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cilj;njwpa Ntz;ba flik ,];yhkpa ehLfisAk; mikg;Gf;fisANk rhUk;.
gjpkh \pd;lhypd; kuzk; xU Ntjidahd rk;gtkhapUe;jhYk; ,q;Fs;s Gyk;ngaH kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Fwpg;ghf ,sk;ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJld; jkJ chpikfSf;fhf NghuhLk; #o;epiyiaAk; cUthf;fpAs;sJ. NehHNtapy; gy CHtyq;fs; ,q;Fs;s ngz;epiythjpfshYk; rpy ,];yhkpa mikg;Gf;fshYk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lik tuNtw;fj;jf;fJ. RtPldpy; gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; xd;Wjpuz;L jPg;ge;jk; Ve;jp Chtyk; nrd;W jkJ mjpUg;jpia ntspapl;bUe;jdH. gjpkhtpd; ,Wjpr;rlq;fpy; RtPld; ehl;L ,sturpAk; fye;J nfhz;lik tuNtw;fj;jf;fJ. ,thpd; cly; mthpd; fhjyhpd; fy;yiwf;F mUNfNa mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gj;jpkh \pd;lhypd; capH ,t;Tyif tpl;Lg;gphpe;J tpl;lhYk; mthpd; epidTfSk; fUj;Jf;fSk; ,yFtpy; mopahJ. Gyk;ngaHe;J thOk; ,sk; re;jjpapdH gyH mtH vjpHNehf;fpa mNj gpur;ridia vjpHNehf;fpAs;sdH. jq;fsJ vjpHfhy tho;it jPHkhdpf;Fk; mbg;gil kdpj chpikfs; $l mtHfSf;F tsq;fg;glhkypUg;gJ vJtpjj;jpYk; epahakhdjy;y. ,t;tpilaj;jpy; r%f mwpQHfSk; Clfq;fSk; murpay;thjpfSk; Gyk;ngaH kf;fspd; mikg;Gf;fSk; xU jpl;lkpl;l Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Gyk; ngaH kf;fspd; gpur;ridfs; ntWk; rl;lj;jhNyh my;yJ murpay; thjpfspd; re;jHg;gthj tha;Ngr;RfshNyh jPHf;fKbahJ. epahakhd Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ghpe;JzHTld; $ba fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wNk rhpahd jpirapy; ,t;tpsk; re;jjpia ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; ,J
giw-2002-Nk
rhHe;j fy;t ,tHfspd; ,tw;iw r %yNk \pypd;lhy vkJ re;jj epyh 14 Gyk; ng INuhg;gpa xg;gpLifa Kuz;ghL ngUk;ghy Kuz;ghl jhf;fq;fs mz;ika r%fj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz thOk; ,s re;jjpapdU Ngzpte;jh ez;gHfshf fhuzk; ng neUf;Fj njhpate;J ngw;NwHf NehHNt[p tpLthHfs neUf;FjY fyhr;rhu K ,ay;ghd t mr;r%fj mtrpakh gq;fspg;Gk ed;F gbf fyhr;rhuk; cs;thq;f epWj;jptpl tpLfpd;w tsHe;JtU r%fj;jpy; G fhyg;Nghf;f
,];yhkpa k rhUk;. zk; xU e;jhYk; kj;jpapy; kj;jpapy; ld; jkJ piyiaAk; apy; gy ,q;Fs;s ,];yhkpa g;gl;lik py; gy ;Wjpuz;L d;W jkJ Ue;jdH. ld; ehl;L hz;lik ; mthpd; mlf;fk;
,t;Tyif mthpd; ,yFtpy; k; ,sk; ;fpa mNj H. jq;fsJ mbg;gil HfSf;F pjj;jpYk; ;jpy; r%f fq;fSk; kf;fspd; l;lkpl;l ; Ntz;Lk;. fs; ntWk; thjpfspd; fshNyh hf;fq;fis zHTld; jpirapy; y;Yk; ,J
rhHe;j fy;tpAk; Gyk;ngaHe;j r%fj;jpy; ,tHfspd; r%f mq;fPfhuKk; mtrpak;. ,tw;iw rPuhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yNk vjpHfhyj;jpy; gjpkh \pypd;lhypw;f;F Vw;gl;l KbtpypUe;J vkJ re;jjpapiu ehk; fhg;ghw;wyhk;.
epyh 140202. Gyk; ngaHe;J thOk; ,sk; re;jjpapdH INuhg;gpa ,sk; re;jjpapdUld; xg;gpLifapy; ,uz;Ltifahd fyr;rhu Kuz;ghLfis vjpHNehf;FtJld; ngUk;ghyhNdhH ,t;fyhr;rhu Kuz;ghl;lhy; r%f cstpay; jhf;fq;fspw;F cs;shfpAs;sdH. mz;ikapy; NehHNtapy; Gyk;ngaH r%fj;jpy; ,isa re;jjpapdH gw;wp Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy; Gyk; ngaHe;J thOk; ,sk; re;jjpapdH NehHNt[pa re;jjpapdUld; R%fkhd cwTfisg; Ngzpte;jhYk; mtHfSld; neUq;fpa ez;gHfshf ,Uf;f Kbtjpy;iy. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; ngw;NwhHfs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;JtUk; neUf;Fjy;fNs fhuzk; vdj; njhpate;Js;sJ. kpfg; gy ntsp ehl;Lg; ngw;NwHfs; jq;fsJ gps;isfs; NehHNt[pa fyhr;rhuj;ij cs;thq;fp tpLthHfs; vd;w mr;rNk ,t;thwhd neUf;FjYf;F vd mwpa tUfpwJ. ,f; fyhr;rhu Kud;ghLfs; ,sk; re;jjpapdhpd; ,ay;ghd tho;ifia ghjpg;gJkl;Lkd;wp mr;r%fj;jpd; KdNdw;wj;jpw;F mtrpakhd mwptpayhsHfspd; gq;fspg;Gk; fpl;lhky; nra;JtpLfpd;wJ. ed;F gbf;Fk; ,sk;ngz;fs; gyH kjk; fyhr;rhuk; vd;w FWfpa tl;lj;jpw;Fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;L gbg;ig ,ilapy; epWj;jptpl;L FLk;gtho;tpy; xd;wpj;J tpLfpd;wdH. ,J ,d;W Ntfkhf tsHe;JtUk; mwptpay; njhopy;El;g r%fj;jpy; Gyk;ngaHe;Njhhpd; gq;fspg;ig fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kOq;fbj;JtpLk;.
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8
Nrud
t
l mnkhpf;fh INuhg;g mz;ikapy; jpiuaplg;gl;L ngw;WtUk; Black Haw jpiug;glj;ijg; gw;wp Nfs;t Njrpathjj;ijAk; mnkhpf;f %ytskhfTk; ($lNt V gpukhz;lkhd Kiwapy; nra;ag;gl;L cynfq;Fk ,e;jg;glk; xf;NlhgH 3;;k; j jiyefuhd nkhfhbRtpy; epfo;j;jpa jhf;Fjy; xd;iwg
tsikahfNt Holywoo ntspAwTf; nfhs;iff;F tpRthrj;ij Cwitg;gjhfT Nike fyhrhuj;ij cynfq;F tUfpd;wd. ngUepjp epWt gyKk; ty;yhl;rpAk; ,e;j f gutYf;F xU gpujhd fhu epANahHf; thrpq;ld; jhf;Fj muRf;Fk; Holywoodf;Fk; n mokhd fyhrhu cwTfs; V ,lk;ngw;Wr; rpy thuq;fspd Kf;fpakhd jahhpg;ghsHfs G]; nts;is khspifapy; r mnkhpf;f Njrg;gw;iw cd;djkhd jpiug;glq
t
l mnkhpf;fh INuhg;gh kw;Wk; NkiyehLfs; vq;Fk; z;ikapy; jpiuaplg;gl;L kpy;ypad; fzf;fhf tUkhdk; w;WtUk; Black Hawk Down vd;w khngUk; ug;glj;ijg; gw;wp Nfs;tpg;gl;bUg;gPHfs;. mnkhpf;fj; rpathjj;ijAk; mnkhpf;f tpRthrj;ijAk; %yfskhfTk;> tskhfTk; ($lNt Vuhskhd gzj;ijAk;) ,l;Lg; khz;lkhd Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L tpsk;guk; a;ag;gl;L cynfq;Fk; tpdpNahfk; nra;ag;gl;l ;jg;glk; xf;NlhgH 3;;k; jpfjp 1993,y; Nrhkhypahtpd; yefuhd nkhfhbRtpy; mnkhpf;f rpwg;Gg; gilapdH o;j;jpa jhf;Fjy; xd;iwg; gw;wpaJ. tsikahfNt Holywood ngUe;jahhpg;Gf;fs; mnkhpf;f spAwTf; nfhs;iff;F ,zf;fkhfTk; mnkhpf;f thrj;ij Cwitg;gjhfTk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; McDonald... ke fyhrhuj;ij cynfq;Fk; gug;GtjhfTNk mike;J fpd;wd. ngUepjp epWtdq;fspd; JizAk; murpay; Kk; ty;yhl;rpAk; ,e;j fyhrhu gz;ghl;L Nkyhjpf;fg; tYf;F xU gpujhd fhuzk;. vdpDk; nrg;nlk;gH 11 NahHf; thrpq;ld; jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fg; gpw;ghL mnkupf;f uRf;Fk; Holywoodf;Fk; ngU KjyhspkhUf;Fk; ,d;Dk; okhd fyhrhu cwTfs; Vw;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. jhf;Fjy;fs; k;ngw;Wr; rpy thuq;fspd; gpw;ghL Holywood ,d; vy;yh ;fpakhd jahhpg;ghsHfs;; newpahsHfs; fjhrhpaHfis
; nts;is khspifapy; re;jpj;jhH. mnkhpf;f Njrg;gw;iwAk; tPuj;ijAk; rpj;jhpf;Fk; ;djkhd jpiug;glq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk;gbAk;
giw-2002-Nk
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mnkhpf;fhtpd; nfhs;iffis tpkHrdk; nra;ahj KiwapYk; mnkhpf;f uhZtj;jpd; eltbf;iffisg; Gz;gLj;jhj KiwapYk; ,e;jg;glq;fs; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; G]; NfhhpapUe;jhH. ,e;jf;Nfhhpf;ifapd; tpisthf mnkhpf;fhtpd; fdT fhR) njhspw;rhiy thpirahfg; glq;fisj; jUfpwJ. Black Hawk Downkk; njhlHe;J Collakral Damage. Vidait njhlUk;. ,Jtiu Military- Industrial Complex vd;W toq;fg;gl;L te;j mnkhpf;f tphpthjpf;fj;Jf;F ,g;NghJ ehk; toq;ff;$ba nghUj;jkhd ngaH Military Industril-Entertaiment Complex vd;gjhFk;.
Xf;NlhgH 3 1993 Nrhkhypahtpy; vd;d ele;jJ vd;gijAk; mr;rk;gtq;fspd; gifg;Gyj;ijAk; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ Black Hawk Down jpiug;glj;jpd; murpaiyg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s NkYk; topnra;Ak;. xf;NlhgH 3> 1993 md;W Nrhkhypahtpd; jiyefhpy; jkf;Fs; Nkhjpf; nfhz;bUe;j MAjf;FOf;fSs; xd;wpd; jiytH KfkJ `guh ma;Bl; vd;gtiu my;yJ mf;FOtpd; NtW jiytHfisg; gpbg;gjw;nfd 160 mnkhpf;f rpwg;Gg; gilapdH nkhfbRtpy; jiuapwq;f Kw;gl;ldH. mtHfSila Kaw;rp KOj;
giw-2002-Nk
Njhy;tpa mnkhpf;fg vOgj;ije capUld; uhZtj;jp n`ypnfhg 1000 tiua md;wpuT j Mnkhp Nrhkhypa nrd;wij ehNsl;bd glj;Jf;F G Nrhkhypa fhuzk;? n ntspehl;L xt;thjJ M ,J tpjp xf;NlhgH rk;gtq;fS cs;sd.
mNjtU mnkhpf;fhT guh ma njhLj;jpU FOkkhd " $ly; xd;w jhf;Fjy; el
tpkHrdk; hZtj;jpd; iwapYk; k; vd;Wk; hpf;ifapd; dT fhR) lq;fisj; ; njhlHe;J njhlUk;. Complex nkhpf;f hJ ehk; H Military Complex
tpy; vd;d tq;fspd; ;tJ Black urpaiyg; pnra;Ak;. hypahtpd; hz;bUe;j ; jiytH u my;yJ Hfisg; rpwg;Gg; uapwq;f w;rp KOj;
Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. gjpndl;L mnkhpf;fg; gilapdH nfhy;yg; gl;ldH. vOgj;ije;J NgH fhakile;jdH. xUtH capUld; gpbf;fg;gl;lhH. mnkhpf;f uhZtj;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w Black Hawk n`ypnfhg;uHfs; nehUq;fp tPo;e;jd. 500- 1000 tiuahd Nrhkhypag; nghJkf;fs; md;wpuT jhf;Fjypd; NghJ caphpoe;jdH. Mnkhpf;fg; gilapdhpd; cly;fis Nrhkhypa kf;fs; njUtpy; ,Oj;Jr; nrd;wij fdlhtpd; Toronto Star ehNsl;bd; epUgH Nghy; tw;]d; vLj;j glj;Jf;F Gsl;tH tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ. Nrhkhypa kf;fspd; NfhgjJf;F vd;d fhuzk;? nghJthfNt ve;j kf;fSf;Fk; ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfshy; Msg;gLtJ xt;thjJ MFk;. Nrhkhypah kf;fs; kl;Lk; ,J tpjp tpyf;fhf KbAkh? vdpDk; xf;NlhgH 3 md;W ele;Njwpa rk;gtq;fSf;F Fwpg;ghd fhudq;fSk; cs;sd.
mNjtUlk; A+iy khjk; 12k; Njjp mnkhpf;fhTk; If;fpa ehLfs; mitAk; guh ma;Bl;bd; kPJ jhf;Fjy; njhLj;jpUe;jdH. ma;Bbd; Fyf; FOkkhd "Trib Habr Gidr" kf;fspd; xd;W $ly; xd;wpd; NghJ mnkhpf;fg; gilfs; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpapUe;jd. ,f;Fyf; FOtpd;
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KjpNahH vOj;jhsHfs; ftpQHfs; Gj;jprPtpfs; vdg; gytifahNdhH xd;W jpuz;bUe;j $l;lj;jpd;kPJ mnkhpf;fg; gilapdhpd; Cobra uf n`ypnfhg;uHfs; gjpdhW Tow VTfizfisAk; 2000 rpW gPuq;fpf; Fz;LfisAk; Vtpd vd;;W Washington post ehNsL njhptpj;jpUe;jJ. VTfizj; jhf;FjYf;F Kd;ghf $l;lk; eilngw;w khbapd; gbf;fl;Lfis n`ypnfhg;uHfs; jhf;fp mopj;jpUe;jikahy; vtUNk jg;g Kbatpy;iy. Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhNdhH gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l ,f;$l;lk; mnkhpf;fh Kd;nkhope;jpUe;j rkhjhdj; jpl;lj;ij ghprPyid nra;tjw;nfdNt $baJ vd;gij ,q;F Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. Nrhkhypahtpd; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; mdHj;jq;fSf;Fk; %yfhuzq;fspy; xUtuhd rHthjpfhhp Siad Barre apd; nfhLq;N fhyhl;rpiaj; njhlHe;J Mjhpj;J te;jJ mnkhpf;fh. Mz;Lf;F 50kpy;ypad; nlhyHfs; tiu Siad Barref;F MAj cjtpia mnkhpf;fh toq;fp te;jJ. ,jw;F If;fpa ehLfs; mitapd; mg;Nghija nrayhsH ehafk; Gl;u]; Gl;u]; fhypAk; Mjuthf ,Ue;jhH.
Nrhkhypahtpd; nghUshjhur; rpf;fy;fSf;F NtW fhuzKk; ,Ue;jJ. 80fspy; rHtNjr ehza epjpak; (IMF) Nrhkhypahtpy; mKy;gLj;j epHg;ge;jpj;j nfhs;iffs; ehl;bd; twpa kf;fisNa nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ. Nghjhjw;F tul;rpAk; NrHe;Jnfhz;lJ. fpuhkg; Gwq;fspypUe;J Vuhskhd ,isQHfs; gbj;NjhH efuq;fis Nehf;fp ,lk;ngaHe;jdH. Vuhskhd Foe;ijfs; gl;bdpahy; ,we;jd. xU fhiyr; rhg;ghl;il tpl xU nk\pd; Jg;ghf;fpia ,yFthf ngw;Wf;nfhs;s $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. gj;J taJ Foe;ijfs; v.Nf.-47 Jg;ghf;fpfSld; njUtpy; eil gapy;tJ rhjhuzkhd tplakhfp Ngha;tpl;lJ.
10
Xf;Nlh mnkhpf;f g kl;LNk rp jpiug;glk Nghy mur glj;jpy; tU nrhy;tij
Kjyht jiyg;gf;fk me;jf; fz vy;yh...... tU ,e;jg; FWfpa fhy yiuAk; ez;gHfshf Mjhpj;J t [dehafj;j cjthJ. rpW Jg;ghf;fpfi nra;tJ vd fl;Lg;gLj Jg;ghf;fp t Sila gy mDkjpf;f N[hH[; G] fl;rpf;Fk; toq;Fgt ePbf;Fk; t cld;gbf;i tuhJ. khw vd;dntd mnkhpf;f t Holywood ghHj;J m Bolywood
tpQHfs; dhH xd;W nkhpf;fg; fhg;uHfs; ; 2000 rpW pd vd;;W pj;jpUe;jJ. hf $l;lk; l;Lfis jhf;fp Nk jg;g ;fhNdhH f;$l;lk; rkhjhdj; w;nfdNt Ntz;Lk;. fSf;Fk; zq;fspy; arre apd; Mjhpj;J 0kpy;ypad; ;F MAj ;jJ. ,jw;F g;Nghija ; fhypAk;
shjhur; ; ,Ue;jJ. k; (IMF) pHg;ge;jpj;j f;fisNa tul;rpAk; spypUe;J bj;NjhH aHe;jdH. ;bdpahy; l tpl xU yFthf e;jJ. gj;J v.Nf.-47 gapy;tJ pl;lJ.
Xf;NlhgH 3> 1993 md;W gpbgl;l mnkhpf;f gilapdUf;F ele;j mtyj;ij kl;LNk rpj;jhpf;fpw Black Hawk Down jpiug;glk; mjd; newpahsH nrhy;tJ Nghy murpay; mw;w glk; my;y. me;jg; glj;jpy; tUk; xU mnkhpf;fg; gilahs; nrhy;tij ,q;F Fwpg;gplyhk;:
KjyhtJ Fz;L cd;Dila jiyg;gf;fkhf CLUtpf;nfhz;L Nghd me;jf; fzNk murpay; mJkhjphpahd vy;yh...... tUk; ntspNa gwe;JtpLk;.
,e;jg; glj;jpd; murpaYk; ,Jjhd; FWfpa fhyf; fz;Nzl;lj;jpy; nfhLq; Nfh- yiuAk; nfhiyahspfisAk; ez;gHfshfTk; Ml;rpahsHfshfTk; Vw;W Mjhpj;J tUfpw mnkhpf;ff; nfhs;if [dehafj;jpw;Fk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;Fk; cjthJ. rpW MAjq;fs; fz;zpntbfs; Jg;ghf;fpfis cw;gj;jp nra;J tpw;gid nra;tJ vd;gtw;iwj; jilnra;tijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtijAk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; Jg;ghf;fp tpw;gidahsHfs; rq;fk; mtHf- Sila gykhd ngUepjp epWtdq;fSk; mDkjpf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. ,tHfs;jhd; N[hH[; G];Rf;Fk; mtUila FbauRf; fl;rpf;Fk; kpf mjpf mstpy; gzk; toq;FgtHfs;. ,tHfSila gyk; ePbf;Fk; tiu cyfshtpa ve;j rkhjhd cld;gbf;iff;Fk; mnkhpf;f muR xj;J tuhJ. khwhf vq;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gJ vd;dntd;why; mnkhpf;f Njrpaj;ijAk; mnkhpf;f tpRthrj;ijAk; nfhz;lhLfpw Holywood jpiug;glq;fs;. mtw;iwg; ghHj;J mg;gbNa gpujpgz;Dfpw Bolywood kw;Wk; jkpo; jpiug;glq;fs;.
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J]aejp
giw-2002-Nk
mJ nghJ epiyg;ghlhAKs;sJ brk;gh; nghJj; Njh;jypy; gfpuq;fkhf mwptpj;J tpl;l
,t;thwhdnjhU epi Nghuhl;lj;jpy; cUthdJ n mjpfhuj;jpy; mkh;j;Jtjw;f Mokhd murpay;> NtNuhbAs;sd. tpLjiy Vida jkpo; murpay; mi murpay; epiyg;ghl;bid ahUk; mwpe;j cz;i jiyikapyhd murhq;fk; Kd;duhd A+..vd;.gp. M mikg;Gfs; jhKk; jkpoh Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspy; ,iz te;jdh;.
2000 Vg;uy; MidapwT Gypfs; ifg;gw;wpaJld; m
j
kpoPo tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kpfTk; murpay; Ug;gfukhd fl;lj;jpNyNa Vf gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vDk; of;fk; muq;fpw;F te;jJ. "jkpoPo tpLjiy Gypfs; ikg;G mJNt ,uh[je;jpu fhuzpfs; NuhbAs;sd. tpLjiy Gypfs; mikg;ig jtpu da jkpo; murpay; mikg;Gfs; re;jh;g;gthj rkur urpay; epiyg;ghl;bid ,d;Wtiu nfhz;bUg;gJ hUk; mwpe;j cz;ikahFk;. 1994 re;jphpfh yikapyhd murhq;fk; Ml;rpf;F te;jNghJ (mjw;F d;duhd A+..vd;.gp. Ml;rpapYk;) ,e;j murpay; ikg;Gfs; jhKk; jkpohpd; gpujpepjpfs;> jk;ikAk; r;Rthh;j;ijfspy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $wp e;jdh;.
2000 Vg;uy; MidapwT gilj; jsj;ij tpLjiy pfs; ifg;gw;wpaJld; murpay; rkepiy tpLjiy
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GypfSf;F rhjfkhf khw;wkila ,th;fSk; jkJ epiyg;ghLfis mtru mtrukhf khw;wpf; nfhz;L jk;ik tpLjiy GypfspdJk; ,j;jifa re;jhg;gthj murpay; rf;jpfis me;j ,dntwpia vjph;j;J Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; jkpoPo tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;ij czh;TG+h;tkhf Mjhpf;fpd;wdh;. mg;Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;- dpd;W elhj;Jk; tpLjiy GypfisAk; mjd; jiyth; gpughfuidAk; Nerpf;fpd;wdh;. mth; kPJ kpf;f kjpg;G itj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. tpLjiyg; GypfSf;Fk; kiyaf jkpoh;fSf;Fk;
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,ilapyhd cwT> gpughfuDf;Fk; kiyaf jkpoh;fSf;Fkpilapyhd cwT Kw;wpYk; murpay; jhh;g;ghpkpf;f cwthFk;.
Mdhy; MWKfk; njhz;lkhNdh Nrhtpdprj;jpdhy; mlf;FKiwf;- Fs;shFk; ,U Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwtpw;F gpd;GykhapUf;Fk; murpay; fhuzpfspd; mhpthpfisNa Ghpe;Jnfhs;shJ mNj fq;fhzp fyhr;rhuj;Jld; murpay; elhj;jplyhk; vd epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;. tpLjiy GypfSf;Fk; kiyaf jkpoh;fSf;FkpilapYs;s murpay; gpizg;ig ,.njh.f.Tk; MWKfk; njhz;lkhDk; jkJ FWfpa murpay; eyd;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Kay;fpd;wdh;. nghpaJiu mg;gbr; nrhd;dhh;... rpd;dJiu ,g;gbr; nrhd;dhh; vd Jiukhiuf;fhl;b njhopyhsiu ,af;Ftpf;Fk; fq;fhzpapd; mbikj;jd rpe;jid Kiwiaj;jhd; MWKfk; murpaypYk; filgpbf;fpwhh;. kiyaf jkpohpd; murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F njhlh;e;Jk; Vf Fj;jif Kjyhspahf ,Ue;J ,k;kf;fis njhlh;e;Jk; jkf;fhd thf;fspf;Fk; mbikfshf itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf> kiyaf jkpohpd; md;Gf;Fhpa gpughfudpd; ngaiu MWKfk; Njitaw;W cgNahfpj;jpUg;- gJ fz;bf;fj; jf;fjhFk.;. mbg;gilapy; ,U Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd murpay; cwit mrpq;fg;gLj;jpa Fw;wj;ij MWKfk; nra;jpUf;fpwhh;.
tpLjiy Gypfshy; Fwpg;gpl;l murpay Njit rhh;e;J ,d;W Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; Vf nfhs;ifia> Vida kiyaf> K];y murpaYf;F jiyikNaw;wpUg;gth;fs; jk Sf;fhf gpuNahfg;gLj;j Kay;tJ rpe nfy;ypnawpag;gl N
giw-2002-Nk
kiyaf Njrk;. jh Kd;ndLg jiyik a midj;Jk tplakhFk rhjhuz gp mhpthpahF vd $wp njhz;lkhD Nghdnjg jiyikah MWKfk; njhpfpwJ.
fuDf;Fk; pyhd cwT ;ghpkpf;f
;lkhNdh Kiwf;- ilapyhd ; murpay; pfisNa fq;fhzp hj;jplyhk; Uf;fpwhh;. kiyaf murpay; MWKfk; murpay; pf;nfhs;s mg;gbr; ; nrhd;dhh; opyhsiu bikj;jd MWKfk; ;. kiyaf ;Jtj;jpw;F jyhspahf hlh;e;Jk; ikfshf jkpohpd; ; ngaiu hfpj;jpUg;- g;gilapy; murpay; Fw;wj;ij
y; Fwpg;gpl;l murpay;> ,uh[je;jpu Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; Vfgpujpepjpj;Jt da kiyaf> K];ypk; Njrq;fsJ Naw;wpUg;gth;fs; jkJ Ra eyd;f- g;gLj;j Kay;tJ rpe;jidapNyNa nfy;ypnawpag;gl Ntz;bajhFk;.
kiyaf jkpoh; vd;Nghh; jdpahd Njrk;. jhk; vj;jifa murpaiy Kd;ndLg;gJ> jkf;fhd murpay; jiyik ahh; vd;gij jPh;khdpg;gJ midj;Jk; kiyaf jkpoh; rhhe;j tplakhFk;. ,J r%fj;jpd; xt;nthU rhjhuz gpui[Ak; ed;fwpe;j murpay; mhpthpahFk;. kiyaf jkpohpd; jiyth; vd $wpf;nfhs;Sk; MWKfk; njhz;lkhDf;F ,e;j cz;ik njhpahJ Nghdnjg;gb? ,jpypUe;J xU jiyikahf nraw;gLk; jiyikia MWKfk; ,oe;Jtpl;bUg;gJ jhdNd njhpfpwJ.
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MWKfk; Nghd;Nw K];yPk; fhq;fpu]; jiyth; `f;fPKk; jd;id tlf;F fpof;F K];yPk;fspd; Vf gpujpepjpahf rpj;jhpj;J tUfpwhh;.
kiyaf kw;Wk; K];ypk; murpay;th- jpfs; rpWghd;ik Njrq;fspd; $l:Lf;Fs; ,Ug;gjhy; kpf ,yFthf Vfgpujpepjpj;Jt nfhs;ifia jhKk; filgpbj;jplyhk; vd epidf;fpwhh;fs;. Vfgpujpepjpj;Jt nfhs;ifia rpW- ghd;ik Njrq;fspd; murpaypd; tifkhjphpahf;f Kidfpwhh;fs;. ,J vj;jid mgj;jkhdJ?
jkpoPo tpLjiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,d;W filgpbf;fg;gLk; Vfgpujpepjpj- ;Jtk; vDk; nfhs;ifahdJ jw;fhypf- khdJjhd;. mJNt ,y;yhj xd;whfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ,r;r%fq;fspy; [dehafk;
14
vd;gJ m r%fj;jpw Ntz;baj tpLjiy NkYk; cah tpopg;Gz Vw;gLj;jpl [dehafj;j gLkhapd; fkhdjhf> mlf;FKi vdNt V nfhs;ifa nfhs;iff ,Uf;fpwJ.
tpLji murpay;> , ,d;W Kd Jt nfhs K];ypk; jiyikNa eyd;fSf;f rpe;jidap Ntz;bajh
K];yPk; k; jd;id spd; Vf hh;. urpay;th- rq;fspd; ,yFthf a jhKk; f;fpwhh;fs;. ia rpW- urpaypd; h;fs;. ,J
hl;lj;jpy; pujpepjpj- jw;fhypf- poh; murp- ph;fhyj;jpy; Rje;jpukhf ; [dehaf hd; ,d;W epiyg;- lh;r;rpahf
[dehafk; $wpYk; d;whfNt [dehafk;
vd;gJ murpay; muq;fpw;$lhfj;jhd; r%fj;jpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpYk; tpLjiy Nghuhl;l murpaYf;$lhf NkYk; cah;e;j gz;gpy; [dehafk; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLj;jpl KbAk;. murpay; jsj;jpy; [dehafj;jpw;fhd fjTfs; milf;fg;- gLkhapd; r%f tho;T NkYk; ,Wf;- fkhdjhf> td;KiwAk; mjpfhuj;Jt mlf;FKiwfSk; kpf;fjhf khWk;. vdNt Vfgpujpepjpj;Jt murpay; nfhs;ifahdJ [dehaf murpay; nfhs;iff;F vd;Wk; vjpuhdjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ.
tpLjiy Gypfshy; Fwpg;gpl;l murpay;> ,uh[je;jpu Njit rhh;e;J ,d;W Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; Vfgpujpepjpj;- Jt nfhs;ifia> Vida kiyaf> K];ypk; Njrq;fsJ murpaYf;F jiyikNaw;wpUg;gth;fs; jkJ Ra eyd;fSf;fhf gpuNahfg;gLj;j Kay;tJ rpe;jidapNyNa nfy;ypnawpag;gl Ntz;bajhFk;.
giw-2002-Nk
Page 15
ruh
giw-2002-Nk
f
le;j 2000Mk; Mz ntspahd jp Iyd;l; (The I nra;jpapy; fd;dpj;jd njd;dhrpahtpNyNa ,yq;i NguhrphpaUk; nlhf;lUkhd Fwpj;J Iyz;l; gj;jphpifapy tpthjj;jpw;F te;jJ.
mtH Fwpg;gpl;lJ ,J j "njd;dhrpahtpNyN gq;fshNj\;> Neghs;> kh ,y;yhj fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpN khj;jpuk; jhd; epyTfpwJ. M KjyhtJ jlitahf g ngz;ZWg;G topahf ,yq;ifapy; 85 rjtP njhptpf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; 20- KjyhtJ jlitahf ghY ntwspNaWtjpy;iy v cWjpnra;ag;gl;l xd;W."
nlhf;lH rpwpahzp g];eha
f
le;j 2000Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 26Mk; jpfjp spahd jp Iyd;l; (The Island) gj;jphpifapd; Kw;gf;f a;jpapy; fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjpg;G Kiw d;dhrpahtpNyNa ,yq;ifapy; jhd; epyTfpwJ vd;W uhrphpaUk; nlhf;lUkhd rpwpahdp g];ehaf;f rhbaik pj;J Iyz;l; gj;jphpifapy; Nk> A+d; khjq;fspy; kPz;Lk; thjj;jpw;F te;jJ.
mtH Fwpg;gpl;lJ ,J jhd;> "njd;dhrpahtpNyNa ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;> ;fshNj\;> Neghs;> khiyjPT> G+l;lhd; vq;FNk ;yhj fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjpf;Fk; Kiw ,yq;ifapy; j;jpuk; jhd; epyTfpwJ. Ma;nthd;wpd;gb xU ngz; jyhtJ jlitahf ghYwT GhpAk;NghJjhd; z;ZWg;G topahf ,uj;jk; ntspNaWtjhf yq;ifapy; 85 rjtPjkhdtHfs; ek;Gtjhf hptpf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; 20-25 rjtPjkhd ngz;fSf;F jyhtJ jlitahf ghYwTGhpAk; NghJ ,uj;jk; wspNaWtjpy;iy vd;gJ tQ;Qhd hPjpahf jpnra;ag;gl;l xd;W." nlhf;lH rpwpahzp g];ehaf;f Fwpg;gpLifapy; jk;kplk;
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tUk; jk;kplk; tUk; ngz;fspy; fzprkhdtHfs;> jhd; fd;dpj;jd;ikia ,of;ftpy;iy vd;W cWjpr;rhd;wpjo; jUk;gb Ntz;b tUfpd;wdH> ngUk;ghYk; nfhOk;gpd; ,Ujakhf ,Uf;fpw gFjpapypUe;J $l ,e;j cWjpr;rhd;wpjo; Nfhhp mjpfstpdH tUtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH> NkYk; mtH ,g;gbf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
"rkPgj;jpy; jha;nahUtH jdJ 3 taNjAila rpwpa Foe;ijia fd;dpj;jd;ikf;fhd rhd;wpjo; jUk;gb mioj;J te;jhH. mf;Foe;ijf;F ghYWg;gpy; Vw;gl;l fhankhd;wpd; fhuzkhf vjpHfhyj;jpy; fd;dpj; jd;ikia re;Njfpf;Fk; xd;whf khwptplf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf mJ fhag;gl;ljdhy; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W rhd;wpjo; jUk;gb Nfhhp me;jj; jha; te;jpUe;jhH. kpfTk; gbj;j tplakwpe;jtHfs; $l ,g;gb nra;tj Mr;rhpaj;ijj; jUfpwJ. rkPgj;jpy; xU NguhrphpaH xUtH $l jdJ kfSf;F fd;dpj; jd;ikia cWjp nra;Ak; rhd;wpjo; Ntz;b te;jpUe;jhH." vd;fpwhH mtH.
rpwpahdp g];ehaf;f ,yq;ifapy; ngz;zpa nraw;ghl;lhsHfspy; xUtUk;> FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;L rq;fj;jpd; ,af;FdUk;> ngz;fspd; kUj;Jt Rfhjhu tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J epiwa vOjp> Ngrp te;jpUg;gtUk; $l. 10 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; rpq;fsr; r%fj;jpy; epyTk; fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid gw;wpa xU tphpthd fl;Liunahd;iwAk; vOjpapUe;jhH. ,f;fl;Liu gpd;dH jkpopYk; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;L "ngz; cly; IjPfq;fspypUe;J cz;ikf;F ntspNa" vDk; E}ypy; NrHf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
16
rpwpahz Iyd;l; gj njhlHe;J r Mz;fs; g ,tHfspd ghHj;jhy;> , fd;dpj;jd;i jfty;fis rpq;fs r% ,Uf;ftpy INuhg;gpa ghuk;ghpa fhydpj;Jt kjj;jpd; nr ,yq;if Cd;wptpl itf;fpd;wd Mjhukhf iggps; t fhl;LfpwhH. nehf;]; vO fhl;b NrHe ,U fzt tho;jy; rpq;fstH mg;gbg;g ehLfspy; eilKiw ehq;fs; v ,Ue;jpUf thjq;fis
rhuhk;rj ,dj;jpd; typAWj;Jt mg;gOf;fp nfhz;ln mbg;gila
,J ve njhw;wpf;nf ,d;Wk; r
gz;fspy; ;jd;ikia r;rhd;wpjo; fpd;wdH> Ujakhf $l ,e;j pfstpdH H> NkYk; . H jdJ 3 e;ijia o; jUk;gb e;ijf;F khd;wpd; ; fd;dpj; ; xd;whf ;fhf mJ J vd;W e;jj; jha; gbj;j b nra;tj j;jpy; xU kfSf;F nra;Ak; ." vd;fpwhH
q;ifapy; sHfspy; Lg;ghl;L gz;fspd; s; Fwpj;J tUk; $l. rpq;fsr; pj;jd;ik tphpthd papUe;jhH. kpopYk; z; cly; ntspNa" ;jJ.
rpwpahzp g];ehaf;ftpd; fUj;J Iyd;l; gj;jphpifapy; ntspte;jijj; njhlHe;J rpy Mq;fpyk; gbj;j rpq;fs Mz;fs; gjpyspf;fj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;. ,tHfspd; thjj;jpd; rhuhk;rj;ijg; ghHj;jhy;> ,tHfs; ,g;NghJk; epyTk; fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid Kiw gw;wpa jfty;fis kWf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,J rpq;fs r%fj;jpy; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk; ,J INuhg;gpahplk; Fwpg;ghf A+j ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; ,Ue;jnjd;Wk;> fhydpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpd; nry;thf;NfhL ,JTk; $lNt ,yq;if rpq;fs kf;fsplk; Cd;wptpl;lnjd;Wk; thjk; itf;fpd;wdH. A+j kugpy; ,Ue;jjw;F Mjhukhf gp.V.Mhpajpyf;f vd;gtH iggps; thrfq;fisAk; Mjhuk; fhl;LfpwhH. 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; nuhgHl; nehf;]; vOjpa Fwpg;Gfis Mjhuk; fhl;b NrHe;J tho;jy; (living together) ,U fztHfSld; xNu Neuj;jpy; tho;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; rpq;fstHfsplk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. mg;gbg;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; ,g;NghJ jhd; ,j;jifa eilKiwfs; tof;fpypUf;fpd;wd> ehq;fs; vg;NghNjh Kd;Ndhbfshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpNwhk; vd;gd Nghd;w thjq;fisAk; fhl;lj; jtwtpy;iy.
rhuhk;rj;jpy; ,t;thjq;fs; rpq;fs ,dj;jpd; ngUkpjj;ij typAWj;JtjhfTk;> mJ fiwgbahj mg;gOf;fpy;yhj "Gdpjkhd" kuigf; nfhz;lnjd;fpw thjj;ij mbg;gilahf kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ.
,J ve;j ,df;FOkj;jplkpUe;J njhw;wpf;nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;j NghJk;> ,d;Wk; r%f tof;fpypUf;Fk; xU
giw-2002-Nk
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ghuJ}ukhd nfhLik vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> ,d;W fw;nghOf;fk; gw;wpa GidTfs;> IjPfq;fs; vd;gtw;iw tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ> mjid ePf;FtJ vd;gdtw;iw ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l MNuhf;fpakhf ciuahliy Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ ,d;dKk; tul;rp epiyapy; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.
nrhj;Jlik rpj;jhe;jk; nrhj;ij xd;WFtpj;J ikag;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> VyNt ,Uf;Fk; nrhj;J Jz;lhlg;glhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhfTk;> Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l FLk;g myFk;> mjid Rw;wp fl;lg;gl;l Gdpjj;JtKk;> $l;Lf;FOkq;fshf Mf;Ftjw;fhf Mf;fg;gl;l rpj;jhe;jq;fSk; ,t;tifg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd. Mzhjpf;f r%f mikg;igg; nghWj;jtiu ngz;iz clikahf itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; FLk;g myif ftdkhfg; NgzTkhf ,e;j fw;nghOf;fq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw ftdkhf ifnfhz;ld. Mdhy; ,d;iwa eilKiwapy; ,e;j Njw;wq;fs; Nkw;Njhw;wj;jpy; njhpahtpl;lhYk;> Foe;ij> FLk;gk;> xOf;f kuGfs;> fw;G> J}a;ik> Gdpjk;> nfsutk;> me;j];J vd fw;gpf;fg;gl;bUg;gij ehk; ntspg;gilahff; fhz;Nghk;.
,e;j tifapy; jhd; fw;nghOf;fk; gw;wpa kjtop GidTfs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> mur ae;jpuk; nfhz;bUf;fpw rl;lq;fs;> gpur;rhu rhjdq;fs;> fy;tp thapyhf kpff; ftdkhf ek;gr;nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Mjpf;f mjpfhu mikg;Gfspd; ,Ug;G ,t;thwhd GidTfis ek;gitj;jypy; jhd; jq;fpapUg;gij ehk; mwpNthk;.
fw;nghOf;fk; gw;wp jkpo; kugpy; ,Uf;fpd;w ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,jpfhr> Guhzq;fs;> kunghOf;fq;fs;
giw-2002-Nk
vd;gdtw $wj;Njit gw;wpa rHttpahg Mzhjpf;f xd;W. v ifapypUe;j vy;yhNk , typAWj;Jk nra;J tbt me;j t ghpNrhjid gz;ghl;L ,izf;fg ntspj;nj tof;fpypU JUf;fp nr ntspahd (ghHf;f ngl rpq;fs r fd;dpj;jd ,e;j gpd Ntz;bAs rpq;fs fd;dpj;jd;i rpq;fs rhj ghhf;f K ghpNrhjid nfhtpfk (r KjyhtJ ,e;j rhjp j rkkhd t rhjpapYk;> m nfhtp> gl;b fhl;b tUt Ma;T nra mjpYk; kj;jpajut ,Ug;gjhf rk;gpujha
gw;wpAk;> idTfs;> tpsq;fpf; ePf;FtJ nfhz;l uahliy k; tul;rp
; nrhj;ij jw;fhfTk;> nrhj;J w;fhfTk;> k;> mjid ;JtKk;> tjw;fhf ;jq;fSk; nry;thf;F pf;f r%f ngz;iz k; FLk;g khf ,e;j dtw;iw Mdhy; Njw;wq;fs; pl;lhYk;> Gfs;> fw;G> e;j];J vd ehk; ;. ;nghOf;fk; f;fpaq;fs;> rl;lq;fs;> pyhf kpff; f;fpd;wd. pd; ,Ug;G itj;jypy;
pNthk;. po; kugpy; > ,jpfhr> f;fq;fs;
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me;j tifapy; fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid Kiwnad;gJ gy ehLfspy; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fNshL ,izf;fg;gl;Lk;> gy ehLfspy; ntspj;njhpahj kuGfshfTk; tof;fpypUe;J tUfpd;wd. rkPgj;jpy; JUf;fp nra;jpg; gj;jphpifnahd;wpy; ntspahd nra;jp ,jid cWjp nra;jJ. (ghHf;f ngl;br; nra;jp)
rpq;fs r%f mikg;gpy; epytptUk; fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid Kiwia ,e;j gpd;Gyk;nfhz;Nl Muha Ntz;bAs;sJ.
rpq;fs r%fj;jpy; epyTk; fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid KiwahdJ rpq;fs rhjpaikg;ig kWjypj;Jtpl;L ghhf;f KbahJ. fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjidapy; ,d;Wk; ,yq;ifapy; nfhtpfk (rpq;fs rhjpag; gbepiyapy; KjyhtJ rhjpahf ,Uj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j rhjp jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy;; nts;shUf;F rkkhd tptrhaj;ij rhHe;j rhjp) rhjpapYk;> mjd; fpisr;rhjpfshd ujy> nfhtp> gl;b Nghd;wrhjpfNs mf;fiw fhl;b tUtjhf rpq;fs rhjpak; gw;wp Ma;T nra;gtHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf caH kj;jpajutHf;fj;jpdhplk; mjpfsT ,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLfpwJ. rk;gpujhaG+Htkhf Nfhyhfykhd
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Kiwapy; jpUkzj;ij elj;j jFjpAs;s rpq;fs ngsj;jH caH kj;jpaju tHf;j;jpdhplNk jpUkzr;rlq;Ffspy; xd;whf ,e;j fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid elf;fpwJ. ,e;j fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;tJk; rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpy; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l rhjpahd N‘d vDk; rhjpiar; NrHe;jtHfNs. ,r;rhjpapdH jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy; tz;zhH rhjpf;F xg;ghd ryitj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rhjpahf ,Uj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j rhjpapdH; vz;zpf;ifapy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; ehl;by; gy ghfq;fspy; gue;J thOk; rhjpapdH. ,tHfSf;F mur kw;Wk; epyg;gpuGj;Jt guk;giuapdUf;F khj;jpuNk Jzp Jitg;gJ rhjpj;njhopyhf itf;fg;gl;lJ. Mz; ngz; vd ,UghyhUk; Fwpg;gpl;l caH rhjpapdhpd; tPLfSf;Fr; nrd;W Jzpfisr; Nrfhpj;J Jzpfspy; fl;b jiyapy; Rke;Jnfhz;L nrd;W Jitg;gH. Vida jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpapdhpd; Jzpfis ,tHfs; Jitf;f khl;lHfs;. "gyp" vDk; rhjpapdNu mjid nra;tnud NguhrphpaH Uy;g; gPhp]; Fwpg;gpLthH.
caH rhjpapdUf;F ,tHfspd; Njit ,e;j Jzp Jitg;gij tplTk; NtW topfspYk; Njitfs; ,Ue;jd. gpwg;G> G+g;giljy;> jpUkzk;> kuzk; Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfspYk; N`d khkhtpd; my;yJ "nwjp nee;jh" (Jzpkhkp) MfpNahuJ cjtp Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,tHfspd; ,e;j Nrit gw;wp r%fj;jpy; nghJthf Nfyp nra;Ak; Nghf;Fk; epyTtjhf nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
jpUkz Kjyputpd; NghJ jpUkzf; fl;bypy; tphpg;gjw;fhf nts;is tphpg;nghd;W kzkf;fSf;F
18
toq;fg;gL kzg;ngz ,e;j nts fd;dp vd rhd;nwd f vdJ rp gy;fiyf gapd;wti fd;dpj;jd KiwapypU ,uj;jf;fi glitj;jh #oypy; n ,Uf;Fk; , tplakwpe;j nfhs;fpwJ Fwpg;gpLt fd;dpj;jd ,y;iyNa fd;dpj;jd;i ngz;tPl fd;dpj;jd jpUkzKb tPl;lhUk rlq;fhfT rlq;if n nfsutj;jp gak;nfhs;t
rk;gpujh nts;isj ghHf;Fk; epf ehs; elf;F Kbitj; KbT $ jk;gjpahpd "nwjp nee;j rpy re;jHg vdg;gLk; (mjhtJ N ehSk; n
jFjpAs;s kj;jpaju q;Ffspy; hpNrhjid pj;jd;ik Jk; rpq;fs rhjpahd ;jtHfNs. ; tz;zhH njhopiy rhjpahf rhjpapdH; Ue;jhYk; ;J thOk; ur kw;Wk; apdUf;F itg;gJ J. Mz; ;gpl;l caH r; nrd;W spy; fl;b nrd;W ;jg;gl;l s; Jitf;f hjpapdNu hpaH Uy;g;
tHfspd; j tplTk; ; ,Ue;jd. k;> kuzk; khkhtpd; zpkhkp) g;gLfpwJ. r%fj;jpy; Nghf;Fk; .
jpUkzf; nts;is f;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLk;. Kjy; ghYwtpd; NghJ kzg;ngz;zplkpUe;J rpwpjsT ,uj;jk; ,e;j nts;is tphpg;gpy;gLtJ mts; fd;dp vd ep&gpf;Fk; kpfr; rhpahd rhd;nwd fUjg;gLk;.
vdJ rpq;fs ed;gp xUtH nfhOk;;G gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jd;NdhL gapd;wtiu jpUkzk; Kbj;j NghJ fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjid KiwapypUe;J jg;g nraw;ifahfNt ,uj;jf;fiwia nts;isj; Jzpapy; glitj;jhHfs;. ,d;W xU rpq;fsr; #oypy; ngz;zpa vOj;jhsuhf ,Uf;Fk; ,tH> rk;gpujhaq;fs; vg;gb tplakwpe;jtHfisAk; ,Oj;Jitj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ vd;gij mbf;fb Fwpg;gpLthH. ,t;thW kzkfd; fd;dpj;jd;ikia vjpHghHf;fpwhNdh ,y;iyNah> jkJ kfs; fd;dpj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lts; vd;W ngz;tPl;lhUk;> jdJ kfd; fd;dpj;jd;ikAs;s ngz;izj;jhd; jpUkzKbj;jhH vd;gij khg;gps;is tPl;lhUk; ngUkpjk;nfhs;Sk; rlq;fhfTk; ,J ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jr; rlq;if nra;ahtpl;lhy; r%fj;jpy; nfsutj;jpw;F ,Of;F NehpLk; vd;W gak;nfhs;tijAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
rk;gpujha G+Htkhd FLk;gq;fspy; nts;isj;Jzpia ghpNrhjp;j;Jg; ghHf;Fk; epfo;r;rp jpUkzj;jpw;F mLj;j ehs; elf;Fk;. ,WjpAk;; cWjpAkhd Kbitj; njhptpf;f tpguq;fSld; KbT $Wtjw;fhf> jpUkzj; jk;gjpahpd; cwtpdg; ngz;fSld; "nwjp nee;jh" mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gLthH. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,uz;lhk; gazk; vdg;gLk; "njtdp fkd" tpd; NghJ (mjhtJ NjdpyT fopg;gij Kjy; ehSk; nts;isj;Jzp ghHg;gJ
giw-2002-Nk
Page 19
kWehisf;F khw;wg;gLk;.) ,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jw;Fhpa rk;gpujhaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
1. kzkfs; ,uz;lhk; gazj;jpw;F rptg;G Milahy; myq;fhpf;fg;- gLths;. 2. kzkfdpd; jhahH rptg;G kyHr; nrz;L nfhLj;J kzkfis tuNtw;ghH. 3. kzkfdpd; FLk;gj;jpdH> kzg; ngz;zpd; ngw;NwhUf;F rptg;G G+f;fis mDg;gp itg;ghH. 4. kzg;ngz;> kzkfs; tPl;Lf;F tUk;NghJ wghd; mbj;J gl;lhR nfhSj;jg;gLk;. 5. kzkfdpd; jahH> tpNrl ghpRfisf; nfhLj;J kzg; ngz;iz tuNtw;ghs;.
giw-2002-Nk
nts;i fhzg;glht ghPl;irapy mg;ghtpg mtkjpg;G jUzj;jpy tpjkhdJ mspf;fg;g Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;f nghWj;Jk gazj;jpd kzg;ngz rk;gpujhaq
1. ,uz Mlk;gu cLj;Jk tw;GWj;J 2. kzk kyHfS
k;.) ,J jw;Fhpa ;tUkhW
j;jpw;F hpf;fg;-
;G kyHr; kfis
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tpNrl kzg;
nts;is tphpg;gpy; ,uj;jf;fiw fhzg;glhtpby;> mjhtJ kzg;ngz; ghPl;irapy; Njhy;tpaile;jtnsd;why;> mg;ghtpg; ngz; gfpuq;fkhfNt mtkjpg;Gf;Fs;shths;. mj;jifa jUzj;jpy; kzg;ngz; elhj;jg;gLk; tpjkhdJ ,uz;lhk; gazj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l FLk;gq;fspdJk; gpuNjrq;fsJk; rk;gpujhaq;fisg; nghWj;Jk; NtWgLk;. ,uz;lhk; gazj;jpd;NghJ "ghPl;irapy; Njwhj" kzg;ngz; njhlHghf filgpbf;fg;gLk; rk;gpujhaq;fs; rpy..
1. ,uz;lhk; gazj;jpw;F Mlk;gukw;w nts;isr; Nriy cLj;Jk;gb kzg;ngz;iz tw;GWj;Jjy;. 2. kzkfdpd; jhahH nts;is kyHfSld; kzkfis
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vjpHnfhs;ths;. 3. kzkfdpd; jha; tuNtw;fhky; kzkfdpd; je;ij my;yJ ahUk; xU Mizf;nfhz;L kzkfis tuNtw;gJ. 4. Rthpy; khl;bapUf;Fk; glq;fis kWgf;fkhfj; jpUg;gpj; njhq;ftply;. 5. kzkfdpd; cwtpdH kzg;ngz;zpd; cwtpdHfis cgrhpf;f khl;lHfs;. mtHfis mtkjpf;Fk; tpjkhf jpUkz myq;fhu Nkiriaj; jtpHj;J Xukhfg; Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk; Nkirapy; cztUe;Jk;gb mtHfSf;Fj; njhptpg;gJ. 6. cgrhpg;gjw;F Kd; nfhz;ilg; gyfhuq;fspd; nfhz;ilia cilj;J tpLtJ. 7. midj;J tpUe;jpdHfspd; Kd;epiyapYk; kzkfdpd; jhahH Irpq;rPdpapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l nts;is Nwhrhg;G+nthd;iw Nff;fps; itg;ghs;. 8. thiog;goj;ij mbapypUe;J NjhYhpj;jy;. 9. tpUe;jpdHfs; Kd;dpiyapy; kzkfd; FLk;gj;jhH jkJ mjpUg;jpia njhptpf;Fk; tpjkhf rpW nrhw;nghopit elhj;Jjy;. (,J kpf mhpjhfNt elf;Fk;.)
"J}a;ik"ahd kzg;ngz; fpilf;fhjijapl;L jkJ tUj;jj;ijj; njhptpf;Fk; nrhw;nghopit Mw;wptpl;L mtHfis tuNtw;gJk; epfOk;. kzg;ngz; "fd;dp" ,y;iy vd;W $wp kPsTk; kzg;ngz;zpd; ngw;Nwhhplk; xg;ilf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfSk; ,jd; NghJ epfo;e;Js;sd. ,e;j rk;gpujhaq;fis
20
Nkw;nfhs Kjyputpd ntspNaw xOf;fj;ij tpuf;jpnf njhlHfpwJ
rpq;fs ghHf;ifapy jkJ "fd;dpj;jd tplaq;fs tpsk;guq;f tpsk;guq kzkfs; tpsk;guq fw;nghOf Fwpg;gplg;g mNj tps Nfhug;gLk mJ N gj;jphpiff kw;Wk; ghy thrfHfs; k gFjpf;F ngUkst ngz;fsp mtHfsplk Nfs;tp njhlHGi rpwpahzp ftdpf;fj;j
"fd;d mHj;jg;g jpUkzkhf ngz;> jpU tho;gts; N ,d;ndhd;W Njhw;Wtpf;f "KjyhtJ ntspNaW
w;fhky; ahUk; kfis
q;fis g;gpj;
wtpdH Hfis Hfis pUkz tpHj;J Uf;Fk; ;Jk;gb . z;ilg; ilia
Hfspd; ; jhahH g;gl;l hd;iw
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iyapy; jkJ tpjkhf jy;. (,J
g;ngz; j;jj;ijj; w;wptpl;L ; epfOk;. vd;W $wp w;Nwhhplk; jd; NghJ haq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;shj ,lq;fspy; $l Kjyputpd; NghJ ,uj;jk; ntspNawhtpl;lhy; fle;jfhy xOf;fj;ij re;Njfpj;J kidtpapd; kPJ tpuf;jpnfhs;Sk; epiyikAk; njhlHfpwJ.
rpq;fs jpUkz tpsk;guq;fisg; ghHf;ifapy; ngUk;ghyhd tpsk;guq;fs; jkJ "J}}a;ikahd"> "fd;dpj;jd;ikAs;s kfSf;F" Nghd;w tplaq;fs; kzkfd; Njit tpsk;guq;fspd; NghJ kzkfs; jug;G tpsk;guq;fspy; fhzyhk;. Mdhy; kzkfs; Nfhhp tpLf;fg;gLk; tpsk;guq;fspy; kzkfd; fw;nghOf;fKs;std; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpy;iy. mNjNtis> mNj tpsk;guj;jpy; fw;Gs;s ngz; Nfhug;gLk;.
mJ Nghy rpq;fs rQ;rpiffs; gj;jphpiffs; vd;gtw;wpy; kUj;Jt kw;Wk; ghypay; Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfis thrfHfs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J Nfs;tp gjpy; gFjpf;F fpilf;fg;ngWgtw;wpy; ngUksthdit kzkhfhj ngz;fsplkpUe;J vd;gJk;> mtHfsplkpUe;J mjpfk; vOg;gg;gLk; Nfs;tp fd;dpj;jd;ikAld; njhlHGilait vd;Wk; nlhf;lH. rpwpahzp g];ehaf;f Fwpg;gpLtJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
"fd;dp" vd tof;fpy; cs;s mHj;jg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s fUj;J:- jpUkzkhfhj ,sk;ngz;> fd;dpfopahj ngz;> jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;shky; tho;gts; Nghd;wd. Mdhy; ,ij tpl ,d;ndhd;Wk; Nkw;gb epiyikfspd;gb Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mJ jhd; "KjyhtJ ghYwtpd; NghJ ,uj;jk; ntspNaWk; ngz;Nz
giw-2002-Nk
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fd;dpj;jd;ikAilats;" vd;gJ.
vdNtjhd; jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd; ,sk; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; fd;dpj;jd;ik ghpNrhjidapy; jhk; Njhw;WtpLNthNkh vd;fpw mr;rKk;> gPjpAkhf xU csr;rpf;fYf;F Ml;gl;L thoNehpl;- Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf fd;dpr;rt;T ghjpg;G Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;fpw mr;rk;> ,J tpisahl;bd; NghJ my;yJ irf;fps; Xl;Lk; NghJ> fbdkhd Ntiyfspd; NghJ> my;yJ VjhtJ xU Kiwapy; Vw;gl;l fhaq;fspd; tpisthf ,J Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L. ,g;gbahd re;jHg;gq;fshy; jhd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ngz;Nzh my;yJ ngw;NwhHfNsh ,J ,d;d fhuzj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;lJ vDk; kUj;Jt rhd;wpjiog; ngw Kidfp- whHfs;. rpwpahzp g];ehaf;f jdJ fl;Liuapy; ,g;gbf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
"xU ehs; jhnahUj;jp jdJ %d;W taJila kfis vd;dplk; nfhz;L te;J kfspd; fd;dpjjd;ik mope;J tpl;ljh vdg;ghpNrhjpj;jg; ghhf;Fk;gb mOjthW nfQ;rpdhs;. jha; rkay- iwapy; fPNo cl;fhHe;jpUe;J fj;jpahy; fhyhy; mOj;jpagb fPiu mhpe;jpUf;- fpwhs;. rpWkp mt;topahf XLk; NghJ fj;jpapd; nky; tpOe;J gpl;lj;ij ntl;bf; nfhz;lhs;. fhaj;jpdhy; Foe;ijapd; vjpHfhyj;jpw;F vJtpj jpq;Fk; NeuhJ vd ehd; $wpaNghJ me;jj; jhapd; Kfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l MWjiyAk;> kfpo;r;rpiaAk; mijg; ghHj;j xUtuhy; jhd;ek;gKbAk;. mjd; gpd;dH jdJ Foe;ij fd;dp jhd; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; rhd;wpjo; juKbAkh vd;W Nfl;lhs;. ,t;thwhd fd;dpj;jd;ik rhd;wpjo;fs; ,Ug;gjhf vdf;F njhpahJ. vd;whYk; ,t;thwhd rhd;wpjo; Nfhug;glhky; vdf;F xU
giw-2002-Nk
thuk; fopt ,yq;i gpur;rpidf Nkhrkhd Kiwapy; ep J}a;ik> jPl fSk;> %le Mf;fp m nfhLj;J NgZtjpy Mzhjpf;f tHf;f r% Gul;btplK rpj;jhe;j g Gul;rpAk; m
,Wjpah $w;NwhL K 76tPjkhd ngz;fisN tpUk;Gfpwh ,e;j m fd;dpg;ghp vj;jid Ng 1. The Islan 2. vd;.rut
gw;wp 19 ntspte 3. ngz;
cz;ik mgptpU 4. cGy;
gy;fiy fw;iff;f nkhop M 5. fhypq;f
tHf;fk; r%fk; - 6. f;hpah jw
;gJ. pw;F Kd; pj;jd;ik pLNthNkh khf xU hoNehpl;- ;T ghjpg;G r;rk;> ,J irf;fps; iyfspd; Kiwapy; thf ,J g;gbahd e;jg;gl;l fNsh ,J ;lJ vDk; Kidfp- f;f jdJ fpwhH.
J %d;W ; nfhz;L mope;J hhf;Fk;gb a; rkay- fj;jpahy; hpe;jpUf;- Lk; NghJ pl;lj;ij j;jpdhy; vJtpj wpaNghJ ; Vw;gl;l k; mijg; Ak;. mjd; ;dp jhd; rhd;wpjo; t;thwhd ,Ug;gjhf t;thwhd df;F xU
thuk; foptJ mG+HtkhdJ." vd;fpwhH. ,yq;ifapy; epyTk; nfhba gpur;rpidfSf;F Kd;dhy; ,j;jifa Nkhrkhd rk;gpujhaq;fSk; eil- Kiwapy; epytj;jhNd nra;fpwJ. Gdpjk;> J}a;ik> jPl;L> Jlf;F Nghd;w IjPfq;- fSk;> %lek;gpf;iffSk; GidTfshf Mf;fp mtw;Wf;F epWtd tbtk; nfhLj;J mjd; njhlHr;rpiag; NgZtjpy; ntw;wp fz;L te;Js;s Mzhjpf;f r%f mikg;ig ntWk; tHf;f r%f mikg;ghy; jiyfPohf Gul;btplKbahJ. mjw;F Nghjpa rpj;jhe;j gyk;nghUe;jpa gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpAk; mtrpakhdJ.
,Wjpahf rpwpahzp g];ehaf;f $wpa $w;NwhL Kbf;fyhk;. "Ma;Tfspd;gb 76tPjkhd Mz;fs; fd;dpg; ngz;fisNa jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s tpUk;GfpwhHfs;. jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ ,e;j mj;jid Mz;fSf;Fk; fd;dpg;ghpNrhjid elhj;jg;gl;lhy; vj;jid NgH rpj;jpailthHfs;?" 1. The Island 2000 Nk>A+d; gj;jphpiffs;. 2. vd;.rutzd; - rpq;fs rhjpaikg;G gw;wp 1999 xf;NlhgH> brk;ghpy; ntspte;j rhpepfH. 3. ngz; cly; IjPfq;fspypUe;J cz;ikf;F ntspNa - ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jp epiya ntspaPL 4. cGy; uh[pj;j - nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gj;jphpifj;Jiw fw;iff;fhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l rpq;fs nkhop Ma;Tf;fl;Liu 5. fhypq;f bAlH rpy;th - rhjpak;> tHf;fk; kw;wk; khwptUk; ,yq;ifr; r%fk; - %yk; rpq;fsk; 6. f;hpah jw;fhy jkpo; mfuhjp.
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jypjjpd FwpgGfs
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ntspehLfspy; ehk; jdpj gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis NgZ epidTfs;> kw;Wk; mLj flj;Jtjpy; re;Njhrk; fpil vd;fpw ngauhy; ehk; $lNt gy mjpfhuj;Jt> muh[f> mtw;iw xOFtJk;> mji gyUf;Fk; kdtpUg;igf; nf me;j];ijg; ghJfhg;gjw Nghl;bfspd; tpisTfshf m tHf;fk; vd;gitAk; NrHe;J
,d;iwa Gyk; ngaH # GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf fhykhw;wk;. me;je;jehl;Lr; r% vd;gd fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,q;F Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;. Mdh jiyKiwapdH kj;jpapy rhjpaj;jpd; $Wfis gh kwj;J tplKbahJ.
Gyk;ngaH #oypy; Vid rkkhfNth my;yJ caHe; "nghWf;fKbahj" caH rhjpa rhjpia ghtpg;gij fhzf;$ "rhjpg;gphptpidiag; Ngh ",af;fky;yhNjhH" vd;f Njhd;wpapUf;fpwhHfs; njh Nfl;lNghJ mjd; gpd;dhy nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. gl;Ls;s mzpNrHf;iffis jKk;> rhjpaKk; mjpy; vg;gb ghHf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd ,yq;ifapy; fhz;fpd;w k fhzKbtjpy;iy vd;fpw fU
22
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fyplj;jpy; rhjpaj;jpd; ghj;jpukhdJ ngUkstpy; ;Fs;s me;j];jpid cWjp nra;tjw;fhd xd;whf f;fpd;wJ. ntspehLfspy; ehk; jdpj;J ,Uj;jg;gl;l epiyapy; ekJ ;ghl;L mk;rq;fis NgZtjw;$lhf fpilf;fpd;w MWjy;> dTfs;> kw;Wk; mLj;j re;jjpapdUf;F mjid j;Jtjpy; re;Njhrk; fpilj;jhYk;. gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; ;fpw ngauhy; ehk; $lNt NrHj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;w mjpfhuj;Jt> muh[f> gpw;Nghf;Ff; $Wfs; cs;sd. w;iw xOFtJk;> mjid VidNahUf;F Cl;LtJk;> Uf;Fk; kdtpUg;igf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,itNa ;j];ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd fhtpfshfptpLfpd;wd. hl;bfspd; tpisTfshf me;j];Jf;F Jizahf CH> rhjp> f;fk; vd;gitAk; NrHe;J tpLfpwJ.
,d;iwa Gyk; ngaH #oypy; rhjpaj;jpd; tbtq;fs; g;gpf;fg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mjd; jiyKiw khw;wk;> khw;wk;. me;je;jehl;Lr; r%fj;jpdUldhd xd;Wfyj;jy;> ;gd fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,q;Fs;s rhjpaj;jpy; khw;wq;fis ;gLj;jf;$Lk;. Mdhy; Gyk;ngaHe;j Kjyhk; yKiwapdH kj;jpapy; tpUk;gpAk; tpUk;ghkYk; paj;jpd; $Wfis ghJfhj;J tUtij vtUk; j;J tplKbahJ.
Gyk;ngaH #oypy; Vida rhjpapdUk; tHf;f epiyapy; khfNth my;yJ caHe;J epw;fpd;w NghNjh mjid hWf;fKbahj" caH rhjpapdH VidNahiu "kl;le;jl;l" pia ghtpg;gij fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. "rhjpg;gphptpidiag; Nghy Gyk;ngaH #oypy; ",af;fk;" af;fky;yhNjhH" vd;fpw ,U tifr; rhjpapdH hd;wpapUf;fpwhHfs; njhpAkh? vd;W ez;gH xUtH l;lNghJ mjd; gpd;dhy; cs;s murpaiy tpsq;fpf; hs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,d;W Gypfisr; #o ikag;- ;Ls;s mzpNrHf;iffis ghHf;fpd;w NghJ gpuNjrth- k;> rhjpaKk; mjpy; vg;gb njhopw;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid f;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfsplk; q;ifapy; fhz;fpd;w khw;wq;fis ntspehLfspy;
Kbtjpy;iy vd;fpw fUj;J ngha; ,y;iy.
giw-2002-Nk
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giw-2002-Nk
[hnd] [hnd] [hnd] [hnd] [hnd]
khkhkhkhkh
Hf;]paj;jpd; kfj Njrpathjk; njhlHg gpujpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. , mk;rq;fSk; ,Uf;f$Lk tpthjpf;fg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;f Fiwe;JtUk; ,yhg tPjKk vd;gd njhlHghf khHf;]pa NghHf;fsq;fs; jhd;. ,U Nfhl;ghl;LstpYk; rhp> my rhp Njrpa thjg; gpur;ridi mbg;gilahdjhfNth rpe;jidapy; Vida kuGf mjpfk; rpwg;ghf vijAk; cz;ikjhd;. ,q;F
khkhkhkhkh
Hf;]paj;jpd; kfj;jhd tuyhw;Wj; Njhy;tpia rpathjk; njhlHghd mjd; Nfhl;ghL jpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;j Njhy;tpapy; ,d;Dk; gy k;rq;fSk; ,Uf;f$Lk; ,tw;wpy; rpy mjpfkhf thjpf;fg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Vfhjpgj;jpak;> muR> we;JtUk; ,yhg tPjKk; kf;fs; tWikapy; Ko;FtJk; ;gd njhlHghf khHf;]paj;jpd; gw;whf;Fiwfs; gioa hHf;fsq;fs; jhd;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,tw;wpy; vJTNk hl;ghl;LstpYk; rhp> my;yJ murpay; eilKiwapYk; p Njrpa thjg; gpur;ridiag; Nghy; Kf;fpakhdjhfNth> bg;gilahdjhfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Nkiya ;jidapy; Vida kuGfs;$l Njrpathj njhlHghf jpfk; rpwg;ghf vijAk; nra;J tpltpy;iynad;gJk; z;ikjhd;. ,q;F khHf;]paj;g; NghyNt
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fUj;JKjy;thjKk; n[Hkd; tuyhw;W Kjy;thjKk;> jhuhz;ikthjKk;> r%f - lhHtpd;thjKk;> etPd r%ftpaYk; $l ,tw;iwNa nra;fpd;wd. ,J khHf;]pthjpfSf;Fr; rpW MWjsypf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> khHf;]pathjpfs; jkJ fUj;Jf;fSf;F tpQ;qhdG+Htkhf chpik ghuhl;LtjdhYk;> mtw;wpd; murpayd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mtHfspd; Nghl;bah- sHfsJ fUj;Jfistpl kpfTk; mjpfk; vd;wtifapy; etPd tuyhw;wpy; ikakhdJk;> jg;gf;f KbahjJkhf xU r%f epfo;Tg; Nghf;F njhlHghf mtHfs; VidNahiutpl mjpfk; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd xUtH vjpHghHg;gJ jtpHf;f KbahjjhfpwJ. ,e;j Njhy;tp jtpHf;f Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gNj vdJ Ma;thFk;. mJ jtpHf;f KbahjJjhd; vd;gjij ,g;NghJ Ghpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhuhk;rj;jpy; nghUs;Kjy;thj mHj;jj;jpy; ,jid ,d;Dk;rpwg;ghf Ghpe;J nfhs;sKbAk;. xU rpe;jid Fiw vd;w tifapy; tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thjkhdJ> ,e;jg; gpur;rpidapy; jhd; rpf;fy; nfhz;bUe;j ePbj;jJk;> mopTfukhdJkhd Kl;Lf; fl;ilapUe;J kpf rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; jg;gpj;Jk; nfhs;s mjdhy; KbAk;. MapDk;> ,t;thW nra;tjw;F mJ mNefkhf "khHf;]paj;ij tpiyahfg; nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,e;j fLQ; NrhjidapypUe;J nghUs;Kjy;thjkhdJ tLf;fNsh> khw;wq;fNsh md;wp jg;gpj;J nry;yKbahJ vd;gNj xU ntspg;- gilahd fhuzq;fshFk;. tuyhw;wpy; khHf;]prj;jpy; ajhHj;jg+Htkhd ,lk;> mjd; rpy gw;whf;Fiwfs; (Limitations) kw;Wk; etPd tuyhw;W tsHr;rpAld; mjid fz;%bj;jdkhf gpize;Jtpl;l rpy gpuf;iQg+Htkhf NtHfs; Nghd;wtw;wpDhlhfNt ,e;j jtWf;F ,l;L nrd;w fhuzj;ij ehk; fz;L nfhs;sKbAk; vd;gNj me;j fhuzkhFk;.
24
khHf;]pa nfhz;buhk gFjpahf mHj;jj;jpy apdJk; G njhlHG f NghHitap ,Ue;J (, khHf;]pak; v Njhw;wg;g ,og;gNj , Njrpat "Njhy;tpfs fUj;jhf;fk Njhd;Wfpd tiuapyh ,t;tp\pa nrYj;jt ifahSk Kfk;nfhL mt;tg;Ng ifahz;ld NeubahfN [hH Ngurpd NgurpdJk jkf;Fs; t Kbatpy;i rk;gtj;jpw;F
; tuyhw;W k;> r%f - paYk; $l . ,J ypf;fyhk;. s; jkJ hf chpik murpayd; ghl;bah- k; mjpfk; uyhw;wpy; Jkhf xU f mtHfs; ra;jpUf;f J jtpHf;f p jtpHf;f Nj vdJ ahjJjhd; nfhs;sf; k;rj;jpy; ; ,jid bAk;. xU tuyhw;Wg; ,e;jg; hz;bUe;j Kl;Lf; Kiwapy; ; KbAk;. w;F mJ piyahfg; e;j fLQ; ;thjkhdJ p jg;gpj;J ntspg;- uyhw;wpy; hd ,lk;> mitations) Hr;rpAld; e;Jtpl;l NtHfs; Wf;F ,l;L ; fz;L huzkhFk;.
khHf;]paj;ij ntWkNd ghuhl;b nfhz;buhky;> ,jid tuyhw;wpd; xU gFjpahf vd;gJ mHj;jkhFk;. ,e;j mHj;jj;jpy; Nfhl;ghl;bdJk;> eilKiw- apdJk; Gdpjge;jk; vd;gjw;F ve;j njhlHG fpilahJ. tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; NghHitapy; fUj;JKjy;thj jj;Jtj;jpy; ,Ue;J (,Wjpahf kjj;jpy; ,Ue;J) khHf;]pak; vLj;J nfhz;l nja;tk; Nghd;w Njhw;wg;ghl;il vd;nwd;iwf;Fkhf ,og;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
Njrpathjj;jpd; kPjjhd khHf;]paj; "Njhy;tpfs;" vkf;F jj;Jt hPjpapyhd> fUj;jhf;fk; rhHe;jitfshfNt Kjypy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. khHf;]; Kjy; fpnuk;rp tiuapyhd kfhj;jhd ehkq;fs; ,t;tp\paj;jpw;F NghjpasT ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. mt;tp\aj;ijf; ifahSk;NghJ mjid Neubahf Kfk;nfhLg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf> ,jidj; mt;tg;NghJ my;yJ gl;Lk;glhkYk; ifahz;ldH. ,e;j gpur;ridia kpfTk; NeubahfNt ifahs Ntz;bapUe;jJ. [hH NgurpdJk;> x];bhpah - `q;Nfhpa NgurpdJk; r%f [dehafthjpfs; $l jkf;Fs; tphpthd ,zf;fj;ij vl;l Kbatpy;iy. 1914k; Mz;L; mjpHr;rpkpf;f rk;gtj;jpw;F gpd;dH khHf;]pathjpfs; ,e;j
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tpthjj;Jf;F ,Nj msT jPtpuj;Jld; jpUk;gTk; tpUg;ghHtj;ij xUNghJk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. 1925 Mz;Lf;F gpd;dH mtHfs; mij tpUk;gpa NghjpYk; $l ,g;gpur;rid njhlHghd nydpdJ epiyg;ghLfs; vdf;fUjg;gl;lit kpjhd "topghL" cUthfptpl;l epiyapy; mijr; nra;tJ murpay; hPjpahfTk;> cstpay; hPjpahfTk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhdjhf Mfptpl;bUf;fpUe;J.
,tHfsJ jaf;fq;fSf;F "Njrpag; gpur;rid" njhlHghf ];lhypd; fl;LiuNa (1912) KbTfl;lg;gl;lJ. ,j;NjhL ,ize;j gpwF tphpthf cld; epfo;thf khngUk; rHthjpfhhp ];lhypdhy; vOjg;gl;l ,Nj Ehy; Gjpa kfj;jhd Gdpj Nfhl;ghl;lhf khw;wg;gl;lJ. 1914 ,w;F Ke;jpa KbT- whj khngUk; tpthjj;jpd; kpfTk; kpjkhd kpr;r nrhr;rq;fSld; xd;whf mike;j ,e;j fl;LiuahdJ ve;j tpjkhd Kf;fpaj;JtKk; mw;wjhFk;. Gjpa epiyikfspy; ,J> nydpd; GfOld; ];lhypdpd; ngaiuAk; NrHj;J nfhs;s toptFj;J. ,jdhy;jhd; ,d;Wtiuapy; ,J vy;yhtpjkhd fl;rp kh;f;]p- thjpfspdhYk; vq;Fk; fpspg;gps;isNghy xg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xOq;F ikag;ngw;w khHf;]pkhdJ miu Ehw;whz;Lf;F Nkyhf ,e;j kpfTk; mr;RWj;jiyj; jUk; mghafukhd tuyhw;W tpNuhjpiaf; ifahs;tjpy; ,e;j miuFiwahd fUtp kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jJ. ,e;j tuyhw;W tNuhjpapd; gykhdJ ];lhypd;fpuhbd; jpUg;GKid tiuapy; khHf;]paj;ij mwNt xopj;J fl;Lk; epahj;Jf;Fj; jd;id thpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
fUj;Jf;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; ,JNthH Jauk;je;j mj;jpahkhFk; Mdhy;> ,J jd;dstpy; vijAk; tpsf;ftpy;iy. mt;thW mJ tpsf;fpf; $Wtjhf xUtH epidj;jhy;> khHf;]pak; xd;W jpul;bAs;s ngUkstpyhd Gul;rpfu mwpthw;wy;
giw-2002-Nk
tifapdq Njrpathj epr;rpakhf $Wtjhd tUk;. ehk; N MfpNahi tHfs; my Vw;gLj;jf;$ $baJkh ,tHfist cilatHf Kaw;rpAld Nfhl;ghL k Mo;flypy Njhd;Wk;> k vOjpf; nf fspYk; $ fpilf;f$L
NtW ",j;Njhy;t fk; rhHe;jJ xUtH ek;g epfo;Tfis Lj;JjTk; ,e;j nraw topgLk; gp Ltjhf mi NknyOe;jt Ehypd; gF "mtH"... . " Ls;shH. n khHf;]; - V ahdJ Nuhr Gfshy; ep ,t;thW ,
vkJ K ikapNyNa ,e;j rlq ,dq;fz;L mtHfsJ fUj;jhf;fk epiyahdj
Ptpuj;Jld; UNghJk; z;Lf;F NghjpYk; nydpdJ t kpjhd py; mijr; cstpay; yhdjhf
"Njrpag; fl;LiuNa ,ize;j khngUk; ;gl;l ,Nj hl;ghl;lhf pa KbT- k; kpjkhd ke;j ,e;j tpjkhd k;. Gjpa ; GfOld; nfhs;s ;Wtiuapy; kh;f;]p- ;isNghy kag;ngw;w f;F Nkyhf j; jUk; uhjpiaf; hd fUtp ;j tuyhw;W pd;fpuhbd; ;]paj;ij j; jd;id
,JNthH dhy;> ,J ;ftpy;iy. hf xUtH pul;bAs;s wpthw;wy;
tifapdq;fspy; vq;NfhNthH ,lj;jpy; Njrpathjk; njhlHghd Nfhl;ghLk; epr;rpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wtjhd xU kUl;rp njhlHe;J ,Ue;J tUk;. ehk; Nuhrh Yf;rk;gHf;> xl;Nlh ghtH MfpNahiutpl mwpthw;wypy; tpQ;rpa- tHfs; my;y. Nrhryprj;jpw;F Njrpathjk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba neUf;fbahdJ> gha;r;ry; $baJkhd gz;Gfs; Fwpj;J ehk; ,tHfistpl kpfTk; fLikahd gpuf;iQ cilatHfSky;y. MfNt ehk; tplh Kaw;rpAld; Njlypy; ,f;- Nfhl;ghL khHf;]pd; vOj;Jf;fs; ,ilNa Mo;flypy; mfo;e;njLj;j Kj;jha; epr;rak; Njhd;Wk;> khHf;Rk;> vq;nfy;Rk; jkf;fpilNa vOjpf; nfhz;l fbjq;fspYk;> Fwpg;Gf;- fspYk; $l mit Mq;fhq;Nf rpjwpf; fpilf;f$Lk;.
NtW thHj;ijapy; nrhd;dhy;> ",j;Njhy;tp" mbg;gilapNyNa fUj;jhf;- fk; rhHe;jJ> mfepiyahdnjhd;W vd;W xUtH ek;gpdhy; ,e;j kUl;rpahdJ gioa epfo;Tfis jpUg;gpghHj;jhy;> mJ ifnfh- Lj;JjTk; vd;gjhf mike;J tpLfpwJ. ,e;j nraw;ghlhdJ khHf;rpathjpfspd; topgLk; gphptpdUf;F mjpf ftHr;rp jpul;- Ltjhf mike;J tpLfpwJ. (nghJthfNt NknyOe;jthhpahf ghHf;fg;gl;l) gpd;tUk; Ehypd; gFjpfis kdjpw;nfhz;lhy; "mtH"... . ",jidj;jhd;" kdjpw; nfhz;- Ls;shH. nydpd; - ];lhypd; my;yJ khHf;]; - Vq;fy;]; ,e;j Mokhd ghHit- ahdJ Nuhrh yf;rk;NgHf;fpd; mtjhdpg;- Gfshy; epiwTnra;agl Ntz;bait. ,t;thW ,tw;iw czuj;jiyg;gLtH.
vkJ Kd;Ndhbfis ehk; cz;- ikapNyNa Nghw;Wtjhdhy;> mJ vk;kplk; ,e;j rlq;Ffspd; gadw;w jd;ikia ,dq;fz;L nfhs;SkhW NfhUfpwJ. mtHfsJ "Njhy;tp" ahdJ ntWkNd fUj;jhf;fk; rhHe;jhfNt my;yJ mf epiyahdjhfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ve;j
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tpjkhd Mokhd Nfhrq;fspdhYk; ,ij tFf;fTk; ,y;iy vd;gJjhd; cz;ik- ahFk;. mj;jifa xU Nfhl;ghl;bw;F mtrpakhd rpy tp\aq;fis tuyhw;W hPjpahd tsHr;rp mt;Ntisapy; Njhw;Wtpj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,JNghd;w 1914k; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpe;jpa NkYk; ,uz;L jiyKiwfspy; JaukpF fhytiuia mJ fdpe;jpUf;fhJ. xU kpfTk; tphpthd mHj;jj;jpy; ,e;j cz;ikahdJ khHf;rpaj;jpw;F ,ay;ghfNt Mgj;jhdjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,J tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thjjpw;F mw;g mstpy; $l mtkjpg;ghf mikahJ.
jj;JthHj;j jtWfs; jd;gq;fpw;F vk;ik cz;ikahd tuyhw;iw Nehf;fp jpUg;gTk; nry;YkhW nra;fpd;wd. ,e;j fle;jfhy jiyKiwdUf;F etPd Njrpathjj;jpd; GjpuhdJ jd;id mwpKfk; nra;J nfhz;l nghUs;tif epiyikfSf;F ,e;j jiyikahdJ vk;ik jpUg;Gfpd;wJ. "Qhdf;fz;izf;" nfhz;buhj epiyia mtHfsJ kpfTk; fLikahd FiwghLfSlNdNa (under very limitations) mjid Kfk; nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. cyf tuyhw;wpd; etPd Kjyhspj;Jt tsHr;rpapd; tphpr;rkhd> kpfTk; ikakhd mk;rkhf Njrpathjk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Vida rpe;jid Kiwikfisg; NghyNt (Specialize system) fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; tuk;gplgl;l epiyapy; khHf;rpakhdJ ,e;j tsHr;rpNah my;yJ mijj; njhlHe;J Kjyhspj;Jt tuyhW vLf;fg; NghFk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd tbtj;ijNah Kd;dNu mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiy nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. Njrpathjj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; cs;s rpf;fnyd;dntd;why; > ,e;j gpur;ridia
26
mZFtjw Mw;wy; Nj
Njrpathj
VwW
,t;ts itahFk; Kd;ghf> ,e kpfg;ngU (gpwUk; $l CryhLfpw nfhsa;Nth xU Gwj tp\akhf> hPjpapYk; rf;jpahf Nj mJ me;e jk;ik t NghuhLfpd ehLfspd; r ,e;j nghU yj;jPd; m eilngw;w rkPgfhyg; mHj;jj;jpy Njhd;Wfpw gpuNahfkh tuyhw;Wf;F [g;ghdpa , V.Nfhy;> n[ MfpNahhpd Sf;Fk; rw;N nghUe;Jfpw
Kuz;g xU cgha gaDs;sj Njrpathjk ,yf;fhdJ ,uz;L K Ntz;Lk;. , (+ve) vjpH ,uz;Lf;Fk
hYk; ,ij njhlHghd l;ghl;il ahtpl;lhy; KbahJ> ; cz;ik- ;ghl;bw;F tuyhw;W isapy; hd;w 1914k; ; ,uz;L uia mJ tphpthd kahdJ gj;jhdjhf uyhw;Wg; stpy; $l
pw;F vk;ik jpUg;gTk; fle;jfhy thjj;jpd; ;J nfhz;l f;F ,e;j ;Gfpd;wJ. epiyia ikahd der very nfhLf;f ;wpd; etPd phpr;rkhd> jrpathjk; rpe;jid pecialize k;gplgl;l sHr;rpNah yhspj;Jt khj;jkhd nfhs;Sk; tpy;iy. py; cs;s r;ridia
mZFtjw;F ,Njtpjkhd KiwapaYk; Mw;wy; Njitg;gLfpwJ vd;gJjhd;.
Njrpathjk gwwp nghJthf VwWfnfhssggll fUjJfs ,t;tsT mwpKfkhf $wg;gl;l- itahFk;. Nkw;nfhz;L nry;tjw;F Kd;ghf> ,e;j tplak; njhlHghf rpe;jpf;Fk; kpfg;ngUghyhd khHf;rpathjpfSk; (gpwUk; $l) vt;thW ,uz;lf epiyapy; CryhLfpwhHfs; vd;gij epidTgLj;jpf; nfhsa;Nthk;.
xU Gwj;jpy; NjrpathjkhdJ xU ey;y tp\akhf> etPd tuyhw;wpy; murpay; hPjpapYk; jhHkPf hPjpapYk; NeHkiw rf;jpahf Njhd;Wtijj; jtpHf;f KbahJ. mJ me;epa xLf;FKiwapy; ,Ue;J jk;ik tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; NghuhLfpd;w> gytPdkhd> tsHr;rp Fd;wpa ehLfspd; rpj;jkhf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j nghUspy; ghHj;jhy;> Mgphpf;f kw;Wk; yj;jPd; mnkhpf;fr; Rje;jpug; NghHfs; eilngw;w fhyk; Kjy; ,e;Njh-rPdj;jpd; rkPgfhyg; Nghuhl;lk; tiuapy; ,e;j mHj;jj;jpy; XH Kw;Nghf;fhd mk;rkhfNt Njhd;WfpwJ. kWGwj;jpy; ,e;j gjg; gpuNahfkhdJ ,j;jhypag; gh]p]j;jpd; tuyhw;Wf;Fk; 1930k; Mz;Lfspd; Nghjhd [g;ghdpa ,uhZtthj muRf;Fk; n[duy; V.Nfhy;> n[duy; mkPd;> cz;ikapNy gaDs;sjhf mikaNtz;Lkhdhy;-> Njrpathjk; njhlHghf xU Nfhlghl;bd; ,yf;fhdJ ,e;j ,uz;lf epiyapy; ,uz;L Kiwfis jOtpahf mika Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epfo;T Nghf;fpd; NeHkiw (+ve) vjpHkiw (-ve) vd;w gf;fq;fs; ,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkyhf vOe;J ,e;j epfo;Tg;
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Nghf;if KOikahf ghHg;gjhf ,J mika Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jtpjkhf khj;jpuNk> ehk; ,jd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; nghpJk; jhHkpfkag;gl;l ghHitapUe;Jf; nfhz;L vOe;j> ,jpy; xU tpj czHTld;$ba xU tuyhw;Wg; g+Htkhd ghHitia ngwyhk; vd ehk; vjpHghHf;f KbAk;. (fle;j fhyj;jpy;> tpQ;Qhdg+Htkhd vd;w gjkhdJ rpj;jhe;j hPjpapy; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gl;bUg;gjhy;> ,e;j ghHitia ehd; "tpQ;Qhdg+HtkhdJ" vd;W $wkhl;Nld;> Mff;Fiwe;jJ ,jid xU ey;y ghHitnadf; $WNtd;.) ,jidr; nra;tjw;F ,jd; Kuz;ghLfspYk; mHj;jk; fhzf;$bajhf xU tifahd tpsq;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpDs; (Explanatory Framework) ,e;j epfo;Tg; Nghf;if itg;gJ mtrpakhdjhfpwJ.
,e;j rl;lfk; vJ vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwJ. ,q;F nka;ahd gazj;ij juty;y xNunahU Jizahjhu rl;lfk; (Framework of reference) ,Uf;Fkhapd; mJ cyf tuyhW KOikANkahFk; vd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;. mj;jifanjhU khngUk; rpf;fyhd gpur;ridia Fwpj;J vkf;F Njitg;gLk; njspthd Njhw;wj;ij nfhLg;gjw;F gjpndl;lhk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjp (Mff; Fiwe;jJ) Kjyhd tuyhw;W tsHr;rpfspd; nghJthd Nghf;F khj;jpuNk cjt KbAk;. xt;nthU ehlhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mDfj; njhlq;FtJ vd;w tpjj;jpy; nraw;gLk; ,e;j gpur;rid njhlHghd ngUk;ghyhd mDFKiwfs; jhf;fKs;sitahf mikatpy;iy. Njrpathjk; vd;w nrhy;ypd; rpj;jhe;jNk> vkf;F> kdpj rKfkhdJ rhuhk;rj;jpy; NtWgl;l> jdpj;Jtkhd gyEhW Njrq;fisg; nfhz;lJ vdTk;> ,it xt;nthd;Wk; jkf;nfd nrhe;jkhd jghy; Kj;jpiuf- isAk;> Njrpa Md;khitAk; nfhz;bUf;- fpwJ. (my;yJ nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;) vd;W ghpe;Jiug;Gfs; %yk;> vkJ mDF-
giw-2002-Nk
Kiwia , vd;gJ c ,ufrpaj;ij ,jidg; nghJg;Gj;j rpije;j m
vkJ m $wpdhy;> kuq;fis t MFk;. ji Nghd;w G epiyikfs mlHj;jpahf Ntz;Lk; v j;ijapy; $ ifj;njho ,d;iwf;F nghUshjhu jhd; "Njrp nghJthd ehk; ,d; thOfpd;Nw Nghuhba K tpl ,e;j tho;e;Js mD$yj;i jw;Nghija ,g;Nghf;f Jidtpis jkhd Fz czHe;J nf Nkyhd ep vk;khy; $l mJ vk $wg;NghtJ
mLj;j vkf;F rp nghJthd mk;rq;fs; a Ntz;Lk;. rk;ge;jkhd ghHg;gJ
jhf ,J khj;jpuNk> k; nghpJk; f; nfhz;L ld;$ba hHitia ;f KbAk;. khd vd;w ;gpuNahfk; hHitia " vd;W jid xU ;.) ,jidr; LfspYk; tifahd planatory Nghf;if
Nfs;tp azj;ij hu rl;lfk; f;Fkhapd; NkahFk; fahFk;. rpf;fyhd itg;gLk; Lg;gjw;F jp (Mff; Hr;rpfspd; t KbAk;. ;L mDfj; nraw;gLk; Uk;ghyhd itahf k; vd;w ;F> kdpj tWgl;l> q;fisg; ;nthd;Wk; j;jpiuf- fhz;bUf;- Ntz;Lk;) J mDF-
Kiwia ,e;j topapNyNa Jhz;LfpwJ> vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Njhg;gpd; ,ufrpaj;ij jdpkuq;fshf NfhUthjhfTk; ,jidg; $wyhk;. mjpH\;ltrkhf> nghJg;Gj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; toikahfNt rpije;j miu - cz;ikNa ,JthFk;.
vkJ mf;fiwf;Fhpa mHj;jj;jpy; $wpdhy;> ,y;iy Njhg;Gjhd; jdp kuq;fis tpsf;FfpwJ vd;gNj rhpahdJ MFk;. jiuaikg;Gfs;> kz;> fhyepiy Nghd;w Gtpapaypy; rpy nghJthd epiyikfs; jhd; ve;j kuq;fis> vt;tsT mlHj;jpahf> vt;tsT Jhuj;jpw;F tsHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gd epHzapj;jJ. NtWthH- j;ijapy; $Wtjhdhy;> gpuQ;R Gul;rp> ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp vd;gtw;wpw;F> ,d;iwf;F ,ilapUe;j cyf murpay; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy mk;rq;fs; jhd; "Njrpathjj;ijia" mjd; kpfTk; nghJthd mHj;jj;jpy; epHzapj;jpUf;fpwJ. ehk; ,d;Dk; ,r;rfhg;jj;jpy; jhd; thOfpd;Nwhk;. MapDk;> gpur;rpidAld; Nghuhba Kd;ida Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfis tpl ,e;j rfhg;jj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; tho;e;Js;Nshk; vd;w kpjkhd mD$yj;ij ehk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. jw;Nghija vkJ mD$y epyikapy;> ,g;Nghf;fpdJk; mjd; JidtpisTfspdJk; rpy xl;Lnkhj;- jkhd Fztpay;Gfisj; njspthf czHe;J nfhs;tjpy; mtHfistpl xusT Nkyhd epiyapy; ehk; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. vk;khy; $l ,jidr ;nra;aKbatpl;lhy;> mJ vkf;F mjpfkhf vijAk; $wg;NghtJ fpilahJ.
mLj;jhw;Nghy;> Njrpathjk; gw;wp vkf;F rpy fUj;Jfisj; jUfpd;w nghJthd tuyhw;W tsHr;rpapd; mk;rq;fs; ahit vd;gJ gw;wp ehk; Muha Ntz;Lk;. ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpy; ,t;tplak; rk;ge;jkhd Guhzj;Js; RUf;fkhf Mo;e;J ghHg;gJ cjtpahf mikaf;$Lk;.
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murpay;> kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd khztHfs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf "F];jhg; GNshngHbd;" nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fUj;Jfspd; mfuhjpapy;... xU gpujpia xUtH jahhpj;jhuhdhy;> "Njrpathjk;" vd;w gjg;gpuNahfk; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fg;gLk; vd epidf;fpd;Nwhk;. Njrpathjk; : ,g;gjj;jpd; rkfhy mHj;jj;jpw;F nghpJk; xj;jpUf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lij ehk; 1790 fhyq;fspNyNa (mNg ngUty<;> 1798) fhzf;$bajhf ,Ug;gpDk;$l> ,g;gjkhdJ gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpf;F Kd;G kpfTk; mhpjhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy ,Ue;J Njrpak; ghuk;ghpak; kuGfs; kw;Wk; Ngr;R Nghd;w fhuzpfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l Gjpa> caHepiyg;gL;l Kf;fpaj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. midj;J r%fq;fSf;Fg; nghJthfj; fhzg;gLk; xU tsHr;rp fl;lk; vd;w tifapy;> Njrpathjk; gw;wpa fUj;jhf;- fj;ij> nghUs;Kjy;thjk;> fUj;JKjy;- thjk; Mfpa ,uz;L fUj;Jguk;giy Vw;W nfhs;fpd;wd;. rKjhak; ,e;jfl;lj;jpd; Clhf fl;lhakhf nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,e;jg; gpw;fhyj; Nfhl;ghLfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. (cjh. vg;. vq;nfy;];> vy;. nthd; uhq;fp> tp.,.nydpd;> vg;.nkapdpf; Nghd;Nwhhpd; thrq;fisg; ghHf;fTk;) rk;ke;jg;gl;l r%f xUthf;- fq;fSf;Fs; cs;shHe;J nraw;gLk; Fwpg;ghd rf;jpfs; my;yJ ce;jy;fs; ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpd; fhuzpfshf $wg;gLtijAk; ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghLfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. vdNt> NjrpathjkhdJ cs;shHe;J epHzapf;fg;gl;l xU mtrpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. khHf;rpathjpfs; ,J Njrpar; re;ijg; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;f $ba Njrpa Kjyhsp tHf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; Njhw;wj;Jld; ,izf;fg;- gLfpd;wJ. fUj;JKjy;thjpfs; ,J> tuyhw;W tsHr;rpapy; epr;rak; jd;id
28
ntspg;gLj cs;shHe;Js MSikA ,uz;L f ghpzhkj;jp ,Uf;Fk; epiyikfi vd;gjw;fh idahff; thjj;ijg; n my;yJ Nrh thjj;ijg Md;khtp MNuhf;fpa tsHj;Jf; n kl;LNk , kpjkhd ep mHj;jj;jpy; tuyhw;W t my;yJ k MNuhf;fpa fUjg;gLfpd gw;wpa NkY hPjpapy; epy ehl;Lg; Gwt ahnjdpy cs;shHe;j r%fj;jpd; kughHe;j m jpw;Fk;> Nj Kf;fpaj;J tuyhw;wpd; r ,ilapy; mike;jpU tsHr;rpap rpyNtisf my;yJ n tUj;jjf;f tsUk; gU Neha;ahf ,ijg;gw Njrpathjj cs;shHe;j
pQ;Qhd "F];jhg; ghJthf j;Jfspd; xUtH k;" vd;w f;fg;gLk; athjk; : ;F nghpJk; ;jg;gl;lij ngUty<;> pDk;$l> w;whz;bd; hpjhfNt jhd;gjhk; ;J Njrpak; ;R Nghd;w ;l Gjpa> Fwpf;fpwJ. ghJthfj; ;lk; vd;w fUj;jhf;- j;JKjy;- ;giy Vw;W fl;lj;jpd; Ntz;Lk; hl;ghLfs; vq;nfy;];> .nydpd;> hrq;fisg; xUthf;- raw;gLk; ;fs; ,e;jf; LtijAk; hs;fpd;wd. s;shHe;J trpakhf J Njrpar; yj;jpUf;f tHf;fk; izf;fg;- pfs; ,J> ; jd;id
ntspg;gLj;jpahf Ntz;ba rKjhaj;jpy; cs;shHe;Js;s Md;khTld; nghJthd MSikAld; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uz;L fz;Nzhl;lq;fSNk> r%f ghpzhkj;jpd; ,e;jf;fl;lkhdJ> mLj;Jtu ,Uf;Fk; ,d;Dk; jpUg;jpfukhd epiyikfisf; nfhz;l "rHtNjrpak;" vd;gjw;fhd mtrpakhd Kd;epge;j- idahff; fUJfpd;wd. (nghUs;Kjy;- thjj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ghl;lhsptHf;f my;yJ Nrhrypr rHtNjrpak;> fUj;JKjy;- thjj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; cyf Md;khtpd; caHe;j xj;jpirT.) xH MNuhf;fpakhd Njrpathj;ij Kd;dNu tsHj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s r%jhaq;fspdhYk; kl;LNk ,e;j epiyik milaKbAk;. kpjkhd epakhd NjrpathjkhdJ ,e;j mHj;jj;jpy; Nghw;wg;gLk; mNjNtis ,e;j tuyhw;W tuk;Gfis tpQRfpd;w kpjkw;w> my;yJ kpifahd NjrpathjkhdJ MNuhf;fpakw;wjhfTk; Mgj;jhdjhfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. (",dntwp (Chauvinism) gw;wpa NkYs;s Fwpg;ig ghHf;f) cyhftpa hPjpapy; epyTk; kughHe;j ek;gpf;iffs; ehl;Lg; Gwtpaypd; ,e;j gFjpapy; rhuk;rk; ahnjdpy;> Njrpathjk; vd;gJ cs;shHe;jhPjpapy; epHzapf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jpd; Njit > Vw;w tsHr;rpf; fl;lk;> kughHe;j my;yJ epygpuGj;Jt r%fj;- jpw;Fk;> Njrpa fhuzpfgy; Fiwe;jsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; (my;yJ kdpj tuyhw;wpd; rpf;fy; Fiwe;j) vjpHfhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; vg;gTk; xU ,lj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. xU tsHr;rpapf; fl;lkhf ,Uf;Fk; ,J> rpyNtisfspy; jtWfg; Ngha;tplyhk; my;yJ ntwpgpbj;J xlyhk; vd;gJ tUj;jjf;fNj. ,JNthH GjpuhFk;. xU tsUk; gUtk; vt;thW xU nfhba Neha;ahf khwKbAkh? epGzHfs; ,ijg;gw;wp vijf; $wpdhYk; Njrpathjj;jpd; Fzhk;rkhd ,ul;ilahd cs;shHe;j gz;G Fwpj;J mtHfs;
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cld;gLfpd;wdH. rk;ge;jg;gl;l rKjhaj;jpd; mf Njitfs; rpytw;wplDk; rpy jdpetHfSlDk; cstpay; Njitf- SlDk; $l mJ njhlHGilajhfpd;wJ. kf;fspdq;fSf;Fk; egHfSf;Fk; xU Kf;fpakhd gz;lj;ij> "milahsj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,tw;Wld; gpize;jhf jdpj;Jtkhd> ,yFtpy; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f jd;dpiy (Subjectivity) xd;W ,q;F ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Njrpathjk; gw;wpehk; NgRk; Nghnjy;yhk; "czHTfs;"> "ce;jy;fs;"> cj;Njrmgpyhi\fs;"> "chpajhf" ,Uf;Fk; Ntzhthf;fs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d- tw;why; mjhtJ ,e;j ,lj;jpy; vkJ mf;fiwf;FhpanghUspy; cz;ikahf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> mg;NghJg;$l ,J nray;gl KbahjjhfNtapUf;Fk;. NjrpathjkhdJ xU rpj;jhe;jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jd; mHj;jk;ahnjdpy;> "Njrpathjj;jpd;" gpbapy; ,d;dKk; ,Uf;Fk; xU r%f cyfpd; nghJthf Vw;W nfhs;sg;glj;jf;f "jtwhd gpuf;iQahf" ,J ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJjhd;. tuyhw;W tsHr;rpapy; me;j tbtq;fshffhike;J me;j ahjhHj;jJld; tho xU topKiwiaNa ehk; "Njrpathjk;" vd ngahpLfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j tbtq;fs; cz;ikapNyNa vt;thW mike;jpUe;jhYk;> mij Nehf;fp Kf;fpa jlq;fyhf jUtjahf ,JfUjg;glyhk;.
mj;jifa jiyaha jlkhf ,Ug;gJ> tsHr;rpgw;wpa fUj;jhf;fk; my;yJ r%f
giw-2002-Nk
nghUshj Njrpathjj ghpe;Jiuf;F Njrpathjj ajhHj;jkhd Njrpa m Kd;NdhUf bNah njhl RkhH 1800k; JhpjkilA Gjpa m gpd;Gyj;Js (Nationho #l;Rgkhd KOikah ajhHj;jj ngwg;gLfpd czHTs;s Juncture) rpj;jhe;jkh epyikapy Fwpg;gpl;l fl;lhakhf (National rhpahdjy;y vd kdpjF kpfg;gy fh ,J ,aw;i ifahdJ , cz;ikj me;j];j;ij tifg;gLj njhopkaj;j ,ilNaAs Ntz;ba g chpa xUt
Njrpat ,af;fq;f Mszpfs ,izffg;g ,tHfs;ve;j kpfTk; nfhz;Ls;s
;jg;gl;l tw;wplDk; ; Njitf- jhfpd;wJ. f;Fk; xU ahsj;ij pize;jhf ;fhzj;jf;f ;W ,q;F ehk; NgRk; e;jy;fs;"> " ,Uf;Fk; dhud;d- z;fpNwhk;. jhlHghd iad;gJ
hWfs.
yfyhtpa ;ifahdJ mt;thW Ijpfkhf ;jpy; mJ htJ ,e;j nghUspy; ;NghJg;$l apUf;Fk;. ;jhe;jkhf hnjdpy;> ,d;dKk; thf Vw;W f;iQahf" tuyhw;W ffhike;J Na> me;j iwiaNa fpd;Nwhk;. a vt;thW ;fp Kf;fpa ;glyhk;.
,Ug;gJ> ;yJ r%f
nghUshjhu tsHr;rp vd;gtw;wpw;Fk; Njrpathjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; nghJGj;jp ghpe;Jiuf;Fk; rf;jptha;e;j gpizg;ghFk;. Njrpathjj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd etPdkhd ajhHj;jkhdJ (Njrpa ,dk; (Nationalism) Njrpa muRfs; kw;Wk; ,tw;wpd; Kd;NdhUf;Fk; khwhf) ,jDld; vg;g- bNah njhlHGhl;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. Vnddpy;> RkhH 1800k; Mz;L Kjy; khw;wk; nghJthf JhpjkilAk; gpd;Gyj;Js; khj;jpuNk> ,e;j Gjpa mHj;jj;jpy; "tsHr;rpapd;" gpd;Gyj;Js; khj;jpuNk> Njrpaj;Jtkhd (Nationhood) ,e;j KOikahd #l;Rgkhd mHj;jj;ijg; ngw;wJ. MapDk;> KOikahd mHj;jkhdJ tsHr;rpapd; ajhHj;jj;jpapUe;J mg;gbNa ngwg;gLfpd;wJ vdgJ cz;ikay;y. ,e;j czHTs;s jUzj;jpy; (Sensitive Juncture) cz;ikahdJ gaDs;s rpj;jhe;jkhf khWfwJ. Gjpa tsHr;rp epyikapy; ,Ue;J ,ay;ghf vOk;> Fwpg;gpl;l r%f - murpay; tbtj;jpw;f;F fl;lhakhf mtrpagLtjhf Njrpa - thjk; (National - Ism) mikfpwJ vd;gJ rhpahdjy;y (mg;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd kdpjFyk; tpUk;Gtjw;F vg;NghJ kpfg;gy fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; $l) ,J ,aw;ifay;y. kughHe;j ek;gpf;- ifahdJ ,t;thWjhd; $WfpwJ vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. ,jw;F ,aw;ifahd me;j];j;ij mspj;J> "MNuhf;fpakhdjhf" tifg;gLj;jp> fpuhkpa klikf;Fk; etPd njhopkaj;jpw;Fk; (my;yJ Ntnwjw;Fk;) ,ilNaAs;s ehk; rpukg;gl;L elf;f Ntz;ba ghijahf> vy;yh r%fq;fSf;Fk; chpa xUtpj ,sk;gUtkhf fhl;LfpwJ.
NjrpathjkhdJ Fwpg;ghd mf ,af;fq;fs;> egHfs; kw;Wk; Mszpfs;(personnael) Mfpatw;Wld; ,izffg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ cz;ikNa. ,tHfs;ve;jtpjj;jpy;ele;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;. kpfTk; xj;j czHTfis nfhz;Ls;shHfs;. vdNt ,J> 1850fspd;
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,j;jyp"a NjrpathjKk; 1970fspy; FHjp];>,y;yJ vhpj;jphpa NjrpathjKk; ,e;jtpjkhd Fwpg;ghd mf nghwpKiwfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ> Mjhukhf nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;wtpjj;jpy; $wj;Jhz;LfpwJ. mit me;j kf;fsJ cs;SH jdpj;jd;ikfis nghpJk; xj;jtifapy; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. me;j kf;fsJ Md;khTf;F (my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; mtHfsJ KjyhspfSf;F) Njitg;gLfpwJ vd;w cj;Njrj;jpy;. MapDk; ve;jtpjkhd NjrpathjKk; cz;ikapNyNa ,it Nghd;w cs;sf ,af;fq;fspd; cw;gtpg;G vd;gJ cz;- ikay;y. ctHe;Jk; Ghpe;Jk; nray;glf;- $ba ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLk; kUl;rpapd; fUikak; ,JthFk;. ,ijNa Njrpathjr; rpj;jhe;jk; vk;kPJ jpzpf;f tpiofpwJ. cz;ikapy; nty;]; NjrpathjkhdJ> nty;]; kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtq;fs;> mtHjk; tuyhW> mtHjk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xLf;F- Kiw tbtq;fs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;- dtw;Wld;mjpf rk;ge;jKs;s. Mdhy;> nty;\; Njrpathjk; - me;j ,dg;nghJg; gz;G> ehk; MHtk; nfhz;Ls;s gjj;jpy; gjpthf;fg;gl;Ls;s rHttpahgfkhdj; Njit - mty\; kf;fSld; rk;ge;jkpy;- yhjJ. mJ nty;\pd; cz;ikay;y. Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyj;jpy; nty;\; NjrKk; kf;fSk; ,e;jghzpapy; tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;fpw;Fs; js;sptplg;gLfpd;wdH vd;w nghJthd tsHe;Njhq;Fk; tuyhw;wpd; xH cz;ikahFk;. mjd; gpd;dH mtHfs; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F epHge;jpf;fg;gl;l "thjkhdJ" cz;ikapy; ntspapy; ,Ue;J mtHfs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;ljhFk; vd;w NghjpYk;> ,e;j khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F tioikahd Njrpa Mszpfs;> kuGtopgz;Gfs; > czHTfs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;dit cs;spUe;Nj kyu Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahJ. Njrpathq;fs; midj;JNk r%f> jdpg;gl;l nghwpaikTfspd; toikahfg;
30
gad;gLj Ftpay;G % mtw;wpy; gz;Gila VJf;fs; ku khHf;fk; FU ,Uf;fpd;wd jd;ikahd ];Jhytkhd Njhw;wq;fs; fpwJ vd;gJ
nka;ah cs;sd. m jpUf;ftpy;i jd;ik m jdpeghpd ,y;iy> M jhuj;jpd; , mj;jifa Nghf;fpy; m efukakhf epfo;thf $Ljy; jpl ,izj;jpU Fztpay;G rpwe;j khHf njhlf;fk tsHr;rpia $WtNjah nghUshja thjpl Kb jUfpd;w> K Kbit v tuyhw;W ntspg;gi fUj;jpaYk tuyhw;wpd; nghUshjh fhuzp vd
ngU rikij tsHr;rpapd
1970fspy; pathjKk; mf g;gl;lJ> ;wtpjj;jpy; kf;fsJ nghpJk; pwJ. me;j (my;yJ spfSf;F) Njrj;jpy;. athjKk; ;w cs;sf ;gJ cz;- ray;glf;- Ul;rpapd; jrpathjr; piofpwJ. hjkhdJ> ;> mtHjk; ;f xLf;F- ;Ndhud;- . Mdhy;> dg;nghJg; ;s gjj;jpy; hgfkhdj; k;ge;jkpy;- ;ikay;y. ; NjrKk; uyhw;Wg; ;wdH vd;w hw;wpd; xH mtHfs; ;fg;gl;l py; ,Ue;J Fk; vd;w j;Jtjw;F szpfs;> ; Nghd;w ;Nj kyu ikahJ. k r%f> oikahfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Elg Kiwfspd; Ftpay;G %ykhfNt nray;gLfpd;wd> mtw;wpy; gy MfTk; mfepiyg; gz;Gilait. Mdhy;,e;j epfo;tpd; VJf;fs; kugpd; kyHr;rpf;Fs; ,y;iy. ,e;j khHf;fk; FUjp vOr;rpa+l;Lk; kf;fs; kugpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Njrpathjj;jpd; mfepiyj; jd;ikahdJ mJ gw;wpa xU Kf;fpakhd ];Jhytkhd mk;rkhFk;. Mdhy; mJNt Njhw;wq;fs; gw;wpa gpur;ridia Kd;itf;- fpwJ vd;gJk; cz;ikahFk;.
nka;ahd Njhw;wg;ghLfs; ntnwq;Nfh cs;sd. mit kf;fs; kj;jpaYk; mike;- jpUf;ftpy;iy. VjhtJ xU tif KOikj; jd;ik my;yJ jdpj;Jtj;Jtj;jpw;fhd jdpeghpd; mlf;fg;gl;l czHtpYk; ,y;iy> Mdhy;> cyf murpay; nghUsh- jhuj;jpd; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; cs;sJ. MapDk;> mj;jifa nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapd; Nghf;fpy; my;y - njhopy; kakhf;fk; kw;Wk; efukakhf;fj;jpd; jptpHf;f Kbahj cld; epfo;thf my;y. mit mg;Nghf;fpd; $Ljy; jpl;ltl;lkhd mk;rq;fSld; ,izj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;jj; jdpr;rpwg;Gs;s Fztpay;Gfis tifg;gLj;Jtjw;F kpfr; rpwe;j khHf;fk;> gjpndl;lhk; Ehw;whz;L njhlf;fk; tuyhw;wpd; rkijaw;w tsHr;rpia mit gpujpgypf;fpd;wd vd;W $WtNjahFk;. ,e;j rkijapd;ik xU nghUshja cz;ikahFk;. vd;w xUtH thjpl KbAk;. ,e;jf; $w;W> jpUg;jp jUfpd;w> Kuz; eiff;F mz;kpj;jjhd Kbit vl;l vk;ik mDkjpf;fpwJ. tuyhw;W ,ay;G epfo;tpd; MfTk; ntspg;gilahdjhd mfepiyAk; fUj;jpaYk;> fle;j ,uz;L Ehw;whz;LfsJ tuyhw;wpd; MfTk; F&ukhd Nkhrkhd nghUshjhu gf;fj;jpDila xU Jiz fhuzp vd;gJjhd; cz;ikahFk;. ngUefH gfwfdT rikijapy;yhj tsHr;rp> rikijahd tsHr;rpapdtha;%ykhfNt vjpuhdJ.
giw-2002-Nk
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ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf; fhye;njhl;L kdpj rKjhak;fz;L tuNeHe;j vy;yh nka;ahd "tsHr;rpAk;" rkijaw;wJjhd; vd;gjhy; ,e;j vjpHr;nrhy; tha;%ykkhdJ> cz;ikahdJ my;y. vt;thwhapDk; rikijahd tsHr;rpgw;wpa fUj;jikg;Gk; mgpahiAk;> ehk; mjpy; ,Ue;Nj Muk;gpf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;Jf;Fl;gLk; tifapy; typikahdJ. mJ> Nkiya my;yJ ENuhg;ghit ikakhff; nfhz;l cyff; fzNzhl;lj;jpd; - cyff; fUj;jikg;gpd;> tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;jpd; - capH ehbahf neUf;fkhdjhfa; ,Uf;fpwJ - ,J ehk; tuyhW gw;wpAk;> vdNt (NtW tp\aq;- fSld;) Njrpathjk; gw;wpAk; ehk; epidf;fpd;w tpjj;ij ,d;dKk; Mff; $ba> cjhuzkhf> Kd;dH Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,jpfhrk;khdJ r%f epfo;Tfspd; xH rkijahd> ,ay;ghd ghpkhzj;jpd; VNjhnthU tifapyhd gFjpahf Njrpathjk; tpsq;FfpwJ vd;w ghrhq;F gz;Dk; xU khHf;fNk vd;gijf;fhz KbAk;.
nghUshaj ehfhpfKk; rikijahd> Kw;Nghf;fhd tsHr;rp> ntF[dg; gz;ghL gw;wpa fUj;J INuhg;gpa QhNdhjaj;jpd; Fzhk;rkhf ,Ue;jJ. mf;fhyj;Jf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fk; chpa Nky; kl;lj;jpdUf;Nf ,ay;ghd xU Kd;Nghjyhd fz;Nzhl;- lj;ij mJ gpujpgypj;jJ. caHe;j gz;ghL cs;s rfhg;jq;fspd; NghJ jkJ %jhijaHfs; vt;thW rpe;jpj;jhHfNs mJ NghyNt Gyhdfj;jf;f %Ljpiuapy; "fhl;Lkpuhz;bfSf;F" vjpuhd ehfhfj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,d;dKk; rpe;jpj;- jhHfs;. Mdhy; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa Gjpa cWjpg;ghLfs; fhl;Lkpuhz;bfSf;fhd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij NkYk; rhjkhf;fpd. Fwpj;j fhyk;> cjtpAld; mtHfs; ntd;W rkhspg;ghHfs; vd;gNj mJthFk;. ,e;j tpLtpj;jyhdJ ntspNehf;fpAk; fPo;Nehf;fpAk; Jhpjkhd fyhrhuj; jftikg;gpd; (fyhrhuj;ijj; jkf;F
giw-2002-Nk
Vw;Gila t nfhs;tJ v - nkhopn czug;gl;l ,e;jr; #o gz;ghLw;w Sf;Fk; ci hPjpapy; fPo ikg;ig czug;gl;l ,f;fyhr Jtk; xH t Njrpa ,df fhd;l; mi Fyj;jpd; Fs;NsNa tpsq;fpd Nghd;W xH ahgf nfhL jLg;gjw;F mit if cWjp nr mike;jJ. thzpg cz murpaYk "gzj;jpd; MfTk; ek tpNtfq; epHg;ge;jpf mjhtJ m mthf;fis rkhjhdj;i rkjhdKk fhd;l; e mlq;fpapU Kw;wpAk; t vd;gij mJNghd;N kfj;jhd rH jhYk;> m tbtq;fsp tkhfNt
l;L kdpj nka;ahd ; vd;gjhy; kkhdJ> hwhapDk; j;jikg;Gk; Muk;gpf;f ; tifapy; my;yJ ;l cyff; ;jikg;gpd;> pH ehbahf ,J ehk; tp\aq;- pAk; ehk; k; Mff; ;gplg;gl;l fspd; xH hzj;jpd; gFjpahf ;w ghrhq;F ijf;fhz
kijahd> g; gz;ghL hjaj;jpd; yj;Jf;Fk; ;jpdUf;Nf z;Nzhl;- ;j gz;ghL hJ jkJ HfNs mJ jpiuapy; ehfhfj;jpd; ; rpe;jpj;- w;wpa Gjpa fSf;fhd ;fpd. Fwpj;j ; ntd;W hFk;. ,e;j hf;fpAk; fyhrhuj; j; jkf;F
Vw;Gila tpjj;jpy; cUkhw;wpa mikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ vd;W nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; - nkhopngaHg;ghsH)> xU Nghf;fhf czug;gl;lJ. kj;jpay; ,Ue;J vjpH Nehf;fp ,e;jr; #oTs;s gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk;> gz;ghLw;w tHf;fspy; ,Ue;J jdpahl;f- Sf;Fk; ciog;gpy; mtw;Wf;- Fs;NsNa xU mjp cd;dj tp\akhf tpsq;fpd . cjuhzkhf> fPioj;Njrj;jpy; Nghd;W xH rhk;uh[;atifahd> rHttp- ahgf nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rp xUthtijj; jLg;gjw;F mit cjtpd. tUq;fhyj;jpy; mit ifeOtpr; nry;yhky; ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;tjhf kj;jpajutHf;fNk mike;jJ. "NghUf;F xj;Jtu Kbahj thzpg czHT> cldbahfNt xt;nthU murpaYk; Kd;dq;if vLf;fpwJ. "gzj;jpd; typik" (rfy typikfspYk; MfTk; ek;gfkhdnjd" mtH eidj;jhH) tpNtfq; fhz MSk; tHf;fq;fis epHg;ge;jpf;Fk; vd;W mtH vOjpdhH. mjhtJ mtHfWila %jhijaHfsJ mthf;fis tpl;nlhopj;J vt;thwhapDk; rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. (rhRtjkhd rkjhdKk;> jj;JthHj;jf; Fwpg;Gk; 1795).
fhd;l; ek;gpapUe;j fUj;Jfs;> rf;jpfspy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk; nka;ahd epfo;Tfs; Kw;wpAk; tpj;jpahrkhditahf ,Ue;jd vd;gij ,g;NghJ ehk; mwpNthk;. mJNghd;Nw fhd;l; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;j kfj;jhd rHttpahgfkhf;Fk; ghuk;ghpaj;- jhYk;> mjdJ Gjpa kjrhHgw;w tbtq;fspYk; $l ,d;dKk;fpwp];j- tkhfNt ,Uf;Fk; ghuk;ghpaj;jpdhYk;
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mit fz;lwpag; ngw;wpUf;f KbahJ. ahjhHj;jj;jpy; thzpg czHTk; gzj;jpd; typikAk; cyfj;jpd; mLj;jLj;j gFjp- fis mit ifg;gw;wpajhy; %jhija- Uf;Fhpa mthf;fis Gj;jhf;fk; nra;t- jw;Fk;. jilfs; vd;w tifapy; Kf;fpaj;- Jtk; Fiwe;j itaha; tsHtjw;Fg; gjpyhf Njrpag;gphpTfs; r%f xOq;f- ikg;gpd; xU Gjpa Mjpf;ff; Nfhl;ghlhf caHj;jpg;gpbf;fg;gLk; tuyhW Nkw;F ehl;L jj;JtpayhsHfisj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;atpUe;jJ.
,e;j Njhy;tp epue;jukhdjhfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Njrpag; gpur;rid kPJ khHf;]pak; mile;j "Njhy;tpapd;" cz;ikahd ePz;l mHj;jk; ,Jntdyhk;. Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; nka;ahd Kuz;ghLf- isAk; mjd; mopTjuf;$ba gf;fj;ij- Ak; Kd;DzHe;J ghHf;f Kbahjjhy; ,e;jr; rpe;jid ghuk;ghpakhdJ. mjd; gpd;dH cz;ikr;rhpahd Kiwapy; czHe;J nfhs;sTk; cWjpahfNt
32
rhj;jpakpy gjpyhf ,e gFj;jwpT t Cw;Wf;fz fukhdJk ,ay;epfo;t Njrpathjj gytw;WlD jk; Nghd fhyj;Jf; fh Nkiya g KOikahf tNuhj e Qhdq;fS ,e;j mk;r Kd;Ndw;wj neUf;fkh mt;tg;Ngh mr;RWj;jpa
"rkija jiyg;G v cyfj;jpw;F tsHr;rpapd rhHe;j tsH Kd;Ndw;wk Mfpatw;w CryhLfpd wJk; jHf;f cz;ikia Kjyhspj;J INuhg;gpa ,it ,t tuyhw;wpd; jpul;b it NeHikahf mjw;Fg; n Gfis mr - ,t;tpjk Ts;s gFj jiyikfi rkijahd ,Ue;jJ. , gFjpfs; K
KbahJ. ; gzj;jpd; j;j gFjp- %jhija- k; nra;t- ; Kf;fpaj;- Htjw;Fg; xOq;f- fhl;ghlhf kw;F ehl;L pailar;
djhfNt ;rid kPJ y;tpapd;" ntdyhk;. uz;ghLf- gf;fj;ij- bahjjhy; J. mjd; Kiwapy; jpahfNt
rhj;jpakpy;yhky; ,Ug;gijf; fz;lJ. gjpyhf ,e;j fUk; Gs;sp vy;yh etPd gFj;jwpT thjkpd;ikAk; nropj;JtsUk; Cw;Wf;fz;zhf Kuzpd;wp khwpaJ. fukhdJk; epfuhf;f KbahjJkhd ,ay;epfo;tpd; ,e;j rpf;fy; jd;ikj;jhd; Njrpathjj;JlDk; mjpy; ,Ue;J cw;gj;j gytw;WlDk; (,dthjk;> a+j vjpHg;Gth- jk; Nghd;wit) ,ize;Js;sJ. ,J fhyj;Jf; fhyk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Njhd;wp Nkiya gFj;jwpTthjj;ijr; rPHfiyj;J KOikahfNt ,tkjpj;jJ. ,J gFj;jwpT tNuhj ek;gpf;ifaw;w gy jj;Jt Qhdq;fSf;Ff; fjitj; jpwe;J itj;jJ. ,e;j mk;rNk cyfj;jpd; kPJ Nkiya Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; gPLeilia mt;tsT neUf;fkhf vjpHepiyg;gLj;jpapUe;J. mt;tg;NghJ ed;ikfUjp jfHj;J vwpaTk; mr;RWj;jpaJ.
"rkijaw;w tsHr;rp" vd;w nghJthd jiyg;G vijf;Fwpg;gpLfpwNjh ,Jjhd; cyfj;jpw;Fs; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpDila tsHr;rpapd;> Kd;Dzu Kbahj gifik rhHe;j tsHr;rpahFk;. Fwpf;Nfhspd; cahpa Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; xU gFjpahd rPuhf;fk; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;l tpjkhf CryhLfpd;wJk;. NghuhLfpd;wJk; rkdw;- wJk; jHf;fhPjpaw;wJK; jiyfPohdJkhd cz;ikia ,J Rl;bfhl;LfpwJ. etPd Kjyhspj;Jt tsHr;rpahdJ gy Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it ,t;thW nra;tjw;fhd Mw;wiy tuyhw;wpd; ePz;lfhyf; fl;lq;fspd; NghJ jpul;b itj;jpUe;jd. ,e;j Kd;Ndw;wk; NeHikahfNt gpd;gw;wgg;gl KbAk;. mjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd epWtd mikg;- Gfis mr;Rg; gpujpahfg; gpd;gw;w KbAk; - ,t;tpjk; cyfpd; fpuhkg;Gwkhd #o- Ts;s gFjpfs; chpa fhyj;jpy; mjd; jiyikfis vl;bg; gpbj;JtpLk; vd;gNj rkijahd tsHr;rp fUj;jikg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jr; rkg;gLj;jy;> #oTs;s gFjpfs; KOtjpYk; mbg;gilapNy
giw-2002-Nk
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xhpdj;jd;iktha;e;j QhNdhjak; ngw;w tHf;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; Kd; nry;Yk;> rHtNjr my;yJ "ngUefH" Nky;kl;l tHf;fk; ,e;jg; gutyhf;fg; Nghf;fpw;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> mjMjifa Jhpjkhd gutyhf;fNyh gpujpgz;ZjNyh cz;ikapNyNa rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mJNghyNt ,e;j rHtNjr tHf;fj;jpd; cUthf;fKk; (jkJ nrhe;j kf;fSld; mzp NrUtjw;- Fg; gjpyhf ngUefH jiyefUld; jhkh- fNt mzpNrHe;J nfhz;l ntspehl;L Mlrpf;Ff; iff;$ypfshf tpsq;fpa Kjyhspj;Jtthjpfspd; cUtj;jpy; mjidg; ghtid nra;j tifapdq;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. (,Uf;fpd;wd vd;w NghjpYk;$l) rhj;jpakhftpy;iy.
me;j Kd;dzp ehLfspd; jhf;fk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jjy;> Kw;Wf;ifapLjy; Nghd;wtw;iw toikahfNt mDgtpj;- jJ. thzpg czHT> ghuk;ghpakhd Ruz;ly;> Vkhw;W tbtq;fspy; ,Ue;J nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;bajhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ahjhHj;jj;jpy; mjhdhy; mijr; nra;a Kbatpy;iy. ,e;j ,ilntsp kfj;jhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. Gjpa mgptpUj;jpr; rf;jpfs; kdpj Fyj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; mf;fiw nfhz;l jahs Fzk; gilj;j jd;dykw;w Nky;kl;lj;jpdhpd; ifapy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. gjpyhf QhNdhjak; kw;Wk; kughHe;j murpay; nghUshjhuk; Mfpa fUj;jikg;Gfis %Ljpiuahfg; gad;- gLj;jpa Mq;fpNya gpuQRg; g+H\;th tHf;fspd; (khHf;];k; vq;nfy;];Rk; tpUk;gp $wpaijg; Nghd;W) nghUisg; gpbj;j rf;jpfspd;" iffspy; ,Ue;jd. cyfpy; kpfr; rpwe;j tpUg;gj;JlDk;$l ,tw;iw mit ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ ,e;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fs;> tHf;fq;fs; eyd;f- Sld; xusTf;fhtJ jd;id ,dq; fhl;bf;nfhs;s KbahJ Nghapw;W. ,t;thW "Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd;" xU Gjpa tiff;Fj; Jhgk; Nghlhky; ,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy.
giw-2002-Nk
Gw vy;i ka - Kjy jpd; ikag kf;fis c nra;tJ m tpNjrpa m jk;khy; vs ty;yuRfs nrYj;jg;g nghUs;gLj mtHfs; m ,Ue;J Nt fyhrhuj; j jiyaPL nfhe;jspg;g mfy;efhpd khwpaJ. kd eilahdJ As;s kf;fs ghHf;f K KjyhtJ gpuQ;R kak mstpy; gp myyJ m $wg;gl;li
ak; ngw;w yk; Kd; ngUefH" utyhf;fg; k;. Mdhy;> yhf;fNyh apNyNa NghyNt thf;fKk; NrUtjw;- ld; jhkh- tspehl;L tpsq;fpa Utj;jpy; fapdq;fs; ;wd vd;w y.
; jhf;fk; ;ifapLjy; Dgtpj;- ;ghpakhd y; ,Ue;J ,Ue;jJ. y; mijr; ilntsp gptpUj;jpr; dw;wj;jpy; k; gilj;j ; ifapy; ak; kw;Wk; uk; Mfpa fg; gad;- ; g+H\;th k; tpUk;gp g; gpbj;j yfpy; kpfr; ;iw mit dJ ,e;jf; s; eyd;f- d ,dq; ;W. ,t;thW tiff;Fj;
py;iy.
Gw vy;iyg;gFjpfspy; Gjpa njhopy; ka - Kjyhspj;Jt cyfg; nghUshjhuj;- jpd; ikag;gFjpfSf;F ntspNa ;J gw;wp kf;fis cldbahf xustpw;F ,zq;f nra;tJ mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. vd;gJ tpNjrpa my;yJ tNuhjkhdJ vd;W jk;khy; vspjpy; fpufpj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba ty;yuRfshy; ];JhykhfNt Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jg;gLtij mjd; rhuhk;rj;jpy; nghUs;gLj;jpaJ vd;gij cldbahfNt mtHfs; mwpe;J nfhz;lhHfs;. j;Jtj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;l tpjkhf eilKiwapy; fyhrhuj; jftikg;Gg; Nghf;F ntspj; jiyaPL kw;Wk; fl;Lghl;bd; "xH nfhe;jspg;ghd miyiag;" (Vndl;];l; mfy;efhpd; gjg;gpNuhafk; ,J) Nghy; khwpaJ. kdpj Fyj;jpd; Kd;Ndhf;fpa gPL eilahdJ khw;wj;jpy; MfTk; gpuf;iQ- As;s kf;fs; vt;tsT Jhuk;Kd;Ndhf;fg; ghHf;f Kbe;jNjh> me;j mstpw;F KjyhtJ Mq;fpy kakhf;fk; my;yJ gpuQ;R kakhf;fj;ij Fwpj;J. cyfk; jOtpa mstpy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;F kakhf;ffk; myyJ mnkhpf;fkakhf;fk; vd;W $wg;gl;lij Nghd;wNj ,JthFk;.
33
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vdJ ghHitapy
rKjjpud
34
,
yq;ifapy; Aj;j ep Gypfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;byp gy;yhz;Lfshf tpjpf;fg;g jilfs; ePf;fk;. nfhOk;G e KLf;FfspYk; ,Ue;j uhZ %ly;. nfhOk;G- aho;ghz fl;Lg;ghLfspd; ePf;fk;.
,itkl;Lky;y-epue Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfis Muk;g Nehh;itapd; ,uh[je;jpu ek;Gtjw;Ff; fbdkhapUf;f Ntz;ba khw;wq;fs;. jkpo kjpf;Fk; murpay; jPHtpd; m rkhjhdj;ij mila K cUthfpapUg;gJ Nghy mj;jifa xU murpay; ,y;iyah vd;gJ ,g;Ngh #o;epiy epue;jukhfj; njh jq;fpAs;sJ. Ngr;RthHj;ij Njhd;wpaJ ,Jjhd; Kjy Nfs;tp vd;dntdpy; ,d Kd;idait Nghy; FWfpa epye;jukhfj; njhlHtij KbAk; vd;gjhFk;. njd;dpy jq;fs; gpur;rhu ae;jpuq MapDk; ,d;W epyTk; jd;ikfs; murpay; jPu;it vd;gij kwf;fKbahJ.
,yq;ifapd; Njrpa NghupidAk; ikag;g #o;epiyf;Fg; gyu; ru;tN tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fpd;wdu
ghHitapy...
,
yq;ifapy; Aj;j epWj;jk; tlf;fpy; tpLjiyg; pfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fs; kPJ ;yhz;Lfshf tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j kdpjhgpkhdkw;w lfs; ePf;fk;. nfhOk;G efupd; ngUtPjpfspYk; %iy Lf;FfspYk; ,Ue;j uhZt Nrhjid epiyaq;fspd; ly;. nfhOk;G- aho;ghzk; tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;
;Lg;ghLfspd; ePf;fk;. ,itkl;Lky;y-epue;jujPh;it Nehf;fpa r;Rthu;j;ijfis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd #oiy Vw;gLj;j hh;itapd; ,uh[je;jpu nraw;ghLfspd; jPtpuk; ;Gtjw;Ff; fbdkhapUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; tuNtw;fg;gl z;ba khw;wq;fs;. jkpo; kf;fspd; mgpyhirfis pf;Fk; murpay; jPHtpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j xU hjhdj;ij mila Kaw;rpf;f$ba #o;epiy UthfpapUg;gJ NghyNtgLfpwJ. mNjNtis j;jifa xU murpay; jPHtpid mila KbAkh y;iyah vd;gJ ,g;Ngh cUthfpapUf;Fk; rhjfkhd o;epiy epue;jukhfj; njhlUkh ,y;iyah vd;gjpy; ;fpAs;sJ. Ngr;RthHj;ijfSf;Fr; rhjfkhd #o;epiy hd;wpaJ ,Jjhd; Kjy; jlit my;y. Kf;fpakhd s;tp vd;dntdpy; ,d;W Njhd;wpAs;s #o;epiy d;idait Nghy; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; kiwe;J tplhJ. ye;jukhfj; njhlHtij vg;gb cj;juthjg;gLj;j bAk; vd;gjhFk;. njd;dpyq;ifapw; Nghpdthj rf;jpfs; ;fs; gpur;rhu ae;jpuq;fis KLf;fptpl;Ls;sd. apDk; ,d;W epyTk; #o;epiyapd; rpy tpNrlj; ;ikfs; murpay; jPu;it Nehf;fpefu cjtf;$bad d;gij kwf;fKbahJ.
,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,dg; gpur;ridiaAk; ghupidAk; ikag;gLj;jp vOe;Js;s Gjpa o;epiyf;Fg; gyu; ru;tNjr epiyikfis itj;Nj psf;fk; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. mjhtJ 2001k; Mz;L
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Gul;lhjp 11k; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w epfo;- Tf;Fg; gpd;du; ru;tNjr hPjpapy; gaq;- futhjj;jpw;F vjpu;g;G gythfp tpl;lJ Fwpg;ghf khty;yurhd USA gaq;fu- thjj;ij mopf;f "fq;fzk;" fl;btpl;lJ.
,JNt ,yq;ifapy; tpLjiyg; Gypfis rkhjhdg; ghijf;F js;spAs;- sJ vDk; fUj;jpid Nfl;fpNwhk;. ,e;jf; fUj;jpid Kw;whf epuhfupf;f KbahtpbDk; mJ ,yq;ifapd; cs;ehl;L murpay; #oy; khw;wq;fSf;- fhd xU tpsf;fkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. ,j;jifa tpsf;fj;ij ek;GNthu; ,yq;ifapd; cs;shu;e;j epiyikfspd; ePz;lfhy khw;wq;fisNah mit Vw;gLj;jpAs;s mOj;jq;isNah mwpahNjhuhfNt ,Ug;gu;. ,g;gbr; nrhy;tJ ru;tNjrg; Nghf;Ffisf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLthfhJ. mjw;Fkhwhf ru;tNjr epiyikfisf; nfhr;irg;- gLj;jp cs;ehl;L murpay; ,af;fg;- ghLfis mrl;il nra;Ak; NknyOe;- jthupahd mZFKiwiaj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
,yq;ifapy; ,d;W ehk; fhZk; Gjpa #o;epiy cs;shHe;j ePz;lfhyg; Nghf;- Ffspd; tpisthFk;. ,jw;Fr; rHtNjr ePjpahd njhlHGfSk; gpd;dzpAk; cz;L. ,J gw;wpg; ghHg;Nghk;; Kjypy; murpd; gf;fj;J epiyikfs;.
,uhZt ePjpahd jPHT rhjjpakpyiy gy fhykhf ,yq;ifapd; Ml;rpahsHfs; tlfpof;fpypUe;J vOe;Jte;j MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ij ,uhZt hPjpapy; Njhw;fbj;Jj; jkf;F trjpahd xU jPHtpid mKyhf;f KbAnkd ek;gpapUe;jdH. MapDk; tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; ,uhZt hPjpahd
giw-2002-Nk
tsHr;rpAk ghijapd; rpahf ep& MSk; $ ajhHj;jj;i Gypfis g nkdpDk; rf;jpahf Kw
vd;gijAk 1996f;Fg; gpd Njhy;tpfS fUj;Jg; gyg;gLj;jp rpq;fs ,i Kd;tUtj tj;jpd; Ml j;j ntw;w nghUshjh tj;ij Nk jilahf c Sf;Fs; , ek;gpf;if gbg;gbah ,jw;Fg; n r%ff; fhuz
w;w epfo;- py; gaq;- fp tpl;lJ gaq;fu- q;fzk;"
pLjiyg; js;spAs;- whk;. ,e;jf; puhfupf;f q;ifapd; ;wq;fSf;- KbahJ. k;GNthu; ikfspd; h mit ;isNah ;. ,g;gbr; f;Ffisf; w;Fkhwhf fhr;irg;- ,af;fg;- knyOe;- j; jtpu;f;f
Zk; Gjpa yg; Nghf;- r; rHtNjr ;dzpAk; k;; Kjypy; ;. jPHT y
;ifapd; ;fpypUe;J hl;lj;ij j; jkf;F mKyhf;f MapDk; t hPjpahd
tsHr;rpAk; Nghuhl;lj; jpwDk; ,e;jg; ghijapd; mrhj;jpaj;jpidj; NjhlHr;- rpahf ep&gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. MSk; $l;Lf;fSf;Fs; gyH ,e;j ajhHj;jj;ij ed;F fpufpj;Js;sdH. Gypfis gytPdkhf;FtJ rhj;jpa- nkdpDk; mtHfis xU ,uhZt rf;jpahf Kw;whf mopg;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy
vd;gijAk; mtHfs; mwpe;Js;sdH. 1996f;Fg; gpd; murgilapdH re;jpj;j gy Njhy;tpfSk; ,og;Gf;fSk; ,e;jf; fUj;Jg; Nghf;fpid NkYk; gyg;gLj;jpaJ. ,g;NghJ Kd;dH Nghy; rpq;fs ,isQHfs; ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru Kd;tUtjhfj; njupatpy;iy. ,uhZ- tj;jpd; Ml;NrHg;G Kaw;rpfs; vjpHghH- j;j ntw;wpiaj; jutpy;iy. ,JTk; nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfSk; ,uhZ- tj;ij NkYk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; jilahf cs;sd. MSk; $l;Lf;f- Sf;Fs; ,uhZt uPjpahd jPHtpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;Nlhhpd; nry;thf;Fg; gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J te;Js;sJ. ,jw;Fg; nghUshjhu fhuzq;fSk; r%ff; fhuzq;fSk; cz;L.
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,yqifg ,yqifg ,yqifg ,yqifg ,yqifg nghUshjhujjpd nghUshjhujjpd nghUshjhujjpd nghUshjhujjpd nghUshjhujjpd gytPdkhffy gytPdkhffy gytPdkhffy gytPdkhffy gytPdkhffy
Aj;jj;jpd; Neubahd kiwKfkhd jhf;fq;fshy; ,yq;ifapd; nghU- shjhuk; njhlHr;rpahfg; gy gpd;dilTfSf;- Fs;shfpAs;sJ. 1977yp- Ue;J ,yq;if murhq;- fq;fs; filg;gpbj;J tUk; jhuhsthjg; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapd; mKyhf;- fSf;F kpfTk; ghjfkhd epiyik- fisNa njhlHe;JtUk; cs;ehl;Lg; NghH; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. xU Gwk; NghUf;nfd xJf;fg;gLk; nryT gaq;fukhf Vwpf;nfhz;L NghfpwJ kWGwk; Nghhpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUshjhu hPjpahd mopTfSk; cw;gj;jp ,og;Gf;fSk; Nkhrkile;j tz;zkpUf;fpd;wd. ,d;ndhUGwk; nghUshjhu KjyPl;lhsHfs; ,yq;- ifia jtpHj;Jf; nfhs;sNt nra;fp- whHfs;. %yjdk; NtWehLfis Nehf;fp efHfpwJ. cs;ehl;L %yjdk; gy Jiwfisj; jtpHj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,yq;if MurhdJ cyftq;fp Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp rHtNjr ehza epjpak; Nghd;w epWtdq;fspd; fld; cjtpapy; ngUksT jq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;epWtdq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; cs;ehl;L epyikfis tpUk;gtpy;iy ,jdhy; fld; cjtpfs; vjpHghHj;jJ Nghy; fpilf;ftpy;iy. cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjh-
36
uj;jpd; gpd;d jhu fld; ,yq;if m jiyapbia nghUshjh Aj;jk; nj Mdhy; ,e nghUshjh mij njhl Njrpa ng nghJkf;fs Nghl;Lk; Ntz;ba g gad;gLj;j njhlHe;J e njhlHtJ ,e;j e vg;gbahapD tuNtz;L Nghf;fpid
nrd;w ,jopy; 'vdJ ghHitapy;" gj;j gl;baypl;lNghJ NehHNtapy; ntspte 'rf;jp" jtWjyhf tpLgl;Ltpl;lJ vd
mwpaj;jUfpNwd;.
epiyik- s;ehl;Lg; xU Gwk; k; nryT NghfpwJ j;jg;gLk; opTfSk; hrkile;j dhUGwk; s; ,yq;- t nra;fp- s Nehf;fp jdk; gy s;fpd;wJ. ;fp Mrpa r ehza pd; fld; ;fpAs;sJ. ; cs;ehl;L ,jdhy; J Nghy; ghUshjh-
uj;jpd; gpd;dilTk; rHtNjr nghUsh- jhu fld; cjtpapd; NghjhikAk; ,yq;if murpw;F gytUlq;fshfj; jiyapbiaf; nfhLj;J tUfpwJ. Aj;jg; nghUshjhuj;jhy; ed;ik ngWNthH Aj;jk; njhlHtij tpUk;GfpwhHfs; Mdhy; ,e;j Aj;jg; nghUshjhuk; Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ij cwpQ;rpNa tsHfpwJ. mij njhlHe;Jk; jhq;ff;$ba rf;jpia Njrpa nghUshjhuk; ,oe;Jtpl;lJ. nghJkf;fs; kPJ gytpjkhd thpfisg; Nghl;Lk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;ba gzj;ij Aj;jr; nrytpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpAk;jhd; muR Aj;jj;ij njhlHe;J elj;jp tUfpwJ. ,ij NkYk; njhlHtJ kpfTk; fbdkhfpAs;sJ. ,e;j epiyahdJ Aj;jj;ij vg;gbahapDk; xU KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk; vDk; fUj;Jg; Nghf;fpidg; gyg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
J ghHitapy;" gj;jpapy; rQ;rpiffis NehHNtapy; ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; tpLgl;Ltpl;lJ vd;gij thrfHfSf;F
mwpaj;jUfpNwd;.
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[aejpkhyh
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R
tpw;rHyhe;jpd; rk\ mbg;gil [dehaf cupik jPHkhdq;fis vLg;gjpy; r%fKk;> fpwp];jtkjthj te;jjdhYk; 1887 Kj >cupikfSf;fhfg; Nghu INuhg;gpa> tlINuhg;gpa kpfg;gpe;jpa fhyq;fspy;$ Nghuhl;lq;fis elhj;j epH 1848k; Mz;L rk\;b mikg;G thf;Fupikf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJk; me;j kl;LNk cupj;jhf;fg; gl;l cupikaw;wtHfshf mjh cupikfSs; xd;whd mu murpay ;mikg;gpd; %yk
R
tpw;rHyhe;jpd; rk\;b murhdJ ngz;fspd; bg;gil [dehaf cupikfis >mq;fPfupf;fhjjdhYk>; Hkhdq;fis vLg;gjpy; Mz; Mjpf;f kuGtopr;;; fKk;> fpwp];jtkjthjKk; ngz;fisj; jtpHj;J e;jjdhYk; 1887 Kjy; Rtp];ngz;fs; jkJ upikfSf;fhfg; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdH. kj;jpa Nuhg;gpa> tlINuhg;gpa ehLfSld; >xg;gpLk;NghJ pfg;gpe;jpa fhyq;fspy;$l mtHfs; fLikahd
huhl;lq;fis elhj;j epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. 1848k; Mz;L rk\;b murpd; etPd murpay; ikg;G thf;Fupikf;fhd cj;juthjj;jpidf; hz;bUe;jNghJk; me;j cupikahdJ Mz;fSf;F ;LNk cupj;jhf;fg; gl;lJ. ngz;fs; thf;fspf;fpd;w upikaw;wtHfshf mjhtJ mbg;gil [dehaf upikfSs; xd;whd murpay; cupik mw;wtHfshf
urpay ;mikg;gpd; %yk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ldH.
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njhopy; mbg;gilapy;$lg; NghJkhd fy;tpj; jifikfisg; ngz;fs; nfhz;bUe;j NghJk>; mjw;fhd njhopy;rhH gjtpfs; mtHfSf;F kWf;fg;gl;ld. Rtp]py; rl;lj;Jiwg; gl;lj;jpidg; ngw;w KjyhtJ ngz;zhd Emile Kempin- Spiry rl;lj;juzpahfj; njhopy; Guptjw;F mDkjp kWf;fg; gl;lJ. ,jid Ml;Nrgpj;J R+upr; caHePjp- kd;wj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; mtH [dehafg; Nghuhl;lk; elhj;jpaNghJk;> mtuJ Nfhupf;if Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. 1887y; elhj;jg;gl;l ,e;jg;Nghuhl;lNk Rtpw;rHyhe;jpd; tuyhw;wpy; ngz;fspd; rkcupikia typAWj;jp ,lk;ngw;w KjyhtJ Nghuhl;lkhFk;. jkJ mbg;gil> [dehaf> kdpj cupikfs; ntd;nwLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; jkJ thf;Fupik mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Lj; jhk; murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gij czHe;j ngz;fs; njhlHe;Jk; thf;Fupikf;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fis elhj;jpdH. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; 1909k; Mz;L ngz;fspd; thf;Fupikf;fhd mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; ngz;fs; murpay; uPjpahd Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; fhybvLj;J itj;jdH.1929y; ngz;fspd; thf;Fupikf;fhd kD Kd;itf;fg;gl;l NghJk; mJ xU gpur;rhu eltbf;if- ahf kl;LNk ntw;wpaspj;jJ. murpay; uPjpapy; mJ Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; kpff; FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ. 1945y; rk\;b murpay; mikg;gpy; FLk;gg; ghJfhg;- Gg;gpupT ,izf;fg;gl;lJld; ,J ngz;fSf;fhd gpurtf;fhg;GWjp xd;iwAk; typAWj;jpaJ. ,d;W 60 Mz;Lfis vl;l ,Uf;fpd;w epiy- apYk; ,e;jg;gpurtf;fhg;GWjp ,d;Dk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;fhfj;
38
njhlHr;r elhj;jg;gl Rtp]; r dJ ve;jn murpay; el gpuNjr kl Lg;ig ty thupahf [d Kf;fpa mk cz;ikapy cupikfis nfLg;G g jg;gl;L fuq;fspy; t kl;Lkd;wp njhlHfpd;w
1959y; n mq;fPfupg;g Kjd;Kjy tkj kuGt jq;fsplk; ikiag; g thf;Fupik whz;by; r file;njL lhf ,J g cupikfi cupikAk; M jk;khy; c mikg;gpd Lg;igg; g kWg;ig Nk Gjpa n mikg;G Kd;ida NtWgl;l ,e;jmikg Nghuhl;lj mikg;Gf;f Lj;jJ. ,
py;$lg; kfisg; NghJk>; gjtpfs; . Rtp]py; g; ngw;w e Kempin- njhopy; g; gl;lJ. caHePjp- [dehafg; ;> mtuJ ltpy;iy. huhl;lNk gz;fspd; lk;ngw;w k;. jkJ cupikfs; apd; jkJ l;Lj; jhk; wNtz;Lk; jhlHe;Jk; ;lq;fis apy; 1909k; pikf;fhd ; ngz;fs; ;lj;jpYk; gz;fspd; tf;fg;gl;l tbf;if- . murpay; f;fk; kpff; y; rk\;b ; ghJfhg;- ld; ,J ;fhg;GWjp ,d;W 60 ;w epiy- p ,d;Dk; ,jw;fhfj;
njhlHr;rpahd Nghuhl;lq;fs; elhj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
Rtp]; rk\;b murpay; mikg;gh- dJ ve;jnthU r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; eltbf;iff;Fk;> Njrpa> khepy> gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; rHt[d thf;nf- Lg;ig typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. NknyOe;j- thupahf [dehafr; nraw;ghLfspd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhf ,J njupfpd;wNghJk; cz;ikapy; mjw;F khwhf> epahakhd cupikfis kWg;gjw;F rHt[dthf;- nfLg;G gyjlitfspy; gad;gLj;- jg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. Mz;fspd; fuq;fspy; thf;Fupik ,Ue;jfhyq;fspy; kl;Lkd;wp ,e;jg;Nghf;F ,d;Wtiuj; njhlHfpd;wJ.
1959y; ngz;fspd; thf;Fupikia mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhd rHt[dthf;nfLg;G Kjd;Kjyhf elhj;jg;gl;lJ. fpwp];j- tkj kuGthj Mz; Mjpf;fr;rf;jpfs; jq;fsplk; kl;LNk ,Ue;j thf;Fup- ikiag; gad;gLj;jpg; ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fupikia kWj;jdH. 20k; E}w;- whz;by; rHtNjrj;jpid cYg;gpa file;njLj;j Mz;Mjpf;fr; nraw;gh- lhf ,J gjpthfpaJ. ngz;fSf;fhd cupikfisj; jPHkhdpg;gjpy; ve;j cupikAk; Mz;fSf;F ,y;yhjNghJk;> jk;khy; cUthf;fg;gl;l murpay; mikg;gpd; Clhd rHt[dthf;nf- Lg;igg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;j [dehaf kWg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
Gjpa ngz;fs; ,af;fk; vd;w mikg;G 1968y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Kd;ida ngz;fs; mikg;gpypUe;J NtWgl;l xd;whf jd;id mwptpj;j ,e;jmikg;G ngz;fspd; rkcupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpid kw;iwa ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fSld; ,ize;J Kd;nd- Lj;jJ. ,t;thwhd njhlHr;rpahd
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Nghuhl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf 1971y; rk\;b murpy; jkJ thf;Fupikiag; ngz;fs; ntd;nwLj;jdH. ,e;j Mz;L ,lk; ngw;w Rtp]; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Njrparigf;fhd NjHjypy; gj;Jg;ngz; gpujpepjpfs; njupTnra;ag;gl;ldH.
200 gpujpepjpfisf;nfhz;l Njrpa rigapy; ,jd;%yk; 5tPjkhd gpujpep- jpj;Jtk; ngz;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. ,e;jepiyahdJ 1976y; ngz;fspd; rkcupikfSf;fhd rk\;b
>Mizf;FO xd;W mikf;fg;gL- tjw;F toptFj;jJ. ,JNt ngz;fspd; rk cupikfisg;NgZk; tifapy; Rtp]py; mikf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ mur mikg;ghFk;. ,NjMz;by; ngz;fs; fUTw;W 12thuq;fSf;Fs; fUf;fiyg;Gr; nra;tijr; rl;luPjpahf mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;L k; vd;w Nfhupf;i f Kd;i tf;fg;- gl;lJ. mg;NghJ fUf;fiyg;Gr; nra;tJ jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhf ,Ue;jJ. fUf;fiyg;igr; rl;luPjpahf;Ftjw;F 1977y; ,lk;ngw;w rHt[d thf;nfLg;G Njhy;tpaile;jJ. kuGtop fj;Njhypf;f Mz; rhHr%fk;
>,jid vjpHj;J thf;fspj;jNj ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;. 1971y; rk\;b murpdhy; ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fupik mq;fPfupf;- fg;gl;bUe;jNghJk; khepy muRfshy; ,J mq;fPfupf;fg;gltpy;iy. 1978y; Rtpw;rHyhe;jpd; 26tJ khepykhf cU- thf;fg;gl;l Jura khepyNk Kjd;Kjypy; ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fupikia mq;fPfupj;jJ. ,jw;Fg;gpd;dUk; KOkhepyq;fSk; ,jid mq;fPfupf;f NkYk; 12Mz;Lfs; ngz;fs; Nghuhl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. 1990y; filrpkhepykhf Appenzell- Innerhoden khepyk; ngz;- fspd; thf;Fupikia mq;fPfupj;jJ.
giw-2002-Nk
Mz;-n upf;Fk; mur Mz;L rH kf;fshy; ,jidmL vdg;gLk; V Rtp]; mi xUngz; vdpDk; L me;jg;ng ghuhSkd;w nfhz;l Nj dHfisf; apYk; Mz apidf; nfh Njhy;tpAwr ,r;rk;gtj ngz;fspd fisAk; fz fpaJ. ,e mikr;rui uhf Elisabe njupTnra;a
rk\;b m Sf;fhd g Fwpg;gplg;g me;j ,yf;F nfhz;Ltu Kd;nkhopT gpurtf;fhg [dthf;nf 1998y; ghuh fg;gl;l ,e rHt[dthf epuhfupf;fg ngz;fs; c tuyhw;wpy; Kidahff 14k;jpfjp m fhd ngz jj;ijAk;>
1y; rk\;b ; ngz;fs; ;L ,lk; d;wj;jpd; j;Jg;ngz; ;ldH.
;l Njrpa d gpujpep- pilj;jJ. gz;fspd;
kf;fg;gL- gz;fspd; tifapy; htJ mur ; ngz;fs; f;fiyg;Gr; q;fPfupf;f ;i tf;fg;- r; nra;tJ ,Ue;jJ. f;Ftjw;F hf;nfLg;G j;Njhypf;f
;fspj;jNj murpdhy; q;fPfupf;- uRfshy; y. 1978y; khf cU- jd;Kjypy; upikia pd;dUk; q;fPfupf;f s; Nghuhl pkhepykhf k; ngz;- upj;jJ.
Mz;-ngz; rkcupikia mq;fPf- upf;Fk; murpay;mikg;gj; jpUj;jk; 1981k; Mz;L rHt[d thf;nfLg;gpd;%yk; kf;fshy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidmLj;J rk\;bg; Nguit vdg;gLk; VO cWg;gpdHfisf;nfhz;l Rtp]; mikr;ruitf;F Kjd;Kjyhf xUngz; Ntl;ghsH Nghl;bapl;lhH. vdpDk; Lilian Uchten Hagen vd;w me;jg;ngz; ntw;wpngwtpy;iy. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; 200 cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l Njrpa rigapYk;> 46 cWg;gp- dHfisf; nfhz;l khepyq;fs; rig- apYk; Mz;fs; mWjpg;ngUk;ghd;ik apidf; nfhz;bUe;jikapdhy; ,tiuj; Njhy;tpAwr;nra;jdH. 1983y; ,lk; ngw;w ,r;rk;gtj;jpw;fhfg; ghuhSkd;wk; ngz;fspd; fLikahd tpkHrdq;- fisAk; fz;ldq;fisAk; vjpHNehf;- fpaJ. ,e;jepiyapy; 1984y; Rtp]; mikr;ruitapd; Kjy; ngz; mikr;r- uhf Elisabeth Kopp ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; njupTnra;ag;gl;lhH.
rk\;b murpay; mikg;gpy; ngz;f- Sf;fhd gpurtf;fhg;GWjp gw;wp 1945y; Fwpg;gplg;gl; Ls;s NghJk; ,Jtiu me;j ,yf;F milag;gltpy;iy. 1984y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jha;khH ghJfhg;G Kd;nkhopTk;> 1987y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gpurtf;fhg;GWjp Kd;nkhopTk; rHt- [dthf;nfLg;gpy; Njhy;tpaile;jd. 1998y; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;- fg;gl;l ,e;j Kd;nkhopT kf;fs;Kd; rHt[dthf;nfLg;gpw;F tplg;gl;lNghJ epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. Rtpw;rHyhe;jpd; ngz;fs; cupikfSf;fhd Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; 1991k;Mz;L xU jpUg;G Kidahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. A+d;khjk; 14k;jpfjp mzpjpuz;l ,yl;rf; fzf;- fhd ngz;fs; khngUk; Ntiy epWj;- jj;ijAk;> MHg;ghl;lg; NguzpiaAk;
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elhj;jpdH. ngz;fSf;Fr; rkcupik toq;Ftjw;fhd rfy eltbf;iff- isAk; Jupjg;gLj;j Ntz;ba fl;lh- aj;jpw;Fs; Mzhjpf;f Rtp];murpaiyj; js;sptpLtjhf ,g;Nghuhl;lk; mike;jJ.
,j;jidf;Fk; kj;jpapYk; 1993y; ,lk;ngw;w epfo;nthd;W murpay; mehfupfkhf mike;jJ. mikr;ru- itf;fhd ngz; Ntl;ghsuhfg; Nghl;bapl;l Christiane Brunner murpaYf;F mg;ghy; tpkHrpf;fg;gl;lhH. mtH mikr;ruhtijj; jLg;gjw;F tyJ rhupfSk;> kuGthjpfSk; mehfupfg;gpur;rhuq;fspy; mofw;w gw;fisf;nfhz;ltH vd;Wk; $l kpfTk; murpay; tq;FNuhj;Jj;- jdkhd gpur;rhuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,e;jepiyapy; mikr;ruitapy; xUngz; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fs; cWjpahfg; Nghuhbajdhy; mtUf;Fg;gjpyhf kw;nwhU ngz;zhd Ruth Dreifuss Ij; njupTnra;tjpy; ngz;fs; ntw;wpa- ile;jdH. Rtp]; mikr;ruitapy; ,lk;ngw;w ,uz;lhtJ ngz;zhd ,tH gpurtf; fhg;GWjpf;fhff; fle;j 20tUlq;fshfg; Nghuhb tUfpd;w NghJk; rHt[d thf;nfLg;G vd;w MAjj;jpdhy; me;j ,yf;F Mz;fshy; jLf;fg;gl;Nl tUfpd;wJ. ,d;W Rtp]; mikr;ruitapy; ,U ngz;fSk;( 7:2 ) ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 34 ngz;fSk; ( 246:34) ,lk;ngWfpd;wdH.
1996y; Mz;-ngz; rkcupikia mq;fPfupf;Fk; rk\;br;rl;lk; eil- Kiwf;F te;jJ. ,J ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd Gwf;fzpg;igj; jilnra;jJld; rkkhd njhopiyr;nra;Ak; >,Ughyh-
40
Uf;Fk; rk r mz;ikap Rtp]py; gy apYk; Mz ,ilapyh mjpfkhd 2000khk; tplTk;> n tPjkhd ngw;wpUg;g fpd;wJ. XU gpuhq;Ffis nfhz;bUe 4406 R ngw;Ws;sd caHnjh tiu Nt Gwf;fzpg fhzg;gLf
2000khk ngz;fs; 3 FiwthdJ Rtp];gpuhq
rkcupik bf;iff- a fl;lh- urpaiyj; huhl;lk;
k; 1993y; murpay; ikr;ru- hsuhfg; Brunner ;fg;gl;lhH. Lg;gjw;F hjpfSk; Lgl;ldH. H vd;Wk;> H vd;Wk; Nuhj;Jj;- k;ngw;wd. uitapy; ; vd;gjpy; Wjpahfg; g;gjpyhf reifuss Ij; ntw;wpa- uitapy; gz;zhd ff; fle;j tUfpd;w g;G vd;w z;fshy; d;W Rtp]; ;fSk;( 7:2 ) k; ( 246:34)
upikia k; eil- z;fSf;F ra;jJld; >,Ughyh-
Uf;Fk; rk rk;gsj;ijAk; typAWj;jpaJ. mz;ikapy; ntspahd Ma;nthd;W Rtp]py; gy rl;lVw;ghLfSf;F kj;jp- apYk; Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd rk;gs NtWghL mjpfkhdJ vdj; njuptpj;Js;sJ. 2000khk; Mz;by; Mz; xUtiu tplTk;> ngz;xUtH ruhrupahf 21.3 tPjkhd rk;gsj;ijf; Fiwthfg; ngw;wpUg;gjhf ,e;j Ma;T njuptpf;- fpd;wJ. XU Rtp]; Mz; 5600 Rtp]; gpuhq;Ffis khjr;ruhrupr; rk;gskhff; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ> xU Rtp];g;ngz; 4406 Rtp]; gpuhq;FfisNa ngw;Ws;sdH.
caHnjhopy; Kjy; rhjhuz njhopy; tiu NtWgl;l mstpy; ,e;jg; Gwf;fzpg;Gk;> rkj;Jtkpd;ikAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
2000khk; Mz;by; 42.8 tPjkhd ngz;fs; 3000 Rtp];gpuhq;FfSf;Ff; FiwthdJk; 68.1 tPjkhdngz;fs; 4000 Rtp];gpuhq;FfSf;Fk; FiwthdJkhd
giw-2002-Nk
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rk;gsj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjhf mt;tha;- tpy; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; vk;ikg; ghjpf;Fk; ,d;ndhU tplak; Rtp];ngz; xUtUf;Fk;> ntspehl;Lg; ngz; xUtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd rk;gs NtWghlhFk;.
ntspehl;ltHfs;> cs;ehl;ltHfis tplTk; 15tPjk; Fiwthd rk;gsj;ij mNj Ntiyf;fhfg; ngWfpd;wdH. ,jd;gb ngz;fs; xU re;jHg;gj;jpy; Mz;fSf;Ff; FiwthfTk;> kw;nwhU re;jHg;gj;jpy; cs;ehl;ltHfistplf; FiwthfTk; rk;gsk; ngWfpd;wepiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ntspehl;Lg; ngz;fs; rk;gstplaj;jpy; ,U jlitfs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;L> ,U jlitfs; rkrk;gs cupik kWg;Gf;F cs;shfpd;wdH.
Rtp]py; ,lk;ngWk; 60tPjkhd rk;gs NtWghl;bw;F mg;gl;lkhd Gwf;fzpg;Ng fhuzk; vd ,e;jMa;T Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sJ.
,yqifgngzfs Rtpw;rHyhe;ijg; nghWj;jkl;by; ,yq;ifg; ngz;fspd; eyd;fisr; rpwg;ghfg; Ngzf;$ba tifapy; ,yq;ifg;ngz;fs; mikg;G vJTk; ,Jtiu ,y;iy. jdpg;gl;l tifapy; kpff;fzprkhd msT ,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; nghJthd mikg;Gf;fspy; nraw;gLfpd;wdH. ,J$l Rtp]py; thOk; kw;iwaehLfspd; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; xg;gpLk;NghJ kpfTk; FiwthdjhFk;. Mrpa> Mgpupf;f>
giw-2002-Nk
yj;jPd;m ngz;fs; nraw;gl;L ehLfisr; Nehf;Fk; nfhLf;f gyg;gLj; cs;sJ. vd jkJ jdpj;J jdpahd m Ntz;baJ cs;sJ. , gpuhe;jpa> N mikg;Gf Ngzf;$b Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;i Mz;Lfhy ngz;fs; c vjpYk; vk gq;fspg;G khwhf Nghuhl;lq; >cupik cs;Nshk;. ngz;Zupi spfshfT khwNtz nghJthfg apy; vjpHNe vjpuhfTk; ngz;fs; vd vjpuhfTk;
ez;gHfNs! Gyk;ngaH jkpoHfs; vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w
Fwpj;J mt;tt; ehl;L mDgtq;fspypUe;J vOjg;g
tuNtw;fpwJ. gilg;Gf;fs; gilg;ghspfspd; fUj;Jf;fisNa
xd;wpaj;jpDilaJ my;y M.H
yj;jPd;mnkupf;f mt;tha;-
ehLfSf;fhd J. ,jpy;
ngz;fs; mikg;nghd;W Rtp]py; U tplak;
nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. %d;whk;kz;ly spehl;Lg;
ehLfisr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; ,q;FvjpH hd rk;gs
Nehf;Fk; gpur;ridfSf;Ff; Fuy; nfhLf;f ,e;j mikg;G NkYk; ;ltHfis k;gsj;ij fpd;wdH. ;jHg;gj;jpy; ;> kw;nwhU istplf; fpd;wepiy spehl;Lg; jpy; ,U l;L> ,U
gyg;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba xd;whf cs;sJ. vdpDk; ,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; jkJ jdpj;Jtkhd gpur;ridfs; rhHe;J jdpahd mikg;nghd;iw Vw;gLj;j Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd; fl;lha Njitahf cs;sJ. ,e;j mikg;G kw;iwa> gpuhe;jpa> Njrpa> rHtNjrpag; ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fSlDk; njhlHGfisg; Ngzf;$bajhff; fl;b vOg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kWg;Gf;F
,yq;ifg; ngz;fspd; fle;j 20 Mz;Lfhy Rtp]; Gyk;ngaH tho;tpy; 0tPjkhd ;gl;lkhd e;jMa;T
ngz;fs; vjpYk; gq;fspg;G khwhf vkJ cupikf;fhd vjidAk; kw;iwa ngz;fs; toq;ftpy;iy. Nghuhl;lq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fspdhy; fpilj;j
j;jkl;by; d;fisr; tifapy; ;G vJTk; tifapy; yq;ifg; g;Gf;fspy; Rtp]py; gz;fspd; J kpfTk;
>cupikfis mDgtpg;gtHfshf cs;Nshk;. ,e;jepiy khw;wg;gl;Lg; ngz;Zupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gq;fh- spfshfTk; ,yq;ifg;ngz;fs; khwNtz;Lk;. ,yq;ifg;ngz;fs; nghJthfg; ngz;fs; vd;w mbg;gil- apy; vjpHNehf;Fk; cupik kWg;Gf;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; mNjNtis ntspehl;Lg;- ngz;fs; vd;w tpN\l cupikkWg;gpw;F vjpuhfTk; Nghuhl Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Mgpupf;f>
Hfs; vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w rkfhy vjpHfhy rpf;fy;fs;
tq;fspypUe;J vOjg;gLk; fl;Liufis "giw"
tuNtw;fpwJ. spd; fUj;Jf;fisNa Kd;itf;fpd;wd. A & B ;wpaj;jpDilaJ my;y.
M.H
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ePz;l neLe;Jhug; gazk; fisj;j kdpjh;fs; ,th;fSld; vy;yhk; ehDk; xUtdha; gazk; nra;jpUf;fpd;Nwd; - ,e;j me;epa kz;zpy; ,Uf;iffs; ahTk; epug;gg;gl;L Jtz;l epiyapy; rpyh; epd;W te;jhYk; $l
fUggd
vd;dU ,Uf;F ,Uf;i jdpj;J fhj;jp epwj;j Ngrpa Vndd ,th;f mfuhj ve;jd epwj;j vd;W
- ,uh. RjhrPyd - NehhNt
fUggd
ePz;l azk; jh;fs; y;yhk; dha; azk; wd; - ,e;j ;zpy; hTk; ;gl;L yapy; rpyh; k; $l
vd;dUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uf;ifkl;Lk; jdpj;J ntwpj;J fhj;jpUf;Fk;-vd; epwj;jpd; ngUik Ngrpa tz;zk;... Vnddpy; ,th;fspd; mfuhjpapy; ve;jd; epwj;jpw;F-eufk; vd;W nghUshk;.
- ,uh. RjhrPyd - NehhNt
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jPtpukile;jikahy; jq;fsJ gFjpfSk; tpahgpg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jg;glyhk; my;yJ Mf;fukpf;fg;glyhk; vd;w mr;rk; ,U r%fq;fSf;fpilNaAk; re;Njfj;ijAk; neUf;fbiaAk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;jpUe;jJ. ,J Fwpj;j r%fg;> nghUshjhu epiyik fhuzkhf ,U r%fq;fSf;FkpilNa Gjpa tpjpKiwfs; Njhd;wyhapd. ,t;tpjpfSk;>; fl;Lg;ghLfSk; gy Ehw;whz;Lfhykhf xw;Wikahf tho;e;J te;j ,U r%fq;fSk; jw;NghJ jkJ jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; ,dj;Jt cupikfisAk; gpuj;jpNafkhfg; Ngzp ghJfhf;f Kide;J epw;gijj; njl;lj; njspthf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
tlf;F fpof;F khfhz K];yPk;fsJ Ke;jpa jiyKiwfspd; njhopy; ngUk;ghYk; tptrhakhf ,Ue;jJld; rpwpjsT kPd;gpbAlDk; tpahghuj;JlDk; njhlu;GilajhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,ytr fy;tpKiwapdJk; ney;Yf;fhd cj;juthj tpiyj;jpl;ljpdJk; mwpKfq;fspd; gpd;dH fpof;F khfhz K];ypk;fsJ fy;tp epiyikiAk; nghUshjhu epiyAk; fzprkhd msT Kd;Ndw;wk;; fz;ld. K];yPk;fSf;fspilNa gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;ljhupfs;> eLj;ju mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfs;; lhf;lHfs;> nghwpapayhsHfs;> fzf;fhsHfs;> r l ; l t y ; Y d H f s ; > njhopy;El;gtpayhsHfs; vd;Nghupd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf MrpupaHfs; njhif ,yq;ifapd; Vida K];yPk; gFjpfis tpl ntFthf mjpfupj;j tpfpjj;jpy; fpof;F khfhz K];yPk; kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLtijg; ;Gs;sp tpguq;fs;
44
fhl;Lfpd nrhy;yg;N K];yPk;fS fpof;F khf khw;wk; ngw
tlf;F khfhzj;j K];yPk;f rkhjhdj tho;fpd;wd fUj;Jf;F miu Ehw;w ,y; ,y;q;i jkpoHfspi vjpu;g;GzH tsHe;J ,isQHfs gy;fiy njhopEl;g gapypjypY Nghl;b N ,isQHf re;jHg;gj;j murJiwa $Ljyhf N Kd;NdWfp ehl;Lg;gp vtw;wpw;Fk; fhuzj;jp Ml;rpapy ey;nyz;z jkf;nfd j mikf;f Nt mbg;gil eltbf;if nfhz;bU mz;ikf; murhq;fq me;epag;gL
tlf;fp
jq;fsJ gpg;Gf;F my;yJ r;rk; ,U jfj;ijAk; jpfupf;fr; j r%fg;> khf ,U Gjpa ;wyhapd. Sk; gy hf tho;e;J ghJ jkJ ,dj;Jt hfg; Ngzp j; njl;lj;
;wd. ];yPk;fsJ njhopy; Ue;jJld; pbAlDk; lajhfNt wapdJk; j;juthj fq;fspd; ;ypk;fsJ hUshjhu d;Ndw;wk;; spilNa ;> eLj;ju hf;lHfs;> ;fhsHfs;> f s ; > d;Nghupd; Fwpg;ghf q;ifapd; is tpl py; fpof;F spilNa pguq;fs;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; jw;NghJ K];yPk;fSf;fhd Gj;jp[Ptpj;Jtk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpw;F ,lk; ngaHe;J khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sjhff; $wyhk;.
tlf;F khfhzj;jpYk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpYk; jkpoHfSk; K];yPk;fSk; mikjpAlDk;; rkhjhdj;JlDk; xj;jpzq;fp tho;fpd;wdH vd;W gutyhff; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;F Kuzhd tifapy;; fle;j miu Ehw;whz;Lfhykhf Fwp;g;ghf 1948 ,y; ,y;q;if Rje;jpukile;j gpd;dH jkpoHfspilNa K];yPk;fs; gw;wpa vjpu;g;GzHTk; gifikAk; $Ljyhf tsHe;J te;Js;sJ. K];yPk; ,isQHfs; ;fy;tpapy; Kd;NdwpaJld; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk;> njhopEl;gfy;YhupfspYk;> caHfy;tp gapypjypYk; jkpo; ,isQHfSld; Nghl;b Nghl;L tUfpd;wdH. jkpo; ,isQHfs; Ntiyaw;wpUe;j re;jHg;gj;jpy; K];yPk; ,isQHfs; murJiwapYk; jdpahH JiwapYk; $Ljyhf Ntiytha;g;Gf;fisf; ngw;W Kd;NdWfpd;wdH. K];yPk; jiytHfs; ehl;Lg;gpuptpidf; Nfhupf;iffs; vtw;wpw;Fk; mDruizahf ,y;yhjpUe;j fhuzj;jpd; gydhf K];yPk;fs; Ml;rpapypUf;Fk; murhq;fq;fspd; ey;nyz;zj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;j Ntisapy; jkf;nfd jdpahd jkpo;
Page 45
jkpoHfSk; K];yPk;fSk; Gtpapay; uPjpahf mUfUNf tho;tjhYk;> nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; xUtupy; xUtH jq;fpapUg;gjhYk; gy re;jHg;gq;fspy; kpfTk; mw;gkhd tplaq;fspy; $l gpzf;Ffs; Vw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf jkpo; gFjpfis fle;J jq;fs; tay;fSf;F nry;Yk; K];yPk;fs; Jd;GWj;jg;gLjy;> thfdq;fs; flj;jg;gLjy;> K];yPk;fSf;Fupa ney;> fhy;eilfisf; nfhs;isapLjy; Nghd;w rk;gtq;fNs fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jkpo;> K];yPk; ,dg;; gpur;ridia NkYk; Nkhrkilar; nra;jd.
,yq;ifapy; 1983 Mk; Mz;L ,lk; ngw;w ,df;fytuj;jpd; gpd;dH tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; jkpoHfs; K];yPk;fs; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s vjpu;g;GzHTfisAk; ntWg;igAk; ntspg;gilahf fhl;l Kw;gl;lijAk; fhzf; $bajha; ,Uf;fpwJ. K];yPk;fs;> jkpoHfSila epyq;fis mgfupg;gtHfs;> jkpo; njhopyhsHfisr; Ruz;LgtHfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;>
giw-2002-Nk
njhopy; E tha;g;Gf;f vdg; gfpuq epu;thf cs;Suhl K];yPk; fpu kWf;fg;gl;l jkpo;Nghuhs fg;gk; m nfhs;isa tptrha mgfupf;fg;g
,j;jif epiyiki Njhw;Wtpj;j Nfhupf;ifi mtHfSl mjpfhuq;fs nfhs;sf; Nghtjpy K];yPk;f njhlq;fpd.
1985 M fhyg;gFjpa
Gtpapay; ;tjhYk;> ; xUtupy; k; gy mw;gkhd ; Vw;gl;L hf jkpo; ay;fSf;F j;jg;gLjy;> g;gLjy;> ilfisf; ;gtq;fNs Pk; ,dg;; rkilar;
z;L ,lk; ; gpd;dH kpoHfs; hz;Ls;s Wg;igAk; l;lijAk; ];yPk;fs;> pyq;fis hsHfisr; ;fofq;fs;>
njhopy; El;gfy;Yhupfspy; jq;fs; tha;g;Gf;fis ,y;yhkyhf;FgtHfs; vdg; gfpuq;fkhfj; J}rpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. epu;thf uPjpapy; jkpoHfsJ cs;Suhl;rp vy;iyf;Fs; mike;j K];yPk; fpuhkq;fSf;Fg; nghJ trjpfs; kWf;fg;gl;ld. K];yPk; gFjpfspypUe;J jkpo;Nghuhspfshy; Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy; fg;gk; mwtplg;gl;L eiffs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld. thfdq;fs;> tptrha cgfuzq;fs; vd;gd mgfupf;fg;gl;ld.
,j;jifa rk;gtq;fs; epk;kjpaw;w epiyikia K];yPk;fspilNa Njhw;Wtpj;jJld; jkpoHfsJ jdpehl;Lf; Nfhupf;ifia rhj;jpakhf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; mtHfSld; murpay; nghUshjhu mjpfhuq;fspy;;; ePjp epahag;gb gfpu;e;J nfhs;sf; $ba rhj;jpak; Vw;glg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;w czu;Tk; K];yPk;fspilNa tYg; ngwj; njhlq;fpd.
1985 Mk; Mz;bd; Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; Nghuhspfspd; mjpfupj;j
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eltbf;iffSld; jkpoHfs; K];yPk;fs; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j vjpu;g;GzHTk; NkYk; cf;fpukhd khw;wq;fisg; ngw;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf jkpo; ,af;fj;jtHfs; mr;RWj;jpg; gzk; gwpj;jy;> Jg;ghf;fp Kidapyhd Ml;flj;jy;> gyhj;fhuk; Nghd;w nray;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf guthyhf ,lk; ngw;wyhapd. ,t;thwhd epiyikfis jzpg;gjw;Fk; MAjk; Ve;jp K];yPfs;; jkpoHfSf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl Kw;glhj rhj;tPf topfspy; gyjug;gl;l jw;fhg;G Kaw;rpfspy; fy;Kid> fhj;jhd;Fb> Vwht+H> Xl;lkhtb> thior;Nrid> %JhH> fpz;zpah Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ntfkhfg; gutpaJ. MAjk; jhq;fpatHfshy; gy Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd K];yPk;fs; nfhiy nra;a;g;gl;ldH. K];yPk;fspdJk; jkpoHfspdJk; gy Nfhb &gha;fs; ngWkjpahd nrhj;Jf;fs; vupf;fg;gl;L mopf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j 1985 Vg;uy; fytuq;fspd;; NghJjhd; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; Kjy; jlitahf jkpoHfSk; K];yPk; fSk; ,d uPjpahf xUtNuhL xUtH kpf Nkhrkhf Nkhjpf; nfhz;ldH.
1985 Mk; Mz;L mf;NuhgH 28 Mk; jpfjp %Jhupy; fyPgh fyPy; vd;Dk; K];yPk; ,isQH jdJ tPl;bypUe;J jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; flj;jg;gl;L nfhiy nra;ag;gl;L kpd;fk;gj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lhH. ,jd; fhuzkhf 34 jkpo; tPLfs; cilf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo;jug;G Mj;jpuk; nfhz;L %d;W K];yPk;fisAk; nfhd;W 324 tPLfisAk; cilj;jdH 25 filfSk; vupf;fg;gl;ld.
1988 khHr; 6 Mk; jpfjp fhj;jhd;Fb efurig Kd;dhs; jiytH my;`h[; m`kl;nyg;Ng nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. 1990 Mk; Mz;L gs;spapy; njhOJ
giw-2002-Nk
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nfhz;bUf;ifapy; 106 K];yPk;fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. mNj thuj;jpy; kf;fh `[; ahj;jpiu Kbj;Jtpl;L tPL jpUk;gpa `h[pfs; cl;gl 86 K];yPk;fSk; fSthQ;rpFbapy; flj;jg;gl;L gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. ,uz;L thuq;fSf;F gpd;dH Vwht+upy; rj;jhk; `_ird; fpuhkk; jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; jhf;fg;glL 1000f;F $Ljyhd K];yPk; Mz;> ngz;> Foe;ijfs; nfh^ukhf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. 1989 etk;gH Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpduhy; fhiujPtpy; 24 K];yPk; nghyp] ;upNrt; cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH.
1985 Mz;L Nkkhjk; jkpo; K];yPk; fytuk; Vw;gl;L Vwf;Fiwa xU khjj;jpd; gpd; %Jhupy; jkpoHfSf;F vjpuhf ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jpduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghupa jhf;Fjypd; tpisthf jkpoHfs; ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,e;j rpf;fyhd fhyfl;lj;jy; jkpoHfSf;F cjtpf;fuk; ePl;batHfs; K];yPk;fNs. MapDk; K];yPk;fspdhy; fhl;lg;gl;l ,e;j gupT jkpoH MAj mikg;Gf;fspd; Nghf;fpy; K]yPk;fisg; nghWj;jkl;by; ve;jtpj khw;wj;jikAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.
jkpo; MAjthjpfs; %JhH K];yPk; cjtp murhq;f mjpgH[dhg; `gPg; K`k;kij 1997 nrg;nuk;gH 3Mk; jpfjp gLnfhiy nra;jdH. ,r; rk;gtj;jpw;fhd vjpHg;ig jkJ vjpu;g;ig fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; thOk; midj;J K];yPk;fSk; gfpuq;fkhfNt ntspg;gLj;jpdH. ,e;j mEjhg ntspg;gLj;jypdhy; Mj;jpuKw;w jkpo; MAjthjpfs; 1987 nrg;nuk;gH 10 Mk; jpfjp fy;Kidapy; K];yPk;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd filfs;> tPLfs;
giw-2002-Nk
vd;gtw;iw ,e;j jhf;F ,e;jpa m mq;fpUe;jJ mopf;fg;gl RkhH 6 Nfh
1987 Mk Mk; jpfj gpuptpidt ghupa Nkw;nfhs;s NghJ , gilapdU jypdhy; g ntspNa mfjpfspd Jupjkhf NtisapN ghuSkd;w rUkhd [ etk;guk; nra;a;g;gl;l kl;lf;f gpujhd Xl;lkhtba jpjfp , gilapdU Sf;Fk; ,i Vw;gl;l Nk nfhy;yg;g fhag;gLj;j nrhe;jkhd filfSk; ld. K];y mikjpg;g td;Kiw Kiwg;ghL K];yPk;f khfhzj;jpy kj;jpa ef
];yPk;fs; j thuj;jpy; tpl;L tPL l;gl 86 rpFbapy; g;gl;ldH. gpd;dH uhkk; jkpo; L 1000f;F ;> ngz;> g;gl;ldH. tj;jpduhy; p] ;upNrt; Lnfhiy
po; K];yPk; wa xU poHfSf;F j;jpduhy; hf;Fjypd; Fthfg; rpf;fyhd jtpf;fuk; MapDk; ,e;j gupT ; Nghf;fpy; y; ve;jtpj
y. H K];yPk; hg; `gPg; Mk; jpfjp tj;jpw;fhd g fpof;F midj;J ;fkhfNt mEjhg w;w jkpo; H 10 Mk; Pk;fSf;F tPLfs;
vd;gtw;iwf; nfhs;isabj;J vupj;jdH. ,e;j jhf;Fjy;fs; eilngWk; NghJ ,e;jpa mikjpfhf;Fk; gilAk; mq;fpUe;jJ. jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; mopf;fg;gl;l K];yPk;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; RkhH 6 NfhbNa 70 ,yl;rk;.
1987 Mk; Mz;L xf;NuhgH khjk; 12 Mk; jpfjp %Jhupy; MAjNke;jpa gpuptpidthjpfspdhy; K];yPk;fs; kPJ ghupa jhf;Fjy; xd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,j; jhf;Fjypd; NghJ ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapdUk; mq;fpUe;jdH. ,j;jhf;F- jypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l %JhupypUe;J ntspNa Mapuf;fzf;fhd K];yPk; mfjpfspd; guhkupg;G Ntiyfspy; Jupjkhf 000 K];yPk;fs; mfjpfshf fpof;F khfhzj;jpypUe;J jg;gp Xb Xl;lkh tl kj;jpa efukhd nghyd;dWitapy;
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jQ;rk; GFe;jdH.
1987 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH khjk; 30 Mk; jpfjp 30> 000 K];yPk;fisf; nfhz;l kl;lf;fsg;gpy; kpfg; gpujhd K];yPk; efukhd fhj;jhd;Fb MAjNke;jpatHfspdhy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j nfh^u jhf;Fjypd; NghJ 60 K];yPk;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. 200f;F Nkw;gl;NlhH Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;Lf;fhaq;fSf;Fs;shfpdH. 20 Nfhb ngWkjpf;Fk; ;$Ljyhd nrhj;Jf;fs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;Lk; vupf;fg;gLk; ehrk; nra;ag;gl;ld. ,t;tdHj;jq;fs; ahTk; ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapdH ,q;F epiy nfhz;bUe;j NghNj eilngw;wd. ,uz;Nl ,uz;L ehl;fs; jhf;Fjy; eilngw;w NghjpYk; fhj;jhd;Fb kPjhd Kw;Wif 1988 [dtupapypUe;J rfy Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;- fSk; jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; jilnra;ag;gl;ld.
1992 xf;Nuhgh; khjk; jkpo;Gypfs; nghyd;eWit khtl;lj;jpy; mf;gHGuk;> m`kl;Guk;> gs;spanfhly;y Mfpa fpuhkq;fisj; jhf;fp 200 f;Fk; $Ljyhd K];yPk;fis gLnfhiy nra;jdH.
1990 Mk; Mz;L xf;NuhgH khjk; ahUNk vjpu;ghuhj tifapy; rLjpahf tlkhfhzk K];yPk; fpuhkq;fspy; jkpo; Gypfs; xyp ngUf;fp %yk; K];ypk;fs; jkJ tPLfisAk; cilikfisAk; tpl;Ltpl;L 48 kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;Fs; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; mg;gb ntspNawhtpl;lhy; nfhy;yg;gLthHfs; vd;W mwptpj;jdH. ,t;twptpj;jy; vUf;fyk;gpl;bapy; xf;NuhgH 24 Mk; jpfjpAk; tplj;jy; jPT Krypg; gFjpfspy; xf;NuhgH 25 Mk; jpfjpAk; aho;g;ghz efupy; 29Mk; jpfjpAk; mwptpf;fg;gllJ. ,jidj; njhlu;eJ K];yPk;fspd;
48
eiffis nghUl;fi mgfupj;jd MAjthjp jz;bj;jd epu;f;fjpa FLk;gkhf 100f;F Nkw pUe;J jkp gl;ldH. 19 khjk; 28 M 31 Mk; jp vy;iyia khtl;lj;i jhuhGuk;> Nrhdfj;nj tpl;L x jpfjpfSf;f khHf;fkhf kd;dhH tp 27> 31 M xf;NuhgH Majthjpf te;J tplg;g Ky;iyj;j fhyj;jpy; k
1990 M Kjyhk; jpf elhj;jg;g eltbf;if Kw;Wk; K] gl;lJ.
,g;ngU jkpo; kf;fS K];yPk;fs ,Ue;J tl jq;fis g murpay; tpl;lhHfs;.
khjk; 30 Pk;fisf; g; gpujhd ;jhd;Fb ;fg;gl;lJ. NghJ 60 H. 200f;F g;ghf;fpr; . 20 Nfhb rhj;Jf;fs; pf;fg;gLk; Hj;jq;fs; ; gilapdH j NghNj ;L ehl;fs; ghjpYk; if 1988 ;Ftuj;Jf;- pfspdhy;
po;Gypfs; f;gHGuk;> ;y Mfpa ; $Ljyhd a;jdH. hgH khjk; ; rLjpahf ;fspy; jkpo; ];ypk;fs; kfisAk; ;fSf;Fs; mg;gb ;gLthHfs; wptpj;jy; 24 Mk; gFjpfspy; aho;g;ghz f;fg;gllJ. ;yPk;fspd;
eiffisAk; ngWkjpahd nghUl;fisAk; jkpo; Gypfs; mgfupj;jdH. vjpu;j;j K]yPk;fis jkpo; MAjthjpfs; kpf Nkhrkhfj; jhf;fp jz;bj;jdH. tlkhfhz K];yPk;fs; epu;f;fjpahd epiyapy; FLk;gk; FLk;gkhf nrhy;nyhzhj; Jauhj;NjhL 100f;F Nkw;gl;l K];yPk; fpuhkq;fspy- pUe;J jkpoHfshy; tpul;babf;fg;- gl;ldH. 1990Mk; Mz;L xf;NuhgH khjk; 28 Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J ntspNawp 31 Mk; jpfjpf;F Kd;dH tlkhfhz vy;iyiaf; fle;jdH. kd;dhH khtl;lj;ir; NrHe;j vUf;fyk;gpl;b> jhuhGuk;> GJf;FbapUg;G> kd;dhH Nrhdfj;njU> fupry; Mfpa fpuhkq;fis tpl;L xf;NuhgH 28> 31 Mk; jpfjpfSf;fpilapy; ntspNawp fly; khHf;fkhf fw;gpl;bia mile;jhHfs;. kd;dhH tplj;jy; jPT kf;fs; xf;NuhgH 27> 31 Mk; jpfjpfspy; ntspNawp xf;NuhgH 30 Mk; jpfjp jkpo; Majthjpfspdhy; thfdq;fspy; Vw;wp te;J tplg;gl;ldH. ,tHfSk; tTdpah> Ky;iyj;jPT K]yPk;fSk; ,Nj fhyj;jpy; kjthr;rpia mile;jdH.
1990 Mk; Mz;L etk;gH khjk; Kjyhk; jpfjp jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; elhj;jg;gl;l ,d Rj;jpfupg;G eltbf;ifapdhy; tlkhfhzkhdJ Kw;Wk; K];yPk;fsw;w gpuNjrkhf;fg;- gl;lJ.
,g;ngUk; Jauj;ijAk; ,og;igAk; jkpo; kf;fSila tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; K];yPk;fs; kPJ Rkj;jpAs;sJ. ,tw;wpy; ,Ue;J tlf;F fpof;F K];yPk; kf;fs; jq;fis ghJfhj;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba murpay; NjitiaAk; czu;eJ tpl;lhHfs;.
giw-2002-Nk
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mjpfhud; xU gf;fk; Mste;jhd; kj;jg;gf;fk; nfhs;spf;fl;l nuz;L gf;fk; rpj;jpuhk;G+r;rp ehD rPte;jg;Gk; top ve;jg; gf;fk;
fUthL fha ntf;f flf;fiuf;F Nghd kfd; kaz;ilf;f te;JNfl;lh thg;ghz;L nry;yp Mu ehd; fhl;Ltd;> vd;dj;j ehd; nry;Ytd;
kTj;jhd fj nry;Ytdh topnay;yhk; fhu Ks;Sf;Fj;j mlk;gd; nfhb jphpr;R fl;bapOj;Jg; Nghd fj nry;Ytdh xg;ghhp ntr;rp ehd; nfhswp kz;zs;sp rh%iyf;nfwpQ;rhYk; nfhz;LNghd mtu kWfzpahU nfhz;L tUth
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epr;rakhf kiyafj;jtH gw;wpa vkJ mf;fiwapd;ikAk;> mrl;iliaAk; ehk; xg;Gf;nfhz;lhf Ntz;Lk;.
tlf;F fpof;Ff;F ntspapy; Vwj;jho 12 yl;rj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpoHfs; tho;- fpwhHfs;. fhydpj;Jt rf;jpfshy; ,tHfs; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l NghJ ngUk;ghYk; mlf;fg;gl;l rhjpag;gphptpdNu mjpfsT ,yq;iff;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;b- Ue;jdH.
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kiyafj; Njrj;ij xU jypj; NjrkhfTk; Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; epyTfpd;w %d;Wtpj rhjpaf; fl;likg;G- fshd tlf;F fpof;F> kiyaf> rpq;fs rhjpaikg;Gfspd; jd;ikia ,q;F Nehf;FtJ mtrpak;. nghJthf rhjpa mjpfhuj;Jt gbepiy epunyhOq;F jiyfPo; $k;Gtbtj;jpy; Mjpf;f rhjp NkYk;> mlf;fg;gLk; rhjpfs; fPOkhf fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sij ehkwpNthk;. ,e;jpa rhjpa fl;likg;ig mg;gbNa nfhz;Ls;s Mdhy; gpuhkziu Mjpf;f rhjpahf nfhs;shj rhjpaikg;igf; nfhz;lJkhd kiyaf rhjpaikg;gpy; msT hPjpahf jypj;Jfs; ngUk;ghd;ik- apduhfTk; Mjpf;f rhjpfs; rpWghd;ik- apduhfTk; cs;sdH. mjhtJ jiyfPo; $k;G tbtkhf NkNy jypj;JfSk; fPNo caHj;jg;gl;l rhjpapdUk; msT hPjpapy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. Mdhy; ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs rhjpaikg;Gk;> tlf;F fpof;F rhjpaikg;Gk; msT hPjpapy; caHj;jg;gl;l rhjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfkhfTk; mlf;fg;gLk; rhjpfspd; vz;zpf;if mstpy; Fiwe;jjhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. tlf;F fpof;fpy; Mjpf;f rhjpahd nts;shsH rdj;njhifapy; 50 tPj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gijg; Nghy> rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpYk; 50 tPjj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhf nts;shUf;F xg;ghd rpq;fs Mjpf;f rhjpahd nfhtpfk rhjpapdH 50 tPjj;Jf;Fk; mjpfKs;sdH. cssdH. nghJthfNt ,e;jpahtpypUe;J fhydpj;Jt rf;jpfshy; NtWehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; mlf;fg;gLk; rhjpfisr; NrHe;jtHf- shjyhy;> mtHfs; ,d;wstpYk; thOk; ehLfspy; nghpa vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;l mlf;fg;gLk; rhjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;stHf- shfNt cs;sdH. vdNt jhd; kiyaf kf;fis ehq;fs; jypj;jpa r%fg; ghH- itia tpl;Ltpl;lghHf;f Kbahj fl;lh- aj;jpy; ,Uf;fpNwhk;.
54
kiyaf Fiwe;jsT cah;j;jg;gl jpf;fk; nrY kw;Wk; Vi tsq;fisA Uf;fpwdH. , kag;gl;Lf itg; Ngh nfhLik midj;J cs;shtJk mjpfhuj;Jt gLtJkhd NkYk; giw rhjpfisr; mNj epiy Nghd;w ep nfhs;s Nt ikg;ig gi ghHf;f Kb cUthf;fq Gjpa mj GJg;gpj;Jf jhq;fpa xd vg;gb r jkpoHfspd tpy;iyNah kw;Wk; jkpo kiyafj; j tpsq;fpf;nf murpay; r kiyafj;j gpur;rpidi tlf;F fpo thOk; jkp hPjpapyhd m Nfhhpf;iff Mdhy; , thOk; jk jiyikN Nfhhpf;ifi ePbj;J tU
U jypj; yq;ifapy; ;likg;G- f> rpq;fs a ,q;F hf rhjpa yhOq;F jpf;f rhjp ; fPOkhf kwpNthk;. mg;gbNa u Mjpf;f kg;igf; aikg;gpy; ;ghd;ik- ghd;ik- jiyfPo; Sk; fPNo T hPjpapy; yq;ifapy; ;F fpof;F Hj;jg;gl;l jpfkhfTk; ;zpf;if wJ. tlf;F ts;shsH mjpfkhf ikg;gpYk; s;shUf;F nfhtpfk Ks;sdH. htpypUe;J hLfSf;F Uk;ghYk; He;jtHf- k; thOk; f; nfhz;l ;Ls;stHf- ; kiyaf fg; ghH- hj fl;lh-
kiyaf r%f mikg;gpy; ,Uf;fpd;w Fiwe;jsT vz;zpf;ifiaNa cila cah;j;jg;gl;l (Mjpf;fr;) rhjpapdH>- Nkyh- jpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Vida Mjpf;f gz;GfisAk;> tsq;fisAk; tha;g;GfisAk; nfhz;b- Uf;fpwdH. ,tHfs; ehSf;Fehs; epWtd- kag;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH. ,e;jpah- itg; Nghy Neubahd jPz;lhikf; nfhLik ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; Vida midj;J rhjpf; nfhLikfSf;Fk; cs;shtJk;> Mjpf;f rhjpfs; NkYk; jkJ mjpfhuj;Jt eyd;fSf;fhf epWtdkag;- gLtJkhd Nghf;F mjpfhpj;JtUfpwJ. NkYk; giwaH kw;Wk; mUe;jjpaH Mfpa rhjpfisr; NrHe;jtHfs; E}whz;Lfshf mNj epiyikapy; ,Uj;jg;gl;Ls;sik Nghd;w epiyikia ehq;fs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,d;iwa rhjpa fl;l- ikg;ig gioa mjd; tbtj;ijg; Nghyg; ghHf;f KbahJ. mJ ,d;W etPd r%f cUthf;fq;fspd; gz;Gfis cs;Eioj;j Gjpa mjw;Nfw;f rhjpa tbtq;fs; GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhz;l NtWtbtq;fisj; jhq;fpa xd;iwNa ehk; fhzyhk;.
vg;gb rpq;fsj; Njr mur fl;likg;G jkpoHfspd; gpur;rpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s- tpy;iyNah> rpq;fsj; Njr mur fl;likg;G kw;Wk; jkpoPo Nghuhl;l rf;jpfs; ,uz;LNk kiyafj; jkpoHfspd; gpur;rpidia rhpahf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;stpy;iyNah. ,e;j %d;W murpay; rf;jpfSk; tlf;F fpof;Ff;Fk;> kiyafj;jpw;Fk; ntspapy; jkpoHfspd; gpur;rpidia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;stpy;iy. tlf;F fpof;F kw;Wk; kiyafg; gFjpapy; thOk; jkpoHfs; xUtifapy; Gtpapay; hPjpapyhd milahsq;fisAk; mjw;fhd Nfhhpf;iffisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; ,it ,uz;bw;Fk; ntspapy; thOk; jkpoHfSf;F ve;j tpj murpaw; jiyikNah my;yJ nghJthd Nfhhpf;ifiaNah nfhz;buhj epiyik ePbj;J tUfpwJ. ve;j murpaw; rf;jpfspd;
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gpd;dhYk; Nghff; $ba jd;ikiaAk;> rpy gFjpfspy; rpq;fs kakhf;fg;gl;L tUtijAk; fhzKbAk;. nghJthf tlf;F fpof;Ff;F ntspapy; thOk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdiuAk; NrHj;J nkhj;jkhf kiyafj; Njrj;jtHfs; vd;Nw miof;- fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;j milahs tiuaiwfspy; rpy rpf;fy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w NghJk; ,q;F xl;Lnkhj;j gpur;rpidapd; ftdf; Ftpg;Gf;fhf ,g;gjj;ijNa ehDk; ,q;F ifahs;fpNwd;.
,tHfspy; mUe;jjpaHfs; ehlshtpa hPjpapy; efu Rj;jpj; njhopyhsHfshf efu Rj;jp FbapUg;Gfspy; tho;e;J tUfpwhHfs;. ,tHfspy; tl kj;jpa> tl Nkw;F kw;Wk; njw;Fg; gFjpapy; rpq;fstHfshfNt khwptpl;l Nghf;ifAk; khwptUk; Nghf;ifAk; fhzKbAk;.
rhjpahy; xLf;fg;gl;ltHfshfTk;> $ypAaHTf;fhfg; NghuhLk; ciof;Fk; tHf;fj;jpdiuf; nfhz;l ngUk; njhopw; gilahfTk;> ehl;bd; nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpy; ngUksit ngw;Wj;jUk; tHf;fkhfTk;> et ghrpr tbnkLj;JtUk; rpq;fsg; Nghpd- thjj;Jf;Fk;> Nghpdthjkag;gLj;jg;gl;L
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hlshtpa fshf efu UfpwhHfs;. w;F kw;Wk; HfshfNt hwptUk;
fshfTk;> ciof;Fk; k; njhopw; khdj;jpy; hfTk;> et g; Nghpd- j;jg;gl;L
tUk; rpq;fs rptpy; r%fj;jpd; td;K- iwfis Neubahf mDgtpj;JtUk; $l;lkhfTk; ,tHfs; cs;sdH. 150 tUlq;fSf;F NkyhfpAk; ,d;dKk; FbAhpik mw;wtHfshfTk;> murpay; mdhijfshf xU $l;lk; ,Uf;fpwnjd;why; mJ kiyafj; Njrj;jtHfs; jhd;.
,jpy; mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa Gs;spfspy; xd;W vd;dntd;why;> ,tHfs; gw;wpa vJTk; ntspj;njhpahj Gwepiy- ikfs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd vd;gNj!
,d;W jkpoHfSf;fhd gy Mapuf;- fzf;fhd ,izaj;jsq;fs; Ftpe;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,d;W Mq;fpyk; %ykhf ,izaj;jpD}lhfg; gug;gg;gLk; Gidag;gl;l fUj;Jfs;> jfty;fs;> fijahly;fSf;F jkpoHfs; KOtJkhf Ml;gLtjw;F Kd;dk; jkpoHfs; ,e;j jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ij ,yFthf mile;Jtpl;lhHfs; jhd;. Mdhy; ,e;j jfty; vd;w tplaj;jpy; jfty; njhopy; El;gk; kPsTk; ahUf;F ve;j rf;jpfSf;F> ve;j fUj;jhf;fq;fSf;F Nrit nra;fpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpj;J ehk; mf;fiwaw;W ,Uf;f KbahJ. jfty; njhopy;El;g E}w;whz;L ,J vd;W $wg;gLk; epiyapy; jfty;f- Sf;F tWik ngUksT ,Uf;fhJ vd;fpw ek;gpf;if Muk;gj;jpy; vdf;F ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mJ jtnwd ehd; czHe;Njd;. jfty;fs; Ftpe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Mdhy; mit Mjpf;f fUj;Njw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;gpNdd;. Mdhy; jfty;fSf;Nf ve;jsT gQ;rkpUg;gij ,g;NghJ xg;Gf;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ ,d;iwa ngUk;Nghf;F vJ vd;gij jPHkhdpf;fpd;w Kf;fpakhd fUtpahf jfty; njhopy;El;gk; tsHr;rp fz;Ls;sJ. Mjpf;f rf;jpfs;> jkJ gpw;Nghf;F Mjpf;f rpj;jhe;jq;fis ngUk;Nghf;fhf epiy epWj;Jtjpy; ,e;j jfty; njhopy; El;gj;ijf; nfhz;Ljhd; Jhpjkhf ntw;wp fz;L tUfpd;wd.
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,d;W jkpopy; fzpa kw;Wk; ,izaj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; Fwpj;j cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; nkd;nghUs; gw;wpa mffiwAk;> Ma;TfSk; jhd; nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. Mdhy; mjd; Gwepiyr; nraw;ghLfs;> mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf mjd; murpay; tpisTfs;> Gul;rpfu r%f khw;wj;Jf;fhd murpay; milTfs; Fwpj;J ntWk; jdpegHfs; kw;Wk; rpW FO mstpy; jhd; mf;fiw nfhs;sg;gLfpwNj xopa mjid jkpoHfspd; murpay; vjpHfhyj;- NjhL ,izj;J Muhag;gLtij fhz Kbtjpy;iy.
,j;jifa gpd;dzpapypUe;J kiyaf kf;fspd; ,d;iwa epiyikfs; gjpthfhjijAk;> Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W jkpo;j;Njrg; gpur;rpid rHtNjr mstpy; fhpridf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpajpy; jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; gq;if Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W jkpoHfSf;nfjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;- gl;LtUk; ,dmopg;G Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; Ntfkhf cynfq;Fk; nrd;wilfpd;wd. cyfpd; gykhd ehLfspd; cjtpAlDk;> xU muirAk; nfhz;bUf;fpw rpq;fsg; Nghpdthjk; jfty; njhopy;El;g Mw;wy; tsq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw vjpHnfhs;s Kbahj msTf;F jLkhwp epiyFiye;J NghFksTf;F jkpoHfs; jfty; njhopy; El;gj;ij mile;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. jkpo;j; Njrg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ,d;iwa tsh;r;rpf;F jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; gq;F Kf;fpa- khdJ. Mdhy; ,d;wstpYk; jkpo;j;Njrg; Nghuhl;l rf;jpfshy; my;yJ mtHfsJ MjuthsHfshy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd Mapuf;fzf;fhd ,izaj; jsq;fspYk; kiyaf kf;fs; Fwpj;j ve;jtpj gjpTfSk; ,lk;ngwhjJ kpfTk; ftiyiaj; jUk; tplak;. rf Njrnkhd;W jkJ vjphpf- shNyNa xLf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;gij fhprid nfhs;shjij ehk; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
56
kiyaf tiu mt mbik t Nghuhl;lj; jkpoHfs; k mur gaq Njrkhf k ftdpj;jhf ek;gpf;ifa VyNt ,yq tlf;Ffpof NrHe;jtHfs ntspapy; rpf;fy;fis ,yq;ifapy fq;fs; mi nfjpuhd fhzKbAk Fwpj;j tpl mg;gpur;rpi tpl kiya jhd; ,Uf;F
vg;gbN fhyj;ij k tpLtJ m Njrk; jdf vjpHfhyj;i nfhs;Sk;. Nghf;if kh gq;ifAk;> j NfhuNtz murpay;> n mk;rq;fis #oyNa Nt
; ,izaj; l;likg;G ffiwAk;> ;sg;gl;L Gwepiyr; hf mjd; pfu r%f fs; Fwpj;J mstpy; Nj xopa jpHfhyj;- ij fhz
kiyaf yikfs; ;Lk;. ,d;W r mstpy; py; jfty; Ntz;Lk;. ;nfhs;sg;- nra;jpfs; lfpd;wd. tpAlDk;> rpq;fsg; ;g Mw;wy; pHnfhs;s yFiye;J y; njhopy; s;. jkpo;j; tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa- kpo;j;Njrg; mtHfsJ Lfpd;wd q;fspYk; gjpTfSk; aj; jUk; vjphpf- ;bUg;gij ; Fwpj;Jf;
kiyafj; Njrj;jtHfisg; nghUj;j- tiu mtHfs; VyNt vjpHnfhs;Sk; mbik tho;f;ifia tpl jkpo;j;Njrg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthd xl;Lnkhj;j jkpoHfs; kPJk; fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;Ls;s mur gaq;futhjj;jpw;Fk; gypahfptUk; Njrkhf kiyafj; Njrk; cs;sij ftdpj;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifapoe;J gy tUlq;fshfptpl;lJ. VyNt ,yq;ifapy; aho; ika thjj;Jf;F tlf;Ffpof;fpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;jtHfs; khj;jpuky;y tlf;F fpof;Ff;F ntspapy; thOk; jkpoHfSk; me;j rpf;fy;fis mDgtpj;J te;jtHfs;. ,yq;ifapy; nraw;gLk; jkpo; njhlHG+l- fq;fs; midj;jpYk; kiyaf kf;fSf;- nfjpuhd ghugl;rq;fs; epyTtij fhzKbAk;. kiyaf kf;fspd; gpur;rpid Fwpj;j tplaq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;lhy; mJ mg;gpur;rpid Fwpj;j gpuf;iQ vd;gij tpl kiyaf re;ijia ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
vg;gbNah kiyafj; Njrj;jpd; vjpH fhyj;ij kw;wtHfsplk; nghWg;ghf;fp- tpLtJ my;y ,jd; mHj;jk;. kiyafj; Njrk; jdf;fhd Nghuhl;l tbtq;fisAk; vjpHfhyj;ijAk; jhNd tbtikj;Jf;- nfhs;Sk;. Mdhy; ftdpg;ghuw;W fplf;Fk; Nghf;if khw;wpaikg;gjpy; vk;nky;NyhuJ gq;ifAk;> jhHkPf MjuitANk ,q;F ehk; NfhuNtz;bAs;sJ. kiyafj; Njrj;jpd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisf; fzf;fpw;nfLf;fpd;w jkpo; #oyNa Ntz;bepw;fpNwhk;.
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iyg; Nghuhl;lk; gy;NtW ghpzhkq;fisf; fle;Jte;j J xU iky;fy; vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. ,g;Gyk; r;rhuk;> fiy> ,yf;fpak; vd tsHr;rpAw;W Vida topfhl;ly;fis epfo;j;jpAKs;sd vd;gij mwpAk; Uk; mNj Neuk; Gyk;ngaHe;j r%fk; vjpHNehf;Fk; k; epiwaNt Muhag;gl fye;Jiuahlg;gl fapy; Asker og Bærum jkpoH xd;wpaj;jpd; ;gl;Ls;s giw thrpf;ff;fpilj;jJ. Kjy; Kof;fNk piaAk; MWjiyAk; je;jJ. Kd; gpd; ml;ilfis q;fs; Kjy; MrphpaH jiyaq;fk; mt;itapd; n[aghydpd; ftpij vd gyTk; Ritahf ,Ue;jd. jpHfhyk; njhlHghd Iaq;fis fhyj;jpd; Njitiaf; py; giw rpwg;ghfTk; ijhpakhfTk; Koq;Fk; vd;w ;jpy; rl;lj;juzp njhopy;ghHf;Fk; ehd; khw;W ,yf;fpaq; k; nfhz;ltd;. ,e;jtifapy; "giw"apd; Kof;fk; ypf;f Kjy;gpujp Kjy; njhlHe;J tUk; gpujpfisAk;
ho;ikAld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;
NjhoikAld; vk;.vr;.vk;..gTrH uFkhd; NjhoikAld; vk;.vr;.vk;..gTrH uFkhd; NjhoikAld; vk;.vr;.vk;..gTrH uFkhd; NjhoikAld; vk;.vr;.vk;..gTrH uFkhd; NjhoikAld; vk;.vr;.vk;..gTrH uFkhd; Gj;jsk;-,yq;if Gj;jsk;-,yq;if Gj;jsk;-,yq;if Gj;jsk;-,yq;if Gj;jsk;-,yq;if
giw ,jo; ghu;j;Njd;. gy tplaq;fis jhq;fp giw l;Lfs;. tho;j;Jf;fs;. rpwPyq;fh JNuhfq;fspd; Gfyplk; y; ekJ epfo;r;rp epuiyj;jPu;khdpf;Fk; Clfk; kw;Wk; ; uh[pdpapd; fl;Liu. vy;yhk; epiwa tplaq;fis JNghy; Gyk; ngau; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; ngUk; Vw;gLj;jpdJjhd; Mdhy; ,d;W mtw;wpd; gugug;G ; jiyKiw khw;wKk; Mf ,;Uf;fyhk;. vd;gJ Vw;ff; ; ngau;e;jtu;fs; me;je;j ehl;bd; cd;dj ,yf;fpaq;fis mk;rq;fis jkpopy; ntspf;nfhzuyhk;. ,d;Wk; vkJ ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz kw;Wk; mwpT rhu;e;j tplaq;fis hfg;gl;Ls;sd. nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. N[u;;kd;
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gpuhd;];> nld;khu;f;> Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> xy;yhe;J> gpupl;ld; vd goikahd E}y; epiyaq;fspy; vkJ goikahd Rtbfs Muha;e;J ntspg;gLj;jyhk;. rkPgj;jpy; Nau;kdpapy; cs cs;sij fdfrghgjp-rutzgtd; ntupj;jh!; ,jopy; nt kw;wtu;fSk; nra;jhy; gpuNahrdk; ,Uf;Fk;.
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tpLjiyg; ghijapy; khw;Wf; fUj;Jiuj;jy; khn likahy;jhd; "khe;jhu thdj;Js;Sk; #upaidj;N nfhr;irjdj;Js;Sk; mkpo;e;J Nghf kWj;jts; Mz;Lfs;. ,tw;wpw;F vy;yhk; epahak; fw;gpg;gjw;F Rje;jpukhf ciuj;jjhy; gwpf;fg;gl;l caph;gl;bay; kp jq;fs; ngaUk; te;Jtplf;$lhJ vd;W mQ;rp fU mNdfH. ghrpr Nehf;F nfhz;lth;fSf;F fpilj;j n ntw;wpapd; gpd;G fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf ,d;ndhU ,Uf;fl;Lk; ,th;fs;. xUtpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; rkf Ntz;ba $Wfis kOq;fbj;J kz; tpLjiyia JNhufj;jdkhd tpLjiyNghuhl;lkhf mikaKba cz;ik.
njhlul;Lk; ,itrhu;e;j fUj;Jf;fs;. Gyk; ngah;kz;zpy; vq;fs; tho;tpay; murpay Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;bait. fle;j gj;J Mz;Lfspy; Gy fhy;gjpg;Nghkh! ,y;iy jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLNthkh ,Ue;jfhyk; Mdhy; ,d;W mNdfkhdth;fs; epue;jut jkf;Fs; Xu;jPh;T te;jth;fshf thoj; jiyg;gLk;Ng Kiwapy; jk;ik epiyepWj;jp nfhs;fpwhh;fs;! jhafk vd;d! Kjyhk; jiyKiwapdh;f;Fk;. ,uz;lhk; jiyK fyhr;rhu epfo;Tfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; vt;thW gpujpgypf;f
jkpo; Clfq;fspd; tpahghuk; ,d;Dk; vj;jidfhy re;jjpia ,e;j Clfq;fs; fth;fpd;wdth! ,e;j Nfs "giw" Koq;fl;Lk;................
58
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nlhf;lH nlhf;lH nlhf;lH nlhf;lH nlhf;lH uh[Jiu uh[Jiu uh[Jiu uh[Jiu uh[Jiu jHkuh[h jHkuh[h jHkuh[h jHkuh[h jHkuh[h (N[.gp.) (N[.gp.) (N[.gp.) (N[.gp.) (N[.gp.) jpUNfhzkiy jpUNfhzkiy jpUNfhzkiy jpUNfhzkiy jpUNfhzkiy s; jhz;b Rik epiwe;j nghWg;Gf;fs; Rke;J hz;L ,Uf;Fk; Asker og Baerum xd;wpaj;jpd; giw rpupah; jiyaq;fj;jpd; cWjpahd Nehf;F ,Wjptiu k;. kdpjj;jpw;fhfTk; fUj;J Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfTk; ghJ vy;yhk; nfhiyeha;fs; cq;fs; Fuy;tiyia ;fs; new;wpapy; xl;lg;gLk;. ,tw;iw vy;yhk; Kwpabj;J kpj;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;. w;Wf; fUj;Jiuj;jy; khngUk; Fw;wkhff; fUjg;gl;- dj;Js;Sk; #upaidj;Njbats;" Mh;g;ghl;lkhd o;e;J Nghf kWj;jts; ms;spnry;yg;gl;L gj;J hk; epahak; fw;gpg;gjw;F rpy kdpjh;fs;. fUj;ijr; ;fg;gl;l caph;gl;bay; kpf ePskhdJ. ,e;jgl;baypy; ;$lhJ vd;W mQ;rp fUj;Jiuf;fhJ ,Ug;gth;fs; z;lth;fSf;F fpilj;j ngupantw;wp ,J. Nghuhl;l je;jpuj;jpw;fhf ,d;ndhUKiw ,uj;jk; rpe;j jahuhf pLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; rkfhyj;jpy; ntd;nwLf;fg;gl bj;J kz; tpLjiyia kl;Lk; $h;ikg;gLj;JtJ huhl;lkhf mikaKbahJ vd;gNj tuyhW fz;l
fUj;Jf;fs;. ;fs; tho;tpay; murpay; rhh;e;j fUj;Jf;fs;Mokhf e;j gj;J Mz;Lfspy; Gyk;ngah;e;j ehLfspy; jplkhf g;gp mDg;gg;gLNthkh! vd;W jj;jspj;Jf;nfhz;L Ndfkhdth;fs; epue;jutjptpl cupik ngw;wth;fshf hf thoj; jiyg;gLk;NghJ ,th;fs; ve;jtho;f;if p nfhs;fpwhh;fs;! jhafk; rhh;e;j ,th;fs; epiyg;ghL h;f;Fk;. ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwapdh;f;Fk; rhjpak; rPjdk; w;wpy; vt;thW gpujpgypf;fpd;whu;fs;! huk; ,d;Dk; vj;jidfhyk; rhj;jpakhFk;! ,uz;lhtJ th;fpd;wdth! ,e;j Nfs;tpfSf;nfy;yhk; tpilia
rp. rp. rp. rp. rp. utpe;jpud;> utpe;jpud;> utpe;jpud;> utpe;jpud;> utpe;jpud;> giw-2002-Nk
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cyfpy; midj;J mlf;FKiwahsHfSk; ,jid j ekf;F Gjpjpy;iy.
1981 A+d; Kjyhk; jpfjpad;W mJ tiu jkpo;j fl;bnaOg;g khngUk; gq;fspg;ig toq;fpa aho rpwpyq;fhtpd; md;iwa N[.MH Ml;rpajpfhuj;jpduhy rpd;dhgpd;dkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
mjpypUe;J 90 Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs; fUfpr; rh ,e;E}yfj;ij mikf;fg;gl;ljw;F gpd;dhy; ,Ue;j rHtrjhukhdjy;y.
,yq;ifapd; jkpoHfspd; Rtbfis mopg;gjpy; md;W ,d;W tiu midj;J murhq;fq;fSk; Nghl;bapl;L te;Js;sikia fhzyhk;.
,d;W nfhOk;G E}jdrhiy E}yfk;> ,yq;if Njrpa E}y $l jpizf;fs E}yfk;. vd;fpw kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd Mt goikahd gy jkpo; Mtzq;fs;> Rtbfs;> fy;ntl;Lf;f Nghidikf;F gpd;dhy; ,Uf;Fk; jpl;lkpl;l mur elt murpay; rf;jpfs; Ghpe;Jnfhz;bUg;ghHfs; vd;W njhpatp
jkpo;j; Njrk; jdf;fhd xU Njrj;ij nfhz;bUe Mtzf;fhg;gfk;> E}yfk; vd Njhw;Wtpj;jpUf;f KbAk;.
me;j 1981 Nk 31 md;W> md;iwa mikr;rHfshd f cs;spl;l gy ghjfHfs; uTbfs; gyUld; te;J aho; E}y xU mofpa khbf;fl;llj;jpy; xsptPrp> tsHe;J cyf Nghd;W ,Ue;J> aho;g;ghz kf;fSf;F mwpnthspA+l;b t vhpf;fg;gl;ljhdJ jkpoHfspd; kPjhd ml;Lopaq;fS fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,g;NghJ aho; E}yfj;ij Gduikj;J jkJ ,uj;jk; nra;Ak; rpwp yq;fh Ml;rpahsHfSf;F ,J xU fiuNghf
Mdhy; ekf;F mJ ekJ ,dr;Rj;jpfhpg;gpd; FwpaPlhf vd;nwd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
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epidTfs moptjpyiy.
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kw;gl;l E}y;fs; fUfpr; rhk;gyhapd. jw;F gpd;dhy; ,Ue;j tuyhW
fis mopg;gjpy; md;W njhlf;fk; fq;fSk; Nghl;bapl;L mopj;J
yfk;> ,yq;if Njrpa E}yf Nritfs; rig> Njrpa Rtbfs; pfTk; Kf;fpakhd Mtzf;fhg;gfq;fspy; gy tUlq;fs; ;> Rtbfs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> E}y;fs; gy Fiwe;Jnfhz;Nl ; jpl;lkpl;l mur eltbf;ifia vt;tsT J}uk; jkpo; g;ghHfs; vd;W njhpatpy;iy.
Njrj;ij nfhz;bUe;jhy; nrhe;j Njrj;Jf;fhd xU hw;Wtpj;jpUf;f KbAk;. ;iwa mikr;rHfshd fhkpdp jprhehaf;f> rpwpy; nkj;jpt; gyUld; te;J aho; E}yfj;ij vhpj;jdH.
; xsptPrp> tsHe;J cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w> fyq;fiu tpsf;fk; f;F mwpnthspA+l;b te;j aho;g;ghz nghJrd E}yfk; kPjhd ml;Lopaq;fSs; gpujhdkhdtw;wpy; xd;whf
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mjid Kd;dpl;L ehNlhbfs; rQ;rpif njhlq;fpAs;sdH. NghuhrpaH.fh.rptj;jk;gp> ij.jduh[ ePz;l fl;LiufisAk; ehd;F ftpijfisAk; cs;sl ehNlhbfs; rQ;rpif njhlHe;Jk; mjid ntspf;nfh Nrfhpf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; thfHfs;> ez;gHfsplk;> cjt 13B, Parkwood Complex
rfjp -27> 28
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,J tiu ntspte;j ,jo;fspNyNa mjpf gf;fq;fisAk;> fdjpahd gy fl;LiufisAk; cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ.
,ijtpl 28tJ ,jOk; ,yq;ifapy; ntspte;jpUf;fpwJ. me;j 28tJ ,jo; KOf;f KO nfhz;L kiyafg; ngz;fs; Fwpj;j rpwg;gpjohf n ,jd; rpwg;G.
Boks 99 Op
60
27> 28
r;rpahf Gfyplj;jpypUe;J ; ngz;fs; rQ;rpifahd e;jpUf;fpwJ. ,jo;fspNyNa mjpf gy fl;LiufisAk;
jOk; ,yq;ifapy; 28tJ ,jo; KOf;f KOf;f kiyaf ngz;fisf; s; Fwpj;j rpwg;gpjohf ntspf;nfhzug;gl;bUg;gJ
Sakthi Boks 99 Oppsal, 0619 Oslo, Norway. sakthimagazine@yahoo.no
fs
pfTk; JzpfukhfTk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; Rke;J lhbfs; vq;Nf fhzhky; d ntspapLk; Gjpa hHr; khjk; kf;fs; fyhrhu ;jpaJ. ehNlhbfs; rQ;rpifia kPsTk; nfhzuj; H.fh.rptj;jk;gp> ij.jduh[;> vd;.rutzd; MfpNahuJ ;F ftpijfisAk; cs;slf;fpagb ntspte;jpUf;Fk;. e;Jk; mjid ntspf;nfhzu ,j;jlit tsq;fis Hfs;> ez;gHfsplk;> cjtpfis NfhUfpd;wdH. 13B, Parkwood Complex, Park Road, NuwaraEliya Tel-052-34720
giw-2002-Nk
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Ulhe;jk; elj;jg;gLk; Gyk;ngaHe;j jkpo ngz;fspd; re;jpg;G ,k;Kiw NaHkd; fhHy;];l;&thtp eilngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,k;Kiw re;jpg;gpy; 7tJ ngz;fs re;jpg;G kyH ntspaplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. toikf;F khwh "ghy;tpidj; njhopyhsHfs; gw;wpa rpwg;gpjoh ntspf;nfhzHe;jpUg;gJ rpwg;G. kpFe;j jukhd ml;i tbtikg;igAk; nfhz;l ,t; ,jo; ,J tiu n khWgl;ljhFk;. ,k;Kiw ,jid ngz;fs; re;jpg;G ky gpuhd;]pypUe;J ntsptUk; "capH epoy;" MrphpaH yf ntsptUk; "rf;jp" ,jopd; MrphpaH jahepjpAk; njh
C/o, SALZ, Waliblingerstr. 59,
mir
ePePePePeP
z;l vjpHghHg;Gf;Fg; gpd; ntspte;jpUf;Fk "mir" vjpHghHg;Gf;F Vw;wgb mjpf fhj;jpukhd fl;Liufis jhq;fp ntspte;jpUf;fpwJ. ,yq;ifapy rpyH "xU tUlj;Jf;Fg; NghJk;" vd;W $wpaijAk Nfl;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mirapd; tUif tuz;L NghAs;s jkpo; Gyikj;Jt ciuahlYf;F xU ek;gpf;if vd;W nrhd;dhy; mJ kpifahfhJ. gy rpukq;fNshL ntspf;nfhuzg;gl;bUf;Fk; mir m vjpHghHf;fpwhHfs; vd;gJ cz;ik. 150 gf;fq;fisf; n ,U Kiw ntsptUk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. fh ,joh khw;Wtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gLtjhf m
Assaie, 45 Rue Da
giw-2002-Nk
j njhopyhsH
k; Gyk;ngaHe;j jkpo;g; NaHkd; fhHy;];l;&thtpy; w re;jpg;gpy; 7tJ ngz;fs; Uf;fpwJ. toikf;F khwhf fs; gw;wpa rpwg;gpjohf wg;G. kpFe;j jukhd ml;ilg;gl tbtikg;Gk;> cs; ,t; ,jo; ,J tiu ntspte;j kyHfspypUe;J id ngz;fs; re;jpg;G kyH FOtpy; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; ; "capH epoy;" MrphpaH yf;];kpAk;> NehHNtapypUe;J MrphpaH jahepjpAk; njhFj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
Tamil Women's Forum ALZ, Waliblingerstr. 59, 70372 Stuttgart, Germany
; gpd; ntspte;jpUf;Fk; ;wgb mjpf fhj;jpukhd e;jpUf;fpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; hJk;" vd;W $wpaijAk; irapd; tUif tuz;L ;Jt ciuahlYf;F xU ; mJ kpifahfhJ. gy g;gl;bUf;Fk; mir mjd; njhlHr;rpia gyUk; z;ik. 150 gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l "mir" tUlj;jpw;F wptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mJ fhyhz;L ;rpfs; vLf;fg;gLtjhf mwpaf;fpilfpwJ.
Ashok Yogan Assaie, 45 Rue Davy, 75017 Paris, FRANCE Assaie@hotmail.com
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PARAI C/o Asker og Baerum Tamilsk Forenin
Gamle Lommedalsvei 37 1339 Voyenenga Norway parai@parai.no http//www.parai.n
ISSN 1502-8771
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#झा’ गांझा ; ggा क्षी प्रो
அர கார் அனா கேரின் பழி நூலகத்தின் படிக்கட்டெ அவரது சடலம் குருதியில் கிடந்து
இரவின் இருளில் அமைச்சர்கள் வந்தனர். எங்கள் பட்டியில் இவர் பேர் இன பின் எண் கொன்ரீ
என்று சினந்தனர்
இல் ைஐயா, தவறுகள் எதுவும் நிகழயே இன்ன
இவரைச் சுடான்
ஒது ஈயினைக் கூடச் D C கடமுடியாது போயிற்று எம்மாள்
ஆகையினால்தான்."
என்றனர் அவர்கள்.
உடனே மறையுங்கள் பிணத்தை என்று கூறி அமைச்சர்கள் மறைந்தனர்.
3 LISTA பிணத்தை உள்னே இழுத்துச் சென்றனர் தொண்ணுறாயிரம் புத்தகங்களினால் புத்தரின் மேனியை மூ மனர் காவோகாது துதிரத்தினைக 名 கோளுத்தி எரித்தனர். புத்தரின் சடங்க் அஸ்திய
தம்மி பதமும்தான் சாய்
sissils
(சிகாலோ