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Njhdwp tsHeJ rpijeJ kiweJ kWgbAk;k

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2008 Koffk;1
J kiweJ kWgbAk;kWgbAk;Gjpad NjhdWk;

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Njh
oikfFhpatHfNs!
ePzl ,ilntspfFg;gpd;kPzLk;cqfspl ,ej ,ilntspapid kiwej NjhoH epiynadwhH. ,dW kPzLk;capHgGld;nt gyH kjjpapYkø,J tiu ,Uej MtYk> v NjitAk;jhd.
giwapd; njhlHrrpiaAk> fpukjijAk; g vkfF jFej ghlqfisAk GflbapUffpwJ thrfHfs;jkJ Mjuitj;jUthHfs;vdW ekG GJ cwrhfjJld;mtutH ehLfspYk;,UeJ rQrpif vdfpw epiyapidj;jhzb mjwfgghY mjd; Nehffk. NehHNt Rjejpu Clfk; mik mikgghf cUthffpfnfhzlJk;mej Nehffj
[dehafk> Rjejpuk> rkjJtk;vdfpw mb giw ,aqFk. $lNt NgrhgnghUis NgR mbggil csslffkhf ,UfFk.
nkhjjjjpy;FuywNwhUffhd Fuyhf (Voice khfrpak> Njrpak> ngzzpak> jypjjpa GykngaH vdfpw jiygGfspy;mjpf mffiw
NghHepWjj xggejjjpd; xUjiyglr Kw ,diwa cffpuk> NehHNtapd;gpdthqfy> kf nksdk>  tpahgfjj Muhatjwfhfjjhd;$lNt jkpor;#oypy;, Fwpjj vej MaTk ntsptejjpyiy. Nk flLiufspy;rpy thpfshf klLNk teJNgha
2
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giw
Ns!
gpd;kPzLk;cqfsplk...
kiwej NjhoH fiyrnrytd xU Nfhkh Lk;capHgGld;ntsptUfpwJ vdwhy;giwfF ,Uej MtYk> vjpHghHgGk NkYk; mjwfhd
Ak> fpukjijAk; ghjpjj murpay neUffbfs; Ak GflbapUffpwJ. ,dp mjd njhlHrrpfF jUthHfs;vdW ekGfpNwhk. giwapd;Gjpa FO ehLfspYk;,UeJ nrawgLthHfs. giw xU j;jhzb mjwfgghYk mjid vLjJr;nrytNj Rjejpu Clfk; mikggpid giwapd Kddzp zlJk;mej NehffjjpwfhfNt.
kjJtk;vdfpw mbggil tplajjpy;cWjpahf grhgnghUis NgRnghUshfFtJk giwapd; UfFk. ffhd Fuyhf (Voice for voiceless) mJ ,UfFk. gzzpak> jypjjpak> #oypay> rHtNjrpak>
fspy;mjpf mffiw fhlLk;giw. pd; xUjiyglr KwpT> Nghhpd Mukgk kwWk; apd;gpdthqfy> kffspd;mtyk> rHtNjrjjpd; Mjuthd jkpof kffspd;vOrrp vdgd ,diwa J. mLjj ,jofspy mit Fwpjj fhjjpukhd dgij thrfHfSfF njhptpjJfnfhsfpNwhk.
,ej ,jopy jpaikgG gwwpa flLiuj;njhlH MukgkhfpwJ. J ntspahf ,Uffpw E}ypd; mjjpahaqfNs pahf ntspahfpwJ. Kejp gpweJ gpejpAk;thOk; ehk;gytwiw mwpejpUej NghJk> gpejp gpweJ ikgG ,qF MuhaggLtjd;Nehffk> mJ rpqfs fjjpYk> tpahgfjjpYk;nrYjjpAss jhffjij t jkpor;#oypy;,J tiu rpqfs rhjpaikgG sptejjpyiy. NkkNghffhf rhjpak Fwpjj f klLNk teJNghapUffpdwd.
(njhlHrrp ,Wjpggffk)
giw‐2008‐ xf

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cs;Ns...
● rpq;fs rhjpaikg;ig tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy; vd.rutzd ............................................................................
● nghUshjhu neUf;fbAk; nghUsPl;Lk; nghW fiyaurd .................................................................................
● thp kq;Ffpw epidT jpyiy ..........................................................................................
● fUg;G epwKk; vjpH fyhrhuKk; fygdh .........................................................................................
● Nghhpd; fUtpahf ghypay; ty;YwT vd.rutzd ............................................................................
NfhNz];thp ftpij fw;G­xOf;fk;­ghYwT­vd;.rutzd; Aj;j fhyq;fspy; ngz;fs; ­ nghpahH .......
● tpijj;jitfs; fyh.................................................................................................
● ngl;il Kbr;R jpyiy ..........................................................................................
● epidtpy; ­ NjhoH nghd; fe;ijah fuitjhrd...............................................................................
● ,yf;fpar; re;jpg;G Gifg;glq;fs; ............
● Gyg;ngaHe;j ,yqifaHfSf;fhd ,iza Gifg;glq;fs; vd.rutzd ............................................................................
● khHfrpaKk;Njrpag;gpurrpidAk; nu[p nlgNuTldhd nrttp - nkhopngaHgG
giw‐2008‐xf

cs;Ns...
g tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy; ......................................................................................................................4
;fbAk; nghUsPl;Lk; nghWf;fpfSk; ......................................................................................................................9
T ................................................................................................................... 15
fyhrhuKk; ................................................................................................................... 16
hypay; ty;YwT ................................................................................................................... 18
j
T­vd;.rutzd; gz;fs; ­ nghpahH ................................ 30
....................................................................................................................33
................................................................................................................... 34
nghd; fe;ijah ....................................................................................................................35
ifg;glq;fs; .....................................43
ifaHfSf;fhd ,izak; INSD ­ khehl;L
................................................................................................................... 44
gpurrpidAk;
nrttp - nkhopngaHgG-tsHkjp ............................ 45
3

Page 4
,yq;ifapy;
Kuz;g jkpo;j; Njrg;Nghuhl;lkhdJ K r%f Kuz;ghLfs; mjd; g gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;glTk; nra;j vdNt ngUq;fijahlyhf ikag;gl;l fUj;jhly;fs; mik gpd;Df;Fj;js;sg;gl;ltw;Ws; t idfs;> rhjpag; gpur;rpid mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j epiyapy; rh tpthjq;fs; jkpo;r; #oypy; mU
rpq;fs rptpy; r%f fl;lik ,Wf;fkhd rhjpa fl;likg;G Nk gy;NtW Ma;Tfs; ntspte;jtz fhyq;fspy; rpq;fsr; #oypy; r gy;NtW fl;Liufs; ntsptUk mJ mjpfkhf jiyfhl;lj; njh rpq;fs rhjpa fl;likg;G Fw bNyNa fhzf;fpilf;fpd;w Ngh mJTk; Fwpg;ghf 1971,y; V njhlHe;J rhjpak; Fwpj;j Ma Ma;Tfshf ntsptuj; njhlq mk;rq;fspy; rhjpa gpur;rpid vd;gij gy Ma;thsHfs; R
vd.rutzd
fpsHr;rpapd; gpd; mJ gw;wpa Gyd jug;gpdH ifJ nra;ag;gl;lt ,isQHfsplkpUe;J rhjpathhpa fhuzkhfj; jhd;. ,e;jj; juTfs
1970,y; ,yq;ifapy; rhjpathhpahd
,dk; rhjpg;ngaH kffl;
njhif 000
rpqfsk; nfhtpfk 4.50 fuht /ryhfk/ Juht 0.80 gjfk / tFkGu 3.00 NtW 0.60 jkpo; 1.41 K]ypk/kNy 0.75 NtW rpqfs 0.05 ,ejpaj;jkpoH 1.40
Mjhuk;: janice jiggins, Caste and the Family in the Po
4

,yq;ifapy;
Kuz;ghLfspd; epuy;gLj;jypd; NghJ jrg;Nghuhl;lkhdJ Kjd;ik ngw;wjd; gpd; Vida uz;ghLfs; mjd; gpd;dH epuw;gLj;jypd; NghJ j; js;sg;glTk; nra;jd. t ngUq;fijahlyhf jkpo;j;Njrg; Nghuhl;lj;NjhL l;l fUj;jhly;fs; mike;jd. mt;thW epuy; XOq;fpy; j;js;sg;gl;ltw;Ws; tHf;f kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; gpur;rp‐ > rhjpag; gpur;rpidfs; vd;gdTk; Kf;fpakhf pd;wd. ,e;j epiyapy; rhjpak; Fwpj;j Nghjpa Ma;Tfs;> ;fs; jkpo;r; #oypy; mUfp tUtijAk; ,dq;fhzyhk;. s rptpy; r%f fl;likg;gpy; jkpo;r; r%fk; msTf;F d rhjpa fl;likg;G Nkhrkhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; mq;F Ma;Tfs; ntspte;jtz;zk; cs;sd. Fwpg;ghf NjHjw; py; rpq;fsr; #oypy; rhjpak; jiyJ}f;Ftijg; gw;wp fl;Liufs; ntsptUk;. NjHjy; Muthuq;fspd; NghJ pfkhf jiyfhl;lj; njhlq;Fk;. s rhjpa fl;likg;G Fwpj;j Ma;Tfs; 15Mk; E}w;whz;‐ fhzf;fpilf;fpd;w NghJk; ,e;j 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; Fwpg;ghf 1971,y; Vw;gl;l N[.tp.gp. fpsHr;rpiaj; ;J rhjpak; Fwpj;j Ma;Tfs; gy Nfhzq;fspy; gy hf ntsptuj; njhlq;fpd. 71 fpsHr;rpf;F fhuzkhd spy; rhjpa gpur;rpid Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpukhw;wpaJ gy Ma;thsHfs; Rl;bf;fhl;bapUf;fpd;wdH. 71 pd; gpd; mJ gw;wpa Gydha;Tg; gzpfspy;  kw;Wk; nfhy;yg;gl;l fsplkpUe;J rhjpathhpahf juTfis jpul;baJk; mjd; fj; jhd;. ,e;jj; juTfs; gpd;dH gy Ma;TfSf;F %y
yq;ifapy; rhjpathhpahd fzf;nfLg;G
kffl; rpqfs nkhjj njhif 000 kffl; rdj; njhifapy; njhifapy; 4.50 50.56 36.0 fk/ Juht 0.80 8.98 6.4 kGu 3.00 33.70 24.0 0.60 6.74 4.8 1.41 11.2 0.75 6.0 0.05 0.4 1.40 11.2
the Family in the Politics of the Sinhlese, P 35
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Mjhuq;fshf mike;jd.
71 fpsHr;rpapy; N[.tp.gp.apd; gilj; Jiwapd; ];jhgfUk;> Kf;fpa jiytHf‐ spy; xUtUk; ,d;W ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; khw;Wg; gj;jphpiffspy; xd;whd "uhta"tpd; MrphpaUkhd tpf;lH Itd; rpq;fs rhjpa fl;likg;G Fwpj;J ,yq;ifapy; gy Ma;Tfisr; nra;jpUg;gtH. mJ kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;ifapd; murpaypy; ve;j gpujhd epfo;TfspYk; mjpy; cs;s rhjpaj;jpd; gq;fspg;igg; gw;wp Njbj;JUTgtH.
,yq;ifapy; epyTfpd;w rhjpa mikg;G KiwahdJ rpf;fy; tha;e;jJ. tlf;F fpof;Fr; #oypy; epyTfpd;w rhjpak;> ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapdH kj;jpapy;
,yq;ifapd; rpq;fs rhjpaj;ijg; gw;wpa kpfTk; goiktha;e;j E}y; vd fUjg;gLfpd;w "[dtq;ra" tpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s 26 rhjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopw;gphptpidfSk; rhjpapd;ngaH NtW ngaHfs; njhopw;gphptpid 1. nfhtpNah `eJUNth tptrhak; 2. NgrfhuNah ryhfk> `hyp nerT 3. fkGNuh etejdNdh> fyyeNjh jllhH> nghwnfhyyH 4. tLNth tLNth jrrd> nfhyyH 5. `ddhyp ijay; 6. ujT ryit 7. vkgllNah KbjpUjjy; 8. nrhkkdNah Njhy;gjdpLtJ 9. JuhNth uhkjpdNdh fs;,wfFgtH 10. FkgfhuNah glnfyNah klghzlk;nragtH 11. fuhNth kdgpb 12. ntjNjh NtLtk; 13. nguthNah neffjpNah giwabjjy; 14. `fFNuh fUgglb nraNthH 15. FzNzh RzzhkG gjdply; 16 gddNah GyntlLNthH 17 akdNfh ,UkGfnfhyyH 18 ntytLNth fjpiu gpdDNthH 19 f`hyNah "fojju" Ntiy GhpNthH 20 gJNth gyyfF J}fFNthH 21 khyhfhuNah G+jnjhLjjy; 22 fpdduNah gha;gpdDNthH 23 nuhbNah fapW gpdDNthH 24 xypNah eldkhLNthH 25 ,ejpu[hyfNah
giw‐2008‐xf
epytp t r%fj;jpd Mfpa % gpid nf cwTfS ,tw;Wf tbtq;f xOq;fpY cz;L.
rhjpa fg;gLtJ yhd n gbepiy fhd fh j z;lhi rhjpaik Mdh kw;Wk; t fl;lik gbepiy rpq;fs ,q;F m jtpuTk rhjpfis
ngsj mbg;gi xd;W. G vjpHg;G #j;jpua" rhjpaj;i ,yq;if Sf;Fkpi fpukpg;G ,e;jpa r nky;y n Ma;ths rpq;fs r% Njhjhd gpwf;ftpy ikg;ig murHfS rhjfkh

apd; gilj; jiytHf‐ tspte;J ;jphpiffspy; phpaUkhd fl;likg;G a;Tfisr; l;Lkd;wp e;j gpujhd rhjpaj;jpd; TgtH.
;w rhjpa ; tha;e;jJ. epyTfpd;w H kj;jpapy;
paj;ijg; ;j E}y; vd
a" tpy; pfSk; dfSk; hopw;gphptpid
ak;
H> nghwnfhyyH > nfhyyH
;
pUjjy;
gjdpLtJ wfFgtH zlk;nragtH
k; bjjy; lb nraNthH
hkG gjdply; lLNthH GfnfhyyH
gpdDNthH
Ntiy GhpNthH F J}fFNthH hLjjy;
pdDNthH gpdDNthH hLNthH
epytp tUk; rhjpak;> kw;Wk; rpq;fs r%fj;jpdH kj;jpapy; epyTfpd;w rhjpak; Mfpa %d;Wtpj jkf;Nf chpa fl;likg;‐ gpid nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,tw;Wf;fpilNa cwTfSk;> Kuz;ghLfSk; cz;L. ,tw;Wf;nfd;W jdpahd gz;Gfs; tbtq;fs; cz;L. rhjpag; gbepiy xOq;fpYk; $l Vfg;gl;l tpj;jpahrq;fs; cz;L.
rhjpak; vd;gJ gpwg;ghy; jHkhdpf;‐ fg;gLtJ> mfkzKiw> rhjpa hjpap‐ yhd njhopw;gphptpid> mjpfhug;‐ gbepiyakg;G> milahsg;gLj;jYf;‐ fhd fhuzp Vd; rpy rhjpfSf;fhd j z;lhik Nghd;wd $l rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpy; fhzyhk;.
Mdhy; ,e;jpa rhjpa fl;likg;G kw;Wk; tlfpof;Ff;Fs; epyTfpd;w rhjpa fl;likg;Gf;Fs; epyTfpd;w mjpfhug; gbepiy xOq;F (epunyhOq;F) Nghy rpq;fs rhjpa fl;likg;gpy; ,y;iy. ,q;F mJ kpfTk; rpf;fy; tha;e;jJ> jtpuTk; rpy rhjpfSf;F rkkhd NtW rhjpfisAk; ,jpy; fhz KbAk;.
ngsj;j rpj;jhe;jj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; mbg;gilapy; mJ rhjpaj;Jf;F vjpuhd xd;W. Gj;jhpd; Nghjidfs; gy rhjpa vjpHg;Gfisf; nfhz;lit. "try #j;jpua" vDk; Gj;jhpd; NghjidahdJ rhjpaj;ijf; fLikahf rhLk; xd;W. ,yq;if murHfSf;Fk; ,e;jpa murHf‐ Sf;Fkpilapy; Vw;gl;l cwTfs;> Mf;‐ fpukpg;Gfs;> vd;gdtw;Wf;$lhfNt ,e;jpa rhjpak; rpq;fs r%fj;jthplKk; nky;y nky;y epWtg;gl;ljhf gy;NtW Ma;thsHfs; xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;sdH. rpq;fs r%fj;jpy; ,r;rhjpa fl;likg;Gf;F Njhjhd gbkq;fs; mjd; fl;likg;gpy; gpwf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;j rhjpa fl;l‐ ikg;ig epiyepWj;Jtij md;iwa murHfSk; epyg;gpuGj;Jt rf;jpfSk; rhjfkhff; fUjpdH. (,yq;iff;F
5

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,e;jpahtpypUe;J Njhl;lj; njhopyh‐ sHfis ,wf;Fkjp nra;j NghJ Mq;fp‐ NyaUk; jkJ epHthfj;ij nrt;tNd elhj;j mq;fpUe;j rhjpa fl;likg;ig mg;gbNa jf;f itg;gJ jkJ Ml;rpajp‐ fhuj;Jf;F rhjfkhdJ vd fUjpapUe;‐ jJk; ,e;j tifapy; jhd;) Vnddpy; VyNt cs;s mjd; gbepiy fl;likg;‐ ghdJ jkJ epHthfj;Jf;F rhjfkhdJ vd fUjpdH. ,yq;ifapy; gpd; te;j gy ngsj;j Jwtpfs; rhjpaj;ijAk; rpq;fs ngsj;j fl;likg;NghL ,izj;J ,yf;‐ fpaq;fs;> kw;Wk; XOf;ff; Nfhitfis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. ,it jhd; gpd;dH rhjpa fl;likg;Gf;F epWtd tbtk; nfhLg;gjpy; gq;fhw;wpd. fz;ba uhr;rpa fhyfl;lj;jpd; fo; mike;j epyg;gpuGj;Jt fl;likg;gpd; fo; jhd; rpq;fs rhjpak; tYg;ngw;wjhf Ma;thsHfs; gyH Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdH. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhfTk;> mbkl;l njhopy;fisg; Ghpe;j tpspk;Gepiyap‐ dUf;F vjpuhfTk; rhjpa xOf;ff; Nfhitfis "ngsj;j Kyhk; G+rp" mspj;jjpy; ngsj;j kWkyHr;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltuhf fUjg;gLk; mefhhpf;f jHkghytpd; ghj;jpuk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
ehtyH irt rpj;jhe;j xOf;ff; Nfhitia epWTfpd;w gzpiar; nra;‐ fpd;w NghJ ngz;fs; Fwpj;Jk;> xLf;fg;‐ gl;l rhjpapdUf;F vjpuhfTk; Nkhrkhd
"Sri Lanka Flags"­Edith M.G.Fernando (Unique me­ morials of Heraldry)
6
ngsj;j fuht rhjpapdhpd; nfhb
"S Ed
xOf;f mefhhpf apYk; f jdpahf
kiy ikg;ig fl;lik fhydpj;J ypf;f kjj khw;wq;f rhjpaj;j fhky; m nfhz;L rf;jpfs fiuNah (jkpopy; njhopi fj;Njhy "fj;Njhy vd;fpw g gLj;Jfpd rpq;fs r ngUk;g rhjpahfT epyg;gpu #oypy; Hfs;) rhj Wf;F mr;rhj ,Ue;jpU
fj;Nj

; njhopyh‐ hJ Mq;fp‐ nrt;tNd ;likg;ig Ml;rpajp‐ fUjpapUe;‐ Vnddpy; fl;likg;‐ rhjfkhdJ pd; te;j gy Ak; rpq;fs j;J ,yf;‐ fhitfis it jhd; ;F epWtd pd. fz;ba ; mike;j ; fo; jhd; ;ngw;wjhf ;Lfpd;wdH. ;> mbkl;l ;Gepiyap‐ xOf;ff; yhk; G+rp" yHr;rpf;F mefhhpf;f
khdJ.
xOf;ff; piar; nra;‐ k;> xLf;fg;‐ ; Nkhrkhd
fj;Njhypf;f hpd; nfhb
fuht rhjpapdhpd; nfhb
ando (Unique me­
"Sinhalese Banners and Standards" By Edward W.Perara ­1916
xOf;f tpjpfSf;F xg;ghdtw;iw mefhhpf;f jHkghytpd; xOf;ff;Nfhit‐ apYk; fhzyhk;. (,J Fwpj;J gpd;dH jdpahf ghHf;fyhk;.)
kiyehl;Lr; rpq;fs rhjpa fl;l‐ ikg;ig tpl fiuNahur; rpq;fs rhjpaf; fl;likg;G nefpo;r;rpahdJ. Vnddpy; fhydpj;Jt Mf;fpukpg;gpd; fo; fj;Njh‐ ypf;f kjj;jpd; nry;thf;F ,jpy; Fwpg;ghd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. vd;whYk; rhjpaj;jpd; gz;ig mg;gbNa Fiyf;‐ fhky; mjd; tbtj;jpy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. fhydpj;Jt rf;jpfspd; Kjy; Mf;fpukpg;ghfpa fiuNahuq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;j fuht (jkpopy; fiuahH rhjpianahj;j kdtj; njhopiyr; rhHe;NjhH) rhjpahdJ fj;Njhypf;f kjr; nry;thf;fpd; gpd; "fj;Njhypf;f fuht"> "ngsj;j fuht" vd;fpw gphpTfshf jk;ik milahsg;‐ gLj;Jfpd;w Nghf;nfy;yhk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rpq;fs r%fj;jpy; gpujhd ,lj;ijAk;> ngUk;ghyhdtHfshfTk;> Mjpf;f rhjpahfTk; cs;s nfhtpfk (tptrha epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;ijr; rhHe;j‐jkpo;r; #oypy; nts;shsH rhjpf;F xg;ghdt‐ Hfs;) rhjp kw;Wk; fuht rhjp Nghd;wtw;‐ Wf;F jdpahd mikg;GfSk;> mr;rhjpfSf;fhd nfhbfSk; $l ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. (ghHf;f glk;)
giw‐2008‐ xf

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,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs rhjpaj;ijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg khDltpay; E}yhd "[dtq;ra"tpy; 26 rhjpf ml;ltiz) kj;jpafhy ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;jjhf N[.b.nydNuhy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
1. ete;jd;d ‐ fiyQHfs; 2. fuht ‐ Ntl;ilahly; kd;gpb 3. Juht ‐ fs; ,wf;FNthH 4. ujh ‐ caHrhjpapdUf;F cilJ 5. `d;dhyp ‐ nerT nra;NthH 6. gln`y ‐ kl;ghz;lq;fs; nra;NthH 7. mk;ngl;l ‐ Kbjpuj;JNthH 8. `hyp ‐ nerT> INuhg;gpaH fhyj;j 9. `f;FW ‐ fUg;gl;b cw;gj;jp 10. `}Z ‐ Rz;zhk;G 11. gz;z ‐ Gy; ntl;LNthH 12 nguth ‐ jhsthj;jpak; ,irg;NghH 13 gJ ‐ gs;sf;F J}f;FNthH 14. f`y ‐ nfhiyj; jz;lid epiwN 15. xyp> gyp ‐ rpul;il vhpg;G> "Fiwe;j" 16. `pd;d ‐ khT rspg;NghH 17. fpd;du ‐ gha; gpd;DNthH NguhrphpaH ee;jNjt tpN[Nrfu vOjpa ",yq rhjpfspd; gl;baiyf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
1. m`pFe;jpj;j 2. vk;ngl;l 3. xyp 5. fhg;gphp 6. f`y 7. `hl; 9. nfha;fk 10. [h 11. Jua; 13. ete;jd;d 14 nef;fj;jp 15.gJ 17. gdpf;fp 18. gl;b 19. gutW 21. gj;fk 22. gln`y 23. gz;lh 25. ngj;Nj 26. ghuj;j 27. kuf;fy 29. Kf;fU 30. ANurpahD 31. ujh 33. yd;rp 34. NyhfU 35. tf;fp 37. tf;Fk;Gu 38. ryhfk 39. `f;FU 41. `pd;d 42. `}d;dh 43. `}st nuhgHl; nehf;]; 12 rhjpfs; ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpg;gpL 1. `e;JU 2. Mr;rhhp‐tp];t 3. JUNt 5. Fk;gy;Y 6. ujt; 7. `q;fut 9. nujptpad;Ndh 10. fpypNah 11. fpd;dU
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jpaj;ijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; kpfTk; goiktha;ej tq;ra"tpy; 26 rhjpfs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.(ghHf;f yq;ifapy; ,Ue;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; rhjpfs; 17I whH.
yQHfs; l;ilahly; kd;gpb
; ,wf;FNthH HrhjpapdUf;F cilJitg;NghH rT nra;NthH ;ghz;lq;fs; nra;NthH bjpuj;JNthH
rT> INuhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; fUth njhopy; g;gl;b cw;gj;jp
;zhk;G ; ntl;LNthH sthj;jpak; ,irg;NghH
;sf;F J}f;FNthH hiyj; jz;lid epiwNtw;WNthH> Rj;jpfhpg;NghH l;il vhpg;G> "Fiwe;j" rhjpapdhpd; cil Jitg;G T rspg;NghH a; gpd;DNthH pN[Nrfu vOjpa ",yq;if kf;fs;" vDk; E}ypy; 43
pLfpwhH. ;ngl;l 3. xyp 4. fuht y 7. `hl; 8. nfj;ju h 11. Jua; 12. Juht f;fj;jp 15.gJ 16. gd;d l;b 19. gutW 20. nghNuhfhu ln`y 23. gz;lhu 24. nguth huj;j 27. kuf;fy 28. kpNfh NurpahD 31. ujh 32. nuhb yhfU 35. tf;fp 36. td;dp
hfk 39. `f;FU 40. `yhfk }d;dh 43. `}sthyp s; ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. r;rhhp‐tp];t 3. JUNt vj;Njh 4. gdpf;fpNah
; 7. `q;futK 8. gJNth ypNah 11. fpd;dU 12. nuhbNah
7

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vt;thwpUe;j NghJk; rhjpfspd; msT NkYk; fOk; ,Ue;jhYk; rfyH Kd; itj;jjpYk; tpj;jpahrk; ,y;iy. gy rpwpa rhjpfs; tof;nfhope;J Ngha;tpl;ld. ("rhjpak;> tHf;fk;> kw;Wk; khwptUk; ,yq;ifr; r%fk;" vDk; fhypq;f bAlH rpy;th tpd; fUj;jpd;gb ,t;thW tof;nfhope;JNghd rhjpaj;jpd; vr;rkhdJ ,g;NghJ 14 ,y; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;fpwhH. ml;ltiziag; ghHf;f) mit Vida rhjpapdNuhL fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fye;J tpl;ld. rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpy; ,Wf;fkhd rhjpa gbepiynahOq;F ,y;yhjJk; rpy rk me;j];jhd rhjpfs; ,Ue;jJk; ,jw;fhd fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
vd;whYk; ,d;Wk; vQ;rpapUf;fpw tHf;f epiyapy; gyk;tha;e;j Mjpf;f rhjpfs; gy ,d;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; tHf;f> murpay;> epiyfspy; jkJ mjpfhuj;Jtj;‐ ijj; jf;f itj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,yq;ifapd; murpaiy jHkhdpf;fpd;w rf;jpfshf epyg;gpuGj;Jt gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;l> mNjNtis ,d;W ngUk;ghYk; juFKjyhspj;Jt rf;jpfshf jq;fis epWtpapUf;fpw nfhtpfk kw;Wk; fuht Mfpa rhjpapdH jhd; mjpfhuj;Jt epiyapy; Kf;fpaj;Jt ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wdH vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,d;W fo; kj;jpaju tHf;fj;jpdH kj;jpapy; mfkzKiw cile;J fyg;ig Nehf;fpr; nry;tJ mjpfhpg;gjD}lhf mbj;jl;L kf;fspilNa rhjpak; XusT jfHe;J te;jhYk; kj;jpajutHf;f kw;Wk; caH kj;jpajutHf;f Nkl;Lf;Fbapdhplk; ,e;j mfkzKiw Ngzg;gl;Nl tUfpwJ. nrhj;J NtW rhjpapdUf;F gphpe;J nry;yhkypUf;fTk; mJ Xhpilj;ijNehf;fp (jk;ik) ikag;gLj;‐ Jtjw;fhfTk;> ,e;j rhjpa mfkiz Kiw ,Wf;fkhf ,e;j tHf;fj;jpdhpilNa Ngzg;gLfpwnjdyhk;.
8
,yq nfhs;i khw;wq;f rhjpa fy kWGwk; M jk;ik e fpd;wd. fl;likg
tHf;f rhHe;j kw;nwhd XusT , gpwg;ghy Kf;fpa g ,yq ,yq;if mjd; gp murpay rhjpaj;j mwpahH epfo;Tf itf;f jkpourpa rhp nghU rhjpak (rpq;fs> ,aq;fpd yhd vd;gdt rhjpak; Uf;fpwJ Nkw;nfh Mq;fhq shf gy NghJk Ma;Tfs mJTk jw;NghJ lj;ijj; j fz;lwp mtrpak

rhjpfspd; hYk; rfyH ,y;iy. gy ;nfhope;J f;fk;> kw;Wk; fk;" vDk; fUj;jpd;gb rhjpaj;jpd; ,y; jhd; tiziag; jpapdNuhL d. rpq;fs d rhjpa k; rpy rk k; ,jw;fhd
;rpapUf;fpw ;e;j Mjpf;f apd; tHf;f> pfhuj;Jtj;‐ yq;ifapd; rf;jpfshf f; nfhz;l> Uk;ghYk; f jq;fis w;Wk; fuht jpfhuj;Jt ,lj;ij ;gplj;jf;fJ. Hf;fj;jpdH e;J fyg;ig ;gjD}lhf pak; XusT Hf;f kw;Wk; bapdhplk; zg;gl;Nl jpapdUf;F Tk; mJ kag;gLj;‐ mfkiz ;jpdhpilNa
,yq;ifapy; jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifiaj; njhlHe;J Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSk; mbj;jl;L kf;fspilNa rhjpa fyg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jptpl;lhYk;> kWGwk; Mjpf;f rhjpfs; Nfe;jpu jsq;fspy; jk;ik epWtdg;gLj;jTk; nra;jpUf;‐ fpd;wd. mjid ,yq;ifapy; rfy rhjpa fl;likg;Gf;Fs;Sk; ghHf;fyhk;.
tHf;f kw;Wk; Vida r%f me;j];j;J rhHe;j tplaq;fspy; xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; XusT ,Uf;fpd;w NghJk; rhjpakhdJ gpwg;ghy; jHkhdpf;fg;gLtJ vd;gJ Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;.
,yq;ifapd; murpaypy; md;W ,yq;if Njrpa fhq;fpu]; njhlf;fk; mjd; gpd; te;j rfy murpay; fl;rpfs;> murpay; epiyikfs; midj;jpYk; rhjpaj;jpd; nry;thf;F ,Ue;jij gyH mwpahH. Njhw;wg;ghlhf vl;lg;gl;l epfo;Tfs; ,e;j cz;ikfis Jyq;f itf;f tha;g;gspf;ftpy;iy. ,J jkpourpaypYk; rhp rpq;fs murpaypYk; rhp nghUe;Jk;. mNj Ntis ,t;thW rhjpak; nry;thf;F me;je;j rhjpa (rpq;fs> jkpo;) fl;likg;GfSf;Fs; jhd; ,aq;fpd vd;wpy;iy. ,dq;fSf;fpilap‐ yhd cwTfs; Kuz;ghLfs; vd;gdtw;iwj; jHkhdpg;gjpYk; ,e;j rhjpak; gu];guk; jiyaL nra;jp‐ Uf;fpwJ. ,it Fwpj;j Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cjphpfshf Mq;fhq;F ,t;thwhdtw;Wf;F jfty;f‐ shf gy Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w NghJk; ,e;j Nehf;fpy; mt;tif Ma;Tfs; Kiwahf nra;ag;gl;ljpy;iy. mJTk; Kf;fpakhf ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJ epyTk; jkpo;j; Njrg;Nghuhl;‐ lj;ijj; jHkhdpg;gjpy; ,tw;wpd; ghj;jpuk; fz;lwptJ ,d;iwa epiyapy; mtrpakhdJk; $l.
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Page 9
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nkupf;fh xU fdT". jpf tpiy nfhLf;Fk; jyhspf;F jdJ ciog;ig‐ ritia tpw;f jahuhFk; y;yhapuf;fzf;fhd gbj;j Lj;ju tu;f;fj;jpdUf;Fk;> jhopy;El;g mwptw;w rhjhuz iog;ghspf;Fk; cs;s fdT. ghJnkd;w kdij nfhz;‐ Uf;f nrhy;Yk; gonkhopia w;NghJ ahUk; ek;Gtjpy;iy. guhir> Nguth> Raeyk;> ,t;thW itnay;yhk; jg;ngd;W ePjp E}y;fs; rhy;fpd;wdNth> mitnay;yhk; mnkupf;f fdtpd;
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9

Page 10
mu;j;jj;Jld; jhd; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. me;epau;fs; jhd; mJ vNjh jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk; rhu;e;j tplak; vd;W ek;gp Vkhe;J tpl;lhu;fs;.
nghUshjhuk; rhkhdpa kf;fSf;F vspjpy; Gupahj xd;W. ,Ug;gpDk; mid‐ tUk; ,d;W re;ijg; nghUshjhu tpjpf‐ Sf;F mika gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. re;ij vd;gJ ,aw;ifg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; xU gFjp kl;Lk; jhd;. Mdhy; ypguypr> (,d;Dk; jPtpukhd) epNah ypguypr rpj;jhe;jq;fs; jhd; re;ijia nghUshjhu rf;fuj;jpd; mr;rhzp Mf;fpd. gq;Fr; re;ij Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ij jiyik jhq;Fk; tz;zk;> midj;Jk; jdpahu;kakhf;fg;‐ gl;ld. md;W G+uz jdpahu;kakhf;fiy Mjupj;jtu;fs;> ,d;W neUf;fb fhyj;jpy; muR nghWg;ngLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdu;.
,g;NghJ jhd; muR vd;w ];jhgdj;‐ jpd; Ra&gk; ntspj;njupfpd;wJ. mjd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk;> mjhtJ gykhd KjyhspfsplkpUe;J> gytPdkhd kf;fis ghJfhg;gJ vd;w thf;FWjp> ,d;W fhw;wpy; gwf;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mnkupf;fhtpy; yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; kUj;Jttrjpapd;wp gpzpahy; thbf;nfhz;bUf;ifapy;> 30 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPNo tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;ifapy;> mtu;fSf;fhf xU rjKk; nrytopf;fhj muR> tq;fpfs; jpthyhfhky; ghJfhf;f gpy;ypad; lhyu;‐ fis jaq;fhky; ms;spf;nfhLj;jJ. INuhg;gpa muRfSk; kf;fspd; tupg; gzj;ij ms;spf;nfhLj;J re;ijg; nghUshjhuk; mopa tplhky; fhg;ghw;wpd. jkJ cjhuzj;ij gpw ehl;L murhq;fq;‐ fSk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;wdu;.
midtuJ ftiyAk; ntFthf Fiwe;Js;s gq;Ffspd; ngWkjpia cau;j;jNtz;Lk; vd;gNj. xU epWtdj;jpd; Ie;J rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfkhd gq;Ffis murhq;fk; thq;f $lhJ
10
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kf;fSf;F pDk; mid‐ hjhu tpjpf‐ ;gl;Ls;sdu;. shjhuj;jpy; hy; ypguypr> h ypguypr nghUshjhu gq;Fr; re;ij ik jhq;Fk; u;kakhf;fg;‐ ;kakhf;fiy ;fb fhyj;jpy; Ntz;Lk;
;w ];jhgdj;‐ ;wJ. mjd; J gykhd hd kf;fis d;W fhw;wpy; kupf;fhtpy; ttrjpapd;wp ;ifapy;> 30 l;bw;F fPNo tu;fSf;fhf uR> tq;fpfs; pad; lhyu;‐ ;nfhLj;jJ. spd; tupg; ;J re;ijg; ; fhg;ghw;wpd. murhq;fq;‐ ;wdu;.
; ntFthf ngWkjpia Nj. xU ;F mjpfkhd q;f $lhJ
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epjp neUf;fbia ,lJrhupfs; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; tPo;r;rpahfg; ghu;j;jdu;. mJ jtW. Kjyhspj;Jtk;(mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf tq;fpj;Jiw> re;ij vd;gd) mb thq;fpAs;sJ. muRfs; jiyapl;L fhg;ghw;wp tpl;ld. mNj Neuk;> ,J jw;fhypf gpd;dilT kl;LNk> kPz;Lk; vy;yhk; gioagb te;J tpLk; vd;W tyJrhupfs; $Wfpd;wdu;. mJTk; jtW. Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tsUtJk;> gpd;du; msTfle;j cw;gj;jp fhuzkhf neUf;fbf;Fs; khl;bf; nfhs;tJk;> gpd;du; mjpypUe;J kPs;tJk; mbf;fb elg;gJ jhd;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ Vw;gl;Ls;s neUf;fbahdJ> nghJ kf;fSf;Fk;> epWtdq;fSf;Fk; fld; toq;fp> ,khya gyj;Jld; ,Ue;j tq;fpfis ghjpj;jpUg;gjhy;> mjd; tpisT gy ,lq;fspYk; vjpnuhypf;Fk;. ,e;j neUf;fbahy; mnkupf;f ty;yuR jfUk; vd;w vz;zKk; jtwhdJ. n[u;kdpapy; mjpfk; tpw;gidahFk; tyJrhup rQ;rpifahd "nlu; ];gPfy;" $l mg;gb xU fUj;ij Kd;itj;jJ. cyfg; nghUshjuj;jpy; mnkupf;fhtpd; MNyhr‐ idfis> khjpupfis> nfhs;iffis ,dpNky; ahUk; gpd;gw;wg;Nghtjpy;iy vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Mdhy; mnkupf;fh jhd; jw;NghJk; cyfpy; kpfg;ngupa
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Vw;gl;l Nkhrkhd epjp neUf;fbapy; ,Ue;J mnkupf;fh kPz;L tpl;lJ jhNd> vd;W Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;fhf thjhLgtu;fs; mbf;fb nrhy;yf; Nfl;fyhk;. Mdhy; epjp neUf;fb fhuzkhf> mnkupf;fh> n[u;kdpf;F toq;fpa Nfhbf;fzf;fhd flid clNd jpUg;gp nrYj;JkhW NfhupaJk;> mjdhy; n[u;kdpapd; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpa‐ ile;J> ehrprj;jpd; vOr;rpf;Fk;> `pl;yu; mjpfhuj;jpw;F tu toptFj;jJk;> mjw;Fg; gpd;du; Vw;gl;l ty;yuRg; Nghupy;(2 tJ cyfAj;jk;) mnkupf;fhTk; Fjpj;J MAjq;fs; tpw;W jdJ nghUshjhuj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lJk; tuyhW. rupj;jpuk; kPz;Lk; jpUk;ghJ vd;gJ epr;rakpy;iy. epjp neUf;fbapd; tpisTfs; mnkupf;fhTf;Fk;> INuhg;ghTf;Fk; "nghUshjhu Njf;fk;" vd;w gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jg; NghtJ kl;Lk; cWjp. mjd;gb ,aw;ifahd nghUshjhuk; njhlu;e;J ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Mdhy; nryitf; Fiwj;jy; vd;w ngaupy; epWtdq;fs; mjpfkhd njhopyhsiu Ntiyia tpl;L ePf;Fjy;> xU gf;fj;jpy; cjtpg; gzj;jpy; my;yJ tWikapy; thOk; kf;fis cUthf;Fk;. kf;fs; jkJ gzj;ij mj;jpahtrpa NjitfSf;F kl;LNk gad;gLj;jp> tPl;bNy Nrkpf;f njhlq;Ftu;. ekJ ehl;L kf;fSf;F (mnkupf;f‐INuhg;gpa) "rPuopT fyhr;rhuk;" gw;wpa Gupjy; kpff; FiwT. cz;ikapy; ,e;j "rPuopT fyhr;rhuk;" jhd; ,e;j ehLfis gzf;fhu ehLfshf njhlu;e;J itj;jpUe;j Cf;fpahFk;. mjhtJ kf;fs; gzj;ij jhuhskhf nrytopf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jpahtrpa NjitfNshL epWj;jpf; nfhs;shJ Mlk;gu NjitfSf;Fk; nrytopf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd; Gjpa Gjpa (Mlk;gu gz;lq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;) epWtdq;fs; cUthtJld;> mjdhy; Njrpa nghUshjhuKk; tsu;r;rpailAk;.
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rhkhdpaUf;Fk; GupAk;gb nrhd;dhy;> "Fb" kf;fs; mjpfstpy; kJghd rhiyfis ehbdhy;> me;j Jiw tsu;r;rpailtJld;> murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; epiwa tup fpilf;Fk;. "gzk; Xbj;jpupa Ntz;Lk;" vd;gJ re;ijapd; nghd;nkhop. ,jw;F khwhf ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtp‐ Yk; thOk; XusNtDk; trjpgilj;j
kf;fs;> gzj;ij jq;f eiffshf tPl;Lf;Fs;NsNa Klf;fp itg;gjhy;> Vw;fdNt mq;Nf nghUshjhu Njf;fk; epyTfpd;wJ.
cyfkakhf;fy; mnkupf;f ghzp fyhr;rhuj;ij cyfk; KOtJk; gug;Gk; nghUshjhu jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;‐ jpaJ. mjw;F ,e;jpah Nghd;w "goik> ghuk;gupak;" kpf;f ehL $l jg;gtpy;iy. fhuzk;> jdp ,dk; Nghy fhl;rpaspf;Fk;> me;ehl;bd; MSk; tu;f;fk;. md;W jkJ gps;isfis lhf;lu;fshf> vQ;rpdpau;f‐ shf ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fk;> mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; Vw;Wkjp nra;J ngUksT me;epa nryhtzpia 
12
kWgf;f ntspehl mur f[ nghUsh fl;bg; N fSf;F nghUsh Rje;jpuk ,Ue;j fh epjp neUf nrhd;dh tu;j;jfj ,t;tpuz my;yJ Fiwe;jhy vjpu;Nehf
cyfp fhydpfs jq;fj;ij ehzakh ehzakh fhuzkhf vy;yh e xg;gpl;L cyfAj;j VfNghf t tu;j;jfj;j Jld;> l xg;gpLt ,jdhy; cl;gl) j epug;gp mnkupf;f lhyu; m Gof;fj;jp jhs;fi Gof;fj;jp
jw;Ng fhuzkhf tpw;f Nt mjdJ lhyu;fs;

nrhd;dhy;> ; kJghd e;j Jiw q;fj;jpw;Fk; k; Xbj;jpupa nghd;nkhop. ;> ,e;jpahtp‐ rjpgilj;j
eiffshf itg;gjhy;> jhu Njf;fk;
pf;f ghzp Jk; gug;Gk; iwg;gLj;‐ ;w "goik> jg;gtpy;iy. l;rpaspf;Fk;> md;W jkJ Q;rpdpau;f‐ upf;fhTf;Fk; T me;epa ;. mz;ikf; ;Ydu;fis piwNtw;wpf; ; "jq;fg;grp" a mjpfsT Ug;gjhYk;>
kWgf;fk; NRI vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ntspehl;L ,e;jpau;fs; mDg;Gk; lhyu;fs; mur f[hdhit epiwg;gjhYk;> cyf nghUshjhuk; ,e;jpahit neUf;fkhf fl;bg; Nghl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j epiyik> 90 fSf;F gpd;du; Vw;gl;l re;ijg; nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jhy; Vw;gltpy;iy. Rje;jpukile;J NeUtpd; Nrh\yprk; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; $l vNjh xUtifapy; epjp neUf;fbf;Fs; rpf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. tpupthf nrhd;dhy;> jq;fKk;> lhyUk; cyf tu;j;jfj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjit. ,t;tpuz;Lk; ifapUg;gpy; Fiwe;jhy;> my;yJ cyf re;ijapy; ngWkjp Fiwe;jhy; me;j ehL ngUk; neUf;fbia vjpu;Nehf;Fk;.
cyfpd; miuthrp ehLfis jdJ fhydpfshf itj;jpUe;j ,q;fpyhe;J jhd; jq;fj;ij cyf tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhd nghJ ehzakhf nfhz;L te;jJ. (,q;fpyhe;J ehzakhd gTd; vd;w ngau; mjd; fhuzkhf te;jJ jhd;) mjd; fhuzkhf vy;yh ehl;L ehzaKk; jq;fj;Jld; xg;gpl;L ngWkjp ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. 2 k; cyfAj;jj;jpd; gpwF mnkupf;fh cyf VfNghf ty;yurhfpajhy;> lhyiu ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhd nghJ ehzakhf;fpaj;‐ Jld;> lhyupd; ngWkjpia jq;fj;Jld; xg;gpLtjpy; ,Ue;J fow;wp tpl;lJ. ,jdhy; midj;J cyf ehLfSk;> (rPdh cl;gl) jkJ jpiwNrupapy; lhyu;fis epug;gp itj;Js;sd. mNdfkhf mnkupf;fh Njrj;jpy; ghtidapy; cs;s lhyu; msNtDk;> ntspehLfspy; Gof;fj;jpy; cs;sjhy;> mNjasT lhyu; jhs;fis mr;rbj;J cs;ehl;by; Gof;fj;jpw;F tpl;Ls;sJ.
jw;NghJ vOe;Js;s epjp neUf;fb fhuzkhf cyf ehLfs; jkJ lhyu;fis tpw;f Ntz;ba epiy tuyhk;. Mdhy; mjdJ Nfs;tp Fiwe;J> ngUksT lhyu;fs; mnkupf;fhTf;Nf jpUk;Gkhapd;>
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mnkupf;fhtpy; ,d;ndhU epjp neUf;fb‐ Ak;> nghUshjhu tPo;r;rpAk; cUthFk;. Vw;fdNt vz;iz Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; xngf; ehLfs; kj;jpapy;  ntdpR‐ NtyhTk; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; lhyUf;F gjpyhf A+Nuhit nfhz;L tutpUe;j Kaw;rp Njhy;tpaile;jJ. mnkupf;fhtpd; ,uhZt Nkyhjpf;fk; jhd; mg;gb xU Kaw;rpia jLj;j rf;jp. mnkupf;fhtpd; nry;tj;jpy; ngUk;gFjp ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; KjyPLfshNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2 k; cyf Aj;jjpw;F gpd;du;> moptpy; ,Ue;J INuhg;ghit kPl;L gzf;fhu ehLfshf khw;wpa mnkupf;fh> mjw;F gpujpgydhf mnkupf;fhtpy; KjyPL nra;a J}z;baJ. mNj Nghd;Nw vz;iz Vw;Wkjpahy; ngUk;gzk;  jkJ yhgj;jpy; ngUk;gFjpia mnkupf;f gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;jdu;. ,jdhNyNa me;j ehLfSk; mnkupf;f epjp neUf;fbf;Fs; rpf;fp ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
,d;iwa neUf;fbapy; ,Ue;J jg;gpf;f> mz;ikf;fhykhf nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp fz;l rPdh> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfis te;J KjyPL nra;AkhW mnkupf;fh Nfl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,e;jpah mjid nra;Ak; rhj;jpak; cz;L. mZrf;jp cld;gbf;if %yk; mnkupf;fh> ,e;jpahit jd;gf;fk; ,Oj;J itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sik ,q;Nf Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Mdhy; rPdh jaf;fk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mJ jdJ nghUshjhu gOJfis jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tjpYk;> cs;ehl;by; KjyPL nra;tjpYNk mjpf ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. mg;gbNa mnkupf;fhtpy; KjyPL nra;a Kd;te;jhYk;> epiyikia gad;gLj;jp> mnkupf;f epWtdq;fis thq;f tpUk;gyhk;. mjid (ehl;il tpw;gjw;F rkk; vd;gjhy;) mnkupf;fh tpUk;gg; Nghtjpy;iy. NkYk; ,dpNky; (rPdhtpd; xU gFjpahd) N`hq;N`hq; jhd;
giw‐2008‐xf
,dpNky tu;j;jf i mbgLfp ,d;W cyf t rhj;jpaf fhl;Lfpd rf;jp xg;g mr;RWj;j ,e;jpah KfhKf;F mNj Ne tUfpd
,yq;iff [g;ghid ,yq;ifa tug;NghF rPd flw Mjpf;fj rPdhtpd Nghf Kd ngUf;Ft mnkupf

p neUf;fb‐ ; cUthFk;. jp nra;Ak; k;> ntdpR‐ py; lhyUf;F tutpUe;j nkupf;fhtpd; mg;gb xU kupf;fhtpd; spehLfspy; fshNyNa f Aj;jjpw;F Nuhg;ghit f khw;wpa ujpgydhf J}z;baJ. w;Wkjpahy; lh N\f;F‐ k;gFjpia py; KjyPL ;j ehLfSk; ;Fs; rpf;fp
e;J jg;gpf;f> hu tsu;r;rp ;w ehLfis upf;fh Nfl;L d nra;Ak; ld;gbf;if t jd;gf;fk; ik ,q;Nf Pdh jaf;fk; ghUshjhu hs;tjpYk;> pYNk mjpf mg;gbNa nra;a gad;gLj;jp> s thq;f l tpw;gjw;F h tpUk;gg; y; (rPdhtpd; hq; jhd;
,dpNky; (epA+Nahu;f; Nghy) ru;tNjr tu;j;jf ikakhf tug;Nghtjhf tje;jpfs; mbgLfpd;wd.
,d;W fhZk; khw;wq;fs; ahTk; rPdh cyf ty;yurhf Nkyhz;ik ngWk; rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; cs;sij Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. mnkupf;f‐,e;jpah mZ rf;jp xg;ge;jk; rPdhTf;F vjpuhd vjpu;fhy mr;RWj;jYkhFk;. ,e;j xg;ge;jkhdJ> ,e;jpah Kw;WKOjhf mnkupf;f KfhKf;Fs; Ngha;tpl;lij fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mNj Neuk;> rPdh ,yq;ifapy; fhY}d;wp tUfpd;wJ. ,t;tsT fhyKk;>
,yq;iff;F mjpf epjpAjtp toq;fp te;j [g;ghid gpd;Df;F js;sp tpl;lJ rPdh. ,yq;ifapd; njd;gFjpapy;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; tug;NghFk;(my;yJ mg;gb Cfpf;fg;gLk;) rPd flw;gil KfhkhdJ> ,e;J rKj;jpu Mjpf;fj;jpw;fhd Vw;ghL MFk;. ,yq;if rPdhtpd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk; KOtJkhf Nghf Kd;du;> ,e;jpah jdJ KjyPLfis ngUf;Ftjd; %yk; jLf;fg;ghu;f;fpd;wJ. mnkupf;fh ,uhZt cjtp nra;tjd;
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%yk;>  my;yJ tpiuT gLj;jyhk;.
,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; mnkupf;f my;yJ INuhg;gpa KjyPLfs; kpff; FiwT. INuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;J tUk; epjpapy; ngUksT gFjp> "NGO nghUshjhuj;jpw;Nf" nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ. tWik xopg;G> ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; Nghd;w jpl;lq;fis INuhg;gpa gzj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; muR rhuh epWtdq;fs; ,dpNky; ,aq;f Kbahj epiy tuyhk;. mjw;F fhuzk;> epjp neUf;‐ fbf;Fs; rpf;fpAs;s jkJ tq;fpfis fhg;ghw;w ngUk;gzk; nrytpLk; INuhg;‐ gpa muRfs;> mgptpUe;jpailAk; ehLfSf;F ,Jtiu toq;fp te;j epjpia Fiwf;ftpUf;fpd;wd. ,J xUGwkpUf;f> ru;tNjr re;ijapy; Vwpa czTg;
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3tJ ,jo; nld;khHf;fpy; ,Ue;J nt KjyhtJ ngz; tHk kUj;JtH Rg;G yl;Rk fl;LiuAld;> NrFNtuhtpd; nfhpy;yh Nghuhl;l gw;wpa tpkHrd fl;Liu kw;Wk; ,e;j ,jopy; tH kUj;Jtk; gw;wpa tphpthd fl;LiuAk;> nldp] nkhopapyhd ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwiar; NrHe;j ngz nraw;ghl;lhsH nfsrpdp apd; nrt;tp kw;Wk; gy Mf;fq;fSld; ntspte;jpUf;fpwJ. njhlHGfSf;F
Dantami Dalgårds vej 271 6600 Vejen Denmark. Phone number + 45 41427562 email:karavaithasan@yahoo.dk
14
nghUl;f cs;ehl;b thq;FtJ Kf;fpakh ,Ug;gjh tpiy Fi fhuzq;f Yk; yl;r Fs;Sk;> rhTf;Fk cyf mf ,e;j gzkpUg ghu;f;fg Nfl;fNg jhdKk; cjpug;Ng If;fpa e Vw;fdNt

nld;khHf;fpy; ,Ue;J ntspte;Jtpl;lJ. kUj;JtH Rg;G yl;Rkpapd; tphpthd
pd; nfhpy;yh Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; ,e;j ,jopy; tHk hd fl;LiuAk;> nldp]; yKiwiar; NrHe;j ngz; apd; nrt;tp kw;Wk; gy pUf;fpwJ. njhlHGfSf;F Dantamil Dalgårds vej 271 6600 Vejen Denmark. Phone number + 45 41427562 ravaithasan@yahoo.dk
l jLf;fg; Uf;fb ,e;j ukhf;fyhk;>
hjhuj;jpy; KjyPLfs; Ue;J tUk; jp> "NGO g;gLfpd;wJ. d;Ndw;wk; pa gzj;jpy; uR rhuh ;f Kbahj ;> epjp neUf;‐ tq;fpfis pLk; INuhg;‐ ;jpailAk; te;j epjpia UGwkpUf;f> a czTg;
nghUl;fspd; tpiy ,wq;ftpy;iy. cs;ehl;by; $l czTg;nghUl;fis thq;FtJk; tpw;gJk; (yhgj;ij kl;LNk Kf;fpakhf fUJk; tpahghupfspd;) ifapy; ,Ug;gjhy;> kf;fs; gl;bdpahy; nrj;jhYk; tpiy Fiwag; Nghtjpy;iy. ,J Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtp‐ Yk; yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs;> tWikf;‐ Fs;Sk;> ,d;Dk; Nkhrkhf gl;bdpr; rhTf;Fk; js;sg;gLtu;. ,tw;iwg; gw;wp cyf mf;fiw kpf kpf Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j neUf;fbahd fhyj;jpy;> gzkpUg;gtu;fs; jkJ eyd;fis kl;LNk ghu;f;fg;Nghfpd;wdu;. ,ijg;gw;wp Nfl;fNghdhy;> "jdf;F kpQ;rpj;jhd; jhdKk; ju;kKk;" vd;W jj;Jt Kj;Jfs; cjpug;Nghfpd;wd. cyf czTj;jpl;lKk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk; ,J Fwpj;J Vw;fdNt vr;rupj;J tpl;ld.
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Nkyhjpf;fk; nra;Ak; gphpthfTk; xl;L nkhj;j  mjdhy; Neubahf eRf;fg;gl;L tUk; tpspk;G epiyg; gpuptpd‐ Uk; $l Fwpg;ghf‐mlf;fg;gl;l rhjpg; gphptpdH> ngz;fs;> aho;‐irt‐Ntshs‐ Mzhjpf;fg;gphptpd; rpj;jhe;jj;jpw;Fg; gypahfp mjw;$lhfNt cyifg; ghHf;f gofptpl;Ls;sdH. ,e;epiyapy;> ,e;j Mjpf;fg; gpw;Nghf;Fg; gphptpdhy; vJ r%fj;jpw;F Vw;Gilajhff; fhl;lg;gLfpwNjh mijj; jfh;g;gJk;> mg;gphptpdhy; vitnay;yhk; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wdNth mtw;iwnay;yhk; caHj;jpg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; mr;r%fj;ij vjpHg;gJk;> rthy; tpLtJk; vkJ ltbf;iffspy; xd;whfpwJ. ,ij ehk; vkJ vjpHf; yhr;rhu elltbf;ifahf milahsq; fhzyhk;.
aho; irt NtshsMzhjpf;f r%fk; jdJ kjk; rhHe;j lf; nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; ey;y rFdk;> grFdk;> kq;fsk; mkq;fsk;> Rgk;> mRgk;> jPl;L> Jlf;F> pyf;F Nghd;w gy gpw;Nghf;Fj;jdkhd fUj;jhf;fq;f‐ sAk; r%fj;jpy; Mog; gug;gp tpl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpy; pwq;fSk; mlq;Fk;. aho;irt Ntshs Mzhjpf;fg; gphpT Q;rs; epwj;ij kpfTk; tpUk;GfpwJ. mij kq;fs epwkhf ghw;WfpwJ. ,ij ehk; $l;lzpapd; nfhbapYk; rpwpyq;fh jrpaf; nfhbapy; jkpoiuf; Fwpf;Fk; epwkhf kQ;rs; epwk; hzg;gLtjpypUe;Jk; fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;. mJ khj;jpu‐ pd;wp> nghJthf gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Nkyq;fpfs; fWg;G pwj;jpy; ,Uf;f aho;g;ghz gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Nkyq;fp hj;jpuk; kQ;rs; epwj;jpypUg;gjpypUe;Jk; aho;‐irt tshs Mzhjpf;f r%fk; "kq;fsfukhd" epwj;jpw;F fhLf;Fk; mOj;;jj;ij ehk; fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;. kQ;rs; ghd;w gpufhrkhd epwq;fisNa ,g; gpw;Nghf;F zhjpf;fg;gphpT tpUk;GfpwJ. mNj Neuk; kq;fpa ,Uz;l
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epwq;fis mgr Fdk; vdf; $wp xjpf;fp tpLfpwJ. fWg;G epwk;> aho;‐irt‐ Ntshs‐ Mzhjpf;f‐Ruz;Lk; tHf;fg; gphpthy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l epwkhFk;.
Mdhy; mjd; kD epwk; fWg;G epwk; vjpHg;gpd; epwkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. cyfshtpa mstpy; vjpHg;gpaf;fq;fs; fWg;G epwj;ij epyTk; rKf mikg;Gf;F rthy; tpLk; (challenge) mr;r%f mikg;ig vjpHf;Fk; epwkhf fWg;G epwj;ij cgNahfpf;fpd;wdH. mNj Nghy; ngz;fs; ,af;fq;fSk; epyTk; r%fj;jpd; Mzhjpf;f fyhr;rhu Kiwikf;F rthy;tpLk; vjpHf; fyhr;rhu epwkhf fWg;G epwj;ij gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdH. (Fwpg;ghf cyfshtpa mstpy; fhzg;gLk; women in black gphptpdH)
,ij tpl r%fj;jpy; mlf;fp xLf;fg;‐ gl;l ,Uspy; thOk; kf;fsJ mlf;F Kiwj;jd;ikapd; FwpaPlhf fWg;G epwKs;sJ. ghypay; njhopy; nra;Ak; ngz;fs; fWg;G epw cilahNyNa mi lah sg ;gL j;j g;g Lfp d; wdh ;. mlf;fg;gl;l rhjpg; gphpTfspdJk;‐ ciof;Fk; kf;fsJk; Njhypd; epwk; fWg;ngd;gNj mlf;Fk; gphptpd; kjpg;gPL. gpuhe;jpa hPjpahf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; tl ,e;jpa gpuhkzpa Mjpf;fg; gphptpd; Njhypd; epwkhd nts;is epwk; caHthd‐ jhff; fUjg;gl> mg;gphpthy; xJf;fg;gLk; gphptpdh; fWg;Gj; NjhiyAilath;fNs. cyfshtpa hPjpapy; ghh;j;jhy; nts;is caHthdjhfTk; fWg;G mUtUg;Gf;Fhp‐ ajhfTk; nts;is epwntwpapduhy; rpj;jhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j nts;is epw ntwp Mjpf;fg;gphpNt cyfpd; fWg;G epwkhd Mrpa Mg;gphpf;f kf;fis ghugl;rk; fhl;bAk; eRf;fpAk; tUfpd;wdH. vdNt Njrj;jpd; mlf;fpnahLf;fg;‐ gl;l tpspk;G epiyg; gphptpd; epwkhf fwg;G epwk; cs;sJ. xLf;fg;gl;l tpspk;G epiy kf;fNs  rhj NtWghL ,Uf;fpwJ
mlf Gul;rpapd
Mf ,d;ndhd vd;d j tpdhit mtrpak mJN Kd;epge;j

$wp xjpf;fp ho;‐irt‐ ;Lk; tHf;fg; wkhFk;.
; fWg;G epwk; Lj;jg;gl;L mstpy; ;ij epyTk; ; (challenge) ;Fk; epwkhf ;wdH. mNj k; epyTk; fyhr;rhu pHf; fyhr;rhu hfpf;fpd;wdH. ; fhzg;gLk;
f;fp xLf;fg;‐ sJ mlf;F hf fWg;G py; nra;Ak; lahNyNa fp d; wdh ;. fspdJk;‐ ypd; epwk; pd; kjpg;gPL. ;lhYk; tl g; gphptpd; k; caHthd‐ xJf;fg;gLk; lath;fNs. y; nts;is tUg;Gf;Fhp‐ wpapduhy; ts;is epw fpd; fWg;G ;f kf;fis tUfpd;wdH. pnahLf;fg;‐ pwkhf fwg;G pspk;G epiy cz;ikapy; h;fshfTk;
,Ug;gjhy; mth;fsJ FwpaPl;L epwkhd fWg;G epwNk  Nkw;F INuhg;gpa nts;isaHfs; fpof;F INuhg;gpaHfspd; epwj;ij Nehf;Fk; tpjk;> ,t;tpU rhuhUk; kj;jpafpof;F kw;Wk; fpof;fhrpaHfis (kQ;ry; epwj;jtHfshf) Gwf;fzpg;gJk;> fpof;fhrpaHfs;> kj;jpa fpof;fhrpaHfs; midtUkhf njw;fhrp‐ aHfis gpuTd;> fUg;G epwj;jtHfs; vd;Wk; miog;ghHfs;. Mf ,Wjpahf ek; njw;fhrpaHfs; Mg;gphpf;fHfis fUg;G> fUty; vd eifg;ghHfs;.
Mf epwq;fspy; mbj;jl;L mlf;fg;‐ gLk; epwj;jtHfshf ,jpy; Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; fUg;G ,dj;jtHfNs ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,ilapy; cs;s midj;J epwj;jtUk; nkNy cs;stHfs; jk;ik ghugl;rkhf ghHf;fpwhHfs; vd;W $wpf; nfhz;Nl mtHfSf;F fPNo cs;s‐ tHfis mrpq;fkhf ghHg;ghHfs;. ,J ekJ rhjpa Kiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mNj ghugl;r gbepiyia xj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ek;kpilNa ,Uf;fpd;w Nkyhjpf;f fUj;jhf;fq;fspd; ghjpg;G ,dk;> kjk;> epwk;> ghy;> rhjp> CH> tHf;fk; vd midj;J NtWghLfspYk; fhzf;$bajhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ.
mlf;fg;gl;l tpspk;G epiy kf;fNs Gul;rpapd; fUg;G el;rj;jpukhFk;.
Mf xd;iw mlf;fpf;nfhz;L ,d;ndhd;Wf;F tpLjiy Ntz;bepw;gjpy; vd;d jhHkPfk; ekf;Fz;L vd;fpw tpdhit ek;ik nehf;fp vOg;GtJ mtrpak;.
mJNt ekJ tpLjiy Nfhhpf;iff;fhd Kd;epge;jidahd jFjpAk; $l.
17

Page 18
vd.rutzd
18
Ngh
hpd; NghJ K
,uz;lhtJ ghjpf;fg gonkhopAz;L. midj neUf;fbepiy Njhd;Wfpw KjyhtJk;> mjpfstpY r%ftpayhsHfs; kPs> kP
me;jtifapy; ngz;fs Nghhpd; NghJ ghjpf;fg;gL tNahjpgHfs;> mq;ftPdHf ftdj;Jf;Fk; cs;shtJ , epWTtjw;F Rdhkp $l e
gQ;rk;> gl;bdpr;rhT> N vd mj;jidf;Fk; ,J n Nghhpd; NghJ ngz Kiwapy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf td;KiwfSf;F cs;shf KOtJk; ,lk;ngw;Wj

Ngh
hpd; NghJ KjyhtJ ghjpf;fg;gLtJ ngz;>
uz;lhtJ ghjpf;fg;gLtJk; ngz; vd;W xU onkhopAz;L. midj;J r%f mikg;gpYk; ghhpa eUf;fbepiy Njhd;Wfpw Ntis tpspk;G epiyapdNu jyhtJk;> mjpfstpYk; ghjpf;fg;gLtij gy;NtW %ftpayhsHfs; kPs> kPs Rl;bf;fhl;b te;Js;sdH.
me;jtifapy; ngz;fs; tpspk;Gepiy rf;jpapdH jhd;. ghhpd; NghJ ghjpf;fg;gLgtHfspy;> ngz;fs;> rpWtHfs;> NahjpgHfs;> mq;ftPdHfs; vd;NghH mjpf fhpridf;Fk;> tdj;Jf;Fk; cs;shtJ ,e;j mbg;gilapy; jhd;. ,jid pWTtjw;F Rdhkp $l ekf;NfhH ey;ynjhU cjhuzk;.
gQ;rk;> gl;bdpr;rhT> Neha;> ,aw;if mdHj;jk;> NghH d mj;jidf;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;.
Nghhpd; NghJ ngz;fs; ,d;Dk; gpNuj;jpNafkhd iwapy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. ngz;fs; ghypay; d;KiwfSf;F cs;shf;fg;gLjy; vd;gJ cyf tuyhW OtJk; ,lk;ngw;Wj;jhd; tUfpd;wd. ekJ rq;f
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,yq;fpaq;fs; $l ,jid gjpT nra;jpUf;fpd;wd.
= yqfhtpy ,d;iwa epiyapy; rpq;fs ngsj;j Nghpdthj fl;likg;gpy;> jkpo; kf;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ,yq;if tuyhW Fwpj;Jk; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUj;jpay;fis khw;wpaikf;fhky; vijAk; nra;a KbahJ vd;gJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ.
,e;jg; Nghpdthjf; fl;likg;ig tsHj;njLf;f ve;j Mjpf;f murpay; rf;jpfs; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jdNth ,d;W mNj rf;jpahdJ> jhNd> tpUk;gpdhYk; $l jhd; tsHj;Jtpl;Ls;s fl;likg;‐ ghdJ mg;gbg;gl;l xU jPHTf;F ,lkspf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;gijAk;> mJ Mjpf;f rf;jpfspd; ,Ug;Gf;Nf ciy itj;JtpLk; vd;gJk; mk;gyg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j epiyapy; rkhjhd Kaw;rp...> Ngr;RthHj;ij...> NghH epWj;jk;...> jPHT... vd;gtw;iw vjpHf;f rptpy; r%fNk jahuhf;fg;gl;L tUtij njd;dpyq;‐ ifapd; mz;ika epfo;Tfs; ep&gpj;J tUfpd;wd. ,e;j epiyapy; muR
giw‐2008‐xf
tpUk;gp ,Ug;Gf;f Ngzp tU ,og;GfS r%fk; go tUfpwJ. spd; Nt aHT> Ntiyap $l Ngh vjpHj;J vJTk; ,
murh je;jpNuhg NghHr;#o Nghhpd; N ghJfhg;g murpd; caphpog;G Gfs;> ng vdgdt Nthhpd; Neuk; g njhif njd;dpy gyH jkJ fpd;w th Ngha; rHtrhjhu ,e;j e njhlHe gilf;Fr topKi gilapy rYiffs dit. ,J gilapd nghUl;g me;j xd;whf j ty;YwT ghypay; , mjw;Fk

id gjpT
py
;fs ngsj;j kpo; kf;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ;jpay;fis a;a KbahJ
. ;likg;ig ;f murpay; Nth ,d;W pUk;gpdhYk; fl;likg;‐ jPHTf;F vd;gijAk;> ;Gf;Nf ciy g;gl;Ls;sJ. Kaw;rp...> ;jk;...> jPHT... y; r%fNk njd;dpyq;‐ s; ep&gpj;J apy; muR
tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh jdJ ,Ug;Gf;fhf NghHf; nfLgpb epiyia Ngzp tUfpwJ. mjw;fhf vt;tsT nghpa ,og;GfSf;Fk; Kfk; nfhLf;f rptpy; r%fk; gof;fg;gl;L ‐ gof;fg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. njd;dpyq;ifapy; njhopyhsHf‐ spd; Ntiy epWj;jk;> nghUs; tpiyA‐ aHT> jPHitfspd; mjpfhpg;G> Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lk; vd;gtw;iwf; $l Nghhpd; Nguhy; epahag;gLj;Jtij vjpHj;J nghpa vjpHg;G "eltbf;iffs;" vJTk; ,y;iy.
murhq;fq;fspd; ,Ug;Gf;fhd murpay; je;jpNuhgha eltbf;iffspy; xd;whfNt NghHr;#oy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. Nghhpd; NghJ gilapdhpd; csg;gyj;ij ghJfhg;gJk;> cw;rhfj;ij Ngzr; nra;jYk; murpd; flikahfpwJ. gilapdhpd; caphpog;Gfs;> ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; caphpog;‐ Gfs;> nghUspog;Gfs;> Kfhk; ,og;Gfs; vdgdtw;why; gilapypUe;J ntspNaW‐ Nthhpd; njhif mjpfhpj;J te;j mNj Neuk; gilf;F Gjpjhf NrUNthhpd; njhif Fiwe;Jf; nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ. njd;dpyq;ifapy; rpq;fs ,isQHfs; gyH jkJ tPLfspy; ngw;Nwhiu kpul;L‐ fpd;w thhj;ijg; gpuNahfkhf "gilapy; Ngha; NrHe;J tpLNtd;" vd;gJ rHtrhjhuzkhf MdJ.
,e;j epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;w gilapdiu njhlHe;J jf;f itf;fTk;> Gjpjhf gilf;Fr; NrUtij Cf;Ftpf;fTk; gy topKiwfis muR ifahs;fpwJ. gilapy; ,izNthUf;fhd rk;gs> rYiffs; mjpfhpg;G mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakh‐ dit. ,J Nghd;w topKiwfspy; xd;Nw gilapdhpd; NghHf;fhy Fw;wq;fis nghUl;gLj;jhik vd;gJ.
me;j NghHf;fhy Fw;wq;fspy; ghhpa xd;whf jkpo;g; ngz;fspd; kPjhd ghypay; ty;YwT epfo;fpwJ. ,J ntspg;gilahf ghypay; ,r;ir rhHe;jjhf fhl;lg;gl;lhYk; mjw;Fk; mg;ghyhd nghUz;ikfs;
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cs;sd.
,jw;fhd cs;shHe;j mDkjpAk;> MrPHthjKk; gilj; jug;gpy; toq;fg;gl;‐ LtUtij rk;gtq;fs; gy ep&gpj;Js;sd. ntspapy; nra;jp frpahky; vjidAk; nra;ayhk; vd;fpd;w epiyg;ghL ,uhZt tl;lhuj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
1994,y; gjtpf;F te;j ngh.I.K. murhq;fk; mNj Mz;L ,WjpapypUe;J elj;jpa Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; 1995 Vg;uypy; Kwptile;jJ. 1995 xf;Nlhghpy; #hpaf;fjpH ,uhZt eltbf;ifapd; %yk; aho; Flh ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpa murhq;fk; mJ njhlf;fk; aho; Flh ehl;il xU %Lz;l gpuNjrkhfNt Mf;fp te;jJ. ntspAy‐ fj;Jf;F mq;F ,uhZtj;ijf; nfhz;L rptpy; epHthfj;ij elhj;jp tUtjhfTk; gpur;rhug;gLj;jpAk; te;jJ.
Nghhpdhy; muR re;jpj;J te;j njhlH Njhy;tpfspdhy; gilapdhpd; csepiy tPo;r;rp fz;bUe;jJ. ,NjNtis %Lz;l gpuNjrkhf ,Ue;j aho; Flh ehl;by; gy E}w;Wf;fzf;fhNdhH fhzhky; NghNdhH‐ fs;. mbf;fb Mq;fhq;F rlyq;fs; fpilj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jd. fhzhky; NghNthhpd; njhif mjpfhpj;Jf;nfhz;Nl nrd;wJ.
,g;gbg;gl;l epiyapy; jhd; ghypay; ty;YwT rk;gtq;fs; Fwpj;j jfty;fs; njhlHe;J ntsp te;J nfhz;bUe;jd. tlf;F fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; gilapdhpd;
gilapduhy; ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;l ngz;fspd; Gifg;glq;fs; Mjhuq;fSf;fhf ,q;F ghtpf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy tUlq;fSf;F Kd; gy rpukq;fspd; kj;jpapy; gilf;Fs; ,Ue;jtHfsplk; ,Ue;J ntspapy; vLj;Jtug;gl;lit. rhpepfhpy; xU rpy gifg;glq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;ld. kw;wit Ntnwq;Fk; gpuRukhf;fg;gltpy;iy.
20
fl;Lg;ghl uhNyNa Fwpj;j c vtUf;Fk ,Uf;ft rl;lG+Ht gaq;futh lhfTk;> C lhfTk; N kf;fspd; Sf;Fk;> ty;YwT khfNt m 1971 N[.tp.gp.i rpq;fs , rpq;fs At cs;shf;f ,sk; n Nkw;G+r;Rf gilapd N[.tp.gp gz;lhu ,e;jpag; g Nfhug;gl te;jile fhyj;jpy nfhz;lJ tutpy;iy jiyik nfhLuq

DkjpAk;> toq;fg;gl;‐ gpj;Js;sd. ; vjidAk; hL ,uhZt
ngh.I.K. jpapypUe;J 995 Vg;uypy; ; #hpaf;fjpH k; aho; Flh hq;fk; mJ U %Lz;l . ntspAy‐ f; nfhz;L UtjhfTk;
te;j njhlH ; csepiy s %Lz;l ehl;by; gy ; NghNdhH‐ rlyq;fs; . fhzhky; f;nfhz;Nl
hd; ghypay; jfty;fs; z;bUe;jd. ilapdhpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gilapd‐ uhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rk;gtq;fs; Fwpj;j cz;ikfis ntspf; nfhzHtJ vtUf;Fk; mt;tsT ,yFthd fhhpakhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mur gaq;futhjk; rl;lG+Htkhd Kiwapy; mtrufhy rl;lk;> gaq;futhjj; jilr;rl;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpD}‐ lhfTk;> Clfj; jzpf;if Nghd;wtw;wpD}‐ lhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mr;rl;lq;fs; kf;fspd; kPjhd ,uhZt ml;Lopaq;f‐ Sf;Fk;> gLnfhiyfSf;Fk;> ghypay; ty;YwTfSf;Fkhd mDkjpg;gj;jpu‐ khfNt mike;jJ.
1971 Vg;uy; fpsHr;rpapd; %yk; N[.tp.gp.ia mlf;Ftjhf $wpf;nfhz;L rpq;fs ,uhZtk; jdJ nrhe;jj; Njrj;J rpq;fs AtjpfisNa ghypay; ty;YwTf;F cs;shf;fpdH. kdk;Nghp vDk; N[.tp.gp. ,sk; ngz;zpd; fij kl;LNk Nkw;G+r;Rf;fhf tof;F elhj;jp rk;ge;jg;gl;l gilapdUf;F jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ. N[.tp.gp.ia mlf;fntd rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;ftpdhy; mg;Nghija ,e;jpag; gpujkH ,e;jpuh fhe;jpaplk; cjtp Nfhug;gl;lijj; njhlHe;J ,yq;if te;jile;j ,e;jpa ,uhZtKk; ,e;j fhyj;jpy; ghypay; ty;Ywtpid Nkw;‐ nfhz;lJ njhlHghf gjpTfs; nghpjhf tutpy;iy. Mdhy; md;iwa N[.tp.gp.f;F jiyik jhq;fpa gyH ,d;Wk; me;jf; nfhLuq;fis epidT $He;j
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tz;zKs;sdH.
mNj ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;ij 1987Mk; Mz;L aho;g;ghzg; ngz;fs; khiyapl;L> jpyfkpl;L tuNtw;wNghJ ehis ,tHfs; jk;ikAk; jkJ gps;isfisAk; nfhd;nwhopf;fg;NghfpwhHfs; vd;Nwh jkJ ngz; gps;isfis ghypay; td;Kiwf;Fs;shf;fg; NghfpwhHfs; vd;gijNah mwpe;jpuhjpUe;jdH.
,e;jpa ,uhZt Eioe;jJNk ,jid njhlq;fp tpl;ldH. 1987,y; xf;NlhgH Kjy; brk;gH tiuahd fhyj;jpNyNa mjpf‐ khd ghypay; ty;YwTr; rk;g‐ tq;fs; gjpthfpAs;sd. ,uhZt eltbf;ifapd; mq;fkhfNt ,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lnjd gy E}y;‐ fspYk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa ,uhZtk; aho; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpDs; GFe;J jkpo; khztpfis ghypay; ty;YwTf;F cs;shf;fp mtHfspd; ghYWg;Gfis rpijj;J gpd; nfhd;W Gijj;jpUe;jdH. gpd; mr;rlyq;fs; mg;GijFopfs; Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;ld.
cstpayhsH jah NrhkRe;juj;jpd; Scarred Minds vDk; E}ypy; ,J gw;wpa gy jfty;fis ntspapl;bUf;fpwhH.
%d;W ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpH Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy; ghypay; ty;YwT Ghpa Kw;gl;lNghJ mtHfis Nehf;fp ‐vd;id ,g;gb nra;ahjPq;Nfh! vd;id Rl;Lf;nfhy;Yq;Nfh‐ vd fjwpaOj rk;gtKk;. jpUney;Ntypapy; xU ngz; Xbg;Ngha; fpzw;wpy; tpOe;J jw;nfhiy nra;a Kaw;rpj;jik Nghd;w rk;gtq;f‐ isAk; me;E}ypy; gjpthf;fpapUf;fpwhH.
,J jtpu 1968,y; tpal;ehkpy; mnkhpf;fhTf;F xU ik yha; fpuhkk; Nghy> 1989,y; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;Jf;F xU ty;it gLnfhiyia Fwpg;gpLtJ
giw‐2008‐xf
t j J C g t v J r n g j 5 n t
c
kdk;Nghp
g r shf;Fs;s ek;GtJ gilfs; NrHgpa N ,dj;jpd Ntz;Lk kPJ ghypa nra;J NrHgpaHf ngh];d mtHfS mikj;J NrHgpaHf ty;YwT jhpf;fr; n mjd;gpd ,dk; v fzf;fhd ,e;j ,d nra;Jt gpwe;jtHf mwptpj;J ,df;fy

;ij g; pl;L fs; Ak; fs; is ;fg; ah
Nk dH. ;gH pf‐ ;g‐ t ,J }y;‐ d. ho;
e;J jkpo; y;YwTf;F YWg;Gfis Ue;jdH. gpd; ijFopfs;
kRe;juj;jpd; ,J gw;wpa f;fpwhH. pH Jg;ghf;fp wT Ghpa f;fp ‐vd;id vd;id fjwpaOj ; xU ngz; jw;nfhiy rk;gtq;f‐ pUf;fpwhH. pal;ehkpy; ha; fpuhkk; tj;Jf;F xU wpg;gpLtJ
tof;fk;. 1989 Xf];l; 2> 3> 4 Mk; jpfjpfspy; ty;ntl;bj;‐ JiwiaAk;> mjid mz;ba CHfSf;Fk; Culq;Fr;rl;lk; gpwg;gpj;J Mapuf;fzf;fhd tPLfs; filfis cilj;Jk; vhpj;Jk; Nrjj;Jf;F cs;shf;fpa‐ Jld;> ngz;fs;> tNahjpgH> rpWtHfs; vd 63 Ngiu ntl;bAk;> Rl;Lk; jhf;fpAk; gLnfhiy nra;jJld;> 15 jpUkzkhd ngz;fisAk;> 50f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,sk; ngz;fisAk; ghypay; ty;YwTf;F cs;shf;fpdH.
cyfk;KOtJk;,J jhd.... nghJthf NghHf;fhyq;fspy; kdk;Nghp
ghypay; ty;YwTf;$lhf xU r%fj;ij mtkhdj;Jf;Fs;‐ shf;Fs;shf;fyhk; vd;W vjphpj; jug;G ek;GtJ tof;fk;. ,J `pl;yhpd; ehrpg; gilfs; njhlf;fk; mz;ika ngh];dpa‐ NrHgpa NghH tiu fhzKbAk;. ngh];dpa ,dj;jpd; J}a;ikiaf; nfLf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; mt;tpdj;jpd; ngz;fspd; kPJ ghypay; ty;YwT nfhz;L ,df;fyg;G nra;J tpl;lhy; mJ elf;Fk; vd NrHgpaHfs; fUjpdhHfs;. mjd; tpisthf ngh];dpag; ngz;fis rpiwg;gLj;jp mtHfSf;nfd;W jdpahd Kfhk;fis mikj;J (Rape Camps) mtHfis NrHgpaHfs; nrd;W khwp khwp ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fs;shf;fp mtHfis fHg;gk; jhpf;fr; nra;J gps;is ngw nra;jdH. mjd;gpd;dH gpwe;j mg;gps;is vd;d ,dk; vd;W Nfyp nra;jdH. E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd ngz;fSf;F ,e;j fjp Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,df;fyg;Gf;$lhf ,df;fyg;ig nra;Jtpl;ljhfTk;> mg;ngz;fSf;F gpwe;jtHfs; vtUk; ,dp ngh];dpaHfshf mwptpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahnjd;Wk;> jhd; ,df;fyg;ig nra;Jtpl;ljhfTk;
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mwptpj;Jf;nfhz;lhHfs;. mt;tpdj;jpd; J}a;ikiaf; nfLj;J tpl;ljhfTk;> fsq;fg;gLj;jp tpl;ljhfTk;> Gdpjk; nflr; nra;J tpl;ljhfTk; ngh];dpaHfSf;F mwptpj;jhHfs;. 1992 mstpy; 20Mapuj;Jf;‐ Fk; Nkw;gl;lngz;fSk;> ,sk; AtjpfSk; ,jd;NghJ ghypay;ty;YwTf;F cs;shf;‐ fg;gl;lhHfs;. ngh];dpahtpy; epfo;e;jJ ngz;fspd; kPjhd ty;YwT my;y. xl;Lnkhj;j kdpj;jj;jpd; kPjhd fsq;fk; (“The war on women in Bosnia was truly the rape of humanity” 2 )
NghHf;fhyq;fspy; ngz;fis ifJ nra;tJ> rpj;jputijf;F cs;shf;FtJ> Fwpg;ghf ghypay; ty;YwT cs;spl;l ghypay; rpj;jputijf;F cs;shf;Fjy; md;W njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu epfo;e;j tz;zNk cs;sJ.
NghH ele;j gq;fshNj];> fk;Nghbah> irg;gpu];> i`l;b> iygPhpah> Nrhkhypah> cfhz;lh Nghd;w ehLfspy; ,r;rk;gtq;fs; gy gjpthfpAs;sd.
1990,y; 5000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Fitj; ngz;fs; 000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rPdg;ngz;fs; ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;ljw;fhf cyfg;Nghhpd; gpd;dH tprhuiz ele;jJ. Uthz;lhtpy; Nghhpy; jg;gpa ,sk; mg;ghtpg; ngz;fis ghypay;ty;YwTf;F
22
cl;gLj;j ,t;thW mtHfsJ tpUk;gj jw;nfhiy Sk; gjpt spd; %y rhHe;j
,df;FO ,dj;J}a mtHfsp gJk;> mt Nfypf;F ,Ue;jpU jiyikf fpd;wd.
,yq;i diu ek ghypay; n wd. vy;i ghjpf;fg fztiu jg;gl;Ls ,uhZt fshfTk gytw;wpd Fwpj;J R ,g;gb ngz;fs Mf;fg;g Nghfg;ng Mf;fg;g

t;tpdj;jpd; l;ljhfTk;> dpjk; nflr; paHfSf;F 0Mapuj;Jf;‐ ; AtjpfSk; ;F cs;shf;‐ y; epfo;e;jJ wT my;y. hd fsq;fk; ia was truly
is ifJ ;shf;FtJ> cs;spl;l s;shf;Fjy; u epfo;e;j
fk;Nghbah> > Nrhkhypah> r;rk;gtq;fs;
l;l Fitj; hy; ghypay;
H.
; ngz;fs; ;F cs;sh‐ fpuhkq;fspy; j;j fpuhkj;J wTf;F cs;‐ mq;F 1600 ;L ghypay; bUe;jpUf;‐
hH ele;J y; [g;ghd; ;fpd; vDk; s mq;Fs;s g;ngz;fs; g;gl;ljw;fhf z ele;jJ. g;gpa ,sk; ;ty;YwTf;F
cl;gLj;j MAjjhhpfs; gzpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,t;thW fHg;gk; jhpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; mtHfsJ FLk;gq;fspYk;> r%fj;jpYk; tpUk;gj;jfhjtHfshf MdhHfs;. rpyH jw;nfhiyAk; nra;J nfhz;l rk;gtq;f‐ Sk; gjpthdJ. ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLf‐ spd; %yk; mg;ngz;iaAk;> mg;ngz; rhHe;j FLk;gj;ijAk;> mtHfspd;
,df;FOkj;jpd; csg;gyj;ij Fiwg;gJk;> ,dj;J}a;ik kPjhd khRgLj;jYk;> mtHfspd; milahsj;ij cUf;Fiyg;‐ gJk;> mtHfspd; fyhr;rhu ek;gpf;iffis Nfypf;Fhpajhf;FtJk; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,it vjphpg;gilj; jiyikfshy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;LkpUf;‐ fpd;wd.
,yq;ifapy; mDuhjGuj;jpy; gilap‐ diu ek;gpNa kpfg; ghhpa mstpyhd ghypay; njhopy; tpLjpfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;‐ wd. vy;iyg;Gf; fpuhkq;fspy; Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gy ngz;fs;> Fwpg;ghf fztiu ,oe;jtHfs; gyH ,jpy;  ghYwT ,ae;jpukhf Mf;fg;gLtJk; mq;F kl;Lky;y
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,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ [g;ghdpag; gilfs; fpof;fhrpa ehLfspy; Ghpe;j nfhLikAk; ,it jhd;. mit ePz;l fhykhf ntspj; njhpahky; ,Ue;J kpf mz;ikapy; jhd; ngz;fis ghypay; mbikfshf Kfhk;fspy; itj;jpUe;j tplaq;fs; ntspr;rj;Jf;F te;jd. [g;ghd; md;W ,e;Njh‐ Ndrpa> gpypg;igd;];> kw;Wk; nfhhpah cs;spl;l ehLfs; gytw;wpy; ngz;fs; gyiu jLj;J itj;J gilapdhpd; ghypay; NjitfSf;F gad;gLj;jp te;j rk;gtq;fs; cyifNa cYf;fpaJ.
vjphp ehl;Lg; gilapdH kPJ elj;jg;‐ gl;L te;j ,j;jifa kdpjNeakw;w rk;g‐ tq;fNs ,yq;ifapYk; ele;J tUfpd;‐ wd.
xU rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd; $l ,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; RfHNdh murhq;fj;‐ Jf;F vjpuhd fpsHr;rpapd; NghJ rPd ehl;ilr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l nra;jp ,d;W cyfg;Gfo; ngw;wit.
= yq;fh murpd; Aj;j mZFKiwfs; vjphp ehl;Lldhd Aj;jnkd;gijAk; jkpo;g; ngz;fs; jq;fs; ehl;Lg; ngz;fspy;iy Ntw;W ehl;Lg; ngz;fNs vd;gijAk; ekf;nfy;yhk; njspT‐ Wj;jpaJk; ,Nj mur gil jhd;. rpq;fs ,uhZtj;jpw;fhd rpq;fs ,uhZt Ml;NrHg;G> jkpo; kf;fs; kl;Lk; Njb Ntl;ilahlg;gly;> jkpoH gFjpfspd; kPjhd Fz;LtPr;Rf;fs;> mopg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; ntspg;ghLfs; mj;jidAk; ,J rpq;fsg; gil jhd; vd;gij ep&gpj;jJ. vdNt = yq;fh mur gilAk; Ntw;W ehl;Lg; gilnaDk; czHTk;> Mf;fpukpg;G ,uhZtk;> vjphpg;
giw‐2008‐xf
gil vd vg;NghNj
= yq gil"> "v KOj; jF fhyj;jpy;
(rpq;fs jj;ij nt fhynkhd Hfis k vjphpehl;b Aj;jf; Fw nghWj;jk
vdN gilapd ghypay; ,dj;Jtj Jfpd;w x
Md FkhuRt s;shf;fg fpU\he jhahH> rN nfhd;W mk;gyj FLk;gj;j mjw;F mikg;G mike;jj mk;gyj;J

k; nfhhpah y; ngz;fs; hpd; ghypay; j;jp te;j
paJ.
PJ elj;jg;‐ akw;w rk;g‐ ;J tUfpd;‐
Kd; $l murhq;fj;‐ NghJ rPd ; ghypay; ra;jp ,d;W
FKiwfs; d;gijAk; ; ehl;Lg; ; ngz;fNs k; njspT‐ jhd;. rpq;fs ,uhZt l;Lk; Njb gFjpfspd; opg;Gf;fs; mj;jidAk; ; vd;gij q;fh mur ilnaDk; tk;> vjphpg;
gil vd;fpd;w kdg;gjpTf;Fk; jkpo; kf;fs; vg;NghNjh cs;shf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ldH.
= yq;fh gilia mt;thW "rpq;fsg; gil"> "vjphpg; gil" nad;W nrhy;tjw;F KOj; jFjpiaAk; gbg;gbahf FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mile;jJ ,t;thWjhd;.
(rpq;fsg; gilnad;w nrhy; ,dth‐ jj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf tpkHrpf;fg;gl;l fhynkhd;W ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; rpq;fst‐ Hfis kl;LNk nfhz;l gilahfTk; vjphpehl;bd; kPJ Aj;jk; nra;tJ Nghy Aj;jf; Fw;wq;fspy;  fpU\he;jpiaj; Njbr; nrd;w mtuJ jhahH> rNfhjud;> maytH MfpNahiuAk; nfhd;W Gijj;j rk;gtk; jw;nrayhf mk;gyj;Jf;F te;jJk; (fpU\he;jp FLk;gj;jpd; tHf;fg;gpd;dzp fhuzkhf mjw;F njhlHGrhjdq;fs;> ngz;fs; mikg;Gfs;> rl;l cjtpfs; tha;;g;ghf mike;jjhy;) mJ cyf mstpy; muir mk;gyj;Jf;F nfhz;L te;jJ.
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jtpHf;f ,ayhky; rpq;fs muR> jhk; NghHf; Fw;wq;fSf;F vjpuhf vg;NghJk; cWjpahf ,Ug;gjhf gpur;rhug;gLj;Jtjw;‐ fhf fpU\he;jp tof;Ff;F murpdhy; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb 20 khjq;fshf ele;j fpU\he;jp tof;fpd; jPHg;ghf 6 nghyp]hUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jid rhjfkhf;fpagb muR ,d;Wk;> ghjpf;fg;gLk; ngz;fs; kPjhd jdJ fhpridia gpur;rhug;gLj;jp tUfpwJ. ,e;j gpur;rhuq;fspd; Kd;dhy; Vida rk;gtq;fs; midj;ijAk; %b kiwj;J tUfpwJ. Vida rk;gtq;fspy; ghjpf;fg;‐ gl;ltHfs; r%f mstpYk; me;j];J‐ ilatHfs; my;yH.
,d;W ntspf; nfhzug;gLfpd;w rk;gtq;fs; midj;JNk ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz; nrj;jhy; khj;jpuk; jhd; rhj;jpakhfpwJ. ngz;fs; Clf epWtdj;ijr; NrHe;j ngz;zpathjpahd \hkpdp ngHzhz;Nlh ,J Fwpj;J mg;NghJ fUj;Jnjhptpf;ifapy; "xU ngz; gilapduhy; jdf;F Vw;gl;l mtyj;ij rl;lj;jpd; Kd; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lnkdpy; epr;rak; rhfj;jhd; Ntz;Lkh>" vd tpdTfpwhH. cz;ikapy; ,d;W tof;F njhlug;gl;bUf;Fk; nrhw;g rk;gtq;fisj; Njbg;ghHj;jhy; mit ghypay; ty;Ywtpd; gpd;dH nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ltH Fwpj;jhdjhfj; jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fpU\he;jp> uh[pdp> NfhNz];thp Nghd;wd ey;y cjhuzq;fs;. ,Nj Ntis ,J tiu rpq;fsg; gilapduhy; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jpUf;‐ fpw ghypay; ty;ywT rk;gtq;fs; midj;‐ jpYk; ngz;fs; mjpf rpj;jputijf;Fs;‐ shf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
 jhk; vg;NghJk; ;gLj;Jtjw;‐ murpdhy; J. mjd;gb ;jp tof;fpd; jz;lid
uR ,d;Wk;> Pjhd jdJ UfpwJ. ,e;j y; Vida b kiwj;J py; ghjpf;fg;‐ ; me;j];J‐
g;gLfpd;w hjpf;fg;gl;l puk; jhd; s; Clf pathjpahd J Fwpj;J fapy; "xU ;F Vw;gl;l fhz;L tu rhfj;jhd; cz;ikapy; f;Fk; nrhw;g ;jhy; mit H nfhiy jhfj; jhd; p> uh[pdp> jhuzq;fs;. u rpq;fsg; ;L te;jpUf;‐ ;fs; midj;‐ utijf;Fs;‐
; mjpfsT cs;shdJ ;nzhUtH ; jhd; (1994‐ pUf;fpwJ.
rHtty;yik nghUe;jpa epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKs;s [dhjpgjpahfTk;> Kg;gilfspd; jsgjpahfTk;> ghJfhg;G mikr;ruhfTk; re;jphpfh jhd; ,Ue;jhH vd;gJ ,q;F ftdpf;fNtz;ba xdW.
1996 ,y; khj;jpuk; 150 jkpo; ngz;fs; gilapdhpd; ghypay; tijf;F cs;shf;fg;‐ gl;ljhf rPdg;gj;jphpifnahd;W mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ. (South China Morning Post, 11 January 1997)
97 xf;NlhgH 16 md;W mk;ghiwapy; nghyp]hUk; gilapdUk; jq;fehafp vDk; ngz;iz $l;lhf ghypay; ty;YwT nfhz;L tpl;L mg;ngz;zpd; ngz;Fwpia ntl;b rpd;dhgpd;dg;gLj;jp tpl;Nl nrd;wdH. mNj Nghy 97 Nk 17 mk;ghiwapy; NfhNz];thp ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH NfhNz];thpapd; ngz;Fwpapy; fpuidl; itj;J rpjwr;nra;jdH. ngUk;ghyhd ghypay; ty;YwTr; rk;gtq;fspd; gpd; ,Wjpapy; nfhiy Ghpe;J te;jpUf;fpd;wdH. ,jd; %yk; rfy rhl;rpfisAk; ,y;yhJ Ngha;tpLnkd;Nw rpq;fsg; gilapdH ek;Gfpd;wdH.
,ij tpl ,J tiu fhyk; Nghhpd; NghJ ifJ nra;ag;gl;l ngz; Gypfs; gyiu ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;‐ lik Fwpj;j rk;gtq;fs; 94f;F Kd;dH mjpfsT jfty; fpilj;jpUe;jd. Mdhy; capHtpLk; jWthapy; gpbf;fg;gl;l ngz; Nghuhspfis epHthzg;gLj;jp ghYWg;‐ Gfspy; Nghj;jy;fshYk;> fk;gpfshYk; Nrjg;gLj;jpaij ep&gpf;fpd;w Gifg;glq;‐ fs; vkf;F fpilj;j NghJ kpFe;j mjpHr;rpf;F cs;shNdhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l jhf;Fjy; rk;gtk; Kbe;jJk; kuzKw;w ngz; Nghuhspfis epHthzg;gLj;jp fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;lij njhiyf;fhl;rp nra;jpfspYk; fhl;lg;gl;lJ. mit gw;wpa Gifg;glq;fSk; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
,jd; %yk; vjpHghHf;fg;gLtJ vd;d? Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;ij mtkhdg;gLj;jp
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tpl;ljd; ntw;wpf; fspg;igay;yth?
NghJkhd Vw;nfdNt r%fj;jpy; xUtH jdf;F
rhuq;fs; r Ntz;lhj ,d;ndhUtiu mtkhd‐
xU fhuz g;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;why; mtUf;F fpl;ba
mj;jid ngz;iz ty;YwTf;Fs;shf;FNtd; vd;W
NghFks (tof;fpYs;s J\dk;) $wpdhNy kw;wtH
muR Mj;jpug;gLthH my;yth? mg;gbg;gl;l
thapyhf ntspg;ghnlhd;Nw ,e;j epHthzf;
muR jU fhl;rpg;gLj;jYk;.
eltbf; "jkpo; kf;fis gaq;futhjpfsplkp‐
tijapd Ue;J kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhf elj;jg;gLk;"
njhlHr;r rkhjhd Aj;jj;jpd; kW gf;fk; vt;tsT
mur ga NfhukhdJ vd;gijf; fhl;l jkpo;
jhd;. ,J kf;fSf;F vjpuhd ,e;j rk;gtq;fs;
cWjpia
(1997Mk; Mz;L 158MtJ rhpepfH ,jopy; vd;.rutzdhy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;jf;fl;Liuahd ,lq;fspy; Gjpjhf NrHj;Jk; jpUj;jg;gl Kbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;Jld; gl;bayplg;gl;b rk;gtq;fs; gytw;wpd; juTfs; gl;bay; iftrk md;W gy rHr;irfSf;F cs;shd fyhtpd; ‐Nf gpuRukhf;fg;gl;lJ. mf;ftpij ,d;W kPz;Lk; cq rpe;jidf;fhfTk; ,j;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
cjtpait... 1. Report of Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Wom 2. Mass Rape: War on Women ­ Dahlia Gilboa ­ 3. History of Rape: A Bibliography ­ Author Blaschke, Ste 4. Experts Make Treatment of Wartime Rape a Priority By 5. License to Rape and Killl, :: Was > SRI LANKA:THE A Decadence & Murder by Rajan Hoole 6. (Memorial for IPKF – Indian Peace Keeping Force) Me Killing Force By Dr. T. Somasekaram 7. Scarred Minds: The Psychological Impact of War on Sri Somasundaram 8. Sexual violence against Tamil women ­ D. B. S. Jeyaraj, 9. Krishanti, a Woman of Sri Lanka By Danica Anderson 10. Violence Against Women in Armed Conflict ­ Amnesty 11. WAR and RAPE: by: Janet M. Eaton, PhD, February 8 12. Rape as a Weapon of War ­ Claudia Card ­ Hypatia Vol Card 13. Sexual violence as a weapon of war ­ Unicef ­ 1996 Re 14. Rape: weapon of war ­ new internationalist ­ issue 244
giw‐2008‐xf

gay;yth?
NghJkhdJ. murhq;fj;jpd; rHtNjr gpur;‐ tH jdf;F
rhuq;fs; rkPg fhykhf Njhy;tpailtjw;F mtkhd‐
xU fhuzk; NghHf;fhy nfhLikfspd; Uf;F fpl;ba
mj;jid tpghPjq;fSk; vy;iyj;jhz;b Ntd; vd;W
NghFksTf;F mjpfhpj;jpUg;gNj. hNy kw;wtH
muR ,t;thwhd ,k;irfspd; g;gbg;gl;l
thapyhf jkpo; kf;fis gzpa itj;J epHthzf;
muR jUk; jPHtpid Vw;fr; nra;fpd;w eltbf;ifahf> Nghhpd; fUtpahf> hjpfsplkp‐
tijapd; fUtpahf> ghypay; ty;YwT lj;jg;gLk;"
njhlHr;rpahf ghtpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. k; vt;tsT
mur gaq;futhjj;jpd; cr;r tbtk; ,J hl;l jkpo;
jhd;. ,J ,dpNky; njhluhJ vd;gjw;fhd rk;gtq;fs;
cWjpia vtUk; je;Jtplkhl;lhHfs;.
58MtJ rhpepfH ,jopy; n[d;dp vd;fpw ngahpy; ;gl;l ,e;jf;fl;LiuahdJ giwf;fhf NkYk; gy NrHj;Jk; jpUj;jg;gl;Lk; ,e;jf; fl;Liu j;Jld; gl;bayplg;gl;bUe;j ghypay; ty;YwT ; juTfs; gl;bay; iftrk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. $lNt ;F cs;shd fyhtpd; ‐NfhNz];thpfs; ftpijAk; ;ftpij ,d;W kPz;Lk; cq;fs; czHTfSf;fhfTk;> ld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.) ‐M‐H
n Violence Against Women ­ Ms.Yakin Erturk, 3 March 2004,
ahlia Gilboa ­ y ­ Author Blaschke, Stefan rtime Rape a Priority By Jennifer Friedlin as > SRI LANKA:THE ARROGANCE OF POWER: Myths, oole eace Keeping Force) Memorial for IPKF ­ Innocent People ram ical Impact of War on Sri Lankan Tamils by Prof Daya
omen ­ D. B. S. Jeyaraj, 22 December 2000 ka By Danica Anderson
rmed Conflict ­ Amnesty International New Zealand . Eaton, PhD, February 8, 2000 audia Card ­ Hypatia Vol. 11, No. 4 (Fall 1996) © by Claudia
f war ­ Unicef ­ 1996 Report ternationalist ­ issue 244 ­ June 1993 by Angela Robson
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«è£«íúõó¤è÷ «ïø¬øò ÜõÀ¬ìò ê£3⁄4- âùè° «õî¬ù¬òî¢îóõ¤ô¬ô. ñóî¶ð«ð£òõ¤ìì àíó3⁄4èÀ÷¢ Üî¤óï¶ «ð£îô¢âðð® ï¤è¿ñ!?
Üùð£ù âù¢îñ¤öêê¤è«÷! Þîîõ¤ù¢êñ£î£ùîî¤øè£ò¢ ïéè÷¢âùù aêòîóè÷!? Ýè«õ õ£1⁄4éè÷¢ à¬ìè¬÷è¢èöøø¤ àéè¬÷ ï¤óõ£íðð ́îî¤è¢aè£÷Àéè÷¢ âù¢Üññ£«õ àù¬ù»ñî£ù.
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Üõõ÷«õ£ ́ ï¤ùÁ õ¤ì£îó! âéè÷¢«ò£ù¤è÷¤ù¢á«ì ÷ò êïîî¤ î÷¤óõ¤ìèà ́ñ. Ýè«õ aõ®¬õî«î ê¤îø®»éè÷¢ æõaõ£1⁄4 ¶í ́è¬÷»ñ¢Ãì® Ü÷÷¤ 1¬î»éè÷¢ Þù¤«ñô¢âññ¤ùñ¢î÷¤óõ¤ìo®ò£îð®.
ê¤éè÷ ê«è£îó¤è«÷! àéè÷¢«ò£ù¤èÀè° Þð«ð£¶ «õ¬ôò¤ô¬ô. èô£ (Þôé¬è) -êó¤ï¤èó¢(17.5.1997)
26
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,t;thW kpf kpf rpy cWjpAld fhuzk;> m ,Ue;jtH ghjpf;fg;gl kPjhd M tpLtH. n vjpHfhyk; fhuzkhfpt Fwpj;j gz mikg;ng nahUtH njhptpf;if xU rk;g Muk;gj;jpy MHtKk;> fhzg;gL r%kspg;g njhptpj;jh tpsq;fpf; n
ntspj Fwpj;J N KbahJs ghjpf;fg;g mit gw;w ,yFthd mwptPHfs

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k;gtq;fspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; vy;NyhUNk ,J Fwpj;j Kiwg;ghL nra;a Kd;tUtjpy;iy. ngUk;ghyhNdhH jq;fSf;Fs; Gijj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. Kiwapl;Ltpl;L mjd;gpd;dH> mNj ,uhZtg; gpuNjrj;jpy; jdf;Fk; jdJ FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fkhd ghJfhg;Gf;F ve;j cj;juthjKkpy;iy vd;gij mtHfs; mwptH. mLj;jJ r%fj;jpd; Kd; jdf;F Vw;glf;$ba mtkhdj;ijAk; vjpHfhyj;ijAk; gw;wpa gPjp Kiwaplr; nra;a tplhJ.
,t;thW ijhpakhf Kiwapl tUNthH kpf kpf rpyNu mtHfSk; njhlHe;J mNj cWjpAld; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. mjw;fhd fhuzk;> mtHfSf;F ,J Fwpj;J Mjuthf ,Ue;jtHfs; gbg;gbahf FiwtJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz; $l mr;rk;gtj;jpd; kPjhd Mj;jpuj;ij fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,oe;J tpLtH. njhlHe;J tUk; kpul;ly;> gPjp vjpHfhyk; Fwpj;j mr;rk; vd;gdTk; ,jw;F fhuzkhfptpLfpd;wd. NfhNz];thp tof;F Fwpj;j gzpfspy;  cw;rhfKk; jw;NghJ vjpHkhwhf fhzg;gLtjhfTk;> tof;Ff;Nf r%kspg;gij jtpHj;J tUtjhfTk; njhptpj;jhH. ,e;j epiyikfis rhpahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.
ntspj;njhpag;gl;l gy rk;gtq;fs; Fwpj;J NghJkhd tpguq;fis mwpa KbahJs;sJ. mit Fwpj;J nrhy;y ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; Kd;tUtjpy;iy. mit gw;wpa gjpTfis vq;Fk; ngWtJk; ,yFthdjy;y vd;gij thrHfs; mwptPHfs;.
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ypay; Fwpj;j tplaq;fs; Gyikj;Jt kl;lj;jpy; NgRnghUshf Mf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,Nj Ntis ngz;fspd; kPjhd ghypay; td;Kiwf‐ spd; rkPgfhy mjpfhpg;igAk; mjd; nfhLuj;ijAk; $lNt mwpe;J mDgtpj;J tUfpNwhk;.
,isajk;gp jHrpdp (taJ 20) vDk; ngz; ,U tUlq;fSf;F Kd; brk;gH 18 md;W flw;gilapduhy; flj;jpr; nry;yg;gl;L ghypay; ty;YwTf;F cs;shf;fp nfhiy nra;J gpd; fy;nyhd;‐ Wld; fl;b fpzw;nwhd;wpy; Nghl;bUe;j nra;jp midtUf;Fk; njhpAk;. ,e;jr; nra;jp ntspahd NghJ $lNt ,e;jg; ngz;zpd; xOf;fg;gz;Gfs; Fwpj;j nra;jpAk; rpyuhy; gug;gg;gl;ld. gilap‐ dhpd; ,e;j fhilj;jdj;ij %bkiwf;f mur ,ae;jpuKk;> Nghpdthj fl;likg;Gk; mg;ngz;zpd; xOf;fg;gz;Gfs; kPJ Nfs;tpnaOg;Gk; tz;zk; fijgug;gpaij ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fs; fz;bj;jd.
,j;jid Nfhuj;jdj;jpd; gpd;Dk; $l mjpfhuj;Jtk; gilj;j Mzhjpf;fk; jdJ "Mz;ikj;Jt" nra;ifia kiwf;fntd> gypahf;fg;gl;l ngz;izNa kPz;Lk; Nkhrkhf rpj;jhpj;J mf;fhilj;jdj;ij epahag;gLj;jNth my;yJ mjid rkg;gLj;jNth Kidtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,Jtiu fhyKk; ghypay; ty;YwTf;‐ Fs;shd ngz;iz Mghrkhd cila‐ zpe;jpUe;jhs;> Mghrkhf fhl;rp je;jhs;> Nkhrkhd ,lj;jpypUe;jhs;> gpioahd ghijapy; te;jhs;> gpioahd Neuj;jpy; te;jhs; vd ty;YwTf;F epahak; nrhy;Yk;
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; fy;nyhd;‐ Nghl;bUe;j pAk;. ,e;jr; lNt ,e;jg; fs; Fwpj;j d. gilap‐ %bkiwf;f fl;likg;Gk; ;Gfs; kPJ jgug;gpaij
j;jd. pd;Dk; $l jpf;fk; jdJ iwf;fntd> a kPz;Lk; lj;jdj;ij J mjid fhz;fpNwhk;. ; ty;YwTf;‐ hd cila‐ l;rp je;jhs;> ;> gpioahd d Neuj;jpy; k; nrhy;Yk;
tof;fk; rhjhuz r%f Ngr;rhlypy; khj;jpuky;y> rl;lj;jpd; Kd; $l fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU rl;l tYthfTk; vjphpf;F rhjfkhf mike;j vj;jidNah tof;Ffisf; fhz Kbe;jpUf;fpwJ.
vdNt jhd; ,e;j fw;nghOf;fk; Fwpj;Jk; ghYwT Fwpj;Jk; epyTfpd;w tplaq;fis Muha;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
ngz;zpd; caphpay; mk;rkhd ghYWg;Gfs; kPjhd mjpfhuj;Jtj;Jf;F Mzhjpf;f kuG topte;j r%f‐ gz;ghl;Lf; fhuzpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
Mz;ik‐ngz;ik Fwpj;j kuGg; GidTfspd; thapyhfTk;> IjPfq;fspd; thapyhfTk; ,J gykhf Nt&d;wpAs;sd. ,tw;iw vkJ fy;tp> njhlHG+lf> kj tptfhuq;fs; ghJfhj;J> tw;GWj;jp te;Js;sd.
jdJ fd;dpj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhf;f Ntz;batshf ngz; gof;fg;gLj;jg;gl;‐ Ls;shs;. ghypay; gw;wpa Ghpjy; ngz;f‐ Sf;F kWf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> tiuaWf;fg;‐ gl;ljhfTk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ghypayh‐
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dJ ,ufrpaj;Jf;Fk;> me;juq;fj;Jf;Fk; chpa xd;whfTk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; ghypay; Fwpj;j Ntl;iffs;> ehl;lq;fs; nraw;ifj;jdkhdjhf fw;gpjk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Ngrhg;nghUshf itj;‐ jpUf;fg;gl;lhYk; $l mJ ngz;fSf;F kl;Lk;jhd; vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; ,it Ngrhg; nghUshf ,Uf;Fk; tiu mtHfspd; ghypay; Ntl;iffs; jzpf;fg;gLnkd;w ek;gpf;if Mzhjpf;fr; #oypy; epyTfpd;wJ.
xU jhukzk;> FLk;gk;> tk;rhtop> xOf;f kuGfs; vd;gd jdpr;nrhj;Jl‐ ikapd; topKiwfs;. ,jpy; xU jhu kzkhdJ je;ij topr;r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;F (mjhtJ jdJ tpe;jpd; tpisNtnad;gij epWTtjw;F Kd;epge;‐ jidahf jpfo;fpwJ.) mtrpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l Foe;ij jdJ Mz;ikj;Jtj;jpd; tpisT‐ntspg;ghL vdf; fUJfpwJ.
vdNt jhd; Mzhjpf;fkhdJ "fw;G" vd;gij ngz;zpd; kPjhd tpjpahf Mf;fpa mNj Neuk; Mzpd; "fw;G kPwiy" mJ jdJ Mz;ikapd; ntw;wpahfTk; epWtp tpl;bUf;fpwJ.
,e;j fw;nghOf;fkhdJ tuyhw;W G+HtkhfNt ngUq;fijahlyhf rpj;jphpj;J tug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; tpisthf ,J ,d;Wk; gykhf epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; fijahlypd; kj;jpapy; tpQ;QhdG+Htkhd cz;ikfs; itjPf gpw;Nghf;F rf;jpfshy; fhyhfhykhf fhabf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
ngz;zpd; ,e;j fw;nghOf;fj;Jf;F ngz;zpd; kPjhd "Nahdp ika thjk;" Mw;Wfpd;w ghj;jpuk; fhpridf;FhpaJ. ,J jhd; ngz;zpd; kPjhd ,aw;ifahd caphpay; "nfhLik". ,dg;ngUf;f ikakhf mike;jpUf;fpw caphpay; ,ay;ig ngz;zpd; fHg;gk; Fwpj;j gaj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gilahf ,J MfpaJ. ,e;j gaj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Mz;‐ ngz; cwT fl;likf;fg;gl;L FLk;g
28
mikg;G "xUj;jpf ngz;Zf ypUf;f x tpl;lhy jpUkzq MZ Fhpa xd vg;gb t ngl;bapy Nfhtpy; ngz;zpd Jlf;F> t mtkhd mjd; kPj sJ.
ghYw Ntz;lj #oy; fw;g J}\z tpistpi epyTfpd JNk ng Nfyp nra %yk; N KbAk; xUtiu vjphpf;F rNfhjhp> nra;jhy;> nfhs;sr; epyTfpwJ
mNj nflhky; GfSk;> m LfSk; ngz;fS njhlHGf ngz; jd UlDk; njhlHGf Gdpjk; ljhfTk;>

uq;fj;Jf;Fk; ;gl;Ls;sJ. Ntl;iffs;> jhf fw;gpjk; shf itj;‐ gz;fSf;F f;fg;gl;lJ. g; nghUshf ; ghypay; ;w ek;gpf;if d;wJ. ;> tk;rhtop> pr;nrhj;Jl‐ y; xU jhu ;r%fj;jpd; tpe;jpd; ;F Kd;epge;‐ trpakhf e;ij jdJ ‐ntspg;ghL
hdJ "fw;G" tpjpahf pd; "fw;G z;ikapd; f;fpwJ.
tuyhw;W hf rpj;jphpj;J sthf ,J ;sJ. ,e;jf; hdG+Htkhd rf;jpfshy; tUfpd;wd. Of;fj;Jf;F ka thjk;" ;FhpaJ. ,J aw;ifahd g;ngUf;f caphpay; ;gk; Fwpj;j J MfpaJ. Na Mz;‐ l;L FLk;g
mikg;G vDk; mjpfhuj;jpw;F xLf;fpaJ. "xUj;jpf; nfhUtd;" vDk; rpj;jhe;jj;ij ngz;Zf;F jpzpj;jJ. ,it nflhk‐ ypUf;f xOf;fepajpfs;> fz;fhzpg;Gfs;> tpl;lhy; NghJnkd;w cldbj; jpUkzq;fs;>
MZWg;G ypq;fkhfTk; topghl;Lf;‐ Fhpa xd;whfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. (,J vg;gb topghl;Lf;F te;jJ vd;gij ngl;bapy; cs;s fijiag; ghHf;f) mjw;F Nfhtpy; fl;b Fk;gpLfpd;w mNj Neuk; ngz;zpd; NahdpahdJ jPl;L> J}a;ik> Jlf;F> tpyf;F> mrpq;fk;> mUtUg;G> mtkhdk; vd;fpd;w GidTfisAk;> mjd; kPjhd ntWg;igAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;‐ sJ.
ghYwT jtpHj;jhy; Nahdpia xU Ntz;lj;jfhj xd;whfNt Mzhjpf;f #oy; fw;gpjk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,d;Ws;s J}\z thHj;ijfisg; ghHj;jhy; ,jd; tpistpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. epyTfpd;w J}\z thHj;ijfs; midj;‐ JNk ngz;fspd; ghYWg;Gfisf; Fwpj;J Nfyp nra;fpd;witahfNt cs;sd. ,jd; %yk; Ntz;lhjtiu mtkhdg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;fpd;w IjPfk; epyTfpwJ. xUtiuj; Jd;GWj;j KbT nra;jhy; vjphpf;F neUf;fkhd ngz;zpd; (jha;> rNfhjhp> kidtp) ghYWg;Gfs; kPJ Nfyp nra;jhy;> mtkhdg;gLj;jpdhy; Nfhgk; nfhs;sr; nra;ayhk; vd;fpd;w IjPfKk; epyTfpwJ.
mNj Ntis ,Nj Nahdp Gdpjk; nflhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w vjpHghHg;‐ GfSk;> mtw;Wf;fhd tpjpfSk; fl;Lg;gh‐ LfSk; Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Mz; gy ngz;fSld; nfhs;Sk; ghYwTj; njhlHGfs;> Mz;ikapd; rpwg;ghfTk; ngz; jdJ fztidj; jtpHe;j vt‐ UlDk; itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w ghYwTj; njhlHGfspdhy; mtsJ "fd;dpj;jd;ik" Gdpjk; nfl;ljhfTk;> fw;gpof;fg;gl;‐ ljhfTk;> elj;ij nfl;ljhfTk;> xOf;f
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kPwyhfTk; GidAksTf;F fUj;jpay;fs; fl;likf;fg;‐ gl;Ls;sd.
,d;Wk; ghYwthdJ tpQ;Qhd G+Htkhd gu];gu GhpjYldhd $l;Lr; nraw;‐ ghlhf ,y;iy. ghYwtpd; NghJ ngz;zhdts; ntWk; Nghfg; nghUs; khj;jpuNk Mz; tpUk;gpa NghJ "rfytw;iwAk;" rfpj;Jf; nfhz;L ,ire;J nfhLf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk; khj;jpuNk.
vdNt ,e;j Nahdp ikathjk; jhd; Nahdpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ghYwTf;F mg;ghy; ‐ vy;yhNk tf;fpuk; vd;w GiditAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. vjpHghYwTf;‐ $lhfj;jhd; (hetro sexual) ghypay; ,d;gk; fpl;Lk; vd;fpd;w GidTfSk; ,jd; ntspg;ghNl. vdNt jhd; gpd;dH Gl;l cwT> tha; cwT kw;Wk; xU ghYwT tiu vy;yhNk mgj;jkhdjhfTk;> tf;fpuk; nfhz;ljhfTk;> ,aw;iff;F Kuzhdjhf‐ Tk;> rl;ltpNuhjkhdjhfTk; gpur;rhuk; nra;ag;gl;ld. ,J Mzpd; ghyhjpf;fj;‐ Jf;F mtrpakhd xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ.
NkYk; epyTfpd;w r%f mikg;igg; nghWj;jstpy; jdJ nrhe;j ghYWg;G jtph;j;J VidNahhpd; ghYWg;Gf;fis mUtUg;ghf ghHf;fpd;w cstpay; Mz;fsplk; ,Ug;gjhf r%ftpayhsHfs; njhptpf;fpd;wdH. ,jw;F vjpHkhwhf> ngz;fs; ,Uf;f fw;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdH.
Fwpg;ghf Foe;ijfSf;F Fz;b fOTtJ Kjy; nfhz;L VidNahhpd; cs;shilfis fOTtJ kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs;> gps;isfspd;‐Vd; tPl;bYs;s midtuJk; ghYWg;Gfs; cs;spl;l Rfhjhu kUj;Jt tplaq;fspy; mf;fiw nfhs;tJk;> Vd;> nrhe;j ghYWg;G kPjhd Rfhjhu kw;Wk; kW cw;gj;jp Fwpj;Jk; rfy topfspYk; ngz;Nz> nghJthf ve;jtpj
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f;F Fz;b idNahhpd; J kw;Wk; ; tPl;bYs;s ; cs;spl;l py; mf;fiw Wg;G kPjhd wpj;Jk; rfy hf ve;jtpj
mUtUg;Gf;FKs;shfhky; rfpg;Gld; ghYWg;G eyd;fspy;  Mzhjpf;fj;jplk; ,g;gbg;gl;l mUtUg;Gfs;> ntWg;‐ GzHTfs; ,Ug;gJ Fwpj;J gpd;ndd;d Mr;rhpag;gl ,Uf;fpwJ.
vdNt jhd; ,e;j fw;G> fd;dpj; jd;ik> Nghd;w kughd IjPfq;fs; ,d;W ghypay; ty;Ywit tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbahj msTf;F nfhz;L nrd;W tpLfpwJ. r%fj;jpy; cs;s ghnyhLf;FKiwfis ,dq;fhzhky; nra;J tpLfpwJ. FLk;gj;jpy; fztdhy; ghypay; td;Kiwfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gL‐ fpd;w Ntisfspy; mJ mtdpd; chpikahf nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ngz;fs; mjid rfpf;f Ntz;Lnkd vjpHghHf;fg;‐ gLfpwJ. ,Uf;fpd;w Mzhjpf;f fl;likg;Gld; rkurk; nra;J nfhs;sr; nra;Js;sJ. ,e;j fl;likg;gpd; kPjhd kPwy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLkhapUe;jhy;> kPwpatis elj;ij nfl;ltshf Mf;fptpl;Ls;sJ.
ghypay; Fwpj;j ,e;jg; GidTfisj; jfHg;gNj ngz; tpLjiyia rhj;jpakhf;Fk;.
,d;iwa ngz;fs; kPjhd td;Kiwf‐ spy; ghypay; td;KiwahdJ mjpfhpj;J tUtjhdJ mjpfhukw;w ghyhhpd; kPjhd Mz;fspd; ifahyhfhj;jdj;ijNa Fwpf;fpwJ. mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd; mlf;F‐ Kiwf;Fs;shtjhy; mjpfhuk; Kjypy; mtrpak;. ,d;W ,e;j mjpfhuj;Jf;fhd xU gazj;ijNa Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;‐ fpwJ. xU Gul;rpfu r%f khw;wj;Jf;fhd gazj;jpy; jq;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhd ghj;jpuj;ij Mw;WtJ> tpLjiyapy; mf;fiwAs;s midj;J ngz;fspdJk; flik.
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aðó¤ò£ó¢õ¤÷è°è¤ø£ó. aðó¤ò£ó¢
ê¤ïî¬ù -3 Þô¤1⁄4ï¶ aðøððìì¬õ Þ¬õ. v
jpupia Njhw;fbf;f vjpupapd;
topfhl;Lfpd;whu;. ,e;J kjj;jpd; %j;j fl 100 tUlkhf Aj;jk; ele;jjhk;. rq;f nfhy;yKbatpy;iyahk;. Vd; vd;W fz;lwpe;jhuhk;. rq;fudpd; kidtp fw;G mopf;fKbahJ vdf; fz;lhuhk;. rptd; r Jsrpia fw;gopj;jgpd;> rq;fhRuidf; nfhd mwpe;J "X! tp\;Z> fy;neQ;rk; gilj;j nra;J nfhd;W tpl;lha;. eP fy;yhf Ngh! Guhzk; (9>24>25) ,y; fPo; rhjp ngz; ,fo;e ngz;zpd; fw;Gupikia mopf;f ju;krh] rhjpg;gpuptpd; ngUikia nfhLg;gjhF Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. Jsrp fPo; rhjpg; ngz;z rptdpd; ntw;wpia ,e;J kjk; Nghw;Wfp Nfl;L nksdk; rhjpj;J Mzhjpf;f ku ,e;J kjj;ij ngz;fs; vg;gb Nghw;wK
‐‐‐ tuyhw;wpy; kjAj;jq;fs; Kjy; Mf;fpu ifg;gw;WtJk;> fw;gopg;gJk;> njhlu; tp itg;ghl;bahf‐itj;jpUg;gJ vd;w M ,uhtzd; nra;jjpy;iy. ,uhtzd; rPiji tpUg;gkpd;wp njhLtijf; $l iftpl;lt epyj;Jld; Njhz;b nrd;w NghJ> rPij vwpe;j epu;thzkhd epiyapYk;> ,uhtzd khwhf ngz;iz ngz;zhf kjpj;jhd;. , kz;il ntbj;JtpLk; vd;why;> elj;jpapUf;fKbAk;. ,uhkhazj;jpd; e nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;b gy;NtW juTfis c

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Njhw;fbf;f vjpupapd; kidtpia fw;gopf;f rptd;
u;. ,e;J kjj;jpd; %j;j flTs; rptDf;Fk; rq;fhRuDf;Fk; Aj;jk; ele;jjhk;. rq;fud; vd;w mRuid flTshy; py;iyahk;. Vd; vd;W Muha;e;j rptd; fhuzj;ij rq;fudpd; kidtp fw;Gilats; vd;gjhy; rq;fhRuid vdf; fz;lhuhk;. rptd; rq;fhRud; Ntlk; Nghl;Lr; nrd;W j;jgpd;> rq;fhRuidf; nfhd;whuhk;. ,jd; gpd; Jsrp cz;ik ;Z> fy;neQ;rk; gilj;j tQ;rfNd! vd; fztiur; rjp tpl;lha;. eP fy;yhf Ngh!"148 vd;W rgpj;jhs;. kfhghRtj ,y; fPo; rhjp ngz; ,fo;e;jhYk;> Nky; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtd;> upikia mopf;f ju;krh];jpuk; mq;fPfupg;gJld;> ,J Nky; gUikia nfhLg;gjhFk; vd;W tpsf;fp fw;gopg;ig . Jsrp fPo; rhjpg; ngz;zhf ,Ug;gjhy; mtis fw;gopj;j ia ,e;J kjk; Nghw;Wfpd;wJ. ,ij Guhzkhf $w> ehk; ; rhjpj;J Mzhjpf;f kug;gpy; mq;fPfupf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j gz;fs; vg;gb Nghw;wKbAk;.
jAj;jq;fs; Kjy; Mf;fpukpg;G Aj;jq;fs; tiu ngz;fis fw;gopg;gJk;> njhlu; tpgr;rhuj;jpy; js;StJk;> jkJ ‐ ‐itj;jpUg;gJ vd;w Mzhjpf;f nfhLuk; vijAk; jpy;iy. ,uhtzd; rPijia tpUk;Gfpd;w NghJ> mtspd; hLtijf; $l iftpl;ltd;;. rPijia ,uhtzd; njhlhJ ;b nrd;w NghJ> rPij jdJ Nkyhilfis fise;J hd epiyapYk;> ,uhtzd; fhkk; nfhz;L rpijf;ftpy;iy. ngz;zhf kjpj;jhd;. ,uhtzd; ngz;iz njhLtjhy; j;JtpLk; vd;why;> fw;gopg;ig NtWtopapy; Ak;. ,uhkhazj;jpd; ePjp ,uhtzd; jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J z;b gy;NtW juTfis cs;slf;fpaNj xopa> ,ij kWj;J
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,uhkdpd; Mzhjpf;f tf;fpuj;ij nrhy;YtNj ,uhkhazk;.
jpnusgjp
,e;j Itupy; mUr;Rdd; ge;jak; xd;wpy; jpnusgjp vd;w ngz;iz ntd;W vLj;jij njhlu;e;J> mtis ItUk; jkJ ghypay; Njitf;F gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,tu;fspilNa ,Ue;j Nghl;biaj; jzpf;f Ntjtpahrd; Mz;L xUtu; mtis itj;jpUf;f MNyhrid $wpdhd;. Itupd; ghypay; Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; nghJ kfspu; vd;gjhy;> mtis Jzpe;J ge;jaj;jpy; gzak; itj;jdu;. Kd;G ge;jaj;jpy; ntd;w mg;ngz;iz NtW ,lj;jpy; itj;jNghJ Njhw;fpd;wdu;. mtis ntd;wtu;fs; nghJtpgr;rhuj;jpy; cupe;J ghu;f;f> (,g;gb $wpa tuyhw;iw jhz;;b ve;j ,lj;jpYk; mg;gb cupe;j Mjhuj;ij nfhz;bUf;‐ ftpy;iy. ghz;ltu;fs; Aj;j kw;Wk; kuig jhz;b mepahakhf fpU\;z rjp %yk; elj;jpa Aj;j cgNjrk; %yk; ghu;g;gdpa Mjpf;fj;ij epiyepWj;j> cupe;j tuyhW Gjpjhf fPijapy; ,izf;fg;gl;lNj. ,q;F fPijNa GidthdJjhd;. Mdhy; Jnusgij cupe;j fij ,ilr; nrUfyhf Kd;ida Gidtpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.) gyu; Kd;dpiyapy; cupe;j NghJ> Kd;G nghJ tpgr;rhuj;jpy; ge;jaj;jpy; ntd;w cupikAld;; mDgtpj;jtu;fs;> xU ngz;‐ Zf;F elf;Fk; mepahakhf ve;j epiyapYk; vjpu;j;J Nghuhl Kida‐ tpy;iy. ngz; Mzpd; jdpg;gl;l ge;jar; nrhj;J vd;w Mzhjpf;f mbg;gilapy; cuptij ghu;j;J epd;wdu;. ,q;F ahUk; ePjpiaf; Nfhutpy;iy.
,e;j jpnusgij gz;ltUld; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; fu;zDld; cwT nfhs;s Jbj;jij> fz;zd; vd;w mLj;j Mzhjpf;f nghWf;fp ghz;ltuplk; $wpajhf gz;ltu; tuyhW. gP\;kid Neub Aj;jj;jpy; nty;y Kbahj
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mUr;Rd ngz;iz ngz;fs epfo;fpd;w %yk; nf NkhrbNa tpsf;f ek;GtJ fhl;Lfpd NkhrbA tuyhw;W jpaj;jplk thduq;f Cf;Ftpj ghujg Rddpd; jpf;fk; nf
"mj g;uJ\;ae
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vd;w mju;kk nfl;Lg; Njhd;wNy Fog;gk; NghJ> t fw;igAk ,jdhy; m Nghy; t Ruz;liy rpijit jLf;fTk kPNj> NgzKi ghu;g;g gftj; f ,opTgL
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f;fpuj;ij
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ld; tho;e;j T nfhs;s ;w mLj;j z;ltuplk; . gP\;kid Kbahj
mUr;Rdd;> rpfz;b vd;w mypg; ngz;iz mUr;Rdd; Kd; epWj;jp(,q;F ngz;fs; Aj;jj;jpy; gzak; itg;gJ epfo;fpd;wJ)> mjd; kiwtpy; epd;W rjp %yk; nfhd;whd;. ,g;gb epiwa tuyhw;W NkhrbNa ePjp E}yhf ,Ug;gJk;> ,e;J tpsf;f E}yhf ,Ug;gJk;> ,itfis ek;GtJk; r%f Kl;lhs;j;jdj;ij fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fhl;bf; nfhLg;Gk;> rjpAk;> NkhrbAk; nfhz;l ,e;j ghz;ltu; tuyhw;W ePjp> ,d;W ehl;il Vfhjpgj;‐ jpaj;jplk; jhiuthu;f;Fk; Mzhjpf;f ,e;J thduq;fspd; nraiy kiwKfkhf Cf;Ftpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.
ghujg; Nghupd; tpisTgw;wpa mUr;‐ Rddpd; fz;Nzhl;lk; Kw;whf Mzh‐ jpf;fk; nfhz;ljhf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
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vd;w $w;wpd; mu;j;jk; " fz;zh> mju;kk; R+o;tjdhy; Fyg; ngz;fs; nfl;Lg; Nghfpwhu;fs;. tU\;zp Fyj; Njhd;wNy> ngz;fs; nfLtjdhy; tUzf; Fog;gk; cz;lhfpwJ"133 vd;W $Wk; NghJ> tUzf; fyg;igAk;> ngz;zpd; fw;igAk; Fwpj;Nj ftiyg;gLfpd;whd;; ,jdhy; mikjpia tpUk;Gfpd;whd;. ,Nj Nghy; tu;f;fKuz;ghlw;w mikjpahd Ruz;liy elj;j tpUk;GNthUk;> nrhj;J rpijit jLf;fTk;> Mzhjpf;f rpjit jLf;fTk; vd rKjhaj;jpd; R+iwahly;fs; kPNj> jdpkdpj cupikfis NgzKidfpd;wdu;.
ghu;g;gdpak; jdJ vjpupfis ,l;L gftj; fPijapy; mtu;fspd; gpwg;ig ,opTgLj;jpNa rhgk; ,Lfpd;wJ.
"jhd`k; j;tp\j f;&uhd; ]k;]hNu\P euhakhdd;
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f\ghk;g [l;uk]Pghdh ]PuP\;Ntt Nahdp\P"133
,jd; mu;j;jk; "vd;idg; giff;Fk; nfhbNahiu‐ c ,e;jf; fPo;kf;fis ehd; vg;NghJk; mRuNahdpfspy; g ,ope;j rhjpfis Mzhjpf;f tf;fpuj;Jld; c ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. flTs;fspd; ,e;j jpkpu;gpbj;j Mzhjpf;f ghu;g;gdpa jpkpu;fs;jhd;. ,e;j jPkpupy; gpjw;W fub> rpq;fk; Kjypatw;wpd; Nahdpfspy; gpwf;f gz;Z ,ij NkYk; ghu;g;Nghk;;.
"M]PuPk; Nahdpkhghd;dh %lh [d;kdp [d;kdp
khkg;uhg;iat fTe;Nja! jNjhahe;j;a akhk; fjp"1 ,jd; mu;j;jk; "Fe;jpapd; kfNd> gpwg;GNjhWk; mR vd;id naa;jhkNy xd;Wf;nfhd;W kpfTk; fPohd gpw mUr;Rdf;F $Wk; NghNj rhjpaj;ij fl;bf;fhf;f g Mzhjpf;fj;ij MAjkhf ifahs;tijf; fhzKbfp
ypqf topghL! gp
uk;kh elj;Jk; Nts;tpr; rhiyf;F rptd; n rptngUkhd; epHthzkhf> fhk tpfhuj;NjhL FbN Kbahjgb mt;tsT Mghrkhf ele;J nfhz;lhH.
rptdpd; fhk epiyiaf; fz;L hp\p gj;jpdpfs; mj nfhz;ldH. rpyH tPL Nehf;fp Xl;lk; gpbj;jdH. rpyH fhk Nkhfj;jpy; epHthzkhf ,Ue;j rptidj; jOtp ,d;gk; gUfpdH.
,jidf; fz;l hp\pfs; kdk; rfpahJ kaq;fp tPo;e;jdH. czHT te;jgpd; tpopj;njOe;J rptid rgpj;jdH. hp\pfspd; rhgj;jhy; rptdpd; Mz; mtak; mWe;J tpOe;jJ. mjd; tpisthf thdk;> G+kp mjpHr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. cyfk; fpLfpLj;jJ. ,jdhy; hp\pfs; rptdplk; XbdH. jpUk;g rhe;jp epyt Ntz;bdH. gpd;dH ghHtjp Njtpapd; Nahdpapy; mkHe;J mikjp ngw;wjhk; me;j mtak;. mJ rptypq;fkhf Njhd;wp tpl;lJ.
MjPdq;fSk; klhjpgjpgjpfSk; elj;jp tUk; rpthyaq;fspy; ,J tiu njhOJ topgLk; rptypq;fk; Njhd;wpa tuyhw;Wf; fij ,JNt. ,e;J fyhrhuk; Myaq;fs;> tpohf;fs; %yk; gug;gptUk; xd;whFk;. ,jid gjk; Guhzk;> ];u];jp fhz;lk; mj;jpahak; 17 tpthpf;fpwJ.
32

]PuP\;Ntt Nahdp\P"133
iff;Fk; nfhbNahiu‐ cyfj;jpd; vy;yhupYk; filg;gl;l ghJk; mRuNahdpfspy; gpwf;Fk;gb vwpfpNwd;."133 vd;W pf;f tf;fpuj;Jld; cUthf;fpa rhjpj;jpkpiu ,J ;fspd; ,e;j jpkpu;gpbj;j rhgq;fs; vy;yhk; ep[ cyf s;jhd;. ,e;j jPkpupy; gpjw;Wtijg; ghu;g;Nghk;;. kWgpwtpapy; ahdpfspy; gpwf;f gz;ZNtd; vd;W $wj; jaq;ftpy;iy.
h %lh [d;kdp [d;kdp
jNjhahe;j;a akhk; fjp"133
fNd> gpwg;GNjhWk; mRuf; fUf;fspy; Njhd;Wk; ,k;%lu; fhd;W kpfTk; fPohd gpwtpia milfpwhu;fs;"133 vd;W rhjpaj;ij fl;bf;fhf;f gpwg;ig mbg;gilahf nfhs;s
fahs;tijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
ypqf topghL!
;tpr; rhiyf;F rptd; nrd;whH. Nts;tp kz;lgj;jpy; fhk tpfhuj;NjhL FbNghijAld; thHj;ijapy; vOj khf ele;J nfhz;lhH. z;L hp\p gj;jpdpfs; mjpHr;rpAk;> Mr;rhpaKk;> mr;rKk; p Xl;lk; gpbj;jdH. hf ,Ue;j rptidj;
dk; rfpahJ kaq;fp opj;njOe;J rptid hy; rptdpd; Mz; mjd; tpisthf . cyfk; fpLfpLj;jJ. k; XbdH. jpUk;g H ghHtjp Njtpapd; p ngw;wjhk; me;j jhd;wp tpl;lJ.
pfSk; elj;jp tUk; njhOJ topgLk; ; fij ,JNt. ,e;J ; %yk; gug;gptUk; k;> ];u];jp fhz;lk;
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Hf;f czHr;rpAk;> c Gul;rpfu czHr;rpAk; n nfhk;A+dp];Lfs; trPf trPfhpg;gjpy;iy. Ik tHf;fj;JUtg;gl;bUe;jNg NjhoH nghd; fe;ijah tpag;NgJk; ,y;iy!
md;W jkpo;kf;fs; NjHe;njLj;j xNUnahU , NjhoH nghd;. fe;ija xl;Lnkhj;j jkpoHfis ehkhfuzk; #l;bapUf;Fk NjhoH nghd;.fe;ija Jiwj;njhFjpapy;jhd; n cLg;gpl;bj;njhFjpna gpd;dhl;fspy;j;jhd; gUj gphpf;fg;gl;L gUj;jpj cLg;gpl;bj;njhFjp jdpah `h;j;jhy; %yk; me;ehs; , ll;yp Nrddhaf;fhit NghHf;fg;gYf;Fs; jQ njhopyhsH Nghuhl;lj;jpd E}W njhFjpfspy; yq;fh Kd;dPlhf NjHjy; fhyj

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md;W jkpo;kf;fs; ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;jtuhfj; jHe;njLj;j xNUnahU ,lJrhup ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;jtH jhoH nghd;. fe;ijahjhd;. ,y;iyNay; rupj;jpuk; l;Lnkhj;j jkpoHfisNa gpw;Nghf;Fthjpfs; vd;W hkhfuzk; #l;bapUf;Fk;.
NjhoH nghd;.fe;ijahmtHfs; 1956 ,y; gUj;jpj;‐ iwj;njhFjpapy;jhd; ntw;wpaPl;bdhH. (me;ehl;fspy; Lg;gpl;bj;njhFjpnad;W xd;W ,Uf;ftpy;iy. pd;dhl;fspy;j;jhd; gUj;jpj;Jiwj; njhFjp ,uz;lhfg;‐ phpf;fg;gl;L gUj;jpj;Jiwj; njhFjp jdpahfTk; Lg;gpl;bj;njhFjp jdpahfTk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.) mJ 1953 h;j;jhy; %yk; me;ehs; ,yq;ifg; gpujk ke;jphpahftpUe;j l;yp Nrddhaf;fhit nfhOk;G JiwKfj;jpy; epd;w ghHf;fg;gYf;Fs; jQ;rk; GFk;gb ntUl;babj;j jhopyhsH Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd; ele;j NjHjyhFk;. md;W }W njhFjpfspy; yq;fh rkrkh[f;fl;rp NjHjypy; epd;wJ. d;dPlhf NjHjy; fhyj;jpNyNa mikr;ruiit ml;l‐
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tiziaj; jahhpj;J NjHjy; tpQ;Qhgdj;‐ jpy; NrHj;jpUe;j fhyk; mJ. md;W Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kd;Ndhf;F yq;fhrkrkh[f; fl;rpf;Nfh my;yJ ,yq;iff; fk;A+dprf;fl;rpf;Nfh ,Ue;jpUe;‐ jhy; njhopyhsptHf;fk; xU Jsp ,uj;jKk; rpe;jhkNy Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpapUf;‐ fyhk;. me;j kl;lj;jpw;F tHf;fj; JUtg;gLj;jy; ,yq;if KOtJk; eilngw;wpUe;jJ. me;jg; Gwepiyr; #oy;jhd; fe;ijahitAk; ghuhSkd;wj;‐ jpw;F mDg;gpapUe;jJ. NjhoH nghd; fe;ijah mtHfs; ,yq;iff; nfhk;A+dprf; fl;rpapd; rhHgpNyNa Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp‐ ngw;wpUe;jhH. murpaypNy Gwepiyf;‐ fhuzp khj;jpuky;y mfataf;fhuzpAk; jPHf;fkhd ghj;jpuj;ij tFg;gjhFk;. ,yq;if KOtJk; fhzg;gl;l tHf;fj; JUtg;gLj;jypd; tPr;nrwptpd; ntspg;‐ ghlha; tlkuhl;rpapy; fe;ijahTk; mtNuhnlhj;j NjhoHfSk; fhzg;gl;‐ lhHfs;. me;jj; Njh;jypy; ,yq;iff; nfhk;A+dp];l; fl;rpf;Fk;> yq;fhf rkrkh[f; fl;rpF;FkpilNa NjHjypy; Nghl;bapy;yh xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjd; fPo; ,lJrhupfs; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jdH. Mdhy;1960 NjHjypNy ,e;jf; fl;rpf‐ spilNa Nghl;bapy;yh xg;ge;jk; epyttpy;iy. 1960 cLg;gpl;bj; njhFjpapy; nfhk;a+dp];l;fl;rp Ntl;ghsuhfg; Nghl;‐ bapl;l nghd; fe;ijahit vjpHj;J rkrkh[f; fl;rp Ntl;ghsuhd MH.MH. jh;kuj;jpdk; Nghl;bapl;lhH. ,lJrhup thf;Ffs; ,uz;lhfg; gpupe;jd. Mjyhy;jhd; nghd; fe;ijah mtHfs; Njhy;tpapidr; re;jpf;f NeHe;jJ. me;jj; Njh;jypy; fpilj;j nfhk;A+dp];l; thf;FfisAk; yq;fhrkrkh[f; fl;rpf;Ff; fpilj;j thf;FfisAk; $l;bdhy; md;W NjHjypy; ntw;wpngw;w vk;.rptrpjk;guj;‐ jpw;Ff; fpilj;j thf;FfspYk; ghHf;f gy Mapuk; $bajhFk;.
36
vOg tpLjiy jkpoiu KbntL ngUk;gh njhFjpa gyUk; gjpypWj;j Nghl;bap jkpy;iy ntw;wpaP bapy;jhd nfhA+dp njhFjpa gpd;Ng xLf;fg jpU.j.,uh ntw;wpaPl
cLg tuyhW K fiyf;fg NrHe;j M ty;ntl;b jpUg;gjpn spd; gpd Jiw kh kl;Lk; n ,Ue;jhH.
1942 , rpiwapy ngNuuhT ty;ntl nrd;wd gpuNjrj ,Ue;jJ. me;j fw;RtHf fpzw;Wr; vd;W gh ngapz Rj;jpaY fhl;rpahf

pQ;Qhgdj;‐ J. md;W d;Ndhf;F h my;yJ ,Ue;jpUe;‐ sp ,uj;jKk; ;gw;wpapUf;‐ F tHf;fj; KOtJk; ; Gwepiyr; uhSkd;wj;‐ hoH nghd; nfhk;A+dprf; pl;L ntw;wp‐ Gwepiyf;‐ f;fhuzpAk; Fg;gjhFk;. l;l tHf;fj; pd; ntspg;‐ e;ijahTk; ; fhzg;gl;‐ ,yq;iff; hf rkrkh[f; ghl;bapy;yh J. mjd; fPo; l;bUe;jdH. e;jf; fl;rpf‐ xg;ge;jk; ; njhFjpapy; hfg; Nghl;‐ t vjpHj;J MH.MH. H. ,lJrhup gpupe;jd. h mtHfs; e;jJ. me;jj; k;A+dp];l; f; fl;rpf;Ff; dhy; md;W ptrpjk;guj;‐ ; ghHf;f gy
vOgj;jpNaO NjHjypy; jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp xU rpWghd;ikj; jkpoiu Ntl;ghshuhf epakpg;gnjd;W KbntLj;jJ. rpWghd;ikj; jkpoiug; ngUk;ghd;ikahff; nfhz;l Nfhg;gha; njhFjpapNyNa epakpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gyUk; gpNuupj;jpUe;jdH. mjw;Fg; gjpypWj;j mkpHjypq;fk; "ehk; Nfhg;ghapw; Nghl;bapl;lhy; ntw;wpaPl;LtJ cj;juth‐ jkpy;iy. xU rpWghd;ikj;jkpoH ntw;wpaPl;;lf;$ba tha;g;G cLg;gpl;‐ bapy;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. me;jj; njhFjp nfhA+dp];l; fe;ijah ntw;wpaPl;bd njhFjpahFk;." vdf; $wpdhh;. mjd; gpd;Ng cLg;gpl;bj; njhFjpapy; xLf;fg;gl;ltHfSs; xUtuhd jpU.j.,uhrypq;fk; NjHjypw; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wpaPl;bdhH.
cLg;gpl;b fpuhkrigj; jiytuhf tuyhW KOtJk; vz;gJfspy; fpuhkrig fiyf;fg;gLkl;Lk; rkrkh[f; fl;rpiar; NrHe;j MH.MH. jHkuj;jpdNk ,Ue;jhH. ty;ntl;bj;Jiwapd; efurigj; jiytuhf jpUg;gjpnad;w nfhk;A+dp];Nl mWgJf‐ spd; gpd;gFjp kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhH. gUj;jpj;‐ Jiw khefurigj; jiytuhf mWgJ kl;Lk; nfhk;A+dp];lhd NrdhjpuhrhNt ,Ue;jhH.
1942 ,y; fz;bapYs;s Nghfk;giur; rpiwapypUe;J jg;gpNahba vd;.vk; ngNuuhTk; gpypg; FztHj;jdhTk; ty;ntl;bj;JiwaPD}NlNa jg;gpr; nrd;wdH. me;j kl;lj;jpw;F me;jg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,lJrhupr; rk;gpujhak; ,Ue;jJ.
me;j ehl;fspy; me;jg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s fw;RtHfs;> kjpy;fs;> Rikjhq;fpfs;> fpzw;Wr; RtHfs;> fpl;lq;fpfs;> kjFfs; vd;W ghHj;j ,lnky;yhk; rptg;Gg; ngapz;lhy; fPwg;gl;l mupthSk; Rj;jpaYk; rpd;dk; fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahfj; Njhd;Wk;. tPl;;L epiyfspNy
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$l mupthSk; Rj;jpaYk; nghwpf;fg;gl;l epiyfisf; fhzyhk;. ngz;fs; mzpe;‐ jpUe;j jhypapd; Flj;jpy;$l mupthSk; Rj;jpaYk; nghwpj;jpUe;jjhffr; rpyH nrhy;yf;Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpd;Nwd;.. nghd;. fe;ijahtpd; cUtg; glq;fs; Vwj;jhs vy;yh tPLfspYk; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. fk;gh;kiynad;w fpuhkj;jpYs;s ,uz;L thrpfrhiyfspYk; nghd;. fe;ijahtpd; cUtg; glq;fs; khiy mzptpf;fg;gl;L mjd; cs; miwfspy; ,d;Wtiu itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. funtl;bfpof;F tsHkjpf;fpuhkj;jpy; ,d;Wk; nghd;fe;ijah mtHfspd; epidTjpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ. fd;nghy;iyf;fpuhkj;jpy; fDtpy; rdr%fk; vd;Dk; ngahpdpNyNa mtHfsJ thrpfrhiy mike;jpUe;jJ. mjd;jiytuhf t.jq;fkzp mtHfSk; mtiuj; njhlHe;J MrphpaH f.,uhruj;‐ jpdk; mtHfSk; jiytuhf ,Ue;jNghJ nghd;fe;ijah mtHfsJ epidT jpdk; njhlHr;rpahf epidT$ug;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. 1966f;Fg; gpd; rhjpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; iff;Fz;L jahhpf;Fk;NghJ ntbtpgj;J Vw;gl;L fd;nghy;iyf; fpuhkj;jpidr;NrHe;j %d;W Nghuhspfs; NjhoHfs; khzpf;fk;.rPtuj;jp‐ dk;> fe;jd;.nry;tuhrh> fpl;bdH.NtYk; kapYk; (ehNf];) MfpNahhpd; jpahfj;jpd; gpd; mf;fpuhkj;jpy; mj;jpahfpfspd; epidT jpdk; Kd;dpWj;jg;gl;L ,d;Wtiu epidT $ug;gl;L tUk;nghOJ fe;ijahit ,d;wpUf;Fk; re;jjp kwe;Jtpl;ljh? vdr; re;Njfpf;fj; Njhd;WfpwJ. fk;gh;kiy murpdH ghlrhiyapy; ,d;Wtiu nghd;. fe;ijahtpd; cUtg; glk; ru];tjp Nghd;w rhkpg; glq;fNshL itf;fg;‐ gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gb tlkuhl;rpapYs;s Vwj;jhs vy;yhf; Ff;fpuhkq;fspYk; mtUila cUtg;glj;jpid nghJ ,lq;fspYk; mtuJ Njhoikf;Fhp‐ atHfsJ tPLfspYk; fhzyhk;.
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fe;i Ntz;Lk te;j r%fngh fUj;jpy; nghd;. f khjpup fpu fk;gHki epyikf funtl;b xLf;fg;g ,tH t ghHg;Ng me;ehl fk;gHki ty;ntl Ff;fpuhk Ik;gJfs te;jnghO kf;fspd jpLf;fpl Nrl;Lg; me;ehl;f mzpe;j ,Ue;jhHf kdpjH$ ghHf;Fk; xU r ,Ue;jpU tz;by mr;rhzp kz;nzz xU ngl Vwj;jhs tptrha kuNkWg NghFk; fpzW n ,Ue;jdH gdq;fhz Fsq;fs;> cLg;gpl;b vd;W nr

hwpf;fg;gl;l ;fs; mzpe;‐ mupthSk; hffr; rpyH wd;.. nghd;. s; Vwj;jhs ;gl;bUf;Fk;. s;s ,uz;L e;ijahtpd; ptpf;fg;gl;L ,d;Wtiu tl;bfpof;F ghd;fe;ijah ;lhlg;gl;L ;jpy; fDtpy; hpdpNyNa ke;jpUe;jJ. mtHfSk; H f.,uhruj;‐ ,Ue;jNghJ idT jpdk; $ug;gl;L rhjpaj;jpw;F iff;Fz;L ;J Vw;gl;L rHe;j %d;W ;fk;.rPtuj;jp‐ ;bdH.NtYk; ; jpahfj;jpd; pahfpfspd; j;jg;gl;L $ug;gl;L ,d;wpUf;Fk; re;Njfpf;fj; murpdH u nghd;. k; ru];tjp itf;fg;‐ l;rpapYs;s kq;fspYk; id nghJ oikf;Fhp‐ hk;.
fe;ijahit tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhf ,Ue;jhy;> mtH murpaYf;F te;j fhyj;jpy; mike;jpUe;j r%fnghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy;j;jhd; mJ tpsq;Fk;. nghd;. fe;ijah ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; xU khjpup fpuhkk; Mf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W Ngrpa fk;gHkiyf; fpuhkj;jpd; tho;#oy; epyikfisAk; fd;nghy;iy> funtl;bfpof;F tsHkjpfphukk; Nghd;w xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; fpuhkj;J kf;fSld; ,tH tho;e;j tifia vLj;Jg; ghHg;Nghk;. Kjypy; fk;gh%iynad me;ehl;fspy; mioj;Jtug;gl;l fk;gHkiy:‐ |fk;gHkiy| cLg;gpl;bf;Fk;> ty;ntl;bj;Jiwf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s Ff;fpuhkkhFk;.. ,e;jf; fpuhkj;jpw;F Ik;gJfspy; fe;ijah murpay; Ntiyf;F te;jnghOJ me;jf; fpuhk #oiyAk; me;j kf;fspd; tho; epyikfisAk; fz;L jpLf;fpl;lhH. me;jf; fhyj;jpy; mq;Nf Nrl;Lg;NghLfpd;w xU Mz;fSk; me;ehl;fspy; fpilahJ. Nkw;rl;il mzpe;j ngz;fSk; mUikahfNt ,Ue;jhHfs;. v];..v];.rp rpj;jpnaa;jpa xU kdpjH$l ,Uf;ftpy;iy. cj;jpNahfk; ghHf;Fk; xU kdpjh;$l ,Uf;ftpy;iy. xU rupahd Mskhd Nuhl;L ,Ue;jpUf;tpy;iy. kiof;fhyq;fspy; tz;by; nrd;why; tz;by; rpy;Y mr;rhzpasTf;Fg; Gije;JtpLk;. mq;Nf kz;nzz;iz neUg;Gg;ngl;b thq;f xU ngl;bf; fil fpilahJ. mq;Nf Vwj;jhs vy;NyhUNk fhzpaw;w Fj;jif tptrhapfSk;> $yptptrhapfSk;> kuNkWgtHfSk;> Nkrd; Ntiyf;Fg; NghFk; my;yJ fy;Yilf;f my;yJ fpzW ntl;lg;NghFk; $ypfSNk ,Ue;jdH. taw;fhzpfs;> Njhl;lf;fhzpfs;> gdq;fhzpfs;> FbapUg;G epyq;fs;> Fsq;fs;> fpzWfs; vy;yhNk ty;ntl;b> cLg;gpl;biar; NrHe;j ngupa nts;shsH vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; epyf;fpohHfSf;Nf
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38
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me;jf; fpuhkj;jpy; nghd; fe;ijah mtHfs; elhj;jpa KjyhtJ Nghuhl;lk;.‐ me;jf; fpuhkj;J vy;iyapy; cs;s tay; epyq;fis epyf; fpshh;fs; thuKiwapy; tptrhak; nra;Ak; gb tpl;bUe;jhHfs;. thuKiwnad;gJ tpisr;rypy; %d;wpy; xd;iw epyf;fpshUf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gUt kioia ek;gp tptrhak; nra;gtHfs; Nghfk; rupahd rhFgbiaf; nfhLf;ftpy;iynad;why; epyf;fpshHfs; mg;nghOJ tptrhak; nra;j tptrhapl‐ kpUe;j fhzpiag; gwpj;J NtW tptrhapfsplk; nfhLj;J tpLtH. mjdhy; mq;Nf njhlHe;J tptrhapfs; Fj;Jntl;Lg; gl;Lf;nfhz;bUg;gH. gUj;jpj;Jiw ePjthd;Nfhl;by; fk;gh;kiy tptrhapfspd; tof;Ffs; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. mjpfkhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; tptrhap %d;wpy; xd;W jhdpak; nfhLf;fNtz;b‐ ajw;Fg; gjpyhf miuthrp ney;iyf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; rkurj;jpw;Nfh> ,zf;fj;jpw;Nfh te;J tpLtH. Xw;Wik ,y;yhikia tHf;ff; Fzhk;rkhff; nfhz;l me;j tptrhapfNshL nghd.; fe;ijah njhlHe;J fye;Jiuahb> xU rpd;d tpopg;GzHitAk; tpsf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhH. XUtH nra;j taw;fhzpia ,aw;if tQ;rpj;jjhy; Vw;gl;l JHmjp\;lj;jpw;fhf epyf;fpshH gwpj;J kw;wtuplk; nfhLg;gij mDkjpg;‐ gjpy;iy vd;w KbTf;F tug;gz;zpdhH. ,g;Ngw;gl;l ,f;fhl;lhd gpur;ridfis $l;LKaw;rpahy; jPHg;gjw;fhf xU |fpuhkKd;Ndw;wr; rq;fk;| xd;iw
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r; rq;fj;jpd; kj;jpy; xU ;jp mjw;Fg; NgiuAk; ad;W ,d;W puhkj;jpd; vd;gjhFk;. HNgHfis ; wp[p];lh‐ fhuHfSk; ; ghtpg;gij ; hH. fe;ijah d;W khw;Wk; Gj;jpkjp pNky;tUk; gjpAk;gb %yk; me;j q;fpyj;jpy; epHthfpf‐ ;zg;gpj;jhH. r; nry;Yk; xOq;iff;F me;ehspy; j;njUit gb Gj;jpkjp jptPjpnad;‐ f;f khl;Nlh‐ y;fe;NjhUk; fe;ijah fpuhkKd;‐ jnkhd;iw it ghujp q;fj;jpw;Nfh pj el;lKk; Lf;fg;gl;l mDkjpf;f y; ntw;wpAk;
py; xLf;fg;‐ Hfshf xU ;W Fspepyj;‐
jpNyNa %d;W ehd;F FLk;gq;fs; thOk; me;jf; Fwpr;rpapy; gjpdhW gjpNdO tajpNyNa fypahzk;nra;jpLtHfs;. gps;isr; nry;tq;fSk; kpd;dYf;nfhd;W Ksf;fj;jpw;nfhd;wha; fPupAk; ehupAkhfg; nghupj;jpUe;J vg;nghOJk; fyfyg;Gk; Fa;Nah KiwNah INah vd;w xypNahLk; Xyj;NjhLk; tpsq;fpa me;jf; Fwpr;rpia ky;ypifj;njU vd;W miof;Fk;gb Ntz;bapUe;jhH.
fe;ijahtpd; mLj;j rhjid.‐ fk;gh;kiyf; fpuhkj;jpNyAs;s tptrh‐ apfSk; $ypj;njhopyhsHfSk; jq;fspd; nrhe;jg; gps;isfisj; jhq;fNs Ruz;b cioj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. mt;T+Hg;gps;isfspy; nrhw;g tPjj;jpdH khj;jpuk; gf;fj;J}h;fspYs;s Muk;g ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;wdH. mtHfisf; $l ehyhk; Ie;jhk; juj;NjhL kwpj;J tptrhaj;jpy; gad; gLj;jtNjh $yp Ntiyf;F mDg;GtNjh tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ghy;kzk; khwhj me;jg; gps;isfs; jkJ jha; je;ijahNuhL jhKk; NfhopNahL vOk;gp> Nfhl;lhNdhL cwq;FksTf;F gd;dpuz;L gjpd;%d;W kzpj;jpahyq;fs; Ntiy nra;thHfs;. ,jpNy khL> MLfisg; guhkupg;gJk; mlq;Fk;. me;j CHkf;fSf;F fe;ijah Jzpe;J nrhy;ypapUe;jhH;. ,e;j CHkf;fis khjpupr; nrhe;jg; gps;isfisr; Ruz;Ltijj; jhd; fhztpy;iynad;W. me;j CHkf;fSf;Ff; fe;ijah nrhy;ypaNjhL gs;sp$lj;jpw;Fg; Nghfhky; kwpf;f Ntz;lhnkd;W njhlHe;J Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUe;jhH. ,itnay;yhk; fe;ijah NjHjypy; nty;tjw;F Kd;G ele;j rk;gtq;fs;. fe;ijahtpd; Nghuhl;lk; tPz;Nghftpy;iy. fe;ijah mWgJfspd; Kw;gFjpapy; kuzpf;f Kd;dNu ,e;jf; |fk;gh;kiyf;| fpuhkj;jpy; gyH v];.v];.rprpj;jpnaa;jp> murhq;f vOJtpidQHfshdNjhL Vr;.v];.rp rpj;jpnaa;jp rHtfyhrhiyf;Fk; NghapdH.
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Vd; mWgJfspd; gpw;gFjpapy; ty;ntl;b ty;ntl;bj;Jiw> cLg;gpl;bapYk; ghHf;ff; $batHfs; ,f;fpuhkj;jpypUe;J rHtfyhrhiyf;Fg; Nghdhh;fs; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
fe;ijah ,jNdhL epw;ftpy;iy. me;jf;fpuhkj;jpy; XH khjH Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhH. jhd; NjHjypy; ntw;wpaPl;bajd; gpd; me;j khjH Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fj;ij fr;Nrupapw; gjpT nra;J mjw;F murkhdpak; ngWk; topfisAk; nra;jpUe;jHH. mjpNy ngz;fSf;fhd ijaw; fiy> nerT Ntiy Nghd;wit fw;gpf;f topJiwfs; Vw;gl;lNjhL jha;ikg;NgW ngWgtHf‐ SF;F mwpTiutoq;f gapw;wg;gl;l jhjpfs; khje;NjhWk; tUk; topfisAk; nra;jpUe;jhH.
mjNdhL mtH epw;ftpy;iy. mq;NfnahU KjpNahH fy;tpf;$lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jpUe;jhH. mJ me;j CHkf;fspd; goikia cilf;f Kbahikahy; epjHrdkhftpy;iy.
fe;ijah NjHjYf;fhf murpaYF;f tutpy;iy. nfhk;A+dpr murpay; nra;gtHfspd; rk;gpujhaKk; mJthfhJ. nydpd; fhj;Jkiof;Ff; jhq;ff; $ba nfhs;ifia itj;jpUe;jtH. nfhz;l nfhs;ifia epHkhzpg;gjw;fhf fisf;fhkw; risf;fhkw; ghLgl;ltH. mjpNy mtH gupG+zu Mde;ijj;ijf; fz;ltH. nydpd; 1917 Gul;rpf;F Kd; fhy;E}w;whz;Lfhyk; murpay; tho;f;if tho;e;jtH. mtuJ 30 tUlfhy RWRWg;ghd murpay; tho;tpy; MW tUlq;fNs Ml;rpajpfhuj;jpy; ,Ue;jtH. mjw;F Ke;jpa ,Ugj;jpdhY tUlj;jpy; mtH XH rl;ltpNuhjp> ehLfhlw;w eha;> xU jiykiwTg; Nghuhsp> xU murpaw; ifjp> XH mfjp. ,e;j ,Ugj;jpehY tUlq;fSk; mtH csj;jpUg;jpiaj; jtpu NtW xU yhgj;ijak; vjpghHf;ftpy;iy.
40
Gul;rpf;F [dtupa $l;lj;jp ,ize; Gul;rpti ,Jjhd; n Nkw; nrhy ,e;jf; f vOj;jwpt tha;nkho jdH. ,i isj; je;j jdf;F tho;f;if fw;fz;l njhopyh tpLg;Gg;g cztUe mtH Vq me;j C $lk;Ng njhopy urpag;G tho;epyi nrsfupa nrhy;ypa kf;fSf;F Qhgfrf;j guprhf , %ykhf fw;wpUe;j Sf;F ny itj;jpU xUehs; t tUk; v ek;gpf;i ,itna fe;ija Ntz;Lk ;gpd;Gjhd tp.nghd nlhkpd fw;wpUf;f

; ty;ntl;b pYk; ghHf;ff; ;jpypUe;J ;fs; vd;why;
w;ftpy;iy. Kd;Ndw;wr; e;jhH. jhd; ; me;j khjH upapw; gjpT ak; ngWk; H. mjpNy iy> nerT topJiwfs; ngWgtHf‐ apw;wg;gl;l topfisAk;
;ftpy;iy. ;tpf;$lj;ij e;jhH. mJ a cilf;f y;iy.
urpaYF;f murpay; ; mJthfhJ. q;ff; $ba H. nfhz;l pg;gjw;fhf hLgl;ltH. de;ijj;ijf; ;rpf;F Kd; y; tho;f;if tUlfhy ;tpy; MW y; ,Ue;jtH. tUlj;jpy; fhlw;w eha;> U murpaw; Ugj;jpehY ;jpiaj; jtpu Hf;ftpy;iy.
Gul;rpf;Fr; rpy khjq;fs; Kd;djhf 1917 [dtupapy; nydpd; xU gpurpj;jkhd $l;lj;jpy; $wpdhH:‐jhDk; jd;NdhL ,ize;Js;s NjhoHfSk; urpag; Gul;rptiu capHtho khl;Nlhnkd;W. ,Jjhd; nghd;. fe;ijahtpd; rk;gpujhak;. Nkw; nrhy;ypa nydpd; gw;wpa trdq;fis ,e;jf; fl;Liu vOJgtupd; Ke;jpa vOj;jwptpy;yhj nfhk;A+dprg; guk;giu tha;nkhop tha; nkhopahfg; gug;gpapUe;‐ jdH. ,ij vOJk; vdf;F ,j;jfty;f‐ isj; je;j mofypq;fk; mtHfs; $wpdhH. jdf;F Kjd; Kjyhf Vq;fy;];rpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpf; $wpatH fw;fz;ld; vd;w fpzW ntl;Lk; njhopyhsp. 1958 fpzW ntl;Ltij tpLg;Gg;ghHf;fr; nrd;w nghOJ fhiy cztUe;Jk; Xa;T Neuf; fye;Jiuahlypy; mtH Vq;fy;];irg; gw;wpf; $wpapUe;jH. me;j CupYs;s xU ehSk; gs;sp;f; $lk;Nghfhj $ypNtiynra;Ak; njhopyhsHfs; nydpidg; gw;wp urpag;Gul;rpiag; gw;wp urpahtpd; tho;epyikfisg; gw;wp njhopw;rhiyr; nrsfupaq;fisg; gw;wp fijfijahfr; nrhy;ypajhf. me;jg; gbg;gwptpy;yhj kf;fSf;F fw;G+uGj;jpAk; Nghl;Nlhfpuhgpf; Qhgfrf;jpAk; ,aw;if je;j ghJfhg;Gg; guprhf ,Ue;jJ.. mtHfs; tha;nkhop %ykhf mNdf tplaq;fisf; fw;wpUe;jdh;. gyH jq;fspd; gps;isf‐ Sf;F nydpd; ];lhypd; vd;nwy;yhk; Ngh; itj;jpUe;jdH. urpahNghd;W jkJ ehLk; xUehs; tho;tjw;F mD$yKs;s ehlhf tUk; vd;gjpNy mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jdH. mtHfs; ,itnay;yhtw;iwAk; fl;lhak; fe;ijahtplkpUe;Jjhd; fw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vdpdpy; rz;Kfjhrd; 1965 ,d; ;gpd;Gjhd; mt;T+Uf;F te;jhH. my;yJ tp.nghd;dk;gyk; V.itj;jpypq;fk;; nlhkpdpf; [Pth Nghd;wtHfsplk; fw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tHfs; vy;NyhUk;
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mf;fpuhkj;jpd; toikahd tpUe;jhspfs;. fe;ijah 1956 ,y; NjHjypy; ntd;W ghuhSkd;wk; NghdJ XH murpaw; rfhg;jkhFk;. njd;dpyq;ifapy; ,lJrhupfs; mjpfk; NgH NjHjypy; ntd;W ghuhSkd;wk; Nghd rfhg;jkhFk;. ghuhSkd;w Kjw; $l;lj;jpNyNa fe;ijah jd;id mkpyg; gupNrhjidahy; ciuj;Jf;fhl;l Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
"jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;l kNrhjh" ghuhSkd;w tpthjj;jpy; nfhy;tpd; MH. b.rpy;thtpd; tpthj nkhop eilNah fHzf^ukhd nghwpg;gwf;Fk; tpthjkhFk; . nfhy;tpd;. ..jha;nkhop vq;Nf? Njitapy;iynad;why; ntspehLf‐ spYs;s tpgr;rhutpLjpapy; khj;jpuk;jhd;..... ,e;j ehl;by; ,uz;LnkhopAk; xU ehLk; NjitNah? md;Nwy; xU nkhopAk; ,uz;L ehLfSk; NjitNah?... vd;w NfhilapbNghd;wNj nfhy;tpdpd; Ngr;R eilahFk;. nfhy;tpd; me;ehspy; khf;rpaj;jpypUe;J rPuopahky; ,Ue;jhH.
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nghd;. fe;ijah jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lj;ij vjpHj;J thf;fspj;Jtpl;L gz;lhuehaf;fh nfhz;L te;j vy;yh Kw;Nghf;F eltbf;‐ iffisAk; Mjupj;J thf;fspj;jhH. nghd;. fe;ijah jdpr; rpq;fsr; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf; ciuahw;Wifapy; ,e;j ehl;by; thOk; jkpo; NgRk; Fbkfd; xUtd;> jdJ kidtpAld; my;yJ jdJ gps;isf‐ Sld; my;yJ jdJ cwtpdu;fSld; ve;j nkhopapy; ciuahLtJ? vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;gb Nfhu tutpy;iy vdTk;> gjpyhf ,e;j ehl;bd; jkpo;g; gpui[ vd;w tifapy;> jdJ murhq;fj;Jld; ve;j
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nkhopa jPu;khdp eWf;fhf njuptpj fhq;fpu] tpLjiy rl;lq;fi Ntis A fl;rpNah eltbf;i te;jdH. ,yq;if flw;gil nkd;w jP vy;yhj; jtHfS mjNdh kfhuhz mbj;jd Nftyk ,tHfis vd;W fe
nghd xU khj fpuhkj;jp isfSk ghuhj x Muk;gj nfhl;by ghf;fj;J}u QHfs;> nfhz;Nl isg; gs jq;fs; g gl;l ghl aNjhL m xU ghlr cs;sjhf cj;juthj ,e;jg jhkjk; m Sk; rh

pUe;jhspfs;. ypy; ntd;W H murpaw; yq;ifapy; jypy; ntd;W hg;jkhFk;. Na fe;ijah hjidahy; ;jJ.
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; ,Ue;jhH. ; ,jkhfTk;; . kpUJthd tf;$bait . rpe;jidr; y;yhjtHfs; ;ijnkhq;‐ HfshFk;. sr; rl;lj;ij ;lhuehaf;fh ;F eltbf;‐ pj;jhH. nghd;. ;jpw;F vjpuhf; ;by; thOk; td;> jdJ gps;isf‐ pdu;fSld; ? vd;gijj; ;iy vdTk;> gpui[ vd;w ;Jld; ve;j
nkhopapy; cwthLtJ? vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;gb NfhUtjhf kpfTk; eWf;fhfTk; kpf ,q;fpjkhfTk; njuptpj;jhu;. jkpouRf; fl;rp> jkpo;f; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp gpd;dhspy; jkpoH tpLjiyf;$l;lzp> jkpo; tpNuhjr; rl;lq;fis vjpHj;J thf;fspj;j mNj Ntis A+.vd;.gpNah rpwPyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpNah nfhz;L te;j vy;yhg; gpw;Nghf;F eltbf;ifisAk; Mjupj;Nj thf;fspj;J te;jdH. ,tw;wpy; Mff; NftykhdJ ,yq;ifapypUe;J gpupj;jhdpaf; flw;gilj; jsj;ij clNd vLf;fNtz;L nkd;w jPHkhdj;ij fe;ijahitj; jtpHe;j vy;yhj; jkpo; ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;‐ jtHfSk; vjpHj;Nj thf;fspj;jdH. mjNdhL epy;yhky; clNd kfhuhzpiaj; jiyapLk;gb je;jpAk; mbj;jdH. ,e;j tUe;jp mbikahFk; Nftykhd nraYf;fhfthtJ ehd; ,tHfis vjpHj;Jj;jhd; jPuNtz;Lk; vd;W fe;ijah gyKiw NgrpapUf;fpwhH. nghd;. fe;ijah ghuhSkd;wk; nrd;w xU khjfhyj;jpDs;NsNa fk;gHkiyf; fpuhkj;jpy; xLf;fg;gl;ltHfspd; gps;‐ isfSk; Ngha; fw;ff;$ba rhjpNgjk; ghuhj xU ghlrhiyia Muk;gpj;jhH. Muk;gj;jpy; me;jg; ghlrhiy fpLFf; nfhl;bypy; njhlq;fg;gl;L mt;T+hpYk; ghf;fj;J}upYKs;s nrhw;g gbj;j ,is‐ QHfs;> Atjpfis MrpupaHfshff; nfhz;Nl Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gps;isf‐ isg; gs;spf;fDg;ghj jha; je;ijaHfisj; jq;fs; gps;isfis Gjpjhfj; njhlf;fg;‐ gl;l ghlrhiyf;F mDg;Gk;gb Ntz;b‐ aNjhL mg;ghlrhiyia vg;ghLgl;Lk; xU ghlrhiyf;Fupa mj;jid juhjuKk; cs;sjhf Mf;fpj; jUNtd; vd;W mtH cj;juthjkspj;jhH:
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Flehl;bYs;s jdpahH ,e;Jg ghlrh‐ iyfspd; nrhe;jf;fhuhd ,e;;J NghHl; ,uhruj;jpdj;ijg; gpbj;J me;jg; Gjpjhfj; njhlq;fg;gl;l ghlrhiyf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; Jupjfjpapy; xU ghlrhiyf; fl;blj;ij rPnke;jhy;; fl;b XL Nghl;L ,e;Jg; ghlrhiy xd;iwj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;. ,e;jg; gpw;Nghf;Fg; ghlrhiy fl;lj;njhlq;fpa nra;jpia CutHfs; Ngha; fe;ijahTf;Fr; nrhd;dhh;fs;. nrhd;dTld; me;jf; fzNk fk;gh;kiyf;F te;J Gjpjhff; fl;lg;gLk; ghlrhiyf; fl;blj;ijg; ghHitapl;lhH. mtH kWehNs nfhOk;Gf;Fg; gazkhfp mg;nghOJ fy;tp ke;jpupahf ,Ue;j lgpspA+.jfehaf;fhNthL fijj;J aho; Flhehl;by; Nfhuj; jhz;ltkhLk; rhjp xLf;FKiw Ruz;ly; Nghd;wtw;iw tpsq;fg;gLj;jp nfhl;by; ghlrhiyia murhq;fj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg; gz;zpaNjhL me;jg; ghlrhiyiar; rPnke;jhy; fl;Ltjw;Fk; mjw;fhd epyj;ijf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fk; jsghlq;fs; thq;Ftjw;Fk; Ntz;ba epjpiaAk; xJf;Ftpj;jhH. fe;ijah mjNdhL epw;ftpy;iy. gf;fj;jpy; rhjpntwpaHfspdhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l ,e;Jg; ghlrhiyia mq;fPfupg;gijAk; jilnra;jhH. rhjpntwpaHfs; vg;gb Kad;Wk; me;jr; rhjpNgj ,e;Jg; ghlrhiyia murhq;fk; mq;fPfupg;gijf; fe;ijah njhlHe;J jilnra;jhh;.  je;ij nry;tehafj;jpw;F jdpg;gl;l Kiwapw; nrhd;dhH. "jpU. nry;tehafk; mtHfNs ePq;fs; cq;fs; njhFjpahd fhq;Nf‐ rd;Jiwj; njhFjpapd; gpur;ridfisf; ftdpAq;fs;." gUj;jpj;Jiw njhFjp kf;fs; jq;fs; njhFjpapd; RfJf;fq;fisf; ftdpg;gjw;Fk; mtHfisg; gpujpepjpj;‐ Jtg; gLj;Jtjw;Fkhf vd;idj; NjHe;‐ njLj;Js;shHfs;. Mjyhy; vd;Dila njhFjpg; gpur;rid vdf;Fj; njupAk;.
fe;ijah ,e;jg; ghlrhiy njhlq;fg;‐ gl;l mDgtj;ij aho; FlhehL vq;fZk; tp];jupj;jhH. mth; md;W rpWghd;ikj; jkpoH kfhrig vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l xLf;fg;gl;ltHfspd; ];jhgdj;NjhL NrHe;J ,Ugj;njhd;gJ ghlrhiyis cUthf;fpapUe;jhH.
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aagglbUej (INSD­International Network for Sri aHej ,yqifaHfSffhd ,izak;khehL rman cld;,izeJ NehHNt Rjejpu Clf
raagglbUejJ. ,yqifapd;NghHepWjjk> ukgpjjy> kdpjchpik Ngzy> Clf Rjejpuk; Wjjp ,kkhehL eleJ KbejJ. INuhggpa qifapypUeJ fyeJ nfhzl ,kkhehlbd; Hkhdqfis NehHNt rkhjhdjJ}JtH N[hd; d;gthplk;ifaspffggllJ.
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nu[p Nlg;N mwpQH>gpnuQ;R my;J}rhpd; fPo fw;wJld; 1960f gy;fiyfofj gzpahw;wpagpd; ng ,izj;Jnfhz;lt E}y;fis vOj Revolution? Gul;rp mjpfk; Ngrg;g xd;whFk;.
Kjypy;> Njrk; Fwpj;j NrHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz khHf;rpaj;ij Kjd;Kjy Muk;gpj;jJ Njrk; gw;wpa vjw;Fk; mire;J nfhLf ,e;j tpupry;jhd; NkY gazpg;gijj; jtpHj;Jt Rw;W Rw;wptu tha;g;G Vw;g ntspNa tpyfp epw;f rl;lfj;jpy; itj;J mi NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrh

nu[p Nlg;Nu gpnuQ;R khHf;rpa mwpQH>gpnuQ;R khHf;rpa mwpQuhd my;J}rhpd; fPo; jdJ caHfy;tpia fw;wJld; 1960fspy; fpAghtpy; `thdh gy;fiyfofj;jpy; Nguhrphpauhf gzpahw;wpagpd; nghyptpag; Gul;rpapy; NrAld; ,izj;Jnfhz;ltH. gy;NtW khHf;rpa Ma;T E}y;fis vOjpatH. Revolution in the Revolution? Gul;rpapy; Gul;rp? vDk; E}y; mjpfk; Ngrg;gl;l ,tuJ E}y;fspy; xd;whFk;.
Kjypy;> Njrk; Fwpj;j tpthjj;jpy; nfhQ;rk; jj;JtKk; rHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpd;Nwd;. ehd; hHf;rpaj;ij Kjd;Kjyhf jPtpukhf Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j uk;gpj;jJ Njrk; gw;wpa gpur;rpidapy; njhlq;fpj;jhd;. jw;Fk; mire;J nfhLf;fhj me;j muzpy; tpOe;jpUe;j e;j tpupry;jhd; NkYk; NkYk; mjd; cs;Nehf;fpg; azpg;gijj; jtpHj;Jtpl;L Nfhl;ilf;F ntspNa xU w;W Rw;wptu tha;g;G Vw;gLj;jpj; je;jJ.... mJjhd; vd;id tspNa tpyfp epw;f itj;J> ,d;Dk; tpupthdnjhU l;lfj;jpy; itj;J mijg; ghHf;Fk; tha;g;igj; je;jJ. tW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;> tuyhw;iwg; Gupe;J
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nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpapy; khHf;rpak; xU Kf;fpakhd> jPHkhdfukhd fl;lk;jhd; vd;whYk; mJNt ,Wjpf; fl;lk; my;y vd;w GupjYf;F tUtjw;F vdf;F cjtpaJ.
Le Nourel Observaten ,jopy; rkPgj;jpy; ntspahd Njrpag; gpur;rpid Fwpj;J cq;fs; fl;Liunahd;wpy; Njrj;ij xU tuyhw;W uPjpahf fle;J nry;yf;$ba (transitory) tifapdkhfg; ghHf;Fk; fUj;ij ePq;fs; tpkHrpg;gJ Nghyj; njupe;jJ. 'nkhopiag; NghyNt NjrKk; gy cw;gj;jp KiwfisAk; ClWj;Jr; nry;fpw xU khwhepiy kjpg;GU (invariable)’ vd;W vOjpapUe;jPHfs;. mg;gbnad;why; Kjyhspaj;jpw;F Ke;ija cw;gj;jp KiwfspYk; $l NjrKk; Njrpa muRfSk; njhlHe;J epyTk; vd;gjhfr; nrhy;y tUfpd;wPHfsh? xd;Nwhnlhd;W gpd;dpg; gpize;J rpf;fyhd gy Nfs;tpfs; tiyg; gpd;dy; ,q;F vOfpwJ. ,jpy; cq;fs; filrpf; Nfs;tpapypUe;J - nghJTlik cw;gj;jp Kiwapy; Njrk; gw;wpajpypUe;J njhlq;f mDkjpAq;fs;. ,q;F ekJ tpthjk; nghJTlik cw;gj;jp Kiw gw;wp ,y;iynad;whYk; me;jf; fUj;jhf;fk; KjpHr;rpailahj> rpWgps;iisj;jdkhd fw;gdhthjf; fUj;jikTfspy; rpf;Fz;l xd;W vd;gij ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpy; nrhy;yp tpLtJ mtrpak; vd;W epidf;fpd;Nwd;. mjhtJ> nghJTlikjhd; tuyhw;wpd; ,Wjp ,yf;F vd;fpw fUj;J xU fUj;JKjy;thj> ,ae;jputpay; tifg;gl;l fUj;jhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ij xU Jha khHr;rpag; gFj;jwpTthj (Pure Marxist Reason) fUj;jhf;fk; vd;W nrhy;tJ ,d;Dk; rupahf ,Uf;Fk;. gw;whf;Fiw (sacrcity) ia xopg;gJ> muR cyHe;J cjpHtJ> %is ciog;gpw;Fk; cly; ciog;gpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Vw;wj;jho;thd cwit xopg;gJ vd;gd Nghd;w fUj;jhf;fq;fis Kd;itf;fpwJ vd;w mstpy; khHf;rpaj;ij xU fw;gdhthjf; fUj;jpay; vd;W nrhy;tJ kpfTk; rup vd;Nw epidf;fpNwd;. ,jdhy;jhd; khHf;]; rpytw;iw fw;gdhthjr; rpe;jidapypUe;J
46
mg;gbNa Fwpj;j vOg;ghk cw;gj;j vy;yhk njhLth ,y;iy. cjpHtJ gw;whf;Fi rpy ey te;jpUf nfhz;bU cwTepi gw;whf;F NkYk;> xg;gPl;ls mbitg ,iltpl mHj;jj midj ,Uf;fpw khw;wg;gl fpilf jiyKi mupjhd NtW t nghUl;f cwtpy; gpupf;f K mNjNgh vd;gJ vd;fpw nghUz;i vd;gij ,g;Nghi nfhQ;rk Fwpj;j e nghJ fUj;jhf fhl;Lk; midj nrhy;yg gz;ghl; kiwe;J tuyhw;w

;rpak; xU fl;lk;jhd; l;lk; my;y ;F vdf;F
jopy; rkPgj;jpy; Fwpj;J cq;fs; uPjpahf fle;J pdkhfg; ghHf;Fk; Nghyj; njupe;jJ. ;jp KiwfisAk; whepiy kjpg;GU ;. mg;gbnad;why; KiwfspYk; $l pyTk; vd;gjhfr; tUfpd;wPHfsh? gpize;J yg; gpd;dy; s; filrpf; k cw;gj;jp ;J njhlq;f tpthjk; iw gw;wp Uj;jhf;fk; sj;jdkhd y; rpf;Fz;l py; nrhy;yp f;fpd;Nwd;. tuyhw;wpd; Uj;J xU ; tifg;gl;l xU Jha ure Marxist nrhy;tJ gw;whf;Fiw cyHe;J ;Fk; cly; ;wj;jho;thd Nghd;w pwJ vd;w w;gdhthjf; kpfTk; rup hd; khHf;]; dapypUe;J
mg;gbNa vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ltpl;lhH. ,it Fwpj;j jPtpukhd Nfs;tpfs; vJTk; vOg;ghkNyNa tpl;Ltpl;lhH. nghJTlik cw;gj;jp Kiw vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ vy;yhk; efHe;J nfhz;L Nghfpw njhLthdk; vd;gjw;F Nkyhf vJTk; ,y;iy. ,g;NghJ ehk; muR ‘cyHe;J cjpHtJ’ gw;wpAk;> ,d;Dk; rkPgkhf gw;whf;Fiwia xopg;gJ gw;wpnay;yhk; $l rpy ey;y jPtpukhd Gupjy;fSf;F te;jpUf;fpNwhk;; ghlq;fs; fw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. vg;gbapUe;jhYk;> xU cwTepiy vd;fpw mstpy; tuyhW neLf gw;whf;Fiw vd;gJ ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. NkYk;> vy;yhtpjkhd gw;whf;FiwfSk; xg;gPl;lstpyhditjhd; (relative). Gjpa mbitg;G vd;gNj gw;whf;Fiwia ,iltplhky; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ vd;fpw mHj;jj;jpy; ,e;j xg;gPl;Lj;jd;ik midj;Jk; jOtpajhf (absolute) ,Uf;fpwJ. filrpahf jhdpaq;fpahf khw;wg;gl;l xt;nthU ,ae;jpuKk; mJ fpilf;fg; ngwhj Ke;ija jiyKiwfSf;F xU gw;whf;Fiwahf> mupjhd gz;lkhfNt vg;NghJk; ,Uf;Fk;. NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;> nghUl;fSldhd kdpjdpd; nghUshjhu cwtpy; gw;whf;Fiw xU jtpHf;ftpayhj> gpupf;f Kbahj fhuzpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. mNjNghy;> r%f cwTfspy; mjpfhuk; vd;gJ nky;y nky;y kiwe;J tpLk; vd;fpw fUj;jhf;fk; $l ve;jtpjkhd nghUz;ik mbg;gilAk; mw;w xU fUj;J vd;gijAk; epWt KbAk;. Mdhy; ,g;Nghijf;F ,e;jg; gpur;rpidia nfhQ;rk; xJf;fp itj;JtpLNthk;; Njrk; Fwpj;j ekJ tpthjpj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;GNthk;. nghJTlik cw;gj;jpKiw vd;fpw fUj;jhf;fj;jpd; fw;gdhthjj; jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk; tp\aq;fspy; kw;nwhd;W mJ midj;Jk; jOtpajhf (universal) nrhy;yg;gLtJ; mjhtJ> Fwpg;ghd gz;ghl;Lf;F Njrpaj; jdpj;Jtq;fs; kiwe;J Nghtij mJ vjpHghHf;Fk; Kiw. tuyhw;wpd; epue;jukhd ,aq;Frf;jpahf
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Kuz;gl;l tHf;f rf;jpfSf;F ,ilapyhd Nghuhl;lNk ,Ue;J tUfpwJ vd;fpw Nfhl;ghl;NlhL ve;jj; njhlHGkw;w xU fUj;JKjy;thjf; fUj;jhf;fk; ,q;F ek; Kd; epw;fpwJ. khHf;rplk; jq;fptpl;l Cfr; rpe;jidapd; (speculative thought) kpr;r nrhr;rk; (mjw;Fk; Nkyhf> mJ ,d;Dk; rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.) ,J. vg;gbNah> Mdhy; Aufklarung ,Ue;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;l fUj;jhf;fk;.
rup Njrk; vd;w gy cw;gj;jp KiwfisAk; ClWj;Jr; nry;fpw xU khwhepiy kjpg;GU vd;gJ gw;wpa cq;fs; Nfs;tpia vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. ,e;jf; Nfs;tpapNyNa xU nghwp ,Uf;fpwJ. vg;gb? vg;gbnad;why;> Njrk; vd;gJ tuyhw;W uPjpahf jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l> cUthd xU r%f mikthf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j mstpy; mJ xU khWepiy kjpg;GU (variable). vd;whYk;> Njrk; ntspg;gLj;Jk;
giw‐2008‐xf
czHT> khwhepi mopT> Njhw;wk; fle;J n cz;ik jPHkhdpf kjpg;GU jpus;fi nra;Ak; m
vd;fpw kjpg;GUt fpNuf;fHf ,df;F cwTKi jw;fhyj nfhz;b tbtj;jp ePq;f cq;fs

,ilapyhd J vd;fpw HGkw;w xU k; ,q;F ek; ptpl;l Cfr; ught) kpr;r J ,d;Dk; Uf;fyhk;.) Aufklarung j;jhf;fk;.
cw;gj;jp ry;fpw xU ;wpa cq;fs; wd;. ,e;jf; ,Uf;fpwJ. rk; vd;gJ ;l> cUthd pwJ. ,e;j y kjpg;GU spg;gLj;Jk;
czHT> Njrj;jpd; cl;fplf;if xU khwhepiy kjpg;GU. epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;jpd; mopT> ,d;Dk; gpw tp\aq;fspdhy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Njrk;> xU tuyhw;W uPjpahf fle;J nry;yf;$ba tifapdk; vd;gJ cz;ikNa vd;whYk;> tuyhw;W uPjpahf jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjdhy; cU khWepiy kjpg;GU vd;Nw ,Ue;jhYk;> kdpjj; jpus;fis gz;ghl;L uPjpapy; xOq;fikT nra;Ak; mbg;gilahd Kjy;epiyf; fhuzp
vd;fpw tifapy; mJ khwhepiy kjpg;GUthfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ijj;jhd; fpNuf;fHfs; Polis vd;;W mioj;jhHfs;. ,df;FO cwTr; r%fk;> ,uj;j cwTKiwr; r%ff; fhyq;fs; njhl;L jw;fhyj;jpa Njrq;fs; tiu ,J njhlHe;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,d;Dk; VjhtJ tbtj;jpy; njhlHe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
ePq;fs; Ml;Nrgpf;ftpy;iynad;why;> cq;fs; Nfs;tpia ,d;Dk; rw;W
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tpupthfNt ghHf;fyhk;. tuyhw;W uPjpahf jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l Njrpa murpd; tbtj;jpw;Fs; ehk; rpf;Fz;Ltplf; $lhJ. mij CLUtp ,e;j tbtk; vjdhy; MdJ vd;gijf; fhz Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tho;f;ifia GdpjkhdjhfNth jPz;lj;jfhjjhfNth Mf;fpf; nfhs;tjd; Clhf jk;ikj; jhNk xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;fpw> kdpj ,dj;jpw;Nf cupj;jhd xU ,aw;ifahd NjitapypUe;J ,J vOfpwJ. Njrpag; gpur;rpidapd; cl;fplf;ifahf ,Ug;gJ ,e;jg; Gdpjj; jd;ikf;fhd Ntl;ifNa. Kjy; ghHitf;F ,J VNjh xU Md;kPff; fUj;jhf;fk; Nghyf; $lj; Njhd;wf;$Lk;. ,jpUf;fl;Lk;. Mdhy; ,g;NghJs;s Nrhrypr muRfs; mj;jidiaAk; ghUq;fs;. mit midj;JNk jkJ jha; ehl;ilg; GdpjkhdjhfTk; mijf; fhf;f Ntz;baJ kz;zpd; ike;jHfsJ flik vd;Wk; cz;ikapNyNa cs;shHe;J ek;GtJk; NgRtJk; njspthfNt njupAk;. . . . cjhuzj;jpw;F> Jhu fpof;fpy; epfo;e;j rPd - urpa Nkhjypd; NghJ ahY ejpapd; ,U fiufspypUe;Jk; ntspte;j ,uhZt ,jo;fs; mj;jidAk; ‘Gdpjk;’ vd;fpw thHj;ijiag; gpuNahfpj;jd. vq;Nfh> VNjh Moj;jpypUe;J tUfpw ,e;j nrhy;yhf;fq;fis vq;Fk; Nfl;f KbfpwJ; fpAgh> Nghye;J Vd; rPdh> urpah vd;W vq;Fk; Njrpa vy;iyfs; Nfs;tpf;Fs;shfpw ve;j ,lj;jpYk; ,tw;iwf; Nfl;f KbfpwJ. Mr;rupak;> ,y;iyah. Mdhy; fle;JNghd xU fhyj;jpd; tof;fpoe;J Ngha;tpl;l ,e;j nrhy;yhl;rpfs; VNjh jg;gpj;jtwp> tha;Fowp> jw;nrayhf> ,ae;jpuj;jdkhf xd;wpuz;L tpOe;JtpLfpd;wd vd;W xUNtis ePq;fs; kWf;f tuyhk;. Mdhy;> ehk; ,ij mg;gb Nyrhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. ,J VNjh tha;jtwp cswpajhfNt ,Uf;fl;Lk; MdhYk;> ehk; ,ij Fiwe;jJ ek; ftdj;jpw;Fupa cswyhfthtJ vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; ,y;iyah?
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rup> , ghHg;Nghk kdpj , Ms;fpw r ghHf;f Nt ,Ug;G k nty;yg milT cs;shw;w ghjpg;Gf tFg;gLj nfhz;L fopthw; (entropy) Kbahj xU xO Gyd;fs gUz;i ,Uf;fpd jpUk;g e kuzj;i epWj;jK FO (c epfo;jf tplg;gl;L tpjpfSk ntsp (sp xOq;fpd ,ul;il vjpuhf> kdpj ,d tpjpfis nfhz;L tbtq;fs fhuzpfs vLj;Jf;
,it tiuaWj khjpupa mdhjpfh - Ark* mHj;jk; Kbtpy;y r%f c jg;gpj;Jf

w;W uPjpahf murpd; plf; $lhJ. dhy; MdJ Ntz;Lk;. djhfNth nfhs;tjd; q;fikj;Jf; cupj;jhd pUe;J ,J ;rpidapd; ;jg; Gdpjj; ; ghHitf;F Uj;jhf;fk; jpUf;fl;Lk;. pr muRfs; s;. mit ehl;ilg; Ntz;baJ k vd;Wk; ek;GtJk; pAk;. . . . py; epfo;e;j hY ejpapd; ;j ,uhZt k;’ vd;fpw q;Nfh> VNjh w ,e;j ;f KbfpwJ; rpah vd;W y;iyfs; ,lj;jpYk; Mr;rupak;> Nghd xU ;tpl;l ,e;j g;gpj;jtwp> ;jpuj;jdkhf ;wd vd;W hk;. Mdhy;> vLj;Jf; ;fpNwd;. ,J ,Uf;fl;Lk; we;jJ ek; J vLj;Jf;
rup> ,d;ndhU Nfhzj;jpypUe;J ,ijg; ghHg;Nghk;. Njrk; vd;fpw ,e;j epfo;it kdpj ,dj;jpd; ,Ug;ig xOq;F nra;J Ms;fpw rpy nghJthd tpjpfspy; itj;Jg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. ,e;j ,Ug;G kuzj;jpw;nfjpuhf Nghuhl;lj;jpy; nty;yg;gl;l xd;W. kdpj r%f milTfisAk; mdy; (thermal) cs;shw;wy; mikTfisAk; mr;RWj;Jfpw> ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;Ffpw> iff;Fg;glhj> tFg;gLj;j Kbahj Mw;wiyf; fl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L tUk; Kaw;rp> mjhtJ fopthw;wypd; gw;whf;Fiwf;nfjpuhd (entropy) Nghuhl;lk; ,J. ifafg;gLj;jg;gl Kbahj ,e;jf; fopthw;wy; mr;rk; jUfpw xU xOq;fpd;ik (chaws). ,jpy;> Gyd;fshy; czuj;jf;f my;yJ gUz;ikahd ,uz;L mk;rq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. xd;W> vd;d nra;jhYk; jpUk;g epfo;j;j Kbahj> tho;tpypUe;J kuzj;ij Nehf;fpa fhyj;jpd; epWj;jKbahj gazk;. kw;wJ> xU r%ff; FO (community) cile;J> ntWk; epfo;jftpd; (probality) iffspy; tplg;gl;Ltpl;l> ve;jnthU xOq;Fnra;Ak; tpjpfSkw;w epiyf;Fj; js;sptpLfpw> ntsp (space) rpjwbf;fg;gl;Ltpl;l epiy. xOq;fpd;ikAk; kuzKk; tpistpf;fpw ,ul;il mr;RWj;jy;fs; ,it. ,tw;Wf;F vjpuhf> kuzj;ij ntd;W tho;tjw;fhf> kdpj ,dk; ,uz;L mtrpakhd jw;fhg;G tpjpfis> epfo;Tfis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it> vy;yh r%f tbtq;fspYk; ,Ug;gjdhy; Kjy;epiyf; fhuzpfshf> khDltpay; fhuzpfshf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,it> Kjyhtjhf> fhyj;ij tiuaWj;Jf; nfhs;tJ my;yJ NtW khjpupahfr; nrhy;tnjd;why;> xU mdhjpfhy Muk;gj;ij tFj;Jf; nfhs;tJ - Ark* vd;w me;jg; nghUspy;. ,jd; mHj;jk;> fhuzk; - tpisT vd;fpw Kbtpy;yhj xU gpd;Ndhf;fpar; #oyhf r%f cUthf;fj;ijg; ghHg;gjpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ. Polisd; Gjpuhd Gujhd
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Njhw;wk;> ehfuPfj;jpd; my;yJ fpwpj;J rfhg;jj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> ,];yhkpa rfhg;jj; Njhw;wk; - ,y;yhj xU Muk;gg; Gs;sp Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtJ. ,e;j Muk;gg; Gs;sp my;yJ #d;ag; Gs;sp> ,Jjhd; $q;Fr; Roiy (ritual repetition) mDkjpf;fpwJ; Mjpfhy epidTfis $q;Fr; Roy;> epidT tpohf;fs;> nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; - RUq;fr; nrhy;tnjd;why;> jpUk;g epfoKbahj fhyj;ij nty;tijf; Fwpf;fpw ,e;j vy;yhtifahd ke;jpur; rlq;FfisAk;> cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpwJ.
ve;jnthU kdpj r%f miktpw;Fk; cupa ,d;ndhU mbg;ilahd Fwpg;gpaf;fk; (gesture), xU %Lz;l ntspf;Fs; jd;id tiuaWj;Jf; nfhs;tJ. Gdpjk; vd;gJ – Nfhapy; vd;w mHj;jj;jpy; ,q;Fk; te;JtpLfpwJ. Nfhap;y; vd;gjpd; Njhw;wk; vJ? Mjpfhy g+rhup my;yJ NjtJhjHfs; Njb mile;j> jk; iffis tpz;iz Nehf;fp caHj;jp mwptpf;fpw Gdpj ntsp; Gdpjr; rlq;Ffs; epfo;j;Jtjw;Fupa ntsp. mbg;gilahd ,e;j Fwpg;GzHj;jy; vy;yhr; r%fq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpYk;> Fiwe;jJ mtw;wpd; Guhzq;fspy; vy;yhk; ghHf;f KbfpwJ. Mdhy;> ,j;jifa Guhzq;fs; epyTtNj VNjhnthU cz;ikiaf; Fwpg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
xU cjhuzj;jpw;F> Nuhk; epWtg;gl;lJ gw;wpa Guhzf; fijia vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ehd; Nuhikj; NjHT nra;jJ mjDila Kf;fpaj;jtk; fUjp. mJ kl;Lkpy;yhky;> khHf;rpaj;jpy; fye;jpUf;Fk; rpy midj;Jj; jOtpa fUj;jhf;fq;fs;> a+j - fpwp];jt ghuk;gupaj;jpypUe;J kl;Lkpy;yhky; Nuhkpa midj;Jj; jOtpajd;ik (Roman Universalism) apypUe;Jk; ngwg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJk; xU fhuzk;. Nuhk; vg;gb epWtg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F tUNthk;. NuhKy]; jd; rNfhjuidf; nfhd;Wtpl;L jd; fyg;ig nfhz;L xU fhil cOfpwhd;. (mdhjpfhy fhy; ,JjhNdh?) me;j efuk; fl;b vOg;g Ntz;ba ntspia
giw‐2008‐xf
,g;gbj; ,lk;jhd FOkk mikg;gp nra;J nfhs;fpw tiuaW vd;gJ x ,Nj m rkj;Jt (discours vOJfpw Ntypapl nfhQ;rk kdpjd;. Njhw;W nrhy;yh nrhd;d tiuaWj fUj;jhf mjhtJ ve;j xd fopthw fhl;lhw;w kPwpf; nf ePNuhl;lk milag fl;Lf;F fopthw thHj;i mbg;gi xOq;fp tpjpfSk nghUs tpisth Kjy; ne nghJ epyTfpw epiyik Gs;sp x nfhz;b njspthf ,df;FO njhlq;f cUthf;f

J fpwpj;J pa rfhg;jj; k;gg; Gs;sp e;j Muk;gg; p> ,Jjhd; repetition) pidTfis tpohf;fs;> RUq;fr; pfoKbahj f;fpw ,e;j ;FfisAk;>
iktpw;Fk; Fwpg;gpaf;fk; ;Fs; jd;id k; vd;gJ – y; ,q;Fk; pd; Njhw;wk; jtJhjHfs; tpz;iz Gdpj ntsp; ;Fupa ntsp. ;jy; vy;yhr; Fiwe;jJ hk; ghHf;f Guhzq;fs; z;ikiaf;
pWtg;gl;lJ vLj;Jf; HT nra;jJ fUjp. mJ ye;jpUf;Fk; ;jhf;fq;fs;> j;jpypUe;J idj;Jj; iversalism) ,Uf;fyhk; hk; vg;gb tUNthk;. fhd;Wtpl;L U fhil ,JjhNdh?) a ntspia
,g;gbj;jhd; jPHkhdpf;fpd;whd;. ,e;j ,lk;jhd; Pomaerium *. ,g;gbahf> xU FOkk; (collectivity) xU %Lz;l mikg;gpw;Fs; jd;idj;jhNd xOq;fikT nra;J nfhz;L jd;id fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;j mHj;jj;jpy;jhd;> vy;iy tiuaWj;Jf; nfhs;tJ (demarcation) vd;gJ xU mbg;gilahd nrayhfpwJ. ,Nj mHj;jj;jpy;jhd; &Nfh jdJ rkj;Jtkpd;ik Fwpj;j nrhy;yhly; (discourse on equality) vd;w Ehypy; ,g;gb vOJfpwhH: - xU Jz;L epyj;ij Ntypapl;Lf; nfhz;L- ,J vdf;Ff; nfhQ;rk;” vd;W ftdkhfr; nrhd;d Kjy; kdpjd;. mtd;jhd; rptpy; r%fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtd;’.* ‘muR’ vd;W nrhy;yhky; ‘rptpy; r%fk;’ vd;W mtH nrhd;dJ ftdj;jpw;FupaJ. vy;iy tiuaWj;Jf; nfhs;sy; (enclosure) vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;jpw;Fs;s rpwg;ghd ,lj;NjhLk;> mjhtJ nghJtpy; mikg;ghf ,Uf;fpw ve;j xd;NwhLk; ,ij xg;gpl;Lg; ghHf;fyhk;. fopthw;wy; vd;fpw fl;Lf;flq;fhj fhl;lhw;wpd; kPs;tUif> xOq;fhd Nghf;if kPwpf; nfhz;L xOq;fhw;wy; ghAk; me;j ePNuhl;lk;> cs;slq;fpf; nfhs;syhy; milag; ngWfpwJ. xOq;fpd;ikiaf; fl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;LtUk; Kaw;rpapy; fopthw;wy; fope;J NghfpwJ. NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;> mbg;gilahd xU xOq;fpd;ik – xU xOq;fpd;ik ,y;yhjpUg;gJ> ve;j tpjpfSkw;w xU rpjWz;l epiy vd;fpw nghUspay; - Fwpj;j mr;rj;jpd; tpisthfNt> ,e;j czHr;rpf;F ,e;j Kjy; nehbapy; kdpj r%fk; Njhd;WfpwJ. nghJtpy; mikg;Gf;fs; vd;w tifapy;> epyTfpw kdpj r%f mikg;Gf;fspd; epiyikfspy; Njrk; vd;w vd;fpw ,e;jg; Gs;sp xU vjpHePNuhl;lj;jpy; mikT nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mNjhL kpfj; njspthfNt tuyhw;W uPjpahf cUthd ,df;FOf;fs;> ,uj;jtop cwTfs; njhlq;fp kw;w ,uz;lhk; epiy gz;ghl;L cUthf;fq;fshd ,dj;njhFg;Gfs; (ethnic
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groupings) kf;fs; $l;lq;fs; vd;fpw njhlHr;rpahd kw;w kdpj $l;bizTfSf;Fg; gpwNf Njrk; tUfpwJ. vd;whYk;> ,jpy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpa Gs;sp vd;dntd;why;> Njrk; tuyhw;W uPjpahf xU fle;J nry;yf;$ba tifapdk; vd;fpw fUj;J> xNu Neuj;jpy; rupahdjhfTk; jtwhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJjhd;. Njrpa muRf;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;. Mdhy;> ,J kdpj ,aw;ifapd; - kpfj; jtwhfg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gl;L tpLfpw nrhy; ,J – xU mbg;gilapyhd Kjy;epiy
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50
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je;ijtopf; FLk;g mikg;gpypUe;J rpyf;FLk;g mikg;G> ,d;Dk; tuyhw;W uPjpahd gy;NtW rhj;jpag;ghLfspd; xU KOj; njhFjpapd; ClhfNt ehk; te;jpUf;fpNwhk;. vd;whYk;> mbg;gilahd ,e;j khwhepiy kjpg;GUtpd; NkykHe;Nj te;jpUf;fpNwhk;. NjrKk; ,NjNghd;w xU mbg;giljhd;. xU %Lz;l miktpw;fhd Njit> vy;iyfs;> RtHfs; nfhz;l xU capupapyhd xU $l;Lr; r%fj;ij capHg;- Gs;sjhf itj;Jf; nfhs;s cwTk; %ly; vd;fpw mstpy; mJ xU khwhepiy kjpg;GUthf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jdhNyNa> vJ mjw;F cs;Ns ,Uf;fpwJ> vJ ntspNa epw;fpwJ vd;fpw tiuaWg;G. cz;ikjhd;> tuyhw;whrpupaHfs; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; ,e;j vy;iyfs; vt;thnwy;yhk; tiua- Wf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpnay;yhk; Ma;T nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; ,J vy;yh milahsq;fSk; tpj;jpahrq;fisr; Rl;Lgit> vy;yh milahsg;gLj;jy;fSk; tifg;gLj;jy;fs;> vd;fpw mbg;gilahd cz;ikia kwe;Jtplf; fhuzkhfp tplf;$lhJ. Rw;wpapUf;Fk; epiyikfsp- ypUe;J tpj;jpahrg;gLj;jhky;> mjw;nfjpuhf epWj;jhky;> vy;iyfis tiuahky;> r%fj;jpd; jdpegHfSf;F ve;jnthU gyd;ghl;L milahsKk; ,Uf;fKbahJ. ,J vy;yhKk; mngsjpfkhdjhff; (meta physical) $lj; Njhd;wyhk;. Mdhy; ,aw;if mwptpay; g+HtkhfTk; ep&gpf;f KbAk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. ey;yfhykhf ‘fhHNdh\pad; Gul;rpapd;’ gadhf ,e;jr; rpe;jidfisnay;yhk; xOq;FgLj;jpr; nrhy;tjw;F ekf;F trjpfs; fpilf;fyhk;. ,af;f Mw;wypaypy; tUk; 'fhHNdh\pad; Gul;rp|| iag; gw;wpah nrhy;fpwPHfs;? Mkhk;> mdy; - ,af;f Mw;wypy;jhd;. ,J nfhQ;rk; mjpf mUtkhd khjpupahff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;. MdhYk;> rw;W tskhd xd;W. ,g;NghJ Mw;wy; (enegy) vd;fpw mbg;gilapYk; Vd; juT-Ma;Tf; (data – procesing) Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapYk; $l edtpyp $l Fwpj;J Muha Kaw;rpfs eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,J ekf;F
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,d;Dk; Jy;ypakhd Ma;Tf; fUtpfisj; jUtNjhL jw;NghJs;s mwpTj; njhFg;ig Kw;wpYk; epuhfupj;J tplhky; mNjNeuj;jpy; mijj; jhz;br; nry;tjw;fhd Gjpa mbg;giliaAk; je;J ek;ik ,d;ndhU gFj;jwpTj; jsj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;tjhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
rup> ,itnay;yhk; khHr;rpaj;jpy; vijf; Nfs;tpf;Fs;shf;Ffpd;wd? vd;Dila ghHitapy; ‘,aw;if’ vd;gjw;Fupa ,lk; Fwpj;j mjd; fUj;jhf;fj;ij; tuyhw;iw ,aw;ifahdnjhU epfo;thf fw;gpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; mjd; Kjy;epiyf; fhuzpfis - ,aw;ifahd fhuzpfs; vd;w mstpy; - fopj;Jf;fl;b tplTk; khHf;Rf;F cjTk; ,aw;ifia tuyhw;Wg;gLj;Jk; Kiwia FLk;gKk; NjrKk; jhd; r%f ,Ug;gpd; ,e;j Kjy; epiyf; fhuzpfs;: nghJtpy; nrhy;tnjd;why;> FLk;gk; jiyKiwfs;> ghypay; ,it Fwpj;j vy;yhKk; xU gf;fk;; ehfuPfq;fs;> Njrq;fs; ,d;dgpwthf ehk; nrhy;Yk; gz;ghl;L cUthf;fq;fs; Fwpj;j vy;yhKk; ,d;ndhU gf;fk;. ,e;jf; fUj;jhf;fq;fSf;F khHf;rpaj;jpy; ve;jj; Jy;ypakhd ,lKk; gad;ghLk; ,y;iy vd;gjhNyNa ,it Fwpj;j ve;jj; njspthd ghHitAk; khHr;rpaj;jplk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thjj;jpy; - ,q;Fjhd; ehk; tpz;zpypUe;J kz;Zf;F ,wq;fp tUfpNwhk; - kpf Kf;fpakhd> mjd; ikaf; fUj;jhf;fk; xd;W ,Uf;fpwJ. Kw;WKOjhd fUj;JKjy;thjj;NjhL (absolute idealism) mJ xd;WgLfpd;w ,e;jg; Gs;sp> mjd; Nkhrkhd gytPdKk; $l. kdpjd; jd;idj; jhNd gilj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jpwd;ngw;wtd; vd;w ek;gpf;ifNa mJ. tuyhw;wpy; ,Uj;jpg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ> jd;Dila ,Ug;Gf;Fk;> jw;Nghija epiyf;Fk; jhNd fhuzk; vd;fpw Gwf;fhuzpfspd; jiyaPLfsw;w> Kw;WKOjhd xU Rje;jpuj;ij kdpjd; ngWfpwhd; vd;w fUj;J mJ. ,aw;iff;F
giw‐2008‐xf
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Mdh vjpHfhy me;jj Ngrg;gLt me;j xU Nfl;f K cs;s Fwpj;Jg

fUtpfisj; ; njhFg;ig NjNeuj;jpy; ;fhd Gjpa ,d;ndhU ry;tjhfTk;
Hr;rpaj;jpy; ;Ffpd;wd? ‘,aw;if’ ;j mjd; uyhw;iw fw;gpj;Jf; y;epiyf; fhuzpfs; l;b tplTk; w;ifia FLk;gKk; ,e;j Kjy; nghJtpy; yKiwfs;> k; xU gf;fk;; pwthf ehk; ;fs; Fwpj;j k;. ,e;jf; ;jpy; ve;jj; Lk; ,y;iy ;j ve;jj; r;rpaj;jplk;
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,lNk mspf;fhj xU tuyhw;Wf; fl;lk; vd;W Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gLfpw ‘nghJTlik’- Ak; $l ,Nj jtiw cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ. nghJTlik cw;gj;jp Kiw gw;wp njhiyNehf;fhd ghHitNahL tpsf;fq;fs; nrhy;Yk; Nrhtpaj; gpur;rhu ,yf;fpaq;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; - cjuuzj;jpw;F 22tJ fhq;fpu]; my;yJ 90 tUlq;fspy; nghJT- likr; rKjhaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ gw;wpa 1962 Mk; tUlj;jpa jpl;lk; - vg;NghJk; tptrhaj;jpw;fy;yhky;> njhopw;Jiwia Kw;WKOf;f ,ae;jpukhf;fYf;Nf mOj;jk; jug;gl;bUg;gJ ehk; nfhQ;rk; ftdkhfNt myrpg; ghHf;f Ntz;ba tp\ak;. cUisf;fpoq;Ffisg; gapupLtJk; jhdpaq;fis tpijg;gJk; ,aw;ifahd fhyr; #oYf;F cl;gl;lit; Mifahy;> mtw;iw KOikahd ve;jpukakhjYf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;Jtpl KbahJ. ,J Kf;fpakhd xU tp\ak;. Vndd;why;> Vw;wj;jho;thd mstpy; rpukq;fs; cila Ntiyfs; vg;NghJNk ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjhy; mJ ciog;igg; gpupj;JtpLtjpYk; gpujpgypf;Fk;. cUisf; fpoq;Ffis taypy; gapupLtij tpl Ma;Tf; $lj;jpy; fUj;Jf;fis cUl;bf; nfhz;bUg;gJ Rygk; vd;gJ njspthd tp\ak;. Mf> cUisf; fpoq;Ffis ahH ifapnyLf;fg; NghfpwhHfs; vd;gJ gw;wp KbT nra;a ahuhtJ xUtH Ntz;Lk;. mbg;gilapNyNa xUtUk; nra;a tpUk;ghj NtiyfNshL xg;gpLk;NghJ vy;NyhUNk nra;a tpUk;Gfpw Ntiyfs; Nghl;bapd; fhuzkhfNt mupjhfptpLk;. ,tw;Wf;F Ml;fisg; gpupj;JtpLtjw;F vg;NghJNk ahuhtJ xUtH Ntz;Lk;.
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,q;F ,aw;if> xUtUila gpwe;j ,lj;NjhL mtUf;Fs;s gpizg;G vd;w nghUspy; - Fwpj;j nksdj;jpw;Fk; xU fhupaj; njhlHG ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. efuq;fs;> njhopy;Jiw> njhopy;El;gk; ,d;Dk; ,JNghd;w gpwtw;wpd; xOq;fike;j gz;gpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l> NtNuhL Ntuhf ,Uf;fpw> ek;ik Kfj;jpybg;gJ Nghd;w nghUz;ikj; jd;ik tha;e;j xU ntspf;F cupa tp\aq;fs; ,itapuz;Lk;. ,Jtiuf;FNk jPtpukhf fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glhj khHr;rpaj;jpd; gytPdkhd Gs;sp ,J. Nfhe;jh Ntiyj; jpl;lk; Fwpj;j tpkHrdj;jpy; ‘ciog;Ng vy;yhr; nry;tq;fSf;Fk; Njhw;Wtha;’ vd;fpw fUj;ij> ‘,y;iy> ciog;Gk; ,aw;ifAk;’ vd;W nrhy;yp khHf;]; kWj;jpUe;j NghJk; $l VjhtJ xU Gs;spapy; ,aw;if vd;gijf; ifapnyLf;fhky; ciog;G vd;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;gij mtH njspthfNt czHe;jpUe;jhH.
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52
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a gpwe;j zg;G vd;w ;jpw;Fk; xU wJ vd;W hopy;Jiw> ,JNghd;w z;gpypUe;J hL Ntuhf ;gJ Nghd;w U ntspf;F apuz;Lk;. fUj;jpy; gytPdkhd pl;lk; Fwpj;j vy;yhr; a;’ vd;fpw ,aw;ifAk;’ e;j NghJk; ; ,aw;if ; ciog;G ;gij mtH
Nk vy;yhf; ;ikahdJ. fUj;JU- vd;gij vdJ mJ pw;Fs;NsNa Hj;jj;jpy; ra;fpw xU pwJ. ,w;F Vwf;Fiwa Nd rpf;fpf; ,lJrhupf; ; jPtpu ,lJ f;FfpNwd;. rism) mjd; fUj;jhf;fk; murpay; rpe;jid k ,af;fj;- jpdhuhdhy; khjp ,e;jj; KiwAk; ; nfhz;lJ
njupatUk; vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. ,e;j ajhHj;jk; > nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l fUJNfhs; cUthf;fk;> ntF[dq;fspd; nghWg;ig jhd; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sy;> Nfhl;ghl;LUthf;fk; Kd;dzpg;gilthjk; Nghw;wtw;Wf;nfy;yhk; vjpuhdJ. fsq;fkpy;yhj jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ. ntF[dkf;fis mzpjpul;Lk; Kd;dzpg;- gil my;yJ Nrh\yprj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gf; fpsk;Gk; fl;rp Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; vy;yhk; nghJtpy; Njrj;jpw;F vjpuhdit (a­national);my;yJ Fiwe;jJ mit Njrk; vd;gjpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if mw;wit – mjdhy; kz;izf; ft;t rgpf;fg;gl;lit. Njrk; mjd; tiuaWg;gpNyNa mwpT[Ptdj;jpw;F vjpuhd VNjh xd;iwj; jd;Ds; nfhz;Ls;sJ; jd;Kidg;GthjNkh mwpT[PtpfSf;NfAupa eilKiwapd; tbtk;; mwpT[Ptdj;jpd; mikg;G uPjpahd nkhopkhw;wk;.
khHf;rpaHfs;> Njrk; Fwpj;j jq;fSila Nfhl;ghl;Lg; Gupjypd; Nghjhikiag; gw;wp vg;NghJk; Gyk;gpf; nfhz;bUg;gijg; ghHf;fpNwhk;. ,e;jf; ‘Nfhl;ghl;L tWik’ VNjh jw;nrayhd xd;wy;y. khHf;rpaj;jplk; ,aw;if Fwpj;j fUJNfhs; vJTNk ,y;iy vd;gjhNyNa Njrk; mtHfSf;F Nfhl;ghl;LUthf;fk; ju kWf;fpwJ. ehk; nra;fpw cw;gj;jpiag; gw;wpj;jhd; mJ fUJNfhs;fs; itj;jpUf;fpwJ. ekJ fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;Ltu Kbahj – mjhtJ> ehk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpw xd;wy;yhky; ek;ik cw;gj;jp nra;fpw xd;iwg; gw;wp mjdplk; vd;d fUJNfhs; ,Uf;f KbAk;? ,J> kdpj rhuhk;rk; kPz;nlOj;J jd;idj;jhNd fz;Lnfhs;jy; - mjhtJ> kdpj ,dk; jd; tuyhw;iwj; jhNd cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpwJ vd;fpw ,sk; khHf;rpd; fw;gidf;F ek;ikj; jpUk;gTk; ,l;Lr; nry;fpwJ. fUj;JKjy;thjf; fw;gidf;Fj; jdpr;rpwg;ghd cjhuzk; ,e;jf; fUj;jhf;fk;. vd;Dila ghHitapy; khHf;rpaj;ij kPsKbahj RaKuz;ghl;bw;Fs; js;StJ ,Jjhd;.
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khHr;rpaj;jpy; KOikahd nghUs;Kjy;thjkhf ,y;yhjJk; ,Jjhd;. ,e;jf; fUj;Jf;fisnay;yhk; xOq;FgLj;jpj; njspthfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l tifapyhd khHf;rpaj;jpd; Fw;w czHthf Njrk; ,Ue;Jtpl;lJ. VNjh jw;nrayhd xd;wy;y vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. jd;dhy; ntw;wp nfhs;sg;glKbahj xd;W - ,J ntWk; Nfhl;ghl;lstpy; kl;Lk; ,y;iy – Fwpj;j Fw;w czHT mjw;F ,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;Nghijf;F ekf;Fr; NrHe;Js;s mDgtq;fspd;> mwptpd; mbg;gilapy; itj;Jk; ghHj;jhNyNa> khHf;rpaj;jpd; kPJ jPHg;G nrhy;y Njrj;jhy; KbAk;; ghj;jpuq;fspd; jFjpaplj;ij jiyfPohf khw;wptpl KbAk;. ,e;jj; jPHg;G khHf;rpaj;ij nry;yhf;fhrhf;ftpLk; vd;Nwh khHf;rpaj;ij xopj;Jf;fl;btpLk; vd;Nwh ehd; nrhy;ytutpy;iy. khHf;rpaj;ij mjd; vy;yhk; ty;y ,lj;jpypUe;J fPNo ,wf;fp> kw;w gy ghHitfisg; Nghy mJTk; xd;W vd;w epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L te;JtpLk;> mt;tsTjhd;.
khHf;rpak; nghUs;Kjy;thjj; jd;dpiwT ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy vd;W nrhy;fpwPHfs;. khHf;rpakpy;yhj nghUs;Kjy;thjtifr; rpe;jidfs; vg;NghJk; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. mg;gb khHf;rpaj;ijtpl KOf;f KOf;f nghUs;Kjy;thjkhf cs;s rpe;jid xd;W vijahtJ ePq;fs; nrhy;y KbAkh? Yf;uPba]; (Lucretius) xU KOikahd nghUs;Kjy;thjp. mtUila jj;Jtj;jpy; tuyhw;wpd; ,Wjp ,yf;F vd;W vJTk; ,y;iy. mjdhy;> KOik va;jf;$ba ,Wjp vy;iy vd;gNj ,y;iy. Mdhy;> khHf;rpaHfs; gyUf;F> tuyhw;Wf;F ,g;gbahd ,ay;jpl;lkhd (teleolgical) KbT vd;gJ kl;Lkpy;yhky;> tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; (pre­history) vd;gjw;Fk; xU KbT vd;gJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J midj;J n f ypd; tuyhw;W KOik vd;fpw fUj;jhf;fNkad;wp Ntwpy;iy. vy;yhtw;iwAk; ntspg;gilahfg; NgrNtz;ba fhyk; ,g;NghJ te;Jtpl;lJ. jpUk;gTk; nghJTlik cw;gj;jp Kiwf;F
giw‐2008‐xf
thUq;f Njitf;N khHf;]; vLj;Jf; tp\ak; khHf;] Nrh\yp nfhz;lh Vndd; myrYf kpfTk; g vd;d> khw;wj;jp khwhj N Nghfpw ‘c xd;W $ epw;ff;$l
kpf v vjpuhd ntWk; MAjkhf ,Ug;gJ xUKfj njhlHG fUj;JK ,Uf;fpw fUj;jh vd;gjw;f tho;f;i epiyik nky;y fUJNfh nrhy;tn Kiwfs NeHNfhl gupzhk t mope;Jt mopj;njh vd;fpw , xU K (bourgeo khHf;]; ,tw;i blkpUe;J kugpypUe

Oikahd k; ,Jjhd;. nay;yhk; r; nrhy;y Fwpg;gpl;l ; czHthf w;nrayhd ;. jd;dhy; d;W - ,J ; ,y;iy – ,Uf;fpwJ. rHe;Js;s bg;gilapy; paj;jpd; kPJ ; KbAk;; jiyfPohf j; jPHg;G pLk; vd;Nwh pLk; vd;Nwh Hf;rpaj;ij pUe;J fPNo sg; Nghy f; nfhz;L
;thjj; jd;dpiwT khHf;rpakpy;yhj g;NghJk; ,Ue;J KOf;f KOf;f d;W vijahtJ nrhy;y KbAkh? KOikahd jj;Jtj;jpy; d;W vJTk; va;jf;$ba y. Mdhy;> uyhw;Wf;F (teleolgical) tuyhw;Wf;F ;gjw;Fk; xU ;Lk;. ,J ;W KOik Ntwpy;iy. gilahfg; te;Jtpl;lJ. ;jp Kiwf;F
thUq;fs;. ‘jpwDf;Nfw;w ciog;G> Njitf;Nfw;w Cjpak;’ vd;fpw Kof;fj;ij khHf;]; Gdpj irkdplkpUe;J mg;gbNa vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ VNjh jw;nrayhd tp\ak; my;y. mijf; fz;Lgpbj;jJ khHf;]; ,y;iy. fw;gdhthj Nrh\yp];LfspypUe;J mij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. ,J xU Kf;fpakhd tp\ak;. Vndd;why;> NkNyhl;lkhd xU myrYf;Ff;$l Kfq;nfhLf;f Kbahj kpfTk; gytPdkhd fUJNfhs; mJ. mJ vd;d> me;j khwhj Njitfs;? khw;wj;jpw;Fk; ePl;rpf;Fk; Ml;glhj vd;WNk khwhj Njitfs;? Kuz;ghLfNs kiwe;J Nghfpw ‘cw;gj;jp Kiw’, vd;d mJ? ,jpy; xd;W $l khHf;rpag; ghHitapd; Kd;Nd epw;ff;$l KbahJ.
kpf vspikg;gLj;jg;gl;l khHf;rpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd mw;Gjkhd xU Nfhl;ghl;L – ntWk; Nfhl;ghl;lstpy; kl;Lkpy;iy – MAjkhf ,d;ndhU mHj;jj;jpy; Njrk; ,Ug;gJ> khHf;rpd; tuyhw;W epfo;tpd; xUKfj;jd;ik gw;wp fUj;jhf;fj;NjhL njhlHGilaJ. ,JTk; xU fUj;JKjy;thjf; fUJNfhshfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. tuyhw;wpy; Njrk; vd;w fUj;jhf;fNk ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhfNt tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ mJ. tho;f;if epiyikfSk; cw;gj;jp epiyikfSk; tuyhw;W uPjpahf nky;y nky;y xUKfj;jd;ik ngWk; vd;fpw fUJNfhs; mJ. NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;> te;J Kf;fpa cw;gj;jp Kiwfspd; Clhf kyUk; xUKfg;gl;l> NeHNfhl;Lg; ghijapyhd tuyhw;Wg; gupzhk tsHr;rpg; ghijapy; nky;y> nky;y mope;JtpLfpw> tpj;jpahrq;fisnay;yhk; mopj;njhJf;Fk; midj;Jk; jOtpajd;ik vd;fpw ,e;jjf; fUj;jhf;fNk cz;ikapy; xU Kjyhspa gFj;jwpT MA;Tf; (bourgeois­analytic reason) fUj;jhf;fkhFk;. khHf;]; (,d;Dk; mjpfkhf vq;nfy;];) ,tw;iw fhd;lhHnrl; (condorcot) blkpUe;Jk; mwpnthspf;fhyr; rpe;jid kugpypUe;Jk; Neubahf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.
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cyfshtpa tHf;fkhdJ mjpfhuj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ njhlHtz;bfspd; tiyg;gpd;dy; Njrpa vy;iyfis vy;yhk; mHj;jkw;wjhf;fptpLk; vd;W kpf vspikahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Vndd;why; - Gfo;ngw;w ,e;j thrfq;fis ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gPHfs; - ‘mjw;F ,iof;fg;gl;l mePjp xU Fwpg;ghd mePjp ,y;iy; khwhf midj;Jk; jOtpa mePjp; mjdhNyNa> mJ xU midj;Jj;jOtpa tHf;fk;; ghl;lhsp tHf;fk; ve;jf; Fwpg;ghd cupikAk; Nfhutpy;iy’,,d;d gpw.* Mf> Njrpa vy;iyfs; vy;yhk; nehWq;fp> Nrhtpaj;Jf;fspd; rHtNjrpaf; FbauR mjpfhuj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. khHf;rpaf; fdtpd; vd;d mw;Gjkhd nydpdpa tiuT! ,ijnay;yhk; Nghl;L myl;bf;nfhs;sj; Njitapy;iy. %yjdj;jpd; MrpupaUf;F kl;Lk; NeukpUe;jhy; ajhHj;jj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L mq;fPfupj;jpUg;ghH vd;W ehk; ek;gyhk;. ,Ue;jhYk;> khHf;rpd; vOj;Jf;fspy; Fwpg;ghdjw;Fk; midj;Jj; jOtpajw;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Kuz; gy ,lq;fspy; vOg;gg;gLtij xUtH ghHf;f KbfpwJ. Fwpg;ghdtw;wpd; moptpy;jhd; kdpj ,dj;jpd; nghJik vOk; vd;fpw fUj;ijNa mtH nfhz;bUe;jhH vd;W Cfpf;fTk; ,it ,lkspf;fpd;wd. cz;ikapy;> ,q;F xU ,aq;fpay; nrayhw;WfpwJ. ekJ rkfhyj;jpNyNa> xU xUKfj;jd;ikia Nehf;fpa Nghf;if epfor; nra;Ak;gbahf> nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; gupkhw;wj;jpd; epiyikfs; NkYk; NkYk; xd;iw rhHe;jpUg;gitahf khwpf; nfhz;bUg;gij> ek; fz; Kd;NdNa ehk; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. Mdhy;> mNjNeuj;jpy;> gz;ghl;Lj; jdpj;Jtq;fSk; gd;klq;F mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;LNghtJk; xU ,aq;fpay; vjpHepfo;thf vOe;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. nghUshjhu rkd;gLj;- jypd; ,iz epfo;thf> Njrpa> gFjp
54
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kw;nwhU NkYk; Fwpg;ghd ,Ug;gi nfhz;bU tuyhw;W Kjd;ik ,Uf;fpw mHj;jj;j khHf;rpa mbg;gil ahfNt RtPfupj fUj;JK fopj;Jt cjtf;$ ,d;n khHf;rpa Fwpj;Nj Nfhl;ghL jw;nray Vndd;wh ,d;W e epfo;git jdpahd njspt ntl;fj;J Fwpj;j v mj;ji xd;whff khHf;rp

hdJ ;Jf; spd; is pLk; ;Jf; ; - is w;F hd k; >
f; Fwpg;ghd gpw.* Mf> nehWq;fp> f; FbauR ;. khHf;rpaf; pdpa tiuT! Nghl;L tapy;iy. ;F kl;Lk; pe;Jnfhz;L ; ek;gyhk;. j;Jf;fspy; Otpajw;Fk; ,lq;fspy; KbfpwJ. hd; kdpj k; vd;fpw e;jhH vd;W pf;fpd;wd. ,aq;fpay; yj;jpNyNa> pa Nghf;if ghUshjhu epiyikfs; g;gitahf ; Kd;NdNa hk;. Mdhy;> ;Jtq;fSk; ;LNghtJk; hf vOe;J rkd;gLj;- rpa> gFjp
rhHe;j (reginal) cupikfs; tYthf vOtJ jtpHf;ftpayhjjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;> rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ xUNghJk; xd;Wfyj;jy; (identity) MfptplhJ. milahsk; (identity) Fwpj;j ,aq;fpay; ghHit> g d ; K f j ; j d ; i k i a f ; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhf ,Uf;Fk;. vOe;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; xU cyfshtpaj;jpd; (globalism) kw;nwhU Kfk; gz;ghl;L milahsq;fs; NkYk; NkYk; rpjWz;L Nghtjhf> Fwpg;ghd milahsq;fSf;fhd Njlyhf ,Ug;gijj;jhd; ehk; ,d;W ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. ,Wjpapy;> khHf;irtpl tuyhw;W ajhHj;jk; ,d;Dk; nghUs; Kjd;ikahdjhfTk; ,aq;fpayhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;Nw epidf;fpNwd;. xU mHj;jj;jpy;> fle;j xU Ehw;whz;L fhykhf khHf;rpaj;ij tPo;j;jpaitnay;yhk; mbg;gilapy; nghUs;Kjd;ikahdit- ahfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. khHf;]; RtPfupj;Jf; nfhz;l Vuhskhd fUj;JKjy;thjk; ghuk;gupaj;ijnay;yhk; fopj;JtpLtjw;F ,e;jg; gbg;gpidfs; cjtf;$Lk;.
,d;ndhU tifapy; ghHj;jhy;> khHf;rpak; murpay; Fwpj;Njh gz;ghL Fwpj;Njh ve;jtpjkhd tiuaWj;j Nfhl;ghLk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJk; xU jw;nrayhd tp\akhfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. Vndd;why;> murpay;> gz;ghL ,uz;LNk ,d;W epyTk; Njrpa muRfSf;Fs; epfo;git. khHf;rpak; murpay; vd;gjw;F jdpahd xU ,lNk ,y;iy vd;gJ njspthd xd;W - vt;tsT ntl;fj;Jf;FupaJ ,J! murpay; mikg;G Fwpj;j ve;jf; Nfhl;ghLk; mtuplk; ,y;iy. mj;jifa mikg;ig mtrpakhd xd;whff; fhl;Lfpw Nfhl;ghL $l ,y;iy. khHf;rplk; ,ilntspfs; epiwa
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,Uf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> vd;Dila fUj;jpy;> ntWk; ,ilntspfs; vd;gjw;F Nkyhf ,Ug;git vy;yhk; - mikg;gpw;Fs; (system) nghjpe;Js;s ep[khd Kuz;ghLfs; - vg;NghJNk Njrj;NjhL njhlHGila gpur;rpidfs;. ,e;jr; rpwpa ,ilntspapy;> khHf;rpaj;jpy; Ngrg;glhj midj;Jk; Ftpe;J gbe;jpUf;fpd;wd. mg;Gwk;> Ngrg;glhjit Ngrg;gLgtJ njhlq;Fk;NghJ> kw;w vy;yhKk; NrHe;J ntbj;Jr; rpjWfpwJ. ,e;j mHj;jj;jpy;> khHf;rpak; Nfhl;ghlhfTk; Nrhryp\k; eilKiwahfTk; cs;s me;jg; nghJj; jpuspy; Njrk; vd;gJ mZf;fUit (atomic nucleus) Nghd;W ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fle;j EhW tUlq;fspy; epfo;e;j vy;yhtw;iwAk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,e;j Ehw;whz;by; vd;djhd; epfo;e;jJ? ,dp ehk; ,J gw;wp Ngr Muk;gpf;fyhk;. ehd; rpy mtrpakhd Kd;Cfq;fis Kd;nkhope;J nfhz;bUe;Njd;. ,dp> ePq;fs; tpUk;gpdhy;> ehk; rw;W Mokhd tpupthd Nfs;tpfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> mtw;Wf;Fg; gjpy; Njl Kbaw;rpf;fyhk;.
Nouvel Observateue ,jopy; te;j cq;fs; fl;Liuapy;> Ihup];L Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfspd; el;Gr; rf;jpfs; vd;W khHf;]; - vq;nfy;]; fUjpa> nrf;nf];Nyhthf;fpaHfs;> f;NuhNahjpaHfs; kw;w gpw njw;F ];Nyhthf;fpaHfs; Fwpj;j mtHfSila jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis tpkHrpj;jpUe;jPHfs;. (rupahfj;jhd; vd;W epidf;fpNwd;) Mdhy;> "nrf;nf];Nyhf;fpah kPjhd gilnaLg;G kughd khHf;rpaj;jpd; NeHtopapy; te;jJ" vd;W NrHj;Jf; nrhd;djpy; ePq;fs; rw;W mtrug;gl;Ltpltpy;iy? 1848y; khHf;rpd; Gul;rpfu gpur;rpidg;ghl;bw;Fk; 1968 y; gpu\;Ndtpd; gpw;Nghf;fhd eltbf;iffs; fhuzj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cq;fSf;F ve;j tpj;jpahrKk; njupatpy;iyah? jtWjhd;> xg;Gf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. tpthjj;ijj; Jhz;Ltjw;fhf nrhy;yg;gl;l rw;W kpifahd fUj;J mJ. Mdhy; - ,e;j ‘Mdhy;’ - f;F nfhQ;rk; mjpf mOj;jk; ju tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd; - ePq;fs; ed;whf mwptPHfs;; cz;ik vd;dntd;why;> RaepHzaj;ij khHf;]; vd;WNk
giw‐2008‐xf
jd;dst itf;fN murpay nghUj;j [hNuhL xUtH nrf;nf] ,Uf;f N ‘Njrpa , gpwtw;iw kw;wtHf Ntz;Lk nkf;rpf;f /g;uhd ,e;jpahi xUtH Vndd;wh Nghf;i ,Ug;gjh vd;gJ ,Wjpah vg;NghJN itj;Nj xg;Gf; nf nghJth rHtNjr thHj;ij vg;NghJ ,Uf;f N
1887 mrhjhuz nrhd;dJ Neuj;jpy mJ n[ xU Nghi ,e;jg; INuhg;g eyd;fS mjpy; vO fpsHe;nj xLf;Ft xg;Gf;nf ,af;f my;yJ fh];l;Nu

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y; te;j cq;fs; thjpfspd; el;Gr; q;nfy;]; fUjpa> paHfs; kw;w gpw fSila jtwhd pahfj;jhd; vd;W ;Nyhf;fpah kPjhd Htopapy; te;jJ" py; ePq;fs; rw;W hHf;rpd; Gul;rpfu tpd; gpw;Nghf;fhd cq;fSf;F ve;j njupatpy;iyah? s;fpd;Nwd;. rhy;yg;gl;l . Mdhy; - ;rk; mjpf ; - ePq;fs; ;dntd;why;> ; vd;WNk
jd;dstpy; KOKjyhd xU Nfhl;ghlhf itf;fNtapy;iy. vg;NghJNk mJ murpay;> nghUshjhur; #oiyg; nghUj;jjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy;> [hNuhL el;ghf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhNyNa xUtH njw;F ];yhtpaHfSf;Fk; nrf;nf];Nyhthf;fpaHfSf;Fk; vjpuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> `hg;];gHfpd;* ‘Njrpa ,dq;fspd; rpiwf;$lj;ij’, ,d;d gpwtw;iw nehWf;Ftjpy; Kide;jpUf;Fk; kw;wtHfSf;F RaepHzaj;ij mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbnad;why;> mnkupf;fhtpd; nkf;rpf;fg; gilnaLg;iAk;> my;[Pupahit /g;uhd;]; fhyzpahf;fpaijAk;> ,e;jpahit g;upl;ld; fhydpahf;fpaijAk; xUtH Mjupj;jjhf Ntz;Lk;. Vd;? Vndd;why;> mit nghJthd epfo;Tg; Nghf;ifj; Jupjg;gLj;Jgitahf ,Ug;gjhy;. Mifahy;> Njrpa tpLiy vd;gJ khHf;Rf;F vd;WNk jdpahd> ,Wjpahdnjhd;whf ,Uf;ftpy;iy; vg;NghJNk Vnjhnthd;Wf;F fPo;g;gl;ljhf itj;Nj jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij ePq;fs; xg;Gf; nfhs;s NeupLk;. vjw;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;J? nghJthd epfo;Tg; Nghf;Ff;F my;yJ rHtNjr ghl;lhsp tHf;fg; Gul;rpf;F. NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;> gFjp vg;NghJNk KOikf;F fl;Lg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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hf ghHf;fpwPHfs; ;jf; Nfs;tpiia ;jifa xg;gPl;ilr; mOj;jpr; nrhy;y tbtj;ij tpl;L rf; gpur;rpidapy; epiyg;ghLjhd; mjpy; mtUila [dehafg; Gul;rp ;iy vd;gjpy;jhd;
,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; gpu\;NdTf;Nfh> fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; jdJ mjpfhutHf;f mikg;G Mjpf;fj;ijj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj cz;ikahd Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy;> tbt uPjpahd xw;Wikfisj; jhz;b> cs;slf;fj;jpy; kpfg; ngupa mstpyhd tpj;jpahrk; ,Uf;fpwJ. cq;fSila thjj;jpy; ePq;fs; ,ijf; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. rup> rup. vd;Dila thjq;fis tbt uPjpahd gpur;rpidNahL epWj;jpf; nfhz;L tpl;Nld; ehd;. mJ jtWjhd;. Mdhy;> nrf;Nfh];Nythfpah kPjhd Mf;fpukpg;igf; fz;bf;Fk; tp\aj;jpy; xd;Wgl;lhYk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; ekf;Fs; ve;j xw;WikAk; fpilahJ. mJ mjpfhutHf;f mikg;igAk; NguuRf; nfhs;ifiaAk; tpupTgLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W ePq;fs; nrhy;tPHfs;. Mdhy;> ehd; Nrh\ypr muR> xU Njrpa milahsj;ij eRf;Fk; xt;nthU KiwAk; Njhw;Wg;NghtJ Kd;dJjhd; vd;W nrhy;Ntd;. ,q;F> tuyhW ekf;Ff; fhl;Ltnjy;yhk;> Njrj;jpw;F vjpuhf epWj;jg;gl;l ghl;lhsptHf;fk;> ,Ug;Gf;F Kd;dhy; tpwFf;fl;il Nghy> vd;gijj;jhd;. xU Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;NjhL xd;Wfye;j gpw;ghLjhd; my;yJ xU Njrpa milahsj;jpw;fhf epd;w NghJjhd; ghl;lhsptHf;f rHthjpfhuq;fs; Nt&d;w Kbe;jJ vd;gij etPd tuyhW jpUk;gj; jpUk;g ep&gpj;jpUf;fpwJ.
,jpy;> nuhk;gTk; neUlyhd kw;nwhU tp\ak;> khHf;]; ghuP]; fk;a+id mZfpa tpjk;. ghuP]; fk;Adpd; tuyhw;iw kpf NkNyhl;lkhf ghHj;jhNy> mjDila kpf tYthd Njrg;gw;W> Vd; Njrpa ntwp njspthfj; njupAk;. Mdhy;> khHf;]; fk;a+idg; gw;wpa jd;Dila Guhzf; fw;gidj; jd;ik tha;e;j mHj;jg; gLj;jiy mt;tsT tYthf jpzpj;j tpjk; - ,d;W tiuapYk; mtUila mNj ghHitapNyNa ehk; me;epfo;itg; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk; - ,e;j mk;rk; Rj;jkhf kiwe;Nj Ngha;tpl;lJ. xU Mf;fpukpg;ghsDf;nfjpuhf ntbj;j
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Njrg;gw;W kpFe;j vOr;rp vd;fpw me;j mk;rk; Rj;jkhf Jilj;jopf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ. l;Nuhr;R* k;> [{y;]; /Ngt;nulTk;* fk;a+d; Ml;rpapd; NghJ Vd; Jhf;fpnawpag;gl;lhHfs;? Vndd;why;> mtHfs; cz;lhf;fpj; je;j cilg;G kpfTk; gytPdkhf ,Ue;jJ; Fiwe;j fhyNk ePbg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ; NkYk; ghuP]; kPjhd Kw;WifiaAk; mtHfshy; Kwpabf;f Kbatpy;iy. mjdhy; - me;j ePz;l fijia RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;tnjd;why; - vjpupapd; ifahl;fs; vd;W Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lhHfs;! fk;a+Df;F ,g;gbnahU kpfj; jPtpukhd Njrk; mk;rk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; ,ij ve;jnthU ,lj;jpYk; tpthjpf;fNt ,y;iy.
ekJ fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j Nrh\yprg; Gul;rpfspy; Njr tpLjiyNahL my;yJ Njrg; ghJfhg;NghL njhlHgpy;yhjjhfj; njupAk; xd;Nw xd;W urpag; Gul;rp kl;Lk;jhd;. Mkhk;> Mdhy; vj;jid fhyj;jpw;F? 1919 -k;> 1941- f;Fg; gpwFk; epfo;e;j Njrg; ghJfhg;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;jhd; Nghy;\ptpf; fl;rp ntFkf;fspd; Mjuitg; ngWtjw;F cjtpait. ,e;j ,uz;L tpLjiyg; NghHfSk; ,y;iynad;why;> Nghy;\ptprk; Nrhtpaj; vd;fpw me;j r%f cs;slf;fj;NjhL mt;tsT xd;whff; fye;jpUf;f KbAk; vd;W vdf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. rPdh> f;a+gh> tpal;ehk; Nghd;w kw;w ,lq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ehd; vJTk; tpsf;fj; NjitapUf;fhJ vd;W epidf;fpNwd;.
mjdhy;> xU jPtpu rhj;jpaj;ijr; nrhd;dhy;> vd;idg; nghWj;jtiu xU Njrpa milahsk;> xU Nrh\ypr murikg;gpd; kPJ Vw;wg;gLtJ> mg;gbay;yhky; ,Ug;gijf; fhl;bYk; ey;yJ. Vndd;why;> ,J Nrh\ypr vjpHfhyj;jpw;F ,d;Dk; rpy rhj;jpaq;fisj; jpwe;JtpLfpwJ. mg;gbay;yhky; ,jw;F Nenujpuhf epfo;e;jhy; Nrh\yprk; Njrj;jpw;F me;epakhd xd;whfptpLfpwJ. xU
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nghJthd ntFkf Nrh\ypr epfo;e;J Vw;Wkjp mJ vg;N nehWq;f mjdhy mjpfhu tpkHrpg;g caHthd Mf;fpu cs;Sz Le Nouve (];lhypd;) g;Nuf; ,t jUtjhf (1956), g mtUila nrhy;tPHfs cfe;j tif
,J ,d;Dk nrhy;ypt fye;jJ tWikf Ml;Nrg %d;whe;j mjhtJ Nghuhl;l gpd;jq;fpa milahs nrhy;f milahs nrhy;f czHTg njhopw Kd;dz gQ;rKk gypthq;f ntFkf kdepi l;uhl;];f gyk; ePq

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y. Nrh\yprg; hL my;yJ y;yhjjhfj; pag; Gul;rp ; vj;jid ;Fg; gpwFk; hJfhg;Gg; ptpf; fl;rp ngWtjw;F tpLjiyg; ghy;\ptprk; ;j r%f xd;whff; vdf;Fj; > tpal;ehk; ghWj;jtiu tapUf;fhJ
j;jpaj;ijr; ;jtiu xU Nrh\ypr wg;gLtJ> ; fhl;bYk; Nrh\ypr k; rpy tpLfpwJ. Nenujpuhf jrj;jpw;F pwJ. xU
nghJthd Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;> ntFkf;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf Nrh\yprk; cUthfhj ehLfspy; vy;yhk; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJ ,Jjhd;. Nrh\ypr Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; mJ vg;NghJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; cile;J nehWq;fptplf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy;> Nrhtpaj; tifg;gl;l mjpfhuj;Jt Nrh\yprj;ij tpkHrpg;gijtpl nrf; Njrpaj;ij kpf caHthdnjhU kjpg;ghf itg;gJ> thHNrh Mf;fpukpg;G xg;ge;jj;ij* vd; cs;SzHtpNyNa epuhfupf;f itf;fpwJ. Le Nouvel Obsuratere –,y; Nkw;fpy; khH\ypd; (];lhypd;) twl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;L mrl;ilj;jdk; Glhng];l;> g;Nuf; ,tw;iwg; Nghy ,d;Dk; epiwa ,og;Gf;fisj; jUtjhf ,Uf;Fk;" vd;W vOjpapUe;jPHfs;. Glhng];l; (1956), g;Nuf; (1968) rk;gtq;fSf;F ];lhypd; kw;Wk; mtUila rp\;aHfSila twl;Lj;jd;ik fhuzkhfr; nrhy;tPHfsh my;yJ mtHfs; urpag; ngUe;Njrpaj;jpw;F cfe;j tifapy; jkJ twl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;il tiue;jijr; nrhy;tPHfsh? ,J gw;wp Kbthd fUj;J vjw;Fk; ,d;Dk; ehd; tutpy;iy vd;gijr; nrhy;yptpLfpNwd;. mJ ,uz;Lk; kaq;fpf; fye;jJ Nghyj; njupfpwJ. ];lhypdpaj;jpd; tWikf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ – ePq;fs; Ml;Nrgpf;ftpy;iynad;why;> mjd; %d;whe;ju Njrpathjk; vd;W nrhy;Ntd;. mjhtJ> 1924 – 8 thupRupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ> urpa ntFkf;fspd; gpd;jq;fpa epiyikNahL ];lhypd; jd;id milahsg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l tpjj;ijr; nrhy;fpNwd;. Mdhy;> jd;id milahsg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l tpjj;ijr; nrhy;fpNwd;. Mdhy;> l;uhl;];fp czHTg;g+Htkhd rHtNjrpaj;jpw;fhfTk; njhopw;Jiw rhHe;j Kd;dzpg;gilf;fhfTk; epd;whH. mNjhL> gQ;rKk; NghUk; Vuhskhd Ngiu gypthq;fptpl;l #oypy;> NrhHe;JNghapUe;j ntFkf;fs;> Gul;rp NghJk; vd;fpw kdepiyf;F te;Jtpl;bUe;jdH. l;uhl;];fpf;F vjpuhd ];lhypdpd; ngupa gyk; ePq;fs; nrhy;fpw mtUila urpag;
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ngUe;Njrpathjk; vd;gjpy; re;NjfNkapy;iy. ,lJrhup vjpHg;Gf; FOit Kwpabf;f cjtpa mtUila gykhd mk;rNk mtUila gytPd mk;rkhfTk; ,Ue;jJ; mjhtJ> mjDila FWfpa jd;ik> Njrpa ntwpiar; nrhy;fpNwd;. vd;whYk;> `q;Nfupa> nrf; vOr;rpfspd; fhuzq;fisg; gw;wpa myrYf;Fs; ehk; ,q;F %o;fptplj; Njitapy;iy. mit Fwpj;J vdf;F mjpfk; njupah: NkYk;> mit ,q;F ekJ nghUSk; ,y;iy.
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SN 1502­8771

Page 60
ê¤ïî¬ùè° å1⁄4 1¬èððìñ
D.C. Senanayake, D.S. Senaanyake, F.R. Senanaya The three children of Spaeter Senanayake, who wa planter and arrack renter. D.C., the eldest, was called in the business activities of the family. The second educational activities or any business activities and w was called ‘Wild John’. F.R., who returned after an ed don John’. All the three were arrested during the S detained for 45 days.
ed;wp The Tale o
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ïî¬ùè° å1⁄4 1¬èððìñ
nyake, F.R. Senanayake: Senanayake, who was an owner of graphite mines, a , the eldest, was called ‘Colombo John’ due to his interest e family. The second, who was not interested in any usiness activities and was considered a waster of time, ho returned after an education abroad, was called ‘Lon­ arrested during the Sinhala­Muslim riots of 1915 and
ed;wp The Tale of the Crisis ­ Ravaya publication
1502­8771