கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: பறை 2008.11
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ð¬ø
Njhdwp tsHeJ rpijeJ kiweJ kWgbAk;kW
ð¬ø
2008 Koffk;2
kiweJ kWgbAk;kWgbAk; Gjpad NjhdWk;
Page 2
2
giw‐2008‐ et
Page 3
Njh
oikfFhpatHfNs!
giwapd; kPstUiffF fpiljjpUffpw tuN CfFtpgGk kpFej gyjijj;jeJssJ. ,Nj ,e cqfs;gqfspgG kpfTk;mtrpak. Fwpgghf n tpkHrdqfisAk KditggJk> ,jid NrHggjpYk; cqfs; gqfspgig ehbepwfpdNw
,J tiu fpilffgngww fUjJffspd;rh ,dW ,dndhU rQrpif? ,J xU rhjp vjpH Vd;'grirahf" vyyhtwiwAk;NgRfpwPHfs...? khwwKbahjh..? MrphpaH FOtpy css Vi Nfstpfs KditffgglLtUfpdwd.
,dW vjjid Clfqfs ,UejhYk m Ntl ifia ntspg gLj j fhzhJ v njhpaNtzbajpyiy. kPzLk;rkPg fhykhf K eknkyNyhUfFNk GjJzHrrpiaj;jUtJ jh ngUkghyhd nghJgGhpjiy vlbapUffpw rQrpiffis njhlHeJ nfhzLtUtjpy;gu]g tUtJ mej Nehffpy;jhd.
NgrhgnghUis NgRnghUshfFjy;vdfpw $Wtjd;fhuzk;vddntdpy;NgRtjwfhd j Clfqfspy;fpilffhikNa. czik gpurrpid khwhky nfhz L nry yNtz Lnkdpy 'grirahfNt" Ngrpahf NtzbAssJ. Mjpf tbtqfisAk> mjd;Gdpjk;nflhky;'ehfhpfk czikepiyia czurnraaKbahJ.
giw midjJ mlfFKiwfSfFk;vjpuhf VwnfdNt NgRnghUshf ,Uffpw xdiw mjpfkhfNt NgrgglLfnfhzbUffpw mej rfjp> nghUs; vdgdtwiw tpiyahf nfhL fUJfpNwhk. NgrgglNtzba nghUshf fUjjiktpy NgRtjwF xU tpiy nfhLf ntspfnfhzHtJ mJTk Gyjjpy mttsJ vkfFhpa Neuk> ciog G> rfjp> nghUs nfhLfFkNghJ vjwF KffpajJtkspffNtz
giw‐2008‐et
giw
giw
Ns!
fpiljjpUffpw tuNtwGk> cwrhfggLjjYk> ;jeJssJ. ,Nj ,ej cwrhfjij epiyepWjj trpak. Fwpgghf njhlHeJk;fUjJffisAk> tggJk> ,jid VidNahhplk nfhzL pgig ehbepwfpdNwhk. w fUjJffspd;rhuhkrjij ftdpjjhy> Vd; ,J xU rhjp vjpHgG rQrpif klLkjhdh..? wAk;NgRfpwPHfs...? rQrpifapd;V5 mstpid FOtpy css VidNahH ahH...? Nghdw tUfpdwd.
fs ,UejhYk mJ mlffggLk kffspd; j j fhzhJ vd gij ehd $wpj; Lk;rkPg fhykhf KisjjpUffpw rQrpiffs; Hrrpiaj;jUtJ jhd. mjd;Njit mttsT.
iy vlbapUffpw ekJ NjhoHfs kjjpapy; hzLtUtjpy;gu]guk;xjJiogGfis nraJ
. hUshfFjy;vdfpw fUjjhffjij ehk;cujJ dpy;NgRtjwfhd jsqfs;,ej ngUkNghfF a. czik gpurrpidia mjd;czikjjdik yNtz Lnkdpy mjw F gfpuq fkhfNt tzbAssJ. MjpffrpjjhejqfisAk; mjd; k;nflhky;'ehfhpfkhf" NgRtjd;%yk;ekkhy;
aaKbahJ. iwfSfFk;vjpuhf FuynfhLfFk. mNj Neuk; ,Uffpw xdiw ngUkNghfFj jsjjpy; fhzbUffpw mej tplajjpy ekJ ciogG> w tpiyahf nfhLffjNjitapyiy vdNw zba nghUshf ,UeJk mJ Ngrgglhj xU tpiy nfhLffyhk. xU rQrpifia Gyjjpy mttsJ vspikahd tplakyy. G> rfjp> nghUs vdgtwiw tpiyahf fpajJtkspffNtzLk; vdgjpy; vkffpUffpw
(njhlHrrp ,Wjpggffk)
3
Page 4
epunyhOqNf vkJ jiygGfisAk jPHkhd jypjjpak;Fwpjj tplaqfspy;mjpf mffiw f ekfF ,Uffpw Fiwejglr ,ilntspfisAk;v vLjJiuggjwF gadgLjJfpdNwhk. mtts
,ej ,jopy ,kKiw ,jopy; rpqfs rhjpaikgG Fwpj gjpthfpwJ.
jpyiyapd; ,uzL ftpijfSk; cYffp v gjpthfpwJ. 'rpijjy" ftpijiaj jejpUf vOjjhsuhf mwpKfkhfpatH. rkPg fhyk nkhopngaHg G> fl Liu vd gy NtW ekgpfifaspffpwhH.
khHfrpaKk NjrpaKk flLiu ,Wjpgg MzLfSfF KddH ntspahd mej Nglba mjd; nkhopngaHgigj; jeNjhk.
NjhoH nghd; feijah gwwpa gjpT Kff epidTfis mf fl Liu gjpthf fpwJ. tpspkGepiyapdH gwwpa gilgGfspd Nji typAWjJfpwJ.
ngsrhpd;fpofF epiy gwwpa flLiuahd work of Srilankan Diaspora khehlby; thrpffggl tpthjq fis mdiwa $l ljjpy cUth gpuRukhfpwJ.
ghypaypd;murpay;nghUshjhuk;gwwpa fl ghypay;nghushjhuk;gwwpa NfhlghlLg;Ghpj mLjj ,jopy; mjd; kpFjpg; gFjp gjpthFk.
NgrhgnghUis NgRnghUshfFjypd; mur vd .rutzdpd fl Liu tpspkGepiyapd fUjJffspd; fUjjhffk> kwWk; mjd tphpt mikfpwJ. cqfs; njhlH Mjuit vjpHghHff
njhlHGfSfF
PARAI C/o Fri Media Norway Post Box 362 1301 Sandvika Norway
frimedianorway@gmail.com www.dalitnet.net
ISSN 15028771
4
gGfisAk jPHkhdpffpwJ. mej tifapy; py;mjpf mffiw fhlLtJ jtpHffKbahjJ. ,ilntspfisAk;vk;kffspd gpurrpidfis
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,ej ,jopy rhjpaikgG Fwpjj flLiuapd; njhlHrrp
pijfSk; cYffp vLfFk ngzzpd Fuyhf tpijiaj jejpUfFk epNtjh ,sk ngz; patH. rkPg fhykhf fhjjpukhd ftpij> u vd gy NtW gilgGfisj je J
flLiu ,WjpggFjp ntspahfpwJ. gy pahd mej Nglbapd; fhygnghUjjk; fUjp eNjhk.
gwwpa gjpT KffpakhdJ. gy Kffpakhd u gjpthf fpwJ. tpspk G epiyapdhpd; gilgGfspd Njitia njhlHeJk giw
gwwpa flLiuahdJ mtuhy International net ehlby; thrpffggll flLiuahFk. gyNtW $l ljjpy cUthffpa mfflLiu ,qF
Ushjhuk;gwwpa flLiu ngzzpa Nehffpy; pa NfhlghlLg;Ghpjiyj;jUk;flLiuahFk. g; gFjp gjpthFk.
hUshfFjypd; murpay; KffpajJtk gwwpa
tpspkGepiyapduhd mbkl l kffspd; kwWk; mjd tphpthffjij typAWjJtjhf Mjuit vjpHghHffpNwhk.
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RAI edia Norway t Box 362
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ay@gmail.com alitnet.net
gpujk MrphpaH
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Page 5
cs;Ns...
● rpq;fs rhjpaikg;ig tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy; vd.rutzd ..............................................................................
● ,d;Dk; Nahdp nra;Nthk;...! jpyiy..............................................................................................
● rpijjy; epNtjh..............................................................................................
● jiyfPoha; njhq;Fk; Kiyfs; jpyiy..............................................................................................
● khHf;rpaKk; Njrpag; gpur;rpidAk; nu[p nlgNuTldhd nrttp - nkhopngaHgG
● epidtpy; NjhoH nghd; fe;ijah2 fuitjhrd .................................................................................
● ,yq;ifapd; murpay; gpur;rpidapy; fpof;F e mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; ngsrH..............................................................................................
● ghypaypd; murpay; nghUshjhuk;1 Nuhz;lh Nfhl;yPg;...............................
● Ngrhg;nghUis NgRnghUshf;Ftjd; mur vd;.rutzd; ....................................
giw‐2008‐et
cs;Ns...
g tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy; 2 ...................................................................................................................6
;Nthk;...! .................................................................................................................10
................................................................................................................ 11
k; Kiyfs; .................................................................................................................13
gpur;rpidAk; nrttp - nkhopngaHgG-tsHkjp.......................... 14
ghd; fe;ijah2 ................................................................................................................ 24
; gpur;rpidapy; fpof;F epiyAk;> k; .................................................................................................................31
ghUshjhuk;1 .....................................................39
nghUshf;Ftjd; murpay; .................................................... 44
5
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vd.rutzd;
6
,
e;j fl;Liuj; njhlH t
rpq;fs rhjpaikg;G Fwpj;j E}y fl;LiufshFk;. Vw;nfdNt rp ntt;NtW jiyg;gpyhd fl;Liu kw;Wk; 'giw" apYk; ntspte;jpU ,q;F njhlHe;J gjpthfpwJ.
,e;jpa rhjpaikg;ig %y rhjpaikg;gpd; mbg;gil jd;ik rpq;fs rhjpaikg;G gbepiyf;F
Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa %y rhjpai ,d;ndhU rhjp epfhpy;iy. Mdh jdf;fhd rhjpa gbepiyikg;igf
,
;j fl;Liuj; njhlH tpiutpy; ntsptutpUf;Fk;
jpaikg;G Fwpj;j E}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gLtjw;fhd shFk;. Vw;nfdNt rpq;fs rhjpaikg;G Fwpj;j jiyg;gpyhd fl;Liufs; rhpepfH> ,dp> Mjtd;> iw" apYk; ntspte;jpUf;fpd;wd. mjd; njhlHr;rp hlHe;J gjpthfpwJ.
rhjpaikg;ig %y tbtkhff;nfhz;l jkpo; g;gpd; mbg;gil jd;ikahd rhjpag;gbepiyahdJ
jpaikg;G gbepiyf;F xg;ghdjy;y.
hf ,e;jpa %y rhjpaikg;gpy; ve;jnthU rhjpf;Fk; rhjp epfhpy;iy. Mdhy; rpq;fs rhjpaikg;ghdJ rhjpa gbepiyikg;igf;nfhz;bUf;fpw NghJk; mJ
giw‐2008‐ et
Page 7
njl;lj;njspthd gbepiy tiuaiwiaf;nfhz;ljhf ,y;iy vd;gij thrfHfs; mwptj Kf;fpak;. NkYk; mJ nefpo;thdJ. vdNtjhd; nrd;w ,jopy; $wpaJ Nghy Ke;jp gpwe;J gpe;jpAk; thOk; jkpo; rhjpaikg;G vd;Wk; gpe;jp gpwe;J Ke;jp ,wf;Fk; rpq;fs rhjpaikg;G vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;Njd;. ,e;j nefpo;r;rp mjd; gbepiyapy; kl;Lky;y> jPz;lhikapYk; jhd;.
NkYk; fhydpj;Jtk; jkpo; rhjpaikg;gpy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wj;ij tpl mjpfstpy; rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpy; ngUk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. Vw;nfdNt ,Ue;j rpy rhjpj; njhopy;fs; fhydpj;Jtj;NjhL khwpapUf;fpd;wd. cjhuzj;jpw;F njhopy; hPjpapy; ghuk;ghpa giltPuHfshf Juht rhjpapdH ,Ue;jpUe;j NghJk; mtHfs; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fs; ,wf;FgtHfshf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdH. Mdhy; mtHfs; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ,Uf;ff;$ba fs; ,wf;Fk;
giw‐2008‐et
estHfS miof;fg jkpo;r;r%f gQ;rkHfs ,y;iy vd
gpd; f rhjpikg nray;tb fl;likg nraw;gh khw;wq;fi rhjpfs; t rhjpfis Nghapd khw;wq;f rhjpapdh k
NghHj ,yq;if xy;yhe;j fiuNahu Mz;L t 1818,y; %yk; K
gbepiy ,y;iy Kf;fpak;. dNtjhd; hy Ke;jp jpaikg;G ,wf;Fk; vd;Wk; ;r;rp mjd; hikapYk;
; jkpo; hw;wj;ij aikg;gpy; papUe;jJ. njhopy;fs; f;fpd;wd. ; hPjpapy; f Juht ; mtHfs; d; fs; Lfpd;wdH. r%fj;jpy; wf;Fk;
estHfSf;F xg;ghf miof;fg;gLfpd;wNghJk;> mtHfs; - jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy; estHfspd; ,lkhd - gQ;rkHfspd; ];jhdj;jpy; mtHfs; ,y;iy vd;gijAk; ftdpf;fNtz;Lk;.
gpd; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dH rhjpikg;G KiwapYk;> mjd; nray;tbtj;jpYk;> mjd; tHf;f fl;likg;gpYk;> mjd; ,ilaPl;L nraw;ghLfspYk;> epiwaNt khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. ngUk;ghyhd rhjpfs; tof;nfhope;J Nghapd. rpy rhjpfisj; jtpu gy ngahpoe;J Nghapd. rhjpj; njhopy;fs; khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shapd. rpy rhjpapdh kl;Lk; xd;whf mzpjpuz;ld.
NghHj;Jf;NfaH 1505,y; ,yq;ifia ifg;gw;wpa gpd;dH xy;yhe;jH tiu ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuq;fis kl;LNk ifg;gw;wp Mz;L te;jdH. Mq;fpNyaHfNs 1818,y; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpajd; %yk; KO ,yq;ifiaAk; jkJ
7
Page 8
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jdH.
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gFjpfis fiuNahuj;ij mz;b tho;e;j fuht rhjpapdH NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH MfpNahUf;$lhf kjkhw;wj;Jf;F gypahd Kjy; r%fj;jtHfshdhHfs;.
tlf;F-fpof;F kw;Wk; rpq;fs fiuNahug; gFjpfisAk; rhe;j fuht/ fiuahH rhjpadH fpwp];jtHfshfNt ,Ug;ghHfs; vd;fpw IjPfk; rhjhuzHfsplk; ,Ug;gij fz;bUg;gPHfs;.
,e;j kj milahsNk fuht rhjpapdiu rhjpag;gbepiyapy; NkYk; xU epiyf;F fPNo js;spaJ.
rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa %d;W tuyhw;Wj; jpUg;GKidfis rhjpak; Fwpj;j Ma;thsHfs; Rl;LtJ tof;fk;.
1. fhydpj;Jtk;>
2. fz;b uh[;[pak; 1818,y;
ifg;gw;wg;gly;
3. jpwe;j nghUshjhuf;nfhs;if.
8
rhjpfS rpq;fs gphptpidf vspika rpq;fstHf kj;jpapy; e fiuNahu rpq;fstH rhjpapdH.
fzbar 1. m`pq;F
2. gl;l`y
3. gj;fk
(gphpj;j ,tHfs miof
4. nguht
5. nfhtpf
gz;iz
6. `hyp -
;jdH.
Fjpfis ;e;j fuht y;yhe;jH ;wj;Jf;F hdhHfs;.
; rpq;fs e;j fuht/ fshfNt IjPfk; g;gij
k fuht py; NkYk; .
;wq;fis yhw;Wj; ; Fwpj;j ;fk;.
1818,y;
;if.
rhjpfSk;njhopyfSk; rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpid ,U ngUk; gphptpidf;Fs; cs;slf;fp ghHg;gJ vspikahf ,Uf;Fk;. fz;b rpq;fstHfs; (kiyehl;Lr; rpq;fstH) kj;jpapy; epyTk; rhjpaikg;G kw;Wk; fiuNahur;rpq;fstHfs; (njw;Fr; rpq;fstH) kj;jpapy; ,Uf;fpd;w rhjpapdH.
fzbar;rpqfs rhjpapdH 1. m`pq;Fe;ja (ehNlhbfs;)
2. gl;l`y (Fk;gs;) - FatH
3. gj;fk - ghuk;ghpa tptrhapfs; (gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,tHfs; gs;sf;Fj; J}f;fpfshf miof;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;.)
4. nguht - giwabg;gtH
5. nfhtpfk - ghuk;ghpa tptrhapfs;
gz;izahsHfs;.
6. `hyp - nerthsHfs;
giw‐2008‐ et
Page 9
7. `d;dyp - ijaw;fhuH
8. `_D - Rd;df;fy; nra;gtHfs;.
9. fpd;dua - gha; gpd;DgtHfs;.
'jho;jjg;gl;NlhH";.
10. ete;jd;d - nghw;nfhy;yH. - (gy
fpisr;rhjpfisf;nfhz;lJ)
11. gKD - $yp tptrhapfs;
12. gd;d - Gy;ntl;LNthH>
13. gdpf;fp - Kb jpUj;JNthH
14. gl;b - fhy;eiltsHg;NghH
15. nghutf;fhu - kuk;jhpg;NghH
16. ujy - epyg;gpuGf;fs;. (Fwpg;ghf
fz;b uhr;rpa fhyj;jpy;)
17. uh[f;f> N`d -
ryitj;njhopyhsHfs;.
18. NuhbNah - 'jho;jjg;gl;NlhH";.
19. tf;Fk;Gu - nty;yk; jahhpg;ghsH
fiuNahur;rhjpapdH 1. m`pq;Fe;ja - ehNlhbfs;
2. gl;l`y (Fk;gs;) - FatH
3. nguht - giwabg;gtH
4. fl;lu - tptrhapfs;
giw‐2008‐et
5. njky 'jho;j;j
6. Juht
fhyd ,wf;F
7. `d;d
8. `pd;d ryit
9. fuht
10. ete;jd
fpisr
11. gKD
12. gdpf;f
13. nghut
14. uh[f ryit
15. NuhbN
16. ryhfk gl;il
17. tf;Fk
tl fp cs;s r fUjg;gLk
nts;s
fiuah
giwa
estH
gs;sH
rhypaH
JUk;g
rptpah
mk;gl;l
Hfs;.
gtHfs;.
;yH. - (gy
J)
;
hH
hH
ghH
(Fwpg;ghf
d -
lhH";.
hhpg;ghsH
papdH s;
tH
5. njky fl;lu - jkpo;
'jho;j;jg;gl;NlhH";.
6. Juht - ghuk;ghpa giltPuH - fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gpd; fs; ,wf;FNthH.
7. `d;dyp - ijaw;fhuH
8. `pd;d - ryhfk rhjpadUf;fhd
ryitj;njhopyhsH
9. fuht - ghuk;ghpa kPdtHfs;.
10. ete;jd;d - nghw;nfhy;yH. - (gy
fpisr;rhjpfisf;nfhz;lJ)
11. gKD - $yp tptrhapfs;
12. gdpf;fp - Kb jpUj;JNthH
13. nghutf;fhu - kuk;jhpg;NghH
14. uh[f;f> N`d -
ryitj;njhopyhsHfs;.
15. NuhbNah - 'jho;jjg;gl;NlhH";.
16. ryhfk - ghuk;ghpa giltPuH> fUth
gl;il chpg;NghH.
17. tf;Fk;Gu - nty;yk; jahhpg;ghsH
tl fpof;F jkpo; rhjpaikg;gpy; cs;s rhjpfSf;F ,izahf fUjg;gLk; rpq;fs rhjpfs;
nts;shsH - nfhtpfk
fiuahH - fuht
giwaH - nguht
estH - Juht
gs;sH - gj;fk
rhypaH - ryhfk
JUk;gH - `Pd
rptpahH - gj;fk
mk;gl;lH - gdpf;fp
9
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î¤ô¬ô 14.12.2008
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giw‐2008‐ et
Page 13
giw‐2008‐et
nu[p Nlg Nuald;
x U NeHfhzy;
jkpopy;: tsHkjp (,Wjp)
rHtNjrpak; gw;wp ePq;fs; vd;d ep jhdh? Nrh\ypr murp yl;r &gha; kjpg;Gs ,jw;F kl;Lk; xU gjpy fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwh ,Uf;fpwJ? ek;Kila M xJf;fp it;jJtpl;L t njhlq;FNthk;. Kjypy Nghy) Gul;rpfu Nrh\y VjhtnjhU tifapy; Nj -mit fhydpa vjpHg;gh njhlHGilaitahf , Kjyhspa ehl;by; Vw;gL NghJk; tHf;f milahs ngUe;jpuspduhd ghl;lh - Njrpa milahsNk ep&gpf;fg;gl;l xU cz;i
nu[p Nlg;Nu mwpQH>gpnuQ;R khHf fPo; jdJ caHfy;t fpAghtpy; `thd Nguhrphpauhf gzpa Gul;rpapy; NrAld gy;NtW khHf;rpa M Revolution in the Revo vDk; E}y; mjpfk; Ng xd;whFk;.
nu[p Nlg;Nu gpnuQ;R khHf;rpa mwpQH>gpnuQ;R khHf;rpa mwpQuhd my;J}rhpd; fPo; jdJ caHfy;tpia fw;wJld; 1960fspy; fpAghtpy; `thdh gy;fiyfofj;jpy; Nguhrphpauhf gzpahw;wpagpd; nghyptpag; Gul;rpapy; NrAld; ,izj;Jnfhz;ltH. gy;NtW khHf;rpa Ma;T E}y;fis vOjpatH. Revolution in the Revolution? Gul;rpapy; Gul;rp? vDk; E}y; mjpfk; Ngrg;gl;l ,tuJ E}y;fspy; xd;whFk;.
rHtNjrpak; gw;wp ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpwPHfs;? rhj;;jpak;jhdh> tpUk;gj;jf;fJ jhdh? Nrh\ypr murpaypy; mjw;Fupa cz;ikahd ,lk; vd;d? yl;r &gha; kjpg;Gs;s Nfs;tpiaf; Nfl;BHfs;! w;F kl;Lk; xU gjpy; ,Uf;fpwnjd;why; Nfl;ff; j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. ,ijj;jhd; ehk; vy;NyhUk; l;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk; - rHtNjrpak; ,d;W vq;Nf f;fpwJ? ek;Kila Mirfis vy;yhk; nfhQ;rk; f;fp it;jJtpl;L tuyhw;W cz;ikfspypUe;J hlq;FNthk;. Kjypy; (ehd; Vw;fdNt nrhd;dJ hy) Gul;rpfu Nrh\ypr ntw;wpfs; vg;NghJNk htnjhU tifapy; Njrpa tpLjiy ,af;fq;fNshL it fhydpa vjpHg;ghf ,Ue;jdNth ,y;iyNah> hlHGilaitahf ,Ue;jd. ,uz;lhtjhf> xU yhspa ehl;by; Vw;gLfpw xt;nthU neUf;fbapd; hJk; tHf;f milahsj;ijtpl- ntFkf;fspd; kpfg; Ue;jpuspduhd ghl;lhsp tHf;fj;jpd; kj;jpapYk; $l Njrpa milahsNk tYthf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ gpf;fg;gl;l xU cz;ik. 1914-y; r%f-[dehafj;jpw;F
13
Page 14
Vw;gl;l neUf;fb VNjh tpuy;tpl;L vz;zj;jf;f mstpyhd jiytHfspd; JNuhfj;jhy; tpise;jJ my;y - nydpd; ,e;jf; fUj;ijf; fLikahf vjpHj;jhy;; Vfhjpgj;jpa ty;yuRfs;> mtw;wpy; rYif ngw;w ghl;lhsp tHf;fk;> ,tw;wpd; vOr;rpahd> xU nkhj;j r%f tuyhw;W rfhg;jj;jpd; tpisTk; my;y. mijtplTk; Mokhd xU fhuzp nrhy;yg;gl;lJ vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. (,e;j tifapyhd kw;w gpur;rpidfspYk; $l ,tw;iwnahj;j khw;Wfspy; ,Nj Nghd;w NjHTfs; (choices) Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.) mjhtJ> jdpj;jdpahd gz;ghl;Lg; gpupTfshd ,dq;fs;> Njrq;fs;> kf;fl;$l;lq;fs; Nghyy;yhky;> FWf;Fntl;L tHf;fg; gpuptpidfs; r%f tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; gpw;gl;Nl Njhd;wpd vd;W nrhy;fpNwd;. ,q;F> xU Njrpa cUthf;fj;jpd; my;yJ xU jdpegUila MSik cUthf;fj;jpd; Mokhd mLf;FfNs kw;w vy;yhtw;iwAk;tpl ePz;l fhyk; ePbj;jpUg;git vd;fpw xU khDltpay; tpjp ,Uf;fpwJ. cstpaypYk; rup> r%f miktpYk; rup jdp capupapd; Njhw;w tsHr;rpapYk; rup (ontorg....) ,ittifapd; Njhw;w tsHr;rpapYk; vg;NghJNk njhd;ikahditNa (philogeticaly) cWjpNa ,Ug;git. kpfj; njhd;ikahd mLf;Fj;jhd; kpf nraYhf;fkhdJ 'mbg;gilahd cstpay;> tuyhw;W Ma;Tz;ik ,J. kd;dpAq;fs;> xU rpwpa Nfs;tp - 1914 k; Mf];by; njhopyhsH ,af;fq;fspd; jiytHfs; vd;d nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpwPHfs;? ,jw;Fg; gjpy; nrhy;tJ f];lk;! kpfTk; xUgf;fr; rhHghd Nfs;tp ,J. xU ];lhypdp];L tprhuzif; fkprDf;F Kd;dhy; epWj;jg;gl;lijg; Nghy vd;id czur; nra;fpwJ. NkYk;> ,e;jf; Nfs;tpapy; cz;ikapy; xU nghwp ,Uf;fpwJ. Vndd;why;> rupahd gjpy; vJntd;W vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupAk;:
14
'r%f JNuhfj;j Rtpl;];yh vd;W Ng tpUk;Gf gpd;Ndhf epiyg;gh Ntz;Lk mf;fiwa fhyj;jpy;> r%f [ gilapdU vd;d nr cs;sgbN Kaw;rpg;g
Mdhy;> cq;f vy;NyhUf;FN x cjhuzj;jpw;F>
,y;iyah. Nghy ,d;ndhU tpjpf;fg;gl ghHitfspy; n ,U tpOe;J
,ijr ePq;fs; v tuyhw;Wg nghUj;j mg;NghJ Njrk;. n[Hkdpa vJTk; , xU cz Njrpa m gytPdk milahs cs;shfpa mJ ,Ue kpfTk; nrYj;jpa ,ay;gh
puy;tpl;L tHfspd; - nydpd; jpHj;jhy;; tw;wpy; tHf;fk;> j;j r%f k; my;y. fhuzp f;fpNwd;. kw;w wnahj;j NjHTfs; fpd;wd.) ;ghl;Lg; rq;fs;> ;yhky;> fs; r%f jhd;wpd Njrpa xU hf;fj;jpd; kw;w fhyk; ltpay; rup> r%f ; Njhw;w ntorg....) r;rpapYk; itNa g;git. ;jhd; kpf ilahd ;ik ,J. 4 k; Mf];by; ;d nra;jpUf;f epidf;fpwPHfs;? f];lk;! ;tp ,J. kprDf;F ; Nghy NkYk;> py; xU ;> rupahd ; njupAk;:
'r%f [dehafthjpfspd; JNuhfj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLq;fs;> Rtpl;];yhe;Jf;F uapiyg; gpbAq;fs; vd;W NghFk;. Mdhy;> ehd; Nfl;f tpUk;Gfpw Nfs;tp ,J my;y; gpd;Ndhf;fpg; ghHj;J xUtUila epiyg;ghL vd;dthf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F mf;fiwapy;iy. mjw;Fg; gjpy;> me;jf; fhyj;jpy;> me;j ,lj;jpy;> ntFkf;fSk; r%f [dehafthj Kd;dzpg; gilapdUk; vd;d Gupe;jpUe;jhHfs;> vd;d nra;jhHfs; vd;gij cs;sJ cs;sgbNa ghHg;gJk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kaw;rpg;gJNk vdf;F Kf;fpak;.
Mdhy;> cq;fSila Gupjy; rupahdjhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> vy;NyhUf;FNk mJ rupahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J xd;Wk; vy;yh ,lj;jpYk; xNu khjpupahf - cjhuzj;jpw;F> urpahtpNyh ,j;jhypapNyh eilngwtpy;iy ,y;iyah. n[Hkdpapy;> - gpuhd;rpy;> g;upl;ldpy; epfo;e;j Nghy ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpYk; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vJTk; tpjpf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iyNa. njhopyhsH ,af;fq;fspd; ghHitfspy; ntspg;gilahfNt czuj;jf;f tpj;jpahrq;fs; ,Ue;jd. NkYk;> urpa ntFkf;fs; KjypNyNa tpOe;Jtpl;lijg; Nghy ,y;yhky; nkd;\;tpf;Ffs; ngUe;Njrpa ntwpf;Fs; mt;tsT Ntfkhf vOe;Jtpltpy;iy> ,y;iyah. ,ijr; Rygkhf tpsf;fptpl KbAk;. ePq;fs; vOg;Gk; Nfs;tpfis vdJ tuyhw;Wg; gpur;rpidg;ghl;Lf;Fs;NsNa nghUj;jptpl KbAk;. ,j;jhyp mg;NghJjhd; cUthd xU ,sk; Njrk;. gytPdkhd xU Njrk;. n[Hkdpaplk; mjw;Fk; gifAzHr;rp vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; urpah> xU cz;ikahd mHj;jj;jpy;> xU Njrpa murhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. kpfTk; gytPdkh. tpupe;j xU Njrpa milahsj;NjhL> epiwa fyg;Gf;F cs;shfpapUe;j xU kf;fs; $l;lkhfNt mJ ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy;> Njrpa eyd;fs; kpfTk; Fiwthd nry;thf;Nf nrYj;jpapUf;f KbAk; vd;gJ mq;F ,ay;ghd xU tp\aNk;. xU
giw‐2008‐ et
Page 15
nghUs;Kjy;thjp vd;w Kiwapy; czHTg+Htkhd (consious) epiyia tpl> cs;SzHNt (instinct) jPHkhdfukhd xU fhuzpahf - xU tpupe;j mHj;jj;jpy; - ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;Ntd;. mjhtJ> vd;d nrhy;y tUfpNwd; vd;why;> ,q;F> xU rHtNjr cs;SzHittpl> xU rHtNjr czH- Tepiy ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j cz;ikap- ypUe;J> rHtNjr czHTepiyNahL Njrpa cs;SzHT Nkhj NeHfpw xt;nthU re;jHg;gj;jpYk; gpuf;iQNa kpfTk; tYthdjhf ntspg;gLfpwJ vd;W Cfpf;fpNwd;. ,e;j tplaj;jpy;> ajhHj;jk; vd;NdhL ,Uf;fpwJ. mt;tsTjhd;. ,e;j epiyfSf;fhf ehd; tUe;jNtapy;iyah? Mkhk;> ntWf;fj;- jhd; nra;fpNwd;. vd;whtJ xU ehd; ,wf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w cz;ikia vt;tsT ntWf;fpNwNdh mNjasT ,ijAk; ntWf;fpNwd;. Mdhy; vd;d nra;tJ> ,J vd; jiyapy; vOjpapUf;fpwJ.
,J vy;yhk; vd; nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy; epfo;e;j nfhLukhd> rkfhyr; rk;gtq;fspd; tuyhw;NwhL NeubahfTk; rk;ge;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nghyptpahtpy; Nr-Tf;F NeHe;j fjpia vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,ijg; gw;wp ngupjhff; fijase;J nfhz;bUf;fhky; Neubahf xU rk;gtj;ijr; nrhy;fpNwd;. 1971 y; nghyptpa muR vjpHg;ghsHfspd; FO xd;W 'thdtpw;F te;jJ. mtHfspy; xUtH (nghyptpa Ruq;fj; njhopyhsH rk;Nksdj;jpypUe;J te;j xU Ruq;fj; njhopyhsp) [{iy 26 nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;L NgrpdhH. rkPgfhyq;fspy; nghyptpahtpy; epfo;e;j ntFkf;fs; fpsHr;rpfisg; gw;wp xU ciu Mw;wpdhH. Gupahj Gjpuhd xU kwjpapy; Nr- Tila nfupy;yhg; Nghiuj; jd;Dila Ngr;rpy; xU ,lj;jpy; $l mtH Fwpg;gpl- Ntapy;iy. 'Nr" tpd; nfupy;yhg; NghH ekJ rkfhyj;jpa epfo;Tfspy; kpfj;
giw‐2008‐et
Jha rHt xU Ngh Njrpa aj nfhs;sg epidtpy akhd epf ,J nuh ehk; ,ij
jhd; Ntz nfhs;s kWf;fKb khHf;rpa ajhHj;jj Gupe;Jnfh vd;Dil jpzpg;gjp
fhTl;];f mfpy Nrita cq;fs; fl;Li
fl;rp ,y;iy PSF ,d;D vdf;Fj; N Kd;Ndw;w mHj;jk; , mjd; n ikathj Nrhrypr gpduhf N uPjpahd t
iwapy; epiyia (instinct) f - xU J vd;W nrhy;y rHtNjr r czH- z;ikap- yNahL NeHfpw f;iQNa ;gLfpwJ plaj;jpy;> f;fpwJ. ;fhf ehd; tWf;fj;- xU ehd; ;ikia NjasT hy; vd;d iyapy;
nrhe;j hLukhd> hw;NwhL Uf;fpwJ. ;j fjpia jg; gw;wp Uf;fhky; hy;fpNwd;. hsHfspd; te;jJ. Ruq;fj; e;J te;j {iy 26 nfhz;L q;fspy; Fkf;fs; Mw;wpdhH. r- Tila Ngr;rpy; Fwpg;gpl- hg; NghH py; kpfj;
Jha rHtNjrpag; ghHit nfhz;bUe;j xU Nghuhl;lk;. Mdhy;> nghyptpa Njrpa ajhHj;jjpw;Fs;shf mJ nrupj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glNt ,y;iy. ntFkf;fspd; epidtpy; mJ ,d;Dk; VNjh xU me;ep- akhd epfo;T NghyNt gbe;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J nuhk;gTk; NrhfkhdJ. Mdhy; ehk; ,ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kaw;rpf;fj;-
jhd; Ntz;Lk;. KOf;f KOf;f xg;Gf; nfhs;s Kbahj xd;W. Mdhy;> kWf;fKbahj xU ajhHj;jk;. xU khHf;rpathjp vd;fpw Kiwapy; ajhHj;jj;jpd; tpjpfis kjpj;Jgg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sNt ehd; Kaw;rpf;fpNwd;. vd;Dila tpjpfis mjd; kPJ jpzpg;gjpy;iy.
fhTl;];fp njhlq;fp fa; Nkh];- tiuf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; mfpyj;jpd; kpf Nkhrkhd gpio Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; Nritapy; ,Ue;J INuhg;gpa-ikathjk; jhd; vd;W cq;fs; fl;Liuapy; vOjpapUe;jPHfs;. g;nuQ;r; Nrh\yp];L fl;rp (PSF) ,e;jj; jtwpypUe;J tpyfptpl;ljh? ,y;iy vd;Wjhd; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. PSF ,d;Dk; mjpypUe;J tpyfptpl;ljhf vdf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. ve;j khw;wNkh Kd;Ndw;wNkh ,y;iy vd;W ,jw;F mHj;jk; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> nkhj;jj;jpy; mjd; nghJg;Nghf;F INuhg;gpa ikathjkhfNt ,d;dKk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Nrhrypr mfpyj;jpw;Fs; mJ cWg;- gpduhf NrHe;jpUg;gJ ,jw;F mikg;G uPjpahd tbtk; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;W
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nrhy;yyhk;. r%f [dehafk; %d;whk; cyf ehLfspy; jd;id mwpKfk; nra;J nfhs;tjpy; vg;NghJNk mf;fiwahf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gijAk; ehk; Qhgfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tHf;fg; Nghuhl;l eyd;fs; vd;w Nehf;fpy; ,ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;: ,e;j ehLfspd; vjpHg;Gul;rpapd; xNu rhj;jpakhd tbtk; rPHjpUj;jk;jhd;. mjdhy;jhd; yj;jPd; mnkupf;fh> Mg;upf;fh> NghHLfy; ehLfspy; Nrh\ypr mfpyj;jpy;jhd; jPtpukhd nraw;ghLfs;> mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf> USA tpd; Vn[d;lhf n[Hkd; r%f [dehaff; fl;rpapd; nray;ghLfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fle;j Ik;gJ Mz;Lfspy; ,jpy; ve;j khw;wKk; epfo;e;Jtpltpy;iy.
1919-y; gy;NtW Njrpa mq;fq;fis cs;slf;fpa fl;Lg;ghL kpFe;j xU rHtNjrf; fl;rpahf nydpd; mikj;j %d;whk; mfpyk;> Njrpak; vd;w kWf;fKbahj ajhHj;jj;jpd; tYitf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl;l xU tuyhw;Wj; jtW vd;W epidf;fpwPHfsh? mJ xU gpio vd;gjpy; ve;j re;NjfKk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; tuyhW jtpHf;f Kbahjhf;fpa xd;W. mg;Nghija epiyikfspy; rup vd;W gl;lijnahl;b me;jg; gupNrhjid Kaw;rpj;Jg; ghHf;f Ntz;banjhd;whf ,Ue;jJ. Vndd;why;> tuyhW mijj; jtW vd;W mJtiuapYk; ep&gpj;jp- Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; jtW cyfg; ghl;lhsp tHf;fj;ij Njrpa> gz;ghl;Lj; jdpj;Jtq;fs;> tpj;jpahrq;fsw;w xU xw;iw KOikahfg; ghHj;jjpy;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. [pNdhthtpd; ,uhZt khjpupapy;> me;jr; rfhg;gjj;jpy; epytpa kw;w ,uhZthj cUtfq;fspd; mb- g;gilapy; mike;j> xU CopaH mzp- apd; jiyikapy; eilNghlf;$ba rHtNjr ghl;lhsp tHf;f ,uhZtk; xd;W rhj;jpak; vd;W mg;NghJ ek;gg;- gl;lJ. ,J KOf;f KOf;f xU fUj;- JKjy;thj mbg;gilapyike;j jtW. mjdhy;> xU tifahd jd;Kidg;-
16
Gthj mi
,ij nfhz;L nrhy;tnj Njhd;wpaj fis vg;N 1864-y; Nj (rHtNjr ehd;fhk; m tpl cq;f tiuf;Fk Gul;rp. M Ehw;whz;b epfo;e;j x Nrh\yprj Kaw;rpAk mbitg;G Rje;jpukhd fk;a+dpypU Gul;rp ti epfo;itg Kjyhk; m rk;ge;jKk me;j epf mfpyj;ij tifapy;> tpl;lJ. Njhy;tpfi jutpy;iy urpag; epfo;j;jg;g mfpyKk; ];ngapd ,y;yhky vjpuhfNt (,uz;L t xd;W t nrhy;yy ma;Nuhg; ehLfisg mfpyk; Mz;by;> ntwp vd ghq;FfS
; %d;whk; wpKfk; ghJNk Uf;fpwJ ; nfhs;s eyd;fs; nfhs;s ul;rpapd; j;jk;jhd;. kupf;fh> ; Nrh\ypr ;ghLfs;> n[d;lhf fl;rpapd; . fle;j y; ve;j
s cs;slf;fpa l;rpahf nydpd; kWf;fKbahj xU tuyhw;Wj; pidf;fpwPHfsh? py; ve;j tuyhW xd;W. up vd;W rhjid jhd;whf mijj; ep&gpj;jp- cyfg; ;ghl;Lj; w;w xU jpy;jhd; ,uhZt ; epytpa pd; mb- H mzp- lf;$ba uhZtk; J ek;gg;- U fUj;- ;j jtW. ;Kidg;-
Gthj mikg;GKiw rhHe;j tbtk;.
,ij ,d;Dk; nfhQ;rk; gpd;Df;F nfhz;L Nghf KbAk;. nghJthfr; nrhy;tnjd;why;> mfpyq;fs; mit Njhd;wpajw;F nrhy;yg;gl;l fhuzq;- fis vg;NghJNk epiwT nra;jjpy;iy. 1864-y; Njhd;wpa Kjy; mfpyj;jpypUe;J (rHtNjr ciog;ghsHfs; rq;fk;) ehd;fhk; mfpyk; (,ijg; gw;wp vd;id tpl cq;fSf;F ed;whfNt njupAk;) tiuf;Fk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;F Nrhryprg; Gul;rp. MdNghjpYk;> ,ilg;gl;l Ehw;whz;bd; ajhHj;jkhd tuyhw;wpy; epfo;e;j xt;nthU Nrhryprg; Gul;rpAk;> Nrh\yprj;ij Nehf;fpa xt;nthU Kaw;rpAk;> xt;nthU Kd;Ndhf;fpa mbitg;Gk; mtw;iwr; rhHe;jpuhky; Rje;jpukhd Kaw;rpapy; ele;jit ghuP]; fk;a+dpypUe;J 1959-y; epfo;e;j f;a+gg; Gul;rp tiu. cq;fSf;Nf njupAk;> me;j epfo;itg; gjpT nra;J vd;gijj; jtpu Kjyhk; mfpyj;jpw;Ff; fk;a+NdhL ve;jr; rk;ge;jKk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jw;nrayhf> me;j epfo;T> mJ epfo;e;j gpwF mfpyj;ij ,Oj;J %Ltjw;F xU tifapy;> xU fhuzkhf mike;J tpl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ mfpyk;> Njhy;tpfisj; jtpu NtW vijAk; jutpy;iy. me;jf; fhyj;jpd; xNu ntw;wp urpag; Gul;rp> mjw;F vjpuhf epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. mNjNghy %d;whk; mfpyKk; - n[Hkdp> ,j;jhyp> `q;Nfup> ];ngapd; - mjDila cjtpNa ,y;yhky;> nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; mjw;F vjpuhfNt rPdg; Gul;rp ntw;wp ngw;wJ. (,uz;L thjq;fSk; rhj;jpaNk. xd;iw xd;W tpyfpaiy my;y vd;Wk; nrhy;yyhk;) 1944-y; fpof;F ma;Nuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa Nrh\ypr ehLfisg; nghUj;j tiuapy; %d;whk; mfpyk; fiyf;fg;gl;ljw;F mLj;j Mz;by;> ePq;fs; urpag; ngUe;Njrpa ntwp vd;W nrhy;yf;$ba mjd; ghq;FfSf;F vjpuhfj; Njhd;wpait.
giw‐2008‐ et
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f;a+g> tpal;ehkpag; Gul;rpfs; kw;Wk; nghJtpy; fhydpa vjpHg;Gk; Gul;rpfs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLgtw;iw vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> ,j;jifa vOr;rpfis cUthf;fpajw;fhd rl;lfkhf nrhy;ypf; nfhz;l ve;j xU mikg;NghLk; ,tw;- Wf;F ve;jj; njhlHGk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vy;yh mfpyq;fSNk CopaHfisg; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; koiyaH gs;spfshfTk; filrpapy; mtw;Wf;F vjpuhfNt jpUk;gpa Njrpaf; fl;rpfisf; fl;Ltjw;F cjTk; gzpiaANk nra;jd. mbepiyapy; ghHj;jhy; xU mfpyj;jpd; ntw;wp vd;gJ mjd; Kbitf; Ftpg;gjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,ijr; rupahfg; Gupe;jpUe;jhNyNa khHf;]; kpf ctg;NghL Kjy; mfpyj;ijf; fiyf;f Kd;te;jhH. ,af;fk; tsHe;Jtpl;lJ vd;Wk; mjd; tYtpw;F Mjhuk; - mjw;F ,dpNkYk; xU ikag;gLj;jg;- gl;l mikg;G Njitahf ,y;iy vd;Wk; nrhd;dhH. mfpyj;jpd; Nehf;fk; epiwNtWtJ vd;gJ mfpyj;ijf; fiyg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. Nehnu];> Nlhf;ypahl;b> rhz;bahNfh fupy;Nyh Nghd;w VidatHfisg; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; rHtNjrpaj;ijAk; mfpyj;ijAk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rtf;Fopf;F mDg;gpa Njrpa ntFkf;fs; fl;rpfisf; fl;Ltjw;F cjtpajw;Fk; Nkyhf %d;whk; mfpyk; NtW vd;d nra;Jtpl;lJ. ,J xU Nrhfkakhd ,aq;fpay; cz;ik. Mdhy;> rpy ,og;gPLfisAk; juNt nra;jpUf;fpwJ.
,g;Nghnjy;yhk;> ehk; ikaj;jpyp- Ue;J tpyfpr; nry;Yk; xU nghJthd Nghf;ifNa ghHf;fpNwhk;. vg;gbapUe;- jhYk;> tuyhw;W tsHr;rpg; Nghf;Nf mg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ. %d;whk; mfpyj;ij epWtp> Nrhtpaj;Jfspd; rHtNjr; Fbauir epWt nydpd; miw$ty; tpLj;jNghJ> cyfpy; xU Nrhtpaj; muR $l ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,yf;fpd; gpuk;khz;lNk topfspd; twl;rpiaf; Fwpg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. gpwF> topfs; tsu
giw‐2008‐et
tsu ,y NtW th rHtNjrpa top nrhe vd;gjhfpt xU tha Mdhy;> e ahUk; kW
cq;fs vy;NyhU tuyhw;i ntFkf;f fUj;jpy; njupe;j gpd;gw;Wq my;yJ KbTfS vg;gbapU itj;Jj; tuyhw;i cz;ikn Sf;Fk; n mg;ghw;g yhky; Nk Uf;fpw x vd;gJ c fg;gl;l FOkq;f ,Uf;fpwh mtHfs; epiyikf my;y k my;y cs gilg;ghH tuyhW tuyhw;wpd ghuPrpYk;> xd;whf , jpl;lk; gd xUKfg;g xU Fi Kaw;rpf;F ,af;fj;j Vndd;wh xUKfj
s; kw;Wk; Gul;rpfs; vLj;Jf; r;rpfis nrhy;ypf; k; ,tw;- ;ftpy;iy. Hfisg; pfshfTk; jpuhfNt l;Ltjw;F ra;jd. fpyj;jpd; bitf; ; rupahfg; ;]; kpf ; fiyf;f ;Jtpl;lJ jhuk; - g;gLj;jg;- ,y;iy ; Nehf;fk; pyj;ijf; ehnu];> fupy;Nyh ;Wtpf;Fk; j;ijAk; mDg;gpa pfisf; Nkyhf vd;d fkakhd hy;> rpy pUf;fpwJ.
kaj;jpyp- ghJthd ;gbapUe;- Nghf;Nf fpyj;ij rHtNjr; iw$ty; Nrhtpaj; ,yf;fpd; l;rpiaf; pfs; tsu
tsu ,yf;F nky;y kiwe;J NghdJ. NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;> rHtNjrpathjpahf ,Ug;gjw;fhd xNu top nrhe;j ehl;by; Gul;rpia elj;JtJ vd;gjhfptpl;lJ. ,e;j mlf;fkhd KbT xU tha;tPr;rhff;$lj; Njhd;wyhk;. Mdhy;> epfo;Tfisg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ ahUk; kWf;fKbahj xU cz;ik.
cq;fs; filrpf; Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpy; vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j xU cz;ikapy; tuyhw;iw epfo;j;JgtHfs; ntFkf;fNs> vd;fpw Kuzhd xU fUj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j ,e;j cz;ikia tplhky; gpd;gw;Wq;fs;; czHr;rp Cf;fk; jUfpw my;yJ NrhHtilar; nra;fpw KbTfSf;F ePq;fs; te;J NrHtPHfs; - vg;gbapUe;jhYk; ePq;fs; ek;gpf;if itj;Jj; njhlq;fpa> ntFkf;fs;jhd; tuyhw;iw epfo;j;JgtHfs; vd;gJ cz;iknad;why;> epyTfpw gz;ghLf- Sf;Fk; nkhopfSf;Fk; vy;iyfSf;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;l> mtw;NwhL njhlHgpy;- yhky; NkNy me;juj;jpy; Rw;wpf; nfhz;b- Uf;fpw xU mUtk; my;y mtHfs; vd;gJ cz;ikahdhy; - tiuaWf;- fg;gl;l ,aw;ifahd gz;ghl;Lf; FOkq;fshf kl;LNk mtHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs; vd;why; - mg;NghJ mtHfs; mtHfshNyNa> mtHfsJ epiyikfspypUe;Nj> tpz;zpypUe;J my;y kz;zpypUe;Nj> cyFjOtp my;y cs;SH mstpNyNa tuyhw;iwg; gilg;ghHfs;. vy;NyhUf;Fk; xd;Nwahd tuyhW vd;W vJTk; ,y;iy; tuyhw;wpd; fhyk; Nlhf;fpNahtpYk;> ghuPrpYk;> gPf;fpq;fpYk;> ntdPRtyhtpYk; xd;whf ,y;iy. xU cyfg; Gul;rpj; jpl;lk; gd;Kfj; jd;ikfis vy;yhk; xUKfg;gLj;jp> nkhj;j ,af;fj;ijAk; xU Filapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rpf;Fk; NghJ mJ tuyhw;W ,af;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; Ngha; KbfpwJ Vndd;why;> me;j ,af;fk; vg;NghJk; xUKfj;jd;ikapypUe;J gd;Kfj;
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jd;ikia Nehf;fp efHtjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. epfo;Tfs; vg;NghJk; fPopUe;Nj njhlq;Ffpd;wd; gd;Kfj; jd;ikNa vg;NghJk; ntw;wp ngWfpwJ. NkypUe;J tbf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU jpl;lKk; xU cs;shHe;j fUj;JKjy;thjf; fUitf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mjd; fhfpj Muthuj;jpw;Fk;> tuyhw;wpy; mjw;F ,lkpy;yhky; Nghtjw;Fk; fhuzk; ,Jjhd;. Gul;rp vd;gJ Mizfs; gpwg;gpf;Fk; miwfspypUe;J xUNghJk; epfo;j;jg; Nghtjpy;iy. guhFNt-apd; vy;iyf;F mUfpy; ,Uf;fpw xU jlk; tpyfpa fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gul;rp njhlq;FfpwJ vd;why;> mjw;F VNjh 19> 000 fp.kP. njhiytpy; ,Uf;fpw xU %is fhuzky;y me;jf; fpuhkj;J njUKid ngl;bf; filf;fhud; epfo;j;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;jjhNyNa epfo;fpwJ. me;j %is nra;af;$ba njy;yhk;> njUKidiaf; $l jhz;bg; NghapUf;fhj> Mdhy; fpuhkj;jpd; NghJ mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jgtdhf ,Uf;fpw me;jg; ngl;bf; filf;fhud; mij epfo;j;Jtjw;F> mtDf;F Jhz;LNfhyhf ,Ue;jJ vJ vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kaw;rpg;gJ> fpuhkj;J tptrhapfspd; Njitfs; vd;d vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kaw;rpg;gJ> mt;tsTjhd;. mtHf- Sf;F cyfg; Gul;rp mtrpakpy;iy; Vndd;why;> mJgw;wp mtHfSf;Fj; njupahJ; fpuhkj;ijNa jhz;bapuhj- tHfSf;F cyfk; vd;gNj njupahJ. 1967-y; KNahghk;gh-tpd; kf;fsplk; nghyptpa nfupy;yhf;fs; tpal;ehik Mjupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpsf;fpg; NgrpaNghJ> mtHfs; tpal;ehik VNjh mtHfs; Nfs;tpg;gl;buhj> gf;fj;jpyp-
18
Muk;gpg;g ghyj;jpy; me;j mj nra;ahky vd;gij cjtpaJ. jd;dlf;f ,y;yhky mfpyk; vd ngupa vO Mdhy;> n khfNt , Njrk; xU khwhf (nk Nghy;) x khzk; (i ntWkNd ,Uf;fpd;w tuyhw;W nry;yf;$
tpal;eh ,ilap ,aq;fpay ,uz;lhtJ N cjtNtz;Lk; v jd;Dila , Jtf;fp itg;gi Ntz;Lk;. ,e ,ilapyh
;gpf;Fk; epfo;j;jg; y;iyf;F tpyfpa q;FfpwJ 000 fp.kP. %is jUKid Ntz;Lk; pfo;fpwJ. jy;yhk;> hz;bg; pd; NghJ y;thf;F ; ngl;bf; tjw;F> e;jJ vJ w;rpg;gJ> jitfs; nfhs;s mtHf- kpy;iy; fSf;Fj; ;bapuhj- jupahJ. f;fsplk; al;ehik psf;fpg; k VNjh f;fj;jpyp-
Ue;J xU fpuhkk; vd;W e p i d j ; j p U e ; j h H f s ; . tho;ehspy; xU mnkupf;- fidf; $lg; ghHj;jpuhj mtHfSf;F mnkupf;f Vfhjpgj;jpak; vd;why; vd;dntd;W Rj;jkhfj; njupatpy;iy. Mdhy;> mjw;F khwhf> mUfpy; xba Mw;wpd; kPjpUe;j ghyj;ij gOJ nra;ahky; ,Ue;j cs;SH Ml;rpapd; kPJ mtHfs; fLk; Nfhgj;jpypUe;jhHfs;. Mifahy;> mq;F Gul;rpia Muk;gpg;gJ vd;gJ mtHfSf;F me;j ghyj;jpy; gpur;rpidapy; cjTtJ> Vd; me;j mjpfhup me;jg; ghyj;ij rup nra;ahky;> mf;fiwaw;W ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;gij mtHfs; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjtpaJ. mJ vg;NghJNk fPopUe;J> jd;dlf;fkhf> ngupa vOj;Jf;fs; ,y;yhky; njhlq;FtJ. Mdhy;> mfpyk; vd;gJ mjd; tiuaWg;gpNyNa ngupa vOj;Jf;fs; Njitg;gLtJ - Mdhy;> nrayw;w xU Nky;fl;Lkhd- khfNt ,Uf;fr; rgpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> Njrk; xU Nky;fl;Lkhzk; ,y;iy; khwhf (nkhopiag; Nghy> gz;ghl;ilg; Nghy;) xU cz;ikahd cs;fl;L- khzk; (infra – structure). mfpyq;fs; ntWkNd Nky;fl;Lkhzq;fshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd; me;jf; fhuzj;jhNyNa tuyhw;W Xl;lj;jpy; mbj;Jr; nry;yf;$baitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
tpal;ehk; NghUf;Fk; cs;SH Mw;Wg; ghyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,e;j Kuizj; jhz;br; nry;tJjhd; ,aq;fpay; Kiwapaypd; Nehf;fk;. nghyptpahtpy; xU ,uz;lhtJ NghH Kidiaj; Jtf;fp> tpal;ehk; Gul;rpf;F cjtNtz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpw xU rHtNjrg; Gul;rpahsH> jd;Dila ,yf;F cs;SH ghyk; Fwpj;j tpthjj;ijj; Jtf;fp itg;gijr; rhHe;jpUf;fpwJ vdTk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j topapy;> nghJthdjw;Fk; Fwpg;ghdjw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghl;il xUtH ,aq;fpay; uPjpahf
giw‐2008‐ et
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fle;J nry;y KbAk;. nghJikf;Fk; Fwpg;ghdjw;Fk; ,ilapyhd> jiyfPo; tpfpjj;jpyhd xU ,aq;fpaypd; Clhf - ePq;fs; gpur;rpidia itf;Fk; Kiwapy; Rj;jkhf kiwe;JtpLfpw xU ,aq;fpay; - gUz;ikahd cs;SH ajhHj;jq;fspypUe;J njhlq;fp rHtNjr ,af;fj;jpw;F efHj;jy;> khHf;rpa rHtNjrpathjj;jpd mZFKiw ,Jjhd;. xg;Gf;nfhs;fpNwd;. vdJ mZF- Kiw tpthj Nehf;fpy; ,Ue;jjhy; rw;W xUjiyr; rhHghdjhf ,Ue;jJ; xU kpifg;gLj;jYf;F vjpuhf ,d;ndhU jpirapyhd kpifg;gLj;jyhf ,Ue;jJ. cz;ikiar; nrhy;tnjd;why;> ePq;fs; nrhy;tJ rupjhd; ehk; xU ,aq;fp- aiyf; fl;likf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ,jpy; ehk; xd;Wgl;lhYk;$l> mjd; jd;ikf;F tUk;NghJ> ehk; Kuz;gl;Lf; nfhs;Nthk;. Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd jPHkhdfukhd Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk;> cyf mstpy; eilngWk; tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lk; Fwpj;j xU rHtNjrpa Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk;jhd; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;. cyfg; Nghuhl;lk; Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa ruLfis Kd;$l;bNa fw;Wj; Njwhky; nghyptpahtpy; eilngWk; epfo;Tf;fis xUtuhy; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbahJ. vd;whYk;> eilKiwapy; Jtf;fg; Gs;spahf ,Ug;gJ> eilKiw jPHkhdfu fhuzpahf ,Ug;gJ> Njrk;jhd;. nghyptpahtpd; Njrpa tHf;fg; Nghuhl;l epiyikfs; Fwpj;j Ma;Nt Jtf;fg; Gs;spahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; ,y;iynad;why;> cyf epiyik gw;wpa tpupe;j Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F Ma;T gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;fhJ; cz;ikahd tuyhw;W khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Ltu mjdhy; KbahJ. ,q;F> xU gu];gu tpidahf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Nfhl;ghl;lstpy; Kjd;ikahf ,Ug;gJ vg;NghJk; nraystpy; Kjd;ikah- djhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. xUNtis ,jpy; rHtNjrpaj;ij vg;NghJk; kdjpy; itj;Jf; nfhz;Nl Njrpa epiy- ikfisf; ifahs;tJ> Mdhy;
giw‐2008‐et
rHtNjrpa Ug;gJ vd Nghy. jg vy;yhk; n fptplf;$L
,Wjpa mstpy; Ntz;Lk;. $lhJ v yhk;. mi jhNd xU Njrpakh Gs;spapy; ypUe;J k 'gpd;di khWfpwJ rHtNjr tuyhw;wpy 1935-36 fh cs;Sus tHf;f Kd Ue;J xU me;j epfo tuyhw;wpy jpUk;gpg; 1943-y; ,j ,Nj epf
Mf> rHtNj xg;G Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ngrf;$lhJ Gupe;J nf ,d;d gpw Kbahj ke;i
, ,y;i khwptpLt jho;e;JtpL ve;j xU rf;jpfspd fhuzpfs djhf ,U akhd Gs yhd gpu
Fwpg;ghdjw;Fk; U ,aq;fpaypd; f;Fk; Kiwapy; - gUz;ikahd hlq;fp rHtNjr Njrpathjj;jpd Kiw ,Jjhd;. mZF- jhy; rw;W ;jJ; xU d;ndhU ,Ue;jJ. ;> ePq;fs; ,aq;fp- Mdhy;> l> mjd; uz;gl;Lf; ;lq;fspy; dfukhd mstpy; k; Fwpj;j ;lfk;jhd; ghuhl;lk; ruLfis jwhky; ;Tf;fis KbahJ. Jtf;fg; lKiw Ug;gJ> ; Njrpa ; Fwpj;j ,Uf;f ;> cyf ;ghl;Lf;F Uf;fhJ; q;fisf; . ,q;F> Uf;fpwJ. ,Ug;gJ d;ikah- UNtis k; kdjpy; epiy- Mdhy;
rHtNjrpaj;ij mq;Nf itf;fhkyp- Ug;gJ vd;gjpy;jhd; #l;Rkk; ,Uf;fpwJ Nghy. jg;gpj;jtwp mij itj;JtpLtJ> vy;yhk; nfl;LtpLtjw;fhd mwpFwpah- fptplf;$Lk;.
,Wjpahf> ehk; vg;NghJk; rHtNjr mstpy; Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mijg; gw;wpg; Ngrf;- $lhJ vd;W Ntz;Lkhdhy; nrhy;y- yhk;. mijg; NgRtij epWj;Jk;NghJ- jhNd xU fl;rp tYthdjhf mjhtJ Njrpakhdjhf MfpwJ. me;jg; Gs;spapy; jhNd xU FOthf ,Ug;gjp- ypUe;J khwp> xU ntFkf;fs; fl;rpahf 'gpd;dilTf;F" rgpf;fg;gl;ljhf khWfpwJ. ,JNghd;w jpUg;gq;fs; rHtNjr nghJTlik ,af;f tuyhw;wpy; gyKiw epfo;e;jpUf;fpwJ. 1935-36 fhyfl;lj;jpy; PLF xNu %r;rpy; cs;Sustpyhd xU %ba ghl;lhsp tHf;f Kd;dzpg;gil vd;w epiyapyp- Ue;J xU ntFkf;fs; fl;rpahf khwpa me;j epfo;;T g;nuQ;R fk;a+dpr ,af;f tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd xd;W. ,J gpwF jpUk;gpg; ghHf;f Kbahj xU epfo;T. 1943-y; ,j;jhypa fk;a+dp];Lf; fl;rpf;Fk; ,Nj epfo;e;jJ.
Mf> rHtNjrpaj;jpw;F xU epahak; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij xg;Gf; nfhs;fpwPHfs;. Mdhy;> mij ntFkf;fs; Gupe;Jnfhs;s khl;lhHfs; vd;gjhy; mijg; gw;wp xUtH Ngrf;$lhJ vd;W nrhy;y tUfpwPHfs;. Kd;dzpg; gil Gupe;J nfhz;lij cjuhzj;jpw;F> rHtNjrg; gupkhzk;> ,d;d gpw - fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;sNt Kbahj> jpUj;j Kbahj ke;ijf; $l;lk; vd;fpw> ntFkf;fs; Fwpj;j xU ,aq;fhtpay; fz;Nzhl;lk; ,y;iyah ,J? ,y;iy. ,J NjHjy; ghijf;F khwptpLtNjh ntFkf;fspd; epiyf;Fj; jho;e;JtpLfpw re;jHg;gthjNkh ,y;iy. ve;j xU r%fr; #oypYk; nray;gLfpw rf;jpfspd; gbepiy tupirfspy; cs;SH fhuzpfspd; mikg;Ng jPHkhdfukh- djhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gNj ,q;F Kf;fp- akhd Gs;sp. ,J xU nray; mstp- yhd gpur;rpid. ,g;NghJ> 1976-y;>
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g;uhd;rpy; ehk; nra;aNtz;baJ vd;d vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;fhd gjpy; g;nuQ;R r%f miktpw;F ,Uf;fpwNj xopa mjw;F ntspapy; vq;Fk; ,y;iy. rHtNjr my;yJ INuhg;gpa Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wpa ,Ug;Gepiy mwpf;ifapNyNa (balance sheet), Ma;tpNyh mijj; Njl KbahJ. gFjpNa (local) vg;NghJk; jPHkhdfukhd fhuzpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ehk; xU kpfr; rhjhuzkhd cz;ikia Rw;wp tisj;Jg; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;- fpNwhk;. 'mff; fhuzpapd; ClhfNt Gwf;fhuzp nray;gl KbAk;" vd;W khNth ,ij mofhfr; nrhy;ypapUf;- fpwhH. mff;fhuzp mtrpak; cs;Sf;- Fs;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. nraypy; ,Uf;Fk; ve;j xU rf;jpapYk; mjpfgl;r tpdhitf; Fwpf;Fk; Gs;spahf ,Ug;gjhy; ,e;j mff;fhuzpf;Nf vg;- NghJk; mjpf mOj;jk; jug;gl Ntz;Lk;. kpf vspikahd> ,af;f El;gk; Fwpj;j Nfs;tp vd;W xUtH ,ijr; nrhy;yyhk;. fhuzj;ij rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhz;L> mjd; gpwF> epiyikia khw;wpaikf;- Fk; rhj;jpaq;fis cs;slf;fpa ,e;jg; Gs;spapd; kPJ KOr; rf;jpiaAk; xUtH gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. nraYhf;fkhd fhuzpfs; vg;NghJNk Ez;zpa nghUz;ikahdit; gpuk;khz;lkhd fw;gidj; jpl;lq;fNsh> Mjhug; Gs;spf;F ntspNa ,Uf;fpw myq;fhuq;fNsh my;y. Mf> kpfr; rhjhuz> ,af;f El;gk; Fwpj;J Nfs;tp ,J. ntFkf;fSf;Fg; Gupahj xU nkhopapy; mtHfsplkpUe;J tpyfp epd;Wg; NgRtijj; jtpHg;gJ gw;wpaJ my;y. tpal;ehikg; gw;wp mtHfSf;Fj; njupahJ vd;why;> me;jg; gpur;rpid mtHfSf;F Neubahf njhlHgpy;yhj 'Mdhy; kiwKfkhfj; njhlHGs;s" xd;W vd;W ajhHj;jj;jpypUe;J vOfpw xU cgtpisT vd;gJjhd; tplak;. Neubahd fhuzq;fs;> mf;fiwfs; kPJ xUtH Neubahfj;jhd; tpidahw;w
20
Ntz;Lk;.
Mf];L 1914
Nghf tpU md;iwa G r%f m ntFkf;fspd
,d;d Ntz;Lk; vd;gi ntFkf;f KbahJ vd ,e;jg; gUz;ik ntFkf;fi Nkyhf n nfa;riu je;jpuj;ijA nry;y Nt epyTfpw r%f
nfhs;tjw;F nfhs;tjw;Fk ,d;iwf;F G ePq;fs; e nfhbiaA vy;iyfS nrd;W ,d;ndhU g fhH]p nra;fpw Njrpar kd mik Gul;rpfu k tw;Wf;F vjpuhdJ kPl;nlLf;f rhj;jpaNk Njrpag; rupahd topahfj;j gw;wp eh njhlHr;rpA caHthd ,jpy; vJ njhlHr;r GJik G
J vd;d ;Lkhdhy; R r%f mjw;F rHtNjr s; gw;wpa (balance j; Njl g;NghJk; Uf;fpwJ. ;ikia hz;bUf;- lhfNt ;" vd;W ;ypapUf;- cs;Sf;- ,Uf;Fk; jpfgl;r ;spahf f;Nf vg;- Ntz;Lk;. k; Fwpj;j hy;yyhk;. nfhz;L> ;wpaikf;- a ,e;jg; k; xUtH hf;fkhd z;zpa z;lkhd Mjhug; Uf;fpw f> kpfr; Nfs;tp hj xU tpyfp gw;wpaJ fSf;Fj; pur;rpid Hgpy;yhj lHGs;s" vOfpw tplak;. wfs; kPJ dahw;w
Ntz;Lk;.
Mf];L 1914 -n[Hkdp gw;wpa cjhuzj;jpw;F jpUk;gTk; Nghf tpUk;GfpNwd;. Gul;rpfu eltbf;ifia tpUk;gpa md;iwa Gul;rpahsHfs;> me;jf; fhyj;jpa n[Hkhdpa r%f mikg;G> r%f tHf;fq;fs;> murpay; rf;jpfs;> ntFkf;fspd; czHTepiy> n[Hkd; Njrpag; ghuk;gupak; ,d;d gpwtw;iwf; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijnay;yhk; nrhy;yj; Njitapy;iy. Mdhy;> ntFkf;fshy; rHtNjrpaj;ij vd;WNk Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbahJ vd;W xUtH vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahjtiu> ,e;jg; gUz;ikahd epiyikfs; Fwpj;j Ma;T> xUtiu ntFkf;fis mg;Nghija mtHfsJ czHTepiyf;F Nkyhf nfhz;Ltu - mjhtJ Njrpa ntwpapypUe;J> nfa;riu Mjupg;gjpypUe;J - cjtf;$ba xU Aj;j je;jpuj;ijAk; NghHj; je;jpuj;ijAk; tFg;gjw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;> epyTfpw r%f mikit gUz;ikahd Jtf;fg; Gs;spahff; nfhs;tjw;Fk; rHtNjr Aj;j je;jpuk; xd;iw tFj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,ilapy; ve;j KuZk; ,y;iy. g;uhd;rpy; ,d;iwf;F Gul;rpahsHfs; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPHfs;? jw;NghJ mtHfs;> %tHzf; nfhbiaAk; Njrpa fPjj;ijAk; epuhfupf;fTk;> 'vy;yh vy;iyfSk; jful;Lk;" vd;W Koq;FtijAk; Nehf;fpr; nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy;> mNjNeuj;jpy; ,d;ndhU gf;fk; gpupl;lhdpaHfs; (Bretons) kw;Wk; fhH]pf;fHfSila* cupikfSf;fhfg; NghuhlTk; nra;fpwhHfs;. ,ijg; gw;wp vd;d epidf;fpwPHfs;? Njrpar; rpd;dq;fs;> milahsq;fs;> kd mikTfisg; nghUj;jtiuapy;> Gul;rpfu kjpg;Gfs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpw- tw;Wf;F vdJ epiy Kw;wpYk; vjpuhdJ. Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;ij kPl;nlLf;fhj tiuf;Fk; g;uhd;rpy; Gul;rp rhj;jpaNkapy;iy vd;gJ vd; ek;gpf;if. Njrpag; ghuhk;gupak; vd;fpw ,e;jr; rupahd ghijf;F jpUk;Gtjd; topahfj;jhd; mjpypUe;J tpLgLtJ gw;wp ehk; Nahrpf;fNt KbAk;. njhlHr;rpAk; GJik GidjYk; vd;fpw caHthd ,aq;fpay; vd;gjw;F Nkyhf ,jpy; vJTk; ,y;iy: gioatw;wpd; njhlHr;rpia mq;fPfupf;Fk;NghNj GJik Gidjy; rhj;jpak;. vdf;Fj;
giw‐2008‐ et
Page 21
njupe;j Gul;rpahsHfs; vy;NyhUNk jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; kpfj; jPtpukhd Njrgf;jHfshf ,Ue;jtHfs; - Mr;rupak;! Mr;rupak;!" mtHfSila 'rHtNjrpak;" nghJtpy; xU Njrpa kPl;;GthjkhfNt (messianism) ,Ue;jJ. NkYk;> fpa+ghtpYk; tpal;ehkpYk; xU Gul;rpahsuhf ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ - ,g;NghJ njhopyhsH muRfs; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ kl;Lky;y> mjw;Fk; Kd;Dk; $l - Njrpathjpahf ,Ug;gJjhd;. xU Mjpf;f Njrj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfshf ,Uf;fpw ehk;> ek;Kila Njrpag; ghuk;gupak; midj;ijAk; epuhfupj;Jtpl Ntz;Lkh my;yJ me;jg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; Mjpf;ff; fiw gbe;jij mjd; Vfhjpgj;jpa NtHfis kl;Lk; tpyf;fptpl Ntz;Lkh vd;gJ ek; Kd; cs;s Nfs;tp. Nkhrkhd gf;fq;fis tpyj;jptpl Ntz;Lkh vd;gJ ek; Kd; cs;s Nfs;tp. Nkhrkhd gf;fq;fis tpyj;jtpl;L> rhjfkhd mk;rq;fis tpijf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vd; fUj;J; mJTk; gpe;ijatw;Wf;F /g;uhd;rpy; xU typikahd tuyhW ,Uf;Fk; NghJ.
,e;j ehl;by;> ,jd; tuyhw;wpy; kpfr; rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;fpw mj;jidiaAk; cUthf;fpa cU Gul;rp> jw;NghJ ntWkNd xU Njrpa [dehafg; Gul;rp vd;W ,fo;e;J Ngrg;gLfpw - ,q;F epfo;e;jpUg;gJ ekJ mjpH];lNk. Nty;kp> Gdpj [];l;> ghuP]; fk;a+d;> Mf;fpukpg;G vjpHg;G Kd;dzp (resistance), vd;W ekJ Gul;rpfug; ghuk;gupak; nrwpthdJ. NkYk;> mjd; ,aw;ifapNyNa kpfg; gpw;Nghf;fhdjhf ,Uf;fpw> ntFkf;fs; Kd;dzpia tpl `pl;yiu tpUk;Gfpw> ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfspd; cjtpia ehLfpw xU MSk; tHf;fk; ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;fpw NghJ ,tw;iw ehk; ,d;Dk; KOikahf gad;gL;j;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Gul;rpapd; eyd;fNshL Njrpa eyd;fSk; fye;jpUg;gjhy; ehk; ,tw;iw vLj;Jf;
giw‐2008‐et
nfhs;s N re;jHg;g ghUq;fs fPjk;) 'rg ghly; ,y njhopy Nfl;bUf (Eugene Po
y; ,aw;w kh];Nfht bad; -nk fhdtHfs g;nuQ;Rf;f Gy;yupj;J kf;fSil fupf;f kW ila c ghHg;gi ('khNth kiwe;J my;[Pupa Njrpaq;fi vd;W nrhy;Yk Fog;gKk
Nfhl;g Yk; rup> nfhbf;F njupatpy
;NyhUNk jPtpukhd Hfs; - fSila Njrpa ,Ue;jJ. pYk; xU d;gJ - muRfs; mjw;Fk; hjpahf jrj;ijr; w ehk;> k;gupak; tz;Lkh ; Mjpf;ff; hjpgj;jpa tz;Lkh Nfs;tp. yj;jptpl ; cs;s q;fis ;rq;fis ; fUj;J; d;rpy; xU k; NghJ.
;wpy; kpfr; diaAk; jw;NghJ fg; Gul;rp - ,q;F pH];lNk. ; fk;a+d;> d;dzp ul;rpfug; k;> mjd; f;fhdjhf pia tpl spehl;Lr; U MSk; pw NghJ ikahf tz;Lk;. yd;fSk; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ek;gpf;ifapd;ikNah re;jHg;gthjNkh ,q;F cjthJ. ghUq;fs;> khHnra;y;]; (rHtNjrpa fPjk;) 'rgpAq;fs; mij> xU Gul;rpg; ghly; ,y;iyah;" vq;Nfh nghyptpaj; njhopyhsHfs; mijf; ghlf; Nfl;bUf;fpNwd;. xU g;nuQ;Rf;fhud; vd;w Kiwapy; ehd; Gy;yupj;Jg; NghfpNwd;. ekJ nrhe;j kf;fSila Njrpa NtHfis mq;fP- fupf;f kWj;jtpl;L> kw;w Njrj;J kf;fS- ila czHr;rpfis mf;fiwNahL ghHg;gij> rPd Njrpaj;ij ('khNthaprk;" vd;w NghHitapy; kiwe;J nfhz;b Njrpathjk;)> my;[Pupa Njrpaj;ij> fpa+g> tpal;ehkpa Njrpaq;fis kjpg;gijNa rHtNjrpak; vd;W ekJ Gul;rpf;fhuHfs; nrhy;Yk;NghJ> vdf;F vupr;rYk; Fog;gKkhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ.
Nfhl;ghl;lstpYk; rup> eilKiwap- Yk; rup> nrq;nfhbf;Fk; %tHzf; nfhbf;Fk; ve;j Kuz;ghL njupatpy;iy. Njrpag; nghJTlikg;
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ghijia ehd; KO kdNjhL Vw;Wf; nfhs;- fpNwd;. vq;nfy;yhk; nghJTlik nfhQ;- rkhtJ mHj;jKs;sjhf ,Uf;fpwNjh mq;nfy;- yhk; mJ ANfh];Nyh- tpahitg; Nghy> rPdh> fpAghitg; Nghy> Njrpag; nghJTl- ikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. nja;gpq;Ffis Kd;NdhHfshf tupj;Jf; nfhz;l rd;ahl;nrd;-dpd; top te;jtuhf nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl khNth [g;ghdpaHfis vjpHj;J epd;whH. fpAghtpy; /gply; cUthdJ N[h]; khHl;bapd; topj;Njhd;wyhfNt. ,d;iwa /gpuhd;rpy; xU Gul;rpahsdhf ,Ug;gjd; mHj;jk; vd;d vd;W vdf;Fj; njupatpy;iy. Mdhy;> Gul;rpfukhd xU khngUk; jiytd; ,q;F cUthdhy; epr;rak; mtd; fle;jfhy g;nuQ;R Njrpa ehafHfspd; kpfr; rpwe;j gz;GfisAk; ghuk;gupaq;fisAk; cl;fpufpj;Jf; nfhz;ltdhf ,Ug;ghd; vd;W czHfpNwd;. ntl;lntspr;rkhd cz;ik ,J. Mdhy;> gpuhd;rpy;> Njrpa czHTfs; kOq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpw je;Nghija #oypy; - ,e;j NkNyhl;- lkhd Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;L ehk; kaq;fptplf; $lhJ vd;whYk; $l 'kpfTk; mOj;jkhf nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;ba xU cz;ik. xLf;Fk; Njrj;jpw;Fk; xLf;fg;gLk; Njrj;jpw;Fkp- ilapyhd gz;gstpyhd tpj;jpahrk; kl;LNk ,q;F ek;ik topelhj;Jtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; epidf;ftpy;iy. xLf;Fk; Njrj;jpd; Njrpag; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fs;NsNa ekJ ftdj;ijf; NfhUfpw kiwf;fg;gl;l $Wfs;> gioa mlf;FKiwfspd; epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; epiwa ,Uf;- fpd;wd. Ngl;rpd; (Petsin) ,q;F ekf;Fj; Njitapy;iy; Mdhy; [Pd; nkhypdpd; - xU cjhuzj;jpw;F> ghuk;gupak; ehk;
22
cld;glNt rkurq;fSf (ideology
tbtikf;fg;g fUj;jpaypd
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- Kjy tp\aq;fs g;nuQ;R kf 19139-y; epfo;e
mjd; ngau xUtH vd;djh vd;gij xg;Gf; Gul;rpfu Nehf
kpfTk; rpukj
gy ghu nju gUz;ikahd
ePq;fs; NjHT vdg mjpy; re;N xU xLf vd;fpw ep ,J gpi Njrpaj;i kiwf;fg NrHj;J> x
q;Ffis nfhz;l e;jtuhf khNth epd;whH. N[h]; yhfNt. pahsdhf vdf;Fj; ;rpfukhd ; ,q;F le;jfhy fr; rpwe;j ;fisAk; Ug;ghd; spr;rkhd ;> Njrpa ;bUf;fpw NkNyhl;- ;L ehk; k; $l y;yg;gl xLf;Fk; j;jpw;Fkp- pj;jpahrk; j;Jtjhf ehd; jrj;jpd; Na ekJ f;fg;gl;l wfspd; ,Uf;- ekf;Fj; khypdpd; pak; ehk;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba xd;W.
mJ mt;tsT Rygkhd fhupak; my;y vd;gJ cq;fSf;Fj; njupAk;. xU Gul;rpfu fl;rp ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; tuyhw;Wj; njhlHr;rpiaAk; jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W ePq;fs; nrhy;Yk;NghJ ehd; mNjhL cld;glNt nra;fpNwd;. Mdhy;> vy;yhtpjkhd tHf;f rkurq;fSf;Fk; Njrg;gw;W my;yJ> Njrpaf; fUj;jpaNy (ideology) trjpahd xU fUtpahf> vy;yh r%f Kuz;ghLfisAk; g+rpnkOfp tpLtjw;nfd;Nw tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU Gdpjf; $l;lhf mjdhy; Mjpf;ff; fUj;jpaypd; kpf ,ay;ghd xU Clfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ cq;fSf;F ed;whfNt njupAk;. njhlHr;rpia RtPfupj;Jf; nfhs;tJ mt;tsT Rygk; ,y;iy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xUtH mij tpkHrpf;f Ntz;Lk;; mbj;J tisf;f Ntz;Lk;. rPdh> fpAgh Nghd;w xLf;fg;gl;l Njrq;fspy; gpur;rpid ,J Nghy ,y;iy. Mdhy; gpuhd;rpy; %tHzf; nfhb fk;a+id eRf;fpa ntHnra;y;rpd; - Kjyhspfspd;> Nguurpd; nfhbahfTk; ,Ue;jJ. tp\aq;fs; mt;tsT Neuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. Njrg;gw;W g;nuQ;R kf;fspd; mgpdhfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ; 1914-y;> 19139-y; epfo;e;jJ Nghd;w vy;yhtpjkhd ml;^opaq;fSk; mjd; ngauhNyNa epahag;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mjdhy;> xUtH vd;djhd; Kaw;rpj;jhYk; $l Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij xg;Gf; nfhs;fpNwd; - ,e;jj; njhlHr;rpia ve;jg; Gul;rpfu Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; RtPfupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rp kpfTk; rpukj;jpw;Fupa xd;whfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. gpuhd;Rf;F gy ghuk;gupaq;fs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ cq;fSf;Fj; njupAk;; ,jpy; vij vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ> ve;jg; gUz;ikahd topapy; ,ijr; nra;tJ vd;gJ gw;wp ehk; Nahrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; nrhy;Yk; tpkHrdg;g+Hkthd NjHT vd;gJ kpfTk; mtrpakhdJjhd;. mjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. tuyhw;W uPjpahf xU xLf;Fk; Njrj;ijf; NrHe;jtHfs; vd;fpw epiyik vOg;Gk; rpf;fNyhL ,J gpize;jpUf;fpwJ. vd;whYk;> Njrpaj;ij mjw;Fs; xLf;fg;gl;L> kiwf;fg;gl;bUf;fpw $WfNshL NrHj;J> xl;Lnkhj;jkhfNt epuhfupj;Jt
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tpLtJ vd;gJ Nkhrkhd tpisTfis tpiynfhLj;J thq;fptpLtJ Nghyh- fptpLk;. [hNfhgpad; kPl;Gthjj;jpd; (Jacobian Messianism) ghy; vdf;Fs;s jdpg;gl;l tpUg;ig> rha;it ,e;jr; re;jHg;gj;jpy; ntspg;gilahf mwptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. 1792, 1848- fspd; [hf;Nfhgpad;thjk; vdf;Fg; gpbj;jkhdJ kl;Lky;y> xU mHj;jj;jpy; vdJ ,ay;Gk; $l. INuhg;ghtpd; tpLjiyf;F g;uhd;]; kWgbAk; Gul;rpr; Rliu Ve;Jk; vd;W vg;NghJNk ehd; ek;gp te;jpUf;fpNwd;. tpLjiyg; ghijia cWjpahfg; gpbj;J Gul;rpfukhd g;uhd;rpd; Nkyhz;ikapy; fPopy;yhky; INuhg;ghtpw;F NtW ve;j ek;gpf;ifAk; vdf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. 'Nghf;Uf;F vjpuhd" (antiBoche) me;j nkhj;j Guhzf; fw;gidAk; n[Hkdpf;- nfjpuhd kj mbg;gilapy;yhj ekJ gifAk; vd;whtJ xUehs; Gul;rpia
giw‐2008‐et
Vd; ekJ ijf;$l Ngha;tpL tpag;gJ kd;dpAq Nfhl;ghL nra;tjw Kbj;Jf vjpHKi rpe;jpj;Jg mg;ghy; N Kaw;rp vy;NyhU nfhz;l Nrhjpj;J khHf;rpaj mij c ,e;j Ka
sTfis Nghyh- hjj;jpd; df;Fs;s ,e;jr; ilahf 2, 1848- vdf;Fg; Hj;jj;jpy; g;ghtpd; k; Gul;rpr; Nk ehd; pLjiyg; gpbj;J ;ikapy; tW ve;j ;wtpy;iy. che) me;j [Hkdpf;- hj ekJ Gul;rpia
Vd; ekJ Njrpa [dehafg; ghuk;gupaj;- ijf;$l fhg;gjw;F ekf;F cjthkyh Ngha;tpLk; vd;W rpyNeuq;fspy; ehd; tpag;gJz;L. Mdhy;> jaTnra;J kd;dpAq;fs;. ,NjhL xU murpay;> Nfhl;ghL tpthjj;ijr; Jhz;lr; nra;tjw;fhd vdJ ,e;j Kaw;rpia Kbj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjpAq;fs;. vjpHKidfspy; epd;W nfhQ;rk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHf;f> gupr;rpakhdtw;Wf;F mg;ghy; Nghfj; Jzpaj; Jhz;l> nra;j Kaw;rp ,J. mjd; %yk; ehk; vy;NyhUk; thoTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; gofpf; nfhz;l xU mikg;gpd; cWjpia Nrhjpj;Jg; ghHf;f cjTtJ khHf;rpaj;ij xopj;Jf;fl;Ltjw;F my;y> mij cYf;fp kPz;L cWjpahf;fNt ,e;j Kaw;rp.
New Left Review, Number: 105
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,e;j murpdH kj; gUj;jpj;Jiwj; njhFjpa kf;fSf;Fk; gpuNahrdg;gL vLj;jhH. mij ty;ntl cLg;gpl;b Nghd;w ,lq Rliyf;F Nkw;NfapUe;j mj;njhFjpapYs;s r fl;rpj;NjhoHfNshLk; j
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thf;fpapUe;jhH.
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giw‐2008‐ et
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murhq;fk; RtPfupg;gjw;F tpz;zg;gpj;J mijr; nraw;gLj;j Kad;W nfhz;- bUe;jhH. kj;jpakfhtpj;jpahyaj;ij khj;jpuky;y mjw;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; XH murpdH js itj;jparhiyiaAk; Vw;gLj;j ,Ue;jhH.
,ijf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l ty;ntl;biar; NrHe;j epyf;fpshHfs; me;jj; jupR epyj;jpy; Jupjfjpapy; xU fl;blj;ijf; fl;b mjw;F [P.[P.nghd;dk;gyj;jpd; Nguhy; nghd;dk;gy irttpj;jpa- rhiynad;W ngaHitj;J jpU.[P.[P. nghd;dk;gyj;jpd; JizNahL mij
mq;fPfupf;fTk; nra;Jtpl;ldH. me;jg;gs;spf;$lj;ij murpdH ghlrhiyahf;Ftij jLf;f mtH Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. vdpy; ,e;Jf;fspd; czHTfisg; mJ Gz;gLj;Jt- jhfptpLk; vd;gjhy; fe;ijah mk;Kaw;rpia NtWtopapw;nra;a Nahrpj;jhH.
K];yPk; khztHfs; tpLjpapy; jq;fpg; gbf;Fk; tha;g;gpid cUthf;fpf; nfhLj;jhH. ,r;nraw;jpl;lq;fsphy;
giw‐2008‐et
Njrpaxw mtH jPHf
me;j NyAs;s khztHf tpLjpapy Vw;gLj;jp
murpdH jPTg;gFj ngw;w E te;J jq ,itnay khf;fYf fe;ijah gyhgyd fy;tpapy
cLg;g jsitj;j fhuzj;j fl;lg;gl;l mike;J itj;jpa itj;jpar ,aq;fpf; itj;jpa
;zg;gpj;J nfhz;- hyaj;ij ;jpy; XH yiaAk;
l;biar; ;jj; jupR ;blj;ijf; ;gyj;jpd; tpj;jpa- jpU.[P.[P. L mij
tpl;ldH. murpdH ;f mtH ;Jf;fspd; Lj;Jt- e;ijah pw;nra;a
kahzd; ;jpYs;s murhq;f j ; j pi d zpfis
toq;f Jkpd;wp nrhe;jj; o i A k ; pabapy; pahyak; ;jhH.
Njhd;wpa kj;jpa tpLjpapy; rjpNahL ;ehl;fspy; e;J gy tpLjpapy; Uthf;fpf; q;fsphy;
Njrpaxw;Wikapid Ngzyhk; vd mtH jPHf;fkhf ek;gpr;nraw;gl;lhH.
me;j tpLjpfspy; tlkhfhzj;jp- NyAs;s gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrj;jpNyAs;s khztHfSk; Gyikg;guprpy;fs; %yk; tpLjpapy; jq;fpg;gbf;Fk; tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhH. me;j ney;ypab
murpdH kj;jpakfhtpj;jpahyaj;jpy; jPTg;gFjpfspypUe;J Gyikg;guprpy;fs; ngw;w E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd khztHfs; te;J jq;fpapUe;J fy;tp fw;wdH. ,itnay;yhk; ghlrhiy Njrpaka- khf;fYf;F Kd;G ele;jitahFk;. fe;ijah Nghl;l mj;jpthuj;jpd; gyhgydhNyNa tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrk; fy;tpapy; Kd;NdwpaJ.
cLg;gpl;bapy; fl;lg;gltpUe;j jsitj;jpahrhiy fhzpfpilf;fhj fhuzj;jpdhy;
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mike;Js;s kdNehahsH gphpT $l mtH tFj;J itj;j jpl;lj;jpd; njhlHr;rpapdhy; gpd;G cUthdjhFk;.
fe;ijah ehshe;j tho;f;ifg; gpur;ridfisAk; murpaiyAk; ,izf;fj;njupe;j kdpjuhFk;. mjw;NfhH cjhuzk;. Ik;gJfspy; rPty;njhopyhsHfs; fs; ,wf;ff; $lhJ. fs; ,wf;FtJ rl;ltpNuhjkhFk;. fUg;gzpNa ,wf;fNtz;Lk;.
fs;is Kl;bfspYk; Nghj;jy;fspYk; nfhz;LNghd rPty; njhopyhsHfs; nghyprhYk; vf;rir ,d;];ngf;lH vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; ghio ntl;LgtHfshYk; gpbf;fg;gl;L Nfhl;by; tof;Fj; njhlug;gl;L jz;bf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. Nfhl;Lj; jz;lj;jpidf; fl;l ,ayhky; rpiw nrd;wtHfs; mNdfk;. fs;isf; fhtpr;nrd;w rpd;dQ; rpwhHfs;$l nghyp]; epiyaq;fspYs;s $Lfspy; milf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. fs;isf; fhtpr; nry;Yk;nghOJ jw;nrayhfg; nghyp]; te;jhNyh fs;SKl;biag; Nghl;L cilj;Jtpl;L rPty;njhopyh- sHfs; XLthHfs;. Mdhy; rhuhaf; Fjq;fNsh mDkjp toq;fg;gl;L rl;lG+Htkhf kJf;fil tpahghuj;jpid elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jd. fUg;gePHjahhpg;- Gf;fhf rPTtJ kl;Lk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;;- bUe;jJ. fUg;gdPH rPtpdhy; xd;iwtpl;l xUehs; fUg;gdPiu gidr; nrhe;jf;fhuhd epyf;fpohHfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.. fUg;gdPH rPTtjhdJ
1960 3Mk; khj ghuhSkd;w NjHjy; cLg;gpl;b njhFjp Ntl;ghsH rpd;dk; thf;Ffs; vk;.rptrpjk;guk; irf;fps; 7>365 nghd;dk;gyk; fe;ijah el;rj;jpuk; 5>427 MH.MH.jHkuj;jpdk; rhtp 4>573 fe;jg;gh n[anfhb tPL 3>860
epuhfhpf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffs; 195 mspf;fg;gl;l nkh. thf;Ffs; 21>420 gjpTnra;ag;gl;l thf;Ffs; 28>620
26
fUg;gdPi ghzpahf bia re;i spd; ifa md;W th me;j kf;f ehshe;j c
,e;jj; fe;iah m jpy; ,e;j kf;fs; g nrhy;yp tPl;by; i rl;lG+Ht
fe;ija te;j ,e gj;jpupiff md;wpuNt gps;isa esf;fe;i rptj;jng gf;fj;jpy rpd;dj;ij jkpoHfs rl;ilnra
xUehS xUehSk xUehSk ghHf;fhj miog;g nfsukhf
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fUg;gdPiuf; nfhz;L te;J fha;r;rpg; ghzpahf;fpg; gdq;fl;bahf;fp gdq;fl;- bia re;ijapy; tpw;wgpd;dNu mtHf- spd; ifapy; fhRtUk;. md;Wioj;J md;W thapy;NghLk; tWikapy; thLk; me;j kf;fSf;F fs;Sr;rPtp tpw;gjhdJ ehshe;j czTf;fhd [PtdkhFk;.
,e;jj; Jd;gj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l fe;iah mtHfs;. mtH ghuhSkd;wj;- jpy; ,e;jg; gpur;ridiaAk; me;j kf;fs; gLk; Jauj;ijAk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yp ehYNghj;jpy; fs;spid tPl;by; itj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;gjidr; rl;lG+Htkhf;fpdhH.
fe;ijah ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L te;j ,e;jg; gpur;rpid mLj;j ehs; gj;jpupiffspy; nra;jpahf te;jpUe;jJ. md;wpuNt cLg;gpl;br; re;jpapYs;s gps;isahH Nfhtpy; kjpypy; esf;fe;ijahN t tUf! vd;W rptj;jngapz;lhy; vOjp mjw;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; mupthSk; Rj;jpaYk; rpd;dj;ijf; fPwpapUe;jhHfs; rhjpntwpj; jkpoHfs;. fe;ijah mtw;iwr; rl;ilnra;gtuy;yH.
xUehSk; kw;wtHfis XLf;fhj> xUehSk; kw;wtHfisr; Ruz;lhj> xUehSk; kw;w kf;fisf; fPohfg; ghHf;fhj me;j kf;fsp;d; ngauhy; miog;gij mtH xU ngupa nfsukhfNt Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.
mjNdhL fe;ijah epw;ftpy;iy. m t H ng h y pf z ;b na d ;- cLg;gpl;b njhFjp
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giw‐2008‐ et
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nrd;wTld; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpf;F xU fpuhkpa tptrha MNyhrfiu epakpj;jhH. mtH tptrhapfSf;F cuk; ghtpg;gijAk; fpUkpehrpdpfisg; ghtpg;gijAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. fhz;lhtdk; Nghy; nta;apy; nfhOj;jpnawpAk; nfe;jf G+kpahd aho;Flhehl;by; tptrhapfs; gl;il Jyh %yk; ePH ,iwj;Nj tptrhak; nra;jdH. ePH ,iwf;Fk; ,ae;jpuq;fspd; gpuNahfj;ijAk; mjhdy; fpzj;JePUf;F ve;jtpj Mgj;Jk; Vw;glhJ vd;gjidAk; ngUj;j rpukq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; tlGyj;J tptrhapfSf;F tpsq;fg; gLj;jpdhH. Kjd; Kjypy; me;ehspy; nfhk;A+dp];lhf ,Ue;J jd; gps;isfSf;F nydpd; vd;Wk; ];lhypd; vd;Wk; ngaH itj;j <];tuypq;fg; ngUkhs; vd;gtNu Kjypy; ePH ,iwf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ij thq;fpg; ghtpj;jhH. ,uz;nlhU tUlq;fspy; mNdf tptrhapfs; ePH ,iwf;Fk; ,ae;jpuq;fis thq;fp cgNahfg;- gLj;jpdH. mjNdhL mtH epw;ftpy;iy. r e ;i jg ; g L j;J t jw;f h f x U ntq;fhar; rq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhH. ,e;j ntq;fhar; rq;fk; ntq;fhaj;ijf; nfhs;tdT nra;J nfhOk;Gf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jJ. tlkuhl;rp tptrhapfs; gapHr;nra;iff; fhyj;jpy; nry;te;jHfsplk; tl;bf;Ff; fhirf; fldhfg; ngw;W mWtilfhyj;jpy; flid ,Wg;gjhdJ tptrhaj;jpd; %yk; GJf;fhirg; goq;fhrhf;Ft- jhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jr; Ruz;lypypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ntq;fhar; rq;fj;ij gyNehf;Ff; $l;LwTr;rq;fkhf khw;wp ,e;jg; gyNehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fk; gapHr;nra;iff; fhyq;fspy; tptrhap- fSf;F tptrha rpWnjiiff;flid toq;fp mf;flid mWtilf;fhyq;f- spy; ntq;fhak;> ney; Nghd;w mWt- ilg; nghUl;fis nfhs;tdnra;J flid kPsg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. fe;ijah nghUshjhuj;ij ,yz;ldpy;
giw‐2008‐et
gbj;jJ guPl;ira $l;LwT gyKiw me;ehs; ei l K i Kiwfi tlkuhl;r
fe;ij ehl;fnsy N j h l ; l njhopw;rq fhupahya njhopw;r ftdpg;gN fl;bts tFj;jhH mioj;J jkpoHfs njhopw;rq NrHe;j xUtuht
,e ;j g.[Ptd te;jpUe;j k N y r pa NjhoHf jy k i w fhyq;fs njhopyh mioj;J NkYk; m jpNy new FJ}fypg thf;fs ghuhSk ghlrhiy t pt h jj cw;rhfj mij Mj mtuhFk jpU nr FWe;jkpo Sf;F vj
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vz;zw;w $l;lq;fis mzptFj;Jg; Ngrp mtHfspd; gpw;Nghf;Fj;jdq;fis mk;gyg;gLj;jpdhH. ghlrhiyfs; Njrpakakhtjhy; jpU nry;tehafj;- jpw;Nfh jkpo;kf;fSf;Nfh vd;d el;lk; Vw;gl;lJ vd;w Nfs;tpia xt;nthU $l;lq;fspYk; Nfl;lhH.
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mtH$ypj;njhoyhsHfNshL NrHe;J ifg;ge;J tpisahbd rk;gtq;fs; mNdfk;. mtH kf;fNshL kf;fshf jhDk; tho;e;j rk;gtq;fs; mjpfk;. fe;ijah fpuhkq;fSf;F tug;NghfpwhH vd;W xU jlit fd;nghy;iy fpuhk fug;ge;jhl;lf; FOTf;Fk; njd;,yq;ifapYs;s fk;gfh fpuhkj;J rpq;fs fug;ge;jhl;lf; FOTf;Fk; rpNefG+Htkhd fug;ge;jhl;lg; Nghl;bapid Vw;ghL nra;J rpq;fsj;NjhoHfis fd;nghy;iyf; fpuhkj;jpw;F mioj;J te;jpUe;jhuhk;. rpq;fsj;NjhoHfs; jq;fsJ Ntfkhd Nrtp]hy; Kjy; Rw;wpy; ntd;Wtpl;-
28
lhHfshk;. fpuhk fu ypq;fk;> rj mtHfis Nrtp]pi ,e;j fu mtHfs; mtiuf; fpd;Nwd;. mtiu f vd; nrtp mtiu f fhuzj;jpi fhd jft Nfl;lwpe;J
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kf;fshy; miof;fg;gLk; f.,uhruj;jpdk; mjpgH (ah.funtl;b =ehujtpj;jpahya ];jhgfH) mtHfs;. fy;Nyhil vd;Dk; ,aw;ngaiu fDtpy; vd;w murgjpTg;ngaiuAk; nfhz;l rpWghd;ikj;jkpoHfs; thOk; fpuhkj;jpid rhjpntwpaHfs; fy;Nyhiy vd mioj;J te;jNghJ 1966k; jPz;lhikf; nfjpuhd Nghuhl;lfhyj;jpy; fd;nghy;iynad cj;jpNahfG+Htkhf khw;wpdhH. f.,uhruj;jpdk; mtHfs; fe;ijahtpd; ghriwapy; tsHe;J te;jtH vd;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. VyNt fe;ijah mtHfs; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; fe;jd;>G+jd; Nghd;w ngaHfisAk; ehfd; vd;w ngaiuf; nfhz;ltiu rptghjnkdTk; Mo;thd; vd;w ngaiuf; nfhz;ltiu jtuhrh vdTk; ,g;gbahf rhjpa milahsj;jpidf; nfhz;l gyhpd; ngaiu cj;jpNahfG+H- tkhf khw;wpf; nfhLj;jhH.
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30
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hjPdkhf hjfkhd wy;fSk; f;fpwJ. f;fpakhd cs;sJ. tspNa> Wfpd;w > ghjf p cs;sd.
hPjpahf s; mjd; bajhf jw;fhd ;wpaikg;- j;jg;gly; hakhd uy;fs; ; murhq;- f;fNsh> kfNsh
Nkw;gl;l tuq;fs; kyhjpf;f j;Jtq;- . Njrpa pf;fj;jpd; murpay; w;ghLk; f;fSf;F khjhdj;- khwhf piaAk; puopT> dehaf yFdpa ;fisAk;
.
iwapy; f ,e;jg; aw;rpf;f fUj;J jrpathj
fUj;J epiyapd; ClhfNth ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpidf;F jPh;Tk; fhzKbahJ> mikjp rkhjhdj;ijAk; nfhz;Ltu KbahJ vd;gNj ,yq;ifapd; ,Jtiuahd mDgtk;. Gjpa topKiwapy; Kd;nry;y ghPl;rhh;j;jkhd gpuhe;jpakhf fpof;iff; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gNj vdJ fUj;jhFk;.
,yq;ifapd; ,dr;rpf;fy;> MAjNkhjy; Kuz;ghLfSf;F kj;jpapy; jdpahf ,aq;fj; njhlq;fpAs;s fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; vjph;fhyk; njhlh;ghfTk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlh;ghfTk; Gjpa ghh;itfisAk;> Mf;fG+h;tkhd tpkh;rdq;fisAk; MNuhf;fpakhf Kd;itg;gJ Kjypy; Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid ,uhZt hPjpahf vj;jug;Gk; vjph;nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;ff; $lhJ.
fpof;F khfhzk; gd;ikj;Jtkhd gpuhe;jpak;> %tpd kf;fSk; mq;F tho;tNjhL gy;fl;rp [dehafk; epyTk;
giw‐2008‐ et
Page 33
gpuNjrk;. ,dg;gLnfhiyfSk; cs; ,af;fg; gLnfhiyfSk; Nkhrkhf ele;j> ele;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; kz;> jkpo; Njrpa thj;jpd; mbahf Nkw;fpok;gpa jkpo; K];ypk; gpur;rpidapd; epyf;fskhfTk; fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpak; cs;sJ.
2007 [dthp 1k; jpfjp fpof;F khfh- zk; jdpg; gpuhe;jpakhf gphpf;fg;gl;L fpl;lj;jl;l ,uz;L tUlq;fis vl;lg; NghfpwJ. ,f;fhyj;jpw;Fs; mq;F gy;NtW khw;wq;fs;> Gjpa epiyikfs;> MNuhf;fpakhd Nghf;Ffs;> MNuhf;- fpakw;w nraw;ghLfs; ele;Js;sd.
fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpak; jw;NghJ murpayikg;G hPjpahf jdpahd gpuhe;jpak;> aho; mjpfhuj;J Nkd;epiyf;Fs; mJ ,y;iy. mz;ika epfo;Tfis kjpg;gpLfpd;w NghJ vjph;fhyj;jpy; tlkhfhzj;Jld; fpof;F khfhzk; ,izf;fg;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; ,y;iy vd;Wjhd; ehd; fUJfpNwd;. ,jw;fhd gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; cq;fSf;Fk; njhpAk;. rkfhy ajhh;j;jj;jpd; mbNa fpof;if tlf;Fld; ,izj;Jg; ghh;g;gJ rhj;jpakhdjhfj; njhpatpy;iy.
fpof;ifg; gw;wp jdpahf Nahrpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,d;W ,e;j tplaj;jpy; ,yq;if ,dg;gpur;rpid tptfhuj;jpYk;> Nkhjiy KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu gzpahw;WNthUk; Mf;fG+h;tkhd vjph;fhyj;ij vg;gb cUthf;fyhk; vd;gjpy; mf;fiw nfhz;NlhUk; jtph;f;ftpayhky; fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpa tptfhuj;jpy; mjpf ftdf; Ftpg;ig nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.
vjph;fhyj;jpy; fpof;F khfhzj;ij - ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik> rkkhd tha;g;G> rkj;Jt chpikfs;> cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gLk; gpuhe;jpakhf fl;bnaOg;Gtjd; %yk; ,yq;if kf;f- Sf;Fk; rh;tNjrj;Jf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifa-
giw‐2008‐et
spf;ff; $b rpidj; j toq;ff; KbAk;.
,yq;i gy;NtW Ntz;bAs nghWg;Gs nghJkf mtHfspd mjpfhug cWjpg;gL Nehf;fj;J FbNaw;wq K];ypk; ,jpy; m
r%fk; mj
fpof;F epiyik mikjpi cUthf;F gzpfs; Ngrg;glT ,J Kf tpUk;GfpN
,yq tuyhwhd tho;fpd Nkhrkh Kuz;ghL ,yq;iff kj> nk
k; cs; Nkhrkhf z;> jkpo; ;fpok;gpa idapd; puhe;jpak;
;F khfh- pf;fg;gl;L s vl;lg; ; mq;F yikfs;> MNuhf;- s;sd.
w;NghJ jdpahd pfhuj;J z;ika NghJ d; fpof;F jw;fhd hd; ehd; gy;NtW njhpAk;. fpof;if hh;g;gJ y.
Nahrpf;f plaj;jpy; huj;jpYk;> hz;Ltu +h;tkhd hf;fyhk; ;NlhUk; gpuhe;jpa Ftpg;ig
hzj;ij xw;Wik> hpikfs;> e;jpakhf ;if kf;f- ;gpf;ifa-
spf;ff; $ba G+kpahf> Njrpa ,dg;gpur;- rpidj; jPh;Tf;F rhj;jpakhd gjpiy toq;ff; $ba gpuhe;jpakhf nfhs;s KbAk;.
,yq;if murhq;fk; ,e;j tplaj;jpy; gy;NtW gzpfisr; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. muRf;Nf ,jpy; mjpf nghWg;Gs;sJ. ,jpy; gpujhdkhdJ nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg;igAk; mtHfspd; tho;ThpikiaAk;> fhg;gJk; mjpfhug; gfph;it mh;j;jG+h;tkhf cWjpg;gLj;JtJld; fpof;fpy; murpay; Nehf;fj;Jld; jpl;lkplg;gLk; rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fis epWj;JtJkhFk;. jkp;o; K];ypk; murpay; jiyikfSf;Fk; ,jpy; mjpf nghWg;Gs;sJld; rptpy;
r%fk; mjpfk; gq;fspf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; ,d;iwa epiyik vd;d? vjph;fhyj;jpy; fpof;fpy; mikjpiaAk; r%f rkj;Jtj;ijAk; cUthf;Ftjw;F nra;a Ntz;bAs;s gzpfs; vd;d vd;gJ Fwpj;J Ngrg;glTk; tpthjpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,J Kf;fpakhdJ vd typAWj;j tpUk;GfpNwd;.
,yq;ifapd; r%f murpay; tuyhwhdJ kdpjh;fspilNaAk; mq;F tho;fpd;w r%fq;fspilNaAk; Nkhrkhd frg;Gzh;TfisAk; Kuz;ghLfisAk; tsh;j;Jtpl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;iff;Fs; epyTfpd;w ,e;j ,d> kj> nkhop NtWghLfs; ehl;bd;
33
Page 34
midj;Jg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk; VNjhnthU tifapy; mfkhfTk; GwkhfTk; njhopw;gl;Nl tUfpwJ. mjpfhug;Nghl;bAk; ,d Nkyhjpf;fKk; tsg;gq;fPL njhlh;ghd mjpUg;jpfSk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,yq;if r%f murpaypd; gpujpgypg;ghd ,dq;fSf;fpilNaahd frg;GfSk; Kuz;ghLfSk; fpof;fpy; cs;sd.
fpof;F khfhz kf;fs; ePz;l fhykha; jkJ mbg;gil chpikfis ,oe;J epw;fpd;wdh;. 25 tUlj;jpw;F Nkyhd njhlh;r;rpahd Nghhpd; nfh^uk; fpof;if ghhpa mstpy; ghjpj;Js;sJ. fpof;F jdpg;gpuhe;jpakhdjd; gpd;Dk;> mq;F khfhz eph;thfk; Vw;gl;ljd; gpd;Dk; kdpj chpikfs; kPwg;gLfpd;- wd> Jg;ghf;fpfspd; mjpfhuKk; nfhiyfSk; njhlh;fpd;wd> mNj- Ntis MAjtop epd;Nwhh; [dehaf topapy; gazpg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfSk; nraw;ghLfSk; mOj;jq;fSk; cs;sd.
fpof;F kf;fspd; ,d;iwa epiy [dehafk;> kdpj chpikfSld; $ba tho; chpikAld; njhlh;Ggl;l tplakhfTs;sJld; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpidAld; Neubahf njhlh;Ggl;Lk; cs;sJ.
fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpaj;ij ehk; jdpj;j murpay;> eph;thf Gtpapay; gpuNjrkhff; nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;why;> mq;F tho;fpd;w jkpo; K];ypk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; czh;Tf- Sf;F kjpg;gspj;jhf Ntz;bAs;sJ.
34
mk;kf;fs gLtJld gpur;rpidf
cz;i ,yq;if fpof;F gph khwp kh jiyikf jkpo; Njrpa aho; Nk tpLjiyg ciltpd K];ypk;f fhuzkhf khfptpl;lN
jkpo; typAWj ,izf;f my;yJ jiyikf gpuhe;jpaj jhk; cs;s 1990f;Fg ntspg;gL fpof;fpd; m ifaspf;f Nkhrkhf hpg;G nra toq;Fk;
fle;j gpy; tpLj Kiwahd vjph;ghh;g;g Mjhuq;fs fhuzkhf jiyik khfhzj;j ikag;gL khfhz m
rpq;fs Njrpathj 1990f;Fg Njrpathj
;fspYk; khfTk; UfpwJ. jpf;fKk; g;jpfSk; ,yq;if pg;ghd g;GfSk; ;sd.
; ePz;l pikfis lj;jpw;F ; nfh^uk; ;Js;sJ. gpd;Dk;> w;gl;ljd; g;gLfpd;- pfhuKk; > mNj- dehaf w;rpfSk; ; cs;sd.
a epiy d; $ba h;Ggl;l ;ifapd; eubahf
k; jdpj;j Njrkhff; ho;fpd;w czh;Tf- As;sJ.
mk;kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; Nfl;lwpag;- gLtJld; mth;fs; vjph;nfhs;fpd;w gpur;rpidfs; jPh;f;fg;gLtJk; Ntz;Lk;.
cz;ikapy; md;wpypUe;J (1987 ,yq;if ,e;jpa xg;ge;jk;) tlf;F fpof;F gphpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj khwp khwp gjtpf;F te;j muRj; jiyikfspd; tpUg;gkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. jkpo; Njrpa thjj;Jf;Fs; epytptUfpd;w aho; Nkyhjpf;fk; fhuzkhfTk; tpLjiyg; GypfSf;Fs; epfo;e;j ghhpa ciltpd; fhuzkhfTk; fpof;F K];ypk;fspd; murpay; gpur;rpid fhuzkhfTk; fpof;F jdpg;gpuhe;jpa- khfptpl;lNj cz;ik.
jkpo; 1990f;Fg; gpd; fpof;fpy; jkpo; Njrpathjk; K];ypk; Njrpathj fUj;J
giw‐2008‐ et
Page 35
epiyia Vw;gLj;jp ,Ue;jJ ,q;F ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpid tptfhuj;jpy; rpq;fs jkpo; ,d tptfhuk; kl;Lkd;wp> K];ypk; ,d tptfhuKk; cs;sJ vd;gij ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tptfhuk; fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu Kjd;ikahdJk; gpujhdkhdJkhFk; - fpof;F khfhzk; jdpj;J ,aq;fj; njhlq;fpajd; gpd;> K];ypk;fs; jq;fSf;fhd jdp khfhz mjpfhuk; njhlh;ghd epiyg;ghl;bd; Fuiy mjpfk; typAWj;jtpy;iy vd;gJ ,q;F Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba mk;rkhFk;. fpof;fpy; jkpo; Nkyhjpf;fNkh> my;yJ K];ypk; Nkyhjpf;fNkh JujpU];ltrkhf Vw;gbd;> ,U ,dq;fspd; epiyg;ghl;bYk; khw;wkhd Nfhhpf;iffs; vOk; vd;gJ vjph;ghh;f;ff;$baNj.
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; epiyikfspy; khw;wq;f- isf; nfhzh;tjw;F VyNt ehk; $wpaJNghy; murhq;fk; njhlf;fk; murpay; jiyikfs;> rptpy; mikg;- Gfs; Mw;wNtz;ba gzpfs; mjpfk; cs;sd. ,jpYs;s gy;NtW gzpfspd; typAWj;jy;fs; fpof;F khfhzj;Jf;F kl;Lky;y> ehl;bd; Vida gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;jf; $baNj. murhqfjJfF KdDss
Kffpa gzpfs; ❍ Kjypy; ,yq;if murhdJ ngsj;j Nghpdthj rpe;jidapypUe;J jd;id tpyf;fp> gy;ypdq;fspd; murhf kPs; cUthf;fk; nfhs;jy; mtrpa- khdjhFk;. murpd; eph;thf murpay;
giw‐2008‐et
fl;likg;G gpujhdg;g Ntz;Lk;
kfpe;j ,Jtiua Kbahj czh;it tUfpd;wJ
mz;i nghd;Nrf
'...rpqfsj; Njrpathjk jkpo; Njrpathjjij cwgjjptpjjJ NghdW> 1990fFg;gpd; fpoffpy;jkpo; Njrpathjk; K]ypk; Njrpathj fUjJ epiyia VwgLjjp ,UejJ..."
,Jtiu kWj;Jiu k`pe;j u $whky; nghWg;gw jd;ikia
❍ f khfhzj;j rdj;njhi Fiwf;f fpof;fpy; j k pe;j u njspthd epfo;r;rp e
fl;likg;Gfs; J ,q;F
gy;ypdq;fspd; eyid gpujhdg;gLj;jpNa nraw;gLj;jg;gly;
fhuj;jpy;
Ntz;Lk;.
l;Lkd;wp>
kfpe;j uh[gf;\tpd; murhdJ cs;sJ
,Jtiuapy;;yhj> Kd;khjphpNa fhl;l nfhs;s
Kbahj ngsj;j rpq;fs Nkyhjpf;f fpof;Fg;
czh;it njhlh;e;Jk; ntspg;gLj;jp j;jtiu
tUfpd;wJ.
,aq;fj; ;ypk;fs; JkhFk;
nghd;Nrfh> mz;ikapy; nrhe;jk;" ',yq;if ,uhZtj;jsgjp rpq;fstUf;Fr; vd fUj;J ruj;
Njrpathjk Njrpathjjij '...rpqfsj;
jkpo;
ntspapl;lJk; MNkhjpf;Fk; k` mikr;ruit pe;j uh[gf;\tpd; rfh tifapy; mjid
rk;gpf;f cwgjjptpjjJ NghdW>
uzthf;f> ',yq;if tho; jkpo; K];ypk; kf;fs; te;NjW Fbfs; vd;Wk; 1990fFg;gpd;
,uhZtj;jsgjp $wpa fpoffpy;jkpo; Njrpathjk;
fUj;J rpWghd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; rhpahdJ kf;fis vd;Wk;
fUjJ Njrpathj K]ypk;
epiyia
murpay; JNuhfpfs;" th;zpj;jJ fj;jf;fJ. jiyikfs; ,f;$w;Wfs; kpfTk; vdTk; fz;bf;- Njrj;
kpf VwgLjjp ,UejJ..."
ntspg;gilahfNt murpd; nfhs;if epiyg;ghl;il VNjhnthU tifapy; gpujpgypg;gJjhd;. Vnddpy; ,Jtiu ,th;fs; ,Uthpd; fUj;ijAk; ; mikg;-
kWj;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; [dhjpgjp ; mjpfk; zpfspd;
k`pe;j uh[gf;r vt;tpj fUj;ijAk; zj;Jf;F
$whky; ,Ug;gJ muRj;jiythpd; Vida
nghWg;gw;w> ,dthj rhh;G epiyg;gl;l jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ; $baNj. Dss
❍ fle;j fhyj;ijg;Nghd;W fpof;F s;
khfhzj;jpy; jkpo; K];ypk; kf;fspd;
murhdJ apypUe;J
rdj;njhifapy; Fiwf;f fpof;fpy; jpl;lkpl;L rpq;fsf; ngUk;ghd;ikiaf; elhj;jpaJ FbNaw;wq;fis Nghd;W> ; murhf mtrpa- murpay;
k pe;j uh[gf;\tpd; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; njspthd rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wj;jpw;fhd epfo;r;rp epuy; cs;sJ. ,jw;fhd jpl;lkp-
35
Page 36
ly;fs; Muk;g nraw;ghLfs; fpof;fpy; njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;gbahd FbNaw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gLtij murhq;fk; cldbahf iftpl Ntz;Lk;.
❍ murhq;fk;> fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpaj;- Jf;fhd mjpfhug;gfph;it G+uzkhf epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. 13tJ jpUj;jj;- jpd; mbg;gilapy;jhd; khfhzrig Kiwik cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. eilKiw mDgtj;jpy; 13tJ jpUj;jk; ngUksT NghjhikfisAk; FiwghLfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpidf;F fhuzkhd Mokhd FiwghLfis mfw;Wtjw;fhd tYthd cs;slf;- fj;ij ,j;jpUj;jk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gij ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;- fpilapyhd mjpfhug; gfph;T vd;gJ 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F Nkyhf nra;ag;gl Ntz;banjhd;W. ehl;bd; Vida 07 khfhzq;fspd; gpur;rpidia tpl> tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; gpur;rpid NtWgl;lJk;> ,jw;Fj; jPh;thf MokhdJk; cWjpahdJkhd murpay; rkj;Jtj; jPh;it Ntz;b epw;gJkhFk;.
jw;Nghija fpof;fpd; murpay; jiyikfSk; $l> khfhzrigia nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; kj;jpa murpd; jiyaPl;il midj;J tplaq;fspYk; vjph;nfhs;tjhf njhptpj;Js;sdh;. xU ifahy; khfhzq;fSf;F mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpAs;s ,e;j Vw;ghL> kWifahy; mt;tjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa muR ifafg;gLj;jp fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
13tJ jpUj;jj;jpYs;s 3tJ epuy; (Concurrent list) kW vOj;jhf;fk; nra;ag;gLtJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,yq;if> ,e;jpah jtpu cyfpd; NtW ve;j ehl;bYk; ,g;gbahdnjhU 3tJ epuy; ,y;iynad murpayikg;G ty;Ydh;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. mLj;J ,dg;gpur;rpidj; jPh;Tf;fhf murhy;
36
$l;lg;gl;l dhy; Kd gf;fq;fs; jUk; xU
❍ ,d Kf;fpakhd fs; cl;gl mur fU mKYf;F gpujpepjpfs mwpf;ifa murpayi KOika ghuhSkd murhq;f Nfl;fg;gl;l
murpa nkhopAk; mKy;gLj kd;wj;jpy epiwNtw khfhzj fspYk; ng rpq;fsNk mNjNghy khtl;lq;f ,d;Wk; r Ts;sJ.
mjpfh FiwghL fpof;F nraw;gLt Vw;ghLfs Njrpa , murpay; fz;lila tsh;g;gJl Kd;khjp Kd;dpiy ftdj;jpw
❍ f chpikfi kf;fspd;
fpof;fpy; ;gbahd Ltij iftpl
puhe;jpaj;- +uzkhf jpUj;jj;- hzrig ilKiw gUksT fisAk; ;rpidf;F hLfis s;slf;- ;ftpy;iy
q;fSf;- vd;gJ ra;ag;gl da 07 a tpl> gpur;rpid jPh;thf murpay; JkhFk;.
murpay; rigia murpd; q;fspYk; dh;. xU huq;fis ifahy; muR J.
J epuy; ;jhf;fk; jhFk;. pd; NtW hU 3tJ yikg;G ;. mLj;J murhy;
$l;lg;gl;l rh;tfl;rpg; gpujpepjpfs; FOtp- dhy; Kd; itf;fg;gl;l> ntWkNd 2 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l mwpf;if Vkhw;wj;ij jUk; xU MtzkhfNt cs;sJ.
❍ ,d;DnkhU cjhuzKk; ,q;F Kf;fpakhdJ. tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;- fs; cl;gl ,yq;if KOtjpYk; jkpOk; mur fUk nkhop vd;gJ ,d;dKk; mKYf;F tutpy;iy> rh;tfl;rp gpujpepjpfs; FOthy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifapy;;$l> nkhopfs; njhlh;ghd murpayikg;gpd; 4tJ mj;jpahaj;ij KOikahf mKy;gLj;j ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;w murhq;fk; Kd;tuNtz;Lnkd Nfl;fg;gl;lJ kpfTk; JujpU\;l trkhdJ.
murpayikg;gpy; cs;s jkpo; nkhopAk; mur fUknkhop vd;gij mKy;gLj;j Vd; ,e;j jaf;fk;? ghuhS- kd;wj;jpy; Vd; ,jw;F jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;? fpof;F khfhzj;jpYs;s %d;W khtl;lq;- fspYk; nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; ,d;Wk; rpq;fsNk fUknkhopahfTs;sJ. mNjNghy; jpUf;Nfhzkiy> mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fspd; nrayfq;fspy; (fr;Nrhp) ,d;Wk; rpq;fsNk fUk nkhopahf- Ts;sJ.
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa FiwghLfs; jPh;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. fpof;F khfhzrig RahjPdkhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs; eph;thf Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gLtJ ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpidf;fhd jPh;it murpay; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij khh;f;fj;jpy; fz;lilayhk; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;ifia tsh;g;gJld; mjpfhug; gfph;e;jspg;gpy; Kd;khjphpahd gpuhe;jpakhfTk; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
❍ fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; kdpj chpikfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kf;fspd; [dehaf> tho;Thpikfis
giw‐2008‐ et
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ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; murhq;fk; cWjpahd eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mq;F MAjg;gpuNahfk;> mjd; Mjpf;fk; epWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
❍ fpof;F kf;fspd; gpur;rpidapy; Kf;fpa mf Kuz;ghlhf cs;s jkpo; K];ypk; kf;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs; vg;gb khw;wk; nfhs;fpwJ> vt;tifahd tbtq;fis vLf;fpwJ> mjd; tpisTfs;> ,d;iwa Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;J ehk; tphpthfNt ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd fhy mtfhrk; ,g;NghJ ,y;iy.
RUf;fkhf ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ehk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba mk;rkhf> fpof;fpy; jkpo; K];ypk; Kuz;ghl;bw;F top Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpahf tsg;gpur;rpid cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf epyk; (tptrha> FbapUg;G> th;j;jf epiyaq;fs;) njhlh;ghd Nghl;bNa gpujhd fhuzkhf tpsq;fp tUfpwJ. mj;Jld; fy;tp> nghJj;J- iwfs;> mur njhopy; tha;g;Gfspy; cs;s gq;fPL.
,e;j Kuz;ghl;L epiyia> mq;Fs;s MAjf;FOf;fSk;> jopo; K];ypk; murpay; jiyikfSk;> jkpo; K];ypk; kf;fspd; xw;Wikia tpUk;ghj rf;jpfSk; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; gad;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.
giw‐2008‐et
fpof;F gLj;jp j tho;tpy; cwitAk gzpia nraw;gl cs;Nsh khfhzk kf;fSf;f ,dgz;g fl;bnaO ghPl;rhHj;j
,e;j murhq; ngUk;ghy dhNyh ,jid Gjpa r mtrpakh
Kbth fpilNa gy;ypd r mjpfhuq cWjpg;g Vw;fitf Kd;Ds;s
,it kl;Lky;y khFk;. m
Wjpahd ;. mq;F Mjpf;fk;
;rpidapy; ;s jkpo; apyhd fhs;fpwJ> Lf;fpwJ> ghf;Ffs; ghh;f;f mtfhrk;
py; ehk; tz;ba K];ypk; ;gLj;Jk; cs;sJ. bapUg;G> hlh;ghd tpsq;fp nghJj;J- ;g;Gfspy;
iyia> k;> jopo; k;> jkpo; tpUk;ghj ad;gLj;jp
fpof;F khfhzj;ij Kd;dpiyg;- gLj;jp jkpo; K];ypk; kf;fSila tho;tpy; rkj;JtKk; If;fpaKk; g];gu cwitAk; kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd gzpia Kd;khjphpahff;nfhz;L nraw;glNtz;ba fhyfl;lj;jpy; cs;Nshk;. ajhHj;jj;jpy; fpof;F khfhzk; xl;Lnkhj;j ,yq;if kf;fSf;fhd murpay; jPHitAk; r%f ,dgz;ghl;LnghUshjhu cwTfis fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd kpfr; rpwe;j ghPl;rhHj;j fskhFk;.
,e;jg; gzpiar; nra;tjpy; murhq;fj;jpdhNyh mq;Fs;s ngUk;ghyhd murpay; jiyikfsp- dhNyh Kbahky; Ngha;tpl;Ls;sJ. ,jid rhj;jpag;gLj;Jtjw;F ekf;F Gjpa rpe;jid nraw;jpl;lq;fs; mtrpakhfpAs;sJ.
Kbthf ,yq;ifapy; ,dq;fSf;- fpilNa xUq;fpize;j tho;itAk; gy;ypd r%fq;fSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd mjpfhuq;fis toq;fp [dehafj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp jdpj;Jtq;fs; Vw;fitf;fg;gLtJ ek; midtUf;Fk; Kd;Ds;s rthyhFk;.
,itfs; murpay; gpur;rpid kl;Lky;y ngUk; khdplg; gpur;rpidA- khFk;. mwk; rhHe;j Jauq;fSkhFk;.
❍
37
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Nuhz;lh Nfhl;yPg; 1
jkpopy; fy;gdh
38
mwpKfk;:
ekJ rkfhy ngz; t epyTfpd;w ghypa ghj;jpuq;f@s; g njhy;iyfs;> epW jha;ik> tPl;L Ntiy re;ijapYk; ngz;fs tplaq;fs; Fwpj; myRfpd;w Vuhsk nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpw gyTk; xU tuyhw;W Muhag;gl;bUf;fpwJ ,j;jifa gpur;r KiwiaNa khw;wpa
,e;jf; fl;Liu jw;NghJ tof;fq;fs;> mtw;wpd; r Muha;e;J tpsf;fpwJ. fhHy Nfhl;ghl;il xj;jKiwapy; ngz; NrHf;if ghy; cwT ngz; NrHf;if cwTfs; EfHT epiwnta;tijg;
mwpKfk;:
ekJ rkfhy ngz; tpLjiy ,af;fq;fspy; epyTfpd;w ghypay; tif khjphpg; ghj;jpuq;f@s; ghypay; td;Kiw> njhy;iyfs;> epWtdkakhf;fg;gl;l jha;ik> tPl;L NtiyKiwapYk; ciog;Gr; re;ijapYk; ngz;fspd; epiy ,d;Dk; gy tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;; mf;fiwNahL myRfpd;w Vuhskhd vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;jg; gpur;ridfs; gyTk; xU tuyhw;Wf; fl;lj;jpw;Fs; itj;J Muhag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ngz;zpa Ma;Tfs; ,j;jifa gpur;ridfis Nehf;Fk; KiwiaNa khw;wpaikj;jpUf;fpwJ.
e;jf; fl;Liu jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s ghypay; ;fq;fs;> mtw;wpd; r%fg; Gyk; Fwpj;J myrp ;e;J tpsf;fpwJ. fhHy;khHf;rpd; kjpg;G tpjp Fwpj;j ;ghl;il xj;jKiwapy; Xhpdr; NrHf;if kw;Wk;; Mz;- ; NrHf;if ghy; cwTfs; Muhag;gLfpwJ. Mz;- ; NrHf;if cwTfs; ngz;fspd; ghypay; ,d;g epiwnta;tijg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ> Mz;fspd;
giw‐2008‐ et
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,d;g EfHr;rpia jpUg;jp nra;Ak; tifapNyNa fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;w KbTf;F fl;Liu tUfpd;wJ. ,jw;F khwhf> Xhpdr; NrHf;ifahshpd; ghYwT ,af;fq;fs; ghypay; eltbf;ifapy; mjpfhuk;> Vw;wj; jho;Tfs; mw;w xU ghypay; mikg;igf; fl;likf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; epyTfpd;w Mz;-ngz; NrHf;if cwTfspd; fl;likg;GfspypUe;J tpyfp GzHr;rpia ghypay; eltbf;ifapd; ikakhf tiuaWf;fhj xU ghypay; eilKiw cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> fl;likf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,d;Dk; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; Ann Kodrs (1971) “The myth of the viginal orgasm” kw;Wk; Shese hires the hire report (1976) Fwpj;j jtwpa ek;gpf;if vd;w Gj;jfKk; mwpf;ifAk; ngz;ghYwT gw;wpa Kf;fpa ,uz;L Ma;NtLfsha; ehk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;syhk;. Vnddpy; ,t;tpuz;LNk ngz;ghYwT vd;w xd;iw murpaNyhL gpd;dpg; gpizj;j kdpj caphpay; njhlHghd xU $l;Lf; fyitahf ghtpf;fpd;wd.
nrhe;j "mDgtq;fis gfpHe;J nfhs;Sjy;" epiyapy; ,Ue;J Kd;Ndwp Mz;fs; vg;gb ghYwT vd;w mikg;ig jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhf cUthf;fp ,Uf;fpwhHfs; vd;gij ntspr;rk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;LfpwhHfs;. Fwpg;ghf nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; n\a;l; gy cjhuzq;fs; %yk; mjpfkhf Gof;fj;;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ghYwT Kiwapy; MZila jpUg;jpNa Nkyhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ vd;gij n`a;l; jd;Dila mwpf;ifapy; tpsf;FfpwhH. ghYwT KiwfNs rKjhaj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLk; fl;rpaikg;Gfs; vd;W $Wk; n`a;l;bDila njspthd ghHitNa mtUila Ma;tpw;F xU ,d;wpaikahj rpwg;ig toq;FfpwJ.
giw‐2008‐et
mtU ed;Kiwa njspthf Mf;fg;g mikti gpuNahfpj r%fj;jpd ghYwT Kiwahd NkYk; x kiwf;fg Ngrg;glh ntspNa Nehf;fkh ,UghYw fUjg;gL Muha;tj ,Uf;Fk jpiutpy ry;yhgK kl;LNk Nghf;ifA ngz; m jukhf fU nfhs;sg gug;gp go
mjht ghYwT K kpFjpahd gLtjhY ,UghyU fpilg;gj gb ek;gg gpufldq Mz;-ngz Mw;wYl Mz;fS ngUksT Kiwahf xj;jjhf
cwT kl;LNk xJf;fpd;w nghUshj
nra;Ak; l;Ls;sd Ufpd;wJ. fahshpd; hypay; Uf;FNk njhpa k;> Vw;wj; ikg;igf; pyTfpd;w Tfspd; Hr;rpia kakhf ilKiw kf;fg;gl
hy; Ann e viginal hire report ;if vd;w ;ghYwT Lfsha; Vnddpy; T vd;w gpizj;j U $l;Lf;
gfpHe;J Kd;Ndwp vd;w hjfkhf vd;gij pwhHfs;. n\a;l; gy jpfkhf Kiwapy; yhdjhf n`a;l; f;FfpwhH. haj;jpy; fs; vd;W jspthd pw;F xU q;FfpwJ.
mtUila Gj;jf juthdJ ed;Kiwapyhd ghypay; nraw;ghLfis njspthf tpthjpg;gNjhL jpUkzk; Mf;fg;glhj ghYwT KiwNa miktijNa Nehf;fkhf nfhz;L gpuNahfpj;j Nghy Mz;top rhHe;j r%fj;jpd; ghjpg;NghL $ba ehk; ghYwT KiwNa tpUk;Gtjw;F Kiwahd xU ghYwT njhlHghd NkYk; xU Ma;it toq;FtJk; kiwf;fg;gLk;. my;yJ ntspapy; Ngrg;glhj rpy ghypay; EDf;fq;fis ntspNa nfhz;L tUtJk; vd;Dila Nehf;fkhFk;. vd;Dla ,e;j Kiwia ,UghYwtpd; 'rhprk ,d;gk;" vd;W fUjg;gLk; xd;iwg;gw;wp ed;whf Muha;tjd; %yk; ,UghypdhpilNa ,Uf;Fk; rkj;Jtkw;w jd;ikia jpiutpyf;fp fhl;l tpUk;GfpNwd;. ry;yhgKiw Mz;-ngz; cwit kl;LNk gpuj;jpafg;gLj;jp rhl;Lg; Nghf;ifAk; Mz;-ngz; NrHf;ifapy; ngz; milAk; ,d;gk; ,uz;lhk; jukhf fUjg;gLk; epiyiaAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;w Nfhl;ghlhf gug;gp gof;fg;gLj;jp te;jpUf;fpwJ.
mjhtJ Mz;-ngz; NrHf;ifjhd; ghYwT Kiw vd;gJ NghyTk; mjpy; kpFjpahd md;G ,d;gk; jaf;fg;- gLtjhYk;; mJTk;
Page 40
epiyapd; jhf;fk;> Mz;fspd; td;Kiw> fho;GzHr;rpNahL Xhpdr;NrHf;ifah- siu gopthq;Fk; r%fg; Nghf;F> ,g;gbg; gopthq;Ftjd; %yk; rkkw;w mz;-ngz; NrHf;if Kiwia r%fk; ghJfhj;J tsHf;Fk; tpjk; vd;d tpw;iw vy;yhk; tpaf;f ,Uf;fpNwd;. ,e;j R+o;epiyapy; gpd;dzpapy; Xhpdr; NrHf;if gw;wpAk; ghHf;fyhk;. mt;TwT Kiwfisg; gw;wp Muhayhk;.
Xhpd NrHf;if cwT Kiwapd; gb ,g;ghYwT Kiwapy; f;ifah- Nghf;F> ; rkkw;w r%fk; tpw;iw ;. ,e;j ; Xhpdr; mt;TwT ;.
apd; gb
Page 41
,d;gj;ijAk; xd;whfNt ngz;fs; fUJfpwhHfs;. Ra ,d;gj;jpd; nghOJ ngz;fs; gutr epiyia milfpwhHfs; vd;w cz;ik ngz;fs; ghYwtpy; czHr;rpfis rhpahf ntspg;gLj;- jhjtHfs; vd;Wk; ngz;fs; gutr epiyia Mw;wy; mw;wtHfs; vd;Wk; ek;gg;gLk; jtwhd thjj;ij ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j ek;gpf;if $w;NwhLk;> A+fj;NjhLk; njhlq;fp NkYk; n`a;l; ,Ughy; cwTKiw $Wfshd
( Fore play Peneteration )
nray;ghLfs; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ vd;W tpsf;FfpwhH.
n`a;l;bd; ma;tpd;gb 30 rhtPjg; ngz;fs; kl;Lk; jhd; ghYwT gutr epiyia Mz;> ngz; GzHr;rpapd; nghOJ miltjhf $wpAs;shHfs;. mj;NjhL mg;gutr epiy vd;gJ tof;fkhf ngUk;ghYk; ngz;zpd; fzf;fpd; Kaw;rpfspd; kfspHrj;ij J}z;l vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; ngz;zpd; fzf;fpl;l xU Jy;ypakhd
giw‐2008‐et
Kaw;rpapd gutr epi Fwpg;ghf nghJ c kl;LNk t GzHr;rpa cs;Ns kiwKfk ngz;fS cz;lhf ,y;iy. ( GzHr;rp ey;y GzHr;rpa kHk cW nra;tjd ngwg;g nra;ag;g Mz;fs; epiyia cly; rh cfe;jj nra;tj vg;nghOJ epiyia nghUshf jk;Kil GzHr;rp ,Ue;jhY ghYwtpy NfhshWk epWtdkh gpd;gw;wg Kiwapd Vw;gLtjp gpur;rid jd;ikap Nghij k gof;fk;> G+jhfkhd Njhd;W fz;lwpag
kw;w ntspg;gh GzHr;rp
ngz;fs; ; nghOJ lfpwhHfs; hYwtpy; spg;gLj;- ; gutr ; vd;Wk; Uf;fpwJ. fj;NjhLk; ,Ughy;
;fSf;F J vd;W
0 rhtPjg; T gutr Hr;rpapd; ;shHfs;. vd;gJ gz;zpd; spHrj;ij sg;gLk; ;ypakhd
Kaw;rpapd; tpisthfj;jhd; ngz;fs; gutr epiy vl;l KbfpwJ. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf ,e;j J}z;ly; MzpDila nghJ cWg;ghy; J}z;lg;gLtjhy; kl;LNk tof;fkhf mila KbfpwJ. GzHr;rpapd; NghJ Mz; gpwg;G cWg;G cs;Ns nrYj;jg;gLtjhy; kl;LNk kiwKfkhf Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; J}z;ly; ngz;fSf;F gutr epiyia cz;lhf;Ftjw;F NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. (Hite 1976 168) mNj rkak; GzHr;rp Mz;fspd; ghy; ,d;gj;ij ey;y Kiwapy; mZFfpwJ. GzHr;rpapd; NghJ Mz; cWg;G ngz; kHk cWg;G RtHfspd; cuhar; nra;tjd; %yk; Ra ,d;gj;jpd; NghJ ngwg;gLk; J}z;ly; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. vdNt tof;fkhf Mz;fs; GzHr;rpapd; NghJ gutr epiyia milthHfs;. ,J Mz;fspd; cly; rhHe;j caphpay; mikg;gpw;F cfe;jjha; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;gb nra;tjhy; vy;yh Mz;fSk; vg;nghOJk; GzHr;rpapd; nghOJ gutr epiyia milfpwhHfs; vd;W nghUshfhJ. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf Mz;fs; jk;Kila tpiug;Gj; jd;ikia GzHr;rpapd; NghJ ,of;fyhk;. ,Ue;jhYk; Mz;fspilNa ,e;j ghYwtpy; nrayhw;Wk; jpwdpy; Vw;gLk; NfhshWk; rKjhaj;jpy; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;L epWtdkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhyk; fhykha; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;w ghypay; Kiwapd; Vw;wj; jho;thd epiyahy; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. mz;fSila ghypay; gpur;ridfs; Ngrpa (Mz;ikj; jd;ikapd; Nky; kyl;Lj; jd;ik> Nghij kUe;J gof;fk;> kJ mUe;Jk; gof;fk;> ngUQ;NrhHT> jsHT epiy) G+jhfkhd gpur;ridfspd; tpisthf Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;W fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. (Hite 1981402)
kw;w gy;NtW tifahd ghYwT ntspg;ghLfis tpl Mz;> ngz; GzHr;rp tbtk; nrYj;Jfpw Mjpf;f
41
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epiyAk; GzHjy; xd;Wjhd; ghYwT ,d;gj;jpd; mbg;gil ,yf;F vd;W epHzapf;fg;gl;l epiyAk; ngz;fis xLf;Ffpw Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; ghypay; my;yJ rKf cwT KiwfisAk; jhd; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ. ngz ghYwT K epiyik %lek;gpf;i gutr ep nfhLf;F cUthf;f epiyf;F J}z;ly; M vg;Nghjht vg;NghJN jhd; fUj
jw;Ng Mz;> n ,UghyU mstpy; K vd;w ek;g nra;a r% Kiw Gz tf;fpuk Nghd;wtw kffs; f bUf;fpwhH R+o;epiy fw;gid n xU rpyU MZWg;G gutrepiy ,g;gutr epiyik ngz;fs; J}z;lg ngUk;gh miltjh gutr epi Vw;wj;jho njspthf
ghYwT ;F vd;W z;fis ghypay; Ak; jhd; NrHf;if j;jpd; gb Yf;fhd ;ag;gl;l ghYWT UksT rkak; ntWk; ;lhfNt ntWk; ; ,d;g LfpwJ. ;L" vd;w hYwtpy; ,y;iy. Ljiy Lk; xU d;Wjhd; fspf;if tpsf;fk; tpjj;ij j;ijNa ; $WtJ hYwtpy; Ltjpy; piwg;Gj; hs;sNt . vdNt f elf;f ffis ;fpwhHfs;. T fhy
f;fg;gl;- kl;LNk ;ifapd; piyia ; 95 rj epiyia le;jjhf
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. (Hire – 1972209) NkYk; ngUksT vz;zpf;ifapyhd Mz;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ngz; $l;lhspfSf;F ve;jtpjkhd kfspH fe;J J}z;ly; ',d;gj;ijAk; (clitorolstrimutation) toq;fNt ,y;iyahk;. (1976 - 212) ,g;gpur;- ridapd; mbg;gilNa gpuj;jpNafkhf mz;>ngz; NrHf;if kl;Lk; jhd;. ghYwT Kiw vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epiyikjhd; ,e;j Mz; r%f %lek;gpf;ifapd; tpisthf Mz; fhk gutr epiyf;F KO cj;jputhjk; nfhLf;Fk; xU ghYwT mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. kfspH gutr epiyf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; fe;J J}z;ly; Mz;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g vg;NghjhtJ elj;jg;gLfpd;w my;yJ vg;NghJNk elj;jg;glhj nrayhfTk; jhd; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s Mz;> ngz; ghYwT Kiwf;F ,UghyUf;FNk xUtUf;nfhUtH 'rk mstpy; KO ,d;gk;" toq;ff; $baJ vd;w ek;gpf;ifia Vw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;a r%f mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w FLk;g Kiw GzHr;rpia czHj;jpf fhl;Lfpd;w tf;fpukhd fyhr;rhu R+oypy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; ngUk;ghyhd kffs; fhyk; fhykhf gof;fg;gl;- bUf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;j ghYwT R+o;epiy jiyfPoha; khWtjha; fw;gid nra;jhy; mjhtJ Mz;fspy; xU rpyUf;F kl;LNk vg;NghjhtJ MZWg;Gj; J}z;lg;gl;L mjd; %yk; gutrepiy mile;jjhfNth my;yJ ,g;gutr epiyia Mz;fs; vl;lhj epiyik ,Ug;gjhfTk;; mNjrkak; ngz;fs; vg;NghJNk kfspH fe;J J}z;lg;gl;L gutrepiyia ngUk;ghYk; my;yJ vg;NghJk; miltjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy;> milAk; gutr epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; tpfpjhrhu Vw;wj;jho;T midtUf;Fk; kpfTk; njspthf Gyg;gLk; my;yth? Mdhy;
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ghYwtpy; mz;fis Nkyhdjha; kjpj;J ngz;fis ,uz;lhk; ju my;yJ Kf;fpaj;Jtkw;w epiyf;F js;Sfpd;w Nghf;F ek; rKjhaj;jpy; epyTtjhy; kpfr; rpyH kl;LNk jw;NghJ elKiwapy; cs;s ghYwT gutrepiy Vw;wj;jho;T Fwpj;J mjpHe;J NghfpwhHfs;. Jujp];ltrkhf ghYwT edilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j Vw;wj; jho;thd epiyik Fwpj;j ngUk;ghyhd tpthjq;fs; ntWk; tpthpj;jy; epiyikNahL epd;W tpLfpd;wd. ,j;jid tpthjq;fs; gpur;ridfis tpghpj;J NgRk; epiyia fle;J Nghtjpy;iy. ,e; epiyikf;F fhuzNk khf;]pd; %yjd nfhs;iff;F epfuhd xU gue;j Mw;wy; tha;e;j ghYwT Kiwapy; Ruz;ly; epiyia
ed;F tpsf;Fk;; xU Nfhl;ghl;L tiuaiw cUthf;fg;glhjJjhd;. kjpg;G hPjpahd khf;]pd; njhopy; nfhs;if nghUshjhur; Ruz;liy kpfTk; njspthd tifapy; tpthjpf;f toptif nra;jpUf;fpwJ. njhopy; Mw;wy; vd;gJ mj;jifa kjpg;gpw;F Vw;w thq;fNth my;yJ tpw;wfNth gLfpwJ. mjd; kjg;G kw;w tpw;gidg; nghUs;fisg; NghyNt mjd; cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd Ntiy Neuj;ijg; nghWj;Nj epHzak; nraag;gLfpwJ. xU njhopyhspapd; ruhrhp jpd tUkhdk; ciog;ig Ruz;Lfpw Nghf;fhFk; vd;W khHf;]; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. khHf;rpd; ,e;j kjpg;G hPjpahd njhopy; nfhs;ifiag; Nghd;W xU Nfhl;ghl;il ghYwT eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; Vw;wj;jho;it myr cjTk; tifapy; cUthf;f KbAkh vd;W ehk; ,g;NghoJ ghHf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf Cjpaj;jpw;F jf;f Ntiy vd;W Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w cwT Kiwia thq;fp Ntiyj;jpwid tpw;gjhy; jpzpf;fg;Lk; rkj;Jtkw;w r%f cwT Kiwfs; 'Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk;" Nghd;wtw;wpy; Gijf;fg;- gl;bUg;gij ehk; ed;F fhz KbAk;. ghYwT gpur;ridfis ,e;jf; Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J ehk; mDfpdhy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; $l Rje;jpukhd rkj;Jtkhd cwtpy; Eiotjhf
43
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mspf;Fk;khaj; Njhw;wj;ij ek;khy; czu KbAk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,Ughy; $lypy; ifahsg;gLk; Kf;fpa KiwNa ngz; fhk ,r;rirf;F vjpuhf my;yJ mijg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ Mz; ,r;iraj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; tz;zNk mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ghYwT vd;gNj Mz;> ngz; GzHr;rpapd; %yNk ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jpUg;gjhy; ngz;fis tpl Mz;fNs ngUksT fhk ,d;gj; J}z;liy ngWfpd;wdH. cz;ikapy; Mz;> ngz; ghYwT Kiwapd; gb ngUk;ghYk; mz; fhkgutr epiyia vl;bagpd; ngz;zpd; gutr epiyAk; KbTf;F te;jhf Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt Mz;> ngz; cwT Kiw xNu msT ,d;gj;ij ,UtUk; Efur; nra;Ak; jd;ik cilajhf Njhd;wpdhYk; cz;ikapy ,J xUtH ,d;gj;jpd; mg;ghw;gl;lNjahFk;. Mz;> ngz;zplk; ,Ue;J ngw;w fhkj; J}z;liy kpfr; rpwpa mstpy; jhd; jpUk;gj; jUfpwhd;. ,jdhy; ngz; gutr epiyia miltJ vd;gJ kpfTk; mhpjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ngz;zpd; ghYwTr; nray;fs; ahTNk xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%f cwTKiwapd;
44
gpd;dzpa Fwpg;gpl;l ,ioNa ,Uf;fpwJ epfSk; n ,Ue;J t Kiwahd epHzapf;f tiuaWf;f xU fl;g ,g;gbg;g $WfSk; Mjpf;f gpujpgypg Njdpth eilKiw mbg;gil rkj;Jtkpd jha; fhz ,d;g ms xg;gpl;L t xt;nthU Mj;kjpUg gutr epi msg;gNjh ,Ug;gpDk kw;Wk; kj ,d;gj;ij KbAk; xN ,g;gutr vl;lKbAk fhkj;jpy; tpUg;g gL wJ. ,e;j Mjq;fk; $lypy; f jpwdpy; M fpilNa NtWghL Kiwiaj vd;gJjh mbg;gil rpwe;j ca gutrepiy mz;fis
ek;khy; ,Ughy; KiwNa my;yJ ,r;iraj; ;zNk vd;gNj %yNk g;gjhy; gUksT fpd;wdH. ghYwT k; mz; ;bagpd; KbTf;F
T Kiw k; Efur; lajhf J xUtH k;. Mz;> fhkj; py; jhd; z; gutr kpfTk; z;zpd; Nk xU iwapd;
gpd;dzpapy; epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;l rpy Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyfNshL kl;LNk ,ioNahf Ntz;ba fl;lhak; ,Uf;fpwJ. jdpj;Jtj;NjhL jhdhf epfSk; ntspg;ghL vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;J tpyfp Mz;> ngz; cwT KiwahdJ Kd;$l;bNa rKjhaj;jhy; epHzapf;fg;gl;l xd;whfTk; kpfTk; tiuaWf;fg;l;l fl;Lkhdq;fNshL $ba xU fl;ghakhfTk; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;gbg;gl;l kw;Wk; kjdePH) xd;Wjhd; ghYwtpy; ,d;gj;ij ed;F ghHf;f kw;Wk; fzf;fpl KbAk; xNu ntspg;ghlhFk;. fhkj;jpy; ,g;gutrepiyia ,UghyUNk vl;lKbAk;. NkYk; ,g;gutr epiyjhd; fhkj;jpy; milag;gl Ntz;ba kw;Wk; tpUg;g gLfpd;w tpisthf fUjg;gLfp- wJ. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; vd;Dila Mjq;fk; vd;dntdpy; Mz;> ngz; $lypy; fhkg;gutrepiyia milAk; jpwdpy; Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;- fpilNa ,Uf;Fk; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j NtWghL Mw;wypy; rkj;Jtkw;w cwT Kiwiaj;jhd; njspthf fhl;LfpwJ vd;gJjhd;> juk;> jd;ik Nghd;w mbg;gilfspy; ngz;fs; mz;fistpl rpwe;j caHe;j epiyapy; gutr epiyapy; gutrepiy milfpwhHfs;. ,J mtHfs; mz;fistpl fhymsT tpfpjhrhuj;jpy;
giw‐2008‐ et
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Fiwe;J ,Ug;gij ngz; $ly; Kiwapy; mz;fspd; Ruz;ly; kw;WK; mz;fs; ngz;fs; ,d;gj;ij Gwf;fzpj;J mstpy; mjpfkhf gutr epiyia milAk; epiy Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpj;J xU nghpa KiwaPL gjpT nra;Ak; mstw;F ,g; gpur;rid Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;. vhpr;riyAk; mjd; tpisthy; Vw;gl;l cly; rhHe;j mwpFwpfisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;b jpUkzj;ij Fwpj;j jq;fs; mwpFwpia njhptpj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. (Bornard1971 :148 to 152) ,q;Nf ,Uz;L Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fs; ftdj;jpw;Fhpait Kjspy;
Page 46
Mz;fs; xU rPuhd fhy mstpy; my;yJ mbf;fb tha; EfH ,d;gk; (Fellotio) jhq;fs; ngWtjpy;iy. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf gutrepiyia milAk; tifapy; jq;fSf;F me;j ,d;gk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd;w mjpUg;jp njhptpg;gjhf n`a;l; fz;lwpe;jhH (1981 : 538)
,jpypUe;J Mz;fs; NtWgl;l ghypd;g topfspd; %yk; ,d;gk; EfHe;J jpUg;jp milfpwhHfs; vd;W ed;whf Gyg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; gy;NtW my;yJ NtWgl;l topfspy; fhk gutr epiyia mila ghypd;g nraiy khw;Wtjw;Nf Mz;fs; mbg;gilapy; tpUk;GfpwhHfs;. Mz;fs; kl;Lk; Mz; Fwpia ikakhf itj;J gy;NtW topfspy; clYwT ,d;gj;ij Efuyhk;! Mdhy; ngz; ,d;g nefpo;T my;yJ J}z;lYf;F ghjfkhd Mz; clypd;g J}z;liy Kf;fpaj;Jt gLj;Jfpw ghYwT eilKiwfspd; ntspg;ghlhf clYwtpy; ngz;zpd; ,d;gj;ij ,uz;lhe;jug;gLj;jyhk; my;yJ Gwf;fzpf;fyhk; vd;gijj;jhd; mz;fspd; clYwT Kiwia ngz;fSf;F ,d;gkspf;Fk; tifapy; khw;w tpUk;ghj gpbthjkhd
46
tpUg;gkpd Mz;> ng Mz;fs;
,u epiyA epiy $wt KOik ila gq;F ngz;f vg;Ngh milf ghYwT msT vd;gi vdNt Mz;> ngz;f mila ntt;N ,Ut jpUg;jp mz;f ntspg Ntz ,Uf;f mtHfi ngUk mila Mz;f tpe;J n ajhHj nfhz J}z;l ghYwT nra;a ngz ghypd (Femal f l ; L xd;whf Rfk; N Nghy nra;a
mstpy; ,d;gk; . mjpYk; ilAk; ,d;gk; jpUg;jp ;jhH (1981
tWgl;l ; EfHe;J ed;whf my;yJ epiyia ;Wtjw;Nf fpwhHfs;. ikakhf clYwT ; ngz; ;lYf;F }z;liy ghYwT ;ghlhf d;gj;ij my;yJ jj;jhd; iwia tifapy; hjkhd
tpUg;gkpd;ik czHj;JfpwJ. ,J jhd; Mz;> ngz; ghYwT mikg;gpypUe;J Mz;fs; milAk; ,yhgkhFk;.
,uz;lhtjhf fhkg;gutr epiyAk;> ghYwtpy; KO jpUg;jp epiyAk; xd;nwd;W ehd; $wtutpy;iy. Iakpd;wp KOikahd ghYwT jpUg;jpa- ila kw;w gy;NtW $WfSk;; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; ngz;fs; kpfr;rpwpa mstpy; vg;NghjhtJ ghYwT gutrj;ij milfpd;w epiyik mtHfsJ ghYwT mDgtk; NghJkhd msT kfpo;r;rp jUtjha; ,y;iy vd;gijAk; czHj;JfpwJ. vdNt mjpfsT Gof;fj;jpYs;s Mz;> ngz; $lypy; ngz;fSf;Fk;> mz;fSf;Fk; mila Ntz;ba ,yf;Ffs; ntt;Ntwha; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,UtUk; xNu Neuj;jpy; jpUg;jpia mile;JtpLtjpy;iy. mz;fSf;F jq;fs; ghypd;g ntspg;ghl;il mjpfg;gLj;j NtzLnkd;w mq;fyha;G ,Uf;fyhk;! mdhy; ngz;fNshL mtHfis xg;gpLifapy; mz;fs; ngUkstpy; ghypd;g jpUg;jp milaj;jhd; nra;fpwhHfs;. Mz;fs; caphpay; my;yJ mz; tpe;J ntspNaw;wy; Njit vd;w ajhHj;j epiy ed;F Ghpe;J nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;g cly; ,d;g J}z;ly; toq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; jhd; ghYwT vd;w xd;Nw tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mdhy; ngz;fspy; ngz;fspd; ghypd;gj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; (Female Sexuality) m J f l ; L g ; g L j ; j g ; g L f p d ; w xd;whfyhk;. Mz; ghypd;gj;jpw;F Rfk; NrHf;Fk; xH ,uz;lhe;juk; Nghyjhd; tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. NkYk;
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mj;NjhL $l mjpf mstpyhd Mz; gutrepiy r%fj;jpy; ngUksT gutpapUf;Fk; Miz gpuj;jpafg;gLj;Jk; Nghf;fpd; gpujpgypg;Ng mFk;. clYwT eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; ghypd;g nray; gq;fPL ngz;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; njhopy; epWtdq;fspy; ghy; hPjpahd Ntiy gq;fPl;L KiwNahL xj;jJjhd; ,t;tpuz;bw;Fk; mjpf NtWghL ,y;iy. ,uz;LNk Mzpd; ghYwT my;yJ nghUshjhu epiyikapy; vt;tsT Fiw ,Ue;jhYk; my;yJ mjpUg;jpf- ukhd epiyapypUe;jhYk; ngz;fspy; tho;epiy mijtpl fPohf jho;e;Jjhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij cwjp nra;fpd;wd. ,j;NjhL fl;Liuapd; ,g;gphptpd; ,Wjpahd kw;nwhU Kf;fpa fUj;ijf; fhzyhk;. Mz;fs; ngUkstpy; fhkg;gutr epiyia vl;Ltjw;F fhuzNk mz;fs; ngz; gq;F Fwpj;J Ngrf;$ba ngz;zpa rpe;jidahsHfspd; ngz;zpa ,zf;fj;ijAk; mq;fPfhpf;f kWj;jdH. mHj;jkw;w tifapy; mtHfs; ,tw;iw jq;fSf;F ghjfkhf ghYwtpy; rkj;Jt epiyia mila vj;jdpf;Fk; ngz;zpd; Kaw;rpia nghpJk; ntFz;L fz;bj;jdH. (hire : 303 to 328).
,jpypUe;J
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48
vd;.rutzd;
K
jypy;> r%fj;jpy;
r%fj;jpy; epyTfpd;w ng vg;gb Ngrhg;nghUl;fshf Ntz;lhkh? ,J ntWk; j Ngr Kd;tuhikapdhN tplaq;fis Ngrhg;ngh Mjpf;f rf;jpfsJ eyd;f Nghrhg;nghUshf Mf;F jf;fitg;gjpYk; XH mu Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.
r%fj;jpy; vq;Fk; tput aho;ikathjk;> irtNts
K
jypy;> r%fj;jpy; kpfTk; tpupthf tputpepd;W>
fj;jpy; epyTfpd;w ngUk;ghyhd xLf;FKiwfs; g;gb Ngrhg;nghUl;fshf Mfpd;wd vdgij rpe;jpf;f tz;lhkh? ,J ntWk; jw;nraNyh my;yJ vtUNk gr Kd;tuhikapdhNyh ele;jitay;y. rpy plaq;fis Ngrhg;nghUshf itj;jpUg;gjpNyNa jpf;f rf;jpfsJ eyd;fs; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. vdNt ghrhg;nghUshf Mf;FtjpYk; mjid mg;gbNa f;fitg;gjpYk; XH murpay; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij
wpj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.
r%fj;jpy; vq;Fk; tputpepw;Fk; Ruz;ly;> ghy;thjk;> ho;ikathjk;> irtNtshs rpj;jhe;jk; Nghd;wtw;iw
giw‐2008‐ et
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Ngrhg;nghUshf itj;jpUg;gjpy; Mjpf;f rf;jpfs; ngupJk; mf;fiwah- As;sd. ,tw;iw ,t;thW itj;jpUg;- gjpy; kpFe;j gpuaj;jdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,j;jilfisAk; kPwp ,Jtiu vtUNk Ngrhky; ,Ue;J tpl;ljhf $w KbahJ. mt;thW NgrpatHfsJ Fuy;fs; vt;thW eRf;fg;- gl;ld vd;gJjhd; ftdj;jpw;FupjhFk;. ,jw;nfd Mjpf;f rf;jpfs; ifahSk; nghwpKiwfs; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;badthFk;.
r%fj;jpy; epyTk; Mjpf;ff; fUj;jhf;fq;fis Mjpf;f FOkk; Neubahf epiwNtw;wNtz;ba mtrpak; fpilahJ. mt;thwhd Mjpf;f fUj;- jhf;fq;fSk;> mjd; tbtq;fSk; Neu- bahf gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;wpy;iy. mit epWtdkag;gl;Ls;s #oypy; mjid mlf;fg;gLNthUk; $l jhkwpahkNyNa me;j Mjpf;f gpuNahfj;jpy; gq;Fnfhs;tH.
,e;j Mjpf;f fUj;jpaYf;F cl;- gl;Nl mbkl;l kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSk; ,e;jtifapy; mike;jpuf;Fk; vd;gij Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.
,g;gbg;gl;l gpur;ridfNs r%fj;jpy; ,y;iynad;gJ Nghy ghtid gz;zpf;nfhz;L> xg;gPl;lstpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtkpy;yhj my;yJ Kw;wpYk; vjpH tpOkpaq;fspw;F mjPj Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gJ ntF[d njhlHG rhjdq;fis iftrk; itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s ,e;j Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfshy; ,yFtpNyNa nra;aKbAk;.
jg;gpj;jtwp ahuhtJ ,tw;iw muq;fpw;F nfhz;Ltu Kide;jhy; mJnjhlHghf xU fLikahd nksdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tH. ,e;j FWfpa Nehf;fk; nfhz;l> kpfTk; nraY}f;fkhd ,e;j iksdj;ijf; fiyg;gJ vd;gJ
giw‐2008‐et
rhjhuz j fhupaky;y
,g;gb GtHfs; ku fis Ng ,Ug;gjh ngupJgLj Fw;wr;rhl fhl;lkhf $Wtjd; elj;ij F itj;JtpL
rk;ge;j
jkJ FW rpe;jpf;f K njhlf;f el;GwTf njhopy; Vw;gLj;Jt
vdNt xUtH , jhf;Fg;gpb fhupaky;y vd;nwd;W itj;jpU ePz;lfhyk
vq;fht gl;ldtha jHfspd;
pUg;gjpy; f;fiwah- tj;jpUg;- dq;fis sAk; kPwp ; ,Ue;J mt;thW W eRf;fg;- ;FupjhFk;. fahSk; pf;fg;gl
jpf;ff; FOkk; mtrpak; pf;f fUj;- Sk; Neu- d;wpy;iy. #oypy; Uk; $l Mjpf;f .
f;F cl;- j;Jf;fSk; ; vd;gij
r%fj;jpy; ghtid l;lstpy; Kw;wpYk; mjPj ntF[d ; itj;Jf; f;jpfshy; k;.
,tw;iw ide;jhy; ikahd ;j FWfpa Y}f;fkhd J vd;gJ
rhjhuz jdpegH xUtUf;F ,yFthd fhupaky;y.
,g;gbg;gl;l gpur;ridfis vOg;- GtHfs; kuig kPwptpl;ljhf> mrpq;fq;- fis NgRtjhf> ,yf;fpa eakw;W ,Ug;gjhf> rpwpa gpur;ridfis ngupJgLj;Jtjhf>>>> ,g;gbg;gl;l gy Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis njhlHe;Jk; kpff; fhl;lkhfTk; jpUk;gj;jpUk;gTk; $Wtjd; %yk;rk;ge;jg;gl;ltH jdJ elj;ij Fwpj;J re;Njfg;gl> jiyg;gl itj;JtpLk;.
rk;ge;jg;gl;ltHfis xJf;fptpLtJ
jkJ FWfpa tuk;Gfspw;fg;ghy; rpe;jpf;f KbahjtHfshf rpj;jupg;gJ njhlf;fk; mtHfSldhd el;GwTfis Jz;bg;gJ cl;gl njhopy; Kiwapy; ,ilA+Wfis Vw;gLj;JtJ tiu ,J nry;yyhk;.
vdNt jdpegHfs; vd;w tifapy; xUtH ,j;jilfisj; jhz;b jhf;Fg;gpbg;gJ mt;tsT ,yFthd fhupaky;y. ,jdhy; Ngrhg;nghUis vd;nwd;Wk; Ngrhg;nghUl;fshf itj;jpUg;gjpy; Mjpf;f rf;jpfs; ePz;lfhyk; ntw;wpngw;W tUfpd;wd.
vq;fhtJ ,j;jilfs; cilf;fg;- gl;ldthapd; mit ntWkNd jdpkdp- jHfspd; Kaw;rpfspd; tpisthf
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my;yhJ ntF[d ,af;- fq;fspd; $l;L eltbf;if %yNk rhj;jpag;gl;ld. ck; ngupahupd; Ra kupahij ,af;fk;> jypj; ,af;fq;fs;> ,lJrhhp mikg;Gf;fs;> gy ehLfspy; ngz;zpiythj m i k g ; G f s ; > Xupdr;NrHf;ifahsHfspd; mikg;Gfs;> fWg;gpd kf;fspaf;fq;fs;.. vd ,e; e p i y i k i a rhj;jpakhf;fpapUf;fpd;wdH.
Ngrg;gl;Nl MfNtz;ba xU nghUs;> Ngrhg;nghUshf ,Uf;fpd;w epiyapy;> NgRtjw;F jskpy;yhj epiyapy;> Ngrj;jilapUf;fpd;w epiyapy;> Ngrj; jaq;Ffpd;w epiyapy; Ngrj; Jzpfpd;Nwhk;.
ve;jnthU rKf mikg;gpYk; Mjpf;fk; KOikngw;W epiyngw;W tpLtjpy;iy. Mjpf;fk; KOikngwhj me;j ,ilntsp ekJ nraw;ghl;- Lj;jskhfpwJ. me;j ,ilntspfspy; ,Ue;J jhd; vjpHtpidfSk; ntbj;njOk;Gfpd;wd.
r%fj;jpy; ngUk;Nghf;fhf epyTk; Mjpf;f fUj;jhf;fq;fs; nghj;jk; nghJthf midtuJk; fUj;jhf Kd;itg;gJk;> mjid kjk;> flTs;> Gdpjk;> IjPfk; Nghd;wtw;why; Gide;J gl;iljPl;b vLgLk;gbahf jpzpj;- JtpLtJk; Mjpf;f rf;jpfspd; cj;jpNa.
Mjpf;ff; fUj;jhf;fq;fspd; ghjpg;G mbkl;l kf;fspd; fUj;jhf;fq;fspYk; ,Ug;gJ Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf;$baNj. ,e;j rthy;f@Nl mbkl;l kf;fs; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis $Hikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Ngrhg;nghUis NgRnghUshf;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gij ,ilawhky; nra;a Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.
50
vdNt nghUl;fi khw;Wtjpy mf;fiwap eltbf;if jpus; ,af Kd;ndL ,JNghd jdpkdpjHf $lhJ vd
ve;jtp khw;Wtjw njspthd jhf Ntz nraw;ghb Nghtjpy;i
Mjpf;f Mokhf tuyhw;wp Kiwiag epiyepWj Moj;jpy; mJ vspi cWjpAk;> N ekf;F mt
Ngrhg;n Ftjpy; e nghWg;Gk
;ba xU Uf;fpd;w kpy;yhj f;fpd;w epiyapy;
kg;gpYk; yngw;W kngwhj raw;ghl;- tspfspy; dfSk;
f epyTk; nghj;jk; fUj;jhf ;> flTs;> ; Gide;J jpzpj;- ; cj;jpNa.
; ghjpg;G q;fspYk; Nj. ,e;j s; jkJ tjw;Fk;> ghUis Ug;gij pUf;fpwJ.
ekJ tpspk;G epiy fUj;Jf;fis Mjpf;ff; fUj;Jf;fs; gyk; nfhz;L jdJ tsq;fisAk;> trjpfisAk;> midj;J nghwpKiwfisAk; ghtpj;J tpOq;fp te;jJ jhd; tu- yhW. ,e;j fUj;jhf;fq;- fSf;F vjpuhd ekJ Nghuhl;lk; tplhg;gpbahd njhlH nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; kl;LNk vjpHnfhs;syhk;.
vdNt vkJ r%fj;jpYs;s Ngrhg;- nghUl;fis NgRk; nghUl;fshf khw;Wtjpy; cz;ikapNyNa vkf;F mf;fiwapUe;jhy; mtw;iw jdpkdpj eltbf;iffspD}lhf my;yhJ kf;fs; jpus; ,af;fq;fSld; ,izj;Jj;jhd; Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;jhf ,JNghd;w Kaw;rpfspy; Ner rf;jpfspd; xd;wpizTk;> ekf;F mtrpak;.
Ngrhg;nghUis NgRnghUshf;- Ftjpy; ekf;F ,Uf;fpw flikAk; nghWg;Gk; mjpfk;. njhlHNthk;....
giw‐2008‐ et
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giw‐2008‐et
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Julia Margaret Cameron ( June 11, 1815 Januar
[_ypah khHful; nfk&d;. fpof;fpe;jpa cj;jpNahfj;juhf mtuJ je;ij khHful; n gzpahw;wpaNghJ fy;fj;jhtpy; gpwe;jtH. gpu fy;tp. kPz;Lk; fy;fj;jh jpUk;gp 1838,y; jpU 1848,y; yz;ld; jpUk;GfpwhH. mtuJ FLk;g ,yq;ifapy; v];Nll; thq;Ffpd;wdH. jdJ tajpy; mtuJ kfs; ghprspj;j Gifg;glf;fU nfhz;L glnkLf;fj;njhlq;fpatH xNu tulj;jpy gifg;glf;fiyQuhf MfpwhH. yz;ld;> ];n Gifg;gl rq;fj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpf;fpwhH. Gifg;glq;fs; vz;nza; Xtpaq;fspd; rhaiy tpkHrfHfs; mtiuf; $WtH. 1875,y; ,yq;i ,yq;ifapy; Gifg;glf; fiyiaj; njhlHfpwhH mtuJ tpiwj;J ciwe;J Nghd cly; fSj;Jiw
goq;FbapdHfis Gifg;glnkLg;gjpy; mj ,yq;ifapy; vLj;j Gifg;glnkhd;Nw ,J.
( June 11, 1815 January 26, 1879)
k&d;. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdp J je;ij khHful; ngl;ly; ;jhtpy; gpwe;jtH. gpuhd;rpy; jpUk;gp 1838,y; jpUkzk;. fpwhH. mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdH hq;Ffpd;wdH. jdJ 48tJ hprspj;j Gifg;glf;fUtpiaf;
q;fpatH xNu tulj;jpy; njHe;j fpwhH. yz;ld;> ];nfhl;yhe;J q;fk; tfpf;fpwhH. ngUk;ghyhd mtuJ ; Xtpaq;fspd; rhaiyf;nfhz;lJ vd gpe;jpa WtH. 1875,y; ,yq;iff;F ,lk;ngaHfpwhH. fiyiaj; njhlHfpwhH. 1879 [dthp 26 md;W Nghd cly; fSj;Jiwapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.
fg;glnkLg;gjpy; mjpf MHtKs;s mtH fg;glnkhd;Nw ,J.