; gy fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;likahy; hff; Fiwe;jJ. ,yq;ifapy; Njapiyg; gaph;r;nra;if s; ngUkstpy; ,yq;ifapy; FbNaWtjw;F ,lkspj;jJ. lg;gl;l 40 Mz;Lfspy; Njapiy ,wg;gh; Njhl;lq;fs; ;Lfspy; Mz;Lf;F 2 ,yl;rk; NgUf;F Nkw;gl;lth;fSk;
;fpakhd mk;rq;fs; vd;dntdpy; njhopyhshpd; ,yq;if ;Njhl;lq;fspd; vOr;rp tPo ;r;rpf;fhd ,Oitf; fhuzpfspd; ;W $wyhk;. mj;NjhL Njhl;l chpikahsh;fs;> ,e;jpaj; epue;jukhfj; jq;Ftij tpUk;gpdh;. 19 Mk; Ehw;whz;L Nthhpd; njhif mjpfhpj;jikahy; epue;jukhf trpg;Nghhpd; . Njapiyg; gaph;r;nra;if Muk;gkhd fhyg;gFjpapy; a;Ak; njhopyhsh;fNs ,yq;iff;Fj; Njitg;gl;lhh;fs;.
;fspd; ,yq;if Nehf;fpa tUifAk; ,yq;ifapy; Oit fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jnjd;gJ hg;gpa Mjpf;Fbfs; nghUspay; kw;Wk; r%ff; fhuzpfshy; uk;gpj;jdNuh mjid Nghd;w fhuzpfshNy jkpoh;fSk; Nehf;fpj; js;sg;gl;ldh;. Mdhy; mt;thW js;sg;gLtjw;F pid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gjpy; Mq;fpNyah; ntw;wp ngw;wdh;. pa xLf;FKiwfSk; mjid Jhpjg;gLj;jpanjd;gJk; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fis Muk;gpj;jikAk; jkpo;ehl;iltpl s; ,yq;ifapy; nraw;gl;likAk; jkpoh;fs; ,yq;ifapy; bakh;tpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; fhuzpfshapd.
012) – Migration Push and Pull factors
ah; fhyk; Kjy; ,yq;ifg; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; r%f khh;f;fk; ,jo; 1 (1992 gf;. 24)
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5. Nrh. re;jpuNrfud; - ,yq;if ,e;jpah; tuyhW - gf;fk 6. Marx & Angels on colonialism p.35 7. Ibid p. 35 -36 8. S.Nadesan A history of the up-country plantation peopl 9. Javaharlal Nehru p.276 10. Ibid 11. Ibid – Page 276 12. Nrh. re;jpuNrfud; ,yq;if ,e;jpa tuyhW – gf; 12 13. Ibid 14. Kondapi Indian Overseas Madrass (1951) p. 3 15. nfh. m. md;Njhdhth - ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW
NrhkRe;juk; 16. javaharlal Nehru – Discovery of India p. 277 17. Nrh. re;jpuNrfud; - ,yq;if ,e;jpa tuyhW – gf; 13 18. nfh.m. md;Njhdth - ,d;iwa ,e;jpah – gf; 266 19. Ibid, gf; 301 20. Ibid, gf;. 294 21. Ibid, gf;. 294 22. S. Nadeson – History of the Up-country – p. 10 Tamil Pe 23. Ibid 24. Nfh.m. md;Njhdth> gf; 291 25. R.Kfh;[p - ,e;jpahtpd; epyg; gpur;rpid – gf; 16 26. Nfh.m. md.Njhdth - ,d;iwa ,e;jpah gf; 301 27. Ibid, gf; 292 28. Nfh. m. md;Njhdth - ,d;iwa ,e;jpah gf; 29. u[dp ghkp jj; - ,d;iwa ,e;jpah – gf; 294 30. Dharma kumar – Land & Caste in South India Cambridg
188 31. Nrh. re;jpuNrfud; 32. u[dp ghkp jj; 33. Dharma kumar – Land & Caste in South India Cambridg 34. Nrh. re;jpuNrfud; - gf; 70 35. u[dp ghkp jj; - gf; 320 36. S.Rajaratnam – Plantation Labour in Ceylon Young Socia
110 37. Ibid 38. Javaharlal Nehru – Discovery of India 39. Ibid, gf; 308 40. Ibid
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

f ,e;jpah; tuyhW - gf;fk; 9
p.35
country plantation people in Sri Lanka -p.9
f ,e;jpa tuyhW – gf; 12
ass (1951) p. 3 - ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW – gf;. 80 nkhop ngah;g;G G+.
f India p. 277 f ,e;jpa tuyhW – gf; 13 ;iwa ,e;jpah – gf; 266
-country – p. 10 Tamil People in Sri Lanka
91 g; gpur;rpid – gf; 16 d;iwa ,e;jpah gf; 301
d;iwa ,e;jpah gf; ,e;jpah – gf; 294
in South India Cambridge University Press (1965) – Page
in South India Cambridge University
our in Ceylon Young Socialist – No.3 Oct/Dec (1961) – page
f India
311


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41. India Hindu Muslim Question p. 10 42. ePy ; FUg;G - ,djJtKk; r%f khw;wKk; 43. Karl Marx – British rule inIndia 44. fyhepjp Ffghyd; - Fbj;njhif gpuNahfKk; Nfhl;ghL 45. M.S. %f;ifah - ,d;iwa kiyafk; - gf; 1 46. gP. jq;fuh[h – gf;fk; 18 47. G.S.T. J. Orde Browns – Labour condition in Ceylon – p.8 48. K.M.De.Silva 49. Ibid 50. D.M Forrest p.7 51. Nrh. re;jpuNrfud; - gf; 70 52. Ibid 53. Ibid 54. Ibid 55. Ibid 56. Oddvar Hollup – p.39 57. R.Jeyaram – p.28 58. R.Jeyaram – Migration Figure for the years 1839 - 1959 59. Nrh. re;jpuNrfud; - gf;fk; 83 60. Nrh. re;;jpuNrfud; - gf;fk; 83 61. Dr. N. Nty;KUF – gf;fk; 18 62. gp.gp. Njtuh[; - ,dj;JtKk; r%f khw;wKk; - gf; 224 63. Ibid 64. N.K. Sankar – page 178 65. Mh;ehl;L Ntshsh; rq;f jrhg;j kyh; 1992 – gf;. 113 66. R. Jeyaram – p.41
Jiz Ehy;fs; 1. Bastian Sunil -
Indian Tamils’ Emerging IssuesCeylon Seasonal Paper XV citizenship by descent – Appendix 2. Dharmakumar
Land and caste in South India Cambridge University Pre 3. Forrest 100 years of Tea 1867 – 1967 4. Fernando Nimal AContinually change in Plantation Agri
Land Reform Programme on the Tea Plantation 5. G.St. J. Orde Browns Labour condition in Ceylon Maurit
Crid. 6423 – London 943 6. India Hindu Muslim Question Immigration Commission
312

. 10 r%f khw;wKk;
hif gpuNahfKk; Nfhl;ghLfSk; - gf; 173. a kiyafk; - gf; 1
condition in Ceylon – p.8
or the years 1839 - 1959 83 83 8
k; r%f khw;wKk; - gf; 224
rhg;j kyh; 1992 – gf;. 113
Ceylon Seasonal Paper XVIII – Report of the committee
dix
ambridge University Press – 1965 – 1967
hange in Plantation Agriculture – A study of Sri Lanka – e Tea Plantation ndition in Ceylon Maurits and Malaya Report by Major
mmigration Commissioner Report 1938
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7. Ivor Jenning, University of Ceylon –Review 8. Jeyaram R. Caste continuities in Ceylon Popular Prakash 9. Kodikara S. Indo Ceylon Relation since Independence 10. K.M.de Silva Social Policy – Minority Organization in Cey 11. Ludo – Owyk EFC The modern history of Ceylon 12. Marx, Angles On Colonialism 13. Marx Karl , Notes on Indian History 14. Marx Karl, Capital Vol.3 – Progress Publisher 1974 Mos 15. Oddvar Hollup , Bonded Labour Caste and cultural Iden
Workers in Sri Lanka 16. Indian Economic & Social History Review Vol.3 – No.1 17. S. Nadeson, A history of the up-country Tamil People in 18. S. Rajaratnam, Plantation Labour in Ceylon Young Socia 19. Wilson A.J Electoral Politics in an emergence State 20. V. epj;jpahde;jd; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; r%f> nghU
khh;f;fk; ,jo; I 1992 21. Nrh. re;jpuNrfud; ,yq;if ,e;jpa tuyhW 22. nfh m. me;Njhdhth ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW nkhop nga 23. Nrh. re;jpuNrfud ;-,e;jpa jkpoh; tuyhW 24. Mh;. Kfh;[p ,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gpur;rpid 25. rhjpaKk; mjw;nfjpuhd Nghuhl;lKk; ntF[dd; - ,
1966 xf;Nlhgh; 26. ePy ; FUg;G ,yq;ifapy; ,dthjKk; njhopyhsh; ,af
,dj;JtKk; r%f khw;wKk;> 1979 27. V. v];. ngf;kd; - [p. rp. nkd;b]; ek; Kd;Ndhh; mspj 28. gp. jq;fuh[;> ,yq;if ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fk; 29. vk;. v]. %f;ifah> ,d;iwa kiyafk; - fl;Liu nj 30. gp. gp. Njtuh[;> ,yq;if ,e;jpa jkpoh; jdpj;Jt cW ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd rkj;JtKk; ,dj;JtKk; r% 31. bAlh; rpy;th> Nf. ahj;jpiu ngUe;Njhl;l kf;fspd; ,d 32. u[dp ghkp jj;> ,d;iwa ,e;jpah> epA+ nrd;rhp `T] 33. e. Nty;KUF> kiyaf kf;fspd; rka ek;gpififfS 34. fyhepjp fh. Ffghyd;, Fbj;njhif - gpuNahfq;fSk; N 35. System Administration (02.05.012) –Migration Push an 36. Chris Riley - Study Note –Push and Pull Factors behind
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

lon –Review n Ceylon Popular Prakashan Private Ltd.
n since Independence nority Organization in Ceylon 1840 – 1855 – London history of Ceylon
story
ress Publisher 1974 Moscow ur Caste and cultural Identity among Tamil Plantation
ry Review Vol.3 – No.1 – March 1966 -country Tamil People in Sri Lanka ur in Ceylon Young Socialist No.3 Oct/Dec. 1961
an emergence State jhl;lj;Jiwapy; r%f> nghUshjhu cUkhw;wk; -
f ,e;jpa tuyhW pahtpd; tuyhW nkhop ngah;g;G jkpoh; tuyhW pyg;gpur;rpid huhl;lKk; ntF[dd; - ,uhtzh> Gjpa G+kp ntspaPL -
dthjKk; njhopyhsh; ,af;fKk; ,yq;ifapd; k;> 1979 d;b]; ek; Kd;Ndhh; mspj;j mUQ;nry;tk; pa tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fk; wa kiyafk; - fl;Liu njhFg;G ,e;jpa jkpoh; jdpj;Jt cWjpghLk;
j;JtKk; ,dj;JtKk; r%f khw;wKk; ngUe;Njhl;l kf;fspd; ,dg;gpur;rpid e;jpah> epA+ nrd;rhp `T]; gpiuNtl; ypkpll;> nrd;id. f;fspd; rka ek;gpififfSk; rlq;F KiwfSk; ;njhif - gpuNahfq;fSk; Nfhl;ghLfSk;
012) –Migration Push and Pull factors
and Pull Factors behind Migration
313


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314
kl;lf;fsg;G r%f mikg;gpy; jkpo; NgRk; Ntlh;f
kuig Mtzg;gLj;jy;
kl;lf;fsg;G r%f mikg;G kpfg;Guhjd tuyhw;W ,jd; xU gFjpahf kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; jkpo; NgRk Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd;w jiyg;G mike;Js;sJ. ,t;tha;T tho;e;j Ntlh; ,dj;jpd; topghl;L kuig ikakhf nf ,Jtiu ntsptuhj NghjpYk; Ntlh; ,dj;ij gw;wp fyhe Nguhrpupah; rp.nksdFU mth;fSk; rpy Ma;Tfisr; nra kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mjpf; Fbfshf ,Uf;Fk; nts;shsu;fs njhlu;Gila nja;tq;fshd fz;zfpak;kd;> khupak;kd;> j Nghd;w nja;tq;fSk; mj;nja;tq;fSf;Fr; nra;Ak; rlq ,Uf;fpd;wd. kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;w Nt gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; kpf FiwthfTs;sd. ,jidf; fUj;jpw;n ,Uf;fpd;w jkpo;NgRk; Ntlh;fs; gw;wpajhf ,t;tha;T mi
,th;fs; jkpo khwptpl;ldh;. rpq;fsk; NgRk; Ntlh;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; jkpo; NgRk; Ntlh;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;> E}y;fs; kpff; Fiwt nry;tuhrh Nfhghy; mth;fSk; tp.jq;fuhrh mth;fSk; “ke;jp rkar;rlq;F” vd;w fUj;JUtpy; Nguhrpupah; rp.nksdFU khe;jpupfk;” gw;wp fyhepjp tbNty; ,d;gNkhfd; mth;fSk
tpspk;G epiy kf;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; gpujhd ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,j;jifa Ma;T kpfTk; mtrpakhd ,e;j Ma;T %yk; kl;lf;fsg;Gr; r%f mikg;gpy; tho topghL gw;wpAk;> Fwpg;ghf Fkhunja;tr; rlq;F gw;wpa K Mtzg;gLj;jiyAk; ,t;Ma;T ntspg;gLj;Jk; vdyhk;.
Ntl nts;shsh; rhjpapdh; gw;wpa tuyhw;Wg; ghu;i
,yq;ifapy; G+h;tPf f;Fbfs; gy tho;e;jjhf tuyhw;W M mjpy; “Ntlh;” vdg;gLgth;fSk; mlq;Fth;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,th

f mikg;gpy; jkpo; NgRk; Ntlh;fspd; topghl;L
kuig Mtzg;gLj;jy;
F. utpre;jpud;
g;G kpfg;Guhjd tuyhw;Wg; gpd;Gyj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. ;G khtl;lj;jpy; jkpo; NgRk; Ntlh;fspd; topghl;L kuig mike;Js;sJ. ,t;tha;T kl;lf;fsg;G r%f mikg;gpy; hl;L kuig ikakhf nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,j;jifa Ma;T ; Ntlh; ,dj;ij gw;wp fyhepjp A.tp.jq;fuhrh mth;fSk;> ;fSk; rpy Ma;Tfisr; nra;Js;sdh;. ,Jtiu fhyKk; f ,Uf;Fk; nts;shsu;fs;> Kf;Ftu;fs; mth;fNshL ;zfpak;kd;> khupak;kd;> jpnusgjp mk;kd;>Ngr;rpak;kd; a;tq;fSf;Fr; nra;Ak; rlq;FfSNk Ma;Tg; nghUshf pa epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;w Ntlh;> giwah;> gs;sh;> Fwth;fs; Ts;sd. ,jidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ,jpy; xU gFjpapduhf s; gw;wpajhf ,t;tha;T mikfpd;wJ.
d FbfSs; xUtuhd ,af;fupd; vr;rq;fshfTk;> mtu;fsJ sg; gpd;gw;wp ,d;Dk; itj;jpUg;gth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. ;ghLk; topghLk; nfhz;bUe;j ,k;kf;fs; rpq;fs>jkpo; ; NgRk; Ntlh;fshfTk;>jkpo; NgRk; Ntlu;fshfTk; ,d;W Ntlh;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; epiwthf ntspte;Jtpl;ld. a;Tfs;> E}y;fs; kpff; FiwthfNt ntspte;Js;sd. f.jh. p.jq;fuhrh mth;fSk; “ke;jputhjpNa nja;tkh mgpeapf;Fk; py; Nguhrpupah; rp.nksdFU mth;fSk; “Ntlh; kj;jpapYk;
y; ,d;gNkhfd; mth;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;L cs;sdh;.
gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; gpujhd newpahf Nkw;fpsk;gpAs;s a;T kpfTk; mtrpakhd xd;whf czug;gLfpd;wJ. g;Gr; r%f mikg;gpy; tho;e;j jkpo; NgRk; Ntlh;fspd; khunja;tr; rlq;F gw;wpa KOikahd njspTk; mjd; ;T ntspg;gLj;Jk; vdyhk;.
h; gw;wpa tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it.
; gy tho;e;jjhf tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ; mlq;Fth;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,th;fspd; tuyhW gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;
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ngupjhf ,Jtiuapy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. rpq;fs nkhopa ntspte;Js;sd. jkpopy; ,Jgw;wpa ftdk; mjpfk; nrYj;j nry;tuhrh Nfhghy; “Ntlh;” gw;wpa xU E}ypid vOjpAs fStd;Nfzpia ikakhf itj;J xU Ma;Tf; fl;Liuah rp.nksdFU mth;fs; “ FNtdpAld; njhlu;GgLj;J FNtdpapd; gps;isfNs Ntlh;fs; vd;W ,f;fij $Wfpd;w ngw;W VidNahUf;F ,d;W Vsdg; nghUshf cUkhwp tp[adpd; gps;isfspd; guk;giuapy; cUthdth;fs; vd;W ngUikailfpd;wdh;. tpe;jidg; gw;wpYk;> fStd;Nfz ep&gpf;fg; Nghjpa rhl;rpfs; caph;tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd
nghyeWit Afj;jpd; NghJ kfhguhf;fpukghF kd;dd gilnahd;iw itj;jpUe;jjhf kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLf guhf;fpukghFtpd; ,uhr;rpa tPo ;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh; kl;lf;fsg ek;g ,lKz;L.
ehLfhl;Lg; gutzpf; fy;ntl;L> nry;yhgj;J Nt jUfpd;wJ. rPj thf;if efUf;Fg;Ngha; epyik -  fStd;Nfzpia ikag;gLj;jpNa Vida m CLUtpf; Fkhu nja;tj;ij topgl;L Ntl nts;shsh;f fStd;Nfzpiar; Nru;e;j khupahh; vd;gth; $wpdhh;.(jft
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

gwtpy;iy. rpq;fs nkhopapy; rpy Ma;Tfs; njhFg;ghf w;wpa ftdk; mjpfk; nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; jpU. ;wpa xU E}ypid vOjpAs;shh;. fyhepjp A. tp. jq;fuhrh tj;J xU Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf ntspapl;Ls;shh;. Nguhrpupah; ; jkpo; ehlf muq;fpy; kjFUNt nja;tkhf MLk; rkar; w” gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
tdpAld; njhlu;GgLj;Jk; IjPf f; fijAk; cz;L. ;fs; vd;W ,f;fij $Wfpd;wJ. “Ntlh;” vd;w fhuzg;ngah; Vsdg; nghUshf cUkhwp tpl;ldh;. ,Ug;gpDk; ehq;fs; uapy; cUthdth;fs; vd;W $wpf;nfhs;tjpy; NtLth;fs; dg; gw;wpYk;> fStd;Nfzpg; gFjpapYk; ,e;jf;fijia ph;tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;.
J kfhguhf;fpukghF kd;dd; jdJ gilg;gpuptpy; NtLtg; kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;j NtLth;fs; ;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh; kl;lf;fsg;G Nehf;fp efh;e;jpUf;fyhnkd
;ntl;L> nry;yhgj;J Ntlh;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; ;Fg;Ngha; epyik -  mtuJ kidtpiaAk;> k;gp nry;yhgj;J topg;ghijapy; nry;Yk;NghJ xU ag; ngw;W mehjuthf mt;tplj;jpNy Nghl;Ltpl;Lg;Nghf> tDf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLf;fpd;whh;fs;. mth;fs; h;fs; vd;Wk; me;j re;jjpfSf;$lhf te;jth;fNs Ntl
;L.
s;shsh;fshf ,dq;fhzg;gl;lth;fs; jq;fspd; re;jjpapdh; ;gJ jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpnad fUjg;gl;l NghJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; pdh; cah;thdth;fshf fzpf;fg;gl;bUg;gij mtjhdpj;J ;j;jpy; Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf Ntl nts;shsh; pNdhk; vd;Wk; $wpdh;. (jfty; jstha; jpU.f. fhj;jKj;J>
l guk;giu fStd;Nfzpg; gFjpapy; tho;;e;jjhy; mg;ngau; a ikag;gLj;jpNa Vida may; fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; ,th;fs; topgl;L Ntl nts;shsh;fshf tho;fpd;whh;fs; vdTk; upahh; vd;gth; $wpdhh;.(jfty; f.khupahh;)
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rpq;fs kf;fs; tho;e;j gFjpapy; ,Ue;j Ntlh;fs; rpq;f tho;e;j gFjpapy; ,Ue;j Ntlh;fs; jkpo; nkhopiaAk; gpw;g mth;fs; rpq;fsth;fshfTk;> jkpoh;fshfTk; khwpapU mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;jJ. NtLth;fSf;Fupa jdpj;Jt gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;> eilKiwfs; ,d;Wtiu Ng NgRk; Ntlh;fSf;Fk;> jkpo; nkhop NgRk; Ntlh;fSf;Fk gof;ftof;fq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; mtjh kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mjpf;Fbapduhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,d;iwa rhjp mikg;Gf;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;w th;f;fj;jpdh; N Gydhfpd;wJ.
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; Ntl nts;shsh; tho;fpd;w , nghUshjhu epyikfSk;
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; Ntl nts;shsh; gpd;tUk; fpu
1) kl;lf;fsg;G (Kfj;Jthuk;)
2) Ntlh; FbapUg;G (FbapUg;G)
3) jstha;
4) fStd;Nfzp
5) rpj;jhz;b
6) fpuhd;
7) re;jpntsp
8) thior;Nrid (fy;Flhg;gFjp)
9) ehrptd;jPT
10) ,uhy; Xil
11) thfiu
12) nghz;Lfd;Nrid
13) Nfhq;fid
14) ghy;r;Nrid
15) jpuha;kL
16) thfNdup
17) KWj;jhid

jpapy; ,Ue;j Ntlh;fs; rpq;fs nkhopiaAk;> jkpo; kf;fs; s; jkpo; nkhopiaAk; gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; fw;Wf;nfhz;L jkpoh;fshfTk; khwpapUg;gJ fs Ma;tpd; NghJ . NtLth;fSf;Fupa jdpj;Jtq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; mth;fspd; ilKiwfs; ,d;Wtiu Ngzg;gLfpd;wd. rpq;fs nkhop khop NgRk; Ntlh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; gy xw;Wikahd ,tw;iwnay;yhk; mtjhdpf;fpd;w NghJ Ntlh;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk;> Ntl nts;shsh;fshf ,Uf;fpd;w th;f;fj;jpdh; Ntlh;fspd; guk;giu vd;gJk;
l nts;shsh; tho;fpd;w ,lq;fSk;> mth;fsJ r%f
tl nts;shsh; gpd;tUk; fpuhkq;fspy; tho;fpd;wdh;.
uk;)
Ug;G)
hg;gFjp)
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18) fhad;Nfzp
19) fl;LKwpT
20) gOfhkk;
21) nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy (gLthd;fiug; gFjpfs;)
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; Ntl nts;shsh; tho;fpd;w ,lq fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

thd;fiug; gFjpfs;)
nts;shsh; tho;fpd;w ,lq;fis fPo;tUk; tpsf;fg;glk;
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,q;F tho;gth;fs; NtLt topte;j re;jjpapdh; vd epiyapy; gy rhjpapdupd; fyg;G ,th;fSf;Fs; CLUt ,th;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epyikfisg; ghu;f;fpd;w kl;lf;fsg;gpd; gpujhd rhjpapduhf ,Uf;Fk; Kf;;Fth;> nts mth;fsJ me;j];j;JfspypUe;Jk; jho;e;jth;fshf ,Uf;fpd
,th;fs; gz;ghl;L uPj papy; rpy jdpj;Jtkhd gz r%fq;fSf;fpilapyhd gz;ghl;L Cl;lhl;lk; fhuz gz;ghl;bypUe;J ngupa khWghl;il ,th;fsplk; fh KWj;jhid> Nfhq;fhid Nghd;w fhLfis mz;ba gFjpfs gioa NtLth;fSila gz;Gfs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;w cilaikg;G> mth;fspd; tPl ;bd; mikg;G> mth;fSila K Ngr;R> mth;fSila eltbf;iffs; vd;gd gioa NtLt ep&gpg;gtdhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,th;fspilNa epyTk; cwTKiwfs; ,d;W kl;l cwT Kiwfis xj;jitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. jpUkz K jpUkzk; nra;jy; Nghd;w gz;Gfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; Nt KbahjitahfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. ngz;gps;is G+g;nga;j nra;Ak; rlq;Fk; ,th;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid ,th;fspd; r%f mikg;gpid mtjhdpj;jNghJ ,th;fsp “guk;giu” vd;Nw miof;fpd;wdh;. ,jid ,d;W jsth fhzyhk;.
NkYk; fStd;Nfzpapy; je;ij topte;j re;jjpapdh; thuprpd; ngaiuf;nfhz;L me;j re;jjpapdiu miof;Fk; mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. mit>
fStg;gh; guk;giu cf;FDkhu; guk;giu fpDr;rh; guk;giu gzpf;fh; guk;giu fy;nfhl;lth; guk;giu Njtf; Fl;bah; guk;giu khupahh; guk;giu
Nghd;wit MFk;. fStd;Nfzpapy; je;ijtopg; guk;gi jstha;g; gFjpapYk; Nkw;$wpa je;ijtopg; guk;giuapdNu ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.

topte;j re;jjpapdh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; jw;Nghija g;G ,th;fSf;Fs; CLUtp ,Ug;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. u epyikfisg; ghu;f;fpd;w NghJ ,th;fs; r%f uPj papy; uhf ,Uf;Fk; Kf;;Fth;> nts;shsh; Nghd;w rhjpapdUf;Fk;>
k; jho;e;jth;fshf ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;.
y; rpy jdpj;Jtkhd gz;ghl;bid itj;jpUe;jhYk;> ;ghl;L Cl;lhl;lk; fhuzkhf Vida rhjpapdupd; hWghl;il ,th;fsplk; fhzKbtjpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> ;w fhLfis mz;ba gFjpfspy; tho;fpd;wth;fSf;fpilNa ;Gfs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf mth;fsJ d; mikg;G> mth;fSila Kfghtidfs;> mth;fSila ffs; vd;gd gioa NtLth;fs; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit
cwTKiwfs; ,d;W kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tof;fj;jpy; cs;s f ,Uf;fpd;wd. jpUkz KiwapYk; kr;rhd;> kr;rhis ;Gfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; NtW rhjpf;fyg;Gf;fSk; jtph;f;f d. ngz;gps;is G+g;nga;jy; rlq;Fk;> ,we;jth;fSf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid  fStd;Nfzpg; gFjpfspy;
je;ij topte;j re;jjpapdh; jq;fsJ re;jjpapd; KjyhtJ ;j re;jjpapdiu miof;Fk; Kiwia fs Ma;tpd; NghJ
;Nfzpapy; je;ijtopg; guk;giufs; VO ,dq;fhzg;gl;lJ. je;ijtopg; guk;giuapdNu nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jgth;fshf
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KWj;jhidg; gFjpapy; Ntlh;fs; jq;fsplk; VO Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; Ie;J guk;giuapidj;jhd; njupA gpw;;gl;l fhyq;fspy; mope;J NghdjhfTk; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,g fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mitahtd>
gzts Ntlh; gl;bab Ntlh; nry;yhg;gj;J Ntlh; jpUf;fhf;fzp Ntlh; fl;lE}W Ntlh; (jfty; KWj;jhid jpU. j. tPk d;)
vd;gdthFk;. vdNt> Ntl nts;shsh;fspd; r%f gpujhdkhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,th;fsJ nghUshjhu epi ,th;fs; tWikf;Nfhl;bd; fPo ; tho;fpd;wth;fshfNt ,U njhopy; jw;nghOJ tptrhak; kw;Wk; kPd ;gpbahf ,Uf;fpd ney; cw;gj;jp ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ney;Yw tay;fs; FiwthdjhfNt ,th;fsplk; ,Uf;fp;d;wd. Ntshz;ikf;F fhtw;fhuh;fshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. kw;W gFjpfspy; kPd ;gpbj; njhopiy mjpfkhdth;fs; nra;fpd cs;sth;fs; nghe;Jj;Njd; vLf;fpd;w njhopiyr; nra;J tU kPd ;gpbj;jy;> Fbirf; ifj;njhopy; Nghd;witfSk; ,t ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,th;fsJ r%fg; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapy; ntsp nrYj;jptUfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> rh;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr (Oxfam), ,Nehwhl; (Norad)> Nfahh; (Care) Nghd;w epWtdq kyry$l trjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,th;fSf;F ,ytrkhf fhzyhk;.
murpd; rKu;;j;jp nraw;wpl;lk; ,th;fsJ nghUshjhu epiy xd;whf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fy;tp mwpT> Rfhjhutrjp vd ,g;gpuNjrq;fs; rpytw;wpy; Fwpg;ghf gpujhd tPj pia ik Nehf;fpa fpuhkq;fspy; ,t;trjpfs; kpff; Fiwthf ,U KWj;jhid> Nfhq;fhid Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,t;tr njhlu;ghf ,yq;if mur epUthfKk; ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;i
tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy; Fkhu nja;tj;jpw;Fk; Ntl nts;sh
Ntl guk;giuf;$lhf te;j Ntl nts;shsh; r%fj;jpdup;d “Fkhuh;” vd;gJ Guhzq;fspy; Ngrg;gLk; “KUfd;” nja;tj vd;gJ moF> ,sik vd;w mu;j;jj;ijj; jUfpd;w nrhy;yh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

tlh;fs; jq;fsplk; VO Ntl guk;giu ,Ug;gjhf guk;giuapidj;jhd; njupAk; vd;Wk; ,uz;L guk;giu djhfTk; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,g;guk;giu je;ijtop kuigNa
j;jhid jpU. j. tPk d;)
l nts;shsh;fspd; r%f mikg;gpdpy; je;ij topNa ,th;fsJ nghUshjhu epiyikfis Nehf;Fk; NghJ ; tho;fpd;wth;fshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fsJ gpujhd kw;Wk; kPd ;gpbahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. tptrhak; vDk;NghJ fhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ney;Yw;gj;jp vd;Dk; NghJ nrhe;j th;fsplk; ,Uf;fp;d;wd. $Ljyhdth;fs; Nghbkhupd; hfNt ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. kw;Wk; fStd;Nfzp> jstha;g; mjpfkhdth;fs; nra;fpd;wdh;. KWj;jhid gFjpapy; f;fpd;w njhopiyr; nra;J tUfpd;whh;fs;. tpwF ntl;Ljy;> hopy; Nghd;witfSk; ,th;fspd; njhopy; Kaw;rpfshf
jhu mgptpUj;jpapy; ntspehl;L epWtdq;fs; ftdk; hf> rh;tNjr nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; (Red Cross)> xf;];ghk; ahh; (Care) Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; kUj;;Jt trjp> FbePh; trjp> ;iw ,th;fSf;F ,ytrkhfr; nra;J cjtp ey;Ftijf;
,th;fsJ nghUshjhu epiyikf;F XusT ifnfhLf;Fk; p mwpT> Rfhjhutrjp vd;gtw;iwg; nghWj;jtiuapy; wpg;ghf gpujhd tPj pia ikag;gLj;jpa fpof;Fj;jpiria jpfs; kpff; Fiwthf ,Ug;gij ehk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,t;trjpfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,J hfKk; ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy.
nja;tj;jpw;Fk; Ntl nts;shsUf;Fkhd njhlu;Gfs;
tl nts;shsh; r%fj;jpdup;d; gpujhd nja;tk; FkhuuhFk;. ; Ngrg;gLk; “KUfd;” nja;tj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. “Fkhud;” u;j;jj;ijj; jUfpd;w nrhy;yhFk;.
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kl;lf;fsg;gpy; nja;tq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; %d;W t
1. Mfk Kiw rhu;e;j nja;tq;fs; 2. Mfk Kiw rhuhj ke;jpu Kiw rhu;e;j nja;tq 3. Ntz;Ljy; topghl;NlhL njhlu;gila nja;tq
Ntlh;fs; jq;fsJ nkhopapy; Nkw;$wpa Kjyh “jkpo;f;fiyj; nja;tk;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. mj;Nj ke;jpu tifNahL njhlu;ghd nja;t tzf;f KiwiaAk Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; gps;isahh;> tp\;Z> rptd;> ghu;t Ngr;rp> ehr;rp> fz;zfp> khup> jpnusgjp vd;gdTk; mlq;F Ntlf;fiyj; nja;tj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;$wpa nja;tq;fspw;Fk; , Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;fs;.
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Guhzf;fijapd; mbg;gilapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s Nt vdg;gLk; Fkhuid jq;fspd; kr;rhdhff; fUJfpd;wdh;. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w rpj;jhz;b KUfd; Myaj;jpy ehsd;W Ntlh;fs; Njd;> jpizkh> ,iwr;rp Nghd;wtw;i ehs; elf;Fk; KUfDf;Fk; ts;spf;Fkhd jpUkzg; G+
320

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,th;fs; jq;fsJ nja;tq;fs; midj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLth;. apuk; gupfyq;fs;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLth;. Fkhuh;> gj;jpdpak;khs;> ;gl;L> ,e;jpky;ehr;rp> njTj;jd; nja;tk;> khwhj; nja;tq;fs;> dg;gy nja;tq;fs; ,th;fsplk; ,dq;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ;tq;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; Ntl fiyj; nja;tq;fisNa topgLfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; Fkhuh; jyhtJ) tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
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; Ntlh;fs; tho;fpd;w gFjpapy; ngz; khdpd; tapw;wpy; ; cUthfpa Fopf;Fs; gpwe;J fple;jhs; vd;Wk; ts;sp hf thOk; rPU h; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Cupid Mz;Lte;j hy; ,ts; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhs; vd;Wk; ts;spia KUfd; h;fSf;F KUfd; kr;rhdhdhd; vd;Wk; Guhzf;fijfs;
lapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s Ntl nts;shsh;fSk; KUfd; ; kr;rhdhff; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L pj;jhz;b KUfd; Myaj;jpy; “kapy;fl;L” vDk; jpUtpoh zkh> ,iwr;rp Nghd;wtw;iw nfhz;L te;J md;iwa s;spf;Fkhd jpUkzg; G+irapy; fye;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;.
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,d;WtiuAk; ,J eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. KWj;jhid tho;fpd;w Ntlh;fSk; ,g;G+irf;F tUtij mtjhdpf;fy
rpj;jhz;b KUfd; Myaj;jpw;fUfpy; Fkhuh; Nfhapy NfhapYf;Fk; KUfd; NfhapYf;Fkhd njhlu;G gw;w tpdtpaNghJ Kjy; Kjyhff; Fkhuh; NfhapNy mq;fpUe;jj tha;e;jnjdTk; gpd;dNu mt;tplj;jpy; KUfd; Nfha fhyq;fspy; jhd; KUfd; Myak; rk];fpUj kakhdjhfT
rpj;jhz;b KUfd; NfhapYf;F mz;ikapYs;s Fkhuh Ntl nts;shsupdhy; jhd; elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Mf NtWgLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa rhd;W Ntlh; topte;j nts;s nja;tj;jpw;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlu;G ,Ug;gij njspthff; fh
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehdpyj; nja;tq;fSs; FwpQ;rp “kiythzh;” vd;W KUfd; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whd;. ki Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. ,jdhy; Ntl nts;shsUf;Fk; F ,Ug;gij Cfpf;f ,lKz;L. KUfidg; Nghw;Wk; $j;jhf ghly;fSk;> gj;Jg;ghl;bd; Kjw;ghlf;fpa jpUKUfhw;Wg; gi gw;wpa ghly;fSk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; KUfidg; ,g;ghly;fspy; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fSk; mjpy; ntspg;gLfpd Fkhuh; nja;tr;rlq;F Kiwapy; ntspg;gLtij mtjhdpf
tPuAf fhyj;jpy; (fp.K 600) fuzk; rk;ge;jkhf ei ,Ue;jik gw;wp Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wJ. ntwpahl;L vd;gJ Ne kdpj clypNy tur;nra;J mjd; %yk; Neha; jPu;f;Fk; fuz Ntiyf;nfhz;L $j;jhLk; xUtd; Ntyndd miof;fg;g foq;F ghu;j;jy; vd;gdTk; eilngWk;.
,e;j ntwpahl;bw;Fk; my;yJ ntwpahl;lj;jpw;Fk; Fk Fkhu nja;tk; fg;Gfdpd; clypy; Fkhuuhf cUNtwp M tPuAff; fhyj;jpy; ,e;j ntwpahl;L kuG mf;fhy ,df;FO Ma;Tfs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; jftyhFk;. ,Nj NghyNt , Ntlh; vdg;gLk; Ntl nts;shsh;fSk; FkhuUf;Fr; nra;fpd epfo;j;JtJ FkhuUf;Fk; Ntl nts;shsUf;Fkhd njhlu;i
,d;W kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gpugy;akhf tpsq;Ffpd;w khkhq;fg;gps;isahh; Nfhapy;> nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy j kz;^h; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy;> rpj;jhz;b KUfd; Nfhapy;>
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wapy; cs;sJ. KWj;jhid> thfiu Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;
f;F tUtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
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; nja;tq;fSs; FwpQ;rp epy kf;fSf;Fupa nja;tk; ; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whd;. kiytho; kf;fSs; Ntlh;fSk; ; Ntl nts;shsUf;Fk; Fkhu nja;tj;jpw;Fk; njhlu;G Ufidg; Nghw;Wk; $j;jhfpa thl ts;spAk; FwpQ;rp epyg; ;ghlf;fpa jpUKUfhw;Wg; gilAk;> gupghlypy; nrt;Ntis yf;fpaq;fspy; KUfidg; Nghw;Wtjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. f;fSk; mjpy; ntspg;gLfpd;w tplaq;fSk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;
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nts;shsUf;Fkhd njhlu;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
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vd;gtw;wpd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiag; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ cUthf;fj;Jf;Fkpilapy; xU neUq;fpa njhlu;Gk; tuyhW mkpu;jfop> khkhq;fg;gps;isahh; Nfhapypy; Ntlh;fNs nra;jjhfTk;>gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,J gps;isahuhf khwpajhf
nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP] ;tuh; NfhapYk;> kz ,ijg;Nghd;W Ntlh;fshy; Nty; itj;J tzq;fg;ng fh;z guk;giuf;fijfs; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ntUfy; rp jpUf;Nfhapy; KUfd; Nfhapy; vd;gdTk; Ntlh;fshy; topghL Nfhapy;fshFk;. vdNt ,tw;iwnay;yhk; xUq;F Nru;j;J Ntlh;fspd; tho;f;if KiwNa kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gy ghfq;fspY ,t;tzf;f Kiwf;Fk; ,d;W Ntlnts;shsh; kj;jpapy; cs ,Ug;gNjhL kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; Ntlnt rlq;FfSf;Fk; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gJk; njspthfpd;wd. Ntlh;fs; kj;jpapy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l nja;tq;fSk; mtw;wpd rlq;F KiwfSk;
kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ,df; FOkq;fspy; Ntlh;fs; mjd; t ,dq;fhzg;gl;bUg;gpg;gpDk; mth;fsJ nja;tq;fs;> t Muhag;gl;l fdjp FiwthfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;jf Ntlnts;shsh; kj;jpapy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l nja;tq;fis mjw;Fr; nra;Ak; rlq;F KiwfisAk; tpsf;Ftjhf mik
kl;lf;fsg;G rpWnja;t tzf;f Kiwf;Fs; Ntlh;fspd; ,lk kl;lf;fsg;G tho; jkpoh;fspilNa epyTfpd;w KiwfisAk; Nehf;Ffpd;wNghJ ,uz;L tifahd gpupT ,jidg; ngUk; nja;tq;fs;> rpWnja;tq;fs; vdg; gpupg;g kl;lf;fsg;G efiu mz;ba gFjpfspy; MfkKiw jO tUk; nja;tq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. rpW nja;tq;fs; kl;lf;fs fhLfisAk; mz;ba gFjpapy; epyTk; ke;jpuj;NjhLk;> njhlu;Gila nja;tq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; kpfTk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd tzf;fK nra;Ak; tzf;fKiwNa fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. NtW ve;j k rpWnja;tr; nry;thf;if ,q;F fhzyhk;.
,d;iwa kl;lf;fsg;Gr; #oypy; rpW nja;t tz ke;jpuq;fNshLk;> G+rhupNahLk; fhtpaq;fNshLk; n fhspak;kd;> fz;zfak;kd;> ituth;> tPugj;jpuh; Nghd topghLfSk; ,d;W Mfk Kiwrhu;e;j FUf;fs;khuplk;
322

;dzpiag; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ Ntlh;fSf;Fk; ,f;Nfhapy; neUq;fpa njhlu;Gk; tuyhWk; cz;L vdj; njupfpd;wJ. ahh; Nfhapypy; Ntlh;fNs Nty; itj;J topghL ; ,J gps;isahuhf khwpajhfTk; IjPf f; fijfs; cs;sd.
hd;wP] ;tuh; NfhapYk;> kz;^h; fe;jRthkpf; NfhapYk; Nty; itj;J tzq;fg;ngw;w Nfhapy;fs; vd;gjidf; pTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ntUfy; rpj;jpuNtyhAj Rthkp Nfhapy;> ;gdTk; Ntlh;fshy; topghL elhj;jg;gl;l gioik tha;e;j wnay;yhk; xUq;F Nru;j;Jg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ Muk;gj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gy ghfq;fspYk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gJk; tlnts;shsh; kj;jpapy; cs;s tzf;f Kiwf;Fk; njhlu;G hw;wpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; Ntlnts;shsh;fSf;Fk;> mth;fsJ d;gJk; njspthfpd;wd. g;gl;l nja;tq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfSk;> ifahsg;gLk;
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Kiwf;Fs; Ntlh;fspd; ,lk; h;fspilNa epyTfpd;w nja;tq;fisAk;> topghl;L hJ ,uz;L tifahd gpupTfs; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpWnja;tq;fs; vdg; gpupg;gh;. ngUk; nja;tq;fs; vd;gJ gFjpfspy; MfkKiw jOtpa tzf;f KiwfSf;Fs; ;. rpW nja;tq;fs; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; fpuhkg; Gwq;fisAk;> py; epyTk; ke;jpuj;NjhLk;> Ntz;Ljy; topghl;NlhLk; wpf;Fk;.
Uk;ghd;ikahd tzf;fKiwahf rpWnja;tq;fSf;Fr; jg;gLfpd;wJ. NtW ve;j khtl;lj;jpYk; ,y;yhj msT fhzyhk;.
#oypy; rpW nja;t tzf;f Kiwahf ,Uf;fpd;w Lk; fhtpaq;fNshLk; njhlu;Ggl;bUe;j khupak;kd;> ;> ituth;> tPugj;jpuh; Nghd;w gy nja;tq;fSk;> mjd; iwrhu;e;j FUf;fs;khuplk; nrd;wpUg;gJ mtjhdpf;fjf;f
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xd;W. ,d;W kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;j rpWnja;t t Myaq;fs; gy ,d;W rk];fpUjkakhfpapUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;j
nfhj;Jf;Fsj;J khupak;kd; Nfhapy;> VwhT+h; tPugj;jpuh; fhiujPT fz;zfpak;kd; Nfhapy;> kfpobj;jPT fz;zfp m khupak;kd; Nfhapy; Nghd;wit kuGtop topghl;L Kiwfi G+ir Kiwfisf; filgpbj;Jk; G+rhupaplkpUe;J FUf;f cl;gl;bUg;gijAk; cjhuzq;fshff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,j;j gioik> kuG> jdpj;Jtk; vd;w Nghf;if rpijg;gjhf ,Uf kl;lf;fsg;gpd; r%f mikg;gpy; gioik> kuG> jdpj;Jtk KiwfshfTk; rpWnja;tq;fshfTk; ,Ug;gJ Ntlh;fs; k topghl;L KiwfNk MFk;.
kl;lf;fsg;G vd;W nrhd;dJk; ke;jputpj;jhd;i Njhd;Wk;> ,r;rpW nja;tq;fis ke;jpuj;jpy; cr;rupj;J gy eilKiwfisAk;> #dpak; nra;jy;> tsitf; nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gil %ykhfTk; ke;jpuN ,r;rpWnja;tq;fspd; tupirapy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Ntlh tzf;fKiwfSk; tpj;jpahrkhdit. ,q;F ke;jpuNkh nra;jy; vd;fpd;w tplaq;fNsh ,th;fsplk; ,y;iy. , $g;gpl;L jkJ clypy; tutioj;J nja;tkhf cUkhw Kiwikia jkJ topghl;L Kiwahff; fUJfpd;wdh;. , vdTk; miog;gh;.
,j;jifa rpWnja;t topghl;L Kiwf;Fs; mlq;fpA topghl;L KiwfSk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ghuk;gupa topghl;L Ki Ntz;bait. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; goik fhl;Lk; epfo;Tfshf Ntlh;fspd; kj;jpapy; cs;s nja;tq ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,j;jifa nry;thf;Fila Ntlh;fSk;> mth;fsJ KiwfSk; Ntlh;fsJ njhopy; KiwikNahLk; mth;f njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. njhopy;uPj pahf mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ gz;GfSf;Fk; Vw;g Fkhu fiyfis NtlUf;Fupa nja;tk nja;tk; vd;W miof;Fk; tof;fk; ,g;nghOJk; ,th;fspl
NjndLj;jy; vd;gJ ,th;fsJ gpujhdkhd njhopyhF nja;tq;fis Fwpg;ghf> Njd; G+r;rp khwhit miog;gJk;> k tjdkhwh nja;tj;ij miog;gJk; tof;fk;. fubj; nj nja;tKk; Midfl;LjNyhLk; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. ,i
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

gy;ak; ngw;wpUe;j rpWnja;t tzf;f Kiwf;F cl;gl;bUe;j
jkakhfpapUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
; Nfhapy;> VwhT+h; tPugj;jpuh; Nfhapy;> NghujPT fhspNfhapy;> apy;> kfpobj;jPT fz;zfp mk;kd; Nfhapy;> Nfhl;lKid kuGtop topghl;L Kiwfisf; iftpl;L Mfk Kiwahd k; G+rhupaplkpUe;J FUf;fs;khu;fspd; nry;thf;fpw;Fs; ;fshff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,j;jifa Nghf;F kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ;w Nghf;if rpijg;gjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;; ,d;iwa ; gioik> kuG> jdpj;Jtk; vd;gd Ngzg;gLk; topghl;L hfTk; ,Ug;gJ Ntlh;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTk; nja;tq;fSk;
d;dJk; ke;jputpj;jhd;ik vth; kdjpYk; Kjy; is ke;jpuj;jpy; cr;rupj;J fl;Ljy;> ntl;Ljy; Nghd;w pak; nra;jy;> tsitf; fhty;gz;zy;> fspg;Gf;F ;gil %ykhfTk; ke;jpuNk tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Mdhy;> py; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Ntlh;fspd; nja;tq;fSk; > mjd; khdit. ,q;F ke;jpuNkh> fl;Ljy;> ntl;Lju;> #dpak;; h ,th;fsplk; ,y;iy. ,th;fs; nja;tj;ij kd;whb oj;J nja;tkhf cUkhwp Mb nja;tthf;F nrhy;Yk; Kiwahff; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,jid “Ntz;Ljy; topghL”
pghl;L Kiwf;Fs; mlq;fpAs;s Ntlh;fSk;> mth;fsJ g;gpd; ghuk;gupa topghl;L KiwfSs; Kf;fpakhf Ngzg;gl tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; goikahd topghl;L Kiwiaf; pd; kj;jpapy; cs;s nja;tq;fSk; topghl;L KiwfSNk
a Ntlh;fSk;> mth;fsJ nja;tq;fSk;> topghl;L py; KiwikNahLk; mth;fsJ r%f eilKiwNahLk;; Pj pahf mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ Ntl;ilahLjy;> mjd; fis NtlUf;Fupa nja;tkhf miog;gh;. ,jid fhl;Lj; f;fk; ,g;nghOJk; ,th;fsplk; cz;L.
;fsJ gpujhdkhd njhopyhFk;. ,jw;fhf ,th;fs; khwhj; +r;rp khwhit miog;gJk;> ke;ij tsh;g;ig gpujhdg;gLj;jp g;gJk; tof;fk;. fubj; nja;tKk; gzpf;fkhwh vDk; k; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. ,it midj;ijAk; mth;fs;
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topgLtjdhy; njhopy; ed;F eilngWk; vd;W njhopYf;F tuhJ vd;Wk; ,th;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
,Nj Nghd;W r%fuPjpahf Nehapd;wp thOjy;> tPl;by; m ,Uj;jy;> vjpu;g;Gf;fis nty;Yjy; vd;gd ,j;nja;tq;fs vd;w ek;gpf;ifAk; ,th;fsplk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa r Ntlh;fs; jq;fsJ nja;tq;fis Nghw;wp> Mjupj;J mjw;F guk;giuahf ,lk;ngWtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
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fly; gFjp fiyfs;:
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;tq;fs; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,jid Ntlfiyj; ja;tq;fs; vd miof;Fk; kuNg fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j; nja;tq;fshfTk;> ngz; nja;tq;fshfTNk ,Uf;fpd;wd. ;fs; jq;fsplk; ,Ug;gjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,Ug;gpDk; ja;tq;fNs ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld. mtw;iw tpsf;Ftjd; q;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
;nja;tk;> Fkhufiyfs; Mjpf;Fkhuh;> nfhk;Gf;Fkhuh;> ;> Gs;spf;Fkhuh;> fhypf;Fkhuh; vdg; gpupj;J tUtjhf nfhOk;Gf; Fkhuh;fs; mt;tplq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,th;fsplk; huh; fhl;ilf; fhg;gtdhfTk; Ntl;ilf;F cjTgtdhfTk; sAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtdhftk; fUjg;gLfpd;whd;. Fkhuh; fty; %d;whk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
hj;jpah> FUtpyp> kwKe;j> xe;jkiyf;fhup> Xl;bg;ghl;L> > rpwpaghg;gl;L> tpy;yg;Gg;gl;L> %lg;gl;L> Js;shl;Lf;fhup> njd;dhj;J> Mkhyfhup> ,e;jpkYehr;rp> KJkDehr;rp> D> cle;jhtskD> (jpuha;) gd;dj;jhts;> me;Jk; Fkhup>) ahff; fUJfpd;wdh;)
njhopNyhL> njhlu;GgLj;Jk; tifapy; fly; Mgj;Jf;fspy; ;fs; fhg;ghw;Wk; vd;Wk;> ,it flw;gFjpapy; fg;gy;fspy; Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijj; jq;fSf;Fj; njuptpf;Fk; vd;Wk; Mgj;jhd nja;tq;fshff; fUJfpd;wdh;. NkYk; nfhba lu;GgLtjdhy; ,tw;iw topgLtjd; %yk; Neha;fspy;
;ifapd; tpisthf ,j;nja;tq;fisg; Nghw;Wfpd;wdh;.
jpapd; guk;giufs; vd;Wk; ,jpy; me;Jk;FkhupAk;> ;fs; vd;Wk; ,jpy; ,Ue;J gpupe;jitfNs Nkw;$wpaitfs; ; nja;tq;fs; tpy;>mk;G vLj;J flw; gFjpahy; tpisahb
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tUk; vd;Wk; kzy;fhl;L Ntlh;fNs ,jidf; $Ljyhf fg;gypy; tUk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapdhy; ,jid fg;gy; nja;t ,th;fsplk; epyTfpd;wJ.
,tw;wpy; rpy gwitfspd; tbtpy; tUtjhfTk; rpyh; F rpWgps;isfs; FWf;fpl;lhy; mg;gps;isfSf;F nfhba Neha vd;Wk; ,J Vw;gLj;Jk; Neha;fis Fkhuh;jhd; jPu;f;f Ntz ,tw;iwnay;yhk; xUq;fpizj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ Neh ,tw;iw nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wpapUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJ njupa
khwhj; nja;tq;fs;;
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njTj;jd; nja;tq;fspd; tUif Gs;spf;fhud; vd fpd;wJ. Gs;spf;fhud; njTj;jd; fiyapd; KjyhtJ fiyfshf tUk;. ghdq;fhty njTj;jd;> FUKFe;j nj nghy;Yf;fhud;> khj;js njTj;jd;> nghk;gy; njTj;jd;> fy fUj;jhdpad; Nghd;wd. njTj;jd; nja;tj;jpd; ,ay;G N ,J gf;jh;fSf;F Vw;gLj;Jk; Neha;fis ,dq;fz;L fUjg;gLgth;fis mioj;J jdJ ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; N vd;gtw;why; mku;j;jp Kfj;Jf;Fj; jz;zPh; mbj;J “Neh fl;;b tpLk;. ,j;nja;tq;fshy; Neha; Fzkile;Njhh; vdf nfhLf;Fk; nghUl;fis thq;;fp mt;tplj;jpNy ghtid ghu;g;gjw;F Rthurpakhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ehr;rpkhu; fd;dpkhu;:
ehr;rpkhu;> fd;dpkhu; vdg;gLgth;fs; ngz;fS njhlh;Gilath;fs;. ngz;fspd; fUtsj;NjhL rk;ge;jk $basT njhlu;GgLk; nja;tq;fNs ,itfshFk;. , ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

lh;fNs ,jidf; $Ljyhf Mjupj;J te;jpUe;jdh;. ,J apdhy; ,jid fg;gy; nja;tk; vd;Wk; miof;Fk; Nghf;F
tbtpy; tUtjhfTk; rpyh; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;. ,J tUk; topapy; ;gps;isfSf;F nfhba Neha;fis nfhLj;Jtpl;Lr; nry;Yk; is Fkhuh;jhd; jPu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. j;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ Neha;f;Fk;> Jd;gj;jpw;Fk; gae;J pUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJ njupatUfpwJ.
s; kj;jpapy; gpd;tUk; fiyfshf ,dq;fhzg;gLfp;d;wd. p khwh> Gspak; Gs;sp khwh> fpj;Js; khwh> fpj;Js; ngdp khwh> tjd khwh vd;fpd;w nja;tq;fs; khwhj; nja;tq;fshf J njhopy; Kaw;rpNahL njhlh;Gila nja;tq;fshFk;. ;> khL gpbj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,e;j khwhj; nja;tq;fs; h;. ,j;nja;tq;fs; ,th;fSf;F ve;jj; jPi kAk; nra;ahj h;fSf;F ed;ikahd fhupaq;fisr; nra;Ak; nja;tq;fs;
; tUif Gs;spf;fhud; vd;w nja;tj;NjhL njhlu;GgL ;jd; fiyapd; KjyhtJ nja;tk;. ,J gpd;tUk; y njTj;jd;> FUKFe;j njTj;jd;> FUehfy njTj;jd;> ;jd;> nghk;gy; njTj;jd;> fy;yhy njTj;jd;> Gs;sp ehr;rp> j;jd; nja;tj;jpd; ,ay;G Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;JjyhFk;. ; Neha;fis ,dq;fz;L> Neha; cs;sth;fs; vdf; jdJ ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; Nty; nghy;Y> njd;dk;ghis f;Fj; jz;zPh; mbj;J “Neha; jPUk;” vd;W nrhy;yp E}y; Neha; Fzkile;Njhh; vdf; fUjg;gLth;fs; Neh;j;jpahff; ;;fp mt;tplj;jpNy ghtidg;gLj;jp Mbr;nry;Yk; ,J ;Fk;.
vdg;gLgth;fs; ngz;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fNshL pd; fUtsj;NjhL rk;ge;jkhd Neha;fs; vd;gdtw;wpy; q;fNs ,itfshFk;. ,it gpd;tUk; fpisfshf
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nrz;gf ehr;rp> ,e;jpky; ehr;rp> nja;ahehr;rp> Kj Nghky;ehr;rp> vdTk; fd;dpauhf nrk;Gf;fd;dp> nre;j tprhuf;fd;dp> flw;fd;dp> Fsf;fd;dp> mf;fpdpf;fd;dp> r fahq;fd;dp> nkhf;fhl;Lf;fd;dp vdg; gpupTgl;L tUtd. gpur;rpidfisr; nrhy;Yjy;. ,e;j nja;tj;jpid fg;Gfh; t cs;s gpur;rpidiaf; Nfl;lhy; me;jg; gpur;rpid nj ehr;rpkhUk; fd;dpkhUk; fg;Gf;fUf;Fr; nrhy;Yth;. ,g te;jJ. ,g;gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;f;f ve;j nja;tj;ij ehlNtz fd;dpkhUNk nrhy;Yth; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
nkhl;lhf;F nja;tk;:
,it kpfTk; gaq;fukhd nja;tq;fshFk;. Ml;fspd; c ,j;nja;tq;fspd; ghu;itf;F ,Ug;gjhf ek;Gfpd;wdh;. gy m ,e;jj; nja;tq;fs; nra;Ak;. nfhjpf;Fk; vz;izf;Fs; ifi vd;w epfo;T Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,j;nja;tq;;fs; ,d;W Ntlh topghL nrYj;jg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,j;nja;tk; ,U mZf KbahJ. jPa rf;jpfspd; nray;fs; ,j;nja;tj;jpdhy vjpu;ggth; nfh^ukhd Neha;f;F Mshfp ,wf;ff;$l Neupl ,e;j nja;tq;fs; fy;yj;jhtpyp fpupak;kh> nfhy;yhj;jht mlyq;fh njy;yk;kh> khfg;Gwh> Flhfg;Gwh> kwKe;jh vd;g
nguparhkp :
Ntlh;fs; itutiu nguparhkp vdf; fUJfpd;wdh;. tay fliy> gl;babfisAk; (ke;ij tsh;g;gplk;)> gy Nrid nra;gtuhf ,tiuf; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,th; Rliy itu fhsp> nfhq;fhsp> eurpq;f ituth;> Mjp ituth; vd;gd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
gl;lhzp :
,J K];ypk; ,dj;jtNuhL njhlh;GilaJ. ,jid twhfp fiy vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,J K];ypk; MbtUfpd;wJ. ,jd; ghly; mb
“my;yhy...... fpy;yy;yh> Nkhjpyh” vd;w trd mapy;jh
,J K];ypk; ,dj;jth; Ntl fiyapy; ek;gpf;if cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;w fUj;Jk; ,th;fsplk; ,Uf;fp fiyAld; jhd; itf;fpd;whh;fs;. ,J fg;Gfupy; Kw;gl;L K gpur;rpidfisAk;> Neha;fisAk; jPu;j;Jitf;Fk; vd;W e

; ehr;rp> nja;ahehr;rp> Kj;Jks; ehr;rp> ehkd; ehr;rp> pauhf nrk;Gf;fd;dp> nre;jhkiuf;fd;dp> tpy;Yf;fd;dp> f;fd;dp> mf;fpdpf;fd;dp> rf;fuf;fd;dp. Fq;Fkf;fd;dp> p vdg; gpupTgl;L tUtd. ,tw;wpd; Nehf;fk; Fwpghu;j;J e;j nja;tj;jpid fg;Gfh; tpy;ypy; mioj;J gf;ju;fSf;F hy; me;jg; gpur;rpid njhlh;ghd tpsf;fj;ij ,e;j ;Gf;fUf;Fr; nrhy;Yth;. ,g;gpur;rpid ve;j nja;tj;jhy; ;f ve;j nja;tj;ij ehlNtz;Lk; vd;gij ,e;j ehr;rpkhu;>
ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
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hkp vdf; fUJfpd;wdh;. tay;fisAk;> FbkidfisAk;> j tsh;g;gplk;)> gy Nridfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; fhty; ;wdh;. ,th; Rliy ituth;> nfq;f ituth;> Rliy uth;> Mjp ituth; vd;gdthW cUkhwp tUtjhfTk;
L njhlh;GilaJ. ,jid nkhf;fhl;Lj;nja;tk; vd;Wk;> pLfpd;wdh;. ,J K];ypk; ,dj;jtupd; ghlYld;jhd; b
hjpyh” vd;w trd mapy;jhd; ghLfpd;wdh;.
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Ak; jPu;j;Jitf;Fk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
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,it jtpu gy nja;tq;fs; ,th;fsplk; ,Ue;jjh re;jjpfs; ,j;nja;tq;fis itj;jpUe;jjhfTk; ,th;fs; , rpy rlq;fpy; ,dq;fhzg;gLtjpy;iy vd;Wk; mit mt vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;. Nkw;$wpa nja;tq;;fs; mid ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld. ,it kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpW nja;tq;fs Muhag;glhjitfshFk;.
Ntl nja;tq;fSf;Fupa Nfhapy;fSk; nra;ag;gLk; rlq;F K Ntl fiyj; nja;tq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuf;Fk; N my;y. kuq;fshYk;> ,iy FiofshYk; myq;fupf;fg;gl nja;tq;fs; thOk; ,lkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;nja;tq;fs; ng ,y;iynad;w ek;gpf;ifAk; ,th;fsplk; cz;L ,jd tpUk;gtpy;iy. fw;fl;blk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhNyNa ,Ug;gpDk; ,d;W kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpy Fkhuh;fSf;Fupa g nra;Ak; Kfkhf fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;;L ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ
,t;thyaq;fs; Ntlh;fs; $l;lkhf tho;fpd;w gFjpapy; M xU ,lj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. vy;yh Ntlh;fSf;Fk; nghJ ngUk;ghYk; Fkhuiuj; jiyj; nja;tkhff; nfhz;l My tPL fspy; itj;J Mjupf;Fk; nja;tq;fSk; ,th;fsplk; rlq;F %d;whtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gLtjhy; ,J nja;tq;fis gw;wpa tpguq;fis jUtjhf ,g;gFjp mik
Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; Ntlh;fs nja;tq;fis jhq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; tstpw;Fs; xU gFjpa ge;jy;(Fby;) mikj;J mjw;Fs; jq;fsJ Fynja;tq;fis ,J Mfk Kiwf;F Kw;wpYk; vjpuhd Nghf;fpNy ,Uf;fpd ,lj;jpy; Gyhy; cz;Zjy;> gpzk; nfhz;L Nghjy;> n mDkjpg;gjpy;iy Nghd;w tplaj;Jtq;fs; ,th;fspilNa f ,iwr;rp> kPd; cz;Zjy;> kPd;ntl;Ljy; vy;yhk; Myaj;jpw ,J kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;;l gy topghl;L Ki eilKiwahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa gpd;dzpapy; j mjd; miktplKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mth;fs; Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw jq;fsJ nja;tq;fSf;F FkhuUf;Fr; nra;Ak; rlq;FKiw Nghd;W ,Ug;gpDk; mth fha;> fdp> czTg; gz;lq;fspy; epiwa NtWghL fhzg rpwpJ NtWghLfisf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; NghJ v rlq;Ffis cjhuzq;fhl;b ,jid tpsf;fyhk; vd epi
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;fs; ,th;fsplk; ,Ue;jjhfTk; ,th;fsJ> Kd;ida j;jpUe;jjhfTk; ,th;fs; ,we;jw;Fg; gpwF mj;nja;tq;fs; jpy;iy vd;Wk; mit mth;fNshL kiwe;J Nghapw;W ;$wpa nja;tq;;fs; midj;Jk; fs Ma;tpd; NghJ ;lf;fsg;gpy; rpW nja;tq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; KOikahf
py;fSk; nra;ag;gLk; rlq;F KiwfSk;
sg; nghWj;jtiuf;Fk; Nfhapy; fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ iofshYk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l rpW ge;jy;fNs Ntlh;fspd; Uf;Fk;. ,j;nja;tq;fs; ngupa fy; fl;blj;jpy; tho;tJ ,th;fsplk; cz;L ,jdhy; ,th;fs; fw;fl;blj;ij y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhNyNa ,J gpugy;ak; ngwtpy;iy. ;gpy; rpy Fkhuh;fSf;Fupa ge;jy;fs; Neh;j;jpia epiwT ;gl;;L ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
l;lkhf tho;fpd;w gFjpapy; Myaj;jpw;F vd;W xJf;fg;gl;l vy;yh Ntlh;fSf;Fk; nghJ Myak; xd;W ,Uf;Fk;. ,J j; nja;tkhff; nfhz;l MyakhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,J jtpu nja;tq;fSk; ,th;fsplk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Fkhu nja;tr; ;jpy; tpsf;fg;gLtjhy; ,J tPL fsplk; itj;J Mjupf;Fk;
s jUtjhf ,g;gFjp mikfpd;wJ.
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; Ntlh;fs; kj;jpapy; ,d;Wtiu rpy k; tstpw;Fs; xU gFjpapy; nja;tq;fSf;F vd rpW ; jq;fsJ Fynja;tq;fis itj;jpUg;gjhf $Wfpd;wdh;. vjpuhd Nghf;fpNy ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Myak; mike;jpUf;Fk; gpzk; nfhz;L Nghjy;> ngz;fs; vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; j;Jtq;fs; ,th;fspilNa fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. ;ntl;Ljy; vy;yhk; Myaj;jpw;F gf;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. g;gl;;l gy topghl;L Kiwfis Nfs;tpf;Fs;shf;Fk; J. ,j;jifa gpd;dzpapy; jhd; Ntlh;fspd; nja;tq;fSk; d.
w jq;fsJ nja;tq;fSf;F rlq;F nra;fpd;wdh;. ,r;rlq;F w Nghd;W ,Ug;gpDk; mth;fs; itf;fpd;w kilfspy; G+> py; epiwa NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. G+ir KiwapYk; hk;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; NghJ vd;dhy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l rpy
jid tpsf;fyhk; vd epidf;fpd;Nwd;.
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328
nfhk;gu; Rg;gpukzpak;(taJ 67) ,th; Ntl topt ,th; fStd;Nfzp vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; jdpNa cj;jpa kl;Lk; itj;jpUf;fpd;whh;. ,th; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ “vdf;F %jhijfshd “nrbthq;fpfis (,we;jth;fis) mi gf;ju;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;f;fpd;Nwd;. nrbt (cj;jpahf;fs;) vd;dpy; Kw;gl;L mjw;fhd tpsf;fj;ijAk; jU vdf;$wpdhh;. ,jpy; mth; nrbthq;fpfshd %jhijfs; gz;lq;fisAk;> Fbghdq;fisAk; itj;J (ghl;L)
“,e;jh ngbag;gh fkfkNjh ,dpaNj KWj;jhid rhuzp nghbrpq;f fg;Gfh.......th.....th.. rq;flNt..... rq;flNt..... ag;ghNd ag;ghNd ,Uq}Nw nty;ypr;Nr nty;yq;fpupNa thb th.....th....”
vd;W ghb nfhl;L mbf;f mth;fs; ,tuplk; tUtjhf mth;fspd; MrPu;thjj;jpy; tho;fpd;Nwd;. vdf;F Ntlf;fi mjid vd; %jhijfNs mth;fsplk; ,Ue;J thf;Fj vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,tuJ ,e;j topghl;L Kiw %j kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,we;jth;fSf;F Nfhapy; itj;J topgLk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
fStd;Nfzpapy; uhrkzp (taJ 67) ,th; ngz; tPl ;bd; mUfpy; rpwpa ge;jiy mikj;J Mjupj;J tUfpd;w Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L kilitj;J gyfhuj;ij nja;t ifahy; tbj;J kilapy; itf;Fk; epfo;T ,e;j Mya ngz;zpy;jhd; nja;tk; Kw;gLfpd;wJ. ,tUf;Ff; fy;y jhtpyp fpupak;kh vd;w ,U nja;tk; jhd; $Ljyhf Kw %ykhf jd;dplk; tUk; kf;fspd; Neha; gpzpfs; jPu;g nja;tj;ij miof;Fk; Nghf;F Muk;gfhy Ntlh;fs; kj;jpapy ,lk;ngWtJk;> md;W tiu ,r;rlq;if epfo;;j;jp tUtJk
fStd;Nfzpia Nrh;e;j ghy;Fbahh; (taJ 85) ,d;W nja;tj;jpd; fpisfshd khfg;Gwh> Flhfg;Gwh vd;w nja tUfpd;whh;. ,tNu fStd;Nfzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; kpfg; goi te;jth;. ,th; rlq;fpy; ,tupdhy; Neha; Fzg;gLj;jg;gl Nkw;gl;l gf;ju;fs; te;J fye;Jnfhz;lij mtjhdpf;f ,Ue;J kl;Lky;y gy Ch;fspYk; ,Ue;Jk; ,tuJ rlq;fpw mth;fs; Neh;j;jpahf gy nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L te;jijA

J 67) ,th; Ntl topte;j r%fj;jpidr; Nru;e;jth;. fpuhkj;jpy; jdpNa cj;jpahf;fis topgLk; Nghf;if h; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ “vdf;F xd;Wk; njupahJ ehd; vdJ is (,we;jth;fis) mioj;J mth;fsplk; Nfl;Nl fisj; jPh;f;fpd;Nwd;. nrbthq;fpfshd vdJ %jhijfs; mjw;fhd tpsf;fj;ijAk; jUfpd;wdh; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;” bthq;fpfshd %jhijfs; tpUk;gp cz;Zk; czTg;
sAk; itj;J (ghl;L)
,dpaNj KWj;jhid ....th.....th.. ag;ghNd ag;ghNd ;yq;fpupNa thb th.....th....”
mth;fs; ,tuplk; tUtjhfTk; mth;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;J ;fpd;Nwd;. vdf;F Ntlf;fiy nja;tq;fs; cjtpdhYk; th;fsplk; ,Ue;J thf;Fjiyg; ngw;Wj; jUfpd;whh;fs; ,e;j topghl;L Kiw %jhijfSf;F kjpg;gspgg;NjhL Nfhapy; itj;J topgLk; xU Gjpa topghl;L Kiwia ;wJ.
p (taJ 67) ,th; ngz; nkhl;lhf;F nja;tj;ij jdJ mikj;J Mjupj;J tUfpd;whh;. ,th; fhl;Lg;G+> Fsj;Jg; G+ litj;J gyfhuj;ij nja;tNk vz;nza;f;Fs; Nghl;L f;Fk; epfo;T ,e;j Myaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;j ;gLfpd;wJ. ,tUf;Ff; fy;yj;jhtpyp fpupak;kh> nghy;yj; ja;tk; jhd; $Ljyhf Kw;gLk; vd;Wk; ,j;nja;tj;jpd; ;fspd; Neha; gpzpfs; jPu;g;gjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,e;j Muk;gfhy Ntlh;fs; kj;jpapy; epytpa topghl;Lld; xj;jhf
r;rlq;if epfo;;j;jp tUtJk; Fwpg;glj;jf;fJ.
hy;Fbahh; (taJ 85) ,d;W tiu jdJ tPl ;by; nkhl;lhf;F g;Gwh> Flhfg;Gwh vd;w nja;tj;ij itj;J rlq;F nra;J zpapy; ,Uf;Fk; kpfg; goikahd Ntlh; Fbap;y; ,Ue;J hy; Neha; Fzg;gLj;jg;gl;lth;fs; vd;W fUjpa 100f;F ;Jnfhz;lij mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. fStd;Nfzpapy; k; ,Ue;Jk; ,tuJ rlq;fpw;F gf;ju;fs; te;jpUe;jijAk; ;fisf; nfhz;L te;jijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
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,tuJ rlq;fpd; rpwg;G vd;dntdpd; ,tNu Mjp Ntlh nfhj;J Fiofshy; fl;b ve;jj; JzpAk; ,y;yhky; clk Mb Mb thf;F nrhy;tijAk;>cul;b RLk; xU tpj;jpahrk Kbe;jJ. cul;bia ed;F mfykhf Rsfpy; itj;J jl;il M Nghl;L jPi a %l;b kz;lhlhky; jP%lg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; cul;bia mt;tplj;jpy; itj;J %b gpd;dh; mt;tplj;jpy; k vupj;J cul;b ed;F nte;jJk; kPz ;Lk; kz;izj; Njhz Fj;jp fw;G+uj;ij mjpy; itj;J vhpj;J mij ifapy; Fi tUthh;. ,J xU GJikahd epfo;thfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
fStd;Nfzpiar; Nru;e;j fpl;zg;gps;is (taJ 60 fd;dpkhiuAk; itj;J topghL nra;fpd;whh;. ,th; nrz $lhf Fwpghu;j;jy;> Neha; Fzg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w fhupaq Nghd;W fhj;jKj;J rpd;dj;jk;gp (taJ 63) gjpd;%d;W jdJ ge;jypy; itj;J Mjupg;gjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ve;jN ,j;nja;tq;fs; tUtjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. FkhuUf;F nra;A rlq;Fk; eilngWfpd;wJ.
ehfd; NtYg;gps;is (taJ 55) ,th; fw;Flh gl tho;gth;. ,th; jdJ tPl ;bd; gf;fj;jpy; Ntlfiyj; nja;tq ,tuJ rlq;F gioa Ntlfiyj; nja;tj;jpw;F nra;Ak; rlq Fkhufhtpak; ,tuJ rlq;fpy; gbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. re;jpntsp ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,J tPL fspy; my;yhky; fhl;il mz;ba tbNty; vd;Dk; fg;Gfh; rlq;if elj;Jgtuhf ,Uf;fpd;wh
fpuhd; vd;Dkplj;jpy; gy Fkhuh; Myaq;fs; ,dq;fh ehfg;gd; (taJ 71) Fkhufiyfis Mjupj;J tUfpd (taJ 68) Nrid (re;jz kL Mw;Wf;F mUfpy;) cs tho;gth;. ,tuJ jha; ts;spg;gps;is> ts;spg;gps;isapd ,th;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; fhehe;jidapy; tho;e;J jw;nghOJ tho;fpd;wdh;. ,th; ,tuJ jha; je;ijah; mth;fspd; jha; j midj;ijAk; miof;fpd;whh;. ,tuJ rlq;fpy; Kf;fpa epfo itf;fpd;w epfo;thFk;.
vdNt ,tw;iw vy;yhk; xUq;FNrh;j;J ghu;f;fpd;w tuyhw;wpy; tPL fNs Nfhapy;fshf ,Ue;jpUg;gJk; Gydhfpd
Fkhu nja;tr; rlq;F:
kl;lf;fsg;G ghuk;gupa topghl;L KiwfSs; Fkhu n ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; tho;fpd;w Ntlh;fspd; guk;giuapy; ,Ue;J
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

dntdpd; ,tNu Mjp Ntlh; khjpup jdJ cly; mikg;ig j; JzpAk; ,y;yhky; clk;igf; Fioapdhy; kiwj;Jf; ;>cul;b RLk; xU tpj;jpahrkhd KiwiaAk; mtjhdpf;f khf Rsfpy; itj;J jl;il Mf;fp Xh; ,lj;jpy; fl;;ilfisg; ky; jP%lg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; kz;izd; ifahy; fpz;b %b gpd;dh; mt;tplj;jpy; kPz ;Lk; jPf;fl;iliag; Nghl;L ; kPz ;Lk; kz;izj; Njhz;b vLj;J fk;gpy; cul;biaf; vhpj;J mij ifapy; Fil gpbg;gJ Nghd;W gpbj;J Mb epfo;thfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
fpl;zg;gps;is (taJ 60) ,th; FkhiuAk;> ehr;rpkhu; hL nra;fpd;whh;. ,th; nrz;gfehr;rp vd;w nja;tj;jpd; g;gLj;jy; Nghd;w fhupaq;fis nra;fpd;whh;. ,tiug; ;gp (taJ 63) gjpd;%d;W Ntlfiyj; nja;tq;fisj; ;gjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ve;jNeuk; mioj;jhYk; jd;dplk; pg;gpl;lhh;. FkhuUf;F nra;Ak; rlq;if Nghd;Nw ,tuJ
aJ 55) ,th; fw;Flh gl;babr;Nrid vd;Dkplj;jpy; ;fj;jpy; Ntlfiyj; nja;tq;fis itj;J Mjupf;fpd;wdh;. j; nja;tj;jpw;F nra;Ak; rlq;fpid xj;jjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. re;jpntsp vd;Dk; Cupy; Fkhuh; Myak; y;yhky; fhl;il mz;ba gFjpapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; f elj;Jgtuhf ,Uf;fpd;whh;.
Fkhuh; Myaq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpj;jhz;bapy; iyfis Mjupj;J tUfpd;whh;. cf;Ftzd; fe;ijah kL Mw;Wf;F mUfpy;) cs;s tay; gpuNjrj;jpy; thbapy; pg;gps;is> ts;spg;gps;isapd; jfg;gd; mg;Gfhkp vd;Wk; dapy; tho;e;J jw;nghOJ tptrhak; nra;tjw;fhf ,q;F ; je;ijah; mth;fspd; jha; je;ijah; Mjupj;j nja;tq;fs; ;. ,tuJ rlq;fpy; Kf;fpa epfo;T FkhuUf;F ,iwr;rp> Njd;
; xUq;FNrh;j;J ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Muk;g hf ,Ue;jpUg;gJk; Gydhfpd;wJ.
pghl;L KiwfSs; Fkhu nja;t topghL mlq;Fk;. ,J h;fspd; guk;giuapy; ,Ue;J te;j Ntl nts;shsh; kj;jpapy;
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epyTk; gpujhd topghl;L KiwahFk;. ,t;topghL rlq ,r;rlq;F Fkhu nja;tj;NjhL kl;Lk; ,j;nja;tq;fspd; ji ,r;rlq;if ,j;nja;tj;jpd; ngaiuf; nfhz;Nl miof;fpd
,r;rlq;Ffs; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; Ntl nts;sh eilngWfpd;wd. ,f;fl;Liu %d;W fpuhkq;fspYk mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Fkhu nja;tr; rlq;fpid tpsf;Ft
,k;%d;W fpuhkq;;fSk; kl;lf;fsg;G jpUkiy tPj papy; , fpof;Fj;jpir Nehf;fpAk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. KWj;jh vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpypUe;J Nkw;Fj;jpir Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; G fpNyhkPw ;wh; J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. jstha; fStd;Nfzp vd fpof;Fj;jpirapy; cs;sJ. ,jpy; jstha; VwhT+h; fpuhkj;;j tPjpapy; MW fpNyhkPw;wh; J}uj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ te;jhW%iy vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,Ue;J Ie;J fpNyhkPw ;wh; J}u
,k;%d;W fpuhkq;fspy; eilngw;w rlq;FfSk; xw;W xNu khjpupahd ghzpapy; eilngw;wijAk; mtjhdpf;f eilngWk; fhyNk khWgLfpd;wJ. KWj;jhidapy; Mb k Mtzp khj;jpd; Kjy; G+uz jpdj;jpYk; rlq;Ffs; eilngw ehs; rlq;Nf ,lk;ngw;wJ. jsthapy; rlq;F Muk;gj;jpy; V gpd;dh; Ie;J ehl;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJk; fs Ma;t
,r;rlq;F MfkKiw rhuhj rlq;fhfTk;> ke;jpuKiw rh ,J Ntz;Ljy; topghl;NlhL njhlu;Gila rlq;fhf ,Uf;fpd mth;fs; “kjFUNt nja;tkhf MLk; rkar;rlq;F” vd ,r;rlq;F nra;Ak; G+rfh; “fg;Gfd;” vd miof;fg;gLfpd fg;Gfh;fs; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. xUth; kPJ nja;tk; te;jhy; kw;wt guk;giuahf tUfpd;whh;. je;ijapd; nja;tk; kfDf;F tU cz;L.
,q;F eilngWk; Ie;Jehs; rlq;ifAk; gpd;tUkhW g 1. Kjyhk;ehs; rlq;F : Mya mikg;NghL 2. ,uz;lhk; ehs; rlq;F : cj;jpahf;fSf;Fu 3. %d;whk; ehs; rlq;F : rhjhuz rlq;F 4. ehd;fhk; ehs; rlq;F : $lhj Neha;fis
nja;tq;fSf;Fupa
330

iwahFk;. ,t;topghL rlq;fhfNt epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. kl;Lk; ,j;nja;tq;fspd; jiyj; nja;tkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; aiuf; nfhz;Nl miof;fpd;whh;fs;.
khtl;lj;jpy; Ntl nts;shsh;fs; tho;fpd;w gFjpfspy; u %d;W fpuhkq;fspYk; eilngw;w rlq;Ffis nja;tr; rlq;fpid tpsf;Ftjhf mikfpd;wJ.
;lf;fsg;G jpUkiy tPj papy; ,Ue;J Nkw;Fj; jpir Nehf;fpAk;> ke;jpUf;fpd;wd. KWj;jhid ,t;tPj papYs;s fpuhd; ;Fj;jpir Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; Gypgha;e;jfy; tPj papy; gjpdhW jstha; fStd;Nfzp vd;Dk; fpuhkk; ,t;tPj papypUe;J py; jstha; VwhT+h; fpuhkj;;jpw;$lhfr; nry;Yk; Gd;df;Flh }uj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. fStd;Nfzp ,t;tPj papy; ,Ue;J Ie;J fpNyhkPw ;wh; J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
ilngw;w rlq;FfSk; xw;Wikj;jd;ik cilajhfTk; lngw;wijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; rlq;F ;wJ. KWj;jhidapy; Mb khjj;jpd; filrpapYk;> jstha; dj;jpYk; rlq;Ffs; eilngw;wd. ,f;fpuhkk; %d;wpy; Ie;J thapy; rlq;F Muk;gj;jpy; VO ehl;fs;. eilngw;wjhfTk; ;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJk; fs Ma;tpd; NghJ njupate;jJ.
rlq;fhfTk;> ke;jpuKiw rhuhj rlq;fhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jhlu;Gila rlq;fhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Nguhrpupah; rp.nksdFU hf MLk; rkar;rlq;F” vd ,jidf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. fd;” vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;. ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W ; kPJ nja;tk; te;jhy; kw;wth; G+rfuhf khWthh;. fg;Gfd; japd; nja;tk; kfDf;F tUk; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,th;fsplk;
; rlq;ifAk; gpd;tUkhW gpupf;fyhk;.
: Mya mikg;NghL njhlu;Gila rlq;F : cj;jpahf;fSf;Fupa rlq;F : rhjhuz rlq;F : $lhj Neha;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; Jl;l
nja;tq;fSf;Fupa rlq;F
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5. Ie;jhk; ehs; rlq;F : NjndL;j;jy;> Mi
epfo;Tfspy; ,lk;
,t;nthOq;F Kiwapy; rlq;if Nehf;Fk;NghJ tpguq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
,r;rlq;fpd; NghJ ntspg;gLk; nja;tq;fs; xt;nthd;W nja;tq;fs; gidNahiy> FUj;Njhiy vd;gdtw;iw mtUf;Fupa MAjq;fSld;> ryq;if fl;b Mb tUth;. n cilaikg;gpy; tUth;. rlq;fpd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ,Wjp e ,Uf;Fk;. rlq;fpd; NghJ xt;nthU nja;tj;jpw;Fk; ghl mg;ghl;Lld; nfhl;L vdg;gLk; jhsk; giwapy; ,irf;fg tUiff;Fk; vj;jid nfhl;L vd nfhl;L thrpg;NghUf;Fj; nj re;jjpapd; ifaspg;ghf tUfpd;wdh;.
Kjyhk;ehs; rlq;F
,r;rlq;F Mya mikg;NghL njhlu;Gila rlq;fhFk Nfhapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; my;yJ tsT Jg;guT nra;ag;gLfpd fg;Gfd; (G+rhup) tPl ;bypUe;J nja;tq;fs; rpiyfs;> nja;t (tpy;> mk;G>ths;>  khjpupahd jbfs; ryq;if) cs;ki Kd;ghf itg;gh;. gpd;dh; mt;tplj;jpy; gidNahiyg;g tz;zhd; nts;is tpupf;f me;j nts;isapd; Nky; tps tpsf;F jiyikf; fg;Gfdhy; nfhOj;jg;gLk;. gpd;dh; mt %d;W kil itf;fg;gl;L fd;dpkhUf;Fupa Ntiyfs; fg;Gfdhy; (G+rhup) J}f;fg;gl;L Nfhapy; ,Uf;Fk; tsitf; R Gjpjhf ehl;lg;gl;l ge;jypy; ngl;b itf;fg;gLk;. ,g;ngl itf;fg;gl;L mt;tplj;jpy; kPz ;Lk; xUtpsf;Fk; tpsf itf;fg;gLk;. gpd;dh; FkhuUf;F mt;tplj;jpy; xUkil it giw ,irf;fg;gl mk;kilia itj;j gpujhd fg;Gfupy; Fk Kw;gl;L Mlj;njhlq;Fk;. ,th; Mlj;njhlq;fpaJk; Vida cjhuzkhfg; gpd;tUk; ghliyf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
“ Midfl;Ljy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfspy; ,lk; ngWk; rlq;F
rlq;if Nehf;Fk;NghJ Fkhu nja;tr;rlq;F gw;wpa hk;.
Lk; nja;tq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; mjd; ,ay;Gf;F xg;g Mz; Uj;Njhiy vd;gdtw;iw fOj;jpYk;> ,Lg;gpYk; fl;b yq;if fl;b Mb tUth;. ngz; nja;tq;fs; ngz;fspd; pd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ,Wjp ehs; tiu ,J eilKiwapy; ;nthU nja;tj;jpw;Fk; ghl;L Ntlghirapy; ghlg;gLk;. ; jhsk; giwapy; ,irf;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU nja;tj;jpd; d nfhl;L thrpg;NghUf;Fj; njupAk;. ,f;nfhl;L thrpg;NghUk;
;wdh;.
hL njhlu;Gila rlq;fhFk;. rlq;F Muk;gpj;jYf;F Kd;; tsT Jg;guT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;dh; kWehs; fhiy nja;tq;fs; rpiyfs;> nja;tq;fs; ghtpf;Fk; MAjq;fs; hd jbfs; ryq;if) cs;kilf;Fupa ,lj;jpy; NfhapYf;F t;tplj;jpy; gidNahiyg;gha; tpupf;fg;gl;L mjd; Nky; e;j nts;isapd; Nky; tpsf;F xd;W itf;fg;gl;L me;j nfhOj;jg;gLk;. gpd;dh; mt;tplj;jpy; fd;dpkhUf;F vd;W d;dpkhUf;Fupa Ntiyfs; Kbe;jJk; ngl;b jiyikf; fhapy; ,Uf;Fk; tsitf; Rw;wpte;J mt;tplj;jpy; clNd gl;b itf;fg;gLk;. ,g;ngl;bf;F mUfpy; Ie;J kilfs; Pz ;Lk; xUtpsf;Fk; tpsf;Ff;F mUNf xU kilAk; ;F mt;tplj;jpy; xUkil itf;fg;gl;lJk; nfhl;L vdg;gLk; itj;j gpujhd fg;Gfupy; Fkhuh; vd;fpd;w jiyj;nja;tk; ; Mlj;njhlq;fpaJk; Vida fg;Gfd;khu; ghlj;njhlq;Fth;. yf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
zha; tzq;fpyhNjh ah nlhJq;fh Nth eYdq;
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Myhj;jp nja;tk;
“,e;jh NtNlh cq; V V fNkz fkzha; Myaj;jpg; gl;bdkhF jpUf;Fzhkiy > jpUf;Nfhapy; fpl;Lthuk; jhdje;Nj jNdhz Fkzha;”
vdg;gLthh;. gpd; Fkhuh; ve;nje;j ,lj;jpy;; ve;jg; ge;jYf;Fs; ve;j nja;tj;ij itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Vida rpy Ntiyfis ghu;itahsuhf ,Uf;Fk; gf;ju;fs; mth;fSf;F nfhLf;Fk;. Ntiy nfhLf;fg;gl;lJk; me;j N gf;ju;fs; nra;J Kbf;fpd;wdh;. gpd; Fkhuh; kPz ;Lk; Mb te;J thq;fp mj;Jz;il xU ge;jypy; Nky; vwpAk; mjd; gpd;N njhlq;Fthh;. gpd; ,j;nja;tk; nrd;WtpLk;.
ge;jy; Ntiyfs; kilf;Fupa fha;> fdp> G+ vd;gd xOq;F midj;Jk; ntl;lgl;L fOtp vLf;fg;gl;L nja;tk; $wpaj cs;s nja;tj;jpd; Kd; kilitf;fg;gLk;. FkhurpiyA ituth; #yKk; khj;jpuNk kilapy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,Uf;ftpy;iy. kil kl;Lk; ,Ue;jJ. me;j kilf;Fupa nrhy;yp miof;Fk; kuNg fhzg;gl;lJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyhf tUk; Fkhuh; rlq;F ey;yh e tUk; G+irfis ,d;d khjpup nra;Aq;fs; vd;W $wpr; ge;jy; myq;fhuk; midj;Jk; Kbe;jJk; Fkhuh; nja;tk; vd;Dk; nja;tk; Kw;gl;L ifapy; jPg;;ge;jk; nfhz;L vy;yhg Nghd;W fhl;br; nry;Yk;.
Myhj;jp nja;tk; Myhj;jp vLj;J Kbe;jJk; mLj;J ,e;j Fkhuge;jYf;F nry;Yk; mjd;gpd; NtW rpy nja;tq;fSk; f epfo;T es;spuT xd;wiu njhlf;fk; ,uz;L kzptiu nj jpdk; tuNtz;ba nja;tq;fs; midj;Jk; te;jJk; md;i
xt;nthU nja;tKk; tUk;NghJ Kjypy; Fkhu ge;jy MbtUk;. gpd;dh; vy;yhg; ge;jiyAk; jupj;J filrpahf ge;j thf;F nrhy;yj; njhlq;Fk;. ,J xU nghJthd eilKiw
332

kz fkzha;
hapy; fpl;Lthuk;
ha;”
; ve;nje;j ,lj;jpy;; ve;jg; ge;jy; NghlNtz;Lk;. ve;j tf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Vida fg;Gfd;khu;fSf;F nrhy;Yk;. suhf ,Uf;Fk; gf;ju;fs; rpyiu Mbr; nrd;W gpbj;J y nfhLf;fg;gl;lJk; me;j Ntiyia nghWg;Gld; me;j gpd; Fkhuh; kPz ;Lk; Mb te;J tz;zhdplk; xU Jz;il py; Nky; vwpAk; mjd; gpd;Ng tz;zhd; nts;is fl;lj; nrd;WtpLk;.
pa fha;> fdp> G+ vd;gd xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L ntl;lNtz;baJ vLf;fg;gl;L nja;tk; $wpajw;F ,ira cupa ,lq;fspy; itf;fg;gLk;. FkhurpiyAk; xU mk;kd; rpiyAk; xU ilapy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Vida nja;tq;fSf;F rpiy ,Ue;jJ. me;j kilf;Fupa nja;tj;ij mth;fs; ngah; g;gl;lJ.
tUk; Fkhuh; rlq;F ey;yh elf;Fk; vy;yhj; nja;tq;fSk; pup nra;Aq;fs; vd;W $wpr; nry;Yk;. kilf;;Fupa Ntiy Kbe;jJk; Fkhuh; nja;tk; te;j jiyf;fg;Gfupy; Myhj;jp py; jPg;;ge;jk; nfhz;L vy;yhg; ge;jiyAk; jPgq;fhl;Ltijg;
vLj;J Kbe;jJk; mLj;J ,e;j nja;tk; tUk; vd;W nrhy;yp pd; NtW rpy nja;tq;fSk; fg;Gfh;fspy; Kw;gLk;. ,j;jifa f;fk; ,uz;L kzptiu njhlu;e;J eilngWk;. md;iwa ; midj;Jk; te;jJk; md;iwa ehl;rlq;if Kbg;gh;.
;NghJ Kjypy; Fkhu ge;jypy; ,Ue;Nj fg;Gfupy; Kw;gl;L yAk; jupj;J filrpahf ge;jYf;F nrd;W Mb gf;jh;fSf;F xU nghJthd eilKiwahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
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Fkhuh; Mya mikg;igAk;> rlq;F eilngWk; xOq;i fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

rlq;F eilngWk; xOq;ifAk; fPo;tUk; tpsf;fg;glk;
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334
1) Fkhuh; Nfhapy; 2) nfhOk;Gf; Fkhuh; ge;jy; 3) nrk;gfehr;rpf;Fupa ge;jy; 4) cj;jpahf;fSf;Fupa ge;jy; 5) ,e;Jky; ehr;rpf;Fupa ge;jy; (fd;dpkhu;) 6) fubj; nja;tj;Jf;Fupa ge;jy; (fubf; Fj;jp) 7) flw; gFjp khwhf;fs; ge;jy;. 8) nrt;thf;Fj;jp 9) gzpf;fhuDf;Fupa ge;jy; 10) Gs;spf;fhuDf;Fupa ge;jy; 11) ngupa rhkp ge;jy; (ituth;) 12) mk;kd; fiyg; ge;jy; 13) njy;fpupak;kh ge;jy; 14) Mya Kd;wy; 15) Njhuz khwh (njd; G+r;rpkhwh NjndLf;Fk; Njhuz
,uz;lhk; ehs; rlq;F
,e;j ehs; rlq;F cj;jpahf;fSf;Fupa rlq;fhFk;. , itf;fg;gl;l kilfs; midj;Jk; fiyf;fg;gl;L Gjpa nja;tq;fSf;F mgpNlfk; nra;thh;. Myhj;jp nja;tk; Kjyhtjhf tUk;. cj;jpahf;fs; vd;Nghh; mf; FOtpy; , je;ij Mfpa Kd;Ndhh;fshth;. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; “gpjpu;” t nra;jy;” vd;W $Wth;.
2
cj;jpahf;fSf;Fupa jhsk; nfhl;by; ,irf;fg;gl cj;jpahf;fs; ntspg;glj; njhlq;Fth;. gpd;dh; Vida f ghliyg; ghLth;. gpd; cj;jpahthf Kd;ghLgth; tpy; mk;Gld mk;Gld; mgpeapj;J MLk; fhl;rp ghh;g;gjw;F ehlf jd;ikah vd;dntd;why; jhq;fs; ahh; vd;gjid ,uz;lhtJ fg;G cj;jpahtpd; cwtpdUf;F nrhy;Ythu;.
mt; cwtpdh;fs; jq;fsJ %jhijfis mf;fg;Gfupy %jhijahdth; tpUk;gp cz;Zk; czT tif> Fb xU ngl;bapy; itj;J nts;isr; rPi yahy; %bf; ifa cj;jpahthf tUk; egh; ge;jypd; Kd; Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk; cu rl;bapy; ,Uf;Fk; jz;zPi u vLj;J mtuJ cwtpdi eyd; tprhupj;J mth;fSld; fijj;J mth;fs; ngl;bapy jdJ Kfj;jpdhy; Kfh;e;J gpd; me;j ngl;bapy; ,Uf;Fk; Fbj;Jk; mij kw;wth;fSf;Fk; jdJ cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; nf fl;baizj;J Kfh;e;J tpl;Lr; nry;th;.

y; y; ;jy; e;jy; (fd;dpkhu;) ge;jy; (fubf; Fj;jp)
;jy;.
y; ;jy; uth;)
+r;rpkhwh NjndLf;Fk; Njhuzk;)
hf;fSf;Fupa rlq;fhFk;. ,r;rlq;fpd;NghJ Kjyhk; ehs; j;Jk; fiyf;fg;gl;L Gjpa kil itf;fg;gLk; gpd;dh; a;thh;. Myhj;jp nja;tk; md;WtuhJ. cj;jpahf;fNs s; vd;Nghh; mf; FOtpy; ,we;j jha;> je;ij> je;ijapd; h;. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; “gpjpu;” topghl;il cj;jpahf;fSf;Fr;
k; nfhl;by; ,irf;fg;gl jiyikf; fg;Gfdhh; kPJ q;Fth;. gpd;dh; Vida fg;Gfdhh; cj;jpahf;fSf;Fupa hf Kd;ghLgth; tpy; mk;Gld; mgeapj;J MbtUth;. tpy;< p ghh;g;gjw;F ehlf jd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk; ,jpy; “Rthu];ak;” d;gjid ,uz;lhtJ fg;Gfdhuplk; nrhy;y mth; tUk; y;Ythu;.
%jhijfis mf;fg;Gfupy; fhz;gh;. ,t;Ntis jdJ ;Zk; czT tif> Fbahd tiffs; vd;gtw;iw sr; rPi yahy; %bf; ifapy; itj;j tz;zk; epw;gh;. ; Kd; Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk; cuypy; mkh;e;J tpLthh;;. gpd;dh; vLj;J mtuJ cwtpdiuf; $g;gpl;L gf;fj;jpy; ,Uj;jp fijj;J mth;fs; ngl;bapy; itj;jpUf;Fk; nghUl;fis ; me;j ngl;bapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fis vLj;J cz;Lk;> ; jdJ cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; nfhLj;J gpd; jdJ thupRfisf; nry;th;.
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,e;j topghl;L Kiw kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Vida rlq;F nts;shsh;fsplk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; xU KiwahFk;. rlq;f Mbdhy; jhd; Vida nja;tq;fs; xOq;fhf tUk; vd;gJ rlq;fpy; Fkhu nja;tj;ij topelj;jpa ,th;fsJ gio gpurd;dkhth;.
cj;jpahf;fs; te;jjw;Fg;gpwF fg;Gfh; kPJ Fkhuf;fiy> khwhf;fs;> ehr;rpkhu; Nghd;w gy nja;tq;fs; ntspg;gLk; nrhy;Yjy;> E}y; NghLjy; Mfpa gzpfisr; nra;Ak; g Myaj;ij xg;ngLj;jJk; ,d;iwa ehs; rlq;F KbAk;.
%d;whk; ehs; rlq;F :
,r;rlq;if rhjhuz rlq;F vdf; Fwg;gpLfpd;wdh;. %jhijfs; “Mjupj;j nja;tq;fs;” vdf;fUjg;gLk;. Ntl f fg;Gfu;fspy; ngwg;gLk;. ,j;nja;tq;fs; gy tbtj;jpy; tUt
Fkhuh; :
nfhOk;Gf;Fkhuh;> fz;bf;Fkhuh;> moFf;Fkhuh;> f nja;tk;> Njhuzkhwh> fpj;Js; khwh> fpj;Js; ngdp fy;ylnjTj;jd;> ghdfhtynjTj;jd;> FUehfynjTj;jd njTj;jd;> nghy;ky;njTj;jd;> fUj;jhdpad; vd cU ,r;rlq;fpy; nja;tq;fs; midj;Jk; Kw;gl;L midj;J epiwfis mth;fsplk; nrhy;tij ,e;j ehs; rlq;fpd;Ngh rlq;fpNy gf;ju;fs; thf;Ff; Nfl;gjw;fhf gy ,lq;fspy; ,U gy rhjpiar; Nru;e;jth;fSk; gy ,dj;jtUk; te;J fl mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
,e;j ehs; rlq;fpy; fl;Lr; nrhy;Yjy;> E}y; NghLjy; vd fl;Lr; nrhy;tij thf;Fr; nrhy;Yjy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLth;. gf;ju Nghd;w tplaq;fisj; nja;tq;fs; fg;Gfupy; Kw;gl;L te Kiwia tpgupg;Nghkhapd;> gf;ju;fshf epd;W nfhz;bU jz;zPh; rl;bapy; ,Uf;Fk;; jz;zPi u vwpe;J $g;gpl;L epWj;jp mth;fSf;F mth;fsJ gpur;rpidia nrhy;Yk;. ,i ,Ug;gpDk; gf;ju;fs; ,jid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy; rpukkh fg;Gfh; me;j tplaj;ij gf;ju;fSf;F tpsq;fg;gLj;Jtu;. gpd ,Uf;Fk; ntw;wpiyia vLj;Jg; ghu;j;J fPo ; vwpe;J mji ghjj;jpy; tpOe;jhy; gpur;rpid Rygkhfj; jPuhJ vd;Wk;> gpur;rpid ,yFthfj; jPU k; vd;Wk; ,J mu;j;jg;gLkhk;. nrhy;Yk; Kiwf;F Xh; cjhuzk; fPN o jug;gLfpd;wJ.(Fkh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

f;fsg;gpd; Vida rlq;F Kiwfspy; fhzg;glhj Ntl g;gLk; xU KiwahFk;. rlq;fpd; cj;jpahf;fs; gpurd;dkhfp ;fs; xOq;fhf tUk; vd;gJ ,th;fsJ ek;gpf;if. ,e;jr; opelj;jpa ,th;fsJ gioa %jhijfs; midtUk;
F fg;Gfh; kPJ Fkhuf;fiy> mk;kd;fiy> njTj;jd;fiy> y nja;tq;fs; ntspg;gLk; xt;nthU nja;tKk; thf;Fr; fpa gzpfisr; nra;Ak; gpd;dh; Fkhuh; kPz ;Lk; te;J
wa ehs; rlq;F KbAk;.
;F vdf; Fwg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,r;rlq;fpd;; NghJ ,th;fsJ ;fs;” vdf;fUjg;gLk;. Ntl fiyj; nja;tq;fs; midj;Jk;
;tq;fs; gy tbtj;jpy; tUtjhf $Wfpd;wdh;.
;Fkhuh;> moFf;Fkhuh;> fhypf;Fkhuh; vdTk; khwhj; ;Js; khwh> fpj;Js; ngdpkhwh vd;gtUk; njTj;jd; jTj;jd;> FUehfynjTj;jd;> nghy;Yf;fhud;> khj;jis ;> fUj;jhdpad; vd cUkhwp ,r;rlq;fpy; Kw;gLth;. j;Jk; Kw;gl;L midj;J gf;ju;fSf;Fk; cs;s Fiw ij ,e;j ehs; rlq;fpd;NghJ mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,e;j ehs; ;gjw;fhf gy ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; tUthu;fs;. ,e;j ehspy; gy ,dj;jtUk; te;J fl;Lf;Nfl;L> E}y; NghLtjid
rhy;Yjy;> E}y; NghLjy; vd;w gy epfo;Tfs; ,lk;ngWk;. ;Yjy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLth;. gf;ju;fSf;F ele;jJ> elf;f ,Ug;gJ q;fs; fg;Gfupy; Kw;gl;L te;J nrhy;Yk;. fl;Lr; nrhy;Yk; f;ju;fshf epd;W nfhz;bUg;gth;fspy; ,Ue;J xUtiu z;zPi u vwpe;J $g;gpl;L nja;tj;jpw;F mUfhikapy; gpur;rpidia nrhy;Yk;. ,it ciuahlyhf ,lk;ngWk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy; rpukkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy; Vida Sf;F tpsq;fg;gLj;Jtu;. gpd; nja;tk; jz;zPh; rl;bf;Fs; g; ghu;j;J fPo ; vwpe;J mjid cw;Wg;ghu;j;J ntw;wpiy Rygkhfj; jPuhJ vd;Wk;> ntw;wpiy Neuhf tpOe;jhy; d;Wk; ,J mu;j;jg;gLkhk;. rlq;fpy; ,lk; ngWk; fl;;Lr; k; fPN o jug;gLfpd;wJ.(Fkhuh; vd;Dk; nja;tk; Mb te;J
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G+rhupahf ,Uf;Fk; Vida fg;Gfd; xUtiu jz;zPh; vwpe
Fkhuh;:
Mz;Lf;fhz;L Njthjpfspd; jpUtpsf;F Myaj;jpy; i tpf;fpdKk; tuhJ. Mz;Lf;fhz;L Njthjpfs; midtU kf;fs; Fiw Nghf;Fthh;fs;.
fg;Gfd;:
Mz;Lf;fhz;L cd;Dila rlq;if ehq;fs; vq;fs nrz;gf ehr;rp vd;w nja;tk; nrhd;d thf;F (xU ngz vwpe;J $g;gpl;L)
nrz;gf ehr;rp:
ePftiyNahL Njthyaj;jpw;F Kw;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wha (gps;isf;F) te;jpUf;Fk; tpid(Neha;) gw;wpa ftiyNahL
ngz; : Mk; jhNa
nrz;gf ehr;rp:
ehd; cd;Dila FQ;rhDila tpidia mWj Myaj;jpw;F te;J ,j;; jpUtpsf;fpy; Kw;gl;L vdf;F xU gl
ngz; : Mk; jhNa jUNtd;.
ehd;fhk; ehs; rlq;F :
,r;rlq;F %d;whk; ehs; rlq;F NghyNt ,lk; ngWk;. ,lk;ngWk;. Mdhy; ,d;iwa ehspy; fg;Gfupy; Kw;gL nja;tq;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,jpy; Fwpg;ghf ePy pf; $l;lk; vd FUtpyp> kUKe;jh> uh[pfuh[h> uh[gdpf;fh> mNahj;jpa Nghd;w rpW gps;isfspd; NehNahL rk;ge;jg;gl;l nja;tq gwit tbtpy; tUtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
,j; nja;tq;fNshL %d;whk; ehs; rlq;fpy; te;j nja;t Gjpjhf tUk; nja;tq;fSk; te;J Kw;gLk; Nkw;nrhd;d Vw;gLj;Jk; nja;tq;fisf; Fkhu nja;tk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; v Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehia Fkhuh; jPu;j;Jitg;gh; vd;Wk; ek;Gfpd;w
,Wjp ehs; rlq;F
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336

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la rlq;if ehq;fs; vq;fshy; ,ad;w msT nra;Nthk;. ; nrhd;d thf;F (xU ngz;iz ,j; nja;tk; jz;zPh;
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hk; ehs; rlq;fpy; te;j nja;tq;fSk; tUk; nja;tq;fSk; e;J Kw;gLk; Nkw;nrhd;d kpfTk; gaq;fukhd Nehia hu nja;tk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; vd;Wk; Nkw;$wpa nja;tq;fs; ;Jitg;gh; vd;Wk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
rlq;F epfo;TfNs kpfTk; ehlfj; jd;ik nghUe;jpa ;fpa epfo;T khwhj; nja;tj;NjhL njhlu;GgLk; Njhwzkhwh> jdkhwh Nghd;w nja;tq;fs; Njhd;wp Ntlh;fspd; gioa
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njhopy; Kaw;rpfshd Njd; vLj;jy;> Midfl;Ljy;> khLgpb epfo;Tfis mgpeapj;Jf; fhl;Lk; epfo;Tfs; rlq;fhf ,lk;n
,Wjpr;rlq;fpw;F Kjy; es;spuT tpehafg;ghid vOe gyfhuk; tbf;Fk; nja;tk; Kw;gLk;. mjw;F gyfhuk; tbg;gh;. vz;nzia nfhjpf;f itj;J fhj;jpUf;f ,j;nja;tk; Kjy gpire;J nfhjpf;Fk; vz;nza;f;Fs; ifia tpl;L xt;nt vLj;J kilapy; itf;Fk; ,J xU tpag;ig jUk; nrayhf
nja;tk; gyfhuj;ij vLj;jjw;F gpwF VidNahh; gyf mjd;gpd; ,uT %d;wiu kzpastpy; tpehafg;ghid ,d;ndhU ghid %d;whtJ fg;GfhpdhYk; tbf;fg;gLk;. Nghl;L ghidia Rke;jgb Myaj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh nj tUth;. mj;NjhL Fkhu nja;tKk; Kw;gl;L MbtUthh;. mtuplk; ,Uf;Fk; mijf; FWfyhf X tbtpy; itj;J n gpd;dh; ghid nghq;fpaJk; ghidia xg;ngLf;f Fkhu nghq;fpa ghidia %baJk; md;wpuT epfo;T KbAk;.
mLj;j ehs; fhiy gj;Jkzp njhlf;fk; ,Wjpehs; rlq khwhnja;tk; fg;Gfupy; Kw;gLk;. Kjypy; Njhwzkhwh v Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk; Njhwzj;ij Mb Mbg; ghu;j;J gpio rup khwhj;nja;tk; Njhwzj;jpy; Vwp Njd; vLg;gjid mgp Rthurpakhd ehlf epfo;T Nghd;W epfo;j;jg;gLk;. ,e;epf tiuahd ngupa kuk; ehl;lg;gl;L> FWf;fhf nfhb fl;lg FUj;Njhiy> Fiofshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;L; cr;rpapy; %d;W mbapy; kil itf;fg;gl;L> NjhuzkhdJ myq;fhpf;fg;gl;b
Njd; vLf;Fk; epfo;T
,e;epfo;tpy; gpujhd fg;Gfdhh; kPJ khwhj;nja;t ghu;itahsh;fsplk; mjpf gf;jp nfhz;Nlhh; vd epid ,Uf;fpwjh? vd;Wk; Nfl;L ,y;iy vd;why; ,e;j topa vd khwhj;nja;tk; NfhlupiaAk; ngl;biaAk; nfhLj G+r;rpAld; jpUk;gp te;J ngl;biaAk; NfhlupiaAk; khwhj;nja;tk;> fg;Gfdpy; Kw;gl;L VWk;. Vwpg;ghu;j;J t G+r;rp ngl;bAlDk; NfhlupAlDk; kw;nwhU gf;fkhf Njhuz cr;rpf;F nrd;wJk;; jdJ ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; G+r;rpfis v gpd; cr;rpapy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; %d;W Fk;gf; Flq;fis tPo;e;Jk; khwhj;nja;tk; ge;jypy; ,Ue;J fPo; ,wq;fp te nfhz;bUe;j(Kjy; Kjyhf Vwp ,wq;fpa khwh) ,ji
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

j;jy;> Midfl;Ljy;> khLgpbj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy; uPj pahd k; epfo;Tfs; rlq;fhf ,lk;ngWk;.
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jw;F gpwF VidNahh; gyfhuj;ij tbf;fj; njhlq;Fth;. zpastpy; tpehafg;ghid ,uz;;lhtJ fg;GfupdhYk; fg;GfhpdhYk; tbf;fg;gLk;. ngz;fs; midtUk; Fuit yaj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh nja;tg; ge;jy;fisAk; tisa Kk; Kw;gl;L MbtUthh;. ghidf;F fhtyhf ,Ufk;G fyhf X tbtpy; itj;J nky;y nky;y ele;J tUthh;. hidia xg;ngLf;f Fkhuh; kPz ;Lk; tUthh;. gpd; ghy; md;wpuT epfo;T KbAk;.
p njhlf;fk; ,Wjpehs; rlq;F eilngWk;. fhiyNtis k;. Kjypy; Njhwzkhwh vd;w nja;tk; Kw;gLk; mq;F Mb Mbg; ghu;j;J gpio rup nra;J tUk;.gpd;dh; Njd;G+r;rp Vwp Njd; vLg;gjid mgpeapj;Jf; fhl;Lk; ,J kpfTk; hd;W epfo;j;jg;gLk;. ,e;epfo;Tf;nfd ,UgJ mb cauk; ;gl;L> FWf;fhf nfhb fl;lg;gl;l fk;Gfis itj;Jf;fl;b> ;fupf;fg;gl;L; cr;rpapy; %d;W Fk;g Flq;fSk; itf;fg;gl;L> huzkhdJ myq;fhpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
;Gfdhh; kPJ khwhj;nja;tk; ntspg;gl;L gf;ju;fshfpa ;jp nfhz;Nlhh; vd epidf;Fk; gf;ju;fsp;lk; Njd;G+r;rp y;iy vd;why; ,e;j topapy; nrd;why; G+r;rp fpilf;Fk; aAk; ngl;biaAk; nfhLj;J mDg;gp itf;Fk;. mth; l;biaAk; NfhlupiaAk; kilapy; itj;j gpd;dNu w;gl;L VWk;. Vwpg;ghu;j;J tpl;L ,wq;Fk;. gpd;dh; kPz ;L k; kw;nwhU gf;fkhf Njhuzj;jpy; Vwp cr;rpf;F nry;th;. fapy; ,Uf;Fk; G+r;rpfis vwpe;J tpisahLthh;. mjd; k; %d;W Fk;gf; Flq;fisAk; Nfhlupahy; nfhj;jp fPN o py; ,Ue;J fPo; ,wq;fp te;jJk; fPNo Vw;fdNt epd;W Vwp ,wq;fpa khwh) ,jid “gLfpilkhwhj; nja;tk;”
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vd;gh;. mJ njd;dk; ghisapd; G+thy; vwpa ,wq;Fk; khw nra;Ak;. gpd;dh; ,wq;fp jiuapy; tpOe;J gLj;JtpLk;. ,J fhl;Lfpd;;wjhk;. gpd;G tpOe;j khwhj; nja;tj;ij Fkh tsj;jhl;btpLth;.
Mid fl;Lk; epfo;T:
,Wjp ehs; rlq;fpy; eilngWk; epfo;Tfspy; ,JTk; F fl;lhb (fg;Gfd;) kPN j gzpf;fkhwh vd;De; nja;tk; Midfl;Lk; njhopiyr; nra;Ak; nja;tkhFk;. ,q;F xU mjid Njbj;jpupgtuhfTk;> xU gzpf;fh; (fl;lhbjhd; gd MbtUthh;. gpd;dh; gdpf;fUf;F MLgth; ahidia va;tJ gdpf;fUf;F MbtUgtd; ahidiaf; fl;l tUthh;. m ahidiaf; fl;ltplhJ mg;NghJ ,uz;lhtjhf Midi ,q;Fk; ghu;j;J mypapf; ahidiaf;fz;L gae;jth; Nghy va;fpd;w gzpf;fUf;F MLgth; tpy;Yld; te;J mypad; ahi gpd; Kjd; Kjyhf Midiaj; Njb te;j gzpf;fkhwhth fl;b ,Oj;J ahidf;F Gy;> jz;zPh; vy;yhk; nfhLj;J nrhy;yp Mlr;nrhy;Yk;.
fub nja;tk; Kw;gly;
Midfl;Lk; epfo;Tf;F gpd;dh; ,t;thyaj;jpd; vd mikf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ fg;Gfupy; fubj;n ngz;zpd; cil cLj;J Mbte;J fubf;Fupa ,lkhd f ,lj;jpy;(,f;Fw;wp Ie;J mb ePs khd fl;il xd;W ehl;lg myq;fupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;) Fj;jpapd; Nky; Vwp ,Ue;J fub vd ,j;nja;tk; nra;Ak; ,ijg;ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L epw;Fk; ,d;nd tapW vy;yhk; fhQ;rp Ngha;f;fplf;FJ rhg;ghL vJTk; nfh thiog;gok;> ,sePh; vd;gdtw;iw fub Fw;wpapy; ,Uf;Fk mij ,j;nja;tk; thq;fp cz;Zk; gpd; mf;Fw;wpapypUe;J mgpeapj;J Mb Fkhug; ge;jYf;Fr; nry;Yk;.
rlq;F ep;iwT:
Nkw;$wpa epfo;Tfs; epiwT ngw;wJk; fd;dpkhUf;F rl rpWgps;isfs; 7 Ngiu Ntlkpl;L mth;fis fd;dpkhUf;Fu gpd; mk;kd; fiyj; nja;tq;fs; gpujhd fg;Gfupy; te G+iriar; nra;Ak;. ,jpy; fd;dpkhUf;F xt;nthUtUf;Fk gQ;rhkpu;jk; nfhLj;J gpd;dh; mth;fSf;F kilitj;J f mk;kd; fiyj;nja;tk; nra;Ak;. gpd;dh; mf;fd;dpk vLg;gh;. gpd;dh; fd;dpkhiu ,j;nja;tk; jPu;j;jr;rl;b ,
338

; G+thy; vwpa ,wq;Fk; khwhG+r;rp Fj;jaJ Nghy mgpeak; py; tpOe;J gLj;JtpLk;. ,J G+r;rpFj;jp kaq;fptpOtijf; khwhj; nja;tj;ij Fkhuh; ,Uf;Fk; ge;jYf;F Kd;
gWk; epfo;Tfspy; ,JTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,J %d;whtJ ;fkhwh vd;De; nja;tk; gpur;rd;dkhFk;. ,j;nja;tk; k; nja;tkhFk;. ,q;F xU gf;jh; Mizahf mgpeapj;J xU gzpf;fh; (fl;lhbjhd; gdpf;fuhf tUthu;). mgpeapj;J ;F MLgth; ahidia va;tJ Nghy mgpeapg;gh;. ,d;ndhU idiaf; fl;l tUthh;. mg;NghJ mypad;ahid Fl;b hJ ,uz;lhtjhf Midiaf; fl;lte;j gdpf;fh; mq;Fk; iaf;fz;L gae;jth; Nghy; mgpeapj;J kiwthh;. gpd;dh; tpy;Yld; te;J mypad; ahidia va;J nfhd;WtpLthd;. j; Njb te;j gzpf;fkhwhthf te;jth; ahidf;Fl;biaf; z;zPh; vy;yhk; nfhLj;J ,t;ahid FkhuUf;F vd;W
gpd;dh; ,t;thyaj;jpd; Kw;wj;jpy; fubj;nja;tj;jpw;F uz;lhtJ fg;Gfupy; fubj;nja;tk; Kw;gLk;. ,j;nja;tk; te;J fubf;Fupa ,lkhd fubf;Fw;wp ehl;lg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; khd fl;il xd;W ehl;lg;gl;L fubapd; mikg;G Nghy pd; Nky; Vwp ,Ue;J fub vd;Wk;> kpUfj;jpd; mgpeaq;fis ;Jf; nfhz;L epw;Fk; ,d;ndhU fg;Gfh; “fubf;F grpf;fpd;wJ plf;FJ rhg;ghL vJTk; nfhLq;f” vd;W nrhy;y gf;ju;fs; w;iw fub Fw;wpapy; ,Uf;Fk; fubj; nja;tj;jpw;F nfhLg;gh;. ;Zk; gpd; mf;Fw;wpapypUe;J ,wq;fp xUKiw fubNghy; ;Fr; nry;Yk;.
T ngw;wJk; fd;dpkhUf;F rlq;F eilngWk;. fd;dpkhuhf ;L mth;fis fd;dpkhUf;Fupa ge;jYf;Fs; mkh;j;jpitg;gh;. ;fs; gpujhd fg;Gfupy; te;J Kw;gl;L fd;dpkhUf;Fupa pkhUf;F xt;nthUtUf;Fk; tpsf;F itj;J mth;fSf;F mth;fSf;F kilitj;J fd;dpkhUf;Fupa fhupaq;fis ;Ak;. gpd;dh; mf;fd;dpkhuplk; gf;ju;fs; kbg;gpr;ir ,j;nja;tk; jPu;j;jr;rl;b ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;F nfhz;L
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nrd;Wtpl;Ltpl;L mk;kd; fiyj;nja;tk; Fkhu ge;jYf;Fs Fkhuh; Kw;gl;L Mbte;J jz;zPh;;rl;bf;F mUfpy; epd;W jz glf;$batifapy; vwpth;. ,J rlq;fpd; ,Wjp epfo;thf gf;jh;fSk; jPh;j;jr;rl;bf;Ff; fpl;l tUthh;fs;. nja;tk; vw JspahtJ jd; clypy; glr;nra;a Kay;tUth;. gpd;dh; rl fg;Gfu;fSk; te;J epd;W tPR th;. ,J jPh;j;j cw;rtj;ij epi Ie;J ehs; epfo;Tk; jz;zPh; njspf;Fk; epfo;NthL epiwT %d;W ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF G+r;rlq;F xd;W nra;J fg;Gfupd rhkhd;fis kPz ;Lk; nfhz;L nry;th;.
Jiz Ehy; gl;bay; 1. mofg;gd;> R+. jkpo; ehlfk; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;> mz
1987 2. ,sq;Nfh> R. R ghujpjhrd; ehlfq;fs; xh; Ma;T nrd;i 3. ENCYCLOPEDIA – Britanica University of Chicago volum 4. fz;fhzpg;G Kd;Ndw;w kPs ha;Tg; gFjp jpl;lr; nraw;gLj mikr;R> [e;J tUl r%f nghushjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; kl nrayfk;> nfhOk;> etk;gh;-1999 5. Fdfnuj;jpdk;> v];.x. Monograph of the Batticaloa
Ceylony Cey-1921 6. rptRg;gpukzpak;> M.”ke;jpuk;” ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay;> 7. rptRg;gpukzpak;> M.”ke;jpuk;” rlq;Ffs;> nrd;id-19 8. rpj;jpuNyfh nksFU kl;lf;fsg;G ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay
nghUshjhu Kf;fpaKk;>,yq;if jkpo; ehl;lhh; to rptjk;gp> jkpo;j;Jiw ntspaPL > aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf 9. rptrz;Kfk;> Qh. kl;lf;fsg;G Ffd; Fy Kw;Ffh;
ntspaPL kl;lf;fsg;G> Vg;uy;-2000 10. nry;tuh[Nfhghy;> f. jh. ahh; ,e;j Ntlh;fs;> [Pt h gjpf 11. Nrud;> K. ,e;jpa ehlfk; xh; $h;e;j fz;Nzhl;lk;> nr 12. jhk;rd; N[hh;[;> kdpj r%f rhuk;> nrd;id-1990. 13. eluh[h>vg;. vf;rp. rp. kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;> kl;lf;fs
kl;lf;fsg;G etk;gh;-1998 14. eluh[h>vg;. vf;rp. rp. kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhWr; RUf;fk;> tho;f;ifAk;> njhFg;G vg;.vf;rp. Rp. Eluh[h kl;lf;fsg 15. nts;isthuzh;> f.rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; rka Nehf;F
fUj;juq;fk;-jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;> Vg;uy;- 16. nksdFU> rp. rlq;fpypUe;J ehlfk; tiu> aho;g;ghz
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

j;nja;tk; Fkhu ge;jYf;Fs; nrd;WtpLk;. gpd; ,Wjpahf Ph;;rl;bf;F mUfpy; epd;W jz;zPi u ms;sp vy;NyhUf;Fk; rlq;fpd; ,Wjp epfo;thf fUjg;gLk;. gpd;dh; vy;yhg; ;l tUthh;fs;. nja;tk; vwpAk; jz;zPh;j; Jspapy; xU a;a Kay;tUth;. gpd;dh; rl;bapYs;s jz;zPi u Vida h;. ,J jPh;j;j cw;rtj;ij epidTgLj;Jtjhf ,Ug;gNjhL jspf;Fk; epfo;NthL epiwTngWk;. gpd;dh; rlq;F Kbe;J lq;F xd;W nra;J fg;Gfupd; tPl ;by; ,Ue;J vLj;Jte;j nry;th;.
; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;> mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;-
; ehlfq;fs; xh; Ma;T nrd;id-1990
versity of Chicago volume-15 Ps ha;Tg; gFjp jpl;lr; nraw;gLj;Jif ghuhSkd;w mYty;fs; nghushjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk;. [dhjpgjp ;-1999
ograph of the Batticaloa District of the Eastern Province
puk;” ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay;> njhFjp -1.1987 puk;” rlq;Ffs;> nrd;id-1990 ;fsg;G ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; fuz mbg;gilfSk;> r%f yq;if jkpo; ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpay; gjpg;G-fhh;j;jpNfR> paPL > aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;-1980 sg;G Ffd; Fy Kw;Ffh; tuyhWk; kuGfSk;> tpGyk; ;-2000 hh; ,e;j Ntlh;fs;> [Pth gjpfk;> Njj;jhj;jPT h; $h;e;j fz;Nzhl;lk;> nrd;id -1996 f rhuk;> nrd;id-1990.
;fsg;G khd;kpak;> kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l fyhrhug; Nguit
f;fsg;G tuyhWr; RUf;fk;> kl;lf;fsg;G kf;fs; tsKk; vf;rp. Rp. Eluh[h kl;lf;fsg;G-1980
,yf;fpaj;jpd; rka Nehf;F> rq;f ,yf;fpa fl;Liufs;> yf;fofk;> jQ;rhT+h;> Vg;uy;-1984. ;J ehlfk; tiu> aho;g;ghzk;-1988
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17. nksdFU> rp. ebg;G Kiw gw;wpa vz;zf;fUf;fs;> R
NgUiu-03> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;-1996 18. nksdFU> rp. kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;> tpGyk; nt 19. nksdFU> rp> rptj;jk;gp. fh> jpyfehjd;> f> muq;F xh;
epidT kyh; FO jpUNfhzkiy> Nk-1999.
jfty; toq;fpNahh; tpguk; 1. mg;Gfhkp> fhde;jd 2. cf;Ftz;ld; fe;ijah> ,Yf;FNrid 3. crdhh; `[;[PKfk;kJ> gl;lhzp nja;tj;ij itj;J
VwhT+h;. 4. fe;jrhkp> R. (nfhl;L thrpg;gth;)> ghioabj; Njhzh> r 5. fhj;jKj;J> f.(fg;Gfd;) KWj;jhid. 6. fhj;jKj;J> jstha;. 7. fpl;zgps;is> fStd;Nfzp 8. Fkhurhkp> F. (Fkhu fhtpak; ghLgth;)> te;jhWKiy. 9. rpd;dhd;> ng> te;jhWKiy. 10. Rg;gpukzpak;> nfh> fStd;Nfzp 11. jk;gpg;gps;is> F. (nfhl;L thrpg;gth;)> fStd;Nfzp. 12. Jiur;rhkp> R.(FkhuUf;F MLgth;)> Fkhuh; Mya tPj p 13. nja;tehafk;> R. (Fkhuh; Nfhapy; fg;Gfd;)> ghioabj; 14. ehfd;> Nt> jstha;. 15. ehfd;> Nt. (fg;Gfd;)> gl;bar;Nrid> fw;Flh> thoir;N 16. ehfg;gd;> rp. rpj;jhz;b 17. ghy;Fbah;> m. fStd;Nfzp 18. uhrkzp> M. (ngz;)> fStd;Nfzp 19. ts;spg;gps;is> fhde;jid 20. tPk d;> J. (fg;Gfd;)> KWj;jhid 21. khhpah;> fStd;Nfzp
340

w gw;wpa vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Rthkp tpGyhde;jh epidTg;
yf;fofk;-1996 uGtop ehlfq;fs;> tpGyk; ntspaPL kl;lf;fsg;G> Vg;uy;-1998 h> jpyfehjd;> f> muq;F xh; mwpKfk;> mkuh; gw;Fzk;. Rp> zkiy> Nk-1999.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;ig Mtzg;gLj;jiy vjph;Neh
,yq;ifapd; Kjw; ngz; rQ;rpifahs kq;fsk;khs; khrpyhkzpia Kd;it
vOj;Jj; Jiwapy;  Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l> gpd;js;sg;gl;l vOj;j njhlHghf fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; ,f;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mf;fiwAk; M mj;Jld; kuG topg;gl;l ,yf;fpa tuyhw;nwOj;jpay; gw;wpa kuigr; rhh;e;j vLj;Jiug;Gfs;;; gw;wpa kWguprPy id Kjy kuGuPj pahd ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ghy;epiy> rhjp> th;f;fk; N kWf;fg;gl;l vOj;jhsh;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J cl;Nrh;f;Fk;; f jw;fhy ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdNjhh; ,lk; tfpf;fpw
,g;gzpahdJ Ma;T> kPs;kjpg;gply;> kPs tpsq;f Kf;fpag;gLj;jpaJ. ,jshy; ePz ;l fhykhf tuyhw;n cs;shfpa ,j;jifa vOj;jhsh;fspd; fUj;JfSk; Mf;f fz;Lgpbj;jYk; Nrfhpj;jYk; mjpfhpj;Js;sd.
,j;jifa ngz;epiy Muha;rrpapd; xU tpist KjyhtJ ngz;fs; rQ;rpifia Muk;gpj;j kq;fsk;kh cUthfpaJ.
kq;fsk;khs; xU gj;jpupifahsh;. mj;Jld; r%f> tpsq;fpdhh;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; khj;jpukd;wp ,e;jpah nraw;gl;Ls;shh;. ,yq;ifapy; ntspte;j KjyhtJ ngz kq;fsk;khNs jkJ fUj;Jfs; ntspapLtjw;F xU rhj rQ;rpifia ntspaplj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapypUe;J njd;dhr ,af;fq;fspy; gy ngz;fs;  ;gl;l> gpd;js;sg;gl;l vOj;jhspfis kpsf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ hyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mf;fiwAk; Mh;tKk; ,jw;F top tFj;jd. pa tuyhw;nwOj;jpay; gw;wpa tpkh;rdk;> ngUq;fijahly; ;;; gw;wpa kWguprPy id Kjypait ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhfpd. py; ghy;epiy> rhjp> th;f;fk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf ,lk; fz;Lgpbj;J cl;Nrh;f;Fk;; fbdkhd fy;tpg; gzpahdJ f;fpakhdNjhh; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ.
Ps;kjpg;gply;> kPs tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy; Mfpatw;iw ePz ;l fhykhf tuyhw;nwOjpay;rhh; Gwf;fzpg;Gf;F sh;fspd; fUj;JfSk; Mf;fq;fSk; gw;wpa jfty;fisf;
jpfhpj;Js;sd.
uha;rrpapd; xU tpisthfNt ,yq;ifapy; jkpopy; ia Muk;gpj;j kq;fsk;khs; khrpyhkzp gw;wpa Njly;
ifahsh;. mj;Jld; r%f> murpaw; nray;thjpahfTk; y; khj;jpukd;wp ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehl;bYk; mth; ntspte;j KjyhtJ ngz;fs; rQ;rpifapd; MrpupiaAk; s; ntspapLtjw;F xU rhjdkhfNt mth; jkpo; kfs; ;fpdhh;.
w;gFjpapypUe;J njd;dhrpa ehLfspy; r%f [dehaf Lgl;L ciof;fj; njhlq;fpdh;. ,th;fs; ngz;fs; r%f ; fl;Lg;gLj;jpa itjPf f; fUj;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; ngz;fs;
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cupikfSf;fhff; FunyOg;gpAk; nraw;gl;Lk; te;jdh;. ,e;epiyikiag; nghJthff; fhzyhk;. gz;bij ukhgh Kj;Jnyl;Rkp Nghd;Nwhiu cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;. ,yq rhh;e;j ngz;fs; gyh; fy;tp fw;W kUj;JtHfshfTk;> c tpsq;fpaJ khj;jpukd;wp r%f murpaw; nray;thjpfshfT [ath;j;jdh mth;fs; ,t;thW nraw;gl;l njd;dpyq;ifg; n ,t;tplj;jpy; Fwpg;gplw;FupadthFk;.
vdpDk; ,yq;ifapd; jkpo;NgRk; kf;fs; tho;fpd;w tl Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; gw;wpa Mtzq;fNsh E}y;fNsh Fwpg ntspahftpy;iy. jkpo; NgRk; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; r% ngz;epiy czh;TfSk; nraw;ghLfSk; kpfr; rk vdg;gyh; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa vz;zg;Nghf;F c ngz;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa Mtzq;fSk; jfty;fS ghJfhf;fg;glhikAk; MFk;. ,jdhy; fUj;Jf;fis cU jfty;fs; njupahJs;sd.
,yq;ifapd; jkpo;NgRk; ngz;fspd; nray;th tuyhw;iwf; fl;likf;Fk; Kaw;rpg; ghijapNyNa kq;fsk Mtzkag;gLj;jYk; Ma;Tk; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
342

pAk; nraw;gl;Lk; te;jdh;. ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; fhzyhk;. gz;bij ukhgha;> fkyhNjtp rl;Nlhghj;aha> jhuzkhff; $wyhk;. ,yq;ifapYk; efug; gFjpfisr; w;W kUj;JtHfshfTk;> cah;njhopy; tfpg;gNghuhfTk; murpaw; nray;thjpfshfTk; tpsq;fpdh;. fyhepjp Fkhup nraw;gl;l njd;dpyq;ifg; ngz;fs; gw;wp vOjpa Ehy;fs; hFk;.
;NgRk; kf;fs; tho;fpd;w tlf;F> fpof;F> kj;jpa gFjpfisr; zq;fNsh E}y;fNsh Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; ,Jtiu k; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; r%f [dehafr; rpe;jidfSk; nraw;ghLfSk; kpfr; rkPgfhyj;jpNyNa cUthfpd ifa vz;zg;Nghf;F cUthtjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; Mtzq;fSk; jfty;fSk; Nrfupf;fg;glhikAk; mit ,jdhy; fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F mbg;gilahd
k; ngz;fspd; nray;thjk;> ,af;fk; njhlh;ghd w;rpg; ghijapNyNa kq;fsk;khs; gw;wpa jfty; Nrfhpg;Gk; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
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kq;fsk;khs; ePz ;lfhyk; Mrpupiaahfr; nraw;gl;l j ,d;iwa epiyapy; vtUf;Fk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. kq;fs Nrhkfhe;jd;> nry;tp jpUr;re;jpud; KjypNahh; jkpo;kfs khj;jpuk; ghh;j;Nj kq;fsk;khs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisf; $ aho;g;ghzg; ngz;fspd; fy;tpepiy gw;wp vOjpa ts;speha Fwpj;J rpy jfty;fisj; jUfpwhh;. vdpDk; 1963 - ntspahd ,U ,jo;fs; khj;jpuNk ts;spehafp ,uhkypq;f KJkhzpg;gl;lj;jpw;fhf kq;fsk;khs njhlh;ghd jfty mth; mDgtpj;j gy ,lg;ngah;Tfs; fhuzkhf mtw;i mth; jpul;ba jfty;fs;> vkf;F Nkyjpfkhff; fpilj;j jk itj;J mtuJ FLk;gk;> tho;T gw;wp Kf;fpakhd tplaq mth; gw;wpa jfty;fs; njhlh;ghff; fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspf
kq;fsk;khspd; FLk;gk;
kq;fsk;khs; 1884 Mk; Mz;L gq;Fdp khjk; gpwe;jhh; v 2006: 135) kq;fsk;khspd; FLk;gk; aho;g;ghz ef gz;iziar; Nrh;e;jJ. ,f;FLk;gj;jpdh; ed;F gbj;jth murhq;fk; mspj;j fy;tp tha;g;Gfis ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; n
kq;fsk;khspd; jfg;gdhh; fjpuNtw;gps;is aho;g njhopy; Gupe;jhh;. jhahupd; %j;j rNfhjuh; nghd jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jpy; cah; mjpfhupa %j;j rNfhjuuhd nry;yg;ghg;gps;is jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; e
fztuhf jhahupd; j gps;isapd jfg;gdhh; fw;whh; vd trpj;j xOq;iff fjpuNtw;g fhyj;jpy; ngw;wika mayth;fs gpd;dh; mt ngauhfpt mtuJ kpFe;j M tpsq;fpd
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; Mrpupiaahfr; nraw;gl;l jkpo;kfspd; rfy ,jo;fSk; k; fpilf;ftpy;iy. kq;fsk;khs; gw;wp vOjpa gj;kh ;jpud; KjypNahh; jkpo;kfs; rQ;rpifapd; ,Wjp ,jio ; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisf; $wpAs;sdh; Nghyj;njhpfpwJ. . epiy gw;wp vOjpa ts;spehafp ,uhkypq;fk; kq;fsk;khs; fpwhh;. vdpDk; 1963 - 64 ,Yk; 1970 - 71 ,Yk; uNk ts;spehafp ,uhkypq;fj;Jf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sd. jdJ k;khs njhlh;ghd jfty;fij; jpul;ba ts;spehafpAk; h;Tfs; fhuzkhf mtw;iw ,of;f Neupl;lJ. vdpDk; Nkyjpfkhff; fpilj;j jkpo;kfs; ,jo;fs; Mfpatw;iw ;T gw;wp Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fis mwpayhk;. mNj rkak; hff; fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfisAk; ,dk; fhzyhk;.
z;L gq;Fdp khjk; gpwe;jhh; vd mwpfpNwhk;. (,uhkypq;fk;: ; FLk;gk; aho;g;ghz efiu mz;bAs;s tz;zhh; Lk;gj;jpdh; ed;F gbj;jth;fs;. mf;fhyj;J fhyzpj;Jt ;Gfis ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh; vdj; njupfpwJ.
h; fjpuNtw;gps;is aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rl;lj;juzpahfj; ; %j;j rNfhjuh; nghd;dk;gyg;gps;is ,e;jpahtpy; zf;fsj;jpy; cah; mjpfhupahfg; gzp Gupe;jhh;. ,d;Ndhh; ps;is jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; ePj pgjpahff; flik Mw;wpdhh;. fztuhfpa khrpyhkzp ,tuJ jhahupd; jikadhuhfpa nghd;dk;gyg; gps;isapd; Gjy;th;. kq;fsk;khspd; jfg;gdhh; jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; fy;tp fw;whh; vdj; njupfpwJ. kq;fsk;khs; trpj;j njUthd gP.V jk;gp xOq;iff;F mg;ngah; tuf; fhuzk; fjpuNtw;gps;isapd; gl;lkhFk;. mf; fhyj;jpy; gP.V guPl ;irapy; Njwpg; gl;lk; ngw;wikahy; mtiu gP.V jk;gp vd;W mayth;fs; mioj;jhh;fs; vdTk; gpd;dh; mth;fs; trpj;j njUTf;F mJNt ngauhfptpl;lJ vdTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. mtuJ fztUk; fy;tp fw;W kpFe;j Mq;fpyg; GyikAilatuhf tpsq;fpdhh;> nfhOk;gpy; ntspte;j
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“Morning Leader” vd;w gj;jpupifAld; njhlh;Gilatu Mz;L khrpyhkzp “The People Magazine” vd;w Mq;fpy Mz;L aho;g;ghzj;jpy; “Njrhgpkhdp” vd;w gj;jpupifiaA
fy;tp fw;W cah; njhopy; Gupe;j FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jpU ghlrhiyf; fy;tp fw;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; tPl ;by; fy;tp fw;wh eilngw;wJ vd;gJ jpl;ltl;lkhf mwpaKbatpy;iy. mf;f fy;Y}upfs; ,y;iy. fpwp];jtf; fy;Yhupfs; ,tiug; gi fhl;ltpy;iy. cah;FLk;gj;jpdh; ngz;fis fpwp];jtg; g kjkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L tpLthh;fnsd;w gak; khj;jpuk nfl;lth;fs; vdTk; nts;isf;fhuh;fs; jk;kpYk; jho;e;j fUjpdh;. vdNt kw;Wk; gyiug;Nghy; ,tUf;Fk; tPl ;b nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (,uhkypq;fk; ts;spehafp vOj;Jf;fisg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; xU vdj; njupfpwJ.
,tuJ fzth; jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; tho;e;jgbahy; mf khf;rpa ,af;fq;fshy; mth; ftug;gl;bUf;ff; $Lk;. m ngah;fshd “Njrhgpkhdp” The People Magazine Mfpait rha;it njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa xU R+oypy; tho;e;j cs;stuhf tsh;e;jjpy; tpag;gpy;iy. gj;jpupifr; R+oyhy; ah Vida gFjpfspYk; eilngWk; tplaq;fis mwpAk ,Ue;jJ.; Njrgf;jd;> ,e;J rhjdk;>  Hindu Org jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; fbjq;fis;Ak; fl;LiufisAk; mwpTk; rkfhy czh;Tk; njhpfpwJ.
nry;te;jf; FLk;gq;fspy; gpwe;J ghlrhiyapNyh my;yJ nfhz;bUe;j ngz;fs; r%f nraw;ghl;lhsh;fshfTk;> vO ,yq;ifapd; Vida gFjpfspYk; ,j;jifa xU epiyik
jkpo;ehl;by; ntspte;j ngz;fs; rQ;rpiffspd; Mrpupi nfhz;bUe;jth;fNs. 1913 ,y; ntsptuj; njhlq;fpa ngz NuT jhahuk;kh. 1923 ,ypUe;J ntspte;j “rpe;jhkzp rQ “[fd;Nkhfpdp” Mrpupia Nfhijehafp mk;khs; Nghd;Nwh
jkpo; kfs; rQ;rpif
,r;rQ;rpif 1924Mk; Mz;L ntsptu Muk;gpj;jjhf m ehl;bypUe;J ghyhkzp mk;ghs; Mrpupiaahfr; nraw;gl rQ;rpifnahd;wpy; jkpo;kfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk; ,g;gj;jpupi
344

pupifAld; njhlh;GilatuhapUe;jhh;. gpd;dh; 1920Mk; Magazine” vd;w Mq;fpyg; gj;jpupifiaAk; 1922 Mk; gpkhdp” vd;w gj;jpupifiaAk; njhlq;fpajhf mwpfpNwhk;.
; Gupe;j FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;j kq;fsk;khs; Kiwahfg; . Mdhy; tPl ;by; fy;tp fw;whh;. ,tuJ Muk;gf; fy;tp vq;F hf mwpaKbatpy;iy. mf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F ,e;Jf; f; fy;Yhupfs; ,tiug; gioa khztpahf milahsk; h; ngz;fis fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyf;F mDg;Gtjpy;iy. hh;fnsd;w gak; khj;jpukky;y. fpwp];jth;fs; Gdpjk; f;fhuh;fs; jk;kpYk; jho;e;j rhjpapdh; vdTk; mth;fs; iug;Nghy; ,tUf;Fk; tPl ;bNyNa fy;tp ngw Vw;ghLfs; ,uhkypq;fk; ts;spehafp 2006: 135 - 136) mtuJ jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; xU Nrug; Gyik nfhz;bUe;jhh;
Guj;jpy; tho;e;jgbahy; mf;fhyj;jpy; mq;F nropj;jpUe;j ftug;gl;bUf;ff; $Lk;. mth; elj;jpa gj;jpupiffspd; ople Magazine Mfpait ,j;jifa xU fUj;J epiyr; ifa xU R+oypy; tho;e;j kq;fsk;khs; r%f czh;T y;iy. gj;jpupifr; R+oyhy; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; ,yq;ifapd; Wk; tplaq;fis mwpAk; tha;g;Gk; kq;fsk;khSf;F dk;>  Hindu Organ Kjypa gj;jpupiffspy; mth; ;fis;Ak; fl;LiufisAk; vOjpajpypUe;J ,tuJ cyf pfpwJ.
pwe;J ghlrhiyapNyh my;yJ tPl ;bNyh fy;tp ngw tha;g;Gf; raw;ghl;lhsh;fshfTk;> vOj;jhspfshfTk; cUthfpdh;. pYk; ,j;jifa xU epiyikia mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
z;fs; rQ;rpiffspd; MrpupiafSk; ,j;jifa gpd;dzp ; ntsptuj; njhlq;fpa ngz; fy;tp gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupia ;J ntspte;j “rpe;jhkzp rQ;rpif” Mrpupia ghyhk;khs;>
jehafp mk;khs; Nghd;Nwhhh; cjhuzq;fshth;.
;L ntsptu Muk;gpj;jjhf mwpa KbfpwJ. 1920fspy; jkpo; hs; Mrpupiaahfr; nraw;gl;l rpe;jhkzp vd;w ngz;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk; ,g;gj;jpupif fpilf;Fkplk; khNd[h;>
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jkpo;kfs;> aho;g;ghzk; vd;w mwptpj;jYk; fhzg;gL kjpg;Giug; gFjpapNyNa ,j;jfty;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
“jkp;o;kfs; vd;w jkpo; khjhe;jg; gj;jpupif tug; ngw;Nwh rpwpkhd; khrpyhkzpg; gps;isath;fspd; ghupia rpwpkjp. k nfhz;L ,g;gj;jpupif ntsptUtjhFk;. ngz; kf;fs; t tug;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW ngz; kf;fSf;Fupa mtrpakhfTk; cgNahfkhfTk; jw;fhyk; nkj;j mt ,Ug;gij jkpoh; ed;fwpe;J Mjupf;ff; flikg;gl;bUf;fpwh 1924> gf; 71)
vdpDk; jkpo; kfs; rQ;rpifapd; rfy ,jo;fSk; vk 28 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; gpuRukhd 5 ,jo;fSk; mth; ,we;j GtNd];tupNjtpahy; ntspaplg;gl;l ,jONk fpilj;jd. , Nk> [_d; khj ,jo;fSf;F mtuJ %j;j Gjy;tpahH kNf nraw;gl;lhh;.
1969 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; kq;fsk;khs; ,we;jgpd; xU ,jo; ntspte;Js;sJ. mtuJ ,Wjp ehl;fspy; ,e;j ,jo mjpYs;s Fwpg;ghy; mwpa KbfpwJ. ,Wjpahf ntspte;j , mtuJ Gjy;tp GtNd];tupNjtpAk; ,iz Mrpupiafshf
,e;j ,jo;jhd; ,Wjpahf ntspte;j jkpo;kfs; ,jo; vd 17 vd;Wk; guy; 1 vd;Wk; ,yf;fkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1927> 28,y vd;Nw ,yf;fkplg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt ,ilapy; 14 njhFjpf Mdhy; vj;jid ,jo;fs; vd;gJ njupatpy;iy. ,e;jf; fl Mh;tKw;W jkf;Fj; njupe;j jfty;fshy; fhzg;gLk; ,i vjph;ghh;f;fpNwd.;
1969Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; kq;fsk;khs; ,we;j fiyg;Gyth; etuj;jpdj;jpd; kidtpAkhfpa kNf];tu ,th;fs; ,UtUNk jkJ guk;giu tPl hd tz;zhh; gz trpj;jth;fs;. ,UtupdJk; kuzj;Jf;Fk; gpd;dh; tz;z tPl ;by; ,Ue;j rQ;rpifg; gpujpfs;> Vida gj;jpupiffs;> Njitaw;wit vdf; fUjp tPl ;ilr; Rj;jk; nra;jth;fs kq;fsk;khspd; Gjy;tuhfpa gh];fud; ,ij vdf;Fj; njhp
“mk;khTk; mf;fhTk; ,we;jgpd; - tPl ;il Cl mJf;Fs;is fd Valuable Documents vy;yhk;;. Paper c vupr;R Nghl;lhd;. mnjy;yhk; Waste papers vd;Wk; 12.08.93)
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;w mwptpj;jYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpe;jhkzpapd; Gj;jf ty;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
he;jg; gj;jpupif tug; ngw;Nwhk;. Njrhgpkhdp gj;jpuhjpguhd ath;fspd; ghupia rpwpkjp. kq;fsk;khis Mrpupiaahff; UtjhFk;. ngz; kf;fs; tplakhfg; ngupJk; fl;Liufs; W ngz; kf;fSf;Fupa gj;jpupif jw;fhyk; nkj;j k; jw;fhyk; nkj;j mtrpakhfTk; cgNahfkhfTk; jupf;ff; flikg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. (rpe;jhkzp - nrg;lk;gh;>
ifapd; rfy ,jo;fSk; vkf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. 1927> d 5 ,jo;fSk; mth; ,we;j gpd;dh; mtuJ Gjy;tpahfpa g;gl;l ,jONk fpilj;jd. ,tw;wpy; 1928Mk; Mk; Mz;L tuJ %j;j Gjy;tpahH kNf];tup ,iz Mrpupiaahfr;
jk; kq;fsk;khs; ,we;jgpd; 1970 - 1971 vdj; jpfjpaplg;gl;L uJ ,Wjp ehl;fspy; ,e;j ,jopd; jahupg;gpy;  28,y; ntspte;j ,jo;fs; rpyk;G 3 dNt ,ilapy; 14 njhFjpfs; ntspte;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ;gJ njupatpy;iy. ,e;jf; fl;liuia thrpg;Nghh; vtuhtJ; fty;fshy; fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspia epug;gf;$Lk; vd
khjk; kq;fsk;khs; ,we;jhh;. mtuJ %j;j Gjy;tpAk; kidtpAkhfpa kNf];tup 1974 ,y; ,we;J tpl;lhh;. ;giu tPlhd tz;zhh; gz;iz gp.V jk;gp Nyd; tPl;by; zj;Jf;Fk; gpd;dh; tz;zhh; gz;izapypUe;j mtuJ pfs;> Vida gj;jpupiffs;> Mtzq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; tPl ;ilr; Rj;jk; nra;jth;fs; vupj;Jtpl;ljhf mwpfpNwd;. h];fud; ,ij vdf;Fj; njhptpj;jhh;.
,we;jgpd; - tPl ;il Clean gz;zp ,Uf;fpwhd;. uments vy;yhk;;. Paper cuttings mJfs; vy;yhj;ijAk; hk; Waste papers vd;Wk; ......” (jdpg;gl;l fbjk; -
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ngz;fsJ Mf;fq;fs;> mth;fsJ nray;thjk; gw;w Mfpait vt;tsT ,yFthfTk; vt;tpj mf;fiwAkpd;wp vd;gjw;F kq;fsk;khs; gw;wpa ,t;tplak; kpfr; rpwe;j c gw;wpa tuyhW vOJNthUf;F kpFe;j rthiy Vw;gLj;Jk;
vdf;F vjph;ghuhj tifapy; jkp;o;kfs; rQ;rpifapd; 1927Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; Kjy; 1928 [_d; khjk; tiu jkpo ,it fpilj;jtpjk; RthurpakhdJ. 2008Mk; Mz;L e Muha;r;rpapy;  Mtzq;fs; Tk; vt;tpj mf;fiwAkpd;wpAk ,d;W mope;J Nghfpd;wd ,t;tplak; kpfr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. ,J ngz;fs; kpFe;j rthiy Vw;gLj;Jk; tplaKkhFk;.
py; jkp;o;kfs; rQ;rpifapd; 5 ,jo;fs; fpilj;jd. ,it 1928 [_d; khjk; tiu jkpo;ehl;by; ntspte;jitahFk;. khdJ. 2008Mk; Mz;L ehd; ngz; vOj;jhsh; gw;wpa hJ nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj; Fkhh; te;jpUe;jhh;. ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa lypd; NghJ 20k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ngz;fs; j te;jJ. kq;fsk;khs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtuJ jkpo;kfs; bf; nfhz;bUg;gjhfr; nrhd;Ndd;. gioa jkpo;ehl;Lr; Fj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; Nuh[h Kj;ijah Ehy; epiyaj;jpYk; wpg;gpl;Nld;. Mdhy; Mr;rupak;! NrjrfhaFkhh; jd;dplk; tw;wpd; gpujpfis jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; gy;fiyf;fof E} k; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. kq;fsk;khspd; ,sikf;fhyg; Gifg;glk; k; $wpdhh;. jpU.NtjrfhaFkhh; mth;fNs mtuplkpUe;j
;dh; vdf;F mDg;gp itj;jhh;.
fapd; 5 ,jo;fs; vdf;Ff; fpilj;jd. mitahtd> 1927
hp 1928 1928
8 28
g;gl;l ,jOf;Fk; 17 vd ,yf;fkplg;gl;l filrp ,jOf;Fk; spte;jd vd;gJk; njupahJ. ,jd; ,izahrpupiaahfr; pAk; ,we;J tpl;lhh;. ,e;jr; rQ;rpifia khjhe;jg; f;fNk kq;fsk;khSf;F ,Ue;jJ. “ngz;fSl;nfd Xh; ” vd rQ;rpifj; jiyg;gpd; fPo ; mth; vOjpAs;shh;. Mdhy; ;Ndw;wq; fUjp ntsptUtNjhh; ,dpa jkpo; tUlhe;jg; wpAs;sJ. ,e;j khw;wk; Vd; epfo;e;jJ vd;gJk; vg;NghJ
Q;rpifahf khwpaJ vd;gJk; njupatpy;iy.
Q;rpif pif ntspte;jNghJ mjd; rpwg;gk;rkhff; Fwpg;gplf; fg;glq;fshFk;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ntspahd Vida
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ngz;fs; rQ;rpiffspy; Gifg;glq;fs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. j gpuRupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ,lq;fs;> epfo;r;rpfs;> egh;fs; n
jdpegh;fspd; Gifg;glq;fspy; gy ngz;fSilai guPl ;irapy; rpj;jpnaa;jpNahh;> cah; gjtpfs; ngw;Nwhh;> fl;Li Gifg;glq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Vw;fdNt jkpo; kfis nt vjph;nfhs;tjhf mbf;fb mth; $wpaNghJk; gzr; nryit ,jidr; nra;jik thrfh;fisf; fth;tjw;fhf khj;jpuk tUk; ngz;fs; ghuhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mth;fis r%fj vd;w MtYk; fhuzk; vdyhk;.
kq;fsk;khSf;Fj; jkpo;kfis ntspapLtjpy; ,Ue;Js;sd. vdf;Ff; fpilj;j rfy ,jo;fspYk; re;j Fwpg;Gfs; vOjpAs;shh;. brk;gh; 1927 Mk; Mz;L ,jopy; vd vOjpAs;s jiyaq;fk; ,J njhlh;ghf mth; kpFe;j kd ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
“nghJNt vkJ ehl;bdJk; ehl;L kf;fsJk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fUjpNa ,g;gj;jphpif Muk;gpf;fg; gl;lJ. nghUs; ,y;yhjpUe;Jk; ,j;njhz;bw;F vdJ rNfhju rNfhj Ghpthh;fs; vd;w KO ek;gpf;ifAlNdNa vdJ iftrk ,jw;fhfr; nrytopj;Njd;. mjd;gpd; vdnjz;zKk; e czuyhNdd.... vdJ f\;lKk; e\;lKk; ehd; jhq;ff njd;gijf; fz;Nld;..... ez;gh;fs; re;jhj; njhifia m rpNdfpjUs; xUtiuNaDk; jkpo;kfl;Fr; re;jhjhuuhfr; N gzj;ijAk; Kw;gzkhf mDg;gp itg;gpd; mJ vdf;Fr; nr jkpo;kfSk; jdJ njhz;ilj jsuhJ Mw;wp tUths;.”
kq;fsk;khs; khrpyhkzp FLk;gk; 1925 Mk; Mz;byp trpj;jjhf mwpa KbfpwJ. ,th;fs; nrd;idapy; Guirt trpj;jdh;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kq;fsk;khspd; %j;jGjy;tp k fy;tp fw;whh;. mq;F ,ir gapd;w kNf];tup gpw;fhyj;jpy jpUkzk; nra;jhh;. jkpo;kfspy; ,tuJ fl;LiufSk; , Mz;bd; Nk> [_d; khj jkpo;kfs; ,jo;fSf;F kq;fsk Mrpupiafshf ,Ue;Js;sdh;.
,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kq;fsk;khs; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;f FO cWg;gpduhfTk; ,Ue;jhh; vd mwpfpNwhk;. 1927 epfo;e;j fhq;fpu]; kfhehl;by; kq;fsk;khs; ciuahw;wpd
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;glq;fs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. jkpo;kfspy; njhlHe;J ,it q;fs;> epfo;r;rpfs;> egh;fs; njhlh;ghd Gifg;glq;fshFk;.
;fspy; gy ngz;fSilaitahFk;. cah;fy;tp fw;W ah; gjtpfs; ngw;Nwhh;> fl;Liufs; vOjpNahh; KjypNahuJ . Vw;fdNt jkpo; kfis ntspapLtjpy; epjp neUf;fbia ; $wpaNghJk; gzr; nryitg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; Jzpe;J sf; fth;tjw;fhf khj;jpuk; my;y> ,t;thW Kd;Df;F tz;Lk;. mth;fis r%fj;jpy; epiyepWj;jy; Ntz;Lk; k;.
;kfis ntspapLtjpy; epiwe;j gzf;f\;lq;fs; j;j rfy ,jo;fspYk; re;jhg; gzj;ij epidTWj;jpf; ; 1927 Mk; Mz;L ,jopy; vdJ gj;jpupif vd;w jiyg;gpy; njhlh;ghf mth; kpFe;j kdtUj;jk; nfhz;bUe;jjij
Jk; ehl;L kf;fsJk; Kf;fpakhfg; ngz;kf;fsJ j;jphpif Muk;gpf;fg; gl;lJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; vd;dplk; Nghjpa z;bw;F vdJ rNfhju rNfhjhpfs; jq;fshy; ,ad;w cjtp fAlNdNa vdJ iftrkpUe;j rpWnjhifg; nghUis jd;gpd; vdnjz;zKk; ek;gpf;ifAk; ngha;ahapw;nwd Kk; e\;lKk; ehd; jhq;ff; Flhj tpjkhd ghuKila ;gh;fs; re;jhj; njhifia mDg;GtJld; epy;yhJ jq;fs; kpo;kfl;Fr; re;jhjhuuhfr; NrUk;gb nraJ mtuJ rejhg; g;gp itg;gpd; mJ vdf;Fr; nrhyw;fhpa NgUjtpahf KbAk;.
jsuhJ Mw;wp tUths;.”
FLk;gk; 1925 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 1928 tiu nrd;idapy; h;fs; nrd;idapy; Guirthf;fk; vd;w GJefh;g; gFjpapy; ;fsk;khspd; %j;jGjy;tp kNf];tup rhe;jp epNfjdj;jpy; pd;w kNf];tup gpw;fhyj;jpy; fiyg;Gyth; etul;zj;ijj; py; ,tuJ fl;LiufSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. 1928 Mk; ;kfs; ,jo;fSf;F kq;fsk;khSk; kNf];tupAk; ,iz
;khs; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]py; ,ize;jJld; mjd; hh; vd mwpfpNwhk;. 1927 Mk; Mz;L NrJghf;fj;jpy; kq;fsk;khs; ciuahw;wpdhh;. mj;Jld; 1928Mk; Mz;L
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nrd;id fhh;g;nghNu]d; (khefurig) Njh;jypy; fhq;fpu mwpa KbfpwJ. vOk;G+h; njhFjpapNyNa ,th; Nghl;bapl;l ,d;ndhUtUk; Nghl;bapl;ljhfTk; kq;fsk;khis Njh;j mf;fl;rpiar; rhh;e;jth;fs; Nfl;ljhfTk; kq;fsk;khs; k gh];fud; njuptpj;jhh;.
Mtzg;gLj;JjypYk; tuyhw;nwOj;jpaypYk; Gjpa Kiwa
ngz;fsJ Mf;fq;fNsh fUj;JfNsh mth;fsJ r%f m mwpjy; Gjpa xU Kiwapaiy Ntz;b epw;fpwJ. r%fj;jpy; X mbg;gilapy; ,uz;lhtjhff; fUjg;gl;L Gwe;js;sg;gl;Ls;s Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L ghJfhf;fglgLtNjh mit tuyhw;wpy; Nr nfhz;Nl cs;sd. tuyhW vOJNthhpd; fUj;J epiyA ifahSk; KiwapaYk; ,jwFf fhuzkhFk;. kuG topg;g kuG hPj pahd tuyhw;iw cUthf;Fk; NghJ mjw;Fs; r%fj;j FO kf;fSk; cs;slf;fg; gLtjpy;iy. r%fj;jpy; mjpfhuk jfty;fSk; mtw;iw Mjhukhff; nfhz;l mth;fsJ t ,t;tifapy; ghy; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;lhk; gl;rkhdtuhf Mf;fq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wit fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky te;Js;sik xU nghJg; Nghf;fhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,t;tifapy; ng;z;fspd nraw;ghLfs; mit njhlh;g jfty; jpul;L Kiwapaig gad;gLj;jpj; NjlKbahJ. 1980 tpspk;Gepiy Ma;Tfs; (subaltern studies) ngz;fs; Ngh tuyhWfis kPs cUthf;Fjy; njhlh;ghd gy tpthjq;fi
tha;nkhopf; fijfs;> Neh;fhzy;fs;> jdpg;gl;NlhuJ Nrfhpg;Gfs; Nghd;w kuG toprhuh Kyq;fisg; gad;gLj;J tuyhw;iw cUthf;fyhk;.
ngz;fs; njhlh;ghd Mtzg; gjpTfs; nra;Ak;NghJ , Ntz;b tUfpwJ. ngz;fsJ tuyhw;iw vOJtJ vt;t epfo;fpwJ. ghh;jh rl;lh;[p> fhaj;hp ];gPt f; Nghd;w Ma;ths fUj;Jfs; kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fit.. “Rarhpijfspy; jtw ngz;fspd; tuyhWfisf; fl;bnaOg;gyhk;” (Histoies out of the evidence left behind in autobiographies) vd;w gh vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ.
kq;fsk;khs; khrpyhkzpapd; tho;f;if> mtuJ mth; ntspapl;l jkpo;kfs; rQ;rpif Mfpait njhlh;gh
348

efurig) Njh;jypy; fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy; Nghl;bapl;ljhfTk; jpapNyNa ,th; Nghl;bapl;lhh;. [];b]; fl;rpiar; Nrh;e;j fTk; kq;fsk;khis Njh;jy; Nghl;bapypUe;J tpyFk;gb l;ljhfTk; kq;fsk;khs; kWj;jhfTk; mtuJ Gjy;th;
;nwOj;jpaypYk; Gjpa Kiwapaypd; Njit Uj;JfNsh mth;fsJ r%f murpaw; nraw;ghLfNsh gw;wpa tz;b epw;fpwJ. r%fj;jpy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kf;fs;> rhjp> ghy; fUjg;gl;L Gwe;js;sg;gl;Ls;s gFjpapdh; gw;wpa jfty;fs; Njh mit tuyhw;wpy; Nrh;f;fg;gLtNjh vd;Wk; jtwpf; OJNthhpd; fUj;J epiyAk; mjd; fhuzkhf mth;fs; f fhuzkhFk;. kuG topg;gl;l Kiwapaiyg; gad;gLj;jp hf;Fk; NghJ mjw;Fs; r%fj;jpd; rfy gFjpapdUk; gy;NtW jpy;iy. r%fj;jpy; mjpfhuk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; gFjpapdh; gw;wpa hff; nfhz;l mth;fsJ tuyhWNk cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. py; ,uz;lhk; gl;rkhdtuhff; fzpf;fg;gLk ngz;fspd; ;wit fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky; tplg;gl;Lg; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;L ;fhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nraw;ghLfs; mit njhlh;ghd jfty;fis kuG hPj pahd d;gLj;jpj; NjlKbahJ. 1980fspy; ,e;jpahtpy; cUthfpa rn studies) ngz;fs; Nghd;w Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kf;fspd; ; njhlh;ghd gy tpthjq;fisAk; Kd;itj;jJ.
;fhzy;fs;> jdpg;gl;NlhuJ fbjq;fs; jdpegh;fspd; E}y; huh Kyq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; ClhfNt ,k;kf;fsJ
g; gjpTfs; nra;Ak;NghJ ,j;jifa topiaNa gpd;gw;w tuyhw;iw vOJtJ vt;thW vd;w tpthjk; tYthf ;hp ];gPt f; Nghd;w Ma;thsh;fspd; ,t;tplak; njhlh;ghd it.. “Rarhpijfspy; jtwtplg;gl;l rhd;WfspypUe;Nj l;bnaOg;gyhk;” (Histoies of women can be written only autobiographies) vd;w ghh;jh rl;lh;[papd; fUj;J ,q;F
papd; tho;f;if> mtuJ r%f murpaw; nraw;ghLfs;> Q;rpif Mfpait njhlh;ghd tplaq;fis mwptjw;Fk;
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Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Mjhuq;fisr; Nrfupg;gjpYk; f ,ilntspfisAk; ifahs;tjw;F ehd; NkNy Rl;bf;f jUk;.
,t;tifapy; ,e;j Mtzg;gLj;jYf;fhf gpd;tUtd Ntz;Lk;.
1. jkpo;kf;fs; rQ;;rpif ,jo;fs; - jkpo;ehl;bYk
jdpg;gl;l> epWtd Ehy;epiyaq;fspy; ,tw;iwj; N 2. 1900- 1971 Mz;L fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapy; ntsp
ntspahd - gj;jpupifs;> rQ;rpiffs;. jkpo;ehl;bd; kq;fsk;khs; tho;e;j fhyg; gFjpapy; 19 gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;. 3. kq;fsk;khs; gw;wpj; njupe;j> mtuJ tho;tpd; gpw;fh
epidTfs;. ,t;topapd; jfty;fisj; Njb Mtzg;gLj;jpd jkpo;k;fs; gw;wpAk; gy;NtW Gjpa Gupjy;fSf;F to ngwKbAk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

uq;fisr; Nrfupg;gjpYk; fhzg;gLk; rpf;fy;fisAk; jw;F ehd; NkNy Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;s Kiwapay; gad;
g;gLj;jYf;fhf gpd;tUtdtw;iw KbAk; tiu NjLjy;
,jo;fs; - jkpo;ehl;bYk; jpUtde;jGuj;jpYk; cs;s ;epiyaq;fspy; ,tw;iwj; Njlyhk;. q;fspy; ,yq;ifapy; ntspte;j Mq;fpyj;jpYk; jkpopYk;
;> rQ;rpiffs;. hs; tho;e;j fhyg; gFjpapy; 1927- 1929 ,ilapy; ntspahd fs;.
upe;j> mtuJ tho;tpd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtUld; gofpNahupd;
sj; Njb Mtzg;gLj;jpdhy; kq;fsk;khs; gw;wpAk; ;NtW Gjpa Gupjy;fSf;F toptFf;ff; $ba jfty;fisg;
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Mtzg;gLj;jYk; jpUNfhzkiyAk
 fq;FNtyp mf];jpau; ;jhgdk;> f MjpNfhNzr;ruu; Myak;> ntUfyk;gjp> fe;jsha; NrhoP] ;t tpfhiu> ,yq;ifj;Jiw Kfj;Jthuk; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhu rpd;dq;fs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; njhd;ik ghLgitahFk;.
jpUNfhzkiy gpuNjrj;jpd; gz;ghL> fiy kw;W ejp%ykhfTk; up\p%ykhfTk; $wg;gLtJ jpUf;NfhNz Myaj; njhd;kq;fq;fspypUe;Jjhd; gz;ghL> fiy kw;W njhlq;fpAs;sd vd;gij ,w;iwf;F gy E}w;whz;LfS Mjhuk; fhl;lg;gLk; ‘ifyhrGuhzk’; (1887)> ‘NfhzhryGu (1916)> ‘jpUNfhzkiy Guhzk’; ;(1909)> ‘jpUf;fui rpj;jpuNtyhAju; fhjy’; (1886)> ‘Nfhzkiy me;jhjp’ (180 mwpe;J nfhs;sf;$bajhfTs;sJ.
gpuNjrnkhd;wpd; gz;ghL> tpOkpaq;fs;> tuyhw;W m ,Ug;Gf;fs; midj;ijAk; mwpT hPj pahd gjpTfshf nfhs E}y;;fshFk.; E}y;fs;; fhyq; fhykhf Nkw;nfhz;L te;j cjTk; rhjdq;fshFk;. mj;jifa mwpNtLfspd; gjpT Njl;lj;ij vkJ jiyKiwf;Fk; mLj;JtUk; jiyKiwf gilj;jd. (E}w;Njl;lk; Kd;Diu vd;.nry;tuhrh E}.Nj 0

tzg;gLj;jYk; jpUNfhzkiyAk;
jpUkiy etk;
tu;zpf;fg;gLfpd;w jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjrk; Nfe;jpu k; tsKk; nfhz;l gpuNjrkhFk;. tuyhw;iw njhl;Lf; jhuq;fisAk; jd;dplj;Nj nfhz;L> Guhz ,jpfhrg; fhyj;jpw;;F Kd;Ng Ngrg;gl;L> gy ntspehl;ltu;fspd; j;Jtk; tha;e;j efukhf ,J tpsq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.
;fspd; eLehafkhfTk; ,q;F thOk; kf;fspd; tho;f;iff; milahsq;fisAk; ,izj;Jf; fhl;Lk; ghykhfTk;
k; fhzg;gLtNj ,jd; jdpj;jd;ikahFk;.
milahsq;fshf Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLk; jpUf;NfhNzr;ruk;;> typ mf];jpau; ;jhgdk;> fe;jsha;f; Fsk;> jk;gyfhkk; fyk;gjp> fe;jsha; NrhoP] ;tuk;> jpupaha; tpfhiu> nty;fk; ;Jthuk; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d tuyhw;W Guhz ,jpfhr hd;ik ghLgitahFk;.
j;jpd; gz;ghL> fiy kw;Wk; ,yf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpd; k; $wg;gLtJ jpUf;NfhNzr;ru MyakhFk;. NfhNzrh; ;Jjhd; gz;ghL> fiy kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kfpo;tplj; w;iwf;F gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng vOjg;gl;ljhf hzk’; (1887)> ‘NfhzhryGuhzk’;> ‘NfhNzru; fy;ntl;L’ hzk’; ;(1909)> ‘jpUf;fuirGuhzk’; (1891)> ‘ntUfy; > ‘Nfhzkiy me;jhjp’ (1806) Nghd;w E}y;fs; thapyhf
J.
> tpOkpaq;fs;> tuyhw;W mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; tho;tpay; pT hPj pahd gjpTfshf nfhs;git mq;fpUe;J ntspg;gLk; fhykhf Nkw;nfhz;L te;j mwptpay; Njliy mstpl ifa mwpNtLfspd; gjpTfs; vkJ tsj;ij> mwptpd; k; mLj;JtUk; jiyKiwf;Fk; fhtpr; nry;Yk; ty;yik iu vd;.nry;tuhrh E}.Nj 01)
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me;jtifapy; ,it Kiwahf Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ vOj;J vd;w fUj;J epiyg;ghL nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; j ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ>
1. E}y;fs;;> vOj;J %y Mtzk; 2. fhl;rp Mtzg;gLj;jy; 3. xyp Mtzg;gLj;jy; 4. FwpaPL fSk; rq;Nfjq;fSk;
vdg; gue;jstpy; ,d;W Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthfNt vd;gJ Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yq;if rhu; Mtzg;gLj;jnyd;gJ, Fwpg;ghf jkpou; vd;gJ eypTj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTs;snjd tpk jpUNfhzkiy Nghd;w gy;ypd kf;fs; tho;fpd;w gpuNjr Mtzg;gLj;jy; cl;gl rfy tplaq;fSNk kpf kpf Fi fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; kuGrhh; Mtzg;gLj;j Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. fy;ntl;Lf;fs; 2. E}y;fs; 3. Nghu;fhy juTfs; 4. fhl;rp Mtzq;fs; 5. epu;thf uPj pahd Mtzq;fs; 6. Vidait
,tw;wpy; vOj;J %ykhd Mtzq;fshd E}y Mtzg;gLj;jYk; jpUNfhzkiyAk; vd;w tplaj;ijNa f fy;ntl;Lf;fs;, Nghu;fhy juTfs; gw;wpaJkhd tplaq;fi Fwpg;gpl tpUk;GfpNwd;.
jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; E}y;fs;;> fiyfs tuyhWfs; vd;gd gy fpis tifg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jNghj vd;dhy; milahsg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gLtJ>
1. Guhz E}y;fs; 2. etPd ,yf;fpaq;fs;; (Muk;g fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;) 3. jw;fhy ,yf;fpa fiy tpguq;fs;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

wahf Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gJ etPd Njitahf tzg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ vOj;J %yg; gpujpfisNa Nrkpj;jy; ;ljhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; jw;nghOJ mit gue;jstpy;
tzk;
;fSk;
rg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthfNt juTfis ghJfhj;J Nrkpj;jy; ilahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
;jnyd;gJ, Fwpg;ghf jkpou; jk; juTfis Mtzg;gLj;jy; fhz;ljhfTs;snjd tpkh;rpf;fg;gLfpw mNjNtis pd kf;fs; tho;fpd;w gpuNjrj;jpy;> jkpo; kf;fspd; E}y;rhu; tplaq;fSNk kpf kpf Fiw Nghf;Ff; nfhz;ljhfNt
j;jpd; kuGrhh; Mtzg;gLj;jiy njhFjpthupahf ,t;thW
q;fs;
d Mtzq;fshd E}y;fis> Fwpg;ghf mtw;iw iyAk; vd;w tplaj;ijNa fUj;jpy; nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwd;. fs; gw;wpaJkhd tplaq;fis Njit fUjp Mq;fhq;Nf
paj;jpd; E}y;fs;;> fiyfs;> gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fs;> tifg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; E}y;fs; vd;w tifapy; hl;lg;gLtJ>
uk;g fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;) tpguq;fs;
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vd;gitNa MFk;. ,tw;iw ,d;DnkhUtifapy; f nrhy;ypf; nfhs;syhnkd epidf;fpNwd;.
1. Muk;gfhy E}y;fs; 2. ,ilf;fhy E}y;fs; 3. jw;fhy E}y;fs;
jpUNfhzkiyapd; Muk;gfhy E}y;fs; vd milahs ,jpfhr E}y;;;fshFk;. ,jpy; NkNy vd;dhy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpajhf vLj;Jf; $wg;gLk; ‘jl;rzifyha fy;ntl;L’ (1916)> ‘jpUNfhzkiyGuhzk;’ (1909)> ‘jpUf;f rpj;jpuNtyhAju; fhjy;’ (1885)> ‘Nfhzkiy me;jhjp’ (180 gpuhe;jpa E}y;fis Mtzg;gLj;jypy; Kjd;ik ngWfpd;w
; MjptuyhW nfhz;ljhf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;E}y; vOe;j fhyk; gw;wpAk; vOjpa E}yhrpupau; gw Ma;TfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. f.rpjk;gu [au; mtu;fspd; g kfhtpj;Jthd; rpq;if nrfuhrNrfud; (1380-1414) ,aw ,jd; gpd;G ntspte;j G.ngh.itj;jpaypq;fNjrpfu; mtu;f gz;bjuhrh mUspr; nra;jJ vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e; E} nrd;idapy; gjpg;gpj;Js;shu;. mjd; gpd; itj;jpaypq;fN ,ae;jpurhiyapy; (1916) gjpg;gpj;Js;shu;. jpUNfhzkiy iff;nfl;ba Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l E}y;fspy; ,JNt %j;j g
18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; re;jhdg; Gytu; xUtuhy; ghlg;g Guhzj;ij’ jpUNfhzkiy mwpQu; Nt. mfpNyrgps;is Rd;dhfk; R.Fkhurhkp Gytupd; nghopg;GiuNahL gjpj;Js 1975 Mk; Mz;L ntspte;jJ.
gz;bjuhrh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ftpuhru; vd;Dk; Gyt fy;ntl;L’> G.ngh.itj;jpaypq;f Njrpfu; vd;gtuhy; ifyhaGuhzj;Jld; Nru;j;J gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ vdTk; ‘jpUNfhzkiy fy;ntl;L Guhzk;’; vdTk; Fwpg;g
Fsf;Nfhl;ld; kd;dd; NfhNzru; Myak; gw;wpAk; m jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpAk; tpupthff; $wpAs;s tplaq;fNs nrg;Ng nghwpj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. me;j tplaq;fis njhFj;J ghly;fSk; ciueilANk NfhNzruh; fy;ntl;lhFk;.
352

,d;DnkhUtifapy; fhy mbg;gilapy; ,t;thWk; f;fpNwd;.
;gfhy E}y;fs; vd milahskpl;Lf; fhl;lg;gLgit> Guhz Ny vd;dhy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;l Guhz ,jpfhr E}y;fspy; ; $wg;gLk; ‘jl;rzifyhaGuhzk;’ (1887)> ‘NfhNzru; iyGuhzk;’ (1909)> ‘jpUf;fuirGuhzk;’ (1891)> ‘ntUfy; > ‘Nfhzkiy me;jhjp’ (1806) vd;gd jpUNfhzkiyg;
j;jypy; Kjd;ik ngWfpd;w E}y;fshFk;.
hz E}y;fspYk; %j;j Guhzkhf ‘jl;rzifyhaGuhzk’; r;ruk; cd;djkhd epiyapy; mike;jpUe;j fhyj;jpy; j;jpd; Njhw;wk>; MjptuyhW> gw;wpa ,jpfhrf; fijfisf; ;wJ.
pAk; vOjpa E}yhrpupau; gw;wpAk; khWgl;l fUj;Jf;fSk; f.rpjk;gu [au; mtu;fspd; gjpg;gpy; (1887) ,J aho;g;ghz hrNrfud; (1380-1414) ,aw;wpaJ vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. itj;jpaypq;fNjrpfu; mtu;fspd; gjpg;gpy; (1916) gpuk;k= d;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e; E}iy rptrpjk;gu[ah; 1887 ,y; mjd; gpd; itj;jpaypq;fNjrpfu; gUj;jpj;Jiw fyhepjp pj;Js;shu;. jpUNfhzkiy gpuNjrj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu ;l E}y;fspy; ,JNt %j;j gps;is vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
hdg; Gytu; xUtuhy; ghlg;gl;ljhf $wg;gLk; ‘jpUf;fuir mwpQu; Nt. mfpNyrgps;is vd;ghu;> 1891 itfhrp khjk; pd; nghopg;GiuNahL gjpj;Js;shu;. ,jd; ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G .
;e;j ftpuhru; vd;Dk; Gytuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ‘NfhNzru; ;f Njrpfu; vd;gtuhy; 1916 Mk; Mz;L jl;rz jpg;gpf;fg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,jid ‘NfhNzru; rhrdk;’
l;L Guhzk;’; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;;Ls;shh;.
hNzru; Myak; gw;wpAk; mjid epu;thfk; nra;Ak; rl;l wpAs;s tplaq;fNs nrg;Ngl;Lg; ngupa tsikg; gj;jpapw; me;j tplaq;fis njhFj;Jk; tpupj;Jk; ftpuhru; ghbAs;s
hNzruh; fy;ntl;lhFk;.
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,f;fy;ntl;L E}iy ty;iy f.rpd;dj;jk;gpg;gps;is ( (1916)> mfpNyrgps;is> moff;Nfhd; (1950) MfpNahu; gjpg gpuNjrj;jpd; Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kiwfis xU Neu; rPuhd K Fwpg;gpl;Lf;fhl;lf; $batu;fs; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho mwpQu;fshd>
1. mfpNyrgps;is (1853 - 1910) 2. jp.j.,.fdfRe;jug;gps;is (1863 - 1922) 3. gz;bju; j.j. rutzKj;Jg;gps;is (1867 - 1922) 4. v];.,d;dhrpj;jk;gp (1891) 5. %Jhu; Gytu; rhitau; 6. Njhg;G+u; Fg;igj; jk;gp Gytu; (1868 - 1922) 7. ckW nea;dhg;Gytu; (1907 - 1963)
Mth;. ,d;Dk; gy mwpQu;fs; ,f;fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; c vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kiwikf;Fs; Nruhik fhuzq;fshFk;.
goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghz;bj;jpaKk; irtj; jkpop mfpNyrg;gps;isatu;fs;> FkhuNtYg;gps;is kw;Wk; ij ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; Mq;fpyj;ijAk; fw;Wj; N mjpguhfTk; flikahw;wpdhu;. ,t;twpQu; jpUNfhzki VLfis Ehyhf;Fk; Nguhu;tj;Jld;; ,uT gfyhf Nj %yfhuzkhf mike;jJ, aho;. ey;Yhu; MWKfehty Nghd;Nwhupd; topfhl;ly;fshFk;.
,tu; ‘jpUf;fuirGuhzk;’> ‘rpj;jpuNtyhAju; fhjy;’;> ‘NfhNzru; fy;ntl;L’> ‘jpUNfhzkiyGuhzk;’ vd R gjpg;gpj;Jk; cs;shu.; (Mjhuk; Gytu; it.Nrhkh];fe;ju; ‘N Ehy;fspy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUg;gJ ‘jpUNfhzhry itgtk;’ (1 ‘fz;b ehlfk;’; vd;Dk; $j;Jk; (1887) MFk;. ,jd; %yg; ,Ue;j NghJk; mr;Rthfdk; Vw;wg;gltpy;iy.
mfpNyrgps;isAld; Nru;j;J kjpf;fg;glNtz;ba ,d;N gps;isahthu; (1863-1922). ,th; ahog;ghz mwp fNzrgz;bju; MfpNahuplk; jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis kj;jpa ghlrhiyapYk; gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapYk; gapd;W gp nfhz;ltu;. jkpo;, Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; rk];fpUjk; Mfpa K kpf;ftuhf fhzg;gl;l ,tu; nrd;id fpwp];jt fy;Y flikahw;wp gy;NtW njhz;Lfis nra;Js;shu;. ,tupd gpd;tUk; Jiwfshf Nehf;f KbAk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

y f.rpd;dj;jk;gpg;gps;is (1887)> itj;jpaypq;fNjrpfu; ;Nfhd; (1950) MfpNahu; gjpg;gpj;Js;sdu;. jpUNfhzkiy iwfis xU Neu; rPuhd Kiwf;F nfhz;L te;jtu;fshf 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jtu;fshd jpUNfhzkiy
- 1910) ;is (1863 - 1922)
j;Jg;gps;is (1867 - 1922) 91) ; Gytu; (1868 - 1922) (1907 - 1963)
u;fs; ,f;fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; cs;slq;fpapUf;fpd;w NghJk; ;jy; Kiwikf;Fs; NruhikNa mtu;fs; tpLgLtjw;Fupa
hz;bj;jpaKk; irtj; jkpopy; Mo;GyikAk; epuk;gg; ngw;w uNtYg;gps;is kw;Wk; ijay;ghfg;gps;is MfpNahuplk; ; Mq;fpyj;ijAk; fw;Wj; Nju;e;J> MrpupauhfTk; kw;Wk; ;. ,t;twpQu; jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjrj;jpd; goe;jkpo; j;Jld;; ,uT gfyhf Njbr; Nru;j;J gjpg;gpj;jikf;F ho;. ey;Yhu; MWKfehtyu,; rp.it.jhNkhjuk;gps;is k;.
;’> ‘rpj;jpuNtyhAju; fhjy;’;> ‘eNue;jpud; rpq;fd; gs;S’> fhzkiyGuhzk;’ vd Rkhu; 21 Ehy;fis vOjpAk; Gytu; it.Nrhkh];fe;ju; ‘NfhNz\;tuu’;) ,tu; ,aw;wpa ‘jpUNfhzhry itgtk;’ (1889) vDk; trd Ehy; kw;Wk; ; (1887) MFk;. ,jd; %yg; gpujp mtupd; cwtpdu;fsplk; w;wg;gltpy;iy.
;J kjpf;fg;glNtz;ba ,d;Ndhu; mwpQu; jp.j. fdfRe;juk; ,th; ahog;ghz mwpQu;fshd fjpuNtw;gps;is> po; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W nrd;id nry;tehafu; g;gd; fy;Y}upapYk; gapd;W gp.V> gp.vy;. gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;Wf; kw;Wk; rk];fpUjk; Mfpa Kk;nkhopfspYk; ghz;bj;jpak; nrd;id fpwp];jt fy;Yhupapd; jkpo; Nguhrpupauhf ;Lfis nra;Js;shu;. ,tupd; gy;Jiw rhu;e;j Mw;wiy
bAk;.
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354
1. jkpo; Nguhrpupau; 2. gjpg;ghrpupau; 3. ciuahrpupau; 4. nkhopngau;g;ghsu; 5. nrhw;fsQ;rpa Mrhd;
jpUNfhzkiy kz;zpy; NfhNzru; fyhrhuj ntspf;nfhz;L tuNtz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fpy; ,tu; ,aw;wpa
1. jpUNfhzkiy Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp ntz;gh 2. Fapw;gj;J
vd;gd tpsq;Ffpd;wd. rp. it. jhNkhjug;gps;i kjpf;fg;gLk; mwpQuhf jp.j.f. tpsf;fpdhu; vd;gjid m njupag;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tuhy; njhFj;J gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l E}y
1. njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk; (ciuahrpupau; - er;rpd 2. njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;yjpfhuk; (ciuahrpupau; - Nrd 3. fk;guhkhazk; (ghyfhz;lk;) 4. jkpo; ehtyu; rupij 5.  m.ehuhazrhkp [au;> up.nry mwpQu;fSf;F E}y;fs; njhFf;f cjtpdhu;. nrd;id murhq vd;w Ngufuhjpia cUthf;Ftjpy; cjtp Mrpupauhf flika fk;guhkhazj;jpd; fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk; kw;Wk; Re;ju fhz;lj;i fl;Liur; RUf;fk; fUjp ,dp ,ilf;fhy E}y;fspd; Mtzf;fh
,ilf;fhyk; ,ilf;fhynkd vd;dhy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLtJ 19 Mk; E kWkyu;r;rp ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w
1. kWkyu;r;rpf; ftpijfs; 2. ehty; 3. rpWfij 4. etPd ehlfk; 5. ghuk;gupa ,ir 6. nky;ypir

py; NfhNzru; fyhrhuj;jpd; mbAiw jd;ikia d;w Nehf;fpy; ,tu; ,aw;wpa
f;FkhuRthkp ntz;gh
rp. it. jhNkhjug;gps;is> MWKfehtyNuhL xg;g tpsf;fpdhu; vd;gjid mtupd; gzpg;ghw;wy; gzpfs; njhFj;J gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l E}y;fshtd>
pfhuk; (ciuahrpupau; - er;rpdhu;fpdpau;) pfhuk; (ciuahrpupau; - Nrdhtiuau;) hz;lk;)
fTiuAlDk; fhzg;gl;l E}y;fshFk;. v];.itahGupg;gps;is> .ehuhazrhkp [au;> up.nry;tNfrtuha Kjypahu; Mfpa cjtpdhu;. nrd;id murhq;fk; ntspapl;l ‘jkpo; nyf;]pfd;’ py; cjtp Mrpupauhf flikahw;wpAs;shu;. Mq;fpy nkhopapy; z;lk; kw;Wk; Re;ju fhz;lj;ij nkhopngau;g;G nra;Js;shu;.
lf;fhy E}y;fspd; Mtzf;fhg;ig Nehf;FNthk;.
;bf;fhl;lg;gLtJ 19 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfhy etPd my;yJ
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w ;
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7. eldk; 8. rpw;wpjo;fs; 9. tpku;rdk; 10. mfuhjp 11. rka E}y;fs; 12. tuyhw;W E}y;fs; 13. ehl;lhupay; 14. Vidait
Mfpa etPd tbtq;fspd; gpwg;Gk; jpUNfhzki MtzKiw vt;thW ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Nehf;Ftj
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; v fiyfSk; Vida E}y;fSk; fzprkhd msT gpw Mf;fpfshNyh epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;gpdhNyh M Nghf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;ljhfNt ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; fhzg
cjhuzkhf  ‘Nkhfdhq;fp’ vd;Dk; ,U ehty;fs; jpUNfhzk v];.,d;dhr;rpj;jk;gp gz;bju;> rp.j.rutzKj;Jg;gps;is M thfdk; VwpAs;sJ.
v];. ,d;dhr;rpj;jk;gp vd;ghu; ‘CNrhd; ghye;ij fij’ khjj;jpy; vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ‘orzon and valentine’ vd;D Mjhukhff; nfhz;Nl ,e;ehty; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘,uj;jpdrpq;fk’; Mfpa  ‘Kj;JFkhuRthkp CQ;ry’;> ‘thifkhiy’> ‘fjyhw;whik’ Mfpa Ehy;fis ,tu; 1892 ,y; vOjpdhh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

d; gpwg;Gk; jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mtw;wpd;
vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Nehf;FtjhFk;.
hzkiyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; vy;yhtif ,yf;fpaq;fSk; k; fzprkhd msT gpwg;ngLj;jNghjpYk; ,tw;wpd; j;jg;gl;l mikg;gpdhNyh Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ Fiw t ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;W $w KbAk;.
j;j ehty;fs; vd;w tupirapy; vOe;j ‘CNrhd; ghye;ij ,U ehty;fs; jpUNfhzkiy mwpQu;fshd KiwNa rp.j.rutzKj;Jg;gps;is MfpNahuhy; gilf;fg;gl;L mr;R
hu; ‘CNrhd; ghye;ij fij’ vd;Dk; ehtiy (1891) A+iy u;. ‘orzon and valentine’ vd;Dk; Nghu;j;JfPr neLq;fijia ;ehty; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘Nkftu;zd;’> ‘jhNkhjud;’> hty;fisg; gjpg;gpj;j v]; jk;gpKj;Jg; gps;is vd;gtuhy; vOj;jpy; 90 gf;fk; nfhz;ljha; 1500 gpujpfs; nfhz;ljha;
1924 ,y; mr;RNtypapy; cs;s rh.Qhdg;gpufhr Rthkp py; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba tplankd;dntd;why; zkhfNt ,e;E}y; aho;. mr;RNtypapy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
jy; tuyhw;W ehtyhd ‘Nkhfdhq;fp’ vd;Dk; ehtiy s 1895 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy; ntspapl;lhu;. tuyhw;iw ehttpy; ;jQ;ir jpUr;rp ehtyu; guk;giuia ghj;jpukhff; Fk;.
mth;fs; ‘jj;ijtpL JhJ’> ‘Kj;JFkhuRthkp ,ul;il p CQ;ry’;> ‘thifkhiy’> ‘gpupthw;whik’> ‘xU rkuftp’> s ,tu; 1892 ,y; vOjpdhh; vd;Wk; ,tw;wpy; ‘jj;ijtpL
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JhJ’> ‘,ul;il kzpkhiy’> ‘Kj;JFkhuRthkp CQ;r jpUNfhzkiyj; jyg;ngUik gw;wp ghLgit vd;Wk; $w
mjidj; njhlu;e;J Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyg e.guNk];tup> f.mUs; Rg;gpukzpak;> vopNyhd; M Jiwapy; Mu;tk; fhl;baikahy; vOe;j ehty;fs; m ntspf;nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
,J NghyNt kWkyu;r;rpf; ftpijfs;> rpWfijfs; k Nehf;Fiffspy;> rpWfijfspd; gpjhkfd; vd;W Fwpg;gpl (1925-2001) vOjpa ‘Njhzp’ rpWfijNa jpUNfhzkiyg; Kjy; rpWfijj; njhFjpahFk;. ‘Njhzp’ (1962) 15 rpWfi mjidj; njhlu;e;J ‘xU fhtpak; epiwT ngWfpd;wJ’ (1 ‘nfhl;bahuf; fijfs’; (1999)> ‘[e;jpizf; fijfs;’ (2000) ,tuhy; gjpg;gpj;J ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
,tiuj; njhlu;e;J jUK rptuhK, e.ghNy];tup, jp.m jh.gp.Rg;gpukzpak;, rpj;jp mkurpq;fk; Nghd;wtu;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,jpy; gyUila gilg;Gf;fs; mr;R tbtk
ftpijj; Jiwapy; jpUNfhzkiyapy; jUK rpt ,d;Wtiu khtl;lj;jpy; jkpo;, K];ypk; ftpQu;fs; mj;Jiwapy; ehl;lk; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,f ntspg;ghLfSk; mr;rpNywpAs;sJ vdf; $wKbahJ.
etPd ftpijg; Nghf;Ff;F jpUNfhzkiyapy; tpj;jpl rptuhK jdJ khztg; gUtj;jpypUe;J vOj Kw;gl;lNghJ mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ngUik rp.R.nry;yg;ghit Mrpupauhff; nf vOj;J rQ;rpifiaNa rhUk;. jpUNfhzkiyapy; gpwe;J 1 Gyk; ngau;e;J nrd;Wtpl;l jUK rptuhKtpdJ>
tpkh;rd kPl ;rpfs; -1996 tpkh;rd Coy;fs; -1982; tpku;rdh];ukk; -1995; el;rj;jputhrp (ehlfk;) -1993 ifg;gpbasT fly; (ftpij) -1976 Nky; Nehf;fpa gazk; (ftpij) -1980 fz;zhbAs;spUe;J (ftpij) yq;fhGup uh[h (FWehty;) -1988
356

’> ‘Kj;JFkhuRthkp CQ;ry;’> ‘thifkhiy’ Mfpad
gw;wp ghLgit vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
e;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; t.R.,uhruj;jpdk;> pukzpak;> vopNyhd; MfpNahu; ehty; ,yf;fpaj; ahy; vOe;j ehty;fs; mr;Rtbtk; ngw;witahfNt
; ftpijfs;> rpWfijfs; kw;Wk; ehlf fiyfs; gw;wpa ; gpjhkfd; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w t.m.,uhruj;jpdk; fijNa jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mr;Rthfdk; Vwpa ;. ‘Njhzp’ (1962) 15 rpWfijfs; nfhz;l njhFjpahfTk; pak; epiwT ngWfpd;wJ’ (1996)> ‘flNyhuf; ftpijfs’;> e;jpizf; fijfs;’ (2000) Mfpa [e;J rpWfijj; njhFjp ;lJ.
ptuhK, e.ghNy];tup, jp.mupaehafk;, rp.tpRtypq;fk;, kurpq;fk; Nghd;wtu;fs; ,ilf;fhy vOj;jhsh;fshf a gilg;Gf;fs; mr;R tbtk; ngwhky; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
fhzkiyapy; jUK rptuhK (1939-1997) njhlf;fk; po;, K];ypk; ftpQu;fs; vd E}w;Wf;fzf;fhdtu;fs; u;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,f;ftpQh;fspd; midj;J Mf;f ;sJ vdf; $wKbahJ.
jpUNfhzkiyapy; tpj;jpl;l Kd;Ndhb vd;w tifapy;> ;jpypUe;J vOj Kw;gl;lNghJk; mtiu ,yf;fpa cyFf;F ry;yg;ghit Mrpupauhff; nfhz;L nrd;idapy; ntspte;j jpUNfhzkiyapy; gpwe;J 1972 Mk; Mz;L jkpofj;jpw;F K rptuhKtpdJ>
3 ) -1976 pij) -1980
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jkpopd; etPd j;jtk; (tpku;rdk;) -1986 Map (FWehty;) -1990 gbkk; jpahdjhuh =yq;fhtpd; Njrpaj;jw;nfhiy (fl;Liu) -1984
Nghd;w gilg;Gf;fs; %yk; jkpofj;jpNy Mtzj;jd KbAk;. ,it midj;Jk; jkpofg; gug;gpiyNa E}y; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplak;. ,tNuh fpz;zpah mz;zy; (1930-1974) Mf;fpa ftpijfs; (1945 vd;w jiyg;gpy; 1964 Mk; Mz;L fpz;zpah Kw;Nghf;F k ,tupd; gpd;Nd ftpijj; Jiwia myq;fupj;jJ> jpU tp];tuh[d; (1930-1990) gy E}W ftpijfs;> ieahz;bf; f vd vOjpaNghJk; mtupd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;Ng Nrhiy ftpij ehlfk; mr;Rg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,tuJ Mf;fq;fs; t jpdgjp> rpe;jhkzp ckh> Fq;Fkk; Nghd;w gj;jpupiffspYk ntspte;jNghJk; mit fhy nts;sj;Jf;Fs; mfg;gl;L fhz Ntz;Lk;.
,tiuj; njhlu;e;J vkJ ftdj;jpw;F cs;shf;fg;gLf 1956 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,tu; vOjp te;jNghJk; 1992 M nfhypd; ‘jhfk; fiy ,yf;fpa tl;lj;’jpd; %yk; ,tuJ Kjy ntspte;jJ. ,Jtiu ,tuJ 10 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Ehy;fs; m
jpUNfhzkiy gpuNjrj;jpd; eLf;fhy ftpQu;fsh v];.mUshde;jk;;> epyhjkpopd; jhrd;> %Jhu; Kifj E}u;jPd;> R.nfsupjhrd;> ikf;fy; nfhypd; Nghd;Nwh NghjpYk;> eLf;fhynkd vd;dhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; 196 tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjpapy; ,j;Jiwia myq;fupj;Jf re;jpuNrfuk;> f.fNz\;tud;> jk;gp jpy;iy K nry;tkzp tbNtY> Nf.Nf.kjptjdd;> rz;Kf Jiuuh[h> Nghd;wth;fspd; ftpijfs; ,d;W tiu mr tbtq;fisg; ngwtpy;iynad;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;.
,j;Jiw jtpu Vida Jiwfshd rpw;wpjo;> etPd tuyhw;W E}y;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kiw k ,Ue;j NghjpYk; rpw;wpjo;fs; vd;w tifapy; jpUNfhzk ‘my;yp’ (1950)> ‘khju;kjp khypif’ (1930), ‘vupkiy’ (195 rQ;rpiffSk; gj;jpupiffSk; ntspte;j NghJk; jkJ F kuzpj;Jg; Ngha;tpl;ld.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;rdk;) -1986
hiy (fl;Liu) -1984
k; jkpofj;jpNy Mtzj;jd;ik cs;sJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl jkpofg; gug;gpiyNa E}y; cU nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJ Ntz;ba tplak;. ,tNuhL mz;ba fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j 74) Mf;fpa ftpijfs; (1945-1964) ‘mz;zy; ftpijfs;’ ;L fpz;zpah Kw;Nghf;F kd;wj;jpdu; ntspapl;Ls;sdu;. iwia myq;fupj;jJ> jpUNfhzkiy ftpuhau; jh.rp. }W ftpijfs;> ieahz;bf; ftpijfs;> murpay; ftpijfs; uzj;jpd; gpd;Ng Nrhiy ntspaPl hf ‘fay;tpop’ (1995) l;lJ. ,tuJ Mf;fq;fs; tPuNfrup> Rje;jpud;> jpdfud;> kk; Nghd;w gj;jpupiffspYk;, rQ;rpiffspYk; ngUksT ts;sj;Jf;Fs; mfg;gl;L fhzhky; Nghdnjd;Nw nrhy;y
tdj;jpw;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;w ftpQu; jhkiuj; jPt hd;. ; vOjp te;jNghJk; 1992 Mk; Mz;Nl ftpQu; ikf;fy; l;lj;’jpd; %yk; ,tuJ KjyhtJ njhFjpahd fPw y; (1992) 10 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Ehy;fs; mr;Rthfdk; VwpAs;sd.
;jpd; eLf;fhy ftpQu;fshd  Gul;rpghyd;> pd; jhrd;> %Jhu; KifjPd;> rp.rptNrfuk;> m];ug;gh f;fy; nfhypd; Nghd;Nwhupd; ftpijfs; mr;rpNywpa ;dhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; 1960 Kjy; 2000 Mk; Mz;L j;Jiwia myq;fupj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j kiykjpr; ud;> jk;gp jpy;iy Kfpyd;> nr.etNrhjpuh[h> .Nf.kjptjdd;> rz;Kfg;gpupah> kh.tp.Mde;jd;> ftpijfs; ,d;W tiu mr;R tbtNkh Vida Mtz ad;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;.
Jiwfshd rpw;wpjo;> etPd ehlfk;> ghuk;gupa ,ir> ; Mtzg;gLj;jy; Kiw kpf kpf mUe;jyhfNtAs;sd. vd;w tifapy; jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ntspte;j f’ (1930), ‘vupkiy’ (1953) vd Rkhu; 10 f;F Nkw;gl;l ; ntspte;j NghJk; jkJ FWfpafhy ,Ug;NghL mit
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ehlfj;Jiwapd; gjpTj; jd;ikAk; fiyj;Jiw rhu;e Vo;ik epiy ngw;wpUg;gijNa ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; fhz Kbfpd mq;nfhd;;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lik Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l jl;rz fhdrghit Fwpg;gpl KbA NfhNzr;ruk; rhu;e;j ,ir kunghd;W tsu;e;J te;Js;sij mwpe;j NghJk; Kiwahd tptuzq;fisg; ngw Kbahky
jw;fhyk; my;yJ eilKiwf;fhyk; vd;W vd;dhy; ti Mk; Mz;Lf;F gpd;Ds;s fhyg;gFjpapy; jpUNfhzkiyg Kiwapy; xU capNuhl;lkhd jd;ik ngWtjpid f fhuzkhff; $wf;$bait etPd njhopEl;g tsu;r;rpapi fhuzkhf ,k;khw;wk; epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk; vd vz;Zfpd;N
Muk;g ,ilf;fhyq;fspy; mr;Rae;jpu trjp ngupJk; ts ,g;gpuNjrk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ vd;gjw;F Mjhukhf jpUN tbt ntspaPL fs; rhd;W gfUfpd;wd. Mdhy; jw;Nghija n Nkyhf cyfkakhf;fy; vd;Dk; ifq;fupaq;fSf;F kj;jpa nkUFk; Gjpa tbtKk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;w epiyapy; rfy Jiw fzprkhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fis fz;Ls;sikia rfy Ji
Fwpg;ghfr; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; jpUNfhzkiyia rhu fhl;rp Mtzg;gLj;jy;> xyp Mtzg;gLj;jy;> FwpaPL gue;jstpy; Ngzg;gl;LtUk; xU fhj;jpu epiy ngw;wpUg;g $bajhfTs;sJ.
,jw;Fupa fhuzq;fs; Gyg;ngau;tpd; njhlu;ghly; tp khw;wKNkahFk;. cjhuzkhf jpUNfhzkiyrhu; Gs;s mbg;gilapy; [Nuhg;gpa ehLfshd nld;khu;f;> ,q;fpyhe ehLfspy; thOk; Gj;jp[Pt pfs; ,ij Nkw;nfhz;L t ntspte;j nld;khu;f; R.FkhuJiuapd; ‘,yq;if murpay; t fyhepjp fdfrghgjp rutzgtdpd; ‘fhydpj;Jt jpUNf jpUNfhzkiy’ (2003) kw;Wk; ‘N[u;kd;-jkpo;, jkpo;-;N jkpo;> jkpo;-lr;R mfuhjp’ (1997) Mfpait [Nuhg;gh kw;W itj;j juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lit vd;g tplak;. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; cs;sf uPj pahd Mtzg;gLj;j fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> vd;gjw;F Nghu;fhyg; gjpTfs;> murpa tbtq;fs;> fhl;rpahtzg;gLj;jy; ,d;Dk; tsu;njLf;fg;g jf;frhd;whFk;.

d;ikAk; fiyj;Jiw rhu;e;j gjpTj;jd;ikAk; kpf kpf ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ghuk;ghpa ,ir tsu;r;rp milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;likf;F cjhuzkhf 1947 Mk; fhdrghit Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. 12 Mk; Ehw;whz;bypUe;J ghd;W tsu;e;J te;Js;sij NfhNzru; fy;ntl;bd; %yk; uzq;fisg; ngw Kbahky; cs;sJ vd;gNj cz;ik.
wf;fhyk; vd;W vd;dhy; tiuaWj;J fhl;lg;gLfpd;w 2000 g;gFjpapy; jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Mtzg;gLj;jy; jd;ik ngWtjpid fhz Kbfpd;wJ. mjw;Fupa tPd njhopEl;g tsu;r;rpapid cs;;thq;fpf; nfhz;ljd; pUf;fyhk; vd vz;Zfpd;Nwd;.
r;Rae;jpu trjp ngupJk; tsu;r;rpailahj xU gFjpahfNt vd;gjw;F Mjhukhf jpUNfhzkiy gpuNjrj;jpd; mr;R pd;wd. Mdhy; jw;Nghija njhopEl;gk;rhu; khw;wk; mjw;F k; ifq;fupaq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; etPd ntspaPl;Lj;Jiw GJ f;fpd;w epiyapy; rfy JiwfSf;Fkhd Mtzg;Ngzy; fz;Ls;sikia rfy JiwfspYk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
hy; jpUNfhzkiyia rhu;e;j tplaq;fs; Ehy; tbtpy; Mtzg;gLj;jy;> FwpaPL fSk; re;Njfq;fSk; vdg; U fhj;jpu epiy ngw;wpUg;gij jw;nghOJ mtjhdpf;ff;
g;ngau;tpd; njhlu;ghly; tphpthf;fKk; etPd njhopDl;g f jpUNfhzkiyrhu; Gs;sp my;yJ juT Nrkpg;G vd;w shd nld;khu;f;> ,q;fpyhe;J> fdlh> N[u;kd; Nghd;w ; ,ij Nkw;nfhz;L tUtij mz;ikapy; (2012) iuapd; ‘,yq;if murpay; tuyhW ,og;GfSk; gjpTfSk’; tdpd; ‘fhydpj;Jt jpUNfhzkiy’ (2012)> ‘tuyhw;W k; ‘N[u;kd;-jkpo;, jkpo;-;N[u;kd; mfuhjp’ (1992)> ‘lr;R- 7) Mfpait [Nuhg;gh kw;Wk; Vida ehLfspy; Nrkpj;J ; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lit vd;gJ ,q;F epidt+l;l Ntz;ba ;sf uPj pahd Mtzg;gLj;jy;; vd;gJ kpff; FiwthfNt ghu;fhyg; gjpTfs;> murpay; gjpTfs;> njhy;nghUs;rhu; ;jy; ,d;Dk; tsu;njLf;fg;glNtz;ba epiyapYs;sik
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
jkpopy; gjpthFk; Rtu;f; ftpijfS
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Rtu;f; ftpijfs; vDk; vz;zf;fU gw;wp Nehf;Fk; N vz;zq;fspy; voyhk;.
1. KjyhtJ> Rtu;f;ftpij vDk; fUj;JU gd;dhl;L
neju;yhe;J ehl;bd; nyapbd; efuj;Jr; Rtu;f; ftpij ekf;F Qhgfg; gLj;jyhk;. 1992fspy; rpwg;Gj; jpl;lnkhd ftpijfshy; nya;bd; efuk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;lJ. cUrpa (Marina Tsvetageva) mtu;fspd; ftpijfs; efur; Rtu 2005 Mk; Mz;Ltiu ,t;thW 101 ftpijfs; vOjg
362

irfs;> kfpo;r;rpg; G+upg;G> gugug;G> mwpthu;e;j fUj;jpaiy yhq;fp epw;Fk; czu;T epiyfis ftpij ntspg;ghLfspy;
;jpy; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs; mt;tg;NghJ kf;fs; jk; ghlg;gl;ld. ve;jnthU jahupg;Gk; Kd; Vw;ghLfSkpd;wp Oj;jwpitg; ngw;wNghJ mit Vl;by; gjpTnra;ag;gl;ld. d; fhuzkhf ,it cldbahd czu;Tfisg; gjpT yapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpd. ,ay;ghf czu;it ntspapLjy; ;lkpl;L fl;likf;fg; gLk; ,yf;fpakhf vOj;jpyf;fpak; f;fpak; mOj;jk; jpUj;jkhd fl;likg;Gk; Neu;j;jpAk; Yk; mjpy; nraw;ifj; jd;iknahd;W ,ioNahbaJ y; czu;Tfspd; tbfhy;fshf vOj;jpyf;fpak; KOikahf hd;wpaJ.
njhlu;r;rpahf> te;j ,lj;jpNy te;j thfpNy iftrg;gl;l u;Tfisg; gjpTnra;Ak; kuG ,d;Wtiuj; njhlu;fpwJ. u;Tfspd; tbfhy;fshf ,Uf;ff;$ba ,yf;fpaj;jpd; j;jpy; mjhtJ RtupNyh> kjfpNyh my;yJ NkirapNyh pd;wd. tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhw;wpy; fiue;jit Ue;jit gpd; te;j re;jjpapduhy; Njbr; Nrkpf;fg;gl;ld. ; Njly; Jiwahf mJ tsu;e;jJ. ,NjNghy; Mf;fg;gl;l hFk; ,j;jifa vOj;jpyf;fpaq;fisj; Njbr; Nrkpg;gJk; itahf epw;fpd;wJ.
tu;fs;> kjFfs;> ghlf; nfhg;gpfspd; gpd;Gwk;> tFg;giw> Rtu;fs;> E}yfNkirfs; vdg; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; hf;Fk; trjpAk; fUjp ,t; Ma;tpy; Rtu;f;ftpijfs; vdg; g;gLfpd;wd.
z;zf;fU gw;wp Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,uz;L tplaq;fs; vkJ
vDk; fUj;JU gd;dhl;Lg; Gyj;jpy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ bd; efuj;Jr; Rtu;f; ftpijfis (Wall poems of Leiden) 1992fspy; rpwg;Gj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; %yk; ,j;jifa tiu k; myq;fupf;fg;gl;lJ. cUrpa ftpQuhd kupdh RtuN[th fspd; ftpijfs; efur; Rtu;fspy; moFw tiuag;gl;ld. t;thW 101 ftpijfs; vOjg;gl;ld.1
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2. ,uz;lhtjhf> ,j;jiyg;G ftpQu; fhrp Mde;jdpd Mfpa ftpijj;njhFjpfs; Fwpj;J epidT+l;lyhk;. ft ftpijfSf;Fk; ,q;F Ngrg;gLk; Rtu;f;ftpijfSf;F MapDk; NkNy $wg;gl;l ,uz;L jsq;fSf;Fk Clfq;fSf;Fk; ,yj;jpdpay; Clfq;fSf;Fk; ntsp my;yJ mdhkNjag; gjpTfshf ntt;NtWgl;l js mikfpd;w ftpijfs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ.
3. Ma;tpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
,j;jifa Rtu;fs;> kjFfs;> ghlf; nfhg;gpfspd; gpd Rtu;fs;> tpLjpr; Rtu;fs;> E}yf Nkirfs; vdg; gy;Nt ftpijfis Mtzg;gLj;jy; Nehf;fpy; njhFj;Jf; $ Nehf;fkhFk;. ,j;jifa ftpijfspd; ntspg;gLj;jy; jd jd;ik> r%f Nehf;F> vd;gtw;iw Ma;T nra;tJ ,t;tha
4. Kd;dha;T kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa kPs ha;T
Rtu;fs;> kjFfs;> ghlf; nfhg;gpfspd; gpd;Gwk;> tFg;gi Rtu;fs;> E}yfNkirfs; vd vOjg;gLk; ,j;jifa Rtu;f;f Ma;T jkpo;r; R+oypy; Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likf;fhd ,f;fl;Liuahsu; 1997 ,y; ,yq;if> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf; “joy;” rQ;rpifapy; ,j;jifa Rtu;f; ftpijfs; gw;w gjpT nra;jhu;. joy; rQ;rpiff;F vOjg;gl;l tpkh;r thRNjtd; ,j;jifa njhFg;Gfs; ,d;Dk; KOikg;gLj Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.2 MapDk; Mq;fpy ,yf;fpar; R+oypy; ,j Ma;Tfs; eilngw;Ws;sjhfj; njupfpd;wJ. mjpYk; fopg;g vOjg;gLk; thrfq;fs; gw;wp gy Ma;Tfs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; eil Ma;Tfs; vd;gij tpl J}a cstpay; Ma;TfshfNt my;gpnul; fpd;Nra; (Alfred Kinsey) ,j;jifa Ma;Tfi Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,tu; Vwf;Fiwa 300 nghJ kyry$l kjpg;gPL nra;jhu;. ,tuJ Ma;T KbTfspd; gb Mz;fspd ghy; fpsu;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jk; ftpijfisAk; ngz;fs fhjy; czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; ftpijfisAk; fhz ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; tl fpof;F Nghu;r; R+oypy; ,u Fopfspy; vOjg;gl;l ftpijfs; jpul;lg;gl;L ‘gq;fu; ftpij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
Rtu;f; ftpijfs; gw;wpa ,yf;fpa kPs ha;tpy; Kf;fpakh 1908 fspy; vOjg;gl;lJ. tq;f Njrj;jpd; ,sk; Gul ,af;fj;jpy; kpf ,sk; tajpy; Gul;rpapy;  njUg;Gytd; Fwpj;J epidT+l;lyhk;. ftpQu; fhrp Mde;jdpd; vOr;rpf; g;gLk; Rtu;f;ftpijfSf;F rpW njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ;l ,uz;L jsq;fSf;Fk; mg;ghy; ,t;tha;T mr;R pay; Clfq;fSf;Fk; ntspapy; Kiwrhu ntspaPL fshf fshf ntt;NtWgl;l jsq;fis Clfkhff; nfhz;L p Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ.
;
fs;> ghlf; nfhg;gpfspd; gpd;Gwk;> tFg;giw> kyry$lr; }yf Nkirfs; vdg; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; vOjg;gLk; ; Nehf;fpy; njhFj;Jf; $WtJ ,t;tha;tpd; gpujhd jfspd; ntspg;gLj;jy; jd;ik> ghLnghUs;> cstpay; ;iw Ma;T nra;tJ ,t;tha;tpd; rpwg;G Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
yf;fpa kPs ha;T
hg;gpfspd; gpd;Gwk;> tFg;giw> kyry$lr; Rtu;fs;> tpLjpr; Ojg;gLk; ,j;jifa Rtu;f;ftpijfs; gw;wpa KOikahd ; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. yq;if> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf; fof jkpo;r;rq;f ntspaPl hd a Rtu;f; ftpijfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tf; Fwpg;nghd;iwg; ff;F vOjg;gl;l tpkh;rdf; Fwpg;nghd;wpy; ftpQu; ;Gfs; ,d;Dk; KOikg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Njitiaf; ;fpy ,yf;fpar; R+oypy; ,j;jifa ftpijfs; gw;wpa gy ; njupfpd;wJ. mjpYk; fopg;gfq;fspYk; FopayiwfspYk; Ma;Tfs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; eilngw;Ws;sd. ,it ,yf;fpa cstpay; Ma;TfshfNt nghJthf mike;Js;sd. y) ,j;jifa Ma;Tfis 1950fspy; Kjd; Kjypy; wa 300 nghJ kyry$lr; Rtu;fis ,t;tha;Tf;fhf KbTfspd; gb Mz;fspd; kyry $lq;fspy; nghJthf ; ftpijfisAk; ngz;fs; ghtpf;Fk; kyry $lq;fspy; j;Jk; ftpijfisAk; fhzKbtjhff; fhl;Lthu;.3 rpq;fs l fpof;F Nghu;r; R+oypy; ,uhZt rpg;gha;fshy; gJq;Ff; ; jpul;lg;gl;L ‘gq;fu; ftpijfs;‘ vdg; gjpthfp cs;sij
yf;fpa kPs ha;tpy; Kf;fpakhf Ngrf;$ba ftpijnahd;W q;f Njrj;jpd; ,sk; Gul;rpahsUk;> ,e;jpa tpLjiy ; Gul;rpapy; 

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Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf kh[p];jpNul; fpq;f;];Nghu;l; v Fw;wr;rhl;by; ifjhdhu;.4 ,tu; J}f;fpyg;gLtjw;F Kd; rp mk;khTf;F vOjpaJ ,f;ftpij.
mk;kh! tpil nfhL mk;kh! vd; capupDk; capuhd mk;kh. rpj;jpapd; tapw;wpy; kfdhf kWgbAk; ehd; gpwg;Ngd;. gpwe;jJ ehd; jhdh? vd;gij mwpa Foe;ijapd; fOj;jpy; ghu; J}f;Ff; fapw;wpd; jOk;G ,Uf;Fk;.
,j;jifa tuyhw;W Kf;fpakpf;f xUrpy gjpTfs Rtu;f;ftpijfs; ngupJgLj;jg;glhj xd;whfNt ,Ue;J tU
5. Ma;tpd; vy;iyg;gLj;jy;
,t;thtzg;gLj;jypy; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;s ngUk ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F kw;Wk; tlf;F khfhzq;fspy; Fwpj;j jpul;lg;gl;lit. rpy Nehf;FfUjp gy;fiyf;fof tpLjp vd;gdtw;wpy; Njbj; jpul;lg;gl;lit. jdpik> mOj;jk;> tpLjiyepiy vd;gdNt ,t;thwhd ,ay;ghd ftpijfi R+oy;epiyfs; Mfpd;wd. MfNt fhj;jpukhd gi fUjg;glf;$ba ,lq;fshd> jkJ cs;sf; fplf;iffis epiwe;j rpiwr;rhiyfs;> mfjpKfhk;fs;> kw;Wk; gilj;jy cs;slf;fpajhf jpul;lg;gl;l Mf;fq;fs; ,t;tha;tpy; KKi ,j;jifa ,lq;fspy; jfty;fs; jpul;lg;gl;bUf;Fkhapd; , fpilj;jpUf;Fk;.
6. gFg;gha;Tk; eaKk; 6.1 nfhs;if ntspg;ghl;L Rtu;f; ftpijfs;
Rtu;f;ftpijfis xl;L nkhj;jkhf Nehf;Fk; NghJ m njhlu;r;rpahfTk;> jk; czu;Tfis te;jthfpNy ntspg;g ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJTk; fz;$L. MapDk; rpy R rpwpJ Kd; jpl;lk; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;litahfTk; nfhs;s ntspg;gl;Lf;Fg; gjpyhff; nfhs;if ntspg;ghl;ilf; nf fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jifa Rtu;f;ftpijfis 70 - 80 fspy
364

h[p];jpNul; fpq;f;];Nghu;l; vd;gtu; kPJ ntbFz;L tPrpa u; J}f;fpyg;gLtjw;F Kd; rpiwr; Rtupy; fupapdhy; jdJ j.
k;kh!
; capuhd mk;kh. ;wpy; Ak; ehd; gpwg;Ngd;. hdh?
d; jOk;G ,Uf;Fk;.
f;fpakpf;f xUrpy gjpTfs; gw;wpg; Ngrg;gLtJ jtpu
lhj xd;whfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.
;jy;
vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;s ngUk;ghyhd Rtu;f;ftpijfs; lf;F khfhzq;fspy; Fwpj;j rpy ,lq;fspy; vNjl;irahf Ujp gy;fiyf;fof tpLjp kw;Wk; E}yfk;> tFg;giw ;lit. jdpik> mOj;jk;> Mjq;fk;> kw;Wk; kpifahd hwhd ,ay;ghd ftpijfis ntspg;gLj;j tha;g;gspf;Fk; MfNt fhj;jpukhd gilg;Gfs; fpilf;ff;$bajhff; kJ cs;sf; fplf;iffis vOjj; J}z;Lk; kdtOj;jk; pKfhk;fs;> kw;Wk; gilj;jyq;fs; Kjyhd ,lq;fisAk; f;fq;fs; ,t;tha;tpy; KKikgl cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy. s; jpul;lg;gl;bUf;Fkhapd; ,d;Dk; tYthd gilg;Gfs;
u;f; ftpijfs; khj;jkhf Nehf;Fk; NghJ mit tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj;jpd; fis te;jthfpNy ntspg;gLj;JtJk; gjpTnra;tJkhd k; fz;$L. MapDk; rpy Rtu;f;ftpijfs; Nehf;fk; fUjp jg;gl;litahfTk; nfhs;sf; $bait. ,it czu;T hs;if ntspg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;likAk; jd;ikajhff; ;ftpijfis 70 - 80 fspy; 

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ngupJk; fhzKbe;jJ. jkpo;j; Njrpak; rhu;e;Jk; murpay; r tbf;fg;gl;ld.
“jkpoidj; jkpod; Nghw;wpd; juzp jkpiog; Nghw;Wk;”
“capu; jkpOf;F cly; kz;Zf;F”
“Mz;l guk;giu kPz ;Lk; xUKiw Ms epidg;gjpy; vd;d Fiw”
Kjyhd tupfs; ,j;jifait. ,ijj; njhlu;e Nghf;Fk; jkpo;j; Njrpa czu;Tk; nfhz;l ,isQu; FO ,j;jifa czu;r;rpf; ftpijfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. Kd;dhaj;jj;Jld; tbtikf;fg;gl;Lg; gpd; Rtu;f; ftpi ghlrhiyfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> E}yfq;fs;> Rtu;fs;> tPj kf;fisj; jk; nfhs;iffspd; ghy; vOr;rpA+l;Ltjw;fhf ,i
6.2 fhjYk; moFzu;rpAk;
nghJthff; fl;bsikg; gUtj;ijf; flf;Fk; NghJ jk; cs;sj;J czu;Tfisg; gjptpf;f ,lk; NjLfpd;wd ce;Jjy;fs; ntspg;gl KidAk; NghJ> mtw;iw ntspg Nfhg;Gk; jilfSk; Kd;dpw;fpd;wd. ,it ,uz;bdJ gjpTfisf; fhzyhk;. my;gpnul; fpd;Nra; kw;Wk; Nguhrpu Ma;Tfs; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy Mz;fspdhy; vOjg;gl;lit v clypd;gf; fpsu;r;rp> me;juq;f cly; $W Kjyhdtw;iw vOJtjd; %yk; jkf;Fs; xUtiff; fpsu;r;rpiaj; c Kidg;Ng ,j;jifa ngUk;gyhd ftpijfspy; njupfpd;w Kbahj msTf;Fr; r%fg; Gof;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jf; $r;rg;gL ngUk;ghyhd ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW vO itj;jpUf;Fk; tf;fpuj;ij ntspg;gLj;JtJ xUtif c $baJ.
,jw;F Kuzhf nkd;ikahd fhjy; czu;Tk; moF gilg;Gfs; ,j;jifa Rtu;f; ftpijfspy; fhzf; fpilf;fpd
gy;fiyf; fofg; gbg;gf Nkir xd;wpy; gjpthfp ,Ue jhd; fw;w ngsjPf tpay; (,aw;gpay;) mwptpidAk; ntspg;g
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; Njrpak; rhu;e;Jk; murpay; rhu;e;Jk; ,j;jifa ftpijfs;
pod; Nghw;wpd; g; Nghw;Wk;”
cly; kz;Zf;F”
u iw py;
fait. ,ijj; njhlu;e;Jte;j fhyq;fspy; jPt pug; ;Tk; nfhz;l ,isQu; FOf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;w NghJk; fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. ,j;jifa ftpijfs; rpwpa ;fg;gl;Lg; gpd; Rtu;f; ftpijfshfg; gjpT nra;ag;gl;ld. ;fs;> E}yfq;fs;> Rtu;fs;> tPj pfs; vdg; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; ghy; vOr;rpA+l;Ltjw;fhf ,it gjpTnra;ag;gl;ld.
Utj;ijf; flf;Fk; NghJ ,isQu;fSk; AtjpfSk; ; gjptpf;f ,lk; NjLfpd;wdu;. ,aw;ifahd cly; cs k; NghJ> mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jKbahjgb r%ff; fl;Lf; pd;wd. ,it ,uz;bdJk; mOj;jq;fshf mtu;fspd; ul; fpd;Nra; kw;Wk; Nguhrpupau; epf; fy;rk; MfpNahu;fsJ z;fspdhy; vOjg;gl;lit vdf; fUjg;gLk; gy ftpijfs; cly; $W Kjyhdtw;iwg; gw;wpajhff; fhzg;gl;ld. Utiff; fpsu;r;rpiaj; cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;tJ Nghd;w hd ftpijfspy; njupfpd;wJ. nghJj; jsj;jpy; gjpTnra;a ;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jf; $r;rg;gLk; nrhy;yhly;fNs ,tu;fspd; g;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW vOJtjd; %yk; jkf;Fs; mlf;fp spg;gLj;JtJ xUtif csf; NfhshwhfNt ghu;f;ff;
ahd fhjy; czu;Tk; moF tUzidAk; nfhz;l gy
pijfspy; fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wd.
kir xd;wpy; gjpthfp ,Ue;j ,e;jf; ftpij fhjiyAk; pay;) mwptpidAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjha; cs;sJ.
365


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366
“fhjy; rf;jpr; nrhl;L Quantum.
vg;gb ,e;j xspr;nrhl;L ,uj;jpdj;jpDs; GFe;J nfhz;lJ.
vd; ,jaj;jpy; ,ts; epidg;G”
fjpu;g;gile;J xspr;nrhl;L guTtJ Nghyf; fhjy; gu kPz ;Lk; kPz ;Lk; KO mfj;njwpg;giltJk; ntspNawhjt Jyq;fr; nra;tJkhd ,ay;Gfs; moFw xg;gPL nra;ag;gLfp
,Nj Nghyj; jd; capupid mtsplj;jpy; njhiyj tpgupf;Fk; kw;nwhU ftpij. kjF xd;wpd; gpd;Gwk; vOjg;g
“Njd;gL kyu;Kfk; G+e;Jfpy; ,U Flk; Ve;jpa ,sQ; rpW nfhb jhNdh.
khd; tpop kUspNa Njd; nkhop mUspj; jd; Cdpil vd; capu; gjpj;jhNs.”
moF rhu;e;j  ,uj;jpdf; fy;ypDs; wpg;giltJk; ntspNawhjthW cs;spUe;J mf;fy;iyj; s; moFw xg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
d mtsplj;jpy; njhiyj;Jtpl;l fhjy; ntspg;ghl;il jF xd;wpd; gpd;Gwk; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
;Kfk; lk; rpW nfhb jhNdh.
spNa Uspj; jd;
apu;
iyAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,f;ftpij rw;W kuGtop rhu;e;jjhf ke;Js;sJ. tupfs; kpf ,ay;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
hz;l kw;nwhU ftpij gy;fiyf; fofnkhd;wpd; Mz;fs;
Ue;jJ.
( .).”
j Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ftpijapd; fl;likg;G; Gs;spia
s;sJ.
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Mz;L vl;L khztd; xUtdpd; ghlf; nfhg;gpa thRNjtdpd; tpku;rdf; Fwpg;gpy; ,g;gb xU tUzpg;G Fw
“tay; fhw;wpy; mirtijg; Nghy cd; eil moF.”
ngz;fspd; gilg;Gfs; vdf; fUjf; $ba gy fhjy kw;Wk; fhjy; rhu;e;j rpf;fy;fisg; ghL nghUshff; nfhz;L Njhd;Wk; fhjy; tag;ghl;L epiyiag; ngz;fspd; ft Kbfpd;wJ. jk; fhjy; tag;ghl;ilj; jkpo;g; ngz;fs; nt vz;zj;Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. MdhYk; fhjy; rhu;e;J jhk; v ftpijg; gjpTf;fis ,tu;fspd; gy ftpijfspy; fhzK
,f;ftpij ngz; xUtupd; Fwpg;NgL xd;wpy; fhzg;g
“njspe;j ePuha; ,Ue;j vd; kdk;- ,d;W Nrw;W ePuha; khwpaJ ngsu;zkp Nghy; ,Ue;j vd; Kfk; - ,d;W mkhthir Nghy; khwpaJ jpdKk; Gd;diff;Fk; vd; cjL GOjp gbe;J Ngha;f; fplf;fpd;wJ xt;nthU epkplKk; cUFk; vd; tpopfs; - ntwpj;Jg; Ngha; ,Uf;fpd;wJ ,ij vy;yhk; nra;j ePvdf;F vg;NghJ tpbT jug; Nghfpd;wha;’’.
fhjiy r%fj;jpw;F ntspg;gLj;j Kbahik> Kbnt tag;ghl;bd; gpd; fhjydhYk; Vidatu;fshYk; nfhLf;f neUf;fbfspd; ntspg;ghlhf ,f;ftpij cs;sJ. jpUkz tpbthfTk; mikAk; vd;gij ftpij $wp epw;fpd;wJ. kw;nwhU ftpij. ghlf; nfhg;gpnahd;wpd; gpd; cs; ml;ila
“cd; nksdk; vdf;Fj; njspthfg; Gupfpd;wJ. cd; Ngr;R vd;id kpfTk; Fog;Gfpd;wJ. Ngrhky; ,U ehk; NgrNtz;baij ek; nksdq;fs; Ngrpf; nfhs;sl;Lk;.”
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

xUtdpd; ghlf; nfhg;gpapy; gjpthapUe;jjhf ftpQu; py; ,g;gb xU tUzpg;G Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
ijg; Nghy
df; fUjf; $ba gy fhjy; ftpijfs;> fhjy; Njhy;tp sg; ghL nghUshff; nfhz;L fhzg;gl;ld. Kjd;Kjyhfj; epiyiag; ngz;fspd; ftpijfspy; mupjhfNt fhz l;ilj; jkpo;g; ngz;fs; ntspg;gLj;j khl;lhu;fNsh vd hYk; fhjy; rhu;e;J jhk; vjpu;nfhz;l rpf;fy;fs; Fwpj;j pd; gy ftpijfspy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
; Fwpg;NgL xd;wpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
; ,Ue;j vd; kdk;- ,d;W hwpaJ hy; ,Ue;j vd; Kfk; - ,d;W hy; khwpaJ iff;Fk; vd; cjL
ha;f; fplf;fpd;wJ lKk; cUFk; vd; tpopfs; - ,d;W
; ,Uf;fpd;wJ nra;j ePvdf;F jug; Nghfpd;wha;’’.
pg;gLj;j Kbahik> KbntLg;gjpYs;s fyf;fk;> fhjy; Vidatu;fshYk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; mOj;jk; vdg; gy;NtW f;ftpij cs;sJ. jpUkzk; jhd; ,jw;F KbthfTk; j ftpij $wp epw;fpd;wJ. ,Nj Fog;gj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;w nahd;wpd; gpd; cs; ml;ilapy; gjpTnra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.
; vdf;Fj; pfpd;wJ.
k;
;baij s;
;Lk;.”
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368
fhjydpd; fhjy; kdijg; Gupe;J nfhz;l mtS ,Uf;Fk; td;ik vupr;rY}l;Lfpd;wJ. ‘Ngrhky; ,U ek; Fikfpwhs;. tha; jpwe;J Ngr Kbahtpl;lhYk; jd; Mjq;fj jUky;yth?
ghlf; nfhg;gp xd;wpd; gpd; Gwk; jpul;lg;gl;l kw;nwhU f gw;wp ,g;gbf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,f;ftpijiaAk; vOjpatu; xU
“,J ey;yjpy;iy vd czUk; mwpT vd;dplk; cz;L.
Mdhy; cd;  moF vd;gdtw;wpy; c re;jpf;fpd;whd;. xg;gPl ;lstpy; jd; fhjypiatpl cau;tha; , kdk; rQ;ryk; nfhs;Sfpd;wJ. Kw;fhjiyAk; jtpu;f;f K jd; epidT thdpd; nrhe;jf;fhup. mtis tpl;Ltpl;L mi jhNd mlf;FtJ Nghy ftpij Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

jg; Gupe;J nfhz;l mtSf;F mtdpd; Ngr;Rf;fspy; fpd;wJ. ‘Ngrhky; ,U ek; nksdq;fs; Ngrl;Lk;’ vdf; bahtpl;lhYk; jd; Mjq;fj;ij vOjpj; jzpg;gJ MWjy;
Gwk; jpul;lg;gl;l kw;nwhU ftpij Kiwapy;yhf; fhjiyg; tpijiaAk; vOjpatu; xU ngz;.
y vd
;L.
f;jp
id
KbahkYk; jtpf;Fk; fhjy; czu;T mf;ftpijapy; ; kw;nwhU ftpij ,g;gb tpupfpd;wJ.
; ngupjhapUf;fyhk;. Uf;fyhk;
;jpuq;fSk;
;.
hdj;jpd;
;
;
;jpuq;fSk; apLk;.
;Fk; NghJ fhjypy; tagl;l ,isQndhUtd; mf;fhjypy; jFjp> moF vd;gdtw;wpy; cau;e;j kw;Wk; gy ngz;fisr; d; fhjypiatpl cau;tha; ,Uf;Fk; mtu;fspd; el;gpdhy; . Kw;fhjiyAk; jtpu;f;f Kbatpy;iy. jd; fhjypjhd; hup. mtis tpl;Ltpl;L miyghahNj vdj; jd; kdijj;
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
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6.3 fhjy; Njhy;tp
fhjy; Njhy;tpfs; kw;Wk; fhj;jpUg;G> gpupT gw;wpa f mjpfk; gjpthfpd;wd. fPo ;tUk; ftpij jdpahu; fw;gpj;jy vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
“flw;fiu ,Ug;gJ fhjYf;fh? fhjyp ,Ug;gJ Ntjidf;fh? mts; mbf;fb rpupg;gJ ghtidf;fh?”
‘ePb g;G’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,g;gb xU gjpT fhjy; Njhy;tpi
ePb g;G “nghJ kd;dpg;G ehs;> mtru fhyr; rl;lk;> Vd; cdf;F KbT nrhy;y ehd; je;j fhy mtfhrk;”
fhjYf;F KbT nrhy;y nfhLj;j fhy mtfhrk; K ,y;iy. kdk; gijf;fpd;wJ. fhyk; fle;Jtpl;l gpd;d vd vq;Ffpd;whd;. fhyq;fle;J ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ,f;ftpi tpsq;fhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,uhZtj;jpy; ,Ue;J jg;gp Xba nfhLj;j nghJ kd;dpg;Gf; fhyj;ij muR ePb f;fpd;wJ. mtr mJ Nghy ,e;jf; fhy mtfrj;ijAk; ePb j;J cd; Kb ,f;ftpij.
mfehE}W jUk; jiytd;> jiytp gpupT epiy ,f;f njhopy; epkpj;jk; ntspehLfSf;F nrd;w jk; fztd;k ngz;fs; jk;Ks; vOg;Gk; Nfs;tpahf ,f;ftpij cs;sJ.
“kidtp fl;bypy;.. fztdpd; fhjy; Ngr;Rk; Kj;jq;fSk; xyp Ngrpapy;...”
njhlu;Grhjd trjpfs; vt;tsT jhd; tsu;e;jhY NjitfisAk; KOikg;gLj;jp tpl KbahJ. fzt njhiyNgrp Clhff; $lhJ. jd;id mUfpUe;J ghu;j;Jf vdj; jtpf;Fk; ngz;nzhUj;jpapd; kd Ntjid mJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; fhj;jpUg;G> gpupT gw;wpa ftpijfs; Rtu;f;ftpijfspy; ; ftpij jdpahu; fw;gpj;jy; ikak; xd;wpd; Nkirapy;
g;gJ fhjYf;fh? Ntjidf;fh?
;gb xU gjpT fhjy; Njhy;tpia tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
;G ehs;> l;lk;>
nrhy;y
mtfhrk;”
nfhLj;j fhy mtfhrk; Kbe;J tpl;lJ. ,d;Dk; gjpy; fhyk; fle;Jtpl;l gpd;dhtJ gjpy; nrhy;y khl;lhsh ;J ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ,f;ftpijapd; tupfs; rpy clNd tj;jpy; ,Ue;J jg;gp Xbatu;fSf;F kPs Tk; te;J Nru ;ij muR ePbf;fpd;wJ. mtru fhyr; rl;lj;ij ePbf;fpd;wJ. j;ijAk; ePb j;J cd; Kbit Vw;fj;jahu; vd;fpd;wJ
;> jiytp gpupT epiy ,f;fhyj;jpYk; ,y;yhky; ,y;iy. f;F nrd;w jk; fztd;khupd; gpuptpy; JaUw;wpUf;Fk; s;tpahf ,f;ftpij cs;sJ.
py;..
j;jq;fSk; ”
t;tsT jhd; tsu;e;jhYk; mit czu;TfisAk; j;jp tpl KbahJ. fztdpd; mizg;Gk; MjuTk; d;id mUfpUe;J ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s fztd; ,y;iyNa papd; kd Ntjid mJ.
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6.4 el;Gk; gpupTk;
fhjYf;F neUf;fkhd kw;nwhU czu;thf el;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gyUk; gythW czu;fpd;wdu;. mj;jifa fof tpLjpr; Rtu; xd;wpy; fhzKbe;jJ.
ez;gu;fs; vd;w nrhy; vOJNfhy; nfhz;L vOjg;gl Ntz;ba nrhw;fs; my;y; csp nfhz;L nrJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nrhw;fs;.
fhfpjj;jpy; vOjpf; frf;f Ntz;ba nrhw;fSky;y; fy;yiw nry;Yk; tiu epidtpy; Rkf;f Ntz;ba nrhw;fs;.
ghlrhiyfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> fy;Y}upfs; vd;gtw gpupitg; gyUk; ngupjha; czUfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa gpupit ,JTk; gy;fiyf; fofnkhd;wpd; tpLjp miwr; Rtupy; gj
“fz;zPU lDk; ftiyAlDk; fdTfs; Njbatdha; cq;fis tpl;L tpilngWfpd;Nwd;.”
,f;ftpijapy; :fdTfs; Njbatdha;’ vd;w thu gl;lg; gbg;ig Kbe;j gpd; jk; vjpu;fhyk; gw;wpa gy;NtW Vw;gLfpd;wd. Ntiy NjLtJ> FLk;gj;Jf;F NkYk; Rika ghuk; Rkf;f Ntz;ba epiy> vdg; gy;NtW mOj;jq;fSf gpupTk; elf;fpd;wJ.
6.5 eifr;RitAk; gupfhrKk;
fpz;ly;> eifr;Rit kw;Wk; gupfhrj; jd;ik vd;gt ftpijfspy; Kf;fpag;gl;L epw;fpd;wd. r%f rPu;ik fUj;J nrhy;Yk; ghzp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;ftpij ,yq;ifapy; fy ,ilapy; cs;s ghlrhiy xd;wpd; Nkirapy; vOjg;gl;bU
370

kw;nwhU czu;thf el;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. el;gpd; W czu;fpd;wdu;. mj;jifa ntspg;ghL xd;iw gy;fiyf;
Kbe;jJ.
;w nrhy; hz;L ;ba ; nrJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
jpf;
;
k; tiu
a nrhw;fs;.
fq;fs;> fy;Y}upfs; vd;gtw;wpy; xd;wha;f; fw;wgpd; Vw;gLk; Ufpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa gpupit ikag;gLj;jpa Fwpg;nghd;W.
pd; tpLjp miwr; Rtupy; gjpthfpapUe;jJ.
k; ;
tdha; ;L ;Nwd;.”
Njbatdha;’ vd;w thu;j;ij Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ. vjpu;fhyk; gw;wpa gy;NtW mOj;jq;fs; ,isQu;fSf;F > FLk;gj;Jf;F NkYk; Rikahf ,Uf;f Kbahik> FLk;gg; dg; gy;NtW mOj;jq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; mtu;fspd; ,e;jg;
;
k; gupfhrj; jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; ntspg;ghL rpy Rtu;f; pd;wd. r%f rPu;ik fUj;Jf;fisf; $l eifRitAld; J. ,f;ftpij ,yq;ifapy; fy;Kidf;Fk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fk;
;wpd; Nkirapy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
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“guPl ;ir! fhg;gpabj;j mtis - eP fhl;bf; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. fhuzk; gpukd; ujpiaf; fhg;gpabj;J mtisg; gilj;jpUe;jJ.”
KiwNfL xd;iw kiwj;j guPl ;ir mjpfhup xUti fhl;Ltjhf ,f;ftpij mikfpd;wJ.
moFk; ,sikAk; jJk;gp epw;Fk; xU ,sk;ngz; jd Njhw;Wg;Nghfpd;whs; NghYk;. ,g;gb xU gjpT.
“vd;Nd moF nfhopg;g mjid vq;nfhspg;g- ngz;Nz!’’
eifr;RitAk; vs;sYk; nfhz;l kw;nwhU ftpi ghly;fspYk; ,j;jifa vs;sy; ghq;Fila gy ftpijfis
“kr;rhspd; Njf kr;rq;fis vz;z kpr;r ehs; Mir
Xir nfhl;lhky; Fspay; miwapDs; vl;bg; gl;NlNd thspr; rku;”.
vjpu;g;ghyhu; xUtiu xUtu; fpz;ly; nra;tJk; mj;ji fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLtJk; gy fhykhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;w NgUe;J xd;wpd; ,Uf;ifapy; ,f;ftpij vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ
“ngz;Lfs; Qhdf; fUj;ij/FUj;ij mWf;Fk; tz;Lfs;.”
njd;idapd; FUj;ij tz;Lfs; mWj;J mij eh fz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. Mz;fsplk; jspu;tpLk; Qhdf; FUj mWj;J Qhdk; ngwtplhky; ngz;fs; jilahf ,Ue;J e Mz;fSf;F Qhdj;ij tide;J (mWe;J) ngz;fs njupatpy;iy.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

is - eP tpy;iy.
bj;J j;jpUe;jJ.”
;j guPl ;ir mjpfhup xUtiu fpz;ly; ghzpAld; Rl;bf; pd;wJ.
p epw;Fk; xU ,sk;ngz; jd; moif kiwf;f Kad;W
g;gb xU gjpT.
nfhopg;g hspg;g- ngz;Nz!’’
; nfhz;l kw;nwhU ftpij ,g;gb cs;sJ. ehl;lhu; ; ghq;Fila gy ftpijfisf; fhzyhk;.
;z r
pDs; vl;bg; pr; rku;”.
u; fpz;ly; nra;tJk; mj;jifa fpz;ly;fspy; ghy;epiyf; fhykhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. fy;Kid- mf;fiug;gw;W ,f;ftpij vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
j FUj;ij
z;Lfs; mWj;J mij ehrg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,ij ehk; k; jspu;tpLk; Qhdf; FUj;Jfis ,sk; gUtj;jpNyNa gz;fs; jilahf ,Ue;J ehrkhf;Ffpwhu;fNsh? ,y;iy de;J (mWe;J) ngz;fs; jhd; Nghjpf;fpd;whu;fNsh
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6.6 cs;ehl;Lg; NghUk; mjd; tpisTfSk;
fle;j Kg;gJ tUl fhykhf ehl;by; fhzg;gl;l Nghu gy;NtW kl;lq;fspYk; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa xd;whff; fhzg;gl Rtu;f; ftpijfspd; CL juprpf;ff; fpilj;jJ.
fy;Kidg; ghlrhiy xd;wpd; tFg;giw Nki vOjg;gl;bUe;jd.
“tPl ;by; Esk;gb> tFg;gpy; gpuk;gb> ntspapy; mjpub”
rpd;d cs;sq;fspd; kd cisr;ry; tupfspy; glk;gpbj;J Esk;G (jkpo;ehl;L tof;F nfhR) cwq;Fk; epk;kjpia mrpupaupd; gpuk;G khztu;fis gaKWj;Jfpd;wJ. (jw;NghJ Mrpupau; gpuk;G vLg;gjpy;iy vdr; nrhy;fpwhu;fs;) ntspapy gakhapUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j mf cisr;ry; re;jnthypg;Gld; n
kl;lf;fsg;G> nfhk;khJiwapy; gbg;gjw;fhfj; jq;fpapU xUtd; ,uT KOtJk; jhd; jq;fpapUf;Fk; tPl ;l;bd; thry xU ,utpy; jdJ kd cisr;riy Nfhit ml;ilapy; ,t
jdpik> ,uT jdp tPL ruf;> ru;f;... khQ;rUFfs; kzNyhL nehUq;Fk; kdk; kz;ilNahl;Lf;Fs; Position MFk;.
,jak; tpyh vd;GfSs; jd;id Eisj;J ntspNaw KaYk; Rje;jpu epidTfs; kdJs; ];jk;gpf;Fk; mtw;Ws; rpy khuilj;J kuzpj;Jg; NghFk;.
372

pisTfSk; hf ehl;by; fhzg;gl;l Nghu;r; R+oYk; mjd; ghjpg;GfSk; nrYj;jpa xd;whff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J rhu;e;j gy gjpTfis ;ff; fpilj;jJ.
xd;wpd; tFg;giw Nkirnahd;wpy; ,e;j tupfs;
b> b> b”
isr;ry; tupfspy; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. tPl ;bDs; fhR) cwq;Fk; epk;kjpiag; gwpf;fpd;wJ. tFg;giwapy; gaKWj;Jfpd;wJ. (jw;NghJ gps;isNeag; ghlrhiyfspy; dr; nrhy;fpwhu;fs;) ntspapy; mjpubg; giliaf; fz;lhy; isr;ry; re;jnthypg;Gld; ntsptUfpd;wJ.
apy; gbg;gjw;fhfj; jq;fpapUe;j gy;fiyf; fof khztd; jq;fpapUf;Fk; tPl ;l;bd; thrypy; ,uhZtk; fhty; epw;Fk; ;riy Nfhit ml;ilapy; ,t;thW gjpT nra;fpwhd;.
hUq;Fk;
Nahl;Lf;Fs; ;.
s; j;J Yk; Tfs;
pf;Fk;
Fk;.
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Esk;Gj; jpupapd; Gif tisaq;fSf;F Thrill fhl;btUk; Esk;gpd; rpZrpZg;G rpd%l;Lk; fz;fs; mNj xw;iw tupapy; kPz ;Lk; kPz ;Lk; csT ghu;f;Fk;.
ntspapy; cs;s ga%l;Lk; R+oy; khztdpd; gbg;i gLj;JtJk; fw;wiyj; njhlu Kbahky; kdQ; Roy gbj;j thrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyAk; kpfj; Jy;ypakhff ftpij Nghu;r; R+oiy ,g;gbf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J jd vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
“MAjNkh jhuhsk; Ml;fSf;Nf ,q;F gQ;rk;”
,f;ftpij ,uz;L tifahd nghUis jUtjhf cs;s kdpjhgpkhdk; eype;J tpl;lJ vdw nghUisAk; kw;nwhU cs;sJ Nghuhl thUq;fs; vd miog;gJ NghyTk; ,f;ft ftpij Nghupd; tpisTfisAk; ghjpg;GfisAk; gw;wpg vq;fs; mg;gh’ vDk; jiyg;gpy; gy;fiyf; fof tpLjp miw
vq;fs; mk;kh> vq;fs; mg;gh “NghUilj;j tPL fis GJg;gpf;f KbahJ- MapDk; Fbirf;F kz; Rkf;f $l ,y;iy vq;fs; mk;kh $z;Lf;Fs; vq;fs; mg;gh”
6.7 tho;tpay; Kuz;ghLfs;
tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; nghJthd Kuz;ghLfSk; ftpijfspd; ghLnghUshff; fhzg;gl;ld. ,ijj; jh njspTngw Kbahj gy;NtW kdf;ftiyfs; fye;j ntspg ,t;tha;tpy; Muhag;gl;l ftpijfs; nghJthf gy;fiyf; f Mjyhy; guPl ;irj; Njhy;tp> fw;wy; mOj;jk;> nghUshjhu gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfshf mike;jpUf;fyhk;. gy;fiyf; fhzg;gl;lJ ,f;ftpij.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; ;fSf;F k; rpZg;G
upapy; k; ;.
; R+oy; khztdpd; gbg;igf; Fog;gp kdijr; rQ;ryg; bahky; kdQ; Roy gbj;j tupfisNa kPz ;Lk; kPz ;Lk; yAk; kpfj; Jy;ypakhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. kw;nwhU bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J jdpahu; gbg;gf Nkir xd;wpy;
hsk; q;F gQ;rk;”
hd nghUis jUtjhf cs;sJ. MAjq;fs; kype;j R+oypy; vdw nghUisAk; kw;nwhU tifapy; MAjk; epiwaNt miog;gJ NghyTk; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ. kw;nwhU Ak; ghjpg;GfisAk; gw;wpg; NgRfpd;wJ. ‘vq;fs; mk;kh ; gy;fiyf; fof tpLjp miwr; Rtupy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
> vq;fs; mg;gh
PL fis hJ- MapDk;
; Rkf;f ;fs; mk;kh q;fs; mg;gh”
ghJthd Kuz;ghLfSk; mjpUg;jp epiyAk; gy;NtW fhzg;gl;ld. ,ijj; jhd; ftpij $Wfpd;wJ vd df;ftiyfs; fye;j ntspg;ghlhfTk; mjidf; $wyhk;. jfs; nghJthf gy;fiyf; fof;r; R+oypy; fhzg;gl;lit. w;wy; mOj;jk;> nghUshjhu neUf;fb vd;gd ,tw;wpd; ke;jpUf;fyhk;. gy;fiyf; fof tpLjp miwr; Rtupy;
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374
“tpopj;J tpopj;J ,uTfs; vupe;J nfhz;bUe;jhYk; tho;f;if vd;gJ vd;dNth Nrhfq;fs; jq;Fk; rj;jpukhfp tpl;lJ.”
kw;nwhU ftpij ,Nj tifahd tho;f;ifapd; ghbi
“rpd;dr; rpd;df; Nfs;tpfs; tpil njupahj J}uk; njhiytpy;.”
gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiu kz;lgf; fjpiunahd;wpy; (,J gjpthfp ,Ue;j kw;nwhU ftpij tpupTiuahsu;fspd; m khztdpd; fUj;ijg; Nghy njhzpf;fpd;wJ. ,J ‘,Nk[
,Nk[;
“Ntu;fspd; tpupTiufs; tpOJfl;F
‘ePq ;fs; jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gJ jhtuj;ijj; jhd; juzpia my;y.’
mg;gbahapd; Ntu;fs;.....?”
6.8 tpspg;Gzu;Tf; ftpijfs; mePjpiaf; fz;L ntFz;nlOjy;> ew;gz;Gfis vLj;Jf epw;Fk; Nghypj;jdj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy; vd;gdTk; ,j nghUsha; mike;J epw;fpd;wd. mur gz;iz xd;wpy; Kfh

;J
Ue;jhYk; ;gJ
hfp tpl;lJ.”
fahd tho;f;ifapd; ghbid tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
f;
z;lgf; fjpiunahd;wpy; (,J vOJk; if itj;j fjpiu) pij tpupTiuahsu;fspd; mwpTiuapy; Kuz;ghlile;j jhzpf;fpd;wJ. ,J ‘,Nk[;’ vdj; jiyg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
pTiufs;
;bUg;gJ d; ;y.’
fs; lOjy;> ew;gz;Gfis vLj;Jf; $Wjy;> r%fj;jpy; NkNyhq;fp f;fhl;Ljy; vd;gdTk; ,j;jifa Rtu;ftpijfspy; ghL . mur gz;iz xd;wpy; Kfhikahsu; jdJ KiwNflhd
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ghypdj; NjitfSf;F jdJ mjpfhuj;ij jtwhfg; gad gz;izapd; Ntypj; jfuk; RNyhfkhf Ve;jpf; nfhz;lJ ,d;wp Rtu;f; ftpijahf ntspg;gLj;jpdu; gz;iz Ntiy
“gLj;jtSf;F ghfw;fha; gwpf;Fk; Ntiy kWj;jtSf;F kz;ntl;b gpbf;Fk; Ntiy.”
‘gLj;jts;’ vd;gJ ‘mtdJ ,r;irf;F ,ire;jts;’ vd;g vd;gijAk; ,q;F ftdpf;f. ,j;jifa gz;glh nk ftpijfspd; ghL nghUs; fhj;jpukhdjhff; fhzg;gl;l Mtzg;gLj;JtJ rq;flkpf;fjhfpd;wJ. ,t;thW nghJtp ftpijfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,f;fl;Liuahsdpd; rpd;dg;gUtj;J mDgtk; xd;W. g fy;Kid efupy; jpdKk; re;jpf;Fk; me;j kdpjd;. cauK ,ilapilNa fhuzkpd;wpa Gd;dif. rpyNtis tha;t xUtuhf ed;F mwpag;gl;ltu;. mtu; tPj papy; flf;Fk; Ng fhypy; Mskhff; fPwp tpLfpd;wJ. FUjp gPwpLfpd;wJ. Fd vLj;j mtu;.
“Fg;gpNahNl ePjg;gpNahL Fg;igNkl;Lf;F”
vdf; $wptpl;L Nghj;jy; Jz;il Xukhf tPrp vwpe ,r;nray; kw;Wk; mjpypUe;j kd;dpg;Gj; jd;ik vdf;F Xl;il xU Gwk; tPrpa epjhdk; Kd;khjpupaha;g;gl;lJ. kd gjpe;jJ. vdJ 6 Mk; tFg;G r%ff; fy;tp nfhg;gpapd; ml;i gjpT nra;jpUe;Njd;.
“Fg;gpNahnl ePjg;gpNahL Fg;ig Nkl;Lf;F- cd;dhy; Jg;GNj ghu; fhy; tpuy;- Jspf; FUjp Nuhl;Lf;F jg;G ahu; Nky; jz;lid nra;Nad;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

mjpfhuj;ij jtwhfg; gad; gLj;Jfpd;whu;. ,ij me;jg; Nyhfkhf Ve;jpf; nfhz;lJ. jkJ vjpu;g;ig NtW top pg;gLj;jpdu; gz;iz Ntiyahl;fs;. mf;ftpij ,J.
;Fk; Ntiy
f;Fk; Ntiy.”
,r;irf;F ,ire;jts;’ vd;gjd; gz;glh nkhopg;gpuNahfk; ,j;jifa gz;glh nkhop tof;F fhuzkhf gy j;jpukhdjhff; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; mjid nghJtpy; hfpd;wJ. ,t;thW nghJtpy; Mtzg;gLj;j jaq;fpa gy
g;gUtj;J mDgtk; xd;W. gs;spf;Fg; Ngha;tUk; fhyj;jpy; pf;Fk; me;j kdpjd;. cauKk; fk;gPuKk; kpf;f Njhw;wk;. d;dif. rpyNtis tha;tpl;Lk; rpupg;ghu;. Gj;jpNgjKila ;. mtu; tPj papy; flf;Fk; NghJ xU Nghj;jy; XL mtuJ J. FUjp gPw pLfpd;wJ. Fdpe;J Nghj;jy; Xl;ilf; ifapy;
Pjg;gpNahL
”
Jz;il Xukhf tPrp vwpe;J tpl;Lr; nry;fpwhu;. mtuJ kd;dpg;Gj; jd;ik vdf;F tprpj;jpukhapUe;jJ. Nghj;jy; ; Kd;khjpupaha;g;gl;lJ. kdjpy; mtuJ nray; Mokha;g; %ff; fy;tp nfhg;gpapd; ml;ilapy; ,ij Koikg;gLj;jpg;
Pjg;gpNahL ;F- cd;dhy; y; tpuy;- Jspf;
;Nad;
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xg;Gf; nfhs;thah? Ntz;Lnkd;Nw ntz;kzypy; Gije;J epd;whah? ehAk; ePA k; ehDk; ez;gu; ahTk; ek; nrhe;jk; jPA k; $lg; ghAk; ePuha; khak; - ey;nyz;zk;”
vijAk; ey;nyz;zk; nfhz;L ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;> Ne jPu tprhupf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; fUj;Jf;fis ,f;ftpij jUf
7. njhFg;Giu
,j;njhFg;gpy; Nehf;fg;gl;l Rtu;f;ftpijfs; fhjy;> ,urpg;G> jd;epiyg;ghL> eifr;Rit my;yJ fpz;ly;> e tpisTfSk;> tho;tpay; Kuz;ghLfs;> tpopg;Gzu;Tf fhl;lg;glKbahj vjpu;g;G my;yJ Nfhgk; vdg; gy;jug;gl;l fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ntspg;gLj;jy; jd;ikapy; rkfhyf; ft fhzg;gLtJld; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; cwTk; fhzg;gL eaq;$w Kbahj msTf;F tpur czu;tpidAk;> nghJj msTf;F J}riz thu;j;ijfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; f Kjyhd ed;F mwpag;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fspd; re;jq;fSf;F m ,tw;Ws; rpy nrhy;y te;j tplaj;ij ve;jnthU kiwg;Gk MapDk; mtw;Ws; mfg;gl;Ls;s fUj;jpay; Kf;fpaj;Jt rpy r%fj;jpy; NkNyhq;fp epw;Fk; Mjpf;fj; jd;ikf;F v ,Ue;jd. jkJ kdjpy; Mog; gjpe;j Vf;fq;fs;> rQ;ryq kfpo;r;rpg; G+upg;G> gugug;G vd tpupe;j czu;T epiyg;ghLfi ,lj;jpNy te;j thfpNy gjpT nra;fpd;w gjpT nra;ag;gLf czhu;Tfspd; tbfhy;fshfTk; r%fj;jpd; ntspg;gi $lg; ghu;f;ff; $baJ. vdNt Rtu;f;ftpijfs; gw;wpa kj mtrpak; kpf;fJ vd;gJ njspthFk;.
8. KbTiu
Rtu;f;ftpijfs; njhlu;e;J eilg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf ,jd; NjlYk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk; r%fj;jpd; kw;nwhU nts ekf;Ff; fhl;Lk;. r%fj;jpd; czu;Tfis Nghypj;jdj;jpw;F epd;W fhz;gjw;F Rtu;f;ftpijfs; rpwe;j ClfkhFk;. M Mtzg; gLj;JtJk; E}yfnkhwpNyh my;yJ thrpg;gi $baJ my;y. Rtu;f; ftpijfs; xNu ,lj;jpy; Ftpe;J ,q;nfhd;whfr; rpjwpf; fplg;git. MfNt ePz ;l Njly; Kaw ,J KOikglr; rhj;jpakhFk;.

ah? w ntz;kzypy; hah? Dk; ez;gu; e;jk; k; ePuha; z;zk;”
hz;L ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;> NeNu Fw;wthspahf epd;whYk; Uj;Jf;fis ,f;ftpij jUfpd;wJ.
;l Rtu;f;ftpijfs; fhjy;> kd cior;ry;> ,aw;if r;Rit my;yJ fpz;ly;> el;Gk; gpupTk;> NghUk; mjd; uz;ghLfs;> tpopg;Gzu;Tf;ftpijfs;> ntspg;gilahff; J Nfhgk; vdg; gy;jug;gl;l ghL nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L ;jy; jd;ikapy; rkfhyf; ftpijr; nry;newpfspd; jhf;fk; hly;fspd; cwTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; gy tpje;J pur czu;tpidAk;> nghJj;jsj;jpy; gjpT nra;a Kbahj fisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gl;ld. rpy jpUf;Fws; f;fpaq;fspd; re;jq;fSf;F mikaTk; vOjg;gl;bUe;jd. aj;ij ve;jnthU kiwg;Gkpd;wpg; gr;irahff; $Wtd. ;s fUj;jpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jf; fUjj;jf;fit. ;Fk; Mjpf;fj; jd;ikf;F vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhLg;gitahf ; gjpe;j Vf;fq;fs;> rQ;ryq;fs;> mlf;fKbahj Mirfs;> pupe;j czu;T epiyg;ghLfisr; Rke;J epw;fpd;wd. te;j nra;fpd;w gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;w gz;gikT fhuzkhf Tk; r%fj;jpd; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikahd KfkhfTk; Rtu;f;ftpijfs; gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfSk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
hFk;.
eilg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU Mf;fg;gjpT Kaw;rp. k; r%fj;jpd; kw;nwhU ntspg;gilj;jd;ikahd Kfj;ij u;Tfis Nghypj;jdj;jpw;Fk; mOj;jq;fSf;Fk; ntspapy; jfs; rpwe;j ClfkhFk;. MapDk; mtw;iw NjLtJk; khwpNyh my;yJ thrpg;giwapNyh ,Ue;J Mw;wg;glf; fs; xNu ,lj;jpy; Ftpe;J fplg;gdTky;y. mq;nfhd;W . MfNt ePz ;l Njly; Kaw;rpapy; gyuJ gq;Nfw;GlNdNa ;.
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mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_poems_in_Leiden ghu;f 2. jpdf;fjpu;> ‘’ekJ E}yfk;’’> ,yq;if jkpo; ehspjo;> rd 3. Nick Haslam (2012)> Psychology in the Bathroom, Palgr viewed at http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/a 6&editionID=214&volumeID=25 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khudiram_Bose, ghu;f;fg;gl;l
Mjhuq;fs; 1. Brett Wolff> (2010) “The Writing on the stall :Graffiti, va
Kaleidoscope: Vol.9>Article11.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

all_poems_in_Leiden ghu;f;fg;gl;l ehs; rdtup 12>2013. ,yq;if jkpo; ehspjo;> rdtup 25-31>1998 gf;fk; 13
gy in the Bathroom, Palgrave Macmillan, pp 430-433
hologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm?ArticleID=207 5 hudiram_Bose, ghu;f;fg;gl;l ehs;> ngg;utup 25> 2013
ng on the stall :Graffiti, vandalism>and social Expression”,
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Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba - Mtzg;gLj;jj; jt
Muk;gfhy ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfs;
1. Ma;T Nehf;fq;fs;
mr;rpy; ntspte;j> Kw;gl;l>  ,Ug;gdtw Mu;tkpd;ik> r%f Nehf;Fila ,yf;fpa mikg;Gf gjpTfspd;ik Kjyhd fhuzq;fspdhy; mwpag;gl Kf;fpaj;JtKk; mwpag;glhJs;sJ. ,j;jpahfg; gilg;Gfs;. rQ Njly;fSf;F mfg;gl;Ls;stw;Ws; ,yf;fpa tif mbg;gi mwpKfk; nra;tJk;  ,it Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bajd; m ,t; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fq;fshfpd;wd.
2. Ma;T%yq;fs; :
Nkw;$wpa mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; rQ;rpiffSk vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
rQ;rpif : ‘ghujp> khju;kjp khypif’. ftpij : ‘Nkiyj;Nja kJghd Ntbf;if
Ntbf;ifg; ghf;fs’; (3k; ghfk;) ehty; : mdpr;rkyh; ehl;lhupyf;fpak; : G+rzpahs; fij
ghQ;rhyp rgjk; Ma;T : ‘jkpo;g;ghi\’ tpkh;rdf; fl;Liu : ‘ghujpapd; jpwik vd;d?’ rpWfij : ‘rjpfhup’
3. rQ;rpif : 3.1. ‘ghujp’1 3.1.1. mwpKfk; : Mrpupah;fs; : eph;thf Mrpupah;
gjpg;ghrphpah; gpuRufh;j;jh

;gl Ntz;ba - Mtzg;gLj;jj; jtwpa -   trjpfspd;ik> ,Ug;gdtw;iw NjlKbahj epiyik> ila ,yf;fpa mikg;Gfspd;ik> tplaQhdkpd;ik> huzq;fspdhy; mwpag;glhJs;sd| mwpag;gl;ltw;wpd; J. ,j;jpahfg; gilg;Gfs;. rQ;rpiffSs; - ,f;fl;LiuahsuJ s; ,yf;fpa tif mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpakhd rpytw;iw f;fpa tsh;r;rpg; gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,tw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; zg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;i j czur;nra;t JNk ;wd.
gpd;tUk; rQ;rpiffSk; gilg;GfSk; ftdj;jpw;F
p> khju;kjp khypif’.
yj;Nja kJghd Ntbf;iff; Fk;kp’> ‘jw;fhy ehfuPf f;ifg; ghf;fs’; (3k; ghfk;) pr;rkyh;
pahs; fij ;rhyp rgjk; ;g;ghi\’ papd; jpwik vd;d?’ hup’
pupah;fs; : eph;thf Mrpupah; : f.nrguj;jpdk;
gjpg;ghrphpah; : k.ehfypq;fk; gpuRufh;j;jh : F.j.FU%h;j;jp
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fhyk; : 1948 - 1950 Kftup : epu;thf Mrpupah;> ghujp fhhpahy
kz;^u; EP tpiy (Xupjo;) : 30 rjk;; tUl re;jh : ehd;F
fpilj;Js;sit : 10 ,jo;fs;
3.1.2 Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
3.1.2.1. etPd ftpij: 3.1.2.1.1. etPd ftpij cUthf;f k; : rkfhyj;j py; VyNt nt 47) Na  xg;gpl;L N kWkyu;r;rpapy; ntspte;j r%f Nehf;Fila ftpijfs khwhf> ghujpapy; ntspte;Js;sit mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk
c-k; ,Jth nghq;fy; :
- ftp.[p.vk;.nry;tuh
“Viofisf; $g;gpl;L> Vrpg; Ngrp Vyhj Ntiyfisr; nra;Jtpl;L ‘ehis th $ypju’ ntd;W nrhy;yp ehl;lhz;ik fhl;bnae; ehSe; jq;fs; NgioapNy epug;gptpl;l gzj;ijf;nfhz;L ngUikAld; Cuwpag; nghq;fypl;L thioapiy ntl;bajpy; Gf;if fl;b twpath;f;F toq;FtJk; nghq;fyhNkh?” .................................... ❒ nkhopAzu;r;rpf; ftpijg; Nghf;fpd; Muk;gj;ijAk
c-k; ,d;Dk; cwq;Ftjh?
- guk`k;r jhrd;
gy;ytp ,d;Dk; cwq;Ftjh? jkpoh eP ,d;Dk; cwq;Ftjh? vd;d klikalh> fd;dpj;jkpoh> eP(,d;D
mDgy;ytp nghd;dpd; ,sq;fhiy Gyu;e;Jynfq;FNk G+uz Rje;jpu Ngupif Koq;ifapy; (,d;D
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

8 - 1950 ;thf Mrpupah;> ghujp fhhpahyak;>
;^u; EP jk;; tUl re;jh : ehd;F
jo;fs;
hf;fk; : rkfhyj;jpy; VyNt ntspte;J s;s kWkyu;r;rp (1946- japd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fzprkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;Js;sJ s;sJ.2 MapDk;> xg;gpl;L Nehf;fpy; mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ r%f Nehf;Fila ftpijfs; Kf;fpaj;JtKiladty;y.
s;sit mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWgit.
y; :
- ftp.[p.vk;.nry;tuh[;
g;gpl;L> Vrpg; Ngrp isr; nra;Jtpl;L pju’ ntd;W nrhy;yp hl;bnae; ehSe; jq;fs; ug;gptpl;l gzj;ijf;nfhz;L Cuwpag; nghq;fypl;L tl;bajpy; Gf;if fl;b oq;FtJk; nghq;fyhNkh?” .............. jg; Nghf;fpd; Muk;gj;ijAk; ‘ghujp’apy; fhzyhk;: tjh?
guk`k;r jhrd; gy;ytp ;Ftjh? jkpoh eP ;Ftjh? lh> fd;dpj;jkpoh> eP(,d;Dk;)
mDgy;ytp q;fhiy Gyu;e;Jynfq;FNk Ngupif Koq;ifapy; (,d;Dk;)
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ruzk; md;dpa Nkhfj;jhy; jd;khdk; Jwe;jhNa mbikg; gpzpahy; cd; Mw;wiy kwe;jhN gd;ndL ehsplu;g; gl;lJ NghjhNjh? ige;jkpo;g; gzpf; (F) cld; gha;e;Njhb t
..............................................
3.1.2.1.2. trd ftpijapd; Muk;gk; Vw;fdNt ‘ %dh fhdh (kl;lf;fsg;G)
d;Ndhbf; ftpQh; rpyiu ,dq;fhl;bAs;sJ ;
: K];yPk ; kf;fsJ FLk;g tho;f;ifg; gpur;rpidia k;ngw;Ws;sJ.
zu;Tfisr; rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLj;Jk; rpWfij ,lk; Afk;). xg;gPl ;L Nehf;fpy; ,it Kjd; Kaw;rpfshk;.
;jpNy rpWfijg; Nghl;b elj;jp ,sk; vOj;jhsh;fis
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3.1.2.3. fl;Liu/jfty;:
3.1.2.3.1. rkfhy  murpay;> ,yf;fpag; N jfty;fSk; xg;gPl ;L Nehf;fpy; mjpfkhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;s c-k; : ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu : ‘,Ugjhk; E}w;whz (re;jpuehjd;)4
❒ r%fr; rhh;ghd fl;Liu : ‘jPz ;lhikapd; jpU eld ❒ murpay; rhh;ghd fl;Liufs; : ‘NguwpQd;> Ngdhg; G
MA.’ (vk;.v];.ghY> te;jhW%iy) ❒ murpay; rhh;ghd jfty; : ‘kl;Lefupy; fUQ;rl;il t
3.1.2.4. Mrphpaj; jiyaq;fk; :
Xg;gPl ;L Nehf;fpy; rkfhy murpay;> r%fk;> ,yf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpd;w gy tplaq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s c-k; : ‘Mrpa khehL’ (gpw;fhy mzpNruh ehLfs; mik ‘ngg;Utup-4’ (,yq;if Rje;jpuk; ngw;w Ntisapy; c njhlh;ghd thjg; gpujpthjq;fs; gw;wp)
3.2. ‘khjh;kjpkhypif’7 3.2.1. mwpKfk; : khjh; kjpkhypif jpUNfhzkiy ntspte;jit : 04 ,jo;fs; (1927-1930) 3.2.2. Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:
3.2.2.1. ngz;fs; mikg;gpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l Kjw; r 3.2.2.2. ngz;fs; gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;ghf>  mwpiQfs; vOjpa fl;Liufs; ,lk;ngw;w kj;jpapy; tpopg;Gzh;r;rp Vw;gLk; tha;g;G cUthfpaJ. c-k;: ngz;fs; %isapy; Nghjpa mwptpy;iyah? - jpU 3.2.2.3. mNj Ntisapy; mwpT tsh;r;rpf;Ffe;j fl Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. c-k;: cyfj;jpd; cw;gj;jp - ,uh[uh[d; 3.2.2.4. rkfhyj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiyapy; (1919y;) cU rq;fk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gJk; gad;juf;$
4. ftpij: 4.1. ‘Nkiyj;Nja kJghd Ntbf;iff; Fk;kp’9: 4.1.1. mwpKfk;:
E}y;: Nkiyj;Nja kJghd Ntbf;iff; Fk;kp ,aw;wpath; : Qhdhk;gpif
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

r%f> murpay;> ,yf;fpag; Nghf;Ffs; rhh;e;j fl;LiufSk; py; mjpfkhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. u : ‘,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lg; Gyth;fSk; rKjhaKk;’
: ‘jPz ;lhikapd; jpU eldk;’ (D.T.nry;tehafk;)5 ufs; : ‘NguwpQd;> Ngdhg; Gul;rp tPud; C.N.mz;zhJiu
%iy)
; : ‘kl;Lefupy; fUQ;rl;il tPuu;fs;’6
murpay;> r%fk;> ,yf;fpak; rhh;e;j tplaq;fSf;F gy tplaq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. hy mzpNruh ehLfs; mikg;G cUthf;f Muk;g khehL) je;jpuk; ngw;w Ntisapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpuf;nfhb q;fs; gw;wp)
pkhypif jpUNfhzkiy khjh; If;fpa rq;f ntspaPL 927-1930)
pdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l Kjw; rQ;rpif dfs; njhlh;ghf> 

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Mz;L : jug;gltpy;iy (vLj;jhz;l tpla ngw;wpUe;jikahy; ,e;E}y; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; nts
4.1.2. Kf;fpaj;Jtk:;
4.1.2.1. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gfhyf; ftp ntspg;gLfpd;whh;. 4.1.2.2. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rp vjph;g;Gf; Fuyhf ,dq;fhz cs;sd.
c-k; “tpe;ij apjd;Nwh FbFb Nfnld;W
tps;s tptuh rhl;rpapw; js;shky; ve;jf; Fwpr;rpf;F kPw ;wpw; FbFb
vd;wy;Nyh nry;fpwhh; ghUkb”
4.2. ‘jw;fhy ehfuPf Ntbf;ifg; ghf;fs’ (%d;whk; ghfk;) 4.2.1. mwpKfk;:
E}y; : ‘jw;fhy ehfuPf Ntbf;ifg;ghf;fs;’9
A
(%d;whk; gh ,aw;wpath; : kz;iljPT gpuk=.rp.mfpNyRturu;kh ntspaPL : nfhf;Ftpy; Nrhjplg;gpufhr ae;jpurhiy>
2k; gjpg;G: 1933 4.2.2. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :
4.2.2.1. Kg;gJfspd; Kf;fpakhdnjhU ftpQh; ,tnud 4.2.2.2. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rp vjph;g;Gf; Fuyhf ,dq;fhz cs;sd. c-k;:
ehl;bw; fs;is Ntz;lhnkd;W
js;Sfpd;whh; ehfuPf cyfpy; Fbj;Jj;
Js;Sfpd;whh; tPl ;bw; fhir md;dpah; ifapy;
nfhl;Lfpd;whh; tpwz;bg; ngl;bf; fhfj; jPh;it
fl;Lfpd;whh;
5. etPd fhtpak; : 5.1.‘mwpKfk;’ :- ‘rjhrpt yPyh rupj;jpuk;’11
vOjpath; : R.nghd;dk;gyk; Mz;L : 1929 fijr; RUf;fk; : aho;g;ghzj;ijr; Nrh;e;j tapj;jpypq;fh murNrit Gupgtd;. mq;Fs;s rpq;fstuhd Fyj;Jq;f fhjypf;fpd;whd;; jdJ ngw;Nwhupd; gyj;j vjph;g;gpidr; nra;Jnfhs;fpd;whd;.

;iy (vLj;jhz;l tplak; Kg;gJfspNy Kjd;ik ;E}y; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ntspte;jpUf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ)
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vjph;g;Gf; Fuyhf ,dq;fhzg;glf;$ba ghly;fshf ,it
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5.2. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; : 5.2.1. jkpou; - rpq;fstu; xw;Wik gw;wpa 

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6.2.2. Nkw;$wpa tpjj;jpy; ajhh;j;j Nehf;fpyhd
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Vnddpy; rkfhyj;jpy; fw;gi ngUkstpy; ntspte;J nfhz;bUe;jd 6.2.3. ehty; Kf;fpag;gLj;Jfpd;w gpur;rpidf;fhd jPh;T
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mdpr;rkyh; jhd; tpUk;gpa fhj mike;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Nkw;$wpa tpUg;g Kf;fpak; ngw;wpUg;gpDk; rkfhyr; rPj d Kiwi Kiwfs;> Kjypad gw;wpAk; ehtY}lhf mwpa Kbf 6.2.4. fhjw; jpUkz Mjhpg;gpw;F goe;jkpopyf;fpaf; fh mike;jpUg;gJk; goe;jkpopyf;fpar; nra;As;fs; Nk ehtyhrphpauJ jkpo;g; gw;wpid ntspg;gLj;j tpkh;rfh;fshy; ,e;E}y; ghuhl;lg;gl;bUg;gJk; Fwpg f.fzgjpg;gps;is) 6.2.5. ehty; thrpg;G ehl;lk; rkfhyj;jpy; Fd;wpapUe;j
ntsptUtJ Fiwthf ,Ue;jjhfTk; Md jfty ftdj;jpw;FupaJ. (ehw;gJfspy; vOjg;gl;l ehty; Ik fhuzk; mitNa).
7. Ma;T: 7.1. ‘jkpo;g;ghi\’13 7.1.1. mwpKfk;
E}y; : jkpo;g; ghi\ Mrphpah; : jpUf;Nfhzkiy j.rutzKj;Jg;gps;is mr;Rg;gjpT : Ffd; mr;rfk;> njy;ypg;gis (Kjw; gpuRu t E}ypd; KjYU fl;Liuj; njhluhf jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J nt ntspte;Js;sJ (Mz;L mwpAkhwpy;iy) 7.1.2. Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:
7.1.2.1. jkpo; nkhop tuyhW njhlh;ghfTk;> jkpo; ,y rkfhy jkpof mwpQh;fs; rpyUk;  Ma;thsuJ Kjd;ik ngw;Ws;sJ. mjhtJ Ma;thsJ mZFK nfhz;ljhf mike;Js;snjd;gNj ,q;F tw;GWj;jg;g ,t;top E}ypd; rpy gFjpfis ,q;F vLj;jhs;tJ mt c-k;:1 jkpo;nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpr; rpe;jpg;Nghh; gyU NgRtNj tof;fkhFk;. jp.j.rutzKj;Jg;gps;is mJ vOg;Gfpd;whh;. mt;tpjj;jpy; Xhplj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW Fw
384

ajhh;j;j Nehf;fpyhd ehtyhfTk; fhzg;gLtJ ddpy; rkfhyj;jpy; fw;gidg;ghq;Fila ehty;fNs
nfhz;bUe;jd pd;w gpur;rpidf;fhd ;rkyh; jhd; tpUk;gpa jPh;T
fhjyid 3
rl;lG+h;tkhd tpthfuj;ijg; kWkzk; nra;tjhf plj;jf;fJ. Nkw;$wpa tpUg;gkw;w jpUkzk; vd;w tplaNk k; rkfhyr; rPjd Kiwikfs;> ePjpkd;w tprhuiz ;wpAk; ehtY}lhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ;gpw;F goe;jkpopyf;fpaf; fhjw; nfhs;if ce;Jrf;jpahf kpopyf;fpar; nra;As;fs; Nkw;Nfhshf ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gJk; ; gw;wpid ntspg;gLj;jpaik fhuzkhf> rkfhy ; ghuhl;lg;gl;bUg;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. (c-k;: Nguhrpupah;
; rkfhyj;jpy; Fd;wpapUe;jjhfTk; mjdhy; ehty;fs; ,Ue;jjhfTk; Md jfty;fis ehty; njhpag;gLj;JtJ ;gJfspy; vOjg;gl;l ehty; Ik;gJfspy; ntspte;jikf;fhd
j.rutzKj;Jg;gps;is ;> njy;ypg;gis (Kjw; gpuRu tptuq;fs; jug;gltpy;iy) jhluhf jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J ntspte;j tpNtf rpe;jhkzpapy;
wpAkhwpy;iy)
hW njhlh;ghfTk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW njhlh;ghfTk; rpyUk;  Ma;thsuJ mZFKiw fhuzkhfTk; jhtJ Ma;thsJ mZFKiwahdJ mwptpaw; ghh;it njd;gNj ,q;F tw;GWj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tplakhfpd;wJ.
s ,q;F vLj;jhs;tJ mtrpakhdJ. hw;wk; gw;wpr; rpe;jpg;Nghh; gyUk; flTSld; njhlh;GgLj;jpg; p.j.rutzKj;Jg;gps;is mJ njhlh;gpy; gy tpdhf;fis y; Xhplj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;:
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jkpo;> flTs; NgRk; ghi\nad;ghuhapd; kW ghi\fs flTl;Fj; njhpahjh? kWghi\fs; NgRNthhplj;J flT Ntz;Lkhapd; jkpopNyah NgRthh;? my;yJ mtutu mtuth; ghi\iag; NgRthuhapd; jkpiof; flTs; Ng vd;gjhy; jkpOf;nfd;d gad;?.....
c-k;:2 jkpo;r; rq;fk; %d;W ,Ue;jnjd;gh; gyUsh;. jp.j.rutzKj;Jg;gps;isapd; Nehf;F tpj;jpahrkhdJ njhlh;gpy; mth; $WtjhtJ.
“cs;sij cs;sgb $wy; jkpo;g;gz;bjh; Fzkpd;ik cz;ikAk; mth; thapy; tUk;nghOJ cz;ik epwk ngha;ahfpd;wJ. MfNt rq;fq;fs; gw;wpf; $wpadtw;W cz;iknat;tsT ngha; GSF vt;tsntdf; fz;Lg njhlq;fy; gfPug;gpuaj;jdkhFk;. ,r;rq;fq;fs; xt;nth gy;yhapuk; tUlkpUe;jjhfTk; ,r;rq;fq;fspy; rptd;> Rg;gpukzpah; Kjypa flTsh; mq;fj;Jtuha; tPw ;wpUe;j ,r;rq;fq;fl;Fj; nja;tPf khd rq;fg; gy ifnahd;wpUe ,t;tpj gyfijfisf; $Wtjdhy; cs;s cz;ikA kiwe;J Nghfpd;wJ”
c-k;:3 jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y; tiffSnshd;whff; fUj Guhzq;fs; njhlh;ghf> jp.j.rutzKj;Jg;gps;is $W
“gpw;$w;Wg; Guhzq;fspd; fhyNk jkpOf;Ff; fypfhyk tpUj;jhg;gpakile;j jkpozq;fpw;Fg; gQ;rg;GyDk; ,f nfl;ldNghYk;. ,g;Guhzq;fNs jkpiog; ghohf;fpd NgWilapd. Miyapy;yh T+Uf;F ,Yg;ig G+ rh;f;fi NghyTk; jl;bg; Ngr Mspy;yhtpl;lhy; jk;gp rz;lg; gpurz;lndd;gJ NghyTk; fhhupif fw;W nrhw;nwhlh; gofpNdhh; ahtUk; Guhzk; vOjj; njhlq;fpd; jkpo; vd;dghLjhd; glhJ!”.......
8. ehl;lhhpyf;fpak; : 8.1. mwpKfk; :14
G+rzpahs; fij: (1975) njhFg;ghrpupah; : mUs; nry;tehafk;> ru];tjp Gj;jfrh ghQ;rhyp rgjk; (1975) njhFg;ghrpupah; : mUs; nry;tehafk;> ru];tjp Gj;jfrh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

nad;ghuhapd; kW ghi\fs; i\fs; NgRNthhplj;J flTs; Ngr
NgRthh;? my;yJ mtutuplj;J huhapd; jkpiof; flTs; Ngrpdhh; d;?.....
(gf;.2-3) ;W ,Ue;jnjd;gh; gyUsh;. pd; Nehf;F tpj;jpahrkhdJ. mJ J.
jkpo;g;gz;bjh; Fzkpd;ikapd; tUk;nghOJ cz;ik epwk; khwpg;
;fq;fs; gw;wpf; $wpadtw;Ws; GSF vt;tsntdf; fz;Lgpbf;fj; hFk;. ,r;rq;fq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; Tk; ,r;rq;fq;fspy; rptd;> sh; mq;fj;Jtuha; tPw ;wpUe;jdnudTk; d rq;fg; gy ifnahd;wpUe;jjhfTk;
tjdhy; cs;s cz;ikAk;
(g.10) ; tiffSnshd;whff; fUjg;gLk; .rutzKj;Jg;gps;is $WtjhtJ:
fhyNk jkpOf;Ff; fypfhyk;! zq;fpw;Fg; gQ;rg;GyDk; ,f;fhyj;Jf;
q;fNs jkpiog; ghohf;fpd ngUk; h T+Uf;F ,Yg;ig G+ rh;f;fiu ;yhtpl;lhy; jk;gp rz;lg;
; fhhupif fw;W nrhw;nwhlh; fw;fg; k; vOjj; njhlq;fpd; jkpo;
(g.16)
;tehafk;> ru];tjp Gj;jfrhiy> nfhOk;G
;tehafk;> ru];tjp Gj;jfrhiy> nfhOk;G
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8.2. Kf;fpaj;Jtk;: 8.2.1. ehl;lhhpyf;fpa tiffSnshd;whd fijg;ghly;f mhpjhfNt eilngw;W te;Js;sd. ,t;tpjj;jpy Kf;fpakhdnjhd;W. 8.2.2. ‘G+rzpahs; fij’ fz;ba uhrndhUtd; cyhte;j
G+rzpahs; vd;gtisf; fz;L fhjy; tag;gLtJk; m kWj;Jj; jw;nfhiy nra;tJk; gw;wpaJ. ,t;tpjj;jpNy f gw;wpa tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fSnshd;whf m rgjk; kfhghujj;Jld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ) 8.2.3. Nkw;$wpa fijg;ghly;fspd; tuT+lhf kl;l rhh;e;jnjhU eilKiw njhpatUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> r nfhz;lhl;lq;fspd;NghJ tPL fspNy CQ;ry; fl;b MLf ghlg;gl;L te;Js;sd15 vd;gNj mJthFk;. 8.2.4. Mo;e;J rpe;jpf;fpd;wNghJ> kl;lf;fsg;G ghuk;ghpaf; fy fy;tp Kiwf;Fhpa Clfkhf tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs; t ,t;tpjj;jpy; fijg;ghly;fSk; Kf;fpakhditna Ntz;banjhd;W. Kw;Fwpg;gpl;l fijg;ghly;fSf;Fk; , 8.2.5. gd;Kf MSikfs; nfhz;ltuhd kl;lf;fsg;G vO
vd;gtuJ ehl;lhhpyf;fpa Njly; Kaw;rp gw;wpAk; ,t;to
9. rpWfij : ‘rjpfhup’18 9.1. mwpKfk; : ,J E}y; njhFg;gd;W. jdpnahU rpWfi rQ;rpifapy; (,jo;:10 gf;fk;:5-6) vk;.vk;.]hyp`; vd;gtuh 9.2. Kf;fpaj;Jtk;: 9.2.1. ,f;fl;Liuahsu; Njlypd;gb  rpj;jpiu tUlg;gpwg;G Kjyhd PL fspNy CQ;ry; fl;b MLfpd;wNghJ ,j;jifa ghly;fs; ;gNj mJthFk;. J> kl;lf;fsg;G ghuk;ghpaf; fy;tp Kiw rhh;e;j nrtpNaw;wf; hf tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs; tpsq;fpte;Js;sdntd;gJk;16 ;fSk; Kf;fpakhditnad;gJk;17 kdq;nfhs;sg;gl pg;gpl;l fijg;ghly;fSf;Fk; ,J nghUe;JtNj.
hz;ltuhd kl;lf;fsg;G vOj;jhsh; mUs; nry;tehafk; jly; Kaw;rp gw;wpAk; ,t;top mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
Fg;gd;W. jdpnahU rpWfijahFk;. Kw;Fwpg;gpl;l ghujp 6) vk;.vk;.]hyp`; vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
pd;gb  rpWfij vOjpa K];ypk;
iwapy; gpuNtrpj;J 
s;slf;fk; Gul;rpfukhdJ. mjhtJ> nghUe;jh ; fztdJ nfhLikfs; jhq;fhJ mtidf; nfhiy ;sJ. eilg;ghq;F jdpj;JtkhdJ: ftdj;jpw;FhpaJ. c-k;: hz;bUf;Fk; ,uj;jj; Jspfisf; ftdpj;jhs;. Xt;nthU pfs; eldkhbd. Kjy; Jspiag; ghh;j;jhs;. Nfhtydpd; fp ,Wkhe;J fplf;fpd;whs;... ,uz;lhtJ Jspiag;
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ghh;j;jhs;... mkuhtjpapd; fw;fz;Lf; fd;dj;ij mk nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. %d;whtJ Jspiag; ghh;j;jhs;. i mjuq;fs; ,d;g Kj;jpiuapLfpd;wd ehd;fhtJ Jsp ,jaj;jpw;Fs; Kk;jh[; ifnfhl;br; rphpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
10. tpkh;rdf; fl;Liu : ‘ghujpapd; jpwik vd;d?’ 10.1 mwpKfk; : vOjpath; : ehtw;FopA+h; eluhrd; ghujp epidTkyupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. 10.2 Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 10.2.1. ghujpapaiyg; nghWj;jtiuapy;  fhjy; GhpAk; muk;igah; Nghy; ,s vd;W nrhy;Ytjhy; jkpo; ehL ngUikg;gLtjw;Fk; , (g.24)
11. KbTiu: 11.1. Njly;fSf;fhd mtrpakhdJ rQ;rpif> ftpij> eht
Ma;T> tpkh;rdk; vdg; gy;Jiw rhh;e;Js;sik Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. 11.2.  (i) etPd ,yf;fpa gq;F (ii) fhydpj;Jt vjph;g;Gg; Nghf;F (iii) ,d xw Nehf;fpyhd jkpo;nkhop> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; ghh;i Kjw; rpWfij (vi) fz;ld Nehf;fpyhd tpkh;rdk; (v (viii) ehl;lhhpay; vd gy;Jiw rhh;e;jJ MoKk; tphp vd;gJk; ,Jtiu $wpatw;wpypUe;J Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

fw;fz;Lf; fd;dj;ij mk;gpfhgjpapd; jsph;f;fuk; tUbf; tJ Jspiag; ghh;j;jhs;. iyyhtpd; EjypNy k[;Dtpd; pLfpd;wd ehd;fhtJ Jspiag; ghh;j;jhs;.... rh[fhdpd; fhl;br; rphpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;”
ujpapd; jpwik vd;d?’ ehtw;FopA+h; eluhrd; ;Ws;sJ.
tiuapy;  po; ehl;bw;Fr; rpwg;Ngh? ,sq; fd;dpah;fs; ve;j ehl;by; ;dpah;fSf;Fj;jhd; fhjy; Ghpaj; njhpahJ? vq;nfq;Fk; f;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fSk; fhjy; Ghpa ed;whfj; njhpe;JjhNd paj; njhpahj fd;dpah;fSk; ,Uf;f KbAkh vq;fhtJ? GhpAk; muk;igah; Nghy; ,sq;fd;dpah; #o;e;j jkpo;ehL ehL ngUikg;gLtjw;Fk; ,lkpUf;fpwjh? ,y;iyNa....”
dJ rQ;rpif> ftpij> ehty;> rpWfij> etPd fhtpak;> gy;Jiw rhh;e;Js;sik ,Jtiu $wpatw;wpypUe;J
hW vd;gJ> (i) etPd ,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpy; rQ;rpiffspd; ph;g;Gg; Nghf;F (iii) ,d xw;Wik Nehf;F (iv) tpQ;Qhd kpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; ghh;it (v) K];yPk ; r%fk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fpyhd tpkh;rdk; (vii) ‘ngz;fs; ,yf;fpa’ Kaw;rpfs; iw rhh;e;jJ MoKk; tphpTk; ngwf;$bajhftpUf;fpwJ w;wpypUe;J Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
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11.3. ,it Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Gyg 11.4. ,t;topapNy mtrpakhd Njly;fs; vd;w tpjj;jp
Fwpg;gplyhk;: c-k; (i) kWkyh;r;rp> ghujp fhyj;Jg; gpw rQ;rpiffs; : vupkiy (kl;lf;fsg;G) c-k; (ii) kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjr Muk;gfhyg; gj;jphpif : fpof;Fj; j c-k; (iii) Kjw; ngz; rpWfijahrphpah;fs;: gh. fjpuhapj;Njtp> gj vOjpAs;s ,tu;fs; ,yq;ifau; vd;W cWjpahff Mopahdpd; ‘kWkyu;r;rpf; fijfs;’ njhFg;gpN Nru;f;fg;gltpy;iy). 11.5.  ghh;f;f: Nahfuhrh nr. cUthf;fj;jpw;F kz;^h;g; ghujpapd; gq;fspg;G (2010)> gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,yq;if. gf; 1-21. nfhOk;gpypUe;J V ghujpAk; ntspte;Js;sJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,J (< Kw;Nghf;Fr; rQ;rpif vd;gJ ftdj;jpw;FhpaJ. 2. rhd;whjhuj;jpw;F gpd;tUe; njhFg;G E}iyg; ghh;f;f: kWk
gjpg;Gk; : nry;yj;Jiu Rjh;rd; (2000)> mr;rpl;Nlhh; fpwpg 3. ,f;ftpQh; gw;wpa tptuk; vijAk; mwpaKbatp
kl;lf;fsg;G ftpQnud Cfpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. 4. Nahfuhrh nr. fyhepjp. kl;lf;fsg;Gr; rpWfij tuyhw;wpN (fl;Liu)> Njdfk;> gpuNjr nrayf fyhrhug; Nguit> k 2000> gf; 10-13 5. gpugy vOj;jhsh; mUs;nry;tehafk; Muk;g epiyapy; 6. jp.K.f.rhh;ghd Kjw; $l;lk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w
,JthFk;. 7. tpupthd tpsf;fj;jpw;Fg; ghh;f;f:  fiyf; Fuy;fs;> gjpg;ghrphpah; tp.vd.cjar; r nfhOk;G> Nk 1999> gf; 104 - 108
388

Ntz;ba Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
Njly;fs; vd;w tpjj;jpNy Kf;fpakhd rpytw;iwf;
g; gpw rQ;rpiffs; : vupkiy (jpUNfhzkiy)> cjad;
fhyg; gj;jphpif : fpof;Fj; jghy;
ah;fs;: gh. fjpuhapj;Njtp> gj;kh Jiuuh[h (kWkyu;r;rpapy; q;ifau; vd;W cWjpahff; $Wtjw;fpy;iy. nrq;if f; fijfs;’ njhFg;gpNy ,tu;fsJ rpWfijfs;
tuyhW KOikngWtJ vd;gJ Nkw;$wpa gy ;fpd;w NghJjhd; rhj;jpakhFk; vd;gjw;Fk; ,t; Ma;T
j;jpw;F> ghh;f;f: Nahfuhrh nr.fyhepjp.  fiy> fyhrhu gPl k>; fpof;Fg; . gf; 1-21. nfhOk;gpypUe;J Vw;nfdNt (1946) ,d;ndhU d;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,J ( njhFg;Gk;
d; (2000)> mr;rpl;Nlhh; fpwpg;]; gpwpd;Nl];. k; vijAk; mwpaKbatpy;iy. cs;slf;fj;jpD}lhf>
pf;f Kbfpd;wJ. f;fsg;Gr; rpWfij tuyhw;wpNy Gul;rpf;fkhypd; rpWfijfs; nrayf fyhrhug; Nguit> kz;Kid tlf;F> kl;lf;fsg;G
;tehafk; Muk;g epiyapy; ,g;ngahpNyNa vOjpAs;shh;. k; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;wik gw;wpa nra;jpj;jiyg;Ng
hh;f;f:  G+ghyrpq;fk; gjpg;gfk;>
- 108
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8. tphpthd tpsf;fj;jpw;Fg; ghh;f;f : Nahfuhrh.nr.fyhe rpe;jid tsh;r;rpapYk; nraw;ghl;bYk; jpUNfhzkiy khh;r; 2004 gf;. 50 - 58 9. RUf;fkhd tpsf;fj;jpw;Fg; ghh;f;f: Nahfuhrh. nr. Ngu fhy ; (fl;Liu)> ngz;fs; ntspaPL : gz;ghl;lYty;fs; jpizf;fsk; 2011 gf; 16 - 28 9A. ,J gw;wpa fl;Liu ,d;Wtiu vOjg;gltpy;iy. 10.  ghh;f;f : Nahfuhrh. nr. mdpr;rk
gw;wpa rpy Fwpg;Gfs; (fl;Liu)> ky;ypif 1984 13. tpupthd tpsf;fj;jpw;Fg; ghh;f;f : Nahfuhrh. nr. fy tuyhw;W Kd;Ndhb: jp.j.rutz Kj;Jg;gps;is> (fl fiyf;fyhrhu kd;wk;> tTdpah tshfk;> aho;.g.f.> t Nahfuhrh. nr. fyhepjp. jp.j.rutzKj;Jg; gps;isa fiyf;Nfrup> etk;gu; 2010 nfhOk;G> gf; 54 - 56 14. ,it gw;wpa fl;LiufnsitAk; ,Jtiu ahuhYk; vO
je;Jjtpah;: jpUkjp mUs; nry;tehafk; 15.  16. ghh;f;f : Nahfuhrh> tha;nkhop kuGfspdbahf kl;lf;f
(fl;Liu) tha;nkhop kuGfs; tuyhw;W %yq;fshf nksdFU> (2004) nkhopj;Jiw> fiy gz;ghl;Lg; g ,yq;if gf; 6 - 11) 17. Nk. F. E}> g. 6 18. tpupthd tpsf;fj;jpw;Fg; ghh;f;f : Nahfuhrh. nr. f tuyhw;wpNy Gul;rpf;fkhypd; rpWfij (fl;Liu)> Njd Nguit> kz;Kid tlf;F> kl;lf;fsg;G 2000 gf; 10 19. kw;nwhU rpWfijahd ‘kdpjd;’ jpdfudpy; ntspte;J
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hh;f;f : Nahfuhrh.nr.fyhepjp. 
; ghh;f;f: Nahfuhrh. nr. Nguhrphpah;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l jfspw; ngz;fs>; (fl;Liu)> ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;py; hl;lYty;fs; jpizf;fsk; fy;tp mikr;R> tlkhfhzk;
;Wtiu vOjg;gltpy;iy. Ss; Kf;fpakhdtu;; ‘,yq;ifj; Njrpak;’ gw;wpa rpy upapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. gz;izg; ghyf; Fk;kp vd;nwhU ;Ls;sjhapDk; fl;Liuahsh; ghh;itf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. iu njhFf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njhpatpy;iy. rpq;fk; je;Jjtpa ,e;E}y; gw;wpa fl;Liu ,d;Wtiu . ;f;f : Nahfuhrh. nr. mdpr;rkyupd; fhjy; Xh;  ky;ypif 1984 hh;f;f : Nahfuhrh. nr. fyhepjp. jkpo; nkhop> ,yf;fpa .rutz Kj;Jg;gps;is> (fl;Liu)> jlk; 2002 RtL 3> dpah tshfk;> aho;.g.f.> tTdpah> g 1-4 p.j.rutzKj;Jg; gps;isapd; jkpo;g; ghi\ (fl;Liu)> nfhOk;G> gf; 54 - 56 tAk; ,Jtiu ahuhYk; vOjg;gltpy;iy. ,e;E}y;fisj; nry;tehafk; 5)  fSthQ;rpf;Fb> g.110
hop kuGfspdbahf kl;lf;fsg;G ghuk;ghpaf;fy;tp Kiw> fs; tuyhw;W %yq;fshf - gjpg;ghrphpah; : rpj;jpuNyfh pj;Jiw> fiy gz;ghl;Lg; gPl k;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
ghh;f;f : Nahfuhrh. nr. fyhepjp. kl;lf;fsg;G rpWfij ; rpWfij (fl;Liu)> Njdfk;> gpuNjr nrayf fyhrhug; > kl;lf;fsg;G 2000 gf; 10 - 11 pjd;’ jpdfudpy; ntspte;Js;sjhf mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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 GwehD}W> fhu ngau; ngw;wd. rjfk; vd;w nrhy;ypw;F vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUg G+uzj;Jtk;> Nghd;w gy fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpupj;J rj vd;why; cz;ik vdg; nghUs; nfhz;L cz;i jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l ghly;fis rjfk; vd mioj;jdu;. , nja;tg; ghly;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpopy; rjfk; vd;w nrhy; fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz vd;w nrhy; tlnkhopj; jOtyhFk;. rjfk; vd;w ,y tlnkhopapNyNa Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. fp.gp 6k; E}w;whz;b ePjpr;rjfk;> ituhf;fpa rjfk; ,uz;LNk Kjw; rjq rjf ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpid Ntjq;fspy; fhz ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rjfk; vd;w nrhy; mbf;fb gpuNahfpf;fg;g E}iy fp.gp Kjyhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ngsj;j mwpQ ,aw;wpAs;shu;. ,r;rjfk; Gj;jupd; Njhj;jpu E}yhff; fhzg ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy; KjyhtJ rjfkhf Vw;W
jkpo; nkhopapy; rjf ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; gpd; rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; fhtpaq;fs mjidj; njhlu;;e;J gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; ehad;khu;fSk;> Mo ghRuq;fshfg; ghbdu;. ,g;ghRuq;fs; gjpfq;fshfg; ghlg;gl ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j tlnkhopr; nry;thf;fpd; jhf;fj;jhYk; j Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
jkpopy; mk;khid njs;Nshdk;> rhoy;> G+ty ,yf;fpaq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpa khzpf;fthrfNu jpUr

Njhd;wpa rjf ,yf;fpaq;fs; - Xu; Ma;T
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papy; ,Ue;Nj jkpOf;F mwpKfkhfpaJ. tlnkhopapy; rjk; k;. rjk; vd;w nrhy;ypy; f vd;w vOj;Jf; $br; rjfk; vdg; $b tUjiy tlnkhop ty;Yzu;fs; ‘fgpuj;jpaak;’ vd;W rjk; vd miog;gu;. E}W vz;zpf;if nfhz;like;j ,yf;fpaj;ij rjfk; vd mioj;jdu;.
z;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;L ngau; #l;LtJ jkpo; kf;fs; mfehD}W> GwehD}W> fhu; ehw;gJ> Nghd;wd ,t;thNw y;ypw;F vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUg;gJ> ,Wjp> Nghjpa> gy> ePz ;l> j;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rjfj;jpid rj;+mfk; vdg; g; nghUs; nfhz;L cz;ikg; nghUshfpa ,iwtidj; s rjfk; vd mioj;jdu;. ,jdhy; Muk;g fhyg;ghly;fs; ;gLfpd;wd.
y; fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bNy mwpKfkhdJ. rjfk; tyhFk;. rjfk; vd;w ,yf;fpa tbtk; Kjd;Kjypy; gw;wJ. fp.gp 6k; E}w;whz;by; gu;j;J`upahy; vOjg;gl;l k; ,uz;LNk Kjw; rjq;fshf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ;jpid Ntjq;fspy; fhzyhk;. Muk;g fhy ngsj;j rhy; mbf;fb gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rJ]; (rjfk;) vd;w ;by; tho;e;j ngsj;j mwpQu;fs; khj;& - Nrju; vd;gtu; pd; Njhj;jpu E}yhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;rjfj;jpy; 400 hy; KjyhtJ rjfkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
f;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp Nehf;Fk; NghJ rq;f fhy tpa fhyj;jpy; fhtpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwj; njhlq;fpd yj;jpy; ehad;khu;fSk;> Mo;thu;fSk; ,iwtd; Gfiog; uq;fs; gjpfq;fshfg; ghlg;gl;ld. ,k; kuigg; gpd;gw;wpAk; ; nry;thf;fpd; jhf;fj;jhYk; jkpopy; rjf ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs;
s;Nshdk;> rhoy;> G+ty;yp> Nghd;w GJtifahd ;jpa khzpf;fthrfNu jpUr;rjfj;jpidAk; Kjd; Kjy;
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mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. khzpf;fthrfu; jkpopy; mwpKfg;gLj ,yf;fpak; jkpopy; Njhd;wtpy;iy. ,iwtidg; gw;wpg vd;w rpe;jidAk;> ghlypd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> ghlypd; ngh fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ. khzpf;fthrfupd; jpUr;rjf E}w;whz;bd; gpd;Nd rjfk; jdp xU ,yf;fpakhfj; Njhd;w
khzpf;fthrfupd; jpUr;rjfj;jpid KjyhtJ rjf ,yf;fzk; $Wk; ghlypd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; nghU nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. jpUthrfj;jpd; xU gFjpahf jpUr;r ghly;fSk; gj;Jg; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L gpupTfs; xt ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUr;rjfj;jpd; mikg;G me;jhjpapd; rha fhuzq;fshy; jpUr;rjfj;ij rjfk; vdf; nfhs;sKbahJ vd;Dk; E}ypy; lhf;lu; rptfhkp $Wfpd;whu;. ,yf;fpak; fz kuNg Mjyhy;> rfy ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpa gpd;Ng ,yf;f Njhd;wpa tbtk; Mifahy; rPuhd tbtk; fpilf;fhk mikg;gpy; tOthj Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. tlnk tPL Mfpa nghUl;fspy; rjf ,yf;fpaq;fs; Muk;g fhyq;f khzpf;fthrfu; gf;jp vd;Dk; Gjpa tbtj;jpidf; nfhz;L r gf;jp mDgtq;fis gbg;gbahff; $Wk; ,yf;fpakhf jpU fhyj;jpy; vOe;j gy;NtW tifahd rjf ,yf;fpaq;fSf ,Ue;Js;sJ.
jkpopy; rjf ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpa gpd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ru];tjp k`hy; ,yf;fz t kpF nghUs; xd;wpy; ghE}W rjfkNj” vd;w mbapi fp.gp 14k; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;j Fwpg;ghFk;. ,f;fhyj gl;baypy; rjfk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpidf; fhzKb jp.it.Nfhghiyau; “ntw;wp nghUe;jpa kpFjpahfg;g E}W ghly; ahg;gJ rjfk;” vd;W $Wfpd;whu;. 16k; E}w kugpay; rjfj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk;NghJ nghUs;> ,l ehd;fpy; xd;iw fypj;Jiwahy; E}W ghly; nfhz;L g E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
“tpisAk; xU nghUs; Nky; xU E}W
jioa ciuj;jy; rjfk; vd;g”
vdf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,f;fUj;jpid Mjupg;gjhf Kj;JtPupa rJu mfuhjpapy; 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspy; xd;whf Rl;Lfpd;whu;.
rjfj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; $wpa ,yf;fzfhuu;fs; ahg $wtpy;iy. rjf ,yf;fzj;jpy; ghlypd; vz;z nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hrfu; jkpopy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa gpd;du; rpy fhyk; rjf y;iy. ,iwtidg; gw;wpg; ghLfpd;w ,yf;fpa tbtk; ;zpf;ifAk;> ghlypd; nghUs; gw;wpa njsptpd;ikANk khzpf;fthrfupd; jpUr;rjfj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; %d;W E}w;W
p xU ,yf;fpakhfj; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
fj;jpid KjyhtJ rjfkhff; nfhs;sKbAkh? rjf vz;zpf;ifiaAk; nghUSNk rjf mikg;gpidf; j;jpd; xU gFjpahf jpUr;rjfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. E}W ; gpupf;fg;gl;L gpupTfs; xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU ahg;gpy; ; mikg;G me;jhjpapd; rhaiy cilaJ. ,t;thwhd rjfk; vdf; nfhs;sKbahJ vd jkpo;r; rjf ,yf;fpak; p $Wfpd;whu;. ,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fzk; ,ak;Gjy; k; Njhd;wpa gpd;Ng ,yf;fzk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ. Kjy; ; rPuhd tbtk; fpilf;fhky; NghapDk; vz;zpf;if ahf tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. tlnkhopapy; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> yf;fpaq;fs; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; gilf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; jpa tbtj;jpidf; nfhz;L rjfk; ghbAs;shu;. Md;khtpd; ff; $Wk; ,yf;fpakhf jpUr;rjfk; mikfpd;wJ. gpw;gl;l fahd rjf ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F jpUr;rjfNk Kd;Ndhbahf
pak; Njhd;wpa gpd;dNu rjf ,yf;fzk; ;tjp k`hy; ,yf;fz tpsf;fg; gjpg;gpy; “rkakhk; rjfkNj” vd;w mbapidf; fhzyhk;. ,f;Fwpg;G u;e;j Fwpg;ghFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w etePj psf;fj;jpidf; fhzKbatpy;iy. gjpg;ghrpupauhd p nghUe;jpa kpFjpahfg;g ghlg;gLk; xU nghUs; kPJ ;W $Wfpd;whu;. 16k; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa gpuge;j k; $Wk;NghJ nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> njhopy;> vd;Dk; hy; E}W ghly; nfhz;L ghLtJ rjfk; vd;fpwJ ,Nj ;fz tpsf;fk;
nghUs; Nky; xU E}W j;jy; rjfk; vd;g”
pid Mjupg;gjhf Kj;JtPupak; gpuge;j jPgKk; mikfpd;wJ. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspy; xd;whfr; rjfj;jpid tPukhKdptu;
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jpUr;rjfj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; fp.gp. 11 Mk; E}w;whz;bNy fhu; kz;lyr; rjfk; ghlg;gl;lJ. gf;jp vd;w ghL nghUsp ,yf;fpakhfTk; kz;lyj;ijg; ghLk; tuyhw;W E}yh ,r;rjfj;jpid njhlu;e;J 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; gb njhz;ilkz;lyj;jpidr; rpwg;gpj;J njhz;ilkz;ly ePs; newpehj; kPJ jz;liyahu; rjfj;jpidAk; ghbdhu tuuhkNahfp vd;gtu; jpUr;nre;J}u; rz;Kfrjfk;> jpUf;FWq ghbdhu;. jkpopy; rjf ,yf;fpaq;fs; 17k; E}w;whz;bNyNa 18k; E}w;whz;L rjf ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghw;fhyk; vd mio Vwj;jhs 300 w;F Nkw;gl;l rjf ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpAs ngw;wJ Nghy  kFlk;> mikjy; tpjk;> Kd;Ndhu; nkhopg; nghUis Vw;wy;> ,yFthd nkho ghtid> vd;gd rjfq;fSf;fhd jdpg; gz;GfshFk;. rjf rPu;ikg;gLj;JtjhfTk; nfhs;if> Nehf;fk;> gad;> % $wpapUg;gjidf; fhzyhk;.
nghJthf rjf ,yf;fpaq;fis MuhAk; NghJ ,W ,y;iy. ghlypd; vz;zpf;if 100 vdf; $wpapUg;gpDk; E nfhz;Lk; tiuaiwaw;w nghUs;> ahg;G> Nghd;wtw;iwf ,tw;iwf; $wyhk;.
rjfk; ghly; ahg;G vk;gpuhd; rjfk; 105 tpUj;jk; mfjPru; rjfk; 102 Mrpupa tpUj;j  jpUf;FWq;Fb> ek;gprjfk;> vd;gtw;iwg; q;fs; 17k; E}w;whz;bNyNa mjpf tsu;r;rp fz;lJ 17k;> j;jpd; nghw;fhyk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpo; ehl;by; f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. jkpofj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; f;fpaq;fs; nry;thf;F ngwtpy;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;.
;nfd jdpahd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. Vida WgLtjw;F rjfq;fspd; jdpj; jd;ikNa fhuzkhf ;jpd; ghly;> kFlk;> mikjy; $wte;j nghUis ifahSk; is Vw;wy;> ,yFthd nkhopeil> tlnkhopr; nrhw;fspd; hd jdpg; gz;GfshFk;. rjfq;fs; kf;fspd; tho;tpaiyr; ;if> Nehf;fk;> gad;> %d;iwAk; ntspg;gilahff;
;fis MuhAk; NghJ ,Wf;fkhd ,yf;fz tuk;Gfs; 100 vdf; $wpapUg;gpDk; E}w;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ghly;fisf; Us;> ahg;G> Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhzyhk;. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf
ly; ahg;G nghUs; 5 tpUj;jk; gf;jp 2 Mrpupa tpUj;jk; jj;Jtk; 1 tpUj;jk; tuyhW 1 kUj;Jtk; 9 ntz;gh tho;tpay;
plk; kl;Lk; Njq;fptplhJ midj;J kf;fsplKk; nrd;wila
; vy;yh rjfq;fspYk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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tpflftp - tpflf;ftp vd;Wk; Njr #dpak; - Njrq;fspd; #dpak; vd;Wk; fpufrhuk; - fpufr;rhuk; Nghd;w nrhw;fisf; vLj;Jf; fhl
rjfq;fSf;Fupa gz;ghf kFlk; mikjy; fhzg;g rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspy; fhzKbahJ. rjf ,yf;fpaq;fspy; 7 ti
1. xt;nthU nra;Aspd; ,WjpapYk; E}ypd; ngau; kF fhu; kz;lyr; rjfk; - fhuhsu; kz;lyNk ,t;th mk; kz;lyg; ngaiu  fiy fyhr;rhuj ,yf;fpaq;fshf mikfpd;wd. jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfpid j gpupf;fyhk;. jkpofj;jpy; 300 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l rjfq;fs; NghjpYk;  ,aw;ifapid tpLgl;L kf;fspd; tho;tpay; ghly;fshf rjfg; ghly;fs;
f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwiaAk; dAk;> fiy fyhr;rhuj;jpidAk;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; . jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfpid jkpofk>; 

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1.  rpwg;Gf;fi kz;ly tuyhW $wk; rjq;fq;fisg; Nghd;W ,r;rjfK vd;gtu; ghbAs;shu;. ,t; Mrpupau; rhyp thfd rfhg;jk; i vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;jhu;. kuGtopf; fy;tp (jpz;izg;ggs;s kl;Ltpy; rz;Kfk; gps;is Mrpupauplk; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaf neLq;fzf;F> ePj pE}y;fs;> mfuhjpfisf; fw;whu;. k.f.N fz;L ngw;Nwhu; cau;e;j ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis fw;f e khztuhfr; Nru;e;jdu;. ,tuplk; fw;Wj; njspe;j gpd; =y fw;whu;. jhd; fw;Wj; njspe;j gpd;du;  gzpahw;wpdhu;.
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1. nghJg;gpufuzk; 2. ,yq;fhGupg; gpufuzk; 3. tPz hfhzg;Gug; gpufuzk;
nghJg;gpufzj;jpy; aho;g;ghzk; ,yq;if ,uz;bw vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;whu;. ,yq;fhGupg; gpufuzj;jpy; aho;g;ghz cs;s rpwg;ghd tplaq;fisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wfpd;whu;. aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Nf cupa tpNrl ju;kq;fis njhFj;Jf;

; - fUfk;gidA+u; ,uh[ ,uhN[];tup rjfk; ps;isapd; - ,NaR ehju; jpUr;rjfk; e;epjpf; fe;ju; rjfk;
f;fpaq;fSs; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpajhf  rpwg;Gf;fisAk; $Wfpd;wJ. jkpofj;jpy; q;fisg; Nghd;W ,r;rjfKk;  fuhjpfisf; fw;whu;. k.f.Ntw;gps;isapd; jpwikiaf; ;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis fw;f ey;Y}u; fhj;jpNfa gz;bjuplk; plk; fw;Wj; njspe;j gpd; =y= MWKfehtyuplk; fy;tp ;du; 
; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;  rptfhkk;> jl;rzifyha tlnkhop E}y;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bvOjpAs;shu;. ,e;E} tUl;NgWk; thrpg;NghUf;F 

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$wte;j tplaj;ij 3 gpupthfg;gpupj;J ,yq;ifapd; nghJ vLj;Jf; $Wtjid ,q;F fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,r;rjfj;jpd; k
“re;jpu nksyPrNd iae;njhopy; tpyhrNd re;jpu Gujy thrNd”
vd;w tupfs; mikfpd;wJ. ,r;rjf njhlf;fj;jpy; Ne nksyPriu tzq;fp fhg;Gr; nra;As; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ji gd;dpU rPu;fop nebylahrpupa tpUj;jj;jpy; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghJg;gpufuzj;jpy; irt rpj;jhe;j jj;Jtk; gw;wp $wg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ gyjpwg;gl;l gpuhkzq;fSs; Nkk Mg;jthf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpd; rpwg;Gf;fSk; ,yf;fzq;fSk ,yf;fzq;fSk; rupia> fpupia> Nahfk;> Qhdk; Mfpat rhkPg> rh&g> rhAf;fpa Kj;jp gw;wpAk; tpsf;fkhf ci yl;rzq;fisAk; Kiwahf ciuf;Fk; irt rpe;jjhe nksyPr;ru; tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. mtu; tpUk;gp ciwAkplkhf vdr; rjfj;jpidj; njhlq;Ffpd;whu;. ,jidj; njhlu;e gw;wpAk; tpsf;fp kf;fSf;F ed;ik nra;Ak; ,iwtDf;nfd jhu;g;ghupak; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; kNfhw;rtr; rpwg;Gf fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; tpujk; mDl;bf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,t;tpu kl;Lk; czT cz;z Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhk cz ,yq;if tho; kf;fspd; Kf;fpa fliknad $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
Md;khf;fs; gw;wpAk; ,t; Md;khf;fSf;F 4 tu;zg; gh njhopy; flikfs; cz;L vd tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gpuhkzu;fs; Mjpirtu;fs; vd;Wk; ,tu;fSf;F Ntg;gpj;jy;> Nghd;w 6 njhopy;fSk; cilatu;fs; vd;W Mrpu;thjj;NjhL ke;jpup MNyhridg;gb nrq;Nfhy; nrYj IAk; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; kD ePj pAld; Ml;rp nra;Ak
,t;thwhd muru;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ehl;by; rpwe;j tzpf [akpy;iy. ,t;tzpfu;fs; thq;fp nghUis rpwpJ ,yh Nghfh tz;zk; ,Wf;fg;gw;wp tag;gLj;jp itj;jpUg;gu;. nghd; Nghy kjpj;J elf;Fk; tzpfu;fs; epiwe;j ehL  mDkhdk;> pwg;Gf;fSk; ,yf;fzq;fSk; gjp> gR> ghrk; Mfpatw;wpd; a> Nahfk;> Qhdk; Mfpatw;wpd; rpwg;Gf;fSk; rhNyhf> p gw;wpAk; tpsf;fkhf ciug;gJk; gf;f> Rgf;f> tpgf;f ciuf;Fk; irt rpe;jjhe;jq;fspd; jiytdhf re;jpu tu; tpUk;gp ciwAkplkhf aho;g;ghzk; mike;Js;sJ. fpd;whu;. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J rptdpd; 25 %u;j;jq;fs; ;ik nra;Ak; ,iwtDf;nfd;W gj;J tifahd kNfhw;rt vd;Wk; kNfhw;rtr; rpwg;Gf;fs; gw;wp tpsf;fp ,t;thwhd f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,t;tpuj fhyj;jpy; xUNtis gfypy; ;Lk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhk czu;it jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J a fliknad $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
d;khf;fSf;F 4 tu;zg; ghFghL cz;L. mtu;fSf;nfd tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
s; vd;Wk; ,tu;fSf;F Xjy;> XJtpj;jy;> Ntl;ly;> y;fSk; cilatu;fs; vd;Wk; rj;jpaupfs; ,];l nja;t ridg;gb nrq;Nfhy; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mur rpd;dk; 21 ; kD ePj pAld; Ml;rp nra;Ak; ehL> 

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vd;Wk; ,t;thyaj;Jf;F Njtu;fs; G+rpf;Fk; rpwg;Gk; k NfjP] ;tuj;Jf;F te;J njhz;L nra;jhd; vd;Wk;  ,k;kiyiar; #o fk;gi fy;yhW Mfpa 4 ejpfs; XLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; ,t;tplq;fspd; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,t;thW  ifyhr ehju; MyaKk;> rl;le Nfhjz;l tpy;ypdhy; Cd;wg; ngw;w tpy;Y}d;wpAk;> re;jpunksyPru; MyaKk;> rhtfr;Nrup thupfdehju; MyaK 400 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Myaq;fisf; nfhz;l ,lkhf aho;g;g
aho;g;ghz tuyhw;wpy; ,uhr fl;lisklk;> jUkklk;> k klk;> fhiujPT rptGupklk;> tuzp GJklk;> fhku; Gz;z jpUf; fl;lis klk;> rq;fhid tlklk;> Nfhg;gha; nrt;th 10 klq;Ffs; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
400

tu;fs; G+rpf;Fk; rpwg;Gk; kfhJtl;ld; vd;Dk; Njtd;
nra;jhd; vd;Wk;  ,k;kiyiar; #o fk;gis> tyit> kfhtypfq;if> ;wJ vd;Wk; ,t;tplq;fspd; khzpf;fKk; ,uj;jpdq;fSk;  RopGuk; flw;fiuapy; yhr ehju; MyaKk;> rl;lehju; MyaKk; ,uhkDila ;wg; ngw;w tpy;Y}d;wpAk;> aKdhejpAk;> epyhtiu> r;Nrup thupfdehju; MyaKk;> ty;ypGuehju; MyaKkhf> sf; nfhz;l ,lkhf aho;g;ghzk; mike;Js;sJ.
hr fl;lisklk;> jUkklk;> khzguzklk;> Midf;Fl;b uzp GJklk;> fhku; Gz;zpa ehr;rp jpUklk;> rhaul;il tlklk;> Nfhg;gha; nrt;tha; fpoik klk;> goklk;> vd
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,t;thwhd rpwg;G kpf;f aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Qhdg;gpufhru;> j Qhdpfs; rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytu;> mur Nfrup> Nrdhjpuh[h> thfdg; Gytu;> Kjypa tpj;Jthd;fs; thOfpd;w ,lkhf a
aho;g;ghz kf;fs; rptG+ir nra;tjpy; rpwe;jtu; vd;Wk cz;zkhl;lhu;fs; ,q;F gQ;rk; vd;w nrhy;Ny ,y;iy vd;Wk; ,tu;fs; kj;jpapy; gpurq;fr; rpq;fkhfpa ehty aho;g;ghzj;jpd; rpwg;gpidf; $wp Kbg;Giu tpz;zg;gj;Jl ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;E}ypid Ma;T nra;fpd;WNghJ  fhg;;G> FUtzf;fk;> mit nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpwg;;Gg;ghapuj;jpid k.Kj;J r. Rg;gpukzparh];jpupfSk;> etPd fpU];z ghujp fNz M. NtyhAj Nrhjplu;> MfpNahu; xt;nthU ghly; ghbA MWKfehtyiuAk; Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkpf;FUf;fisAk mitalf;fj;jpNy
“FWkhKdp nrhw;w ghtpDQ; nrhy;Ytu;
Fw;wnkdTWkh nkhopf; fr;rpag;gd; gaf;w ngha;NaJWkhy; nfhOq; filNad; nrhd ghtpd; nwhil gpioNa ngWkhapDq; nfh gzlha;e;j ngupatNu”
vdf; $Wfpd;whu;. ,r;rjf ,yf;fpaj;jpd; kFl thf;fpa mikfpd;wJ.
,r;rjfj;jpy; Kjy; 18 ghly;fSk;  jpy;iyehju; jk;gpuhd;> Nghd;w ;> mur Nfrup> Nrdhjpuh[h> tujgz;bju;> khjfy; kapy; hd;fs; thOfpd;w ,lkhf aho;g;ghzk; mikfpd;wJ.
r nra;tjpy; rpwe;jtu; vd;Wk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; kUe;ijf; $l ;rk; vd;w nrhy;Ny ,y;iy. Guhzg;gbg;gpy; rpwe;jtu;fs; gpurq;fr; rpq;fkhfpa ehtyu; tho;e;Js;shu;. ,t;thW wp Kbg;Giu tpz;zg;gj;Jld;  fhg;;G> FUtzf;fk;> mitalf;fk; jtpu 102 ghly;fisf; rpwg;;Gg;ghapuj;jpid k.Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkpf;FUf;fSk;> etPd fpU];z ghujp fNzirau;> nre;jp ehj Njrpfu;> ahu; xt;nthU ghly; ghbAs;sdu;. FU tzf;fj;jpNy khu Rthkpf;FUf;fisAk; Nghw;wp tzq;fpAs;shu;.
hw;w ghtpDQ; nrhy;Ytu; kh nkhopf; fr;rpag;gd; gaf;wYiuAk; y; nfhOq; filNad; nrhd;d
gpioNa ngWkhapDq; nfhz;lUs;thu;. upatNu”
,yf;fpaj;jpd; kFl thf;fpakhf 

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gapu;fw; gr;irg; gNryd;w fhl;rp je;J  tp];ZTk; mbKb fhzhj kiyahfpa tPuk; nghUe;jpa ,uhtzdhy; Mog;gl;l kz;lyk; vd;W $wp MWfs;> kiyfs;> epWtdq;fs;> jyq;fs;> jPu;j;jq tuzk;> Jwtpfs;> Gytu;fs; vd 10 Mf tifg;gLj;jp < ghbAs;shu;.
kiyfspd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ rptndhypgh khzpf;f fq;ifiag; gw;wpAk; jkpo; tsu;j;j rq;fq;fshf M rq;fk;> tpj;jpahtpUj;jpj; jUkhyak; gw;wpa rpwg;Gf;fi mjpfsthd jyq;fisf; nfhz;l ehlhFk;. khdpg;gha rkaFutu;fshd rk;ge;jUk;> Re;juUk; ghba jpUf;Nfj Ntjq;fs; 4 vd tFj;j Ntjpau;fs; G+ir nra;Ak; KdP] ;t tPw ;wpUf;Fk; rl;lehju; Nfhapy;> rhtfr;Nrup thupag;gu; Nfha Nfhapy;> ey;Y}u; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy;> re;epjp> fe;jtdf; f Nfhapy;> nghd;dhiy tujuhag; ngUkhd; Nfhapy; eapid Nghd;w mjpf Myaq;fisf; nfhz;l ,j;jPt pNy mkpu;jfo jPu;j;jq;fis kdpjupd; ghtq;fisg; Nghf;f ty;yJ vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 filapw Nahfu;Rthkp> tpGyhde;j mbfs;> jpUQhdrk;ge;j Njrpf ,e;E}ypy; gjpTfshfpAs;sd.
jkpOk; irtKk; jioj;Njhq;Fk;  ey;Y}u; Nrdhjpuhrh Kjypahu;> Kj;Jf;F rutzKj;Jg; Gytu;> kapy;thfdg;Gytu;> gPj hk;g
402

p je;J  jyq;fs;> jPu;j;jq;fs;> FbNaw;wq;fs;> tPjpfs; vd 10 Mf tifg;gLj;jp  fjpukiy> fPupkiy> jkpo; tsu;j;j rq;fq;fshf Mupa jpuhtplgh\h mgptpUj;jpr; khyak; gw;wpa rpwg;Gf;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;. hz;l ehlhFk;. khdpg;gha; kUjb tpehafu; Myak;> Re;juUk; ghba jpUf;NfjP] ;tuk;> jpUf;NfhNz];tuk; u;fs; G+ir nra;Ak; KdP] ;tuk;> rptd; rpd; Kj;jpiuAld; rhtfr;Nrup thupag;gu; Nfhapy;> kl;L efu; re;jpu nksyPru; fhapy;> re;epjp> fe;jtdf; flit> khtpl;lGuk;> ty;ypGuf; g; ngUkhd; Nfhapy; eapid ehfG+rzp mk;kd; Myak; fhz;l ,j;jPt pNy mkpu;jfop> fz;lfp> jpUtbepiy> Mfpa isg; Nghf;f ty;yJ vd;W  gz;G ;fisf; nfhz;l jpUney;NtypAk; fk;gd; ftpf;F 16000 ug; Nghd;w ,UghiyAk; njhz;ilehl;bd; rhaYila ;jpg; ngw;w Cu;fisg; gw;wpa gjpTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tu;zj;jhUk; cz;L vd;Wk; mtu;fs; jq;fSf;Fupa u; vd;Wk; ,e;ehl;by; rpwe;j JiwfSk; rpj;ju;fSk; tho;e;j rptNahfpahfpa jpy;iy ehfjk;gpuhd;> jd;Dapu; ;Fk; Qhdg;gpufhru;> filapw;Rthkpfs;> jUkNahf Rthkp> fs;> jpUQhdrk;ge;j Njrpfu; KjyhNdhupd; rpwg;Gf;fs;
hq;Fk;  Kj;Jf;Fkhu ftpuhau;> MWKfehtyu;> py;thfdg;Gytu;> gPj hk;gug;Gytu; tujuhrhgz;bju;>
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re;jpuNrfugz;bju;> tpy;yuh[ Kjypahu;> rpd;dj;jk;gpg;Gy Nghd;w gy Gytu;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fis ,r;rjfk; nfhz;Ls;s
 khq;fdpfSk; epiwe;J njhq;Fk; mofpa mike;jpUf;Fk; ,uh[,uhN[];tup Myar;#oyhdJ ghl moFkpFe;jJ. Myaj;ijr; #o G+f;fisr; nrhupe;j tz Njkh kuq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W gpd;dpg; gpize;;J fplf G+f;fspy; ,Ue;J eWkzk; fhw;wpNy gutpepw;Fk; ,t;thw kPJ gz;bju;. f. tPufj;jp mtu;fs; 121 ghly;fisf; nfhz mtu;fs;  rpd;dj;jk;gpg;Gytu;> FkhuRthkp Kjypahu; ;fis ,r;rjfk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
f;fis gjpTnra;Ak; Kaw;rpahf ,r;rjfk; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ky; nfhz;l gw;wpid ,r;rjfk; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s r;rjf ,Wjpapy;  ge;jypNy ;fs; fha;j;Jj; njhq;Fk;. thiof;FiyfSk; ,sePu; piwe;J njhq;Fk; mofpa rpwpa fpuhkk;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; ;tup Myar;#oyhdJ ghlhjtiuAk; ftpghlitf;Fk; o G+f;fisr; nrhupe;j tz;zk; nfhd;iw nfhOj;jp ;W gpd;dpg; gpize;;J fplf;fpd;wd. nfhj;Jf; nfhj;jhd w;wpNy gutpepw;Fk; ,t;thwhd rpwg;Gf; nfhz;l md;id ;fs; 121 ghly;fisf; nfhz;L rjfk; ghbAs;shu;. gz;bju; ujehL nrd;wpUe;j Ntis nrd;idapy; 31.01.1986k; ; te;J Myagupghyf rigapduplk; ,r;rjfj;ij kPz ;Lk; ghyd rigapduhy; 31.01.1987 mr;rpl;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ. MuhAk;NghJ Kjyhtjhf 22 mbapy; fhg;Gr; nra;As; ;As; jtpu 121 ghly;fs; cz;L. ,g;ghly;fis jiyg;gpl;L hlyhf tFj;Jg; ghbAs;shu;.
403


Page 418
404
ghly; gFjp ghly; vz 1. fUizg; nghopT 11 gh 2. kQ;rSk; Fq;FkKk; 11 gh 3. gjhk;Ga Nkhfk; 11 gh 4. Qhdg;G+Q;Nrhiy 11 gh 5. tpiyitf;fpwpNa 11 gh 6. FlKOf;fhLk; J}Jfyk; 22 g 7. RaNtjidapYk; xU Rfk; 11 gh 8. ntz;rq;Nf Koq;F 11 gh 9. Gjpu;Nghy; kiwe;jhs; 11 gh 10. Nfhapy; midj;Jk; tyk; tUjy; 11 gh
gf;jpiag; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;l ,r;rjfk; fw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
irtrkaj;jpd; Kjy; tzf;fk; tpehafUf;Nf. mN nra;Aspy; tpehafUf;Nf tzf;fk; $Wfpd;whu;.
,r;rjfj;jpy; Myar; #oypy; moFk; md;idapd; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpiwtp Nfl;gtu;fSf;F Nfl;gnjy;yhk nfhLj;J fw;wtu;fs; tPw ;wpUf;Fk; rig Kd;Nd ,Uj;jp Gupahj ,ts; Viofspd; gq;fhsp vd;W ,iwtpia topgLtj ,fo;tjhy; tul;rp> kjpkUl;rp Nghd;w jPa it Vw;gLk; vd 2010 Mz;Lf;F Kd;du; ,t;tplj;jpw;F nrd;W juprpf;f ,t;tplj;jpd; gioa gz;Gfis ,d;W fhzKbatpy;iy mt;T+iug;gw;wp mwpAk; Mjhukhf ,e;E}y; mike;Js;sJ ey;yijj; jtpu NtnwJTk; nra;akhl;lhu;fs; vd;W Cu;k $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rg;j khjuhfpa gpuhkp> kNf];tup> nfskhup> itzt ,tu;fs; Fw;Nwty; nra;a tPw ;wpUf;Fk; ,uh[,uhN[];t fpwp];jtu;fSk; te;J tzq;Ffpd;wdu;. vd;w jftiy Kbfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd ,iwtpia vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; 11 FlKOf;fhLk; gFjpapy; 22 ghly;fs; ghLfpd;whu;. ,g;gFjpi ghbAs;shu;.
,t;thyaj;jpy; ePy epwtpohf; nfhbAld; nfhbNaw;wk jpUKOf;fhl;b mupahrdj;jpy; mkur; nra;J fUfk;gi kfdhfpa ghu;tjp ehjrptj;jpd; ftpij xypf;f md;idf;F Myaj;jpd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf; $Wk; Mrpupau; mt;T+u;kf;fis md;Gk; mutizg;Gk;> fy;tp> tPuj;jpYk; rpwe;jtu;fs; cgr $Wfpd;whu;.

ghly; vz;zpf;if
11 ghly; 11 ghly; 11 ghly; 11 ghly; 11 ghly; ; 22 ghly; fk; 11 ghly; 11 ghly; 11 ghly; k; tUjy; 11 ghly;
; nfhz;l ,r;rjfk; fw;gid tsk; kpf;fjhftk;
f;fk; tpehafUf;Nf. mNjNghd;W ,r;rjfKk; fhg;Gr; f;fk; $Wfpd;whu;.
py; moFk; md;idapd; mUl;flhl;rr; rpwg;Gk; tpje;J fl;gtu;fSf;F Nfl;gnjy;yhk; nfhLg;ghs;. ey;ydtw;iwf; ; rig Kd;Nd ,Uj;jp Gupahjtplaq;fisg; Gupa itg;ghs;. d;W ,iwtpia topgLtjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfisAk; ghd;w jPa it Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;gpl;l ;tplj;jpw;F nrd;W juprpf;f Kbahj epiyfhzg;gl;lJ. s ,d;W fhzKbatpy;iy. MapDk; Myar; #oiyAk; khf ,e;E}y; mike;Js;sJ. ,t;T+upy; thOfpd;w kf;fs; ra;akhl;lhu;fs; vd;W Cu;kf;fspd; gz;GfSk; ,e;E}ypy;
f];tup> nfskhup> itztp> tuhfp> kNfe;jup> rhKz;b Pw ;wpUf;Fk; ,uh[,uhN[];tupia ,e;Jf;fs; kl;Lkd;wp ;Ffpd;wdu;. vd;w jftiy ,r;rjfj;jpd; %yk; mwpa pia vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; 11 ghly; tPj k; rpwg;gpj;J gz;bju; ly;fs; ghLfpd;whu;. ,g;gFjpia mjpf fw;gid tsj;Jld;
hf; nfhbAld; nfhbNaw;wk; Muk;gkhFk;. mjd; gpd;du; ; mkur; nra;J fUfk;gidA+upd; jiyrpwe;j jkpo; ; ftpij xypf;f md;idf;F mgpNlfk; eilngWk; vd;W Wk; Mrpupau; mt;T+u;kf;fisAk; rpwg;gpf;fj;jtwtpy;iy. tPuj;jpYk; rpwe;jtu;fs; cgrhug;gz;G nfhz;ltu;fs; vd
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#upaidr; Rw;wpf; Nfhs;fs; Rod;W tUtJ Nghy md;idiaNa Rw;wptu Ntz;Lk;. vj;Jiz Jd;gq;fs kfpo;r;rpiaj; juty;yJ. vd;gJ gz;bjupd; KbthFk;. , vd;WNk cau;tjd;wpj; jho;tjpy;iy. ,iwtpia rhFk rhfhjtNu. ,t;thwhd ,iwtpia tho;j;JNthkhf vd t
jkpo;ehl;Lg; gf;jpr; rjfq;fs; Nghd;W Fwpg;gpl;l nghUi ,yf;fpak; gilj;jjdhy; nrhy;yte;j tplaj;jpidr; rpwg;gh %yk; tpsf;fp tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisAk; vLj;Jf; $w rjfq;fspy; mjpf fw;gidtsk; kpf;f rjfkhf ,r;rjfk; fh
NaRehju; jpUr;rjfk;
 RfkuzhgP\ ;lk;> nty;iy me;jhjp> ,y;ywnehz Kjypa E}y;fis Mf;fpAs;shu;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

s; Rod;W tUtJ Nghy vq;fSila vz;zq;fs; ;Lk;. vj;Jiz Jd;gq;fs; tupDk; ,iwtopghL xd;Nw J gz;bjupd; KbthFk;. ,Wjpg;ghlyhf cd;md;gu;fs; jpy;iy. ,iwtpia rhFk; tiu rhUk; rhu;gpdu; nrj;Jk; pia tho;j;JNthkhf vd tho;j;jp epiwT nra;fpd;whu;.
s; Nghd;W Fwpg;gpl;l nghUisg; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;L ;yte;j tplaj;jpidr; rpwg;ghfTk; cjhuzq;fs;> mzpfs; ra;jpfisAk; vLj;Jf; $wpAs;shu;.  jkpo;f;fy;tpapy; uk;gf;fy;tpia mf;fhyj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;w tpj;Jthdhfpa ;tpfw;Ws;shu;. 1835 Mk; Mz;L rjhrptk;gps;isapd; ;jpidj;jOtpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,jd;gpd;du; cau;fy;tpia y;tp fw;whu;. jpUKOf;Fg; ngw;wjd; gpd;du; Mu;Ndhu;l;
gw;whu;.
pKf;fpa E}yhf ghtyu; rupj;jpujPgfk; mike;Js;sJ. vd rd; $wpAs;shu;. ,tw;wpid tpl gQ;ruhj;jpuk;> fPu;j;jdh y;iy me;jhjp> ,y;ywnehz;b> jpUr;rjk;> Qhd ntz;gh u;.
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,tuJ KjyhtJ gilg;ghf ntspte;j E}Ny jpUr;rj mtUila 24 tajpy; ,aw;wg;gl;L 1849k; Mz;L ntspapl mf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;E}Yf;Fr; rpwe;j kjpg;G ,Ue;Js;sJ. vd;g jkJ E}iyj; jpUr;rjfk; vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Mdhy; gpw NaRehjiug; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;likahy; NaRehju ,r;rjfk; ngUk;ghYk; khzpf;fthrfu; rptidAk; Ntz NaRit Kj;jpg;NgW mUSkhW Ntz;Lfpd;whu;. ,e;E} Vq;Ffpd;w jhkiuf;Fk;> jha; je;ij ,y;yhikahy; jhy jha;g;gRtpd; Kiyiaj;Njb miyAk; fd;Wf;Fk;> ghJfh Rf;fhdpd;wp flypy; miyAk; Njhzpf;Fk; jd;id xg cdf;F fbdNkh vd NaRehjiu Nehf;fpg; Gyk;Gfpd;whu vd; mju;kk; ePq ;fptpLk; ehd; cd;idr; ruzile;jik vd Kbf;fpd;whu;.
,e;E}y; gz;bju;fs; kl;LNk gbf;ff; $ba ,y ,jid ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;Gg;ghapuj;jpy; $wpAs;shu;. ,e tpsq;Fkhifahy; nty;itae;jhjpia gilj;Js;Nsd ghapuj;jpy; $Wfpd;whu;. ,e;E}y; Mu;Ndhy;l; rjhrptk; gps vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mikfpd;wJ.
re;epjpf; fe;ju; rjfk;
,r;rjfj;jpid ekr;rpthaNjrpfu; ,aw;wpAs;shu;. epd;W topghL nra;Ak; NghJ czu;r;rptag;gl;L ,r; r mUtp Cw;nwLj;J XLtJ Nghy 14 ghly;fis xd;wd ghly;fs; mj;jyj;jpd; NtW#oypy; ,Ue;J ghbdhu;. vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r;rjfg; ghlyhdJ tpehafu; tzf;fj;Jld; Muk;gkhf ,g;ghly;fs; mbahupd; clw;grp jPu;g;gjw;Fr; re;epjpapy; vOe;j capu;g;grpiaAk; ePf ;Ftjw;Fj; jpUTsq;nfhz;Ls;shu; vd Myar; #oypd; nja;tPf j;jd;ikAk; $Wfpd;wJ. fe;jGu nrhy;yyq;fhuKk; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
“cWkh jtu;te; Jiwre; epjpiaf; FWff; FWff; nfhLNeha; tpidfs; FWff; FWFk; kfpo;Tq; FzKk; tWikg; gpzpAk; kaYk; nfLNk”
,g;ghliyf; nfhs;syhk;.
FwpQ;rpf; fpotdhd KUfd; kiyaurdpd; kfsh nja;tahid ts;spia kzk;nra;J fhypy; fpz;fpz

f ntspte;j E}Ny jpUr;rjfk; MFk;. ,J 1844k;Mz;L ;gl;L 1849k; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ntspte;jjpy; ,Ue;J ;j kjpg;G ,Ue;Js;sJ. vd;gjid mwpaKbfpd;wJ. mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Mdhy; gpw;fhy ,yf;fpa tuyhw;whsu;fs; nfhz;likahy; NaRehju; jpUr;rjfk; vdmioj;jdu;. ;fthrfu; rptidAk; Ntz;LtJ Nghy rjhrptk; gps;is hW Ntz;Lfpd;whu;. ,e;E}ypy; fjputdpd; tUiff;fhf ; je;ij ,y;yhikahy; jhyhl;Lg; ngwhj Foe;ijf;Fk;> miyAk; fd;Wf;Fk;> ghJfhg;gpy;yhj kq;ifaq;fspw;Fk; ; Njhzpf;Fk; jd;id xg;gpl;L vdf;F mUs;ghypg;gJ jiu Nehf;fpg; Gyk;Gfpd;whu;. ePvd; cs;sj;jpy; GFe;jhy; ; cd;idr; ruzile;jikahy; Kj;jpapd;gk; ngWNtd;
l;LNk gbf;ff; $ba ,yf;fpakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. apuj;jpy; $wpAs;shu;. ,e;E}y; fw;wtu;fSf;F kl;Lk; ae;jhjpia gilj;Js;Nsd; vd nty;it me;jhjpg; }y; Mu;Ndhy;l; rjhrptk; gps;isapd; Gyikj;Jtj;Jf;F
aNjrpfu; ,aw;wpAs;shu;. ,tu; Myaj;jpUKd;wypy; czu;r;rptag;gl;L ,r; rjfj;ijg; ghlj;njhlq;fpdhu;. hy 14 ghly;fis xd;wd;gpd; xd;whfg; ghbdhu;. kPj pg; oypy; ,Ue;J ghbdhu;. vd ,r;rjfj;jpd; gjpg;Giuapy;
fu; tzf;fj;Jld; Muk;gkhfp 100 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. jPu;g;gjw;Fr; re;epjpapy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;ju; mtu;fsJ ; jpUTsq;nfhz;Ls;shu; vd;Wk; KUfdpd; rpwg;Gf;fSk; ;ikAk; $Wfpd;wJ. fe;jGuhzj;jpd; jd;ikAk; rpwe;j lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
re; epjpiaf; ha; tpidfs; q; FzKk;
k; nfLNk”
fd; kiyaurdpd; kfshfpa ghu;tjpNjtpf;F kfdhfp k;nra;J fhypy; fpz;fpzpAk; nfhs;is moFlDk;
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,g;G+Tyj;jhu;f;F mUs; nra;tjw;fhf rpd;df;fjpu;fhfkkh nra;Js;shu;. gpukh> tp];D> cUj;jpud;> Mfpa %t tzq;Fgtu;fs;. rptDk; KUfDk; xUtNu. KUfdpd vJTkpy;iy. KUfdpd; Njhw;wg;nghypit ,r;rjfk; rpw Fifapy; ,Ue;J fhg;ghw;wp Ngupd;gk; mopj;j tuyhw KUfid tzq;fpdhy; vUikia thfdkhff; nfh gaq;fs; ePq ;fptpLk;. ,k;KUfNd jkpo;r;rq;fj;jpy; mf Foe;ij vd epidj;J eifahba #uid mopj;jtd; nra;jpfisAk; ,r;rjfj;jpy; fhzyhk;. KUfgf;ju;fs; ,e;jpudpd; kUkfdhfpa tpwyd; Nghd;wtu;fs; gw;wpa n KUfis topgl;lhy; capu;kyk; ePq ;Fk;> KUfd; vk;Kl eldkhLfpd;w ghjq;fis topgl;lhy; jpUtUs; epiy fpl;L re;epjpKUfdpd; rpwg;Gf;fisAk;; Guhz ,jpfhr rk;gtq;fi
njhd;ik tha;e;j ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;ijf; cs;s ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; gy khw;w Nja;khdq;fisAk; fz;Lnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. rpw;wpyf;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpo;nkhopapy; kl;Lkd;wp tlnkhop> njY Mfpa nkhopfspYk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ. jkpo;ehl;ilg; Nghy n Njhd;wtpy;iy. tuyhW> gf;jp Mfpa ,U nghUz;ikapN MapDk; ,r; rjf ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU kf;fs fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. E}W ghlypy; ghlNtz;Lk; vd;w vz;ti nghUis tpupthff; $wf;$ba re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jhYk; g ,jdhy; thrfu;fSk; xU tplaj;ij mwpa 100 ghliyAk Njit fhzg;gl;lJ. ahg;Gf;fspd; khWghL Nghd;wit ,yf;fpaj;jpy; te;J fye;J nfhz;l etPd ,yf;fpaj;jhf;fK ,t; etPd tbtq;fs; vspaeil> ,yFjkpopy; rpwpa mst ehl;lq;fs; rpwpamstpy; jpUg;jpg;gl;lJ. mjpf vz;zpf;i gbj;JJ tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; ehl;lk; fhl;ltpy;iy. e FWq;fhtpak; vd;Dk; tbtj;jpid ePy hthzd;> ee;j fhzyhk;. ,e;j mikg;G rjfj;Jld; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wJ. ,t mikg;Gr; rjfq;fs; Njhw;Wg; Nghtjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ.
NkYk; jkpopy; vOe;j ngUk;ghyhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; ng tpspj;Jg;ghLtjhf mike;Js;sJ. Mdhy; rjfq;fs; ngz tpupj;Jf;$Wtjhy; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngwtpy
,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs; kf;fspd; tho;tpidr; rPu;ikg;gLj;J G+u;tkhd ,Ug;gpay;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; rhd;WfshfTk; , cjTk; fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJk; kf;fsplj;jpy; j
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jw;fhf rpd;df;fjpu;fhfkkhfpa re;epjpapy; jpU mtjhuk; > cUj;jpud;> Mfpa %tUk; KUfdpd; ghjq;fis fDk; xUtNu. KUfdpd; ghjq;fistpl cau;thdJ w;wg;nghypit ,r;rjfk; rpwg;ghff; $WtNjhL ef;fPuiu Ngupd;gk; mopj;j tuyhw;iwAk; $Wfpd;wJ. re;epjp ikia thfdkhff; nfhz;Ls;s ,akdhy; Vw;gLk; fNd jkpo;r;rq;fj;jpy; mfj;jpaNuhL jkpo;tsu;j;jtd;. ahba #uid mopj;jtd; vd KUfDila tuyhw;Wr; fhzyhk;. KUfgf;ju;fs; Mfpa ef;fPuu;> xsitahu;> yd; Nghd;wtu;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; cz;L. ,r;re;epjp k; ePq ;Fk;> KUfd; vk;Kld; tpisahLthd;>KUfdJ pgl;lhy; jpUtUs; epiy fpl;Lk; vd;fpd;whu;. ,r;rjfkhdJ k;; Guhz ,jpfhr rk;gtq;fisAk; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ.
yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;ijf; nfhz;l jkpo;nkhopapy; ;Jf;Ff; fhyk; gy khw;wq;fisAk; tsu;r;rpfisAk; hs;s Kbfpd;wJ. rpw;wpyf;fpa fijfSs; xd;whfpa rjf kl;Lkd;wp tlnkhop> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> s;sJ. jkpo;ehl;ilg; Nghy ngUkstpy;  ,yFjkpopy; rpwpa mstpy; fhzg;gl;ljpy; thrfupd; ;jpg;gl;lJ. mjpf vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;l rjfq;fisg; ; ehl;lk; fhl;ltpy;iy. etPd ,yf;fpa tbtq;fSs; j;jpid ePy hthzd;> ee;jp> KUifad; Nghd;Nwhuplk; j;Jld; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wJ. ,t; ePz ;l FWq;fhtpak; Nghd;w
ghtjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ.
k;ghyhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; ngz;fis Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpAk; ;sJ. Mdhy; rjfq;fs; ngz;fis epidg;gNj ghtk; vd j;jpapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngwtpy;iy.
; tho;tpidr; rPu;ikg;gLj;JtjhfTk; jkpoupd; tuyhw;W ;Jf;fhl;Lk; rhd;WfshfTk; ,t;Tyf> kWTyf tho;f;iff;F Ue;j NghJk; kf;fsplj;jpy; jk; nry;thf;fpid Kw;WKOf;f
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,oe;J tpl;lnjd;Nw $wyhk;. kuGtopj; jopo;f; fy;tpg; ghuk jpz;izg;gs;spfspYk; rjf ,yf;fpaq;fs; kddk; nra;a ,d;iwa kiwtpid Nja;khdj;jpidj; jLj;J khztu;f kf;fs; ,yf;fpakhf khw;Wtjd; %yk; vkJ rKjhaj;jpd KbAk;.
Ma;Tf;Fj; Jizepd;w E}y;fs; 1. fzgjpg;gps;is. Nt.  tpj;jpahDgh 2. nrauhkd;. e.tP> rjf ,yf;fpaq;fs;> khzpf;fthrfu; gj
nrd;id> 9k; gjpg;G> 1978 3. NkyJ> rpw;wpyf;fpar; nry;tk;> khzpf;fthrfu; gjpg;gfk 4. Kj;Jr;rz;Kfu;> rpw;wpyf;fpa Njhw;wKk; tifAk;> Kj;J 5. tujuhrd;.K.> jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW> rhfpj;jpa mf;flkp> 6. ekrpthaNjrpfu;> re;epjpf;fe;ju;rjfk;> fl;LtD}u; 1973. 7. Ntw;gps;is k.f.  tpj;jpahDghyd 8. tPufj;jp .f. ,uh[,uhN[];tup rjfk;> Myaj;jpUg;gz
1987 9. rjhrptk;gps;is.M. nty;it me;jhjp> Mu;Ndhy;l; Gj
408

uGtopj; jopo;f; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; FUFyf;fy;tpapYk; yf;fpaq;fs; kddk; nra;ag;gl;lJld; fw;gpf;fTk; gl;ld. j;jpidj; jLj;J khztu;fs; tpUk;gpg; gbf;Fk; gb nra;J ; %yk; vkJ rKjhaj;jpd; ,Ug;gpay;Gfis epiy ehl;l
E}y;fs;
z;lyr;rjfk;> tpj;jpahDghyd mr;rpae;jpurhiy 1928 ;fpaq;fs;> khzpf;fthrfu; gjpg;gfk;
k;> khzpf;fthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id 1967 a Njhw;wKk; tifAk;> Kj;Jg;gjpg;gfk;> kJiu> 1979 tuyhW> rhfpj;jpa mf;flkp> nrd;id 3k; gjpg;G 1978 e;ju;rjfk;> fl;LtD}u; 1973. ;lyr;rjfk;> tpj;jpahDghyd ntspaPL nrd;id
;tup rjfk;> Myaj;jpUg;gzp rigapdu;> fUfk;gidA+u;
t me;jhjp> Mu;Ndhy;l; Gj;jfepiyak; (gjpg;G) 2005.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
nghyeWit khtl;lj; jkpo; kf;fspd; rpWtu; t
ghly;fSk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
mwpKfk;
,yq;ifapy; cs;s ,Ugj;ije;J khtl;lq;fspy; nghye ,J 3293 rJufpNyhkPw ;wh; gug;ig cilaJ. ,q;F VO cj 98 fpuhkNrtfu; gpupTfSq; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;Fnk MFk;. nkhj;jr; rdj;njhifapy; 90.3 tPj khdkf;fs; rpq;f K];ypk;fs;. 2.0 tPj khdkf;fs; jkpou;fs;. ,k;khtl;lj;j kyhau; Nghd;Nwhu; 0.1 tPj khfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. khtl;lj;jpy; rpq;fsnkhopNa ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; nkho tPjkhdkf;fs; NgRfpd;wdu;. ,q;FthOk; 70 tPjj;jpw;Fk; m ,tu;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; fhy;eilfisAk; tsu fhykhf epytpte;j ehl;lhupaw; $Wfshd ehl;lhu;ghly;fs;> tpLfijfs;> ehl;lhu; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> gz;ghLfs; vdg tou;e;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ehl;lhu; ghly;fSs; xUt ghly;fshFk;. ,tw;iwr; rpWtu;fs; tpisahLk; NghJ xOf;fk;> $bthOk; kNdhghtk;> ,ir> kfpo;r;rp vd;W , nfhilfNsh kpfg;gy.
njhd;kk;
nghyeWit khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jkpo;f; fpuhkq;fspy; gi ,q;Fs;s murpdu; jkpo; fytd; ghlrhiy 1895 Mk; M rhd;Wfs; ,d;Wk; ,g;ghlrhiyapy; cz;L. ,J ,g;gFj tho;e;jikf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,f;fpuhkj;ijr; R nrhwptpy;> GJntsp> fwg;gis> rtd;gpl;b> nfhyf;fdhnt fhz;lf;fhL vdg; gy jkpo;f; fpuhkq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy jpl;lk; fhuzkhfTk; ,g; gFjpapy; njhlu;r;rpahf ,l fhuzkhfTk; ,d;W ,g;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; jkpo;f; fpuhkq nrhWtpy;> fwg;gis> Kj;Jf;fy;> jPT r;Nrid vd;gtw;W mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; FbNawpa ,lkhf ‘Flhg;nghf;Fd’ Ak;
kd;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;jpy; tho;e;j ,uz;lhk; jiyKi v];. kDtw;gps;is> tP. tPurpq;fk;> tP. Mde;jk;> vk;. Nty;K

khtl;lj; jkpo; kf;fspd; rpWtu; tpisahl;Lg;
ghly;fSk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
v];.it. =ju;
;ije;J khtl;lq;fspy; nghyeWit khtl;lKk; xd;whFk;. ;ig cilaJ. ,q;F VO cjtp murhq;f mjpgu; gpupTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;Fnkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 359>197 py; 90.3 tPjkhdkf;fs; rpq;fstu;fs;. 7.6 tPjkhdkf;fs; s; jkpou;fs;. ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpaj;jkpou;> gwq;fpau;> hfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,e;jtifapy; nghyeWit ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; nkhopahFk;. jkpo; nkhopia 9.6 q;FthOk; 70 tPj j;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhNdhu; tptrhapfshtu;. hu; fhy;eilfisAk; tsu;f;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fsplk; fhyk; ; $Wfshd ehl;lhu;ghly;fs;> ehl;lhu;fijfs; gonkhopfs;> f;fq;fs;> gz;ghLfs; vdg; gyjd;ikfs; md;Wnjhl;L ;j ehl;lhu; ghly;fSs; xUtifNa rpWtu; tpisahl;Lg; tu;fs; tpisahLk; NghJ mwpT> Mw;wy;> rpe;jid> k;> ,ir> kfpo;r;rp vd;W ,t; tpisahl;Lf;fs; toq;Fk;
s;s jkpo;f; fpuhkq;fspy; gioa fpuhkk; kd;dk;gpl;bahFk;. d; ghlrhiy 1895 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;Ls;sjw;fhd yapy; cz;L. ,J ,g;gFjpapy; mjpfkhd jkpo; kf;fs; hl;lhFk;. ,f;fpuhkj;ijr; Rw;wp KUfGuk;> fl;lhkiz> > rtd;gpl;b> nfhyf;fdhntsp> Kj;Jf;fy;> jPT r;Nrid> puhkq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy; ,d;W k`htyp mgptpUj;jpj; gFjpapy; njhlu;r;rpahf ,lk;ngw;w ,d td;Kiwfs; py; fhzg;gLk; jkpo;f; fpuhkq;fs; gpd;tUkhW. kd;dk;gpl;b> y;> jPT r;Nrid vd;gtw;Wld; gyUk; tptrhaj;Jf;fhf ,lkhf ‘Flhg;nghf;Fd’ Ak; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ho;e;j ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwapu; vd gp. ghQ;rhyg;gps;is> ;fk;> tP. Mde;jk;> vk;. Nty;KUF> tP. ,uj;jpdk; (tPuthF)>
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vd;. ,uhrpq;fk;> up. G+ghyg;gps;is> v];. nry;tehafk;> vk;. n v];. mkuhtjp> Nf. fdfk;kh> V. khupak;kh> V. md;dn gp. jq;fk;kh> Mu;. ghu;tjpmk;kh> Nf. nry;yk;kh vdg; gyi
%d;whk; jiyKiwapduhf ,tu;fspd; gps;isfs gp. rptRg;gpukzpak;> v];. fu;zd;> Mu;. re;jpud;> vk;. r Nf. fdfuhrh> Nf. ,uhrehafk;> Mu;. khzpf;fuh[h> tp. Nf. ekrpthak;> up. NahNfe;jpud;> tp. Jiuuh[h> up. gtN Mu;. Njtuh[h> vk;. fpUghde;juh[h> v];. gh];fud;> tp. j kw;Wk; tP. ru];tjp> gp. guNk];tup> tP. rptNahfkyu;> M Mu;. uhzp> Mu;. ts;spak;ik> Nf. khyh> Mu;. Gdpjkyu Mu;. Njtp> Mu;. NahNf];tup> Mu;. Ntjty;yp vdg;gyi gyu; ,d;Dk; vk;Kld; tho;e;J nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd
%d;whk; jiyKiwapdupd; gps;isfshd ehd;fhk =ju;> v];. rpy;nt];uu;> v];. rq;fu;> v];. Rjhfu;> Nf. fpU fz;zd;> v];. GtNd];tud;> v];. rae;jd;> V. gj;kehjd Mu;. gh];fud;> kw;Wk; v];. v];. rpahksh> v];. epj;jpah> gp Nf. tjdh> v];. rae;jpdp> v];. ejpah> Mu;. gthdp> Mu;. guk;giu guk;giuahf kd;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;jpd; njhd;k ,g;NghJ Ie;jhtJ jiyKiwapdUk; te;Jtpl;ldu;. ,Nj Vida jkpo;f; fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; xU njhd;kk; cz;L.
,q;F ,uz;lhtJ jiyKiwapdu; tpisahba rpWt gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fhl;lyhk;. CQ;ry; tpisahl;L> nf tpisahl;L> ML Gyp tpisahl;L> fpl;bg;Gs; tpisahl tpisahl;L> rpWtu; rpWkpau; Js;sp tpisahLk; tpis Gspab tpisahl;L> eup tpisahl;L> ghl;ld; Fj;J tpi tpisahLk; tpisahl;L> ML kwpj;jy; tpisahl;L> fz nfhk;gw tpisahl;L> Myh tpisahl;L> tl;lf;fha; tpi tl;lf;NfhL tpisahl;L> jz;zpf;Fl tpisahl;L> cg ky;ypaNu tpisahl;L> Xzhahu; tpisahl;L (X eh tpisahl;L> epw tpisahl;L> nfhk;gd; ahid tpisah Vkhw;Wk; tpisahl;L> Mz;lhu; tpisahl;L> nfhl mk;kh tpisahl;L> rJu tpisahl;L> Nfhr;rp tpisahl tpisahl;L> nel;b Kwpj;jy; tpisahl;L vd md;iwa vkJ tpisahl;Lf;fis fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khw;wp khw;wp t tpisahl;Lf;fs; mtu;fSf;F XLjy;> jhtpg;gha;jy;> Fjpj ehg;gapw;rp> fzf;Fg; gapw;rp Nghd;w gapw;rpfis tsu;g;gi xUNru ,d;g%l;^tdthfTk; mike;jpUe;jd.
410

s> v];. nry;tehafk;> vk;. nry;yf;Fkhu;> Mu;. fdfehafk;> > V. khupak;kh> V. md;dnyl;Rkp> Nf. nyl;Rkpg;gps;is> h> Nf. nry;yk;kh vdg; gyiuf;Fwpg;gplyhk;.
uhf ,tu;fspd; gps;isfs; fhzg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fSs; ;zd;> Mu;. re;jpud;> vk;. re;jpughyd;> tP. nrse;juuh[h> k;> Mu;. khzpf;fuh[h> tp. ee;jghyd;> Nf. fUzhepjp> pud;> tp. Jiuuh[h> up. gtNse;jpud;> Mu;. cUj;jpuuh[h ;juh[h> v];. gh];fud;> tp. jpUr;nry;tk;> v];. gj;kehjd;> ];tup> tP. rptNahfkyu;> Mu; ky;ypfh> gp. NahNf];tup> > Nf. khyh> Mu;. Gdpjkyu;> Nf. RFzNtzp> Mu;. &gp> Mu;. Ntjty;yp vdg;gyiu ,dq;fhl;lyhk;. ,tu;fspy;
nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
pd; gps;isfshd ehd;fhk; jiyKiwapdu; v];. it. rq;fu;> v];. Rjhfu;> Nf. fpU];zFkhu;> Nf. Fy#up> Mu;. ;> v];. rae;jd;> V. gj;kehjd;> v];. fdfuh[h> v];. Nfhrrp> ;. rpahksh> v];. epj;jpah> gp. fkyh> gp. kPd h> Nf. tsu;kjp> ;. ejpah> Mu;. gthdp> Mu;. =Njtp> Mu;. m];tpdp vdg; k;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;jpd; njhd;kj;ij ehk; tiuaWf;fyhk;. apdUk; te;Jtpl;ldu;. ,Nj Nghy; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; k; xU njhd;kk; cz;L.
iwapdu; tpisahba rpWtu; tpisahl;Lf;fs; vd;W ehk; ;. CQ;ry; tpisahl;L> nfhj;J tpisahl;L> G+g;gwpj;jy; ahl;L> fpl;bg;Gs; tpisahl;L> fps;spf; fps;spg; Guhz;b Js;sp tpisahLk; tpisahl;L> vtlk; vtlk; Gq;fk; sahl;L> ghl;ld; Fj;J tpisahl;L> FR(thA) tpl;lhy; kwpj;jy; tpisahl;L> fz;zh%r;rp tpisahl;L> khLk; pisahl;L> tl;lf;fha; tpisahl;L> Mr;rp tpisahl;L> ;zpf;Fl tpisahl;L> cg;G tpisahl;L> Mlh Njhlh hahu; tpisahl;L (X ehahu; tpisahl;L)> gotif nfhk;gd; ahid tpisahl;L> Myh tl;l tpisahl;L> ;lhu; tpisahl;L> nfhl;lg;ghf;fd; tpisahl;L> Xu; sahl;L> Nfhr;rp tpisahl;L> nfhR mbj;J tpisahLk; sahl;L vd md;iwa vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; vz;zpiwe;j f; fhyk; khw;wp khw;wp tpisahbapUf;fpwhu;fs;. ,t; XLjy;> jhtpg;gha;jy;> Fjpj;jy;> jhz;Ljy;> nrhw;gapw;rp> hd;w gapw;rpfis tsu;g;gitahfTk;> Ik;Gyd;fSf;Fk; ; mike;jpUe;jd.
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KjyhtJ jiyKiwapdu; jkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; ,uz;lhtJ jiyKiwapdUf;Fg; gof;f mtu;fs; jhk; tpi gps;isfshd %d;whtJ jiyKiwapdUf;Fk; ,t;t Mdhy;> ,tu;fs; ehd;fhtJ jiyKiwapdUf;Fg; gof;f mtu;fspy; gyu; ,g;NghJ me;j tpisahl;Lf;fisNa kwe;jt jiyKiwapduhd jkJ gps;isfSf;F ,jidg; gof;f gof;fpdhYk; mjid tpUk;ghjtu;fshf Gjpa jiyKiwa tplakhFk;.
1. ‘CQ;ry;’ tpisahl;L
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; rpj;jpiu> itfhrp khjq;fspy; ng fpuhkq;fspy; CQ;ry; fl;lg;gLtJ tof;fk;. ngupatu;fNs ghly; kd;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;Jf;Nf cupajhf ,Ue;jhYk; M vy;yhtw;wpYk; vt;tpj tpj;jpahrKk; ,d;wp ,g;ghly; xd gpd;tUkhW.
mk;ghNth ck;ghNth VNyNyh - NkN mk;ghf; fhud; fhry;yNth VNyNyh - NkN fhRk; ,y;y fsQ;Rk; ,y;y VNyNyh - NkN fld; fhud; kfsy;yNth VNyNyh - NkN
nrg;gj; jpwe;J fhir vlb VNyNyh - NkN ngl;baj; jpwe;J rPg;ig vlb VNyNyh - NkN rOf;f vz;z G+rhjb VNyNyh - NkN rOf;ff; nfhz;l fl;lhjb VNyNyh - NkN
rpd;d rpd;d ntj;jpiyahk; VNyNyh - NkN rpd;d kr;rhd; epj;jpiuahk;; VNyNyh - NkN ngupa ngupa ntj;jpiyahk; VNyNyh - NkN ngupa kr;rhd; epj;jpiuahk; VNyNyh - NkN
FQ;rp FQ;rp ntj;jpiyahk; VNyNyh - NkN FQ;rp kr;rhd; epj;jpiuahk;; VNyNyh - NkN ghjpg; ghjp ntj;jpiyahk; VNyNyh - NkN ghwp kr;rhs; epj;jpiuahk; VNyNyh - NkN
muf;nfhj;J muprp Mf;fpUf;fhk; VNyNyh - NkN fug;gj;jhd; G+r;rp Rz;bapUf;fhk; VNyNyh - NkN thdj;jpy Nwhl;Lg; Nghl;L; VNyNyh - NkN thwhz;b cd; GUrd; VNyNyh - NkN
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

u; jkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; gof;fpa tpisahl;Lf;fis ;Fg; gof;f mtu;fs; jhk; tpisahbaJ kl;Lky;yhJ jkJ yKiwapdUf;Fk; ,t;tpisahl;Lf;fisg; gof;fpdu;. jiyKiwapdUf;Fg; gof;fpaNghJ mjid tpisahba pisahl;Lf;fisNa kwe;jtu;fshf ,Ug;gJld; Ie;jhtJ sfSf;F ,jidg; gof;f Kbahjtu;fshfTk;> xU rpyu; jtu;fshf Gjpa jiyKiwapdu; ,Ug;gJ xU tUe;jj;jf;f
> itfhrp khjq;fspy; nghyeWit khtl;lj; jkpo;f; tJ tof;fk;. ngupatu;fNs ,jpy; ghb MLthu;fs;. ,e;jg; ;Nf cupajhf ,Ue;jhYk; Muk;gfhyj; jkpo;f;fpuhkq;fs; ahrKk; ,d;wp ,g;ghly; xd;whfNt ,Ue;jJ. mg;ghly;
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
k; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ;; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ;; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
;fhk; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh f;fhk; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
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fWg;gpu thrypNy VNyNyh - NkN fWj;j ehAk; rq;fpypAk; VNyNyh - NkN nts;sr;rPu thrypNy VNyNyh - NkN nts;s ehAk; rq;fpypAk; VNyNyh - NkN
2. ‘nfhj;J’ tpisahl;L
gj;J taJ njhlf;fk; gjpNdO taJ tiu cs;s , tpisahLthu;fs;. ,t;tpisahl;by;  nfhj;J ahUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Nghlg;gl;L ,Uf nfhj;J itj;jtiuj; Juj;j mtu; Xbte;J Juj;Jgtupd; Kd;dtu; ghba ghliyg; ghbg;ghb kw;wtu;fisr; Rw;wpr; Rw Xb te;J ,Ue;jtu; Juj;Jgtuplk; gpbgl;lhy; mtNu kPz Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpisahl;il tpisahLgtu;fs; jk;ik gpd;dhNyNa nfhj;ij itg;ghu;fs;. rpyu; jkJ Xl;lj; Xlf;$batu;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhNyNa nfhj;ij itj;Jtpl;L mt;tsT J}uk; Xlg; gpd;dhy; kw;wtu; tpl;Lj; Juj;j Vida jl;LtJk; ‘mb....mb.....> ‘gpbr;rpl;lhd; ...... gpbr;rpl;lhd.... gf;fk; Mjuthf ,Ug;gJk; cz;L. nghJthf ,e;j tpisah Xl;lKNk Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
kd;dk;gpl;bg; gFjpapd; ,t; tpisahl;Lf;fhd ghly; ,g;ghliyj; jdpNa nfhj;J itj;jpUg;gtu; kl;Lk; ghl MSf;F xU mbia khwp khwpg; ghLtu;. ,e;jg; ghly; m ,uz;lhk; %d;whk; ehd;fhk; jiyKiw tiug;ghlg;gl;L
nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;;: “nfhj;J ,Uf;fh nf ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d nfhj;J? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: khq;nfhj;J ,Ug;gtu;fs;: Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: Nthj;jy; Nthj;jy ,Ug;gtu;fs;: fyf;fl;b fyf;fl;b

VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
dO taJ tiu cs;s ,UghyhUk; ,t;tpisahl;il ahl;by;  mtjhdKk;> f;Fk;.
t; tpisahl;Lf;fhd ghly; gpd;tUkhW ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. itj;jpUg;gtu; kl;Lk; ghlhky; ,Ug;gtu;fSk; Nru;e;J wpg; ghLtu;. ,e;jg; ghly; mbfs; ve;jtpj khWjYkpd;wp
iyKiw tiug;ghlg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
“nfhj;J ,Uf;fh nfhj;J? vd;d nfhj;J? khq;nfhj;J Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f Nthj;jy; Nthj;jy; fyf;fl;b fyf;fl;b
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nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: Nthj;jy; Nthj;jy ,Ug;gtu;fs;: fyf;fl;b fyf;fl;b nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: ge;jpUf;fh ge;J? ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d ge;J? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: rPk pahg; ge;J.”
3 ‘G+g;gwpj;jy;’ tpisahl;L
,e;j tpisahl;il vj;jid NghUk; tpisahl tajpw;Ff; fPo ;g;gl;l ,UghyhUk; xd;W Nru;e;Nj ,e;j tpi tpisahl te;jpUg;gtu;fSs; caukhf ,Uf;Fk; ,Utu; j y; vd;w ngau;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;. ,J kw;wtu;fS ,UtUk; jkJ ,uz;L iffisAk; cau;j;jpg; gpbj;Jf; ghl Vidatu;fs; vj;jid Nguhf ,Ue;jhYk; rup cau Fiwe;jtu; tiu xU Nfhu;itahf xUtupd; gpd; Mil cau;j;jpa iffSf;Ff; fPo hf cs;Ns tUtJk; NghtJkhf
kd;dk;gpl;b fpuhkj;jpy; ,t;tpisahl;il tpisahL ,t;tpisahl;Lf;ffg; ghLfpd;wdu;.
ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gtu;fs;: xU Flk; j cs;Ns GFe;J tUgtu;fs;: xU G+ G+j;J ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gtu;fs;;;;;;: nuz;L Fl cs;Ns GFe;J tUgtu;fs;: nuz;L G+ ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gtu;fs;;;;;: %d;W Fl cs;Ns GFe;J tUgtu;fs;: %d;W G+ G ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gtu;fs;;;;;: ehd;F Fl cs;Ns GFe;J tUgtu;fs;: ehd;F G+ G ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gtu;fs;;;;;: Ie;J Flk cs;Ns GFe;J tUgtu;fs;: Ie;J G+ G+j ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gtu;fs;;;;;: MW Flk; cs;Ns GFe;J tUgtu;fs;: MW G+ G+j
,t;thW ghbf;nfhz;Nl ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L e xUtiug; gpbj;J ,uz;L iff;Fs;Sk; itj;J mq;fhYk; , Ml;bf; nfhz;L ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
mg;NghJ gpb gl;ltupd; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; xd;W Nr itj;jpUg;gtu;fisg; ghu;j;Jg; ghLthu;fs;;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Nthj;jy; Nthj;jy; fyf;fl;b fyf;fl;b ge;jpUf;fh ge;J? vd;d ge;J? rPk pahg; ge;J.”
jid NghUk; tpisahlyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; gjpdhW k; xd;W Nru;e;Nj ,e;j tpisahl;il tpisahLfpwhu;fs;. caukhf ,Uf;Fk; ,Utu; jkf;Fs;Ns fye;JNgrp Crp> E} fhs;thu;fs;. ,J kw;wtu;fSf;Fj; njupaf;$lhJ. ,tu;fs; isAk; cau;j;jpg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; ghliyg; guhf ,Ue;jhYk; rup cauk; $batupy; ,Ue;J cauk; tahf xUtupd; gpd; Milia xUtu; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L
s;Ns tUtJk; NghtJkhf ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
t;tpisahl;il tpisahLk; NghJ gpd;tUk; ghliy du;.
epw;gtu;fs;: xU Flk; jz;zp thj;J ;: xU G+ G+j;J !
epw;gtu;fs;;;;;;: nuz;L Flk; jz;zp thj;J ;: nuz;L G+ G+j;J ! epw;gtu;fs;;;;;: %d;W Flk; jz;zp thj;J ;: %d;W G+ G+j;J !
epw;gtu;fs;;;;;: ehd;F Flk; jz;zp thj;J ;: ehd;F G+ G+j;J !
epw;gtu;fs;;;;;: Ie;J Flk; jz;zp thj;J ;: Ie;J G+ G+j;J !
epw;gtu;fs;;;;;: MW Flk; jz;zp thj;J ;: MW G+ G+j;J !
fia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gtu;fs; ,UtUk; tpUk;gpa ;Fs;Sk; itj;J mq;fhYk; ,q;fhYk; vd;W jkJ iffis
piar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J gpd;tUk; ghliy gpbj;J ghLthu;fs;;.
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“Nghb Nghb rk;ke;jp Gj;jp nfl;l rk;ke;jp xU fl;Lg; Gy;Yj;jhwd; vd; kfis tplb ”
,ijf; Nfl;lJk; gpbj;J itj;jpUg;gtu;fs;
“Nghb Nghb rk;ke;jp Gj;jp nfl;l rk;ke;jp xU fl;Lg; Gy;Yf;F cd; kfis tplth? ”
vd;W Nguk; NgRtjpy; ,Ogwpg; gLthufs;;. Nguk; gj;J NghFk;. Nguk; Kbe;jJk; Fwpg;gl;ltiu itj;jpUf;Fk; ,Ut ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jf;nfhz;L Ngha; fhjpw;Fs; ‘Crpah?’> ‘E}y vijr; nrhy;Yfpd;whNuh mtu; me;jg; ngaiu cilatu Kiw gpb gLgtiu kw;wtu; nfhz;Lg; Ngha; ‘Crpah?’> ‘E}y ahUila gf;fk; tpisahLgtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if $Lf ngw;wjhff; fzpf;fg;gLk;.
4. ‘ML Gyp’ tpisahl;L
,e;j tpisahl;ilg; ngUk;ghYk; gjpdhW tajpw;Ff; tpisahLfpd;wdu;. ,e;j tpisahl;il tpisahLtjw;F rpWkpfshtJ ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; vy;NyhUk; ngupa tl;lkhf epw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tl;lj;Jf;F ntsp tl;lj;Jf;Fs;Ns xUtu; Mlhf ,Ug;ghu;. Gyp Ml;ilg;gpbf;f ,Ue;J jg;g topghu;f;Fk;. ,e;j Ntis tl;lkhf ,Ug;gtu ,e;j tpisahl;Lg; ghliyg; ghbr; Rw;wptUthu;fs;.
fPN otUk; ghly; kd;dk;gpl;b> nrhwptpy; gFjpapy; kl;LN
“khk;Gyp nrk;Gyp kuk; Gspahk; gJq;fpapUg;gJ nfhLk;Gypahk; ghu;j;J ,Ug;gJ tupg;Gypahk; khk;Gyp nrk;Gyp kuk; Gypahk; gJq;fpapUg;gJ nfhLk;Gypahk;”
tl;lkhff; ifiag; gpbj;jpUg;gtu;fs; ,e;jg;ghliy gh tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L f\;lg;gl;Lg; Gyp cs;Ns tUk;. Gyp c XLk;. gpd;du; GypAk; ntspNa te;J Ml;ilj; Juj;Jk;. M

ghb rk;ke;jp ;l rk;ke;jp g; Gy;Yj;jhwd;
s tplb ”
tj;jpUg;gtu;fs;
ghb rk;ke;jp ;l rk;ke;jp g; Gy;Yf;F is tplth? ”
gwpg; gLthufs;;. Nguk; gj;Jf; fl;Lg; Gy;Yf;Fk; rpyNtis l;ltiu itj;jpUf;Fk; ,Utupy; xUtu; ,tiu NtW xU gha; fhjpw;Fs; ‘Crpah?’> ‘E}yh?’ vd;W Nfl;ghu;. Fwpg;gpl;ltu; u; me;jg; ngaiu cilatu; gf;fk; Ngha;r; Nru;thu;. kW hz;Lg; Ngha; ‘Crpah?’> ‘E}yh?’ vd;W Nfl;ghu;. ,g;gbahf u;fspd; vz;zpf;if $Lfpd;wNjh me;jg; gf;fk; ntw;wp
k;ghYk; gjpdhW tajpw;Ff; Fiwe;j rpWtu; rpWkpau;fNs sahl;il tpisahLtjw;F Fiwe;jJ gjpide;J rpWtu; ;Lk;. Kjypy; vy;NyhUk; ,uz;L iffisAk; gpbj;J k;. ,e;j tl;lj;Jf;F ntspNa xUtu; Gypahf ,Ug;ghu;. ,Ug;ghu;. Gyp Ml;ilg;gpbf;f Kaw;rp nra;Ak;. ML Gypaplk; Ntis tl;lkhf ,Ug;gtu;fs; jq;fs; gFjpf;Nf rpwg;ghd br; Rw;wptUthu;fs;.
l;b> nrhwptpy; gFjpapy; kl;LNk ghlg;gLk; ghlyhFk;.
p nrk;Gyp kuk; Gspahk; pUg;gJ nfhLk;Gypahk; Ug;gJ tupg;Gypahk; nrk;Gyp kuk; Gypahk; pUg;gJ nfhLk;Gypahk;”
pUg;gtu;fs; ,e;jg;ghliy ghLk; NghNj xUtupd; ifia g; Gyp cs;Ns tUk;. Gyp cs;Ns te;jhy; ML ntspNa te;J Ml;ilj; Juj;Jk;. ML Gypaplk; mfg;gl;lhy; Mlhf
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,Ug;gtu; tpisahl;by; ,Ue;J ePf ;fg;gl ifiag; gpbj;Jr; R tUthu;. mtu; ,Ue;j ,lj;Jf;F Kd;G Mlhf ,Ue;jtu; Ng tpisahl;L kPz ;Lk; njhlUk;. Gypahf ,Ug;gtUk; $l Ml;ilg; gpbf;f KbahJ Nghdhy; ,tUk; jkJ gjtpia t ifNfhu;j;J ,Ug;gtu;fs; vg;NghJk; Ml;bd; gf;fNk rhu;e tpisahl;by; Mlhf ,Ug;gtUf;Fj;jhd; mjpfkhf Mjuth
5. ‘fpl;bg;Gs;’ tpisahl;L
,t;tpisahl;ilg; ngUk;ghYk; md;W xd;gJ ta ,ilg;gl;l rpWtu;fNs tpisahbapUf;fpwhu;fs;. ,t ,uz;L NguhtJ ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk; ,uz cilatu;fNs gq;F gw;Wthu;fs;. ,t;tpisahl;il ghlr Ntisfspy; ngupatu;fSk; tpisahLthu;fs;.
Kjypy; ,Utu; jiytu;fshf ,Ue;J kw;wtu;fisg xU cld;ghl;Lf;F te;J xU fhir NkNy vwpe;J m gpbg;gtu;fshfTk; kW gFjpapdu; cj;Jgtu;fshfTk; (fp Muk;gpg;ghu;fs;. Fwpg;gpl;l xU vz;zpf;ifiaj; jkJ ghl;l jPu;khdpg;ghu;fs;. rpWtu;fshapd; E}W (100) MfTk;> ngupat itj;Jf;nfhs;tJ tof;fk;.
,e;j epiyapy; xU Fopapy; “Gs;is” (rpwpa jb) itj xUtu;. kW jug;gpy; cs;stu;fs; mjidg; gpbg;ghu;fs “Gs;” mij cj;jpatu; Nghl;bapy; ,Ue;J ePf ;fg;gLthu;. khwhf gp jdJ ifapy; cs;s ngupa jbia FWf;fhf itf;f kw;w ,J jbapy; gl;lhy; mtu; Nghl;bapy; ,Ue;J ePf ;fg;gLthu;. me;jg; “Gs;spd;” Edpapy; mbf;fyhk;. mt;thW mbf;Fk; N Xq;fp Xu; mb mbf;fyhk;. ,e;j Ntisapy; “Gs;” vt;tsT J ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gs;spd; Ezpapy; ,uz;lhtJ mbia m mbj;J mjid NtW xU ,lj;jpy; tpor; nra;thu;. gpd;du kPz ;Lk; Gs;spd; Ezpapy; %d;whtJ mbia mbj;J mj nra;thu;. mjd; gpd;du; msf;Fk; NghJ Kd;G tpisahLk; jw;NghJ mbj;j mbapy; “Gs;” cs;s ,lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;g vz;iz mbj;jtupd; gf;fj; jiytu; nrhy;y kw;wtu;fs mtu; njhlu;e;J tpisahlyhk;. ,y;iynad;why; Fwpg;gpl;l msg;ghu;fs;. ‘Gs;spd;;’ ePs k; xd;whf fzpf;fg;gl;L msf;f Fwpf;fg;gl;l njhif mq;Nf ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mtu; Nghl;bapy ,tu; njhlu;e;J tpidahlyhk;. nrhy;yg;gl;l ,lj;ij tpl n Mdhy; $Ljyhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ePf ;fg;gl ifiag; gpbj;Jr; Rj;jp tUgu;fspy; xUtu; Mlhf Kd;G Mlhf ,Ue;jtu; Ngha; iffisg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;s ;. Gypahf ,Ug;gtUk; $l gy Kiw Kaw;rp nra;Jk; hy; ,tUk; jkJ gjtpia tpl;Lf; nfhLg;ghu;fs;;. tl;lkhf ghJk; Ml;bd; gf;fNk rhu;e;J ,Ug;ghu;fs;. ,jdhy; ,t; f;Fj;jhd; mjpfkhf Mjuthsu;fs; ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
;ghYk; md;W xd;gJ tajpw;Fk; gjpNdO tajpw;Fk; sahbapUf;fpwhu;fs;. ,t;tpisahl;Lf;Ff; Fiwe;jJ z;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk; ,uz;L gf;fKk; rk vz;zpf;if ;fs;. ,t;tpisahl;il ghlrhiyapy; rpWtu;fSk;> khiy pisahLthu;fs;.
shf ,Ue;J kw;wtu;fisg; gpupj;J vLg;ghu;fs;. gpd;du; fhir NkNy vwpe;J mjd; %yk; xU gFjpapdu; pdu; cj;Jgtu;fshfTk; (fpz;Ljy;) ,e;j tpisahl;il z;zpf;ifiaj; jkJ ghl;lj;jpw;;fhd vz;zpf;ifahfj; ; E}W (100) MfTk;> ngupatu;fshapd; IE}whfTk; (500)
y; “Gs;is” (rpwpa jb) itj;J xU jbahy; cj;jp tpLthu; s; mjidg; gpbg;ghu;fs “Gs;” epyj;jpy; tpo Kjy; gpb gl;lhy; e;J ePf ;fg;gLthu;. khwhf gpbglh tpl;lhy; cj;Jk; ,lj;jpy; ia FWf;fhf itf;f kw;wtu;fs; “Gs;is” vwpthu;fs;. ;bapy; ,Ue;J ePf ;fg;gLthu;. ,y;iynad;why; %d;W mb ;fyhk;. mt;thW mbf;Fk; NghJ “Gs;” NkNy fpok;g mjpy; Ntisapy; “Gs;” vt;tsT J}uj;Jf;Fg; Nghfpd;wNjh me;j papy; ,uz;lhtJ mbia mbg;gtu; jdJ gyk; nfhz;L ;jpy; tpor; nra;thu;. gpd;du; tpOe;j ,lj;Jf;F te;j mtu; ;whtJ mbia mbj;J mjid NtW xU ,lj;jpy; tpor; k; NghJ Kd;G tpisahLk; NghJ “Fop” cs;s ,lj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ,lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l J}uNk msf;fg;gLk;. xU jiytu; nrhy;y kw;wtu;fs; mjid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; ;. ,y;iynad;why; Fwpg;gpl;l vz; rupah vd;W ghu;g;gjw;F d;whf fzpf;fg;gl;L msf;fg;gLk;. msf;Fk; NghJ Kd;G ;yhtpl;lhy; mtu; Nghl;bapypUe;J ePf ;fg;gLthu;. ,Ue;jhy; ;. nrhy;yg;gl;l ,lj;ij tpl njhif Fiwthf ,Uf;fyhk;. hJ.
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,g;gb xU gf;fj;jpYs;s rfyUk; tpisahb Kd;G ghl;lk vLj;J tpl;lhy; clNd ‘ghl;lk;’ ‘ghl;lk;’ vd;W fj;jpf; nfhz mbf;Fk; NghJ Kjypy; ‘Fop’ iar; Rw;wp xU tl;lk; ,l;L vd;W vOjp tpl;L %d;W mbia xUtu; mbg;ghu;. ,t;thW vjpu;j; jug;gpdu; ‘Fop’ cs;s ,lj;ij Nehf;fp Kd;G mbj;J ghly;fspy; VjhtJ xd;iw %r;Rtplhky; ghbf;nfhz;L X ghLfpwhu;fsh vd;W ghu;f;f vjpu;j;jug;gpdu; gyu; $lNt X ghliy %r;Rtplhky; ghbf;nfhz;L ‘Fop’ ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;J mbj;jtu;fs; ‘Gs;spy;’ ,uz;L mb mbg;ghu;fs;. ,g;NghJ tpLthu;fs;. Kbahtpl;lhy; ghbatu;fs; ntl;fj;Jld; tpis tUthu;fs;. Kd;G ‘ghl;lk;’ vLj;jtu;fs; gpbg;gjw;Fj; jahuht
kd;dk;gpb fpuhkj;jpy; rpWtu;fs; gpd;tUk; fpl;bg; Gs;S
“rLFL kyapy nuz;lhd rWf;fp tpOe;jJ fpsl;lhd J}f;fp tpl;lJ ehd; jhNd.... ehd; jhNd.... ehd; jhNd..... ehd; jhNd.... ehd; jhN
“MyapNy NrhyapNy Myk; ghba re;ijapNy fpl;bg; Gs;Sk; gk;guKk; fpwpf;fpabf;fg; ghyhW ... ghyhW ... ghyhW..... ghyhW...
“ FL FL nry;yh Fg;gr; nry;yh Ntypg; Gwj;jp ntq;fhak; ntl;bg;ghj;jh rhuhak; Fbr;Rg; ghj;jh Ntg;ngz;z .... Ntg;ngz;z..... Ntg;n
“nfstbf;f bf;f bf;f nfstbf;f bf;f bf;f nfstbf;f bf;f bf;f nfstbf;f bf;f bf;f.... nfstbf;f bf;f bf;f.......”
“tanyy;yhk; ney;yhr;rp ney;nyy;yhk; tpisQ;rhr;rp tpisQ;rhr;rp.... tpisQ;rhr;rp... tpisQ;rhr;rp........”
“ eupNa eupNa thuhNah ez;L gpbf;f thuhNah ey;y nghy;yj; NjlhNah NjlhNah.... NjlhNah... NjlhNah... NjlhNah...”

Uk; tpisahb Kd;G ghl;lk;itf;ff; Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia ;’ ‘ghl;lk;’ vd;W fj;jpf; nfhz;L ghl;lk; mbg;ghu;fs;. ghl;lk; iar; Rw;wp xU tl;lk; ,l;L mjw;Fs; KjyhtJ ghl;lk; a xUtu; mbg;ghu;. ,t;thW vy;NyhUk; mbj;J Kbj;jJk; lj;ij Nehf;fp Kd;G mbj;Jg; Nghd topahfg; gpd;tUk; r;Rtplhky; ghbf;nfhz;L Xb tUthu;fs;. %r;Rtplhky; pu;j;jug;gpdu; gyu; $lNt XLthu;fs;. ,g;gb VjhtJ xU hz;L ‘Fop’ ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fg; Nghf tpl;lhy; kPz ;Lk; mb mbg;ghu;fs;. ,g;NghJ ,e;jj; J}uj;ijg; ghbKbj;J atu;fs; ntl;fj;Jld; tpisahl;Lj; njhlq;fpa ,lj;Jf;F ;jtu;fs; gpbg;gjw;Fj; jahuhtu;fs;.
u;fs; gpd;tUk; fpl;bg; Gs;Sg; ghly;fisg; ghLfpd;wdu;.
.. ..... ehd; jhNd.... ehd; jhNd....”
yhW ... ghyhW..... ghyhW......”
;yh
.... Ntg;ngz;z..... Ntg;ngz;z.....”
stbf;f bf;f bf;f.......”
;rp hr;rp... tpisQ;rhr;rp........”
jlhNah... NjlhNah...”
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vd;W ngupatu;fs; ghLk; NghJ rpWtu;fs; kpf , ghLfpd;wdu;. rpy ngupatu;fSk; ,e;jg; ghliy ghLtJ to
“< ... < ... < ... < ...
< ... < ... < ... < ...”
vd;Wk;
“ FL ... FL ... FL ... FL ...
FL ... FL ... FL ... FL ...”
vd;Wk; ghb XLthu;fs;. ,r; rpd;dQ; rpwpatu;fSf;F , vd;dntd;W njupatpy;iy. nghJthf jkJ fpuhkj;J # nrhw;fisAk;> kpf ,dpikahd Mdhy;> vspikahd nrhw Vw;g ghly; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W jhd; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk
,e;jf; fpl;bg;Gs;Sg; ghly;fs; kd;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;Jf;N Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,e;jg;ghly;fisNa may;fpuhkq;fspYk;
gapy; epiy
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s midj;J tpis khtl;lj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; jha;tPl hf ,Ue;jJ kd;dk fpuhkj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,t;tpisahl;il ,uz;lht KjyhtJ guk;giuapdiug; NghyNt tpisahl ehd;fht gy khw;wq;fSld; kwe;Jk; kwf;fhkYk; tpisahl I tpisahl;il Kw;whfNt kwe;Jtpl;ldu;. ,jw;Ff; fhu jfty; njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fspd; tUifAk; ngUf;fKk;> nt efukakhjy;> gioa tpisahl;Lf;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fis mwpe gof;ff;$batu;fs; ,y;yhik vdg; gytw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyh
Vida jkpo;f;fpuhkq;fs; ,d;Dk; tptrhaf; fpuhk ghjpg;Gf;fs; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhfg; Ngha;r; NruhjjdhYk; njhd;kj;ij kjpg;gtu;fshfTk; mijr; rpw;rpy khw;wq;f ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,q;Fs;s vy;yhf; fpuhk vLj;Jg; ghu;j;jhy; kd;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;J CQ;ry; ghl mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kpFjp jkJ fpuhkj;jpy; fhzg;gL mk;gyj;Jf;F nfhz;LtUtjhf jw;NghJ khw;wg;gl;Ls jiyKiwapdu; ghlNy ,y;yhky; CQ;ry; MLtijAk; r KDKDj;Jf; nfhz;L CQ;ry; MLtijAk; fhzf;$ba fpuhkg;ghly; gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; NghJ rpWtu;fs; kpf ,Nyrhf gpd;tUk; ghliyg; k; ,e;jg; ghliy ghLtJ tof;fk;.
.. < ... < ... .. < ... < ...”
FL ... FL ... FL ... FL ... FL ... FL ...”
r; rpd;dQ; rpwpatu;fSf;F ,e;jg; ghly;fspd; mu;j;jq;fs; nghJthf jkJ fpuhkj;J #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g mLf;Fr; Mdhy;> vspikahd nrhw;fisAk; nfhz;L ghgLtjw;F d;W jhd; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
s; kd;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;Jf;Nf cupajhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;
sNa may;fpuhkq;fspYk; ghbdu;.
;lg;gl;Ls;s midj;J tpisahl;Lf;fSf;Fk; nghyeWit ; jha;tPl hf ,Ue;jJ kd;dk;gpl;b fpuhkkhFk;. kd;dk;gpl;b ,t;tpisahl;il ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ guk;giuapdu; ghyNt tpisahl ehd;fhtJ guk;giuapdu; vg;NghjhtJ kwf;fhkYk; tpisahl Ie;jhtJ guk;giuapdu; ,t; we;Jtpl;ldu;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; fy;tp tsu;r;rp> etPd ; tUifAk; ngUf;fKk;> ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs;> l;Lf;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fis mwpe;J mtw;iwg; Gjpatu;fSf;Fg; vdg; gytw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
; ,d;Dk; tptrhaf; fpuhkq;fshfTk; etPd j;Jtj;jpd; fg; Ngha;r; NruhjjdhYk; ,k;kf;fs; ,d;Dk; gioa k; mijr; rpw;rpy khw;wq;fSld; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fshfTk; ,q;Fs;s vy;yhf; fpuhkj;J ‘CQ;ry;’ ghly;fisAk; l;bf; fpuhkj;J CQ;ry; ghlypd; Kjy; mbAk; nkl;LNk p jkJ fpuhkj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpd;dr; rpd;d Coy;fis hf jw;NghJ khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ kl;Lkd;wp Ie;jhtJ hky; CQ;ry; MLtijAk; rpy Ntis rpdpkhg;ghly;fis y; MLtijAk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ‘nrhwptpy;’
g;gLfpd;wJ.
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mk;ghNth ck;ghNth VNyNyh - NkN mk;ghf; fhud; fhry;yNth VNyNyh - NkN fhRk; ,y;y fsQ;Rk; ,y;y VNyNyh - NkN fld; fhud; kfsy;yNth VNyNyh - NkN
nrg;ig jpwe;J Cir vlb VNyNyh - NkN Crpk; ,y;y E}Yk; ,y;y VNyNyh - NkN rpd;dhr;rpw;w FLj;Jl;L thb VNyNyh - NkN rpd;dr; rl;il jr;rpLthT VNyNyh - NkN
ngupa khkp tPl ;bdpy VNyNyh - NkN tpUe;J itf;fg; Nghwhthk; VNyNyh - NkN tl;lu; xapy; vz;zapy VNyNyh - NkN fUthL nghupr;rpUf;fhk; VNyNyh - NkN
aho;ghzj;J thj;jpahU VNyNyh - NkN ts;spl tPl ;l ,Uf;fpuhk; VNyNyh - NkN ts;spf;Fj; njupahk VNyNyh - NkN kfNshl fijf;fpwhuhk; VNyNyh - NkN
Xbg;Nghd nts;sr;rp VNyNyh - NkN fhl;Lf;Fs;s fplf;fpwhthk; VNyNyh - NkN NuhrKs;s ngupa jk;gp VNyNyh - NkN J}q;fpr; nrj;Jg; Nghdhuhk; VNyNyh - NkN
NtypNahu %iyapy VNyNyh - NkN ngupa kr;rhs; gJq;FwhT VNyNyh - NkN Ntg;g ku Xuj;jpy VNyNyh - NkN NtYg;gps;s jk;gp gJq;FwhU VNyNyh - NkN
NkYs;s ghlypy; “tl;lu; xapy;” vd;w nrhy; mz;ikf; fh Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;s kf;fis muR k %ykhf NtW gFjpfspy; Fbakh;j;Jk; NghJ Fb ngau;e;J xU tUlj;Jf;F gy;NtW czTg; nghUl;fs; toq;FtJ xapy;” upd;Dk; mlq;Fk;. ,e;jg; gFjp kf;fSf;F ,e;j tl;lu jkf;F gpbf;fhjtw;iw ghlypy; ghb jkJ ntWg;igf; fhl;Lt

VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh b VNyNyh - NkNyNyh
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh hU VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
py;” vd;w nrhy; mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; ,g;ghlypy; Nru;e;jpUf;f py; cs;s kf;fis muR k`htyp mgptpuj;jp jpl;lj;jpd; kh;j;Jk; NghJ Fb ngau;e;J Nghgtu;fSf;F epthuzkhf Tg; nghUl;fs; toq;FtJ tof;fk;. mtw;Ws;; “tl;lu; ; gFjp kf;fSf;F ,e;j tl;lu; xapypd; kzNk gpbg;gpy;iy. ; ghb jkJ ntWg;igf; fhl;LtNj Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
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“fwg;gis” fpuhk cQ;ry; ghliy vLj;Jf; nfhz ,ilapilNa ghlhky; njhlu;e;J ghly; ghlg;gl;Lf; nf “khk;Gsp” vd;gJ “khk;Gs;sp” vd;gjd; jpupghFk;. mofpNy ghirapy; ,g;gb miog;gu;.
Gifapiyj; Njhl;lk; nra;tNj ,tu;fspd; Kf;fpa njh rpytw;Wf;F Kd; gFjpapy; ,f; fpuhkk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mg;gFjpa fpz;ly; nra;Ak; jd;ikAk; ,g;ghlypy; ,isNahb ,U gpd;tUkhW
mk;ghNth ck;ghNth VNyNyh - N mk;ghf; fhud; fhry;yNth VNyNyh - N fhRk; ,y;y fsQ;Rk; ,y;y VNyNyh - N fhRf; fhwd; tuAkpy;y VNyNyh - N Njj;jh kuj;jpd; fPN o VNyNyh - N khk;Gspr;Nrty; xd;W VNyNyh - N rpwFj; jl;b $Tjk;kh VNyNyh - N vd;dofh nghd;dofh VNyNyh - N vd;Ndhl tuDk;lh VNyNyh - N nghapy Njhl;lj;jpy VNyNyh - N jz;zpas;sp ,iwf;ifapy VNyNyh - N rpd;dj; jq;fk; Nghifapy VNyNyh - N kdR nfhQ;rk; glglf;Fk; VNyNyh - N nkhl;lj;jy fhf;fh khkd; VNyNyh - N gpl;Lj;jpd;d thuhU VNyNyh - N khkpapu tapj;jpdpNy VNyNyh - N G+Tk; gpQ;Rk; gpbr;rpUf;fhk; VNyNyh - N Nfs;tpl;l khkdhU VNyNyh - N igag; iga KORwhwhk; VNyNyh - N
Kj;Jf;fy;; fpuhkj;J CQ;rs; ghly; kd;dk;gpl;b> fwg;gi xj;jpUe;j NghjpYk; rpy NtWghLfisAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ NghJ fpuhkGw kf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;ifia ntspg;gLj;Jt
mk;ghNth ck;ghNth VNyNyh - N mk;ghf; fhud; fhry;yNth VNyNyh - N fhRk; ,y;y fsQ;Rk; ,y;y VNyNyh - N fld; fhud; kfsy;yNth VNyNyh - N
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; ghliy vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ghlypd; Kjy; mbia u;e;J ghly; ghlg;gl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;ghlypy; d;gjd; jpupghFk;. mofpNy kpfTk; rpwg;ghdij fpuhkj;J
;tNj ,tu;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopyhFk;. K];ypk; fpuhkq;fs; fpuhkk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mg;gFjpahy; NghFk; K];ypk; kf;fis ,g;ghlypy; ,isNahb ,Ug;gij fhzyhk;. mg;ghly;
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh py VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh
; ghly; kd;dk;gpl;b> fwg;gis fpuhkj;J CQ;ry; ghliy hLfisAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ,Wjpg;ghlypy; ,b ,bf;Fk;
k;gpf;ifia ntspg;gLj;JtijAk; fhzyhk;.
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ;y VNyNyh - NkNyNyh
VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
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md;duhzp kr;rhSf;F VNyNyh - N %z;liu khrkhNk VNyNyh - N ghf;fg; Nghd itj;jpaU VNyNyh - N jq;fg; gps;s Mr;rpahNk VNyNyh - N
Nfhopahzk; Mf;fpapUf;fhk; VNyNyh - N nfhOf;fl;il mtpr;rpUf;fhk; VNyNyh - N Nrhiyf;fhl;L %yapy VNyNyh - N rPd pf; fhf;fh gJq;fpwhuhk; VNyNyh - N
thdk; vy;yhk; fWj;jpUf;F VNyNyh - N ,bAk; ,q;Nf ,bf;fpwJ VNyNyh - N Mj;jpf; nfhg;ig vLj;J te;J VNyNyh - N milf;fsr; rhkpf;F Nee;J itg;Nghk; VNyNyh - N
Flhg;nghf;Fz mz;ikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU F tho;Nthu; Kj;Jf;fy;> fwg;gis> nrhWtpy; Nghd;w ,lq fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; Gjpjhf Fbaku;j;jg;gl;ltu;fs;. mjdhy MLk; NghJ ngUk;ghYk; Kj;Jf;fy; fwg;gis CQ;ry; ghLfpd;wdu;.
‘nfhj;J’ tpisahl;L
kd;dk;gpl;b fpuhkj;jpy; ,e;j tpisahl;Lf;F mofhd rpWtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tpisahLtjpy;iy. tpisahbd ,y;yhky; jiyapy; nfhj;jhy; mbj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghfpwhu;f tpisahl;bd; NghJ ghlg;gLk; ghlypy;> Ie;jhtJ jiyKi fye;J ghLfpd;wdu;. ,jw;fhd %yfhuzk; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; j xd;whf tho;tJk; jkf;Fs;Ns jpUkzq;fs; Kbj;Jf; n rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nrd;W fy;tpfw;W tUtJNk M
nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: “nfhg;gw nfhg;gw gpg;gpQ
g];] tsd;l njrd;d nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: Nthj;jy; Nthj;jy; ,Ug;gtu;fs;: fyf;fb fyf;fb nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: lf;F..... lf;F .... ,Ug;gtu;fs;: fe;jf; Fl;b .... rpd;df;F nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: njd;de; jpup.... jpup ..... nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: uq;F uq;F ,Ug;gtu;fs;: rPk ah uq;F

VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
hk; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh hk; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh ; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
;F VNyNyh - NkNyNyh VNyNyh - NkNyNyh e;J VNyNyh - NkNyNyh
itg;Nghk; VNyNyh - NkNyNyh (mk;ghNth)
apy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU FbNaw;w fpuhkkhFk;. ,q;F s> nrhWtpy; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; nwhl;litf; aku;j;jg;gl;ltu;fs;. mjdhy; ,f;fpuhkr; rpWtu;fs; CQ;ry; ;Jf;fy; fwg;gis CQ;ry; ghly;fspd; mbfis khw;wpg;
e;j tpisahl;Lf;F mofhd ghly; ,Ue;jhYk; ,g;NghJ ahLtjpy;iy. tpisahbdhYk; ve;jtpjkhd ghlYk; ; mbj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghfpwhu;fs;. nrhwptpy; fpuhkj;jpy;; ,t; ghlypy;> Ie;jhtJ jiyKiwapdu; rpq;fsr; nrhw;fisAk; %yfhuzk; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; jkpo; kf;fSk; rpq;fs kf;fSk; jpUkzq;fs; Kbj;Jf; nfhs;tJk;> jkpo;g; gps;isfs; ;W fy;tpfw;W tUtJNk MFk;. “nfhg;gw nfhg;gw gpg;gpQ;rh g];] tsd;l njrd;dh Nthj;jy; Nthj;jy; fyf;fb fyf;fb lf;F..... lf;F .... fe;jf; Fl;b .... rpd;df;Fl;b ..... njd;de; jpup.... jpup ..... g+kh g+kh uq;F uq;F rPk ah uq;F
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nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: nghl;b ,Uf;F ngh ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d nghl;b? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: rPn ke;Jg; nghl;b nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: rl;bapUf;F rl;b ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d rl;b? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: fwpr;rl;b nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: ghdapUf;Fg; ghd ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d ghd? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: Nrhj;Jg; ghd nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: njd;de; jpup ..... j ,z;ilf;Fk; jpz ehisf;Fk; jpz;L jya ntl;b eha;f;Fg; NghL .....
vd;wJk; nfhj;J ahUf;fhtJ Nghlg;gLk;. ,g;ghly rpq;fsr; nrhy;yhy; Md ghlyhFk;. ,t;tpisahl;L rpq tpisahlg;gLfpd;w xd;whFk;. ,jd; tpsf;fk; “nfhj;Jf fha;j;jpUf;fpd;wJ. gpd;dhy; ghu;j;jhy; mbg;Ngd;” vd;gjhFk ghLgtu;fs; jq;fSf;F Vw;w tifapy; mbfis khw;wpg; ghL
fwg;gisf; fpuhkj;jpy; Ie;jhtJ jiyKiwapdu; ,t kdk; NghdNghf;fpy; xU Neuj;jpw;F xUtifahfg; ghbf;n gpd;tUkhW.
nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: “nfhj;jpUf;fh nfhj ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d nfhj;J? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: khq; nfhj;J nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: rhwpapUf;F rhwp ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d rhwp? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: gpNsd; rhwp ,Ug;gtu;fs;: Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: Nrhlh ,Uf;Fr; Nr ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d Nrhlh? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: gpNsd; Nrhlh ,Ug;gtu;fs;: Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: tp];Nfw; ,Uf;F t ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d tp];Nfw;? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: fpuPk ; tp];Nfw; ,Ug;gtu;fs;: Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

nghl;b ,Uf;F nghl;b vd;d nghl;b? rPn ke;Jg; nghl;b rl;bapUf;F rl;b vd;d rl;b? fwpr;rl;b ghdapUf;Fg; ghd vd;d ghd? Nrhj;Jg; ghd njd;de; jpup ..... jpup ..... g+kh .... g+kh ,z;ilf;Fk; jpz;Ll;L ehisf;Fk; jpz;Ll;L jya ntl;b eha;f;Fg; NghL ......”
htJ Nghlg;gLk;. ,g;ghly; Kjy; ,uz;L mbfSk; yhFk;. ,t;tpisahl;L rpq;;fsr; rpwhh;fsplKk; gutyhf ;. ,jd; tpsf;fk; “nfhj;Jf; nfhj;jhfg; gpg;gpQ;rhf; fha; ;j;jhy; mbg;Ngd;” vd;gjhFk;. rpy Ntisfspy; ,g;ghliyg; ifapy; mbfis khw;wpg; ghLtJk; cz;L.
;jhtJ jiyKiwapdu; ,t;tpisahl;Lg; ghliy kwe;J ;jpw;F xUtifahfg; ghbf;nfhz;L jpupfpd;wdu;. mg;ghly;
“nfhj;jpUf;fh nfhj;J? vd;d nfhj;J? khq; nfhj;J rhwpapUf;F rhwp vd;d rhwp? gpNsd; rhwp Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f! Nrhlh ,Uf;Fr; Nrhlh vd;d Nrhlh? gpNsd; Nrhlh Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f tp];Nfw; ,Uf;F tp];Nfw; vd;d tp];Nfw;? fpuPk ; tp];Nfw; Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f
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nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: nghapy ,Uf;F ng ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d nghapy? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: RUl;Lg; nghapy.”
kd;dk;gpl;bg; ghlypy; nfhj;J itj;jpUg;gtu; Nfs;t fwg;gisg; ghly;fspy;; nfhj;J itj;jpUg;gtu; ve;jf; Nfs;t ,Ug;gth;fNs Nfs;tp Nfl;ghu;fs;;;. Mdhy;> Flhg;nghf;Fz NkNy fhl;ba ghly;fspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;;l mikg;ig c mg;ghly; gpd;tUkhW>
“nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: itf;fth itf;ft
thopg; g+ khd; njd;de; jpup jpup g+khd;.....g+khd; nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: Nthj;jy; Nthj;jy ,Ug;gtu;fs;: fyf;fl;b fyf;fl;b nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: ge;J tUFJ ge;J ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d ge;J? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: rPk pahg; ge;J nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: nfhj;J tUFJ nf ,Ug;gtu;fs;: vd;d nfhj;J? nfhj;Jld; XLgtu;: khq; nfhj;J ,Ug;gtu;fs;: Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f
vd mike;Js;sJ.
‘G+g;gwpj;jy;’ tpisahl;L
,d;iwa jiyKiw kd;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;jpy; ,t;t epWj;jpf; nfhz;lhYk; Vida fpuhkq;fspy; ,e;j tpi mq;nfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf tpisahlg;gLtJ xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
fwg;gis> Kj;Jf;fy;> Flhg;nghFd fpuhkq;fspy; ,e;j caug;gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Ug;gtu;fSf;F ve;jg;ngaUk; ,y nfhz;L ,Ug;gtu;fs; ghl mjw;Fg;gjpw; ghliy cs;shN ghLthu;fs;. NkYk; gpbgLgtu; tpisahl;by; ,Ue;J ePf ;fg jdJ gioa FOTld; Nru;e;J nfhs;thu;.
Kjypy; ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L ,Ug;gtu;fs; gpd Nghgtu;fs; gjpYf;Fg; ghLk; ghly; ,Jjhd;.

nghapy ,Uf;F nghapy vd;d nghapy? RUl;Lg; nghapy.”
hj;J itj;jpUg;gtu; Nfs;tp Nfl;ghu;. Mdhy; nrhwptpy;> itj;jpUg;gtu; ve;jf; Nfs;tpAk; Nfl;fhky; ghliyg;ghl> ;fs;;;. Mdhy;> Flhg;nghf;Fz> Kj;Jf;fy; tpisahl;Lf;fs; e;J NtWgl;;l mikg;ig cilajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
itf;fth itf;fth thopg; g+ khd; njd;de; jpup jpup g+khd;.....g+khd; Nthj;jy; Nthj;jy; fyf;fl;b fyf;fl;b ge;J tUFJ ge;J vd;d ge;J? rPk pahg; ge;J nfhj;J tUFJ nfhj;J vd;d nfhj;J? khq; nfhj;J Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghq;f.”
;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;jpy; ,t;tpisahl;il tpisahLtij a fpuhkq;fspy; ,e;j tpisahl;L gy khWjy;fSld; f tpisahlg;gLtJ xU MWjy;jUk; tplakhFk;.
g;nghFd fpuhkq;fspy; ,e;j tpisahl;bd; NghJ ifia u;fSf;F ve;jg;ngaUk; ,y;iy. NkYk; ifiag; gpbj;Jf; w;Fg;gjpw; ghliy cs;shNy Ngha;f; nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs; ; tpisahl;by; ,Ue;J ePf ;fg;glhky; mtiu tpl;lJk; mtu;
nfhs;thu;.
; nfhz;L ,Ug;gtu;fs; gpd;tUkhW ghLthu;fs;. GFe;J ly; ,Jjhd;.
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ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gu;fs;;;;;: ghtl;lf; n ahub G+e;j cs;Ns GFe;J tUgtu;fs;: ehq;f jhd ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gu;fs;;;;;: ghtl;lf; n ahub G+e;j cs;Ns GFe;J tUgtu;fs;: ehq;f jhd ifia cau;j;jpf; nfhz;L epw;gu;fs;;;;;: ghtl;lf; n ahub G+e;j cs;Ns GFe;J tUgtu;fs;: ehq;f jhd
,e;j Ntisapy; Kjypy; ghliyg; ghbatu;fs; cau;j;jpa gpbj;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;. gpd;G jkJ iff;Fs; xUtiu itj jkJ ifia mq;fhYk;> ,q;fhYk; Ml;b Ml;bg; gpd;tUk
“xU Flk; jz;zp thj;J
xU G+ G+j;J! nuz;L Flk; jz;zp thj;J
nuz;L G+ G+j;J! ”
(,g;ghly; gj;Jf; Flk; t
,e;j Ntisapy; gpbgl;ltUld; Kjypy; Nfhu;i nfhz;bUg;gtu;fisg; ghu;j;J Koq;fhYf;Ff; fPN o ifia
“,k;Gl;Lg; Gy;Yj;jhwd;
vk; kfis tplb rpWf;fp”
gpbj;Jf;; nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs; gjpYf;F
“mJf;F Nky ky;ypf;fp”
vd;W ghlj; njhlu;e;J Nguk; eilngWk;. njhlu;e;J gpb NkNy ifia cau;jj;jpf; fhl;baJk; xU cld;ghl;Lf te;jJk; gpbg;gl;ltiu tpl;L tpLthu;fs;. tpl;lJk; tpisa ,jpy; gpbgl;ltu; ngupatuhf ,Ue;jhy; mtu; caukhff; i gpbj;jtu; kw;wtu;fSld; Nru;e;J tpisahLthu;. gpbg njhlu;e;J tpisahlyhk;. ,g;ghlypy; tUk; ‘ghtl;lk; tpNrlkhff; fhzg;gLk; xU kukhd ghtl;l kukhFk;. mj vd;gJ tof;fk;. NkYk; ,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngWk; nfhr;r ,f;fpuhk kf;fspd; Njhl;lj;jpy; tpisAk; gapu;fshFk;. m vd;gJ xUtUld; xUtu; rz;il gpbf;Fk; NghJ ngz;fs
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;L epw;gu;fs;;;;;: ghtl;lf; nfhg;Gf;F fPo hy
ahub G+e;jJ? ;fs;: ehq;f jhd; nfhr;rpf;fhg; nghz;Lfs;.
;L epw;gu;fs;;;;;: ghtl;lf; nfhg;Gf;F fPo hy
ahub G+e;jJ? ;fs;: ehq;f jhd; ntq;fhag; nghz;Lfs;.
;L epw;gu;fs;;;;;: ghtl;lf; nfhg;Gf;F fPo hy
ahub G+e;jJ? ;fs;: ehq;f jhd; nfhWf;fhg; nghz;Lfs;.
liyg; ghbatu;fs; cau;j;jpapUe;j ifia gjpj;J xUtiug; J iff;Fs; xUtiu itj;Jf; nfhz;L gpbj;jpUg;gtu;fs; hYk; Ml;b Ml;bg; gpd;tUkhW ghLthu;fs;.
jz;zp thj;J G+j;J! k; jz;zp thj;J
nuz;L G+ G+j;J! ”
(,g;ghly; gj;Jf; Flk; tiug; NghFk;.)
;ltUld; Kjypy; Nfhu;itahf te;jtu;fs; gpbj;Jf; Koq;fhYf;Ff; fPN o ifiaf;fhl;b
Gy;Yj;jhwd;
is tplb rpWf;fp”
; gjpYf;F
ky ky;ypf;fp”
k; eilngWk;. njhlu;e;J gpbgl;ltupd; $l;lj;jhu; jiyf;F hl;baJk; xU cld;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpbj;J itj;jpUg;gtu;fs; pLthu;fs;. tpl;lJk; tpisahl;Lj; njhlu;e;J eilngWk;. Ue;jhy; mtu; caukhff; ifiag; gpbf;f Kd;G ifiag; u;e;J tpisahLthu;. gpbgl;ltu; rpwpatuhf ,Ue;jhy; g;ghlypy; tUk; ‘ghtl;lk; nfhg;G’ vd;gJ ,g; gFjpapy; ukhd ghtl;l kukhFk;. mjd; fpisia ‘ghtl;lq; nfhg;G’ ;ghlypy; ,lk;ngWk; nfhr;rpf;fha;> ntq;fhak; vd;git ; tpisAk; gapu;fshFk;. mNj Ntis rpWf;fp> kypf;fp ;il gpbf;Fk; NghJ ngz;fs; ghtpj;J VRk; nrhw;fshFk;.
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,q;NfAk; Nguk; NgRk; rz;ilNa eilngWtjhy; ,e;j th NkYk; ‘,k;Gl;L’ vd;gJ ,g;gFjp kf;fspd; Ngr;R tof;Fr; nr msT’ vd;gjhFk;.
‘ML Gyp’ tpisahl;L
kd;dk;gpl;b fpuhkj;jpy; gioatu;fSf;F ,t;t Gjpatu;fs; ,g;NghJ ,t;tpisahl;il tpisahLtjpy kd;dk;gpl;b fpuhkj;J tpisahl;L KiwiaAk; ghli ,t;tpisahl;il tpisahLgtu;fisf; fhzKbatpy Kj;Jf;fy;> Flhg;nghf;Fd Mfpa fpuhkq;fspy; toq;F KiwAk; NtWghlw;wit. ,t; tpisahl;bd; NghJ rpy nfhz;L epw;ghu;fs;. tl;lj;Jf;Fs; epw;gtu; ‘gRkhL’ nt miof;fg;gLtu;. ,g;gb ,Ug;gjdhy; ,e;j tpisahl;il jhd; miof;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,e;jf;fpuhkj;Jr; rpWtu; r miof;fpd;wdu;. Kjypy; tl;lkhf ,Ug;ghu;fs; ghliyg; gh Gyp ghLk; ghly; vg;NghJk; tl;lkhf ,Ug;gtu;fisg; gh mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,g;ghly; jkJ #o;epiyf;F Vw;g ghlg;gl;l
Gyp: rq;fpyp Gq;fpyp fjtj;jp tl;lkhf ,Ug;gtu;fs;: V khl;lk; Ntq;fg; Gyp Gyp: gRkhl;lf; fz;Bq;fsh? tl;lkhf ,Ug;gtu;fs;: fz;Nlhk;... fz;Nlhk; Gyp: vj;jd Nthj;jy; ghy; fw tl;lkhf ,Ug;gtu;fs;: gj;J Nthj;jy;... gj;J N Gyp: GJ Ntypah? goa Nty tl;lkhf ,Ug;gtu;fs;: GJ Ntyp...... GJ Ntyp Gyp: cilAkh? cilahjh tl;lkhf ,Ug;gtu;fs;: cilAk;.....cilAk;
vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;L tl;lkhf ifiag;gpbj;Jf; nf gpupj;Jf; nfhz;L Gyp cs;Ns gha> gRkhL ntspNa gha epw;gtu;fspy; (Ntypahf epw;gtu;fs;) xUtu; GypahfTk; khw tpisahl;Lj; njhlu;e;J eilngWk;.
‘fpl;bg;Gs;’ tpisahl;L
kd;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,uz;lhk ehd;fhk; jiyKiwapy; xU gFjpapdUk; ,e;j NtWghLfSkpd;wpg; ghb tpisahbapUf;fpd;whu;fs;. Mdhy rpyu; ,e;j tpisahl;il tpisahbdhYk; mjw;F mtu;f
424

Na eilngWtjhy; ,e;j thu;j;ijiag; ghtpj;jpUf;fyhk;. p kf;fspd; Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhy;yhFk;. ,jd; nghUs; ‘,e;j
gioatu;fSf;F ,t;tpisahl;L njupe;jpUe;jhYk; sahl;il tpisahLtjpy;iy. nrhwptpy; fpuhkj;jpy; ahl;L KiwiaAk; ghliyAk; gpd;gw;wpdhYk; ,d;W gtu;fisf; fhzKbatpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; fwg;gis> fpa fpuhkq;fspy; toq;Fk; ghly;fSk; tpisahl;L t; tpisahl;bd; NghJ rpyu; tl;lkhf ifiag; gpbj;Jf; f;Fs; epw;gtu; ‘gRkhL’ ntspapy; epw;gtu; ‘Gyp’ vd;W jdhy; ,e;j tpisahl;il ‘khLGyp’ tpisahl;L vd;W hy; ,e;jf;fpuhkj;Jr; rpWtu; rpWkpau; ‘MLGypahl;lk;’ vd;Nw khf ,Ug;ghu;fs; ghliyg; ghl> kpFjpg; ghliy Gypg; ghLk;. l;lkhf ,Ug;gtu;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; Nfs;tp Nfl;gJ Nghy;
#o;epiyf;F Vw;g ghlg;gl;ljhFk;.
rq;fpyp Gq;fpyp fjtj;jpw V khl;lk; Ntq;fg; Gyp gRkhl;lf; fz;Bq;fsh? fz;Nlhk;... fz;Nlhk; vj;jd Nthj;jy; ghy; fwf;Fk;? gj;J Nthj;jy;... gj;J Nthj;jy; GJ Ntypah? goa Ntypah? ;: GJ Ntyp...... GJ Ntyp
cilAkh? cilahjh? ;: cilAk;.....cilAk;
l;lkhf ifiag;gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L epw;gtu;fspd; ifiag; gha> gRkhL ntspNa gha;e;NjhLk;. gpbgl;lhy; tl;lkhf u;fs;) xUtu; GypahfTk; ,d;DnkhUtu; gRkhlhfTk; ilngWk;.
nghWj;jtiuapy; ,uz;lhk; %d;whk; jiyKiwapdUk; U gFjpapdUk; ,e;j tpisahl;il ve;jtpjkhd ahbapUf;fpd;whu;fs;. Mdhy;> Ie;jhtJ jiyKiwapdupy; sahbdhYk; mjw;F mtu;fSila Kd;Ndhu;fs; ghba
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mUikahd ghly;fs; mtu;fSf;Fj; njupahJ. ,t;th jha;f;fpuhkj;jpNyNa NjLthuw;Wg; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
nrhwptpy; fpuhkj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> kd;dk Gjpa ghly;fs; gytw;iw ,t;tpisahl;bd; NghJ ghL ,uz;lhk; %d;whk; ehd;fhk; jiyKiwapdu; ,t;tpi tpisahbg; ghba ghly;fNs ,itahFk;. Ie;jhk; jiyK Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy;> ,g;NghJ ,q;F ,t;tpi kpf mupfpf;nfhz;L tUfpd;wnjdyhk;.
“gjf;fl kz;zhq; fl;b ghz;bad; rpd;dj;jk;gp ghll;Nlh... ghll;Nlh... ghll;Nlh.... ghll;Nlh....”
“MyQ; rUF klklf;f gz;b epd;W Cuopf;f ghyhW... ghyhW... ghyhW... ghyhW.....”
“ MF khk;gl;il jthy; Xba njd;dk; gl;il G+khNjtp... gl;lNdhk;... gl;lNdhk; ... gl;lNdhk;....”
“ kd;dk;gpl;bf; fpuhkj;jpy; ,y;yhj t;tpisahl;bd; NghJ ghLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,q;Fk; ; jiyKiwapdu; ,t;tpisahl;ilr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; ,itahFk;. Ie;jhk; jiyKiwapdu; ,t;tpisahl;il hy;> ,g;NghJ ,q;F ,t;tpisahl;il tpisahLtJ kpf jdyhk;.
l;Nlh.... ghll;Nlh....”
... ghyhW.....”
l l;lNdhk; ... gl;lNdhk;....”
;fpoq;fpNlh... .. X...”
. gl;lNzhk;...”
;... nrhf;Fl;ld;.....”
l;Nlh......”
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fwg;gis> Kj;Jf;fy; fpuhkq;fspy; jdpj;Jtkhd fpl;bg NghjpYk; kd;dk;gpl;bg; ghly;fSk; ,q;Nf ghlg;gLtij mNj Ntis Ie;jhtJ jiyKiwapdu; ,d;Wk; ,f;fpu tpisahbg; ghLtijAk; fhzyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fwg;g
“ nfhf;Fg; gwf;f Kl;lj; njwpf;f Kl;ilf;F fhR fl;bab... fl;bab... fl;bab...”
“  fwg;gis> Kj ,Ue;njy;yhk; Nghd kf;fs; xd;W $b ,Uf;Fk; xU F Cu; fpl;bg; Gs;Sg; ghly; vy;yh Cu;g; ghlYk; Nru;e;j xU N NkYk; ,q;Fs;stu;fspd; tpisahl;L rpq;fs KiwapYk ngWtijAk; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,q
“  fwg;gis> Kj;Jf;fy; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; xd;W $b ,Uf;Fk; xU FbNaw;wkhFk;. ,jdhy; ,e;j Cu;g; ghlYk; Nru;e;j xU Nru;f;ifahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. sahl;L rpq;fs KiwapYk; ghly; jkpo; KiwapYk; ,lk; cs;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,q;Nf fpilj;j ghly; xd;W.
hk; ;
... Ntg;ngz;z.... Ntg;ngz;z....”
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‘xU ghidr;Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjkhFk;’ vd;gJ NkNy fhl;ba Kg;gj;jpdhd;F rpWtu; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; I kd;dk;gpl;bapy; md;W ,Ue;j ,t;tpisahl;L> ,d;W mq;nfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf tpisahlg;gl Vida fpuh ,d;Wk; ,t;tpisahl;Lf;fs; tpisahlg;gl;lhYk; ,it gltpy;iy vd;gij ehk; ,t;tplj;jpy; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz
,d;iwa epiy
XLjy;> jhtpg;gha;jy;> Fjpj;jy;> jhz;Ljy;> nrhw;gapw;rp gapw;rpfis tsu;g;gitahfTk;> Ik;Gyd;fSf;Fk; xU mike;jpUf;Fk; ,t;tpisahl;Lf;fis ,d;W tpisahLt gy rpWtu;fSf;F vkJ gioa tpisahl;Lf;fs; g cs;slf;fk;> jpwd; gw;wpak; njupahky; ,Ug;gJld; vkJ K tpisahl;Lf;fis rpWtu;fSf;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gjw tpisahl;Lf;fs; mq;nfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf tpisah te;Jtpl;ld. ,r;rpwhu;fs; jw;NghJ jkJ nghOJNghf njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; fhu;l;^d; ghu;j;jy; my;yJ glq;fisg; gh fopf;fpd;whu;fs;.
NgDif
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l epiy njhlUkhftpUe;jhy; nghyeWit ghly;fs; vy;yhk; kwf;fg;gl;Nlh my;yJ mope;Njh Ngha;tpLk Ma;thsu;fs; Kd;te;J fs Ma;tpd; %yk; midj;J fpuhk rupahfj; njhFf;fNtz;Lk;. gpd;du; mtw;iwg; gFg;gha;T my;yJ ,Wtl;Lf;fspy; xspg;glq;fshfNth gjpT nra;J , Mrpupau;fs;> rpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; ngupatu;fSf;Fk; ,tw;iw t
NkYk; njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp epfo;r;rpfshfNth m ehlfkhf ebj;Njh ,tw;iw ,d;iwa rpwhu;fspd; kdjpy; g gapw;rpfs;> Nghl;bfs;> tpsf;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhLj ghJfhf;f KbAk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

U NrhW gjkhFk;’ vd;gJ vkJ KJnkhop. ,jw;Nfw;g rpWtu; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; Ie;jpid vLj;J jha;fpuhkkhd e;j ,t;tpisahl;L> ,d;W gapy;epiyapy; ,y;yhky; tpisahlg;gl Vida fpuhkq;fspy; gy khWjy;fSld; tpisahlg;gl;lhYk; ,it Nghjpa mstpw;Fg; Ngzg; plj;jpy; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
;jy;> jhz;Ljy;> nrhw;gapw;rp> ehg;gapw;rp> fzf;Fg; Nghd;w k;> Ik;Gyd;fSf;Fk; xUNru ,d;g%l;LtdthfTk; ;Lf;fis ,d;W tpisahLtJ kpff;Fiwe;J tUtJld; ioa tpisahl;Lf;fs; gytw;iwg;gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; upahky; ,Ug;gJld; vkJ Kjpatu;fSk; jkf;Fj; njupe;j f;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gjw;F Kd;tuhjjdhYk; ,e;j ; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf tpisahlg;gl;L kwf;fg;gLk; epiyf;F ;NghJ jkJ nghOJNghf;fhf fpwpf;fl; mbj;jiyAk;> u;j;jy; my;yJ glq;fisg; ghu;j;jy; vd;W jkJ nghOijf;
khftpUe;jhy; nghyeWit khtl;lr; rpWtu; tpisahl;Lg; my;yJ mope;Njh Ngha;tpLk;. ,jidf;fhg;ghw;w ehl;Lg;Gw a;tpd; %yk; midj;J fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W mtw;iwr; ;du; mtw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;J rpW rpW E}y;fshfNth lq;fshfNth gjpT nra;J ,g;gFjpg; ghlrhiyfspy; cs;s gupatu;fSf;Fk; ,tw;iw tpepNahfpf;fyhk;.
ndhyp epfo;r;rpfshfNth my;yJ njUf;$j;jhf MbNah> d;iwa rpwhu;fspd; kdjpy; gjpAk; tz;zk; ,it gw;wpa ;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhLj;J ,tw;iw mope;J Nghfhky;
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jkpopy; E}yilTfs; : mwpjYk; Mtzg;g
cyf nkhopfspYs;s njhd;ik tha;e;j nkhopfS cs;s jkpopy; ftpijfs;> Gidf;fijfs;> fl;Liufs;> g E}y;fs;> Gyk;ngau;T E}y;fs;> mfuhjpfs; vdg; gy ,yf;fpa Vuhskhd ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fs; ntspahfpd;wd. jkpo;nkho ngUfpAs;sd. mwptpay;> kUj;Jtk;> Nrhjplk;> nghw E}y;fSk; jkpopy; ntsptUfpd;wd. gy;fpg; ngUfpAs;s , Ma;Tfis> gad;ghl;Lj; Jiwrhu; E}y;fis tif njhif xd;whFk;. ,jw;fhf E}yilTfis cUthf;f Ntz;b NkYk; E}yilTfisf; fzpdpj; njhopy;El;g cjtpAld; Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,k;KiwNa thrfg; gad;ghl NkYk; Ma;Tj; Njlypd; NghJ tpiuthfg; gzp Kbg;gjw;Fk me;j tifapy; ,f;fl;Liu jkpopy; vOe;j E}yilT Kaw E}yiltpd; NjitapidAk;> Mtzg;gLj;Jjypd; m mikfpwJ.
E}yilT - tpsf;fk;
jkpopd; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}yhff; fUjg;ngWk; njhy;fh ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
“kuG epiy jpupah khl;rpa Mfp ciugL E}y;jhk; ,Utif ,ay KjYk; topAk; vd Ejypa newpad” (n
Nkw;fz;l E}w;ghtpd; %yk; E}y; vd;w nrhy;yhl;r tof;fpypUe;Js;sJ vd mwpa KbfpwJ. ,e;E}w;gh kugpy Kjy; E}y;> top E}y; vd;w ,uz;L E}y;tiffisf; Fwpg;g
“njhFj;jy;> tpupj;jy;> njhiftpup> nkhopngau;j;J
mju;g;gl ahj;jNyhL mid kugpdNt” (n
vd;w E}w;gh E}ypy; cs;stw;iwj; njhFj;J E}yhf;fy;> tpupj;Jk; E}yhf;fy;> nkhopngau;j;jy; Mfpadgw;wpf; Fwpg

}yilTfs; : mwpjYk; Mtzg;gLj;jYk;
,uh. jkpo;r;nry;td;
jhd;ik tha;e;j nkhopfSs; Kf;fpakhd nkhopahf df;fijfs;> fl;Liufs;> gaz E}y;fs;> nkhopngau;g;G mfuhjpfs; vdg; gy ,yf;fpa tiffspYk; Mz;LNjhWk; ; ntspahfpd;wd. jkpo;nkhop rhu;e;j ,yf;fpa Ma;TfSk; Uj;Jtk;> Nrhjplk;> nghwpapay; Nghd;w gy;Jiwrhu; ;wd. gy;fpg; ngUfpAs;s ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fis> ,yf;fpa rhu; E}y;fis tif njhifg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd Tfis cUthf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. pj; njhopy;El;g cjtpAld; vz;zpk (Digital) KiwapYk; ;KiwNa thrfg; gad;ghl;bw;F vspikahf ,Uf;Fk;. tpiuthfg; gzp Kbg;gjw;Fk; ngupJk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. popy; vOe;j E}yilT Kaw;rpfisAk;> ,d;iwa R+oypy; ;> Mtzg;gLj;Jjypd; mtrpaj;ijAk; ikag;gLj;jp
}yhff; fUjg;ngWk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; E}y;> njhif Mfpa s;sd.
Mfp f ,ay
newpad” (njhy;fhg;gpak; :1593)
yk; E}y; vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpNyNa KbfpwJ. ,e;E}w;gh kugpypUe;J jpupahj rpwg;NghL $ba z;L E}y;tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;j>
ftpup> nkhopngau;j;J
kugpdNt” (njhy;fhg;gpak; : 1597)
w;iwj; njhFj;J E}yhf;fy;> tpupj;J E}yhf;fy;> njhFj;Jk; au;j;jy; Mfpadgw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Nkw;fz;l ,t;tpU
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E}w;ghf;fspd; %yk; E}y;> njhif Mfpa nrhw;fs; njhy ,Ue;Js;sd vd mwpayhk;.
E}y;> njhif vd;w ,U nrhw;fspd; ,iztpy; cU nrhy;yhFk;. Kjypy; E}w;nwhif vd;w nrhy;yhl;rpia kNd 1888 Mk; Mz;L E}w;nwhif tpsf;fk; vd;w jdJ E}ypd ,jd; njhlu;r;rpahf E}w;nwhif vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp 1888 M te;j njhFg;G E}y;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;ngw;wJ. fpNuf;f nkhopa ‘fpuhgpd;’ vd;gdtw;wpypUe;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; cUthdNj vd;w nrhy;yhFk;. E}w;nwhif vd;w nrhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‘g nghUz;ikia xj;jhw; Nghy; jkpopy; cUthf;fg; ngw;wj vd;w nghUz;ik nfhz;l ,r;nrhy; 17 Mk; E}w;whz ifahsg;ngw;wjhf md;dp jhkR jdJ fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gpl
E}w;nwhif vd;w nrhy;yhl;rpNa jw;NghJ E}yil E}iy milT nra;jiyg; gy;NtW ngau;fspy; jkpopy; F vd;w nrhy;yhl;rpNa epiyj;Js;sJ. mjd; mbg;gilapy ,f;fl;Liuapy; gad;gLj;jg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
jkpopd; njhlf;ff; fhyj; njhif E}y;fs;
E}yilTfs; gad;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; Gj;jf tbtpy; 19 ngw;whYk; jkpopy; E}y;fis cUthf;FtJk; mjidj; xd;whf ,Ue;Js;sijj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;Nj mwpayhk mjid xu; ,yf;fpaf; $Wfshfj; njhFj;J tifg;gLj;J kuG vd;gjw;Fr; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fshd vl;Lj;njhif> g ngw;Ws;s njhif ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kf;fpakhd rhd;WfshFk
tha;nkhop> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng rq;f mt;thW njhFf;fg;ngw;w tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fisg; cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> Iq;FWE}W> gjpw mfehD}W> GwehD}W vd;gd vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fshf t
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> ngUk;ghz gil> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> Ky;iyg;ghl;L> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> n kiygLflhk; my;yJ $j;juhw;Wg;gil vd;gdtw;iwg; gj vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; ,uz;bidAk; ,iz E}y;fs; vd;W mioj;jdu;. mNjNghd;W ehybahu;> ehz ,dpait ehw;gJ> fhu; ehw;gJ> fstop ehw;gJ> Ie;jpiz jpiznkhop Ik;gJ> jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ> jpUf;Fw
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hif Mfpa nrhw;fs; njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy; Gof;fj;jpy;
nrhw;fspd; ,iztpy; cUthdNj ‘E}w;nwhif’ vd;w f vd;w nrhy;yhl;rpia kNdhd;kzpak; Re;juk; gps;is tpsf;fk; vd;w jdJ E}ypd; jiyg;gpy; ifahz;Ls;shu;. f vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp 1888 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpd; njhlu;e;J j;jg;ngw;wJ. fpNuf;f nkhopapd; mbr;nrhw;fshd ‘gpg;spad;’> Mq;fpyj;jpy; cUthdNj ‘gpg;spNahfpugp’ (Bibliography) vd;w nrhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‘gpg;spNahfpugp’ vd;w nrhy;ypd; ; jkpopy; cUthf;fg; ngw;wjhFk;. E}iyg; gw;wp vOJjy; ,r;nrhy; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Y}ap N[f;fg; vd;gtuhy;
R jdJ fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
hl;rpNa jw;NghJ E}yilT vd;W toq;fg;ngWfpwJ. ;NtW ngau;fspy; jkpopy; Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; ,d;W E}yilT s;sJ. mjd; mbg;gilapy; E}yilT vd;w nrhy;Ny ;Ws;sJ.
; njhif E}y;fs; bg;gilapy; Gj;jf tbtpy; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; cUthf;fg; cUthf;FtJk; mjidj; njhFg;gJk; kpfg;goikahd ;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;Nj mwpayhk;. E}y;fis cUthf;FtJk;> hfj; njhFj;J tifg;gLj;JtJk; jkpopd; njhd;ikahd ;fpaq;fshd vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L vd;W tifg;gLj;jg; s; Kf;fpakhd rhd;WfshFk;.
ly;fspd; njhFg;Ng rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;W $Wtu;. a;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gFj;Jj; njhif E}y;fshf We;njhif> Iq;FWE}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> gupghly;> fypj;njhif>
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fshf tFf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
ghzhw;Wg;gil> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg; g;ghl;L> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> neLey;thil> gl;bdg;ghiy> ;Wg;gil vd;gdtw;iwg; gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fshf tFj;jdu;. ;fs; ,uz;bidAk; ,izj;Jg; gjpnzd; Nky;fzf;F NjNghd;W ehybahu;> ehz;kzpf;fbif> ,d;dh ehw;gJ> > fstop ehw;gJ> Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ> Ie;jpiz vOgJ> hiy E}w;iwk;gJ> jpUf;Fws;> jpupfLfk;> Mrhuf;Nfhit>
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gonkhop ehD}W> rpWgQ;r%yk;> KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> Vyhjp E}y;fisg; gjpnzd; fPo ;f;fzf;F E}y;fshf mioj;jdu njhFj;J tifg;gLj;Jk; kuG rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;Nj jk mwpaKbfpwJ.
jkpopy; E}yilTfs;
jkpo;f; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj gl;baNy jkpopd; Kjy; E}w;nwhif (1709) vd;W m. jh ngw;Ws;sJ (md;dp jhkR 1996 : 159). irkd; fhrpr; nrl;ba (1849)> Nf.fpuhypd; njhif (1853)> [hd; ku;lhf;fpd; jk gl;bay; (1865)> [p. A. Nghg;> vy;. b gu;ndl; njhFj;j gpupl;b\ jkpo; E}y;fs; gw;wpa ml;ltiz (1909) Nghd;wd E}yilT fhy E}y;fshFk;.
nrd;idf; fPo ;j;jpirr; Rtb E}yfj; jkpo;r;Rtbfs; ml mfuhjp (1952)> rhkpehj Iau; E}y;epiyar; Rtbfspd; t jkpo; mr;Rg; Gj;jf mfu tupirg; gl;bay; (1964)> jkpo;ehl;L jkpo; E}y; tptu ml;ltiz (1961-1972)> rpyg;gjpfhu Ma Ma;tlq;fy; (1974)> m. jhNkhjud; mtu;fspd; jkpo; mfuhj ,e;jpa Njrpa E}y; tptug;gl;bay; (1981)> ghujpahu; E}w;nga mtu;fs; njhFj;j nkhopngau;g;G E}w;nwhif (1983)> jkpo; t (1985) vdg; gy;NtW tifkhjpup E}yilTg; gpujpfSk; jk
E}yilTfis cUthf;Ftjpy; 1990 Mk; Mz;L f Kaw;rpfs; VJk; Nkw;nfhs;sg; ngwtpy;iy vdyhk;. mq rpW rpW Kaw;rpfs; ele;Njwpd. ,yf;fz Ma;tlq;fy; n Ma;tlq;fy; njhFjp - 2 (1999)> jkpo;g; Gytu; tuyhw nkhopngau;g;gpy; cyf ,yf;fpak; (2004)> fpwpj;Jtj; jk rpwpa mstpy; ele;Njwpa rpy E}yilT Kaw;rpfs; jtpu;j;J Kaw;rpfs; VJk; jkpopy; eilngwtpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf Mz;L E}y;fSf;fhd milTfs; VJk; cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy.
E}yilTfspd; top mwpayhFk; nra;jpfs; [hd; ku;lhf;fpd; jkpo; mr;R E}y; gl;bay; gw;wpa gl;bay
[hd; ku;lhf; (John Murdoch) 1865 Mk; Mz;L tiu mr jpul;b> jkpo; mr;R E}y; gl;bay; (Classified Catalogue of Tam Notoces) vd;w E}ypid cUthf;fpdhu;. jdf;Ff; fpi me;E}y;fisg; gw;wpar; rpW Fwpg;GiuiaAk; je;Js;shu;.
430

k;> KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> Vyhjp> ifepiy Kjyhd gjpndl;L f;F E}y;fshf mioj;jdu;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; E}y;fisj; rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpopy; tof;fj;jpypUe;Js;sij
jpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;J ‘rPf d;ghy;F’ cUthf;fpa whif (1709) vd;W m. jhNkhjud; mtu;fshy; Fwpf;fg; : 159). irkd; fhrpr; nrl;bahupd; jkpo; nkhop E}w;gl;bay; (1853)> [hd; ku;lhf;fpd; jkpo; mr;R E}y; gl;bay; gw;wpa ;. b gu;ndl; njhFj;j gpupl;b\; fUT+yj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s (1909) Nghd;wd E}yilT tifapy; mike;j njhlf;ff;
b E}yfj; jkpo;r;Rtbfs; ml;ltiz (1912)> jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;epiyar; Rtbfspd; tpsf;fk; (1962)> ruRtjp kfhy; g; gl;bay; (1964)> jkpo;ehl;L Foe;ij E}w;nwhif (1965)> (1961-1972)> rpyg;gjpfhu Ma;tlq;fy; (1973)> lhf;lu; K.t ud; mtu;fspd; jkpo; mfuhjpfs; gw;wpa E}w;nwhif (1978)> ay; (1981)> ghujpahu; E}w;ngau; Nfhit (1982)> r.rptfhkp ;G E}w;nwhif (1983)> jkpo; tho;f;if tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak;
pup E}yilTg; gpujpfSk; jkpopy; vOe;Js;sd.
tjpy; 1990 Mk; Mz;L fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; ngUk; ; ngwtpy;iy vdyhk;. mq;nfhd;Wk;> ,q;nfhd;Wkha;r; . ,yf;fz Ma;tlq;fy; njhFjp - 1 (1992)> ,yf;fz 99)> jkpo;g; Gytu; tuyhw;Wf; fsQ;rpak; (2001)> jkpo; pak; (2004)> fpwpj;Jtj; jkpo;f; fsQ;rpak; (2009) vdr; }yilT Kaw;rpfs; jtpu;j;Jf; Fwpg;gpLk;gbahd E}yilT gwtpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf Mz;LNjhWk; jkpopy; ntsptUfpw
; cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy.
yhFk; nra;jpfs;
E}y; gl;bay; gw;wpa gl;bay; (1865)
1865 Mk; Mz;L tiu mr;rpy; te;Js;s jkpo; E}y;fisj; assified Catalogue of Tamil Printed Books with Introductory Uthf;fpdhu;. jdf;Ff; fpilj;j E}y;fisj; njhFj;J wpg;GiuiaAk; je;Js;shu;. E}yiltpd; tifkhjpupapy;
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mikag;ngw;w ,e;E}ypy; kjk; rhu;e;j E}y;fs; - 1218> jj fiy - 6> ,yf;fpak; - 152> nkhopapay; - 176> epytpay;> gj;jpupiffs; - 26 vd nkhj;jk; 1721 gjpTfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws jpul;bajhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s INuhg;gpau;fSf;fhd jkpo;g; Gj ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. ,j;njhFg;G E}ypd; %yk; 19 Mk; E}w jkpopy; ntspte;j mr;R E}y;fs;> mf;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;f Mfpatdtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,j;njhFg;gpd; %y mjpfkhf ntspte;Js;sij mwpa KbfpwJ. ,jd; %y njhlf;ff;fhy ,yf;fpag; gug;igr; rka E}y;fNs mjpfkhf M mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
gpupl;b\; fUT+yj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s jkpo; E}y;fis m vy;.b gu;ndl; MfpNahu; gpupl;b\; fUT+yf E}yfj;jpd; jkpo; of the Tamil Books in the library of the British Museum) vd;w yhf ntspapl;ldu;. ,e;E}y; jkpopd; njhd;ikahd E}y;fi mikfpwJ. E}ypd; ngau;> Mrpupau; ngau;> ntspahd Mz E}yff; Fwpg;G vz; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,t;tl;l
rpyg;gjpfhu Ma;tlq;fy; (1973)
,uh.fhrpuhrd; vd;gtu; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpj;J ntspte (1973 Mk; Mz;L tiu) Mfpatw;iwj; njhFj;Jr; rpyg;gjpfh 1973 Mk; Mz;L E}yhf ntspapl;lhu;. ,e;E}y; Nfusg; gjpg;ghf ntspte;jJ. rpyg;gjpfhuk; gw;wp ntspte;Js;s 8 gpw;Nru;f;ifahf 39 gjpTfs;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; F Mfpad ,t;tha;tlq;fypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. NkYk; xt Kjy; gjpg;G ntspahd Mz;L> gjpg;gf Kftup> E}ypd; tpi nra;jpapidAk; RUf;fkhfj; je;Js;shu;. rpyg;gjpfhu M ,t;tha;tlq;fy; ngupJk; topfhl;bahf ,Uf;Fk;.
nkhopngau;g;G E}w;nwhif (1983)
jkpopypUe;J gpwnkhopfSf;Fk;> gpwnkhopfspypUe;J nkhopngau;g;Gg; gupkhw;wq;fs; Fwpj;j tptuq;fisj; njhF Mk; Mz;L nkhopngau;g;G E}yiltpid ntspapl;lhu;. ,j jkpOf;F te;Js;s E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4234 vd;Wk;> j nrd;Ws;s E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if 730 vd;Wk; mwpa K Mq;fpyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpOf;Fg; ngUk;ghyhd E}y;fs; te;Js;s gpwnkhopfspypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s 4234 E}y;fspy; jkpOf;F nkhopngau;g;ghfpAs;sd. mjw;F mLj;j epiya 727 E}y;fSk;> ,u\;a nkhopapypUe;J 275 E}y;fSk; nk
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; rhu;e;j E}y;fs; - 1218> jj;Jtk; - 50> mwptpay; - 62> khopapay; - 176> epytpay;> tuyhW - 12> gUt ,jo;fs;> ; 1721 gjpTfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. Kd;Diuapy; Mrpupau; hg;gpau;fSf;fhd jkpo;g; Gj;jfq;fs; - 34 E}ypd; cs;Ns E}ypd; %yk; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilf;fhyk; tiu ;fs;> mf;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;F> tsu;r;rp> tif ;syhk;. ,j;njhFg;gpd; %yk; kjk; njhlu;ghd E}y;fNs mwpa KbfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; mr;R E}y;fs; cUthd gr; rka E}y;fNs mjpfkhf Mf;fpukpj;jpUe;jd vd;gjid
ngw;Ws;s jkpo; E}y;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa [p.A.Nghg;> ; fUT+yf E}yfj;jpd; jkpo; E}y; ml;ltiz (A Catalogue the British Museum) vd;w ngaupy; 1909 Mk; Mz;L E} popd; njhd;ikahd E}y;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s NgUjtpahf pupau; ngau;> ntspahd Mz;L> gjpg;gpj;j ,lk;> gf;fq;fs;>
w cs;slf;fpajhf ,t;tl;ltiz mike;Js;sJ.
; (1973)
g;gjpfhuk; Fwpj;J ntspte;j E}y;fs;> Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; w;iwj; njhFj;Jr; rpyg;gjpfhu Ma;tlq;fy; vd;w jiyg;gpy; spapl;lhu;. ,e;E}y; Nfusg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j;Jiwg; huk; gw;wp ntspte;Js;s 80 E}y;fs;> 252 fl;Liufs;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpj;J ntspahd 27 gjpTfs; lk; ngw;Ws;sd. NkYk; xt;nthU E}ypd; Mrpupau; ngau;> > gjpg;gf Kftup> E}ypd; tpiy Mfpatw;Wld; E}y; $Wk; je;Js;shu;. rpyg;gjpfhu Ma;Tg;gzpapy;  gpwnkhopfspypUe;J jkpOf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;e;j Fwpj;j tptuq;fisj; njhFj;J r.rptfhkp mtu;fs; 1983 iltpid ntspapl;lhu;. ,jd; %yk; gpwnkhopfspypUe;J z;zpf;if 4234 vd;Wk;> jkpopypUe;J gpwnkhopfSf;Fr; pf;if 730 vd;Wk; mwpa Kbfpd;wd. ,g;gFg;gpd; %yk; gUk;ghyhd E}y;fs; te;Js;sd vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wd. te;Js;s 4234 E}y;fspy; 1372 E}y;fs; Mq;fpyk; top d. mjw;F mLj;j epiyapy; rk];fpUj nkhopapypUe;J pypUe;J 275 E}y;fSk; nkhopngau;g;gpd; %yk; jkpOf;F
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te;Js;sd. jkpopypUe;J gpwnkhopfSf;Fr; nrd;wjpYk; Mq jkpo; nkhopapypUe;J 306 gilg;Gfs; Mq;fpyj;jpw;F nk epiyapy; kiyahsj;jpw;F 101 E}y;fSk;> njYq;fpw;F 58 %yk; nrd;Ws;sd. E}ypd; ngau;> Mrpupau; ngau;> gjpg;gf jftiy cs;slf;fpajhf ,e;E}yiltpid Mrpupau; cUt
jkpo; tho;f;if tuyhw;Wf; fsQ;rpak; (1985)
r.rptfhkp mtu;fs; njhFj;jj; jkpo; tho;f;if tuyhw;W E}y;fspd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J 1970 Mk; Mz;L tiu tuyhw;W E}y;fs;> jd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs;> nkhopngau;g;gpd tuyhw;W E}y;fs;> jd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; Mfpadgw;wpf; $ ntspte;j Mz;L> gf;fq;fs;> gjpg;gfk; gw;wpa tptuq;fSl ,g;gl;baiy mikj;Js;shu; E}yhrpupau;. ,e;E}ypd; %yk tuyhw;W E}y;fs; - 1790> jd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; - 44> nkho tho;f;if tuyhw;W E}y;fs; - 261> jd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; –
,yf;fz Ma;tlq;fy; ,U njhFjpfs; (1992> 19
,yf;fz Ma;tlq;fy; ,uz;L njhFjpfshf K Mz;Lfspy; Nguhrpupau; gl;lhgpuhkd; mtu;fspd; Kaw;rpa njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J 1985 Mk; Mz;L tiu vOj;J> nrhy ,yf;fzk; njhlu;ghfj; jkpopy; ntspte;Js;s fl;Liuf fl;Liuahsu;> fl;Liu ntspte;j E}y;> ,jo;> ntspte;j M gf;fk; Mfpaf; Fwpg;GfSld; ml;ltizg;gLj;jpAs;sd. RUf;fkhfTk;> njspthfTk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Fwpg;G , E}y;fspy; ,yf;fzk; njhlu;ghf ,lk; ngw;Ws;s gjpTfspd MFk; (vOj;J – 180> nrhy; - 811> nghUs; - 309> ahg;G - 16
Nguhrpupau; nt.goepag;gd; mtu;fs; jkpo;g; Gytu;fs; Mz;L tiu) gw;wpa tptuq;fisj; njhFj;J 2001 Mk; M fsQ;rpak; vd;w ngaupy; E}yhf ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ,e;E Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. Gytu; ngau;> tho;e;j Cu;> cs;slf;fpajhf ,e;E}iy E}yhrpupau; mikj;Js;shu;.
jkpo; nkhopngau;g;gpy; cyf ,yf;fpak; (2004) cyf nkhopfspypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s E}y;fs; xd;wpidj; njhFj;J ‘jkpo; nkhopngau;g;gpy; cyf , 2004 Mk; Mz;L E}yhf ntspapl;Ls;shu; e.KUNfr mikag;ngw;w ,e;E}ypy; nkhopngau;g;Gg; gilg;Gfspd; %y jkpo; nkhopngau;g;ghsu;fs;> gjpg;G Fwpj;j jfty;fs;> g
432

hopfSf;Fr; nrd;wjpYk; Mq;fpyNk Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ. lg;Gfs; Mq;fpyj;jpw;F nkhopngau;g;ghfpAs;sd. mLj;j 1 E}y;fSk;> njYq;fpw;F 58 E}y;fSk; nkhopngau;g;gpd; gau;> Mrpupau; ngau;> gjpg;gf Kftup cs;spl;l nghJthd
}yiltpid Mrpupau; cUthf;fpAs;shu;.
f; fsQ;rpak; (1985) ;jj; jkpo; tho;f;if tuyhw;Wf; fsQ;rpak; vd;w E}y; mr;R 1970 Mk; Mz;L tiu jkpopy; ntspte;j tho;f;if ;W E}y;fs;> nkhopngau;g;gpd; top jkpOf;F te;j tho;f;if ;W E}y;fs; Mfpadgw;wpf; $WfpwJ. E}y;> Mrpupau; ngau;> gjpg;gfk; gw;wpa tptuq;fSld; mfu tupir mbg;gilapy; }yhrpupau;. ,e;E}ypd; %yk; jkpopy; ntspte;j tho;f;if uyhw;W E}y;fs; - 44> nkhopngau;g;gpd; top jkpOf;F te;j 261> jd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; – 35 vd mwpa KbfpwJ.
U njhFjpfs; (1992> 1999) ,uz;L njhFjpfshf KiwNa 1992> 1999 Mk; puhkd; mtu;fspd; Kaw;rpahy; ntspte;jd. ,e;E}y;fs; Mz;L tiu vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd py; ntspte;Js;s fl;LiufisAk;> fl;Liuj; jiyg;G> e;j E}y;> ,jo;> ntspte;j Mz;L> fl;Liu ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ml;ltizg;gLj;jpAs;sd. fl;Liuapd; nghUs; gw;wpr; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Fwpg;G ,e;E}y;fspd; rpwg;ghFk;. ,e; f ,lk; ngw;Ws;s gjpTfspd; vz;zpf;if nkhj;jk; 1528 11> nghUs; - 309> ahg;G - 164> mzp – 64).
; mtu;fs; jkpo;g; Gytu;fs; (rq;ffhyk; Kjy; 1970 Mk; sj; njhFj;J 2001 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;g; Gytu; tuyhw;Wf; hf ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ,e;E}ypy; 5338 Gytu;fs; gw;wpa Gytu; ngau;> tho;e;j Cu;> E}y;fs; gw;wpa tptuq;fis
hrpupau; mikj;Js;shu;.
yf ,yf;fpak; (2004)
kpOf;F te;Js;s E}y;fs; (1990 tiu) Fwpj;j milT ; nkhopngau;g;gpy; cyf ,yf;fpak;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; ntspapl;Ls;shu; e.KUNfr ghz;bad;. Ma;T E}yhf pngau;g;Gg; gilg;Gfspd; %ynkhopfs;> %yE}yhrpupau;fs;> gjpg;G Fwpj;j jfty;fs;> gjpg;gfq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
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Mfpadtw;iwj; njhFj;Jj; je;Js;shu;. ,t;tiltpd; % jkpo; nkhopf;F te;Js;s E}y;fs;> ve;j ,yf;fpa tifapy nkhopngau;g;ghfpAs;sd> nkhopngau;g;G murpay; Kjyhdt
jpwdha;T E}yilTfs; (Critical Bibliographies)
E}w; ngau;> Mrpupau; ngau;> nkhopngau;g;G E}yhf ,Ug %ynkhop E}yhrpupau; ngau;> gjpg;G> gjpg;gff; Fwpg;Gfs; ngw;Ws;s nra;jpfspd; Fwpg;Giu (Annotation) xd;iwAk; , E}yiltpy; mlq;Fk;.
j.n[fjPrd;> r.KUNfrd; MfpNahupd; jpwdha;T E}yi Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jitfshFk;. j.n[fjPrd;> gpnuQ;R nkhop E}y;fisAk; (1983 - 2010)> r.KUNfrd; N[u;kd; nkho E}y;fisAk; (1983 - 2011) njhFj;Jj; jpwdha;T E}yilT (,it ,d;Dk; E}y;fshf ntsptutpy;iy). ,t;tpU E gpnuQ;R nkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s gilg;Gfs; (1983 nkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s gilg;Gfs; (1983 - 2011) ,t;tpuz;Lk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s nra;jpfspd; Fwpg;Giu mike;Js;s jpwdha;T E}yilTfs; vd;gjhy; E}y; F mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
E}yilTg; gzpfspy; Njf;fk;
jkpo; Ma;Tj; jsj;jpy; E}yilTfis cUthf;Ftjpy ngupJk; Njf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. rhd;whfj; jkpopypUe;J gpwnkhop jkpOf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;e;j nkhopngau;g;Gg; gupkhw;w njhFj;J r.rptfhkp mtu;fs; 1983 Mk; Mz;L n ntspapl;Ls;shu;. mjw;Fg; gpwF nkhopngau;g;G E}y;fs; F mstpy; cUthf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. nkhopngau;g;Gj; Jiwa JiwapYk; Fwpg;gpLk;gbahd E}yilTfs; cUthftpy;i NjhWk; ntsptUfpw E}y;fs; Fwpj;j tptuq;fs; mlq;fpa cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy.
INuhg;gpau;fspd; fy;tp Kiwapdhy; r%fj;jpy; cU tUifAk; E}y;fs; cUthf;fj;jpw;F mbNfhypd. ,yf;fpak nghwpapay;> rl;lk; vdg; gy;NtW Jiwrhu;e;Jk; E}y;fs; c R+oypy; ,yf;fpak;> jj;Jtk; Kjyhd Jiwfspy; mjpf ms
E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;Js;s epiyapy; mjid xd;whFk;. mjw;fhd topKiwfspy; xd;Wjhd; E}yilT
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

e;Js;shu;. ,t;tiltpd; %yk; cyf nkhopfspypUe;J ;fs;> ve;j ,yf;fpa tifapy; mjpfkhd E}y;fs; jkpOf;F
pngau;g;G murpay; Kjyhdtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
ritical Bibliographies) nkhopngau;g;G E}yhf ,Ug;gpd; %ynkhop E}ypd; ngau;> gjpg;G> gjpg;gff; Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;Wld; E}ypy; ,lk; u (Annotation) xd;iwAk; ,izj;Jj; jUtJ jpwdha;T
fpNahupd; jpwdha;T E}yilTfs; milT Kaw;rpfspy; .n[fjPrd;> gpnuQ;R nkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s r.KUNfrd; N[u;kd; nkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F te;Js;s hFj;Jj; jpwdha;T E}yilT Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ldu; tsptutpy;iy). ,t;tpU E}yilTfspd; mbg;gilapy; ;F te;Js;s gilg;Gfs; (1983 - 2010) 43 vd;Wk;> n[u;kd; s;s gilg;Gfs; (1983 - 2011) 21 vd;Wk; mwpa Kbfpd;wd. ;Ws;s nra;jpfspd; Fwpg;GiuiaAk; cs;slf;fpa tifapy; ilTfs; vd;gjhy; E}y; Fwpj;j $Ljy; jfty;fisAk;
f;fk;
ilTfis cUthf;Ftjpy; 1990 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF ;whfj; jkpopypUe;J gpwnkhopfSf;Fk;> gpwnkhopfspypUe;J nkhopngau;g;Gg; gupkhw;wq;fs; Fwpj;j tptuq;fisj; ; 1983 Mk; Mz;L nkhopngau;g;G E}yiltpid nkhopngau;g;G E}y;fs; Fwpj;j E}yilT KOikahd y. nkhopngau;g;Gj; Jiwapy; kl;Lkpd;wp NtW ve;jj; }yilTfs; cUthftpy;iy. ,yf;fpaj; jsj;jpy; Mz;L Fwpj;j tptuq;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;G E}y;fSk; jkpopy;
iwapdhy; r%fj;jpy; cUthd khw;wKk;> mr;R Clf ;jpw;F mbNfhypd. ,yf;fpak;> jj;Jtk;> tuyhW> kUj;Jtk;> W Jiwrhu;e;Jk; E}y;fs; cUthapd. nghJthfj; jkpo;r; jyhd Jiwfspy; mjpf mstpy; E}y;fs; vOe;jd.
pfupj;Js;s epiyapy; mjid Kiwg;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhd fspy; xd;Wjhd; E}yilT vd;gjhFk;. E}y;fs; mjpfsT
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cUthdjd; gpd;dzpapy; E}y;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy; K Kaw;rpfs; Ma;Tj; jsj;jpYk; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf mi fz;lwpjy; vd;w gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; E}y;fis ti
,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy;
Mz;bw;F xU Kiw jkpopy; ntsptUk; ,yf;fpa (subject)> cs;sPL (Content) mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jp E}y Ntz;Lk;. vz;zpk KiwapYk; Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz ngau;> gjpg;gf Kftup> gjpg;gpj;j Mz;L gw;wpa Fwpg;G Mf tupirapy; E}yiltpid cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. vz;zpk gad;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; cyfk; KOikf;Fk; kpfTk; cjt nkhopngau;g;G> ,yf;fzk;> mwptpay;> ,yf;fpa tifik E}yiltpid cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fis Mz;bw;F xU Kiw milT n KOikahd ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fspd; E}yiltpid cUt mbg;gilapy; ve;jj; Jiwapy; mjpfkhd ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fs ve;jj; Jiwapy; Fiwthf Mf;fq;fs; cUthfpd;wd vd ,jd; %yk; r%fg; Nghf;fpid mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g E}y;fi ftdk; ngwhj ,yf;fpa tifikfspy; Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
,d;iwa jkpo;r; R+oypy; ntsptUfpw ,yf;fpa Mf rhu;e;j E}y;fs; mjpfk; ntsptUtjpy;iy. Foe;ij ,y mq;F jhd; kpfr; rpwe;j rKjhak; cUthFk; vd;gu;. Foe;i Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy; ntsptUfpw epiyapy; jkpo;r; R+oy cs;sJ. nkhopngau;g;gpYk; Foe;ij ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; m r%fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Mf;fq;fisf; nfhzu E}yil Iakpy;iy. Mjyhy; r%fg; gad;ghl;by; Kf;fpag; gq milTfis cUthf;FjYk; Mtzg;gLj;JjYk; kpfTk;
,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk; vd;gjDs; kl;Lk; mlq;fpAs;s nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fSld; xg;gPL nra;jy;> nkhopngau;g;G vd nry;yTk;> ,yf;fpa nkhop vd;w xUKf tsu;r;rpapypUe;J Kjyhd JiwfspYk; jkpiof; nfhz;L nry;Yk; gd;Kf t ,d;W Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. r%fj;jpy; ,jw;fhd Njit ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fis cUthf;FtJk;> nkhopngau;g;gpd; % nfhz;L tUtJk; mtrpakhf cs;sJ. jkpo;g; gjpg;g gug;GfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fj; jk;ikj; jhNk Ra
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}y;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy; Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ. E}yilT ; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf mikAk;. vspik> tpiuthff; mbg;gilapy; E}y;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy; Kf;fpakhFk;.
tzg;gLj;jy; popy; ntsptUk; ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fisg; nghUz;ik g;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jp E}yilT nra;J E}yhf ntspapl pYk; Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. E}ypd; ngau;> Mrpupau; j Mz;L gw;wpa Fwpg;G Mfpatdtw;iwj; njhFj;J mfu thf;f Ntz;Lk;. vz;zpk Kiwapyhd E}yilTg;gjpT ; KOikf;Fk; kpfTk; cjtpahf mikAk;. Ma;Tg; gug;gpy; wptpay;> ,yf;fpa tifik vdj; Jiw rhu;e;J jpwdha;T
;Lk;.
;bw;F xU Kiw milT nra;tjd; %yk; Xu; Mz;bd; ;fspd; E}yiltpid cUthf;fyhk;. me;j E}yiltpd; jpfkhd ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fs; cUthfpd;wd vd;gijAk;> f;fq;fs; cUthfpd;wd vd;gijAk; fz;lwpa ,aYk;. mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g E}y;fis cUthf;f ,aYk;. NkYk; kfspy; Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis
ntsptUfpw ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fspy; Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; Utjpy;iy. Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; vq;F tsu;e;Js;sNjh k; cUthFk; vd;gu;. Foe;ij ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; mjpfstpy; fpw epiyapy; jkpo;r; R+oypy; mjpfk; ftdk; ngwhky; oe;ij ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; mjpfk; ngau;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ;fq;fisf; nfhzu E}yilTfs; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; vd;gjpy; gad;ghl;by; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;Fk; E}y;fs; gw;wpa
tzg;gLj;JjYk; kpfTk; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;.
;gjDs; kl;Lk; mlq;fpAs;s jkpo;f; fy;tpg; gug;igg; gpw nra;jy;> nkhopngau;g;G vd mLj;j epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L ;w xUKf tsu;r;rpapypUe;J mwptpay;> tzpfk;> rl;lk; ; nfhz;L nry;Yk; gd;Kf tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jkpio khw;WtJk; r%fj;jpy; ,jw;fhd Njitfis Kd;dpWj;Jk; tifapy; ;FtJk;> nkhopngau;g;gpd; %yk; Njitahd E}y;fisf; hf cs;sJ. jkpo;g; gjpg;gfj; Jiw ,jw;fhd tplag; spf;fj; jk;ikj; jhNk RagupNrhjid nra;J nfhs;s
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Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd Raj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;s E} cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
E}yfj;jpypUf;Fk; E}y;fis Mtzg;gLj;jy;
E}y;fisr; Nrfupj;J itf;Fk; gof;fk; jkpofj;jpy; kd;d te;Js;sJ. E}y;fs; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; muz;kidfs;> ,lq;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;ngw;wd. muz;kidapy; ghJfhf;f cs;s jQ;rhT+u; ru];tjp kfhy; E}yfkhFk;. gpw;fhyr; Nrho Nrfupj;J itf;Fk; ,lj;jpidr; ru];tjp gz;lhuk; vd;W vd;w nrhy; fUT+yk; vd;w nrhy;ypw;F ,izahfg; gad;g rhu; kjpg;GkpF Xiyr; Rtbfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; ,lkhjyhy vd;W ngaupl;L mioj;Js;sdu;. ,t;thwhfg; gy;NtW , y;fis E}yfk; vd;w Xu; Filapd; fPo ; ghJfhf;fyhap Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;ngw;w nghJE}yfr; rl;lj;jpdhy; E cUthdJ. mjidj; njhlu;e;J mnkupf;fhtpYk; ,f;fhy cUthdJ. E}yf ,af;fj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahf 19 Mk; E}w E}yfUf;fhd gapw;rpfisAk; mspf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. E Kjyhd nray;Kiwfs; E}yfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F toptFj topKiwfs; cUthapd. E}yfj;jpypUf;Fk; E}y;f Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpfSk; ,d;W mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wd
E}yfj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y;fis vz;zpk Kaw;rpfs; xusT Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtJ MWjyhd t mjid cyfk; KOtJk; cs;Nshu; vspikahfg; gad;gL Ntz;Lk;.
kpd; E}y;fs; (E-books)
mr;R Clfq;fs; tUifapdhy; E}yhf;fq;fs; ngU kpd; Clfq;fshy; ,d;W kpd; E}y;fSk; ngUfpAs;sd Gj;jf epWtdk; ,izak; top mjpfkhd kpd; E}y;fi fpz;by; (Kindle) vd;w nkd;nghUspd; %yk; njspthd t mNkrhd; tpw;gid nra;J tUfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;W jk ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fis kpd; E}y;fshf cUkhw;wp jdJ vd E-Reader) vd;w nkd;nghUspd; %yk; tpw;gidapy; ,wq;f njhd;ikahd ,yf;fpa cUthf;fq;fis kpd; tbtpy; E} top ntspapl;L tUfpd;wdu;. fl;lzkpy;yh tifapy; ,k;kpd cUthf;fpapUg;gJ rpwg;ghFk;. rhd;whfj; jkpo;g; gz;ghl Fountation) Vwf;Fiwa 300 gz;ila E}y;fis kpd; E gjpT nra;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. mtw;wpDs; kidab rh];jpuk; (
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pid mwpe;J nfhs;s E}yilTfspd; Mtzg;gjpNt
is Mtzg;gLj;jy;
k; gof;fk; jkpofj;jpy; kd;duhl;rp fhyq;fspNyNa ,Ue;J fhyj;jpy; muz;kidfs;> klq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs; Kjyhd muz;kidapy; ghJfhf;fg;ngw;w E}yfNk jkpo;ehl;by; ; E}yfkhFk;. gpw;fhyr; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Xiyr; Rtbfisr; r; ru];tjp gz;lhuk; vd;W mioj;Js;sdu;. gz;lhuk; y;ypw;F ,izahfg; gad;gLj;jg;ngw;w nrhy;yhFk;. fy;tp sg; ghJfhf;Fk; ,lkhjyhy; mjidr; ru];tjp gz;lhuk; u;. ,t;thwhfg; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;ngw;w E} ilapd; fPo ; ghJfhf;fyhapdu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fp.gp.1850 ghJE}yfr; rl;lj;jpdhy; E}yf ,af;fk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ;J mnkupf;fhtpYk; ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpNyNa E}yf ,af;fk; ; njhlu;r;rpahf 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,t;tpU ehLfSk; ; mspf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. E}yfk;> E}yfUf;fhd gapw;rp fj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F toptFj;jd. E}y;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; E}yfj;jpypUf;Fk; E}y;fis vz;zpk Kiwapy; ,d;W mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wd.
;s E}y;fis vz;zpk Kiwapy; Mtzg;gLj;Jk; g;gl;L tUtJ MWjyhd tplakhf cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ;Nshu; vspikahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;f
apdhy; E}yhf;fq;fs; ngUfpdhw; Nghy fzpdp rhu; ; E}y;fSk; ngUfpAs;sd. mNkrhd; (Amazon) vd;w op mjpfkhd kpd; E}y;fis tpw;gid nra;J tUfpwJ. hUspd; %yk; njspthd tbtikg;Gld; kpd; E}y;fis UfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;W jkpopy; fpof;Fg; gjpg;gfk; jkpo; y;fshf cUkhw;wp jdJ vd;.`r;.vk; kpd; - thrpg;G (NHM ; %yk; tpw;gidapy; ,wq;fpAs;sJ. jkpo; Mu;tyu;fSk; hf;fq;fis kpd; tbtpy; E}y;fshf cUkhw;wp ,izak; ;lzkpy;yh tifapy; ,k;kpd; E}y;fisj; jkpo; Mu;tyu;fs; rhd;whfj; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L epWtdk; (Tamil Heritage z;ila E}y;fis kpd; E}y;fshf khw;wp ,izaj;jpy; ;wpDs; kidab rh];jpuk; (1871)> Gjpd tifiar; rhu;e;j
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MjpA+u; mtjhdp rupjk; (1875)> je;ij ngupahupd; Fb muR Mapukhapuk; mr;Rg; gpujpfisj; Njf;fp itj;jpUf;Fk; epi Ntz;LNk vd;w thrfu;fspd; mr;rk;> fdj;j E}y;fis vLj $Wfshy; kpd;E}y;fs; ehisa E}yhf;fj; Jiwapy; Kf;f E}y;fspd; mjpfupg;G E}y;fis milT nra;J Mtzg;gLj ,k;Kaw;rpfs; gutyhf ,d;Dk; gy Mz;Lfs; MFk;. jw;N mr;R Clf E}yhf;fr; R+oypy; E}yilT Kaw;rpfis Nk Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
Ma;Tg; gug;gpy; vspikf;Fk;> tpiutpw;Fk; tpj;jpLfpw E}y Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. r%fr; R+oypy; vt;tpjkhd vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;J nfhs;sTk;> r%fj; Njitf;Nfw;g mi cyif Mw;Wg;gLj;Jfpw mwpTj; JiwahfTk; E}yilT m ,yf;fpag; gug;gpYk;> r%fg; gad;ghl;bYk; ngupJk; gaDs;s cUthf;fTk;> mjid vz;zpk Kiwapy; Mtzg;gL Nkw;nfhs;sg;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
gad;gl;l E}y;fs;
md;dp jhkR (1996)> ,Ugjpy; jkpo; tsu;r;rp> nrd epWtdk;.
,d;dhrp (2009)> fpwpj;Jtj; jkpo; fsQ;rpak;> nrd;id
fhrpuh[d;>,uh.(1973)> rpyg;gjpfhu Ma;tlq;fy;> gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fpU~;zrhkp ehr;rpKj;J (2009)> “nkhopngau;g;G> gd Multi Lingualism)”> 5.12.2009 gapw;rpg; gl;liwapy; thr NeU gy;fiyf;fofk;> GJjpy;yp.
rptfhkp>r.(1985)> jkpo; tho;f;if tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak;> n epWtdk;.
rptfhkp>r.(1983)> nkhopngau;g;G E}w;nwhif> nrd;i epWtdk;.
Rg;gpukzpad;>r.Nt. (1998)> njhy;fhg;gpak; njspT gjpg;gfk;> gj;jhk; gjpg;G (2009).
gl;lhgpuhkd;> Jiu. (1992)> ,yf;fz Ma;tlq;fy; vO rpjk;guk;: mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
436

> je;ij ngupahupd; Fb muR njhFjpfs; Mfpad mlq;Fk;. j; Njf;fp itj;jpUf;Fk; epiy> mr;R E}y;fisg; ghJfhf;f mr;rk;> fdj;j E}y;fis vLj;Jr;nry;y ,ayh epiy Kjypa a E}yhf;fj; Jiwapy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;ff; $Lk;. kpd; milT nra;J Mtzg;gLj;Jk; topKiwia vspjhf;Fk;. k; gy Mz;Lfs; MFk;. jw;NghJ gutyhff; fhzg;ngWfpw ; E}yilT Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;j
;> tpiutpw;Fk; tpj;jpLfpw E}yilTfs; r%fg; gad;ghl;bYk; fr; R+oypy; vt;tpjkhd E}y;fs; thrpf;fg;ngWfpd;wd k;> r%fj; Njitf;Nfw;g mij khw;wpf; nfhs;sTk;> Ma;T j; JiwahfTk; E}yilT mikfpwJ. Ma;Tj; jsj;jpYk;> ;ghl;bYk; ngupJk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; E}yilTfis pk Kiwapy; Mtzg;gLj;jTk; mjpfstpy; Kaw;rpfs;
Ugjpy; jkpo; tsu;r;rp> nrd;id: cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp
j; jkpo; fsQ;rpak;> nrd;id: fht;ah.
rpyg;gjpfhu Ma;tlq;fy;> jpUtde;jGuk;: Nfusg;
(2009)> “nkhopngau;g;G> gd;nkhopapay; (Translation and 09 gapw;rpg; gl;liwapy; thrpf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu> [t`u;yhy; py;yp.
o;f;if tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak;> nrd;id: cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp
gau;g;G E}w;nwhif> nrd;id : cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp
8)> njhy;fhg;gpak; njspTiu> nrd;id: kzpthrfu; 09).
> ,yf;fz Ma;tlq;fy; vOj;Jk; nrhy;Yk; Kjy; njhFjp> ; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
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gl;lhgpuhkd;> Jiu. (1999)> ,yf;fz Ma;tlq;fy; n mzp)> rpjk;guk;: mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
goepag;gd;> nt. (2001)> jkpo; Gytu; tuyhw;Wf; fsQ;rpa gy;fiyf;fofk;.
KUNfrghz;bad;>e.(2000)> “jkpo; nkhopngau;g;gpy; 2000’ fUj;juq;fpy; thrpf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu.
KUNfrghz;bad;> e.(2004)> jkpo; nkhopngau;g;gpy; c ghu;f;fu;.
KUNfrd;>r. (2012)> n[u;kd; – jkpo; nkhopngau;g;Gfs epiwQu; gl;l Ma;NtL> GJjpy;yp: [t`u;yhy; NeU gy
uhkre;jpud;>K.(2011)> E}yftpay;> nrd;id: jhkiu gg (2012).
n[fjPrd;>j. (2011)> gpnuQ;R – jkpo; nkhopngau;g;Gfs; epiwQu; gl;l Ma;NtL> GJjpy;yp: [t`u;yhy; NeU gy
Barnett, L.D., Pope,G.U. (1909), A Catalogue of the Tam Museum, London : oxford University press
Murdoch John (1865), Classified Catalogue of Tamil Nofices, Madras: The Christian Vernacular Education So
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

)> ,yf;fz Ma;tlq;fy; njhFjp 2 (nghUs; – ahg;G – kiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
po; Gytu; tuyhw;Wf; fsQ;rpak;> rpjk;guk;: mz;zhkiyg;
0)> “jkpo; nkhopngau;g;gpy; cyf ,yf;fpak;” ‘jkpo; ,dp ;fg;gl;l fl;Liu.
4)> jkpo; nkhopngau;g;gpy; cyf ,yf;fpak;> nrd;id : jp
d; – jkpo; nkhopngau;g;Gfs; : jpwdha;T E}yilT> Ma;T jpy;yp: [t`u;yhy; NeU gy;fiyf;fofk;.
ftpay;> nrd;id: jhkiu gg;spNf\d;];> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G
– jkpo; nkhopngau;g;Gfs; : jpwdha;T E}yilT> Ma;T jpy;yp: [t`u;yhy; NeU gy;fiyf;fofk;.
, A Catalogue of the Tamil Books in the library of the Brifish ersity press
fied Catalogue of Tamil Printed Books with Introductory
Vernacular Education Society.
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,yq;ifapy; rl;lq;fisj; jkpo;nkhop%yk; Mt
nkhopf; nfhs;ifapid Kd;dpWj;jpa gh
jkpo;nkhop NgRk; r%fq;fisr; rhh;e;j gpugy rl;l Njhd;wpa ,yq;ifapy;> jkpo; nkhop %yk; rl;lq;fis Mt njhlh;fpd;wik Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fnjhU tplakhFk;. M xd;iwg; gw;wpa mwptpw;Fj; Njitahd Mtzq;fisg; n xOq;fikj;jy;> ghJfhj;jy;> gfph;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs ,j;jifa Mtzg;gLj;jyhdJ gy tbtq;fspy; mika rhrdq;fs;> xypg;gjpTfs;> epow;glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg rfy JiwfspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;banjhd;whFk;. Mtzg;gLj;jYk; mtrpakhdnjhd;whFk;. xU ehl;b me;ehl;L murpd; ntspaPL fs; ve;j nkhopapy; ,lk jPh;khdpf;fty;yJ. kl;Lkd;wp> ve;j nkhop my;yJ nk Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidAk; jkpo; nkhop %yk; rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; , Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wJ. jdpr; rpq;fs nkhopr jd;takhjy; cghaKiw gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;ljdhy; ,dq kdg;ghq;FfSk;> Kuz;ghLfSk;; Njhd;wpaJld;> ,yq;i frg;ghd mDgtq;fSk; Vw;gl;Ltpl;ld. ,jd; tpisthf n Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhj;jpukhd jsk; cUg;ngw;wJ. vt;thwh jkpOk; Vw;fg;gl;l gpd;Gk; jkpo; nkhopapy; rl;lq;fis M njhlh;fpd;wikahdJ> NtWk; rpy fhuzpfs; ,e;epi jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdth vd;w tpdhtpid Kd;dpWj tpilNjlypd; mbg;gilapYk;> ,yq;ifapd; nkhopf;n %yk; rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; nrYj;jpAs;s jhf ,f;fl;Liu mike;Js;sJ.
,yq;ifapd; nkhopf; nfhs;if
,yq;ifapd; Njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilr; rPu;Fiyj;J> fhuzpfspy; gpujhd gq;fpid nkhopf; nfhs;if n xw;Wikia epiyehl;l Kw;gLk; NghJ> jha;nkhopAk;> mikahjtplj;J> vjpu;kiwahd tpisTfisr; re;jpf;f N tpisTfisr; re;jpj;Js;sJ.

l;lq;fisj; jkpo;nkhop%yk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;: f; nfhs;ifapid Kd;dpWj;jpa ghh;it
etuj;dk; rptFkhh;
;fisr; rhh;e;j gpugy rl;l ty;Ydu;fSk;> ePj pgjpfSk; khop %yk; rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; FiwghLfs; ;jf;fnjhU tplakhFk;. Mtzg;gLj;jy; vd;gjid> itahd Mtzq;fisg; ngWjy; my;yJ cUthf;Fjy;> gfph;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; vd milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. J gy tbtq;fspy; mikayhk;. cjhuzkhf E}y;fs;> ;glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Mtzg;gLj;jyhdJ g;gl Ntz;banjhd;whFk;. me;jtifapy;;> rl;lk; rhh;e;j dnjhd;whFk;. xU ehl;bd; nkhopf;nfhs;ifahdJ> s; ve;j nkhopapy; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gjidj; p> ve;j nkhop my;yJ nkhopfs; Kd;DupikiaAk;> Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidAk; jPh;khdpf;Fk;. ,yq;ifapy; s Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,yq;ifapd; nkhopf;nfhs;if pd;wJ. jdpr; rpq;fs nkhopr; rl;lf; nfhs;ifapd; %ykhf> Nahfpf;fg;gl;ljdhy; ,dq;fSf;fpilNa ek;gpf;ifaw;w k;; Njhd;wpaJld;> ,yq;iftho; kf;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; gy ;Ltpl;ld. ,jd; tpisthf nkhop uPj pahd Njrpathjj;jpd; sk; cUg;ngw;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;> mur fUk nkhopahf o; nkhopapy; rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;jypy; FiwghLfs; k; rpy fhuzpfs; ,e;epiyghl;bidj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy; ;w tpdhtpid Kd;dpWj;JfpwJ. ,e;j tpdhtpw;fhd ;> ,yq;ifapd; nkhopf;nfhs;ifahdJ> jkpo;nkhop j;Jtjpy; nrYj;jpAs;s jhf;fj;jpid mwpAk; tifapYk;
hs;if ikg;ghl;ilr; rPu;Fiyj;J> Njr epu;khzj;ijg; ghjpj;j d nkhopf; nfhs;if ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. nkhoptop ;gLk; NghJ> jha;nkhopAk;> njhlu;G nkhopAk; xd;whf d tpisTfisr; re;jpf;f Neuplyhk;. ,yq;if mj;jifa
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gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifj; jPt pid fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Nfhy;G&f; rPu;jpUj;jj;Jld; Mq;fpyk; mur fhyj;jpy; Mq;fpyNk mur fUk nkhopahf ,Ue;jikapdhy Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa Mf;fg;gl;ld. Mq;fpy nkhopg; gpuNa jkJ Raghi\fis mq;fPf upg;gjw;fhd Nfhupf;iffis 1956 Mk; Mz;Ltiu Mq;fpyNk mur fUk nkhopahfg Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;; Njrpa nkhopfshfTk;> Ml;rp nkhopf mq;fPf huk; ngw;w gpd;dNu rpq;fsj;jpYk;> jkpopYk; rl;lth tuyhW Rl;bepw;fpd;wJ.
,yq;if Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpd;G mwpKfg;gLj;jpa mur mr; rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;Ak Vida rl;l Vw;ghLfisAk;> murpayikg;Gfspy; , Vw;ghLfisAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wNghNj ,yq;ifapd mjd; jw;fhyg; Nghf;Fg; gw;wpAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;. Vw;ghLfs; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• 1956 Mk; Mz;bd; 33Mk; ,yf;f mur fUk nkho
• 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; 28Mk; ,yf;f jkpo; nkhop (t
• 1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; mj;jpahak njhlh;ghd Vw;ghLfs;
• 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd;; 12 (2) Mk ,lk;ngWk; nkhop njhlh;ghd Vw;ghLfSk;
• 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd;; kPj hd 13Mk (1987)
• 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd;; kPj hd 16Mk; j
1956 Mk; Mz;bd; 33Mk; ,yf;f mur fUk nkh ,yq;ifapy; 1955 Mk; Mz;L Rkhu; 60 rjtPj k; (% rpq;fs nkhopia kl;LNk Ngrpdu;. 20 rjtPj j;Jf;Fr; rw;W Ngrpdu;. vdpDk; rpq;fstupd; rdj;njhif 70 rjtPj khf , njhif (,yq;ifj; jkpou;> ,e;jpaj; jkpou;> K];ypk;fs;) 3 [atu;j;jd 1995> g.94). ,j;jifa fhyfl;lj;jpNyNa nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
jdpr; rpq;fs nkhopr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gLtjpy;> rpq;fs Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whf mike;jJ. 1940 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;g Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;J ehL G+uhfTk; ghupa kf;fs; N mtw;Ws;> rpq;fs nkhopia mur fUk nkhopahf Vw;Wf gpujhd Nfhupf;ifahf mike;jJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jPt pid fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpapUe;j fhyj;jpy; ;jpUj;jj;Jld; Mq;fpyk; mur fUk nkhopahf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f; nkhopahf ,Ue;jikapdhy;> midj;Jr; rl;lthf;fq;fSk; . Mq;fpy nkhopg; gpuNahfj;Jf;F vjpuhf RNjrpfs; upg;gjw;fhd Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jdu;. vdpDk;> pyNk mur fUk nkhopahfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> hopfshfTk;> Ml;rp nkhopfshfTk; rpq;fsKk;> jkpOk; ;fsj;jpYk;> jkpopYk; rl;lthf;fq;fs; epfoj; njhlq;fpaij
;j gpd;G mwpKfg;gLj;jpa mur fUk nkhopr; rl;lj;jpidAk;> wghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ;> murpayikg;Gfspy; ,lk;ngw;w nkhop njhlu;ghd hs;fpd;wNghNj ,yq;ifapd; nkhopf;nfhs;if gw;wpAk;> pAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;. mt;tifapy; gpd;tUk; rl;l l Ntz;Lk;.
Mk; ,yf;f mur fUk nkhopr; rl;lk; Mk; ,yf;f jkpo; nkhop (tpN\lVw;ghLfs;) rl;lk; urpayikg;gpd; mj;jpahak; III ,y; ,lk;ngWk; nkhop
urpayikg;gpd;; 12 (2) Mk; ruj;Jk; mj;jpahak; IV ,y; lh;ghd Vw;ghLfSk; rpayikg;gpd;; kPj hd 13Mk; jpUj;jj;jpd; cWg;Giu - 2
payikg;gpd;; kPj hd 16Mk; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; (1988)
k; ,yf;f mur fUk nkhopr; rl;lk;
z;L Rkhu; 60 rjtPj k; (%d;W taJf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu;) pdu;. 20 rjtPj j;Jf;Fr; rw;W Nkw;gl;Nlhu;> jkpio khj;jpuk; ; rdj;njhif 70 rjtPj khf ,Ue;jJ. jkpo; NgRk; kf;fspd; ;jpaj; jkpou;> K];ypk;fs;) 30 rjtPj khf ,Ue;jJ (Fkhup ;jifa fhyfl;lj;jpNyNa jdpr; rpq;fs nkhopr; rl;lk;
; nfhz;Ltug;gLtjpy;> rpq;fs kfhrigapDila gq;F kpf J. 1940 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; rpq;fs kfhrig gj;Jf; hL G+uhfTk; ghupa kf;fs; Nghuhl;lk; xd;iw Muk;gpj;jJ. ur fUk nkhopahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; ;jJ.
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440
1952 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w Nju;jypy;> nkhop nj ngwtpy;iy. MapDk; N[hd; nfhj;jyhty gpujk ke;jpupah 1956) ,g;gpur;rpid Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. ,g;gpur;rpid Mfpa ,uz;Lk; mur fUk nkhopfshf Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kw;N tpyfp> ‘rpq;fsk; kl;Lk;’ mur fUk nkhopahf;f Ntz;Lk Vw;gl;lJ.
ngsj;j kfh rigapDila Mjutpidg; ngWtjd ngwKbAk; vd;w mbg;gilapy;> murpay; tpA+fj;jpid tFj mtu; “rpq;fsk; kl;Lk;” vd;gjid murpay; JLg;Gr; rPl ;lhfg ghupa ntw;wpia  rpq;fsk; k khwpaJ. vdNt> mk;nkhopapy; gzpahw;Wtjw;F cldba gl;lJ. ,jd;gb vy;yh mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; rpq;fs nkh fshapdu;. ,j;Njitf;F ,iae;njhOf Kbahjtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.
jdpr; rpq;fs nkhopr; rl;lj;jpid vjpu;j;J> jkpo; NgRk fl;rpahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy kl;lj;jpyhd Nghuhl;lq;fsp mtu;fSf;Fk;> rk];bf; fl;rpapd; jiytu; v];.N[.tp. ,ilapy; 1957 [Pi y khjj;jpy; cld;gbf;if vl;lg;gl;lJ. , nkhop njhlh;ghd Kf;fpa Vw;ghLfshf gpd;tUtd mike
• rpWghd;ik Njrpaj;jpd; nkhopahfpa jkpo; nkhop c mq;fpfhuk; ngWk;.
• jkpo; nkhopia tlf;F> fpof;F khfhz Ml;rp nkh
• tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; jkpo; nkhop Ngrh tpjpKiwfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;

gw;w Nju;jypy;> nkhop njhlu;ghd gpur;rpid Kf;fpak; fhj;jyhty gpujk ke;jpupahf ,Ue;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; (1953- tk; ngw;wJ. ,g;gpur;rpid Ntfkilar; rpq;fsk;> jkpo; opfshf Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kw;Nghf;Ff; Nfhupf;ifapy; ,Ue;J fUk nkhopahf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nkyhjpf;f epiyg;ghL
a Mjutpidg; ngWtjd; %yk; Ml;rpajpfhuj;jpidg; ;> murpay; tpA+fj;jpid tFj;jtu; gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs;. d murpay; JLg;Gr; rPl ;lhfg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghJj;Nju;jypy; hu; (Fkhup [atu;j;jd 1995).
k; Mz;L A+d; khjk; 15 Mk; jpfjp jdpr; rpq;fs nkhopr;
;jpDila FWe;jiyg;G gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
z;bd; 33 Mk; ,yf;f murfUk nkhopr; rl;lk; vd snkhop ,yq;ifapd; xNu murfUk nkhopahftpUj;jy;. fapd; xNu murfUknkhopahjy; Ntz;Lk;.
l;ljd; %yk;> rpq;fsk; kl;LNk mur fUk nkhopahf ; gzpahw;Wtjw;F cldbahf eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg; ;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; rpq;fs nkhopapy; gzpahw;w Ntz;batu; e;njhOf Kbahjtu;fSf;F Xa;T ngWtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk;
;jpid vjpu;j;J> jkpo; NgRk; kf;fshy;;> Fwpg;ghf jkpouRf; kl;lj;jpyhd Nghuhl;lq;fspd; tpisthf> gz;lhuehaf;f apd; jiytu; v];.N[.tp. nry;tehafk; mtu;fSf;Fk; cld;gbf;if vl;lg;gl;lJ. ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l
Lfshf gpd;tUtd mike;jd:
; nkhopahfpa jkpo; nkhop cj;jpNahf g+u;t mur nkhopahf
> fpof;F khfhz Ml;rp nkhopahf;Fjy;> ;fpy; jkpo; nkhop Ngrhjtu;fSf;fhd> Njitahd ;Jjy;
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• ehl;bd; vg;ghfj;jpYk; jkpo; kf;fs; jk; fUkq;f Mw;wTk;> jk; gps;isfSf;Fj; jkpo; nkhop %yk; f tsh;tjw;fhd cupikAk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; (tpf;Nd
Mdhy;> ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; kw;Wk; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl jiyikapy;) Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l ghupa vjpu;g;G eltbf Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; gz;lhuehaf;f - nry;tehafk; cld;gbf Wichkramasinghe 2006, p.272). 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; 28 (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk; nrg;nlk;gh; 4Mk;; jpfjp md;W m fy;Y}upfspYk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; jkpo; nkhop %y nghJr;Nritg; gupl;irfSf;Fj; Njhw;wTk; rpy ,lq;fspy ghtpf;fTk; ,e;jr; rl;lk; topNfhypaJ (tpf;Nd];tud; 200 Mz;bd; jkpo; nkhopfs; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk;> 1966 xOq;F tpjpfs; (Tamil Regulation of 1966) vd;gd jkpo; kf;f ey;fpapUf;ftpy;iy (Wilson 1988, p.41) vd;gJld; jkpo; nkh ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk; ,y;iy.
1972 Mk; Mz;L ahg;Gk; nkhopf; nfhs;ifAk;
‘jdpr; rpq;fs nkhop’ vd;w gpzp gPb j;jpUe;j ,yq;if epthuzp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glhj #o;epiyapNy> 1972 Mk; M eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,t;ahg;G rpq;fsk; mur fUk nkh rl;lq;fis tifg;gLj;jpg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> murpayikg;gpw;F kuG. murpayikg;ghdJ mbg;gilr;rl;lkhf milahsg;gL 1956 Mk; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jdpr;rpq;fs nkhopr mJ> Nrhy;gup ahg;G eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;> ghuh rl;lq;fspy; xd;whFk;. mj;jifa rl;lj;jpw;F NkYk; tY nkhopapid mur fUknkhopahf Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;g Vw;ghL nra;jJ:
“,yq;ifapd; murfUknkhop 1956 Mk; Mz;bd; 33 M rl;lj;jpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sthW rpq;fs nkhopahj
NkYk;> cWg;Giu 8 ,y; jkpo; nkhop njhlh;ghd ep cWg;Giu 8(1) MdJ> jkpo; nkhopapd; cgNahfk; 19 ,yf;fj; jkpo;nkhop (tpN~l Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpw;fpzq Fwpg;gpl;lJ. cWg;Giu 8(2) MdJ: 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; (tpN~l Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpd; fPo ; Mf;fg;gl;L murpayi Kd;du; tYTs;sjhapUe;Jte;j> jkpo;nkhop cgNahfj;Jf murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghnlhd;whf> vt;tifahfNtDk;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

jkpo; kf;fs; jk; fUkq;fis murhq;fj;Jld; jkpopy; Sf;Fj; jkpo; nkhop %yk; fy;tp Gfl;bj; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;by; Ak; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; (tpf;Nd];tud; 2008).
kw;Wk; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapdhy; (N[.Mu;.[atu;j;jd l;l ghupa vjpu;g;G eltbf;iffshy; 1958Mk; Mz;L ;f - nry;tehafk; cld;gbf;if fpopj;njwpag;gl;lJ (Nira 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; 28 Mk; ,yf;f jkpo; nkhopfs; lk;gh; 4Mk;; jpfjp md;W mKYf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. q;fspYk; jkpo; nkhop %yk; fy;tp fw;fTk;> murhq;f j; Njhw;wTk; rpy ,lq;fspy; epu;thf nkhopahfj; jopiog; hypaJ (tpf;Nd];tud; 2008). vt;thwhapDk;> 1958 Mk; rl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk;> 1966 ,y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jkpo; of 1966) vd;gd jkpo; kf;fSf;F ve;jtpj gad;fisAk; p.41) vd;gJld; jkpo; nkhopf;fhd cupa me;j];jpidg;
; nkhopf; nfhs;ifAk;
gpzp gPbj;jpUe;j ,yq;ifj; jPt py; mjw;fhd Kiwahd #o;epiyapNy> 1972 Mk; Mz;bd; Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G ;G rpq;fsk; mur fUk nkhop vd;gjid vLj;Jiuj;jJ. ;fpd;wNghJ> murpayikg;gpw;F caupa epiy nfhLf;fg;gLtJ ;gilr;rl;lkhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. cz;ikapy;> ug;gl;l jdpr;rpq;fs nkhopr; rl;lk; mbg;gilr; rl;lky;y. wapy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;> ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpa rhjhuz fa rl;lj;jpw;F NkYk; tYf;nfhLg;gJ Nghd;W> rpq;fs ahf Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; cWg;Giu 7 gpd;tWkhW
hop 1956 Mk; Mz;bd; 33 Mk; ,yf;f murfUknkhopr; ;Ls;sthW rpq;fs nkhopahjy; Ntz;Lk;”
; jkpo; nkhop njhlh;ghd epiyg;ghL ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ; nkhopapd; cgNahfk; 1958 Mk; Mz;bd;> 28 Mk; Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpw;fpzq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; dJ: 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; 28 Mk; ,yf;fj; jkpo;nkhop ; fPo ; Mf;fg;gl;L murpayikg;Gj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Neu; ;j> jkpo;nkhop cgNahfj;Jf;fhd vJNtDk; xOq;Ftpjp ;whf> vt;tifahfNtDk; nghUs; nfhs;sg;glyhfhJ.
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Mdhy; 12 Mk; cWg;Giuapd; Vw;ghLfspd; fPo ; ,g;Ngh njhlu;e;jpUe;JtUk; Jizepiyr; rl;lthf;fkhff; nfhs;s nra;jJ.
Nkw;gb> cWg;Giu 8(2) MdJ 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; (tpN~l Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfis Gwe;js;Stj Mz;by; jdpr; rpq;fsnkhopr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. gpd nkhop tpN~l Vw;ghLfs; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,r; rl;lk FiwghLfis epth;j;jp nra;Ak; vdf;$wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> m nfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy. ,e;epiyg;ghL njhlu;e;j fhyj;jpN jkpo; nkhop tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; rl;lj;jpDila tPr;nry;iya
cWg;Giu 9(1) vy;yhr; rl;lKk; rpq;fs nkhopapNyNa mt;thW Mf;fg;gLk; rpq;fs nkhopapdhyhd rl;lq;fSf itj;jpUf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd cWg;Giu 9 (2) Fwpg;gpl Mq;fpyj;jpy; mJtiu fhyKk; ,Ue;J te;j rl;lq;fS nkhopapyhd rl;lq;fSf;F mspj;jJ.
cWg;Giu 11 (1) d; fPo; ehL G+uhfTk; ePjpkd;w nkho vdpDk;> Ntz;Lnkdpy; NjrpauRg; Nguit tlf;Ff; fp nkhopg; ghtpg;ig Kjdpiy ePj pkd;wq;fspy; rl;lj;jpd; % cWg;Giu 11 (3) MdJ tlf;F fpof;fpy; ePj pkd;w eltbf;if gpuNahfpf;f Vw;ghL nra;jJ. mjd;gb tlf;F fpof;F khf Nfhl;bYk; kd;whtzq;fs; jkpopy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLtjw;Fk gq;F gw;wTk; KbAkhapw;W. mj;jifa re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rpq;fs nkhopngau;g;G tof;NfLfspy; gjpag;gl;bUf;f Ntz
rfy kd;whtzq;fspdJk; rpq;fs nkhopngau;g;G t Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F ,izahf> rpq;fs nkhopapy; ,lk njhlh;ghd kd;whtzq;fs; jkpo; nkhopapYk; gjpa Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhFk;. Mf> rpq;fsj;jpd; M Mtzg;gLj;jypidAk; jpl;lkpl;l Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw rl;lkhd murpayikg;gpd; Clhf Vw;ghL nra;J nfhLj;j 1972 Mk; Mz;L ahg;G eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; fhz ePjpkd;w Kd;dhs; ePjpauru;; tpf;Nd];tud; (2008> g.4) $Wtjhdhy; ‘ePj pj;Jiwapy; rpq;fs nkhopNa nfhb fl;bg; g
1978 Mk; Mz;L ahg;Gk; nkhopf;nfhs;ifAk;
1978 Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpd; fPo ; murfUk nkhopahf rpq Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhopahf cs;sJ. Njrpa nkhopfshf rp
442

; Vw;ghLfspd; fPo ; ,g;NghJs;s vOj;jpyhd rl;lkhfj; yr; rl;lthf;fkhff; nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd Vw;ghL
dJ 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; 28 Mk; ,yf;fj; jkpo;nkhop ; Vw;ghLfis Gwe;js;Stjidf; fhzyhk;. 1956 Mk; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. gpd;G> 1958 Mk; Mz;by; jkpo; ; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,r; rl;lk; jdpr; rpq;fsnkhopr; rl;lj;jpd; ; vdf;$wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> mJ Kiwahd nraw;ghl;Lf;Ff; yg;ghL njhlu;e;j fhyj;jpNyNa> cWg;Giu 8(2) MdJ rl;lj;jpDila tPr;nry;iyapidf; FWfpajhf;fpaJ.
;lKk; rpq;fs nkhopapNyNa Mf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;wJ. nkhopapdhyhd rl;lq;fSf;Fj; jkpo; nkhopngau;;g;Gf;fs; cWg;Giu 9 (2) Fwpg;gpl;lJ. cWg;Giu 10 (3) MdJ k; ,Ue;J te;j rl;lq;fSf;fhd me;j];jpid rpq;fs pj;jJ.
L G+uhfTk; ePj pkd;w nkhopahfr; rpq;fsk; Mf;fg;gl;lJ. pauRg; Nguit tlf;Ff; fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; Ntw;W Pjpkd;wq;fspy; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mq;fPfupf;fyhk; vd;wJ. pof;fpy; ePj pkd;w eltbf;iffspd; NghJ jkpo; nkhopiag; jd;gb tlf;F fpof;F khfhz ePj pkd;wq;fspYk; fhjpf; popy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;> rl;l eltbf;iffspy; jkpopy; mj;jifa re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rfy kd;whtzq;fspdJk;
fspy; gjpag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk;; $wg;gl;lJ.
k; rpq;fs nkhopngau;g;G tof;NfLfspy; gjpag;gl;bUf;f hf> rpq;fs nkhopapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w tof;Ffs;> mit jkpo; nkhopapYk; gjpag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; k;. Mf> rpq;fsj;jpd; Mjpf;fj;jpidAk;> rpq;fsj;jpy; pl;l Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis mbg;gilr; lhf Vw;ghL nra;J nfhLj;jpUe;jikapidf; fhzyhk;. iwapy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l epiyg;ghl;bid cau; pf;Nd];tud; (2008> g.4) mtu;fSila thu;j;ijapy; pq;fs nkhopNa nfhb fl;bg; gwf;ftplg;gl;bUe;jJ’.
; nkhopf;nfhs;ifAk; ; fPo ; murfUk nkhopahf rpq;fsKk;> jkpOk; ,Ug;gJld; s;sJ. Njrpa nkhopfshf rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; jpfo;fpd;wd.
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mj;jpahak; IV nkhop gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mt; mj;jpaha 13tJ> 16tJ murpay; ahg;Gj; jpUj;jr; rl;lq;fspdhy; mjw;fikthf jw;Nghja nkhop gw;wpa Vw;ghLfs; gpd;tUk
18 (1) : ,yq;ifapd; cj;jpNahfG+u;t murnkhop rpq;fs 18 (2) : jkpo; nkhopAk; xU cj;jpNahfG+u;t mur nkho 18 (3) : Mq;fpy nkhopNa ,izg;G nkhopaha; ,Uf;F 18 (4) : ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpd; Vw;ghLfis eilKiwg;g
rl;lq;fis Vw;ghL nra;J nfhLf;Fk; 19. ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa nkhopfs; rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; M
rpq;fsKk;> jkpOk; ,yq;if KOtJk; epu;thf nkhopa fpof;F khfhzq;fs; jtpu Vida khfhzq;fspy; rfy ng thq;fy;fSk; mur epWtdq;fspy; rpq;fsj;jpy; Ngzg;gl Nt murhq;f mjpgu; gpuptpy; rpq;fs my;yJ jkpo; nkhop NgRk; rd cs;stplj;J> rdhjpgjp gzpg;gpy; ,U nkhopfSk; epu;t Ntz;Lk; (nry;tFzghyd; 2012> g.185).
murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 18 ,d; Vw;ghLfis Muha Kf;fpaj;JtKk;> Kd;DupikAk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfj cWg;Giu 18 cg tpjp (1) ,y; ,yq;ifapd; cj;jpNa vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjid mLj;J tUfpd;w cg Xu; cj;jpNahfG+u;t mur nkhopaha; ,Uf;Fk; vdf; Fw nkhop ,uz;lhk; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikapidf; fhz nkhopfSk; Njrpa nkhopfs; vd;W $wpaijg; Nghy; cW rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; ,e; ehl;bd; cj;jpNahf G+u;t mur nkh ,t; tpku;rdj;jpw;fhd jsk; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fhJ. mj;J ,d; NjitAk; Vw;gl;bUf;fhJ. MfNt> ,t; Vw;ghl;bid c GFj;jpapUf;fpd;wdu; vd;w KbTf;F tuyhk;.
NkYk;> ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpd; Vw;ghLfis (nkhop nj rl;lq;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W MfNt> ngUk;ghd;ikahf rpq;fsth;fspd; gpujpepjpfisf; njhlh;ghd Vw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;j Mtz nra;a nra;ahtpl;lhy; jkpo; nkhopf;F cj;jpNahf G+u;t mur nkho ntWk; myq;fhu Vw;ghlhfNt mikag;ngWk; (tpf;Nd];t
jw;Nghja ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; ,yq;ifapy; jkpOk; rl;lt cWg;Giu 23 rl;lthf;f nkhop gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. c
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

wpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mt; mj;jpahaj;jpd; jw;Nghija Vw;ghLfs; j; jpUj;jr; rl;lq;fspdhy; jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
p gw;wpa Vw;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
pNahfG+u;t murnkhop rpq;fskha; ,Uf;Fk; cj;jpNahfG+u;t mur nkhopaha; ,Uf;Fk; izg;G nkhopaha; ,Uf;Fk; ; Vw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;jg; ghuhSkd;wk; cupa nra;J nfhLf;Fk; hopfs; rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; Mtd.
f KOtJk; epu;thf nkhopahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tlf;F> da khfhzq;fspy; rfy nghJg; gjpNtLfSk; nfhLf;fy; spy; rpq;fsj;jpy; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. MdhYk;> Fwpj;j xU y;yJ jkpo; nkhop NgRk; rdj;njhif rpWghd;ikapduhf g;gpy; ,U nkhopfSk; epu;thf nkhopfshf nfhs;sg;gl
012> g.185).
u 18 ,d; Vw;ghLfis Muha;fpd;wNghJ rpq;fs nkhopf;F Ak; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf y; ,yq;ifapd; cj;jpNahfG+u;t murnkhop rpq;fsk; d mLj;J tUfpd;w cg tpjp (2) ,y; jkpo; nkhopAk; opaha; ,Uf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mf> jkpo; g;gl;Ls;sikapidf; fhzyhk;. cWg;Giu 19 ,y; ,U vd;W $wpaijg; Nghy; cWg;Giu 18y; cg tpjp (1) ,y; ; cj;jpNahf G+u;t mur nkhopfs; vd;W $wg;gl;bUe;jhy;> Uthf;fg;gl;bUf;fhJ. mj;Jld; cWg;Giu 18 cgtpjp (2) . MfNt> ,t; Vw;ghl;bid cs;shu;e;j Nehf;fk; nfhz;Nl Tf;F tuyhk;.
pd; Vw;ghLfis (nkhop njhlh;ghd) eilKiwg;gLj;jr; hz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWg;Giu 18(4) $Wfpd;wJ. ;fsth;fspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;> nkhop Kiwg;gLj;j Mtz nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW Mtz cj;jpNahf G+u;t mur nkhop me;j];J toq;fg;gl;bUg;gJ mikag;ngWk; (tpf;Nd];tud; 2008> g.5-6).
; ,yq;ifapy; jkpOk; rl;lthf;f nkhopfSs; xd;whFk;. op gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. cWg;Giu 23(1) ,d; gpufhuk;
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vy;yhr; rl;lq;fSk;> Jizepiyr; rl;lthf;fq;fSk; , rl;lkhf;fg;gLjYk; my;yJ ,aw;wg;gLjYk; ntspaplg Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;g;igAk; nfhz;bUe;jy; Ntz ciufSf;fpilNa VNjDk; xt;thik ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj NkNyhq;fp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MdhYk;> khfhzri Nghd;wtw;wpd; rl;lq;fs; ve;j nkhopapy; ,aw;wg;gl;lNjh toq;fg;gLk; vd;W cWg;Giu 23(1) ,d; ,uz;lhk; GwTi
cWg;Giu 23(2) MdJ murpay; mikg;Gj; njhl tYTiladthapUe;j vy;yhr; rl;lq;fSk;> Jiz epiyr ,ad;wsT tpiuthfj; Njrpa nkhopfs; ,uz;bYk; mu ntspaplg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd Vw;ghL nra;Js;sJ.
cWg;Giu 23(4) MdJ 1978k; Mz;L murpay; ahg ahtw;iwAk; ,U Njrpa nkhopfspYk; tu;j;jkhdpfspy; gpu
,yq;ifapd; Njrpa nkhopfs; jkpOk; rpq;fsKk; MFk 19 ,jid rl;luPj pahf typAWj;jpAs;sJ. cWg;Giu 23 r xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidAk;> Kd;ida rl nkhopngah;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w vt;thwhapDk;> murpay; mikg;G njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd; Jiz epiyr; rl;lq;fSk;; Njrpa nkhopfspy; xd;whd jkpo mt;thW nkhopngau;g;gjw;fhf KOkdJld; eltbf;i vLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfshf ,d;Wk; Mq;f khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLk; rl;lq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf (Penal Code), Fbapay; elgbKiwf;Nfhit (Civil Proc Kiwf;Nfhit (Criminal Procedure Code) Nghd;wdtw;wpi rpukq;fs; ,d;Wtiu fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhdnj thRNjt ehzaf;fhu mtu;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. , nra;Ak; tifapy;> ,Jtiu fhyKk; jkpo; nkhopapy; nkh nkhopngah;j;J ntspapLtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Njrpa nkhop mikr;ru; (thRNjr ehzaf;fhu) mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w tplakhFk;. ,k;Kaw;rp G+uz ntw;wp mspf;Fkh vd;gji Ntz;Lk;.
nkhopf; nfhs;if jtph;e;j Vida fhuzpfs;
rl;lq;fis jkpo; nkhop %yk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; n njhlu;e;jtz;zNk cs;sd. Fwpg;ghf jz;lizr; rl;lf;N Nfhit> Fw;wtpay; elgb Kiwf;Nfhit> rhd;Wf;fl;li jkpo; nkhopapy; ngWtjpy; rpukq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
444

piyr; rl;lthf;fq;fSk; ,uz;L Njrpa nkhopfspYk; ,aw;wg;gLjYk; ntspaplg;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;. mit gAk; nfhz;bUe;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vitNaDk; ,uz;L t;thik ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; murfUk nkhop ciuNa k;. MdhYk;> khfhzrig> cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; nkhopapy; ,aw;wg;gl;lNjh me;j nkhopf;Nf Kd;Dupik 23(1) ,d; ,uz;lhk; GwTiu $Wfpd;wJ.
murpay; mikg;Gj; njhlq;Fk; Njjpf;F Neu;Kd;du; ; rl;lq;fSk;> Jiz epiyr; rl;lq;fSk; rl;lthf;fq;fSk; nkhopfs; ,uz;bYk; mur tu;j;j khdpapy; (fnrw;wpy;) Vw;ghL nra;Js;sJ.
978k; Mz;L murpay; ahg;G tu Kd; ,Ue;j rl;lq;fs; pfspYk; tu;j;jkhdpfspy; gpuRupf;ff; fl;lhag;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
pfs; jkpOk; rpq;fsKk; MFk;. murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu j;jpAs;sJ. cWg;Giu 23 rl;lthf;f nkhopfSs; jkpOk; ;gjidAk;> Kd;ida rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; jkpopYk; d;gjidAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wik rpwg;ghdnjhU tplaNk. kg;G njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd; ,Ue;j vy;yhr; rl;lq;fSk;> pa nkhopfspy; xd;whd jkpopy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gltpy;iy. f KOkdJld; eltbf;iffs; fle;j fhyq;fspy; rhd;Wfshf ,d;Wk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> rpq;fs nkhopapYk; s; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf jz;lizr; rl;lf;Nfhit iwf;Nfhit (Civil Procedure Code), Fw;wtpay; elgb re Code) Nghd;wdtw;wpid jkpo; nkhopapy; ngWtjpy; ;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhdnjhU FiwghL njhlh;tjid u;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,f; Fiwghl;bid eptu;j;jp hyKk; jkpo; nkhopapy; nkhopngah;f;fg;glhj rl;lq;fis> d Kaw;rpfis Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L hu) mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wik Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;ba ntw;wp mspf;Fkh vd;gjidg; nghWj;jpUe;Jjhd; ghu;f;f
;j Vida fhuzpfs;
%yk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; FiwghLfs; Fwpg;ghf jz;lizr; rl;lf;Nfhit> Fbapay; elgbKiwf; wf;Nfhit> rhd;Wf;fl;lisr; rl;lk; Nghd;wdtw;wpid kq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;ifau;fshy;
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Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;l E}y;fs;> Mtzq;fs; kpff; F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifanjhU epiyg;ghl;bidj; N nkhopf;nfhs;if khj;jpuk; jhf;fk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. khwh jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;sikapid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. mtw;Ws
• rl;lj;Jiw Mtzq;fisj; jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;j
• rl;lj;Jiwapy; Mq;fpy nkhop nrYj;Jfpd;w nry;t
rl;lj;Jiw Mtzq;fisj; jkpopy; nkhopn gpur;rpidfs;
nkhop ngau;g;gpd; NjitahdJ ehs;NjhWk; tsu;e;J fhyj;jpy; ehk; tho;fpd;Nwhk;. ,yq;ifapy; rl;lq;fis jkpo Nehf;fpy; nkhopngau;g;gpid Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fis xU gil Ntz;bAs;sJ. rl;lq;fis jkpo; nkhop %yk; Mtz ,jw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzkhFk;.
nrf; ehl;L mwpQu; Nuhkd; ahfg;rd; (Roman Jacob nkhopapay; $Wfs; gw;wp ‘On Linguistic Aspects o nkhopngau;g;ig %d;W tpjkhf tifg;GLj;jpAs;shu;.
• xU nkhopf;Fs; epfOk; nkhopngau;g;G (Intra-Ling
• ,U nkhopfSf;Fs; epfOk; nkhopngau;g;G (Inter proper)
• ,U Njrq;fSf;Fs; epfOk; nkhopngau;g;G (Inter-
jkpo; nkhopapy; Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;w Mf;fq khw;wpaikf;Fk; NghJ mq;F xU nkhopf;Fs; nkhopngau;g nkhopapy; cs;s Mf;fq;fis gpwpnjhU nkhopf;Ff; nfhz nkhopfSf;Fs; epfOk; nkhopngau;g;G. ,jid Kiwa Nuhkd; ahfg;rd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,yq;ifapy; jkpopy; rl;lq;fs; ,U nkhopfSf;Fs; epfOk; nkhopngau;g;G Kiw rl;lkhdJ Kjypy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; tiuag;gl;L gpd;G nkhopngau;f;fg;gLfpd;wd;. ,jdhy; ,yq;ifapy; jkpo ngUk;ghyhd rl;lq;fs; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;litNaahFk jkpo; nkhop %yk; Mtzg;gLj;jypy; nkhopngau;g;G K ngWfpd;wJ.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; rpq;fsj;jpYk;> jkpopYk; rl;lthf;fj mj;Njitia epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy; rl;lthf;fj;Jf;fhd fiyr;nrhw;fisAk; nkhopeiliaAk; cUthf;f Ntz;ba ngau;g;gpy; fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;fs;> Mtzq;fs; kpff; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapNyNa jhU epiyg;ghl;bidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jjpy; ,yq;ifapd; f;fk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. khwhf> NtWk; rpy fhuzpfSk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. mtw;Ws; gpd;tUtd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
isj; jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;jy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;
nkhop nrYj;Jfpd;w nry;thf;F
isj; jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;jy; njhlu;ghd
hdJ ehs;NjhWk; tsu;e;J ngUfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU yq;ifapy; rl;lq;fis jkpo; nkhop %yk; Mtzg;gLj;Jk; kw;nfhs;gtu;fis xU gilg;ghspf;Fr; rkkhf Nehf;fg;gl jkpo; nkhop %yk; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mtrpaNk
Fk;.
; ahfg;rd; (Roman Jacobson) vd;gtu; nkhopngau;g;gpd; Linguistic Aspects of Translation’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; f tifg;GLj;jpAs;shu;.
; nkhopngau;g;G (Intra-Lingual Translation) fOk; nkhopngau;g;G (Inter-Lingual Translation or Translation
Ok; nkhopngau;g;G (Inter-Semiotic Translation)
g;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;w Mf;fq;fis ,f;fhy nkhopeilapy; xU nkhopf;Fs; nkhopngau;g;G epfo;fpd;wJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpwpnjhU nkhopf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk;NghJ epfo;tJ ,U opngau;g;G. ,jid Kiwahd nkhopngau;g;G vd;Wk; ;whu;. ,yq;ifapy; jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ngUk;ghyhd epfOk; nkhopngau;g;G Kiwapidg; gpd;gw;wpaitahFk;. j;jpy; tiuag;gl;L gpd;G rpq;fsj;jpw;Fk;> jkpopw;Fk; jdhy; ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; nkhopapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w pngau;f;fg;gl;litNaahFk;. mt;tifapy;> rl;lq;fisj; ;gLj;jypy; nkhopngau;g;G Kf;fpakhdnjhU ,lj;jpidg;
j;jpYk;> jkpopYk; rl;lthf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit Vw;gl;lJld;> ifapy; rl;lthf;fj;Jf;fhd my;yJ nkhopngau;g;gpw;fhd liaAk; cUthf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Neh;e;jJ. rl;lnkhop ; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. El;gkhd nghUs; NtWghL
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cila Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fSf;F rkkhd jkpo;g; gjq;fi mtrpakhdJ. ,jdhy; nkhopngau;g;ghsd; Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;r rl;lq;fis nghUs;Nfhly; nra;tw;F gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba nghUs; njsptw;w rl;lq;fSf;F njspthdJk;> nghUj; ePj pkd;wq;fs; toq;Ftjw;F ,t;tpjpfs; gad;gLfpd;w nghUs; Nfhly; nra;a tpjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;w fhuz tpsf;fq;fSf;F ,lkspg;gjhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. mJ Fo njspthdjhf> Kbe;jtiu Kuz;gl;l ,uz;L tpsf;fq;fS Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa #o;epiyahdJ Mq;fpyg; GyikNa nfhz;ltu;fs; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; my;yJ rpq;fs nkhopa jkpo; nkhopapy; nkhopngau;g;gjpy; fbdj;jd;ikapid cU 2000> g.29-36). mjhtJ> rl;l nkhopngau;g;gpw;nfd rpwg;G
rl;lj;Jiwapy; Mq;fpy nkhop nrYj;Jfpd;w nry rl;lj;Jiwapy; Mq;fpy nkhop nrYj;Jfpd;w tfpgq;Fk Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; jhf;fj;jpidr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. mur MdJ ePj pkd;wq;fspy; nkhopg;ghtid gw;wp vLj;jpak;gpA fPo; KO ,yq;ifapYk; rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; ePjpkd;w Mq;fpyj;jpy; NghJkhd Nju;r;rpapd;wp rl;lk; fw;gJ fbd epyTfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifr; rl;lq;fis ikakhff; nfhz vz;zpf;ifapyhd jkpo; nkhop %ykhd E}y;fNs f %yk; rl;lq;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; jkpo; nkhop Ng Mu;tk; fhl;lhik Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;ba xU Fiwghl E}y;fisAk;> rl;l Mtzq;fisAk; Njbf; fw;f Kw;gL Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapNyahd jkpo; nkhop E}y;fNs fpil NgRk; khztu;fs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w ngUk;ghyhd jkpo; nk rl;lty;Ydu;fshy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;. ,jDila mu;j;j nkhop NgRk; rl;lj;juzpfs;> fy;tpkhd;fs;> rl;l tiuQ ntspapltpy;iy vd;gjy;y. khwhf> NghjhikNa epyTfpd
,yq;ifapy; nkhopf; nfhs;ifahdJ rl;lq;fis jkpo; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;;sJ. ,j;jifa jhf fSk; mlq;Fk;. mjhtJ> Gwf;fzpg;G> rk cupik kw;W Nghd;w topKiwfspD}lhf vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fs; , rpq;fs nkhopapy; rpukkpd;wpg; ngwf;$ba rl;lq;fis jk Kbtjpy;iy. jkpo; nkhop%yk; Nghjpa ntspaPL fs; ,y;yh Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. jkpo; nkhopapy; Nghjpasthd rl;l ntsptuhikf;fhf> ,yq;ifapd; nkhopf; nfhs;ifapy; jd;t GFj;jp> nkhop mlf;FKiwf;Fj; Jiz epd;wtu;fis khj milahsg;gLj;jptplKbahJ. ehd; mwpe;jtiuapy; jkpo; nk
446

;F rkkhd jkpo;g; gjq;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;baJ pngau;g;ghsd; Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidfis vjph;Nehf;Ffpwhd;. ra;tw;F gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba tpjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. f;F njspthdJk;> nghUj;jkhdJkhd mu;j;jj;jpid ,t;tpjpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. njsptw;w rl;lq;fSf;F hzg;gLfpd;wd vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;> rl;lnkhop gy;NtW ,Uf;f KbahJ. mJ Fog;gq;fs;> kaf;fq;fs; ,d;wp uz;gl;l ,uz;L tpsf;fq;fSf;F ,lk; mw;wjhf ,Uj;jy; ahdJ Mq;fpyg; GyikNah my;yJ rpq;fsg; GyikNah apy; my;yJ rpq;fs nkhopapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rl;lq;fis py; fbdj;jd;ikapid cUthf;Ffpd;wJ (vk;.V.E/khd; nkhopngau;g;gpw;nfd rpwg;Gj; Njh;r;rp Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
nkhop nrYj;Jfpd;w nry;thf;F
hop nrYj;Jfpd;w tfpgq;Fk; jkpo; nkhopapy; rl;lq;fis idr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 24 pg;ghtid gw;wp vLj;jpak;gpAs;sJ. cWg;Giu 24(1) ,d; ;fsKk; jkpOk; ePj pkd;w nkhopfshf Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ;r;rpapd;wp rl;lk; fw;gJ fbdk; vd;w nghJthd fUj;J q;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l kpff; Fiwe;j hop %ykhd E}y;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;nkhop Lj;Jtjpy; jkpo; nkhop NgRk; rl;lty;Ydu;fs; Nghjpa ;gl Ntz;ba xU FiwghlhFk;;. jkpo; nkhop %yk; rl;l isAk; Njbf; fw;f Kw;gLfpd;w khztu;fSf;F kpff; jkpo; nkhop E}y;fNs fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;wd. jkpo;nkhop fpd;w ngUk;ghyhd jkpo; nkhopapyhd E}y;fs; jkpo;ehl;L tahFk;. ,jDila mu;j;jk; ,yq;ifiar; rhu;e;j jkpo; fy;tpkhd;fs;> rl;l tiuQu;fs; ve;jnthU E}ypidAk; hwhf> NghjhikNa epyTfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;.
;ifahdJ rl;lq;fis jkpo; nkhopapy; Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; ;gLj;jpAs;;sJ. ,j;jifa jhf;fj;jpy; vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq; f;fzpg;G> rk cupik kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhlhik jpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fs; ,lk;ngw top mikf;fg;gl;ld. ; ngwf;$ba rl;lq;fis jkpo; nkhopapy; mt;thW ngw k; Nghjpa ntspaPL fs; ,y;yhikNa ,e;epiyg;ghl;bw;fhd hopapy; Nghjpasthd rl;l Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; E}y;fs; pd; nkhopf; nfhs;ifapy; jd;takhjy; mZFKiwapidg; j; Jiz epd;wtu;fis khj;jpuk; jtW ,ioj;jtu;fshf hd; mwpe;jtiuapy; jkpo; nkhopapy; rl;l E}y;fs; ntsptuf;
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$lhJ vd;w Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;l rl;lq;fs; ,yq;if MfNt> rpq;fs kw;Wk; Mq;fpy nkhopfspy; rl;l E}y;f nkhop %yKk; ntspapLtjw;fhd cupikAk;> Rje;jpuK khw;Wf; fUj;jpw;F ,lkpy;iy. jkpo; nkhopapid jha; nkho nfhz;Ls;s rl;l ty;Ydu;fs;> rl;lj;juzpfs;> fy;tpkhd;fs Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Kw;rpfspy; Ng Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. mNjNtis jkpo; nkhop %yk; rl;l NgRk; gzpnra;Js;stu;fis kwe;JtplTk; KbahJ. Mf njUnty;yhk; jkpo; Kof;fk; nropf;fr; nra;tPu;” vd;w ghuj Kd;dpWj;jp> rl;lj;juzpfs;> fy;tpkhd;fs; khj;jpukd;wp r rl;lq;fis jkpo; nkhopapy; Mtzg;gLj;Jfpd;w Kaw;rpapy
crhj;Jizfs; Fkhup [atu;j;jd.> 1995. ,yq;ifapy; ,d kw;Wk; tFg;G Ku nkl;uh];. rptFkhu;. e.> 2012. ,yq;ifapd; rkfhy murpay; gpur;r eyd;Gup epiyak;. nry;tFzghyd;. nr.> 2012. ,yq;ifr; rl;lq;fs; Xh; m Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;. G+uzr;re;jpud;. F.> 2003. etPd nkhopngah;g;Gf; nfhs;if E/khd;> vk;.V.> 2000. rl;lj;Jiw Mtzq;fisj; jk gpur;rpidfs;. fiyg;gPl k;. gy;fiy. njhFjp I> ,jo; 1 & 2> 20 gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nguhjid.g.27-41. yady; FUNf.> 2004. ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,dj;Jtg jPu;TfSk;. nfhOk;G: khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyak tpf;Nd];tud;. f.tp.> rl;lKk; jkpOk;. rl;l khzth; jk nfhOk;G: ,yq;if rl;lf;fy;Y}up> rl;l khzth; jkpo; kd;w
Nira Wicramasinghe., 1995. Ethnic Polifics in Colonial Sri L Publishing House Pvt.Ltd. Neville Jayaweera., 1990. Sri Lanka- Toward a mulfi-ethnic dem Peace Research Institute. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka-1978. Colombo: Government Pr Ruana Rajepakse., 2008. A Guide to Current Consfitufional Issu Citizens Trust. Skanthakumar. B., 2008. Language Rights in Sri Lanka: Enfor Colombo, Sri Lanka: Law & Society Trust The Constitution of the Socialist Democratic Republic of Sri La Wilson. A.J., 1988. The Break-Up of Sri Lanka. London: C.Hurst
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

fhz;l rl;lq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; nfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy. py nkhopfspy; rl;l E}y;fis ntspapLtJNghy; jkpo; ;fhd cupikAk;> Rje;jpuKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjpy; jkpo; nkhopapid jha; nkhopahfTk;> Ngr;R nkhopahfTk; l;lj;juzpfs;> fy;tpkhd;fs; jkpo; nkhop %yk; rl;lq;fis f;nfhz;l Kw;rpfspy; Nghjhik fhzg;gLfpd;wik s jkpo; nkhop %yk; rl;l E}y;fis ntspapl;L tuyhW kwe;JtplTk; KbahJ. MfNt> “NrkKw Ntz;Lnkdpy; nropf;fr; nra;tPu;” vd;w ghujpapd; mu;j;jKs;s fUj;jpid y;tpkhd;fs; khj;jpukd;wp rl;l khztu; mikg;Gf;fSk; tzg;gLj;Jfpd;w Kaw;rpapy;  ,jo; 1 & 2> 2000. fiyg;gPl k;> Nguhjidg; 27-41. q;ifapd; Njrpa ,dj;Jtg; gpur;rpidfSk; mjw;fhd
fhs;iffSf;fhd epiyak;. k; jkpOk;. rl;l khzth; jkpo; kd;wk;. ePj p KuR 2008.
}up> rl;l khzth; jkpo; kd;wk;.g.1-9.
Polifics in Colonial Sri Lanka 1927-1947. New Delhi: Vikas
oward a mulfi-ethnic democrafic society?. Oslo: International
list Republic of Sri Lanka., 1987. Consfitufion of Democrafic
olombo: Government Printing Cooperation. urrent Consfitufional Issues in Sri Lanka. Rajagiriya, Colombo:
ights in Sri Lanka: Enforcing Tamil as an Official Language. ust ocratic Republic of Sri Lanka 1972. Government Publication. ri Lanka. London: C.Hurst & Company.
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jkpopy; mr;Nrwpa Kjy; E}y;fSk; mtw;iwf;
jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; ngUKaw;rpA
mUl;jpU Kd;Diu
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jkpohua;r;rpapd; tsh;r;rpapy; Gjpa Nghf;Ffis cz goe;jkpo; E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;j mwpQh;fNsahth;. Vl;Lr ,yf;fzg; ngUQ;nry;tq;fis midtUk; mwpAkhW gjpj;jth;fs; ,th;fNsahth;. Nkiy ehl;lhh; tUifa trjpfSk; fy;tp kWkyh;r;rpAk; Gjpa E}yhf;fq;fSf;F t (1822 - 1879)> rp. it. jhNkhjuk;gps;is (1832 - 1901)> 1942)> itahGhpg;gps;is (1891 - 1956) MfpNahh; jkpo;g; g jkpOf;F tsk; Nrh;j;jdh;.1
c. Nt. rhkpehj Iah; jkpofnkq;Fk; Rw;wpj; jphpe;J f Vl;Lr; Rtbfis xg;GNehf;fpagpd; jpUj;jpa gjpg;Gf;fis nt mspj;jhh;. mtUila Kaw;rp ,y;iyNay; mhpa gy goe fpilj;jpUf;fkhl;lh. mNjNghd;wnjhU mhpa gzpiaj mbfshUk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bYk; mjd gzpahw;w te;j Nkdhl;L fpwp];jt mwpQh; rpyh; ,aw;wpa Kjy; E}y;fs; - 400 Mz;Lfshf kiwe;J fple;j #o;e mtw;iwj; NjLk; Kaw;rpapy; njhlh;e;J  fly; fle;j ehLfspd; tuyhw;Wj; njhy
1 Re;ju%h;j;jp Kidth; ,> mzpe;Jiu> ‘mfehD}W’ (%
nrQ;rhp Gf; `T];> mk;gj;J}h;> nrd;id> 2004> g.
X 2 me;jdp [hd; mofurd;> lhf;lh; Nt> ‘jdpehaf mbfspd
gjpg;gfk;> 51> Cuzp> kl;Lefh;> ,yq;if> 1984> g.182

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Muha Kw;gLfpd;wJ.
py; Gjpa Nghf;Ffis cz;lhf;fpa ngUikf;Fhpath;fs; ;j mwpQh;fNsahth;. Vl;Lr; Rtbfspy; ,Ue;j ,yf;fpa s midtUk; mwpAkhW nra;J Gjpa Ma;tpw;Fj; jlk; Nkiy ehl;lhh; tUifapdhy; Njhd;wpa mr;rpae;jpu k; Gjpa E}yhf;fq;fSf;F toptFj;jd. MWKf ehtyh; hjuk;gps;is (1832 - 1901)> c.Nt. rhkpehijah; (1855 - 1 - 1956) MfpNahh; jkpo;g; gjpg;G Kd;Ndhbfshf tpsq;fp
pofnkq;Fk; Rw;wpj; jphpe;J fz;nlLj;j gy jkpo; ,yf;fpa pd; jpUj;jpa gjpg;Gf;fis ntspapl;L jkpo; nkhopf;F Gj;Japh; ,y;iyNay; mhpa gy goe;jkpo; E}y;fs; ,d;W ekf;Ff; d;wnjhU mhpa gzpiaj;jhd; jkpo;j;J}J jdpehafk; pdhwhk; E}w;whz;bYk; mjd; gpd;dUk; jkpofj;jpy; rkag; p];jt mwpQh; rpyh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - jkpopy; mr;Nrwpa shf kiwe;J fple;j #o;epiyapy; jdpehafk; mbfshh; jhlh;e;J  ngyk; efhpYs;s ,dtpay; ehLfspd; tuyhw;Wj; njhy;nghUs; fhl;rpafk; (Arquivo
mzpe;Jiu> ‘mfehD}W’ (%yKk; ciuAk;)> epA+
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Historico do Ultramar), gpuhd;R ehl;Lg; ghhp]; efhpYs;s gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk;> cNuhik efhpYs;s kiwgug;Gg; g If;fpa ehl;L `}h;th;l; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk; Nghd;w gy mbfshh; nrd;W E}y;;fisj; Njbdhh;.3
ahuhYk; mwpag;glhky; kiwe;J xspe;J fple;j - j E}y;fis mbfshh; jdJ mhpa Kaw;rp fhuzkhff; f Ma;Tyfpw;Fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
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16Mk; E}w;whz;bd; jiyrpwe;j rkaj; Jwtpfs;> G Nghd;wth;fs; INuhg;gh> ghhp];> nfhapk;guh> rhykd;fh> fofq;fspy; gapd;W gl;lq;fs; ngw;w Nkijfshth;. ,t fy;tp kWkyh;r;rpiaf; fz;lth;fs;. ,j;jifath;fs; , te;jNghJ INuhg;ghtpy; jq;fs; fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;Jnfhz;bU khw;wq;fisAk;> Af;jpfisAk;> Gjpa KiwfisAk; ,q;F rkaf; fy;tpiaAk; rkak; rhuhj fy;tpiaAk; gug;g mt xd;W - fy;tp epWtdq;fshfpa ghlrhiyfs;> fy;Y}hpfi
jkpio mwptpay; fz;nfhz;L gbf;Fk; Kiwia ntspehl;lwpQUk; fpwp];jtj; njhz;lUkhd nfd;wpf; vd;w 1520 Kjy; 1600 tiu tho;e;jth;. jkpopy; epiwa E}y;fis Vw;wpdhh;. ,jdhy; ,th; ‘jkpo; mr;rfj;jpd; je;ij’ (The Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.5 ,th; 1560Mk; Mz;bNyNa jkpo; cs;s kd;dhhpNyh my;yJ jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s Gd;df;fhay Fuy; nfhLj;jpUe;jhh;. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gkpf;f fpwp];jtj; fy;tpiag; Gfl;Lk; Gjpa KiwfNshL kl;Lk; epd;Wt r%fj;njhlh;G rhjidq;fis (Mass media) gad;gLj;jpd (Theatres) mr;Rg;nghwpfisAk; (Printed Words) gad;gLj;jpd
mr;R thfdk; Vwpa jkpo;
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3 mKjd; mbfs;> ‘jdpehafk; mbfshh;’> cyfj; jkpohuh
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Rajamanickam Rev. S. (S.J)., ‘The First Oriental Scholar’, D Xavier’s College, Tirunelveli, 1972, p172
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wpKfk; nra;J itg;gjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
yrpwe;j rkaj; Jwtpfs;> Gdpj gpuhd;rp]; rNthpahiug; ;> nfhapk;guh> rhykd;fh> cNuhik Nghd;w gy;fiyf; ; ngw;w Nkijfshth;. ,th;fs; jq;fs; ehLfspy; ele;j th;fs;. ,j;jifath;fs; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; ; fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;Jnfhz;bUe;j fy;tpapy; GFj;jg;gl;l Gjpa ;> Gjpa KiwfisAk; ,q;Fk; mwpKfk; nra;Jitj;jdh;. uhj fy;tpiaAk; gug;g mth;fs; ifahz;l KiwfSs; pa ghlrhiyfs;> fy;Y}hpfis epWtpajhFk;.4
fhz;L gbf;Fk; Kiwiaj; njhlf;fpitj;j ngUik jhz;lUkhd nfd;wpf; vd;wpf;f]; mbfshiur; rhUk;. ,th; th;. jkpopy; epiwa E}y;fis vOjp mtw;iw mr;Rthfdk; ; mr;rfj;jpd; je;ij’ (The Father of the Tamil Press) vdg; 0Mk; Mz;bNyNa jkpo; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,yq;ifapy; po; ehl;by; cs;s Gd;df;fhaypNyh epWtg;glNtz;Lnkdf; fa rpwg;Gkpf;f fpwp];jtj; njhz;lh;fspd; jkpo;g; gzp wfNshL kl;Lk; epd;Wtpltpy;iy. fy;tpiag; gug;g ass media) gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ehlf muq;FfisAk;> ; rinted Words) gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.
; ;Jf;fiyia tsh;f;fTk; fpwp];jt rkaj; njhz;lh;fSf;Fj; fiyahFk;. ,th;fspd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk; rkag; s; ,e;jpahtpd; mr;Rf;fiyf;Fk;> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; vOj;Jf;
Uk; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl KbahJ.
k; mbfshh;’> cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id>
182
First Oriental Scholar’, De NobiliResearch Institute, St. 2, p172
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,e;jpa nkhopfSs; Kjy; mr;Rthfdk; Vwpa nkho mr;Rf; fiyia mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jik ,e;jpa r%f fy;yhFk;. 1566Mk; Mz;L fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; x rigf; FUf;fs; INuhg;ghtpypUe;J nfhz;Lte;j ,yj Nfhthtpy; Kjd; Kjyhf mr;rfj;ij (Printing Press) epWt mr;rfk; ,yj;jPd pYk;> Nghh;j;Jf;Jf;fPrj;jpYk;jhd; mr;Nrw;w
,e;jpahtpy; mr;Rg;nghwp mwpKfk; nra;Jitg;gjw;F , mjhtJ 1554Mk; Mz;by; yp];gd; efhpy; Kjy; jkpo; E}y; ,r;rpW E}ypd; (Kf;fpa) jkpo; %yg;gpujpfis vLj;Jf cgNahfpj;jhh;fs;. 1577Mk; Mz;L Nfhthtpy; Kjy; j ngw;wd. Mdhy; jpUg;jpahf mikatpy;iy. mjd;gpd ,uz;lhk; Kiwahf> jpUg;jpfukhd tifap;y; jkpo; vO 1578Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; ,Ugjhk; ehs; nfhy;yj;jpy; cs;slq;fpa xU E}y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,r;rpW E}y; gjpdhW tzf;fk;’ vd;w rpW E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; %yk; ,e;jpa ,yq nkhop Kjd; Kjy; mr;Rthfdk; Vwpa nkhopahf tpsq;f Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.6
INuhg;ghf; fz;lj;jpw;F ntspNa Kjy; mr;R thf
mr;R thfdk; Vwpa cyf nkhopfs; gytw;Ws;Sk; K jkpOf;Nf cz;L vd;gJ jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; KbthFk
“jkpo; ehl;by; mr;Rf;fiy mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l Mz cyf ehLfspy; nkhopfs; mr;Rthfdk; Vwpa M xg;gpl;Lg;ghh;f;Fk;NghJ jkpo; nkhop Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ehl;by; 1584Mk; Mz;by;jhd; mr;Rf;fiy Kj mwpKfk; nra;Jitf;fg;gl;lJ. ag;ghd; ehl;by; 1 Kjd; Kjyhf mwpKfk; nra;Jitf;fg;gl;lJ. gpy Mz;by; mr;Rf;fiy mwpKfkhdJ. Gjpa cyf ngUtpy; ];ghdpa nkhopapy; mr;Rf;fiy 1584Mk; M nkhopapy; Kjd; Kjyhf mr;Rf;fiy mwpKfk; nr urpah ehL jd; Kjy; E}iy 1563Mk; Mz;L mr;Nr jd; Kjy; mr;rfj;ij 1727Mk; Mz;by; epWt mr;rfj;ij 1821y; njhlq;fpaJ.”7
16Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghf; fz;lj;jpw;F ntspN Nkw;fj;jpa Kiwg;gb mr;Rthfdk; Vwpa E}y;fSs; kpfT E}y;fNs.
6 me;jdp [hd; mofurd;> g.182 7
Thani Nayagam, X.S. The First Books printed Tamil ; Tamil July 1958, p 291

; mr;Rthfdk; Vwpa nkhop - jkpo; MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; ;J itj;jik ,e;jpa r%f> fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; xU iky; j;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; xU Jwtw rigahfpa ,NaR pUe;J nfhz;Lte;j ,yj;jPd ; vOj;Jf;fisf;nfhz;L fj;ij (Printing Press) epWtpdhh;fs;. ,f;fhyj;jpd; Nfhth f;Jf;fPrj;jpYk;jhd; mr;Nrw;wp te;jJ.
wpKfk; nra;Jitg;gjw;F ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng> ;gd; efhpy; Kjy; jkpo; E}y; (First Tamil Booklet) mr;NrwpaJ. o; %yg;gpujpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;l cNuhk vOj;Jf;fis z;L Nfhthtpy; Kjy; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; mr;Rg;nghwp mikatpy;iy. mjd;gpd;dh; 1578,y; nfhy;yj;jpy; ukhd tifap;y; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; mr;Rg;nghwp ngw;wd. Ugjhk; ehs; nfhy;yj;jpy; nrgq;fSk;> kiwf;fy;tpAk; g;gl;lJ. ,r;rpW E}y; gjpdhW gf;fq;fs; mlq;fpa ‘jk;gpuhd; ,e;E}y; %yk; ,e;jpa ,yq;if nkhopfSf;Fs;Ns jkpo; k; Vwpa nkhopahf tpsq;fpaJ vd jdpehafk; mbfshh;
ntspNa Kjy; mr;R thfdk; Vwpa nkhop jkpo;
nkhopfs; gytw;Ws;Sk; Kjy; mr;R thfdk; Vwpa rpwg;G hafk; mbfshhpd; KbthFk;.
y mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l Mz;ilAk;> ehisAk;> Vida pfs; mr;Rthfdk; Vwpa Mz;LfisAk; ehs;fisAk; jkpo; nkhop Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpwg;igg; ngWfpd;wJ. rPd ;by;jhd; mr;Rf;fiy Kjd; Kjyhf INuhg;gpah;fshy; g;gl;lJ. ag;ghd; ehl;by; 1590Mk; Mz;L mr;Rf;fiy fk; nra;Jitf;fg;gl;lJ. gpypg;igd;]; ehl;by; 1593Mk; mwpKfkhdJ. Gjpa cyfkhfpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s papy; mr;Rf;fiy 1584Mk; Mz;L mwpKfkhdJ. Mgphpf;f hf mr;Rf;fiy mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l Mz;L 1624 MFk;. }iy 1563Mk; Mz;L mr;Nrw;wpaJ. nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; 1727Mk; Mz;by; epWtpaJ. fpNuf;f ehL jd; Kjy; q;fpaJ.”7
hg;ghf; fz;lj;jpw;F ntspNaAk;> mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYk; fdk; Vwpa E}y;fSs; kpfTk; goikahd E}y;fs; jkpo;
.182
oks printed Tamil ; Tamil Culture, Vol. VII, No. 3, Madras,
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jkpo; nkhop mr;Rthfdk; Vwpa Mz;Lld; Vida Vwpa Mz;il xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;g;gJ kpfTk; Rthu];akhd t mbfshh; Fwpg;gpl;l mNj tplaq;fs; ‘First Tamil Book print fl;Liuapy; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizahf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
nkhop;/ehL Kjy jkpo; ................................................................. rPd h ................................................................. ngU (,];ghdpa nkhopapy;) ............................. ag;ghd; ............................................................. Mgphpf;fh ........................................................... u];ah .............................................................. nfhz;];uhd;bNehgps; ...................................... fpNuf;fk; ...........................................................
‘jkpo; nkhop ,yf;fzf; fiy’ (INuhg;gpaj; jkpo; mwpQh; vOjpa Kjy; jkpo; E}y;)
INuhg;gpah; xUtuhy; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; vOjg;ngw;w K ,yf;fzf; fiy> 2. jkpo; mfuhjp Mfpa E}y;fs; nfhs;sg jkpo; mwpQh;’ vd;W Nghw;wg;glj;jf;f nfd;wpf; nfd;wpf;f] ,e;j ,uz;L E}y;fisAk; vOjpajhf mwpaKbfpwJ. E}y;fs;. ,tw;Ws; mfuhjp ,Jtiu fpilf;fg;ngwtp ,yf;fzf; fiy’ (Arte da Grammatica da Lingua Mala mbfshh; yp];gd; Njrpa E}yfj;jpy; 1954Mk; Mz;L f gbapy; 160 gf;f mstpy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy ,yj;jPd; nkhopapyf;fz mbg;gilapy; jkpio Mu mt;tbg;gilapNyNa jkpo; ,yf;fz E}iy ahj;Js mbfshh; fhl;Lfpd;whh;. jkpo; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs; jkpo; vO vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
vd;wPf ;f]; mbfshh; Gd;idf;fhay; vd;Dk; Ci nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,e;E}ypYs;s gy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjhy; ,e;E}y; Gd;idf;fhaypy; vOjg;gl;ljhf mbfshhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw vOjpa mKjd; mbfshh
8 Vairam, ‘First Tamil Book printed in 1554’ Karka Nirka Bloc 9 Thaninayagam, X.S., Tamil Manuscripts in European Librar
Oct.1954,p.220 vd;wpf; vd;wpf;f]; mbfshh; jhk; rhh;e;j ,NaRrigj; j ,Q;QhrpahUf;F 6.11.1550 md;W t. c. rpjk;gudhh; kh Gd;idf;fhay; vd;w ChpypUe;J vOjpa klypy; ,Jgw
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; Vwpa Mz;Lld; Vida ehl;L nkhopfs; mr;Rthfdk; J kpfTk; Rthu];akhd tplakhFk;. NkNy jdpehafk; ;fs; ‘First Tamil Book printed in 1554’ vd;w ,izaj;jsf; zahf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.8
Kjy; E}y; mr;rplg;gl;l Mz;L ................................. 1554 ................................. 1584 ;) ............................. 1584 ................................. 1590 .................................. 1624 ................................. 1563 ................................. 1727 ................................. 1821
; fiy’
pa Kjy; jkpo; E}y;)
;j;Jiwapy; vOjg;ngw;w Kjy; E}y;fshf 1. jkpo; nkhop uhjp Mfpa E}y;fs; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ‘Kjy; INuhg;gpaj; lj;jf;f nfd;wpf; nfd;wpf;f]; mbfshh; 1550Mk; Mz;L vOjpajhf mwpaKbfpwJ.9 ,itapuz;Lk; mr;Nrwhj ,Jtiu fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. Mdhy; ‘jkpo;nkhop matica da Lingua Malar) vd;Dk; E}iy jdpehafk; fj;jpy; 1954Mk; Mz;L fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. ifnaOj;Jg; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; ,e;E}y; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. bg;gilapy; jkpio Muha;e;j vd;wpf;f]; mbfshh; ,yf;fz E}iy ahj;Js;s ghq;fpidj; jdpehafk; Lj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs; jkpo; vOj;jpYk;> INuhg;gpa vOj;jpYk;
;idf;fhay; vd;Dk; CiuNa jk; jiyikaplkhff; gy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fspy; Gd;idf;fhay; vd;Dk; Ch; df;fhaypy; vOjg;gl;ljhf Cfpf;f KbAk; vd jdpehafk; w vOjpa mKjd; mbfshh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.10
in 1554’ Karka Nirka Block on Tamil Literature scripts in European Libraries; Tamil Culture, Vol.III, No. 3- 4,
h; jhk; rhh;e;j ,NaRrigj; jiytuhfpa Gdpj md;W t. c. rpjk;gudhh; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
pUe;J vOjpa klypy; ,Jgw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
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mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j [Pd; n`d; mk;ik Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;j;J mr;Nrw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; ’ ‘Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa - jiyg;GfSld; ,U E}y;fshff; fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; , Nfusj;jpYs;s mk;gyf;fhL vd;Dk; Chpy; 30.7.1679 m tj;jpf;fhd; E}yfj;jpy; me;E}ypd; mr;Rg;gpujpfisf; fz Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nghUs; tpsf;fj;Jld;$ba ,j;jkpo; mfuhjp rkaj;njhz;lUk; NaRrigapdUkhfpa me;jhk; nj gNuha ,J 30.7.1679 md;W mr;rpLNthuhfpa “,Q;Qhrp ma;r;rhkz kyghh; kiwkhepyj;jpd; jkpo; mr;rfj;jpy; gjpf;fg;ngw;wJ vOjg;gl;l Fwpg;G E}ypd; Kjy; gf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; “,Q;QhrpNah GUNdh” (1579 - 1659 njhFf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Dk; Fwpg;gpid gNuhad;rh mbfshh; j mt;tfuhjp mr;rplg;gl;ljh ,y;iyah vd;gij ehk; ifnaOj;Jg;gbAk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
MfNt ehk; mwpe;j mstpy; Kjd; Kjypy; mr;Nrwpa jkp vOjpaNj. ,jid xspg;glk; vLj;J xspg;glq;fisNa mbfshh; ntspapl;lhh;.14
gNuhad;rh mbfshh; ,we;J gjpd;%d;W Mz;LfS Mz;by;jhd; ,e;j mfuhjp mr;rplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,Q;QhrpN
10. mKjd; mbfs;> 1993 g.125 11 [Pd ; n`d; mk;ikahh;> Nguhrphpah; M. rptRg;gpukzpa
20.4.1979 md;W vOjpa kly;. 12 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference Semina 13
Thani Nayagam, X.S., Tamil Manuscripts in European Libr Oct.1954,p.223 14 Antao De Proenca’s Tamil – Portguese Dictionary, A.D 167
S. Thani Nayagam (Kuala Lumpur, 1966)

Nrh;e;j [Pd; n`d; mk;ikahh; (Jeanne Hein) ,e;E}iy r;Nrw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; ’ ‘Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa - jkpo; mfuhjp’ vd ,U NtW ff; fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; ,uz;Lk; ,ize;j xU E}y; d;Dk; Chpy; 30.7.1679 md;W mr;rplg;ngw;wJ vd;gij pd; mr;Rg;gpujpfisf; fz;lNghJ mbfshh; czh;e;jhh;. ;Jld;$ba ,j;jkpo; mfuhjp kJiu kiwg;gzpf; fsj;jpd; Ukhfpa me;jhk; nj gNuhad;rh mbfshy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. huhfpa “,Q;Qhrp ma;r;rhkzp” vd;guhy; mk;gyf;fhl;bYs;s ; mr;rfj;jpy; gjpf;fg;ngw;wJ vd Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; ; gf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ah GUNdh” (1579 - 1659) mbfshy; xU jkpo; mfuhjp pid gNuhad;rh mbfshh; jk; Kd;Diuapy; jUfpd;whh;. y;iyah vd;gij ehk; mwpaKbahJs;sJ. mjd; y;iy.
; Kjd; Kjypy; mr;Nrwpa jkpo; mfuhjp gNuhad;rh mbfshh; ; vLj;J xspg;glq;fisNa E}yhf mr;rpl;L jdpehafk;
;J gjpd;%d;W Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd;> mjhtJ 1679Mk; ;rplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,Q;QhrpNah GUNdh mbfshuhy; Kd;G
5
uhrphpah; M. rptRg;gpukzpad; (J}j;Jf;Fb) mth;fSf;F ly;.
tional Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, p. 1 – 66 uscripts in European Libraries; Tamil Culture, Vol.III, No. 3- 4,
uese Dictionary, A.D 1679 Prepared for publication by Xavier , 1966)
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njhFf;fg;gl;l mfuhjpapypUe;Jk;> jhk; jkpo; fw;f cjtpahf - 1656)> kDNty; khl;bd;]; Nghd;w ,NaRrigj; Jwt jpul;ba nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L ,e;j mfuhjpia njhFj;jj nfd;wpf;f]; mbfshhpd; ‘mbahh; tuyhW’ vd;Dk; E}y njhFj;jpUg;gjhfj; jk; Kd;Diuapy; njspTgLj;Jfpd;whh;.
jdpehafk; mbfshh; ,e;j mfuhjpia xspg;glg; gjpg;G Mz;L Kjy; cyfj; jkpo;khehl;bd;NghJ ntspapl;lhh;. nra;J 1964Mk; Mz;bNyNa xU fl;Liu16 ntspapl;lhh;. , Mk; Mz;L by;ypapy; eilngw;w cyff; fPo ;j;jpir mwpQ toq;fpdhh;.
fhh;j;jpy;yh (Cartilha) ( cyfpNyNa jkpopy; mr;Nrwpa Kjy; E}y; )
jkpopy; mr;Nrwpa Kjy; E}y; vd;w ngUikia ,e;E}y nfhz;l ,e;E}y; 1554Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; gjpNdhu yp];gd; efhpy; mr;rplg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fi jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; INuhg;gpa vOj;Jf;fspy; ngah;j;njOjg Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopngah;g;Gld; ntspahfpaJ. Nghh;j;Jf;fy ngyk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;s ,dtpay; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; Leille de Vasconcellos at Belam, Lisbon) Xh; ,Uk;Gg; ngl;ba ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
xU fpwp];jtd; jd; kPl ;Gf;fhf mwpaNtz;ba mid E}yhf ,J mike;Js;sJ. Nghh;j;Jf;fy; kd;duhfpa %d John III) Mizg;gb ,e;E}y; vOjg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ifnaO xg;Nghh;j;Njh efuhl;rp E}yfj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhf jkf;Ff; $wg jk; fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.17
Gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapy; tpy;yh Nfhe;Nj’ vd;Dk; Jwtpapd; Nkw;ghh;itAld; ,aw;wpAs;sdh;. ‘tpnre;j;nj b ehrnuj;’ (Vicente De Nazar Carvalho), ‘NjhNk b FU];’ (Thome De Croos) MfpNahNu m
15
Ibid. pd. 11 - 13 16 Thani Nayagam, X.S., Antao De Proenca’s Tamil – Portgue duction, Tamil Culture, Vol.XI, No. 2, Apr – June .1964,p.1 17
Thani Nayagam, X.S., The First Books printed in Tamil’, Tam p.293
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

k;> jhk; jkpo; fw;f cjtpahf ,Ue;j jj;Jt Nghjfh; (1577 ; Nghd;w ,NaRrigj; Jwtpfspd; E}y;fis Muha;e;Jk; ,e;j mfuhjpia njhFj;jjhff; $Wk; Mrphpah;> nfd;wpf; ahh; tuyhW’ vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;Jk; jhk; nrhw;fisj;
uapy; njspTgLj;Jfpd;whh;.15
mfuhjpia xspg;glg; gjpg;G Kiwapy; mr;rpl;L 1966Mk; ehl;bd;NghJ ntspapl;lhh;. vdpDk; ,e;E}iy mwpKfk; xU fl;Liu16 ntspapl;lhh;. ,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liuia 1964 w;w cyff; fPo ;j;jpir mwpQh; khehl;bYk; mbfshh; gbj;J
Kjy; E}y; ) ; vd;w ngUikia ,e;E}y; ngWfpd;wJ. 38 gf;fq;fisf; ;L ngg;uthp khjk; gjpNdhuhk; ehs; Nghh;j;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; ,e;E}y; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fisf;nfhz;L mr;rplg;ngwhky; Oj;Jf;fspy; ngah;j;njOjg;ngw;wjhf> nrhy;Yf;F nrhy; ; ntspahfpaJ. Nghh;j;Jf;fy; ehl;bd; yp];gd; efhpy; cs;s tpay; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; (Ethnological Museum of Doctor sbon) Xh; ,Uk;Gg; ngl;bapy; ,e;E}y; kpfTk; gj;jpukhfg;
f;fhf mwpaNtz;ba midj;ijAk; RUf;fkhff; $Wk; ghh;j;Jf;fy; kd;duhfpa %d;whk; mUsg;ghpd; (King Dom vOjg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ifnaOj;Jg;gpujp Nghh;j;Jf;fy; ehl;L py; ,Ug;gjhf jkf;Ff; $wg;gl;lij jdpehafk; mbfshh; ;.
Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapy; rkag;gzpahw;wpa ‘Rthk; nj wtpapd; Nkw;ghh;itAld; ,e;E}iy %d;W jkpoh;fs; ehrnuj;’ (Vicente De Nazareth), ‘N[hh;Nf fhh;ty;Nfh’ (Jorge e De Croos) MfpNahNu me;j %d;W jkpoh;fSk; Mth;.
roenca’s Tamil – Portguese Dictionary, A.D 1679 – An Intro- o. 2, Apr – June .1964,p.117 - 127
oks printed in Tamil’, Tamil Culture, Vol.VII, No. 3, July 1958,
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16Mk; E}w;whz;by; ‘Nghh;j;Jf;fy;ypy; mr;Nrwpa E}y;fs Das Obras Impresas EmPortugal no Secolo XVI) vd;Dk; nra;jpiaAk; jdpehafk; mbfshh; jk; fl;Liuapy; njhptpf;f (Da Famosa Arte Da Imprissao) vd;w E}iy vOJtjw;fhf F ‘mnkhpf;Nfh Nfhh;j;j]; gpd;Nlh’ vd;gth; ngyk; ,dtpay; Nguhrphpah; ‘kDNty; N`nyNdh’ vd;gtiur; re;jpj ‘Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa E}y; Ma;tlq;fy; (Bibliografia Lusitana) vd;D Xh; mhpa E}iyj; jhk; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gjhfj; njhptpj;jh ngl;bapy; G+l;b itj;Jg; gj;jpukhfg; ghJfhj;JtUk; mhpa E jhk; Njbf;nfhz;bUe;j mhpa E}yhfpa ‘fhh;jpy;yh’ vd;gij

;Jf;fy;ypy; mr;Nrwpa E}y;fspd; Ma;tlq;fy;’ (Bibliografia no Secolo XVI) vd;Dk; E}ypy; jhk; fz;l kw;nwhU hh; jk; fl;Liuapy; njhptpf;fpd;whh;. ‘Gfo;kpf;f mr;Rf;fiy’ d;w E}iy vOJtjw;fhf Fwpg;Gfis Njbf;nfhz;bUe;j h’ vd;gth; ngyk; ,dtpay; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; ,af;Fdh; yNdh’ vd;gtiur; re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpf;nfhz;bue;jNghJ ; Bibliografia Lusitana) vd;Dk; njhFg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fhz;bUg;gjhfj; njhptpj;jhh;. N`nyNdh jhk; ,Uk;Gg; hfg; ghJfhj;JtUk; mhpa E}iy mthplk; fhl;;l> mJNt }yhfpa ‘fhh;jpy;yh’ vd;gij gpd;l;Nlh fz;lwpe;jhh;.
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jdpehafk; mbfshh; A+d; khjk; 1954Mk; Mz;by; yp ghh;itapl;L ,jd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. The First Boo fl;Liuapy; jdpehafk; mbfshh; ,e;E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd
jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk; ( ,e;jpahtpy; mr;Nrwpa Kjy; jkpo; E}y; )
fj;Njhypf;f fpwp];jth;fs; jq;fs; topghl;bd;NghJ fj;Njhypf;f rkag; Nghjidfspd; RUf;fKk; ,e;E}y nfd;wpf;f]; mbfshUk; Gdpj ,uhag;ghpd; kDNty; mb ,ize;J nkhopngah;j;j ,e;E}y; 1578 Mk; Mz;L Nfus Chpy; mr;rhfpaJ. ,r;rpW E}y; 16 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
‘fpwpj;Jtg; Nghjid’ (Doctrina Christam) vd;gJjhd ‘jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk;’ vd;Nw nkhopngah;g;ghrphpah; ,UtU ,e;jpahtpy; mr;Nrwpa Kjy; jkpo; E}yhf ekf;Ff; fpilg;gJ xd;Wjhd; ,g;NghJ fpilf;fg;ngWfpwJ. ,g;gpujp mnkh gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpy; cs;sJ. mjd; xspg;glg; gpujpfi mJgw;wp Muha;e;J jkpo;;g; gz;ghL ( Tamil Culture ) vd;w Mq ,e;E}y; gw;wpa nra;jpfis jkpOyfk; mwpe;;Jnfhz;lJ.
gpd;dh; “nfhy;yk; Mah; n[Nuhk; ngdhz;l];” mth;f ghJfhj;jhh;. gpd;dh; ghisaq;Nfhl;il “,NaR rig mbfshh; ,jid ntspapl;Lg; ghJfhj;jhh;. mjd; %y ed;Ndhf;fk; fhuzkhf ntspg;gilahd vOj;Jg; gpiof y; gjpg;gpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. MapDk; nrhw;fs; gphpf;fg;ngw;Ws Ntw;Wik fhl;lg;ngw;Ws;sJ.20
,jpy; mlq;fpAs;sit rpYit ke;jpuk;> guNyhf k tpRthr ke;jpuk;> kpfTk; ,uf;fKs;s jhNa ke;jpuk gj;Jf;fl;lis> jpUr;rigf; fl;lis> fpwp];jth;fs; tpR Njtjputpa mDkhdq;fs;> jiyahd ghtq;fs;> jiyahd elgbfs; gjpdhd;F> cly; G+jpaq;fs;> Md;khh;j;j Gz;z ,it vd;gJ> ,Wjpahdit ehY vl;Lg;ghf;fpaq;fs;.
18 Thani Nayagam, Xavier S., The First Books printed in Tam 19 Thaninayagam, X.S., The First Books Printed in Tamil’ Op.C 20 uk;Nghyh kh];fNud];> fpwp];jtj; jkpo;j; njhz;lh;fs;’
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> 1972. g.4 21 NkyJ
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

khjk; 1954Mk; Mz;by; yp];gDf;Fr; nrd;W ,e;E}iyg; j;Jiuj;jhh;. The First Books printed in Tamil vd;w jdJ hh; ,e;E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.18
kpo; E}y; )
; jq;fs; topghl;bd;NghJ gad;gLj;Jk; ke;jpuq;fSk;> fspd; RUf;fKk; ,e;E}ypy; mlq;fpAs;sd. nfd;wpf; ,uhag;ghpd; kDNty; mbfshUk; (Manoel De S Padro) }y; 1578 Mk; Mz;L Nfusj;jpy; cs;s nfhy;yk; vd;Dk; 16 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
rina Christam) vd;gJjhd; %yE}ypd; ngah;. ,jid nkhopngah;g;ghrphpah; ,UtUk; jkpohf;fk; nra;Js;sdh;. po; E}yhf ekf;Ff; fpilg;gJ ,Jjhd;. ,jd; gpujp xd;Nw g;ngWfpwJ. ,g;gpujp mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;L `hh;th;l; ;sJ. mjd; xspg;glg; gpujpfis jdpehafk; mbfshh; ngw;W hL ( Tamil Culture ) vd;w Mq;fpy ,jopy; vOjpaNghJjhd; pOyfk; mwpe;;Jnfhz;lJ.19
[Nuhk; ngdhz;l];” mth;fs; ,jid xspg;glk; vLj;Jg; q;Nfhl;il “,NaR rigf; FU r. ,uhrkhzpf;fk;” g; ghJfhj;jhh;. mjd; %ytbT rpijjy;$lhJ vd;w pg;gilahd vOj;Jg; gpiofisf;$lj; jpUj;jhky; ,e;E} k; nrhw;fs; gphpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. FwpYf;Fk; nebYf;Fk;
rpYit ke;jpuk;> guNyhf ke;jpuk;> mUs;epiw ke;jpuk;> ,uf;fKs;s jhNa ke;jpuk;> ghtrq;fPh;j;jd ke;jpuk;> l;lis> fpwp];jth;fs; tpRtrpf;fj;jf;fit gjpdhd;F> yahd ghtq;fs;> jiyahd Gz;zpaq;fs;> ,uf;fj;jpd; jpaq;fs;> Md;khh;j;j Gz;zpaq;fs;> Md;k rj;JUf;fs;
hY vl;Lg;ghf;fpaq;fs;.21
irst Books printed in Tamil’, p.258 oks Printed in Tamil’ Op.Cit.pp.293 0 294 p];jtj; jkpo;j; njhz;lh;fs;’ jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofk;>
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jk;gpuhd; tzf;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; Kjy; ,U nrgq jug;gLfpd;wd.
rpYit ke;jpuq;fs; “Rj;jkhd FUrpd; milahsj;jhy; vq;fs; rj;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;. vq;fs; jk;gpuhNd gpjhRjd; Rj;jkh MNkd;”
guNyhf ke;jpuk; “thdq;fspy; ,Uf;fpw vq;fs; gpjhNt> cd Rj;jkhf. cd;Dila tpuhr;rpak; tu. cd; kdj

lk;ngWk; Kjy; ,U nrgq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fhf ,q;F
ilahsj;jhy; vq;fs; rj;JUf;fs; vq;fs;Nky; tuhky; k;gpuhNd gpjhRjd; Rj;jkhd ,Rg;gPhpj;J ehkj;jpdhNy -
pw vq;fs; gpjhNt> cd;Dila ehkk; vy;yhw;FQ; tpuhr;rpak; tu. cd; kdjpd;gb thdj;jpy; thdth;fs;
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nra;Akhg;NghNy> G+kpapYk; vy;yhUQ; nra;a. m vq;fSf;F ,d;Wjh. vq;fs; gpio fld;fhuUf;F ePA k; vq;fs; ghtf; fld;fisg; nghW. vq;fisj; N vq;fSf;F nghy;yhq;F tuhky; tpyF. - MNkd;”;
fphpj;jpahdp tzf;fk;
,J tpdhtpil Kiwapy; mike;j fpwp];jt kjg; Ngh 120 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}y; 1579Mk; Mz;L ,e;E}ypd; xU gpujp gpuhd;]; ehl;by; cs;s nrhh;Nghd; gpd; mJ vg;gbNah mq;fpUe;J kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. mg;gpuj vLf;fg;gl;l xspg;glg; gpujp jdpehafk; mbfshh;f;Fj; J Mz;lifaplkpUe;J fpilj;jJ.23 ,e;jg; gpujpapid ehl;L `hh;th;l; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Ff; fldhff;nfhL NtW gyUk; mij xspg;glk; vLj;J jq;fs; E}yfj;jpy; itj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. kiwe;JNghFk; Mgj;jpy; ,Ue;j , fhuzk;; jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; Kaw;rpahFk;.
tpdhtpil Kiwapy; mike;j ,e;jr; rkaf; fy;tp 1566Mk; Mz;by; yp];gd; efhpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. m yhfTk;> nghpJk; tof;fpypUe;j E}yhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. ngaiuf;nfhz;l ,U E}y;fs; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; , Mdhy; ngah; xd;whapDk; ‘jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk;’> ‘fphprpj NtW ngah;fSld; nfd;wpf;f]; mbfshh; ,tw;iw nk tpsq;ftpy;iy. xUNtis mit ,U NtW E}y;fs; v tifahf nkhopngah;j;jpUf;fyhk;.24
,e;E}iy vOjpa nfd;wpf;f]; mbfshh; njd;ghz;bf gujt kf;fspilNa gzpahw;wpath;. mtUila E}y;fis cjtp nra;jjhy; ‘fpwp];jpahdp tzf;fk;’ vd;Dk; ,e;E}iy toq;Ftjhf nfd;wpf;f]; mbfshh; jk; Kd;Diuapy; Fw
,uhrkhzpf;fk; mbfshh; ,e;E}iy ‘tzf;fk;’ vd;w n Nkyl;ilapd; gpd;tUk; Kjy; gf;fj;jpy; E}iyg;gw;wpa jkpo gf;fj;jpy; mijg;gw;wpa Nghh;j;jpf;Nfa tpsk;guk; cs;sJ. gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU mjpfhuj; jiyg;gpYk; mt;tjpf tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
22 NkyJ 23
Thaninayagam, X.S., The First Books Printed in Tamil’ Op. 24 mKjd; mbfs;> 1993 g.130 25 ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> r.> (gjpg;) tzf;fk;’ J}j;Jf;Fb> 1963> g
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

papYk; vy;yhUQ; nra;a. md;wd;Ws;s vq;fs; mg;gk; vq;fs; gpio fld;fhuUf;F ehq;fs; nghWf;Fkhg;NghNy ;fisg; nghW. vq;fisj; Njh\j;Jf;F VJthf Xl;lhNj. tuhky; tpyF. - MNkd;”;22
; mike;j fpwp];jt kjg; Nghjidfs; mlq;fpa E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; 1579Mk; Mz;L nfhr;rpdpapy; mr;rplg;gl;lJ. ehl;by; cs;s nrhh;Nghd; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. ;J kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. mg;gpujp nrhh;Nghdpy; ,Ue;jNghJ dpehafk; mbfshh;f;Fj; J}j;Jf;Fb Mah; NkjF Nuh[; ;jJ. ,e;jg; gpujpapid mbfshh; mnkhpf;f If;fpa ofj;jpw;Ff; fldhff;nfhLf;f mth;fSk; mjd;gpd; ; vLj;J jq;fs; E}yfj;jpy; ,d;W gj;jpukhfg; ghJfhj;J NghFk; Mgj;jpy; ,Ue;j ,e;E}y; ghJfhf;fg;gLtjw;Ff; pd; Kaw;rpahFk;.
ke;j ,e;jr; rkaf; fy;tp E}ypd; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa %yk; efhpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. me;ehspy; ,J Gfo;ngw;w E} E}yhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. Doctrina Christiana vd;Dk; xNu ; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopapy; ,Ue;jd vd ehk; mwpfpNwhk;. jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk;’> ‘fphprpj;jpahdp tzf;fk;’ vd ,U ]; mbfshh; ,tw;iw nkhopngah;j;j fhuzk; ekf;F it ,U NtW E}y;fs; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;lNt ,U hk;.
;f]; mbfshh; njd;ghz;bf; flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; tho;;e;j path;. mtUila E}y;fis mth; mr;rpl ,k;kf;fs; gz zf;fk;’ vd;Dk; ,e;E}iy mk;kf;fSf;F ed;nfhilahf shh; jk; Kd;Diuapy;25 Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
e;E}iy ‘tzf;fk;’ vd;w ngahpy; kPs ;gjpg;Gr; nra;Js;shh;. gf;fj;jpy; E}iyg;gw;wpa jkpo; tpsk;guk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mLj;j ;jpf;Nfa tpsk;guk; cs;sJ. ,e;E}y; 12 mjpfhuq;fshfg; jpfhuj; jiyg;gpYk; mt;tjpfhuk; vg;nghUs; gw;wpaJ vd;w
oks Printed in Tamil’ Op.Cit.pp.294 - 295
zf;fk;’ J}j;Jf;Fb> 1963> g6
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Kjy; mjpfhuj;jpy; fphpj;jpahdp vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; mjpfhuk; rpYit ke;jpuk; gw;wpaJ. %d;whk; mjpfhuj;j ehd;fhk; mjpfhuj;jpy; mUs;epiwe;j ke;jpu tpsf;fk;. Ie;jh ke;jpu tpsf;fk;. Mwhk; mjpfhuj;jpy; tpRthr ke;jpu tpsf ke;jpuj;jpd; gphpTfs; gw;wpaJ. vl;lhk; mjpfhuk; gj;Jf;fw;gi jpUr;rigf; fl;lis gw;wpaJ. gjpNdhuhk; mjpfhuk; Nj gw;wpaJ. gd;dpnuz;lhk; mjpfhuk; ,uf;fj;jpd; elgbfs;> Gz Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
E}ypd; mikg;ig Nehf;Fk;NghJ Mrhd; rPl d; , tpdhtpilNa ,e;E}ypd; mikg;ghFk;. thj;jpahUf;F ‘t

pahdp vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,uz;lhk; ;wpaJ. %d;whk; mjpfhuj;jpy; guNyhf ke;jpu tpsf;fk;> we;j ke;jpu tpsf;fk;. Ie;jhk; mjpfhuj;jpy; fpUig jahgu uj;jpy; tpRthr ke;jpu tpsf;fk;. Vohk; mjpfhuk; tpRthr l;lhk; mjpfhuk; gj;Jf;fw;gis gw;wpaJ. xd;gjhk; mjpfhuk; . gjpNdhuhk; mjpfhuk; Njtjputpa mDkhdq;fisg; uk; ,uf;fj;jpd; elgbfs;> Gz;zpaq;fs; vl;Lg; ghf;fpaq;fs;
.
;Fk;NghJ Mrhd; rPl d; ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa epfOk; kg;ghFk;. thj;jpahUf;F ‘t’ vd;w FwpaPL ,lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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rPlDf;F ‘rP’ vd;w vOj;J ,lg;gl;Ls;sJ. rPld; Mrhidg; ,lq;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. xt;nthU nrgKk; epWj;jw; Fwpapd nrgq;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhLf;fNtz;ba Kiw gpiwf;Nfhl;bw
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,uz;lhk; mjpfhuj;jpd; Kjy; gFjp fPN
thj;jpahh; : gps;sha; ePa ; nrhy;Y. fphprpj;jpahdpAila rP\ d; : Rj;jkhd FUR t : mNjd;? rP : ek;Kila ehad; ,NaRf; fphprpj;Jf; F
kPz ;lgbapdhNy. t : Miu kPO thh;fs;? rP : mbikg;gl;lth;fis t : Mdhy; mbikaha; ,Ue;Njhkh? rP : Xk; ghjphpahNu t : Mw;F? rP : ehk; nra;j Njho;rj;Jf;Fk; Nga;f;Fk;
(ek;Kila ehad; ,NrRf; fphprpj FUrpNy ghLgl;L kPz ;l rfhaj;Jf;F , nrhy;yyhk;) th : fphprpj;jpahdpfs; jq;fSf;F xU ,Lf ehkj;ij tpNr\khfr; nrhy;yp cjtpNfl rP : ,NaR ntd;w jpUehkj;ij
%y E}ypy; nka;naOj;Jf;fs;kPJ Gs;sp ,y;iy. thf;fpa vfu xfuq;fspd; FwpYf;Fk; nebYf;Fk; NtWghL ,y;iy fhYf;Fk; NtWghL ,y;iy. tlnkhop vOj;jpy; ‘\’ xd;Nw
mbahh; tuyhW (Flos Sanctorum) (jkpo; kz;zpy; mr;rplg;gl;l Kjy; jkpo; E}y;)
,J fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpd; Gdpjh;fSila tuyhW 1586Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpjk;gudhh; khtl;lj mr;Nrw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; jkpo; kz;zpy; mr;rplg;gl;l Kj ,e;E}Yf;F chpaJ. (jk;gpuhd; tzf;fKk;> fphpj;jpahdp t nfhy;yj;jpYk;> nfhr;rpapYk; mr;rhidit vd;gij ehk; e ,J 669 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l nghpa E}yhFk;.
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,e;E}y; ahUila ,Ue;j #o;epiyapy; jdpehafk; mbfshh; 1954Mk; Mz
26 uk;Nghyh kh];fNud];> g.7 27 NkyJ
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;gl;Ls;sJ. rPl d; Mrhidg; ‘ghjphpahNu’ vd;W miof;Fk; thU nrgKk; epWj;jw; Fwpapdhy; ghFghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. z;ba Kiw gpiwf;Nfhl;bw;Fs; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.26
; mjpfhuj;jpd; Kjy; gFjp fPN o jug;gLfpd;wJ
nrhy;Y. fphprpj;jpahdpAila milahsk; vJ?
R
had; ,NaRf; fphprpj;Jf; FUrpNy miwAz;L ek;ik hNy. hh;fs;? th;fis
kaha; ,Ue;Njhkh? u
jho;rj;Jf;Fk; Nga;f;Fk;
ehad; ,NrRf; fphprpj;J ek;ik nay;yhiuAk; Lgl;L kPz ;l rfhaj;Jf;F ,d;Nduj;jpy; ghjphpahh; mwpT
pfs; jq;fSf;F xU ,Lf;fz; te;jNeuk; MUila
r\khfr; nrhy;yp cjtpNfl;ghh;fs;? ;w jpUehkj;ij
;kPJ Gs;sp ,y;iy. thf;fpaj;jpd; Kbtpy; Gs;spapy;iy. ebYf;Fk; NtWghL ,y;iy. ufuj;jpw;Fk; nebiyr;Rl;Lk; lnkhop vOj;jpy; ‘\’ xd;Nw tUfpwJ.27
torum) jy; jkpo; E}y;) d; Gdpjh;fSila tuyhW gw;wpa E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; cs;s rpjk;gudhh; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Gd;idf;fhaypy; ; kz;zpy; mr;rplg;gl;l Kjy; jkpo; E}y; vd;w ngUik ; tzf;fKk;> fphpj;jpahdp tzf;fKk; Nfusj;jpy; cs;s r;rhidit vd;gij ehk; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.)
nghpa E}yhFk;.
tha;e;j ,e;E}y; ahUila fz;Zf;Fk; mfg;glhky; k; mbfshh; 1954Mk; Mz;L A+d; khjj;jpy; tj;jpf;fhd;
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E}yfj;jpy; ,e;E}y; ,Ug;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;J jkpo; cyfpw gyh; gy Mz;Lfshfj; Njbf;nfhz;bUe;j E}y; ,J vd KiwapidAk;> mjdhy; jhk; mile;j mstw;w ngUk; k vd;w jd; E}ypy; mbfshh; tpghpf;fpd;whh;.
“tj;jpf;fhd; E}w;$lj;jpy; cs;s gz;il ,e;jpa E nry;Y k;nghOJ ,];ghdpa KfTiu cs;s Jk;> 666 nghpa E}y; xd;iwAk; Muha;e;Njd;. mJNt mwpQ Sanctorum vdg;gLk; ‘jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUkyh;’ vd gytw;wpypUe;J Jzpe;Njd;. ehd; INuhg;ghTf;Fg nghUl;nrytpw;Fk;> vLj;j Kaw;rpf;Fk; ,e;E}n Nghjpa ifkhwhFk; vd;W fUJfpNwd;. mg;nghO Muha;r;rpapy;  ‘jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUkyh;’ vd;Wk ,e;E}Yf;F nfd;wpf;f]; mbfshh; ,l;l jkpo; ngah; vd;d v Vnddpy; E}ypd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; Kfg;Gg; gf;fq;fs; ekf ];ghdp]; nkhopapy; vOjpAs;s Kd;Diuapy; ‘Gdpjh;fspd vd;Nw Fwpj;Js;shh;. vdpDk; ,e;E}y; nghJthf (Flos ngauhNyNa Fwpf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.
,e;E}y; “mz;bhPf ;F mbfshh; ,aw;wpa Flos Sanctor vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; r. ,uhrkhzpf;fk; mbfshiug; gj Mz;L jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofj;jpduhy; ,uz;lhk; gjpg;ghf n
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kiwe;Jfple;j ,g;goe;jkpo; E}y;fis jdpehafk; m mth; ,e;j Kaw;rpapy;  ‘xd;Nw cyfk;>’ Nj nehgpyp Muha;r;r
129 29 mz;bwPf ;F mbfshh;> ‘mbahh; tuyhW’> ,uhrkhzpf;fk;>
J}j;Jf;Fb> 1967 30 mKjd; mbfs;> g.132
460

; fz;Lgpbj;J jkpo; cyfpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. mwpQh; ;nfhz;bUe;j E}y; ,J vd;Wk; ,e;E}iyf; fz;Lgpbj;j ; mile;j mstw;w ngUk; kfpo;;r;rpiaAk; ‘xd;Nw cyfk;’ hpf;fpd;whh;.
;jpy; cs;s gz;il ,e;jpa E}y;fs; ahtw;iwAk; Muha;e;J dpa KfTiu cs;s Jk;> 666 gf;f q;f isf; nfhz;l Jkhfpa ; Muha;e;Njd;. mJNt mwpQh; gy Mz;Lfshfj;Njba Flos jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUkyh;’ vd;Dk; E}nyd;W mfr;rhd;Wfs; e;Njd;. ehd; INuhg;ghTf;Fg; gd;Kiw nrd;wjhy; Vw;gl;l Lj;j Kaw;rpf;Fk; ,e;E}nyhd;iwf; fz;Lnfhz;lNj d;W fUJfpNwd;. mg;nghOJ ehd; mile;j kfpo;r;rpia hNu mwpth;”28
;Lgpbj;j KiwapidAk; mjdhy; jhk; mile;j mstw;w fk; mbfshh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
e;j E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. mUl;jpU. bNaNfh njy; G+r;nrz;L’ vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;Jk; Y}ap[p ypg;NghkhNdh pjh;fs; E}w;wWgjpd;kh; tuyhW’ vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;Jk;> ; njhFj;Jj; jkpopy; ;nkhopngah;j;J ,e;E}iy nfd;wpf;f];
pUj;njhz;lh; jpUkyh;’ vd;Wk; gy ngah;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; hh; ,l;l jkpo; ngah; vd;d vd;gij ehk; mwptjw;fpy;iy. pf;Fk; Kfg;Gg; gf;fq;fs; ekf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mrphpah; Kd;Diuapy; ‘Gdpjh;fspd; tuyhW’ (La Vide De Santos) ; ,e;E}y; nghJthf (Flos Sanctorum) vd;Dk; ,yj;jpd; s;sJ.
shh; ,aw;wpa Flos Sanctorum vd;w mbahh; tuyhW” hzpf;fk; mbfshiug; gjpg;ghrphpauhff;nfhz;L 1967k; pduhy; ,uz;lhk; gjpg;ghf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.30
po; E}y;fis jdpehafk; mbfshh; Njbf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. gltpy;iynad;why; ,t;thpa E}y;fis jkpOyfk;
cyfk;>’ Nj nehgpyp Muha;r;rp epiyak;> nrd;id> 1974> gf;.
h; tuyhW’> ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> r> (gjpg;)> jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofk;>
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Kjd; Kjypy; INuhg;gpah; xUtuhy; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; vO jkpo; nkhopapy; mr;Nrwpa E}y;> Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy Kjypy; jkpo; ehl;by; mr;Nrwpa jkpo; E}y; Nghd;w tuyhw;W cz;L.
gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bd; jkpo; eil> mr;Rf;fiy> Nkd Kaw;rpfs; Nghd;wit gw;wpa gy cz;ikfisAk; jk mbfshhpd; Kaw;rp NgUjtpahf mike;jJ.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;
mKjd; mbfs;> ‘jdpehafk; mbfshh;>’ cyfj; jkpoha;r;rp e
mz;bwPf ;F mbfshh;> ‘mbahh; tuyhW’> ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> r> J}j;Jf;Fb> 1967
me;jdp [hd; mofurd;> lhf;lh; Nt> ‘jdpehaf mbfspd gjpg;gfk;> 51> Cuzp> kl;Lefh;> ,yq;if> 1984
jdpehaf mbfs;> ‘xd;Nw cyfk;>’ Nj nehgpyp Muha;r;rp epi
,uhrkhzpf;fk;> r.> (gjpg;) ‘tzf;fk;’ jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofk
Re;ju%h;j;jp Kidth; ,> mzpe;Jiu> ‘mfehD}W’ (%yK `T];> mk;gj;J}h;> nrd;id> 2004
uk;Nghyh kh];fNud];> ‘fpwp];jtj; jkpo; njhz;lh;f jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> 1972.
Rajamanickam Rev. S. (S.J)., ‘The First Oriental Scholar’, De er’s College, Tirunelveli, 1972,
fl;Liufs;
Antao De Proenca’s Tamil – Portguese Dictionary, A.D 1679 P Thani Nayagam (Kuala Lumpur, 1966)
Thani Nayagam, Xavier S., ‘Tamil Manuscripts in European Libra Medras. Oct. 1954
Thani Nayagam, Xavier S., The First Books printed in Tamil’, Ta
Thani Nayagam, X.S., Antao De Proenca’s Tamil – Portguese Dic Tamil Culture, Vol.XI, No. 2, Apr – June .1964
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

xUtuhy; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; vOjg;ngw;w E}y;> Kjd; Kjypy; ;> Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; mr;Nrwpa jkpo; E}y;> Kjd; jkpo; E}y; Nghd;w tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,e;E}y;fSf;F
kpo; eil> mr;Rf;fiy> Nkdhl;L jkpo; mwpQh;fspd; mhpa gy cz;ikfisAk; jkpOyfk; czuj; jdpehafk; f mike;jJ.
bfshh;>’ cyfj; jkpoha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id> 1993
uyhW’> ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> r> (gjpg;)> jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofk;>
;lh; Nt> ‘jdpehaf mbfspd; tho;Tk;> gzpAk;’> jq;fk;
,yq;if> 1984
k;>’ Nj nehgpyp Muha;r;rp epiyak;> nrd;id> 1974
f;fk;’ jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofk;> J}j;Jf;Fb> 1963.
pe;Jiu> ‘mfehD}W’ (%yKk; ciuAk;)> epA+ nrQ;rhp Gf; 2004
p];jtj; jkpo; njhz;lh;fs;’ jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofk;>
irst Oriental Scholar’, De NobiliResearch Institute, St. Xavi-
e Dictionary, A.D 1679 Prepared for publication by Xavier S. )
uscripts in European Libraries’, Tamil Culture, Vol.III. No. 3 – 4,
ooks printed in Tamil’, Tamil Culture, Vol.VII, No. 3, July 1958
ca’s Tamil – Portguese Dictionary, A.D 1679 – An Introduction, e .1964
461


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462
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vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; vOj;jpay;> gjtpay;> Gzupay; ,lk;n ngaupay;> tpidapay;> ,ilapay;> capupay; vd;w njhlu;nkhopajpfhuj;jpy; njhifepiyj;njhlupay;> njhf vd;w tplaq;fs; mikfpd;wd. njhlu;nkhopajpfhuk; v ed;D}y;> nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iwf; $Wtjh nkhopapayhsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; thf;fpak; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplt gpd;gw;wpNa njhlu;nkhopajpfhuk; mike;Js;sJ. ,y tpdhf;fSk; tpilAkhf mikfpd;wJ. MWKfehtyu; , ,yFthf khztu;fs; GupAk; tifapy; ,t;tpdhtpili nfhs;syhk;.


; gythW tpsf;fk; nfhLg;gu;. tlnkhopapy; ,yf;fzk; vd;w Fg;gha;T vd;w nrhy;Ny gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ;gLfpwJ. ,yf;fzk; vd;gJ ,yf;fz tpjpKiwfisf; f;fzk; vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J cUthf;fk; ngWfpwJ. ghuk;gupaKilaJ. mJ Nghd;W  jkpo;;g;gzp pWtp mr;rpae;jpurhiyfis mikj;J gzpahw;wpatu;. hltpjhdj;ij cUthf;fpatu;. jkpo;nkhopia fw;gpf;Fk; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifia cUthf;fpatu;. Nj ,yf;fzr; RUf;fKk; ,yf;fz tpdhtpil vd;w ,U ;fk;> vOj;jjpfhuk;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;> njhlu;nkhopajpfhuk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
;> gjtpay;> Gzupay; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; lapay;> capupay; vd;w gFjpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ifepiyj;njhlupay;> njhfhepiyj;njhlupay;> xopgpay; . njhlu;nkhopajpfhuk; vd;w gFjpapy; njhy;fhg;gpak;> Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iwf; $WtjhfNt mikfpd;wd. etPd thf;fpak; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. kuG ,yf;fzj;ijg; huk; mike;Js;sJ. ,yf;fz tpdhtpil vd;gJ fpd;wJ. MWKfehtyu; ,tu;fs; ,yf;fzk; vspikAk; ; tifapy; ,t;tpdhtpilia mikj;jpUf;fpwhu;. vd;Nw
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Nru;. nghd; ,uhkehjd; mtu;fspd; gzpfs; gw;wpf; $W gzp gw;wp gyu; NgRtjpy;iy. 1927k; Mz;L nre;jkpo; ,yf E}y; vOe;jjw;fhd gpd;dzpia Nru;. nghd; ,uhkehjd; jkpo; fw;Fk; khztu;fspd; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;is fhuzk; mtw;wpd; fbd nrhy;eilNa vd;W ahU Kw;wpYk; ePf;fp ,yf;fz tpjpfspd; ,d;wpaikahr; rpwg;G nghUl;L ,e;E}y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vdf; $Wfpwhu;. Nguh nghd;. ,uhkehjd; vOjpa E}y; gw;wpf; $Wk; nghO RUf;fk; ed;D}ypy; $wpa ,yf;fzq;fis XusT R nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzNkh ed;D}yhUila vOj;jjpfhu n cs;stw;iwAk; ciufspy; $wg;gl;ldtw;iwAk; tps Nkw;gl;l ghf;fis cilaJ” vdf; $WtJ Fwpg;gplj;j ha, ga vd;w xyp tbtpidf; Fwpg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ vd mz;ik> Nra;ikiar; Rl;Ltjhff; Fwpg;gpLthu;. #j tpsf;fpAk; cjhuzq;fisf; fhl;bapUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf
Rd;dhfk; FkhuRthkpg;Gytu; ,yf;fzf; fy;t epuk;gpatu;. 1897Mk; Mz;by; ,yf;fzr; re;jpupid vOjp ntspapl;lhu;. fjpuNtw;gps;isapd; Ntz;L vOjpajhfj; njupfpd;wJ. 45 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l rpW ,yf;fzr; re;jpupifapd; cs;slf;fk; gpd;tUkhW mi vOj;njhLg;ghL>cgru;f;ff; $WghL> ,ilr;nrhw;$W ngau;r;nrhw;ghFghL> cupr;nrhw;ghFghL vd;w gFg;G nfhz;Ls;sJ. FkhuRthkpg; GytuJ ,yf;fz E tpidg;gFgj tpsf;fkhFk;. ,e;E}y; 1913Mk; Mz;by; nt ntspahdJ. ,tu; ,e;E}ypy; ifahz;l ,yf;fz Muha Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 23 gFjpfi njupepiy tpidg; gFjpfs; tpFjpNahL GzUk; NghJ ele gy nrhw;fs; tpfhug;gl;L tUk;.
nry; - Nrhy;- Kjy; ePz ;lJ rh - nrj;jhd; - Kjypy; cs;s Mfhuk; VfhukhfpaJ jh - je;jhd; - jdp neby; FWfpaJ.
fh>rh>jh Nghd;w xNu tbTila gFjpfs; tpFjpfNshL tpfhug;gLk;. tpidg;gFgj tpsf;fk; kuG ,yf;fzj;j mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wijf; fhzyhk;.
K. rpjk;gug;gps;is mtu;fs; 1886Mk; Mz;L jkpo; t ntspapl;lhu;. tlnkhopapy; trd ,yf;fzk; fhzg;gLfpd kuigg; gpd;gw;wp jkpopw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wfpwhu;. vOj;J trdKk; trdq;fshy; E}Yk; gpwf;Fk; vd;fpd;whu;. tpa
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; tu;fspd; gzpfs; gw;wpf; $Wk; nghOJ mtupd; ,yf;fzg; 927k; Mz;L nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ij vOjp ntspapl;lhu;. a Nru;. nghd; ,uhkehjd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;is fy;yhJ iftpLtjw;Fupa rhy;eilNa vd;W ahUk; mwptu;. ,t;tUj;jj;ij fspd; ,d;wpaikahr; rpwg;Gf;fisj; njspthf tpsf;Fk; J vdf; $Wfpwhu;. Nguhrpupau; m.rz;Kfjh]; Nru; E}y; gw;wpf; $Wk; nghOJ ehtyUila ,yf;fzr; yf;fzq;fis XusT RUf;fpj; jUfpd;wJ. Mdhy; }yhUila vOj;jjpfhu nrhy;yjpfhur; #j;jpuq;fspNy $wg;gl;ldtw;iwAk; tpsf;fpf; $WfpwJ. Ie;E}w;Wf;F ” vdf; $WtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. “f” vd;w xyp ka, Fwpg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ vdf; $Wfpwhu;. Rl;L tiffs; tjhff; Fwpg;gpLthu;. #j;jpuq;fis ,yFthf ciu ; fhl;bapUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
kpg;Gytu; ,yf;fzf; fy;tpAk;> tlnkhopg;GyikAk; ;by; ,yf;fzr; re;jpupid vd;w ,yf;fz E}iy tw;gps;isapd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f ,e;E}iy gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l rpW E}y; vd;whYk; fijahdJ s;slf;fk; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;. tlnrhy; NtWghL> $WghL> ,ilr;nrhw;$WghL> jj;jpjhe;jg;ghFghL> hw;ghFghL vd;w gFg;G Kiwia cs;slf;fkhff; g; GytuJ ,yf;fz E}y;fSs;; Kjd;ikahdJ e;E}y; 1913Mk; Mz;by; ntspte;jJ. kWgjpg;G 1967,y; fahz;l ,yf;fz Muha;r;rp GJikahdJ. ed;D}ypy; ahff; nfhz;L 23 gFjpfisAk; tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. FjpNahL GzUk; NghJ ele;jhd;> kbe;jhd; vd ,ay;ghf
;.
J s;s Mfhuk; VfhukhfpaJ FWfpaJ.
ila gFjpfs; tpFjpfNshL GzUk; NghJ gytpjkhfTk; psf;fk; kuG ,yf;fzj;jpd; thapyhf Gjpadtw;iw yhk;.
;fs; 1886Mk; Mz;L jkpo; tpahfuzk; vd;w E}iy vOjp d ,yf;fzk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpjk;gug;gps;is tlnkhop f;fzk; $Wfpwhu;. vOj;Jf;fshy; nrhy;Yk; nrhw;fshy; ; gpwf;Fk; vd;fpd;whu;. tpahfuzj;jpy; vOj;jpyf;fzk;>
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nrhy;ypyf;fzk;> trd ,yf;fzk; vd;w %d;iwAk; Fwpg gjpndhU gFjpfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tohepiy> gd;ik Rl;Lg;ngau;fs;> tpidfs;> tpidr;rhu;Gg; ngau;fs;> epiy vd;gd gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. trd ,yf;fzj;jpy; ,it trd ,yf;fzk; $wNtz;ba fl;lhak; ,e;E}y; tlnkhopkuigg; gpd;gw;wpr; nry;fpd;whu;. tohepiy> ,iz ,lk;ngWtdthFk;. kuG ,yf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzj;jpy; F KOikahf mikahtpl;lhYk; mjw;Fupa mbj;jsk; ,l;li
Nguhrpupau; M. NtYg;gps;is mtu;fs; jkpo; tuy vOjpAs;shu;. ,e;E}ypd; Kjw;gjpg;G 1982Mk; Mz;L n gyKiw gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Nguhrpupau; ,yf;fzg; GyikAk; ngw;wtu;. fyhepjpg;gl;lq;fis nkhopapaypYk;> rhrdtpay jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ij nkhopapay; ghu;itapy; ghu;f;Fk; ghu;i gioa ,yf;fzk; tuyhw;W E}y;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fSk; nkhopapay; Nehf;fpy; $wg ,e;E}y;> KfTiu> jkpopw;gpwnkhop vOj;jpay;> nrhy;y ,ilapay;> njhlupay;> nrhw;nghUspay; vd xd;gJ ,a ,yf;fzk; njhlupay;> nrhw;nghUspay; vdg;gFj;J rpwg;gh ty;Yduhifahy; njhlupy; nrhw;nghUspay; vd;gtw;wpw;F jkpo;nkhopapd; tuyhw;wpyf;fzj;ij Muha;e;J $Wk; Kjd cau;fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; gy;fiyf;fof khz ngupJk; gad;gLk; E}yhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
Nguhrpupau; m.rz;Kfjh]; mth;fs; nkhopapay Nkw;nfhz;lth;. kuG ,yf;fzj;ijg; gy;fiyf;fof khz fw;gpj;J te;jth;. ,g;gpd;dzpapy; jkpo;nkhopapd; ,yf;fz ntspapl;lhh;.
,e;E}y; 1982 ,y; ntspte;jJ. ,e;E}y; gy Ki ,yf;fz mwpTk;> nkhopapay; rhu;e;j mwpTk; ,e;E}y; Clh fy;tpf;F nkhopapaypd; mwpT fl;lhakhdJ. kuG ,yf;f ,yf;fzj;ijAk; ,izj;J nry;tijf; fhzyhk;. etPd thf;fpak;> vd;w tifapy; mika Ntz;Lk;. vd;gij ,e;E etPd ,yf;fzj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb E}yhf ,e;E}y; mikfp jkpo;nkhopapd; ,ay;Gfs; vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ vdyhk;. ku tpjpKiwfisf; $wpaJ.
etPd ,yf;fzk; jkpo;nkhopapd; ,ay;Gfisf; $Wt nry;tij ,e;E}y; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. cau;fy;tp fw;Fk; khz khztu;fSk;> Mrpupau;fSk; topfhl;b E}yhfTk; Ma;T E Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpo; xU jpuhtpl nkhop. ,yf;fzk;: ekJ
464

zk; vd;w %d;iwAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. trd ,yf;fzk; ;Ls;sJ. tohepiy> gd;ik> xUikg; ngau;> gpwehkq;fs;> dr;rhu;Gg; ngau;fs;> epiy> nrhd;dpiy> ,iznar;rk; trd ,yf;fzj;jpy; ,it cs;slf;fkhf mikfpd;wd. ;ba fl;lhak; ,e;E}y; Clhf czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ;fpd;whu;. tohepiy> ,iznar;rk;> vd;gd thf;fpaj;jpy; ;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lit. trd ,yf;fzk;
; mjw;Fupa mbj;jsk; ,l;lij Nehf;fKbfpd;wJ.
;gps;is mtu;fs; jkpo; tuyhw;wpyf;fzk; vd;w E}iy w;gjpg;G 1982Mk; Mz;L ntspte;jJ. gpd;du; ,e;E}y; rpupau; ,yf;fzg; GyikAk; nkhopapay; rhrdg; GyikAk;. nkhopapaypYk;> rhrdtpaypYk; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. gioa y; ghu;itapy; ghu;f;Fk; ghu;itahf ,e;E}y; mikfpd;wJ. }y;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpo; nkhopapy; khopapay; Nehf;fpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. nkhop vOj;jpay;> nrhy;ypay;> ngaupay;> tpidapay;> ghUspay; vd xd;gJ ,ay;fshf mike;Js;sJ. kuG hUspay; vdg;gFj;J rpwg;ghf Muhatpy;iy. nkhopapay; hw;nghUspay; vd;gtw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;shu;. j;ij Muha;e;J $Wk; Kjd; E}yhf ,e;E}y; mikfpd;wJ. f;Fk; gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fSf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; ;Ffpd;wJ.
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,yf;fzf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilfs;> vOj;Jg;gw;wpa rpe mbg;gilfs;> nrhy;Yk; nrhw;ghFghLk;> jkpo; ,yf;fz t jkpo; thf;fpa mikg;G> nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; vd;w jiy cs;slf;fk; mikfpd;wJ. ,yf;fzk; jpwdha;T Nehf;fpy ,e;E}y; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,yf;fz Ma;thsh;fSf;F Kd;khj
kuG ,yf;fzq;fs; gz;ilf;fhy> kw;Wk; ,ilf tpsf;fpAs;sd. INuhg;gpaupd; tUifapd; gpd;du; jkpo Vw;gl;Ls;sd. nkhopapay; rpe;jid> ,yf;fz Muha;r;rp v Vw;gl;Ls;sd. Nguhrpupau; vk;.V. E/khd; mtu;fs; m vd;w E}iy 1999 ,y; vOjpAs;shu;. f.ngh.j cau;ju t ghlj;jpl;lkhf mwpKfkhfpaJ. me;jg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mi khzth;fSf;Fk; gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fSf;Fk; Mrpu gaDilajhf mikfpd;wJ. etPd ,yf;fzj;ij ,e nkhopf;F cupa ,yf;fzkhf ,e;E}y; mikfpd;wJ. n mwpTk; ,ize;jpUg;gij ,e;E}y; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;E njhupay;> Gzupay; vd;w gFjpfis cs;slf;fkhff; nfh vOJfpd;wth;fSf;F Kd;khjpupahdJ. ,d;iwa nkhopa Nehf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gij ,e;E}y; fhl;Lfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj
f. tPufj;jp mtu;fs; gpw;fhy ,yf;fz khw;wq vOjpdhu;. mJ ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. K. n gjpg;gpj;jhu;. gpw;fhy ,yf;fz khw;wq;fs; (vOj;J) vd;w Mrpupau; tPuNrhopak;> Nekpehjk;> ed;D}y;> ,yf;fz ,yf;fzf;nfhj;J> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Kj;J tPupa ,yf;fzk; vd;w ,yf;fz E}y;fis Ma;tpw;F % njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpw;f vOj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisf; Fwp;g;gpLtjhf ,e ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; tPuNrhopak;> ed;D}y;> ,y ,yf;fzk; vd;w E}y;fNs tpupthfg; ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls gpw;fhy ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLk; xw;Wik fhl;Lfpd;whu;. nkhoptof;F> tlnkhop kuG> Kd;D E}w;ghf;fisAk; Gupe;J nfhz;;l tpjk;> jUf;f tpsq;Fk; jpwd;> vd;gtw;wpid ,e;E}y; Clhfg; mj;jpahaq;fis ,e;E}y; nfhz;Ls;sJ. KjyhtJ Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd r%fg; gpd;dzp vLj;Jf; fhl;lg E}y;fs;> vOj;jpay; Njhw;wq;fs;> KjYk; rhu;Gk;> KjYk; < ,ilepiy kaf;fk;> Gzu;r;rp ,ay;G> nkhopf;Nfhl;ghL> gjt nfhz;L ,e;E}y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

g;gilfs;> vOj;Jg;gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;> Gzu;r;rp tpjpfspd; hFghLk;> jkpo; ,yf;fz tifikfs;> gz;Gk; gzpAk;> ;Yk; nghUSk; vd;w jiyg;Gfisf; nfhz;L ,e;E}y; f;fzk; jpwdha;T Nehf;fpy; Nehf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ Ma;thsh;fSf;F Kd;khjpupahf ,e;E}y; mikfpd;wJ.
;ilf;fhy> kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy jkpopd; mikg;igNa ; tUifapd; gpd;du; jkpo;nkhopapy; ngupa khw;wq;fs; id> ,yf;fz Muha;r;rp vd;gtw;whYk; gy khw;wq;fs; ;.V. E/khd; mtu;fs; mbg;gilj; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; pAs;shu;. f.ngh.j cau;ju tFg;Gf;Fupa Gjpa ,yf;fzk; me;jg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mika E}y; vOe;jJ. cah;ju of khztu;fSf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; ,e;E}y; ngupJk; etPd ,yf;fzj;ij ,e;E}y; jUfpd;wJ. ,d;iwa ,e;E}y; mikfpd;wJ. nkhopapay; mwpTk; ,yf;fz e;E}y; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;E}y; vOj;jpay;> nrhy;ypay;> pfis cs;slf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. etPd ,yf;fzk; pupahdJ. ,d;iwa nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij vt;thW
}y; fhl;Lfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
; gpw;fhy ,yf;fz khw;wq;fs; (vOj;J) vd;w E}iy gpujpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. K. nfsupfhe;jd; 2011Mk; Mz;L khw;wq;fs; (vOj;J) vd;w E}iy vOJfpd;w nghOJ hjk;> ed;D}y;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> gpuNahf tpNtfk;> y; tpsf;fk;> Kj;J tPupak;> Rthkpehjk;> mWtif E}y;fis Ma;tpw;F %yq;fshff; nfhs;fpd;whu;. lahff; nfhz;L gpw;fhy ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; isf; Fwp;g;gpLtjhf ,e;E}y; mikfpd;wJ. gpw;fhy rhopak;> ed;D}y;> ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J> mWtif tpupthfg; ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mrpupau; ,e;E}ypy; py; fhzg;gLk; xw;WikiaAk; Ntw;WikiaAk; > tlnkhop kuG> Kd;Ds;s ,yf;fz E}y;fspd; nfhz;;l tpjk;> jUf;ftpay;JzpT> ciufis wpid ,e;E}y; Clhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;. Ie;J fhz;Ls;sJ. KjyhtJ mj;jpahak; ,yf;fzE}y;fs; ; gpd;dzp vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. gpw;fhy ,yf;fz ;> KjYk; rhu;Gk;> KjYk;  NghypAk; re;jpaf;fuKk;> ay;G> nkhopf;Nfhl;ghL> gjtpay;> vd;w cs;slf;fq;fisf; ;lJ.
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gz;bjh; rr;rpjhde;jk; mth;fs; kQ;Rfhrpdpak; : , 2000 Mk; Mz;L vOjp ntspapl;lhh;. kQ;Rfhrpdpak; milahf te;jngah; Mrpupaupd; kfs; rpWFoe;ijg; gUtj me;j nry;y kfspd; ngah;kQ;Rfhrpdp vd;gJ. Mrpupah; jd E}ypd; ngaiu ,Ltijf; fhzyhk;. ,aq;F jkpopay vd;gjhFk;. etPd Nehf;fpy; kuGj; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijg; mikfpd;wJ. ,f;fhyg; gad;ghl;bYs;s nrhw;fis cjh njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L etPd nkhopap;y mwptpay; Nehf;fpy; mtuJ ghh;it mikfpd;wJ.
f. Kj;Jj;jk;gpg;gps;is mtu;fs; ed;D}y; ,yFNghjk Gjpa ,yFNghj ,yf;fzk; vd;w %d;W E}y;fis fy;tpia khztu;fs; ,yFthf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk; vd Njhd;wpaNj ed;D}y; ,yFNghjk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;E}yp Nehf;fpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mjd; mik E}y;fspy; #j;jpuk; ciu mikAk;> ed;D}y; ,yFNghj tpdh mikAk; gpd;du; #j;jpuk; mikAk;. mLj;J gpupj;Jr; #j;jpuj;jpd; nghUSk; tpsf;fq;fSk; mtw;wpd; tpilAk Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; crhj;Jiz E}yhf tpsq;fpaJ.
f. nrhf;fypq;fk;> thRfp nrhf;fypq;fk; Mfpa ,U njspT Xu; mwpKfk;’ vd;w E}iy 1999 ,y; vOjp ntspapl;l nghJ ,lq;fspYk;> Clfq;fspYk;> gpioahfg; gad;gLj;Jt gpiofs;> ,yf;fzg; gpiofs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw vy;y jpUj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; cUthdNj ciueilj; njspT nrhy;nyhOq;F> vOtha; gadpiy mika Ntz;ba K mbg;gil> Mf;fr; nrhw;fs;> jpupnrhw;fs;> Ntu;r;nrhw;fs;> Gzu;r;rp ngWk; ,lk;. nrhw;fspy; ,ilntsp tplYk;> FwpaPL kaf;fk; kuGNgZjy;> eilapay; vd;w tifapy; E}ypd; c
nrhw;gpiofs;> thf;fpa mikg;Gg; gpiofs;> Gj;jhf Vw;glhtz;zk; cupa topKiwfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wdu thf;fpaq;fspy; Vw;gl;LtUk; gpiofisr; Rl;bf; fhl;b mt toptiffis Mrpupau;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. ,jid thf;fpaj ,aypy; fhzKbAk;. c-k; :- kd;dhu; khtl;lj;jpy; Nk epyTfpd;wJ. ,t;thf;fpak; gpioahf vOjg;gl;lijr; Rl fhzyhk;. kd;dhu; khtl;lj;jpy; Mrpupau; gw;whf;Fiw epyTfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;. vdj; jpUj;jpaikf;fpd;wdu;. n nrhw;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;Gf;fis khw;wpAs;sdu gad;ghl;ilAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. nrhw;fspd; ,ilnts jiyg;G fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

; th;fs; kQ;Rfhrpdpak; : ,aq;F jkpopay; vd;w E}iy spapl;lhh;. kQ;Rfhrpdpak; vd;gJ ,aq;F jkpopaYf;F ; kfs; rpWFoe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; cyiftpl;L ePq ;fpdhs;. fhrpdp vd;gJ. Mrpupah; jdJ kfspd; ngaiu milahf hzyhk;. ,aq;F jkpopay; vd;gJ eilKiwj; jkpo; Gj; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk; ghh;itahf ,e;E}y; hl;bYs;s nrhw;fis cjhuzkhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. ff; nfhz;L etPd nkhopap;y; cjhuz tpsf;fk; jUfpwhd;. ;it mikfpd;wJ.
tu;fs; ed;D}y; ,yFNghjk;> ed;D}y; cjhuztpsf;fk;> ; vd;w %d;W E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. ,yf;fzf; hf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jidapd; tpisthfj; ghjk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;E}ypd; mikg;Gk; ciuAk; Gjpa Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mjd; mikg;ghdJ NtWgl;lJ. Vida kAk;> ed;D}y; ,yFNghjj;jpy; mikg;gjw;F Kd; xU ; mikAk;. mLj;J gpupj;Jr; nrhw;fs; tpsf;fg;gLk;. mLj;J ;fSk; mtw;wpd; tpilAk; mikAk;. khztu;fSf;Fk; E}yhf tpsq;fpaJ.
fp nrhf;fypq;fk; Mfpa ,UtUk; ,ize;J ‘ciueilj; y 1999 ,y; vOjp ntspapl;ldu;. jkpo;nkhopapid kf;fs; pYk;> gpioahfg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. thf;fpag; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw vy;yhk; kdq;nfhz;L mtw;iwj; dNj ciueilj; njspT vd;gjhFk;. thf;fpaj;jpNy piy mika Ntz;ba Kiw>vOj;Jf;fSf;F xypNa pupnrhw;fs;> Ntu;r;nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; mikg;gpy; py; ,ilntsp tplYk;> FwpaPL fSk;> tOtikjp vdg;gLk;
y; vd;w tifapy; E}ypd; cs;slf;fk; mike;Js;sJ.
ikg;Gg; gpiofs;> Gj;jhf;fr; nrhy; kaf;fk; vd;gd iwfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. ehs;NjhWk; gad;gLj;Jk; piofisr; Rl;bf; fhl;b mtw;iwj; jpUj;jpmikg;gjw;Fupa ;Lfpd;wdu;. ,jid thf;fpaj;jpNy nrhy;nyhOq;F vd;Dk; kd;dhu; khtl;lj;jpy; Nkhrkhd Mrpupau; gw;whf;Fiw pioahf vOjg;gl;lijr; Rl;bf;fhl;b jpUj;jpaikg;gijf; ;jpy; Mrpupau; gw;whf;Fiw Nkhrkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; j; jpUj;jpaikf;fpd;wdu;. nrhy;> nrhw;nwhlu;> ,izg;Gr; kg;Gf;fis khw;wpAs;sdu;. mtw;Wld; FwpaPL fspd; d. nrhw;fspd; ,ilntsp tplYk; FwpaPL fSk; vd;w
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ngh. nrq;fjpu;r;nry;td; jkpo; ,yf;fz tsu;r;rpf;F , vd;w jiyg;gpy; 1997Mk; Mz;by; KJjj;Jtkhzpg;gl;l E}y; cUthf;fk; ngwtpy;iy. ,yf;fzg; gjpg;G Kaw;rpapy ,yf;fz ciunra;j mwpQu;fs;> Gjpa ,yf;fzE}y;fs; cs;slf;fkhf mikfpd;wJ.  Ie;jpyf;fz kuG Vd; gpw;fhyj tplaq;fs; $wg;gl;ld. tPuNrhopaKk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;f njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; Ie;jpyf;fzq;fNshL ,t;tpU E}y xg;gpl;Lf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
v];.re;jpuNrfuk; ,yFjkpo; ,yf;fzk; vd;w vOjpntspapl;lhu;. ,e;E}y; ,yf;fzj;ij vspikg vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;YWg;gpyf;fzk;> nrhw;nghJtpyf;fz nrhw;nwhlupyf;fzk;> thf;fpatpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf cs;slf;fpaJ. kuigAk; etPd j;ijAk; ,izg;gJ Nghd njupfpwJ.
f.ehfypq;fk; nre;jkpo; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; vd;w ngh 2000Mk; Mz;Lntspapl;lhu;. vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy cl;gpupTfshf gpd;tUtd mikfpd;wd. vOj;jpay;> gj Gzupay;> nka;aPw ;Wg; Gzupay;> cUG Gzupay; cs;slq;Fk; tplaq;fshFk;. nrhy;ypyf;fzj;jpy; ngau;r;n njhlu;nkhopapay;> nghJtpay;> ,ilr;nrhy;ypay;> cupr cs;slf;fkhf mikfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y;> v nfhz;L ,yf;fzk; $wg;gl;Ls;sij Nehf;fyhk;. tpidg tpid> Fwpg;G tpid> gw;wpj; njspthf tpsf;ftpy;i kl;LNk jUfpwhu;. tpsf;fpapUe;jhy; gad;ghLilajhf ,U Fwpg;Gtpid gad;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; njhy;fhg;gpau;> e nfhs;if vd;d vd;gJ njspT ngwNtz;ba tplakhFk;.
2. mfg;;nghUs; kuGk; Gwg;nghUs; kuGk;
Nguhrpupau;. f. rptj;jk;gp mtu;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaKk E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shu;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij vt;thW Ne ,J gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ “jkpopy; vt;thW tplaq;fis vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpd;w xU topelj;J E}yhf mjidg; ghu;f
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; jkpo; ,yf;fz tsu;r;rpf;F ,yq;if mwpQu;fspd; gq;fspg;G ;by; KJjj;Jtkhzpg;gl;l Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,yf;fzg; gjpg;G Kaw;rpapy;  s;> Gjpa ,yf;fzE}y;fs; ,aw;wpatu;fs; vd;w gFjpfs; oj;J ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfis Kd;ndLg;gjhf ,t;tha;T
opy; Ie;jpyf;fz kuG vd;w E}iy 2006Mk; Mz;by; vOjp ePz ;lghuk;gupaKilajhf ,Ue;Jte;jJ. njhy;fhg;gpak; u Ie;jpyf;fz kuG ghuk;gupak; Ngzg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. ;jpyf;fz kuG Vd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,y;yhkw; NghdJ vd;w opaKk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fKNk tpupthf Muhag;gl;ld. ;fzq;fNshL ,t;tpU E}y;fs; $Wk; Ie;jpyf;fzq;fs;
jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vd;w E}iy 2005Mk; Mz;L ,yf;fzj;ij vspikg;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpd;wJ. f;fzk;> nrhw;nghJtpyf;fzk;> nrhw;ghFghl;byf;fzk;> patpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk; vd;w gFjpfis j;ijAk; ,izg;gJ Nghd;w xU Kaw;rpapy;  nrhy;ypyf;fzk; vd;gdtw;wpd; ikfpd;wd. vOj;jpay;> gjtpay;> Gzupay;> capuPw ;Wg; upay;> cUG Gzupay; vd;gd vOj;jpyf;fzj;jpy; rhy;ypyf;fzj;jpy; ngau;r;nrhy;ypay;> tpidr;nrhy;ypay;> ;> ,ilr;nrhy;ypay;> cupr;nrhy;ypay; vd;w tplaq;fs; njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y;> vd;gdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; ;sij Nehf;fyhk;. tpidgw;wpf; $Wk; nghOJ njupepiy pj; njspthf tpsf;ftpy;iy. NkNyhl;lkhd Fwpg;ig ;jhy; gad;ghLilajhf ,Uf;Fk; ,d;iwa nkhopapaypy; . Mdhy; njhy;fhg;gpau;> ed;D}yhu; mJ gw;wpf; $wpa ngwNtz;ba tplakhFk;.
ghUs; kuGk;
k;gp mtu;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ftpijAk; vd;w nghUspy; ;fhg;gpaj;ij vt;thW Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nguhrpupau; opy; vt;thW tplaq;fis vLj;Jf; $WtJ vd;gjid lj;J E}yhf mjidg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. tpjpKiwahd
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tpjpg;Gf;fshff; $whky; ,aq;Fepiy epakq;fisf; $W $wpr; nry;fpwJ” vd;W $WtJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e njhy;fhg;gpag;ghTk; ftpijAk;> gj;Jg;ghl;bd; ftpijapay njhy;fhg;gpaf; ftpijapy; rpy tpdhf;fSk; rpf;fy;fSk; vd mikfpd;wJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij vt;thW fw;f Ntz;Lk; vt vd;gij jpwdha;T Nehf;fpy; ghh;f;Fk; ghh;itahf mJ mi Ma;thsh;fSf;Fk; ngUk; gaDilajhf ,e;E}y; mikfpd
fp. tprhf&gd; 2009 Mk; Mz;L jkpopy; mfj;jpiz vOjpAs;shu;. mfj;jpiz kuG gw;wp ,yf;fzE}y;fs; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lJ. njhy;fhg;gpak;> ,iwadhuf Mfpa ,yf;fzq;fs; mfj;jpiz kuG gw;wp vd;d $Wf Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; mfj;jpizf; mfj;jpizfs;> ,Utiff; ifNfhs;fs;> mfj;jpiz mfj;jpiz khe;ju; ngau;Rl;lhg; gz;G>mfj;jpiz kugpy; g cyfpay; tof;Fk;> jpizg;ngaUk; jpizepiyg; nga ntspg;ghl;L Kiwik> mfj;jpizf; ftpijf;fhd ahg nfhz;L E}y; mikfpd;wJ. mfj;jpiz kuG gw;wp mwp gaDilajhf mikfpd;wJ.
ejPuh kupare;jdk; 1998Mk; Mz;L njhy;fhg;gpak; G gw;wpa Ma;tpid KJjj;Jtkhzpg;gl;lj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhz gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. njhy vLj;Jf; $wg;gLk; nra;As; kuGk; GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J mjw;Fs;s ,iaGk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;j khiyapYk; Gwj;jpiz tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;s KiwikAk; ,iagpd;ikfSk; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
3. ahg;G ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
rp.it. jhNkhjug;gps;is mtu;fs; 1881 Mk; Mz;by; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw ,e;E}y; ,uz;lhk; gjpg;ghf ntspte;jJ. fl;lisf;fyp tPuNrhopak; Fwpg;gpl;lJ. ahg;gUq;fyf;fhupif> E}w;g ahg;gpdhy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. tlnkhopapy; fhupif ahg;igf; Fwpj;jJ. jkpo; ,yf;fz tuyhw;wpy; Kd;du; Nj gpd;gw;wp fl;lisf;fypj;Jiw ahg;ig rp.it. jhNkhjug;gp ,yf;fz Mrpupau;fs; $wpa rPu;> njhil> vOj;J vz;zpf Vw;Wf;nfhz;L rpy tplaq;fisg; Gjpjhfj;jUfpwhu;.
468

;Fepiy epakq;fisf; $WtJ vd;w KiwikapNyNa ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;E}y; jkpou; rpe;jid kugpy; ;> gj;Jg;ghl;bd; ftpijapay;> jkpo;f;ftpij tuyhw;wpNy tpdhf;fSk; rpf;fy;fSk; vd;w tplaq;fis Muha;tjhf j vt;thW fw;f Ntz;Lk; vt;thW Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; hh;f;Fk; ghh;itahf mJ mikfpd;wJ. khzth;fSf;Fk;
ilajhf ,e;E}y; mikfpd;wJ.
k; Mz;L jkpopy; mfj;jpizf; ftpij kuG vd;w E}iy uG gw;wp ,yf;fzE}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLtij mbg;gilahff; hy;fhg;gpak;> ,iwadhufg;nghUs;> ek;gpafg;nghUs;> z kuG gw;wp vd;d $Wfpd;wdh; vdf; $WtJ ,q;F ; Fwpg;gpLk; mfj;jpizf; ftpij kugpd; mbg;gilfs;> ifNfhs;fs;> mfj;jpiz kugpy; gpupT epkpj;jq;fs;> g; gz;G>mfj;jpiz kugpy; ghlYf;FupNahu;> ehlftof;Fk; gaUk; jpizepiyg; ngaUk;> mfj;jpizf; ftpij> ;jpizf; ftpijf;fhd ahg;G vd;w cs;slf;fq;fisf; mfj;jpiz kuG gw;wp mwpAk; khztu;fSf;F ,e;E}y;
k; Mz;L njhy;fhg;gpak; Gwj;jpizapay;> ,yf;fpa kuG hzpg;gl;lj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,t;tha;T aho;g;ghzg; py; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. njhy;fhg;gpag; Gwj;jpizapaypy; Gk; GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J Mfpa gz;ila E}y;fSld; ;gLfpd;wJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh f;fg;gl;Ls;s KiwikAk; mtw;Wf;fpilapyhd ,iaG fpd;wJ.
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r. [fehijau; 1933 Mk; Mz;by; ghl;bay; tpd ntspapl;Ls;shu;. 48 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;lJ. Kd;du; N ntz;ghg;ghl;baypy; $wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp tp
Nguhrpupau; nry;tehafk; jkpo; ahg;Gg; gw;wpa jkpo;j;Jiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fk; nf m. rz;Kfjh]; mtu;fis “jkpopd; gh tbtq;fs;: vd;D Ma;thf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gb gzpj;jhu;. Ma;T eilngw;W ,ilepWj;jp Nguhrpupau;m. rz;Kfjh]; mtu;fis nkho Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdg; gzpj;jhu;. gzpg;gpw;fika 1968Mk; Mz;L vbd;gNwhg; fy;fiyf;fo Mz;L njhlu;e;J gh tbt Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lhu; R.tpj;jpahde;jd;> f.ifyhrgjp MfpNahupd; mzpe;Ji ,Ue;jJ. cyfj; jkpohuha;e;j epWtdk; 1998 Mk;Mz ntspapl;lJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz njhy;fhg;gpak;> mftw;gh> ntz;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh $Wfpd;wJ. rq;f fhyj;jpy; mftYk; mwE}w; fhyj;jpy; n ehd;F tifg;ghf;fSk; ghtpdq;fSk; fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy Nguhrpupau; m. rz;Kfjh]; mtu;fs; fhyk; NjhWk; khw ghtpdq;fs; gw;wpAk; $wpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,yf;fpa Ma;Tnra;fpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;E}ypy; tuyhW Mrpupag;ghtpd; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;>ntz;ghTk; mjd; ts mjd; tsu;r;rp epiyfSk; ghtpdk; gpwe;jJ ghtpdq;fspy tplaq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ahg;G gw;wp Ma;T nra;fpd;wt Ma;T nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpid jpwdha;T K Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. khzth;fSf;Fk; Mrpupah;fSf;Fk; ngupJ
f.rr;rpjhde;jk; 2002Mk; Mz;L jkpo; ahg;gpay Mq;fpy nkhopapy; vOjpAs;shu;. jkpo; ahg;G kugpid M gpwnkhopahsu;fSk; ,jid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Ln ahg;G tiffs; gw;wp mtu; $Wk; tpsf;fk; njspthd mikfpd;wJ. mwptpay; rpe;jidAld; ,e;E}iy vOJfpd nkhopngau;j;jhy; rpwg;Gilajhfg; gyUk; gad;gLj;jf; $ba
eh. Rg;gpukzpak; mtu;fs; jkpo;ahg;G tsu;r;rp g fyhepjpg;gl;l Ma;tpid aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd tuyhw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;l Ma;thf mikfpd;wJ. fUj;J epiyfisAk; tbtepiy> gapy;epiy vd;gtw;w vd;gdtw;iwAk; fz;lwpAk; Nehf;fpNy Ma;T mikfpd;w
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

k; Mz;by; ghl;bay; tpdhtpil vd;w E}iy vOjp s; nfhz;lJ. Kd;du; Njhd;wpa rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp tpdhtpilahf mikj;Js;shu;.
fk; jkpo; ahg;Gg; gw;wpa mwptpid gy;fiyf;fofj; tz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fk; nfhz;ltu;. Kjypy; Nguhrpupau; kpopd; gh tbtq;fs;: vd;Dk; Ma;tpid fyhepjpg;gl;l pj;jhu;. Ma;T eilngw;W tUk; Ntisapy; Ma;tpid ;Kfjh]; mtu;fis nkhopapay; Jiwapy; fyhepjpg;gl;l z;Lk; vdg; gzpj;jhu;. Nguhrpupau; nry;tehafj;jpd; ;L vbd;gNwhg; fy;fiyf;fofj;Jf;Fr; nrd;whu;. 1974Mk; Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. jl;lr;R tbtpy; Nguhrpupau; jp MfpNahupd; mzpe;Jiu KfTiufSld; ifapy; ;j epWtdk; 1998 Mk;Mz;L ,e;E}ypidg; gjpg;gpj;J ;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L njhy;fhg;gpak; vOe;jJ. z;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh Mfpa gh tbtq;fs; gw;wpf; ftYk; mwE}w; fhyj;jpy; ntz;ghTk;> gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; q;fSk; fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jKk; ifahsg;gl;ld. tu;fs; fhyk; NjhWk; khwptUk; ghtbtq;fs; gw;wpAk; ik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W Nehf;fpy; ghf;fis ;jf;fJ. ,e;E}ypy; tuyhWk; ,yf;fpag; gpd;dzpAk;> fs;>ntz;ghTk; mjd; tsu;r;rp epiyfSk;> fypg;ghTk; pdk; gpwe;jJ ghtpdq;fspy; ehl;Lg; ghlw; nry;thf;F vd;w g;G gw;wp Ma;T nra;fpd;wth;fSf;F vt;thW ahg;gpaid Nehf;fpid jpwdha;T Kiwapy; Nehf;Fk; Kiwik ;Fk; Mrpupah;fSf;Fk; ngupJk; gaDilajhFk;.
k; Mz;L jkpo; ahg;gpaypd; mbg;gil vd;w E}iy hu;. jkpo; ahg;G kugpid Mq;fpy nkhopapy; $wpAs;shu;. tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fpy; vOjpAs;shu;. $Wk; tpsf;fk; njspthdjhfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; dAld; ,e;E}iy vOJfpd;whu;. ,e;E}y; jkpo;nkhopapy; fg; gyUk; gad;gLj;jf; $bajhf mikAk;.
u;fs; jkpo;ahg;G tsu;r;rp gw;wp 1985Mk; Mz;L jdJ ;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; rku;g;gpj;jhu;. fp.gp gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiuahd jkpo;ahg;G ;l Ma;thf mikfpd;wJ. ahg;Gj; njhlu;ghf epytpa piy> gapy;epiy vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp khw;wk; ehf;fpNy Ma;T mikfpd;wJ.
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tprhf&gd; ahg;gpyf;fz kugpy; fypg;gh vd;w rpwpa ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ,yf;fz E}y;fs; fypg;gh gw;wp $wpa $Wfpd;wJ. fypg;gh gpw;fhyj;jpy; khw;wKw;wijAk; ,e; E}y mwpKfk;> fypg;gh tiffSk; mtw;wpd; tbt mikg;Gk;> fypg;ghTk; gpw;fhy khw;wKk; vd;w tplaq;fis cs;slf;f fypg;gh gw;wpf; fw;Fk; khztu;fSf;F crhj;Jiz E}yhf
k. ,uFehjd; 2009Mk; Mz;L jkpo;g;gh tbtq;fi E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. nra;ASk; ahg;Gk; Xu; mwpKfk;>nra ntz;gh- Fws; ntz;gh> Neupir ntz;gh> ,d;dpir g/nwhil ntz;gh vdTk; Mrpupag;gh tFg;gpy; Neupi Mrpupag;gh> epiykz;by; Mrpupag;gh> mbkwp kz;by Mrpup tz;zf xj;jhopir> mk;Nghjuq;f xj;jhopir> Neupir fypntz;gh> nfhr;rf;fypg;gh vd;w tiffs; gw;wp tpsf;fpA tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gjpa nra;Al;fs; gw;wpAk; ,Wjpapy; t gw;wpAk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghtiffisAk; ghtpdq;fisAk; tpsf;fp mj tpsf;fpapUf;fpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ahg;gpidf; fw;gjw;F Gupe;J nfhs;sTk; nra;As;fis myfpl;L mtw;wpd; ahg;gi ,e;E}y; cjTfpd;wJ.
4. xg;gPl;L ,yf;fz Ma;T
jkpo;nkhopAk; ag;ghdpa nkhopAk; ,yf;fz xg;Gik jkpohf;fk; nra;jtu;fs; m. rz;Kfjh];> kNdhd;kzp 1990Mk; Mz;L jkpo;r; rq;fj;jhy; nfhOk;gpy; ntspaplg;gl;l xg;Gik> ag;ghdpa nkhopapd; ,ilr;nrhy;Yld; jkpo;nk ag;ghdpa nkhopapd; Jiz tpidfSld; jkpo;nkhopa mikfpd;wd. nkhop xg;gPl ;lha;tpy; ,e;E}y; Fwpg;gplg;gl Nt
KbTiu
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; Mz;L jkpo;g;gh tbtq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy; vd;w k; ahg;Gk; Xu; mwpKfk;>nra;As; cWg;Gf;fs;> ghtiffs;> upir ntz;gh> ,d;dpir ntz;gh> rpe;jpay; ntz;gh> Mrpupag;gh tFg;gpy; Neupir Mrpupag;gh> ,izf;Fws; pag;gh> mbkwp kz;by Mrpupag;gh vdTk; fypg;gh tifapy; juq;f xj;jhopir> Neupir xj;jhopir> ntz;gh fypg;gh> d;w tiffs; gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;shu;. ghtpdq;fs; gw;wpAk; l;fs; gw;wpAk; ,Wjpapy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpe;J Fk;kp
q;fisAk; tpsf;fp mjw;F cjhuzq;fs; fhl;b ;jf;fJ. ahg;gpidf; fw;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F ahg;gpidg; myfpl;L mtw;wpd; ahg;gikjpapidf; fz;L nfhs;sTk;
khopAk; ,yf;fz xg;Gik vd;w E}iy jkpo;nkhopapy; ;Kfjh];> kNdhd;kzp rz;Kfjh]; Mthu;. ,e;E}y; hy; nfhOk;gpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}ypy; tifepiyahd ; ,ilr;nrhy;Yld; jkpo;nkhop ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; xg;Gik> pidfSld; jkpo;nkhopapd; Jiztpidfspd; xg;gPL ;tpy; ,e;E}y; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;bajhFk;.
f;fz tuyhW ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tuyhW ,Jtiu y;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;L ,f;fl;;Liu vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy k;.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
“fpof;fpyq;if fpwp];jt ,jo;fs;: - njh
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,yq;ifapy; ntsptUk; ,jo;fs; Fwpj;j KOikah Ntz;ba Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; fpof;fpyq;i ntsptUk; fj;Njhypf;f ,jo;fs; Fwpj;j tpguq;fis ntspf mikfpd;wJ.
Nehf;fk;
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tplak;
,yq;iff; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapy; jpUNfhzkiy – xd;whf 1965 njhlf;fk; 2012 tiu ,aq;fpte;jJ. (1 jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; epu;thfj;jpd; fPN oNa 2012 [_iy 03 Mk; jpfjpapd; gpd;du; jpUNfhzkiy kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;lk; jdpahfTk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd). ,f Maufj;ij gpujhd Kftupahff; nfhz;L ntspte;J nfhz

yq;if fpwp];jt ,jo;fs;: - njhz;ld;> l;lhg;G vd;gd Fwpj;j rpwg;G Ma;T”
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paypd; Njhw;wk; ngUk;ghYk; kjk; rhu;e;jpUe;jJ. kjg; khf fp.gp 19 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; fpwp];jt kp\dupkhu; ; njhlq;fpdu;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 1876 ,y; ntspte;j pupifia ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; $w KbAk;. njhlu;e;J j;jk; kjg; gug;GjYf;fhfg; gj;jpupiffisg; gad;gLj;jj;
;ypk; Nerd; vd;Dk; gj;jpupiffs; mj;jifad.
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KOikahd Ma;Tfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;glhj #oypy; mit hzu;e;J ,tw;iw Mtzg;gLj;jYf;F Cf;Ftpg;gNj ,f;
k;.
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r;rigapy; jpUNfhzkiy – kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;lKk; 12 tiu ,aq;fpte;jJ. (1893 njhlf;fk; 1964 tiu j;jpd; epu;thfj;jpd; fPN oNa kl;lf;fsg;G ,aq;fp te;jJ. pd; gpd;du; jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lk; jdpahfTk; pahfTk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd). ,f; Fwpj;j fhyj;Js; kl;lf;fsg;G f; nfhz;L ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ‘njhz;ld;’; vd;Dk;
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rQ;rpifAk;> ‘ntl;lhg;G’ vd;Dk; gj;jpupifANk ,q;F ftd ,t;tpU ,jo;fSk; fj;Njhypf;f rka tplaq;fSf;F mg;gh r%fk; vdg; gy;Jiw rhu;e;j tplaq;fisj; jk;kfj;Nj vdpDk; ,it mikg;gpYk;> nghUspYk;> Nehf;fj;jpYk; x NtWgl;l Nghf;fpidAiladthf cs;sd. vdNt mtw;i %yk; mt;ttw;wpd; jdpj;Jtq;fis milahsg;gLj;j Kb
njhz;ld;
1969 ngg;utup njhlf;fk; ,w;iwtiu ,r; rQ;rp Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,r; rQ;rpif fhy Xl;lj;jpy; fi cs;slf;fp kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s r%fj; njhlu;G epiya nts Centre) khjhe;jk; ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,k; kiw njhlu;G epiyaj;jpw;nfd epakpf;fg;gLk; ,af;Fdu; (mtu; rQ;rpifapd; gpujhd Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;Wthu;. ,jd; , fhykhf (Rkhu; 30 tUlq;fs;) kyu;Nte;jd; gzpahw;Wfpd nfhz;ljhf ,r; rQ;rpif mike;Js;sJ. gy;NtW rpukq;fS jrhg;jq;fshf ,r; rQ;rpif ntsptUtJ ,jd; ngWkjpf;F
,Jtiu Rkhu; ehDhw;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l rQ;rpiffs; nts ,J Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. MW gf;fq;fspy; mike;jpUe;j ,g; gj 15 rjkhFk;. ,U Mz;Lfspd; gpd; jw;NghJs;s rQ;rpif gj;jpupifahf ntspte;j Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ‘fj;Njhypf;f khj fhzg;gl;lik ,jd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd Nehf;fj;ijj; njspT
jpUkiy - kl;Lefu; Nkw;wpuhrd (kiwkhtl;lk;) If tpohtpy; (1968) fj;Njhypf;f gj;jpupif xd;W Muk;gpj;jy jPu;khdj;jpw;fika ,J Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njupfpd;wJ. ,J Kd;du; ,Ue;jJ. rq;fj;jpd; nrayhsu; nr.me;Njhdpg md;udp nrgkhiy MfpNahuhy; ,J Muk;gj;jpy; nt ,jo;fSk; ,tu;fsJ nghWg;gpNyNa ntspaplg;gl;ld. mj (kiw kthtl;lk;) Jiz Mauhf ,Ue;j mjp tz.t.jpNa Mrpupau; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. 1972 ,y; aho;g;ghz nghWg;Ngw;Wr; nry;Yk; tiu ,tNu ,jd; Mrpupauhf ,Ue
,jd; gpd; Maufk; ,jid ntspapLtjpy; Kd;dpd;w nrgkhiy ,jd; nghWg;gpid Vw;Wr; nraw;gl;lhu;. mjd; md;udp [hd; mofurd; (1980 - 1981)> V.Njtjhrd; (198 (1983 - 1988 itfhrp)> gp.N[hrg; (1988 Mdp - 1989 gq;Fdp: jw;Nghija Mau;)> fpq;];yp nwhNgl; (1989 Vg;uy; - 1994 i
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;fis milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;.
; ,w;iwtiu ,r; rQ;rpif ntsptUfpd;wJ. rka ,r; rQ;rpif fhy Xl;lj;jpy; fiy - ,yf;fpa tplaq;fisAk; %fj; njhlu;G epiya ntspaPl hf (Social Communications fhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,k; kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; Mauhy; r%fj; pf;fg;gLk; ,af;Fdu; (mtu; mUl;je;ijahf ,Ug;ghu;) ,r; fg; gzpahw;Wthu;. ,jd; ,iz Mrpupauhf kpf ePz ;l ;) kyu;Nte;jd; gzpahw;Wfpd;whu;. Rkhu; 30 gf;fq;fisf; e;Js;sJ. gy;NtW rpukq;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; fle;j ehd;F sptUtJ ,jd; ngWkjpf;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
;F Nkw;gl;l rQ;rpiffs; ntspte;Js;sd. gj;jpupifahfNt q;fspy; mike;jpUe;j ,g; gj;jpupifapd; mg;Nghija tpiy ; gpd; jw;NghJs;s rQ;rpif tbtj;jpw;F ,J khw;wg;gl;lJ. ;g fhyj;jpy; ‘fj;Njhypf;f khj VL’ vd;w ngaUlNdNa ,J
pw;fhd Nehf;fj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jk;.
;wpuhrd (kiwkhtl;lk;) If;fpa rq;fj;jpd; 41 tJ Mz;L gj;jpupif xd;W Muk;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd vLf;fg;gl;l ;gpf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njupfpd;wJ. mr;rq;fj;jpd; ntspaPl hfNt d; nrayhsu; nr.me;Njhdpg;gps;is kw;Wk; cg nrayhsu; uhy; ,J Muk;gj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Kjy; %d;W pNyNa ntspaplg;gl;ld. mjd; gpd;du; Nkw;wpuhrdj;jpd; uhf ,Ue;j mjp tz.t.jpNahFg;gps;is Mz;lif ,jd; z;lhu;. 1972 ,y; aho;g;ghz kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; Mauhfg;
tNu ,jd; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;jhu;.
ntspapLtjpy; Kd;dpd;wJ. mUl;je;ij nuf;]; N[hrg; Vw;Wr; nraw;gl;lhu;. mjd; gpd;du; mUl;je;ijau;fshd - 1981)> V.Njtjhrd; (1982 - 1983)> rp.gp.,uhN[e;jpuk; ; (1988 Mdp - 1989 gq;Fdp: kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; hNgl; (1989 Vg;uy; - 1994 ij)> V.Njtjhrd; (1994 ngg; -
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2000 gq;Fdp )> N[.V.[p. ,ul;zFkhu; (2000 Vg;uy; - 200 2011)> ny];yp n[afhe;jd; (2012 njhlf;fk; ,w;iw tiu) M fhyj;Jf;Ffhyk; gzpahw;wp te;Js;sdu;.
Ma;T Nehf;fk; fUjp ,r; rQ;rpifapd; tsu;r;rp epiyfi - 1979 tiu> 1980 - 1990 tiu> 1991 - 1999 tiu> 2000 gFg;Gf;fshf;fp Nehf;FtJ nghUj;jkhdJ.
1969 - 1979 tiu:
,jd; KjyhtJ ,jo; 01 Mk; jpfjp ngg;utup khjk; 196 jpUkiy - kl;Lefu; Nkw;wpuhrdj;jpd; Mauhf ,Ue;j ,f mtu;fSk;> Jiz Mauhf ,Ue;j t.jpNahFg;gps;is Mz Gdpj kupahs; cg Mrdf; Nfhapy; gupghyfUk; kl;lf;fsg;G mjp.tz.N[hu;[;> <.vy;.tk;Ngf; mbfSk; Mrpr; nra;j toq;fpapUe;jhu;fs;. ‘jd; ngaUf;;F xg;g mJ vg;NghJk mwpit Cl;l Ntz;Lk; vdTk; ,iwtDf;Fk; mayhD njhz;L nra;a mJ ek;ikj; Jhz;l Ntz;Lk;;’ vdTk; M kf;fs; fpwp];jt tho;f;ifapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; milaTk; j gzpapYk;  nwhfhd; Ngzhl; (2006 - 12 njhlf;fk; ,w;iw tiu) MfpNahu; ,jd; Mrpupau;fshff; e;Js;sdu;.
Q;rpifapd; tsu;r;rp epiyfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F 1969 u> 1991 - 1999 tiu> 2000 - ,w;iw tiu vd;Dk; fhyg;
j;jkhdJ.
k; jpfjp ngg;utup khjk; 1969 ,y; ntspte;jJ. mg;NghJ dj;jpd; Mauhf ,Ue;j ,f;Ndrpa]; fpnsdp Mz;lif e;j t.jpNahFg;gps;is Mz;lif mtu;fSk;> kl;lf;fsg;G apy; gupghyfUk; kl;lf;fsg;G tl;lhu Kjy;tUkhf ,Ue;j gf; mbfSk; Mrpr; nra;jpapid KjyhtJ ,jOf;F Uf;;F xg;g mJ vg;NghJk; ew;njhz;L nra;tjhf mJ Tk; ,iwtDf;Fk; mayhDf;Fk; jk;ik mu;g;gzpj;Jj; hz;l Ntz;Lk;;’ vdTk; Mau; mtu;fSk;> ‘fj;Njhypf;f ; Kd;Ndw;wk; milaTk; jpUr;rigapd; mg;Ngh];jypf;f k; fpwp];J kdpjUf;F cte;jspj;j kPl ;gpd; ew;nra;jpia tw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd Qhd mwpit mtu;fs; tsu;j;Jf; Ntz;Lk;’ vd;Wk; Jiz MaUk; jj;jkJ Mrpr;nra;jpfspy; kiy - kl;Lefu; Nkw;wpuhrd kf;fspd; Md;k eyd;fis d;w xNu Nehf;Fld; ,t;tpjo; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf au;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
; f.re;jpuNrfudhupd; (fy;Kid) tho;j;Jg;gh xd;Wk; ,lk; ly;fs; tUkhW:
pd;
;lh – epd;idg; fpd;Nwhk; td;Nw
; gy;Nyhu; psuj; jhq;fp
pUk;gpAz;z
Tq; nfhz;L’
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474
fj;Njhypf;f rkanewpapid Kf;fpa Nehf;fhff; n tho;j;Jg; ghtpy; Fwpg;gpl;lijg; Nghy ,d;W gy;NtW rQ;rpifahfTk; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisj; jhq;fp r%f - ,yf toq;fp tUtjhfTk; cs;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.
mUl;je;ijau;fs; gyu; ,t;tpjopy; gy Mf;fq;fis vOjpa
‘,NaR vd;gtu; ahu;?’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; mUl; jpU.Nt.m ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,tu; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fyhepjpg; gl;lk; ngw vOjpatu;. md;udp [hd; mofurd; vdj; jkpo; cyfpy; ed
‘jhyhl;L’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mUl; jpU.nwf;]; N[h vOjpAs;shu;. mt;Ntis ghg;guru; FUj;Jt fyhrhiyapy nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mjpypUe;J xU gFjp tUkhW:
‘Mjp me;jkw;w mz;zNy mwpahik apUs; ePf ;f te;j mUl;RlNu mkyf;fd;dp tapw;Wjpj;j epkyNd mstpyh md;Gf; flNy fz;tsuha;’ If;fpa rq;f tpjpfs; Fwpj;j tpguq;fSk; ,t;tpjopy; cs rQ;rpif jd; cs;slf;fj;ij tprhypj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fs; gw;wpa mwptpj;jy;fs;> FWf;nfOj 2 Mk; gupR 10 &gh) kfspu; kd;wk;> jpUkiw mwpT kd;wk kd;wk;> rpWtu; cyfk; Kjyhd gFjpfs; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld.
Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fs; gw;wpa gFjpapy; jpUkiy - k Myaq;fspd; jpUtpohf;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fSk;> kfs gad; juf;$ba Fwpg;Gf;fSk;> jpUkiw mwpT kd;wj;jpy; tplaq;fSk; Fwpg;ghf f.ngh.j.(rh/j) kw;Wk; (c/j) fpwp] tplaq;fSk;> ,isQu; ,y;yj;jpy; ,isQu;fSf;Fj; Nji eilKiwfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fSk;> ngw;Nwhu; kd;wj;jpy; f FLk;g tho;f;if eilKiwfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fSk; v
Muk;gj;jpy; ,g; gFjpfSf;fhd Mf;fq;fis ngUk;ghY te;jdu;. gpd;du; gbg;gbahf ,e;epiy khw;wkile;jJ. mt fu;j;jhf;fshf ,lk;ngWk; tifapy; njhz;ldpd; fsk; tpu
mUl;je;ijau;fisg; nghWj;jtiu gyu; ,f; fs nfhz;ldu;. Mf;f ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fshf mtu;fs;

d Kf;fpa Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lhYk;> g; Nghy ,d;W gy;NtW rkaj;jpduhYk; Nghw;wg;gLk; q;fisj; jhq;fp r%f - ,yf;fpa Nehf;fpYk; fUj;Jf;fis kiaf; fhzyhk;.
opy; gy Mf;fq;fis vOjpapUe;jdu;.
;w jiyg;gpy; mUl; jpU.Nt.md;udp [hd; mbfspd; fl;Liu ;fpaj;jpy; fyhepjpg; gl;lk; ngw;wtu;. gy;NtW Ehy;fisAk; urd; vdj; jkpo; cyfpy; ed;fwpag;gl;ltu;.
;gpy; mUl; jpU.nwf;]; N[hrg; nrgkhiy ftpijapid ;guru; FUj;Jt fyhrhiyapy; (cNuhk;) mtu; fy;tp fw;Wf;
gFjp tUkhW:
mUl;RlNu epkyNd
;tsuha;’ pguq;fSk; ,t;tpjopy; cs;sd. gpd;du; gbg;gbahf ,r; prhypj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
a mwptpj;jy;fs;> FWf;nfOj;Jg; Nghl;b (1 Mk; gupR 15 &gh, ;wk;> jpUkiw mwpT kd;wk;> ,isQu; ,y;yk;> ngw;Nwhu;
gFjpfs; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld.
pa gFjpapy; jpUkiy - kl;Lefu; kiwkhtl;lj;jpYs;s gw;wpa tpguq;fSk;> kfspu; kd;wj;jpy;; ngz;fSf;Fg; jpUkiw mwpT kd;wj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;f tpRthrk; Fwpj;j .(rh/j) kw;Wk; (c/j) fpwp];jt ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikthd j;jpy; ,isQu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mwpTiufs; kw;Wk; Sk;> ngw;Nwhu; kd;wj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;f jpUkzk; kw;Wk;
; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fSk; vOjg;gl;ld.
;fhd Mf;fq;fis ngUk;ghYk; mUl;je;ijau;fNs vOjp ;epiy khw;wkile;jJ. mtu;fSld; nghJ kf;fSk; Mf;f fapy; njhz;ldpd; fsk; tpupe;jJ.
Wj;jtiu gyu; ,f; fsj;jpid ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; fu;j;jhf;fshf mtu;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl njhz;ld;
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toptFj;jJ. njhz;ldpy; fjhrpupauhf ,lk;gpbj;j %Jhu; v mUl;FUthdhu;. mjd; gpd;Gk; fzprkhd Mf;fq;fi vOjpdhu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tu; vOj;jhsu; epf;f mUl;je;ij V.V.etul;zk; (t.m.,uhruj;jpdj;jpd; Gj kl;Lkd;wp rpe;jidf;Fupa gy fl;LiufisAk; vOjpdhu;.
vOj;jhw;wy; kpf;f mUl;gzpahsu;fis milahsk; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wJ.
,f; fhyg; gFjpapy; rkar; nra;jpfSld; rpWfijfs;> ftp ,r; rQ;rpifapy; ntspte;jd. 1970 Gul;lhjp khj ,jo; njhl khw;wk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. gj;jpupif vd;w tbtj;jpypU ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Rkhu; 15 – 18 gf;fq;fspy; ,J mike;jJ. n ,lk;ngwj; njhlq;fpd.
rpWfijfs;
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; fpwp];jt rka newpapid ty mike;jpUe;jd. fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ngau;fSk; mt;thNw ngUk;ghYk; jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;igr; N Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gpd;du; ,e;epiyapy; khw;wk; nfhz;L tug
‘nry;te;jupd; nry;yg;gps;is’ (1970) vd;Dk; vd;. rp. mUs;tujd; vOjpapUe;jhu;. VioahfTk; nry;td tsu;e;j NghJ Vio nghWg;Gld; fy;tp fw;W cj;jpNahfk; ( nghWg;gw;Wj; jpupe;J jPa gof;fq;fshy; me;ez;gdhNyNa jz nfhz;lJ. gpd;tUk; rpWfijfSk; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; nts
‘rj;jpak;’ - jpUQhdjPgd; (jpUkiy)> ‘ehd; ghtp’> ‘fhz (jhz;ltd;ntsp): ‘khwhf ,Ue;jhy;..’> ‘ePcdf;fhf my;y’> cwq;fpaNghJk;’ - nry;tp.nw.tpypak; (jpUkiy): ‘khwpa (kl;lf;fsg;G) ‘jpUg;gk;’ - m.,uhNre;jpuk; (%Jhu;): ‘mbi (Cu;fhtw;Wiw): ‘cz;ik el;G’ - Nkup n[akzp (, - rp.v.nry;tuhrh (fhtj;ij): ‘tho;T’> ‘cs;sq;fs; gytpjk;’ ‘mtd; khwp tpl;lhd;’ - mkpu;jejp Njth: ‘Nrw;wpy; kyu gj;jpehjd; (ghiyA+w;W)> ‘md;idapd; gupR’ - N[.N[.,k ,f; fijfs; ahTk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfis ikakhff; nfh
n[ak; vOjpa ‘kd;dpg;G’> ‘NjtePj p’ vd;Dk; fijfSk mspj;j gjpy;’ vd;Dk; fijAk; njhlu;fijfshf ntspte;j
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

rpupauhf ,lk;gpbj;j %Jhu; vd;.rp.mUs;tujd; gpd;dhspy; ;Gk; fzprkhd Mf;fq;fis (rpWfijfs;> ftpijfs;) ;fJ. ,tu; vOj;jhsu; epf;fy]; vd;gtupd; kfdhthu;. (t.m.,uhruj;jpdj;jpd; Gjy;tu;) Mf;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fl;LiufisAk; vOjpdhu;.
pahsu;fis milahsk; fhl;ba tifapy; njhz;ld;
a;jpfSld; rpWfijfs;> ftpijfs;> fl;Liufs; vd;gdTk; 970 Gul;lhjp khj ,jo; njhlf;fk; njhz;ldpd; mikg;gpy; j;jpupif vd;w tbtj;jpypUe;J rQ;rpif mikg;gpy; ,J f;fq;fspy; ,J mike;jJ. njhlu;fijshfTk; Mf;fq;fs;
t rka newpapid typAWj;JtdthfNt fijfs; ;fspd; ngau;fSk; mt;thNw mike;jpUe;jd. Mf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;igr; Nru;e;jtu;fshy; vOjg;gl;lik yapy; khw;wk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
;is’ (1970) vd;Dk; jiyg;gpyhd fijapid e;jhu;. VioahfTk; nry;tdhfTk; ,Ue;j ,U rpWtu;fs; ; fy;tp fw;W cj;jpNahfk; (nghyp];) ghu;f;f nry;te;jNdh ;fshy; me;ez;gdhNyNa jz;bf;fg;gLjiy ,J fUthff; Sk; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ntspte;jd.
pUkiy)> ‘ehd; ghtp’> ‘fhzpf;if’> ‘,UspypUe;J’ - n[ak; e;jhy;..’> ‘ePcdf;fhf my;y’> ‘Nghdhy; Nghfl;Lk;’> ‘fz;fs; .tpypak; (jpUkiy): ‘khwpaJ neQ;rk;’ - kupanfhww;wp uhNre;jpuk; (%Jhu;): ‘mbikg; ngz;’ - vy;.mNyhrpa]; l;G’ - Nkup n[akzp (,uj;jpdGup): ‘kdk; nehe;jhy;’ ho;T’> ‘cs;sq;fs; gytpjk;’ - vd;.rp.mUs;tujd; (%Jhu;): ;jejp Njth: ‘Nrw;wpy; kyu;e;j nre;jhkiu’ - md];Bd; ;idapd; gupR’ - N[.N[.,k;khDNty; (FUklk;> jpUr;rp). ;rpidfis ikakhff; nfhz;lit.
NjtePj p’ vd;Dk; fijfSk;> V.ney;rd; vOjpa ‘,iwtd;
; njhlu;fijfshf ntspte;jd.
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ftpijfs;
fijfisg; NghyNt ftpijfSk; Muk;gj;jpy; fpw tifapyhd tplaq;fisNa fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;lik ftpijfNs Muk;gj;jpy; ntspte;jd.
jpUkiy - kl;Lefu; Mauhfg; gzpGupe;j ,f;Nd\pa] ‘kdpj nja;tk;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; thfiu thzdd; gFjpfs; tUkhW:
‘kdpj nja;tnkhd;W – vq;fs; kiwkhepyj;jpy; Gdpj Ml;rp nra;fpwJ – me;jg; GJik rpwpJ nrhy;Ntd;
nts;isf; fhudtd; ,J ntWk; Gfo; nkhopay;y fs;s kdk; $l ,td; fz;lhy; Jha;ik ahFk; .................
Nguhirapy;iy cyfg; Gfohirapy;iy Cuhirapy;iy ,tDf;F Xuhir cz;L
Xuhir vd;Nwd; - mJ cynfyhk; fpwp];Jtpd; Ngnuhypf;f Ntz;Lk; - vd;Dk; Nguhir jk;gp.’ vd mf; ftpij mikfpd;wJ.
fl;Liufs;
,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; gy fl;L iufs; vOjg;gl;l d. mjp.tz. ,jd; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; mtuhy; ,yf;fpa eaK fl;Liufs; vOjg;gl;ld. ,yf;fpa kd;wk; vd;w gFjpapy; ‘Ng re;jpahFkNahu; mk;khid’> ‘Qhdg; gs;S’ Mfpa ,yq;i tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisAk; ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fspd; rpwg;Gf;f mtu; vOjpapUe;jhu;. ,t;tpU Ehy;fisAk; Ma;T nra;Nt cjTtd.
476

pijfSk; Muk;gj;jpy; fpwp];jt newpKiwfSf;Nfw;w fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;like;jpUe;jd. kpff; Fiwthd te;jd.
fg; gzpGupe;j ,f;Nd\pa]; fpnsdp Mz;lifiag; gw;wp yg;gpy; thfiu thzdd; vOjpa ftpijapypUe;J rpy
;fs;
;jg;
;Dk;
ufs; vOjg;gl;ld. mjp.tz.t.jpNahFg;gps;i s Mz;lif ;jpy; mtuhy; ,yf;fpa eaKk; ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpAk; kpf;f fpa kd;wk; vd;w gFjpapy; ‘Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j hdg; gs;S’ Mfpa ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpj;j t;tpyf;fpaq;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fisAk; tpku;rdj; jpwNdhL hy;fisAk; Ma;T nra;NthUf;F ,f; Fwpg;Gf;fs; vd;Wk;
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Ehy; tpku;rdf; fl;LiufSk; ,f; fhyj;jpy; vOj Nt.me;jdp [hd; mbfs; vOjpa ‘Gul;rpf; fpwp];J’ vd;D tpku;rdj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,J jtpu ‘fhe;jp[pAk; fj;Njhypf;f kjKk;’ - f tho;T’ - thfiu thzdd;: ‘ey;Yhu; Rthkp Qhdg;g v];. milf;fyKj;J Mfpa fl;LiufSk; vOjg;gl;ld. ‘`pd jiyg;gpy; k.N[hrg; fdfrpq;fk; vd;gtuhy; gazf; fl;Li
,yq;if ehl;bd; murpay; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisAk; nfhs;s Ntz;ba eilKiwfisAk; jhq;fpa Mrpupa j vOjg;gl;bUe;jikiaf; fhzyhk;.
c-k;: nghJj;Nju;jYk; fj;Njhypf;fUk; (1970) vd;Dk; j Fwpj;Jg; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
‘Njrj;jpd; murpay; rl;lj;ijAk; ,iwtopghL> jpUkzk fy;tp> ePj p epahakhd r%f tho;f;if Kjypa tplaq;fs; rk;g cupikAs;stu;fisj; Nju;T nra;Ak; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fj;N gad;gLj;jhJ tpLjy; kpfg; ngupa jtwhFk;.’ vd ghg;guru; 1
vdNt fj;Njhypf;f thf;fhsu; jq;fs; thf;Ffisg; kdr;rhd;wpd; gbAk; jFjpAs;s xUtUf;Nf mspf;f Ntz my;yJ rpW rYiffisg; ngWtjw;fhfj; jFjpaw;wtu;fSf JNuhfkhFk;. Nju;jYf;F epw;Fk; mNgl;rfu;fspd; mbg;gi mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;’ vd mJ Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.
Jzpr;rYld; murpay; tplaq;fis tpku;rpf;Fk; gz jiyaq;fq;fspy; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;.
,yq;ifapd; Kjy; jkpo; Mauhd aho;.Nkw;wpuhrd gps;is Mz;lifapd; kiwtpd; NghJ (17 Mb 1972) njhz Kfg;Gr; nra;jpahf ntspapl;lJ (Mtzp 1972).
,t;thW Mf;fG+u;tkhd tplaq;fs; gy ,f;fhy f fhzyhk;.
1980 - 1990 tiu:
1980 fs; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp epiyiag; NghyNt njhz;ldpYk; gy
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Sk; ,f; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ld. c-k;: mUl;je;ij. pa ‘Gul;rpf; fpwp];J’ vd;Dk; Ehy; gw;wp jahsk; vOjpa
fj;Njhypf;f kjKk;’ - fhky; ,f;Nd\pa];: ‘fhtpa ;: ‘ey;Yhu; Rthkp Qhdg;gpufhrupd; jkpo;j; njhz;L’ - iufSk; vOjg;gl;ld. ‘`pdpJikapy; xU ehs;’ vd;Dk;
; vd;gtuhy; gazf; fl;LiuAk; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisAk; mtw;wpy; fpwp];jtu;fs; ele;J fisAk; jhq;fpa Mrpupa jiyaq;fq;fs; ,f; fhyj;jpy; yhk;.
jhypf;fUk; (1970) vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; thf;fhsupd; flik s;sJ.
jAk; ,iwtopghL> jpUkzk;> FLk;g rPt pak;> gps;isfspd; ;f;if Kjypa tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd rl;lq;fisAk; ,aw;w nra;Ak; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fj;Njhypf;fu; jk; thf;Fupikiag; pa jtwhFk;.’ vd ghg;guru; 12 Mk; gj;jpehju; $wpAs;shu;.
hsu; jq;fs; thf;Ffisg; G+uz RahjPd j;Jld; jq;fs; ;s xUtUf;Nf mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. MfNt Raeydpw;fhf tjw;fhfj; jFjpaw;wtu;fSf;F thf;Ffis mspj;jy; ngUe; k; mNgl;rfu;fspd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffis Muha;e;J pg;gpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.
laq;fis tpku;rpf;Fk; gz;gpidj; njhz;ld; Mrpupaj;
yhk;.
; Mauhd aho;.Nkw;wpuhrd Mau; n[Nuhk; vkpypahD]; pd; NghJ (17 Mb 1972) njhz;ld; mtu; Fwpj;j nra;jpfis (Mtzp 1972).
tplaq;fs; gy ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ntspte;jikiaf;
yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhykhFk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; hyNt njhz;ldpYk; gy Kd;Ndw;wfukhd cs;slf;f
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khw;wq;fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf md;udp [hd; Mrpupauhfg; gzpNaw;wJk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; fpwp];j ghykhf ,t;tpjo; tpsq;fpaij mjid thrpf;Fk; vtUk;
jdpehafk; mbfs; Fwpj;J Mrpupaj; jiyaq Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;.
‘cyfj; jkpo; kfh ehl;Lf;F tpj;jpl;l fUg;nghUs; eP Jhj;Jf;Fbapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofj;ijj; njhlq;fp i Mq;fpyj;jpy; jkpo;g; gz;ghL gw;wpa Kj;jpq;fs; ,jio ............................................................ ,sNtdpy; fhyj;jpy; cd;id kwe;jtu;fisf; $l ,iyAjpu; fhyj;jpy; ePkwe;jjpy;iy cdf;Fg; ghiytdkhf ,Ue;jtu;fSf;Fk; gRQ;Nrhiyahfp epoy; je;jtd; eP tre;jk; Kbe;jhYk; G+ Ntu;fs; kiwtjpy;iy’
njhlu;e;J 1983 ,y; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa mUl;je;i jd; gzpf; fhyj;jpy; ‘njhz;lid’ ,yf;fpa me;j];j;jpw;F tpku;rdq;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; Mrpupaj; jiyaq;fq;fspy; k ,yq;ifapd; rkfhy murpay; tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s
c-k;: ‘,yq;if ehl;bd; Rje;jpuk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
MAjk; Ve;jhkNy Rje;jpuk; mile;j ,yq;if ehl;by;> MAjk; Ve;jpg; NghuhLfpwJ vdpy;> ehk; mile;jJ Rje Njhd;WfpwJ’
,tuJ fhyj;jpy; kyu;Nte;jd; mtu;fs; ,iz njhlq;fpdhu;. ,w;iwtiu ,g; gzpapidj; njhlUk; mt NtiyfisAk; jdpnahUtuha;g; gy Ntisfspy; Rke;J n tz;zk; ntsptu ce;J rf;jpahAs;shu;. ,tUk; rpwe;j fl;Liu vdg; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisj; njhz;ldpy; vOjp t Mrpupau; jiyaq;fq;fSk; vOjg;gl;lJz;L.
c-k;: ‘fpwp];Jitf; fhz tpUk;gpdhd; VNuhJ: Mdh ifapy; thspUe;jJ- fUj;jpy; eQ;rpUe;jJ vjpu;ghu;j;j ,ilau;fs; fz;ldu; ifapNy ntWik. fUj;jpNy ntz;ik’. ,f; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l Mf;fq;fis tUkhW njhFj;Jf; $
478

. Fwpg;ghf md;udp [hd; mofurd; mbfs; njhz;ld; po; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; fpwp];jt rkaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; j mjid thrpf;Fk; vtUk; Gupe;J nfhs;tu;.
pj;J Mrpupaj; jiyaq;fj;jpy; mtu; gpd;tUkhW
tpj;jpl;l fUg;nghUs; eP paf; fofj;ijj; njhlq;fp itj;j jiytd; eP L gw;wpa Kj;jpq;fs; ,jio Kfpo itj;j Kjy;td; eP .......................................................... ;id kwe;jtu;fisf; $l
;jjpy;iy Ue;jtu;fSf;Fk; ;jtd; eP
;fs; kiwtjpy;iy’
uhfg; gzpahw;wpa mUl;je;ij rp.gp.,uhN[e;jpuk; mbfSk; id’ ,yf;fpa me;j];j;jpw;F cau;j;jpdhu;. gf;fr; rhu;gw;w rpupaj; jiyaq;fq;fspy; kpff; $Ljyhf ,lk;gpbj;jd. tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s ,it Jiz Gupe;jd. je;jpuk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
; mile;j ,yq;if ehl;by;> ,d;W Xupdk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf dpy;> ehk; mile;jJ Rje;jpuk; jhdh vd;W rpe;jpf;fj;
te;jd; mtu;fs; ,iz Mrpupauhff; flikahw;wj; g; gzpapidj; njhlUk; mtu; Mrpupa gPl j;jpd; mj;jid a;g; gy Ntisfspy; Rke;J njhz;ld; fhyj; njhlu;r;rpawh ;jpahAs;shu;. ,tUk; rpwe;j vOj;jhsuhifahy; ftpij> ;fisj; njhz;ldpy; vOjp tUfpd;whu;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
jg;gl;lJz;L.
tpUk;gpdhd; VNuhJ: Mdhy; fhztpy;iy> Vd;? py; eQ;rpUe;jJ ;ldu; Ny ntz;ik’.
;fis tUkhW njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;.
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rpWfijfs;
‘RFzh xU Rlu; tpsf;fhfpwhs;’> ‘xU ngz; t mdhijahfpwhs;’ - v];.gp.ityw; rNuh[h> ‘ghf;fpak; gh tpgr;rhuk;’ - Kfpy;thzd;> ‘,tu;fs; ,g;gbj;jhd;’ - Njt Nfhriy ike;jd;> ‘top gpwf;Fk;’ - Mde;jh V.[p.,u KfhupahfpwJ’ - jkpo;kzp> ‘mupa]; Mapuk; &gh’ - v];.n thLfpwJ’ - nry;tp.vr;.Mu;.thu;f;fP] ;> ‘md;W ej;jhu;’> ‘vJ Jau;’ - t.m.,uhruj;jpdk;> ‘ehNk cd;djq;fs;’ - # cz;bay;’ - nr.Fzuj;jpdk;> ‘xU Nkilapy; ,U JUt ‘xU nfhbapy; ,U kyu;fs;’ - epkhypdp rpthde;juh[h> ‘Mj ‘cz;ikfs; cwq;Ffpd;wd’ - vd;.rp.mUs;tujd;> ‘mJ &gd; kupahk;gps;is> ‘xU nfsut rpiwg; gwit’ - [d fw;gidfs;’ - etePj d;> ‘mf;fiuapy; Xu; mOFuy;’ - vr rj;jpaq;fs;’ - epyhjkpopd;jhrd;> ‘J}thdk; tpltpy;iy epr;raq;fs;’ - nrskpdp rhk;grptru;kh> ‘kuj;Jg;Nghd ,jak Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
njhlu;fijfSk; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Kf;fpa ,lk;g ‘tuyhw;Wr; RtL’> ehtz;zdpd; ‘gazk; njhlu;fpwJ’> vg;NghJk; njhlu; fijjhd;’> Nfhfpyh kNfe;jpudpd; ‘re;jd ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshff; $wKbAk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhd fijfs; ,y gw;wpadthfTk; jkpo; kf;fspd; mty tho;f;if njhlu;ghd
cjhuzkhf ‘tuyhw;Wr; RtL’ 1983 ,y; ,yq;ifa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ‘gazk; njhlu;fpwJ’ jkpoupd tpsq;fpa 1961 ,d; rj;jpahf;fpufg; Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fUthff
ehtz;zdpd; (#irehafk;) ‘gazk; njhlu;fpwJ’ n ngw;wJ. ,t;thf;fk; KO ehtyhf 20 khjq;fshfj; njh njhz;ld; ntspaPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kjy; ntspaPlhf ,J nt
ftpijfs;
gpd;tUk; ftpijfs; ,f; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ltw;Ws; re;ij’ - kyu;Nte;jd; (v];.N[Rjhrd;)> ‘tpbthdk; rpupj ‘Mde;jg; G+f;fs;’> ‘G+f;fg;NghFk; Gjpa mj;jpahak;’ - thRNj kyu;’ (njhluhf te;jJ) - thfiuthzd;> ‘FapNy’ - m ntw;wpAk;’ - vr;.vk;.gh&f;> ‘rpj;jpiuNa VJ nra;tha;’ - ,yf;fpak; - #oy;’ – rhUkjp.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

f;fhfpwhs;’> ‘xU ngz; tpjitahfpwhs; xU ngz; tyw; rNuh[h> ‘ghf;fpak; ghf;fpatjpahdhs;’> ‘Ntz;lhk; tu;fs; ,g;gbj;jhd;’ - Njth> ‘mtSf;F VJ Rje;jpuk;’ - f;Fk;’ - Mde;jh V.[p.,uhN[e;jpuk;> ‘Nkhfdk; xd;W upa]; Mapuk; &gh’ - v];.n[auh[h> ,yl;rpag; ”nthd;W u;f;fP] ;> ‘md;W ej;jhu;’> ‘vJ epahak;’ - uh[;> ‘fiyQd; ‘ehNk cd;djq;fs;’ - #.Nah.gw;wpkhfud;> ‘Nfhtpy; ‘xU Nkilapy; ,U JUtq;fs;’ - Nfhfpyh kNfe;jpud;> pkhypdp rpthde;juh[h> ‘Mj;khtpd; uhfq;fs;’ - n[.Nltpl;> - vd;.rp.mUs;tujd;> ‘mJfs; vd;id kwe;J Nghr;R’ - sut rpiwg; gwit’ - [dfkfs; rptQhdk;> ‘fdTfs; ;fiuapy; Xu; mOFuy;’ - vr;.Mu;.tu;f;fP] ;> ‘rhfbf;fg;gLk; rd;> ‘J}thdk; tpltpy;iy’ - gPw ;wu;> ‘epajpfis kPW k; tru;kh> ‘kuj;Jg;Nghd ,jak;’ - X.Nf.Fzehjd; Mfpad
g; gFjpapy; Kf;fpa ,lk;gpbj;jpUe;jd. md;Gkzpapd; pd; ‘gazk; njhlu;fpwJ’> nr.Fzuj;jpdj;jpd; ‘nrhe;jk; fhfpyh kNfe;jpudpd; ‘re;jdr; rpjwy;fs;’ Kjyhdtw;iw
bAk;.
k;ghyhd fijfs; ,yq;ifapd; ,df; fytuk; ; mty tho;f;if njhlu;ghditAkhFk;.
RtL’ 1983 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l ,d td;Kiwia zk; njhlu;fpwJ’ jkpoupd; mwg;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ikakhf fg; Nghuhl;lj;ijf; fUthff; nfhz;lJ.
fk;) ‘gazk; njhlu;fpwJ’ njhlu; fij gpd;du; EhYUg; yhf 20 khjq;fshfj; njhlu;e;J ntspte;jJ. 1988 ,y; pd; Kjy; ntspaPl hf ,J ntspte;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ltw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ‘,yf;fpar; [Rjhrd;)> ‘tpbthdk; rpupj;jjk;kh’ - kl;Lefu; Kj;joF> k; Gjpa mj;jpahak;’ - thRNjtd;> ‘rpYitapNy xU rptg;G fiuthzd;> ‘FapNy’ - md;G KifajPd ;> Njhy;tpAk; rpj;jpiuNa VJ nra;tha;’ - epyh jkpopd;jhrd;> ‘ehd;
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epyhjkpopd; jhrdpd; ‘rpj;jpiuNa VJ nra;tha;’ (1987) gFjp:
’G+j;JtUk; rpj;jpiuNa vkJ tho;tpy; Gyu;NtJk; nfhz;L tUk; Nehf;fKz;lh fhj;jpUe;J fhj;jpUe;J tpbT jd;idf; fhzhJ fLkpUspy; thLfpd;Nwhk;
Nej;jpuj;ijg; gwpnfhLj;Njhd; epiyapy; ehKk; epfupy;yhr; Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;J ehSk; ePr;rypLfpd;NwhNk FUjp ePupy; ePnak;ik kPl ;f vJ nfhz;L thuha;?
tPboe;J nghUspoe;J tPjp epd;W Ntjidapy; Ntfpd;Nwhk; tpjpNa nad;W $boe;j FapyhNdhk; nfhba fhf;if nfhj;jpnaik tpul;blNt rpjwpNahb
ehboe;J cyfj;jj; njUf;fs; kPJ ehjpaw;W miyfpd;Nwhk; mfjpahfp Xboe;j Mikapdk; capu;thohJ cyfj;jpy; ehboe;Njhk; ehKk/Nj’
nkhopngau;g;Gf;fs;
Fwpg;ghf kiyahs Mf;fq;fs; rpytw;iw tP.Mde;jd c-k;: ‘Kg;gJ nts;spf; fhRfs;’ - kiyahs %yk;: up\
fl;Liufs;
‘tptpypak; $Wk; fhjy; fijfs;’ - mUl;jpU.Nt.me;j Gytu;fs;’> ‘jpUr;nry;tu; fhtpak;’ - vg;.vf;];.rp.eluhrh czu;r;rpg; gpd;dzp’ - rh.,.fkyehjd;> ‘Father Xavier Th Patriot - A.Jeyaratnam Wilson, ‘nghq;fy; tpohTk; fpwp];jt yk;Ngl;> ‘jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rkar; nry;thf;F’ - f.nrhf;fy vjpu;fhyk;’ - mUl;jpU.b.rhkpehjd;> ‘,yq;ifapy; rpW Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; - rp.tre;juhrgps;is> ‘jkpopd; tpk t.Nt.R.Iau;’ - f.Nahfehjd; (rhUkjp) vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;j
,f;fhyj;jpy; tpku;rdf; fl;LiufSk; vOjg;gl;ld. cz;ikfs;’ vd;Dk; rpWfijj; njhFjpf;F md;Gkzpahy Nfhfpyh kNfe;jpudpd; ‘J}thdk; ftdk;’ vd;Dk; ehtYf vd;gtUk; jdpj;jdpahf vOjpa tpku;rdq;fisAk; cjhu

piuNa VJ nra;tha;’ (1987) vd;Dk; ftpijapypUe;J xU
J tho;tpy;
; Nehf;fKz;lh T jd;idf; pd;Nwhk;
hd; epiyapy; ehKk;
e;J ehSk; Pupy;
;L thuha;?
epd;W
; tpjpNa nad;W ba fhf;if pjwpNahb
s; kPJ mfjpahfp ;thohJ Kk/Nj’
;fs; rpytw;iw tP.Mde;jd; nkhopngau;j;jspj;jhu;. fs;’ - kiyahs %yk;: up\pN[hd;
ijfs;’ - mUl;jpU.Nt.me;jdp [hd;> ‘fpwp];jtj; jkpo;g; pak;’ - vg;.vf;];.rp.eluhrh> ‘Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rpapy; kyehjd;> ‘Father Xavier Thani Nayagam : Priest, Scholar and ‘nghq;fy; tpohTk; fpwp];jtu;fSk;’ - mUl;jpU.n[Nuhk; ar; nry;thf;F’ - f.nrhf;fypq;fk;> ‘kiyafj; jkpou;fspd; pehjd;> ‘,yq;ifapy; rpWghd;ikNahu; gpur;rpid - e;juhrgps;is> ‘jkpopd; tpku;rdf; fiyapd; Kd;Ndhb - (rhUkjp) vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
l;LiufSk; vOjg;gl;ld. N[hrg; ghyhtpd; ‘czuhj j; njhFjpf;F md;Gkzpahy; vOjg;gl;l tpku;rdj;ijAk;> k; ftdk;’ vd;Dk; ehtYf;F md;GkzpAk;> ,uhF - NfJ pa tpku;rdq;fisAk; cjhuzq;fshff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
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njhz;ldpd; tuyhw;wpy; ,f;fhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fNjhu; i Gfo;G+j;j vOj;jhsu;fs; gyUf;Fj; njhz;ld; jd; fsj;jpi te;j fhyq;fspy; ,g; gz;G gpd;gw;wg;gl;lnjdpDk; 1980 - epiy ,y;iy. ,f; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; ,t;tpjo; Rkhu; 30 - 32 Fwpg;gplj;jf;fNjhu; mk;rkhFk;.
1991 - 1999 tiu
,f; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; nrd;w jrhg;jj;jpy; vOjpN fhzyhk;. fpwp];jtk; vd;w vy;iyf;Fs; kl;Lk; epd;W tplh fUj;Jf;fSf;Ff; fskhfj; njhz;ld; nraw;gl;lijf; fhz FuyhfTk; mNjNtis ePj papd; FuyhfTk; gf;fr; rhu;gpd Mrpupaj;jiyaq;fisAk; Mf;fq;fisAk; jhq;fpagb ,f;fhyj;jpy; ntspte;j Mf;fq;fSs; gpd;tUtd Fwpg;gplj
rpWfijfs;:
‘tpNkhrdk;’> ‘fhdy;’ - e.ghu;j;jPgd;> ‘thu;j;ij jtwp t - kyu;Nte;jd;> ‘czu;Tfspd; ,uhfq;fs;’ - vd;.rp.mU t.m.,uhruj;jpdk;> ‘Xl;il’> ‘capu;g;G’ - nr.Fzuj;jpdk;> ‘t mwpe;jhy;’> ‘gps;is kdk; gpj;J’> ‘kz;Zk; kidAk;’ - tpz;izj; njhLk;’ - khrpyhkzp> ‘Nghu;f;fhy tpjitfs thRfp> ‘nka;ahFk; ngha;ikfs;’ - n[ak;> ‘Cik cwTfs - fpwp];b KUFg;gps;is> ‘mg;gh tUthuh?’ - fpwp];b> ‘g ehfupfk;’ - e.ghu;j;jpgd;> ‘tz;bapd mr;rhzp’ - rp.Rje;jpuu
njhlu;fijfshf kpUzhspdp jtuh[htpd; ‘ghij e.ghNy];tupapd; ‘mkyh cdf;fhf n[gpf;fpNwd;’> e.ghu;j vOjg;gl;ld.
k(dp)jk; njhlu;fij - 39 mj;jpahaq;fs; njhluhf te Nghuhl;lq;fis tsu;j;J kdpjj;ijf; nfhd;W tpLk; k $WtJ: ,];yhk; - fpwp];jtk; - ,e;J fjhghj;jpuq vOjg;gl;lJ. tpd;rd;l; - u]Pd h MfpNahupd; fhjYf;Fj ,Wjpapy; kjthjpfshy; mbj;Jf; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;whd;. M $Wfpwhu;: “kdpjk; rpije;jpUe;jJ. kjk; kl;Lk; vq;Fk; tpa
nkhopngau;g;G rpWfijAk; ,f; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ tP.Mde;jd;: kiyahs %yk; - Nghsp kzpahl;L Gdpju nkw;wpy;lh ,uhN[e;jpuk; vOjpdhu;. Gdpj ehl;Lg; gazk; v mUl;je;ij. gp.N[hrg; vOjpapUe;jhu;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

f;fhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fNjhu; iky; fy;yhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; ;Fj; njhz;ld; jd; fsj;jpid mspj;jpUe;jJ. njhlu;e;J ;gw;wg;gl;lnjdpDk; 1980 - 1990 fSk; Nghy ,d;diwa j;jpy; ,t;tpjo; Rkhu; 30 - 32 gf;fq;fspy; ntspte;jikAk;
nrd;w jrhg;jj;jpy; vOjpNahu; njhlu;e;J vOJtijf; ;iyf;Fs; kl;Lk; epd;W tplhJ gue;j Nehf;fpy; gy;NtWgl;l hz;ld; nraw;gl;lijf; fhzyhk;. ,yq;ifj; jkpoupd; d; FuyhfTk; gf;fr; rhu;gpd;wp eLepiyepd;W tpku;rpf;Fk; f;fq;fisAk; jhq;fpagb ,J njhlu;e;J ntspte;jJ. ;fSs; gpd;tUtd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
ghu;j;jPgd;> ‘thu;j;ij jtwp tpl;lha;’> ‘ehNd cyfpd; xsp’ ; ,uhfq;fs;’ - vd;.rp.mUs;tujd;> ‘rpWtdpd; gupR’ - apu;g;G’ - nr.Fzuj;jpdk;> ‘tpLjiy’> ‘fu;tk;’ - ‘cd;id ;J’> ‘kz;Zk; kidAk;’ - fz.kNf];tud;> ‘tpRthrk; zp> ‘Nghu;f;fhy tpjitfs;’ m.r.gha;th> ‘jg;Gf;;fzf;F’ - s;’ - n[ak;> ‘Cik cwTfs;’> ‘cwTfSk; czu;TfSk;’ ;gh tUthuh?’ - fpwp];b> ‘gpuhar;rpj;jk;’ - eshapdp> ‘(m) ;bapd mr;rhzp’ - rp.Rje;jpuuh[h vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
spdp jtuh[htpd; ‘ghij nfhQ;rk; khwpg; Nghdhy;’> f;fhf n[gpf;fpNwd;’> e.ghu;j;jPgdpd; ‘k(dp)jk; MfpadTk;
mj;jpahaq;fs; njhluhf te;jJ. kjj;jpd; ngauhy; jk;Ks; pjj;ijf; nfhd;W tpLk; kdpju;fspd; eltbf;iffis tk; - ,e;J fjhghj;jpuq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L Pd h MfpNahupd; fhjYf;Fj; Jiz NghFk; fz;zd; f; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;whd;. Mrpupau; fij Kbtpy; ,t;thW ;jJ. kjk; kl;Lk; vq;Fk; tpahgpj;jpUe;jJ.”
; ,f; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ. ‘erNuj;jpy; xU nghk;ik’ - ; - Nghsp kzpahl;L Gdpju;fspd; tuyhw;wpid njhluhf hu;. Gdpj ehl;Lg; gazk; vd;Dk; gazf; fl;Liuapid e;jhu;.
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tpku;rdf; fl;LiufSk; vOjg;gl;ld. thfiu thz vd;Dk; Ehypw;F md;GkzpahYk;> fz;zjhrdpd; ‘,Na thfiu thzdhYk; tpku;rdq;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. v];.n[ kyUk; tho;T’ vd;Dk; thndhyp ehlf EhYf;F ghy.RFk
ftpijfs;;
‘Nghu;Ntypf;Fl;gl;l G+kpapNy’> ‘frpg;G’ - epyhjkpopd;jhrd tbNty;> ‘,uty; jha;ehL’ - rhUkjp> ‘vq;F te;J ePgpwg;g ‘Rje;jpuj;ij ntd;nwLg;gPu;’> ‘Qhdr; #upad;’ - vk;.vy;. xU tho;j;J’ - nr.Fzuj;jpdk;> ‘jtiz nfhL’> ‘,J K jhAk; xU NjrKk;’> ‘kdpj Nkfq;fs;’ - %J}u; n[auh[; (m NtYg;gps;is> ‘nrgpj;Jg; ghu;’ - ngdp Na.r> Mfpad Fwpg;g
,f; ftpijfspw; ngUk;ghyhdit rk fhyg;gpur;rpidf rpy cjhuz tupfis Nehf;fyhk;:
jtiz nfhL (%Jhu; n[auh[;) ‘ghyNd ,e;jg; G+kpf;F kl;Lk; te;JtplhNj cd;idj; Jz;lhl ‘iggps;’fSk; ‘igyh’Tkha;f; fhj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; vdj; njhlq;fp ,Wjpaha;g; ghyNd MAjq;fspq;Nf murhs;tjhy; ‘Mrpaj; njhOtq;fspy; kl;Lk; gpwe;JtplhNj ‘n\y;’kupahijfshy; rpd;dhgpd;dkhf tha;g;Gz;L
vdNt jtiz nfhL cdf;FnkhU ‘gq;fu;’ jahuhFk; mJtiu...’ vd Kbfpd;wJ.
,uty; jha;ehL (rhUkjp) ‘Njrk; vq;fs; nrhj;J njupe;jtu;fSf;Fj; njupAk; Njrj;jpw;F ehq;fs; ,uty; nrhj;J

Ojg;gl;ld. thfiu thzdpd; ‘rpd;dr; rpd;dg; G+f;fs;’ hYk;> fz;zjhrdpd; ‘,NaR fhtpak;’ vd;Dk; Ehypw;F q;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. v];.n[auh[htpd; ‘kPz ;Lk; gpwe;jhy; hyp ehlf EhYf;F ghy.RFkhu; tpku;rdk; vOjpdhu;.
y’> ‘frpg;G’ - epyhjkpopd;jhrd;> ‘Njtd; tUthuh?’ - gthdp hUkjp> ‘vq;F te;J ePgpwg;gha;?’ - ,.k.n[fjPrd; F&];> ‘Qhdr; #upad;’ - vk;.vy;.vk;.md;rhu;> ‘tpz;zpypUe;J k;> ‘jtiz nfhL’> ‘,J Kbty;y’> ‘Gz;zpa G+kp’> ‘,U fq;fs;’ - %J}u; n[auh[; (m.r.gha;th)> ‘Aj;jk;’ - Nf.N[. ngdp Na.r> Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
hdit rk fhyg;gpur;rpidfis ikakhff; nfhz;lit.
hk;:
auh[;)
tplhNj
whu;fs;
hy; ;Lk;
;L
uhFk;
;
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Gz;zpa G+kp (m.r.gha;th) vYk;Gfshy; gy; Jyf;fp vr;rpy;fshy; Kfe;Jilf;Fk;  ‘kl;l rp.nksdFU> ‘njhlu;G rhjdKk; ngz;fSk;’ - rp.n[a;r rupj;jpu ,lg;ngau;T’ (Operation Riverasa gw;wpaJ) - mUl;je;i cUthf;fk;’ - mUe;jjp rghehjd;> ‘r%f tpOkpaq;fspYk; f jhf;fk;’ - Rikuh md;tu;> ‘Ehw;whz;L fhZk; kiw k ‘ehd; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; ,NaRtpd; gpwg;G’ - mUl;je;ij.gp. jkpo;g; gzp - rpy Fwpg;Gf;fs;’ - nr.Nahfuhrh> ‘njhz;ld xU fz;Nzhl;lk;’ - Mde;jh.V.[p.,uhN[e;jpuk;> ‘fPi oj;N rkaq;fSk;’ - g.Nt.,uhkfpU\;zd;> ‘fpof;Fj; jpirapy vg;.vf;];.la];> ‘goe;jkpopd; Kf;fpa gz;Gf; $Wfs;’ - f. rpYitg;ghLfs;’ - t.m.,uhruj;jpdk;> ‘fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;r - v];.V.,Ujaehjd;> ‘,d;lu;nel;by;  ‘kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ehlf muq;F’ - k; ngz;fSk;’ - rp.n[a;rq;fu;> ‘20 Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; verasa gw;wpaJ) - mUl;je;ij V.etuj;jpdk;: ‘ngz;zpd; ;> ‘r%f tpOkpaq;fspYk; fyhrhuj;jpYk; jpiug;glq;fspd; hw;whz;L fhZk; kiw khtl;lk;’ - vy;.mnyf;rhz;lu;> pd; gpwg;G’ - mUl;je;ij.gp.N[hrg;> ‘tpGyhde;j mbfspd; - nr.Nahfuhrh> ‘njhz;ld; Muk;gk; Kjy; ,d;W tiu - .V.[p.,uhN[e;jpuk;> ‘fPi oj;Njr nka;apay; Nfhl;ghLfSk; \;zd;> ‘fpof;Fj; jpirapy; ,NaRtpd; RtLfs; Njb’ - f;fpa gz;Gf; $Wfs;’ - f.Nahfehjd;> ‘Njk;ghtzpapw; j;jpdk;> ‘fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigAk; kyUk; Ehw;whz;Lk;’ ;nel;by; 

Page 498
2000 njhlf;fk; ,w;iw tiu (2013 ngg;utup)
rpWfijfs;
‘,NaR te;J tpl;lhu;’ - nr.Fzuj;jpdk;> ‘Ntl;i ‘mtyj;Jspfs; XAkh?’ - tayw; rNuh[h> ‘fz;zPupd ‘,uj;jj;jpy; Cwpa...’ - vd;.ghu;j;jpgd;> ‘mg;gh’ - neLe;jPT R - Mde;jh.V.[p.,uhN[e;jpuk;> ‘jpUg;gk;’ v];.mUshde v];.n[auh[h> ‘fiy je;j nrhe;jk; - Mu;.NjtFkhup> ‘Rd uhj;jh mOfpwha;’ - rk;khe;Jiw k]_wh vd;gd Fwpg;gplj m.r.gha;th. ,J njhluhf ntspte;jJ.
ftpijfs;
‘rhTf;F xU rthy;’> ‘vg;gb vg;gb’> ‘Mo;kdjpd; fl;lis V.mky;uh[;> ‘GJ cyfk; gilf;f Gwg;gl;L tUf’ - V.vk;.K - Nf.N[.NtYg;gps;is> ‘gpwu;f;Fjtp’ - Gul;rpghyd;> ‘vd;fpu ,g;NghJk; ,dpAk;’ - jkpo;ul;zh> ‘kPz ;LnkhU fhyk; Nt ‘xsp tpsf;Nf’ - Myd;> ‘Kw;Wifapy;’ - m.r.gha;th> ‘,d jpyPgd;> ‘,iwkfNd Jiz Gupthu;’ - vd;.rp.mUs;tujd jhrd;> ‘fPo ;j;jpirapy; Njhd;Wk; xspr; RlNu’ - vg;. N[. jpy thfiu thzd; Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
‘ ‘Ntl;ilthsp’ - rQ;rPt p rptFkhu;> ayw; rNuh[h> ‘fz;zPupd; mu;j;jk; NtW’ - &gd;> ;j;jpgd;> ‘mg;gh’ - neLe;jPT RNu\;> ‘ehDk; tho Ntz;Lk;’ ‘jpUg;gk;’ v];.mUshde;jk;> ‘mtu;fs; tpUg;gk;’ - he;jk; - Mu;.NjtFkhup> ‘Rdhkp je;j if’ - b`hrp> ‘Vd; w k]_wh vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.‘fdtpilj; Njha;e;J’ pte;jJ.
vg;gb’> ‘Mo;kdjpd; fl;lisfs;’ - ngdp> ‘ntspr;r ,uT’ - ;f Gwg;gl;L tUf’ - V.vk;.KifjPd ;> ‘njhlUk; Jd;gq;fs;’ ;Fjtp’ - Gul;rpghyd;> ‘vd;fpuhkNk’ - re;jpupf;fh> ‘Ke;jpAk; h> ‘kPz ;LnkhU fhyk; Ntz;Lk;’ - v];.GUN\hj;jkd;> ifapy;’ - m.r.gha;th> ‘,d;Dk; gy NaRf;fs; - vg;.N[. Gupthu;’ - vd;.rp.mUs;tujd;> ‘ehs; tUk;’ - epyhjkpopd; ; xspr; RlNu’ - vg;. N[. jpyPgd;> ‘Xu; khu;fopj; jpq;fspy;> - ;gplj;jf;fd.
m.r.gha;th (njhlu; fhtpak;) N[hrg; th]; Kdptu; gw;wpaJ.
;du; EhYUg; ngw;wJ.
jNurh’ - m.,Ujaehjd; njhlu; fhtpakhf ntspte;jJ. hy; vOjg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ftpijfspypUe;J rpy cjhuz
g;.N[. jpyPgd;)
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Xu; khu;fopj; jpq;fspy; (thfiuthzd;: jd; kfspd; ‘Xu; khu;fopj; jpq;fspd; cja Ntisapy; cd; kPJ kl;lLk; Vd; ,Us; Xb te;J cl;fhu;e;J nfhz;lJ?
mUk;Gfs; ,jo; tpupf;Fk; me;j mofpa fhiyg; Nghjpy; mUk;G ePkl;Lk; Vd; fUfpg; Nghdha;’
fl;Liufs;;
‘Clfk;> r%fk;> gz;ghL - xU r%f khDltpay; ghu;i Nehf;fpAs;s rkhjhdg; ghu;it’ - kyu; Nte;jd;> ‘,NaR vd gpiwdu; nryu;> ‘td;Kiwaw;w njhlu;ghlYk; td;K ‘gz;ghl;L kakhf;fy; fhyj;jpd; fl;lhak;’ - thfiuthzd - mUl;jpU.b.rhkpehjd;> ‘kl;lf;fsg;G khepy ehl;lhupyf;fpaq ‘jkpou; gz;ghLk; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigAk;’ - v];. n[auh jkpowpQu;fs;’ - md;Gkzp> ‘kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; gh gpughfud;> ‘ ‘jkpopy; fpwp];jt ,y (2012 njhlf;fk; ,J njhluhf ntsptUfpd;wJ). vd;gd F
njhz;ld; ,jOf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;fSk; Fwpg Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jw;Nghija njhz;ldpd; tpiy 30 &ght
ntl;lhg;G
1992 njhlf;fk; ,g;gj;jpupif ntsptUfpd;wJ. ,k; k eLepiya ntspaPl hf (Cathecatical Centre) khjhe;jk; kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; Mauhy; kiwf;fy;tp eLepiyaj;jpw;n (,tu; mUl;je;ijahf ,Ug;ghu;) mjd; Mrpupauhfg; gz tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; ,jpy; ngUksT ,lk;g tplaq;fSk; rpWtu; gFjp> ,isQu; gFjp> KjpNahu; gFjp vd tpNrl jdpj;Jtkhd tplaq;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sik , xd;whFk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

fiuthzd;: jd; kfspd; ,og;Gf; Fwpj;J)
e;j
xU r%f khDltpay; ghu;it’ - r.rrpjud;> ‘n[dPt hit ’ - kyu; Nte;jd;> ‘,NaR vd; cs;sj;Js; gpwf;f Ntz;Lk’; w;w njhlu;ghlYk; td;KiwAk’; - m.,Ujaehjd;> ; fl;lhak;’ - thfiuthzd;> ‘kl;lf;fsg;gpNy fpwp];jtk;’ ;fsg;G khepy ehl;lhupyf;fpaq;fs;’ - v];.vjpu;kd;drpq;fk;> jpUr;rigAk;’ - v];. n[auh[h> ‘kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Gfo; G+j;j kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; gh];fh ehlfq;fs;’ - ];uhd;yp tsu;r;rpapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; gq;fspg;G’ - Whgp tyd;uPd h> wf; fy;tpg; gzp’ - nry;tuhzp> ‘kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; hjhu mgptpUj;jpg; gzpfs;’ - ,uh.fd;dpNkup> ‘G+u;tPf uyhw;Wf;fz;Nzhl;lk;’- f.jq;Nf];tup ‘Clfk;> r%fk;> tpay; ghu;it’ - r.rrpjud;> ‘n[dpthit Nehf;fpAs;s ;jd;> ‘jkpopy; fpwp];jt ,yf;fpaq;fs;’ - Whgp tyd;uPd h ntsptUfpd;wJ). vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
g;gl;l Neu;fhzy;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT gpuRupf;fg;gl;lik jhz;ldpd; tpiy 30 &ghthFk;.
f ntsptUfpd;wJ. ,k; kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; kiwf;fy;tp atical Centre) khjhe;jk; ,J ntsptUfpd;wJ. ,k; iwf;fy;tp eLepiyaj;jpw;nfd epakpf;fg;gLk; ,af;Fdu; hu;) mjd; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;Wthu;. fj;Njhypf;f rka ;fs; ,jpy; ngUksT ,lk;gpbj;jpUe;jhYk; r%fk; rhu;e;j Qu; gFjp> KjpNahu; gFjp vd xt;Nthu; epiyapdUf;Fkhd k; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sik ,g; gj;jpupifapd; rpwg;Gf;fSs;
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Mrpupau;fs;;
mUl;je;ijau;fs; ,jd; Mrpuau;fshfr; nraw;gl;Ls Nehay; ,k;khDNty; (1992 - 1999)> V.V.etul;zk; ( 2001 Mtzp tiu)> gp.N[hrg; (2001 Gul;lhjp - 2006 khr gq;Fdp - 2006 Gul;lhjp)> N[.v];.nkhwha]; (2007 khrp - - ,w;iwtiu)
Ma;T trjp fUjp 1992 - 1999 : 2000 njhlf;fk; ,w;iw gFf;fg;gl;L Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1992 - 1999
,jd; KjyhtJ ,jo; nrg;lk;gu; 14 Mk; jpfjp 1992 Mrpupau; mUl; je;ij Nehay; ,k;khDNty; Mthu;.
,yq;ifapy; jpUkiy - kl;Lefu; kiwkhtl;lk; jd G+u;j;jpahtij Kd;dpl;L mjidr; rpwg;gpg;gjw;fhfTk; tpRthrpfSf;Ff; nfhLg;gjw;fhfTk; tptpypag; ghijapy; mt ntl;lhg;G Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij KjyhtJ ,jopd; mwpa KbAk;.
kiwkhtl;lr; rupj;jpuk;> kiw khtl;lr; nra;jpfs;> tptpypar; nra;jpfs;> tpohf;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; vd;gtw;i xU jlit Muk;gj;jpy; ,J ntspte;jJ.
jw;NghJ njhz;lidg; NghyNt ,JTk; khj ,jo ntl;lhg;G ,jo; jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYkhf mike;jpUe;j jkpo; nkhopapy; kl;LNk gpuRukhdJ.
kiwkhtl;lr; rupj;jpuk; mUl;je;ij b.rhkpehjd; mb 1993 njhlf;fk; ,g; gj;jpupif khj ntspaPl hf ntspte Muk;gj;jpy; fy;yr;Rg; gpujpahf ntspte;jJ.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; fl;Liufs;> FWq;fijfs;> kiw k khztu; gf;fk; Kjyhdit vOjg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf fl;LiufSk; jpUr;rigr; nra;jpfSk; mjpfkhd ,lj;jpidg Rw;Wkly;> Maupd; Rw;Wkly;> Myar; nra;jpfs; Kjyhdi
ftpijfs;> fl;Liufs; Kjyhdit Muk;gj;jpy; kl;LNk jhq;fp te;jd. gpd;du; gbg;gbahf ,e;epiyik rQ;rpifNahL xg;gpLk;NghJ fj;Njhypf;f gj;jpupifahfNt
486

Mrpuau;fshfr; nraw;gl;Ls;sdu;. mUl;je;ijau;fshd - 1999)> V.V.etul;zk; (1999 ,Wjpg; gFjp njhlf;fk; ; (2001 Gul;lhjp - 2006 khrp tiu)> rp.md;djh]; (2006 ];.nkhwha]; (2007 khrp - 2011 khu;)> up.V.[_ypad; (2011
99 : 2000 njhlf;fk; ,w;iw tiu vd;w fhyg; gFjpfshfg;
g;lk;gu; 14 Mk; jpfjp 1992 ,y; ntspte;jJ. KjyhtJ
k;khDNty; Mthu;.
kl;Lefu; kiwkhtl;lk; jdpj;J kyu;e;J 100 tUlq;fs; idr; rpwg;gpg;gjw;fhfTk; mJ njhlu;ghd nra;jpfis fTk; tptpypag; ghijapy; mtu;fis top elj;Jtjw;fhfTk; ;gij KjyhtJ ,jopd; Mrpupau; jiyaq;fj;jpypUe;J
kiw khtl;lr; nra;jpfs;> gq;Ffspd; (Parish) tuyhW> ; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fp ,U thuq;fSf;F spte;jJ.
ghyNt ,JTk; khj ,johf ntsptUfpd;wJ. Muk;g ;fpyj;jpYkhf mike;jpUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gpd;du; hdJ.
Ul;je;ij b.rhkpehjd; mbfshy; njhluhf vOjg;gl;lJ. khj ntspaPl hf ntspte;jJ. tUlr; re;jh 30 &gh. ntspte;jJ.
s;> FWq;fijfs;> kiw khtl;lr; nra;jpfs;> ftpijfs;> vOjg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf fpwp];jt rkak; njhlu;ghd pfSk; mjpfkhd ,lj;jpidg; ngw;wd. mj;Jld; ghg;gurupd; Myar; nra;jpfs; Kjyhdit vOjg;gl;ld.
Kjyhdit Muk;gj;jpy; fpwp];jtf; fUg;nghUs;fis u; gbg;gbahf ,e;epiyik khwpaJ. vdpDk; njhz;ld; ;Njhypf;f gj;jpupifahfNt ntsptUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
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khztu; gf;fk; vd;Dk; gFjp f.ngh.j rh/j kw;Wk; c fUjp fpwp];jt rkag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g tbtikf;fg FWf;nfOj;Jg; Nghl;b> tptpypa tpdh tpil Nghl;b Mfpad ngw;NwhUf;F gupRfSk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Nfs;tpAk; jpUr;rigapd; gjpYk; vd;Dk; gFjpA gFjpapy; fpwp];jt tplaq;fs; gw;wpa thru;fspd; tpdhf tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpWfijfs;
fijfisg; nghWj;jtiu xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplag; gug FWq;fijfNs mjpfk; vOjg;gl;ld. ,tw;iwj; jtpu ,f gpuj;jpNaf ,lk; xJf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. xU rpytw;iw ,
‘tho;tpy; xU tre;jk’; - Nf. jpNu];Nkup> ‘Njbte;j nja ‘kdk; khw;wpa khjh’ - v];. Nkhr];> ‘upNkhl; fd;Nwhy;’ - m.epkypdp
ftpijfs;
fl;LiufSk; nra;jpfSNk kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikah ftpijfs; vd;gd kpfr; rpythfNt cs;sd. vdpDk; mi cs;sd. rpytw;iw Nehf;fyhk;.
‘,NaR ghyNd eP tUf’ - fp.m.fyhtjp> ‘Jha vd;. rp. mUs;tujd;> ‘,t; (100) Mz;by; ePvjw;fhf?’ mUl;FUthdhu;)> ‘Njhy;tpfs; njhlu;fijfsy;y’ - byPg; gp
‘,t; (100) Mz;by; ePvjw;fhf?;’ - (k.];udp];y];) ‘,aw;ifNa ,iwtd; vd;whd; Mjp kdpjd; ,iwtd;jhd; ,kak; vd;whd; ,il kdpjd; kdpjNd kDf; Fyj;jpd; Mf;fk; vd;whd; etPd kdpjd; - ,J tpz;Zf;F ,Of;Nfh? - my;yJ kz;zpw;F ,og;Ngh?’
‘Njhy;tpfs; njhlu;fijfs; my;y’ - (byPg; gpuhd;rp];) ‘th ,isQNd
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Fjp f.ngh.j rh/j kw;Wk; c/ju khztu;fspd; ed;ik pl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;Jld; tptpypa tpdh tpil Nghl;b MfpadTk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ntw;wp g;gLfpd;wd.
; gjpYk; vd;Dk; gFjpAk; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,g; ; gw;wpa thru;fspd; tpdhf;fSf;F mUl;je;ijau;fshy;
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplag; gug;gpw;Fs; mjNdhL rk;ge;jkhd ;gl;ld. ,tw;iwj; jtpu ,f; fhyj;jpy; rpWfijfSf;fhd
;ftpy;iy. xU rpytw;iw ,q;F Fwpg;gplyhk;.
. jpNu];Nkup> ‘Njbte;j nja;tk;’ - Kj;Jhuhd; r.rjP] ;tud;> khr];> ‘upNkhl; fd;Nwhy;’ - vk;.&gd;> ‘mofpa cs;sk’; -
k kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,lk;ngWtjhy; fijfs;> fNt cs;sd. vdpDk; mitAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthfNt k;.
f’ - fp.m.fyhtjp> ‘Jha ey; ,jak; Nfl;Nghk;’ - 00) Mz;by; ePvjw;fhf?’ - k.];udp];y]; (gpd;dhspy;
; njhlu;fijfsy;y’ - byPg; gpuhd;rp];.
;fhf?;’ - (k.];udp];y];)
;whd;
;whd;
f;fk; vd;whd;
y;yJ
; my;y’ - (byPg; gpuhd;rp];)
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488
vOe;J th ,Jtiu eP fdTfspy; fye;jpUe;jJ NghJk; fiyj;JtpL’
fl;Liufs;
fpwp];jt rkak; njhlu;ghd fl;LiufNs mjpf ,lk; gpb c-k;:
‘NtjhfKk; mbg;gilr; rigfSk;’ - mUl;je;ij.N Vd;?’ - mUl;je;ij.V.V.etuj;jpdk;> ‘Mrhuj;Jf;Fupa N[ Nyhwd;];> ‘epiwit Nehf;fp 1893 - 1993: GJg;gazk; - N
,f; fhyj;jpy; ,g; gj;jpupif gy;NtW nra;jpfisj; jhq;fp gPl khd tj;jpf;fhdpd; nra;jpfSk; kiwkhtl;lr; nra;jpfS rk fhy r%f - murpay; tplaq;fs; njhlughd tplaq;fS vz;zpf;ifapy; kpff; FiwNt.
2000 njhlf;fk; ,w;iw tiu
,f; fhyk; ‘ntl;lhg;gpd;’ tsu;r;rpapy; kpf Kf;fpa fhykh Kd;Ndw;wfukhd gy khw;wq;fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;ld. m Mrpupauhfg; nghWg;Ngw;wJk; ,k; khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs ,ay;ghfNt rpe;jidj; njspTk;> Mf;fj;jpwDk;> ,yf;f tha;f;fg; ngw;wpUe;j mtu; ,j;jifa khw;wq;fisj; jdJ mg;NghJ mUl;je;ijahf ,Ue;j ngh.N[hrg; mbfspd; (jw;Ng ,t;tplaq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;likAk; epidtpw; nfhs
2000 Mk; Mz;L [_gpyp Mz;lhf epidT $ug;gl;lik Gjpa rpe;jidfs; njhlu;ghd Mf;fq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. Gjpa gy tplaq;fisr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ. FLk;gf; Ft koiy kQ;rup Mfpa mk;rq;fs; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld. mg;Nghija ,Ue;j mUl;je;ij k.];udp];y];> jpUkjp. Whgp tyd jpUkjp.fkyh fkyehjd; MfpNahu; KiwNa ,isQu; , koiy kQ;rup> KjpNahu; %r;R Mfpa gFjpfisg; nghWg;N jj;jk; Mf;fq;fis vOjpAk; te;jdu;. Vwj;jho Ik;gjpw;F – 2006 Mk; Mz;L tiu xt;nthU gFjpapYk; nts FWq;fijfSld; tpsf;fg;gl;lik ,tw;wpd; rpwg;gk;rkh FWq;fijfSf;F ,g; gj;jpupiffspdhapw;W. ,it mf; Fw

fl;LiufNs mjpf ,lk; gpbj;jpUe;jd.
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y;NtW nra;jpfisj; jhq;fp te;jJ. fj;Njhypf;f jiyikg; k; kiwkhtl;lr; nra;jpfSk; mjpf ,lk;gpbj;jpUe;jhYk; ;fs; njhlughd tplaq;fSk; XusT vOjg;gl;ld. mit .
tiu su;r;rpapy; kpf Kf;fpa fhykhFk;. Fwpg;ghf cs;slf;fj;jpy; q;fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;ld. mUl;je;ij V. V. etul;zk; ,k; khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Tk;> Mf;fj;jpwDk;> ,yf;fpag; gupr;raKk;> jkpohu;tKk; ifa khw;wq;fisj; jdJ fhyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ;j ngh.N[hrg; mbfspd; (jw;Nghija Mau;) MNyhridapy; ;gl;likAk; epidtpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
z;lhf epidT $ug;gl;likahy; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; f;fq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. ntl;lhg;G jd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; ;Jf; nfhz;lJ. FLk;gf; Ftyak;> ,isQu; ,izak;> ; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld. mg;Nghija Mrpupa FO cWg;gpdu;fshf ;y];> jpUkjp. Whgp tyd;uPd h> jpU. M. fp.gpuhd;rp];> pNahu; KiwNa ,isQu; ,izak;> FLk;gf; Ftyak;> Mfpa gFjpfisg; nghWg;Ngw;wJld; mt;tg; gFjpfSf;F te;jdu;. Vwj;jho Ik;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Mf;fq;fs; 2000 xt;nthU gFjpapYk; ntspte;jd. xt;Nthu; tplaKk; ;lik ,tw;wpd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,jdhy; mjpfstpyhd ffspdhapw;W. ,it mf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; thrfu;fshy;
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ftug;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jd. ,tw;wpy; ,isQu; ,izaj;jpy; EhYUg;ngw;wd.
FLk;gf; Ftyak;> koiy kQ;rup> ,isQu; ,iza gFjpfspy; jw;NghJ KiwNa kNdh fe;jrhkp> jpUkjp.nrg] etul;zk;> Mde;jh V.[p.,uhN[e;jpuh MfpNahu; vOjpt ,tw;wpy; njhlu;e;Jk; gpd;gw;wg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ‘fijn rpe;jidf;Ffe;j FWq;fijfisAk; mwpTiufisAk; m vOjp tUfpd;whu;.
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fj;Njhypf;;f rkag; gzpapy; nghJ epiyapdu; - gjpT mz;ikapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;l;Ls;sJ. ,g; gFjpapy; FUf gzpfSf;F mg;ghy; nghJepiyapduhfTs;s fpwp];jt Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; ,g; gFjp Kf;fpaj;Jtk ,g; gFjpapy; M.fp.gpuhd;rp]; njhluhf vOjp tUfpd cjhuzj;jpw;fhfj; jug;gLfpd;wd.
‘mjpu;r;rpA+l;Lk; ew;fUizg; GJikfs;’> ‘FUj;Jt md;djh];> ‘nghJepiyapdUk; gzp tho;Tk;’ - Nah.gj tho;T’ - mUl;je;ij V.V.etul;zk;> ‘jpUr;rigapd; r%f b.rhkpehjd;> ‘capu;g;G nja;tPf tho;tpd; cjak;’ - mUl;je jiyikj;Jtk;’> ‘jpUr;rigapd; r%fg; gbg;gpidfs;’ ‘ew;fUiz ,NaRtpd; tho;tpd; gpurd;dk;’ - mUl;je;ij miof;Fk; mUspd; fhyk;’ - mUl;je;ij Nehay; ,k;khD
%ypif itj;jpak; vd;Dk; gFjpapy; mJ njhlu;ghd t ngaupy; m.r.gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpau; vOjp te;jhu;. cstpa vOjg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw ];uhd;yp gpughfud; vOjp Neu;fhzy; gFjpAk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

py; ,isQu; ,izaj;jpy; ntspte;j Mf;fq;fs; gpd;du;
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ehL vd;Dk; gFjpapy; fj;Njhypf;f rkak; toq;Fk; ehLfs; sptUfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ew;nra;jp mwptpg;Gg; gFjp xd;Wk; u;ghd tplaq;fSk; tj;jpf;fhd; nra;jpfs; vd;Dk; gFjpapy; Ufpd;wd. ahu; ,tu; vd;Dk; gFjp Gdpju;fis mwpKfk; py;lh ,g;gFjpf;F Mf;fq;fis toq;fp tUfpd;whu;.
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g; GJikfs;’> ‘FUj;Jtk;’ - mUl;je;ij.fpskd;w; k; gzp tho;Tk;’ - Nah.gj;jpehjd;> ‘kuzkpy;yhg; ngU l;zk;> ‘jpUr;rigapd; r%fg; gbg;gpidfs;’ - mUl;je;ij tho;tpd; cjak;’ - mUl;je;ij gpiwdu; nryu;> ‘fpwp];jt pd; r%fg; gbg;gpidfs;’ – mUl;je;ij b.rhkpehjd;> pd; gpurd;dk;’ - mUl;je;ij [_l; N[hd;rd;> ‘GJtho;Tf;F Ul;je;ij Nehay; ,k;khDNty;.
k; gFjpapy; mJ njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis mfj;jpah vd;Dk; u; vOjp te;jhu;. cstpay; njhlu;ghd fl;LiufSk; ];uhd;yp gpughfud; vOjp tUfpd;whu;. ,tw;iw tpl ;Ws;sJ.
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md;id Nkupapd; fij vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; thfi vOjpdhu;.
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jw;NghJ rpWtu;fSf;fhfj; jpUtptpypar; rpj;jpuj; tptpypaf; fijfisr; rpj;jpuj; njhluhf Mde;jh V.[p.,uhN ,j; njhlUf;fhd rpj;jpuq;fisAk; mtNu tiue;j Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. rpWtu;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp Ntjhfkj;ij ,g; gFjp gad;ghLilajhf mike;Js;sJ.
ntl;lhg;Gg; gj;jpupif jd; cs;slf;fj;jpYk; cUt tifapYs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. gpujpnahd;wpd; &ghthFk;.
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njhz;ld;> ntl;lhg;G Mfpa ,t;tpU ,jo;fisAk; epiyfSf;F mg;ghy; mt;tpjo;fspy; ,izahrpupau; epi kyu;Nte;jd; kw;Wk; Nghjfu;. up.up.gpuhd;rp]; MfpNahupd $uj;jf;fJ. ,af;Fdu;fshfg; gzpahw;WNthu; khw;wy gy tUlq;fshf ,tu;fs; ,t; ntspaPl ;bw;fhfg; gzpa kyu;Nte;jd; fle;j Kg;gJ tUlq;fshf ,g;gzpapidr; ,j;Jld; rpwe;j Mf;fq;fisg;; gilj;Jk; tUfpd;whu;.
kpf Kf;fpakhff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;ba mk;rKk; xd;;Wz;L mUl;je;ijau;fs; gyiu Mf;f ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fshf m
490

‘vq;Nf kdpjk;?’ - Nf.V.n[dpw;wh> ‘jhfk;’> ‘xU tuk;’ - jhd;whNjh Nkfj;jpy;’ - mUl;je;ij Nehay; ,k;khDNty;> y; mTl;];Nfhd;> ‘flik’ - Ng.RFzh> ‘kuzpf;fhj el;G’ Qu; rKjhaNk’ - mUl;je;ij kJuhq;fd; F&]; vd;gd
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; thfiu thzd; ftpijj; njhlu;
;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ‘mq;fyl;rzk;’ - m.r.gha;th> ‘nkhl;Lf;fs; opg; Nguiy mlq;ftpy;iyNa - vk;.n[atjdp> ‘gpupe;j upaehjd;> ‘vq;Nf kdpjk;?’ - n[dpw;wh> ‘Kg;gJ nts;spf;
j; jpUtptpypar; rpj;jpuj; njhlu; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhluhf Mde;jh V.[p.,uhN[e;jpuk; gilj;J tUfpd;whu;. isAk; mtNu tiue;jspg;gJ ,jd; rpwg;Gf;fSs; f;F kl;Lkd;wp Ntjhfkj;ij mwpa tpioAk; vy;Nyhh;f;Fk;
ke;Js;sJ.
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Page 505
rpwe;j fl;Liuahsu;fshfTk; rPupa rpe;jidj; jpwD ntspg;gl;bUf;fpdwhu;fs;.
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fpof;fpyq;iff; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; tuyhw jtpu;j;Jr; nry;y Kbahj kpf Kf;fpakhd Mtzkhf Mf;f ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Ff; fsk; ngupjhf mikahtpbD ngWkjpkpf;fit. fpwp];jt rkaf;; fUj;jJf;fNs ,jpy vd;gjhy; mjd; msT Nehf;fk; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g ,J cs
njhz;ld; gue;j fsj;jpidj; jdjhf;fp jkpo; ,yf;fpa ey;fp tUfpd;wJ. rka - r%f - ,yf;fpa ntspaPL vd;Dk gzpahw;Wfpd;wJ.
kl;lf;fsg;gpypUe;J ntsptUk; ,t;tpU ,jo;fSk; , kpf;fdthf tpsq;Fij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. kj vy;iyf;F m murpay; Kjyhd gy tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUg;gJk;> k mikj;Jf; nfhLj;Js;sikAk; kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fs
fpwp];jt newp Kiwfspd;Wk; gpwohJ mNjNtis r jk;kfj;Nj rup ghfkhff; nfhz;L ew;nra;jpg; gzpiaAk; j ,t;tpU ,jo;fSk; ,yq;ifapd; ,jopay; tuyhw;wpy; j gq;fspg;gpid ey;fp tUtJ kWj;jw;fupa cz;ikahFk;.
crhj;Jiz ntl;lhg;G : kl;lf;fsg;G kiwf;fy;tp eLepiya ntspaPL
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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u; gyiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpAk; KJ ngUk; vOj;jhsu;fSf;Fk; dfSf;F tpj;jpl;l tifspYk; rkfhy r%f murpay; apYk; JzpTld; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;Fk; tifapYk; fzprkhdJ. ,dptUk; fhyq;fspYk; eLepiyjtwhJ vOj;Jf;fisj; jhq;fp ,it ntsptu Ntz;Lk;.
pf;f jpUr;rigapd; tuyhw;iw mwpa tpioNthuhy; pf Kf;fpakhd Mtzkhf ntl;lhg;G mike;Js;sJ. k; ngupjhf mikahtpbDk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Mf;fq;fs; kaf;; fUj;jJf;fNs ,jpy; mjpfk; cs;sd. gj;jpupif
; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g ,J cs;sJ.
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Uk; ,t;tpU ,jo;fSk; ,d;iwa #oypy; kpfg; ngWkjp dpf;fyhk;. kj vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; r%fk;> fiy> tuyhW> s; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUg;gJk;> kj Ngjkw;W rfyUf;Fk; fsk;
; kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fshFk;.
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wf;fy;tp eLepiya ntspaPL : ,jo;fs; 1992 – 2013 khrp
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rh;tNjrg; gy;fiyf;fofj; juthpirg;gLj;jy;fis Ma gy;fiyf;fofq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fs; nj Ma;TfSk; ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ M njhlh;gpy; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fis mjd; J}uNeh juj;jpw;F cah;j;Jtjpy; E}yfj; jfty; tsq;fspd; tfpghf nghUj;jkhd jpl;lq;fs; cs;sPh;f;fg;glhik Ma;Tg;gpur;r mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; “,yq;ifapd; c juj;jpw;F cah;j;Jtjpy;; jfty;tsg; ghpkhw;w rh;tNjr ti jiyg;gpy; xU Gjpa vz;zf;fUit cs;sPh;g;gJ njhlh;ghd NkYk; njhlh;r;rpahf ,Jgw;wpa Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg njspTgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
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,q;F E}yfj; jfty; tsq;fs; vd;gJ mr;rplg;gl ,izaj; jfty;tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs; kl;LN nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. vdNt mr;rplg;gl;l jfty; tsq;fs; k ftdj;jpw;;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
Ma;TKiwapay;
gy;fiyf;fof kw;Wk; cah;fy;tp epWtfr; rh;tNjrj (ghh;f;f - gpw;Nrh;f;if ml;ltiz-1) gytw;iwg; gF ngwg;gl;l KbTfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L ,yq epiyapid kjpg;gPL nra;J> ,yq;ifapd; cah;fy;tpj;Ji cah;j;Jjy; njhlh;ghd jw;Nghija nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ,yf miltjw;fhd jw;Nghja jpl;lkply;fs; rh;tNjr juth

yq;ifapd; ve;jnthU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; cs;sf ilahd Muha;r;rp ,izaj; jfty; tsq;fs; ,y;yhikAk; pd; tsh;r;rpf;F gad;gLj;jr; rpwe;j jpl;lkply;fs; vitAk; f;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;FiwghLfis epth;j;jpnra;ag; hq;Ftjd; %yk; xg;gPl ;lstpy;> kpff; Fiwe;j nrytpy;
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juthpirg;gLj;jy;fis Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;JtjpD}lhf Njrpa j;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;gpy;; ,Jtiu ve;jnthU ;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid. NkYk; ,J f;fofq;fis mjd; J}uNehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; rh;tNjr ; jfty; tsq;fspd; tfpghfk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL njhlh;gpy; ;sPh;f;fg;glhik Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidapd; gpujhd mq;fkhf g;gilapy; “,yq;ifapd; cah;fy;tpj;Jiwiar; rh;tNjrj; ;tsg; ghpkhw;w rh;tNjr tiyaikg;gpd; tfpgq;F” vDk; Uit cs;sPh;g;gJ njhlh;ghd Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. pa Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;bajd; epahag;ghLk;
; tfpgq;if Kd;epWj;jp> ,yq;if cah;fy;tpj;Jiwapd; j;jYf;Fj; jfty;tsg; ghpkhw;w rh;tNjr tiyaikg;G k; kpff; Fiwe;j nrytpy; jPh;Tfhz;gjw;fhd fUj;jpl;lr; pid Vw;gLj;jy;.
sq;fs; vd;gJ mr;rplg;glhj> (Non Printed) Muha;r;rp w;Wk; Mtzq;fs; kl;LNk Ma;thsuhy; ftdj;jpw; ;rplg;gl;l jfty; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs; Ma;tpy;
h;fy;tp epWtfr; rh;tNjrj; jutupirg;gLj;jy; Kiwfs; ;ltiz-1) gytw;iwg; gFg;gha;Tf;Fl;gLj;jpajD}lhfg; ;gilahff;nfhz;L ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; yq;ifapd; cah;fy;tpj;Jiwapidr; rh;tNjrj; juj;jpw;F ija nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis l;lkply;fs; rh;tNjr juthpirg;gLj;jy;fspy; rhjfkhd
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epiyapid cz;Lgz;zf;$ba epiyapy; cs;sdth? v cghaq;fis Kd;itf;Fk; topKiwfis Muha;e;Js;sJ
,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fisr; rh;tNjrkag;g
xU ehl;bd; Njrpag; gy;fiyf;fofq;fis rh;tN vDk; fUg;nghUshdJ cyfkakhjy; nraw;ghl;bd; n ngwj;njhlq;fptpl;lJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; xt;nthU e gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk; cah;fy;tp epWtdq;fis cy Vw;whw; Nghy; tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh Nkk;gLj;jp> k jtph;f;f Kbahj nraw;ghlhf jpzpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. jfty; tsh;r;rp ,jpy; mbg;gilahd jhf;fj;ij gy;NtW epiyfspy xU ehl;bd; fy;tpr; Nritfspd; kj;jpa];jhdkhf cah;f mNjNtis jw;Nghija cyfshtpa fhyf;fpukj;jpw;N mbg;gilapy; nghUshjhu hPj pahf ,yhgj;ij  fy;tpf;fhd ,e;jg; Nghl;br; re;ijapy; ga njhpTnra;tijj; jtpu NtWnjhpTfs; vJTk; ,yq;;ifg; g epWtdq;fSf;F ,Ue;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;. , ,yq;ifapd; cah;fy;tpj;JiwAk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fisr eltbf;ifapy; fhyb vLj;J itj;Jf; fsk; ,wq;fpAs;sJ. v ,yf;fpid miljYf;fhd jpl;lkply;fspy; cs;sPh;f;fg;glNt tplaq;fSf;F rhpahd ,lk; nfhLf;fg;glhik ,q;F mtjh
,yq;ifapd; cah;fy;tpj;Jiw Nkk;ghl;Lr; nraw
,yq;if cah;fy;tp mikr;Rk; gy;fiyf;fof k ,ize;J ,yq;ifapd; cah;fy;tpj;Jiwiar; rh;tNjrk juj;jpw;F cah;j;Jjy; vDk; nraw;wpl;lj;ij “Mff; Fiw juk;tha;e;jJkhd Mrpahtpd; fy;tpikak; Mf;FNthk;” vD Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. mjw;fhf cah;fy;tp mikr;R vjph;ghh;f;Fk
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l 07 gy;fiyf;fofq;fis (Nguhj •
aho;ghzk;> W`_z> = Iath;j;jdGu> kw;Wk; fsd Kjy; 1000 f;Fs; nfhz;LtUjy;. 10>000 ntspehl;L khzth;fis cah;fy;tpf;fhf ,e;e • NkYk; ,e;jr; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fshd:-
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ba epiyapy; cs;sdth? vd;gij xg;gPl ;lha;Tf;Fl;gLj;jp opKiwfis Muha;e;Js;sJ.
fq;fisr; rh;tNjrkag;gLj;jypd; gpd;dzp
y;fiyf;fofq;fis rh;tNjrj; juj;jpw;F cah;j;Jjy; fkakhjy; nraw;ghl;bd; nry;thf;fpdhy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bg;gilapy; xt;nthU ehLk; jq;fs; ehl;bYs;s ah;fy;tp epWtdq;fis cyfkakhjy; eltbf;iffspw;F pUk;ghkNyh Nkk;gLj;jp> kPS Uthf;fk; nra;jy; vd;gJ pzpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. jfty; njhlh;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; hf;fj;ij gy;NtW epiyfspy; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sik fz;$L. pd; kj;jpa];jhdkhf cah;fy;tp epWtdq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w yfshtpa fhyf;fpukj;jpw;Nfw;;g Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fspd; Pj pahf ,yhgj;ij  jtph;f;fKbahj epiyapy;> ;ba Jh;g;ghf;fpa epfo;thfg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fisr; ; vDk; Nkyhjpf;fr; rpe;jid Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Wtpl;lJ. wapYk; ,J CLUtpAs;sij jw;NghJ cah;fy;tpj;Jiw raw;ghLfs; njl;lj;njspthf tpsf;Ffpd;wd. vdNt e;jg; Nghl;br; re;ijapy; gazpf;fNtz;ba ghijapid hpTfs; vJTk; ,yq;;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> cah;fy;tp py;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapNyNa ,d;W Ak; gy;fiyf;fofq;fisr; rh;tNjrj;; juj;jpw;F cah;j;Jk; j;Jf; fsk; ,wq;fpAs;sJ. vdpDk; njhpTnra;j ghijapd; ;lkply;fspy; cs;sPh;f;fg;glNtz;ba mbg;gilahd Kf;fpa fhLf;fg;glhik ,q;F mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ.
pj;Jiw Nkk;ghl;Lr; nraw;wpl;lk;
kr;Rk; gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FOTk; ;fy;tpj;Jiwiar; rh;tNjrkag;gLj;jy; my;yJ rh;tNjrj; raw;wpl;lj;ij “Mff; Fiwe;j nrytpy; gad;tha;e;jJk; y;tpikak; Mf;FNthk;” vDk; J}uNehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; h;fy;tp mikr;R vjph;ghh;f;Fk; gpujhd ,yf;Ffshd:-
;fiyf;fofq;fis (Nguhjid> nfhOk;G> nkhwl;Lt> Iath;j;jdGu> kw;Wk; fsdp) rh;tNjr jug;gLj;Jifapy; tUjy;. h;fis cah;fy;tpf;fhf ,e;ehl;bw;F mioj;jy;. Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fshd:-
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rfy cah;fy;tp epWtfq;fSf;Fkhd cyfshtpa Njh • jpwiktha;e;j Muha;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; ntspaPL fs; • Kd;Ndw;wfukhf;fg;gl;l cyfshtpa njhlh;Gfs; kw;W •
vd;gtw;wpd; ntw;wpiaj; jw;NghJs;s jpl;lkply;fspd; % Nkw;gb ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L> nghUj;jkhdJk; rhjfkhdJkhd vz cs;sPh;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
,yq;if cah;fy;tpj;Jiw Nkk;ghLk; rthy;fSk
“mwptpd; khw;wk; ehl;bd; khw;wk;” vd;w jplr cah;fy;tpj;Jiw gazpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;ifapy; gy;NtWgl ghhpa jhf;fj;ij cz;Lgz;Zk; epiyik mtjhdpf;ff;f nghUshjhu> epjpapay; fhuzpfNshL xg;gpLifapy; m vd;gjdbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifahy; jdpj;Jepd;W Kf Nghl;bNghl;L cah;fy;tpj;Jiwiar; rh;tNjrkag;gLj;Jjy nraw;jpwd; kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwd; rhh;e;j rthy;fs;> cah vd;gjw;F> rh;tNjrk; tfpj;jpUf;fpd;w tiuaiwia x mr;RWj;jyhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ jw;NghJ jft Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; ghhpa Nghl;br; re;ij> Muha;r;rpf;fhd m gy;fiyf;fofj; jug;gLj;jy;fspy; Muha;r;rp ntspaPL fs; F jsq;fs; kw;Wk; Rl;bfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUj;jypd; (Citatio ,d;wpaikahik kw;Wk; jfty; juTj; jsq;fSf;f xg;gpLk;NghJ xU mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; rpwpa ehL vd;g rh;tNjrj;NjhL Nghl;bNghl;L cah;fy;tpj;Jiwiar; rh;tNj tplakhfNt fhzg;gLk;.
NkYk; rhjfkhd topKiwfs; vd;gij jdpj Nkw;nfhs;sKbahJ. fhuzk; rh;tNjr mstpy; jfty;ts ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuepiy kw;Wk; epjpnahJf;fPL fNs tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jnkd;gJ re;NjfNk.
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Sf;Fkhd cyfshtpa Njhw;wj;ij Kd;Ndw;wfukhf;fy;
; kw;Wk; ntspaPL fs; yfshtpa njhlh;Gfs; kw;Wk; ghpkhw;wq;fs;
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iw Nkk;ghLk; rthy;fSk;
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Kiwfs; vd;gij jdpj;J epd;W ,yq;ifapdhy; rh;tNjr mstpy; jfty;tsj; juTj; jsq;fspd; ngWkjp> y kw;Wk; epjpnahJf;fPL fNshL xg;gpLifapy; rhjfkhd
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hf jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy; ; cah;fy;tpj;Jiwia ,yFthf Kfhiknra;af;$ba fapd; cah;fy;tpj;Jiwapd; Nkk;ghL rhh;ghd ntw;wpf;F J. ,e;epiyapy; rh;tNjr ehLfSld; cld;gbf;iffis ffs; (Collaboration) kw;Wk; tsg;gfph;T (Resource Sharing) h;tNjr tiyaikg;G nraw;jpl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjd;
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%ykhf cah;fy;tpj;Jiw Nkk;gLj;jypy; cs;s rthy nra;af;$ba re;jh;g;gq;fSk; cs;sd. ,jid vkJ mz Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;jh;g;gk; gy;NtW fhuzpfspd; mbg;gil rhjfkhdjhfTk; ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;>
,e;jpahtpd; 05 cah;fy;tp epWtdq;fs; ntNghnkw;wpf •
Kjy; 1000 ,w;Fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sik. ,e;jpahtpd; cau;fy;tpr; #oypy; gapy;epiyapYs;s • NkYk; ,e;jpahtpd; cah;fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ,jd; nry;t ,e;jpa cah;fy;tp epWtfq;fspd; epjp tsq;fs; gfpug •
xU fl;likg;gpd; fPo ; kpff; Fiwe;j nrytpy; cr;rg;gai gad;gLj;Jk; nraw;wpwd;kpf;f eilKiw ntw;wp. gy kpy;ypad; &gha; ngWkjptha;e;j 20 ,w;Fk; Nkw;;gl;l M • jfty;tsj; juTj; jsq;fis (ghh;f;f - gpw;Nrh;f;if m Nkw;g;gl;l cah;fy;tp epWtfq;fs; mDgtpf;ff;$bajh INFLIBNET • vd;w tpNrl fl;likg;gpD}lhd INF
gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FOtpd; M ,yq;ifapd; cah;fy;tpj;Jiw mikr;Rk; gy;fiyf FOTk; ,e;jpahTld; mZFKiwfs;> mKy;gLj;jy;f Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,yFthdjhf mikAk;.
gy;fiyf;fofj; juthpirg;gLj;jy;fs;
cyfg; gy;fiyf;fofj; juthpirg;gLj;jypd; tuyhw;W 1983 Mk; Mz;L KjyhtJ juthpir Kiw mwpKfg cs;sd. rPd htpy;; cs;s rq;fha; [pahX nuhq;f; gy;fiyf;f (The Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong Un gy;fiyf;fofj; juthpirg; gl;baiy 1983 ,y; ntspa njhlh;e;J gy;NtWgl;l mikg;GfSk; ehLfSk; Njrpa hPj gy;fiyf;fofq;fis juthpirg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy Kiw mwpKfk; nra;jd. nghJthf me;j KiwfSk; tiuai mikg;gpdJ Nehf;fq;fisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; gf;fr;rhh;Gj; jd;ik> mD$yk; kw;Wk; gpujp$yk; vd mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Nkw;Fyf ehLfspd; nry;thf vt;thnwdpDk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; juj;jpid Nkk;gL gpujhdg;gLj;jp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l juthpirg;gLj;jy;fs; , gad;ghLkpf;fjhfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wjhfTk; tpsq;fp xU ehl;bd; cah;fy;tpj;Jiw kPjhd epjpnahJf;fPl;il gy;fiyf;fofj; njhpit rh;tNjr mstpy; ,dq;fhz;gjpy gbepiyfspy; ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; nfhs;syhk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

kk;gLj;jypy; cs;s rthy;fis rhjidfshf khw;wk; s;sd. ,jid vkJ mz;ila ehlhd ,e;jpahTld; ;NtW fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kpfg;nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; J. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;>
epWtdq;fs; ntNghnkw;wpf;]; (Webometrics) juthpirapy;
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ptha;e;j 20 ,w;Fk; Nkw;;gl;l Ma;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd is (ghh;f;f - gpw;Nrh;f;if ml;ltiz-3) 1000 ,w;Fk; fq;fs; mDgtpf;ff;$bajhf cs;sik.
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thpirg;gLj;jypd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia Muha;ifapy; juthpir Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljw;fhd rhd;Wfs; ha; [pahX nuhq;f; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; cah;fy;tp epWtfk; of Shanghai Jiao Tong University) cyfpNy Kjd;Kjyhf l;baiy 1983 ,y; ntspapl;L jlk; gjpj;jJ. mjidj; ;GfSk; ehLfSk; Njrpa hPjpahfTk;> rh;tNjr hPjpahfTk; rg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy KiwfisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; me;j KiwfSk; tiuaiwfSk; juthpirg;gLj;jy;fs; ; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; mike;J fhzg;gl;lhYk; yk; kw;Wk; gpujp$yk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sik w;Fyf ehLfspd; nry;thf;F ,jpy; fzprkhf cs;sJ. q;fspd; juj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nehf;fq;fisg; ;gl;l juthpirg;gLj;jy;fs; ,d;W gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; ;Jtk; ngw;wjhfTk; tpsq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf kPjhd epjpnahJf;fPl;il jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpahfTk;> jr mstpy; ,dq;fhz;gjpy; xU topfhl;bahfTk; gy;NtW tj;ijf; nfhs;syhk;.
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rh;tNjrkag;gLj;jypy; E}yfj; jfty; tsq;fspd
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Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE)/ Social Science 1.
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Nkw;gb gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; juthpirg;gLj;jypd; Ng tPjj;jpy; E}yfj; jfty; tsj;jpd; nry;thf;F Vwj;jho 65 tPj fhzg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> Vida midj;Jf; fhuzpfS khj;jpuNk nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jd; %yk; gy;fiyf;fof j jfty; tsj;jpd; nry;thf;F fzprkhd ,lj;ijg; gpbj;J vdNt xt;nthU gy;fiyf;fofKk; rh;tNjr Nkk Nkw;nfhs;ifapy;> Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s juTj; jsq;fs;> kw;Wk; rh;tNjrg; gpugy;ak; tha;e;j Ma;tpjo;fs; Nghd;wt jj;jkJ gy;fiyf;fof Njitfis epiwT nra;af;$ba j Ntz;Lk;.
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506

E}yfj; jfty; tsq;fspd; gq;Fk; ,yq;ifAk;
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ed (SCIE)/ Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) / Arts and A&HCI) Kjypa juTj; jsq;fspy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s s;s Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; Vida ntspaPL fspd;
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ber of Citations) vz;zpf;if.(20%) a;tpjo;fspy; ntspahd Ma;Tf;fl;Liufspd; vz;zpf;if.
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,izaj; jfty; %yq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; $l ,w;iwtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf cyfstpy Kjd;ikahd jfty;tsj; juTj; jsq;fshf ,Uf;fpd of Science, Scopus Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ,yq;ifapYs;s v re;jhjhuh;fshf ,y;yhik Ma;TfSf;fhd jfty;tsk; fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ntspehl;L khzth;fis ,y cs;sPh;f;Fk; nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,J ghhpa rthyhf mi khzth;fs; NtWehl;bYs;s gy;fiyf;fofq;fisj; jq nra;ifapy; ,izaj; jfty;ts %yq;fspd; fpilg;gdT mtw;iw gad;gLj;jf;$ba jd;ik vd;gtw;iwj; njspth jq;fspd; gy;fiyf;fofj; njhpit Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. N Nguhrphpah;fis njhpTnra;tjw;F Web of Science, Scopu kw;Wk; Researcher ID Kjyhd Nkw;Nfhs;r; rhd;Wr; juTj; js ,ijtpl xU Ma;thsh; jdJ Ma;tpd; Nghf;fpid m Ma;Tfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk; Nkw;gb jfty;tsq;fs; K cah;fy;tp epWtdq;fSk; jq;fs; epWtfj;jpd; Ma;Tfspw Nfs;tpj; jd;ikia kjpg;gpl;L Ma;Tj;jpl;lq;fis vjph;fhy efh;j;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis Muha;tjw;Fk; Nkw;gb jft ,Uf;Fk;.
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cyf gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; juthpirfs; gytw;i vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfspd;gb ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd my;yJ mjd; juthpirfspy; ,lk;gpbf;f Kbahj mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mz;ika mjhtJ 2012 ];ngapdpy; ,Ue;J ntspaplg;gLfpd;w irkhNfh epWtf jut Rankings) Nguhjid kw;Wk; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs kw;Wk; 2>809 tJ ,lq;fis gpbj;Js;s mNjNtis JUf
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g; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; $l rhpahd jpl;lkply;fs; vJTk; py;iy. Fwpg;ghf cyfstpy; Muha;r;rpj; Jiwf;F kpfTk; uTj; jsq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;w SciVerse, MathSciNet, Web w;wpw;F ,yq;ifapYs;s ve;jnthU gy;fiyf;fofKk; a;TfSf;fhd jfty;tsk; njhlh;ghf gw;whf;Fiwapid pehl;L khzth;fis ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ; ,J ghhpa rthyhf mikAk;. Vnddpy; ntspehl;L gy;fiyf;fofq;fisj; jq;fspd; cah;fy;tpf;fhf njhpT s %yq;fspd; fpilg;gdT> Muha;r;rpj; NjitfSf;fhf ;ik vd;gtw;iwj; njspthf Muha;e;J> mwpe;j gpd;dNu hpit Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. NkYk; Ma;Tf; fw;iffspw;F w;F Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar Author Profile kw;Nfhs;r; rhd;Wr; juTj; jsq;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. J Ma;tpd; Nghf;fpid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; vjph;fhy ; Nkw;gb jfty;tsq;fs; Kf;fpakhdit. ,NjNghd;W ;fs; epWtfj;jpd; Ma;Tfspw;F cyfstpy; Vw;gl;bUf;fpd;w a;Tj;jpl;lq;fis vjph;fhy Kd;Ndw;wg; ghijia Nehf;fp Muha;tjw;Fk; Nkw;gb jfty; tsq;fs; Kf;fpakhdjhf
; Nkw;Nfhs;r; rhd;W juTj; jsj;ij %ykhff;nfhz;L q;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu ntspaPl ;L isNa fhl;Lfpd;wd (ghh;f;f - gpw;Nrh;f;if ml;ltiz-4). y; Vw;Wg; gy;fiyf;fof Nkk;gLj;jy;; nraw;ghl;by; E}yfj; k toq;fg;gl Ntz;bajd; epahag;ghL njspthfpd;wJ. itahd jfty; tsq;fspw;F epyTk; Njitfis Njrpa ;jp nra;af;$ba eilKiwf;Fr; rhjfkhd topKiwfs; chpajhf mKyhf;fk; nra;jy; fhyj;jpd; fl;lhaKk; kahj; NjitAkhf czug;gl;Ls;sJ.
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pd; juthpirfs; gytw;iw Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jpa NghJ q;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; epiy kpfTk; fPo ;epiyapy; py; ,lk;gpbf;f Kbahj epiyapy; ,Ue;jikia . mz;ika mjhtJ 2012 jug;gLj;jy; ntspaPL fspd; gb Lfpd;w irkhNfh epWtf juthpirapy; (Scimago Institutions hOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; khj;jpuk; KiwNa 2>388 tJ gpbj;Js;s mNjNtis JUf;fp ehl;bypUe;J ntspahfpd;w
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fy;tp ntspaPl ;L juthpirapy; (University Ranking by Aca gy;fiyf;fofk; kl;Lk; ,lk;ngw;W 1>466 tJ ,lj;jpy kw;WnkhU juthpirahd ntNthnkw;wpf;];; (Webome midj;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; ,lk;gpbj;Js;sik Fw ntNthnkw;wpf;]; juthpirapy; ,yq;ifapd; ve;jnthU 1000 f;Fs; ,lk; gpbf;f Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; ,q;F tplak; ahnjdpy; Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s %d;W jug;gLj jug;gLj;jy;fSk; cyfpy; Kjy; epiyf;F tUfpd;w 500 gy;f khj;jpuNk ntspapLfpd;wd. ,J ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof jw;Nghija epiyapy; ,yq;ifapd; cah;fy;tp rhh;ghf nt juthpir kl;LNk rhjfkhdJk;> gy;fiyf;fof N nghUl;L gpd;gw;wf;$baJkhd jd;ikapid nf ,yq;ifAk; ntNthnkw;wpf;]; (Webometrics) juthpirg cah;fy;tpj;Jiwapd; nraw;wpl;lq;fis KLf;fptpl;Ls;sJ.
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508

niversity Ranking by Academic performance) Nguhjidg; ;ngw;W 1>466 tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. Mf ];ngapdpd; Nthnkw;wpf;];; (Webometrics) ,y; kl;Lk; ,yq;ifapd; k; ,lk;gpbj;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplak;. vd;whYk; y; ,yq;ifapd; ve;jnthU gy;fiyf;fofj;jhYk; Kjy; atpy;iy. NkYk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;ba Kf;fpa plg;gl;Ls;s %d;W jug;gLj;jy;fis jtpu Vida MW ; epiyf;F tUfpd;w 500 gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; ngah;fis J ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;F rthyhd tplaNk. fapd; cah;fy;tp rhh;ghf ntNthnkw;wpf;]; (Webometrics) dJk;> gy;fiyf;fof Nkk;gLj;jy; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; hd jd;ikapid nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhNyNa ; (Webometrics) juthpirg;gLj;jiy ikag;gLj;jpajhf ;lq;fis KLf;fptpl;Ls;sJ.
rics)
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Kiwikia jw;fhy cyfpw;F Vw;wthW> mh;j;jKs;s ;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; ,t;Ntisapy; gy;NtWgl;l rthy;fs; ;bAs;sJ. vdNt “Fiwe;j nrytpy; gad;kpFe;jJk; juk; f;FNthk;” vd;w J}uNehf;fpd; mbnahw;wpa gazj;ij ,yq;ifapd; cah;fy;tpj;Jiwia rh;tNjrj; juj;jpw;F fj; jfty;tsg; ghpkhw;w rh;tNjr tiyaikg;nghd;wpid ;nfhs;sy; kpfr;rpwe;j rhjfkhd tpisTfis nfhLf;Fk;. ; cah;fy;tpj;Jiw tsh;r;rpf;F typik Nrh;f;Fk; vd;gJ pw;F nray;tbtk; nfhLj;J mKy;gLj;j Ntz;ba flik gl;l midj;J ,yq;ifaiuAk; rhUk;.
Mjutpid ey;fpa Cth nty;y];]g; gy;fiyf;fof dd; mth;fspw;F vdJ ed;wpfs;.
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crhj;Jiz
Aguillo, I., Bar-Ilan, J., Levene, M. and Ortega, 1. J.L. (2009 Proceedings of ISSI 2009 (Birger Larsen & Jacqueline Let Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, p. 97-107. Buela-Casal, G., Gutierrez-Martinez, O., Bermudez-Sa 2. O. (2007). Comparative study of international aca Scientometrics, 71(3), 349-365. Deem, R., Mok, KH and Lucas, L. (2008).Transforming H 3. Exploring the Concept of the `World-Class’ University in Policy, 21(1), 83-97. Hazelkorn, E. (2009). The problem with university ran 4.
Network (11 March 2009). http://www.scidev.net/ education/opinions/the-problem-with-university-rankin Ministry of Higher Education (2012), Review of Activitie 5. Ngok, KL. and Guo, WQ. (2008). The quest for world c 6.
reflections. Policy Futures in Educafion, 6(5), 545-557. Ortega, J.L. and Aguillo, I.F. (2009). Mapping world 7.
Informafion Processing & Management, 45, 272-279. Pratheepan, T. “Research productivity of Sri Lanka Univ 8. on theWoS Databse: A scientometric study.” ICULA - 2 librarians toward a knowledge society. Proc. of Inte Librarians Association, Sri Lanka, 16th & 17th August, 2 Satyanarayan, M .(2005). INFLIBNET: its activities in Lib 9.
50(2), 110. The National Commission on Libraries and Informati 10.
National Programme Document. UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium: A Compendiu 11.
Ahmedabad: INFLIBNET Centre, 1. Van Parijs, P. (2009). European higher education unde 12.
Ethical Perspecfives, 16(2), 189-206. Van Raan, A.F.J. (2005). Fatal attraction: conceptual and 13.
rankings of universities by bibliometric methods. Scient http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/econ/ 14. http://www.webometrics. 15. http://www.arwu.org 16. http://www.topuniversities.com 17. http://www.cwts.nl/ranking 18. http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw 19. http://www.scimagoir.com 20.
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M. and Ortega, J.L. (2009). Comparing university rankings. r Larsen & Jacqueline Leta, eds.). BIREME/PAHO/WHO and neiro, p. 97-107. rtinez, O., Bermudez-Sanchez, M. P. and Vadillo-Munoz, dy of international academic rankings of universities.
. L. (2008).Transforming Higher Education in Whose Image? orld-Class’ University in Europe and Asia.Higher Educafion
blem with university rankings. Science and Development http://www.scidev.net/en/science-and-innovationpolicy/ m-with-university-rankings.html 2012), Review of Activities. 8). The quest for world class universities in China: critical
ucafion, 6(5), 545-557. (2009). Mapping world-class universities on the web. agement, 45, 272-279. uctivity of Sri Lanka Universities during ( 1999-2010) based ometric study.” ICULA - 2012, Contribufing of the academic e society. Proc. of International Conference, University a, 16th & 17th August, 2011. 288 – 29 IBNET: its activities in Library Automation, IASLIC Bullefin,
Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS), USA(1975). t. onsortium: A Compendium for member Institutions (2008).
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m
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ml;ltiz-1 Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l rh;tNj ,y juthpirapd; ngah; ntspaPl ;l
1 Academic Ranking of World
Universities
Shanghai Jiao Ton
2 THE-QS World University
Rankings
QS Quacquarelli S
3 Webometrics Cybermetrics Lab 4 HEEACT Higher Education
Accreditation Coju 5 Leiden Ranking Leiden University 6 Scimago Institutions Rankings SCImago Research 7 University Ranking by
Academic performance
Informatics Institu East Technical Uni 8 The New Global Ranking of
World Universities
RatER
9 4icu.org University Web
Ranking
4 International Co Universities
ml;ltiz-2 Webometrics Ranking of Sri Lankan Universities in W
,y gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; ngah;
1 nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk; 2 Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk; 3 W`Pz g; gy;fiyf;fofk; 4 fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk; 5 = Iath;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk; 6 nkhul;Ltg; gy;fiyf;fofk; 7 aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
ml;ltiz-3 INFLIBNET vd;w tpNrl fl;likg;gpD}lhd IN
,y juTj; jsq;fs;
1 American Institute of Physics http://ww 2 American Physical Society (APS) http://ww
510

;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l rh;tNjrj; juthpirfs; h; ntspaPl ;lhsh; ntspapLk; ehL
ld Shanghai Jiao Tong University China
QS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. England
Cybermetrics Lab Spain Higher Education and Accreditation Cojuncil
Taiwan
Leiden University Netherland ings SCImago Research Group Spain
Informatics Institute of Middle East Technical University
Turkey
f RatER Russia
4 International Colleges & Universities
Australia
ml;ltiz-2 Lankan Universities in World level from 2011-2012
fq;fspd; ngah; 2011 2012 2013 ofk; 2690 1447 1883 f;fofk; 2615 1909 2711 ofk; 2552 5071 2618 k; 6104 4434 3430 iyf;fofk; 6068 3078 3198 ;fofk; 2324 2794 1970 f;fofk; 9096 7940 5976
ml;ltiz-3 rl fl;likg;gpD}lhd INFONET ,d; Nritfs;
s; tiyj;js Kfthp ysics http://www.aip.org ty (APS) http://www.aps.org
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3 Annual Reviews http://arjo 4 Cambridge University Press http://uk.c 5 Emerald Publishing http://ww 6 HeinOnline http://hom 7 Institute of Physics http://ww 8 J-STOR http://ww 9 Manupatra http://ww 10 MathSciNet http://ww 11 Nature Journal http://ww 12 Oxford University Press http://ww 13 Portland Press http://ww 14 WOS http://ww 15 Science Direct http://ww 16 Project Euclid ( 30 titles) http://pro 17 Royal Society of Chemistry http://ww 18 SciFinder Scholar http://ww 19 Springer http://ww 20 Taylor and Francis http://ww 21 Westlaw India http://ww
ml;ltiz-4 ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Ma;Tf; fl;Li
(Source-Web of Science
1 Univ Pera 38 50 38 48 68 74 88
2 Univ Colo 34 30 23 40 45 39 50 3 Univ Kela 8 11 13 18 26 8 20
4 Univ Ruhu 5 10 12 15 17 10 14
5 Univ Sri J 5 9 10 13 14 6 10
6 Univ Mor 6 1 3 3 13 11 9 7 Univ Jaff 7 3 5 2 2 4 2
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

http://arjournals.annualreviews.org ess http://uk.cambridge.org
http://www.emeraldinsight.com http://home.heinonline.org http://www.iop.org/EJ http://www.jstor.org http://www.manupatra.com http://www.ams.org/mathscinet http://www.nature.com http://www.oxfordjournals.org http://www.portlandpress.com http://www.isi.com http://www.sciencedirect.com
http://projecteuclid.org try http://www.rsc.org http://www.cas.org http://www.springerlink.com http://www.informaworld.com http://www.westlawindia.com
ml;ltiz-4 fq;fspd; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu ntspaPl;L Kaw;rpfs;
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8 68 74 88 67 86 137 117 115 926
0 45 39 50 39 40 69 76 70 555 8 26 8 20 26 22 38 40 44 274
5 17 10 14 18 14 25 35 26 201
3 14 6 10 12 17 28 25 12 161
3 13 11 9 14 13 20 24 13 130 2 2 4 2 9 6 6 5 9 60
511


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512
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aho; nghJ E}yfk; Njhd;wpa tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
rh;tNjr mstpy; aho;g;ghzj;ij milahsg;gLj;jpf E}yfj;jpw;F Kf;fpa ,lk; cz;L. ,jd; ntspg;gh eLg;gFjpapy; czug;gl;lhYk; mjd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F ePz ,Ue;jij ,t;tplj;jpy; rpwg;ghf Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. Kjd E}yfg;ghtid gw;wpa jfty;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jurh; fhy gpw;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mtw;wpdbg;gila Muk;gfhy E}y;epiyakhf fp.gp.13 Mk; E}w;whz;by; aho;g;ghz Fsj;jpw;fUfpy; mikf;fg;gl;l “ru];tjp kfhy;” vDk; E}y ,jw;F Kd; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; E}yfk; mikf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd M fpilf;fg; ngwhjjd; fhuzj;jhy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mikf;fg;g “ru];tjp kfhy;” Ehy;epiyaj;ij mwpQ;Qh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w
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hlh;ghf Nehf;Fk;NghJ aho;g;ghzj;ij Ml;rpGhpe;j rpq;if iwfis tsh;f;fTk;> ghJfhf;fTk; jkpo;r;rq;fk; xd;iw
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mikj;J cs;@h; mwpQh;fs; kw;Wk; jkpo; ehl;L mwpQ E}y;fs; gilf;f toptFj;jJld; ,r;rq;fj;jpw;nfd rq tay;epyq;fis jhdkhf toq;fpapUe;jhd;. ,r;rq;fj;jpy; , ru];tjp kfhyak; vDk; E}y; epiyaj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg;gl aho;g;ghzj;jurh; thpirapy; Ml;rpGhpe;j nrfuhrNrfu kd;d E}y;fs; ngUksT Njhw;wk; ngw;wJld; tlnkhop E}y;fs; g E}y;epiyaj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJld; mwptpay; tsh;r;rpf ,it gw;wp Nguhrphpah; fzgjpg;gps;is Fwpg;gpLtJ Rl ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;J te;j njd;dpyq;if Ml;r jPa plg;gl;L mopf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; mg;NghJ mjpy; ghJfhf mopf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
nrfuhrNrfuDf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpg;nghWg;ig Vw;w guuh ru];tjp kfhy; Ehy; epiyaj;ij Gduikj;jJld; ,e;jpaht E}y;fis tUtpj;J gyUk; gbj;Jg; gad; ngWtjw;F c Mjhuq;fis Nehf;Fk;NghJ aho;g;ghzj;jtuJ E}yfg fhyj;jpypUe;J njhlq;fpaijAk; mwptpay; rhh;e;j Mt ghJfhj;J gad;gLj;jp te;jijAk; fhzKbfpwJ..
aho;g;ghz murpd; tPo ;r;rpiaj; njhlh;e;J ,g;gp Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> xy;yhe;jh;> Mq;fpNyauJ Mjpf;fk; ,l ,th;fs; thpirapy; Kjypy; tUifje;j Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa fy;tp eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLf;f E}y;fis gad;g mikj;jpUe;j Njthyaq;fspYk;> Nfhtpw;gw;Wg; ghlrhiyf te;jdh;. ,r;nraw;ghLfs; INuhg;gpah; Ml;rpapy; Ehyf Kd;Ndhbahf my;yJ njhlf;ffhy Ehyfq;fshf mik mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;wpa xy;yhe;jUk; jkJ Gul;l];jhe;J gzpia Kd;ndLf;fTk; E}y;fisg; gad;gLj;jpapUe;jh Njthyaj;jpYk;> Nfhtpw;gw;Wg; ghlrhiyfspYNk ghJ E}y;fsJ gad;ghL kw;Wk; NjitfUjp nfhOk;gpy; ` E}y;fis gjpg;gpj;J te;jik Kf;fpa tpilakhFk;.
Xy;yhe;jiuj; njhlh;e;J mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;w KOtjpYk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhYk;. RNj eyd;fspy; nghpJk; mf;fiw nrYj;jtpy;iy vdyhk;. kjg;gug;GiufSf;fhf gy;NtW kp~dhp mikg;gpdh; tU kf;fs; eyd;rhh; gy gzpfisAk; Kd;ndLj;J te;jijf nghWj;jtiu ,th;fsJ gzp msg;ghpajhfNt fhzg;gLt kp~dhp mikg;ghf mnkhpf;f kp~dhpapdh; Fwpg;gplg;gL
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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l;rpg;nghWg;ig Vw;w guuhrNrfud; mope;J NghapUe;j j Gduikj;jJld; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J tlnkhop> jkpo;nkhop bj;Jg; gad; ngWtjw;F cjtp Ghpe;jhd;. ,t;tuyhw;W aho;g;ghzj;jtuJ E}yfg; ghtid aho;g;ghz murh; k; mwptpay; rhh;e;j Mtzq;fs; E}yfj;jpd; %yk; Ak; fhzKbfpwJ..
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Kf;fpa tpilakhFk;.
mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;if Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhYk;. RNjrpfsJ fy;tp kw;Wk; Vida nrYj;jtpy;iy vdyhk;. Mdhy; ,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; kp~dhp mikg;gpdh; tUifje;jJld; kjg;gzpAld; Ak; Kd;ndLj;J te;jijf; fhzyhk;. aho;g;ghzj;ijg; sg;ghpajhfNt fhzg;gLtJld; ,th;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f kp~dhpapdh; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdh;. jkJ kjg;gzpia
513


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Kd;ndLf;Fk;NghJ mjw;fhd fUtpahf fy;tpg;gzpia K Flhehl;bd; gy gFjpfspYk; ghlrhiyfis epWtp f mjD}lhf kjg;gug;Giufis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdh;. 1823 Mk; Mz;L tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilapy; Xh; cah;jug mg;ghlrhiyapy; Xh; E}yfKk; mikf;fg;gl;L khz gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jJ. ,e; E}y;epiyaj;jpy; aho;g;ghz Ngzg;gl;l Xiyr;Rtbfs; gy gFjpfspYk; ,Ue;J N te;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. aho;kz;zpd; mwptpay tifapy; ,f;fhyj;jpy; mq;fpypf;fd; kp\idr;Nrh;e;j ey;Y}hpy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;bUe;j Xiyr;Rtbfis mtuJ tl;Lf;Nfhl;il nrkpdhp E}y;epiyaj;jpy; ghJfhj;J t fy;tpg; gzpia Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf Nkiyj;Nja mwptpa aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mr;rfj;ij epWtp gy E}y;fis gjpg;g ngUksthdit tl;Lf;Nfhl;il nrkpdhp E}y;epiyaj;j fy;tp kw;Wk; mwptpay; tsh;r;rpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gad;ghl;ilj; njhlh;e;J ghlrhiyfspy; E}y;epiyag; g tsh;r;rpailaj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,t;tifapy; INuhg;gpah; fhy tl;Lf;Nfhl;il nrkpdhp E}y;epiyak; jpfo;tJld; aho;kf;f Ngzpg;ghJfhj;jNjhL mth;fsJ mwptpay; tsh;r;rpf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
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fpwp];jt kp\dhp mikg;Gf;fsJ fy;tpg;gzp kw;W fy;tpg;gzp vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; mwptpay;hPj papy; tsh;r;rpai jkJ mwptpay; Jiwrhh; Njitfis epth;j;jpnra;Ak; tif Kaw;rpapy; 

Page 529
jw;NghJ GJg; nghypTlDk; gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;fSlDk; t E}yfj;jpd; tuyhw;iw gpd;dfh;j;jpr; nry;Yk;NghJ mjd; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. aho;g;ghzg; nghJrd E}yfj;jpd; N tpsq;fpath; Kd;dhy; ePj pkd;wr; nrayhsh; mkuh; f.K cs;sj;jpy; ,t; vz;zf;fU Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;F %yfhu nrayhsuha; ,Ue;j F.C. fpwPd pah; vd;gtuhy; 1842 Mk nghJkf;fs; xd;wpak; vd;w E}yfj;jpd; nraw;ghlhFk mwpe;Jnfhz;l nry;yg;gh aho;kf;fsJ mwptpay; jhfj E}yfk; xd;W mikf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; jPtpukhf mf
nry;yg;ghtpd; vz;zj;jpw;F Cf;fk; toq;Fk; tifa aho; kj;jpa fy;Y}hpapy; khtl;l ePj pgjp rp.Fkhurhkp mth;fs nra;ag;gl;lJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; E}yfk; mikg;gJ njhlh;ghf Nkw;nfhs;stjw;fhf 27 cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l eph;t mr;rig aho;g;ghzk; kj;jpa ,ytr jkpo;E}w; fofk; vd mjd; jiytuhf khtl;l ePj thd; jpU. rp.Fkhurh f.K.nry;yg;gh mth;fSk; njhpTnra;ag;gl;ldh;. mf;$l;lj gps;isfsJ cah; fy;tpf;F trjpnra;tij mOj;jkhfg;N NjhWk; thrpfrhiyfs; Njhw;wk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,izf;fg;gl;L nray;gl Ntz;LnkdTk; mjw;fhf m rjkhtJ nfhLj;JjTjy; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; cUf;fkh mr;re;jh;g;gj;jpNyNa mq;fj;jth;fshy; 160 &gh Nrfhpf;fg;gl jsghlf; nfhs;tdtpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
aho;g;ghzk; kj;jpa ,ytr jkpo;E}w; fofj;jpduJ ma 01.08.1934 Mk; Mz;L aho;g;ghzk; M];g;gj;jphp tPj fl;llj;jpy; E}yfk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. E}yfk; ,aq;f M xUtiuAk;> nghWg;ghsh; xUtiuAk; cj;jpNahf];jh;fs E}y;fisAk;> 30 rQ;rpiffisAk; jd;trk; itj;jpUe;J k ,t;Ntisapy; Vwj;jho 50 thrfh;fs; E}yfNritia fhyg;Nghf;fpy; thrfh;fsJ njhif mjpfhpj;J te;jijj; njh Vw;glj;njhlq;fpaJ. ,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; E}yf tsh;r;rpap Vw;glj;njhlq;fpaJ.
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; aho;efurigapdh; nghJ E}yfk; xd vz;zf;fUit nfhz;bUe;jjdhy; mg;NghJ ,aq;fpt fofj;ij nghWg;ngLg;gjpy; tpUg;Gf;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mjw ,e; E}yfj;ij aho;efurig nghWg;ngLj;J elhj;j $l;lq;fspd; NghJ Kd;nkhope;J te;jdh;. ,J njhlh;gh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;fSlDk; tpsq;Fk; aho;g;ghzg; nghJrd h;j;jpr; nry;Yk;NghJ mjd; Njhw;wk; tsh;r;rp vd;gtw;iw ; nghJrd E}yfj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F %yfh;j;jhthf ;wr; nrayhsh; mkuh; f.K. nry;yg;gh Mthh;. mtuJ jhw;wk; ngWtjw;F %yfhuzkha; mike;jJ ePj pkd;wr; Pd pah; vd;gtuhy; 1842 Mk; Mz;by; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;bUe;j E}yfj;jpd; nraw;ghlhFk;. ,e;E}yfg; ghtidia o;kf;fsJ mwptpay; jhfj;ij jPh;f;Fk; tifapy; nghJ ;Lk; vd;gjpy; jPtpukhf mf;fiw nrYj;jpte;jhh;.
;F Cf;fk; toq;Fk; tifapy; 09.06.1934 Mk; Mz;L ePj pgjp rp.Fkhurhkp mth;fshy; nghJf;$l;lk; xd;W Vw;ghL }yfk; mikg;gJ njhlh;ghf tpthjpf;fg;gl;L mg;gzpia g;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l eph;thf rig njhpTnra;ag;gl;lJ. ,ytr jkpo;E}w; fofk; vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ. ePj thd; jpU. rp.Fkhurhkp mth;fSk; nrayhsuhf pTnra;ag;gl;ldh;. mf;$l;lj;jpy; nry;yg;gh mth;fs; jkpo;g; rjpnra;tij mOj;jkhfg;Ngrp mjw;Fjtpahf fpuhkq;fs; ;wk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mit kj;jpa epiyaj;Jld; z;LnkdTk; mjw;fhf mq;fj;jth;fs; khjhe;jk; 25 tz;Lnkd;Wk; cUf;fkhf Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhh;. h;fshy; 160 &gh Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L toq;fg;gl;lJld; mg;gzk;
;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
r jkpo;E}w; fofj;jpduJ mauhj Kaw;rpapd; fhuzj;jhy; o;g;ghzk; M];g;gj;jphp tPj papy; thliff;Fg; ngwg;gl;l ;gl;lJ. E}yfk; ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jNghJ nfsut E}yfh; tiuAk; cj;jpNahf];jh;fshff; nfhz;bUe;jJld; 844 Ak; jd;trk; itj;jpUe;J kf;fSf;F Nritahw;wpte;jJ. thrfh;fs; E}yfNritia jpdrhp gad;gLj;jpte;jdh;. if mjpfhpj;J te;jijj; njhlh;e;J E}yfj;jpy; ,lneUf;fb ;g;gj;jpy; E}yf tsh;r;rpapy; KjyhtJ jpUg;GKid
rigapdh; nghJ E}yfk; xd;iw mikf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w jdhy; mg;NghJ ,aq;fpte;j kj;jpa ,ytr jkpo;E}w; Ug;Gf;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mjw;Nfw;whw;Nghy; E}yfj;jpdUk; g nghWg;ngLj;J elhj;j Ntz;Lnkd eph;thfrigf; pe;J te;jdh;. ,J njhlh;ghf ,U rigapdh;f;Fkpilapy;
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,lk; ngw;w fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wj;jpd; Kbthf aho; efurig mjw;fika 01.01.1935 Mk; Mz;by; aho; efuri Nfhyhfykhf ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,d; epfo;tpd;NghJ tuyhw;W m E}yf Kfhikahsh; Gnwhf;uh;> nrayhsh; nry;yg;gh M efurigj; jiyth; ey;iyah mth;fsplk; ifaspj;jdh mYtyfk; fr;Nrhpapy; ,aq;fpte;jJ. E}yfk; jdJ Nri fhyj;jpy; E}yfj;jpy; E}y;fsJ vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj ghtidAk; mjpfhpj;Jte;jjdhy; mtw;iw epth;j;jp nra gpujhd tPj papypUe;j fl;llj;jpw;F ,lk;khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,f;fl;l ,Ue;jhYk; mjd; miktplk; mikjpf;F Fe;jfkhf ,Ue;j mike;jpUe;j tprhykhd filf;F ,lk; khw;wg;gl;lJ. mjpfhpj;jijj; njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;l ,lneUf;fb fhuzkhf mike;jpUe;j kotuhah; kidapd; Nky;khbia thli 1936 Mk; Mz;by; E}yfj;ij epWtpdhh;fs;. ,f;fl;llj;j tphpthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L thrfh;fSf;F jdJ Nritia to
,f;fhyj;jpy; E}yfuhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,uhruj;jpdk; , Mk; Mz;by; jpU.R. ehfuj;jpdk; E}yfuhfg; nghWg;Gf;fi Kaw;rpapd; gadhf tz. Irhf;jk;igah mth;fsJ E}y;fs E}yfj;jpd; E}y;fs; ngUfpaJ Nghy thrfh; njhifAk; tsh;r;rpf;F kpfTk; ce;Jrf;jpahf ,Ue;Jte;j efurig khe ,jd; KjyhtJ Kjy;tuhf jpU. rhk;. V. rghgjp mth;f ,Jtiu fhyKk; Nritahw;wpte;j ,d; E}yfk; aho;g;ghz Ntz;Lnkd vz;zq; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mtuJ vz;zk; n gyUk; tpUk;gpaJld; mjw;fhf gzpahw;wp te;jdh;. mt mth;fsJ gzp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. E}yfk; mikg;gJ njhlh;g nghJf;$l;lk; $l;lg;gl;L fye;Jiuahbdh;. mjw;fika E}y;epiyak; mikg;gJ cWjpnad KbntLj;jdh;. nry;tjw;F aho;g;ghz kj;jpa E}yfrig vDk; ,r;rigapd; jiytuhf jpU.rhk;.V.rghgjp mth;fSk; Nyhq; mbfSk; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ldh;. E}yfk; mikg;gj Nyhq; mbfs; mg;gzpia Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpaht cjtpia ehbdhh;. me;jtifapy; nly;fpg; gy;fiyf;fo V];. Mh;. ,uq;fehjidAk; fl;llf;fiyQh; jpU. eurpk tutioj;jhh;. jpU. eurpk;kd; jpuhtplf; fl;llf;fiyg; ghz yfj;jpd; khjphpia jdJ iftz;zj;jpy; tiue;J toq;fpd trjpfs; njhlh;ghd MNyhridfs; fyhepjp. v];.Mh;.,uq E}yfk; mikg;gjw;fhd ,lk; njhlh;ghd Ma;tpy;  h;> nrayhsh; nry;yg;gh MfpNahh; cj;jpNahfG+h;tkhf mth;fsplk; ifaspj;jdh;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; efurig pte;jJ. E}yfk; jdJ Nritia njhlh;e;J toq;fpte;j J vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;j mNjNtis thrfh;fsJ hy; mtw;iw epth;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; efurigahy; ;F ,lk;khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,f;fl;llj;jpy; ,ltrjp NghJkhdjhf mikjpf;F Fe;jfkhf ,Ue;jjdhy; gwq;fpj; njUr;re;jpapy; lf;F ,lk; khw;wg;gl;lJ. mq;Fk; thrfh;fsJ tUif l;l ,lneUf;fb fhuzkhf thbtPl ;bw;F njw;Fg;Gwkhf dapd; Nky;khbia thliff;Fg; ngw;W mf;fl;llj;jpy; j epWtpdhh;fs;. ,f;fl;llj;jpy; ,aq;fpte;j E}yfk; rw;W
Sf;F jdJ Nritia toq;fpte;jJ.
zpahw;wpa ,uhruj;jpdk; ,isg;ghwpr;nry;y 01.02.1947 pdk; E}yfuhfg; nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. ,tuJ ;jk;igah mth;fsJ E}y;fs; E}yfj;jpw;fhfg; ngwg;gl;ld. Nghy thrfh; njhifAk; ngUfj; njhlq;fpaJ. E}yf hf ,Ue;Jte;j efurig khefurigahf juKah;j;jg;gl;lJ. jpU. rhk;. V. rghgjp mth;fs; njhpTnra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,th; pte;j ,d; E}yfk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rpwe;j E}yfkhf tsu ;bUe;jhh;. mtuJ vz;zk; nray; tbtk; ngwNtz;Lnkd f gzpahw;wp te;jdh;. mth;fSs; tz. gpjh. Nyhq; . E}yfk; mikg;gJ njhlh;ghf 16.06.1952 Mk; Mz;by; ;Jiuahbdh;. mjw;fika aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tprhykhd Wjpnad KbntLj;jdh;. mg;gzpia Kd;ndLj;Jr; ;jpa E}yfrig vDk; mikg;G ghpghypf;fg;gl;lJ. .rhk;.V.rghgjp mth;fSk; cgjiytuhf tz. gpjh. g;gl;ldh;. E}yfk; mikg;gjpy; jPtpukhfr; nraw;gl;Lte;j Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; Jiwrhh; epGzh;fsJ fapy; nly;fpg; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfuhf ,Ue;j fyhepjp fl;llf;fiyQh; jpU. eurpk;kidAk; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F ; jpuhtplf; fl;llf;fiyg; ghzpAld; ,d;W nghopTWk; E} ;zj;jpy; tiue;J toq;fpdhh;. E}yfj;jpd; cl;fl;likg;G dfs; fyhepjp. v];.Mh;.,uq;fehjdplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;ld. njhlh;ghd Ma;tpy; 

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E}yfk; mikg;gjw;F ngUksT epjp mtrpakhf , fspahl;lq;fs; %yKk; ed;nfhilfs; %yKk; ngwKbAk mt;thW ngwg;gLk; epjpfs; midj;Jk; “aho;g;ghz kj;jpa E fPo ; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L tUkhd thptpyf;Fk; ngw;wpUe;jJ fz;buhj tifapy; 1952> 1954> 1959> 1963 Mfpa M mjph;\;lyhgr;rPl ;bOg;Gf;fs; elhj;jg;gl;L epjp Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa cah;];jhdpfh;> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp vd;NghUk; tpiuTgl Cf;fkspj;jdh;.
E}yfj;jpw;fhd fl;llg; gzpfs; 1954 Mk; Mz;L Muk;g fl;llg; gzpfs; epiwTWk; Kd;ghf mf;fl;llk; 1958 Mk nghJrd E}y; epiyak;” vd nghJkf;fshy; miof;fg;g mjdJ cUthf;fj;jpy; nghJkf;fsJ gq;fspg;G Kf;fpa ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; thliftPl ;by; ,aq;fpte;j E}yfk; E}y;f tUif mjpfhpg;gpdhYk; ,lg;gw;whf;Fiwia re;jpj;jJ toq;fKbahky; ,aq;fpte;jJ. ,jd;fhuzkhf aho; nghJ gzpfs; G+uzg;gLj;jg;glhky; fPo ;j;jsk; kl;Lk; G+uzg;glj;j Mz;L efugpjhthf ,Ue;j my;gpul; j. Jiuag;gh mth;fsh jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. E}yfk; ,aq;fpte;j fhyj;jpy; , E}y;fs; gy Nfhg;gha; td;dpa rpq;fk;> tTdpah gz;bjh ngwg;gl;lJld; Kjypahh; FyrghehjdplkpUe;J gy mhpa kf;fsJ gad;ghl;bw;fhfg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L te;jd.
E}yfk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;fpte;j ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; eph;thfhPjpapy; gy Kd;Ndw;wfukhd nraw;ghLfi ,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; E}yfj;Jiwapy; KJ tpQ;Qhdkhd ghf;fpaehjd; 28.04.1964 Mk; Mz;L E}yfuhfg; ngh E}yfj;jpd; xOq;F Kiwfs;> mikg;G Kiwfs; midj;J xU rpwe;j eph;thf eilKiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; gy gzpapy;  1959> 1963 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; fiy tpohf;fs;> hj;jg;gl;L epjp Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; mnkhpf;f J}Jth;> gptpUj;jp tq;fp vd;NghUk; epjp cjtp toq;fp fl;llg;gzp
pfs; 1954 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L eilngw;W te;jhYk; d;ghf mf;fl;llk; 1958 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J “aho;g;ghzg; nghJkf;fshy; miof;fg;gl;L te;jJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; kf;fsJ gq;fspg;G Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jikahFk;. ; ,aq;fpte;j E}yfk; E}y;fspd; mjpfhpg;gpdhYk; thrfuJ g;gw;whf;Fiwia re;jpj;jJld; rpwg;ghd NritiaAk; . ,jd;fhuzkhf aho; nghJrd E}y;epiyaj;jpd; fl;llg; Po ;j;jsk; kl;Lk; G+uzg;glj;jg;gl;l epiyapy; 11.10.1959 Mk; ;gpul; j. Jiuag;gh mth;fshy; nghJkf;fs; ghtidf;fhfj; ; ,aq;fpte;j fhyj;jpy; ,jw;nfd goiktha;e;j mhpa rpq;fk;> tTdpah gz;bjh; ,uhiradhh; epidthfTk; ghehjdplkpUe;J gy mhpa E}y;fs; tpiyf;Fg; ngwg;gl;L
pg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L te;jd.
;fpte;j ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; E}yfh; jpU. ehful;zk; w;wfukhd nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jhh;. wapy; KJ tpQ;Qhdkhdpg; gl;lk; ngw;w jpU.Nt.,. k; Mz;L E}yfuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; mikg;G Kiwfs; midj;Jk; Kiwg;gb gl;bayhf;fg;gl;L w Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; gy mhpa VLfisr; Nrfhpf;Fk; r; Nrfhpj;J te;jhh;. rpWth; E}yfk; mikg;gjpy; mjpf khpf;f jfty; E}yfj;ij ,e; E}yfj;Jld; ,izf;fTk; jw;fika 1967 Mk; Mz;by; mnkhpf;f E}yfk; aho; f;fg;gl;lJ.
;llg;gzp jpuhtplf; fl;lf;fiy kuGld; rpwg;ghf p KOik miltjw;fhf nghwpapayhsh; ,. itj;jpaehjd; v];.rP.kfhNjtd; Kjy; gjtptfpj;j efugpjhf;fs; midtuJ ike;jd. E}yff; fl;llk; KOikaile;jpUe;j NghJ 2 10 rJu mb tp];jPuzj;ijAk; nfhz;like;jpUe;jJ.
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,f;fl;llj;jpd; jiuj;jsj;jpy; ,uty; toq;Fk; gFjp> gj rpWth; E}yfk; Nghd;wdTk; Kjyhk; jsj;jpy; crhj;J mYtyfk; Nghd;wdTk; mjw;F Nky; jsj;jpy; fiy tprhykhf mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j E}yfk; jdJ Nritia j ,uT 8.00 kzptiuAk; toq;fp aho; kf;fsJ fy;tp kw;Wk msg;ngUk; gq;fhw;wp te;jJ.
aho; kf;fSf;F rpwg;ghd Nritahw;wp te;j E}yf yfuhfg; gjtptfpj;j jpU.Nt.,.ghf;fpaehjd; 1968 Mk gjtp cah;T ngw;Wr; nrd;wijj; njhlh;e;J rpwpJ fhyk; 1976 Mk; Mz;L ,isg;ghwpr; nrd;whh;. mthpd;gpd; nry nghWg;Ngw;W gzpahw;wpte;jhh;. mthpd; gpd; ,isg;ghwpa mth;fs; E}yfuhf epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy mth;fs; E}yfuhf ,lkhw;wk; ngw;Wte;J gzpahw;wpaJl MNyhridAld; E}yfk; tsh;r;rpAw jd;dhyhd rpwpJ fhyj;jpd; gpd; rptghjRe;judhh; Nritiag; G+h;j ,lkhw;wk; ngwTk; jpUkjp. &ghtjp eluhrh mth;fs; 1981 M E}yfj;jpypUe;J ,lkhw;wk; ngw;Wte;J E}yfuhfg; nghW ,tuJ fhyj;jpNyNa E}yfk; vhpf;fg;gl;l Nfhukhd epfo;T mopf;fg;gl;l E}yfj;ij kPs ,aq;fitf;fTk; fpis E}y gzp msg;ghpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
E}yfj;jpd; kPs; vOr;rpAk;
njd; Mrpa ehLfspy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j kpfr;rpwe;j nghJ Ehyfk; 1981 Mk; Mz;L itfhrp khjk; 31 Mk; j epfo;thy; me;Ehyfj;jpy; fhyhfhykhfg; Ngzpg;ghJfhf;f gy E}y;fs; vhpe;J ehrkhfpd. ,e;epfothy; jhtPJ mbfs; caphpoe;jik ,e;Ehyfj;jpd;ghy; jkpo; kf;fs; nfhz;b rhd;whFk;. ,jdhy; Ehyfj;jpd;; ngUikfis mwpe;j mid E}yfk; mopf;fg;gl;l rk;gtj;ij aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw mwpQh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
,j;Jd;gpay; epfo;thy; aho;g;ghzj;jtuJ mwptp Nghftpy;iy. mjid NkYk; tsh;f;Fk; tifapy; E}y Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J tYtile;J te;jJ. mjw;Nfw;whw Mizahsh; rp.tp.Nf. rptQhdk;> Nguhrphpah; F.Neira mikg;gjpy; ngUtpUg;Gld; nraw;gl;L te;jdh;. mf;fhyj gzpahw;w pte;j jpU. uhrhtp];t ehjd; mth;f Sk; E}yf kPs; c toq;fpte;jhh;. E}yfk; vhpf;fg;gl;l nra;jp gy ehLfspYk;
518

,uty; toq;Fk; gFjp> gj;jphpiffs;>rQ;rpiffs; gFjp> ; Kjyhk; jsj;jpy; crhj;Jizg;gphpT> Nfl;Nghh; $lk;> w;F Nky; jsj;jpy; fiykz;lgKk; mike;jpUe;jd. E}yfk; jdJ Nritia jpdKk; fhiy 7.30 njhlf;fk; ;fp aho; kf;fsJ fy;tp kw;Wk; mwptpay; Jiwrhh; tsh;r;rpf;F
Nritahw;wp te;j E}yfj;jpy; ,Jtiu fhyKk; E} .,.ghf;fpaehjd; 1968 Mk; Mz;L tphpTiuahsuhfg; jj; njhlh;e;J rpwpJ fhyk; gzpahw;wpa jpU. ehful;zk; r; nrd;whh;. mthpd;gpd; nry;tp. nry;tyl;Rkp rpwpJ fhyk; h;. mthpd; gpd; ,isg;ghwpa mjpgh; jpU.rp. rptghjRe;juk; ;gl;bUe;jhh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy; jpU. v];. v];. rghul;zk; ; ngw;Wte;J gzpahw;wpaJld; ,th; rptghjRe;judhhpd; tsh;r;rpAw jd;dhyhd cjtpfis toq;fpte;jhh;. e;judhh; Nritiag; G+h;j;jpnra;aTk; jpU. rghuj;jpdk; htjp eluhrh mth;fs; 1981 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G nghJrd gw;Wte;J E}yfuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;W Nritahw;wp te;jhh;. vhpf;fg;gl;l Nfhukhd epfo;T ele;NjwpaJ. mjd; gpd;ghf aq;fitf;fTk; fpis E}yfq;fs; mikg;gjpYk; mtuJ .
kf;fg;gl;bUe;j kpfr;rpwe;j Ehyfq;fspy; xd;whd aho; ;L itfhrp khjk; 31 Mk; jpfjp es;spuT ele;j Jd;gpay; hfhykhfg; Ngzpg;ghJfhf;fg;gl;l 97000 Nkw;gl;l mhpa ,e;epfothy; jhtPJ mbfs; mjph;r;rpaile;J khuilg;ghy; ;ghy; jkpo; kf;fs; nfhz;bUe;j mjPj  Nguhrphpah; F.Neirah Nghd;Nwhh; E}yfj;ij kPs raw;gl;L te;jdh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; khefurig Kjy;tuhfg; ehjd; mth;f Sk; E}yf kPs; cUthf;f j;j pw;F jdJ Mjuit ;gl;l nra;jp gy ehLfspYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ.
MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit


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E}yfk; kPs ikg;gpw;fhf Gyk;ngah; ehLfspy; tho;e;jth jkJ gq;fspg;ig toq;f Kd;te;jdh;. ,t;thW E}yfk; k Mjutpd; fhuzkhf 03.07.1981 Mk; Mz;L efurig rpWth; gFjp vd;gd efurig Kjy;tuhy; Muk;gpj;J itf;f
E}yfk; kPs Muk;gpf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpy; vhpe;j fl;llj jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;L ,ilf;fhy Vw;ghlhf thrpfrhiy> c vd;gd Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. mNjNtis ,uz;lhtJ fl;ll rig Kjy;th; jpU.,uhrh tp];tehjd; mth;fshy; 02.07 Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. mNjNeuk; mope;j fl;llk; mf;fl;llj;jpy; ,uty; toq;Fk; NritAk; 1983 Mk; Mz kPs ,aq;fpte;j fhyg;gFjpapy; E}yfg;ghtid njhlh;ghf ,Jtiu fhyKk; aho; khefurig vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l kf jk;ik gjpTnra;ayhk; vd;w epiyapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;L 198 kf;fs; midtUk; mq;fj;jth;fshf ,ize;J nfhs;syh toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhk; fl;l fl;llg; gzpfs; vhpe;j E}y Nfhapy; Kd;ghf vhpe;j gioa fl;llj;Jld; ,ize;j tif ,f; fl;llk; 04.06.1984 Mk; Mz;L mg;Nghja vjph;f;fl mth;fshy; kf;fs; ghtidf;fhf jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
mopf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J jdJ Nritia aho; kf E}yfk; jdJ rpwg;ghd Nritia mt; ,lj;jpy; toq;fK kPz ;Lk; js;sg;gl;lJ. 1985 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy gpuNjrkhdikahy; nghJkf;fs; eyd;fUjpAk; E}yfg; gh ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpw;F khw;w Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. Mizahsh; rp.tp.Nf.rptQhdk; E}yfj;ij ,lk;khw;W mtuJ gzpapd; %yk; Aj;jgpuNjrj;jpypUe;j E}yfk; ehtyh khw;wg;gl;L ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jJ.
,Jtiu fhyKk; aho;efhpy; mike;jpUe;J kf toq;fpte;j E}yfk; ey;Y}h;g; gFjpf;F khwpajdh ngWtjpy; ngUk; rpukq;fis vjph;Nehf;fp te;jdh;. njhiytpy; mike;jpUe;jikahy; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapd Nritia ngwKbahJ rpukg;gl;ldh;. ,jdhy; E}yf M MizahsUf;F E}yfNritapid gutyhf;fk; nra;t fpis E}yfk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd rpghhpR nra;jd
mjw;fika KjyhtJ fpis E}yfkhd Rz;Lf;Fs Mk; Mz;L it.vk;.rP.V mikg;gpduJ fl;llj;jpy; Muk;g
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;ngah; ehLfspy; tho;e;jth;fs; kw;Wk; cs;@h; thrpfs; ;te;jdh;. ,t;thW E}yfk; kPs ,aq;fitg;gjw;F Vw;gl;l 981 Mk; Mz;L efurig kz;lgj;jpy; gj;jphpifg;gFjp>
jy;tuhy; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;ld.
; jpl;lj;jpy; vhpe;j fl;llj;jpd; tlf;Fg;gf;fg; gphpTfs; y Vw;ghlhf thrpfrhiy> clDjTk; gFjp> rpWth; gFjp> jNtis ,uz;lhtJ fl;llg; gzpf;fhd mbf;fy; khefu ;tehjd; mth;fshy; 02.07.1982 Mk; Mz;L ,lg;gl;L NjNeuk; mope;j fl;llk; jpUj;jg;gl;Lte;j tifapy; ; NritAk; 1983 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. E}yfk; ; E}yfg;ghtid njhlh;ghf Vw;gl;l rpwg;ghd khw;wkhf urig vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l kf;fs; kl;Lk; mq;fj;jth;fshf piyapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;L 1984 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; Flhehl;L ;fshf ,ize;J nfhs;syhk; vd midtUf;Fk; tha;g;G fl;llg; gzpfs; vhpe;j E}yfj;jpd; gpd;Gwkhf Kdpag;gh; fl;llj;Jld; ,ize;j tifapy; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. Mz;L mg;Nghja vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiyth; m.mkph;jypq;fk; hf jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
jdJ Nritia aho; kf;fSf;F kPz ;Lk; toq;fpte;j ia mt; ,lj;jpy; toq;fKbahj ,f;fl;lhd #o;epiyf;F Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; aho; Nfhlilg;gFjp Aj;j s; eyd;fUjpAk; E}yfg; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjpAk; E}yfj;ij tz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; aho; khefurig k; E}yfj;ij ,lk;khw;Wtjpy; ngUk; gzpahw;wpdhh;. jrj;jpypUe;j E}yfk; ehtyh; ,e;Jf;fyhr;rhu kz;lgj;jpw;F .
;efhpy; mike;jpUe;J kf;fSf;F jdJ Nritia }h;g; gFjpf;F khwpajdhy; thrfh; mjd; Nritiag; s vjph;Nehf;fp te;jdh;. E}yfk; efhpypUe;J rw;W ahy; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapd;ik fhuzkhf thrfh; E}yf ;gl;ldh;. ,jdhy; E}yf MNyhridf; FOtpdh; khefu apid gutyhf;fk; nra;tjd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jp tz;Lnkd rpghhpR nra;jdh;.
s E}yfkhd Rz;Lf;Fsp fpis E}yfk; 23.03.1985 kg;gpduJ fl;llj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Jtiu fhyKk;
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mth;fsJ nghWg;gpd;fPo ; ,aq;fpte;j E}yfKk; khefuri ,izf;fg;gl;L mg;gpuNjr kf;fSf;F Nritia toq;fpt yfk; ey;Y}h; ,e;J tpLjpf;fl;llj;jpw;F Kd;ghf ,Ue;j jd Mk; Mz;by; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;G mjw;fhd fl;llk gpd;Gwj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;L 12.10.1988 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; g kw;nwhU fpis E}yfkhd K];ypk; fpis E}yfk; K];y jdpahh; fl;llj;jpy; 23.03.1985 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gp eyd;fUjp FUefh; flw;fiu tPj papy; 1986 Mk; Mz jpwf;fg;gl;lJ. aho; kf;fSf;nfd fyhr;rhu E}yfk; mik tpUk;gpaijj; njhlh;e;J ehtyh; fyhr;rhu kz;lgj;jpy; 09.0 E}y;epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. tz;zhh;g; gz;iz k Mz;L Iadhh; Nfhapy; tPj papy; Xh; fpis E}yfk; Muk;g epue;juf;fl;llk; tz;iz fhkhl;rp mk;ghs; Myat 12.07.1988 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; ghtidf;fhf jpwf;fg;gl mwptpay; tsh;r;rpf;F Njhs;nfhLj;J te;j nghJrd E}yfk nrYj;jpte;jjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mth;fsJ gpuNjrq;fs tifapy; fpis E}yfq;fshfg; ghpzkpj;J Nritahw;wp t
aho; kf;fSf;F gy topfspYk; Nritahw;wp te;j fhyKk; gy;NtW ,d;dy;fSf;F kj;jpapy; E}yf mgptpUj E}yfh; jpUkjp. &ghtjp eluhrh 1989 Mk; Mz;L ,is jpUkjp.kq;ifah;f;furp epj;jpaul;zk; rpwpJ fhyKk; mt uFehjDk; E}yfg; gzpia Kd;ndLj;J te;jdh;. ,f;fhy nra;tjw;F epue;ju E}yfh; Njitahdjhy; Kd;dhy; g fyhepjp. Nt.,.ghf;fpaehjd; kPs epakpf;fg;gl;L E}yfg;gz rpwpJ fhyk; gzpahw;wpa fyhepjp.Nt.,.ghf;fpaehjd; nts gzpia nry;tp.RNyhrdh nghWg;Ngw;W Kd;ndLj;J t mtUk; ntspehL gazkhf E}yfh; ,y;yhky; E}yf N ,t;Ntisapy; 1990 Mk; Mz;L jpU.v];.jdghyrpq;fk; Nritia toq;fpte;jhh;.
aho; Flhehl;bidg; nghWj;jtiu 1992 Mk; Mz;b ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjp Nghh; Nkfk; #o;e;jpUe;j fhyg;gFjpah #o;epiyfspYk; E}yfk; jdJ Nritia aho; kf;fS Mdhy; 1995 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l FlhehL jOtpa Copah;fSk; ntspNaw Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;ljd; f Kw;whf epWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; 85000 E}y;fs gFjp tsh;r;rpaile;jpUe;jJ. 1996 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngah;e jpUk;gp tpl;Lr;nrd;w E}yfq;fisg; ghh;itapl;lNghJ mi
520

;fpte;j E}yfKk; khefurigapduJ fpis E}yfj;Jld; ;fSf;F Nritia toq;fpte;jJ. ,uz;lhtJ fpis E} lj;jpw;F Kd;ghf ,Ue;j jdpahh; fl;llj;jpy; 24.04.1985 J. gpd;G mjw;fhd fl;llk; khefurig mYtyfj;jpd; 0.1988 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; ghtidf;fhfj; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ. ];ypk; fpis E}yfk; K];ypk; tl;lhuj;jpy; mike;jpUe;j 85 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. FUefh; kf;fsJ tPj papy; 1986 Mk; Mz;by; kw;nwhU fpis E}yfk; d fyhr;rhu E}yfk; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd gyUk; h; fyhr;rhu kz;lgj;jpy; 09.06.1986 Mk; Mz;L fyhr;rhu . tz;zhh;g; gz;iz kf;fSf;fhf 30.05.1985 Mk; py; Xh; fpis E}yfk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; mjw;fhd fhkhl;rp mk;ghs; MyatPj pf;fUfpy; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;L s; ghtidf;fhf jpwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW aho; kf;fsJ hLj;J te;j nghJrd E}yfk; mth;fsJ eydpy; mf;fiw hf mth;fsJ gpuNjrq;fspNyNa Nritia toq;Fk; ; ghpzkpj;J Nritahw;wp te;jikiaf; fhzyhk;.
fspYk; Nritahw;wp te;j E}yf tuyhw;wpy; ,Jtiu ;F kj;jpapy; E}yf mgptpUj;jpf;fhf mauhJ cioj;Jte;j rh 1989 Mk; Mz;L ,isg;ghwpr; nrd;whh;. mthpd; gpd; ul;zk; rpwpJ fhyKk; mthpd; gpd; nry;tp. RNyhrdh d;ndLj;J te;jdh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; E}yf Nritia tpUj;jp itahdjhy; Kd;dhy; gpujk E}yfuhfg; gzpahw;wpa kPs epakpf;fg;gl;L E}yfg;gzp Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. pjp.Nt.,.ghf;fpaehjd; ntspehl;bw;Fg; gazkhf mtuJ ghWg;Ngw;W Kd;ndLj;J te;jhh;. rpwpJ fhyj;jpd; gpd; E}yfh; ,y;yhky; E}yf Nritfs; ,lk;ngw;W te;jd. ;L jpU.v];.jdghyrpq;fk; E}yfg; nghWg;ig Vw;W jdJ
Wj;jtiu 1992 Mk; Mz;bw;Fk; 1995 Mk; Mz;bw;Fk; fk; #o;e;jpUe;j fhyg;gFjpahf tpsq;fpaJ. ,t; ,f;fl;lhd J Nritia aho; kf;fSf;F njhlh;e;J toq;fpte;jJ. Vw;gl;l FlhehL jOtpa ,lg;ngah;tpd; NghJ E}yf ;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;ljd; fhuzj;jhy; E}yf Nritfs; g; gFjpapy; 85000 E}y;fs; nfhz;ljhf E}w;Nrh;f;ifg; 96 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fs; kPz ;Lk; aho;g;ghzk; isg; ghh;itapl;lNghJ mit NrjKw;Wf; fhzg;gl;ld
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mtw;Ws; fpis E}yfq;fshd Rz;Lf;Fsp fpis E}yfK fpisE}yfKk; ngUk; Nrjj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;jd. mtw;w Nrjkhf;fg;gl;bUe;jJld; fsthlg;gl;LkpUe;jd. E}y;fis y;fs; ,of;fg;gl;bUe;jik njhpate;jJld; mtw;wpy; ngUk y;fs; vdTk; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
aho; FlhehL KOtijAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nfh mg;gFjpapy; gy mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLf;fj; n nghJrd E}y;epiyak; Gduikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd mg;Ngh gz;lhuehafh FkhuJq;f gzpg;Giu toq;fpaJld; jw;fhy nra;jhh;. mjd; fhuzj;jhy; Njrpa tPlikg;G mjpfhurigf mf;fl;llj;jpy; jw;fhypfkhf 1998 Mk; Mz;L E}y jpwe;Jitf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f; fhyj;jpy; E}yfj;jpw;nfd gy epWtdq;fs;> ntspehLfs; epjp toq;fpAk; E}y;fis md;gs te;jd. ,NjNtis aho; E}yfg; Gdh;eph;khzg; gzpfS FO xd;W mikf;fg;gl;L Gdh;eph;khzg; gzpfs; Kd;ndLf KOikahfg; Gdh;eph;khzk; nra;ag;gl;l aho; nghJrd E Mz;L kPz;Lk; kf;fs; ghtidf;fhfj; jpwf;fg;gl;L ,d;Wti toq;fptUtJld; kf;fs; kdq;fspYk; ngUk; nry;thf;Fg; n
aho; nghJrd E}y;epiyaj;jpd; jw;Nghija epiyAk; m
aho; kf;fSf;F gy ,d;dy;fs; kj;jpapy; Nriti jdJ Nritia njhlh;e;J toq;Fk; tifapy; Gdui 2004 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J toq;fp tUfpd;wJ. Gduik GJg;nghypT ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jhYk; mJ Muk;gj;jpy; vt mNjNghy; mf;fl;llj;jpd; fiyak;rk; vJTk; khwhjti Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,Jtiu fhyKk; E}yfuhfg; gzpah 30.07.2011 Mk; Mz;L Xa;T ngw;Wr; nrd;wij m vk;.,.fUzhfud; E}yfuhf nghWg;Ngw;W ,d;Wtiu rp fhzyhk;. ,d;W ,e;E}yfkhdJ fhyj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;Nf tphpthf;fj;jpw;Nfw;gTk; xNu fl;likg;gpd; fPo; gyNtW g Nritia aho; kf;fSf;F Mw;wptUtijf; fhzyhk;.
mt;tifapy; mjd;gFjpfshf clikfs; ghJfhg fhl;rpf;$lk;> E}y; ,uty; toq;Fk; gFjp> rpWth; gFjp> thrpf tyJ Fiwe;NjhUf;fhd gFjp> E}w; fsQ;rpag; gFjp> clD gFjp> fl;Gy nrtpg;Gy gFjp> gbg;Nghh;$lk;> eph;thf];jh; gFjp> gFjp> crhj;Jizg; gFjp> Rtbfs; fhg;gfk;> fzpzpf;$lk tifapdUf;Fk; jdJ Nritia toq;fptUfpd;wJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Rz;Lf;Fsp fpis E}yfKk; %h;tPj papy; mike;jpUe;j pw;F cl;gl;bUe;jd. mtw;wpypUe;j jsghlq;fs;> E}y;fs; hlg;gl;LkpUe;jd. E}y;fisg; nghWj;jtiu 29000 E} pate;jJld; mtw;wpy; ngUksthdit crhj;Jiz E} .
; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; nfhz;Lte;jpUe;j ,yq;if muR pl;lq;fis Kd;ndLf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; aho; f;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd mg;Nghja [dhjpgjp jpUkjp. re;jphpfh pg;Giu toq;fpaJld; jw;fhypfkhfr; nraw;glitf;f rpghh;R jrpa tPlikg;G mjpfhurigf; fl;llk; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;L 1998 Mk; Mz;L E}yfk; kf;fs; ghtidf;fhfj; yj;jpy; E}yfj;jpw;nfd gy mikg;Gf;fs;> murrhh;gw;w p toq;fpAk; E}y;fis md;gspg;ghf toq;fpAk; cjtpGhpe;J fg; Gdh;eph;khzg; gzpfSf;nfd [dhjpgjpahy; E}yff; ph;khzg; gzpfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;jd. ,jd; gpufhuk; ra;ag;gl;l aho; nghJrd E}y;epiyak; 23.02.2004 Mk; f;fhfj; jpwf;fg;gl;L ,d;Wtiu jdJ Nritia kf;fSf;F ;fspYk; ngUk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Wj;jpfo;fpd;wJ.
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;dy;fs; kj;jpapy; Nritia toq;fpte;j E}yfkhdJ oq;Fk; tifapy; Gduikg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l fl;llj;jpy; oq;fp tUfpd;wJ. Gduikf;fg;gl;l fl;llkhdJ ,d;W hYk; mJ Muk;gj;jpy; vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jNjh yak;rk; vJTk; khwhjtifapy; Gduikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ yKk; E}yfuhfg; gzpahw;wpa jpU.v];.jdghyrpq;fk; ;T ngw;Wr; nrd;wij mLj;J md;wpypUe;J jpUkjp. nghWg;Ngw;W ,d;Wtiu rpwe;j Nritahw;wp tUtijf; dJ fhyj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;Nfw;gTk; mwptpay; Jiwfspd; l;likg;gpd; fPo; gyNtW gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L jdJ w;wptUtijf; fhzyhk;.
shf clikfs; ghJfhg;gplk;> E}y;fs; ghJfhg;gplk;> ;Fk; gFjp> rpWth; gFjp> thrpfrhiyg; gFjp> Nfl;Nghh;$lk;> p> E}w; fsQ;rpag; gFjp> clDjTk; gFjp> tpNrl Nrh;f;ifg; ;Nghh;$lk;> eph;thf];jh; gFjp> fiyf;$lk;> gUtntspaPl ;Lg; bfs; fhg;gfk;> fzpzpf;$lk;> vd;gd gphpf;fg;gl;L gy;NtW ia toq;fptUfpd;wJ.
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E}yfNrit Mizf;Nfhl;il> 1986. 5. rz;Kfehjd;. eh> vopy;kpF aho;g;ghzk;> Fbey R
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kyh;> 1984. 8. NtYg;gps;is> rp.b. mnkhpf;f ,yq;ifkp~d; rhpj;jpu
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Gj;jf ,y;yk;> nfhOk;G>2009. 10. nry;tuhrh> vd;> aho; nghJrd E}yfk; Xh; tuyhw;Wj; 11.
www.Jaffna library.lk

k; mwptpay; Jiwrhh; tsh;r;rpf;F ngUk; gq;fhw;wp tUk; hJ gy nkhopfspy; mike;j gy; Jiwrhh; E}y;fs; vd nfhz;L kf;fSf;Fg; gzpahw;wptUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. thrfh;fs; jk;ik mq;fj;jtuhfg; gjpTnra;J gadile;J ehs; xd;wpw;F ruhrhpahf 350,w;F Nkw;gl;l thrfh;fs; jhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJld; mth;fspy; ngUksthdth;fs; f tUif jUgth;fshff; $wg;gLfpd;wdh;.
Nrit toq;fptUk; nghJrd E}yfk; jdJ Nritia vjph;fhyj; jpl;lq;fis tFj;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. mit ; vOJjy;> Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp elhj;Jjy;> Ngr;Rg;Nghl;b> hlrhiy khztiu E}yfj;jpw;F tutioj;jy;> fij jy;> E}y;tpkh;rdk;> gapw;rp tFg;Gf;fs; elhj;Jjy; vd ;g;ghzj;jpw;F tUNthh; aho; nghJrd Ehyfj;ij jkpo; r; rpd;dkhfg; ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. mt;thW ghh;g;gjw;F jkpoh; kyh;r;rp vd;gd ,e;Ehyfj;Jld; ,uz;lwf;fye;jpUg;gJ
; cz;ikAk; $l.
E}y;epiyak; Xh; Mtzk;> kpj;jpuh ntspaPL > 1997 zg; nghJE}yfk;> E}yftpay; kyh; 2 ,jo; 3> mNahj;jp
l;il> aho;g;ghzk;> 1987. .  aho;g;ghzk;> 1939.
j;jpy; E}yf tsh;r;rp> E}yftpay; kyh; 2> ,jo; 2> mNahj;jp l;il> 1986.
pF aho;g;ghzk;> Fbey Rfhjhu thukyh;> aho;g;ghz
o;g;ghzk; vhpfpd;wJ> tujh; ntspaPL > 1981 pohg; nghypT fhZk; nghJrd E}yfk;> E}yfj; jpwg;Gtpoh
pf;f ,yq;ifkp~d; rhpj;jpuk;> mnkhpf;f ,yq;ifkp~d; 2. j; jkpoh; rpe;jid tsh;r;rpapy; mnkhpf;fkp~d;> Fkud; 09. rd E}yfk; Xh; tuyhw;Wj; njhFg;G.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
E}y;Njl;lk; : Xh; kjpg;gPl;L Ma;T
mwpKfk;
E}y;fs; mwpTj; NjlYf;fhd fUT+yq;fshf tpsq ,dj;jpd; gz;ghL> kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu tpOkpaq;fis nt jpfo;fpd;wd. mj;jifa rhjdq;fis Ngzpg; ghJfh ifaspg;gjd; %yNk xU r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;G jf;fitj;J fhyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fSk; klhyaq;fSk; ,g;gzpiar; nrt;tN cynfq;fpYk; ,aq;fptUk; E}yfq;fSk; Mtzf;fhg;gfq nra;fpd;wd. MapDk;> xU ehl;bd; my;yJ ,dj;jpd; mi Nehf;Fld; fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l E}yf mopg;G cz;L ([thj;> 1988; nry;tuh[h> 2001).
ngUk;ghyhd cyf ehLfs;> jj;jk; Njrpa ,d ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> Mtzg;gLj;jTk; mjpfhuG+h;tk mjw;fhd rl;lg; ghJfhg;igAk; toq;fpAs;sd. ,jd;% rhjdq;fisAk; Mz;lhz;L fhykhf NgzptUfpd;wd. cUthf;fg;gl;litNa Njrpa E}yfKk;> ,yq;if Njrpa E MFk;. ,yq;if Njrpa E}yf Mtzthf;fy; rigapd; E}y;tpgug;gl;bay;> ,yq;ifapypUe;J ntsptUfpd;w K tpguq;fis cs;slf;fpa tUlhe;j ntspaPl hf tps Fwpj;j fhyg;gFjpapy; ntspaplg;;glhik> ,yq;ifapy; nt tpguq;fisAk; cs;slf;fhik> gutyhf tpepNahfpf;fg;gl nfhz;bUe;jikapdhy;> gpupj;jhdpa Njrpa E}y;tpgug;gl;b E}y;tpgug;gl;bay;fSf;F ,izahd tuNtw;igg; ng Fzjpyf;ftpd; ‘A bibliography of Ceylon: a systemafic gu people, history and culture published in the Western langu present day’ vd;w> Mq;fpy E}y;fSf;fhd E}y;tpgug;gl;b Ie;J njhFjpfs; ntspte;J> rh;tNjr uPjpapy; mq;fPfupf ,d;Wk; jpfo;fpd;wJ (nry;tuh[h> 2010).
 fhyj;Jf Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,r;nr

E}y;Njl;lk; : Xh; kjpg;gPl;L Ma;T
mdpjh fpU];drhkp fy;gdh re;jpuNrfh;
hd fUT+yq;fshf tpsq;FtJld; kl;Lky;yhJ> xU yhr;rhu tpOkpaq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; rhjdq;fshfTk; dq;fis Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J> mLj;j jiyKiwf;Ff; fj;jpd; ,Ug;G jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. gz;ilf; q;fSk; ,g;gzpiar; nrt;tNd nra;Jte;jd. jw;fhyj;jpy;> }yfq;fSk; Mtzf;fhg;gfq;fSk;; ,j;Njitia epiwT l;bd; my;yJ ,dj;jpd; milahsj;ij ,y;yhky; nra;Ak; w;nfhs;sg;gl;l E}yf mopg;Gf;fs; njhlh;ghd tuyhWfSk; h> 2001).
Lfs;> jj;jk; Njrpa ,dq;fspd; mwpTj;Njl;lj;ij zg;gLj;jTk; mjpfhuG+h;tkhd epWtdq;fis epWtp> k; toq;fpAs;sd. ,jd;%yk; E}y;fisAk; Vida fhykhf NgzptUfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; ,jd; nghUl;L }yfKk;> ,yq;if Njrpa E}yf Mtzthf;fy; rigAk; Mtzthf;fy; rigapd; ntspaPl hd ,yq;if Njrpa pypUe;J ntsptUfpd;w Kk;nkhop rhh;e;j E}y;fspd; Ulhe;j ntspaPlhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,t;ntspaPlhdJ> g;;glhik> ,yq;ifapy; ntspte;j midj;J E}y;fspd; > gutyhf tpepNahfpf;fg;glhik Nghd;w FiwghLfisf; ;jhdpa Njrpa E}y;tpgug;gl;bay;> kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpa zahd tuNtw;igg; ngwtpy;iy. MapDk;> vr;.V f Ceylon: a systemafic guide to the literature on the land, ed in the Western languages from the 16th century to the }y;fSf;fhd E}y;tpgug;gl;bay; 1970-1983 fhyg;gFjpapy; rh;tNjr uPjpapy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l crhj;Jiz E}yhf [h> 2010).
nghWj;jtiuapy;> fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; rpy Mtzthf;fy; g;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,r;nraw;ghl;by; jk;ik 

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nfhz;lth;fSs;> F.X.C.eluh[h> fdf.nre;jpehjd;> rpy;i Mopahd;> kw;Wk; eh.Rg;gpukzpad; Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj NkYk;> ,yq;if K];ypk; vOj;jhsh;fspd; E}y;fis Rtb my;`h[; v];.vr;.vk;.n[kPy ; mth;fs; njhFj;J 1994-2000 f (Gd;dpahkPd ;> 2006). ,ijtpl> ,yq;if E}yfr; r tUl E}yf jfty; tpQ;Qhd bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewpapd nra;Ak;nghUl;L khzth;fspdhy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; E}y;tpg E}y;fSf;fhd E}y;tpgug;gl;bay;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ifnaOj;Jg;gpujpfshf ,yq;if E}yfr; rq;fj;jpd; N Nkw;;Fwpg;gpl;l Kaw;rpfs; vitAk;> E}y;tpgug;gl;ban gad;ghl;il cWjpg;gLj;jtpy;iy.
,d;iwa ajhh;j;j epiyia Nehf;Fifapy;>  Gyk;ngah;ehLfspYNk xU ehl;by; ntspaplg;gLk;  ntspaPl ;lhsh;fNsh> my;yJ vOj;jhsh;fNs jkpo; E}y;fspd; Mtzthf;fy; nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;ghf rigapy; epyTk; Mszpg; gw;whf;Fiw vd;gd Kf;fpa fhuz
,e;epiyapy;> rh;tNjr uPjpapy;  kw;Wk; Gyk;ngah;ehLfspYk; ntspaplg;gl E}y;fis Mtzg;gLj;JtJ xU tuyhw;W Njita gjpTfNs ehisa tuyhw;whrpupah;fSf;F Mjhuq;fshf E}y;tpgug;gl;bay;fspypUe;J NtWgl;L> xU ,dj;jpd; nt ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;bay; njhlh;ghd kjpg;gPlhf ,t;tha;T mi
E}y; Njl;lj;jpd; tuyhW
aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J fhyhz;L ,johf E}y; Njl;lj;jpi vd;.nry;tuh[h mth;fspdhy; 1990fspy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 5 Vg;uy; 1990,Yk;> gpd;dh; mjd; njhlh;r;rpahf 51 - 112 t 62 E}y;fSf;fhd gjpTfSld; [_iy 1990,Yk; rpWr ,uz;L ,jo;fs; ntspte;jd. ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F>
524

h[h> fdf.nre;jpehjd;> rpy;iyA+h; nry;tuh[d;> nrq;if pad; Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; (Jeyabalan, 2005). j;jhsh;fspd; E}y;fis Rtb Mw;Wg;gil vDk; jiyg;gpy; h;fs; njhFj;J 1994-2000 fhyg;gFjpapy; ntspapl;Ls;shh; tpl> ,yq;if E}yfr; rq;fj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; 3 bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewpapd; gFjpj; Njitia epiwT hy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; E}y;tpgug;gl;bay;fs; gy  E}y;tpgug;gl;banyhd;wp;d; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f
y.
a Nehf;Fifapy;>  Gyk;ngah;ehLfspYNk mr;rpl;L ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd. j;J jkpo; E}nyhd;wpidg; gw;wpa jftiy ,d;ndhU ;t J kpfTk; fbdkhd fhupakhfTs;s J. NkYk;> ,e;E }y;f s; l;bay;fspy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtijAk; vOj;jhsh;fSk; j;jpf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. Gyk;ngah;ehLfspy; kl;Lky;yhJ> fhzg;gLfpwJ. mr;rf ntspaPl ;lhsh; rl;l%yj;Jf;fika E}y;fspd; gpujpnahd;iw mDg;gpitf;fj; jkpo;g; gpuNjr sh> my;yJ vOj;jhsh;fNsh Kidg;Gf;fhl;lhik> kw;Wk; y; nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;ghf Njrpa E}yf Mtzthf;fy; hf;Fiw vd;gd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fshf cs;sd.
uPjpapy;  ah;ehLfspYk; ntspaplg;gl;l  ,d;iwa pupah;fSf;F Mjhuq;fshf tpsq;fg;Nghfpd;wd. Vida tWgl;L> xU ,dj;jpd; ntspaPLfis Mtzg;gLj;Jk; d kjpg;gPlhf ,t;tha;T mikfpwJ.
z;L ,johf E}y; Njl;lj;jpid ntspapLk; Kaw;rpfs; jpU. 990fspy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 50 E}y;fSf;fhd gjpTfSld; d; njhlh;r;rpahf 51 - 112 tiuahd njhlupyf;fkplg;gl;l d; [_iy 1990,Yk; rpWrQ;rpif cUtpy; E}y;Njl;lk; d. ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F> fpof;F gFjpfspy; epytpa
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mrhjhuz #o;epiyfspd; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l cs;sf ,l Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; ,g;gzp rpwpJfhyk; jilg;gl;bUe;jJ. gpd tho;e;jNghJ> kPz ;Lk; E}y; Njl;lj;ij ntspapLk; gzpia mth;fs; ngUKaw;rp vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;. yz;ldpy;> gpupj;j KONeuj;njhopnyhd;iw tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhz ,g;gzpia njhlu Kide;jhh;. ,jw;fhf gy;NtW ehLfSf gazq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;bapUe;jJ. gy jdpg;g Njbr;nrd;W ghh;itapl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,jidnay;yh gzpapypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l tUkhdj;jpd; xU gFjpia nfhz;lhh;. mtuJ fbd ciog;gpd; gadhf> E}y; Njl;lj E}y;fSf;fhd gjpTfSld;) Gjpa tbtpy; [§d; 2002, 2010). ,Jtiuapy;> vl;L njhFjpfs; ntspte;Js;sd. Xt y;fspd; tpguq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;lhtJ njh njhFjp Xf];l; 2005,Yk;> ehd;fhtJ njhFjp brk;gh; 2 [§iy 2008,Yk;> MwhtJ> VohtJ njhFjpfs; Nk 2011, 2013,Yk; ntspte;Js;sd. ,Jtiuapy;> mr;rpy; khj;jpuk y; Njl;lkhdJ> Xd;gjhtJ njhFjpapypUe;J ,izaj Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
,it jtpu> 2007,y; kNyrpa rpq;fg;G+h; E}y;Njl;l  2010).
E}y; Njl;lk; - kjpg;gPL
mwpTj; Njl;lj;ij Mtzg;gLj;jp> jfty;j; NjlYf;F mwpTrhh; Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rpf;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjd E}y;tpgug;gl;bay;fs; jfty; NjlYf;fhd crhj;Jiz mwpTj; Njl;lj;ij mLj;j jiyKiwf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. E}y; Njl;lk; vDk; ,e;E}y;tpgug;g Gyk;ngah;ehLfspYk; ntspaplg;gl;l  c kjpg;gPl ;Lf; fUtpfshd gpd;tUk; gpukhzq;fSf;fika k
mjpfhuTilik (authoritative)
,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;bayhdJ xU jdpkdpj Kaw;rpahf ,g;gzpapy; fle;j gy tUlq;fshfj; jk;ik   mNahj;jp E}yf N aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ];jhgpj;J> me;epWtdj;jpD}lhf E}yftpa ntspapl;Lk;> E}yf fUj;juq;Ffs;> kw;Wk; fz;fhl;rpf ,jd;%yk;> ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F> fpof;F> kiyafg;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

uzkhf Vw;gl;l cs;sf ,lg;ngah;T> kw;Wk; Gyk;ngah;T fhyk; jilg;gl;bUe;jJ. gpd;dh; Gyk;ngah;e;J yz;ldpy; l;lj;ij ntspapLk; gzpiaj; njhlu jpU.vd;.nry;tuh[h fhz;lhh;. yz;ldpy;> gpupj;jhdpa jghy; jpizf;fsj;jpy; o;thjhuj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;lgb> jdJ ,dj;jpw;fhd ;. ,jw;fhf gy;NtW ehLfSf;Fk; ngUk; gzr;nryTf;Fupa z;bapUe;jJ. gy jdpg;gl;lth;fspd; Nrfupg;Gf;fisj; ;bapUe;jJ. ,jidnay;yhk; jdJ tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd tUkhdj;jpd; xU gFjpia gad;gLj;jpNa epiwNtw;wpf; g;gpd; gadhf> E}y; Njl;lj;jpd; KjyhtJ njhFjp (1000 Gjpa tbtpy; [§d; 2002,y; ntspte;jJ (nry;tuh[h> Fjpfs; ntspte;Js;sd. Xt;nthU njhFjpapYk; 1000 E} ;gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;lhtJ njhFjp Nk 2004Yk;> %d;whtJ hd;fhtJ njhFjp brk;gh; 2006,Yk;> Ie;jhtJ njhFjp ohtJ njhFjpfs; Nk 2011,Yk;> vl;lhtJ njhFjp [dtup Jtiuapy;> mr;rpy; khj;jpuk; ntspte;J nfhz;bUe;j E} njhFjpapypUe;J ,izaj;jsj;jpYk; ntspapLtjw;fhd
Ufpd;wd.
kNyrpa rpq;fg;G+h; E}y;Njl;lk; xd;wpidAk;> 2009,y; f;fhd E}y;tpgug;gl;bay; xd;iwAk; jpU.vd;.nry;tuh[h e;jhh; (nry;tuh[h> 2010).
g;gLj;jp> jfty;j; NjlYf;F JizGupAk; nraw;ghLfs;> ;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjdthf cs;sd. me;j tifapy;> NjlYf;fhd crhj;Jizr; rhjdkhf kl;Lky;yhJ> Kiwf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; ty;yik gilj;jitahfTk; l;lk; vDk; ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;bayhdJ> ,yq;ifapYk; g;gl;l  crhj;Jiz rhjdnkhd;wpd; k; gpukhzq;fSf;fika kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
ve) xU jdpkdpj Kaw;rpahfNt ,d;Wtiu njhlh;fpwJ. shfj; jk;ik  ntspaPl ;Lj; th;. 1985,y;>  mNahj;jp E}yf Nritfs; vDk; epWtdj;ij ;epWtdj;jpD}lhf E}yftpay; Jiwrhh;e;j gy E}y;fis ;Ffs;> kw;Wk; fz;fhl;rpfis elhj;jpAk; te;Js;shh;. lf;F> fpof;F> kiyafg; gFjpfspypUe;J E}yftpay;
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JiwapYk;> E}ypay; JiwapYk; mf;fiw nfhz;l gyiu , xUq;fpizj;jJ. ,jdhy;> mNahj;jp E}yf Nritfs; N E}yf mikg;ghf Njrpa uPj papy; tsh;r;rpfz;lJ. 1985 - 19 vDk; fhyhz;L rQ;rpifiaAk; ntspapl;L te;Js;sJ. ,J E}yftpay; rhh;e;j KjyhtJ jkpo; rQ;rpifahFk;. jw;Ng ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; jdJ gzpia njhlh;fpwJ (nry;tuh[h> 200
E}y; Njl;lk; vDk; ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;baYk;> ,e;ep ntspaPl;Lj; Jiwapy; jkpo; E}y;fSf;fhd ntspaPl;L epW ngw;Ws;s Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk; vDk; ntspaPl ;lhsUld; vdNt> mjpfhuG+h;tkhd xh; crhj;Jizr; rhjdkhf ,J vdpDk;> jpU.vd;.nry;tuh[h mth;fspdhy; Kd;ndLf;f gd;ndLq; fhyj;jpw;Fj; njhlUtjw;fhd fhj;jpukhd el Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,yq;ifapYk;> Gyk;ngah;ehLfspYk; ntspaplg;gLk;  gpd;dh; ,r;Nrfu jkpo;j; Njrpa E}y;tpgug;gl;bayhf> fhyj;Jf;Ffhyk; nts Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Nehf;fk; (purpose)
,e;;E}y;tpgug;gl;baypDila Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;  rkak;> r%fk;> tuyhW> kw;Wk; Vida Mtzg;gLj;JtJk;> mit njhlh;ghd Njliy Nkw;nfh rhjdkhf tpsq;FtJkhFnkd ,jd; Mrpupaupdhy; Nkyjpfkhf> gpuNjr uPj pahf Fwpj;j ,dk; rhh;e;j> n Mtzg;gLj;Jk; ghupa Kaw;rpahfTk;> ,r;r%fk; rhh;e;j jiyKiwf;F ifaspf;Fk; nraw;ghlhfTNk Nehf;fg;g uPj pahd epjpAjtpfs;> MjuTfs; vJTkpd;wp> jdpkdpj Ka ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;bayhdJ> cupa thrfh;fisr; rupahd K vd;gJ xU FiwghlhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> gpuNjrq;fspYs;s nghJrd E}yfq;fs;> E}w;nfhs;tdt njupTnra;tjw;fhd fUtpahf (book selection tool) E tUfpd;wd.
tpahgfj; jd;ik (coverage)
,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;baypy;> mjpfstpy; jdpE}y;fNs ( ,itjtpu> jdpE}yhf fUjg;glf;$ba rpwg;G kyh;fSk;> rpy kyh;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; rQ;rpiffs;> Jz ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> xyp-xspg; gjpTehlhf;fs;> ,W nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. tplauPj pahf Nehf;Fifapy;> rfy cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;> nkhopuPj papy; Mq;fpy E}y xU FiwghNl.
526

k; mf;fiw nfhz;l gyiu ,e;epWtdk; xU Filapd; fPo ; Nahj;jp E}yf Nritfs; Nghh;r;#oypYk; rf;;jpkpf;fnjhU ; tsh;r;rpfz;lJ. 1985 - 1991 fhyg;gFjpapy;> E}yftpay; k; ntspapl;L te;Js;sJ. ,JNt> ,yq;ifapy; ntspte;j jkpo; rQ;rpifahFk;. jw;NghJ> ,e;epWtdkhdJ If;fpa jhlh;fpwJ (nry;tuh[h> 2005).
;E}y;tpgug;gl;baYk;> ,e;epWtdj;jpdhy; ,yq;ifapd; }y;fSf;fhd ntspaPl ;L epWtdq;fSs; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij k; vDk; ntspaPl ;lhsUld; ,ize;J ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. rhj;Jizr; rhjdkhf ,J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glf;$baNj. mth;fspdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;LtUk; ,g;gzp> NkYk; Utjw;fhd fhj;jpukhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl jhFk;. ,yq;ifapYk;> jkpofj;jpYk;> kw;Wk; plg;gLk;  gpd;dh; ,r;Nrfupg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk;  fhyj;Jf;Ffhyk; ntspaplg;gLtjw;fhd xOq;Ffs;
a Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;  fyhr;rhuk;> ;> tuyhW> kw;Wk; Vida Jiwrhh;e;j ntspaPL fis jhlh;ghd Njliy Nkw;nfhs;gth;fSf;F crhj;Jizr; d ,jd; Mrpupaupdhy; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Fwpj;j ,dk; rhh;e;j> nkhop rhh;e;j ntspaPL fis pahfTk;> ,r;r%fk; rhh;e;j tuyhw;W gjpTfis mLj;j nraw;ghlhfTNk Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;bajhFk;. epWtd s; vJTkpd;wp> jdpkdpj Kaw;rpahy; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; upa thrfh;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; nrd;wilatpy;iy hzg;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,yq;ifapd; jkpoh; jhafg; E}yfq;fs;> E}w;nfhs;tdtpd;NghJ jkpo; E}y;fisj; (book selection tool) E}y;Njl;lj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp
jpfstpy; jdpE}y;fNs (monographs) ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. lf;$ba rpwg;G kyh;fSk;> rpy fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> Qhgfhh;j;j d. Mdhy; rQ;rpiffs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> xspg; gjpTehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs; vd;gd Nrh;j;Jf; hf Nehf;Fifapy;> rfy Jiwrhh;e;j Mtzq;fSk; ;> nkhopuPj papy; Mq;fpy E}y;fs; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;glhik
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E}ypay; gjpitg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> mbg;gil E}ypa mwpKff; Fwpg;Gk; njspthfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. gpujhd gFjpa gFjpfshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. Kjw;gFjpapy; E}ypd; jiyg;G t mjpfhuG+h;tkhf cupj;JilNahh; tpguk;> gjpg;G tpguk;> n vd;gd jug;gl;Ls;sd. E}ypay; gjptpd; ,uz;lhtJ ngsjPfj; jfty;fshFk;. %d;whtJ gFjp> E}y; gw;wpa RU Nkyjpfkhf> ,yq;if njhlh;ghd gd;dhl;ltupd; jkpo gjpTfSf;fhd Nkyjpf jfty;fSk; gpd;dpizg;ghf E njhFjpapypUe;J ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. E}ypay; gjpTfspd E}w;gl;bayhf;f tpjpKiwfs; Kiwahf gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls xU E}yftpayhsupdhy; njhFf;fg;gl;l E}y;tpgug;gl;ba fhl;LfpwJ.
ek;gfj;jd;ik (reliability)
,q;F ek;gfj;jd;ik vd;gJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l jfty (accuracy) Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;baypy MtzKk; KOikahf Muhag;gl;Nl gjptpw;Fs;shf jfty;fis nfhz;l E}ypay; gjpTfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. N gpuNjr NtWghLfisAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ> gf;fr;rhh;g Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sik tuNtw;fg;gl Ntz;banjhd Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l E}y;fs cl;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
cldbj; jfty; toq;fy; (up-to-date information)
E}y; Njl;lj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s jfty; rhjdq;fs tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. fpilf;fg;ngw;w Mtzq;fspd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy;> fhy xOq;F Ngzg;glt gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU E}ypd; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l njhFjpfs njhFjpfspd; tpguq;fs; E}y; Njl;lj;jpd; Kd;ida ntspaPL fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; E}y; Njl;lj;jpd; gpd;ida nj (Gd;dpahkPd ;> 2006). ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf>  cynfq;fpYk; gue;J thOk;  epWtd uPj pahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba ghupa Nkw;nfhs;s KbAnkd;gij nraypy; fhl;bAs;shh; jpU.vd y;tpgug;gl;bay;>  mbg;gil E}ypay; tpguq;fSk;> E}y; gw;wpa ug;gl;Ls;sd. gpujhd gFjpapy;> E}y; gw;wpa jfty; %d;W w;gFjpapy; E}ypd; jiyg;G tpguk;> me;E}ypd; Mf;fj;Jf;F hh; tpguk;> gjpg;G tpguk;> ntspaPl ;L tpguk;> mr;R tpguk; y; gjptpd; ,uz;lhtJ gFjpahf miktJ E}ypd; ;whtJ gFjp> E}y; gw;wpa RUf;ff; Fwpg;ghFk;. ,tw;Wf;F ;ghd gd;dhl;ltupd; jkpo;g;gilg;Gf;fSk;> Kd;ida y;fSk; gpd;dpizg;ghf E}y; Njl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ pd;wd. E}ypay; gjpTfspd; xOq;fikg;gpy; rh;tNjr ; Kiwahf gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sij mtjhdpf;fKbfpwJ. Ff;fg;gl;l E}y;tpgug;gl;bay; vd;gij ,J milahsk;
;gJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fspd; Jy;ypaj;jd;ikiaNa J. ,e;E}y;tpgug;gl;baypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s xt;nthU uhag;gl;Nl gjptpw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sij> Jy;ypakhd gjpTfs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. NkYk;> ,dNtWghLfisAk; j;jpy; nfhs;shJ> gf;fr;rhh;gw;w Kiwapy; E}y; gjpTfs; Ntw;fg;gl Ntz;banjhd;Nw. ,q;F> Mtzthf;fk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l E}y;fs; vt;tpj juf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fk;
-to-date information) g;gl;Ls;s jfty; rhjdq;fs; vt;tpj fhy vy;iyf;Fs;Sk; f;fg;ngw;w Mtzq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa gjpTfs; fhy xOq;F Ngzg;gltpy;iy. mjhtJ> gjpTf;Fl; d;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l njhFjpfs; ntspte;jpUg;gpd;> gpd;ida y; Njl;lj;jpd; Kd;ida njhFjpfspYk;> Kd;ida }y; Njl;lj;jpd; gpd;ida njhFjpfspYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd g; gjpyhf>  fis toq;FtNj E}y; Njl;lj;jpd; ,yf;fhFk; vd;W ;.
w;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba ghupa gzpapid jdpnahUtuhy; raypy; fhl;bAs;shh; jpU.vd;.nry;tuh[h mth;fs;. ,e;E} hd xU Njrpa E}y;tpgug;gl;baypd; Njitia czh;j;jp ct bibliography) my;yJ Fwpj;j xU egupdhy; vOjg;gl;l ibliography) my;yJ ehnlhd;wpd; ntspaPL fs; gw;wpa pgug;gl;bay;fspypUe;J NtWgl;L> xh; ,dj;jpd; mwpTj;
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Njl;lj;ij Mtzg;gLj;jp> ,d uPj pahd E}y;tpgug;gl;bay Njl;lk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. vdNt> E}y; Njl;lkhdJ  mjid Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F  ,k;Kaw;rpahdJ epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf kw;Wk; E}YUtw;w jfty; rhjdq;fspd; tpguq;fisA kl;Lky;yhJ  V.v];. (1988). ‘vupj;jJ ahh;?’ (mnyf;rhe;jpupa
fl;Liu). E}yftpay;> 4(2): 12-18.
4. Gd;dpahkPd ;> gP.vk;. (2006). E}y;Njl;lk;: ,yq;ifapd rq;fkpf;f Ntz;banjhU ngUejp. In: nry;tuh[h> v If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;: mNahj;jp E}yf Nritfs;. g.viii-xx
5. nry;tuh[h> vd;. (2005). E}ypay; gjpTfs;. clj;jyt
mNahj;jp E}yf Nritfs; (UK). 104g.
6. nry;tuh[h> vd;. (2010).  vd;. (2011). E}y; Njl;lk; (njhFjp 7). nfhOk
(UK) & Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;. xviii, 506g.
8. nry;tuh[h> vd;. (njh.M). (2001). aho;g;ghzg; nghJ E} If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;: mNahj;jp E}yf Nritfs;. 128g.
528

uPj pahd E}y;tpgug;gl;bayhf (ethnic bibliography) E}y; > E}y; Njl;lkhdJ  E}YUtpyhd> hjdq;fspd; tpguq;fisAk; cs;slf;fp> jkpo; nkhop ida nkhop rhh;e;j ntspaPL fisAk; Mtzg;gLj;jf; tz;Lk;.
tuyhw;iw ehNk vOjp itg;Nghk;’
ography of Ceylon: a systematic guide to the literature on the published in the Western languages from the 16th century to zerland]: Inter Documentation. vii, 563-952p.
ool thettam: information booklet. London: Ayothy Library
pj;jJ ahh;?’ (mnyf;rhe;jpupah E}yf vupg;Gj; njhlh;ghd 12-18.
). E}y;Njl;lk;: ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,yf;fpa ePN uhl;lj;jpy; gUejp. In: nry;tuh[h> vd;. E}y; Njl;lk; (njhFjp 4). p E}yf Nritfs;. g.viii-xxvi.
E}ypay; gjpTfs;. clj;jytpd;id: rpe;jid tl;lk; & (UK). 104g.
j;jkpoupd; E}y;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjpy; E}y;Njl;lj;jpd;
k; rthy;fSk;. nghy;nfhy;iy: rpe;jid tl;lk;. 21g.
; Njl;lk; (njhFjp 7). nfhOk;G: mNahj;jp E}yf Nritfs; ;. viii, 506g.
2001). aho;g;ghzg; nghJ E}yfk;: xU tuyhw;Wj; njhFg;G. p E}yf Nritfs;. 128g.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
tlnkhop E}y;fspy; fpue;j tuptbtj;jpYs;s Mtzg;gLj;Jjy; - aho; gy;fiyf;fof E}
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ma;T
mwpKfk;
cyfpYs;s ,yf;fpatsk; ngw;w njhd;ikahd n Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ. ,r;rk;];fpUjj;ij tlnkhopnad mi cz;L. tlnkhopahdJ gy tsq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfh gy epuk;gpa E}y;fSk; rh];jpuq;fSk; ,k;nkhopapy; ntspte ,k;nkhopia cynfq;fpYk; mwpQh;fs; gyh; tpUg;Gld; fw ,k; nkhopNahL njhlh;Gglhj tplaq;fs; cyfpy; ngUk;gh ,k;nkhopapd; goikNa ,jid cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspY fhuzkhfpd;wJ. rk;];fpUj nkhopapy; Njhd;wpaJk; m ,it vz;zpylq;fhJ. ,J gw;wp Nguhrpupau; fh. ify $Wfpd;whh;.
“ngUk;ghyhd ,e;jpa E}y;fs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mbg;gi ,Jtiu ,aw;wg;gl;l E}y;fspd; gug;ig ,d;Dk; xUtUk mr;rpy; tuhJ Vl;Lr;Rtb tbtpy; fPo ;ehl;bYk; Nky;ehl;bYk ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLk; E}y;fs; vz;zpylq;fh. Kf;fpakhd MuhAk; NghJ ,e;E}y;fs; gy;NtW Jiwfisg; gw;wpa tha;e;jitaha; tpsq;Ftijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.” ,f; fUj;J mike;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,jdbg;gilapy; aho;g;ghzj;J fy;tpg;Gyj;jpd; ik epWtdk; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; MFk;. ,g;gy;fiy Nrh;.nghd; ,uhkehjdpd; rpe;jidapy; 1921k; Mz;L cUt mbj;jskhff; nfhz;L 1974y; cUthdJ. ,g;gy;fiyf;f E}w;njhFg;Gf;fisAk; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; nfhs;tdT nra gq;fspg;Gf;fspYk; ed;nfhilfspYk; xd;WNrh;f;fg;gl tpj;jpahde;jd; E}y;epiyak; vDk; aho; gy;fiyf;fof E
aho; gy;fiyf;fof gpujhd E}yfj;jpy; rk;];fpU fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rk;];fpUj nkhopapd; tuptbtk; %d;W tUfpd;wJ. ,jid ypgp vd;Wk; miog;gh;. xd;W Njteh

}y;fspy; fpue;j tuptbtj;jpYs;s E}y;fis ;gLj;Jjy; - aho; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ma;T
yjh ckhrq;fh;
; ngw;w njhd;ikahd nkhopfSs; rk;];fpUjk; kpf ;fpUjj;ij tlnkhopnad miof;Fk; kuG njd;dpe;jpahtpy; sq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs; ;fSk; ,k;nkhopapy; ntspte;Js;sd. mwptpay; nkhopahf wpQh;fs; gyh; tpUg;Gld; fw;Wk; Nghw;wpAk; tUfpd;wdh;. tplaq;fs; cyfpy; ngUk;ghYk; ,y;iynad;Nw $wyhk;. d cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; gyh; tpUk;gpf; fw;gjw;Ff; nkhopapy; Njhd;wpaJk; mr;NrwpaJkhd E}y;fs; gy. gw;wp Nguhrpupau; fh. ifyhrehjf;FUf;fs; gpd;tUkhW
;fs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk; tlnkhopapy; ; gug;ig ,d;Dk; xUtUk; ruptu kl;bl;Lf; $wtpy;iy. py; fPo ;ehl;bYk; Nky;ehl;bYk; cs;s Gj;jf epiyaq;fspy; z;zpylq;fh. Kf;fpakhd tlnkhop E}y;fspd; gug;ig ;NtW Jiwfisg; gw;wpaditaha;g; gy;tifg; gz;G ; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.” ,f; fUj;J ,e;j Ma;Tf;F mbg;gilahf
zj;J fy;tpg;Gyj;jpd; ikakhf tpsq;Fk; cah;fy;tp yf;fofk; MFk;. ,g;gy;fiyf;fofk; irtg;ngUts;syhh; idapy; 1921k; Mz;L cUthd guNk];tuhf; fy;Y}upia ; cUthdJ. ,g;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,g;ngUts;syhupd; pw;Ff; fhyk; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;litAk; mwpQh;fspd; lfspYk; xd;WNrh;f;fg;gl;l E}y;fisAk; nfhz;L vDk; aho; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
jhd E}yfj;jpy; rk;];fpUj nkhopapy; gy E}y;fs; khopapd; tuptbtk; %d;W epiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L k; miog;gh;. xd;W Njtehfup ypgp tuptbtk;. kw;iwaJ
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fpue;j ypgp tuptbtk;. %d;whtJ Nuhkd; ypgp tuptb ,yf;fkplg;gl;l tuptbtg; gad;ghLk;> rpq;fs tuptbtj gad;ghLk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wik ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fpue;j ypgp vd;gJ vt;thW ,d;iwa epiyia va;j “The wonder that was India” vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikahy; “gy;yt fpue ,f;fpue;j ypgpapd; gad;ghL njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;i gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tU rk;];fpUj nkhop Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapy; cs;sth;fs; kj;j tuptbtNk nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUg;gijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. tuptbtj;jpy; cs;s NghJk; mit gw;wpa KOikahd jf nrd;wilahjjhy; fhy xl;lj;jpy; mtw;wpYs;s tplaq;f Ngha; tpLk; vd;w mr;rNk NkNyhq;fp epw;fpd;wJ. vdNt Kaw;rpNa ,t;tha;tpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;;. NkYk; ,yq;i E}y;fs; mope;J Ngha;tplhky; mtw;iw Mtzg;gLj;j flikahFk;. ,jd; Xh; mq;fkhf aho; gy;fiyf;fof E}y fpue;j tuptbtj;jpy; cs;s E}y;fis Mtzg;gLj;jNy mikfpd;wJ. ,e;E}y;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy; Ma;tpd gbAkhFk;.
Ma;TKiwapay;
aho; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpYs;s fpue;j tuptbtj;j ,t;tha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}yfj;jpy; Ngz tiu cs;sPh;f;fg;gl;litAkhd fpue;j ypgpapy; fhzg;gLk; E nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
E}y;tbtk; ngw;W gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l E}y;fspd; Kfg;G gf;fj cs;slf;fk; vd;gd gpd;tUk; E}y; tpguq;fSf;F mik mitahtd.
1. E}ypd; jiyg;G 2. gFg;ghf;f ,yf;fk; kw;Wk; miog;G vz; 3. Mrpupah; tpguk;
E}yhrpupah; nkhopngah;g;ghrpupah; ciuahrpupah; njhFg;ghrpupah; gjpg;ghrpupah; gupNrhjfh;
530

htJ Nuhkd; ypgp tuptbtk;. ,jid tpl jkpopYk; d;ghLk;> rpq;fs tuptbtj;ij mt;thNw gad;gLj;Jk; k ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,d;iwa epiyia va;jpaJ vd;gij A.L grhk; jdJ vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,t;tuptbtk; gy;yth; ; ngw;wikahy; “gy;yt fpue;jk;” vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; rk;];fpUj nkhopia apy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. tuyhW kw;Wk; Jiwapy; cs;sth;fs; kj;jpapy; ngUk;ghYk; Njtehfup pUg;gijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. gy mupa %y E}y;fs; fpue;j it gw;wpa KOikahd jfty;fs; Muha;r;rpahsh;fisr; ;jpy; mtw;wpYs;s tplaq;fs; mwpag;glhkNyNa mope;J Nyhq;fp epw;fpd;wJ. vdNt ,ij ntspf;nfhzUk; Xh; Nehf;fkhFk;;. NkYk; ,yq;ifaupd; gq;fspg;gpy; cUthd ; mtw;iw Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ vkJ jiyaha hf aho; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfj;jpy; Ngzg;gl;L tUfpd;w }y;fis Mtzg;gLj;jNy ,t;tha;tpd; Fwpf;Nfhshf gFg;gha;T nra;jy; Ma;tpd; Kjw;gbAk;; Kf;fpaKkhd
j;jpYs;s fpue;j tuptbtj;jpYs;s tlnkhop E}y;fs; 158 ;sJ. ,e;E}yfj;jpy; Ngzg;gLfpd;wdTk; 31.02.2012 fpue;j ypgpapy; fhzg;gLk; E}y;fs; kl;LNk ,q;F fUj;jpy;
g;gl;l E}y;fspd; Kfg;G gf;fj;jpy; cs;s Fwpg;Gf;fs;> kw;Wk; ; E}y; tpguq;fSf;F mikthf gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.
k; miog;G vz;
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4. gjpg;G tpguk;
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E}ypd; jiyg;G mNefkhd E}y;fspy; rk;];fpU ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. rpy E}y;fspy; khj;jpuk; ,k; Kfg;G ml;ilf vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. c+k; irtre;epahr gj;jjp
gFg;ghf;f ,yf;fk; kw;Wk; miog;G vz;
E}yf gFg;ghf;f ,yf;fk; Xh; xOq;fikf;fg;glhj jd;i my;yJ E}ypd; jiyg;G my;yJ E}yhrpupaupd; ngah; mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. cjhuzk;
=khf Guhz uj;jpdk; 232.4
SKA fhh;j;jpf kh`hj;kpa fz;lk; 232.4
SKA ,t;tpuz;L E}y;fSk; tlnkhop ];fhe;j k`hGuhz E}ypd; gFjpahFk;. ,e;E}y;fs; ,e;J Guhz E}y;fshf
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;L
gah; ;L ;
h; efuk; tk; f;fKk;
;T nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jpypUe;J ,e;E}y;fs; ve;nje;j spy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;ld vDk; tpguKk; etPd ,yj;jpudpay; y;fSk; gioa mr;Rg;gjpg;G Kiwapy; vj;jid E}y;fSk; Sk; cs;slf;fq;fSk; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.
;
;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gFg;gha;T nra;jNghJ ngwg;gl;l l;ld.
khd E}y;fspy; rk;];fpUj fpue;j ypgpapy; kl;LNk ; khj;jpuk; ,k; Kfg;G ml;ilfs; jkpo;> rk;];fpUj nkhopapy; e;epahr gj;jjp
miog;G vz;
h; xOq;fikf;fg;glhj jd;ikapy; E}ypd; %yj;jd;ik> ;yJ E}yhrpupaupd; ngah; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sij .
uj;jpdk; 232.4
SKA hj;kpa fz;lk; 232.4
SKA nkhop ];fhe;j k`hGuhzj;jpd; cl;gFjpapy; tpsq;Fk; s; ,e;J Guhz E}y;fshff; fUjg;gl;L 232.4 vDk;
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Page 546
gFg;ngz;Zk; %y E}yhd ];fhe;j k`hGuhzj;ij miog;ngz;Zk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNj jd;ikAil j\pzifyhr ,e;E}y; ];fhe;j kh`hj;kpak;. k`hGuhzj;jpd; ,jw;F cj;jufhz;lj;jpd
954 DAK
vd;w mio
E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; 22 mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. , jd;ikapy; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; jpUj;jyq;fspd mike;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;E}y; ,e;J Guhz E}yhff; tuyhw;W E}yhff; fUjg;gl;L 954 vd;Dk; gFg;ghf;f vz E}ypd; jiyg;Ng miog;ngz;zpd; gFjpahf fUjp vdNt gFg;ghf;fk; nra;tjpy; xh; rPuhd juk;> xOq;fik Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mrpupah; tpguk;
njhd;W njhl;L Ngzg;gl;L tUk; kugpy; tha;nkho gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; Mrpupah; tpgukhdJ nkhopngah;g;ghrpupah;> njhFg;ghrpupah; vDk; jiyg;Gf;fspy tpNrlkhf ,e;E}y;fspy; gupNrhjfh; vd;Dk; gjKk; ,lk;ng
gupNrhjfh; vd;Dk; gjk; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l E}y;tplak; rk mwpTKila xUtiuf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. mth; me;E gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;ljhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
fpue;j ypgpapy; cs;s tlnkhop E}y;fspd; cUthf;f ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fspy;; aho;g;ghzj;J rk;];fpUj E}yhrpupa Kf;fpakhdth;. mj;Jld; rk;];fpUj;jp;ypUe;J jkpOf;F thpirapy; fhrpthrp nre;jpy;ehijah;> rptg;gpufhr gz;bjh f. rhk;grpt rpthr;rhupahh; kw;Wk; rptrq;fu gz;bjh; N ,Ue;Js;shh;fs;. tlnkhop fpue;j ypgp E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj kpfTk; fhj;jpukhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mth;fSs; j rh];jpup> uh[h rh];jpup> uhkr;re;jpu rh];jpup> Jsrpypq;fk;> n thjh;> uhk rh];jpup kw;Wk; ehuhaz rh];jpup Nghd;Nwhh; K mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
gjpg;G tpguk;
gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l E}y;fs; ahTk; g E}y;fNsahFk;. ,e;E}y;fs; gioikahd mr;rf kugpy; ,U tiuahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1871 Mz;L Kjyhf xd;W N Kiwapy; mr;rplg;gl;l gjpg;Gf;fs; gy;NtW Kd;Ndw;wj; jd
532

];fhe;j k`hGuhzj;ij fUj;jpw;nfhz;L SKA vDk; ;Ls;sJ. mNj jd;ikAila ,d;DnkhU E}y; =kj; ;. j;jpd; ,jw;F cj;jufhz;lj;jpd; 954
DAK
vd;w miog;G vz; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU gFjpahf ,lk; ngWk; haq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; rpwg;igf; $Wk; zg;gLk; jpUj;jyq;fspd; tuyhw;iw $Wk; E}yhf ;E}y; ,e;J Guhz E}yhff; fUjg;glhky; xh; njd;dhrpa 954 vd;Dk; gFg;ghf;f vz; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ;zpd; gFjpahf fUjp DAK vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ; xh; rPuhd juk;> xOq;fikT Ngzg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ
;L tUk; kugpy; tha;nkhop kw;Wk; kuG top E}y;fs; ;wpy; Mrpupah; tpgukhdJ E}yhrpupah;> gjpg;ghrpupah;> hrpupah; vDk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; jfh; vd;Dk; gjKk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jpg;gpf;fg;gl;l E}y;tplak; rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW GyikAk; ;J epw;fpd;wJ. mth; me;E}iyg; guprPy pj;j gpd;Ng E}y; ;wJ.
khop E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpy; ngUk; gq;fspg;G nra;j zj;J rk;];fpUj E}yhrpupah; Rthkp Qhdg;gpufhr Njrpfh; ;];fpUj;jp;ypUe;J jkpOf;F nkhopngau;j;j aho;g;ghztu; ijah;> rptg;gpufhr gz;bjh;> m. mUzhry rh];jpupfs;> w;Wk; rptrq;fu gz;bjh; Nghd;Nwhu; kpfTk; gpugykhf ;j ypgp E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpy; gupNrhjfh;fspd; gq;fspg;G g;gLfpd;wJ. mth;fSs; jhjhr;rhupahh;> itj;jpNa];tu ;jpu rh];jpup> Jsrpypq;fk;> ntq;flhry rh];jpup> uh[ghzp haz rh];jpup Nghd;Nwhh; Kf;fpakhdtuhf tpsq;fpaij
;gl;l E}y;fs; ahTk; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l E}YUtkhd oikahd mr;rf kugpy; ,Ue;J ,d;iwa fzdp tbtk; 71 Mz;L Kjyhf xd;W Nrh;f;fg;gl;l vOj;Jj; njhFg;G s; gy;NtW Kd;Ndw;wj; jd;ikfis fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk;
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ngw;W te;Js;sikia ,q;F mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. mj; tiuahf Ngzg;gl mjd; gpd;dh; fzpdp tbtg;gjpg;gpy; fhz Kbe;jJ. ,k;kugpd; khw;wj;jpy; gjpg;gfj;jpd; r nry;fpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
E}yfj;jpYs;s E}y;fs; 158 ck; vt;ntt; Mz;Lfs NkNyAs;s tiuT fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,q;F 1871 Mk; M Mz;L tiu ntspaplg;gl;l E}y;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. , Fwpg;gplg;glhj 42 E}y;fSk; cs;sik ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz NkYk; ,ij Nehf;Fk; NghJ 1901 ,y; ,Ue;J 1930 tiua E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sik Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
mr;rf tpguk;
rk];fpUj fpue;j ypgp E}y;fs; ,yq;ifapYk; , ,e;jpahtpYk; mr;rplg;gl;L ntspte;Js;sij mtjhdpf;f ,Ue;J 2000Mk; Mz;Ltiu gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l goikahd goikahd mr;Rg;gjpg;G KiwapYk; mjd; gpd;dh; te;j ntspte;Js;sij mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. ,yq;ifapy tpehaRe;juhya mr;rfk;> rhujh mr;rfk; vd;gd fpue;j gjpg;gpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpAs;sij mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tuptbtk;
,q;F fhzg;gl;l E}y;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit KOtJk %y E}y;fshFk;;. rpy E}y;fs; jkpopYk; fpue;j ypgpapYk; M
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. mj;jd;ik 2000 Mk; Mz;L ;dh; fzpdp tbtg;gjpg;gpy; ,e;E}y;fs; te;Js;sikiaf; khw;wj;jpy; gjpg;gfj;jpd; rpwg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,oe;J
8 ck; vt;ntt; Mz;Lfspy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;ld vd;gij ;wJ. ,q;F 1871 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 2010 Mk; }y;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf Mz;Lfs; s;sik ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. 901 ,y; ,Ue;J 1930 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; $Ljyhd g;gLfpd;wJ.
}y;fs; ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;jpahtpYk;; Fwpg;ghf njd; spte;Js;sij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; u gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l goikahd E}y;fspy; mNefkhdit wapYk; mjd; gpd;dh; te;j E}y;fs; fzpdpg; gjpg;gpYk; ;f Kbe;jJ. ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j fyhepjp mr;rfk;> jh mr;rfk; vd;gd fpue;j ypgpapy; mike;j E}y;fisg;
;sij mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
; ngUk;ghyhdit KOtJk; fpue;j ypgpapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s ; jkpopYk; fpue;j ypgpapYk; Mf;fg;gldthfTk; kw;Wk; rpy
533


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E}y;fs; KOtJk; fpue;j ypgpapy; mike;Js;s NghJk; m Nghd;wit jkpopYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzf;$bajhf ml;ltiz tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
E}y;fs;
jkpo; ciuAld; $ba fpue;j ypgpapy; cs;s E}y;fs;
rk;];fpUj ciuAld; $ba fpue;j ypgpapy; cs;s E}y;fs;
fpue;j ypgpapy; cs;s rk;];fpUj %y E}iyAk; mjw;F nkhopapy; ,Ue;j ciuiaAk; jkpopy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl
fpue;j ypgpapy; cs;s %y E}y;fs;
ghlj; jiyg;Gk; cs;slf;fKk;
xd;W njhFf;fg;gl;l E}y;fis mtw;wpd; tplag;gug;G gw;w 09 ngUk; ghlj;jiyg;Gfspd; fPo ; cs;slf;f Kbe;jJ. mjd jug;gLfpd;wJ
,jdbg;gilapy; fpue;jypgpapy; cs;s E}y;fspy; ngUk;g rhh;e;j E}y;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mijj; njhlu;e;J K itjPf f; fpupia (16%) rhu;e;j E}y;fs; mjpfsT fhzg;gLti
534

apy; mike;Js;s NghJk; mtw;wpd; jiyg;G Kd;Diu ;Ls;sijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jidg; gpd;tUk;
vz;zpf;if
ypgpapy; cs;s E}y;fs; 22
pue;j ypgpapy; cs;s E}y;fs; 22
pUj %y E}iyAk; mjw;F rk;];fpUj
; jkpopy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;l E}y;fs;
11
;fs; 114
k;
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py; cs;s E}y;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit (31%) Mfkf;fpupia ;wd. mijj; njhlu;e;J KiwNa jj;Jtk; (21%) kw;Wk; y;fs; mjpfsT fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ. fpue;j
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ypgpapy; ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; cs;s NghJk; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;.
KbTiu
,t;tha;tpd; %yk; ehk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mwpa K Nghd;W ,yq;ifapYk; rk;];fpUj fpue;j ypgp tbtj;jpy; gjpg;g Mf;f ,yf;fpa fh;j;jhf;fs; jkJ E}y;fis fpue;j ypgp tbt rKjhaj; Njitf;F Vw;g rk;];fpUj nkhopNahL jkpo; nk tpsq;fpAs;sdh;. rk;];fpUjkwpe;j Gyikahsh;fs; rKj Gyj;jpypUe;j tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F jkpo; n ciunaOJk; gz;gpidAk; cj;jpahff; ifahz;Ls;sdh;.
jj;Jt E}y; tsj;jpw;Fk; rpthfkf; fpupia kw;Wk; itjpff  rptg;gpufhr gz;bjh; jpfo;e;jhh;fs;. rk;];fpUj ciufNshL $ba E}y;fis gjpg;gp mk;gythz ehtyUf;FupajhFk;. rpthfkf; fpupia kugpy; rpwg;G mr;RNtyp r. FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fSf;FupajhFk;. ,yq mr;rfk;> tpehaf Re;juhya mr;rfk; MfpadNt rk;];fpUj nra;jik gw;wp mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,t;tpguq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapYk; fpue;jypgp E}y;fs; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iw Nehf;Fk njd;dpe;jpah;fSf;Fr; rkkhf ,yq;ifaupd; gq;fspg;Gk E}w;whz;L fhyk; fle;j ghh;itapy; fpue;j ypgpapy; cs;s ve;jtpj Kaw;rpAk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. fpue;jypgpiag; gjpg mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk; goikahd E}y;fisg; N kPs ;gjpg;Gr; nra;a Kbahj Ju;g;ghf;fpa epiyf;F ehk; Mshf N E}y;fs; jFe;j guhkupg;G ,y;iyNay; mope;Jtplf;$Lk;. v Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,jd; Kjw;gbahf gy;fiyf fpue;j ypgpapy; cs;s E}y;fspd; RUf;f E}y;tpgug;gl;bay; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Nj Nghd;W Vida E}yfq;fspy; f E}y;fis Fwpg;ghf vk;ktu;fspd; gq;fspg;gpy; cUthd cUthf;FjYk; mupa E}y;fis ,yj;jpudpay; kag;gLj;JtJ flikfshFk;. ,J NkYk; gy Gjpa tuyhw;Wf; fz;L toprikf;Fk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

NghJk; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; vJTk; ,q;F fhzg;gltpy;iy ;.
;tUk; tplaq;fis mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpidg; j fpue;j ypgp tbtj;jpy; gjpg;gpf;Fk; mr;rfq;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd. E}y;fis fpue;j ypgp tbtj;jpy; vOjpg; gjpg;gpj;Js;sdh;. pUj nkhopNahL jkpo; nkhopia mwpe;j Gyikahsh;fs; pe;j Gyikahsh;fs; rKjhaj;jpw;F rk;];fpUj nkhopg; tspg;gLj;Jtjw;F jkpo; nkhopngah;g;G Kaw;rpfisAk;
;jpahff; ifahz;Ls;sdh;.
fkf; fpupia kw;Wk; itjpff; fpupia tuyhw;W kuGfSf;Fk; paj;Jtkhdjhf ,Ue;Js;sJ.  rptg;gpufhr gz;bjh; MfpNahh; Kf;fpakhdth;fshfj; NshL $ba E}y;fis gjpg;gpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F rpj;jq;Nfzp k;. rpthfkf; fpupia kugpy; njhFg;G E}y;fshf cUthf;fpa ; FUf;fSf;FupajhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; fyhepjp mr;rfk;> rhujh ;rfk; MfpadNt rk;];fpUj fpue;j ypgp E}y;fisg; gjpg;Gr; .
lapy; ,yq;ifapYk; njd;dpe;jpahtpw;F epfuhf ;Ls;sd. ,tw;iw Nehf;Fk; NghJ fpue;jypgp gad;ghl;by; ,yq;ifaupd; gq;fspg;Gk; cs;sij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ tapy; fpue;j ypgpapy; cs;s E}y;fis kPs ;gjpg;Gr; nra;a py;iy. fpue;jypgpiag; gjpg;gpg;gjw;Fupa etPd rhjdq;fs; k; goikahd E}y;fisg; Ngzpg;ghJfhf;fhtpby; mtw;iw f;fpa epiyf;F ehk; Mshf NeupLk;. fhy Xl;lj;jpy; ,t;tupa yNay; mope;Jtplf;$Lk;. vdNt ,tw;iw Mtzg;gLj;j jd; Kjw;gbahf gy;fiyf;fof E}y; epiyaj;jpy; cs;s ; RUf;f E}y;tpgug;gl;bay; (Annotated Bibliography) jw;NghJ ;W Vida E}yfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fpue;jypgpapy; cs;s pd; gq;fspg;gpy; cUthd E}y;fspd; E}y;tpgug;gl;baiy ,yj;jpudpay; kag;gLj;JtJk; nra;ag;glNtz;ba fhyj;jpd; y Gjpa tuyhw;Wf; fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;Fk; Ma;TfSf;Fk;
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crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; 1. ifyhrehjf;FUf;fs;> rh. (1962). tlnkhop ,yf;fpa
,yf;fpak;;;. nfhOk;G: fyhepiyak;.
2. rptrhkp>tp. (1989). rk;];fpUj ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidf
gg;spNf\d;];. vii, 183g.
3.
Basham,A.L. (1954). The wonder that was India. London xx, 701 p. (Translated (in tamil) by S. Velauthapillai and Ma published by the Government of Ceylon in 1963).
536

(1962). tlnkhop ,yf;fpa tuyhW (ghfk; I ):itjpf piyak;.
;fpUj ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;. aho;g;ghzk:; epA+ 

Page 551
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
,yq;ifapd; nghJE}yf Kiwik
Kd;Diu
jftiy mwpe;J nfhs;tJ vd;gJ ,d;iwa kdpju; xt;n MFk;. ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpNy jfty; gy;NtW epiyfs jftiy toq;Fk; ikaq;fshfr; nraw;gLgit E}yf E}yfq;fs;> fy;tp epWtd E}yfq;fs;> rpwg;G E}yfq;fs; ,tw;Ws; mwpitg; ngWtjw;Fk; ngUf;Ftjw;Fkhd cs;@ E}yfq;fs; nraw;gl Ntz;baitahf cs;sd. ehl;by; t jkJ tho;ehs; KOikf;Fkhd fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; n nghJ E}yfq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gL njhlu;ghfj; njspthd epakq;fis And];Nfh tiuai nghJE}yf Nritf;fhd xU nghJikahd epakq;fshf vy;yh ehLfspYk; gpd;gw;Wtjpy; eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; ,yq;if Nghd;w tsu;r;rpaile;J tUk; ehLfspy; ,it ,jdhy; xt;nthU ehLfSk; jj;jkJ #o;epiyf;Nfw epakq;fis cUthf;fpr; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
,t; Ma;thdJ ,yq;ifapd; nghJE}yf Kiwia tps E}yfq;fs; twpa jfty; mikg;Gf;fshf cs;sikf;fhd ,j;jifa gpd;dzpapy; ,yq;ifapy; nghJE}yfq;fi topKiwfis Muha;jiyAk;> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;ji nfhz;Ls;sJ.
nghJE}yf Kiw
,e;ehl;bw;fhd nghJE}yf Nrit cs;@uhl;rp mik gLfpd;wJ. cs;@uhl;rp mikr;rpd; fPo ; ,aq;Fk; cs;@ Neubahff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vz;zpf;if mbg;gil Ik;gj;jp Ie;J nghJE}yfq;fs; ehL KOtjpYk; gue;J fhz epu;thfk; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspD}lhf elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. gpuNjr rigfs; vd ,k; kd;wq;fs; rpy gpukhzq;fspd; m ,yq;ifnad;w xNu ehl;bw;Fupa cs;@uhl;rpg; gpupTf jj;jkf;nfdj; jdpahd epakj; Jiz tpjpfis (St nraw;gLfpd;wd.

yq;ifapd; nghJE}yf Kiwik
ikjpyp tprhf&gd;
vd;gJ ,d;iwa kdpju; xt;nthUtuJk; mbg;gil cupik y jfty; gy;NtW epiyfspy; gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lhYk; shfr; nraw;gLgit E}yfq;fs; MFk;. ,it nghJ yfq;fs;> rpwg;G E}yfq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. k; ngUf;Ftjw;Fkhd cs;@u; Eiothapy;fshfg; nghJ tahf cs;sd. ehl;by; tho;fpd;w xt;nthU jdpegUk; hd fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba trjpfSld; ;LnkdTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghJE}yf Nrit ;fis And];Nfh tiuaiw nra;Js;sJ.1 ,e;epakq;fs; nghJikahd epakq;fshf cs;sd. ,e;j epakq;fis jpy; eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf e;J tUk; ehLfspy; ,it nghUj;jkw;wdthf cs;sd. k; jj;jkJ #o;epiyf;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd nghJE}yf
;gLfpd;wd.
pd; nghJE}yf Kiwia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;SjiyAk;> nghJ kg;Gf;fshf cs;sikf;fhd fhuzq;fis mwpjiyAk;> q;ifapy; nghJE}yfq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd ;> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jiyAk; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhff;
Nrit cs;@uhl;rp mikr;rpD}lhfNt xOq;fikf;fg; kr;rpd; fPo ; ,aq;Fk; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fNs ,tw;iw . vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy; nkhj;jk; njhshapuj;J ; ehL KOtjpYk; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.2 cs;@uhl;rp spD}lhf elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. khefu rigfs;> efurigfs;> ;fs; rpy gpukhzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ;Fupa cs;@uhl;rpg; gpupTfshf ,it cs;sNghjpYk; j; Jiz tpjpfis (Standard by – Law) cUthf;fpr;
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nghJE}yf Nritf;fhd Jiztpjpfs;
cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa Jiz tpjpfspd; xU Nritf;fhd epakq;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. 1952 M cs;@u; mjpfhurig epakj; Jiztpjpfs; rl;lj;jpd; mikf;fg;gLk; nghJ E}yfq;fSf;fhd epakq;fs; $wg;gl Mz;bd; gjpide;jhk; ,yf;f gpuNjr rigfs; rl;lj;jpd; 36 E}yfq;fSf;fhd epakq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.4 ,j;ji ntt;Ntwhf cs;s NghJk; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;glj;jf;f N tpy;iy. ,it nghJE}yfq;fspd; Nrit Kiwfi mtw;wpw;Fupa epjp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
jw;Nghija cs;@uhl;rp epiyikfSk; E}yf Nr
,yq;ifapd; nghJE}yf Nritia kjpg;gPL nra;t gpuNjrq;fspYk; E}yfq;fis mikj;Jg; guhkupj;J tUk; c jw;Nghija epiyia kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;ba ,d;wpaik
kdpjd; gpwe;jjpypUe;J ,wf;Fk; tiu mtdJ mbg;gil vd;w gpujhd Nfhl;ghl;LlNdNa cs;@uhl;rp epu;thfk; ei
a) mt;tg;NghJ Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thff; fl;likg;G kh ,y; khtl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rigfspd; Njhw;wk; 1983 , cUthf;fk;. 1988 ,y; gl;bdrig> fpuhkrig vd;g rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik). b) cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gpuj;jpNafkhd fl
khw;wpaikj;jik. c) ehl;bd; Nghu;r; #oYk; mjd; tpisTfSk;. d) khfhzrigfspd; cUthf;fk;. ,jdhy; cs;@
nraw;gl Kbahj epiy Nghd;w gy fhuzq eyptile;Js;sJ.5
gpur;rpidfs;:
gpd;tUtd Nghd;w mbg;gilahd FiwghLfshy; mN nghJE}yfq;fs; ngaustpNy ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd.
i. rl;luPjpahd xOq;fikg;G ,d;ik
nghJE}yfq;fis mikj;Jr; Nrit toq;Ftjw;F mtrpakhdJ vd;gJ And];Nfhtpd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.6ngUf nghUj;jkhd rhjdq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba m cs;sJ. ,jdhy; njhlu;r;rpahd nryT fhzg;gLk;. mNj
538

Jiztpjpfs; ;Fupa Jiz tpjpfspd; xU cggpupthfNt nghJE}yf wpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. 1952 Mk; Mz;bd; Mwhk; ,yf;f Jiztpjpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp 17 ,y; efurigfshy; Sf;fhd epakq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.3 ,t;thNw 1987 Mk; puNjr rigfs; rl;lj;jpd; 36tJ gpuptpNy gpuNjr rigg; nghJ ; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.4 ,j;jifa epakj; Jiztpjpfs; bg;gilapy; Fwpg;glj;jf;f NtWghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;f q;fspd; Nrit Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdNt jtpu pltpy;iy.
p epiyikfSk; E}yf NritAk;
Nritia kjpg;gPL nra;tjhdhy; ehl;bd; xt;nthU mikj;Jg; guhkupj;J tUk; cs;@uhl;rp epu;thf mikg;gpd;
nra;a Ntz;ba ,d;wpaikahik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
f;Fk; tiu mtdJ mbg;gilj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tJ a cs;@uhl;rp epu;thfk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
;gl;l epu;thff; fl;likg;G khw;wq;fs;. (cjhuzkhf 1980 pr; rigfspd; Njhw;wk; 1983 ,y; fpuhNkhja kz;lyq;fspd; ; gl;bdrig> fpuhkrig vd;gd ePf ;fk; nra;ag;gl;Lg; gpuNjr ;lik).
f;Fupa gpuj;jpNafkhd flikfis NtW JiwfSf;F
; mjd; tpisTfSk;.
thf;fk;. ,jdhy; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; y Nghd;w gy fhuzq;fshy; cs;@uhl;rp Kiw
ilahd FiwghLfshy; mNdfkhd cs;@uhl;rp kd;wg; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd.
;G ,d;ik
j;Jr; Nrit toq;Ftjw;Fj; njspthd rl;l mq;fPf huk; fhtpd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.6 ngUfp tUk; jftw; rthy;fSf;Nfw;g nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; nghJE}yfq;fSf;F d nryT fhzg;gLk;. mNjNtis Kw;wpYk; ,ytrkhd
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Nritia toq;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhd jd;ikfs; E}yf NritahdJ njspthd rl;luPj pahd tiuai cilajhf ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;. vdpDk; ,e;ehl;by; mt;thw cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;fhf ,aw;wg;gLfpd;w epakj;Jiz nghJE}yf Nrit toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpYk; rpy KbfpwJ. ,e; epakj; Jiztpjpfs; cs;@uhl;rp kd;w E}yfq;fs; mikfpd;w gpuNjrj;jpw;F Vw;gTk; NtWgl;Lf jdpj;jdpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;w Jiztpjpfs; ahTk; ghuhS murhq;fj;jpd; nra;jp ,jopy; (Government Gazette) nt mq;fPf huk; ngw;witahff; fUjg;gLk;.
jw;Nghija gad;ghl;bYs;s E}yfj; Jiztpjpf eilKiwf;F cl;glhjitahf cs;sd. ehl;bd; ,dK mDgtKk; jifikAk; cs;s egu;fs; mupjhf cs;s cs;@uhl;rp kd;wj; Jiztpjpfspy; mjpfkhdit Kiw cs;sd.7
ii. E}yfepjp gw;wpa tiuaiw ,d;ik:
nghJE}yf Nrit vd;gJ nghJepjpapypUe;J (Public Nrit MFk;.8 nghJ epjpiaf; ifahs;tJ vd;gJ rl;l jpl;l gad;ghl;bYs;s E}yfj; Jiztpjpfspy; E}yf epjp gw;wp fhzKbahJs;sJ. cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gf;fspd; fPo epWtdq;fisg; NghyNt nghJ E}yfq;fSk; mjd; ,j;jifa eilKiw nghJE}yfq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy.
iii. (a) cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gf;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s
kdpjndhUtd; gpwe;jjpypUe;J ,wf;Fk; tiuahd K Njitahd mbg;gil trjpfshd FbePu;> tPlikg;G Kjyhd gy;NtW NritfisAk; nra;aNtz;ba e ehLKOikapYk; jw;NghJ cs;s nghJE}yfq;fs; m Fiwe;j fpuhkq;fspNyNa cs;sd.
18
56
,e thjhu N
  
toq;F toq;F Vida gjpNyN
881
(Mjhuk; : Directory of Libraries in Sri Lanka – 2010)
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

k;. ,t;thwhd jd;ikfs; fhuzkhf xU ehl;bd; nghJ hd rl;luPj pahd tiuaiwfisAk;> ghJfhg;igAk; vdpDk; ,e;ehl;by; mt;thwhd jd;ik fhzg;gltpy;iy. aw;wg;gLfpd;w epakj;Jiz tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa Lfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpYk; rpy FiwghLfis ,dq;fhz tpjpfs; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; jd;ikf;F Vw;gTk;> j;jpw;F Vw;gTk; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW Jiztpjpfs; ahTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; mq;fPf upf;fg;gl;L ; Government Gazette) ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;dNu mit jg;gLk;.
s;s E}yfj; Jiztpjpfs; gyTk; ,j;jifa rl;l f cs;sd. ehl;bd; ,dKuz;ghl;Lr; #oy;> Jiwrhu; ;s egu;fs; mupjhf cs;sik Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; pfspy; mjpfkhdit Kiwg;gbahd mq;fPf huk; ngwhky;
iw ,d;ik:
nghJepjpapypUe;J (Public Fund) elj;jg;gl Ntz;ba xU ifahs;tJ vd;gJ rl;l jpl;lq;fSf;Fl;gl;lJ. jw;Nghija tpjpfspy; E}yf epjp gw;wpa njspthd tiuaiwiaf; uhl;rp mikg;Gf;fspd; fPo ; guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;w Vida ghJ E}yfq;fSk; mjd; NritAk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. E}yfq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fpa nraw;ghLfSf;Fg;
f;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s r%ff; flikfs; gythFk;. pUe;J ,wf;Fk; tiuahd KOikahd fhyg; gFjpf;Fk; rjpfshd FbePu;> tPlikg;G> Rfhjhuk;> tPjp gupghydk; isAk; nra;aNtz;ba epiyapNyNa ,it cs;sd. cs;s nghJE}yfq;fs; mjpfstpy; mbg;gil trjpfs; cs;sd.
,e;epiyapy; fpuhkkf;fspd; tho; thjhu NritfSf;Nf ,it Kd;Dupik
  
toq;Ffpd;wd. toq;FtjpYk; Vida trjpfis ghu;f;f Vw;gLj;jpf; E}yf kf;fSf;F Nrit
nfhLg; gjpNyNa Mu;tk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
s in Sri Lanka – 2010)
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(b) Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l cs;@uhl;rp mi nghJkf;fSf;F toq;fj; Njitahd epjpia murhq;fj Mdhy; jw;Nghija cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Ra ciog epjp tplaj;jpy; ,it ngUksT neUf;fbia vjpu;Ne tpahghu ];jhgdq;fisg; Nghyr; nraw;gLtjhfNt k toq;fg;gLk; Nritf;Fupa tUkhdj;ij cs;@uhl Ntz;bAs;sjdhy; tuptpjpj;jypy;  rkak;> ,d jiyaPl ;bdhy; ghjpg;gilahj tifapy; fl;bnaO vdpDk; ,q;F ,tw;wpd; jhf;fk; jtpu;f;f KbahjthW
Vwj;jho vl;L tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf E}yfu; epakd Aj;j #o;epiy ,jw;Fg; gpujhd fhuzkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,lk; ngw;w epakdq;fspd; NghJk; Nju;jy; thf;FWjp E}yftpay; fy;tpj; jifikAilNahUf;F Kd;Dupik rhu;e;j epakdq;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.10 cs;@uh njhopyhsu; juj;jpYs;Nshu; gjtpAau;j;jg;gLk; Ngh epakpf;fg;gLk; #oYk; cs;sJ.
iv) E}yfu; epakdq;fs;
E}yfu; Nritapy; cs;stu;fSf;fhd rk;gsj; njhFjpA Mz;by;jhd; tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;lJ.11 mJfhytiu ,y cs;stu;fSf;fhd rk;gsk; tiuaiw nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,ize;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Mu;tkpd;ik fhzg;gl;lJ. F gyu; ,r;NritapypUe;J tpyfpdu;. E}yfu; gapw;rp ngwhjtu jd;ik fhzg;gl;lJ.12 jw;NghJ ,j;jd;ikapy; gbg;gb tUfpwJ.
mq;fPf upf;fg;gl;;l E}yfu; ntw;wplq;fs; epug;gg;gl mbg;gilapy; flik Gupfpd;wdu;. cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;f Nju;jy; thf;FWjpfis epiwNtw;Wk; Kfkhf E}yfu; n E}yftpay; Nju;r;rpia Kjd;ikg;gLj;jhJ jtpu;g;gjdhY gzpGupAk; njhopyhsu; juj;jpy; cs;Nshu; gjtpAau;T ngw;W ngWtjdhYk; vdg; gy topfspy; E}yfu; epakdq;fspd ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

f;fg;gl;l cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ Nritfisg; itahd epjpia murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld. uhl;rp kd;wq;fs; Ra ciog;gpNyNa ngupJk; jq;fpAs;sd. ksT neUf;fbia vjpu;Nehf;fpathW cs;sd. ,it Nghyr; nraw;gLtjhfNt kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; tUkhdj;ij cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fNs Njbf;nfhs;s pjpj;jypy;  rkak;> ,dthjk; Kjyhd rf;jpfspd; ahj tifapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLjy; ,d;wpaikahjJ. hf;fk; jtpu;f;f KbahjthW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Sf;F Nkyhf E}yfu; epakdk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. ehl;bd; hd fhuzkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. gpd;du; mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; ; NghJk; Nju;jy; thf;FWjpfis epiwNtw;Wk; Nehf;fpy; kAilNahUf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fhky; murpay; fl;rpfs; ; ngw;Ws;sd.10 cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy; gzpGupAk; hu; gjtpAau;j;jg;gLk; NghJ E}yfg; gzpahsu;fshf ;sJ.
u;fSf;fhd rk;gsj; njhFjpAk; mjd; msTj;jpl;lKk; 1989 ;ag;gl;lJ.11 mJfhytiu ,yq;ifapd; E}yf Nritapy; iuaiw nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; E}yfu; Nritapy; u;tkpd;ik fhzg;gl;lJ. Fiwe;j rk;gsk; fhuzkhfg; u;. E}yfu; gapw;rp ngwhjtu;fs; E}yfq;fis epu;tfpf;Fk; ghJ ,j;jd;ikapy; gbg;gbahf ey;y khw;wk; Vw;gl;L
; ntw;wplq;fs; epug;gg;glhikahy; gyu; jw;fhypf du;. cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; jiyikj;Jtk; jkJ Ntw;Wk; Kfkhf E}yfu; ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gk; NghJ kg;gLj;jhJ jtpu;g;gjdhYk;> cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy; ; cs;Nshu; gjtpAau;T ngw;W E}yfg; gzpahsu; epakdk; fspy; E}yfu; epakdq;fspd;NghJ gy;NtW FiwghLfs;
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nghJE}yf mgptpUj;jpf;Fupa Njitfs;
• epjp Vw;ghL
nghJE}yfk; xd;iw Muk;gpj;J mjidj; njhlu;e nfhs;tdT nra;aTk;> E}yfu;fSf;Fr; rk;gsk; t epjptrjpfs; ,y;yhjNghJ nghJE}yf Nritia Muk Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.13
,f;fUj;ij ,yq;ifAk; Vw;W elf;Fkhapd; kpff; F ehl;by; fhzg;gLk;. epjpiaf; fUjp ,tw;iw Muk nghJE}yfq;fSf;fhd epjp ngWk; %yq;fis (Sou E}yf Nritia mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. V yfq;fs; Vw;gLj;jf; $ba ey;y tpisTfs; mjpfkhdi
• rl;l cUthf;fk;
nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J mwtplg;gLk; tup ehl;L kf;fspd gad;;gLfpwJ. rdehaf ehLfspy; tup mwtPL (Ta NtW tifahy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl KbahJ. ghuh ngwhj cg tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghJE}yf mg rl;lj;jpw;F Kuz;ghlhdJ.
,e;jpahtpNy nghJE}yfq;fs; njhlu;ghd rl;lk Mk; Mz;bd; nrd;idg; nghJE}yfr; rl;lk; %y Nrit xOq;fikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tPl ;Ltup my;yJ nr gj;J igrh tPj k; nghJE}yf Nritf;Fupa tup m Fund) cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tuptpjpg;G tpfpjj;jpy ,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.14 ,j;jifa Kd;Djhuzq;fi ,j;jifa rl;lj;jpid ,aw;wpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; ng ghijia Nehf;fp efu;j;jg;gLk;.
E}yftpay; fy;tpia tpUj;jp nra;jy;
E}yfk; gw;wpa nfhs;iffs;> eilKiwfs; mtw;wpd; mwpit toq;Fk; fy;tpahf E}yftpay; fy;tp mike;J Nritf;F ,f;fy;tpawpT kpfTk; mtrpakhdJ. nghJE}y gad;fisAk; mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fpa khw;wq;fisAk; Vw;g Kiwia ed;F jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.
,f;fy;tpf;fhd epue;ju tpupTiuahsu;fs; ,y;iy  E}y;fisf; }yfu;fSf;Fr; rk;gsk; toq;fTk; NghJkhd msT nghJE}yf Nritia Muk;gpf;ff; $lhJ vd And];Nfh
k; Vw;W elf;Fkhapd; kpff; Fiwe;jsT nghJE}yfq;fNs af; fUjp ,tw;iw Muk;gpf;fhky; tpLtjpYk; ghu;f;fg; p ngWk; %yq;fis (Source of Finance) cUthf;fp nghJ j;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; r%fj;jpw;F nghJE} y;y tpisTfs; mjpfkhdit.
wtplg;gLk; tup ehl;L kf;fspd; nghJ trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jg; ehLfspy; tup mwtPL (Taxation) vd;gJ rl;lj;jpdhyd;wp wg;gLj;jg;gl KbahJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mq;fPf huj;ijg; ad;gLj;jpg; nghJE}yf mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tup tpjpg;gJk; .
}yfq;fs; njhlu;ghd rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1948 g; nghJE}yfr; rl;lk; %yk; jkpo;ehl;bd; nghJE}yf fpd;wJ. tPl ;Ltup my;yJ nrhj;J tupfspy; xU &ghTf;F }yf Nritf;Fupa tup mwtplg;gl;L E}yfepjp (Library . ,e;j tuptpjpg;G tpfpjj;jpy; khw;wk; nra;a ,r; rl;lj;jpy; j;jifa Kd;Djhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L ,yq;ifapy; w;wpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; nghJE}yf Nrit mgptpUj;jpg; ;gLk;.
j;jp nra;jy;
;> eilKiwfs; mtw;wpd; epu;thfk; Kjyhdit rhu;e;j E}yftpay; fy;tp mike;Js;sJ. E}yfq;fspd; rpwe;j k; mtrpakhdJ. nghJE}yf Nrit %yk; ehl;by; jFe;j f;fpa khw;wq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhapd; ,f;fy;tp
;Lk;.
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6. nghJE}yfq;fs; njhlu;ghd And];Nfh nfhs;if t
libraries pp. 09. 7. v];.jdghyrpq;fk; vd;gtuplk; Ma;thsu; 04.06.2010 NghJ ngw;w fUj;J. (jftyhsu; Kftup khefurigg; taJ 63> njhopy;: E}yfu;> fy;tpj;jFjp: B.A,.Dip. in L 8. nghJE}yf epakq;fs; - Manifesto of public libraries p 9. m.nt.kzpthrfu; vd;gtuplk; Ma;thsu; 28.08.2010 NghJ ngw;w fUj;J. (jftyhsu; Kftup - mur gy;fiyf;fofk;> taJ: 58> fy;tpj;jFjp: Ph.D. njhopy; 10. v];.jdghyrpq;fk; vd;gtuplk; Ma;thsu; 04.06.2010 NghJ ngw;w fUj;J. (jftyhsu; Kftup khefurigg; taJ 63> njhopy; E}yfu;> fy;tpj;jFjp B.A., Dip. in Li 11. (Public Administration circular No:47/89.- colombo: M
1989. pp. 5-6). 12. v];.jdghyrpq;fk; vd;gtuplk; Ma;thsu; 04.06.2010 NghJ ngw;w fUj;J. (jftyhsu; Kftup khefurigg; taJ 63> njhopy; E}yfu;> fy;tpj;jFjp B.A., Dip. in Li 13. nghJ E}yfq;fs; njhlu;ghd And];Nfh nfhs;if t
libraries p. 12. 14. The Madras Public Library Act, 1948 Madras act xxiv of 15. Wijetunge, Prdeepa and Jonathan Willson. “A descriptiv science education professional in Sri lanka.” In: Asian L University Press, P 316, 317 http://www/emerald insigh 16. Wijetunge, Prdeepa and Jonathan Willson. “A descriptiv science education professional in Sri lanka.” In: Asian L University Press, P. 320. http://www/emerald insight.co 17. Wijetunge, Prdeepa. “Financial Sustenance of South A of National Institute of Library and Information Scien DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, vol. 27, www/dane.prairie.com. Accessed on 12.05.2009. 18. Wijetunge, Prdeepa and Jonathan Willson. “Perception
Lanka” In: south Asian Libraries and Information Netwo 19. Patra, Swapan Kumar and Prakash chard. “Library and SAARC and ASIAN Countries as reflected to LISA” In: A Studies. Vol. 56, March 2009. PP. 45 – 46.
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d And];Nfh nfhs;if tpsf;fk; - Manifesto of public
uplk; Ma;thsu; 04.06.2010 md;W elj;jpa Neu;fhzypd; yhsu; Kftup khefurigg; nghJE}yfk; - aho;g;ghzk;>
fy;tpj;jFjp: B.A,.Dip. in Lib.Sc.) ifesto of public libraries p.10. uplk; Ma;thsu; 28.08.2010 md;W elj;jpa Neu;fhzypd; ftyhsu; Kftup - murwptpay; Jiw aho;g;ghzg; > fy;tpj;jFjp: Ph.D. njhopy; - Nguhrpupau;). uplk; Ma;thsu; 04.06.2010 md;W elj;jpa Neu;fhzypd; yhsu; Kftup khefurigg; nghJE}yfk; - aho;g;ghzk;> fy;tpj;jFjp B.A., Dip. in Lib.Sc.)
r No:47/89.- colombo: Ministry of Public administration,
uplk; Ma;thsu; 04.06.2010 md;W elj;jpa Neu;fhzypd; yhsu; Kftup khefurigg; nghJE}yfk; - aho;g;ghzk;> fy;tpj;jFjp B.A., Dip. in Lib.Sc.) hd And];Nfh nfhs;if tpsf;fk; - Manifesto of public
1948 Madras act xxiv of 1948) section – 12. an Willson. “A descriptive survey of library and information l in Sri lanka.” In: Asian Libraries Vol 7. No. 11. 1998.- MCB p://www/emerald insight.com. Accessed on 15.08.2009. an Willson. “A descriptive survey of library and information l in Sri lanka.” In: Asian Libraries Vol 7. No. 11. 1998.- MCB /www/emerald insight.com. Accessed on 15.08.2009.
l Sustenance of South Asian library school.: A case study y and Information Science of Sri lanka in retrospect” In: on Technology, vol. 27, No. 2, March. pp. 27, 28. http:// sed on 12.05.2009. han Willson. “Perception of LIS education and Training in Sri s and Information Networks (SALIN). P. 12. kash chard. “Library and Information Science Research in s reflected to LISA” In: Annals of Library and Information PP. 45 – 46.
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Tz;L tAq; fz;Nl’ - ew;wpiz - 276
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gpbj;Jf; nfhs;tu;. rpy Ntisfspy; ,lf;ifahy; mUNf gpbj;Jf; nfhs;tJk; cz;L. thapjo; ,uz;ilAk; Ftpj;J tisj;J ehEdpahy; Edp mz;zj;ijAk; Ftpe;jpUf;F thapd; cs;spUe;J tUk; fhw;wpd; Ntfj;NjhL ,iza tU Njhd;Wk;. ,t; XirNa Fuitnahyp MFk;. fpof;fpy; thO Fuit NghLk; gof;fk; cs;sJ. fhl;by; thOk; Fwtu;fs NghJ FuitapLjiyf; fhzyhk;. mtu;fs; jiyapy; fy itj;Jf; nfhz;L MLtu;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Mz; ngz; ,U vOg;Gtu;. ,t;thwhd Fuit ,d;W tof;nfhope;J Ngha fl;lhak; ,it Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
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552

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eilngWk; fhyq;fspy; ,f;fiyahly; ,lk;ngWk;. ePj p gopthq;f kJiuia vupj;j fz;zfp Nfhgk; jzpahjtsh Fspu;tpg;gjw;fhf ,ilau; Fy ,isQu; xU fhjy; fye;j mt;tpisahl;Nl nfhk;G tpisahl;L.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

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puhkj;jpy; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;du; mf;fpuhk kf;fs; ,U rup> njd;Nrup vd miog;gu;. tlNrupiaf; Nfhtyd; fl;rp upia fz;zfp fl;rp (mk;kd; fl;rp) vdTk; miog;gu;. pd;dKj;J> it#up> fz;Neha; Kjyhd nfhba Neha;fs; otsKk;> nry;tKk; Ntz;bNa ,t; tpisahl;ilr; pwg;gk;rkhf Nghu;j;Njq;fha; cilj;jy;> nfhk;G Kwpj;jy;> ;ahzk;> FSj;jp ghLjy; vd;gd ,lk;ngWk;.
y; Kwpf;fg;gLk; nfhk;G ‘nfhO nfhk;G’ my;yJ tpisahl;Lf; d njhlu;e;J $lhuf; nfhk;G vDk; ehy;tif epfo;r;rpfs; ;F cWjpahd fiuahf;F kuj;jpdhy; Mdit. ‘fUtPuk;’ uk; ,yf;fpag;ngau; ngWk;. tlNrupf; nfhk;G 90 ghif p mjpYk; rw;W xLq;fpajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,U j;Jf; fl;Lk; fk;Gfis ‘gpy;yp’ vd miog;gu;. gpy;yp w;Fj; jFjpahdJ. xU kuj;jpy; G+l;ba mupg;G (rpWtl;lk;) ;Nrupahd; nfhk;G njhLf;fg;gLk;. mf; nfhk;gpw; nfhOtpa hU mupg;gpid gpizj;J mjpNy ngupa tlnkhd;iw gyu; (,U gpupthf cs;Nshu;) ,Of;Fk; NghJ : ,uz;bnyhU paPl ;ba gpuptpdu; jkJ Nrupapd; ngaiuf;$wp ntw;wpnad
u; gy rpwg;ghd epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWk;. ,U NrupahUk; ;ju;fspy; jj;jkJ nfhk;Gfis itj;J Cu;tykhf vLj;Jr; g;gl;l fz;zifak;kd; rpiyiaAk; nfhz;L nry;tu;. Cu;Rw;W fhtpak; vd;gd gof;fg;gLk;. mj;NjhL tre;jd; sAk; nra;tu;. ,jpy; Nfhyk; GidNthu; Ntld;> Fwtd;> ;b> tpfld;> Kdptu; Kjyhd Ntlk; mzpe;NjhUk; cld; fiy tbtq;fspYk; ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidf; Vl;Lg;gpujpfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. gj;jpdpj;nja;tk; ; ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpq;fs kf;fs; ,ijg; ‘nghy; Tk; mq;nfypa (nfhk;G Kwpj;jy;) vdTk; miog;gu;. hJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fs; kpfTk; Rit jJk;gpaitahFk;.
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‘tlNrupahd; nfhk;G vq;Nf naq;Nf kzKs;s jhioapd; NkNy NkNy njd;Nrupahd; nfhk;G vq;Nf naq;Nf nrk;gug; gw;iwf;F fPNo fPNo’ ‘tlNrupahd; nfhk;G vq;Nf naq;Nf tz;zhd;l rhbf;Fs;Ns cs;Ns njd;Nrupahd; nfhk;G vq;Nf naq;Nf rpj;jpuj; NjUf;F NkNy NkNy’
,e;jsT rpwg;Gf;fs; cs;s ghuk;gupa fiyahlyh Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;L vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdu; ,J gw;wp mwpe kw;Wk; cs;s fiyfshd fufk;> Fk;kp> Nfhyhl;lk; kl;Lky;yhJ ghlrhiy epfo;r;rpfspYk;> nghJ tpohf;fspYk
fufk; :
fpuhkj;jpy; Neha;> gQ;rk; te;j NghJ khupak;kid kd xd;gJ Ngu; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l fufj;ij jiy kPJ itj;J Ntg;gk; ,iy> kyu; khiyfs; vd;gd fufj;ij myq tpohjgb kpfr; rpwg;ghf MLtu;. MLk; NghJ gbf;fg;gLk; ,dpikahfTk; cs;sd. kl;lf;fsg;G khepyj;jpy; gOfhk Nghd;w fpuhkq;fspy; gpugy;ak; ngw;Ws;sd.
fhtb :
,f; fiyahly; rkar; rlq;FfSld; njhlu;GilaJ. f ,dpikAk;> czu;r;rpAk; cs;sitahFk;. gytifahd f fhtb> Ks;fhtb> gd;dPu;f; fhtb> re;jdf;fhtb> G\;gf;fh cs;sd. jw;nghOJ ngUksT vy;NyhiuAk; gutrj;jpy; j fhtb cs;sJ.
Fk;kp :
Fk;kp epfo;r;rp njhlq;Fk; NghJ xU Fj;Jtpsf;ifNa eLtpy; itj;J mjidr; Rw;wpr; Rw;wpg; ngz;fs; ghbf;nfhz jhsk; jl;bf; nfhz;Lk; MLtu;. Mly; vspjhapDk; Mly;fS cly; nespTfSk; ,aw;if vopy; epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;. t jkpo; ehl;by; khtpsf;Nfw;wp tpujk; mDl;bf;Fk; fhyq;fsp
ehk; xU kdpjdJ gpwg;G njhlf;fk; kuzk; ti mtjhdpf;fyhk;. Foe;ij gpwe;j gpd;du; kUq;ifr; nryT> miuehz; G+l;Ljy;> gy;Yf;nfhOf;fl;il nrhupjy;> gpwe;j Foe;ijahapUe;jhy; rhkj;jpak; (G+g;G ePuhly;)> Nfl;Lg; jpUkzk; nra;jy;> mk;kp kpjpj;jy;> nkl;b Nghly;> mUe

fhk;G vq;Nf naq;Nf oapd; NkNy NkNy nfhk;G vq;Nf naq;Nf f;F fPNo fPNo’ vdTk; fhk;G vq;Nf naq;Nf hbf;Fs;Ns cs;Ns
nfhk;G vq;Nf naq;Nf
NkNy NkNy’ vdTk; ghLtu;.
;s ghuk;gupa fiyahlyhd ‘nfhk;GKwpg;G’ fl;lhak; ; re;jjpapdu; ,J gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ufk;> Fk;kp> Nfhyhl;lk; vd;gd ,d;W fpuhkq;fspy; pfspYk;> nghJ tpohf;fspYk; ,lk;ngw;WtUfpd;wd.
e;j NghJ khupak;kid kdjpy; epWj;jp VO Ngu; my;yJ fufj;ij jiy kPJ itj;J ghlYf;F mikthf MLtu;. s; vd;gd fufj;ij myq;fupf;Fk;. jiyapypUe;J fPN o u;. MLk; NghJ gbf;fg;gLk; ghly;fs; kpfTk; rpwg;ghfTk;> f;fsg;G khepyj;jpy; gOfhkk;> Nfhl;ilf;fy;yhW> vUtpy; ; ngw;Ws;sd.
;FfSld; njhlu;GilaJ. fhtbr;rpe;Jg; ghly;fs; kpfTk; ;sitahFk;. gytifahd fhtb Ml;lq;fs; cs;sd. ghw; tb> re;jdf;fhtb> G\;gf;fhtb vd ntt;NtW tifahf vy;NyhiuAk; gutrj;jpy; jpiff;fr; nra;tjhfg; gwitf;
NghJ xU Fj;Jtpsf;ifNah> fpU\;zd; rpiyiaNah ; Rw;wpg; ngz;fs; ghbf;nfhz;Lk; Mbf;nfhz;Lk; iffspy; Mly; vspjhapDk; Mly;fSf;fhd eilfSk; epiyfSk;> opy; epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;. tre;jfhy tpisahl;lhd ,J pujk; mDl;bf;Fk; fhyq;fspYk; ,lk;ngWk;.
;G njhlf;fk; kuzk; tiu gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fis ;j gpd;du; kUq;ifr; nryT> nkhl;ilabj;jy;> fhJFj;jy;> hOf;fl;il nrhupjy;> gpwe;j ehs; nfhz;lhLjy;> ngz; k; (G+g;G ePuhly;)> Nfl;Lg; Nghjy;> epr;rak; gz;zy;> pj;jy;> nkl;b Nghly;> mUe;jjp fhl;ly;> khiy khw;wy;>
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fyj;jpy; Nghly;> fhy; khWjy;> khg;gps;isr; NrhW vd xd ,Nj Nghd;Wjhd; xUtupd; kuzk; epfo;e;j gpd;du; cwt ez;gu;fs; KjyhNdhu;f;Fj; njupag;gLj;jy;> $iuKb i giw mbj;jy;> rt mlf;fj;jpw;fhd fpupiafs; nra;jy;> tha ghil fl;Ljy;> mlf;fk; nra;jy;> nfhs;spf;Flk; cilj;j fz; tpopj;jy;> itFe;j mk;khid gbj;jy;> Ie;jpy; fy Kg;gj;Njhuhk; ehs; fpupiafs;> Mz;Lj;jptrk;> khsak; v ahTk; eilngWk;. ,t;thwhd ghuk;gupa rk;gpujhar; rlq;Ff Mtzg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;.
Kf;fpakhf rhjpg; gz;ghl;bidg; gw;wpg; G+uzkhf m Fsf;fy;ntl;L> ngupa fy;ntl;L> gq;F$Wk; fy;ntl;L> ehj rPu;ghjFy tuyhW> Kf;Ftu; td;dpik> jpUgilf; fsQ;r Muha Ntz;Lk;. rka gz;ghL gw;wpg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ K topghL> tjdkhu; topghL> KUf topghL Mfpatw;NwhL rkar; rlq;Ffspy; ru;f;fiu mKJ> jz;zPu;r; Nrhw;Wg;gs;s Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
xOf;fKiw gz;ghl;ilg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ rpy jdpj;Jt ghtidfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; filg;gpbf;fpd;wdu;. rFdk fz;Z}W> ehT+W fopj;jy; Kjyhditnay;yhk; ek; gz rl;ljpl;lg; gz;ghLfSf;F Kf;Ftr;rl;lk;> Njrtoikr;rl;lk rPj d Kiw tof;fq;fSk; cs;sd. cNuhkr;rl;lKk; vkf;F khe;jpuPf k;> trpak;> itj;jpak;> kidab rhj;jpuk; Kjyhdi ehbfshf cs;sd. tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs; jhuhskhf fhtpak;> vz;nza;r;rpe;J> FSj;jpg;ghly;fs;> Njhj;jpuk;> gpu gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fspy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd.
fpof;fpyq;if kf;fspd; rPj d Kiwfs; Vida gpu Kw;wpYk; NtWgLfpd;wJ. ngz;Zf;Fj; jdpahftd rPj dk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gps;isfs; ,y;yhky; kidt khg;gps;isf;Fk;> gps;isfs; ngw;W kidtp ,Ue;jhy; r NrUk;. fztDk;> kidtpAk; jpUkzKwpT Vw;gLk; N gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; MW khjk; Nrh gpurtk; ghu;j;jYk;> rPj df;fhzpia Kjd; Kjy; tpijj;J gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupakhFk;. ,J Kf;Ft toikfspy; kp fpof;F tho; ,];yhkpa rNfhjuu;fsplKk; ,J gutpAs;si
kUkfs; fu;g;gpzpahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ khkpahu; t ngz;Zf;F nfhOf;fl;il mtpj;Jf; nfhz;LNghjy; kuG to
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

khg;gps;isr; NrhW vd xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf ,lk;ngWk;. uzk; epfo;e;j gpd;du; cwtpdu;fSf;Fk;> Rw;wj;jtu;fs;> njupag;gLj;jy;> $iuKb itj;jy;> nts;is fl;Ljy;> hd fpupiafs; nra;jy;> tha;;f;fuprp Nghly;> fhy; fOTjy;> y;> nfhs;spf;Flk; cilj;jy;> tPl ;by; khj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;> hid gbj;jy;> Ie;jpy; fy;iy itj;jy;> vl;Lr; nryT> ;> Mz;Lj;jptrk;> khsak; vd xOq;F Kiwapy; ,it ghuk;gupa rk;gpujhar; rlq;Ffis epidtpy; epWj;JtNjhL
;bidg; gw;wpg; G+uzkhf mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; > gq;F$Wk; fy;ntl;L> ehjd; fy;ntl;L> Nghb fy;ntl;L> d;dpik> jpUgilf; fsQ;rpak; Kjyhdtw;iw ed;whf hL gw;wpg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ Kf;fpakhf fpof;fpy; fz;zfp Uf topghL Mfpatw;NwhL rpWnja;t topghLk; cs;sJ. J> jz;zPu;r; Nrhw;Wg;gs;sak;> taputu; kil vd;gdTk;
ghu;f;Fk; NghJ rpy jdpj;Jt mDl;lhdq;fSk;> eilAil filg;gpbf;fpd;wdu;. rFdk; ghu;j;jy;> rhj;jpuk; Nfl;ly;> jyhditnay;yhk; ek; gz;ghl;L ghuk;gupaj;jpy; cz;L. tr;rl;lk;> Njrtoikr;rl;lk;> kUkf;fs; top cupikfSk; ;sd. cNuhkr;rl;lKk; vkf;F gy topfspYk; cjTfpd;wJ. kidab rhj;jpuk; KjyhditAk; ghuk;gupag; gz;ghl;bd; p ,yf;fpaq;fs; jhuhskhf cs;sd. fz;zfp mk;kd; j;jpg;ghly;fs;> Njhj;jpuk;> gpuhu;j;jid Mfpaitnay;yhk; wg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd.
Pj d Kiwfs; Vida gpuNjrg; ghuk;gupaq;fspypUe;J gz;Zf;Fj; jdpahftd;wp khg;gps;isf;Fk; Nru;j;J ;isfs; ,y;yhky; kidtp ,Ue;jhy; rPj dk; KOtJk; ngw;W kidtp ,Ue;jhy; rPj dr;nrhj;J gps;isfSf;Fk; k; jpUkzKwpT Vw;gLk; NghJ rPj dr;nrhj;J ,uz;lhfg; ;Fg; gpd;du; MW khjk; NrhW nfhLf;Fk; tof;fKk;> Kjw; pia Kjd; Kjy; tpijj;J ntl;bf; nfhLj;jYk; jdpg;gl;l J Kf;Ft toikfspy; kpfTk; njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. uu;fsplKk; ,J gutpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Uf;Fk; NghJ khkpahu; tPl ;lhu;> kr;rhs;khu; fu;g;gpzpg; pj;Jf; nfhz;LNghjy; kuG topg; gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupakhFk;.
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efu;g;Gwq;fspy; ,d;iwa ehfupfr;#oypy; khwpf;nfhz;L ,d;Wk; ,it eilKiwapYs;sJ. fz;Z}W> ehT+W> ,d;Wk; ek; jha;khuplk; cz;L. Foe;ijia khiy nry;ykhl;lhu;fs;. Nga;> gprhRfspd; ghu;it Vw;glhyhk;> gl $Wtu;. fhw;wzT Vw;glhky; Fjpiu yhlk; Nghd;w ,Uk fhr;rp> ePupy; mjidj; Njha;f;Fk; NghJ me;ePu; Foe;ijapd Vw;gLk; czu;T my;yJ xypapdhy; me;j fhw;wzT ,y nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,Uk;gpid mLg;gpw;Fs; NghLk; NghJ Kr;re;jp kz;> $iuf;fq;fpy;> fha;e;j kpsfha;> cg;Gf mLg;gpw;Fs; NghLtu;.
vkJ fiy gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ,U NtWgl;l Kf tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs;> kw;waJ topghl;Lr; rlq;Ffs; vd;g rk;ge;jg;gl;l rlq;Ffs; gw;wp Muha;e;Njhk;. ,dp topghl;Lr;
topghl;Lr; rlq;Ffis ,U gpupthf Nehf;fyhk;. rlq;Ffs; kw;iwaJ Nfhapy;fspy; eilngWk; rlq;Ffs;. t rlq;Ffs; eilngWfpwJ. tPL fspNy taputu; ge;jy; ,Uf;F jz;zPu;r;Nrhw;Wg;gs;sak; nra;J khiyapy; taputUf;F eilngWk; ru;f;fiuaKjpw;F fd;dpkhu; vd %d;W my mioj;J mtu;fisg; G+ir Kfj;jpy; ,Uj;jp mtu;fSf;F tpupj;J vy;yh tifahd czTtiffisAk;> ru;f;f ghzf;fk; Kjyhdtw;iw gilj;Jg; G+ir nra;J G+ir mDg;Gtu;. fd;dpkhu; nts;isg;ghthil rl;il mzpe;J Njhw;wk; mspg;gu;. khiyapy; taputUf;F nwhl;bAk; Rl;L> nk Kjyhd G+irg; nghUl;fSk; itj;J> fQ;rh fye;j rpy nwh fhtpak; gbj;J G+ir nra;J Kbg;gu;. G+rhup xUtu; te;J k nra;thu;.
,dp Nfhapy;fspy; eilngWk; rlq;Ffis Nehf;F Nfhapy;fs;> khupak;kd; Nfhapy;fs;> jpnusgjp mk;kd; Nf ehfjk;gpuhd;> tjdkhu;> fhspak;kd; Kjyhd Nfhapy;fsp eilngWfpd;wd.
fpof;f pyq;i fapy; itfhrp khjk; vd;w hNy Nfhapw; rlq;F itfhrp khjk; G+uiz jpdj;jpy; mk;kd; Fspu;j;jp eilng Nfhapy;fspYk; nja;tk; Mbf; fl;Lr;nrhy;ypg; gyp nfhLj;J (rlq;F) eilngWk;. g+ir nra;gtu; G+rhup my;yJ fl;lhb eilngWk; NghJ nja;tk; cUNtwp Ngahl;lk; MLthu;.
556

upfr;#oypy; khwpf;nfhz;L NghdhYk;> fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; s;sJ. fz;Z}W> ehT+W> fhw;wzT ghu;f;Fk; gof;fk; ;L. Foe;ijia khiy Neuj;jpy; ntspapy; nfhz;L spd; ghu;it Vw;glhyhk;> gl;rpfspd; vr;rk; glyhnkdTk; Fjpiu yhlk; Nghd;w ,Uk;Gj;Jz;L xd;iw neUg;gpNy k; NghJ me;ePu; Foe;ijapd; Kfj;jpNy rPwpabf;Fk; NghJ pdhy; me;j fhw;wzT ,y;yhky; NghFk; vd ek;gpf;if mLg;gpw;Fs; NghLk; NghJ fz;rpul;il> nrq;fy;Jz;L> ;> fha;e;j kpsfha;> cg;Gf;fy; vd;gtw;iwAk; Nru;j;J
;gupaj;jpy; ,U NtWgl;l Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; cs;sd. xd;W topghl;Lr; rlq;Ffs; vd;gitNa. ,Jtiu tho;tpay; uha;e;Njhk;. ,dp topghl;Lr; rlq;Ffs; gw;wpg; ghu;f;fyhk;.
U gpupthf Nehf;fyhk;. xd;W tPL fspy; eilngWk; spy; eilngWk; rlq;Ffs;. tPL fspy; kf;fshy; nra;ag;gLk; spNy taputu; ge;jy; ,Uf;Fk;. fhiyapy; ru;f;fiu mKJ> ;J khiyapy; taputUf;F rlq;F eilngWk;. fhiyapy; fd;dpkhu; vd %d;W my;yJ Ie;J ,sk; ngz;fis fj;jpy; ,Uj;jp mtu;fSf;F Kd;ghf nts;isr; Nriy zTtiffisAk;> ru;f;fiu mKJ> jz;zPu;r;NrhW> ilj;Jg; G+ir nra;J G+ir epiwT ngw;wJk; tPl ;bw;F sg;ghthil rl;il mzpe;J Kf;fhL ,l;L kpf mofhfj; aputUf;F nwhl;bAk; Rl;L> nkhe;jd; thiog;goKk;> fUk;G tj;J> fQ;rh fye;j rpy nwhl;bfSk; Rl;L itj;J taputu; bg;gu;. G+rhup xUtu; te;J ke;jpuk; gbj;J ,g;G+irapidr;
gWk; rlq;Ffis Nehf;Fk; NghJ> fz;zfp mk;kd; py;fs;> jpnusgjp mk;kd; Nfhapy;fs;> taputu; Nfhapy;fs;> k;kd; Kjyhd Nfhapy;fspy; tUle;NjhWk; ,r;rlq;Ffs;
hjk; vd;w hNy Nfhapw; rlq;F fs; fisfl;l j; njhlq;f ptpLk;. py; mk;kd; Fspu;j;jp eilngWk;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; vy;yhf; ; fl;Lr;nrhy;ypg; gyp nfhLj;J> ke;jpuk; nrhy;ypg; G+irfs; a;gtu; G+rhup my;yJ fl;lhb vd miof;fg;gLthu;. G+ir UNtwp Ngahl;lk; MLthu;. mr;rkaj;jpy; gf;ju;fs; jkJ
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Fiwfis nrhy;ypf;fl;L Nfl;gu;. nja;tk; fl;Lr; nrhy;Yk ghtpf;fg;gLk; nrhw;fs; tpNrlkhdit. Mrhd;> FQ;rhd;> r thu;j;ijfs; cgNahfpf;fg;gLk;. nja;tq;fs; NfhapYf;Fs; nfhz;L te;J jplfhj;jpukhd ,isQu;fsplk; nfhLj;J rhl;il mbf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJ mj;nja;tq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W $ilapy; cs;s goq;fs;> ntw;wpiy> fUk;G Kj rhl;il mbj;jtUf;F nfhLj;J kfpo;r;rpailAk;.
rpy Nfhapy;;fspy; ‘gyp nfhLf;Fk;’ tof;fKk; ,Ue;jd jiy mWj;J nfhLg;gJ> eugyp nfhLf;Fk; KiwAk; rpy Nfha G+rhup jdJ ifiaf; fj;jpahy; fPw p ,uj;jj;ij nja;tk; Fb ,e;epfo;r;rpnay;yhk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;s mk;kd; fhtpak; gbf;fg;gLk;. ,Utu; Nru;e;J cLf;F mbj;J ,dpikahfTk; gutrkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tpjk; tho;t rlq;FfSk; rkatopghl;by; kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s gw;wp giw rhw;wp epw;fpd;wd. tUle;NjhWk; rlq;F nra;ahtpl;lh kf;fs; Mokhf ek;gpdu;. ,itnay;yhk; vkJ gz;ghl;Lg; Nkd;ikiaAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vdNt ,tw;iw e Ntz;baJ kpf mtrpakhdJ.
,Jtiu Muhag;gl;l fiy gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaq tho;tpy; ve;jsT ,lk;gpbj;jpUe;jJ vd;gijAk; mtw;wpd; fz;Lnfhs;sKbe;jJ. ,it vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;Fk tifapy; epidtpy; ,Uj;JtNjhL mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfSk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; 1. Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jd;.R> njd;Nkhbf;$j;J my
,yq;iff; fofj; jkpo; ehlf;FO - 1962
2. G+ghyg;gps;is.nr> kl;lf;fsg;G ehl;Lf;$j;J fiyg;G+q;f
kz;lyk; nfhOk;G - 1963 rpj;jpiu
3. fe;ijah.tP.rp> njd;Nkhb tlNkhb ehlfq;fs; gf;.
1972
4. fe;ijah.tP.rp> mDTj;jpu ehlfk; Kd;Diu gf;. 07> k
- 1969
5. ngupajk;gpg;gps;is.V> ,uhk ehlfk; mzpe;Jiu gf;.
- 1969
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;gu;. nja;tk; fl;Lr; nrhy;Yk;. mj;jUzj;jpy; mtu;fshy; hdit. Mrhd;> FQ;rhd;> rhkp> kiyNawptpl;lJ Nghd;w ;. nja;tq;fs; NfhapYf;Fs; Xbr;nrd;W rhl;ilf;fapw;iwf; ,isQu;fsplk; nfhLj;J rhl;il mbf;Fk; gb $Wk;. ghOJ mj;nja;tq;fSf;Fr; re;Njh\k; Vw;gl;lhy; cs;Ns ;fs;> ntw;wpiy> fUk;G Kjyhdtw;iwf; nfhz;L te;J kfpo;r;rpailAk;.
Lf;Fk;’ tof;fKk; ,Ue;jd. Nfhop> ML Kjyhdtw;iw fhLf;Fk; KiwAk; rpy Nfhapy;fspy; eilKiwapypUe;jJ. ; fPw p ,uj;jj;ij nja;tk; Fbg;gjw;F nfhLg;ghu;. jw;nghOJ ; %yk; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. rlq;Ffs; elf;Fk; NghJ Utu; Nru;e;J cLf;F mbj;Jg; ghLk; NghJ Nfl;gjw;F kpf ; ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tpjk; tho;tpay; rlq;FfSk;> topghl;Lr; kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s gw;wpidAk;> ek;gpf;ifapidAk; ;NjhWk; rlq;F nra;ahtpl;lhy; Neha;> Jd;gk; Vw;gLk; vd nay;yhk; vkJ gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; rpwg;gpidAk;> fpd;wd. vdNt ,tw;iw epidtpypUj;jp Mtzg;gLj;j
y gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; kf;fs; e;jJ vd;gijAk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; XusT vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;Fk; Ma;thsu;fSf;Fk; cjTk; jhL mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp Mtzg;gLj;jp itf;f yj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
;.R> njd;Nkhbf;$j;J myq;fhu&gd; ehlfk; gf;.03> lf;FO - 1962
g;G ehl;Lf;$j;J fiyg;G+q;fh gf;. 65> ,yq;if rhfpj;jpa rpj;jpiu
b tlNkhb ehlfq;fs; gf;. 144> jpdkjp Mz;L kyu; -
ehlfk; Kd;Diu gf;. 07> kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjr fyhkd;wk;
hk ehlfk; mzpe;Jiu gf;. 05> Kl.; gpuNjr fyhkd;wk;
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Page 572
6. fe;ijah.tP.rp kl;lf;fsg;G jkpofk; ehl;Lf;$j;Jf;fs; g
epidT ntspaPL kd;wk; aho;. - 1964
7. rw;Fzk;.k> nfhk;G tpisahl;L gf.; 121. jpdkjp Mz
8. fe;ijah.tP.rp> kl; jkpofk; nfhk;G tpisahl;L gf;.
epidT ntspaPL kd;wk;> aho;. - 1964
9. G+ghyg;gps;is.nr> fz;zfp topghLk; nfhk;G tpisa
10. tpGyhde;j mbfshu; tre;jd; ftp. = yq;fh gf;. 21.
11. fe;ijah.tP.rp> kl; jkpofk; tre;jd; Mly; gf.; 198> <
12. Qhdkhzpf;fk;.t.> tre;jd; ,yf;fpak;> =yq;fh - 19
13. rjhrpt Iau;.jp. kl;lf;fsg;G tre;jd; ftpj;jpul;L . kl;.
1940
14. eluhrh vt;.vf;];.rp Fuit = yq;fh gf.; 10-13 - 19
15. Tamil Lexicon vol – 2 part 2 . University of Madras pag
16. nksdFU.rp> gioaJk; GjpaJk;> gf; 70-72
17. Ragavan,M.D The Kuravai - an ancient folks custom of t
26. Ceylon today 1960
18. Fzjpyf. vk;. vr;.> Sokuri of SriLanka - 1976
19. rur;re;jpuh. v. Mu;.> The Folk Drama of Ceylon - 1966
20. fe;ijah. tP. rp> fz;zfp tof;Fiu gf;. 115. - 1968
558

jkpofk; ehl;Lf;$j;Jf;fs; gf;. 64.   tPuNfrup - 17.04.1949
;jd; ftp. = yq;fh gf;. 21. - 1953
; tre;jd; Mly; gf.; 198>  =yq;fh - 1961
;G tre;jd; ftpj;jpul;L . kl;. njw;F jkpohrpupau; rq;fk;. -
= yq;fh gf.; 10-13 - 1954
niversity of Madras pages 12. 1917
jpaJk;> gf; 70-72
ancient folks custom of the eastern province of Ceylon pg
SriLanka - 1976
Drama of Ceylon - 1966
tof;Fiu gf;. 115. - 1968
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
aho;g;ghzg;gpuNjrj;jpy; gd;dj;njhopyh
nkhopAk; gz;ghLk;;
R
1. mwpKfk;
tuyhW gw;wpa fUj;Jepiy ,d;W khw;wk; fz;Ls mDruizahd tuyhw;Wg;ghh;it kiwe;J tuyhw;w khapUe;j njhopyhsh;fspd; tuyhW gw;wp NgRk; epiy cU
gz;ilj;jkpoh; G+kpia ehdpyk; vd rpwg;gpj;jdh FwpaPl hf FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy vd;Dk njhd;W njhl;L jkpoh; jk; gz;ghl;bNy epyKk; me;epyj;jp nry;thf;Fg;ngw;wd. tuyhW gilj;Js;sd. mJNghy; aho Qhgfq;fspy; epoyhLtJ gidkuNk. gz;ila kd;dh vdTk; mth;jk; nfhbfspNy gid kuj;ij FwpaPl hfg;nghw vdNt  njhd;ik nghUs;gLk;. ,J ,yf;fpak; rhh;e;Njh fl;llk; rhh;e;Njh Mdhy; vd;Dila tuyhw;Wg;ghh;it njhspyhsh; rhh;e;j njhspyhshpd; tuyhW gw;wp mwptjw;F gid rk;ge;jg;gl;l Neh;fhzy; %yk; ngwg;gl;l jfty;fSNk cjtpAs;sd.

hzg;gpuNjrj;jpy; gd;dj;njhopyhshpd;
nkhopAk; gz;ghLk;;
Rtu;zpah NrhkRe;juk;
y ,d;W khw;wk; fz;Ls;sJ. MSk; th;f;fj;jpdh;f;F hh;it kiwe;J tuyhw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F fhuz yhW gw;wp NgRk; epiy cUthfpAs;sJ.
ehdpyk; vd rpwg;gpj;jdh;. ,e;j ehd;F epyq;fspd; jk; nea;jy; ghiy vd;Dk; kuq;fNs ,Ue;jd. vdNt ;ghl;bNy epyKk; me;epyj;jpy; epiwe;J epd;w kuq;fSNk ilj;Js;sd. mJNghy; aho; khtl;lk; vd;wTld; kf;fsJ dkuNk. gz;ila kd;dh;fs; gdk;; G+itr; #bdhh;fs; d kuj;ij FwpaPl hfg;nghwpj;jdh; vd;w nra;jpAk; cz;L. tuyhW vOJk; NghJ gid kuk; Kf;fpak; ngwNtz;ba
idkuk; nrwpe;J fhzg;gl;likahy; gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; pthfNt fhzg;gl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; ,d;iwa ehfhpf t Fiwe;J Nghf mj;njhopypy;  njhd;ik njhlh;ghd ghh;it vd gy rhh;e;Njh fl;llk; rhh;e;Njh fiy rhh;e;Njh fhzg;gLk;. g;ghh;it njhspyhsh; rhh;e;jjhf mike;Js;sJ. gd;dj; wptjw;F gid rk;ge;jg;gl;l Ehy;fSk; njhopyhsh;fsplk; ty;fSNk cjtpAs;sd.
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560
,yq;ifapNy tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; ,iz gidtsk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. twz;lgFjpfshd kzy;j fw;ghiw Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; ed;F tsuf;$baJ. Vida n ePh;g;ghrdk; cukpLjy; ghJfhj;jy; Kjyhd vk;K fUjg;gLfpwJ.
aho;g;ghzj;jpNy gidtsk; tprhypj;Js;s ,lq;fs Nkw;F> typfhkk; tlf;F> tlkuhl;rp> njd;kuhl;rp> Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,yq;ifapy; murhq;fk; gid mgptpUj;jp rigia 197 aho;g;ghzj;jpNy gidapd; guk;gYf;F jdpg;gl;l epWtdq;fSk; ghlrhiyfSk; cjtpAs;sd. ,r;nraw;jpl kpy;f;itw; epWtdj;jpdh; gdk; tpijfis Nrfhpj;J ngUf;fpa gz;ghsh;’ vd;w gl;lKk; rhd;wpjOk; toq;fp n nra;jpapy; fhzKbe;jJ.
gd;dj;njhopyhshpd; tuyhw;iwf;fhz;gjw;F Kd;G gi mtrpakhdnjhd;W. gid kuj;jpd; Njhw;wk; njhlh;ghd rk;ge;jh; Njthuj;jpYk; gidkuk; Ngrg;gL nghUshAs Ntz;ba xd;W.
gid kuj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Guhzf;fij
MjpapNy gpuk;kh cyfj;ijg; gilf;Fk;NghJ yl;r rpU\;bj;jhuhk;. Mdhy; cz;z czTk;> ,Uf;f tPL k;> g Kf;fpa Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;a cjTk; kuj;ij rpU fUjpajdhy; rptdplk; Kiwapl;lhh;fshk;. clNd rpt gpuk;khTf;F cj;jutpl;lhuhk;. vd;Dk; ,f;fij jw;fh mrhj;jpakhd xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; Mjpkdpjdplk; flTs; ek rpwe;jpUe;jikiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.
kdpjdplk; Mz; ngz; vd;w ghy; NtWghL ,U rpy Fwpg;Gfisf;nfhz;L Mz;kuk;> ngz;kuk; vdr jhtutpayhsUk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. rk;ge;jUk; xUtU epiwe;jpUg;gjidf; fz;Zw;W mtw;iw ngz;gidfsh md;iwa r%fj;jpd; Kf;fpa nghUshjhuj;jpidg; G+h;j;jp nr ,Ue;Js;sJ. vd;Dk; jj;Jtk; ,f;fijapDhlhf ntspf;f
gidapd; tuyhw;iw Muha;e;j jhtutpayhsh;fSk; Njhd;wpa fhyj;ij fzpg;gpl;L $wKbahj mstpw;F ,J vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;fs;.

f;F khfhzq;fspy; ,izapy;yhj ,aw;ifr;nry;tkhf wz;lgFjpfshd kzy;jiu flw;fiu> Rz;zhk;Gf; d;F tsuf;$baJ. Vida nghUshjhug; gaph;fisg;Nghy Jfhj;jy; Kjyhd vk;Kaw;rpAk; mtrpakw;wjhff;
sk; tprhypj;Js;s ,lq;fshf gr;rpiyg;gs;sp> typfhkk; tlkuhl;rp> njd;kuhl;rp> jPT f;$l;lk; Mfpatw;iwf;
d mgptpUj;jp rigia 1978 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpj;jTld; ; guk;gYf;F jdpg;gl;l nghpNahh; gyUk; rdr%f k; cjtpAs;sd. ,r;nraw;jpl;lj;ij Cf;fptpf;Fk; nghUl;L dk; tpijfis Nrfhpj;Jf;nfhLj;jth;f;F ‘gidtsk; ;lKk; rhd;wpjOk; toq;fp nfsutpj;jikia kpy;f;itw;
hw;iwf;fhz;gjw;F Kd;G gid kuj;jpd; guk;giy mwpjy; uj;jpd; Njhw;wk; njhlh;ghd Guhzf;fij xd;Ws;sJ. kuk; Ngrg;gL nghUshAs;sik fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl
gw;wpa Guhzf;fij
;ijg; gilf;Fk;NghJ yl;rf;fzf;fhd tpUl;rq;fisr; czTk;> ,Uf;f tPL k;> gLf;fg;gha; Nghd;w kdpjdpd; nra;a cjTk; kuj;ij rpU\;bf;ftpy;iy vd;W kf;fs; apl;lhh;fshk;. clNd rptd; gidkuj;ij rpU\;bf;f ;. vd;Dk; ,f;fij jw;fhyj;Nj Vw;Wf;nfhs;sKbahj k; Mjpkdpjdplk; flTs; ek;gpf;ifAk; fw;gid Mw;wYk; pwJ.
vd;w ghy; NtWghL ,Ug;gijg;Nghy; ,aw;ifaplKk; z;kuk;> ngz;kuk; vdr;Rl;bdh;. ,t;NtWghl;bid pAs;sdh;. rk;ge;jUk; xUtUila tstpNy Mz;gidfs; ;W mtw;iw ngz;gidfshf khw;wpajhf tuyhW cz;L. hUshjhuj;jpidg; G+h;j;jp nra;af;$ba xd;whf ngz;gid ; ,f;fijapDhlhf ntspf;fpsk;Gtjidf;fhz KbfpwJ.
ha;e;j jhtutpayhsh;fSk; tuyhw;W Mrpupah;fSk; mJ $wKbahj mstpw;F ,J xU njhd;ik tha;e;j kuk;
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Page 575
Kjypy; Mgpupf;fhtpypUe;J ,e;jpahTf;F ,k;kuj;jpd; tpj mjd;gpd;Ng Vida ehLfSf;Fk; gue;jjhfTk; tuy guk;gYf;fhd fhuzq;fis Ma;thsh;fs; Fwpg;gplTk; jt
➢ fz;l efh;T my;yJ ehLfspd; efh;T. ➢ ehNlhb th;j;jfh;fspd; gpuahzk;. ➢ Gj;j rkag; guk;gy;. ➢ Nrhog; gilnaLg;G.
Kjyhd fhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sik rpe;jid guk;gYk; mjidj;njhlh;e;J gd;dj;njhopyhsh;fspd; njh kuj;jpypUe;J Xiyiag;ngw;W mt;Nthiyapd; fPN o Filnra;J nfhz;lhd;. Mw;wpy; ,Ue;j ePi u gid Xiyapd gl;iliar;nra;J nfhz;lhd;. jiuapNy kzNyh GO cwq;fpatd; mjd;  ftiy cdf;fpy jkJ FWfpa #oypy; cs;s epiwthd tho;it tho;f;if Ki
3. gd;dj;njhopyhshpd; gz;ghL
r%fgz;ghl;ilj; jPh;khdpg;gjpy; mjd; nghUshjh tfpf;fpd;wikahy; gd;dj;njhopiy jkJ nghUshjhu mbepiyr;r%fk;  ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf;nfhs;. vd;W $wp thd tho;it tho;f;if Kiwikia ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.
; gz;ghL
pg;gjpy; mjd; nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfNs ngUk;gq;F hopiy jkJ nghUshjhu tho;thjhukhff; nfhz;l ; r%fgz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; kpFe;j ftdj;jpw;Fhpath;fshf h;fspd; gz;ghL gw;wp rpe;jpf;Fk; Kd; gz;ghL gw;wpa
f; fhz;Nghk;.
iwahff; FOthfr; Nrh;e;J fw;w elj;ij KiwfSk; pNa gz;ghlhFk; vd;W Nguh.v];.rptypq;fuh[h mth;fs;
l;lk; jdJ r%ftuyhw;wpd; tsh;r;rpapd; mbahfj; g; nghUl;fs; Mj;khh;j;jf; fUj;Jf;fs; kj eilKiwfs; ;wpd; njhFjpahf mikAk; mNjNtis xU $l;lj;jpdhpd;
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njhopy; El;g tsh;r;rp cw;gj;jp Kiwik cw;gj;jp cwTfs fiyfs; ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpatw;wpd; njhFjpahfTk; mi fh.rptj;jk;gp.
kdpjd; r%fj;jpd; cWg;G vd;w epiyapy; mwpT ek rl;lk; gof;fk; Mw;wy; Kjypait mlq;fg;ngw;w xU KOikj;njhFjpahfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. vd;fpwhh; gf;j tj;r
,th;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspd; %yk; gz;ghL njhl fUj;jhliyf;fhz Kbe;jJ. gd;dj;njhopyhshpd; gz nghUs;rhuhg; gz;ghL vd ,Utifahfg; gphpj;J Nehf;FNt
❖ nghUs;rhh; gz;ghL
nghUs;rhh; gz;ghl;bDs; tPL fs;> fUtpfs;> Mil> cs;slf;Fth;. ehfhpf r%fj;jpd; gpd;dhb mtd; njhd Muha;fpd;wNghJ Goq;F nghUl;fNs mtdJ tuyhw;W gd;dj;njhopyhshpd; gd;dNtiyg; nghUl;fs; ePz ;l gz;ghL rhh;e;j nra;jpiaj;juj; jtwtpy;iy vdyhk;.
Gj;jp[Pt pfshfpa ehk; kdpjdpd; nghUl;fiy tuy ehs; ciof;ff;$ba ghtidg;nghUl;fisg; gw;wpNa njhy;nghUl;rhiyfspYk; itj;Jg;NgZfpNwhk;. , ,jNdhbize;J cw;gj;jpahd fiyfisg;gw;wpAk; mj NgzTk; jtwptpLfpNwhk; vd;gJ xU FiwahfNt cs;s
gd;dj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpahsh; tpw;gidahsh;fs; m vd;W Fwpg;gpl;L nrhy;Yk; mstpw;F Xu; nghUspd; nghUl;fis NtWgphpj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;fs;. ,g;nghUl;fs cUthf;fg;gl;likapdhy; ,y;yk; rhh;e;j nghUl;fshfN aho;.r%fj;Jg;ngz;fspd; ifj;jpwidAk; fw;gidiaAk; giwrhw;wp epw;gjidf;fhzyhk;.
ngl;bapd; tifg;ghL
mLf;Fg;ngl;b nfhl;lg;ngl;b nfhj;J %ly;ngl;b Ie;jiwg;ngl;b  fUtpfs;> Mil> mzpfyd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ;jpd; gpd;dhb mtd; njhd;ikiaAk; gioikiaAk; Ul;fNs mtdJ tuyhw;Wf;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wd. tiyg; nghUl;fs; ePz ;l MAl;gyk; mw;witahapDk;
; jtwtpy;iy vdyhk;.
pjdpd; nghUl;fiy tuyhW gw;wp NgRk;NghJ ePz ;l dg;nghUl;fisg; gw;wpNa NgRfpNwhk;. mtw;wpidNa itj;Jg;NgZfpNwhk;. ,f;fiy cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; d fiyfisg;gw;wpAk; mjd; ngWkjp gw;wpAk; NgrTk; ;gJ xU FiwahfNt cs;sJ.
hsh; tpw;gidahsh;fs; milnkhopg;ghtidahsh;fs; mstpw;F Xu; nghUspd; milnkhopiaf; nfhz;Nl l;Lfpwhh;fs;. ,g;nghUl;fs; ahTk; ,y;yj;jurpfshNy ;yk; rhh;e;j nghUl;fshfNt mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ;jpwidAk; fw;gidiaAk; nghWikiaAk; ,g;nghUl;fs; k;.
g;ngl;b nfhj;J ePj ;Jg;ngl;b wg;ngl;b 

Page 577
➢ RsF ,jid Fy;yk;> Kwk;> gpbg;G Kjyhd nrhw;fs
vd;W rpd;dkL fpuhkj;jth; gad;gLj;Jth;. gha;
Ch;  gpbg;G Kjyhd nrhw;fshy; miog;gh;. Rsfpidg;gpbg;G ;jth; gad;gLj;Jth;.
F sF
sF
ha;
fopTfhfpjf;$il Nghj;jy; $il l rpy;Yf;$il
Nff;$il cy;yhrg;gazf;$il mh;r;ridf;$il
;
fk;
lfk;
; rhh;e;j tho;tpay; gw;wp rpe;jpf;fpd;wNghJ mth;fs; jk; yg;nghUs; fUtp njhopy;jpwd; tho;tpay; Kiwik ijf;fhzyhk;.
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gid Xiyapy; nghUl;fs; nra;tjw;F FUj;Njhiy (rpW fj;jp)> thuil(rpW msTfUtp) Kjyhdit NghJ njhopypy;  Xiyia ntl;L Nrfhpj;jy;> fapWjphpj;jy;. RsF> flfk; Kjyhdtw;wpw;F gf;Ftg;gLj;jp tifg;gLj;jy; Kjyhdtw;iwr; nra;th;. ngz thh;e;J vLj;jy;> rhak; fha;r;Rjy;> rhak; Vw;Wjy;> fiyg;n Ntiyfisr; nra;th;.
njhopy;El;gg;gad;ghLk; tho;tpaYk; %yg;nghUs;
gd;dj;njhopy; nra;gth;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; mDgt rpyh; kl;Lk; gapw;rp mwpT ngw;wth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. g nra;tjw;F FUj;Njhiy> rhNuhiy>  re;jfk; (rpWfj Kjyhd nghUl;fs; ,Ue;jhy; NghJkhdJ.
fUtp
gd;dg;nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;F re;jfKk; thuilANk cjtpapd;wp Xiyg;nghUl;fisr; rPuhfr; nra;a KbahJ. miutl;l tbthdjhfTk; jl;ilahdjhfTk; Xiyf ahdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. fPo;g;gFjp mjpypUe;J ePz;L te ahdjhf nghpa CrpNghy; fhzg;gLk;. ,J ,Uk;gpdhy; M
fl;Ljy; my;yJ thuil vd;Dk; msT fUtpahdJ XiyapdhNyh Mdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; mikg;G m tbtpdjhdJ. ,jd; Nkw;gFjpapy; Nghlg;gl;Ls;s msT g mjDs; itj;J XNu rPuhf thh;e;J vLg;ghh;fs;.
rhak; NghLjy;
gd;dj;njhopw;FOtpdh; jkJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fi XiyapNy epwk; Vw;Wth;. ,jid rhak; NghLjy; vd;wi jz;zPh; nfhjpf;fitj;J nfhjpj;jTld; rpwpJ kQ;rs; m rpwpjsT cg;Gk; NghLth;. gpd; filapy; thq;fpa rhag;gTli me;j tz;zg;gTliu nte;ePhpNy fye;J tpLth;. mjd mKf;fp rhak; ed;F gbe;j gpd;dh; vLj;J cyutpLth;. , Vw;Wth;. rhak; Vw;wg;gl;l Xiyia rhNahiy vdTk;  rhNuhiy>  re;jfk; fUtp) Kjyhdit NghJkhf ,Ue;jJ. gid rhh;e;j d VWjy;> Xiyia ntl;Ljy;> ehh; Nghd;w nghUl;fis F> flfk; Kjyhdtw;wpw;F kl;il fl;Ljy;> Jk;gpidg; jyhdtw;iwr; nra;th;. ngz;fs; Xiyfisg; gjg;gLj;jy; jy;> rhak; Vw;Wjy;> fiyg;nghUl;fisr; nra;jy; Kjyhd
; tho;tpaYk;
py; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; mDgt mwpT kpf;fth;fshfTk; xU ;wth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. gid Xiyapdhy; nghUl;fs; hiy>  re;jfk; (rpWfj;jp)> thuil (rpW msTfUtp) NghJkhdJ.
re;jfKk; thuilANk gpujhdkhdit. ,tw;wpd; sr; rPuhfr; nra;a KbahJ. Re;jfk; vd;Dk; fj;jpahdJ jl;ilahdjhfTk; Xiyfis eWf;f rw;Wf;$h;ik Fjp mjpypUe;J ePz;L te;J fPo;Kid ed;F $h;ik
g;gLk;. ,J ,Uk;gpdhy; MdfUtp.
d;Dk; msT fUtpahdJ ,Uk;gpdhNyh jfl;bdhNyh f;Fk;. ,jd; mikg;G milg;gw;w ePz ;l mk;Gf;Fwp papy; Nghlg;gl;Ls;s msT gpukhzj;jpw;F Vw;g Xiyia ;e;J vLg;ghh;fs;.
kJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis moFw cUthf;Ftjw;F id rhak; NghLjy; vd;wiog;gh;. xU nghpa ghidapy; jpj;jTld; rpwpJ kQ;rs; miuj;Jj;jz;zPhpy; NghLth;. ilapy; thq;fpa rhag;gTliu ve;j tz;zk; NjitNah ;ePhpNy fye;J tpLth;. mjd; gpd;G Xiyapid rhaj;jpy; ;dh; vLj;J cyutpLth;. ,Nj Nghd;Nw 

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njhopyhsh;fspd; tho;tplr;#oYk; tPL k;
gd;dj;njhopyhshpd; tho;tplr;#oiyAk; ,y;ypl mi efh;g;Gwq;fSf;F mg;ghYk; fpuhkpar;#oypYk; tho;e;jh ehbr;nrd;wNghJ “vd;d mYtyh te;jdpayhr;rp..?” vd mth;fs; jkJ rikay; Ntiyapy;  kdpjelj;ijf;fhd tpOkpaq;fs;> k tof;fq;fs;> mwnewpfs; Nghd;wit ,jDs; cs;slq;F jdpNa MuhaNtz;b ,Ug;gjdhy; mJ gw;wp gpd;G Nehf;F
njhopy;
gd;dj;njhopyhshpd; njhopy; jdpNa gd;dg;nghU VWjy;> Nkrd;njhopy; nra;jy;> kPd ;gpbj;jy;> foptfw;wy;> ,d;Ndhud;d njhopy;fspy;  Nkhid Mo;e;jfUj;Jf;fs; Kjypait epuk;gpa nrhw;nwhlh;fNs ,i
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Yk; tPL k; ;tplr;#oiyAk; ,y;ypl miktpidAk; mtjhdpj;jNghJ fpuhkpar;#oypYk; tho;e;jhh;fs;. ,th;fspd; ,Ug;gplk; tyh te;jdpayhr;rp..?” vd;w tpdhNthL tuNtw;wdh;. yapy;  jf;fhd tpOkpaq;fs;> kdg;Nghf;Ffs;> nfhs;iffs;> ;wit ,jDs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. nkhop vd;gjidj; dhy; mJ gw;wp gpd;G Nehf;FNthk;.
opy; jdpNa gd;dg;nghUl;fis ,isg;gjd;W. kuk; ;> kPd ;gpbj;jy;> foptfw;wy;> njUr;Rj;jpfhpg;Gr; nra;jy; vd gLfpwhh;fs;. ,t;thwhd njhopy; %yk; ngWk; tUkhdk; khfr; nrythfpwJ. rpWfr;rpWf Nrfhpj;j gzj;ijAk; pdhy; rpWnghUspw;F ngUe;njhifg;gzj;ijf; nfhLj;J h;fspd; ciuahlypy; ,Ue;J njhpate;jJ. fhyq;fhykhf ;wpa Nehf;F mw;wth;fshfTk; ngUk;ghd;ikahdth;fs;
hpa tplaNk.
hly; gok; ngUk; nry;tkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,it gl;lwptpd; l;lit. vJif> Nkhid> Xir. nrhy;eak;> Rit> epuk;gpa nrhw;nwhlh;fNs ,it.
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• ”fhNthiy tpof;FUj;Njhiy rphpf;fpwJ”-vd;gJ ,ize;J kf;fSf;F mwpTiu $Wtjhf mike
• ”fw;gfjUitr;rhh;e;j fhfKk; mkph;jk; cz ,ize;jhy; gadilayhk; vd;Wk; jkJ Gyg;gLj;JtjhfTk; mike;Js;sJ vd;wdh;.
• ”fhfk; ,Uf;f gdk;gok; tpOe;jhw;Nghy” - vd;gJ Nfypgz;Ztjhf mike;Js;sJ.
• ”gid tho;e;jhYk; EhWtUlk; ,we;jhYk; EhWt Kd;Gk; ePz ;l gad; juty;yJ mNjNghy; ,we;j vd;fpwhh;fs;.
czTg; gz;ghL
gidapdhy; fpilf;Fk; czTfs; gy. gidapd; czT FbePh;fshf rPf;fha;> Eq;F> gjePh;> gdk;gok; Kjyh
• Eq;F - ghdkhff;Fbg;gh; my;yJ Ntu;f;FU
• rPf;fha; - Eq;fpd; ,Wfpa gjePh; cz;gjdhy
• gjePh; - clYf;F cw;rhfj;ijAk; Cl;lr;rj
• gdk;gok; - Njhy; ePf ;fp cz;gh; my;yJ Ntfi Njhy;ePf ;fpa rhw;wpid fhaitj;J Njhy;ePf ;fpa ,r;rhw;wpid khNthL cz;gh;. ,it gid thOk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; czTfs;. gi czTfSk; gy cs;sd.
xbaw;$o; GOf;nfhbay; ,dpg;Gf;$o; GOf;nfhbay; xbaw;gpl;L GOf;nfhbay; xbay;Njhir gdq;fspj;Njh GOf;nfhbay;kh my;th gdq;fspg;gha GOf;nfhbay; ghd; Nff; gdq;fspj;njh GOf;nfhbay; Nfrhp gdq;fl;b Nff GOf;nfhbay; yl;L gdq;fl;b tl;b GOf;nfhbay; gd;rpNff; gdk; Gbq; GOf;nfhbay; til rPf ;fha; Eq;Fj GOf;nfhbay; gaw;wk; yl;L rPf ;fha; Eq;F m
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Kd;G ntspte;j kpy;f;itw; nra;j gidapd; gaid ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.

j;Njhiy rphpf;fpwJ”-vd;gJ tho;tpay; gUtepiyfNshL
mwpTiu $Wtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
fhfKk; mkph;jk; cz;Zk;” -vd;gJ r%fj;NjhL layhk; vd;Wk; jkJ njhopypd; Nkd;ikiag; ike;Js;sJ vd;wdh;. k; tpOe;jhw;Nghy” - vd;gJ kf;fspd; nehz;br;rhl;bidf; ike;Js;sJ. hWtUlk; ,we;jhYk; EhWtUlk;” - vd;gJ gid ,wf;Fk; uty;yJ mNjNghy; ,we;j gpd;Gk; ePz ;l gad; juty;yJ
zTfs; gy. gidapd; %yk; Neubahff; fpilf;Fk; ;F> gjePh;> gdk;gok; Kjyhdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. hff;Fbg;gh; my;yJ Ntu;f;FU Nghl;l ,lj;jpy; G+Rth;. ; ,Wfpa gjePh; cz;gjdhy; cly; Fsph;ik ngWk;. ;F cw;rhfj;ijAk; Cl;lr;rj;ijAk; juty;yJ. ePf;fp cz;gh; my;yJ Ntfitj;J Njhy; ePf;fp cz;gh;.
Pf ;fpa rhw;wpid fhaitj;J gdhl;lhf cz;gh;. Pf ;fpa ,r;rhw;wpid khNthL gpire;J gzpahukhfr; Rl;L h;.
fpilf;Fk; czTfs;. gid ,we;jjd;gpd; fpilf;Fk;
GOf;nfhbay; Nrhah yl;L GOf;nfhbay; ,l;yp GOf;nfhbay; cg;Gkh gdq;fspj;Njhir gdq;fspg;ghahrk; gdq;fspj;njhjy; gdq;fl;b Nff; gdq;fl;b tl;byg;gk; gdk; Gbq; rPf ;fha; Eq;Fj;Njhrp rPf ;fha; Eq;F my;th
tspte;j kpy;f;itw; nra;jpapy; fpilj;j jfty; xd;W
tjhf cs;sJ.
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‘mhpa kUe;jhfTk; czthfTk; gad;jUk;  njhopw;fy;tp Kjyhdtw;wpd; jd;ikf;F Vw tl;lhuk;> Jiw Nghd;w gd;Kf ntspg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikfi jkpo;r;rKjhaj;jpdJk; FwpaPl hf tpsq;;FfpwJ.
jkpo;nkhop cyfnkhopfspy; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;L ghuk;ghpaj;ijf;nfhz;L ,d;wsTk; thOk; nkhopahf tl;lhuk;> Jiw Nghd;w gd;Kf ntspg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikfi jkpo;r;rKjhaj;jpdJk; FwpaPl hf tpsq;FfpwJ. nkhopi gz;ghL rhh;e;Jk; mZFk;NghJ rKjhaj;jpd; tuyhwh KbfpwJ. tl;lhu tof;F> rhjpatof;F> rkatof;F K rKjhaj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

zthfTk; gad;jUk; gid Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; ph;r;rj;Jk; Cl;lr;rj;Jk; cs;s gid CUf;F yl;Rkp l;Rkpahf tuNtw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ.
;ghL gw;wpg; NgRk;NghJ mth;fsJ tho;tpay; Kiwia jidf; fhzyhk;. Mdhy; gz;ghL vd;Dk; gjk; ; mwnewpfisAk; tpOkpaq;fisAk; NgZtjhfTk; Ug;gjdhy; kdpj tho;tpd; xUgFjpiaNa ,t;tpaypy; ur;rpidAk; jPh;Tk; vd;Dk; gFjpapy; Ngrg;glTs;sJ.
; nkhop
kdpjdpd; ehfhpf tsh;r;rpapy; Vw;gl;l xU mUk;ngUk; ; fUj;ij kw;nwhUtDf;Fj; njhptpf;f VNjh xUtifapy; ltpy; jhd; vOg;Gk; xt;nthU tifahd xypf;Fk; ; KbT nra;J nfhz;lhd;. ,jd; %ykhfg; Ngr;Rnkhop y;yhjtDf;Fk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; cs;stDf;Fkhf vOj;J ;gh;. irifiaAk; nkhopahfNt Fwpg;gpLth;. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l ;j cjTk;. J}uj;jpypUe;Jk; xsp ,y;yhj ,uT Neuj;jpYk; hj Jh;g;ghf;fpa epiy cs;sJ. ,tw;Ws; Ngr;RnkhopNa J. gd;dj;njhopyhshpd; Ngr;Rnkhop gw;wp Muha;Nthk;.
k; ehfhpfk; my;yJ gz;ghL miktJk;. ehL miktJk; ahf ,Ug;gJk; cyfk; mwpe;j cz;ikfs;. cyfpy; d. nkhopapayhsh;fs; ,tw;iw nkhopf;FLk;gq;fshfg; pf;FLk;g nkhopfshf jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> ;fpapUg;gjidf; fhzyhk;. ,tw;Ws; ehd; jkpo;nkhop nkhopahff; nfhz;l aho;. r%fj;jpNy cs;s gd;dj; d Clhl;lj;jpid nkhopAk; r%fKk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd;
thU jdpkdpjdJk; vz;zj;jpd; gpujpgypg;ghf hop ,lj;jpw;fplk; fhyj;jpw;Ff;fhyk; taJ> ghy; tFg;G> hdtw;wpd; jd;ikf;F Vw;g khWgLfpwJ. ehL> rhjp> f ntspg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikfisAk; nfhz;L xl;L nkhj;j f tpsq;;FfpwJ.
spy; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfhy ,iltplhj ,yf;fpag; ;wsTk; thOk; nkhopahf tpsq;FtNjhL ehL> rhjp> ;Kf ntspg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikfisAk; nfhz;L xl;Lnkhj;j hf tpsq;FfpwJ. nkhopia mjd; mikg;G rhh;e;Jk; hJ rKjhaj;jpd; tuyhwhf miktjid mtjhdpf;f hjpatof;F> rkatof;F Kjypad nkhoptof;Ffspd; j;Jfpd;wd.
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xU jdpkdpjd; Nfl;Nghhpd; r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tf;F jF jFe;jgbAk; jd;Dila nkhopeiliaAk; nkhop mikg nkhop kdpjDf;F kdpjd;> tPl;Lf;FtPL> Fyj;Jf;Ff;Fyk;> , mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ. Kfk;njhpahj kdpjNuhL ciua nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. XNu tPl ;ilr;Nrh;e;NjhUk; XNu Fyj;ijr ,Ug;gjdhy; jkJ ,yFthd nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh
(c-k;) vb gps;is ,Q;ir th (Ngr;R tbtk;)
kfNs ,q;F th (jpUe;jpa tbtk;) ,Nj tbtj;ij cah;e;j gbj;j r%fj;jplk; ,d;nd ,Q;r thUkg;gh my;yJ come here.
jw;fhy nkhop tof;fpNy mk;kh> mg;gh> lhb vd miktjidAk; mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
mbepiy kf;fspd; Ngr;Rnkhopapy; nfl;lthh;j;ijfS nfhr;irr; nrhw;fSNk epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. ,th;fs; vk;NkhL nkhopapNyNa ciuahbdhh;fs;. nfl;l thh;j;ijfisNa gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. mt;thwhd thh;j;ijfNsh nrhw;fNs njhopypy;  Fyj;Jf;Ff;Fyk;> ,lj;Jf;F ,lk; NtWgLtjid jhpahj kdpjNuhL ciuahLk;NghJ ehfhpfkhfg;Ngrpf; rh;e;NjhUk; XNu Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;NjhUk; cwTf;fhuuhf nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;.
;ir th (Ngr;R tbtk;) h (jpUe;jpa tbtk;) ;j gbj;j r%fj;jplk; ,d;ndhU tbtpy; fhzyhk;. h my;yJ come here.
mk;kh> mg;gh> lhb vd;gd gpd;dpiy xl;Lf;fshf KbfpwJ.
nkhopapy; nfl;lthh;j;ijfSk; ,lf;fulf;fw;r;nrhw;fSk; ;jpUf;Fk;. ,th;fs; vk;NkhL ciuahLk;NghJ ehfhpfkhd s;. nfl;l thh;j;ijfisNah nrhw;fisNah jtwpf;$l thh;j;ijfNsh nrhw;fNsh fLikahditahk;. jhk; k;nkhopia gad;gLj;Jtjhfr; nrhd;dhh;fs;. mjw;fhd tiyia tpiuthf Kbg;gjw;Fk; Vidatiu mjl;b jhAk; $wpdhh;fs;.
;gLj;Jk; njhopw;r;nrhw;fNs ,lj;Jf;fplk; NtWgLtjid
s- rpd;dkLf;fpuhkj;jth;
Uk;Gf;fl;Ljy;- ty;ntl;bj;Jiw hp
,lj;Jf;fplk; ntt;NtW tpjkhf Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdh;.
jr; Nrh;e;Njhh; “neUg;G” vd;gjid nehUg;G vd;Wk; fapW oj;jdh;. rpd;dkL fpuhkj;jth; RsF vd;gjid “gpbg;G”
d;ikia ,th;fspd; Ngr;RnkhopapypUe;J fz;L
; nkhopapNy nrhw;jtWfs; tOf;fs; Njhd;WtNjhL ; mope;Jk; mUfpAk; tUtjid mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. xU nrhw;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,it midj;ijAk; xUth; mwpe;J
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nfhs;tnjd;gJ ,ayhj fhhpak; ,t;thW ehk; mwpahj mw gd;dj;njhopyhshpd; njhopy; hPj pahd nrhw;fshf Nrfh nrhw;gl;bay; cz;L. mit midj;ijAk; ,r;rpW fl;Liu rpW jftiy kl;Lk; jutpUk;GfpNwd;.
rhjhuzkhf gid vd;Dk; NghJ vkf;Fj;njhpe;jJ xU g $e;jy;g;gid>  nrhf;fg;gid> Mkuk;> fWg;gp Mz;gid> ngz;gid vd;w ,Utifg;ghl;bw;Fs;Sk; c
gid> Xiy vd;gijNa ehkwpNthk; Mdhy; ,th;f fhNthiy> Kw;wNyhiy> $iyNahiy vd 16 tifahd mjd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.
gid Xiyahy; nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fSk; milnkho KjypNy fz;Nlhk;. mtw;wpd; ntspg;gLj;jy; tifikia
tbtk; - rpwpr;RsF> jl;Lr;RsF Clfk; - Ch; FUj;jPh;f;Fr;RsF epwk; - rhag;ngl;b rlq;F - Nts;tpg;ngl;b [hjp - gpuhkzg;ngl;b
Xiyahy; nra;ag;gLk; gd;dNtiyg;nghUl;fSf;F th Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ,Ujag;gpd;dy;> rhbg;gpd;dy;> nj ntl;Lg;gpd;dy;> KWf;Fg;gpd;dy;> xw;iwg;gpd;dy;> gl;b tiffisAk; ifahz;ldh;. ,g;gpd;dy;fs;$l miln mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
thl;Ljy; vd;w nrhy;iy nghJthf ntapypy; thl vz;ZNthk; Mdhy; gd;dj;njhopypy; thl;Ljy; vd;w gjk my;yJ fpopg;gij Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
XLjy; vd;w nrhy;iy ehk; nghJthf XbNdd; my;yJ X Mdhy; ,th;fs; ,bag;gj;jl;Lr; nra;tjw;fhf tisak; fl;b XLjy;
Jyh ,iwg;G- Jyhtpd; cjtpnfhz;L fpzw;wpid ,i mLf;ff;$lhJ- xd;NwhL ,d;ndhd;iw Nrh;f;ff;$lhJ gzpa ,Uj;jy;- fPN o jiuapy; cl;fhh;tjidf;Fwpf;F
Kjyhd nrhy; tof;Ffs; gz;ghl;bd; ntspg;ghLfshf ,t;thW xU nrhy; gy ,lq;fpy; gy nghUspYk; XNu
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; ,t;thW ehk; mwpahj mwpe;Jk; mw;Wg;Nghd nrhw;fis ; hPj pahd nrhw;fshf Nrfhpj;Js;Nsd; 130f;F Nkw;gl;l idj;ijAk; ,r;rpW fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gpl Kbahikapdhy;
pNwd;.
; NghJ vkf;Fj;njhpe;jJ xU gidNa. ,jid Xiyg;gid f;fg;gid> Mkuk;> fWg;gp vd;Wk; ,tw;iwg;nghJthf ,Utifg;ghl;bw;Fs;Sk; cs;slf;Fth;.
ehkwpNthk; Mdhy; ,th;fs; FUj;Njhiy> rhh;Nthiy> yNahiy vd 16 tifahd Xiyg;ghFghLfis Fwpg;gpl;L j;jpAs;sdh;.
;l nghUl;fSk; milnkhopiag;ngw;W NtW gphptjid ; ntspg;gLj;jy; tifikiaf; fhz;Nghk;.
sF
Uj;jPh;f;Fr;RsF
;dNtiyg;nghUl;fSf;F thiog;G+ Kbr;R> fz;zpKbr;R d;dy;> rhbg;gpd;dy;> njwpg;gpd;dy;> ilkd;gpd;dy; y;> xw;iwg;gpd;dy;> gl;bd;gpd;dy; Kjyhd gpd;dy; ;. ,g;gpd;dy;fs;$l milnkhopfisj;jhq;fp epw;gjid
nghJthf ntapypy; thl my;yJ cyu tpLjy; vd;Nw jhopypy; thl;Ljy; vd;w gjk; gid kl;iliag; gpsg;gij .
nghJthf XbNdd; my;yJ XbaJ vd;Nw gad;gLj;JNthk; ; nra;tjw;fhf tisak; fl;bagpd; ehhpdhy; gpd;Dtjid
tpnfhz;L fpzw;wpid ,iwj;jikia ,t;thW Rl;bdh;. d;ndhd;iw Nrh;f;ff;$lhJ vd;gijf;Fwpf;fpwJ. apy; cl;fhh;tjidf;Fwpf;Fk;.
gz;ghl;bd; ntspg;ghLfshf ,Ug;gjidf; fhzKbfpwJ. ;fpy; gy nghUspYk; XNu nghUspy; gy ,lq;fspy; gy
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nrhw;fspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL njhopypd; jd;ikia tho;Nthhpd; jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;JtjhfTk; xU gz ntspg;gLfpwJ.
5. gd;dj;njhopyhsh; vjph;nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidAk njhopy; vd;gJ nghUsPl ;lYld; njhlh;GilaJ. ,y;iy” vd;Dk; $w;W nghUsPl ;lypd; Njitia rhd;Wg kdpjtho;tpw;F nghUs; mj;jpahtrpakhdJ ,g;nghU xt;nthU topahfg;ngWfpwhh;fs;. Xh; kdpjdpd; G+uz gynjhopw;FOtpduJk; gq;F ,d;wpaikahjJ. “Nr tpl;lhy; Nrhw;wpy; ePh; ifitf;f khl;Bh;” vd;Dk; $w;W ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. kdpjd; ehfhpf tho;f;ifia re;jpf;f K gd;dNtiyg;nghUl;fNs kf;fs; tho;f;ifNahL xd;w mbg;gilahf tpsq;fpAs;sJ vdyhk;. ,aw;ifNahL ,iz tha;e;j nghUl;fis cUthf;fpAs;sdh;. ,th;fspd; fi vd;d? mtw;Wf;fhd jPh;Tfs; vd;d vd;gjidg;;ghh;g;Nghk
%yg;nghUisg; ngWtjpYs;s rpf;fy;fs;. ➢
gd;d Ntiyg;nghUspw;F %yg;nghUshd gid rpf;fy;fshf ,uz;L tplaq;fis ,dq;fhz Kbe;jJ.
nrhe;jf;fhzpapy; kuk; ,y;yhik. • gid kuj;jpd; mopT. •
,tw;Ws; KjyhtJ rpf;fiy Nehf;fpd; mtuth; F my;yJ tsTfspNyh gidkuk; ,y;yhJNghf mLj;jthpl vd;w vz;zj;jhYk; gd;dg;nghUis cUthf;Ftjw;fh njUf;filfis ehbr;nry;y Ntz;ba Njit ,Ug;gjdh thq;f Ntz;b ,Ug;gjdhYk; jk; ghuk;ghpa ifj;njhopypy ,Ug;gjid mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
kf;fs; jk; Njitf;Fj; njd;dq;fd;Wfis el;Lg tpijfisAk; el;Lg;gad; milayhk;. “kuk; eLNthk; gad fPo ; xt;nthU kf;fSk; jkJ jkJ nrhe;jf;fhzpfspYk; t ehl;lNtz;Lk;. my;yJ nghJ tsTfspy; ,Ue;J gid Xi Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,uz;lhtJ rpf;fyhd gid kuj;jpd; mopT gw;wp Muha nghUshjhuj; Njitfis mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. ,k;kuj;j epfo;e;j xd;wy;y nraw;ifahf epfo;e;j tplaq;fNs m kuq;fspd; mopT vd;gJ fhlopg;ghYk; fl;llj;Njit jsg epfo;e;J te;jJ. Mdhy; murpay; Fsg;gq;fshYk; Ngh
570

jhL njhopypd; jd;ikia njhopy;rhh;e;j tho;f;ifia spg;gLj;JtjhfTk; xU gz;ghl;bd; Mf;fr;Rl;bahfTk;
jph;nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidAk; jPh;Tk;
Pl ;lYld; njhlh;GilaJ. “nghUspy;yhh;f;F ,t;Tyfk; sPl ;lypd; Njitia rhd;Wgfh;e;J epw;gjidf;fhzyhk;. j;jpahtrpakhdJ ,g;nghUis xt;nthU kdpjUk; ;fs;. Xh; kdpjdpd; G+uzkhd tho;tpw;F r%fj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahjJ. “Nrw;wpy; ehk; fhy;itf;fhJ f;f khl;Bh;” vd;Dk; $w;W tho;f;ifapd; cz;ikia hpf tho;f;ifia re;jpf;f Kd;G Fwpg;ghf aho; gpuNjrj;jpy; ;fs; tho;f;ifNahL xd;wpize;J gy njhopYf;Fk; dyhk;. ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j tho;tpaypy; fiyEl;gk; ;fpAs;sdh;. ,th;fspd; fiy tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;fs; vd;d vd;gjidg;;ghh;g;Nghk;.
jpYs;s rpf;fy;fs;.
%yg;nghUshd gid Xiyiag; ngWtjpYs;s s ,dq;fhz Kbe;jJ.
; ,y;yhik. .
iy Nehf;fpd; mtuth; FbapUg;gpYs;s fhzpfspNyh uk; ,y;yhJNghf mLj;jthplk; nrd;W xiyia ,ug;gjh ghUis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd  r%f> jhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. ,k;kuj;jpd; mopT vd;gJ ,aw;ifahy; hf epfo;e;j tplaq;fNs mjpfk; Ngrg;gl;lJ. ,aw;if pg;ghYk; fl;llj;Njit jsghlj;Njit Kjyhdtw;whNy rpay; Fsg;gq;fshYk; Nghh;r;#oyhYk; aho; FlhtpNy
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kf;fs; kl;Lky;y fhy;eilfs;> ,aw;if kuq;fs; Kjyhd CdKw;wd kiwe;JNghapd vdyhk;. Fwpg;ghf ehk; Nghh Fz;LkhupapdhYk; nry;jhf;Fjy;fspdhYk; xU gFjp gi ,d;ndhU gFjp ,uhZtj;jpdhy; jkJ ghJfhg;G mu ,t;thwhd nraw;ghl;bidj;jLf;;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; gid k mjd; NjitapidAk; kf;fs; czu Ntz;Lk;. ghJfh Mjpf;f r%fk; ek; nghUl;fspy; ifitf;fj; jaf;fk; nfhs
➢ nghUshjhu tsk; Nghjhik
Xh; fiy cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; r%fg;nghUshjhuj;jpw cs;sJ. fiyia cUthf;fNth cUthf;fpa fiy mf;fiyiaf;nfhz;L tho;f;ifr;rf;fuj;ij efh;j;jpr;nry tfpf;fpd;wJ.
gd;dj;njhopyhshpd; nghUshjhur;rpf;fiy Muha;e;jN ngwhik njhpate;jJ. ehSf;F ehs; nghUl;fspd; tpiy m tho;tpaypYk; njhopiyj;Njh;e;J vLg;gjpYk; gy rpf r%ff;fl;likg;gpy; $ypj;njhopyhsh;fSk; ifj;njh mlf;fg;gl;Nl tho;fpwhh;fs;. jk;tho;tpay; Njiti Cjpaj;ijg;ngw KbahJ Nghf NtW njhopiy ehlNtz FOkj;jpdh;f;Fk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; rpwpjsthfNt nra kiwe;J Nghtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
jw;fhyj;jpNy gd;dj;njhopyhsp xU gid Xiyia mjid rpwfhpe;J tphpj;J fhaitj;jgpd; RUf;fpf;fl;b itg Fj;jp  ,aw;if kuq;fs; KjyhditAk; mopTf;F cs;shapd vdyhk;. Fwpg;ghf ehk; Nghh;r;#oiy ikag;gLj;Jk;NghJ jy;fspdhYk; xU gFjp gidkuq;fs; mopTf;Fs;shapd. pdhy; jkJ ghJfhg;G muz;fSf;fhfj; jwpf;fg;gl;ld. f;;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; gid kuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; ; czu Ntz;Lk;. ghJfhf;fNtz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; ; ifitf;fj; jaf;fk; nfhs;Sk;.
jhik
;Fk; r%fg;nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa mwhj;njhlh;G f;fNth cUthf;fpa fiyia tpw;gid nra;aNth fr;rf;fuj;ij efh;j;jpr;nry;tjw;Fg; nghUs; Kf;fpagq;F
shjhur;rpf;fiy Muha;e;jNghJ ciog;Gf;F Vw;w Cjpak; ehs; nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfhpg;gpdhy; mbj;js kf;fs; h;e;J vLg;gjpYk; gy rpf;fy;fis vjph;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. hopyhsh;fSk; ifj;njhopyhsh;fSk; typah;fshy; jk;tho;tpay; Njitiag;G+h;j;jp nra;aj;jf;fjhd f NtW njhopiy ehlNtz;ba Njit gd;dj;njhopw; jdhy; rpwpjsthfNt nraw;gl;L ehsiltpy; mitAk; pwJ.
pyhsp xU gid Xiyia 100 &ghtpw;F ngWfpwhd;. tj;jgpd; RUf;fpf;fl;b itg;ghh;fs;. gpd;G mt;Nthiyia lAk; gphpj;njLg;ghh;fs;. mjd;gpd; fpilj;j eL xiyia ;Jj; jFe;j msthf thh;e;J vLj;jgpd; jhk; nra;ag;NghFk;
jpaj;ij mtjhdpj;j NghJ.
hh;f;flfk; nra;thh;fs;. ehh;f;flfk; xd;wpd; tpiy 300 &gh. ;flfk; nra;thh;fs;. Xiyf;flfk; xd;wpd; tpiy 90 &gh
;Fg; gd;dj;njhopyhsp xUtd; jd;Dila ,Uehs; ;. rhjhuz xU $ypj;njhopyhspf;F xUehs; rk;gsk; 500 ,j;njhopyhsh;fspd; ciog;Gf;Nfw;w Cjpaj;ijf;nfhLf;f pd; rk;gsj;jpd; miug;gq;if toq;fpdhy; $l xU h MFk;. ,t;thwhd fUj;J epiyfis eilKiwg;gLj;j
ghWg;Gld; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
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572
➢ r%fkhw;wj;jhy; tpise;j nfsutr;rpf;fy;.
khw;wk; vd;gNj r%fj;jpDila khwhj tpjp vd;gh;. m efh;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ ey;y tplaq;fs; gyij r%fj;jpYs;s ey;y tplaq;fisf; ftdpf;fhJk; tpl;LtpLf Ntz;lg;gl;l xd;whf ,Uf;fpwNghJk; r%fkuG kPw g;g mDrhpg;gjhd mgptpUj;jp eltbf;ifahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. th;f;fNtWghL Kjd;ikahdjhf ,Ug;gjdhy; Nky;th;f;fj gilj;NjhUk; VNjh xU tifapy; rKfj;jpd; Nky;epiyi fPo ;th;f;fj;jpy; cs;Nshhpdhy; me;epiyia vl;bl Kbatpy mbikg;gl;bUg;gjdhYk; tho;f;if gw;wpa Nehf;Nfh ,y;yhikAkhFk;. r%fj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiwAs;s [Ptd khw;wj;ij cz;Lgz;z Ntz;Lk;. r%ftsh;r;rp vd tsh;r;rpay;y. xl;Lnkhj;j r%fj;jpdJk; tsh;r;rp vd;gijf
➢ gjpyPl ;Lg;nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp tsh;KfehLfspNy nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpAk; re;i mjpfhpj;J tUtJ ahtUk; mwpe;jNj. cw;gj;jpKiwah  Mdhy; ,t;thz;L ;fSf;fika kpfTk; RUf;fkhfTk; Fwpg;;gpl;Lr;nrhy;yf;$ba ;fpajhfTk; mike;Js;sJ. njhopyhshpd; nkhop gz;ghL pg;gplg;gLtjhy; njhopyhsh;fspd; tsh;r;rpAk; NgZifAk; jidf; fhzKbfpwJ.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
kUkf;f(s;) jhaKk; jha;top KJnrhK
cyfpd; gy;NtW r%fq;fspd; FLk;g cwTKiwfs fw;if newpfis Ma;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhz;l ji Nkhu;fd; kw;Wk; VQ;ry; Nghd;Nwhu; kpfTk; Kw;gl;l fhyk;K Njhw;wk;ngw;wnjdTk; mtw;wpypUe;Nj r%f my;yJ FLk njdTk; fUJfpd;wdu;. jha;top kughdJ (Matrilineal Sy ePz ;lfhyg; gz;ghl;bid mbnahw;wpte;j NgZif rpwg;gpay;ghf miktNj ,e;jpa ehl;by; NruehL vd mwpa jhaKk;  Nguhrpupau; vy;.V.fpU\;z Iau jha;top kuGfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;kpf;f kUkf;f(s;)jhak; vdg;gl;l Nfusj;jpd; gz;ila r%fq;fspd; NgZi Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. nrd;id khepy rl;l epUthff; FOt mjd;gpd;du; Nfusk; - jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; rl;lj; njhopy;Gupe 1908y; jpUthq;$u; kUkf;f(s;)jha tprhuzf; FOtpd; c murhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lNghJ mtu;Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;Tfsp jha;top kughd ,k; Kiwik VyNt ePz ;lfhy eil Ml;rpf;fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpw;gl;Nl rpwg;ghd eilKiwf;F cl;gl;b rupjk; vDk; E}ypy; (Kochi Rajya charitham - 1912) Fwpg;gpLfpd fypq;f khNfhdpd; Ml;rpf;fhykhd fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;whz;i
gz;ila kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrk; kw;Wk; Gj;jsg; gpuNjrj r%fg; ghuk;gupa gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fs; Nruj;jpd; xj;j mwpag;gl;ljhFk;. Mjhug;gLj;jg;gl;l kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tuyhw fp.gp 2Mk; E}w;whz;L> fp.gp 5Mk; E}w;whz;L> fp.gp 6M

kf;f(s;) jhaKk; jha;top KJnrhKk;
v];. Nfhghyrpq;fk;
spd; FLk;g cwTKiwfs; njhlu;ghf mwptpay; uPj pahd bg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhz;l jiyrpwe;j r%ftpayhsu;fshd whu; kpfTk; Kw;gl;l fhyk;KjNy cyfpy; jha;top kuGfs; pypUe;Nj r%f my;yJ FLk;gj; jiyikj;Jtk; cUthd op kughdJ (Matrilineal System) goikahd r%fq;fspd; mbnahw;wpte;j NgZifahFk;. ,j;jha;top kugpd; ehl;by; NruehL vd mwpag;gl;l Nfusj;jpd; kUkf;f(s;) l;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrk; kw;Wk; Gj;jsg; gpuNjrk; vd;gtw;wpd; jpy; kUkf;fs; jhak; vd;gJ kUkf;fs;top nrhj;Jupik ha;top KJnrhk; vd;gJ jha;topg; goikahd nrhj;Jupik ;LNk xNu mu;j;jg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;litahFk;. jha;top fhz;like;j Kf;Ft Njrtoikr; rl;lk; KOf;f KOf;f j;ijNa mbnahw;wpajhFk;.
hlu;ghf Kf;fpa Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;l Nguhrpupau; upau; vy;.V.fpU\;z Iau; Nghd;w r%ftpayhsu;fs; tk;kpf;f kUkf;f(s;)jhak; ePz ;lfhyk; KjNy NruehL la r%fq;fspd; NgZifapy; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sjhff; hepy rl;l epUthff; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhfg; gzpahw;wp e;jGuj;jpy; rl;lj; njhopy;Gupe;j rl;lNkij gj;kehgNkdd; ;)jha tprhuzf; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf md;iwa Mq;fpy tu;Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nfusj;jpd; k VyNt ePz ;lfhy eilKiwapypUe;jhYk; Nrukhd; g;ghd eilKiwf;F cl;gl;bUg;gjhf jdJ nfhr;rp uh[;rpa aritham - 1912) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,f;fhyk; ,yq;ifapy; khd fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;whz;ilf; Fwpg;gjhf mikAk;.
rk; kw;Wk; Gj;jsg; gpuNjrj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu mtw;wpd; pOkpaq;fs; Nruj;jpd; xj;j jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gJ g;gl;l kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tuyhw;wpy; fp.K 3Mk; E}w;whz;L> 5Mk; E}w;whz;L> fp.gp 6Mk; E}w;whz;L> fp.gp 10Mk;
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E}w;whz;L> fp.gp 11Mk; E}w;whz;L kw;Wk; fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;wh kl;lf;fsg;gpw;Fk; ,Ue;j njhlu;Gfis kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tuyhw njupe;Jnfhs;sKbAk;. Kf;Ftu;> gzpf;fu;> ehau;> kotu ,q;Fte;jtu;fspy; Kf;fpa rhjpapduhfpd;wdu;. ,r;r%fq jha;top kuGfis ,q;F tYNthL tsu;j;njLf;f Kf gz;ilf; fhyk;KjNy Nruj;jpw;Fk; fypq;fj;jpw;Fk; , kl;lf;fsg;igAk; Nruehl;ilAk; ,izf;f ngUksT Kf;fpakhff; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrk; kiyau mu;j;jg;ghL ,jd;%yk; ntspg;glNt nra;Ak;. kiyau; vd FbfisAk; Ffu; vd;gJ fypq;ff; FbfisAk; milahsg
Nfusj;jpy; kuGtopahf tptrhaj;ij Nkw;nfhz;bU ehau; r%fk; milahsg;gLj;jg;gLtijg;Nghd;Nw kl;l gpuNjrj;jpYk; epyTlikr; r%fkhf Kf;Ff r%fk; vdpDk; Nfusj;J r%fj;jsj;jpy; fhuhsu;fshd ehau;fs; jdpr; r%fkhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLtijg;Nghd;W , milahsg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. Nfus r%f Ma;Tfspy; ehfu Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j gpuptpdNu ehau; r%fnkd Iaj;Jf;fplk
KbTWj;jg;gl;l kl;lf;fsg;gpd; r%f tuyhw;W M Kf;Ff r%fkhdJ gz;ila fypq;fj;jpdJk; Kj;jkpo; e ehLfspdJk; kuGtopr; r%fq;fsJ xUq;fpizg;ghfN gz;ila  ehfUld fypq;fu; kw;Wk; fq;fu; r%fq;fSk; Nrhoehl;bd; td;dpa Nruj;jpd; Kf;Ftu;> gzpf;fu;> ehau; kw;Wk; kotu; r ,ize;J gpizg;Gw;wpUg;gJ Ma;Tfspy; epiyepWj;jg;gl
fp.gp 1811 njhlf;fk; 1820 tiuAk; ,yq;ifapd; gpu Nru; myf;rhe;ju; N[hd;];ud; mtu;fsJ Kf;Ffu; njhlu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit. jiyrpwe;j rl;l Nkijahd gpd;Dk; Nfusj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpapUe;j nrd;id khepy ePj pj;Jiw mYtyuhfg; gzpahw;wp mjd; gpd;du; ,yq;i Njrtoikr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tof;fhWfs; njhlu;gpy; Ma;T jdJ Ceylon Native Laws and Customs vDk; E}ypy;;; gpd;tU
“Kf;Ffu;fs; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ngUk nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf ,Ue;jNjhL mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; Ml;rp jk;kplk; trg;gLj;jpdu;. Kf;FfNu Mrpahtpd; ve;jg; g KjyhtJ RNjrpaf; Fbfshf INuhg;gpa murhq;fk; xd;wpd
574

;L kw;Wk; fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;whz;L Mfpatw;wpy; Nruj;jpw;Fk; ;Gfis kl;lf;fsg;gpd; tuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;%yk; ek;khy; u;> gzpf;fu;> ehau;> kotu; Nghd;Nwhu; Nruehl;bypUe;J jpapduhfpd;wdu;. ,r;r%fq;fspd; gpizg;Ng Nruj;jpd; YNthL tsu;j;njLf;f Kf;fpa fhuzq;fshaike;jd. ;jpw;Fk; fypq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,Ue;j ,Wf;fkhd njhlu;Gk; Ak; ,izf;f ngUksT cjtpAs;sikia ,q;F kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrk; kiyau; Ff ehL vd miof;fg;gl;ljd; ;glNt nra;Ak;. kiyau; vd;gJ kiyehl;bduhd Nruj;Jf; ;ff; FbfisAk; milahsg;gLj;Jtjhf mikAk;.
ptrhaj;ij Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j epyTilikr; r%fkhf ;jg;gLtijg;Nghd;Nw kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;jpYk; Gj;jsg; %fkhf Kf;Ff r%fk; milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ;jpy; fhuhsu;fshd ehau;fs; xNuapdj;ij mbnahw;wpte;j ;gLj;jg;gLtijg;Nghd;W ,yq;ifapy; Kf;Ff r%fk; fus r%f Ma;Tfspy; ehfu; ,dj;jpd; Ntshz; njhopiy hau; r%fnkd Iaj;Jf;fplkpd;wp ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
g;gpd; r%f tuyhw;W Ma;Tfspd;gb kl;lf;fsg;gpd; fypq;fj;jpdJk; Kj;jkpo; ehLfshd Nru Nrho ghz;ba q;fsJ xUq;fpizg;ghfNt nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; ;bUe;j ,af;fu;> ehfUld; fypq;fj;jpd; kuGtop rhu;e;j ;fSk; Nrhoehl;bd; td;dpar; r%fkhd gilahl;rpaUk; ;> ehau; kw;Wk; kotu; r%fq;fSk; fhyj;Jf;Ffhyk;
Ma;Tfspy; epiyepWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
tiuAk; ,yq;ifapd; gpujk ePj pauruhfg; gzpahw;wpa ; mtu;fsJ Kf;Ffu; njhlu;gpyhd fUj;Jf;fs; kpfTk; yrpwe;j rl;l Nkijahd ,tu; 1800f;F rw;W Kd;Dk; lf;fpapUe;j nrd;id khepyj;jpy; Mq;fpy murpd; Kf;fpa hw;wp mjd; gpd;du; ,yq;iff;F te;jtu;. ,yq;ifapd; tof;fhWfs; njhlu;gpy; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;ltu;. ,tu;
toms vDk; E}ypy;;; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd epyq;fSf;F L mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; Ml;rp epUthfj;ijAk; gbg;gbahf fNu Mrpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapYk; ,y;yhj tifapy; INuhg;gpa murhq;fk; xd;wpdhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;L jkJ
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nrhe;jehl;L murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lthf;frigapd; cWg;gpd Kf;Fff; FLk;gq;fspd; vy;yhj; jiytu;fSk; jkJ gpuNjr m mr;rigia epUtfpj;jdu;;.”
Mutkuvars not only became proprietors of almost a they gradually acquired the complete Government of the considered the first native in any part of Asia who were autho to become members of a legislative assembly for the Go infact it consisted of a provincial Council of which all the district were members of the Government of their own pro - Sir Alexandar Jh
,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wj;Jiwg; Nguhrpupau; rp. gj;ke ,yq;ifj; jkpou; NjrtoikfSk; r%f toikfSk; M
“fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy epyKk; Ntshz;ikAk MjhukhfpAs;sd. Kf;FfNu kl;lf;fsg;gpy; epy cli nrYj;jpaik mtu;fsJ tho;T KiwfisAk; toikfis VidNahUk; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F toptFj;jJ. ,jdhy; Kf;F kpf;fjhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,jDld; ,ize;jjhf murpay; Mjpf;fk; ,tu;fis Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. ”vdf; Fwpg
mnkupf;f ehl;bd; gpwpd;];ud; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; r% fyhepjp khu;f; tpw;whfu; (Prof. Mark P. Whitakar) mtuJ Lankan Tamil Temple vDk; E}ypy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; kl;lf;f cl;gLj;jpaNghJ ,q;F Nkyhz;ikr; r%fkhftpUe;j Kf NghbkhNu epyTlikahsu;fshf ,Ue;jdnudTk; fpof ngUksT epyGyq;fs; mtu;fs; trNkapUe;jnjdTk; m fhyj;jpNyNa mjpfsT fhzpfs; VidNahUf;F to 1921 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy;kl;Lk; 32406 Vf;fu; mur new;nra;ifapd;nghUl;L gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk; md rhd;WgLj;jpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
kUkf;f(s;)jhar; rl;lKk; Kf;Ffr; rl;lKk;:
kUkf;f(s;) jhar; rl;lKk; Kf;Ffr; rl;lKk; ngUk;ghY rl;lkhfNt mikfpd;wJ. nrhj;Jupik tif> rPj dkhff; n Ml;rpg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ifahsy; tif> fhzp ed;nfhil tif> njhz;^opak; Gupgtu;fSf;F nra;ifapd;nghUl;L mwtPl ;L tif> Njrtoikj; jpUkzk; vd mtw;wpd;
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

l;lthf;frigapd; cWg;gpduhfTk; Mfpdu;. mg;gpuNjr ; jiytu;fSk; jkJ gpuNjr murpd; cWg;gpdu;fshftpUe;J
proprietors of almost all the lands in the province, but lete Government of the Province. The Mutkuvars may be rt of Asia who were authorized by a European Government, ve assembly for the Government of their Own Country Council of which all the heads Mutkuva families of the ernment of their own province.
- Sir Alexandar Jhonstan- (Chief Justice 1811- 1820)
iwg; Nguhrpupau; rp. gj;kehjd; Kf;Ffu; Fwpj;j jdJ Sk; r%f toikfSk; Ma;T E}ypy;>
epyKk; Ntshz;ikAk; Kf;Ffupd; tho;f;iff;F kl;lf;fsg;gpy; epy clikahsuhftpUe;J Mjpf;fk; KiwfisAk; toikfisAk; Nkk;gLj;jp mtu;fisNa toptFj;jJ. ,jdhy; Kf;Ffupd; rhjpaikg;G jdpj;Jtk; d; ,ize;jjhf murpay; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; r%f g;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. ”vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
;ud; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; r%f tpQ;Qhdg; Nguhrpupauhd ark P. Whitakar) mtuJ Ma;T E}yhd East Coast Sri }ypy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; kl;lf;fsg;ig jq;fs; mjpfhuj;jpw;F ;ikr; r%fkhftpUe;j Kf;Ff r%fj;jpd; jiytu;fshd hf ,Ue;jdnudTk; fpof;fpd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpd; s; trNkapUe;jnjdTk; mjd;gpd;du; Mq;fpy murpd; pfs; VidNahUf;F toq;fg;gl;ljhfTk; 1870 Kjy; ;kl;Lk; 32406 Vf;fu; mur fhzp Vida jdpahUf;F ;jspf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk; md;iwa muR Mtzq;fisr;
k; Kf;Ffr; rl;lKk;:
; Kf;Ffr; rl;lKk; ngUk;ghYk; nrhj;Jlik rhu;e;j r%fr; j;Jupik tif> rPj dkhff; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w tif> fhzp y; tif> fhzp ed;nfhil tif> fhzp xw;wp gpbf;fpd;w Sf;F nra;ifapd;nghUl;L fhzp toq;fy; tif> tl;b ; jpUkzk; vd mtw;wpd; ghFghL mikAk;. Kf;Ffr;
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rl;lj;jpy; jha;topr; Nrhk;> jha;topKJnrhk;> Njl;lk; vd;gt tpahf;fpahdk; KOf;f KOf;f kUkf;f(s;) jhaj;ij xj;j jha;top KJnrhf; fhzpfs; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzp> Kf;Ff KJrk;> Kf;Fff; fhzp vd miof;fg;gl;l juhtj;J> jhaf; fhzp> ehau; fhzp> kUkf;f fhzp> e miof;fg;gl;Ls;sik njupfpd;wJ. juh vd;gJ guk;giuf mjpy; ngwg;gLk; tpisr;riyAk; Fwpg;gjhf mikAk;. vd juhtj;J vd;w ngaUf;F cupajhapw;W.
kUkf;f(s;) jhaKk; juhtj;Jk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu tUifje;j ntspehl;lwpQu;fs; ,jid Nfushtpd; r%fg; g jd;ikfs; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. Mq;fpNyauhd Gr;rd; gpuh gpuahzf; Fwpg;Gfspy; (A Journey from Madras through M ,Jgw;wp tpupthf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
Krhfh fhtpaj;ij vOjpa mj;Jy fp.gp 11Mk; E}w;whz nrhj;Jlikapy; kUkf;f(s;) jha eilKiwapidNa gpd Nfusj;jpd; kj;jpafhyk; Kjy; mq;Fs;s rpy Kf;fpa gpd;gw;wpAs;sik Ma;Tfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. r%fg; gpizg;Gw;w K];ypk;fSk; yf;\ jPT fspy; FbNawp jha eilKiwfisNa gpd;gw;wpdu;. Nfusj;ij mz;ba vy;iyg; gFjpfspYk; ,e;eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;bUg;gi fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; Nruehl;Lld; ,ize;jpUe;jikNa jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpiag; ghba jpup$l uhrg;g ftpuhaUf khjk; 11Mk; ehs; kJiu kd;du; rpwp tp[auq;f nrhf;fehj e toq;fg;gl;l epyf;nfhilahd Fw;whyk; Nkiyr; nrk;gf Nru;e;j Cj;JNkL vDk; ed;nra; Gd;nra; epyq;fs; ,uh gpd;du; mtuJ kidtp kw;Wk; kf;fs; topapy; Nruhky; k mikthf mtuJ jha;topapy; ngz;zb KJnrhkhf k vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,J KOf;fKOf;f Kf;Ffr; rl;lj;jp cupiktif Kjyhk; gpuptpy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w> ‘xU ji fpilj;jpUf;fpd;w cWjp xg;ge;jq;fSk; KJrkhd Cu;f;f jiyikf;fhuDf;Fg; gpw;fhyk; mtd; rNfhjuq;fSf;F KJnrhkha;r; NrUk;’ vDk; rl;lg; gpuptpDf;F cl;gl;bUg;gi
Nfusj;jpd; kUkf;f(s;) jhar; rl;lj;jpYk; kl;lf;fsg;g fhyj;NjapUf;Fk; guk;giur; nrhj;Jg;Nghf mf;fhyj;Nj ngwg Njl;lk; vd;w ngaupidg; ngWk;. mJ gpd;du; kl;lf;fsg Nfusj;jpy; jhaf; fhzpahfTk; khWk;. guhkupg;G Kiw M
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opKJnrhk;> Njl;lk; vd;gtw;wpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;w kUkf;f(s;) jhaj;ij xj;jpUg;gij mtjhdpf;fKbAk;. kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; gutzp KJrk;> gutzpf; f; fhzp vd miof;fg;gl;lijg;Nghd;W Nfusj;jpy; ,J ; fhzp> kUkf;f fhzp> ehLfhzp Nghd;w ngau;fshy; ;wJ. juh vd;gJ guk;giuf; fhzpiaAk; tj;J vd;gJ k; Fwpg;gjhf mikAk;. vdpDk; gpd;du; mr; nrhj;Jf;fNs jhapw;W.
j;Jk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;Ggl;lit. njd;dpe;jpahTf;F ; ,jid Nfushtpd; r%fg; ghuk;gupak; kpf;f jdpj;Jtkhd ;. Mq;fpNyauhd Gr;rd; gpuhd;rp]; (Buchen Francis) jdJ from Madras through Mysore,Canara and Malabar -1803) u;.
mj;Jy fp.gp 11Mk; E}w;whz;by; Krhfh mur tk;rj;jpdUk; ha eilKiwapidNa gpd;gw;wpajhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. y; mq;Fs;s rpy Kf;fpa r%fq;fSk; ,k;kugpid ; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Nfus ,e;Jf; FLk;gq;fspy; k; yf;\ jPT fspy; FbNawpa Nfus kf;fSk; kUkf;f(s;) ;wpdu;. Nfusj;ij mz;ba njd;fhrp Nghd;w ghz;behl;L Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;bUg;gijAk; fhzyhk;. ,g;gFjpfs; ld; ,ize;jpUe;jikNa ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. ba jpup$l uhrg;g ftpuhaUf;F nfhy;yk; Mz;lhd 1717 ij u; rpwp tp[auq;f nrhf;fehj ehaf;fuhy; nrg;Gg; gl;lak; vOjp Fw;whyk; Nkiyr; nrk;gf;fh gFjpapd; fUg;Gf; fhl;ilr; ;nra; Gd;nra; epyq;fs; ,uhrg;g ftpuhaupd; kiwTf;Fg; ; kf;fs; topapy; Nruhky; kUkf;f(s;) jha eilKiwf;F ; ngz;zb KJnrhkhf khwpapUg;gJ ,jw;F ey;yNjhu; ;fKOf;f Kf;Ffr; rl;lj;jpd; jha;top KJnrhj;jpYs;s ; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w> ‘xU jiyikf;fhuDf;F uhrhf;fshy; ;jq;fSk; KJrkhd Cu;f;fhzp cilikfSk; me;jj; k; mtd; rNfhjuq;fSf;Fk; kUkf;fSf;Fk; jha;top ;lg; gpuptpDf;F cl;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
jhar; rl;lj;jpYk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Kf;Ffr; rl;lj;jpYk; elg;Gf; hj;Jg;Nghf mf;fhyj;Nj ngwg;gl;l my;yJ Njlg;gl;l nrhj;J k;. mJ gpd;du; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; khjhtop KJnrhkhfTk; k; khWk;. guhkupg;G Kiw Muk;gj;jpy; jhapypUe;J %j;j
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kfDf;Fk; mjd; gpd;du; mLj;j kfDf;Fk; nry;Yk;. ngz;kf;fspd; kfd;khUf;F jha;top khkh kUkfd; vdf; i vd;dntdpy; jha;topr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; guhkupg;G cupika ngz;topahf mikAk; vd;gNj. “Mz;top epd;WNghk; n kl;lf;fsg;gpd; KJnkhopahdJ ,jd; mu;j;jg;ghl;il tpsf;f khkd; kUkfd; topapy; epd;whYk; mJ ngz;topapNyNa mjd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. ,jdhNyNa Nfusj;jpYk; kl;lf;f fztd; tPL nry;yhky; jha;tPl;by; jq;Fk; epiy cUthd
kUkf;f(s;) jhaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu juhtj;jk;kh vDk Kd;du; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jjhf Ma;thsu;fs; Fwpg Ml;rpf; fhyj;Nj Vw;gl;l Nrhou;jk; Mjpf;fj; jd;ikapd; jiyikj;Jtk; kUkf;f(s;) jhaj;Js; CLUtpajhf Nguhrpu (Studies in Kerala History) fUJk; Ntisapy; Nfusj;jpd; jh r%fj; jiyikj;Jtk; my;yJ FLk;gj; jiyikj;Jt Nf.gp.gj;kehgNkdd; (History of Kerala) Fwpg;gpLthu;. vdpD r%fq;fspd; tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gl;l vOr;rpapd; Gjpa gu ce;JjNy fp.gp 9Mk; E}w;whz;bidj; njhlu;e;J jdpj;jd tpj;jpl;bUf;f Ntz;LNkad;wp NtW vf;fhuzKk; mika Nghd;w (Societies in Medieval Malabar) Gjpa jiyKi njupfpd;wJ.
kpf ePz ;l fhykhf ehau; r%fj;jpDf;Fupa juhtj;J v guhkupg;Gk; jiyikg; nghWg;Gk; FLk;gj;jpy; %j;j ngz;z ,Ue;Jte;jJ. mtu; juhtj;jk;kh vd;Dk; ngauhN fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; kw;Wk; guhkupf;fNtz;ba ghupa nghWg;Gf;fs; fhuzkhf juht vDk; Mz; jiyikj;JtKk; cUthdJ. ,J taJ%g kw;Wk; rNfhjup top kUkfd; vDk; cwTKiwf;Fs; tUt
fp.gp 4Mk; E}w;whz;L thf;fpy; FbNawp tpupthf;fk; ng rk;ge;j Kiwj; jpUkzk; nra;J xUGwk; je;ijtopg; NgZ kWGwk; kUkf;f(s;) jhag; gad;fis mDgtpj;Jk; tho nry;thf;F jha;top kUkf;f(s;) jhaj;Js; CLUtpa j czug;gl;l NtWghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; ,q;F mtrpakhdjhFk;. gpukh];tk; vdg;gLk; gpuhkzu;fS fhzpfspd; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf khwpa ek;G+jpupfs; j r%fj;jpypUe;J rpjWz;LNghfhky; jLg;gjw;fhf jq;fsJ thupR cupiknfhz;l %j;j Gjy;tu;fis ek;G+jpupr; r%
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Lj;j kfDf;Fk; nry;Yk;. gpd;du; taJ Kiwf;Nfw;g a;top khkh kUkfd; vdf; ifkhWk;. ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; f;fspd; guhkupg;G cupikahdJ rNfhjupfisr; rhu;e;Nj j. “Mz;top epd;WNghk; ngz;top ,Ue;JNghk;” vDk; ,jd; mu;j;jg;ghl;il tpsf;fpepw;Fk;. jha;topr; nrhj;Jf;fs; hYk; mJ ngz;topapNyNa epiyahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJNt hNyNa Nfusj;jpYk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; jpUkzkhd ngz; Pl ;by; jq;Fk; epiy cUthdJ vdyhk;.
j;jtiu juhtj;jk;kh vDk; ngz;topj; jiyikj;JtNk e;jjhf Ma;thsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ngUkhs;fspd; u;jk; Mjpf;fj; jd;ikapd; tpisthfNt Mz;guhkupg;G aj;Js; CLUtpajhf Nguhrpupau; ,sk;Fsk; FQ;rd;gps;is ; Ntisapy; Nfusj;jpd; jha;top kugpd; njhlu;r;rpahfNt J FLk;gj; jiyikj;Jtj;ijf; nfhs;sNtz;Lnkd Kerala) Fwpg;gpLthu;. vdpDk; gz;ila Nfus kuGtopr; ;gl;l vOr;rpapd; Gjpa gupzhkk; my;yJ khWjypd; ;bidj; njhlu;e;J jdpj;jd;ikkpf;f ,t;tof;fhw;wpDf;F NtW vf;fhuzKk; mikaKbahnjd;gJ Nf.v];.kj;jpA+ alabar) Gjpa jiyKiw Ma;thsu;fspd; Kbthfj;
%fj;jpDf;Fupa juhtj;J vDk; guk;giur; nrhj;Jf;fspd; k; FLk;gj;jpy; %j;j ngz;zplNk xg;gilf;Fk; tof;fk; j;jk;kh vd;Dk; ngauhNyNa miof;fg;gl;bUe;jhu;. iwr; rpf;fy;fs; kw;Wk; mr;nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhj;J Wg;Gf;fs; fhuzkhf juhtj;jk;khTld; juhtj;Jf;fhud; ; cUthdJ. ,J taJ%g;gpd; mbg;gilapy; jha;khkd; vDk; cwTKiwf;Fs; tUtjhf mike;jJ.
;fpy; FbNawp tpupthf;fk; ngw;W ehau; r%fg; ngz;fis ;J xUGwk; je;ijtopg; NgZifia Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpAk; d;fis mDgtpj;Jk; tho;e;j ek;G+jpupg; gpuhkzu;fspd; s;) jhaj;Js; CLUtpa jd;ikapidAk; mjd;%yk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; ,q;F ftdj;jpy; nfhs;StJ ; vdg;gLk; gpuhkzu;fSf;F cupj;jhff; nfhs;sg;gl;l f khwpa ek;G+jpupfs; jq;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fs; jq;fs; hky; jLg;gjw;fhf jq;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fSf;F je;ijtop Gjy;tu;fis ek;G+jpupr; r%fj;jpy; Kiwahd jpUkz
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ge;jj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpdu;. ,isa Gjy;tu;fis rk;ge;j r%fg; ngz;fis jhukha;f;nfhs;s mDkjpj;jdu;. ehau gps;isfis kUkf;f(s;) jha eilKiwf;F cl;gLj;J kf;fisAk; guhkupf;Fk; ngUk; nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLgLk; t cz;Lfspf;Fk; tho;itAk; mtu;fs; ngw;wdu;. ,jpy ahnjdpy; ek;g+jpupfSf;Fupa gpukh];tk; vDk; guk;giur; n ehau; r%f kidtp kf;fs; mDgtpf;f kWf;fg;gl;likNa M kzk;Kbj;j ek;G+jpupg; ngz;fs; fztd; tPl ;by; thOk ek;G+jpupfis kzk;Kbj;j ehau; ngz;fSf;F mt;Tupi jha;tPl ;bNyNa thoNtz;batu;fshapdu;. mj;NjhL mt  tpe;jidg; gpu njhlf;fk; fl;lfhkk; tiuAk; jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjrj;jpy gw;W> fl;Lf;Fsk; gw;wpYk; Gj;jsj;jpd; vy;yh VO gw;Wf;fs Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpa Kf;Ffr; rl;lk; Fwpj;J Mq;fpy M cau;ePj pkd;w tof;FiuQuhff; flikaw;wpa rp.gpupl;Nlh rl;l ty;Yeu; v];.lgps;A+. jk;igah (Laws and Customs of T kf; fpy;tup (Mukkuva Vannikai – Dr.Dennis B Mc Gilwary), ,e ghNte;jd; (fPi oj;Nja kuGtopr; rl;lq;fs;) MfpNahu; nt
,r;rl;lk; Fwpj;J ftdk;nrYj;jpa rp.gpupl;Nlh> khjht midj;Jk; gz;ila Nuhkd; lr;Rr; rl;lj;jpy; njd;gL fhzg;gLk; thupR nrhj;Jlikapid ,J xj;jpUg;gjhf kidtpaplj;Nj Neub thupRfs; ,y;yhjpUf;fpd;wNghJ vt;thW gq;fplg;gly;Ntz;Lnkd ,r;rl;lk; $Wk; tpahf;f tpae;J Nehf;fj;jf;fitahfTs;sjhf mtu; Fwpg;gpLf eilKiwfs; njhlu;gpy; Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;l ,yq;if
578

sa Gjy;tu;fis rk;ge;jKiw vDk; ngaupy; ehau; fhs;s mDkjpj;jdu;. ehau; r%fj;jpy; gpwf;Fk; jq;fsJ a eilKiwf;F cl;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; kidtpiaAk; ; nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLgLk; tha;g;gpidAk; cioahjpUe;J mtu;fs; ngw;wdu;. ,jpy; Kf;fpag;gLj;jj;jf;f mk;rk; pukh];tk; vDk; guk;giur; nrhj;jpd; gyd;fis mtu;fsJ gtpf;f kWf;fg;gl;likNa MFk;. mj;NjhL ek;G+jpupfis s; fztd; tPl ;by; thOk; cupikapidf;nfhz;bUf;f hau; ngz;fSf;F mt;Tupik kWf;fg;gl;L njhlu;e;Jk; tu;fshapdu;. mj;NjhL mtu;fsJ gps;isfSk; ek;G+jpup  tpe;jidg; gpupTfs; cl;gl;l kd;dd;gpl;b pUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; nfhl;bahug;gw;W> jk;gyfhkk; sj;jpd; vy;yh VO gw;Wf;fspYk; jha;top tof;fhWfis rl;lk; Fwpj;J Mq;fpy Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; f; flikaw;wpa rp.gpupl;Nlh (Mukkuvas Law _C.Britto – 1876)> gah (Laws and Customs of Tamils of Ceylon ), fyhepjp nldp]; r.Dennis B Mc Gilwary), ,e;jpa rl;ltwpQu; Kidtu; v];. pr; rl;lq;fs;) MfpNahu; ntFthf Muha;e;jdu;.
rYj;jpa rp.gpupl;Nlh> khjhtop KJnrhk; jtpu;e;j Vida ; lr;Rr; rl;lj;jpy; njd;gLtjhfTk; njw;F xy;yhe;jpy; kapid ,J xj;jpUg;gjhfTk; fz;lwpe;jhu;. fztd; s; ,y;yhjpUf;fpd;wNghJ mtu;fsJ nrhj;Jilikfs; kd ,r;rl;lk; $Wk; tpahf;fpahdq;fSk; tiuaiwfSk; Ts;sjhf mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. NkYk; ,r; rl;l pid Nkw;nfhz;l ,yq;ifapd; md;iwa gpujk ePj pauru;
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Nru; myf;rhe;ju; N[hd;];ud; %j;Njhu; $lk; vDk; r%fg; eilKiwg;gLj;jg; gl;ljhf Fwpg;gpLtJk; ftdj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; Gj;jsg; gpuNjrj;jpYk; Kj;jpu $lk; vd m
jkpof rl;ltwpQu; Kidtu; v];. ghNte;jd; fPi njhlu;ghd Ma;tpy; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
“ghuk;gupak;kpf;f kuGtopr; r%fq;fSf;Fupa t mr;r%fq;fis epiyahd xU fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;Fs; itj mDgt newpg;gLj;Jifapy; cUthditNa Njrpa kuGt r%fk; vd;gJ (National Community) gy;NtW mu;j;j kpfKf;fpakhf mJ %d;W mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf m
01. Njrpa kuGupik rhu;e;j r%ff; fl;likg;G 02. gpuNjrj;Jf;Fupajhd rpwg;Gf;Fwpj;j tof;fhWfspd 03. Nkw;gb ,uz;bw;Fkhd NgZifAk; ghJfhg;Gk;
 gq;fPL f nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;> clikkhw;wk;> gzpfSf;fhd $y Fbapay; jz;lidfs; vd;gtw;iwr; rhu;e;Nj mikfpd;wJ. fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gk; mutizg;Gk; jha;top ,d czu;tpd; ,W r%fj;jd;ik ehfuPf kpLf;Fld; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. ah fUjg;gl;l gy Ntshsu;fis Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; jq;fs; epU Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;lijg;Nghy kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Nky;kl;lj;jpdu Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;likf;F vJtpj rhd;WfSk; fpl;ltpy kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Kf;Ffg; Nghbfis ek;gfj;jd;ik mw;wt xU Kf;fpa fhuzkhapUf;fyhk;. NkYk; mtu;fs; rhu;ghd gyUf;F njhk; Kjyp gl;lj;ij toq;fpa epiya Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F rhu;ghf ,g;gl;lj;ijg; ngwtpy;iy vd;g ghNte;jd; Kf;Ffr; rl;lk;gw;wp tpsf;fpr; nry;fpd;whu;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

j;Njhu; $lk; vDk; r%fg; ngupNahu;fs; %yNk ,r;rl;lk; Fwpg;gpLtJk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sj;jf;fjhFk;. ,JNt j;jpYk; Kj;jpu $lk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
tu; v];. ghNte;jd; fPi oj;Nja kuGtopr; rl;lq;fs; W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
pr; r%fq;fSf;Fupa tof;fhWfspd; mbg;gilapy; U fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;Fs; itj;Jg; NgZtjw;F ePz ;lfhy UthditNa Njrpa kuGtopr; rl;lq;fs; MFk;. Njrpar; munity) gy;NtW mu;j;jg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUg;gpDk; ;rq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf mikAk;.
r%ff; fl;likg;G pwg;Gf;Fwpj;j tof;fhWfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
NgZifAk; ghJfhg;Gk;
jdpr; r%fr; rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jijg;Nghy jkpou;tho; hz;l ,Utpj rl;lq;fs; xU ePz ;lfhyg; gFjpapy; e;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wp Ml;rpnra;j Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; epUthfKiwf;Fs; mtw;iwg; GFj;jpaJk; mq;F tho;e;j f;f gz;ila r%fj;jpdu; vd;gjid ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. rl;lk; aho;g;ghz Njrtoikr; rl;lk; vdg; ngau;ngw jrq;fspy; Ngzg;gl;l rl;lk; Kf;Ffr; rl;lk; vd;w r%fg;
k; epy clikfs;> gq;fPL fs;> guhgupg;Gfs;> nra;iffs;> khw;wk;> gzpfSf;fhd $ypfs;> gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;j;jy;> ;iwr; rhu;e;Nj mikfpd;wJ. ,r;rl;lq;fspd; Njlypd; CNl jha;top ,d czu;tpd; ,Wf;fKk;nfhz;l xU gz;;gl;l ld; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. aho;g;ghz Nky;kl;lj;jpduhff; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; jq;fs; epUthfj;jpy; Kf;fpa gjtpfspy; ;lf;fsg;gpy; Nky;kl;lj;jpduhf md;wpUe;j Kf;Ffu;fisr; pj rhd;WfSk; fpl;ltpy;iy. Rje;jpu Ntl;ifkpf;f is ek;gfj;jd;ik mw;wtu;fs; vdf; fUjpaJk; ,jw;F yhk;. NkYk; mtu;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; jq;fSf;Fr; gl;lj;ij toq;fpa epiyapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; xUtNuDk; ;gl;lj;ijg; ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ njupatUfpd;wJ.” ,t;thW tpsf;fpr; nry;fpd;whu;.
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Nfusj;Jf;Fk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fk; cupajhd Nghb fhzp clikahsu;fshd Nfusj;jpd; ehau; Kf;Ff r%fj;jpYk; Vw;gl;l Nghb Kiwik Fwpj;Jk; , Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Nghb KiwikahdJ kUkf;f(s;)jha ne xU jiyikj;Jt rpwg;gk;rkhfNt Ma;thsu;fshy; F Nruehl;bypUe;Nj kl;lf;fsg;Gf;F ,J mwpKfkhfpapUf;fNt fUj;jhfTk; cs;sJ. epyTlikahsiuf; Fwpf;Fk; Nghf;j jpupe;J Nghbahdnjd Nguhrpupau; NtYg;gps;is Nghd;w ehLilahu;> ehLtop> Cuyu; vDk; Cu;g;Nghb> Nghbth Nghd;w jiyikj;Jtq;fisg; Nghd;Nw kl;lf;fsg;gpd; c Nghb vd;w jiyikj;Jt mikg;G tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Nfus ngaUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; tUk;  Nghb vd;w  Nghbths; my;yJ NghLths;> Nghb g; Nghd;Nw kl;lf;fsg;gpd; cilahu;> Cu;g;Nghb> Nghbfs;> kg;G tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Nfusj;jpy; NghLths;> Nghb vdg; w;Wg; ngaupid xj;jjhfNt kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; ngaUf;Fg;  Jiug; gpuNjrq;fspy; md;iwa fhyfl;lj;Nj ,jw;fhd ;fpd;wd. mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghbnad;gJ nfsutj;Jf;Fupa ;Fupa ngauhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ehaf;fu; Ml;rpf; upa ngauhf tpsq;fpapUg;gij jkpofj;jpd; ,d;iwa Njdp rha epyq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s Nghbehaf;fd; Cu; tuyhW . kJiuapy; jpUkiy ehaf;fuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;Nj ghz;b spy; ,uT Ntisapy; Gypnahd;Wte;J fhy;eilfisf; k; njhy;iyf;Fs;shf;fp te;jJ. capUf;F mQ;rpa mg;gFjp puhkq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W jQ;rkiltJ tof;fkhfpapUe;jJ. ;W jpUkiy ehaf;fuplk; Kiwapl;ldu;. kd;du; jdJ tPud; xUtid mk;kf;fSld; mDg;gpitj;jhd;. mtd; jhL mg;GypAld; nghUJ mjidf; nfhd;whd;. kd;du; k; tpUjspj;J mg;gFjpf;F Nghbehaf;fD}u; vDk; ehkk; udhfTk; epakpj;jhu;. ,J Rkhu; Kd;D}W Mz;Lfhy
iu Nghb vDk; ngau;r;rpwg;G ,d;Wtiu kjpg;GlNdNa ;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;tiu Nghb vd;w 

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Nfusj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu Nghbnad;w  gzpf;fu;> gps;is> ehlhu;> ek;gpahu;> Iau; Ng ,lk;ngwyhapd. vdpDk; Mya epUthff; fl;likg;g nray;ghLfSf;F cupatu;fshf tpsq;fpa mfg; Nghbth jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;dd; (1729 - 1758) khu;j;jhz;l tu;k gjtpnahopf;fg;gl;l jpUtde;jGuk; gj;kehgh Myaj;jpy NghbkhUk; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpYk; Nghbkhupd; rpwg;Gf; Fwpj;J m epUthfj;jpypUe;j Nghbkhu; Nahfj;jpy; Nghbkhu; vd mi Mya epUthfj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhf mikAk;. ,JFwpj;J Nguh Evalution of the Kerala History and Culture vDk; E}ypy; tpup
Nfusj;jpd; epyTlikahsu;fshd ,g;Nghbkhu; gw;w gw;wpAk; ntspehl;Lg; gazpfs; jq;fsJ Fwpg;Gfspy; tpupt E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; Nfusj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;j Ngh ghu;Nghrh (Durate Barbosa) vd;gtu; jdJ A Description o vDk; E}ypy; ,JFwpj;Jg; gy Kf;fpa jfty;fisj; je;Js;s Nfusj;jpy; ,Utpj Nghbaikg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wpUe;jij vDk; cau;T jho;T Fwpj;j mtw;wpd; Njhw;wg;ghL gw;wpA epyTlikahsu;fshd ehau;g; Nghbkupd; fhzpfspy; j gzpGuptu;. ,tu;fs; ehau; r%fg; ngz;fSld; goFtJ Kw mJ ngUk; jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. jilfisAk;kPw p jtWfs; ele;JtpLtJKz;L. ,J mwpa el;rj;jpu ehspy; Cuyu; vDk; Cu;g;Nghbahu; jiyika jz;lidia epiwNtw;Wtu;. Fwpj;j jho;e;jrhjp Mz vy;NyhUk; ghu;f;Fk;gbahf Cu;r;re;jpapy; njhq;ftpLtu;. g nfhz;LtUtu;. mjd;gpd;du; mtidAk; Fwpj;j ngz;iz mg;ngz;Zf;F jbahy; mbj;Njh my;yJ fw;fshy; vwpe;Nj tpul;btpLtu;.
,jpy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glj;jf;f Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnj thupRfs; kUkf;f(s;) jhar; rl;lg;gpufhuk; jha;topr; nrhj;J ,jpy; ehau; r%fj;jpdu; nghJthf cau;Tepiy Fwpj;j k ,tu;fs; jq;fsJ je;ijtopj; njhlu;ghy; jho;e;jepiyAil jha;topr; nrhj;jhd juhtj;Jf;F cupj;Jilatuhapdu mikg;gpd; nray;ghlhdJ kdpjhgpkhdj;Jf;Fk; r%f eilKiwahfg; gyuhYk; fUjg;gl;likahy; Nfhl;lak; kd 1696y; ,e;eilKiw Kw;whf xopf;fg;gl;ljhf Nfustuyh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Nghbnad;w  gpuhkzu;fshy; l;rpahsu;fshy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l rhjPa g; ngaiu kNa fhuzkhapw;W. ,jd;fhuzkhf ehau;> ek;G+jpup> ehlhu;> ek;gpahu;> Iau; Nghd;w rhjPa 

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kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;jpd; ghuk;gupak;kpf;f kuGtopg;gl;l t kjpg;Gilatu;fshNt tho;e;Jte;Js;sdu;. Nfusj;jpy; gpuh kdpjhgpkhdkw;w rKjhaf; fl;likg;G kl;lf;fs epyTlikahsu;fshfTk; NghbkhuhfTk; tpsq;fpa K r%fq;fisAk; jq;fSld; mizj;Jf;nfhz;Nl tho;e Nghbfy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLk; fp.gp 1520y; fz;b murhy; khUj fz;zhg;Nghb kd;dd;gpl;b njhlf;fk; khzpf;ffq;i nray;gl;lijAk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; kw;Wk; mtu;fis KO%r;rhf vjpu;j;J capupoe;Jk; rpiwn cs;shfpAk; jq;fs; jdpj;Jtj;ij epiyepWj;jpf;nfhz;l N kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhW gjpTnra;NjAs;sJ. fp.gp 1530 fhyg;gFjpapy; fpwp];jtg; ghjpupahu; irkhNth Nfhak;guh fbjq;fs; Nghbkhupd; rpwg;gpid Kd;dpWj;Jtijf; fhzy xy;yhe;j MSdu; jdJ ehl;L muRf;F mDg;gpa jiytu;fs; (Nghbfs;) %u;f;fj;jdk; kpf;ftu;fshfTk; ek;g ,Uf;fpd;wdu; vdTk; xy;yhe;jf; fk;gdpfSf;F nj Vw;gLj;Jgtu;fshfNtAs;sdu;”; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ k epiyf;Fte;J Kg;gj;ije;J Mz;Lfisf; fle;Jk; xU jd epiyepWj;jKbahkypUe;jij nka;g;gpg;gjhf mike;j xy;yhe;ju; jq;fsJ Ml;rpia nrt;tNd nfhz;Lnry;y c Nghbkhuplk; epUthfj;ijg; gfpu;e;jspj;J jq;fs; Nkyhjpf;f gpujpgydhf jiyikg;Nghb kw;Wk; Cu;g;Nghb Kiwik k Kf;Ffr; rl;lKk; rKjhar; rl;lkhf eilKiwg;gLj;j kl;lf;fsg;ig Mq;fpNyau; ifg;gw;wpaNghJk; Ngh Kfk;nfhLf;fNtz;ba epiyNa njd;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuz NghbfisAk; td;dpadhu; kw;Wk; cilahu;fisAk; e Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpa Kf;Ffr; rl;lj;ijAk; fp.gp 19Mk; E} Fbapy; tprhuizfspy; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.
kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpd; ghuk;gupa epyTlik gw;w nghUspay; Mrhd; FkhuNtY jk;igah NjNuhl;lk jd;Njhd;wPr;ru Fk;ghgpN\f kyupy; (1998) gpd;tUkhW Fw
“td;dpiknad;w Rje;jpur; rpw;wuRfs; nropg;Gw;wpU tpf;fg;gl;l epyTlik KiwAk; mjd; fl;likg;G tsu;r;r ePz ;l kuGfSf;Fk; tof;fhWfSf;Fk; fhuzkhaike;jpUe Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L tpUj;jpaile;j ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; khd ghuk;gupa khdpa mikg;G Kiwia xj;jjhfTk; epyNk gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lk; te;Js;sJ. vdpDk; Vida khd

k;gupak;kpf;f kuGtopg;gl;l tuyhw;wpaypy; Nghbkhu; kpf;f te;Js;sdu;. Nfusj;jpy; gpuhkzu;fshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ; fl;likg;G kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Njhw;wk;ngwtpy;iy. hbkhuhfTk; tpsq;fpa Kf;Ff r%fj;jpdu; Vida izj;Jf;nfhz;Nl tho;e;Jte;Js;sdu;. kl;lf;fsg;Gg; 1520y; fz;b murhy; khUjNrdd; vd ehkk; #l;lg;gl;l njhlf;fk; khzpf;ffq;iftiu jd;dhl;rp epWtpr; y; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; kw;Wk; xy;yhe;ju; fhy;gjpj;jNghJ pu;j;J capupoe;Jk; rpiwnrd;Wk; nrhj;jpog;Gf;fSf;F ;ij epiyepWj;jpf;nfhz;l Nghbkhu; Fwpj;j jfty;fisAk; a;NjAs;sJ. fp.gp 1530 njhlf;fk; 1542 tiuahd pahu; irkhNth Nfhak;guh mtuJ jiyikf;F vOjpa Kd;dpWj;Jtijf; fhzyhk;. fp.gp 1675y; ,yq;ifapd; hl;L muRf;F mDg;gpa mwpf;ifapy; “kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ;jdk; kpf;ftu;fshfTk; ek;gfj; jd;ik mw;wtu;fshfTk; he;jf; fk;gdpfSf;F njhlu;e;Jk; ngUk; e\;lj;ij ;”; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; mtu;fs; mjpfhu z;Lfisf; fle;Jk; xU jdpj;Jtkhd Ml;rpia jq;fshy; nka;g;gpg;gjhf mike;jJ. ,jd;fhuzkhfNtjhd; nrt;tNd nfhz;Lnry;y cs; epUthfr; nray;ghLfspy; pu;e;jspj;J jq;fs; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epiyepWj;jpdu;. ,jd; w;Wk; Cu;g;Nghb Kiwik kl;lf;fsg;gpy; mwpKfkhdJld; rl;lkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Xy;yhe;juplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpaNghJk; Nghbkhupd; ghupa vjpu;g;Gf;F a njd;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt mtu;fs; epyikg; w;Wk; cilahu;fisAk; epakpj;J jha;top KJnrhj;ij l;lj;ijAk; fp.gp 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa gFjptiu ;nfhz;ldu;.
; ghuk;gupa epyTlik gw;wpa Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;l tY jk;igah NjNuhl;lk; vDk; nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy yupy; (1998) gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
pur; rpw;wuRfs; nropg;Gw;wpUe;j fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;W k; mjd; fl;likg;G tsu;r;rpAk; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Sf;Fk; fhuzkhaike;jpUe;jd. ,j;jifa gpd;dzpapy; le;j ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; khdpaKiwg; nghUshjhukhdJ wia xj;jjhfTk; epyNk gpujhd nghUshjhu %ykhf . vdpDk; Vida khdpa Kiwapy; fhzKbahj
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epy clikiaAk; mjd; xOq;FgLj;jy;fisAk; m tpOkpaq;fisAk; mbnahw;wpa Nghbahu; Kiw ,g;gpuNjr njd;gl;lJ. ,k;KiwikahdJ ,g;gpuNjrj;jpw;NfAupa cau;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l xd;whfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gpuNjrq;fspy; epyg; gpuGj;Jt KiwAk; mjNdhbiae fhzg;gLfpd;w epiyapy; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;Nj ,g;N khdpaKiwapd; tof;fhWfs; r%fg; ngWkhdq;fisA mbnahw;wpaitahf ,Ue;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhfpd;wJ. rh nghUshjhuq;fspy; Copak; mbik Kiwahf my;yJ fPo $ypj; njhopyhsu;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lijf; fhzf;$ gpuNjrg; Nghbkhu; kuGKiwapd; fPo ; ,t;thW $ypj; njho CopakhdJ mtu;fisr; rhjhuz $ypj; njhopyhsu;fs; v kdpj ciog;gpidAk; ,g;Nghbkhuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg Kf;fpakhff; Fwpg;gpl;NlahfNtz;Lk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; epyTlikahsu;fshf tho;e;j Kf;Ffg; kpf;ftu;fshfTk; kdpjhgpkhdk; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; mi jq;fis epiyepWj;jpf;nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;gjidAk; ek;k ,t;thW FkhuNtY jk;igah mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
Nfusj;jpd; gzpahsUk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Ky;iyf;f
kUkf;f(s;)jha eilKiwfspy; gzpahsu; Kf;fpa jha;top KJnrhk; eilKiwfspy; Ky;iyf;fhuu;fs; Kf Fwpj;Jk; rw;Wg; ghu;g;gJ ,q;F nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
tay;rhu;e;j epyg;gFjp kUjnkdTk; fhLrhu;e;j epyg;gFj kUjepy kf;fs; Ntshz; njhopy; rhu;e;Jk; Ky;iy epy rhu;e;Jk; tho;e;jtu;fs;. kUjepy kf;fspd; tptrhar; nray;g Ky;iy epyj;jtuhtu;. ,r;nray;ghLfs; Gjpa fw;fhyk; Kj tuyhWfs; njspTgLj;Jk;. coTf;fhd VUk; mjid , epyj;jtuplNkapUe;jJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tptrhag; gzpa khwf; fhuzkhaike;jJ mtu;fsplkpUe;j ,itapuz epyj;ij cOJ gz;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gjw;fhd $ypapi gpw jhdpaq;fshfNth ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. gpw;gl;l f $ypnfhLf;Fk; KiwikAk; mwpKfkhdJ. ,J tpisr;ry mike;jJ. gbg;gbahf Ntshz; kf;fsplj;Nj epyTlika $ypKiwAk; mwpKfkhdJ. gzpahsu;fs; jq;fsJ ci tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; ,J topNfhypaJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; epy jq;fsJ gzpahsu;fSf;F jq;fs; taypy; xU gFjpia Kiwapidf; nfhz;Lte;jdu;. Nfusj;jpy; ,J gzpah
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

xOq;FgLj;jy;fisAk; mtw;wpdhy; cUthd r%f pa Nghbahu; Kiw ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; jdpj;Jtk;kpf;fjhfj; J ,g;gpuNjrj;jpw;NfAupa ghuk;gupa tof;fhWfspd; hfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vida ghuk;gupa jkpo;g; KiwAk; mjNdhbiae;j khdpaKiwg; gz;GfSk; ;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;Nj ,g;Nghbahu; Kiw cUthf;fpa ; r%fg; ngWkhdq;fisAk; nghUspay; tpUj;jpiaAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhfpd;wJ. rhd;whf Vida khdpa Kiwg; bik Kiwahf my;yJ fPo ;epiyg; gLj;jg;gl;l rhjhuz ;gLj;jg;gl;lijf; fhzf;$ba epiyapy; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; d; fPo ; ,t;thW $ypj; njhopyhsu;fisg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l uz $ypj; njhopyhsu;fs; vd;gijtpl kdpj Neak;kpf;f ;Nghbkhuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ vd;gjid kpf tz;Lk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> nghJthf u;fshf tho;e;j Kf;Ffg; Nghbkhu; kpf;f fz;zpak; k; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; midtiuAk; rkkhf topelhj;jp ;ltu;fs; vd;gjidAk; ek;khy; mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbfpd;wJ.”
mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; Ky;iyf;fhuUk;:
wfspy; gzpahsu; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtijg;Nghd;Nw fspy; Ky;iyf;fhuu;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wdu;.,J nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
nkdTk; fhLrhu;e;j epyg;gFjp Ky;iynadTk; ngau;ngWk;. hopy; rhu;e;Jk; Ky;iy epy kf;fs; fhy;eil tsu;g;Gr; py kf;fspd; tptrhar; nray;ghLfSf;F Jizepd;wtu;fs; y;ghLfs; Gjpa fw;fhyk; KjNy tpupTgl;Ls;sjhf jkpof oTf;fhd VUk; mjid ,Og;gjw;fhd vUJk; Ky;iy ;Nghf;fpy; tptrhag; gzpahsu;fshf Ky;iyf;fhuu;fs; tu;fsplkpUe;j ,itapuz;LkhFk;. ,tu;fs; md;W ; nfhLg;gjw;fhd $ypapid ney;yhfNth md;Nwy; ;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; tpisr;rypd;gpd; wpKfkhdJ. ,J tpisr;rypy; Fwpg;gpl;l gq;FtPj khfTk; ; kf;fsplj;Nj epyTlikahsu;fs; cUthdNghJ Gjpa gzpahsu;fs; jq;fsJ ciog;gpd; jpwikahy; jq;fis fhypaJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; epyTlikahsu;fshd Nghbkhu; ;fs; taypy; xU gFjpia $ypf;fhfr; nra;ifgz;Zk; u;. Nfusj;jpy; ,J gzpahsu; tpUj;jp vd miof;fg;gl
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kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Ky;iyf;fhud; tay; my;yJ Ky;iy t miof;fg;glyhapw;W. gzpahsu; tpUj;jp vd;gJ gzpahs tay; vd;w mu;j;jj;ij cilajhFk;. gzpahsu; my;yJ K kpf;f neUf;fKilatuhfTk; ek;gpf;iff;F cupatuh epyq;fis rpwg;ghf guhgupf;Fk; nghWg;Gld; $ypahl;fis nrt;tNd Nkw;nfhs;Sk; flikAk; mtu;fSf;fpUe;jJ. k fhzpfs; Nghb tay; vd miof;fg;gLtijg;Nghd;W N fhzp vd miof;fg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
KbTiu:
fp.gp 17k; E}w;whz;Ltiu rpwg;ghfg; Ngzg;gl;Lte;j k Kf;Ffr; rl;l newpKiwfSk; mjd;gpd;du; INuhg;gpa Ml;rpa nray;ghl;Lf;Fte;j tup mwtPL fs;> nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; r%f rl;ljpl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;why; gbg;gbahfj; js Nfusj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu ehau; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa muRj; njhopy;Jiw tUkhdKk; Ra ciog;G tUtha; vD ,l;Lr;nrd;wJ. kUkf;fs;jha juhtj;J %yk; fpilf;fpd;w tUkhdj;ij Raciog;G mtu;fSf;F  nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;> kprdwpf; fy;tp Kiwfs; d;gtw;why; gbg;gbahfj; jsu;r;rp epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ld. au; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa eilKiwf; fy;tp vOr;rpAk; k; Ra ciog;G tUtha; vDk; Gjpa ghijf;Fs; mtu;fis juhtj;J %yk; fpilf;fpd;w tUkhdj;jpYk; gy klq;F u;fSf;F 

Page 599
gbg;gbahf tpLglyhapw;W. vdpDk; jhaf;fhzp vd;w ngaup ,d;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;w tay;fhzpfs; ,d;Dk;$l k giwrhw;WgitahfNtAs;sd.
kl;lf;fsg;igg; nghWj;jtiu Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd rl;lkhdJ vy;yhepiyapYk; tYtpof;fyhdJ. ,jd;g kUkf;fs; vd jha;top KJnrhr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; guhku thupRfshd je;ijtopapdu; mr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; guh mtw;wpd; cupikahsu;fshfj; jq;fis epiyg;gLj;j K 1845 njhlf;fk; 1916 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; k gd;dpnuz;L tof;Ffis tprhupj;J jPu;g;G toq;fpAs;sJ vr;.X fpNwb (H.O.Grady), Nkyjpf khtl;l ePj pgjp rp.fh ePj pgjp V.KNW (A.Murray) Nghd;Nwhu; ePj pgjpfshfg; g tof;FfSk; ,jpy; Kf;Ffr; rl;lj;jpw;F mikthfNt jPu rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,jpy; gpw;gl;l %d;W tof;Ffs; Kf;fpaj;Jt nrhj;Jf;fspd; guhkupg;ghsu;fshftpUe;j epyik Ntyhg;Ng kuzkile;jgpd;du; mtu;fsJ rNfhjupfSf;Fr; nry;yN Njhl;lq;fisAk; ,U epyikg; Nghbfspd; gps;isfSk; i vjpuhf 10236- 29.10.1845Mk; ,yf;fKk; 16384 -27.02 ,U tof;Ffs; njhlug;gl;bUe;jd. ,tw;wpy; mspf;fg;gl ngWkjp vjpupfsplkpUe;J tof;fhspfSf;F gzkhf toq;f ,Wjp tof;fhf kl;lf;fsg;G ,Yg;igabr;Nrid vd;Dk; njhlu;gpy; 07.02.1916y; kl;lf;fsg;G cau;ePj p kd;wj;jpy tof;F mikfpd;wJ. ,jpy; mspf;fg;gl;l jPu;g;Gk; Kf;Ffr; mike;jpUe;jJ.
kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;jpy; kpfePz ;l fhykhf tof;f eilKiwfspd; vr;rj;ij 1990y; ek;khy; mtjhdpf;f Kd;du; guhkupg;ghsupd; thupRfsplk; ifkhwpg;NghapUe;j - ntspg;gw;W jha;topf; fhzpnahd;W 1990y; cupj;Jila tl;ltpjhidahu; kw;Wk; Cu;g; ngupatu;fshy; rkhj gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sik kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jha;top epiy epWj;JtjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;
1. Alexandar Jhonstan, Ceylon Native Laws and Customs 2. Ayapan. A, Social Revolution in a Kerala History 3. Barbosa Durate, A Description of the Cast of Africa and
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

pDk; jhaf;fhzp vd;w ngaupy; Nfusj;Jf; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ay;fhzpfs; ,d;Dk;$l kUkf;fs;jhaj;jpd; rpwg;gpid
.
iu Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; njhlf;fk; KjNy Kf;Ffr; tYtpof;fyhdJ. ,jd;gpujpgypg;ghf jha;top khkd; nrhr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; guhkupg;ghsu;fshf ,Ue;jtu;fspd; ; mr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; guhkupg;ghsu;fshf khwpaNjhL ; jq;fis epiyg;gLj;j Kw;gl;ldu;. ,jd; gpujpgypg;ghf uahd fhyg;gFjpapy; kl;lf;fsg;G cau; ePj pkd;wk; prhupj;J jPu;g;G toq;fpAs;sJ. ,jd;NghJ khtl;l ePjpgjp yjpf khtl;l ePj pgjp rp.fha; (C.Hai), Nkyjpf khtl;l ghd;Nwhu; ePj pgjpfshfg; gzpGupe;Js;sdu;. midj;J l;lj;jpw;F mikthfNt jPu;g;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;sik xU d;W tof;Ffs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtdthFk;. jha;topr; hftpUe;j epyik Ntyhg;NghbAk; epyik fkyg;NghbAk; J rNfhjupfSf;Fr; nry;yNtz;ba tay; epyq;fisAk; ; Nghbfspd; gps;isfSk; ifafg;gLj;jpajhy; mtu;fSf;F ; ,yf;fKk; 16384 -27.02.1871Mk; ,yf;fKk; nfhz;l e;jd. ,tw;wpy; mspf;fg;gl;l jPu;g;gpy; mr;nrhj;Jf;fspd; ;fhspfSf;F gzkhf toq;fg;gl;bUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Yg;igabr;Nrid vd;Dk; ,lj;jpYs;s jha;topf; fhzp f;fsg;G cau;ePj p kd;wj;jpy; njhlug;gl;l 4260k; ,yf;f spf;fg;gl;l jPu;g;Gk; Kf;Ffr; rl;lj;ij mbnahw;wpajhfNt
kpfePz ;l fhykhf tof;fpypUe;j jha;top KJnrhk; 90y; ek;khy; mtjhdpf;fKbe;jJ. ePz ;l fhyj;jpw;F fsplk; ifkhwpg;NghapUe;j Nfhtpy;NghujPT njd;fz;lk; ahd;W 1990y; cupj;Jila rNfhjupapd; ngz;kf;fSf;F u;g; ngupatu;fshy; rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; rkkhfg; k kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jha;topg; ghuk;gupaj;ij njhlu;e;Jk; ;jpUe;jJ.
tive Laws and Customs in a Kerala History of the Cast of Africa and Malabar
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4. Buchan Francis, A Journey from Madras through Mysor 5. Britto.C, Mukkuvas Law 6. Dennis B Mc Gilvary, Mukkuvar Vannimai 7. Alexandar Jhonstan, Ceylon Native Laws and Customs 8. Elamkulam Kunchanpllai, Studies in Kerala History 9. Gangatharan.T.K, Evolution of Kerala History and Cu 10. Innes.C.A, Malabar 11. Krishna Iyer. L. A, Kerala and her people 12. Krishna Iyer. K. V, A History of Kerala 13. Mathew.K.S, Societies in Medival Malabar 14. Padmanabamenan.K.P, History of Kerala 15. Mark P. Whitakar, East Coast Sri Lankan Tamil Temple 16. Thambiah. S. W, Laws and Customs of Tamils 17. ,sk;Fsk; FQ;rd;gps;is> Nrurhk;uh[;[pak; xd;gJ
(kiyahsk;) 18. \h\fhd;.V.vd;.vk;> Gj;jsk; tuyhWk; kuGfSk; 19. rptrz;Kfk;.Qh> kl;lf;fsg;G Ffd;Fy Kf;Ffu; tuyh 20. jk;igah FkhuNtY> NjNuhl;lk; (jhd;Njhd;wPr;ru Fk 21. gj;kehjd;.rp> ,yq;ifj; jkpou; Njr toikfSk; r% 22. ghNte;jd;.v];> fPi oj;Nja kuGtopr; rl;lq;fs; 23. nty;yT+u;f; Nfhghy;> kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhW xU mwpKfk 24. nty;yT+u;f; Nfhghy;> kiyahs ehLk; kl;lf;fsg;Gk; 25. nty;yT+u;f; Nfhghy;> jkpof td;dpaUk;  Nrurhk;uh[;[pak; xd;gJk; gj;Jk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
k; tuyhWk; kuGfSk; g;G Ffd;Fy Kf;Ffu; tuyhWk; kuGfSk; uhl;lk; (jhd;Njhd;wPr;ru Fk;ghgpN\f kyu; -1998) kpou; Njr toikfSk; r%f toikfSk; a kuGtopr; rl;lq;fs;
;fsg;G tuyhW xU mwpKfk; (jpUj;jpa 3k; gjpg;G) ahs ehLk; kl;lf;fsg;Gk; f td;dpaUk; 

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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd
Vw;gLj;jpa gd;Kfj; jhf;fk;
N
,yq;if ehl;ilj; jk;trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l INuhg;gpa xy;yhe;ju;> Mq;fpNyau; Nghd;Nwhu; ,yq;ifapy; jkJ Ml;r nfhs;tjw;nfdg; gy Clfq;fisf; ifahz;lhu;fs;. mt;t Clfq;fSs; kjj;ijg; gug;Gjy; vd;Dk; tplak; rpwg;gplk INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa murpay; eilKiwfis ,yq INuhg;ghtpy; kd;du; ve;j kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;WfpwhNdh> m Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,yq;if Mu;tj;Jld; nraw;gl;l mtu;fs;> Ml;rpahsu;fis kjk; kh kjj;jpy; ,izf;fyhk; vDk; je;jpu Nehf;Fld; nraw;gl;ld
kjj;ijg; gug;Gjiy kl;LNk Nehf;fhff; nfhz;buhj gpbj;jy;> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy;  ,yhgj;ijg ngUk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fSlDk; ,Ue;Js;sdh;. ,tu;fspd; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; gd;Kf uPj pahd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj r%fj;jpd; Vida JiwfspYk; ghupa khw;wq;fs; V mwpayhk;.
,t; Ma;tpy; fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;F Kd;duhd tho;f;if gpd;dzpia Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk;> fpwp];jt khw;wq;fisAk;> tsu;r;rp> jsu;r;rp epiyfisAk; njspthf
K];yPk ;fspd; tpahghuf; fg;gy;fisf; ifg;gw;Wk; my;nka;lh jiyikapy; te;j Nghj;Jf;Nfaf; FOtpdh; vj ,yq;ifapd; fhypj;JiwKfj;ij mile;Js;sdh;. tpah tpjkhd ,f;FOtpd; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; t khw;wq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. Fwpg;ghf ,yq;if kf ,tu;fspd; tUifapd; gpd;dNu gug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhlu;e;J Nghj;Jf;NfaUf;Fg; Nghl;bahf xy;yhe;j ifg;gw;Wtjw;nfd ,yq;iff;F tUif je;jdu;. ,tu;fs kjk; gug;gg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; kjk; khwpatu;fs; nfhz;ldu;. nghUshjhu uPj papYk; ghupa khw;wj;jpid vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy;
Vw;gLj;jpa gd;Kfj; jhf;fk;
Nkup tpdp/gpuPlh re;jpuNrfu;
;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fshd Nghj;Jf;Nfau;> whu; ,yq;ifapy; jkJ Ml;rpia cWjpAld; epiyehl;bf; sf; ifahz;lhu;fs;. mt;thW mtu;fshy; ifahsg;gl;l y; vd;Dk; tplak; rpwg;gplk; gpbj;jJ. mjw;nfd mtu;fs; y; eilKiwfis ,yq;ifapy; GFj;j Kw;gl;ldu;. j;ijg; gpd;gw;WfpwhNdh> mjidNa kf;fSk; gpd;gw;w g;gl;lJ. vdNt ,yq;ifapYk; kjj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy; ;> Ml;rpahsu;fis kjk; khw;Wtjd; %yk; kf;fis jk; je;jpu Nehf;Fld; nraw;gl;ldu;.
Nk Nehf;fhff; nfhz;buhj ,tu;fs; ,yq;if ehl;ilg; spy;  ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;Dk; ,Ue;Js;sdh;. ,tu;fspd; tUif ,yq;iftho; jkpo; pahd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. rkak; kl;Lkd;wp pYk; ghupa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sij Ma;tpD}lhf
pd; tUiff;F Kd;duhd ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; nra;tjd; %yk;> fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;F gpd;duhd ;r;rp epiyfisAk; njspthf Nehf;ff; $bajhapUf;Fk;.
fg;gy;fisf; ifg;gw;Wk; Nehf;Fld; Nyhnwhd;Nrh b Nghj;Jf;Nfaf; FOtpdh; vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhfg; Gaypy; rpf;fp ;ij mile;Js;sdh;. tpahghu Nehf;fk; fUjp vjph;ghuhj ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; xU rpy mk;rq;fspy; d. Fwpg;ghf ,yq;if kf;fspilNa fj;Njhypf;f kiw u gug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
f;Fg; Nghl;bahf xy;yhe;ju; fPi oj;Nja tu;j;jfj;ij ;F tUif je;jdu;. ,tu;fshy; ,yq;ifapy; Gul;l];jhe;J Fjpapy; kjk; khwpatu;fs; gy rYiffisAk; ngw;Wf; papYk; ghupa khw;wj;jpid ,tu;fs; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdu;
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588
,yq;ifapy; xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpiaj; njhlh;e;J gpupj;jh jkJ MSifapd; fPo ; nfhz;L te;jdu;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpa toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaAk;> mur gjtpfis kf;fs; mjw;nfd kjk; khwpdu;. ,tu;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj tho;tpy; gy;JiwfspYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ
1. fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;F Kd;dh; ,yq;ifj; j
gpd;dzp. ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fstu;> jkpou; vd ,U gpuptpdu;fisf mth;fspd; G+u;tPf j;ij Ma;T nra;ifapy; mtu;fs; jkJ G+u;tPf khff; nfhz;ltu;fnsdf; $wKbahJ. ,y %jhijau; fp.K.6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tl ,e;jpahtpy te;J FbNawpatu;fshtu;.1 jkpou; njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe gilnaLg;ghsu;fs; Nghd;Nwhupd; topj;Njhd;wy;fshthu;. nfhz;l ,yq;if tho; kf;fspd; r%f> rka> gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;d fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;F Kd; fhzg;gl;lnjd;gijj; njhl
1.1. r%fk;
,yq;ifapy; ,af;fu;> ehfu; vd;w ,U gpuptpdu; Ml vd;gtu; kq;Nfhypa ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;j jpNgj; Njttu;k F Mk; Mz;lstpy; kj;jpa MrpahtpypUe;J te;J ,e;jpah FbNaw;wk; mjpfupf;fj; njhlq;fNt ,tu;fs; njd;dpe;jpa FbNawpdhu;fs;. ,yq;ifapy; kj;jpapYk;> njw;fpYk; trpj;j Kd;du; ,yq;iff;F tUifj; je;jdh;.3
mf;fhy r%fj;jpy; rhjp mikg;G Kiw ,Wf;fkhff; fhye;NjhWk; Vw;gl;L te;j gy;NtW tpjkhd neUf;fbfs rhjpia iftpLtJ Nghy fhl;bf; nfhz;lhYk;> mJ j te;Js;sJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; rhjpaikg;G me;j];ij fhg;ghw rkaKk; rhjp me;j];ij fhg;ghw;Wk; jskhf ,Ue;Js;sJ topghLfspYk; fhzg;gl;ld.4
1 G];guj;jpdk;, P., (2004)> ,yq;ifau;fs; gw;wpa fy;tp
tuyhw;Wj;Jiw> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> aho;g;ghz 2 NkyJ> g. 03. 3 Ffghyd;> fh.> (2000)> ,yq;if goq;Fbfs; (tdf;Fw mNrhrpNal;]; gpiwNtl; ypkpnll;;> nfhOk;G> g. 24. 4 ,uFehjd;.> k> (2006)> “aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjpAk; kjK
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU Njly;”> aho;g;ghzk; nk gpupd;Nlu;];> ,y 424> fhq;Nfrd;Jiwr; rhiy aho;g;g

; Ml;rpiaj; njhlh;e;J gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;if KOtijAk; ;L te;jdu;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; kf;fSf;F “kjr;Rje;jpuk;” y;tpiaAk;> mur gjtpfisAk; ngWtjpy; Mu;tq;nfhz;l u;. ,tu;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpYk; ,yq;ifj;jkpo; kf;fs; q;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ njspT.
f;F Kd;dh; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifg;
pou; vd ,U gpuptpdu;fisf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> ;T nra;ifapy; mtu;fs; cz;ikapy; ,yq;ifiaj; u;fnsdf; $wKbahJ. ,yq;iftho; rpq;fs kf;fspd; ;whz;by; tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;J tp[ad; jiyikapy; kpou; njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J mt;tg;NghJ te;jth;fs;> pd; topj;Njhd;wy;fshthu;.2 ,j;jifa G+u;tPf tuyhw;iwf; ; r%f> rka> gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzpfs; vt;thW ,yq;ifapy; ; fhzg;gl;lnjd;gijj; njhlu;e;J Nehf;FNthk;.
u; vd;w ,U gpuptpdu; Ml;rp nra;Js;sdu;. ,jpy; ehfu; r; Nru;e;j jpNgj; Njttu;k Fyj;jtu;fshfTk;> fp.K 400 pahtpypUe;J te;J ,e;jpahtpy; FbNawpatu;fs;. Mupa ;fNt ,tu;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpYk;> ,yq;ifapYk; te;J kj;jpapYk;> njw;fpYk; trpj;j ,af;fu; Mupaupd; tUiff;F
; je;jdh;.3
ikg;G Kiw ,Wf;fkhff; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;l tplakhFk;. ;NtW tpjkhd neUf;fbfspd; Nghnjy;yhk; ,e;J kjk; hl;bf; nfhz;lhYk;> mJ jw;fhypf Vw;ghlhfNt ,Ue;J ikg;G me;j];ij fhg;ghw;Wk; jskhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. hw;Wk; jskhf ,Ue;Js;sJld; rhjpf;nfhU jpUtpohf;fs;
yq;ifau;fs; gw;wpa fy;tp
(Sri Lankan Studies) g; gy;fiyf;fofk;> aho;g;ghzk;> g. 03.
q;if goq;Fbfs; (tdf;Fwtu; tho;tpay; Ma;T) guzd; pkpnll;;> nfhOk;G> g. 24. ho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjpAk; kjKk;  aho;g;ghzk; nkhopAk; tho;Tk;> fupfzz; ;Nfrd;Jiwr; rhiy aho;g;ghzk;> g. 88.
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Page 603
,f;fhyj;jpy; tptrhaKk;> ifj;njhopYk; tsu;r;rpa cjtpdu;. tptrhaNk ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fspd; njhopy czTg; nghUl;fs;> jhdpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iwNa cw;gj r%fg;gpd;dzpNa fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;F Kd; ,yq;i
1.2. rkak;
,e;J> ngsj;j kjq;fSf;Nf ,yq;ifapy; njhd ,yq;ifapd; Mjpkf;fshd ,af;fu; “,aw;if” t topghl;ilAk;> rpt topghl;ilAk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. fp. fp.K 3 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuAkhd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq gFjpapdupilNa ,e;J kj ek;gpf;if ,Ue;Js;sJ.6 ,e ,aw;if topghl;LKiw mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;Ls;s ,e;Jf;fspilNa ,U tpjkhd topghl;L Kiwfs; fhzg Kiw> fpuhkpa topghl;L Kiw vdyhk;.
fp.K. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L xU Kf;fpa fhyg;gFjpahF itjPf kjj;Jf;F vjpuhf Gj;jUk;> kfhtPuUk; nra;j Gul;r Njhd;wpd. fp.K. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nghu; eltbf;if % nfhz;l mNrhfr;rf;futu;j;jp ngsj;jj;ij gpd;gw;wpdhu;. ehLfSf;F gug;Gk; Kaw;rpfspYk;  ,jw;nfd kfpe;j jiyikapy; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j J}Jf tuNtw;wJ kl;Lky;yhJ jhDk; mk;kjj;ij gpd;gw;wpd fhyj;jpy; nry;thf;Fila kjkhf ngsj;jk; jpfo;e;jJ.
1.3. fy;tp
fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;FKd; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpepi rp\;a Kiwapyhd fy;tpepiyNa fhzg;gl;lJ. fpuhk fhzg;gl;ld.7 ,g;ghlrhiyfs; fpuhkj;J ngupa kdpjd; kz;lgq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; eilngWtJz;L. ,t;thW jpz ,g;gs;spf;$lq;fs; “jpz;izg;gs;spf;$lk;” vd;wiof;fg;n Ngdh> ngd;rpy;> Gj;jfq;fSf;fhd trjpfs; fhzg;glhik kziyg; gug;gp iftpuypdhNyNa vOjpdu;. vOj;Jf;f nfhd;iw Nte;jd;> %Jiu> ey;top> tha;g;ghL Kjypa ,jd; gpd; jpthfuk;> epfz;L> ed;E}y;> rpd;E}y; Mfpa E}y VLfspy; vOj;jhzpahy; vOjpg;goFtu;.8
5 Fzuhrh> f.> (1996)>  G+ghyrpq;fk; gjpg;gfk;> nfhOk;G> g. 18. 6 NkyJ> gf;. 18-19. 7 ntq;flrhkp rPd p.> (2003)> 19 Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo;
nrd;id> g. 75. 8 NkyJ> gf;. 75- 78.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;> ifj;njhopYk; tsu;r;rpaila Mupa rf;futu;j;jpfs; ;ghd;ik kf;fspd; njhopyhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,jd;NghJ ;fs; vd;gtw;iwNa cw;gj;jpahf;fpdu;. ,t;thwhd xU
pd; tUiff;F Kd; ,yq;ifapy; epytpaJ.
f;Nf ,yq;ifapy; njhd;ikahd tuyhW cz;L. ,af;fu; “,aw;if” topghl;ilAk; ehfu; “ehf” lAk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.5 fp.K 6 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J Akhd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;if kf;fspd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ;gpf;if ,Ue;Js;sJ.6 ,e;Jf;fspd; topghl;L Kiwapy; hyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. topghl;L Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld. mit Mfk topghl;L vdyhk;.
xU Kf;fpa fhyg;gFjpahFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Uk;> kfhtPuUk; nra;j Gul;rpahy; ngsj;j> rkz kjq;fs; hz;by; Nghu; eltbf;if %yk; fypq;f ehl;il ntw;wp ngsj;jj;ij gpd;gw;wpdhu;. mj;Jld; mk;kjj;ij cyf k;  ,jw;nfd J}Jf;FOf;fis mDg;gpdhu;. ff;F tUif je;j J}Jf;FOit ,yq;if kd;dd; k; mk;kjj;ij gpd;gw;wpdhd;. ,g;gpd;dzpapy; FWfpa hf ngsj;jk; jpfo;e;jJ.
Kd; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpepiyia Nehf;fpd;> ,q;F FU> yNa fhzg;gl;lJ. fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk; ghlrhiyfs; ; fpuhkj;J ngupa kdpjd; tPl ;Lj; jpz;izfs;> Nfhapy; lngWtJz;L. ,t;thW jpz;izfspy; eilngw;W te;j g;gs;spf;$lk;” vd;wiof;fg;ngw;wd. mf;fhyj;jpy; fhfpjk;> hd trjpfs; fhzg;glhikapdhy; khzth;fs; jiuapy; NyNa vOjpdu;. vOj;Jf;fisf; fw;wtu;fs; Mj;jpr;#b> ey;top> tha;g;ghL Kjypatw;iw kdg;ghlk; nra;thu;. d;E}y;> rpd;E}y; Mfpa E}y;fis kdg;ghlk; nra;tJld; pg;goFtu;.8
;jtu; tuyhW (fp. gp.5k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp. gp 1621 Mk; k; gjpg;gfk;> nfhOk;G> g. 18.
> 19 Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> md;id ,y;yk;>
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590
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lk; kl;Lky;yh Nfhapy; klg;gs;spf;$lq;fs;> ,uhg; gs;spf;$lq;fs;> ep gs;spf;$lq;fs; vd gytpjkhd xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; Vl;L mJkl;Lky;yhJ ,yf;fpaf;fy;tp> kUj;Jtf;fy;tp> Nrhjplf;f rpwg;ghu;e;j Jiwfs; mtw;wpw;Fupa ty;Ydu;fsplk; fw;Fk
jpz;izf; fy;tpf;$lq;fspy; kdg;ghlk; nra;Ak; K te;jJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thwhd jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lq rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy. “FUFy” fy;tpahdJ xU FUtpd; khztu;fs; kUj;Jtk;> eldk;> ,ir> ,irf;fUt gapw;rpfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. rPl u;fs; FUTld; ,Ue;J mtu;fsplkpUe;J ghlq;fisf; fw;wdu;.10 epyhg;gs;spf;$l gapd;Ws;sdu;. epytpd; gpufhrkhd xspapy; elhj;jg;gl;l , fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld. mit rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;f fiyfis fw;gpj;jy; vd;gdthFk;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; n toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ngz;fs; tPl ;L Ntiyfis nra;g FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fspd; Njitfs; rpytw;iw eptu;j;jp n kUj;Jtpr;rp kuGrhh; fy;tp toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. FLk;gj; vd;Dk; tplaq;fis Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; mD ghu;f;f ngz;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.11
1.4. gz;ghL
gz;ghlhdJ kf;fsidtUk; $l;lhf Nru;e;J nraw;gL Kiwfspd; Nru;kkhFk;. ,J mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiy> x Kjypatw;wpd; njhFjpahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.12
fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;F Kd;du; ,yq;ifapy; tho vd;w epiwtw;w nkhopia Ngrp te;jdu;. ehfupd; nkho Ntz;Lnkd;W rpyu; Cfpf;fpd;wdu;. aho;g;ghzj;ij Mz Nguhu;tk; fhl;b te;jdu;. aho;g;ghz muR epiyj;jpUe;j m ed;F tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.13 vdNt ,f;fhyg;gFjpapYk; jkpo; nk vdyhk;.
9 rgh n[auhrh> (2000) aho;g;ghzj;J kuG topf; fy;tp> Ngh 10 Anton Mathias, (1992), The Catholic Church in Jaffn
Center , Ealalai, P. 53. 11 fzgjpg;gps;is> f.> (1962)>  rpj
gf;. 53-56. 12 gj;jtj;ry ghujp> (1990)> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> khzpf
nrd;id> gf;. 51-52. 13 fe;jtdk;> tp.> (2002)> nghd;tpoh kyu;: aho; khef
Ngh];Nfh gjpg;gfk;> ey;Y}u;> gf;. 4- 5.

g; gs;spf;$lk; kl;Lky;yhJ FUFyg; gs;spf;$lq;fs;> ,uhg; gs;spf;$lq;fs;> epyhg;gs;spf;$lq;fs;> kuepoy; hd xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; Vl;Lf;fy;tpia toq;fp te;jd. p> kUj;Jtf;fy;tp> Nrhjplf;fy;tp> vd;wthW Vl;Lf;fy;tpapy; upa ty;Ydu;fsplk; fw;Fk; kuG fhzg;gl;lJ.9
spy; kdg;ghlk; nra;Ak; KiwNa mjpfk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L d jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lq;fspy; ngz;fs; gbj;jjw;fhd fy;tpahdJ xU FUtpd; fPo ; ,aq;fpaJ. ,k;Kiwapy; ldk;> ,ir> ,irf;fUtpfis ,af;Fjy; Nghd;w du;. rPl u;fs; FUTld; ,Ue;J> mtUf;Fg; gzptpil Ghpe;J ; fw;wdu;.10 epyhg;gs;spf;$lq;fspYk; khztu;fs; fy;tp khd xspapy; elhj;jg;gl;l ,g;ghlrhiyfspy; ,Utpjkhd d. mit rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fis tpsq;fg;gLj;Jjy;> clw; hFk;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ngz; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ; tPl ;L Ntiyfis nra;gtu;fshfNt fhzg;gl;lhu;fs; tfs; rpytw;iw eptu;j;jp nra;a if itj;jpak; my;yJ oq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. FLk;gj;ij ghJfhj;jy;> guhkupj;jy; j;Jtg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; mDgtf; fy;tpNa Mz;fspYk;
;lJ.
Uk; $l;lhf Nru;e;J nraw;gLk; NghJ cz;lhFk; elj;ij mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiy> xOf;fnewpfs;> rl;lk;> tof;fk; ; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.12
Kd;du; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j ,af;fUk;> ehfUk; ‘ Ngh];Nfh gjpg;gfk;> ey;Y}u;> g. 22.
Catholic Church in Jaffna, (1875-1925) Good Shepherd
>  rpj;uh gpupz;Nlu; fpuhgp> nkl;uh];>
z;ghl;L khdpltpay;> khzpf;fthrfu; Mg; nrl; gpupz;lu;];>
nghd;tpoh kyu;: aho; khefuhl;rp kd;wk; ( 1949-1999)>
}u;> gf;. 4- 5.
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Page 605
,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; czTg; gof;ftof;fj;ij muprpr;Nrhw;iwNa ngUk;ghYk; cz;L tUtu;. ehl;bNy jpid> Fuf;fd;> Nrhsk; Kjypa rpW jhdpaq;fisAk Muk;g fhyj;jpy; muprpr;NrhW Kjd;ikahd czthf , tuFr;NrhW Kjypatw;iwNa cz;;L te;jdu;. ,tw;iw tp xbay; $o;> gdq;fha;> gdhl;L> Fuf;fd; gpl;L> Njhir> ,l;l nfhz;ldu;. goQ;NrhW fhiy czthf ,Ue;jJ. ghy; m fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; kuf;fwp czitNa m fhzg;gl;lJ.
kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd xd gof;ftof;fq;fshFk;. ,e;j tifapy; Mz;fs; fd;df;FL jpUkzk; Kbf;Fk;NghJ rPj dk; toq;Fk; KiwAk;> n nra;Ak; KiwAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
fiy mk;rq;fis Nehf;Fifapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; e jpfo;e;jJ. ,e;ehl;Lf; $j;jhdJ Nfhapy; Neu;j;jpf; f fhzg;gl;lJ. muq;Nfw;wg; gUtj;jpy; Nfhapy;fSf;F mUf fsup fl;Ltu;. nfhl;lif tl;lkhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,f; jpwe;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt ghu;itahsu; nfhl;lifia Rw mike;jpUf;Fk;. fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;F Kd; ,t;thwh epytpaJ.
2. fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;F gpd; ,yq;if jkpo; kf;f 2.1. ,yq;ifapy; Nghj;Jf;Nfaupd; MSif (fp. gp 1505
1498 ,y; t];nfhlfhkh jiyikapy; fg;gw;gilfs; ,e mile;jd. ,tu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jk; epiyia cWjpg gpujpepjpahf epakdk; ngw;w nyhwd;Nrh b my;nkaplh K];y ifg;gw;Wk; Nehf;Fld; mDg;gg;gl;lhh;. mtu; nrd;w g tpjkha; 1505 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; fhypj;JiwKfj;ij tUifapd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fs; tho;tpy; r mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
Nghj;Jf;Nfau; tu;j;jf Nehf;fk; fUjp ,yq;ifapy epiyehl;l Kad;wdu;. vdNt ,yFthd topKiwfis mjpf Mu;tk; fhl;bdu;. ,yq;ifapy; jkJ kiwi Ml;rpAupikia jk;trg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd eltbf;iffspy;  nr.> (2002)> ,yq;if tuyhW- ghf
Rd;dhfk;> aho;g;ghzk;> gf;. 60- 62.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; czTg; gof;ftof;fj;ij Nehf;FNthkhapd; ,th;fs; ; cz;L tUtu;. ehl;bNy Mq;fhq;Nf tsUk; rhik> ypa rpW jhdpaq;fisAk; mtu;fs; cz;L te;jdu;. Kjd;ikahd czthf ,Ue;jpUg;gpDk; jpidr;NrhW> z;;L te;jdu;. ,tw;iw tplTk; gid xbay; gpl;L> gid > Fuf;fd; gpl;L> Njhir> ,l;lyp vd;gtw;iwAk; czthff; czthf ,Ue;jJ. ghy; my;yJ Nkhu; Fbf;Fk; gof;fKk; ; kuf;fwp czitNa mjpfkhf cz;Zk; tof;fk;
;rq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd xd;whfj; jpfo;tJ tho;f;ifg; ifapy; Mz;fs; fd;df;FLkp Kbe;J te;jdu;. xU Mz; dk; toq;Fk; KiwAk;> ngz; rPj dk; nfhLj;J kzk; .
;Fifapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; ehl;Lf;$j;Jf;fiy rpwg;Gw;Wj; dJ Nfhapy; Neu;j;jpf; flDf;fhf Mlg;gl;litahff; j;jpy; Nfhapy;fSf;F mUfpy; nfhl;lif mikj;J> mjpy; khf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,f; nfhl;liffs; ehd;F GwKk; ahsu; nfhl;lifia Rw;wp ,Ue;J ghu;f;f ,yFthf ; tUiff;F Kd; ,t;thwhd gz;ghl;L gpd;dzpiaNa
f;F gpd; ,yq;if jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;if ;Nfaupd; MSif (fp. gp 1505- 1658)
yikapy; fg;gw;gilfs; ,e;jpahtpd; fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia tpy; jk; epiyia cWjpg;gLj;jpdu;. ,e;jpahtpy; ,uh[ hwd;Nrh b my;nkaplh K];yPk ;fspd; tpahghuf; fg;gy;fis g;gg;gl;lhh;. mtu; nrd;w glF Gaypy; rpf;fp vjpu;ghuhj pd; fhypj;JiwKfj;ij te;jile;jJ.14 ,tu;fspd; j; jkpo; kf;fs; tho;tpy; rpy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sij
hf;fk; fUjp ,yq;ifapy; jkJ Ml;rpia cWjpAld; ,yFthd topKiwfis mjw;nfd gad;gLj;Jtjpy; q;ifapy; jkJ kiwia gug;gpdhy; ,yq;ifap;d; ;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;w Nehf;Fld; kiwgug;;G ; vd;gjpy; fUj;J NtWghby;iy.
2)> ,yq;if tuyhW- ghfk; II> jpUkfs; mOj;jfk;> f;. 60- 62.
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Page 606
2.2. rkak;
,yq;ifapy; Nghj;Jf;Nfaupd; tUifAld; fj;Nj ,k; kiwrhu; cz;ikfis kf;fspilNa vLj;Jr; n ,yq;iff;F tutiof;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. me;j tifapy; nlhkpdpf;fd;> mF];jpdu;> Nghd;w rigapdu; ,yq;ifapy tutiof;fg;gl;ldu;. Nghj;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; 32 Nfhtpw;gw;Wf;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJld;> mf;fhy FUf;fs; gzpahw;wpAs;sdh;.15 fpwp];jtk; vd;gJ IN fpwp];jtk; vDk; fUj;J tYg;ngw;wpUe;jJ. xUtd; fpwp] INuhg;gpaj;ij Kw;whf Vw;f Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; kiwiaNah> mtu;fspd; gz;ghl $w KbahjpUe;jJ.
2.3. fy;tp
Nghj;Jf;Nfaupd; tUifapd; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; ghuk;g Mz;fSf;fhd fy;tpf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. , Ml;rp epytpa fhyg;gFjpapy; ,f;fy;tpKiwapy; khw;wq;f ,yf;fz> rkaf; fy;tp Nghd;wd fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. vdNt , cau; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G fpilf;fg; n fy;tpf;Nf mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa ,yf;fp E}y;fs; Njhd;w tha;g;gpy;iy.16 kp\dhpkhu; fj;Njhypf;f Clfkhf gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; k Kd;ndLg;gjw;nfd gpuhd;rp];fd; rig> ,NaR rig> nl rig vd;gd ,yq;iff;F tutiof;fg;gl;ldu;.
1543 ,y; gpuhd;rp];fd; rigapdu; Nfhl;il> aho;g;ghz gw;W” ghlrhiyfis Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. ,jpy; kp\dhpkhu; gz;ghL> fj;Njhypf;f newp Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw fw;gpj;jd fj;Njhypf;f klhyaq;fSf;F mDg;gp kjFUkhu;fshf;fpd Fwpj;j tpdh tpil vd;gd RNjr nkhopapYk; fpwp];jt ];Njhj;jpu ghly;> thrpg;G> vOj;J Nghd;w tplaq;fs gpuhd;rp];fd; rigapdu; ifahz;ldu;. ,tu;fshy; gad KiwfSs; tpdh> tpil fw;gpj;jy; Kiw ,d;W tiuapY
15 FNye;jpud;> (1959)> njd;dpe;jpa jpUr;rig: aho;g;ghz M
rpNyhd; kp\d; gpu];> khdpg;gha;> ,yq;if> gf;. 3- 4. 16 rptypq;fuh[h> v];.> (2001)>  g. 61. 17 n[gNerd;> v];.> (1983)> mnkhpf;f kp\Dk; ,yq;ifapy
gpu];> Rd;dhfk;> ,yq;if> g. 21.
592

aupd; tUifAld; fj;Njhypf;f kiw gug;gg;gl;lJ. kf;fspilNa vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;nfd kp\dupkhUk; Ue;jdu;. me;j tifapy; gpuhd;rp];fd;> ,NaR rig> hd;w rigapdu; ,yq;ifapy; kiw gzpahw;Wtjw;nfd f;Nfaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; aho;g;ghzk; ;gl;L ,Ue;jJld;> mf;fhyj;jpy; ehw;gJ my;yJ Ik;gJ ;. fpwp];jtk; vd;gJ INuhg;gpak;> INuhg;gpak; vd;gJ ;ngw;wpUe;jJ. xUtd; fpwp];jtj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhapd; tz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thwhd nraw;ghLfs; iaNah> mtu;fspd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisNah kjpj;jjhf
pd; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; ghuk;gupa fy;tp KiwNa epytpaJ. ;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; Nghj;Jf;Nfaupd; ,f;fy;tpKiwapy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. cau; ,yf;fpa d fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. vdNt ,tu;fspd; tUifapd; gpd;du; ;Sk; tha;g;G fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. fj;Njhypf;f kiwrhu; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz> irtrkak; rhu; . kp\dhpkhu; fj;Njhypf;f kiwiag; gug;g fy;tpia z;ldu;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; kiw gug;G nraw;ghLfis ;fd; rig> ,NaR rig> nlhkpdpf;fd; rig> mf];bdu; iof;fg;gl;ldu;.
gapdu; Nfhl;il> aho;g;ghzk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; “Nfhapw; tpj;jdu;. ,jpy; kp\dhpkhu; vOj;J> thrpg;G> Nghj;Jf;Nfa wfs; vd;gtw;iw fw;gpj;jdu;. jiy rpwe;j khztu;fis mDg;gp kjFUkhu;fshf;fpdu;.17 nrgk; nra;jy;> kj mwpT Njr nkhopapYk; fpwp];jt rka fPjq;fs;> fPu;j;jidfs;> Oj;J Nghd;w tplaq;fs; vOj;jwpT+l;Lk; Nehf;Fld; hz;ldu;. ,tu;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; ;jy; Kiw ,d;W tiuapYk; gad;ghl;by; cs;sJ.
pe;jpa jpUr;rig: aho;g;ghz Mjpdf; ife;E}y;> mnkhpf;f ;gha;> ,yq;if> gf;. 3- 4.  cah; fy;tp epWtdk;>
nkhpf;f kp\Dk; ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; tsh;r;rpAk;> jpUkfs;
g. 21.
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,NaR rigapduhy; Muk;g ghlrhiyfs; elhj;jg;gl;ld vOj;J> ghl;L> ew;gof;ftof;fk;> fpwp];jt Nfhl;ghLfs RNjr nkhop kl;Lkd;wp ,yj;jpd;> Nghj;Jf;Nfak; Ngh gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ehlfj;jpd; %yk; (Role play) ghlrhi mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;.
gpuhd;rp];fd; rigapdu; cau; fy;tpahd fy;Y}upf; fy;t tpNrl tpjkhf kj FUkhuhf tutpUg;NghUf;F toq;f cau; fy;tpia Gfl;bdu;. mJ Muk;g> ,ilepiy> cau;ep ,aq;fpd. kp\dupkhu; ,sturu;fSf;fhd fy;tpiag; mf;fiw nrYj;jpAs;sdu; ,f;fy;tp INuhg;gpa mur FLk;gj;J fy;tpia xj;jpUe;jJ.18 ,t;thW fy;tp epiyapy; ghupa mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
2.4. ,yf;fpak;
Nghj;Jf;Nfau; 1621 ,y;  mk;khid> ehl;Lf;$j;J vd;gtw;iwg; gad;g ,yf;fpaq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf ,f;fhyg;gFjpapN Gfo;e;J ,NaR ehjiug; gl;Lilj;jiytuhff; nfhz gpuge;jk; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
1647,y; NgJW Gytuhy; “re;jpNahFikahu; m mk;khid ,yf;fpak; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,J rhjhuz kf ghlg;gl;lJ.20 mj;Jld; “Qhdhde;j Guhzk;” vd;Dk tpsf;fkhf mike;Js;sJld; “jpUr;nry;tu; fhtpak;” vd;D Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J fPi oj;Nja thrid nfhz fjhghj;jpuq;fisAk; fj;Njhypf;f Gdpju; gl;baypy; ,Ue ,ize;J ,ioNahLk; fhg;gpakhf ,f;fhg;gpak; fhzg;gL gug;Gk; Nehf;Fld; ehl;Lf; $j;Jf;fs; ngUkstpy; ifahsg
18 njhd; gPw ;wh;.> (1969)> “Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa kp\dhpkhh; fy;tp
,yq;ifapy; fy;tp E}w;whz;L tpoh kyh;- ghfk;- I, m gf;. 329- 331. 19 rptypq;fuh[h> v];.> gf;. 60- 61. 20 NkyJ> gf;. 70- 74.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

ghlrhiyfs; elhj;jg;gl;ld. ,q;F neLq;fzf;F thrpg;G> ;fk;> fpwp];jt Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;gdTk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. j;jpd;> Nghj;Jf;Nfak; Nghd;w nkhopfs; fy;tpf;nfdg; ; %yk; (Role play) ghlrhiyfspy; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwia
au; fy;tpahd fy;Y}upf; fy;tpia mspj;Js;sdh;. ,f;fy;tp f tutpUg;NghUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,NaR rigapdUk; Muk;g> ,ilepiy> cau;epiy Mfpa %d;W gFjpfshf uru;fSf;fhd fy;tpiag; Gfl;Lk; KiwapYk; tpNrl y;tp INuhg;gpa mur FLk;gj;J Foe;ijfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l hW fy;tp epiyapy; ghupa khw;wq;fs; fhzg;gl;lij
;  pf;f Gdpju; gl;baypy; ,Ue;J njupe;J kf;fs; tho;Tld; pakhf ,f;fhg;gpak; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fj;Njhypf;f kiwiag;
f;fs; ngUkstpy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
;j;Jf;Nfa kp\dhpkhh; fy;tp Jiwapy; Mw;wpa gzp”> z;L tpoh kyh;- ghfk;- I, murhq;f mr;rfk;> nfhOk;G>
0- 61.
593


Page 608
2.5. nghUshjhuk;
Nghj;Jf;Nfau; tUif tu;j;jf Nehf;fk; fUjpajhfNt my;nka;lh Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpf;F murdhapUe;j ju;k cld;gbf;if nra;Jnfhz;lhh;. mtu;fspilNa nghUshjh fhzg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ tUlh tUlk; mtu;fSf;F murd; fW ,tu;fs; Nfhl;il muR JiwKfk; vd;gtw;iw ghJfh ,yq;ifapy; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; tptrhaNk Kf;fpaj;Jtk ,yq;ifapy; mjpfk; tpisaf;$ba nghUl;fis ntspe ,yq;if muRf;Fhpa ,yhgk; tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fshy; fpilf
2.6. gz;ghL
fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpg;gJ “nkh tUifapd; gpd;du; Nghj;Jf;Nfa nkhopr;nrhw;fs; kf;fs tpwhe;ij> ad;dy;> nfhulh> rhtp Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d gad;gLj;jpdu;. kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fk;> czT> cil> to vd;gd khw;wg;gl;ld. ,f;fhyj;jpy; irt Myaq;fs; mopf nfhLikfs; Fiwtile;jJ vdyhk;. ehlff;fiy> fl;llf;f vd;gdTk; tsu;r;rp fz;ld.23
3. xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifj; jkpohpd; th 3.1. xy;yhe;jhpd; ,yq;if tUif (fp. gp. 1658- 17 Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;F Nghl;bahf fPi oj;Nja th;j;jfj;i xy;yhe;jh; ,yq;iff;F tp[ak; nra;jdh;. ,th;fspd; tU kf;fspd; r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,th gug;g fy;tpia Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh;.
3.2. rkak;
xy;yhe;jUk; kf;fis Gul;l];jhe;J kiwapy; ,izf ,th;fs; aho;g;ghzk; KOtijAk; 32 Nfhapy; gw fl;lisfSf;Fg; gae;J QhapW NjhWk; Mapuf;fz te;jdh;.24 ,th;fs; Md;kPf Mh;tj;Jld; kiwiag; gug;ghJ tho;itf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Nehf;FlNdNa nraw;gl;ldh;.
,f;fhyj;jpy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfahpd; fj;Njypf;f kjj;ij g fj;Njhypf;fk; mopAk; epiyf;F cs;shfpaJ. MapDk;
21 fpU\;zuhrh> nr.> gf;. 62- 63. 22 n[arPy d;> J. E., (1997)> aho;g;ghz jpUr;rig tuthW>
aho;g;ghzk;> gf;. 14- 15. 23 G];gul;zk;, P., gf;. 23-24. 24 NtYg;gps;is> rp. b.> (1984)> mnkhpf;f ,yq;if kp\d
mOj;jfk;> Rd;dhfk;> gf; 24- 27.
594

;j;jf Nehf;fk; fUjpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ. Nyhnwd;Nrh b dpf;F murdhapUe;j ju;k guhf;fpukghFTld; tpahghu ;. mtu;fspilNa nghUshjhu uPj papyhd xg;ge;jk; xd;Wk; Ulk; mtu;fSf;F murd; fWth gz;lj;ij jUtjhfTk;> wKfk; vd;gtw;iw ghJfhg;gjhfTk; cWjpaspj;jdh;.21 ; tptrhaNk Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. Nghj;Jf;Nfau; ;$ba nghUl;fis ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jdu;. u;j;jfg; nghUl;fshy; fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ.22
f;fpa ,lk; tfpg;gJ “nkhop” MFk;. Nghj;Jf;Nfaupd; fa nkhopr;nrhw;fs; kf;fspd; gad;ghl;by; fhzg;gl;lJ. htp Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d nrhw;fs; ,yq;ifj; jkpou; tof;fk;> czT> cil> topghl;LKiw> tho;f;ifj;juk;> j;jpy; irt Myaq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;lJld;> rhjpf;fl;Lg;ghl;L dyhk;. ehlff;fiy> fl;llf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> Xtpaf;fiy
;jpy; ,yq;ifj; jkpohpd; tho;T. ;if tUif (fp. gp. 1658- 1796)
ahf fPi oj;Nja th;j;jfj;ij jk;trg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; k; nra;jdh;. ,th;fspd; tUifapdhy; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,th;fs; Gul;l];jhe;J kiwiag;
;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh;.
;l];jhe;J kiwapy; ,izf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; nraw;gl;ldh;. ijAk; 32 Nfhapy; gw;Wf;fshfg; gphpj;jdh;. ,uhr apW NjhWk; Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhh; MuhjidfSf;F h;tj;Jld; kiwiag; gug;ghJ> Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu ;FlNdNa nraw;gl;ldh;.
hpd; fj;Njypf;f kjj;ij gpd;gw;w jiltpjpf;fg;gl;ljhy; ;F cs;shfpaJ. MapDk; irt rkaj;jth;fs; jq;fs;
63. o;g;ghz jpUr;rig tuthW> tsd; Mr;rpukk;>
4. 4)> mnkhpf;f ,yq;if kp\d; rhpj;jpuk;> jpUkfs;
4- 27.
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rka Mr;rhuq;fis iff;nfhz;nlhOFtjw;F jilfs rYiffSk; Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpath;fSf mk;kiwiaj; jOtpf; nfhz;ldh;.
3.3. fy;tp
xy;yhe;jh; Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;ij gug;g fy;tpia xy;yhe;jhpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fy;tpAk; mtw;NwhL ,iz tho;f;if eyd;fSk; xd;NwhL kw;nwhd;W gpd;dpg; gpiz cah;fy;tpiaf; fw;Fk; tha;g;ig ngw;wJ kl;Lky;yhJ fhzg;gl;lJ. ,th;fspd; fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; mbf;fy;yh mike;jJ. ,r;rig mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; fy;tp> jpUkz tpla
,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Nfhapy;gw;Wg; ghlrhiyfis epW epakpj;jdh;. RNjrpfSf;F Fiwe;j rk;gsk; toq;fp ,y ,th;fspd; Nehf;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,g;ghlrhiyfspy nkhopfSk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,q;F vOj;J> thrpg;G> fpw njspthf fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. fl;lhaf; fy;tp Kiw ,f;f mJkl;Lky;yhJ nrkpdhpf; fy;tpAk; ,f;fhyg; gpd;dz fpNuf;fk;> yj;jpd; Mfpa nkhopfs; Nghjpf;fg;gl;ld. nrk nya;ld; (Leyden) gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;F nry;y tha;g;G fpi cj;jpNahfKk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fkhd mdhij ,y;yq;fS Mz;fSf;F th;j;jfKk;> ngz;fSf;F ijay;> gpd;dy;> E gapw;rpfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ngz;fs; mbg vd ngz; gps;isfis ghlrhiyf;F mDg;gp itf;Fkh ,f;fhyj;jpy; fl;lhaf; fy;tp KiwAk;> ghlrhiyf;F r% mwtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w rl;lKk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;wdh;. nghJthfg; ngz; fy;tpapy; Njh vd;gd ,lk; ngw;wd.28 mbikfSk; fy;tp fw;f Nt ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; mth;fSf;fhd fy;tp trjpfisAk; Vw;gL
3.4. ,yf;fpak;
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; jkpo;> rpq;fs nkhopfspy; ,yf;fpaq Nghh;j;Jf;Nfahpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; irt rkak; rhh; ,yf;fpaq
25 eluhrh> f. nr.> (1982)>  ,yq;if> gf;. 28- 29. 26 fpU\;zuhrh> nr.> gf;. 242- 243. 27 nkhj;jhT> S.A.W., (1969), “xy;yhe;jh; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp
E}w;whz;L tpoh kyh;- ghfk;- I> murhq;f mr;rfk;> nf 28 NkyJ> g. 359.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

hz;nlhOFtjw;F jilfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.25midj;Jr; jj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpath;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;ljhy; mNefh; dh;.
kjj;ij gug;g fy;tpia Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. fy;tpAk; mtw;NwhL ,ize;j epWtdq;fSk;> kf;fspd; L kw;nwhd;W gpd;dpg; gpize;J ,Ue;jd.26 khzth;fs; ;g;ig ngw;wJ kl;Lky;yhJ> kjg;gpur;rhuk; NkNyhq;fpf; p epWtdq;fspd; mbf;fy;yhf ‘ghlrhiyr; rig’ 1663 ,y; Fjpapy; fy;tp> jpUkz tplaq;fisf; ftdpj;jJ.27
;gw;Wg; ghlrhiyfis epWtp RNjrpfis Mrphpah;fshf we;j rk;gsk; toq;fp ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJk; ;whFk;. ,g;ghlrhiyfspy; jkpo;> rpq;fsk; Mfpa ,U q;F vOj;J> thrpg;G> fpwp];jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;gd ;lhaf; fy;tp Kiw ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. y;tpAk; ,f;fhyg; gpd;dzpapy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; pfs; Nghjpf;fg;gl;ld. nrkpdhpfspy; fy;tp gapd;wth;fs; ofj;jpw;F nry;y tha;g;G fpilj;jJ kl;Lky;yhJ> murhq;f
;Fkhd mdhij ,y;yq;fSk; ,th;fshy; epWtg;gl;ld. ;fSf;F ijay;> gpd;dy;> E}y; E}w;wy; Nghd;w Ranjhopy; ;fhyg;gFjpapy; ngz;fs; mbg;gilf; fy;tpia fw;f Ntz;Lk; hiyf;F mDg;gp itf;FkhW ngw;Nwhh; Ntz;lg;gl;ldh;. iwAk;> ghlrhiyf;F r%fkspf;fhjth;fs; Fw;wg;gzk; k; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; ngUk; njhifahd ngz;fs; thfg; ngz; fy;tpapy; Njhj;jpu ghly;> Ntj tpdhtpil ikfSk; fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nehf;Fld;> d fy;tp trjpfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jdh;.
q;fs nkhopfspy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. py; irt rkak; rhh; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wtpy;iy. MapDk;
oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rp> jpUkfs; mr;rfk;>
8- 29. 2- 243. “xy;yhe;jh; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp epiy”> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp hfk;- I> murhq;f mr;rfk;> nfhOk;G> g. 353.
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xy;yhe;jhpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; irt rkak; rhh; ,yf;fpaq Nrhjplk;> itj;jpak; rhh; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;ws ,tw;Ws; mKjhfhuk;> re;jhd jPgpif Nghd;w E}y;fs; E}y;fSs; aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy vd;Dk; E}y; ,f;fhyg;g mj;Jld; gs;S> FwtQ;rp Nghd;w ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Nj
3.5. nghUshjhuk;
,th;fs; rpf;fd nghUshjhu Kiwiaf; ifahz;lh nrytpy; epiwe;j tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. fWthit vLj;Jr; nrd;wJld;> ghf;F> ahidfs;> rpg;gpfs; K Vw;Wkjp nra;jdh;.30 Vw;Wkjp th;j;jf Kiw ,f;fhyg; gFj Nfhg;gp> Vyk;> kpsF> njd;id Nghd;wtw;wpd; cw;gj;j gaph;r; nra;if KiwiaAk; cUthf;fpdh;. rJg;G epyq;f epyq;fshf;fpdh;. mj;Jld; thp tpjpf;Fk; KiwAk; fhz ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.31
4. gphpj;jhdpahpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf 4.1. gphpj;jhdpahpd; ,yq;iff;fhd tUif. (fp. gp. 1796
,yq;if 1796 ,y; xy;yhe;jhpd; Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLgl cl;gl;lJ. ,th;fspd; MSifapd; NghJk; ,yq;ifapy; m hPj papYk; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Mq rKf me;j];j;ijf; nfhLf;Fk; fUtpfshfj; jpfo;e;jd. irt khwp> Mq;fpyk; fw;W murg; gjtpfisg; ngw;W Nkiy nfhz;Nlhuha;j; jpfo;e;jdh;.32
4.2. rkak;
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; ‘kjr;Rje;j gfpuq;fkhf topghLfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;fs;. 17 Mk fhzg;gl;lJ Nghy; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bYk; fpwp];jt kp\dh jPt pukile;jJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;f> Gul;l];jhe;J k nt];ypad; kp\dhpkhUk; kjg;gpur;rhu gzpfspy;  v];.> gf;. 253- 254. 30 fpU\;zuhrh> nr.> gf;. 253- 254. 31 fzgjpg;gps;is> f.> gf;. 29- 30. 32 ,uFehjd;> k.>(1997)> “ jkpo;j; Jiw aho;g ,yq;if> g. 02. 33 nksdFU> rp> rpj;jpuNyfh> nks> vq;/khd;> (1979)> , jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> rpj;jpuh mr;rfk;> aho;g;ghzk;> gf;. 7- 8
596

; irt rkak; rhh; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. ;fpaq;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;ws;sd vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jPgpif Nghd;w E}y;fs; Kf;fpakhdit. tuyhW rhh; hiy vd;Dk; E}y; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.29
;w ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd.
hu Kiwiaf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. ,k;Kiwg;gb Fiwe;j jg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. ,th;fs; ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J ;> ghf;F> ahidfs;> rpg;gpfs; Kjypatw;iw ntspehLfSf;F th;j;jf Kiw ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ngUk; tsh;r;rp fz;lJ. d Nghd;wtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;J ngUe;Njhl;l Uthf;fpdh;. rJg;G epyq;fisj; jpUj;jp mtw;iw ney; hp tpjpf;Fk; KiwAk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mjpy; mjpfsthd
h;.
hyj;jpy; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;Tg; gpd;dzp ff;fhd tUif. (fp. gp. 1796- 1948)
e;jhpd; Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLgl;L gphpj;jhdpahpd; Kbahl;rpf;F apd; NghJk; ,yq;ifapy; murpay;> rKf> rka> gz;ghl;L Vw;gl;ld. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpAk; mur gjtpAk; Utpfshfj; jpfo;e;jd. irt rkaj;jtUk; fpwp];jtj;jpw;F gjtpfisg; ngw;W Nkiyj;Nja fyhr;rhuj;jpy; fth;r;rp
;J kf;fSf;Fk; ‘kjr;Rje;jpuk;’ toq;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; kw;nfhz;lhh;fs;. 17 Mk;> 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ;whz;bYk; fpwp];jt kp\dhpkhh;fspd; kjkhw;w Kaw;rpfs; fj;Njhypf;f> Gul;l];jhe;J kp\dhpkhh;fSld; mnkhpf;f>
;gpur;rhu gzpfspy;  jkpo;j; Jiw aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
> nks> vq;/khd;> (1979)> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L  aho;g;ghzk;> gf;. 7- 8.
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,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; fpwp];jt kjk;> Mq;fpyf; fy;tp> ca xd;W ,ize;jpUe;jd. mjdhy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp> fpwp];jth;fshtJ ,ay;ghapw;W. ,f;fhyj;jpy; kp\dhpkhh rkag; gpur;rhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;fs;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; m Njitf;nfd gj;jphpiffs;> Jz;L gpuRuq;fs; Kjypatw gphpj;jhdpahpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; k JiwfspYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sij ghh;f;fyhk;.
4.3. fy;tp
fy;tp tsh;r;rpia Nehf;fpd; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; M Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sJ. gphpj;jhdpaUk; Nkiyehl;L K fy;Y}hpfisAk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fisAk; mikj;jdh;. Mizf;FO’ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia Nkw;ghh;it nra;Ak; tlf;F> fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; mjpfsT ghlrhiyfs; fhzg;g mjpfkhf jkpoUf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sd.35
mnkhpf;f> nkjb];j> mq;fpypf;fd;> nt];ypad; kp\ gzpapy;  trdeil tsh;r;rp> gj;jphpi ,f;fhyj;jpy; ghh;f;fyhk;. 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ehty;> rpWf ,f;fhyk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jJ vdyhk;.36
Nfhapy;gw;Wg; ghlrhiyfspy; Rankhopf; fy;tpNa Nky;epiyg; ghlrhiyfSk;> kp\dhpg; ghlrhiyfSk ngw;Ws;sd. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaf; fw;gpg;gJ> khzth;fis m ,g;ghlrhiyfspd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
gphpj;jhdpahpd; Ml;rp ,yq;ifapy; epytpa fhyg;gFjpa gzpAk; rpwg;Gw;wJ. ,th;fs; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfis fpu rka NtWghbd;wp midtUk; ,g;gs;spfspy; Nrh;j;Jf; n fy;tp Kaw;rpapy; ngz;fy;tpAk; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wJ. cLtpy; kfsph; ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.38 ,k;kp\dh ghlrhiyNa Mrpahtpy; Kjd;Kjy; Njhd;wpa ngz;fs; t Vio khzth;fSf;Fk; ,lk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
1823 ,y; tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrkpdhp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. tsh;r;rpapYk;> gj;jphpif tsh;r;rpapYk; jPt pu ftdj;i jkpo;nkhopapd; rkar; rhh;gpid ePf ;fp mjid kjr;
34 ntq;flrhkp> rPd p.> (2003)> 19k; E}w;whz;L jkpo; ,yf
nrd;id> gf;. 82- 84. 35 jpyful;zk;> ,.> (2005)> “ghuk;ghpak; xU kPs ; ghh;it
rKf ,jo;> jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;> aho;g;ghzk;> gf;. 5 36 nksdFU> rp> rpj;jpuNyfh> nks> vq;/khd;> gf;. 10- 12 37 n[gNerd;> v];.> gf;. 26- 27. 38 NkyJ> g. 32.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

kjk;> Mq;fpyf; fy;tp> cah; gjtpfs; vd;gd xd;NwhL jdhy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp> cah; gjtpfis ehLNthh; ;W. ,f;fhyj;jpy; kp\dhpkhh; ciueiliag; gad;gLj;jp ;lhh;fs;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mr;R $lq;fis epWtp rka z;L gpuRuq;fs; Kjypatw;iw ntspapl;ldh;. ,t;thW ;jpYk; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; gd;Kfj; ;Ls;sij ghh;f;fyhk;.
;fpd; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpNa mjpfsT pj;jhdpaUk; Nkiyehl;L Kiwg;gb ghlrhiyfisAk;> fq;fisAk; mikj;jdh;.34 1834 Mk; Mz;L ‘ghlrhiy ;tpia Nkw;ghh;it nra;Ak; Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jJ. pfsT ghlrhiyfs; fhzg;gl;likahy; fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fs; s;sd.35
;fpypf;fd;> nt];ypad; kp\d;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpg; p> trdeil tsh;r;rp> gj;jphpifj; Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;iwAk; k; E}w;whz;by; ehty;> rpWfij tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Vw;w #oiy
vdyhk;.36
fspy; Rankhopf; fy;tpNa toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; kp\dhpg; ghlrhiyfSk; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk; af; fw;gpg;gJ> khzth;fis mf;flkpf;F Maj;jk; nra;tJk;
f;fq;fshFk;.
;ifapy; epytpa fhyg;gFjpapy; mnkhpf;f kp\dpd; fy;tpg; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfis fpuhkq;fspy; eph;tfpj;jdh;. rhjp> k; ,g;gs;spfspy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldh;.37 ,th;fspd; Ak; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wJ. 1824 ,y; ngz;fSf;nfd k;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.38 ,k;kp\dhpkhuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ,g; ;Kjy; Njhd;wpa ngz;fs; tpLjpg; ghlrhiyahFk;. ,jpy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
; nrkpdhp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f; fy;Y}hp jkpo; ciueil h;r;rpapYk; jPt pu ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpaJ. ,f;fy;Y}hp d ePf ;fp mjid kjr; rhh;gw;w nkhopahf;fpaJ. ,r;
)> 19k; E}w;whz;L jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> md;id ,y;yk;>
“ghuk;ghpak; xU kPs ; ghh;it” fiyKfk;: fiy ,yf;fpa hkd;wk;> aho;g;ghzk;> gf;. 55- 56. > nks> vq;/khd;> gf;. 10- 12.
7.
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Page 612
nrkpdhpapy; fw;w khzth;fs; jkpo; nkhopf;F njhz;l mfuhjp gzpiaAk; mnkhpf;fd; kp\dhpkhh; Nkw;nfhz;l Mq;fpy - jkpo; mfuhjpfisAk; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sdh;.
4.4. ,yf;fpak;
17 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjyhf  xy;yhe;jhpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;ij tplTk; rkaj;jpd; jhf;fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mjpf ,lk; gpbj;;jpUe;jJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; cyfpay; rhh; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fz E mr;R ,ae;jpu rhiyfSk; epWtg;gl;ld. ,t; mr;rfq;fs Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;> gj;jphpiffs;> rQ;rpiffs; ntspaplg;gl fhuzkhf Nkiyj;Nja ,yf;fpaq;fSk; jkpopw;F tsk  gz;ghL> ,yf;fpak; Kjypatw;iw tpsf;f Kw;g etPd ehlfKiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhy; $j;J gpd;jq;fpa $j;jpid Gwf;fzpj;jhh;fs;. ,e;epiyapy; ehl;Lf; $j;jpd; , ,f;fhyj;jpy; ehlfj;jpy; Nkiyj;Nja mikg;G Kiw gpd;gw
4.5. nghUshjhuk;
gphpj;jhdpaUld; ,yq;ifapy; tuyhw;wpy; GJ mj;jpa mth;fs; GFj;jpa nghUshjhu mikg;gpdhYk;> etPd eh gioa kuGfs; kiwaj; njhlq;fpd. gphpj;jhdpahpd; Ml;rpf nra;jpg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; ngUfp ehL KOtJk; xNu eph;t Kiwfs; nghUl;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpAk fl;Lg;gLj;jpAk; ,Ue;j midj;J jilfSk; ePf ;fg;gl;ld ,yq;ifapy; KjyPL nra;a tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. njhopy; K toq;fg;gl;lJ. fp.gp.1830 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; gzg;gaph;f nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.42
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; nghUshjhu mikg Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. ,jdhy; ehl;;Lf;F gy ed;ikfs; fpi ntspehl;L th;j;jfKk; mjpfhpj;jJ. Njapiy> Nfhg;gp> ,w
39 NkyJ> gf;. 36- 43. 40 eluhrh> F. X. C., (1970)>  F
19- 20. 41 NkyJ> gf;. 24- 26 42 ghYrhkp> eh.> (1987)> tho;tpay; fsQ;rpak; njhFjp -
jQ;rhT+h;> g. 285.
598

; jkpo; nkhopf;F njhz;lhw;wpdh;.39 ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; d; kp\dhpkhh; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. jkpo; - jkpo; mfuhjpfs;> k; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sdh;.
yhf  ,yf;fz E}y;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. tg;gl;ld. ,t; mr;rfq;fspd; cjtpAld; gy E}y;fs;> s;> rQ;rpiffs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. Nkiyj;Nja fy;tp Kiw f;fpaq;fSk; jkpopw;F tsk; Nrh;j;Js;sd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; h; Mq;fpy nkhopiag; gapd;W mk;nkhopapy; jkpoh; jk; Kjypatw;iw tpsf;f Kw;gl;ldh;.41 ,th;fspd; fhyj;jpy; gw;wjhy; $j;J gpd;jq;fpa epiyaile;jJ. gbj;jth;fs; e;epiyapy; ehl;Lf; $j;jpd; ,lj;ij etPd ehlfk; gpbj;jJ. j;Nja mikg;G Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
apy; tuyhw;wpy; GJ mj;jpahak; xd;W Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. mikg;gpdhYk;> etPd ehfhpfj;jpdhYk; ,yq;ifapd; ;fpd. gphpj;jhdpahpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if KOtJk; fp ehL KOtJk; xNu eph;thf mikg;G ngw;wJ. khdpa ;Ftuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpAk;> kf;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;ijf; j;J jilfSk; ePf ;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; topahf gphpj;jhdpah; a;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. njhopy; KidNthUf;;F epyk; kpFjpahf ; Mz;L Kjy; gzg;gaph;fis tpistpf;fj; jpl;lq;fs;
Fjpapy; nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; ngUe;Njhl;l gaph; nra;if ; ehl;;Lf;F gy ed;ikfs; fpilj;jd. cs;ehl;L th;j;jfKk;> pj;jJ. Njapiy> Nfhg;gp> ,wg;gh; Nghd;wd Njhl;lq;fspy;
oj;J jkpo; E}y; tuyhW> Fkud; mr;rfk;> nfhOk;G> gf;.
ho;tpay; fsQ;rpak; njhFjp - 4> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
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gaphplg;gl;ld. ,j; Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;F rpq;fs ,Ue;J jkpo;j; njhopyhspfis ,yq;iff;F gphpj;jhdpa m
Njhl;lj; njhopy; ngUf;fj;jpdhy; Nghf;Ftuj;J> tq;fp> tsh;r;rpf; fz;ld. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,uhrfhhpa Kiw> Vf gl;likahy; jdpahh;Jiw Kd;NdwpaJld; Kjyhspj;Jt khdpaKiw ePq ;fp Gjpa rKjhaKiw Njhd;wpaJ. Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rpy khw
KbTiu
,t; Ma;tpy; fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUiff;F Kd; ,yq;i mk;rq;fis Ma;T nra;J njspTgLj;Jtjd; %yk;> fpw Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis njspthf Nehf;ff; $bajha; ,Ug;g Ma;tpy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> xy;yhe;jh;> Mq;fpNyah; Fwpj;j mth;fspd; tUif ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpy xg;gpl;L Nehf;ff; $bajha; fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;L tplakhFk;.
fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUifapd; gpd; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fs rhjpa Kuz;ghLfs; rpwpjsT jsh;tile;jJ. ,f;fhyg;gF tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; ehl;Lf;$j;J> ehlfk; kp\dhpkhUf;F rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;iffspy; nghpJk fy;tpj;JiwapYk; ghhpa khw;wq;fis mtjhdpf;ff; $baj ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fkhd fy;tp trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jpf; n nra;As; eil ,yf;fpag;Nghf;F khwp> trdeil ,yf;fpa ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,yFthd Nghf;F Njhd;wpaJ.
nghUshjhuj; Jiwia Nehf;fpd; Muk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gl nfhs;iffs; fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUifAld; th;j;jf ng khw;wg;gl;ld. ,J Nghd;w tsh;r;rp epiyfs; fhzg;gl Nehf;ff;$bajhAs;sJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; rkaf; fy;t toq;fg;gl;likahy; VidaJiwrhh; fy;tpapy; ghhpa ts KbahJs;sJ. INuhg;gpah;fspd; Fbtiffspd; ghtid rpy tha;g;gha; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. nghUshjhu Jiwapy; ngUe;N Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;ljhy; Ntshz;ik ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
43 ehfuh[d;> v];.> (1989)> may; ehLfspy; jkpoh>; rh;kh]
GJf;Nfhl;il> g. 48. 44 ehNfe;jpud;> r.> (1968)> “Nfhy;GWf; fkwd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs
,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nguhjid> g. 48.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

y; Ntiy nra;tjw;F rpq;fsth; tpUk;ghjjhy; ,e;jpahtpy;
,yq;iff;F gphpj;jhdpa muR tutioj;jJ.43
pdhy; Nghf;Ftuj;J> tq;fp> JiwKfk; Nghd;w Jiwfs; jpapy; ,uhrfhhpa Kiw> VfNghf chpik vd;gd xopf;fg; ;NdwpaJld; Kjyhspj;Jt rKjhaj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. rKjhaKiw Njhd;wpaJ.44 ,t;thW gphpj;jhdpahpd;
;r;r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rpy khw;wq;fis Nehf;fyhk;.
; tUiff;F Kd; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpay; spTgLj;Jtjd; %yk;> fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUifapd; gpd; f Nehf;ff; $bajha; ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;. ;yhe;jh;> Mq;fpNyah; Fwpj;j njspthd tpsf;fq;fSk;> j; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fisAk; Uj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
; gpd; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspilNa jPt puk; mile;jpUe;j jsh;tile;jJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fk; fapy; ehl;Lf;$j;J> ehlfk; Nghd;w ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; k; eltbf;iffspy; nghpJk; Jiz epd;wd vdyhk;. q;fis mtjhdpf;ff; $bajha; ,Ue;jJ. Fwpg;ghf Mz;> ;tp trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; khwp> trdeil ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikahy; ;F Njhd;wpaJ.
hf;fpd; Muk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l epyg;gpuGj;Jt nghUshjhuf; tUifAld; th;j;jf nghUshjhhuf; nfhs;iffshf sh;r;rp epiyfs; fhzg;gl;lJld;> rpy ghjfq;fisAk; hyg;gFjpapy; rkaf; fy;tpf;Nf mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; iwrhh; fy;tpapy; ghhpa tsh;r;rpf; fhzg;gl;lJ vd $w ; Fbtiffspd; ghtid rpy rKfr; rPh;NfLfis Vw;gLj;j hUshjhu Jiwapy; ngUe;Njhl;l gaph;r;nra;iff;F mjpf ; Ntshz;ik ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,J Nghd;w
ay; ehLfspy; jkpoh>; rh;kh]; ]hd;Nlhhpak; mr;rfk;>
hy;GWf; fkwd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;”> ,sq;fjph;;> jkpo; rq;fk; Nguhjid> g. 48.
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,d;Ndhud;d ghjf epiyfSk; Vw;gl;bUg;gpDk; fpwp] jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; gy;NtW mk;rq;fspYk; kw;wq kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; 1. ,uFehjd;.>k> “aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rhjpAk; kjKk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU Njly;”> aho;g;ghzk; nk gpupd;Nlu;];> ,y 424> fhq;Nfrd; Jiwr;rhiy aho;g;g 2. ,uFehjd;> k.> “ jkpo;j; Jiw> aho;g;ghzg; gy;f 3. fzgjpg;gps;is> f.>  rpj;uh
1962. 4. fe;jtdk;> tp.> nghd;tpoh kyu; : aho; khefuhl;rp kd
gjpg;gfk;> ey;Y}u;> 2002. 5. fpU\;zuhrh> nr.> ,yq;if tuyhW - ghfk; II, jpU
aho;g;ghzk;> 2002. 6. FNye;jpud;.> njd;dpe;jpa jpUr;rig: aho;g;ghz M
rpNyhd; kp\d; gpu];> khdpg;gha;> ,yq;if> 1959. 7. Ffghyd;> fh.> ,yq;if goq;Fbfs; (tdf;Fwtu;
mNrhrpNal;]; gpiwNtl; ypkpnll;;> nfhOk;G> 2000. 8. Fzuhrh> f.>  G+ghyrpq;fk; gjpg;gfk;> nfhOk;G> 1996. 9. rgh n[auhrh> aho;g;ghzj;J kuG topf; fy;tp> Ngh];N 10. rptypq;fuh[h> v];.>  2001. 11. jpyful;zk;> “ghuk;ghpak; xU kPs ; ghh;it” fiyKfk
jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;> aho;g;ghzk;> 2005. 12. njhd; gPw ;wh;.> “Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa kp\dhpkhh; fy;tp Jiwa fy;tp E}w;whz;L tpoh kyh; - ghfk;- I, murhq;f mr;rf 13. eluhrh> f. nr.>  jpUkfs
1982. 14. eluhrh> F. X. C.>  Fkud; mr;r 15. ehfuh[d;> v];.> may; ehLfspy; jkpoh>; rh;kh]; ]hd;N
1989. 16. ehNfe;jpud;> r.> “Nfhy;GWf; fkwd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;”> ,sq
gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nguhjid> 1968.
600

k; Vw;gl;bUg;gpDk; fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUif ,yq;ifj; tW mk;rq;fspYk; kw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;snjd;gJ
j;jpy; rhjpAk; kjKk;  aho;g;ghzk; nkhopAk; tho;Tk;> fupfzz; ;Nfrd; Jiwr;rhiy aho;g;ghzk;> 2006. o; Gidf;fijfspd; Kf;fpa Nghf;Ffs;”  aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,yq;if> 1997. j;J tho;Tk; tsKk;> rpj;uh gpupz;Nlu; fpuhgp> nkl;uh];>
h kyu; : aho; khefuhl;rp kd;wk; ( 1949-1999)> Ngh];Nfh
;if tuyhW - ghfk; II, jpUkfs; mOj;jfk;> Rd;dhfk;>
a jpUr;rig: aho;g;ghz Mjpdf; ife;E}y;> mnkhpf;f
pg;gha;> ,yq;if> 1959.
goq;Fbfs; (tdf;Fwtu; tho;tpay; Ma;T) guzd; pkpnll;;> nfhOk;G> 2000. uyhW (fp. gp 5k; Ehw;whz;bypUe;J fp. gp 1621 Mk; Mz;L fk;> nfhOk;G> 1996.
;J kuG topf; fy;tp> Ngh];Nfh gjpg;gfk;> ey;Y}u;> 2000. j;J jkpo; ,yf;fpa nry;newp> cah; fy;tp epWtdk;>
xU kPs ; ghh;it” fiyKfk; : fiy ,yf;fpa rKf ,jo;>
o;g;ghzk;> 2005. a kp\dhpkhh; fy;tp Jiwapy; Mw;wpa gzp”, ,yq;ifapy; yh; - ghfk;- I, murhq;f mr;rfk;> nfhOk;G> 1969.
po; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rp> jpUkfs; mr;rfk;> Rd;dhfk;> ,yq;if>
po; E}y; tuyhW> Fkud; mr;rfk;> nfhOk;G> 1970. fspy; jkpoh>; rh;kh]; ]hd;Nlhhpak; mr;rfk;> GJf;Nfhl;il>
; fkwd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;”> ,sq;fjph;;> jkpo; rq;fk; ,yq;ifg;
> 1968.
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17. gj;jtj;ry ghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> khzpf;ft
nrd;id> 1990. 18. G];guj;jpdk;, P., ,yq;ifau;fs; gw;wpa fy;tp (Sri L
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> aho;g;ghzk;> 2004. 19. nkhj;jhT> S.A.W., “xy;yhe;jh; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp epiy”> ,y
tpoh kyh; - ghfk; -I> murhq;f mr;rfk;> nfhOk;G> 1969 20. nksdFU> rp> rpj;jpuNyfh> nks> vq;/khd;> ,Ugjh
,yf;fpak;> rpj;jpuh mr;rfk;> aho;g;ghzk;> 1979. 21. ntq;flrhkp rPd p.> 19 Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak
2003. 22. NtYg;gps;is> rp. b.> mnkhpf;f ,yq;if kp\d; rh
Rd;dhfk;> 1984. 23. n[gNerd;> v];.> mnkhpf;f kp\Dk; ,yq;ifapy; jkpo
Rd;dhfk;> ,yq;if> 1983. 24. n[arPy d;> J. E.> aho;g;ghz jpUr;rig tuthW> tsd; M 25.
Anton Mathias, (1992), The Catholic Church in Jaffna, (1 Ealalai, P. 53.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

l;L khdpltpay;> khzpf;fthrfu; Mg; nrl; gpupz;lu;];>
fau;fs; gw;wpa fy;tp (Sri Lankan Studies) tuyhw;Wj;Jiw>
k;> aho;g;ghzk;> 2004. ;jh; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp epiy”> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp E}w;whz;L q;f mr;rfk;> nfhOk;G> 1969. h> nks> vq;/khd;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L  aho;g;ghzk;> 1979. ; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> md;id ,y;yk;> nrd;id>
nkhpf;f ,yq;if kp\d; rhpj;jpuk;> jpUkfs; mOj;jfk;>
;f kp\Dk; ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; tsh;r;rpAk;> jpUkfs; gpu];>
.
jpUr;rig tuthW> tsd; Mr;rpukk;> aho;g;ghzk;> 1997.
holic Church in Jaffna, (1875-1925) Good Shepherd Center ,
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602
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,yq;ifapd; tlNky; khfhzj;jpy; Gj;jsk; khtl;lj ntl;Ltha;f;fhYf;Fk; ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa mi ‘clg;G’. nfhOk;G efuj;jpypUe;J fpl;lj;jl;l vOgj;j mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,f;fpuhk kf;fs; mz;ikf; fhyk; ti ghpa> gz;ghl;lk;rq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. , ehl;lhhpaw; $Wfs; ,th;fsplj;jpy; gapd;W tUfpd;wd. ,f;fpuhkj;jpw;nfd;Nw jdpj;Jtkhf tpsq;fp te;j g Vw;gl;LtUtJld; gy ehl;lhhpaw; $WfSk; kiwe;J fhzKbfpwJ. me;jtifapy; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; njhd;i giw rhw;Wk; xU rkar;rlq;F rhh;e;j Fk;kp epfo;r;rpa me;epfo;tpd; NghJ gbf;fg;gLk; ghly;fSk; cs;sd. ,f fhyj;jpypUe;J ,r; rlq;Fepfo;r;rp ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. , ,f;fpuhkkf;fspd; g+h;tPf k;> mth;fSila ghuk;ghpag; gof;ft topghLfs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d mk;rq;fisAk; Gyg;gLj jhf;fk; fhuzkhf mz;ikf;fhykhf ,r;rlq;F epfo;r;rpapY fspYk; gykhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L tUfpd;wikapid mtjhd ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fs; njhopy;> fy;t fspdhy; ,f;fpuhkj;ijtpl;L ,lk;ngah;e;J NtW ,lq;fs FbNawptUfpd;wdh;. ,t;thwhdnjhU #o;epiyapy; vjph;f mjd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fSk; Kw;whf kiwe;J Nghff;$ mt;thwhd Ntisapy; ,k;kf;fs; njhlh;ghd gy jf uhy; kl;Lkd;wp ahuhYk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbahj mghak njhlh;ghd jfty;fSk; mjd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fSk; M ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,jidg; Gyg;gLj;JtjhfNt ,t;tha;T
,yq;ifapd; tlNkw;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpYs;s jkpo;f; fpu kjk; khw;wg;gl;l NtisapYk;$l mjpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jj; jkJ NgzptUk; xU jdpj;jkpo;f; fpuhkNk clg;Gf; fpuhkkh kf;fspy; 90 rjtPj khd kf;fs; ,w;iwf;F fpl;lj;jl;l ehE}w;w gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhYk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,lk;ngah ,t;tplg;ngah;T tp[aefu ehaf;fh;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;bUf;f fw;gpl;b topahfg; Gj;jsk; te;J mq;fpUe;J Ke;jy; te;J , trjp Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; clg;gpNyNa jq;fptpl;ldh;.

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fhzj;jpy; Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpd; njd;Nkw;Nf> xy;yhe;jh; j;jpuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa mike;Js;s xU jkpo;f; fpuhkNk pUe;J fpl;lj;jl;l vOgj;jpIe;J fpNyhkPw ;wh; tlf;Nf kf;fs; mz;ikf; fhyk; tiu jkf;nfdj; jdpahd ghuk; hz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. ,tw;iwg; gpujpgypg;gdthf gy j;jpy; gapd;W tUfpd;wd. ,d;iwafhyr; #o;epiyapy; tkhf tpsq;fp te;j gy mk;rq;fspy; khw;wq;fs; hhpaw; $WfSk; kiwe;J tUfpd;w jd;ikapidAk; ; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; njhd;ikiaAk; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; ;F rhh;e;j Fk;kp epfo;r;rpahfNt rpj;jpiur; nrt;thAk; k; ghly;fSk; cs;sd. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; kf;fs; FbNawpa ;r;rp ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fs; h;fSila ghuk;ghpag; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> rkaek;gpf;iffs;> ;d mk;rq;fisAk; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. etPd ehfhpfj;jpd; hykhf ,r;rlq;F epfo;r;rpapYk; mjd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; ghly; Ufpd;wikapid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp kahd kf;fs; njhopy;> fy;tp ,d;Dk; gy;NtW fhuzq; lk;ngah;e;J NtW ,lq;fspYk; Fwpg;ghf NtW ehLfspy; hdnjhU #o;epiyapy; vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,r;rlq;Fepfo;r;rpAk;; k; Kw;whf kiwe;J Nghff;$ba re;jh;g;gKk; cUthfyhk;. ;kf;fs; njhlh;ghd gy jfty;fs; mth;fsJ re;jpapd e;Jnfhs;s Kbahj mghak; Vw;gLk;. vdNt ,e;epfo;r;rp ghJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fSk; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;baik
g;gLj;JtjhfNt ,t;tha;T mikfpd;wJ.
iuNahuj;jpYs;s jkpo;f; fpuhkq;fs; me;epah; tUifahy; l mjpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jj; jkJ ghuk;gupaf; fiy fyhrhuj;ijg; fpuhkNk clg;Gf; fpuhkkhFk;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; trpf;Fk; ,w;iwf;F fpl;lj;jl;l ehE}w;wp ,UgJ tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,lk;ngah;e;J te;jth;fshf cs;sdh;. haf;fh;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;. mt;thW te;jth;fs; mq;fpUe;J Ke;jy; te;J ,Wjpahf FbePh; trjp> njhopy; ; clg;gpNyNa jq;fptpl;ldh;. ,d;Wk; ,th;fshw; fl;lg;gl;l
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Myaq;fs; fw;gpl;b> Gj;jsk;> Ke;jy; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy ,lq;fspy; ,th;fspd; ngah;fspy; gy njd;de; Njhl;lq;fSk gfh;fpd;wd. NkYk; ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; gilnaLg;gpd;N jpUk;gpr; nry;yhJ ,f; fiuNahuq;fspy; jq;fptpl;ldh; vd;W
,q;Fs;s kf;fspd; njhopy;fshf murNrit> th;j tptrhak; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; Mfpa r%fq;fisr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; kpfTk; md;dpNahd ,k;kjq;fSf;Fhpa topghl;Lj; jyq;fSk; ,q;F fhzg r%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fNs ngUk;ghd;ikapduhf tho;fpd
,f;fpuhk kf;fSila ghuk;ghpakhd gz;ghl;L mk fisAk; ,q;F fhzg;gLk; ehl;lhhpaw; $Wfs; ed;F gpu ,q;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w ehl;lhhpaw; $Wfspy; kpf Kf;fpa mk fPo ;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fyhk;.
1. ghly;fs; 2. fijfs; 3. fijg;ghly;fs; 4. tpLfijfs; 5. gonkhopfs;
ehl;lhh; ghly;fs; jk; ,ay;Gf;Nfw;g tha;nkhopg vOjhf;ftpijfs; vdg; gy;NtW ngah;fisg; ngWfpd;w gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapyhd tho;f;ifapd; xt;nthU f tdthf cs;sd. mth;fs; tho;tpy; Vw;gLk; ,d;gj;jpd mtyj;ijAk; ,g;ghly;fspd; %yk; fz;Lnfhs;syhk;. v mlq;fhky; tha;topahf tho;e;JtUk; ehl;lhh; ghly;fis rpukkhd fhhpaNk.
clg;Gf;fpuhk ehl;lhh; ghly;fis Muha Kw;gLk;ng tifg;gLj;jyhk;:
1. topghL njhlh;ghd ghly;fs; 2. tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fs; 3. njhopw; ghly;fs; 4. jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs; 5. xg;ghhpg; ghly;fs; 6. fhjw; ghly;fs;
,f;fpuhkj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspy; xU gFjpapdh; ,e;jpah ,uhNk];tuj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngah;e;J gy ,d;dy;fs mile;Js;sdh;. mjd; gpwF kd;dhh; njhlf;fk; Ke;jy;t
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Ke;jy; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;sikAk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l py; gy njd;de; Njhl;lq;fSk; cs;sikAk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W d;dh;fspd; gilnaLg;gpd;NghJ te;j giltPuh;fspw; gyh; uq;fspy; jq;fptpl;ldh; vd;Wk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
py;fshf murNrit> th;j;jfk;> kPd ;gpb> ,uhy;tsh;g;G> ;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; ,e;J> K];ypk;> fpwp];jtk; h;fs; kpfTk; md;dpNahd;akhf tho;e;JtUfpd;wdh;. ; jyq;fSk; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;J k;ghd;ikapduhf tho;fpd;wdh;.
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Fbg;ngah;Tk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;thW gy Jd;gq;fis mth;fSila topghl;lk;rq;fs; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; tYt topghL njhlh;ghd ghly;fs;> fijg;ghly;fs; vd;gd mj ehl;lhhpyf;fpag; gphpTfshf cs;sd. ,it ngUk;ghYk; k toq;fg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,dptUk; fhyq;fspYk; mt toq;fptUnkd vjph;ghh;f;f KbahJs;sJ. ,jw;F VJt mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
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. ,t;thW gy Jd;gq;fisAk; mDgtpj;j ,k; kf;fsplk; ; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; tYtile;J te;Js;sd. mjdhy; fijg;ghly;fs; vd;gd mjpf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w ;sd. ,it ngUk;ghYk; khw;wkpd;wpAk; jphpGfspd;wpAk; ,dptUk; fhyq;fspYk; mt;thW ve;jtpj khw;wKkpd;wp bahJs;sJ. ,jw;F VJthfg; gy;NtW fhuzq;fis
jpnusgijak;kd; topghLfs; ,f;fpuhk kf;fsplj;jpy; ngw;WtUk; fpuhkpa topghLfshf ,Ue;Js;sd> ,Ue;J khtl;lq;fSld; Vw;gl;l njhlh;Gfs; Vida Myaf; ;Gfs; vd;gd fhuzkhf jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; jp rNkj Uf;kzp> rj;jpaghkh Myakhf 108 mb ,uh[ ;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ehl;lhhpaw; fiyfs;> fpuhkpaj; nja;t huk;ghpa Kiwg;gb epfo;j;jp te;j nghpNahh;fspw; gyh; pdh; mtw;wpy;  ehfhpfj; jhf;fk;> fy;tp> njhopy; ;fs; fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
a ek;gpf;ifahdJ Mfktpjpg;gb mike;j topghl;lk; ;lk;rq;fSf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. rkar; rlq;FfSk; ,th;fshy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd. k;kp rhh;e;j rlq;Fk; khhpak;kdplk; Ntz;Ljy; nra;jw; Myak; rhuhj xU epfo;r;rpahfNt cs;sJ.
J Fk;kpAk; mjd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fSk; nfhz;lhl;lk; lg;Gf; fpuhkj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu rkar; rlq;F rhh;e;j j;jpiur;nrt;tha;’ rlq;F epfo;r;rp mike;Js;sJ. rkar; ;gtw;wpy; Fk;kp vd;gJ Fk;kp nfhl;Ljy;> nfhk;kp nfhl;Ljy;> ;F ,lk; tpj;jpahrkhd ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ;jpiur; nrt;tha;’ vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
;ghf ,sikAk; JbJbg;Gk; NtfKk; epiwe;j fd;dpah;fs; a;tkhfg; ghtid nra;Njh my;yJ kyh;f;$il gyfhuj; ;jpapy; itj;J ifjl;Ljyhy; cz;lhFk; xypAld; if rh;e;njhypf;f xUth; Kd;ghl;Lg; ghl kw;wth;fs; gpd;ghl;Lg; Fdpe;J epkph;e;J ifnfhl;b MLk; Ml;lNk Fk;kp vd;gh;. s Fk;kpg; ghly;fshFk;.;
wj; jtpu ngz;fshNyNa rpwg;ghf Mlg;gLfpd;w ,f;Fk;kp opghl;bNyNa Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. nghq;fy;> ngz; htpsf;Nfw;wy;> ngz;fs; tpujkpUj;jy;> kio Ntz;ly;>
MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit


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Kisg;gaphply; Nghd;w rka r%fr; rlq;FfspYk; nfhz Mbg;ghLfpd;wdh;. clg;Gf; fpuhkj;jpYk; rpj;jpiur;nrt;t khfpa khhpak;kDf;fhf ngz;fshNyNa epfo;j;jg;gLti ,r;rlq;fpd; NghJ Mz;fs; jk;khyhd KO cjtpfisAk nfhl;b fisg;gilAk; nghOJ mth;fsJ fisg;igg; N Nrh;e;J nfhl;LtijAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
rpj;jpiukhjk; nghJthf ntg;gk; mjpfkhd xU fhyg;gF mk;ik Nghd;w Neha;fSk; twl;rp Nghd;wdTk; Vw;gLt fhy kf;fs; mtw;iwf;fz;L gae;J mitnay;yhk; ngz jhd; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;W vz;zp mtw;iwg; Nghf;fpaU Kfkhf ,r;rlq;fpid epfo;j;jp te;Js;sdh;. (NkYk; Myaq;fspYk; G+ir topghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; epfo kf;fshy; ,d;WtiuAk; toptopahf epfo;j;jg;gl;L tUfpd ,e;Neha;fs; Fiwthf cs;sikf;F ,r;rlq;Nf Kf;fpa fhu ,q;F thOk; kf;fsplk; Nt&d;wp ,Ug;gij mwpayhk;. ghly;fs; ahTk; khhpak;kid Ntz;LtjhfTk; mts; Gfo
,r; “rpj;jpiur; nrt;tha;” rlq;fpid epfo;j;Jgth;fs; r ehNshL $ba xU nrt;tha;f;fpoikapy; ,r;rlq;fpw;fhd M epakpf;fg;gl;l ehspw;F xU fpoikf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj tPL Rj;jk; nra;J jpdKk; ePuhb kr;rk; khkprk; jtph;j;J tpu te;jJk; md;Wk; tPL fOtp tsnty;yhk; $l;bg;ngUf;fpj; J}a;ikailth;. gpd;G tPl ;bYs;s Rthkpaiwapy; ,e;epfo;r Rkq;fypg; ngz;fSk; gUtnka;jhj Fwpg;ghfg; gj;JtaJf Nrh;e;J rpW rl;bfs; (kz;) vLj;J ,jpy; ed;F ,bj;Jj epug;gp ,e;epfo;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhd Kisg;gjpj;jYf ,r;rlq;fpd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; fPo ; tUk; ghly; ,jid ed;F
“ nrt;thapy; vUntLj;J rpte;j rpj;jpu Nfhykpl;L! Nfhykpl;L Fyitapl;L (Fuitapl;L)Fq;Fkj;jhy; ePuh ePuhl;b JfpYLj;jp ePy th;z nghl;Lkpl;L! nghl;LlNd g+kzf;f g+kzf;f gsgsf;f”...... Kisg;gjpj;j md;Wk; Kisg;ghf;fisr; Rw;wpr; Ntisfspy; ,g;ghly; gpujhdkhf ,lk;ngWk;. Kisg tPL tPlhfr; nrd;Nw ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;th nrd;wth;fs; xt;nthUtuJ tPl;L Kw;wj;jpYk; epd;W fPo ;t
“fly rpW gaW fhdk; kzpg; gaW jq;f Kj;J ehr;rpah;f;F vq;Fk; rpW gaW”
,jidf; Nfl;l tPl ;bYs;sth;fs; jk;kplKs;s e jk;khy; ,ad;w msT gzj;ijNah nfhLj;JjTth;. ,t
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

r%fr; rlq;FfspYk; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspYk; Fk;kp nfhl;b puhkj;jpYk; rpj;jpiur;nrt;tha; epfo;thdJ ngz;nja;t ;fshNyNa epfo;j;jg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. vdpDk; ;khyhd KO cjtpfisAk; ey;FtNjhL ngz;fs; Fk;kp mth;fsJ fisg;igg; Nghf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mth;fSk; dpf;fyhk;.
g;gk; mjpfkhd xU fhyg;gFjpahFk;. vdNt mf;fhyj;jpy; wl;rp Nghd;wdTk; Vw;gLtJ ,aw;if. Mdhy; Muk;g gae;J mitnay;yhk; ngz;nja;tkhfpa khhpak;kdhy; ;zp mtw;iwg; Nghf;fpaUSk;gb mtsplk; Ntz;Lk; ;jp te;Js;sdh;. (NkYk; mtw;iwg; Nghf;Fk; Kfkhf fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; epfo;j;jpAs;sdh;.) mJ ,f;fpuhk opahf epfo;j;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,d;wsTk; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; kf;F ,r;rlq;Nf Kf;fpa fhuzk; vd;w Mokhd ek;gpf;if d;wp ,Ug;gij mwpayhk;. vdNt ,r;rlq;fpy; ghlg;gLk; Ntz;LtjhfTk; mts; Gfo; ghLtdthfTNk cs;sd.
lq;fpid epfo;j;Jgth;fs; rpj;jpiu khjj;jpy; tUk; ey;y poikapy; ,r;rlq;fpw;fhd Muk;gj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Sth;. poikf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj tPL > tsitf; fOtpg; ngUf;fp kr;rk; khkprk; jtph;j;J tpujkpUg;gh;. epakpf;fg;gl;l ehs; snty;yhk; $l;bg;ngUf;fpj; Jg;guT nra;J ahtUk; ePuhbj; ;s Rthkpaiwapy; ,e;epfo;r;rpapy; fye;Jnfhs;Sk; %d;W a;jhj Fwpg;ghfg; gj;JtaJf; Fl;gl;l Ngijg; ngz;fSk; Lj;J ,jpy; ed;F ,bj;Jj; J}s; nra;ag;gl;l rhzj;ij mk;rkhd Kisg;gjpj;jYf;fhd xOq;Ffisr; nra;th;. ; tUk; ghly; ,jid ed;F tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
pte;j rpj;jpu Nfhykpl;L! uitapl;L)Fq;Fkj;jhy; ePuhl;b!
nghl;Lkpl;L!
f;f gsgsf;f”...... isg;ghf;fisr; Rw;wpr; ‘nrt;tha;’ (Fk;kp) nfhl;Lk; khf ,lk;ngWk;. Kisg;gjpg;gjw;fhd etjhdpaq;fs; ;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;thW etjhdpaq;fisg; ngwr; Pl;L Kw;wj;jpYk; epd;W fPo ;tUk; ghliyg; ghLth;.
pg; gaW ;Fk; rpW gaW”
;sth;fs; jk;kplKs;s etjhdpaq;fisNah my;yJ jNah nfhLj;JjTth;. ,t;thW tPl ;L Kw;wj;jpy; epd;W
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ghlg;gLk; ,g;ghlyhdJ “ehk; ,r; rlq;fpid ,d;wpypU vz;zpAs;Nshk;. vdNt> ChpYs;sth;fshfpa ePq ;f xj;JioAq;fs;. mg;nghOJjhd; Cuth;fshfpa vkf;F md;i njhdpg;nghUisf; nfhz;ljhf miktij czuyhk;. Nk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,r; rkak;rhh; rlq;F epfo;r;rpf;fhf nghJ fSf;Fs;Sk; cs;shf;fhky; mtuthplj;jpy; fpilf;ff;$b mjidNa Kisaplg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. Muk;gfhyq;f epiyAk; ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fyhk;. mj;Jl ,k;kf;fspilNa r%f xw;Wikia Nkk;gLj;JtjhfTk; ,t;thW tPLtPlhfr; nrd;W ghb etjhdpaq;fs; ngWk ,r;rlq;fpid epfo;j;Jgth;fs; ,r;rlq;fpy; fye;Jnfhs xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifiag; ngw;W mjd; %yk; ,r;rlq;fpw nra;fpd;wdh;. vdNt> etjhdpaq;fs; ,d;W filapNyNa tPl;by; Rthkpaiwapy; tpsf;Nfw;wp J}gjPgk; fhl;b Kd;G rhz rl;bfspy; %d;W Rkq;fypg; ngz;fspdJk; topfhl;Ljypy ngz;fs; etjhdpaq;fis Kisf;f itg;gh;. ,t;thW itj;j rl;bfis “Kiog;gh” vd;gh;. mt;thW Kisf;fit ngz;fs; jhk; ePuhb  mt;thwhapd; mjd;%yk; fpuhkk; rpwf;f Ntz;Lk;> ehL eyk;ngwNtz mh;j;jq;fis vkf;Fg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdNt r%ff; $ Raeyk; jtph;j;Jg; nghJeyk; Ngzg;gLtij czuyhk;. m rpe;jidAilath;fshf tho;e;J te;Js;sik Gydhfpd;w
,e;jpahtpy; ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kisg;ghh tw;wpy; ,t;thW etjhdpaq;fs; Kiof;f itj;jy; Kf;fpa , rlq;fpy; etjhdpaq;fis Kisf;f itg;gjw;F kz;ghid cNyhfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ,r;r juj;ij fhl;Ltdthf mikfpd;wd. Mdhy; rpj;jpiur; my;y. me;j];J Ngjk; njhpahjgb kz;rl;bfNs gad;gLj;j
,t;thW Kisg;gjpj;j ehspypUe;J mk;Kisg;ghf;f mr;rpW ngz;fs; xU ehs; tpl;L xU ehs; jkJ  mt;thwhapd; ed;F kionga;a Ntz;Lk;> z;Lk;> ehL eyk;ngwNtz;Lk; Nghd;w cs;shh;e;j gy ;Jfpd;wJ. vdNt r%ff; $l;Lwitg; NgZk; ,r;rlq;fpy; gzg;gLtij czuyhk;. mjd; %yk; ,k; kf;fs; cah;e;j
;J te;Js;sik Gydhfpd;wJ.
;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kisg;ghhpr; rlq;F xapw;Fk;kp Nghd;w ; Kiof;f itj;jy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. Kisg;ghhpr; sf;f itg;gjw;F kz;ghidapd; mbg;gFjp my;yJ gy;NtW j;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ,r;rlq;fpy; fye;Jnfhs;gth;fspd; pd;wd. Mdhy; rpj;jpiur; nrt;tha;r; rlq;fpy; mt;thW gb kz;rl;bfNs gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
hspypUe;J mk;Kisg;ghf;fSf;F gUt taij vl;lhj pl;L xU ehs; jkJ 

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Kisg;gjpaitj;J %d;whtJ ehspypUe;J ePh;nj fhiyapYk; khiyapYk; tPl ;bd; Kw;wj;jpy; rpW ehw;fhypa tphpj;J mjpy; Kisg;ghf;fis itj;J rpWkpfSk; ngz;fS mk;Kisg;ghf;fisr; Rw;wpr; Rw;wp te;J Fk;kp nfhl;Lthh;f tpehafh; JjpAld; Muk;gpg;gh;. gpd;Gk; khhpak;kd; Gfo; ghLk nrt;tha; (Fk;kp) nfhl;Lth;. fPo ;tUk; ghlw;gFjpia cjhuz
“Xuhk; ehs; Kis vOe;J Xq;fp tsUkhk; khhpKs(i  mNjNghy; J}a;ikNahLk Ntz;Lk;; ,y;iyahapd; mit ed;F Kisj;J tsuk mirf;fKbahj ek;gpf;ifahFk;. mit ed;F tsutpy;i jpYk; Kisg;gjpa itj;jjpYk; VNjh Fiwfs; cs;sd v ehk; ,d;Wk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
Kisf;f itj;j etjhdpaq;fs; ed;F tsUkhdhy; m shs;> mtSila mUw;jpwNk ,t;thW tsh;e;J FJ}fypg;gh;. mJkl;Lkd;wp ,t;thz;L kiotsk; ngU vd;Wk; jpUkzkhfhj fd;dpg;ngz;fSf;F ey;y kzth ek;gpf;ifAilath;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
,t;thW xUehs; tpl;L xUehs; Kisg;ghf;fSf;F ePh;t Rw;wp nrt;tha; (Fk;kp nfhl;Ljy;) nfhl;Lth;. Kd;ida fpoikapy; Muk;gpj;J mLj;j nrt;tha;f;fpoik khiy ,W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L Gjd;fpoik ,Wjptpoh nfhz;lhlg;gL epfo;r;rp gjpndhU ehl;fisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd tPL fs;; md;W khiy thio kuq;fs; ehl;lg;gl;L ,sePh khtpiy> Njhuzq;fshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;L tpohf;Nfhy Ntg;gpiyf; nfhg;Gfs; Kf;fpa ,lk; gpbg;gjid mtjhdp
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;whtJ ehspypUe;J ePh;njspf;Fk; xt;nthU ehSk; d; Kw;wj;jpy; rpW ehw;fhypapy; Rj;jkhd nts;isj;Jzp itj;J rpWkpfSk; ngz;fSk; xd;W$bg; ghbf;nfhz;Nl w;wp te;J Fk;kp nfhl;Lthh;fs;. mt;thW nfhl;Lk;nghOJ pd;Gk; khhpak;kd; Gfo; ghLk; gyghly;fisg; ghbf;nfhz;Nl
;tUk; ghlw;gFjpia cjhuzkhf Nehf;fyhk;.
Xq;fp tsUkhk; khhpKs(is)
ul;lzk; nfhl;Lkhk; khhp Ks is vOe;JKj;jk; nfhLf;Fkhk; khhpKs ;J ieahz;b nfhl;Lkhk; khhpKs svOe;J nfhQ;rp tpisahLkhk; khhpKs mLf;fptpisahLkhk; khhpKs Vsdk; nra;Akhk; khhpKs
vl;bg;glUkhk; khhpKs ;J xa;ahuq;nfhl;Lkhk; khhpKs gw;wpg;glUkhk; khhpKis”
k; nghOJ rpwpJNeuk; nfhl;Lth;. njhlh;e;JtUk; mjpfhpj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;Yth;. Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ghlypy; j;j ehs;Kjy; mjd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. f;fg;gLk; nghOJ kpfTk; J}a;ikAlDk; gagf;jpAlDk; ;> mNjNghy; J}a;ikNahLk; gagf;jpNahLk; guhkhpf;fg;gl t ed;F Kisj;J tsukhl;lh vd;gJ fpuhkkf;fspd; k;. mit ed;F tsutpy;iyahapd; mk;kid Ntz;ba ; VNjh Fiwfs; cs;sd vd;W MSf;fhs; fpRfpRg;gij
q;fs; ed;F tsUkhdhy; md;id vk;kPJ mUs;ghypj;Js; Nk ,t;thW tsh;e;J ngUFfpd;wJ vdf; $wpf; t;thz;L kiotsk; ngUfpg; gaph;fs; nropj;J tsUk; g;ngz;fSf;F ey;y kzthsd; fpilg;ghd; vd;Wk; mjPj
;fpd;wdh;.
ehs; Kisg;ghf;fSf;F ePh;tpl;Lg; guhkhpg;gJld; mtw;iwr; jy;) nfhl;Lth;. Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; xU nrt;tha;f; rt;tha;f;fpoik khiy ,Wjp tpohTf;fhd Maj;jq;fs; ,Wjptpoh nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. (Mdhy; ,d;W ,r;rlq;F nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.) ,r;rlq;F epfo;j;jg;gLk; kuq;fs; ehl;lg;gl;L ,sePh;f;;Fiyfs; njhq;f tplg;gl;L yq;fhpf;fg;gl;L tpohf;Nfhyk; g+Zk;. ,t;tyq;fhuj;jpy; ,lk; gpbg;gjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. fhuzk; mk;kDf;F
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kpfTk; cfe;jjhf Ntg;gpiy fhzg;gLfpd;wikahFk;. t nghOJ Ntg;gpiy gy kUj;Jtf;Fzq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s gyth;zr; NriyfSk; ,t;tyq;fhuj;jpw;Fg; gad;g tPl ;L Kw;wj;jpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; Nkil Ngh J}a;ikahd nts;isj;Jzp tphpj;J mjd;Nky; kj;jpapy; k Fk;gnkhd;iw itg;gh;. gpd;G mJtiuAk; rpWngz;fshy te;j Kisg;ghf;fs; md;Wk; mth;fshy; ePh;njspf;fg;gl ghtidnra;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Fk;gj;ijr;#o it ehd;F %iyfspYk; xt;nthU cuy; itf;fg;gl;L> mtw jdyl;Rkpia tuNtw;gjw;fhfj;jhd; ,t;thW tphpe;j ,k;kf;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. mk;kDila Fk;gj;jpd; njd njhiytpy; “nrq;fw;gpl;bah;” vdr; rhzj;jpdhy; gps;is myq;fhpj;J vUf;fpiyapy; itj;J gilay;nra;J Rkq cz;Zk;gbg; ghb topgLth;. mt;tk;rkhdJ ,r;rlq;Fe epfo;j;jg;gLk; tpehaf topghlhff; nfhs;syhk;. ,t ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.
“ahid tUk; ahid mire;J tUk; ahid gs;sj;ijf; fz;lhy; gJq;fp tUk; ahid Fk;gj;ijf; fz;lhy; Fiye;J tUk; ahid ahid te;J ,wq;fNt my;yp mf;fh elf;fNt nry;tk; nghypaNt kJiu nfhz;l Iadhh; FjpiuapNy thuhh; kzthsg; ngz;fnsy;yhk; Fwl;iliaj; Jwe;J Fuit ,Lq;Nfh jQ;rht+hpNy rhzp vLf;fg;NghifapNy kJiu nfhz;l Iaehh; FjpiuapNy thuhh; kzthsg; ngz;fnsy;yhk; Fwl;iliaj; Jwe;J Fyit (Fuitia) ,Lq;Nfh”
vdg; ghbf; nfhz;Nl gps;isahiu cgrhpf;fpd;wdh;. rpW ePh;j;njspf;Fk; NghJk; thturpfs;(tho;turpfs;) vd;W ngz;fs; ,g;ghliyg;ghbf; FuitapLfpd;wdh;. ,tw;wpd ve;jnthU re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; gps;isahh; topghl;il kwg;gjpy;i mJkl;Lkd;wp ,g;ghly; ,k;kf;fs; gy E}w;whz;LfS te;jth;fs; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W gfh;tjhAk; mikfpd;wJ. , epfo;j;jg;gl;l rpj;jpiur; nrt;tha;r; rlq;fpid ,k;kf;f epfo;j;Jfpd;whh;fs; vd;gijAk; mq;F mr;rlq;fpd; NghJ g te;jjd; gpw;ghLk; ve;jtpj khw;wKk;kpd;wp ,r;rlq;F e ghb tUfpd;wdh; vd;gijAk; Cfpj;jwpayhk;. NkYk; , ngz;fSk; tPl ;by; ntWkNd Klq;fpf; fple;J nghOi Jd;gq;fisj; Njbf;nfhs;shJ tpiue;njOe;J ePuhb RW
608

fhzg;gLfpd;wikahFk;. tpQ;Qhd hPj pahf Nehf;Ffpd;w f;Fzq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sik Gydhfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; t;tyq;fhuj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l l;l ,lj;jpy; Nkil Nghd;W mikj;J mjd;Nky; phpj;J mjd;Nky; kj;jpapy; khhpak;kdhfg; ghtid nra;J mJtiuAk; rpWngz;fshy; ePh;njspj;Jg; guhkhpf;fg;gl;L ; mth;fshy; ePh;njspf;fg;gl;ljd; gpw;ghL khhpak;kdhfg; f;Fk; Fk;gj;ijr;#o itf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j Nkilapd; U cuy; itf;fg;gl;L> mtw;wpy; njd;dk;g+ itf;fg;gLk;. fj;jhd; ,t;thW tphpe;j njd;dk;g+ itf;fg;gLtjhf ;kDila Fk;gj;jpd; njd;fpof;fpy; %d;W ehd;F ahh; vdr; rhzj;jpdhy; gps;isahh; gpbj;J Fd;Wkzpahy; j;J gilay;nra;J Rkq;fypg;ngz;fs; mtiur; NrhW mt;tk;rkhdJ ,r;rlq;Fepfo;r;rpia njhlq;Fk;Kfkhf hlhff; nfhs;syhk;. ,t;Ntisapy; fPo ;tUk; ghly;
re;J tUk; ahid ;fp tUk; ahid e;J tUk; ahid y;yp mf;fh elf;fNt
nfhz;l Iadhh; hsg; ngz;fnsy;yhk; t ,Lq;Nfh ;NghifapNy piuapNy thuhh; k; Fwl;iliaj; Jwe;J ;Nfh”
sahiu cgrhpf;fpd;wdh;. rpW ngz;fs; Kisg;ghf;fSf;F urpfs;(tho;turpfs;) vd;W nry;yg;gLfpd;w Rkq;fypg; uitapLfpd;wdh;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; ,q;FthOk; kf;fs; sahh; topghl;il kwg;gjpy;iy vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. f;fs; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,e;jpahtpypUe;J fh;tjhAk; mikfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; jkJ %jhijauhy; ha;r; rlq;fpid ,k;kf;fs; ,q;F te;jjd; gpw;ghLk; ; mq;F mr;rlq;fpd; NghJ ghlg;gl;l ghly;fisNa ,q;F hw;wKk;kpd;wp ,r;rlq;F epfo;r;rpfspd; NghJ mg;gbNa ; Cfpj;jwpayhk;. NkYk; ,sq;fd;dpaUk; jpUkzkhd Klq;fpf; fple;J nghOij tPN z fopj;J Neha;nehb tpiue;njOe;J ePuhb RWRWg;ghf te;J ,t;tpohtpy;
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fye;J nfhz;L ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. mt;thwpUf;fg; gofpf;nfhs;Sq;fs; vd;Dk; mwpTWj;jiy ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
“nrq;fw;gpl;bahNu NrhW jpd;Dk; Miy ,iyapNy NrhW jpd;Dk; mj;jp ,iyapiyapNy NrhW jpd;Dk; Gq;f ,iyapNy NrhW jpd;Dk; Gspa ,iyapNy NrhW jpd;Dk;”
vdg; ghbf;nfhz;Nl gps;isahiur; NrhW jpd;Dk;gb Nt topghl;bd; gpd;Ng Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;l khhpak;kd; Fk;gK Nkilapy; nfhz;L te;J itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;ngh jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ‘kztiw’ Ak; gad;g mf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,f;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd kf;fSila rpj;jphpf;fpd;w xh; mk;rkhfTk; fhzyhk; my;yJ ehf khw;wkhfTk; fhzyhk;.
Vw;fdNt ehk; ghh;j;jJNghy tpohTf;F Kjy;eh fye;Jnfhs;Sk; ngz;fspd; tPL fspy; kl;Lkd;wp fpuhkj;j mhpay; nghhpaYld; rikj;J cz;L kfpo;tJld; mt;thW gidNahiyg; ngl;bfspy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L nrd;W mk;k Nkilapy; mk;kDf;Fg; gilay; nra;th;. md;iwa fhy czT mLj;jehs; kjpak;tiu gOjhfhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf ,Ug;gjw;fhfTk; gidNahiyg; ngl;bfisg; gad;gLj;j gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;Js;s fpd;wJ. ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; gidNahiyg; ng ghj;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,it kf;fSf;F MN gz;Zfpd;wd. NkYk; mhprp khtpdhy; ‘nrt;tha;’ vd;D fpd;wJ. kpfr; rpwpJ mjdpYk; rw;Wg; nghpaJ mjdpYk; rw nra;ag;gl;L mk;kDf;Fg; gilay; nra;ag;gLk;. ,t;thW vy khiy MW> VO kzpahFk;. mjd; gpwF ,k; Nkilia (Fk;kp) nfhl;lj; njhlq;Fth;. Kjypy; rpW ngz;fs; nrt;tha gpd;G ,r;rpW ngz;fs; cs;tl;lkhfTk; ,sq;fd;dpah tl;lkhfTk; jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; mjw;F mLj;j nt nfhl;Lth;;. nfhl;Lgth;fspd; njhif mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f e ngz;fs; Fk;kp nfhl;Ljyhy; cz;lhFk; xypAld; mt iftisay;fSk; Nrh;e;J ,iraikf;Fk;. mjDld; M xUth; Kd;ghl;Lg;ghlr; nrt;tha; (Fk;kp) nfhl;Lgth;fs; gpd xU ghlypy; fPo ;tUkhW rpythpfis Nehf;fyhk;.
“Kd; ghl;lhsh;; : Xuhk; ehs; fufkk;kh gpd; ghl;lhsh; : Mkh> Mkh
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

sg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. mJkl;Lkd;wp vg;nghOJk; ;fs; vd;Dk; mwpTWj;jiyAk; $l ,g;ghlypypUe;J ehk;
pd;Dk; pd;Dk; hW jpd;Dk;
;Dk; ;Dk;”
ahiur; NrhW jpd;Dk;gb Ntz;Lfpd;wdh;. ,g;gps;isahh; pg;gpl;l khhpak;kd; Fk;gKk; Vida Kisg;ghf;fSk; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;nghOJ ,k;Nkilf;Fg; gjpyhf g;gLk; ‘kztiw’ Ak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid ehk; k; ,ilapyhd kf;fSila nghUshjhu NtWghl;bidr; ; fhzyhk; my;yJ ehfhpfj;jpd; jhf;fj;jhy; Vw;gl;l
Nghy tpohTf;F Kjy;ehs; khiy me;epfo;r;rpfspy; PLfspy; kl;Lkd;wp fpuhkj;jpYs;s midtuJ tPLfspYk; z;L kfpo;tJld; mt;thW rikf;fg;gl;l cztpidg; j;Jf;nfhz;L nrd;W mk;kDf;fhf mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; y; nra;th;. md;iwa fhyq;fspy; ,utpy; rikf;fg;gLk; u gOjhfhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhfTk; me;j];JNgjk; njhpahJ g; ngl;bfisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,it ,k;kf;fs; rpwe;j fhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;Js;shh;fs; vd;gijg; Gyg;gLj;J j;jpy; gidNahiyg; ngl;bfSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW ;wdh;. ,it kf;fSf;F MNuhf;fpa NfhshWfis cz;L khtpdhy; ‘nrt;tha;’ vd;Dk; tpNrl gyfhuk; nra;ag;gL rw;Wg; nghpaJ mjdpYk; rw;Wg; nghpaJ vd VOtpj khfr; y; nra;ag;gLk;. ,t;thW vy;yh Vw;ghLfSk; epiwT ngw mjd; gpwF ,k; Nkiliar; Rw;wpr; Rw;wp te;J nrt;tha; jypy; rpW ngz;fs; nrt;tha; nfhl;Lk;gbg; gzpf;fg;gLth;. l;lkhfTk; ,sq;fd;dpah; mth;fSf;F mLj;j ntsp gz;fs; mjw;F mLj;j ntsp tl;lkhfTk; te;J Fk;kp hif mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f epfo;r;rp fisfl;lj; njhlq;Fk;. cz;lhFk; xypAld; mth;fSila fhy;nfhypRfSk; iraikf;Fk;. mjDld; MzhapDk; ngz;zhapDk; ha; (Fk;kp) nfhl;Lgth;fs; gpd;ghl;Lg;ghLth;. cjhuzkhf pfis Nehf;fyhk;.
s; fufkk;kh kh
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Kd; ghl;lhsh; : xapyhd khhpFk;gk; gpd; ghl;lhsh; : Mkh> Mkh Kd; ghl;lhsh :  Mkh Kd; ghl;lhsh; : <];thpahs; khhpFk;gk; gpd; ghl;lhsh; : Mkh> Mkh gpd; ghl;lhsh; : Mkh> Mkh”
,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ,e;epfo;thdJ ghh;g;gjw;Fk; Nfl;gjw J}g jPg rhk;gpuhzp thridAld; gf;jpg;gutrj;ij Vw;gLj;J tpbAk;tiu risf;fhJ gagf;jpNahL nrt;tha; nfhl;L jhkhf ,aw;wpa ghly;fisg; ghLtNjhL> khhpak;kd; jhy jpnusgij Fwk; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;Jk; nghUj;jkhd gF #o;epiyf;F vw;wtpjkhf rpy khw;wq;fisr; nra;J ghLt cjhuzq;fis Nehf;FNthk;.
“$ilapNy rhk;gy; thupf; $ $tb mk;Nk nfhs;sg; Nghuhh; vd;fzth; $ $tb mk;Nk jhilapNy rhk;gy; thhpf; $ $tb mk;Nk jiykapiug; gpbj;jpOj;jPh; $ $tb mk;Nk” “thbnad;Wk; Nghbnad;Wk; topkwpj;J vd;id tk;G Jk;G nrhy;y te;jph; kd;dh;fNs Nghk; Nghk; E}w;nwhUth; tPj papNy Ntw;W ike;jh; cz;Nlh El;gkwpahky; vd;id nrhw;gnkd;W kjpj;jPh;”
,it Fw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; ghlw;gFjpfshFk;.
,r;rlq;fpd; NghJ mJehs; tiuAk; J}a;ikahf ,Ue czTg; nghUl;fisAk; gilaypy; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;Sti fPo ;tUk; ghlw; gFjpAk; rpj;jphpf;fpd;wJ.
“nts;is tpshk;gok; fhNahilAk; g+NthilAk; Kl;l KUq;ff;fha; Kfpo; mopahf; fj;jhpf;fha; fj;jhpf;fha; ,uz;L Jz;L fUthL %Z Jz;L”
,r;rlq;F epfo;r;rpapd; ,Wjpehspy; khhpak;kDld; fhs mjdhy;jhd; mirt czTk; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wJ NghY Mfpa nja;tq;fs; fpuhkpaj; nja;tq;fNs. fpuhkpaj; nja gilg;gJ mf;fhy ,ay;ghf ,Ue;Js;sik Nehf;fj;jf;fJ
Muk;gfhyq;fspy; ,e;epfo;Tfspy; fye;Jnfhs;Sgt xNutpj xNu epwKila ePl ;lg; ghthil rl;iliaAk; ,sk xNu epwKila ghthil jhtzpiaAk; ngz;fshapd; x

khhpFk;gk; kh s; fufkk;kh kh hs; khhpFk;gk; kh kh”
hdJ ghh;g;gjw;Fk; Nfl;gjw;Fk; kpfTk; uk;akhdjhfTk; d; gf;jpg;gutrj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjhfTk; mikAk;. ,t;thW f;jpNahL nrt;tha; nfhl;Lth;. ,t;Ntisapy; ,th;fs; hLtNjhL> khhpak;kd; jhyhl;L kpd;dnyhspahs; Fwk;> pypUe;Jk; nghUj;jkhd gFjpfis vLj;Jj; jkJ fpuhkr; khw;wq;fisr; nra;J ghLtJk; cz;L. fPo ;tUkhW rpy ;.
$ $tb mk;Nk
h; $ $tb mk;Nk
$tb mk;Nk ; $ $tb mk;Nk” k; topkwpj;J vd;id d;dh;fNs Nghk; Nghk; w;W ike;jh; cz;Nlh hw;gnkd;W kjpj;jPh;”
Uk; ghlw;gFjpfshFk;.
; tiuAk; J}a;ikahf ,Ue;j kf;fs; ,Wjpehspy; mirt laypy; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;Stij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,jid ;fpd;wJ.
ahilAk; g+NthilAk;
opahf; fj;jhpf;fha; fUthL %Z Jz;L”
pehspy; khhpak;kDld; fhspak;kDk; topglg;gLfpd;whs;. k; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wJ NghYk;. khhpak;kd; fhspak;kd; nja;tq;fNs. fpuhkpaj; nja;tq;fSf;F mirt czT
e;Js;sik Nehf;fj;jf;fJ
o;Tfspy; fye;Jnfhs;Sgth;fs; rpWkpfshf ,Ug;gpd; ghthil rl;iliaAk; ,sk; ngz;fshf ,Ug;gpd; xNutpj zpiaAk; ngz;fshapd; xNu epwKila NriyiaAk;
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Njh;e;njLj;J cLj;Jth;. ,J mth;fsplj;jpy; gphptpidia Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. mth;fsJ rpwe;j gz;ghl;bidg; gpujpgypj;j fye;Jnfhs;Sk; ngz;fs; rpW rpW FOf;fshfg; gphpe;J njhpT nra;fpd;wdh;. ,J mth;fspd; me;j];J Ngjj;ijA rpj;jphpg;gNjhL nghUshjhu trjp Fiwe;jth;fs; ,e;epfo;tp my;yJ mth;fisf; fld;gl itg;gjw;Fk; VJthfpd;wJ.
,t;thW tpbAk;tiu risf;fhJ Fk;kp nfhl;Lth;. gyh; Neha;tha;g;gl;l nghONjh my;yJ jkf;F Vw;gl;l Ntz;bf;nfhz;lthW ePuhbj; J}a;ikahf mq;F te;J ngh jl;Lf; nfhLj;Njh jkJ Ntz;Ljy;fis epiwNtw;Wthh;fs jPl ;ir ngw;w xUtNuh Nfhapy; mh;r;rfNuh mk;kDf;Fg; g+ir ,Wjpf; nfhl;Lf; nfhl;Lth;. mt;Ntisapy; fPo ;tUtd Ngh
“Ntjhd Ntjf;fhwpNa njz;bak;kh! Ntj Kf;fhL Nghl;L tUthNa khhpj;jhap” ,jd; gpwF rpWkpah; Kisg;ghf;fisj; J}f;fpf; nfhs;s k Ntz;bf;nfhz;lth; khhpak;kd; Fk;gj;ijj; J}f;fpf;nfh Myaj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yth;. ,ileLtpy; tUk; Nfhapy;f vd;gtw;iw itj;J rpwpJ Neuk; Fk;kpnfhl;b ,iwtopghL Nfhapy; Kw;wntspia milth;. ,t;thW fpuhkj;jpd; gygF Fk;gq;fisAk; Kisg;ghf;fisAk; xUq;Nf itj;J xd;wpize;J nghpa tl;lkhff; Fk;kp nfhl;Lth;. mt;Nti ,dpikAld; tpjk;tpjkhd Milahguzq;fSld; Ky Nghd;w kyh;r;ruq;fisf; $e;jypw; #bg; ngz;fs; Fk;kp n fhl;rpahf ,Uf;Fk;. gpwF mtw;iw vLj;Jr; nrd;W mUfpYs nfhl;b topgLth;. ,Wjpahf
“thlhky; trq;fhy; tsh;j;Njdk;kh KisNa (Kisi itifahw;wpd; fiujdpNy Nghuhak;kh KisNa! rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; tsh;j;Njdk;kh KisNa! jPh;j;jahj;jpiu fiujdpNy Nghuhak;kh KisNa!”
vd;W ghb ,Wjpf;nfhl;Lf; nfhl;b ahtw;iwAk; vLj;Jr ePuhbtpl;L te;J jhk; mk;kDf;Fg; gilj;j cztpid v midtUk; mt;Tztpid cz;L kfpo;th;. khiyapy; M topgLth;. ,g;ghlypd; %yKk; ,k; kf;fspd; g+h;tPf k; , ,q;F ghlg;gLk; ghly;fis mtjhdpf;Fk; nghOJ mtw;wpy Ngr;Rtof;Fr; nrhw;fSk; fye;J tUtijf; fhzyhk thlhk trq;fhk Kl;l Nghd;w Ngr;Rtof;Fr; nrhw;fis ghly;fs; ,y;yhJ ,e;epfo;r;rp ,y;iy vd;Dk; msTf;F ngWfpd;wd.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

mth;fsplj;jpy; gphptpidiaNah me;j];;J Ngjj;ijNah e;j gz;ghl;bidg; gpujpgypj;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W ,e;epfo;tpy; W rpW FOf;fshfg; gphpe;J tpiyAah;e;j Milfisj; h;fspd; me;j];J Ngjj;ijAk; nghUshjhu epiyiaAk; jp Fiwe;jth;fs; ,e;epfo;tpy; fye;Jnfhs;shjpUg;gjw;Fk;
tg;gjw;Fk; VJthfpd;wJ.
sf;fhJ Fk;kp nfhl;Lth;. tpbe;jgpd;G fpuhk kf;fspw; jh my;yJ jkf;F Vw;gl;l ,f;fl;lhd nghOJfspNyh J}a;ikahf mq;F te;J nghq;fy; nra;J gilj;Njh g+irj; jy;fis epiwNtw;Wthh;fs;. fhiy xd;gJ kzpastpy; mh;r;rfNuh mk;kDf;Fg; g+ir topghLfis epfo;j;jpa gpwF ;Ntisapy; fPo ;tUtd Nghd;w ghlw;gFjpfisg; ghLth;.
z;bak;kh! hNa khhpj;jhap” g;ghf;fisj; J}f;fpf; nfhs;s khhpak;kd; Fk;gk; J}f;Ftjhf d; Fk;gj;ijj; J}f;fpf;nfhs;s vy;NyhUk; fhspak;kd; ,ileLtpy; tUk; Nfhapy;fspd; Kd;ghf Fk;gk; Kisg;gh k; Fk;kpnfhl;b ,iwtopghL epfo;j;jpa gpw;ghL fhspak;kd; h;. ,t;thW fpuhkj;jpd; gygFjpfspypUe;Jk; tUk; vy;yhf; sAk; xUq;Nf itj;J mtw;iwr; Rw;wp vy;NyhUk; f; Fk;kp nfhl;Lth;. mt;Ntisapy; ghlg;gLk; ghly;fspd; Milahguzq;fSld; Ky;iy> ky;ypif> fdfhk;guk; ypw; #bg; ngz;fs; Fk;kp nfhl;Lk; moF fz;nfhs;shf; ;iw vLj;Jr; nrd;W mUfpYs;s flw;fiuapy; itj;J Fk;kp
;Njdk;kh KisNa (Kisia)! y Nghuhak;kh KisNa! jdk;kh KisNa!
Nghuhak;kh KisNa!”
fhl;b ahtw;iwAk; vLj;Jr; nrd;W flypNy tpl;L flypNy f;Fg; gilj;j cztpid vLj;Jf;nfhz;L tPl ;Lf;F te;J z;L kfpo;th;. khiyapy; Myak; nrd;W mh;r;rid nra;J k; ,k; kf;fspd; g+h;tPf k; ,e;jpah vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. jhdpf;Fk; nghOJ mtw;wpy; vOj;Jtof;Fr; nrhw;fSld; e;J tUtijf; fhzyhk;. fly; rhzp %zhk; Ks ;w Ngr;Rtof;Fr; nrhw;fis cjhuzq;fshf Nehf;fyhk;. ,y;iy vd;Dk; msTf;F ,jpy; ghly;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
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midj;J tplaq;fisAk; njhFj;J Nehf;Ffpd;w nghO ,r;rlq;F epfo;r;rpapy; ,Ue;j rpy mk;rq;fs; Kw;whf ki mk;rq;fspy; khw;wNkw;gl;L tUfpd;wikia mwpaKbfpd NyNa ehk; mtjhdpj;j ,d;Dk; gy fhuzq;fspdhYk; , ghly;fSk; ,d;Dk; rpy gy Mz;Lfspy; Kw;whf mo cUthf;fyhk;. vdNt ,k;kf;fspd; njhd;ikia tpOkpaq;fis ek;gpf;iffis g+h;tPf j;ij vd ,d;Ndhud Vw;gl;LtUk; rpijTfis khw;wq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w ghfj;jpYk; fhzKbahj ,f;fpuhkj;jpduplk; kl;LNk fhz kpf;fjhf milahsq; fhzg;gLfpd;wJkhfpa ,r;rlq;F epf ghly;fSk; Njbj; njhFf;fg;gl;L Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz ed;F Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
rhd;whjhuk; 1. Ma;thsh; Nehpy; mtjhdpj;jit. 2. Ma;thsh; tplakwpe;jth;fSld; Neubahf ciuahba
jfty;fs;. 3. fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> 1956> njhFjp 03> jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;fo 4. fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> 1959> njhFjp 06> jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;fo 5. FzNrfud; Nf.V.> 1992> ehl;Lg;Gw eldq;fSk; ghly 6. Nfhjz;luhkd;> kh.> 1995> tlhh;fhL khtl;l ehl;Lg;Gw 7. Nfhjz;luhkd;> kh.> 1995> ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk;gz
nrd;id. 8. rf;jpNty; R.> 1992 ehl;lhhpay; Ma;T 9. rf;jpNty; R.> 1992 ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T> kzpthrfh; 10. rhuy;ehld; 1993 kiyaf tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak;> Njrp
,ize;J rTj;Vrpad; Gf;];> nrd;id. 11. rpd;dg;gghujp F> 1993> aho;g;ghzk; njhd;ik tuyhW
ntspaPL > jpUney;Ntyp. 12. nrhf;fypq;fk;> g+rhhprp.> 1929> =jpnusgjhNjtp khd;kpak 13. \h[`hd;> V.vd;.vk;.> 1992> Gj;jsk; tuyhWk; kuGf 14. ngUkhs;> m.e.> 1987> ehl;Lg;Gwtpaw; rpe;jidfs;> Ie 15. Kd;dhy; mjpgUk; tpy;ypirf;fiyQUk; tlNk
cWg;gpdUkhd Nrhkh];fe;jhplk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jft 16. ikjpyp tstd;.> 1994 ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;> kJiu. 17. Yh;J> Nj.> 1990> ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfs;> kzpthrfh; gj 18. thdkhkiy> eh.> (njhFg;ghrphpah;) 1977> jkpoh; ehl;Lg
`T];> nrd;id. 19. tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak;> 1992> njhFjp 12> jkpo;g; gy;fiy 20. Nilakanta Sastri,K.A , 1972, The Pandiyan Kingdom, Swath

; njhFj;J Nehf;Ffpd;w nghOJ gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G rpy mk;rq;fs; Kw;whf kiwe;Jtpl;lNjhL NkYk; rpy Ufpd;wikia mwpaKbfpd;wJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp Muk;gj;jp k; gy fhuzq;fspdhYk; ,r;rlq;F epfo;r;rpAk; mjw;Fhpa Mz;Lfspy; Kw;whf mope;Jtplf;$ba #o;epiyia k;kf;fspd; njhd;ikia ghuk;ghpaj;ij gz;ghl;L g+h;tPf j;ij vd ,d;Ndhud;d mk;rq;fisAk; mtw;wpy; ;wq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJk; ,yq;ifapy; NtW ve;jg; hkj;jpduplk; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wikapdhy; jdpj;Jk; fpd;wJkhfpa ,r;rlq;F epfo;r;rpAk; mjd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; ;L Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gij ,t;tha;T vkf;F
j;jit. Sld; Neubahf ciuahbajd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l
hFjp 03> jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;fof ntspaPL > nrd;id. hFjp 06> jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;fof ntspaPL > nrd;id. ehl;Lg;Gw eldq;fSk; ghly;fSk;> nrd;id.
> tlhh;fhL khtl;l ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> nrd;id. 95> ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk;gz;ghLk;> Njd;kiog;gjpg;gfk;>
pay; Ma;T
w ,ay; Ma;T> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak;> Njrpa fiy,yf;fpa NguitAld;
;> nrd;id. o;g;ghzk; njhd;ik tuyhW> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fof
> =jpnusgjhNjtp khd;kpak; jpUkfs; mr;rfk;> Rd;dhfk;.
2> Gj;jsk; tuyhWk; kuGfSk;> nfhOk;G. ;Lg;Gwtpaw; rpe;jidfs;> Ie;jpizg;gjpg;gfk;. ;ypirf;fiyQUk; tlNky;khfhz fyhrhu xd;wpa e;jhplk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jfty;fs;. l;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;> kJiu. of;fhWfs;> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. ;ghrphpah;) 1977> jkpoh; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> epA nrQ;rhp Gf;
> njhFjp 12> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rht+h;. Pandiyan Kingdom, Swathi Publication, Madras
MŒî¡ f£Liu¡ nfhit


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 gz;ghl;bay; Ma;T
kfhghuj ,jpfhrf; fij> rq;f ,yf;fpak;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> gy vd;gtw;wpy; gutyhf ifahsg;gl;L> gpd;dhspy; jkpo khw;wk; ngw;W> jkpo;r; #oYf;Fupa xU gDtyhf e tpy;ypGj;J}uho;thu;> ey;yhg;gps;is KjyhNdhu;fspdJk fspdJk; Kaw;rpfNs mjidj; jkpo;r; #oYf;F cupj;jhd nghJthff; $wpd;> tl ,e;jpaf; fij kuigj; jd;kag;gL jkpo;r; #oypy; ele;NjwpAs;sJ vdyhk;.
jkpo;r; #oYf;F cupa fijahf khw;wk; ngw;w ghujf gDtyhf khj;jpuk; FWf;fptpl KbahJs;sJ. mJ gy epi gz;ghl;Lld; fye;J tpl;lJ. jkpo;r; #oypy; ghujj;jpd tifg;gLj;jyhk; :
1. Xu; ,jpfhrg; gDtyhf mjd; epiyNgW 2. epfo;j;J fiyfs; (gpurq;fk; epfo;j;Jjy;> $j;Jf;fs 3. ehl;lhu; topghL (jpnusgijak;kd;> gQ;r ghz;lt 4. ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpaq;fs; (cjhuzk; : ghuj mk;khid 5. kfhghujf; fijf; $Wfs; nrt;tpay; kw;Wk; Gid
,t;tifg;gLj;jyhdJ kfhghujk; jkpo;r; #oypy; njhd;kf; fijahlyhfj; jkpo;r; #oypy; toq;fg;gl;L> to ,yf;fpak; vd ntFrd gz;ghl;Lf; fij kughfg; gapy; epi vd;gjidAk; ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wJ.
,tw;Ws; kfhghuj ,jpfhrj;jpd; fjhehafpahf rpj;jpupf;f epiyf;F Vw;wp topgLk; epiyik jkpofj;jpYk;  Nryk;> jpUr;rp Mu;f;fhL> kJiu> ,uhkehjGuk;> tl Mu;f;fhL Kjyhd topghL ,aw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 gz;ghl;bay; Ma;T
gh. Rkd;
;f ,yf;fpak;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> gy;ytu; fhyg; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; sg;gl;L> gpd;dhspy; jkpo;r; #oYf;F Vw;w fijahf f;Fupa xU gDtyhf epiyngw;wJ. ngUe;Njtdhu;> s;is KjyhNdhu;fspdJk;> mtu;fisj; njhlu;e;Njhu; j; jkpo;r; #oYf;F cupj;jhd gDtyhf khw;wpaikj;jJ. f; fij kuigj; jd;kag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; epfo;nthd;W
vdyhk;.
jahf khw;wk; ngw;w ghujf; fijapd; epiyg;gpid xU KbahJs;sJ. mJ gy epiyfspy; jkpo;r; #oypy;> jkpo;g; jkpo;r; #oypy; ghujj;jpd; epiyg;gpidf; fPo ;tUkhW
mjd; epiyNgW q;fk; epfo;j;Jjy;> $j;Jf;fs;)
gijak;kd;> gQ;r ghz;ltu;fs;> muthd; topghL) (cjhuzk; : ghuj mk;khid) fs; nrt;tpay; kw;Wk; GidT ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,izjy;
fhghujk; jkpo;r; #oypy; Nt&d;Wtjw;F mf;fij> ;r; #oypy; toq;fg;gl;L> topghL> epfo;j;Jfiy> ehl;lhu; hl;Lf; fij kughfg; gapy; epiyapy; tpsq;FtNj fhuzk;
;fpd;wJ.
j;jpd; fjhehafpahf rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;l jpnusgijiaj; nja;t ik jkpofj;jpYk;  Nryk;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> jpUney;Ntyp> njd; k;> tl Mu;f;fhL Kjyhd khtl;lq;fspy; jpnusgijf;F
y; jpnusgijak;kd; Myaq;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw> py; epiyg;ngw;Ws;sd. Nkw;Fwpj;j gpuNjrq;fspy; ;fs; ,Jtiu mwpag;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd :
613


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1. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk; ❖ jpUg;gOfhkk; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ❖ GJefu; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; ❖ fw;Flh (kfpontl;Lthd;) jpnusgijak;kd; Mya ❖ fy;ybj;njU (ghQ;rhypGuk;) jpnusgijak;kd; My ❖ kl;bf;fop jpnusgjhNjtp Myak;
2. mk;ghiw khtl;lk; ❖ ghz;bUg;Gj; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak;
3. Gj;jsk; khtl;lk; ❖ Ke;jy; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; ❖ clg;Gj; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak;
Nkw;gb Myaq;fspd; tuyhWfis kPl ;LUthf;fk jpnusgij topghl;bd; guTifia milahsg;gLj;j Kbf jpnusgijak;kd; topghl;bd; gutyhdJ ,UNtW mbg Gydhfpd;wJ. mt;tpU mbg;gilfSk; fPo ;tUkhW :
1. ,e;jpahtpdpd;Wk; te;jtu;fshy; (,lg;ngau;r;rp> ah 2.  mt;thW epiyngw;w jpnusgijak;kd; Myaq;f Vida gFjpfspy; mt;topghL NkYk; gutyile;jik
,tw;Ws; ,e;jpahtpdpd;Wk; te;jtu;fshy; Njh fPo ;tUtd tpsq;Ffpd;wd:
❖ Ke;jy; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; ❖ clg;G jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; ❖ ghz;bUg;G = jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; ❖ jpUg;gOfhkk; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak;
Nkw;gb flj;Jifia ep&gzk; nra;af;$ba rhd;Wfs mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mjd; guTifia mila mt;topghL epiyngw;W> r%fr; #oNyhL ,ize;J t ,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ.
ghz;bUg;Gj; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak;
ghz;bUg;Gj; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; ,e;jpahtpypU Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ljhf $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jid ep&gzk;

jak;kd; Myak;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; d; Myak; d;) jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; Guk;) jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; tp Myak;
jak;kd; Myak;
d; Myak; ;kd; Myak;
uyhWfis kPl ;LUthf;fk; nra;Ak; NghJ>   ahj;jpiu) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld
bg;gilapy; jpnusgijak;kd; Myaq;fs; epiyngw;w jpnusgijak;kd; Myaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
NkYk; gutyile;jik
;Wk; te;jtu;fshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Myaq;fshf
d; Myak; d; Myak; ijak;kd; Myak; jak;kd; Myak;
zk; nra;af;$ba rhd;Wfs; gy fpilf;fpd;wd. mtw;iw jd; guTifia milahsg;gLj;JtjhfTk; 

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vkf;Ff; fpilg;gJ ‘jhjd; fy;ntl;L’ MFk;. ,e;jf; fy;n Mz;L F.X.C. eluh[h gjpg;gpj;j ‘kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;’ vD tpj;Jthd; rh.,.fkyehjd;> jpUkjp fkyh fkyehjd; M ‘kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk;’ vd;w E}ypYk; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpujpfisNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jd. ,jid kl;lf E}ypy; mjd; gjpg;ghrpupau;fs; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe
“gioa ,yf;fpar; Rtbfisj; Njbr; Nrfupf;Fk; gzp kl;lf;fsg;G tuyhW rk;ge;jkhd ,uz;L RtbfSk;> gy i fpilj;jd. ,tw;iw xg;gpl;L Muha;e;j NghJ> ngUk;ghYk; , Mjhukhff; nfhz;bUe;jik vkf;F tpsq;fpaJ. ,tw;Ws; fpilj;j ,uz;L Xiyr; RtbfSk;> kfpobj;jPt py; ,Ue;J f XusT gpiofs; Fiwe;jit MfTk;> tplaq;fs; $badt ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs; ahTk;> ,tw;Ws; xd;wpidNa g mtw;iw ePf ;fp tpl;Nlhk;. Vw;fdNt mr;Rg; gpujpahf nts kfhtpj;Jthd; mkuu; vt;.vf;];.rp.eluhrh mtu;fspd; kl E}Yk; ,itfspy; xd;iwNa jOtp mr;rplg;gl;lJ Nghyj gzpf;F ,jidAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;Nlhk;.” (fkyehjd;> r 2005 : Kd;Diu).
MapDk;> jhjd; fy;ntl;L fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jjh mf;fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpf;Fk; nra;jpfspd; mbg;gilapy; M nra;jpapidAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Myaj; Njhw;wk; njhl nra;jp gpd;tUkhW :
vjpu;kd;drpq;fd; vd;gtd; kl;lf;fsg;ig Ml;rp nra kjj;ijg; gug;Gk; Nehf;fj;NjhL> ghujf; fijia Vl;by fhtpAil jupj;j kz;lyjhupaha; tpy;ypy; rpwe;jtdhd ,q;Fs;NshUf;Fj; njupag;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L jhjd; vd;gtd; jpUf;Nfhtpy; rpj;jpuNtyhAj Rthkpia juprpj;J tUifa gw;wpa nra;jpia vjpu;kd;drpq;f td;dpaDf;F mwpag;gLj;j td;dpad; mtid tutioj;J mtdJ Cu;> ngau;> Fy vd;gd gw;wp tprhupj;j NghJ> mtd; jhd; nfhq;F ehl;by NfhNtrpau; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jjhfTk; $wp> gpd; jhd; tq;f kj;jpGuk; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W ghujk; vd;Dk; kjj;i mq;F fhl;btpl;L> ,q;Fs;NshUf;Fk; mk;kuigf; fhl;l t Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk;> kd;dDk; ,jidf; Nfl;L kfpo;e;J kfhghuj flyUNf tdk; Nru;e;j Xu; ,lj;ij mtd; tpUk;gpagbNa t
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;ntl;L’ MFk;. ,e;jf; fy;ntl;Lg; gpujpahdJ 1998 Mk; kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;’ vDk; E}ypYk;> 2005 Mk; Mz;L pUkjp fkyh fkyehjd; MfpNahu; ,ize;J gjpg;gpj;j d;w E}ypYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j ,U E}y;fSk; Vl;Lg; fhz;bUe;jd. ,jid kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk; vd;Dk; pd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk; :
sj; Njbr; Nrfupf;Fk; gzpapNy ehk;  ,uz;L RtbfSk;> gy ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfSk; vkf;Ff; uha;e;j NghJ> ngUk;ghYk; ,uz;L topNaLfisNa ,it kf;F tpsq;fpaJ. ,tw;Ws; fy;Kid> ghz;bUg;gpypUe;J Sk;> kfpobj;jPt py; ,Ue;J fpilj;j ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpANk fTk;> tplaq;fs; $badthfTk; fhzg;gl;ld. Vida ;> ,tw;Ws; xd;wpidNa gbnaLj;J ,Ue;jd. vdNt dNt mr;Rg; gpujpahf ntspte;Js;s> ,yf;fpaf; fyhepjp ;];.rp.eluhrh mtu;fspd; kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak; vd;Dk; jOtp mr;rplg;gl;lJ Nghyj; njd;gl;ljhy;> vkJ xg;gPl ;Lg; fhz;Nlhk;.” (fkyehjd;> rh.,.fkyh fkyehjd; (g.M) :
fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jjh vd;gJ gw;wp mwpAkhwpy;iy. ;jpfspd; mbg;gilapy; Myaj; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghd J. Myaj; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghf mf;fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpf;Fk;
d; kl;lf;fsg;ig Ml;rp nra;J te;j Ntis itzt hL> ghujf; fijia Vl;by; tiue;J vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> paha; tpy;ypy; rpwe;jtdhd mUr;Rdd; nra;j jtj;ij ;Jk; nghUl;L jhjd; vd;gtd; ,q;F te;jhd;. mtd; Kjypy; Rthkpia juprpj;J tUifapy; mq;Fs;Nshu; ,tidg; ;f td;dpaDf;F mwpag;gLj;jpdu;. gpd;du; vjpu;kd;drpq;f j;J mtdJ Cu;> ngau;> Fyk;> ,q;F te;jjd; fhuzk; mtd; jhd; nfhq;F ehl;by; ,Ue;J tUtjhfTk;> jhd; hfTk; $wp> gpd; jhd; tq;fk;> fhypq;fk;> kiyahsk;> ; nrd;W ghujk; vd;Dk; kjj;ijAk; mjd; mUikfisAk; hUf;Fk; mk;kuigf; fhl;l te;Js;Nsd; vdf; $wpajhff;
f; Nfl;L kfpo;e;J kfhghuj epfo;r;rpia epfo;j;jpf; fhl;l ;ij mtd; tpUk;gpagbNa toq;f> mtd; ghz;ltu;fshf
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Itiu epWj;jp jPtsu;j;J mjpy; gha;e;J mk;kugpid epf Ntz;bajd; epkpj;jk; Nfhapy; xd;wpid kd;dd; vLg;gpj;J epfo;j;jp te;jjhfTk; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,f;fy;ntl;L jtpu;j;J kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk; vD rpy trd eilapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. mjpy; ‘vjpu;kd;d rpq Mfpa jiyg;Gf;fspy; gy nra;jpfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkw;Fwpj;j nra;jpia tpupthf tpsf;FtjhfNt mike;Js ,q;F KOtJkhfj; jug;gLfpd;wd.
vjpu;kd;d rpq;fd; rupj;jpuk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; “khUjNr rpq;fd; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;F muRf;F te;jNghJ> tu;j;jfrhiy kl;lf;fsg;G cd;dhrfpup> Nghu;Kid ehL> kz;Kid> itj;J> Kd;dtu;fshypaw;wpa Vupfisr; nrg;gdpl;Lf; fod nra;tpj;Jj; jhdpa rq;fnkhd;W Vw;gLj;jpf; fy;tpr; rhiyf rpthyaq;fisr; nrg;gdpl;L> MWfhyg; G+ir Guptpj;Jj Gupe;jhd;” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (fkyehjd;> rh.,., fk : g.43).
mjid mLj;J ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ‘jhjd; tuT’ vD ciueilg; gFjp njhlu;e;J nry;fpd;wJ:
“mt;Ntis tlehl;Lf; nfhq;F efupYs;s jhjd; vd Nghjpg;gjw;fhfj; Jghgu cf Kbtpy;> mj;jpdhGupia muR Fyj;Jj; JupNahjddhjpfs; ghz;Ltpd; Fyj;Jj; ju;k mguhjq;fis> kfhghujj;NjhL Nru;j;Jg; Gytu;fshy; ghba vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> fhtpf kz;lyjhupaha; Ntlk; G+z;L> n kl;lf;fsg;Gf;F te;J> ehfu;Kidj; jpUf;Nfhapiyf; fz ,jpfhrj;ij mt;thyaj;jpy; Nghjpj;jdd;. mijawpe;j jpf epUgDf;F mwptpj;jdu;. vjpu;kd;drpq;f epUgd; jpUf;Nf fz;L ck;Kila Fyk;> Nfhj;jpuk;> ehkk;> RaehL ,itf jhjDk; murid Nehf;fp muNr vd;Fyk; trpad;. vd; ehkk tpl;bZ. vd;Dila Ra ehL Nfhq;F efu;. ehd; ghz;ltu Fyj;Jj; JupNahjdhjpfs; nra;j jPi kfisf; fhz;gpf;Fk vjpu;kd;d rpq;f epUgDk; mjid mwptpf;Fk;gb jhjid
jhjDk; murid Nehf;fp muNr> gQ;rghz;ltu;fi vd;gtidj; Jizf;nfhz;L ,e;jpug;gpujpj;jj;ij murhsf; fUjp rNfhju cupik nfhz;lhb tpUe;Jf;fio ,e;jpug;gpurpj;jj;ij mj;jpdhGuj;NjhL Nru;j;Jg; gQ;rghz;l
616

py; gha;e;J mk;kugpid epfo;j;jpf; fhl;bajhfTk;> mtd; ; xd;wpid kd;dd; vLg;gpj;J tUlhtUlk; mr;rlq;fpid Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
f;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk; vDk; E}ypy;> rupj;jpu epfo;Tfs; ;sd. mjpy; ‘vjpu;kd;d rpq;fd; rupj;jpuk;’> ‘jhjd; tuT’ ;jpfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mit Fwpg;gpLk; nra;jpfSk; tpsf;FtjhfNt mike;Js;sd. mt;Tiueilg; gFjpfs;
;wd.
; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; “khUjNrdDila Gj;jpud; vjpu;kd;d ;F te;jNghJ> tu;j;jfrhiyfSk;> itj;jparhiyfSk; u;Kid ehL> kz;Kid> NfhwisehL> ,itfspaw;wp Vupfisr; nrg;gdpl;Lf; fodpfspy; nre;ney; tpisAk;gb ;W Vw;gLj;jpf; fy;tpr; rhiyfs; gy jpf;FfspYKz;lhf;fpr; MWfhyg; G+ir Guptpj;Jj; jpf;fjpfhupfs; itj;J muR ;sJ (fkyehjd;> rh.,., fkyh fkyehjd; (g.M) : 2005
;Ws;s ‘jhjd; tuT’ vDk; jiyg;gpy; fPo ;f;fhZkhW y;fpd;wJ:
hq;F efupYs;s jhjd; vd;nwhUtd; tpl;bZ kjj;ijg; btpy;> mj;jpdhGupia muR nra;j FUFyj;jjpguhd ehfu; ghz;Ltpd; Fyj;Jj; ju;kUf;Fk; jk;gpkhUf;Fk; nra;j Nru;j;Jg; Gytu;fshy; ghba ,jpfhrj;ij klypy; tiue;J yjhupaha; Ntlk; G+z;L> nfhq;F ehL tpl;L ,yq;if> idj; jpUf;Nfhapiyf; fz;L juprid nra;J kfhghuj ghjpj;jdd;. mijawpe;j jpf;fjpgnuhUtu; vjpu;kd;d rpq;f ;kd;drpq;f epUgd; jpUf;NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W jhjidf; ;jpuk;> ehkk;> RaehL ,itfis mwptpAk; vdf; $wpdd;. vd;Fyk; trpad;. vd; ehkk; jhjd;. vd;Dila Nfhj;jpuk; Nfhq;F efu;. ehd; ghz;ltu; Fyj;Jj; ju;khjpfSf;F ehfu; ;j jPi kfisf; fhz;gpf;Fk;gb te;Njd; vd;W $wpdd;.
d mwptpf;Fk;gb jhjid Ntz;bdhd;.
p muNr> gQ;rghz;ltu;fisj; JupNahjdhjpfs; rFdp ;L ,e;jpug;gpujpj;jj;ij mj;jpdhGuj;NjhL Nru;j;J k nfhz;lhb tpUe;Jf;fioj;Jr; #jhb ntw;wp nfhz;L j;NjhL Nru;j;Jg; gQ;rghz;ltu;fis tdthrk; NghFk;gb
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jpl;lk; nra;J JupNahjdDld; gpwe;jtdhfpa Jr;rdd; vd JNuhgjpapDila cilj;Jfpiy cupag; gQ;rghz;ltu kapiug;gpbj;J te;J Japiyf; fisa> tpJud; mijj; ,e;jg; gpurpj;j ehl;il ,oe;J fhl;bw; nrd;wJk;> gpd;G ghz nfhd;wJk;> muthidf; fsg;gyp nra;jJk;> ghu;j;jd; rpt ngw;wgpd;G mf;fpdp Fspj;J kPz ;L ,e;jpug;gpurpj;jk;> mj;jpGu fhz;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F rKj;jpuf; fiuaUFk; tlt mg;ghy; tdKkpUf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; jhd; fhz;gpf;f Ntz;Lk
murDk; rk;kjKw;Wj; jpUf;NfhtpypypUe;J flyU Ntz;bagbapUe;j me;j ,lj;jpy; ghz;ltUila cWg;i mjid ek;Gk;gb jPtsu;j;J mjpypwq;fp kPz ;L fhl;bd ,lj;jpy; MyaKz;lhf;fpg; ghz;LWUg;GKid vd ehk jpl;lKk; jPl ;b jkJ ,Ug;gplk; nrd;whd;” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;g fkyh fkyehjd; g.M : 2005 : gf;. 43 - 44).
,r;nra;jpfs;> ,t;thyak; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j jhjd vjpu;kd;drpq;f td;dpad; fhyj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ v
jhjd; fy;ntl;L> kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk; Mfpait te;jtd; vdf; Fwpf;fpd;wik kpFe;j ftdj;jpw;Fupajh ,g;NghJ Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; mlq;f
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u; khtl;lq ,uh. rPdpthrd; (rPdpthrd;> ,uh. : 1961) my;g;`py;j;ng MfpNahu; gy jpnusgijak;kd; Myaq;fs; Nkw;gb gFjpfs vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. vdNt> jhjd; vd;gtDk; Nkw;gb topghl;il ghz;bUg;gpy; mwpKfk; nra;jpUf;f tha;g;Gz;L
Ma;tpd; nghUl;L taJ> ghy;> fy;tp> njhopy; mbg;gil jpnusgijak;kid topgLNthu; njupTnra;ag;gl;L> ,t tpdtg;gl;l NghJ> xU rpyu; Njhw;wk; njhlu;gpy; mwpe;jpUf MapDk;> ngUk;ghyhNdhu; Fwpg;ghf %j;Njhu;fs; ,t;thya je;j jhjd; vd;gtdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Nw Fwpg;g vjpu;khwhd vt;tpjkhd fUj;Jf;fSk; gjpthftpy;iy. vd kugpy; toq;fg;gl;LtUk; jhjd; njhlu;gpyhd fijAk; ,t;t jhjd; vd;gtdhNyNa Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjidNa vdyhk;.
,t;thW jhjdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLk; gh Myaj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fhyj;jpidj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; Fwpg;g
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

; gpwe;jtdhfpa Jr;rdd; vd;gtd; ghQ;rhyDila Gj;jpup piy cupag; gQ;rghz;ltu;fs; Kd;ghf JNuhgijapd; ; fisa> tpJud; mijj; jLf;f gQ;rghz;ltu; jq;fs; hl;bw; nrd;wJk;> gpd;G ghz;ltu;fs; JupNahjdhjpaiuf; ;gyp nra;jJk;> ghu;j;jd; rptdplj;jpy; ghRgjk; ngw;wJk;> ;L ,e;jpug;gpurpj;jk;> mj;jpGuk; ,itfis muR nra;jJk; rKj;jpuf; fiuaUFk; tlthy; epiwe;j ,lKk; mjw;F
; jhd; fhz;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;bdhd;.
jpUf;NfhtpypypUe;J flyUfha; tUk; NghJ jhjd; ;jpy; ghz;ltUila cWg;ig MW NgUf;F cz;lhf;fp mjpypwq;fp kPz ;L fhl;bdhd;. murDk; kfpo;e;J me;j z;LWUg;GKid vd ehkQ;rhw;wp mjidg; gupghypf;f nrd;whd;” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (fkyehjd;> rh.,.> : gf;. 43 - 44).
e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j jhjdhy; kl;lf;fsg;ig Ml;rp nra;j j;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ vdj; njuptpf;fpd;wd.
g;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk; Mfpait jhjd; nfhq;F ehl;by; ,Ue;J kpFe;j ftdj;jpw;FupajhfpwJ. Nkw;gb nfhq;F ehL ; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.
k;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u; khtl;lq;fspy; Ma;Tfis epfo;j;jpa ,uh. : 1961) my;g;`py;j;nga;jy; (Hiltebeitel, Alf. : 1988) ; Myaq;fs; Nkw;gb gFjpfspy; epiyngw;Ws;sikapid > jhjd; vd;gtDk; Nkw;gb gFjpapy; epytpa jpnusgij
fk; nra;jpUf;f tha;g;Gz;L.
hy;> fy;tp> njhopy; mbg;gilapy; mLf;fikT khjpupfshf thu; njupTnra;ag;gl;L> ,t;thyaj; Njhw;wk; njhlu;gpy; jhw;wk; njhlu;gpy; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. pg;ghf %j;Njhu;fs; ,t;thyak; ,e;jpahtpdpd;Wk; tUif thf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. ,j;Njhw;wf; fijf;F f;fSk; gjpthftpy;iy. vdNt> kf;fsplj;jpy; tha;nkhop ; njhlu;gpyhd fijAk; ,t;thyak; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j tpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjidNa mOj;jkhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ
tpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLk; ghz;bUg;Gj; jpnusgijak;kd; dj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; Fwpg;gplf;$ba rhd;whjhuq;fisf;
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fhzKbahJs;sJ. vdNtjhd;> Myaj; Njhw;wf; fhyj;i nra;aNtz;bAs;sJ. mjid kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F vkf;F tpsq;FtJ ‘jhjd; fy;ntl;L’ MFk;. ,e;jf; fy;ntl khd;kpak;’,‘kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuk;’ Mfpa E}y;f mt;tpU E}y;fSk; Vl;Lg; gpujpfisNa mbg;gilahff; Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,it Vl;Lg; gpujpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;g Fwpf;Fk; tuptbtq;fs;> nkhopeilia mbg;gilahff; n fhyj;ijf; fzpj;J> mjd; %yk; Myak; Njhw;wk; ngw;wpU jPu;khdpf;f KbahJs;sJ. fhuzk;> mit gy;NtW fhyq;f vdNt> mit Fwpf;Fk; tuptbtq;fs;> nkhopeili Myaj; Njhw;wf; fhyj;ij milahsg;gLj;j KbahJ. Nk vdf; nfhz;lhYk;> mt;NtL Myak; Njhw;wk; ngw;w g vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. Nkw;fhl;ba gpur;rpidfs;; fhzg;gLf Fwpf;Fk; nra;jpfspd; mbg;gilapy; Myaj; Njhw;wf; fhyj nra;a KbfpwJ. me;jtifapy;> vjpu;kd;drpq;fd; vd;gt Ntis ,e;jpahtpdpd;Wk; te;j jhjd; vd;gtdhy; ,t mf;fy;ntl;Lg; gFjp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wik Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
Nkw;gb fUj;Jf;F tYr;Nru;g;gjhfNt kl;lf;fsg;G G ‘vjpu;kd;drpq;fd; rupj;jpuk;’> ‘jhjd; tuT’ Mfpa ji nra;jpfSk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,e;epiyapy;> vjpu;kd;drpq;f kd;dd; kl;lf;fsg kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuj;jpd; fPo ;tUk; ghlypy; ,Ue;J nj
“fhu; njhiyg; ghndd tpyq;iff; fdfKb kd;d nuy;yhq; fspj;Jtho;e;j rPupyq;Fk; kl;lnkDq; fsg;G ehl;ilr; rpwe;jfyp gpwe;Jehyh apuj;jWE}w;W ehw;gjhz;by; ghu; nropf;f KbGideljhd; Njhg;ghitg; gz;l jhf;fpg; gUjpFyd; gutzpaha; Njudplk; tye;jpupe;J nrq;Nfh Nyhr;Rk; jpwyuru; kugndd;Dk; vjpu;kd;d rpq;fd;jhNd” (fkyehjd;> rh.,.> fkyh fkyehjd; (g.M) : 2005 : g
,jpypUe;J vjpu;kd;d rpq;fd; fypahz;L 4640 , Gydhfpd;wJ. jw;Nghija Mz;bd; gb ,J fp.gp 1538 M “vjpu;kd;drpq;fd; ehw;gj;J ehd;F tUlk; kl;lf;fsg;ig
618

d;> Myaj; Njhw;wf; fhyj;ij mz;zsthfNt kjpg;gPL kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; rhd;whjhukhf ’ MFk;. ,e;jf; fy;ntl;Lg; gpujpahdJ ‘kl;lf;fsg;G rupj;jpuk;’ Mfpa E}y;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jikAk; jpfisNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jikAk; Kd;du;
bg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy;> mt;Ntl;Lg; gpujpfs; peilia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mt;Ntl;Lg; gpujpapd; k; Myak; Njhw;wk; ngw;wpUf;ff;$ba fhy vy;iyapidj; k;> mit gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; gbnaLf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. uptbtq;fs;> nkhopeilia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ilahsg;gLj;j KbahJ. NkYk;> ,jid Kjd;ik VL Myak; Njhw;wk; ngw;w gy fhyq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dUk; a gpur;rpidfs;; fhzg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;> mf;fy;ntl;L apy; Myaj; Njhw;wf; fhyj;jpid mz;zsthf kjpg;gPL ;> vjpu;kd;drpq;fd; vd;gtd; kl;lf;fsg;ig Ml;rp nra;j e;j jhjd; vd;gtdhy; ,t;thyak; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhf
;wik Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
ru;g;gjhfNt kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;t rupj;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ‘jhjd; tuT’ Mfpa jiyg;Gf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
rpq;f kd;dd; kl;lf;fsg;ig Mz;l fhyg;gFjpia fPo ;tUk; ghlypy; ,Ue;J njspe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ :
yq;iff;
spj;Jtho;e;j g;G ehl;ilr; ;jWE}w;W ehw;gjhz;by; d; Njhg;ghitg; utzpaha;
;Nfh Nyhr;Rk; pu;kd;d rpq;fd;jhNd” fkyehjd; (g.M) : 2005 : g. 43).
;fd; fypahz;L 4640 ,y; Ml;rpf;F te;jhd; vd;gJ ;bd; gb ,J fp.gp 1538 Mk; Mz;L MFk;. mNj E}ypy; hd;F tUlk; kl;lf;fsg;ig muR Gupe;J NjftpNahfkhf>
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kj;jpa ehl;Lf;Ff; fPo ; kl;lf;fsg;G ,Ue;jJ” vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg fkyh fkyehjd; (g.M) : 2005 : g. 44). ,jpypUe;J vjpu Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp Gupe;jhd; vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. mt;thn fp.gp 1538 – 1582 tiuahdjhFk;.
,J ,t;thwpUf;f> vjpu;kd;drpq;f td;dpad; fhyj;jpy; g Myak; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpiaj; jUk; jhjd; fy;nt kd;ddhfpa tpkyju;k#upad; tay; epyq;fs;> nts;spf; fs toq;fpa nra;jp Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mr;nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
“khatd;wd; fUizjid Az;iknad;W tpkyjUkndDk; Nte;jd; kdkfpo;e;J fky tpopf;fz;zd; fUizjq;F kpg;gjpf;F Ntz;Lk; tay;epyKk; nts;spf; fsQ;rpaKk; 1 J}z;LJk;gpf; NfhLlNd Nrhjpnao aPe ;J kd;dd; fz;b efu;nrd;whu; fhrpdpNahu; jhkwpg; gz;LKiw vd;nwd;Wk; ghu;”
,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;ddpd tiuahd fhyg;gFjpahFk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; Nehf;fpd;> gh Myak; tpkyju;k#upa kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; my;y Kd;du; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ ehD}W Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gioik tha;e;jJ vd;g
clg;Gj; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak;
clg;Gj; jpnusgijak;kd; MyakhdJ> jkpofj NrJf;fiu> fiuA+u;> jD\;Nfhb Mfpa gFjpfspy; ,Ue te;J> clg;gpy; tho;e;j kf;fshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ ep&gzk; nra;Ak; rhd;Wfshf mtu;fsJ Fbg;ngau;T Fwpj epyTk; fu;zguk;giuf; fijfSk;> mq;F tho;e;j Kd;Ndh tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
clg;gpy; tho;e;j nrk;gypq;f Kjypahu; (1871 – 1945) vd mq;F thOk; kf;fs; vq;fpUe;J te;jtu;fs; vd;gJ gw;w gw;wpAk;> mq;F epiyngw;Ws;s Nfhapy;fspd; tuyhWfs; g mtuJ Fwpg;nghd;wpy; fPo ;f;fz;lthW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ :
1 ,t;tup J}z;L jpfpup je;jk; NrhjpnaoaPe ;J kd;dd; vd
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

g;G ,Ue;jJ” vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (fkyehjd;> rh.,.> 5 : g. 44). ,jpypUe;J vjpu;kd;drpq;fd; ehw;gj;J ehd;F ;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. mt;thnwdpd;> mtdJ Ml;rpf;fhyk; Fk;.
rpq;f td;dpad; fhyj;jpy; ghz;bUg;Gj; jpnusgijak;kd; ;jpiaj; jUk; jhjd; fy;ntl;bNy mf;NfhtpYf;Ff; fz;b ; tay; epyq;fs;> nts;spf; fsQ;rpak; Kjyhd nfhilfis J. mr;nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lg;gFjp gpd;tUkhW :
d Az;iknad;W
; kdkfpo;e;J zjq;F kpg;gjpf;F s;spf; fsQ;rpaKk; rhjpnao aPe ;J kd;dd; Nahu; jhkwpg;
hu;” (jhjd; fy;ntl;L : 66 – 72)
k; tpkyju;k#upa kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; fp.gp 1594 – 1604 jdbg;gilapy; Nehf;fpd;> ghz;bUg;Gj; jpnusgijak;kd; pd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; my;yJ mtdJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpw;F Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,t;thyak; l;l gioik tha;e;jJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
d; Myak;
; MyakhdJ> jkpofj;jpd; ,uhkehjGu khtl;lk; hb Mfpa gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J ,yq;iff;F ,lk;ngau;e;J shy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jid mtu;fsJ Fbg;ngau;T Fwpj;j nra;jpfSk;> ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; Sk;> mq;F tho;e;j Kd;Ndhu;fs; vOjpitj;j Fwpg;GfSk;
;f Kjypahu; (1871 – 1945) vd;ghu; vOjpitj;j Fwpg;Gfspy;> ;J te;jtu;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> mtu;fsJ Fy kuGfs; Nfhapy;fspd; tuyhWfs; gw;wpAk; gy jfty;fs; cz;L. ;lthW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ :
; NrhjpnaoaPe ;J kd;dd; vd;Nw kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpaj;jpy;
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620
“1664 – JUf;fp Ml;rpapd; NghJ 16Mk; E}w;whz;by uhkehjGuk; uhrhTf;FkpilNa Nghu; %z;l Neuk; kjkhw;w 12 ts;sq;fspy; te;J fw;gpl;b Mdthry; njhlf;fk; fi (t];jpahk;gps;is rptNyhfjhrd; (,.M) : 1997 : g. 02).
NkYk;> mtuJ kfd; NrJgjp vd;ghu; vOjpitj;Js;s Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ :
“1654 – nkhfyha Ml;rpapd; NghJ uhkehjGuk; gh];fu rpw;wurdhd njhz;lkhdpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ kjkhw;wk; ei Nru;e;j mf;fhklk;> jq;fr;rpklj;ijr; Nru;e;Njhu; kjkhw;wj;jpw jD\;Nfhbiar; Nru;e;Njhu; kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fl;glhJ ntspNa rptNyhfjhrd; (,.M) : 1997 : g. 02).
,t;tpU Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; xUNru Nehf;Fk; NghJ NrJf;fiu> jD\;Nfhb Mfpa gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J cs;e eltbf;iffshYk; ,lk;ngau;e;J te;Js;sdu; vd;gji MapDk;> ,UtuJ Fwpg;GfspYk; kf;fs; ,lk;ngau;e;jjhf NtWghL fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;epiyapy;> clg;gpy; thOk; kf;fs; Nkw;gb gFj te;jtu;fs; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W gfu;tdthf mg;gFjpapy ngau;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid>
“,q;F te;j Kd;Ndhu;fsJ ngau;fs; ‘NrJ’ vd;Dk ‘NrJuhkd;’> ‘NrJuhkha;’> ‘NrJuhK’> ‘NrJgjp’ vd;W m miziaf; fhty; nra;j guk;giuapy; te;jtu;fshff; fU vd;Dk; nrhy;iy mbahff; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; ‘mk;kKj;J’ ‘Kj;Juhkha;’> ‘Kj;Jitud;’> ‘Kj;Juhkd;’ vd;Dk; ng Nghd;w fpuhkq;fspy; epytpajhf mwpfpNwhk;” vdTk Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.
NkYk; mtu;> “clg;gpy; gy Fyj;jtu;fs; tho;fpd;whu vdf; $Wtu;. ,q;F toq;Fk; mk;gyf;fhuu; Guk;> mof rpd;dhz;b Guk; Nghd;w Fyg;ngau;fs; Kd;ida fhyq gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gl;ljhff; $Wfpd;wdu;” vdTk;> “Mz Nru;e;j jpUf;fzgjp vd;gtu; 1950Mk; Mz;lstpy; jdJ 2 nrd;w NghJ NrJf;fiu> fiuA+u;f; fpuhkq;fSf;Fr; nr ,Ue;J te;Js;shu; vd;W Nfs;tpg;gl;L mt;T+u;g; ngupatu;f cs;sdu;. jkJ Kd;Ndhu;fspy; rpyu; ,q;fpUe;j clg;gpw;F

; NghJ 16Mk; E}w;whz;by; kJiu kq;fk;kh uhzpf;Fk; Nghu; %z;l Neuk; kjkhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gae;J 18 FLk;gq;fs; Mdthry; njhlf;fk; fiuahFb tiu FbapUe;jdu;” rd; (,.M) : 1997 : g. 02).
jp vd;ghu; vOjpitj;Js;s Fwpg;nghd;wpy; fPo ;f;fz;lthW j;jf;fJ :
d; NghJ uhkehjGuk; gh];fu NrJgjp kd;dupdJk; mtupd; l;rpapd; NghJ kjkhw;wk; eilngw;w NghJ uhNk];tuj;ij ;ijr; Nru;e;Njhu; kjkhw;wj;jpw;F cl;glyhapdu;. NrJf;fiu> khw;wj;jpw;Fl;glhJ ntspNawpdhu;fs;” (t];jpahk;gps;is g. 02).
; xUNru Nehf;Fk; NghJ> clg;gpy; thOk; kf;fs; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J cs;ehl;Lg; NghupdhYk;> kjkhw;w ;e;J te;Js;sdu; vd;gjidg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. k; kf;fs; ,lk;ngau;e;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Mz;Lfspy;
hOk; kf;fs; Nkw;gb gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J ,lk;ngau;e;J gfu;tdthf mg;gFjpapy; toq;fpa Kd;Ndhu;fspd; ,jid>
J ngau;fs; ‘NrJ’ vd;Dk; nrhy;iy mbahff; nfhz;L rJuhK’> ‘NrJgjp’ vd;W mike;Js;sJ. ,tu;fs; NrJ ;giuapy; te;jtu;fshff; fUJfpwhu;fs;.” vd;Wk; “Kj;J hz;L tpsq;Fk; ‘mk;kKj;J’> ‘fkyKj;J’> ‘Kj;Juhf;fha;’> > ‘Kj;Juhkd;’ vd;Dk; ngau;fSk; NrJf;fiu> fiuA+u; jhf mwpfpNwhk;” vdTk; eluh[h Fwpg;gjpy; ,Ue;J
y Fyj;jtu;fs; tho;fpd;whu;fs;. ,q;F Fyq;fis ‘Guk;’ k; mk;gyf;fhuu; Guk;> mofg;gu; Guk;> rpd;dlg;gd; Guk;> g;ngau;fs; Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; NrJf;fiu> fiuA+u;g; ; $Wfpd;wdu;” vdTk;> “Mz;bKid G+rhup FLk;gj;ijr; 50Mk; Mz;lstpy; jdJ 28MtJ tajpy; njd;dpe;jpah uA+u;f; fpuhkq;fSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;shu;. xUtu; clg;gpy; ;tpg;gl;L mt;T+u;g; ngupatu;fs; ,tiuf; fz;L ciuahb y; rpyu; ,q;fpUe;j clg;gpw;Fr; nrd;W FbNawp cs;sjhAk;
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$wp cs;sdu;. jpUf;fzgjp mtu;fs; NrJf;fiuapy; ‘f ghu;j;Js;shu;. mtu;fs; rptngUkhd; fhkid vupj;j fi ,f;$j;J clg;G fhspak;kd; NfhapYf;F mUfpy; klk; ,Uf;f vd;Wk; Fwpf;fpd;whu; (t];jpahk;gps;is rptNyhfjhrd; (,
Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L NrJf;fiu> fiuA+u; Nghd;w fpuhkq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,lk;nga Jzpa KbfpwJ. nrk;gypq;f Kjypahu;> NrJgjp Mf mk;kf;fs; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; ,y njupatUfpwJ.
,tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nehf;Fkplj;J> jk cs;ehl;L Nghu; vd;gdtw;why; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; jkpofj vd;gjidj; njspe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. mk;kf;fspy; xU F gFjpf;F ,lk;ngau;e;J te;Js;sdu;. mk;kf;fs; jhk; jkpo te;j khupak;kd;> fhspak;kd;> jpnusgijak;kd; Mf topglyhapdu;. mjdbg;gilapNyNa clg;gpYk; jpnusg ngw;Ws;sJ.
Ke;jy; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak;
Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s Ke;jy; fpuhkj;jpy kf;fs; tho;e;J tUtjhf tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; Fwpg;gpL jkpofj;jpypUe;J te;J> Gj;jsj;jpy; FbNawpa kf;fs;> Gj;js ntFthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf Ke;jy; gFjpf;F kf;fSld; Nru;e;J thoj; jiyg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Nkw;gb tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;l Ke;jy; Myak; xd;W epiyngw;Ws;sJ. ,t;thya Njhw;wk; Fw Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; :
“,t;thyaj;jpd; Mjptuyhw;iw MuhAkplj;J Kjd; K ngUkf;fs; kPd hl;rp mk;kDf;Ff; Nfhapy; fl;b topgl;L te;j ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J te;J Ke;jypy; FbNawpa rpjk;gug; Mfpa ,UtUk; ,k;kPd hl;rpak;kd; Nfhapiyg; GdUj;jhuz Nru;e;J tpohntLj;J topgl;L te;jdu;. me;ehspy; Gj;jsj;j vd;gtu; Gj;jsj;jpy; jpnusgijNjtpf;F Nfhapy; fl;b top gpbj;Jf; nfhz;ljhy; Gj;jsj;ij tpl;L njhopYf;fhf Ke;jy
gpw;gFjpapy; ftdpg;ghuw;Wf; fple;j Ke;jy; kPd hl;rp mk;k cjtpAld; fhspKj;J ngupahu; jpnusgij mk;kd; to
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

mtu;fs; NrJf;fiuapy; ‘fhkz;bf; $j;J’ xd;iwAk; Ukhd; fhkid vupj;j fijia $j;jhf MbAs;sdu;. hapYf;F mUfpy; klk; ,Uf;fpd;w ,lj;jpy; Mlg;gl;Ls;sJ.” k;gps;is rptNyhfjhrd; (,.M) : 1997 : g. 02).
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; NghJ> mtu;fs; puhkq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,lk;ngau;e;J te;jtu;fs; vd;gjidj; Kjypahu;> NrJgjp MfpNahupd; Fwpg;Gf;fspd; top> z;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; ,yq;iff;F te;Js;sdu; vdj;
nfhz;L Nehf;Fkplj;J> jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l kjkhw;wk;> ; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; jkpofj;ij tpl;L ntspNawpAs;sdu; bfpwJ. mk;kf;fspy; xU FOtpdu; ,yq;ifapy; clg;Gg; ;sdu;. mk;kf;fs; jhk; jkpofj;jpy; cs;sNghJ topgl;L ;> jpnusgijak;kd; Mfpa nja;tq;fisAk; ,q;Fk; pNyNa clg;gpYk; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; Njhw;wk;
; Myak; ke;Js;s Ke;jy; fpuhkj;jpy; kpf ePz ;l fhykhf jkpo; tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ;jpy; FbNawpa kf;fs;> Gj;jsj;jpy; kjkhw;w eltbf;iffs; ; fhuzkhf Ke;jy; gFjpf;F FbNawp> mq;F tho;e;j jkpo; g;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
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hw;iw MuhAkplj;J Kjd; Kjyhf ,q;F tho;e;j irtg; f; Nfhapy; fl;b topgl;L te;jdu;. gpd;G ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s e;jypy; FbNawpa rpjk;gug; G+rhupahu;> nehd;bg; G+rhupahu; ;kd; Nfhapiyg; GdUj;jhuzk; nra;J ,t;T+u; kf;fNshL te;jdu;. me;ehspy; Gj;jsj;jpy; tho;e;j fhspKj;J ngupahu; jNjtpf;F Nfhapy; fl;b topgl;L te;jhu;. mtiu tWik
j tpl;L njhopYf;fhf Ke;jypy; FbNawpdu;.
; fple;j Ke;jy; kPd hl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapypy; ,t;T+u; kf;fspd; hu; jpnusgij mk;kd; topghl;il NkNyhq;fr; nra;J
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jpnusgjp mk;kDf;F tpohntLj;J te;jhu;. ,t;thW Nj MyakhFk;” (tPunrhf;fd; : 1997 : g. 32).
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,J ,t;thwpUf;f> jkpofj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngau;e;J jw Kjypy; jq;fp tho;e;j ,lkhf ,g;gFjp tpsq;fpa fhuzj;j jq;fpa ,lk;) vdg; ngau; ngw;wjhfg; gyu; tpthjpf;fpd;wdu gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLtJk; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ :
“ve;jf; FOtpdUk; jkJ gpuNjrq;fSf;F jhk; thOk ,d;DnkhU gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNawpa gpd; jhk; Kd;G tho ,y;iy” (t];jpahk;gps;is rptNyhfjhrd; (,.M) : 1997 :
vt;thwhapDk;> Ke;jypy; tjpAk; kf;fspy; gyu; j vd;gjidg; gyUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,f;fUj;j gw;wp tPunrhf;fd; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;jpidAk; Nehf;fpd; Myak;> jkpofj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngau;e;J te;jtu;fshy fUj;J NtWghby;iy. Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fUj;jhf;fq;f gpuNjrj;jpy; jpnusgijak;kd; topghl;bd; guTif jkpo Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lnjd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
jpUg;gOfhkk; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak;
jpUg;gOfhkk; jpnusgijak;kd; MyakhdJ jyj;ijj; juprpf;f te;j mbahu; xUtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;g E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd; ,e;jpahtpdpd;Wk; fjpu;fhkk; t ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; rpy gfy; jq;fpapUe;jhu;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; thO Fiwiaf; fz;l mtu;> jhk; nfhz;L te;j ghz;ltu; rpi Myak; vLj;J tzq;FkhW kf;fis Ntz;bj; jk; gpua nrd;w gpd;du; kf;fs; kz;zhy; Myak; mikj;J mtu; gagf;jpNahL nra;J te;jdu;” vd tP.rp.fe;ijah kl;l vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLtjd; thapyhf ,t;thyaKk; , Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. (fe;ijah> tP.rp. : 19
,t;thW jpnusgijak;kd; topghlhdJ Gj;jsk;> epiyngw;wpUf;f> jkpofj;jpypUe;J ngUe;Njhl;lj; Jiwapy ngUe;Njhl;lg; gFjpfspy; tjpAk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspj; jkpo epiynfhs;shik Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wf;$banjhd;whFk;.
622

Lj;J te;jhu;. ,t;thW Njhd;wpaNj jpnusgijak;kd; 97 : g. 32).
pofj;jpypUe;J Gj;jsk; gFjpf;F ,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fshy; s;sg;gl;lJ vd;gjidAk; gpd;du; mt;topghL Ke;jy; vd;gjidAk; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.
;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngau;e;J jw;NghJ clg;gpy; thOk; kf;fs; ,g;gFjp tpsq;fpa fhuzj;jpdhy;> Ke;jy; (Ke;jy; : Kd; jhfg; gyu; tpthjpf;fpd;wdu;. ,f;fUj;jpw;F khwhf eluh[h f;fj;jf;fJ :
gpuNjrq;fSf;F jhk; thOk; NghNj ngaupLtJ tof;fk;. awpa gpd; jhk; Kd;G tho;e;j gpuNjrj;jpw;F ngaupLtJ tNyhfjhrd; (,.M) : 1997 : g. 02).
; tjpAk; kf;fspy; gyu; jkpofj;jpypUe;J te;jtu;fNs nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,f;fUj;jpidAk;> Myaj; Njhw;wk; ; fUj;jpidAk; Nehf;fpd;> Ke;jy; jpnusgijak;kd; lk;ngau;e;J te;jtu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjpy; ;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fUj;jhf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Gj;jsk; ; topghl;bd; guTif jkpofj;jpypUe;J te;j kf;fshy; wJ.
jak;kd; Myak;
jak;kd; MyakhdJ ,e;jpahtpypUe;J fjpu;fhkj; hu; xUtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ljhff; ek;gg;gLfpwJ. “rpy pahtpdpd;Wk; fjpu;fhkk; te;j topapy; mbahu; xUtu; pUe;jhu;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; thOk; kf;fl;Ff; Nfhapy; ,y;yhj nfhz;L te;j ghz;ltu; rpiyfis Kiwg;gb ];jhgpj;J kf;fis Ntz;bj; jk; gpuahzj;ijj; njhlu;e;jhu;. mtu; hy; Myak; mikj;J mtu; mwpTWj;jpagb G+irfisAk; ;” vd tP.rp.fe;ijah kl;lf;fsg;Gr; irtf; Nfhapy;fs; thapyhf ,t;thyaKk; ,e;jpahtpdpd;Wk; te;Njhuhy; dhfpwJ. (fe;ijah> tP.rp. : 1964 : g. 320).
d; topghlhdJ Gj;jsk;> fpof;fpyq;ifg; gFjpfspy; e;J ngUe;Njhl;lj; Jiwapy; njhopy;Gupa tutiof;fg;gl;L k; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspj; jkpou;fsplj;jpy; mt;topghl;L kuG $wf;$banjhd;whFk;.
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,yq;ifapd; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gFjpfspy; tjpAk; , jkpofj;jpypUe;J ngUe;Njhl;lj; Jiwapy; njhopy;Gupa tut jkJ rlq;F KiwfisAk;> fiyfisAk;> topghl;L kuG njhlu;e;Jk; jhk; thOk; kiyafg; gFjpfspYk; gpd;g toq;fptUk; fiyfspy; fhkd; $j;J> nghd;du; - rq;fu; $ ,d;wsTk; gapyg;gl;L tUk; fiyfshFk;.
,tw;Ws; mUr;Rdd; jgrhdJ> jkpofj;jpy; jpnusgij mJ jtpu;j;J gpw Nfhapy; tpohf;fspYk;> rKjha tpoh ,g;gpd;dzpapy; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;w mUr;Rdd; jgR> jk ,yq;if tho; kiyafj; jkpou;fsplj;Nj ,d;wsTk; k fiyahf tof;fpy; cs;sJ. jkpofj;jpNyh jpnusgijak;kd tifapy; ngUk;ghYk; epfo;j;jg;ngWfpd;w mUr;Rdd; j epiyngw> mjNdhL ,ize;jpUe;j jpnusgij mk;kd epiyngwhikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; Muhag;gl Ntz;bait
ehl;lhu; topghL epfo;j;jg;gLk; Myaq;fspy; cg n
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kl;. Gd;idr;Nrhiy fhspak;kd; Myak;
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s Gd;idr;Nrh gpujhd nja;tkhf fhspak;kd; tzq;fg;gl> gps;isa Ngr;rpak;kd;> fhNlwp> ehffd;dp> ngupajk;gpuhd;> tPugj;jpuu;> e gpuj;jpaq;fpup fhsp> rpq;fehj itutu;> fk;gehr;rp> khupak;kd jpnusgjp Kjyhd nja;tq;fs; cg nja;tq;fshf epiyng cg nja;tkhfpa epiyngw;Ws;s jpnusgijf;Fk; tUlr; r G+irAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
kl;. Miuak;gjp Ngr;rpak;kd; Myak;
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s Miuak;gjp Ng nja;tkhf Ngr;rpak;kd; epiyngw;wpUf;f> fpU\;zu;> itu jpnusgij Kjyhd nja;tq;fs; cg nja;tq;fshf epi cg nja;tkhfpa jpnusgijf;F ,q;Fk; tUlr; rlq;fpd; N Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;lg; gFjpfspy; tjpAk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspj; jkpou;fs; ; Jiwapy; njhopy;Gupa tutiof;fg;gl;ltu;fs;. mk;kf;fs; iyfisAk;> topghl;L kuGfisAk;> ek;gpf;iffisAk; yafg; gFjpfspYk; gpd;gw;wyhapdu;. mk;kf;fsplj;Nj ; $j;J> nghd;du; - rq;fu; $j;J> mUr;Rdd; jgR vd;gd iyfshFk;.
dJ> jkpofj;jpy; jpnusgijak;kd; Myar; rlq;FfspYk;> pohf;fspYk;> rKjha tpohf;fspYk; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. pd;w mUr;Rdd; jgR> jkpofj;jpypUe;J tUif je;j pou;fsplj;Nj ,d;wsTk; kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j pofj;jpNyh jpnusgijak;kd; Mya rlq;NfhL njhlu;Ggl;l ;jg;ngWfpd;w mUr;Rdd; jgR kiyafj; jkpouplj;jpy; ;jpUe;j jpnusgij mk;kd; topghl;L kuG kiyafj;jpy; ;fs; Muhag;gl Ntz;bait.
g;gLk; Myaq;fspy; cg nja;tkhf jpnusgij
;kd; topghl;bd; guk;gy; NkNy vLj;J tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. yngw;Ws;s vl;L Myaq;fs; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. q;ifapy; ehl;lhu; topghl;L kugpy; topghL epfo;j;jg;gLk; cg nja;tkhf ehl;;lhu; xOfyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gpLtjhapd; l;L topghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ tzq;fg;gLtjidAk; f;fhl;lhf> kl;. Gd;idr;Nrhiy fhspak;kd; Myak;> ; Myak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; jpnusgijak;kd;
spak;kd; Myak;
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k;kd; Myak;
ike;Js;s Miuak;gjp Ngr;rpak;kd; Myaj;jpy; gpujhd ngw;wpUf;f> fpU\;zu;> itutu;> fhj;jtuhaud;> eurpq;fu;> ;fs; cg nja;tq;fshf epiyngw;W topglg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;Fk; tUlr; rlq;fpd; NghJ kil gutg;gl;L G+irAk;
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 ,U g jpnusgijak;kd; rlq;fpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f NtWghLfs; fhz Gupe;Jnfhs;s jkpofk;> fpof;fpyq;if> Gj;jsk; gFjpfspy; epf rlq;F njhlu;gpyhd Ez;zha;Tfs; mtrpakhfpd;wd.
 mt;tha;Tfs;  ,t;tha;T flj;Jifia milahsg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ. M mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ma;Tfs; NkYk; tpuptilAk; re;j topghl;il Nkw;nfhs;Sk; FOkq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl tha;g;Gz;L.
crhj;Jiz E}w;gl;bay; fe;ijah> tP. rp. (1964) kl;lf;fsg;Gr; irtf; Nfhapy;fs;> mYty;fs; jpizf;fsk;. fkyehjd;> rh. ,.> fkyh fkyehjd; (g.M) (2005) kl;lf - nrd;id : Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;yk;. rptNyhfjhrd;> t. (,.M) (1997) clg;G+u; tuyhWk; kuGfS Mya ,e;J gupghyd rigapd; ntspaPL . rPd pthrd;> ,uh. (1975) rf;jp topghL> ehfu;Nfhtpy; : n[aF eluhrh> F.X.C. (g.M) (1998) kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;> kl;lf Nguitapd; ntspaPL . kapiy rPd p. Ntq;flrhkp. (2004) nfhq;F ehLk; JSehLk;> tPunrhf;fd;.clg;G = jpnusgijak;kd; Mya tuyhw;W tl;lk;. Hiltebeitel, Alf. (1988) the Cult of draupadi, Chicago : The U

;NghJ> Gj;jsk; gFjpapy; epiyngw;Ws;s ,U Myaq;fSk; awpa kf;fl; FOkj;jhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ldntd;gJ of;fpyq;ifapy; epiyngw;Ws;s MW jpnusgijak;kd; k;kd; Myaq;fspd; guty; ,e;jpahNthL njhlu;Gilait q;fSk; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w jpnusgijak;kd; fhz;L gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wit vd;gjidAk;
; nra;fpd;wd.
hlhdJ jkpofj;jpypUe;J gutpapUg;gpDk;> mJ ,UNtW pid mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ. mjhtJ> Gj;jsk; gFjpapy; ofj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fspD}L gutyile;jJ. j; jpnusgijak;kd; Myak; jkpofj;jpdpd;Wk; te;j ;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW ,UNtW gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,UNtW pghL gutpaikNa> ,U gpuNjrq;fspYk; epfo;j;jg;gLk; pg;gplj;jf;f NtWghLfs; fhzg;glf; fhuzkhapd. ,jidg; q;if> Gj;jsk; gFjpfspy; epfo;j;jg;gLk; jpnusgijak;kd; ;Tfs; mtrpakhfpd;wd.
L Fwpj;j rpy Ma;Tfs; ntspte;Js;sd. MapDk;> mit hu epfo;j;Jjy;fisNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd. pw;Fj; jpnusgij topghL flj;jg;gl;l gpd;zzpapid ,e;epiyapy;> ,t;tha;T Nkw;gb topghl;L kugpd; ;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ. MapDk;> Nkw;gb flj;Jifia fs; NkYk; tpuptilAk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;>  nfhOk;G: ,e;Jrka> fyhrhu
ehjd; (g.M) (2005) kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;trupj;jpuk;> nfhOk;G ;yk;. 7) clg;G+u; tuyhWk; kuGfSk;> clg;G jpnusgijak;kd;
; ntspaPL . opghL> ehfu;Nfhtpy; : n[aFkhup ];Nlhu;];. l;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;> kl;lf;fsg;G : kl;lf;fsg;G fyhrhug;
4) nfhq;F ehLk; JSehLk;> nrd;id : tre;jh gjpg;gfk;. ijak;kd; Mya tuyhw;W E}y;> clg;G: ,sk;jhuif
raupadi, Chicago : The University of Chicago.
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jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013
aho;g;ghz kf;fspd; ghuk;gupa czT KiwfS tho;Tk; - kUj;Jt uPjpahd Ma;T
mwpKfTiu
aho;g;ghz kf;fspd; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ghuk;gupakhd it czTg; gof;ftof;fq;fspYk;> tho;f;if newpKiwf tfpj;Js;sij vtUk; kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. Mq;fpy itj;jpa K  MNuh kwe;Jtpltpy;iy.
mNjNghy; fu;g;gfhyq;fs;> ghY}l;Lk; fhyq;fs;> G+g guhaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Ws; MNuhf;fpakhd czTg;gof;ft guhkupj;Js;sdu;. vkJ %jhijau; ifahz;l gof;f %lj;jdkhdit vd vz;Zjy; jtwhFk;. tpQ;Qhhd gof;fq;fSk; mtu;fshy; ifahsg;gl;L cs;sij vtUk; k czTg; gof;ftof;ftof;fk;> r%fg;gpd;dzp nfhz;lj ve;ehl;bYk; r%fj;jpd; Njitfl;F mika mbg;gilahd vkJ ehl;by; mz;ikf;fhykhf Nkiy ehl;L fyhrhuk; m cau;tile;jikia fhzyhk;. ,jdhy; Foe;ijfs; cl;g czTfl;F mbikahfptpl;Nlhk;. ,e;epiy njhlUkh milAk; Kd;Ng ePz ;lfhy Nehahsp Mfp capiu gzak vdNt ehk; vkJ ehl;bd; jl;g ntl;g epiyf;Nfw;g ,aw gpd;gw;WNthkhapd; Nkw;$wpa ghjf epiyapypUe;J jg;gpj;J vkJ ghuk;gupa czTfspy; mjpfsthd jhdpaq;fs;> mjht ghrpg;gaW Mfpad Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpj;Js;sd. mNjNghd;W mlq;fpa czTfis jpdrup mtu;fs; cztpy; Nru;j;Js Fuf;fd;> fPi ufs;> xbay;kh vd;gd mlq;fp cs;sd.
czTfisj; jahupg;gJ $l Xu; tifahd clw KiwfspypUe;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; ng czTfis (fast foods, redimate foods) Nghd;wtw;iw ga
“clk;Gk; ,Uk;Gk; ,Uf;ff; nfLk; ” vd;gJ mDgtnk ciog;G Mfpad mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. ,jdhy; jPuhj ,Ug;gNjhL ehk; MNuhf;fpakhf tho cly; ciog;G

;fspd; ghuk;gupa czT KiwfSk; MNuhf;fpa
ho;Tk; - kUj;Jt uPjpahd Ma;T
tptpad; rj;jparPryd;
;gupaj;jpy; ghuk;gupakhd itj;jpa Kiwfs; mtu;fSila k;> tho;f;if newpKiwfsYk; fzprkhd gq;fpid ;fpy;iy. Mq;fpy itj;jpa Kiwfs; ngUk;ghYk; kf;fis py;iy. mNjNtis ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;jhd goik fspd; gyd;fisAk;> MNuhf;fpaj;ijAk; Kw;whf kf;fs;
;> ghY}l;Lk; fhyq;fs;> G+g;nga;Jk; fhyq;fs;> KjpNahu; uhf;fpakhd czTg;gof;ftof;fq;fs; %yk; mtu;fisg; hijau; ifahz;l gof;ftof;fq;fs; midj;ijAk; jy; jtwhFk;. tpQ;QhhduPj pahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba hsg;gl;L cs;sij vtUk; kwf;f KbahJ. vkJ ghuk;gupa ;> r%fg;gpd;dzp nfhz;ljhf miktijf; fhzyhk;. fl;F mika mbg;gilahd tsq;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy; f Nkiy ehl;L fyhrhuk; mit njhlu;ghd tpsk;guq;fs; k;. ,jdhy; Foe;ijfs; cl;gl %j;Njhu; tiu RitA+l;ba lhk;. ,e;epiy njhlUkhapd; ehk; eLj;ju taij ehahsp Mfp capiu gzak; itf;Fk; epiy cUthFk;. ;g ntl;g epiyf;Nfw;g ,aw;ifahd czTKiwfisg; ghjf epiyapypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ngUk;ghYk; jpfsthd jhdpaq;fs;> mjhtJ Nrhsk;> tuF> jpid> fk;G> k; tfpj;Js;sd. mNjNghd;W mjpfstpy; ehu;g; nghUl;fs; mtu;fs; cztpy; Nru;j;Js;shu;fs;. cjhuzkhf rhik>
;gd mlq;fp cs;sd.
$l Xu; tifahd clw;gapw;rp Kiwahf ghuk;gupa ;jf;fJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; nraw;if
foods) Nghd;wtw;iw gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
; nfLk; ” vd;gJ mDgtnkhop. vdNt clw;gapw;rp> cly; khdjhFk;. ,jdhy; jPuhj tpahjpfs; vk;ik mZfhJ hf tho cly; ciog;G mj;jpahtrpakhd xd;whFk;.
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czTfs; jahupf;Fk; NghJ mk;kpapy; miuj;jy;> cu miuj;jy; vd;gd clw;gapw;rpfshfTk; mikfpd;wd. v jahupg;G Kiwfs;> tho;f;if newpfs; vd;gd kUj;JtuPj rikg;gjpy; $l MNuhf;fpak; cs;sJ. rpytif czT tpwFfisAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. ,jdhy; Rw;whlYk; J
nghJthdNehf;F
aho;g;ghz kf;fspilNa ghuk;gupa czTKiwfi kUj;JtuPj pahf tpsf;fp ,d;iwa rKjhaKk; gadilar;
gpuj;jpNafNehf;Ffs; ❖ fu;g;gfhy> ghY}l;Lk;fhy> G+g;nga;Jk;> %j;Njhu; gU kUj;Jt Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJkhd czTg;gof;fq gpuNjrq;fis ,dk;fhzy;. ❖ mg;gpuNjrthrpfspy; ghuk;gupakhd czTg;gof
njupTnra;J mtu;fsplk; tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fis toq;fp ❖ fpuhkthrpfsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l jfty;fisAk; rpj E}y;fspy; Fwpj;j gUtfhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jgtw;iwAk ❖ ghuk;gupa czTg; gof;fq;fspid kUj;JtuPj pahf ,d ❖ ,d;iwa ,isa re;jjpapdupilNa ,t;TzT
tpopg;Gzu;Tfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topKiwfis
ghuk;gupa czTKiwfs; fPo ;tUk; Kf;fpa guhaq;fs 1. G+g;nga;Jk; fhyk; 2. fu;g;g fhyk; 3. ghY}l;Lk; fhyk; 4. %j;Njhu; guhkupg;G
nra;Kiwapay;
vkJ aho;gy;fiyfof rpj;j kUj;Jtf;Fzg; ghlg;gpu ,dk;fhzy; gw;wpa ntspf;fs nraw;jpl;lj;jpy; fPo ;tU czTg;gof;fq;fis gpd;gw;Wk; mDgtrhypfs; ,dk;fhz
01. ,dk;fz;Lnfhz;l gpuNjrq;fshtd
,yf;fk; gpuNjrk; 1 kl;Ltpy; 2 rpy;yhiy 3 Jztp
626

mk;kpapy; miuj;jy;> cuypy; ,bj;jy;> Ml;Lf;fy;ypy; pfshfTk; mikfpd;wd. vdNt ghuk;gupa czTfs;> newpfs; vd;gd kUj;JtuPj papy; Vw;GiladNt. mLg;gpy; cs;sJ. rpytif czTfis jahupf;f rpytifahd
du;. ,jdhy; Rw;whlYk; J}a;ikahf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ghuk;gupa czTKiwfis ,dk;fz;L mtw;wpid wa rKjhaKk; gadilar; nra;jy;.
G+g;nga;Jk;> %j;Njhu; gUtq;fspy; ghuk;gupakhdJk; laJkhd czTg;gof;fq;fis $Ljyhf gpd;gw;Wk; y;.
k;gupakhd czTg;gof;fq;fis gpd;gw;WNthiu pdhf;nfhj;Jf;fis toq;fp jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;. wg;gl;l jfty;fisAk; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;Jt ghltpjhd j;jpy; gad;gLj;Jgtw;iwAk; ,dk;fhzy;. ;fspid kUj;JtuPj pahf ,dk;fz;Lnfhs;sy;. jpapdupilNa ,t;TzTg; gof;fq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd ;Jtjw;fhd topKiwfis ,dk;fhzy;.
; fPo;tUk; Kf;fpa guhaq;fspd; fPo; Muhag;glJ.
;j kUj;Jtf;Fzg; ghlg;gpupthy; elj;jg;gLk; %ypiffs; ;fs nraw;jpl;lj;jpy; fPo;tUk; gpuNjrq;fspy; fPo;tUk;
k; mDgtrhypfs; ,dk;fhzg;gl;ldu;.
Njrq;fshtd
gpuNjrk; kl;Ltpy; rpy;yhiy Jztp
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4 Gq;FLjPT 5 my;yhi 6 msntl;b 7 gUj;jpj;J 8 cLg;gpl;b
02. Nkw;gb 8 gpuNjrq;fspYk; KiwNa fu;g;gfhy> g %j;Njhu; gUtq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jk; ghuk;gupa czT tpguk; vz;zpf;ifapy;.
,yf;fk; gpuNjrk; vz
G+g;nga;Jk;fhyk; fu;g;gfhyk;
1 kl;Ltpy; 3 9 2 rpy;yhiy 1 4 3 Jztp 1 7 4 Gq;FLjPT 2 4 5 my;yhiu - 4 6 msntl;b 3 4 7 gUj;jpj;Jiw 3 5 8 cLg;gpl;b 2 6 nkhj;jk; - 100
Nkw;gb jfty;fs; Neub fye;JiuahlypYk;> tpdh gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
jfty;fisj; jpul;bajd; mbg;gilapy; nkhj;jkhf jf ghY}l;Lk;fhyk;> fu;g;gfhyq;fspy; cs;s ghuk;gupa cz G+g;nga;Jk; fhyk; gw;wpAk; xUrpyu; KjpNahu; gw;wpa ghuk Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
Nkw;$wpa tpguq;fspypUe;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;ltw;Ws E}y;fs; mbg;gilapYk;> tpQ;QhduPjpapYk;> kUj;JtuPjpapY ghuk;gupa czTg;gof;fq;fs; epiug;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
ghuk;gupa czTg;gof;fq;fs; 01. G+g;nga;Jk; fhyk;
(1) cl;fsp - 1 cSe;J
2 rptg;Gg; gr;ir muprp (cld
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Gq;FLjPT my;yhiu msntl;b gUj;jpj;Jiw cLg;gpl;b
pYk; KiwNa fu;g;gfhy> ghY}l;Lk;fhy> G+g;nga;Jk;fhy> Lj;Jk; ghuk;gupa czT Kiwfis nfhLj;jtu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
ga;Jk;fhyk; fu;g;gfhyk; ghY}l;Lk;fhyk;
%j;Njhu; gUtk; 9 6 2 4 4 1 7 5 2 4 4 - 4 2 2 4 3 2 5 4 1 6 4 -
fye;JiuahlypYk;> tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fspy; jpul;lg;gl;Lk;
mbg;gilapy; nkhj;jkhf jfty; jpul;ba 100 Ngupy; gyu; spy; cs;s ghuk;gupa czTg;gof;fk; gw;wpAk;> rpyu; rpyu; KjpNahu; gw;wpa ghuk;gupa czT KiwfisAk;
e;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;ltw;Ws; rpj;jkUj;Jt ghltpjhd hduPjpapYk;> kUj;JtuPjpapYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$baJkhd epiug;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
f;fq;fs;
cSe;J rptg;Gg; gr;ir muprp (cld;muprp)
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628
(2) mil (3) ey;nyz;nza; (4) fj;jupg;gpQ;R – ey;nyz;nza; nghupay; (vz;n (5) Ntg;gk; FUj;J gad;ghL (6) gioa ney; gad;ghL (7) rPufk; mtpj;j ePu; (8) ,iyg;gpl;L gad;ghL (9) Ntg;gq;FUj;J> kQ;rs;-1> fj;jup gpQ;R vd;gd ,
tpl;L Fbf;ff;nfhLj;jy;. (10) Kl;ilAld; ey;nyz;nza; Nru;j;J nfhL
Nfhg;gpg;ghdk; mUe;jf;nfhLj;jy;. (11) fj;jupf;fha; ghy;fwpAld; ey;nyz;nza; Nru;j (12) tWj;j cs;spAld; gdq;fl;b nfhLj;jy; (typ
02. fu;g;gfhyk;
(1) CWfha; - ehuj;ij> khq;fha; (2) ehuj;;ijg;ghdk; (3) ,yF Mfhu ,iyf;fQ;rp gpuNahfk; (4) vs;Sg;ghF gpuNahfk; (5) gRtpd; cld; ghYld; kpsF Nru;j;J gad;gLj (6) rptg;Gg; gr;ir muprp Nru; gyfhuq;fs;
1. KWf;F 2. ghy; nuhl;b 3. gapw;wk; cUz;il 4. gUj;jpJiw til (7) fu;g;g fhy rj;Jkh (8) cs;sp nte;jak; mtpj;j ePu;
fu;g;gfhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpa czTKiwf tapw;wpYs;s rpRTf;Fk; kfg;Ngw;wpd; gpd; ghy;Rug;gpid mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; cjtpGupAk;. fu;g;gfhyj;jpYk;> ghY}l;Lk;fhyj;jpYk; gdq;f (9) gRg;ghYld; Fq;Fkg;G+ Nru;j;J gad;gLj;jy; (10) fha ruf;Ffs; gpuNahfk;
fhak; vd;gJ rpj;jkUj;Jt uPj papy; gyt fu;g;ghraj;ij Gz;glhky; ghJfhf;fTk; Foe ,yFtpy; gioaepiy milaTk; cjTk;. ,J
fhak; 1 fhak; 2 (11) tisfhg;G

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j;jy;. ;nyz;nza; Nru;j;J nfhLj;jgpd; 50 kpy;yp ntWk;
e;jf;nfhLj;jy;. pAld; ey;nyz;nza; Nru;j;Jf; nfhLj;jy;
; gdq;fl;b nfhLj;jy; (typ ePq ;f)
j> khq;fha;
f;fQ;rp gpuNahfk; hfk;
ld; kpsF Nru;j;J gad;gLj;jy; prp Nru; gyfhuq;fs;
1. KWf;F 2. ghy; nuhl;b 3. gapw;wk; cUz;il 4. gUj;jpJiw til
tpj;j ePu; ad;gLj;jpa czTKiwfs; fu;g;gtjpf;F kl;Lkpdwp Tf;Fk; kfg;Ngw;wpd; gpd; jhapd; MNuhf;fpaj;Jf;Fk;> pfupg;gjw;Fk; cjtpGupAk;. hY}l;Lk;fhyj;jpYk; gdq;fl;b Nru; $o; gpuNahfk;. kg;G+ Nru;j;J gad;gLj;jy; ahfk; pj;jkUj;Jt uPj papy; gytpjkhf $wg;gl;lNghJk; mJ ;glhky; ghJfhf;fTk; Foe;ij gpwe;jgpd;Gk; fu;g;ghrak; piy milaTk; cjTk;. ,J 2 tifg;gLk;.
fhak; 1 fhak; 2
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(12) Foe;ij gpurtpj;jgpd; Foe;ijiaAk;> jhia ghJfhf;fTk;> Neha; vjpu;g;Grf;jpia toq;fTk %ypiff; Fspay; Kiwfs;. (13) %ypif #g; gpuNahfk;
tlfk; - Ntg;gk;G+> thiog;G+ (14) nts;supf;fha; japu; gr;rb (15) gour gpuNahfk; (16) ,iyg;gpl;L (nghUj;Jkhd;nfhb> tplj;jy;)
gpurtpj;jgpd; fha gpuNahfk; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ ehl;fs; tiuapYk; Nkw;gb gpuNahfk; gpd;gw;w gpurtj;jpd;gpd; vy;NyhuJ ftdKk; Nrapd; ghuk;gupaKiwfspy; jha;f;Fk; Nra;f;Fk; N gad;gLj;jpaik njspthf cs;sJ. mt nfhLf;Fk; fhar;ruf;F fwpf;F gad;gLk; ruf;Ffs jha;g;ghy; Rug;gpw;fhd Nkyjpf %ypif czT guhkupg;gpy;> Foe;ijf;F ghYz;Zk;gUtk gUtk;> md;dk; cz;Zk; gUtk; vd mt;tifapy; ghYz;Zk;gUtk; Kjy; 6 k ghYk; md;dKk; cz;Zk; gUtkhfTk; Kisf;Fk; NghJ gy;nfhSf;fl;il mtpf;Fk ghw;fQ;rp gpuNahfk;> nghupauprpkh> nfhj;jky;y Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
03.%j;Njhu;fhy guhkupg;G
(1) xbay; gpl;L (2) xbay; $o; (3) ,iyg;gpl;L (4) fha;g;gpl;L (5) GOf;nfhbay; Nru; rj;Jkh (6) ,iyf;fQ;rp (7) nfhf;fhd; ghiof;fsp (8) fw;whis fwp (9) fw;whis #g; (10) Eq;;F> gjePu; ghtid (11) gdq;fl;b $o; (12) gourk; (13) gd;dk;gpl;Lg; gpuNafk;
Mfpait Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;bait.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

gpd; Foe;ijiaAk;> jhiaAk; Neha;fpUkpfspy; ,Ue;J a; vjpu;g;Grf;jpia toq;fTk;> ghw;Rug;ig mjpfupf;fTkhd ; Kiwfs;. hfk; fk; - Ntg;gk;G+> thiog;G+ pu; gr;rb
j;Jkhd;nfhb> tplj;jy;) gpuNahfk; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Kjy; 5 ehl;fs;> gpd;G 5-40
; Nkw;gb gpuNahfk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. ;NyhuJ ftdKk; Nrapd; gf;fk; jpUk;Gk;. Mdhy; vkJ py; jha;f;Fk; Nra;f;Fk; Nru;j;J MNuhf;fpa Kiwfs; njspthf cs;sJ. mt;tifapy; gpurtpj;j jha;f;F f;F fwpf;F gad;gLk; ruf;Ffs; %ypif gl;il Fspay;Kiw hd Nkyjpf %ypif czT Kiwfs;. mj;Jld Foe;ij ;ijf;F ghYz;Zk;gUtk;> ghYk; md;dk; cz;Zk; ; cz;Zk; gUtk; vd njspthf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. z;Zk;gUtk; Kjy; 6 khjkhfTk;> 6-18 khjk; tiu ; cz;Zk; gUtkhfTk; $wp cs;sdu;. mj;Jld; gy; gy;nfhSf;fl;il mtpf;Fk; gz;ghL> vz;iz Fspay;> k;> nghupauprpkh> nfhj;jky;yp mtpj;j ePu; gpuNahfk; vd;gd pd;wd.
; rj;Jkh
;fsp
d
afk; g;gl Ntz;bait.
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[1] vz;nza; fj;jupf;fha; nra;Kiw :- 1⁄4 fpNyhfpuhk; gpQ;Rf; fj;jupf;fhapid rpwpjhf xNu ms ehYghfkhf fPwp miuj;J mjDld; rPufk;> cs;sp> cg;G> k itj;J rpwpJNeuk; Cwtpl;L thdypapy; 4 fuz;b ey;nyz gUg;G ntbf;F rg;jk; te;jJk; 25 fpuhk; ntl;ba ntq;fhak fj;jupf;fhiaAk; Nghl;L rpWjzypy; %b itj;J tjf;fTk
[2] jPt fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; (Ntyiz) fbd cio Nghf;Fk;Kfkhf gd;dk;gpl;L gpuNahfk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ
,J Neha; epthuzpahf ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
rptg;Gg; gr;ir muprpAld; gd;dk; ,iyfis fOtp v ,bj;J mtw;wpy; ghjpia gpl;lhf mtpf;fyhk;. kpFjpia fhy gj;jhf fl;lyhk;. ,J jhgpjkfw;wpahfTk;> typePf ;fpahfTk of India vDk; E}y; tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
[3] rpy;yhiy gpuNjrj;jpy; nfhf;fhd; ghiyf; fsp : rptg;Gg; gr;ir muprpAld; nff;fhd;ghiy ,iyfis fO gpd;du; mjDs; 3k; ghy; rpwpjsT cg;G Nru;j;J fspahf fpz fbd ciog;ghspfl;F Vw;;gLk; nkd;ikahd jirtyp> , Nghf;Fk;.
mj;Jld; ,J jirfis tYtila nra;tjhy; ty muprpapy; Nghypf;fkpyk; ,Ug;gjhYk;> clYf;Fj; Njita fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,uj;jj;ij tpUj;jpailar; nra;Ak;. nfhf;fh nra;if cz;L.
[4] xbay;gpl;L Xbay;khtpid jahupj;J mjid gpl;L khthf ghtpf ntq;fhak;> gr;irkpsfha; vd;gd Nru;j;J ntq;fhaj;ij mjDld; Njq;fha;g;G+ fyf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; mtpj;njL
[5] xbay;$o; Xbay; khtpid vLj;J ePu;tpl;L fiuj;J njspntLj;J fha;r;rp> gog;Gsp ePu; tpl;L fiuj;J nrj;jy; kpsfha;> cs;sp> k nrhl;L Njitahd msT fye;J miuj;J ePu;Gsp fiurYl Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

;
pf;fhapid rpwpjhf xNu msypy; vLj;J KOJk; ntl;lhky; ld; rPufk;> cs;sp> cg;G> kQ;rs;J}s; fyitia cs;Ns hdypapy; 4 fuz;b ey;nyz;nza; Cw;wp fLF> cSj;jk; 5 fpuhk; ntl;ba ntq;fhak;> fwpNtg;gpiy Nghl;L tjf;fp
ypy; %b itj;J tjf;fTk;.
(Ntyiz) fbd ciog;Gilatu;fs; cly;typia puNahfk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ
Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
gd;dk; ,iyfis fOtp vLj;J rpwpjhf mupe;J Nru;j;J mtpf;fyhk;. kpFjpia fhy; tPf ;fk;> typ cs;s ,lq;fspy; ;wpahfTk;> typePf ;fpahfTk; njhopw;gLk;. ,jid wealth
;wJ.
; nfhf;fhd; ghiyf; fsp : f;fhd;ghiy ,iyfis fOtp vLj;J rpwpjhf mupe;J ,bj;J T cg;G Nru;j;J fspahf fpz;b vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J ; nkd;ikahd jirtyp> ,Lg;G> tapw;Wtyp vd;gtw;iw
tYtila nra;tjhy; typia Nghf;Fk;. rptg;Gg; gr;ir jhYk;> clYf;Fj; Njitahd tpw;wkpd;> fdpAg;GfSk; j;jpailar; nra;Ak;. nfhf;fhd;ghiy ,iyfl;F ,rptfw;wp
mjid gpl;L khthf ghtpf;fyhk;. ,jDld; fj;jupf;fha;> ;gd Nru;j;J ntq;fhaj;ij rpwpjhf ntl;b mtpj;J ,wf;fp tz;Lk;. gpd;du; mtpj;njLf;fg;gLk;.
;tpl;L fiuj;J njspntLj;J rpuq;if muprp Nru;j;J $ohf ;J nrj;jy; kpsfha;> cs;sp> kpsF> ew;rPufk;> ky;yp> Njq;fha; ;J miuj;J ePu;Gsp fiurYld; KUq;ifapiy ,Wjpahf
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[6] ,iyg;gpl;L tplj;jy;> rpWFwpQ;rh my;yJ nghUj;Jkhd nfhbapi khTld; Nru;j;J gpl;L jahupf;fyhk;.
[7] J}Jtis #g; ntz;iz> J}Jtis> ntq;fhak;> jf;fhsp> rPufk;> JUty;> cs;sp> ky;yp> cg;G> ntq;fhak;
Kjypy; ky;ypia miuj;J Njq;fha;g;ghy;> J}Jtis vd gpd;du; Vidatw;iw Nru;j;J fpswp tplTk;.
[8] nkhRnkhRl;il mil nkhRnkhRl;il ,iy> kpsF> ntq;fhak;> cg;G> nkhRnkhRl;il ,iyfis ntq;fhak; Nru;j;J miuj;J Nghy; jahupf;fyhk;.
[9] vs;Sg;ghF vs;S - 1 fpNyh cOj;jk;kh -1 Rz;L gdq;fl;b ew;rPufk; vs;S> kpsF> ew;rPufk;> cSj;jk;kh ,tw;iw ed;whf Nru;j;J ,bj;J vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
[10] fUg;gzpf;fQ;rp rptg;Gg;gr;ruprp -1fpNyh gaW -2rpuq;if tbj;j fUg;gzp - 3Nghj;jy; muprpia Ntfitj;J gaW Nru;j;J nte;J tUk;NghJ vLj;jy;.
[11] Ntg;gk;G+ tlfk; G+f;fis Nrfupj;J tWj;J ,bj;J gid nty;yk; Nru;j;J Rj;jpfupf;Fk;.
[12] Ntg;gk;G+ nghb Ntg;gk;G+ - 1gpb nrj;jy;kpsfha; - 8 kpsF –1⁄2 fuz;b
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

;yJ nghUj;Jkhd nfhbapiyfis rptg;Gg; gr;ir muprp
hk;.
tq;fhak;> jf;fhsp> rPufk;> Xkk;> Jtuk;gUg;G> Njq;fha; tq;fhak;
Njq;fha;g;ghy;> J}Jtis vd;gtw;iw Nru;j;J NtftplTk;.
fpswp tplTk;.
kpsF> ntq;fhak;> cg;G> muprp Cwitj;J khthf;fp tq;fhak; Nru;j;J miuj;J cg;G> kpsF> Nru;j;J Njhir
Sj;jk;kh ,tw;iw ed;whf ,bj;J gdq;fl;bAlDk;
;Lk;.
y;
Nru;j;J nte;J tUk;NghJ fUg;gzp Nru;j;J Ntfitj;J
bj;J gid nty;yk; Nru;j;J cz;zyhk;. ,J ,uj;jj;ij
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cSe;J – 25 fpuhk; fliygUg;G – 10 fpuhk; cg;G gRnea; - rpwpjsT
Ntg;gk;G+tpid tWf;fTk;> gpd;du; kpsfha;> kpsF> fl nea;apy; jdpNa tWf;fTk;. kpsfha;> fliygUg;gpid kpsif nghbahf;fTk;. ,jid fye;J itj;Jnfhs;f. g G+r;rp> gpj;jk; mfYk;. ,uj;jk; Rj;jpahFk;.
[13] tufuprpf;fQ;rp tuF GOq;fyup
ePu; - 4 fg; nte;jak; - 1⁄4 N cs;sp – 3gy;Y
cg;G – Njita
tuF GOq;fyuprpia ed;whf fOtp> ckp ePf;fp ePi u nfh muprp mtpe;J tUk;NghJ nte;jak;> ntl;ba cs;sp vd;g mLg;gpypUe;J ,wf;Fk; NghJ cg;igr; Nru;f;fTk;. K rkpghlilaf;$ba fQ;rp MFk;.
[14] Nrhw;Wf; fw;whiof; fwp : Nrhw;Wf; fw;whio> Njq;fha; xU %b> fha;e;j kpsfh kQ;rs; nghb> cg;G> rpd;dntq;fhak;> jf;fhsp 4> fLF> gRnea; 20 fpuhk;> Nrhk;G> kpsF.
Njq;fhiaJUtp Nrhk;G itj;J miuf;fTk;. ntq;f jf;fhspia ePs j;jpy; mupaTk;. JUtpa xU %b Njq;fhia n thzypapy; nea;ia Cw;wp fLF. kpsfha;> fps;spNghl;L> tjf;fp> ntq;fhak;> jf;fhsp> fwpNtg;gpiy> ky;ypj;ji J}s;> cg;G> Njq;fha;> Nrhk;G miuj;jtpOJ ,tw;iwf; Nrhw;Wf; fw;whioia ntl;b Risahf vLj;J 7 Ki Nghl;L NtftplTk;. gj;J epkplk; Ntftpl;L ,wf;fTk;. k Njq;fha;ghiyCw;wTk;.
,jd; gad; : clYf;F Fspu;r;rp> ngz;fspd; cly; c] Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;.
[15] Ntg;gk; G+ nghb : fha;e;j ky;yp, Ntg;gk;G+ xUifg;gpb> jdpah xUifg ];G+d;> ngUntq;fhak; xUJz;L> cg;G.

;> gpd;du; kpsfha;> kpsF> fliyUg;G> cSe;J ,itfis psfha;> fliygUg;gpid nghbahf;fTk;. gpd; cSe;J> fye;J itj;Jnfhs;f. gpd;du; rhjj;Jld; rhg;gplyhk;. j;jpahFk;.
tuF GOq;fyuprp – 50 fpuhk; ePu; - 4 fg; nte;jak; - 1⁄4 Njf;fuz;b cs;sp – 3gy;Y
cg;G – Njitahd msT
hf fOtp> ckp ePf;fp ePi u nfhjpf;fitj;J mjpy; Nru;f;fTk;. ;jak;> ntl;ba cs;sp vd;gtw;iw Nru;j;J mtpatplTk;. cg;igr; Nru;f;fTk;. KjpNahUf;F rpwe;j ,yFtpy; ;.
; fwp : ha; xU %b> fha;e;j kpsfha; 4> fliygUg;G 100 fpuhk;> q;fhak;> jf;fhsp 4> fLF> fwpNtg;gpiy> ky;ypj;jio> .
itj;J miuf;fTk;. ntq;fhaj;ij nghbahf mupaTk;. Utpa xU %b Njq;fhia nte;ePu; tpl;Lgpope;Jitf;fTk;. LF. kpsfha;> fps;spNghl;L> fliy gUg;G Nghl;L tWj;J> > fwpNtg;gpiy> ky;ypj;jio Nghl;L tjf;fp> ky;ypj; miuj;jtpOJ ,tw;iwf; fiuj;J> Cw;wpj; jhspf;fTk;. Risahf vLj;J 7 Kiw myrp> me;jj; Jz;Lfis plk; Ntftpl;L ,wf;fTk;. kpsF J}is Jtpf; fpswTk;.
pu;r;rp> ngz;fspd; cly; c];zj;ij jzpj;J> nts;is
Uifg;gpb> jdpah xUifg;gpb> kpsfha; 5> kpsF miu
;L> cg;G.
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Page 647
NkNy $wpAs;s nghUl;fis ed;F fha itj;J nghba
,e;jg; nghbia rhjj;jpy; fye;J ey;nyz;iz tpl;Lg ,jd; gad; : ,t;thW rhg;gpl tapw;wpy; cs;s G+r;rpfs ru;f;fiu Neha; cs;stu;fs; ,e;jg; nghbapy; jpdKk; xU fpilf;Fk;.
[16] Rz;ilf;fha; tw;wy; Gspf;fhj nfl;bj;japu; miuyPl ;lu;> Rz;ilf;fha; Njit kQ;rs; nghb> cg;GNjitahdmsT.
fha;fis KOjhff; fOtp Nyrhfj; jl;b japupy; Nghl ed;whf fye;J xU gfy;> xU ,uT CwtplTk;. cg;ig Ngh ,uT kWgb fha;fis japupy; CwtplTk;. kWehs; fhag;Ng fha;e;jJk; ghl;bypy; itf;fTk;. ,f; fha; tw;wiy Nghl tWj;J Nkhu; rhjk;> jz;zPu; rhjk; ,tw;Wf;F njhl;Lr; rh nra;J nea; tpl;L #lhd rhjj;jpy; Nghl;Lr; rhg;gplyhk;.
,jd; gad; : twl;bUky;> Ruk;> tapw;wpy; cs;sG+r gpurtkhd ngz;Zf;F ,J xU gj;jpaf; Fok;G.
[17]KUq;ifg; gpQ;R #g; KUq;ifg; gpQ;R 30> jf;fhsp 4> vYkpr;irgok; 2> kQ;rs xU ];G+d;> Njq;fha; fPw ;W 1> Jtuk; gUg;G 100 fpuhk;> fli 20 fpuhk;> fwpNtg;gpiy> ky;ypj;jio> cg;G> G+z;L 8 gy;> f
KUq;ifg; gpQ;Rfis tpuy; ePs j;jpy; mupe;J> jz;zPu; gpQ;Rfs; nte;j jz;zPi u Mwitj;J mjpy; rPufk;> k ky;ypj;jio ,itfis itj;J mk;kpapy; xd;wpuz;lhf c nea;apy; tWj;J fLif Nghl;L ntbj;jJk; kpsfhiaf; fps jz;zPi u Cw;wp urk; jhspf;fTk;. cg;igg; NghlTk;. v jf;fhspia ePs j;jpy; mupe;J thzypapy; Nghl;L tjf;fp ur gUg;ig Ntf itj;J filaTk;, Njq;fhia krpa miuj gpQ;Rfis rpwpJ rpwpjhf ePi u Cw;wp fiuj;J tbfl;b> fiur ,tw;iwAk; urk; jhspf;Fk; Kd;Ng Maj;jkhf itj;jpU Cw;wpf; fyf;fTk;. ,wf;fp itj;J 1 lk;su; ghy; Cw;wTk;.
,jd; gad; : Mz;fSf;F jhJit tpUj;jp nra;Ak;. vY rpWtu;fspd; cly; tsu;r;rpf;F ey;yJ. vYk;G KwpT V njhlu;e;J nfhLj;JtuTk;. ,JNghy; 21 my;yJ 48 ehs; midtUk; mbf;fb mjhtJ thuj;jpy; ,uz;L %d;Wjuk
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

s ed;F fha itj;J nghbahf miuf;fTk;.
ye;J ey;nyz;iz tpl;Lg; gpire;J rhg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ;gpl tapw;wpy; cs;s G+r;rpfs; ntspNawp Fly; Rj;jkhFk;. e;jg; nghbapy; jpdKk; xU ];G+d; rhg;gpl;lhy; ey;ygyd;
; yPl ;lu;> Rz;ilf;fha; NjitahdmsT> kpsF 20 fpuhk;> msT.
p Nyrhfj; jl;b japupy; NghlTk;. kpsF J}is NghlTk;. uT CwtplTk;. cg;ig NghlTk;. kWehs; fhag;NghlTk;. wtplTk;. kWehs; fhag;NghlTk;. ed;whf fyfyntd;W k;. ,f; fha; tw;wiy Nghl;L tw;wy; Fok;G itf;fTk;, rhjk; ,tw;Wf;F njhl;Lr; rhg;gplyhk;. tw;wiy nghbahfr;
py; Nghl;Lr; rhg;gplyhk;.
;> Ruk;> tapw;wpy; cs;sG+r;rpfs;> M];Jkh FzkhFk;. U gj;jpaf; Fok;G.
sp 4> vYkpr;irgok; 2> kQ;rs; nghb xU ];G+d;> rPufk;> fLF tuk; gUg;G 100 fpuhk;> fliyg;gUg;G xU ];G+d;>gRk;nea; pj;jio> cg;G> G+z;L 8 gy;> fha;e;jkpsfha; 4.
y; ePs j;jpy; mupe;J> jz;zPu; msthf itj;J NtftplTk;. Mwitj;J mjpy; rPufk;> kpsF> G+z;L> fwpNtg;gpiy> ;J mk;kpapy; xd;wpuz;lhf cilf;fTk;. fliyg; gUg;ig ntbj;jJk; kpsfhiaf; fps;spg; NghlTk;. gpQ;Rfs; nte;j ;fTk;. cg;igg; NghlTk;. vYkpr;irr; rhw;iw Cw;wTk;. hzypapy; Nghl;L tjf;fp urj;ij Cw;w Ntz;Lk;. Jtuk; k;, Njq;fhia krpa miuj;J gUg;gpy; Nghl;L> KUq;if w;wp fiuj;J tbfl;b> fiuriyAk; gUg;G> Njq;fha; tpOJ d;Ng Maj;jkhf itj;jpUe;J urk; ,wf;Fk; jWthapy; ;J 1 lk;su; ghy; Cw;wTk;.
hJit tpUj;jp nra;Ak;. vYk;Gfs;> euk;Gfs; tYtilAk;, ey;yJ. vYk;G KwpT Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; NehahspfSf;F Nghy; 21 my;yJ 48 ehs; nfhLj;JtuTk;. rhjhuzkhf
huj;jpy; ,uz;L %d;Wjuk; rhg;gplyhk;.
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[18] Nfhitf;fha; nghupay; fLF1 ];G+d;> fliygUg;G 4 ];G+d;> Nfhitf;fha; fhy; Njq;fha; JUty; fhy;%b> rpd;dntq;fhak; mupe;jJ> fwpNtg;gpiy> ky;ypj;jio 1 nfhj;J> nfl;bjapu; 1 fg;> cg jf;fhsp 2.
Nfhitf;fhiaePupy; myrp ePs j;jpy; rpwpajhf mupa Nt nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fhia cg;G> kQ;rs;> Mfpatw;Wl thzypapy; vz;iz Cw;wpf; fliyg; gUg;ig Nghl;L Nghl;L tjf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpwF jf;fhspia ePs j;jpy; mupe ky;ypia jl;bg;Nghl;L> fwpNtg;gpiy Nghl;L tjf;fp nte Nghl;Lf; fpswp ,wf;fp japu; Cw;wp fyf;fp itf;fTk;.
,jd; gad; : gpj;j Njh]q;fs; khWk;. ,jd; fha;fs fhiy Neuj;jpy; nghupayhfNth $l;lhfNth rhg;gpl;Ltu rp rpWePufq;fSf;F gyj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;.
[19] KRKRf;if ,iy mil 6 ifg;gpasT KRKRf;if ,iy> kpsF miu ];G+d;> n fhy; fg;> cg;G> GSq;fy; muprp 100 fpNyh.
mjpfhiyapy; muprpia Rj;jk; nra;J Cw itf;fTk;. , ntq;fhaj;ij NjhYupj;J> nghbahf eWf;fpf; nfhs;sTk uit gjj;jpy; miuf;Fk; NghNj ,iyfisAk; itj;J ,tw;iwAk; miuf;fTk;. miuj;j tpOJld; ntq;fhaj Njhir khT gjj;jpw;F rw;W nfl;bahf itj;Jf;nfhz;L N Cw;wpr; rhgg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. %d;W ehs; rhg;gpl rspj;njhy;iy ahNuDk; gakpd;wp> gj;jpakpd;wp rhg;gplyhk;. ,uz;nlhU j rsp ntspNawptpLk;.
[20] Mnjhz;ilf;fha; Nkhu; tw;wy; (fhj;Njhl;bf; fha Mnjhz;ilf;fha;> Gspj;jNkhu;> cg;G> kpsFJ}s; 20 f 10 fpuhk;> ngUq;fhak; xU Jz;L.
xU rhbapy; Nkhiu Cw;wp> cg;G> kpsF J}s;> Nghl NghlNtz;Lk;. kQ;rs; nghb> nte;jak;> ngUq;fhak; , NghlTk;. xUehs; ,uTgfy; CwtplTk;. kWehs; ntapypy; ePi u tbatpl;L fhag;Nghl;L ed;F fha;e;jJk; xU ghl;bypy Rz;b  ru;f;fiu Neha;f;F cf

y; 4 ];G+d;> Nfhitf;fha; fhy; fpNyh> Jtuk; gUg;G 25fpuhk;> pd;dntq;fhak; mupe;jJ> kQ;rs; nghb miu ];G+d;> fhj;J> nfl;bjapu; 1 fg;> cg;G> ey;nyz;nza; 20 fpuhk;>
ePs j;jpy; rpwpajhf mupa Ntz;Lk;. gUg;ig Ntfitj;Jf; g;G> kQ;rs;> Mfpatw;Wld; Ntf itf;f Ntz;Lk;. f; fliyg; gUg;ig Nghl;L rpte;jJk; fLF> ntq;fhak; jf;fhspia ePs j;jpy; mupe;J Nghl;L tjf;f Ntz;Lk;. g;gpiy Nghl;L tjf;fp nte;j fhia Nghl;Lg; gUg;igAk; ;wp fyf;fp itf;fTk;.
q;fs; khWk;. ,jd; fha;fs; frg;G RitAilaJ. jpdk; h $l;lhfNth rhg;gpl;Ltu rpWePupy; cs;s ,dpg;ig khw;wp hLf;Fk;.
il ,iy> kpsF miu ];G+d;> ntq;fhak; nghbahf eWf;fpaJ 100 fpNyh.
;jk; nra;J Cw itf;fTk;. ,iyfis myrpf; nfhs;sTk;. hbahf eWf;fpf; nfhs;sTk;. muprpia mk;kpapy; itj;J hNj ,iyfisAk; itj;J miuf;fTk;. kpsF> cg;G uj;j tpOJld; ntq;fhaj;ijg; NghlTk;. khtpy; Cw;wp fl;bahf itj;Jf;nfhz;L Njhir fy;ypy; xt;nthd;whf ;W ehs; rhg;gpl rspj;njhy;iy ,Uf;fhJ. rpwpatu;> ngupatu; ;wp rhg;gplyhk;. ,uz;nlhU juk; tapw;Wg; Nghf;F Nghdhy;
khu; tw;wy; (fhj;Njhl;bf; fha;) Nkhu;> cg;G> kpsFJ}s; 20 fpuhk;> kQ;rs; nghb> nte;jak;
;L.
;wp> cg;G> kpsF J}s;> Nghl;L Mnjhz;ilf;fha; mupj;J > nte;jak;> ngUq;fhak; ,tw;iw tWj;J nghb nra;J wtplTk;. kWehs; ntapypy; xU nghypj;jPd ; Ngg;gupy; Nkhu; d;F fha;e;jJk; xU ghl;bypy; itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. Nkhu; pwF ghl;bypy; itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
;Jf;F> ru;f;fiu Neha;f;F cfe;jJ.
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fu;g;gfhy czT
Foe;ij gpurtpj;j ngz;fspd; gj;jpa cztpy; kQ;rs %yk; fu;ghraj;Jf;F tYitf; nfhLg;gNjhL fu;ghra fopT mjpfk; Ruf;f nra;Ak;. nfhj;jky;yp> rPufk;> kpsF> Njq;f vd;gtw;iw mk;kpapypl;L miuj;J gpd;du; mjid Nghj #lhf;fp rpWf eWf;fpa fj;jupg; gpQ;Rfis ,l;L ed;F ruf;FfisAk; Njitahd msT cg;Gk; Nghl Nt ntq;fhak;> cs;sp vd;gd jl;bg;Nghl;L ,wf;fp rhw;iwf cz;zf;nfhLg;ghu;fs;.
fhak; nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; cz;L. kQ;rs; 1 Jz;L> 1⁄2 r (rpwpjsT) vd;gtw;iw gRe;jhf miuj;J gdq;fl;bAld cliy nghd;kakhf;fp> ehw;wj;ij Nghf;Fk; kQ;rshy; GUl jiytyp> fgNuhfk;;> tPf;fk;> fbtplk; ePq ;Fk;.
,J Rw;Wg;Gw #oypy; cs;s fpUkpfis mfw;Wfpd;wJ ,U tiffs; cz;L. ,tw;wpd; fpoq;if cyu;j;jp ey;ny mJ fg;G kQ;rs;> rhzghypy; itg;gpd; fwp kQ;rs; vd E}y
nts;is rhuiz Ntu;Jz;L> ,Q;rp rpWJz;L> cs;s kQ;rs; - xUJz;L.
cs;sp> ,Q;rp ,uz;ilAk; Rl;L Njhy; ePf ;fp nts;i Nru;j;J gl;Lg; Nghy; miuj;J 2.5 fpuhk; cUz;ilfshf c my;yJ 5 cUz;il nfhLg;ghu;fs;.
,J Foe;ij gpwe;jgpd;G 3 ehs; Kjy; 5 ehl;fSf;F nj
gpurtpj;j ngz;fSf;F ruf;F miuj;Jf;nfhLf;Fk; tof tYitf; nfhLg;gJld;> fw;ghra fopTfis ntspNaw;Wt Ruf;fr;nra;Ak;.
nfhj;jky;yp - 25 fpuhk; , ew;rPufk; - 12.5 fpuhk, kps - rpWJz;L> kQ;rs; - rpWJz;L ,tw;iw vLj;J mk;k miuj;J vLj;J itj;Jf;nfhz;L thzypapy; NghjpasT rpWf eWf;fpa fj;jupg; gpQ;Rfis Nghl;L nte;JtUk; Nti ,Q;rpj;Jz;L> ntq;fhak;> cs;sp vd;gtw;iwAk; ,l;L ,w kpFjpia Nrhw;Wld; cz;zf; nfhLg;gu;. ,J Foe;ij g ehl;fs; tiu jpdKk; nfhLg;gu;.
100 fpuhk; nfhj;jky;ypapy; cs;s rj;J 100 fpuhk; ew;rPufj;jpy; cs;s rj;J
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

spd; gj;jpa cztpy; kQ;rs; ruf;F miuj;Jf; nfhLg;gjd; ; nfhLg;gNjhL fu;ghra fopTfis ntspNaw;wp jha;g;ghiy ky;yp> rPufk;> kpsF> Njq;fha;r;nrhl;L> rpwpasT kQ;rs; uj;J gpd;du; mjid NghjpasT ey;nyz;nza; tpl;L pg; gpQ;Rfis ,l;L ed;F tjq;fp tUk;NghJ miuj;j msT cg;Gk; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. rpW ,Q;rpj;Jz;L> l;bg;Nghl;L ,wf;fp rhw;iwf; Fbf;ff; nfhLg;gu;. kpFjpia
; cz;L. kQ;rs; 1 Jz;L> 1⁄2 rpuq;if ew;rPufk;> Ntu;f;nfhk;G hf miuj;J gdq;fl;bAld; Nru;j;J cUl;b nfhLg;gu;. ;ij Nghf;Fk; kQ;rshy; GUltrpaKk;> grpAk; cz;lhFk;. btplk; ePq ;Fk;.
;s fpUkpfis mfw;Wfpd;wJ. fg;G kQ;rs;> fwp kQ;rs; vd pd; fpoq;if cyu;j;jp ey;nyz;nza;apy; ghfk; nra;jhy;
tg;gpd; fwp kQ;rs; vd E}y;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
;L> ,Q;rp rpWJz;L> cs;sp – 2 gy;> gdq;fl;b - rpwpjsT>
k; Rl;L Njhy; ePf ;fp nts;isrhuiz Ntu;> kQ;rSld; .5 fpuhk; cUz;ilfshf cUl;b gdq;fl;bAld; Nru;j;J 4 u;fs;.
ehs; Kjy; 5 ehl;fSf;F njhlu;r;rpahf nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
;F miuj;Jf;nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; cz;L. ,J fw;ghraj;Jf;F ra fopTfis ntspNaw;WtJld; jha;g;ghiyAk; mjpfk;
ew;rPufk; - 12.5 fpuhk, kpsF rpwpjsT> Njq;fha;r;nrhl;L z;L ,tw;iw vLj;J mk;kpapypl;L ed;whf gl;Lg;Nghy; ;L thzypapy; NghjpasT ey;nyz;nza; tpl;L #lhf;fp s Nghl;L nte;JtUk; Ntisapy; cg;Gk; Nru;f;fTk;. rpW ;sp vd;gtw;iwAk; ,l;L ,wf;fp itj;J Fbf;ff; nfhLg;gu;. f; nfhLg;gu;. ,J Foe;ij gpwe;j 3MtJ ehspypUe;J 30
;. j;jky;ypapy; cs;s rj;J Pufj;jpy; cs;s rj;J
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636
vdNt ruf;if ghtpj;J fwprikj;J gpurtpj;j ngz;fl;F ,oe;j FUjpia> cly; typikia kPs cw;gj;jp nra;a ,J fhar;ruf;fpy; ghtpg;gjdhy; jha;g;ghy; Rug;G mjpfupf;Fk;. c mJ mOfyfw;wp nra;if cilaJ. gpurtj;Jf;F gpd czthFk;; ngUk;ghYk; fha ruf;if G+g;nga;j> gpurtpj;j n ey;nyz;nza; gpujhdkhf gad;gLk;. ,jpy; “ypNdhypf; m cz;L. nfhj;jky;yp> rPufj;jpy; cs;s capu; rj;J A mfj;J mtu;fs; ,f;fhyq;fspy; jz;zPu; gUFtij jtpu;g;gJk; rpw
rhua Cwy; vd;w gad;ghL Xu;rpy gpuNjr fpuhk kf;fspl ,e;j fharuf;Ffisg; gw;wp vkJ rpj;j kUj;Jt E}y;fspy; $ te;j ghuk;gupa Kiwahf ,d;Wk; xU rpy kf;fsplk; tof;f
NrUk; ruf;F
rhuha Cwy; 1 rhjpf;fha; fuhk;G Vyk; fWth jpg;gpyp nte;jak; rPufk; ,ytq;fk; cs;sp Nfhl;lk; kJuk; ky;yp rpWehfk;G+ Fq;Fkg;G+ thy;kpsF fw;flfrpq;fp rpWNjf;F Xkk; kpsF tha;tplq;fk; yYthrp
Rf;F kpsF jpg;gpyp fLf;fha; ney;yp jhd;wp ew;rPufk; ngUQ;rPufk tha;tplq;f fLFNuhd ntz;Nfh mf;fpufhuk fuhk;G Vyk; fWth ,ytq;fk rhjpf;fha; yYthrp jpg;gpyp %y FNuhrhz kQ;rs; kJuk;> ky

prikj;J gpurtpj;j ngz;fl;F nfhLf;Fk; NghJ jhahdts; ia kPs cw;gj;jp nra;a ,J cjTk;. cs;spia $Ljyhf ;g;ghy; Rug;G mjpfupf;Fk;. cs;spapy; fe;jfrj;J ,Ug;gjhy; ilaJ. gpurtj;Jf;F gpd; Gz;ghLfis Mw;Wk; Xu; ruf;if G+g;nga;j> gpurtpj;j ngz;fSf;F nfhLf;Fk; NghJ d;gLk;. ,jpy; “ypNdhypf; mkpyk;”> capu; rj;J A vd;gd ; cs;s capu; rj;J A mfj;JwpQ;rypYk; ,J cjTfpd;wJ.
Pu; gUFtij jtpu;g;gJk; rpwe;j gyid nfhLf;Fk;.
Xu;rpy gpuNjr fpuhk kf;fsplk; ,d;Wk; gof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ. J rpj;j kUj;Jt E}y;fspy; $whtpbDk; mJ kuG topahf ;Wk; xU rpy kf;fsplk; tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.
a Cwy; 1 rhuha Cwy; 2 ;
;
;
+ +
;fp
;fk; yYthrp
Rf;F kpsF jpg;gpyp fLf;fha; ney;yp jhd;wp ew;rPufk; ngUQ;rPufk; tha;tplq;fk; fLFNuhdp ntz;Nfhl;lk; mf;fpufhuk; fuhk;G Vyk; fWth ,ytq;fk; rhjpf;fha; yYthrp jpg;gpyp %yk; FNuhrhzp Xkk; kQ;rs; kJuk;> ky;yp
thy;kpsF khahf;fha; mjptplak; rpw;wuj;ij
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fu;g;gKw;w ngz;fspd; kdepiy ey;y epiyapy fUj;jpdbg;gilapy; tisfhg;G epfo;r;rp elhj;jg;gLfpwJ.
fu;g;gKw;w ngz;fSf;F ‘mQ;RgQ;rtk;’ fhg;G ,Ljy; fhzg;gl;lJ. Ntg;gq;fhg;gpw;F gpwF mQ;RgQ;rtk; fhg;G NghLthu;fs;. ,f;fhg;gpy; [tif cNyhfq;fSk; fye;jpU nts;sp> ,Uk;G> nrk;G> gpj;jis. ,e;j [e;J cNyhfq clypw;F Neha; vjpu;g;Gr; rf;jpiaf; ;nfhLf;Fk;. fu;g;gKw;w fl;Lk; gof;fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. trk;G nghJthf “gps;i miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Foe;ijfSf;F ve;jNeha; te;jhY trk;G gad;gLfpd;wJ. trk;gpw;F fpUkpehrpdp kUj;Jtj;j Foe;ijia Neha; jhf;Ftijj; jtpu;f;fTk; jhia Nehapy trk;G fl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
KbTk; fye;JiuahlYk; 01. fQ;rp> ,iyf;fQ;rp gpuNahfq;fspy; ,iy tif> m
Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;. ,J Xu; epiwAzthf mi Ntfitj;J cz;gJ rpwg;gk;rk;. ghrpg;gaiw Nfh tiffspy; capu;r; rj;Jf;fs;> fdpAg;Gf;fs;> ehu;r; rj;J m 02. vkJ cztpy; ,U tif ehu;g; nghUl;fs; mlq;Ffpd;w
(1) kpf nkd;ikahd> cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAila
ntspAiwahf %bAs;s jtpl;Lg;gFjp. jhdpaj;ij jtplhf mfw;wg;gLk;. (2) fuLKulhd tif ehu; (coarse fibre) - fha
gdq;fpoq;F> xbay; Mfpait cjhuzk;. vkJ mlq;Fjy; Kf;fpak;. ,it ruptu vkf;F fpilg cs;nsLg;gij jLf;fyhk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. clw Neha;fs; vd;w Ngr;Rf;F ,lkpy;iy.
“ mw;why; mstwpe;J cz;f> m/Jlk;G ngw;whd; nebJa;f;F khW” - j
fUj;Jiu - Kd;Dz;lJ mw;w gpd; cz;gjidAk mJNt ngWtjw;fupa ,e;j khdpl ahf;ifia fhg
MfNtjhd; ngUk;ghyhd ghuk;gupa czTfspy gad;;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ Fwpg;gpljf;fJ MFk;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

depiy ey;y epiyapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w ;G epfo;r;rp elhj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Q;RgQ;rtk;’ fhg;G ,Ljy; vd;w gof;fKk; kf;fspilNa gpwF mQ;RgQ;rtk; fhg;G ([k;nghd;) vd;w fhg;igg; f cNyhfq;fSk; fye;jpUf;Fk;. mitahtd jq;fk;> s. ,e;j [e;J cNyhfq;fSk; fu;g;gKw;w ngz;fspd; af; ;nfhLf;Fk;. fu;g;gKw;w ngz;Zf;F trk;G itj;Jf; J. trk;G nghJthf “gps;istsu;g;ghd;” vd;w ngauhy; fSf;F ve;jNeha; te;jhYk;> Neha; tuhky; fhf;fTk; ;F fpUkpehrpdp kUj;Jtj;jd;ik cz;L. fUtpypUf;Fk; j; jtpu;f;fTk; jhia NehapypUe;J ghJfhf;fTNk jha;f;F
k;
hfq;fspy; ,iy tif> muprp> gaW Kjyhditfis ,J Xu; epiwAzthf mikfpd;wJ. KOj;jhdpaj;ij wg;gk;rk;. ghrpg;gaiw NfhJld; Nru;fpd;Nwhk;. ,iy
;> fdpAg;Gf;fs;> ehu;r; rj;J midj;Jk; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ehu;g; nghUl;fs; mlq;Ffpd;wd.
cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAila ehu;. mjhtJ jhdpaj;ij ;s jtpl;Lg;gFjp. jhdpaj;ij Rj;jpfupf;Fk;NghJ ,t; ciw
hu; (coarse fibre) - fha;fwp> ,iyf;fPi u> gotif> fpait cjhuzk;. vkJ ehshe;j czTfspy; ,it ,it ruptu vkf;F fpilg;gpd; mjp$basT fNyhupfs; yhk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. clw;gUkd;> kyr;rpf;fy;> njhw;wh ;F ,lkpy;iy.
z;f> bJa;f;F khW” - jpUf;Fws; 943
;lJ mw;w gpd; cz;gjidAk; msthf cz;z Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j khdpl ahf;ifia fhg;ghw;Wk; top.
Gypa+u;f; Nfrpfd;.
ghuk;gupa czTfspy; jhdpatiffs; NfhJld; f;fJ MFk;.
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vk; cztpylq;Fk; ehu;g;nghUl;fs; ahTk; ,Wf;fk ,Ug;gij fhzyhk;. ,jdhy; cz;Zk; czT vJ M nghUl;fs; rkpghL milah. ,tw;iw ehk; Nghriz $wh
jhtu cztpy; cs;s Nghrizf;$Wfs; ahTk; j itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it thapy; nky;yy;> tapw;wpd; mkpyk vdpDk; kdpjd; czit gjg;gLj;jp cz;zg;gofpajhy mfw;wg;gl;L tpLfpd;wd. ,JNt ,d;iwa gpur;rpidfS mt;thwhd gjg;gLj;jpa czTfs; jw;NghJ “Rj;jpfupf;f vd mike;J tpLfpd;wd. mDNrg Kiwapy; Nehf;fpd czitg; ngWtjw;F nghWg;ghf cs;sd. ,aw;ifapy; mjhtJ goq;fs;> fpoq;Ffis nkd;Wjhd; cz;zNt ehu;g;nghUl;fs; cs;sd.
- thapdJk; thapy; ,Ue;J rpWFlYf;F nry;Yk; Fohapd - rpwFlYk; tapWk; gUj;jy;. - jputtpioa gpj;jg;igfspy; (plasma choleocystolu
cau;jy;. - ,jdhy; ,d;Rypd; mjpfkhf Ruj;jy;.
NkYk;
- ehu;fs; tha;> rpWFlYf;F nry;Yk; Foha;fspdJ mir - jtpl;Lld; $ba muprp> Fuf;fd;, Nrhsk;, jpiz Kjypa
tpOq;f mjpfk; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. - ehu; mjd; epiwapd; gd;klq;F epiwAs;s ePi u cwpQ
KOf;NfhJik> jtpLePf ;fpa muprp> jpid> tuF> ,Ug;gjhy; nky;y mjpf Neuk; vLf;Fk;. ehu;fs; mlq fhNghitjNuw;W mlq;fpa czTfis Nru;j;J cz tpjj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;. ehu;fSf;F Kf;fpakhf ehd;F
m. ,J cs;nsLf;Fk; rf;jpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; M. fhNghitjNuw;W cwpQ;riyAk;> ,d;Rypd; Rug;i ,. nfhy];Nuhypy; cs;s ePu;g;gha (serum) msit <. Kf;fpakhf ngUq;Flypd; Rftho;T Vw;gLj;jp
czTf; fhuzp MFk;.

;g;nghUl;fs; ahTk; ,Wf;fkhd fl;likg;G nfhz;ljhf ; cz;Zk; czT vJ MapDk; kdpjdpYs;s ehu;g; w;iw ehk; Nghriz $whf fUJtjpy;iy.
ghrizf;$Wfs; ahTk; jbj;j Ez;%bf;Fs; milj;J py; nky;yy;> tapw;wpd; mkpyk; vd;gtw;why; cilf;fg;gLk;. g;gLj;jp cz;zg;gofpajhy; > cztpy; cs;s ehu;%bfs; t ,d;iwa gpur;rpidfSf;F fhuzkha; mikfpd;wJ. Tfs; jw;NghJ “Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;l fhNghitjNuw;Wfs;” DNrg Kiwapy; Nehf;fpdhy; ,e;ehu;fs; jhtuq;fspd; ;ghf cs;sd. ,aw;ifapy; fhZk; vy;yh ,dpg;GzTk; s nkd;Wjhd; cz;zNtz;Lk;. Vnddpy; mtw;Ws;
rpWFlYf;F nry;Yk; FohapdJk; mirAk; epiy. ;. py; (plasma choleocystolunin) ,uj;j FSf;NfhR epiy
hf Ruj;jy;.
ry;Yk; Foha;fspdJ mirit $l;Lk;. ;fd;, Nrhsk;, jpiz Kjypatw;why; jahupj;j czTfis
tz;Lk;. lq;F epiwAs;s ePi u cwpQ;rp czit gUkdhf;Fk;.
pa muprp> jpid> tuF> Fuf;fd; Kjypatw;Ws; ehu; euk; vLf;Fk;. ehu;fs; mlq;fpa vida czTfSld; a czTfis Nru;j;J cz;Zk; NghJ cl;nfhs;Sk;
hu;fSf;F Kf;fpakhf ehd;F nraw;ghLfs; cs;sd.
pfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; pQ;riyAk;> ,d;Rypd; Rug;ig fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. ePu;g;gha (serum) msit Fiwf;Fk;. ypd; Rftho;T Vw;gLj;jp nraw;ghl;il MSk; Kf;fpa
;.
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vdNt md;iwa czT Kiwfspy; ehupd; Kf;fp Nfo;tuF$o;, xbay;$o;> fk;guprpfQ;rp> jpidkh> tuFfQ czT Kiwfs; NghjpasT ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
ehuw;w rikj;j czTfis vLg;gjhy; kyr;rpf;fy; c gpd; rpwpjsT kyk; ntspNaWk;. ,jdhy; ngUq;Flyp czTf;fopT fPo ;Nehf;fp mirjy; ke;jkhFk;. rpyNti ngUq;Flypy; gpj;jg;nghUl;fs; ePz ;l Neuk; ,Ug;gpd; Gw;WN and health’ Dr.P.T.De Silva P.7)
03. ey;nyz;nza; ghtid mjpfstpy; cs;sJ. mjpy; c
fz;ghu;it ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld; gyNeha;fs; Vw;gl Kf;fpa nfhOg;gkpykhd linolic acid cz;L. ,J fu;g;gg
04. vkJ ghuk;gupa czTfshd $o;> fsp> fQ;rp> GOf;nf
%j;Njhu; cz;gjw;F ,yFthd czTfshFk;. mi rj;JzthfTk; mikAk;.
05. Fq;Fkg;G+ cz;gjhy; ,uj;jk; Rj;jpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gpu
Vw;gLk; ,uj;j Nghf;fpid ePf ;f cjTk;. Mdhy; 3 Mk Ntz;Lk;. xU tifapy; ,J jha;> Nra; MNuhf;fpa mj;Jld; gpurtj;ijAk; ,yFthf;Fk;.
06. gpurtpj;j ngz;fspy; ruf;Ff;F gad;gLk;; kuf;fwpapy; K
mtiu gpQ;R> nte;jak;> ngUq;fhak;> cs;sp vd;g KUq;if gpQ;rpy; capu;r;rj;J V> fy;rpak; mjpfsT jha;khUf;F ghy; topahf fy;rpak; mjpfsT Foe;ijf ,J mtrpak;.
07. G+g;nga;Jk; fhyk;> fu;g;g fhyj;jpy; rpWFwpQ;rh>
vd;gtw;iw rptg;Gg; gr;ir muprpAld; mtpj;J cz;Z gr;ir muprpapy; Nghkpf;fkpyk; ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gpljf;fJ ,bf;Fk; NghJ Nkyjpf FSf;NfhRk;> nfhOg;Gk; mf MfNt ,iy tif czT kUj;JtuPj papy; Vw;Gilaj
08. ,d;iwa f.ngh.j rhjhuz ju> cau;ju ghl t ,dq;fhzy;> ghtid> gapu;r;nra;if vd;gd nrad;K mtu;fl;F ,aw;if tho;tpaypd; MNuhf;fpaj;ij fw nra;jy;.
jĜ Mtz khehL - 2013

Kiwfspy; ehupd; Kf;fpaj;ij czu;e;J mjw;Nfw;g uprpfQ;rp> jpidkh> tuFfQ;rp Nghd;w ehu;j; jd;ikahd lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
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01. Robert K. Murray, David A . Bender, Kathlean M .Both
Rodwell, P.Anthony Well, Harper’s illustrated Bio Chem companies, China
02. Malaiyarasari Sivaraaya, nadaraaya sivaraaya, Nutritive Health education maknals production unit Department Medicine, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka, June 2006
03. The wealth of India, Raw materials Volume 1.A, 1
communication & information resources CSIR, New Del
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ender, Kathlean M .Botham, Peter .J. Kennelly, Viketor W. er’s illustrated Bio Chemistry, 28th edition, MC Graw- Hill
aya sivaraaya, Nutritive Value of food Items,; First edition, uction unit Department of community medicine, faculty of Sri Lanka, June 2006
aterials Volume 1.A, 1985-National institude of scine resources CSIR, New Delhi, India,2003
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