கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: ஊடக நோக்கு 2006.03-04

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Page 5
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gjtp cah;tpw;fhd njhopy; tha;g;gpw;fhd kw;Wk; xg;gilfSf;fhd kw;Wk; nra;jp mwpf;ifapLk; gug;GfSf;fhd rkkhd nry;topia miltNj cyfk; KOtJKs;s ngz; gj;jphpifahsh;fSf;F ,Uf;fpd;w Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfshFk;.
gjtp cah;Tfs; ghy; epiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhs;shJ mDgtk;> cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;> Mw;wy; kw;Wk; gzpahw;wy; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mika Ntz;Lk;. tha; %ykhff; $wg;gLtjpy; jq;fpapUf;fhky;> ,Uf;fpd;w rfy gjtpfisAk; tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjd; %ykhf> Mz;fspd; tl;lq;fspy; kl;Lk; gpurpj;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gjtpAah;T-fSf;F
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[hf;Fypd; ghh;f; NgUtis hpthpdh N`hl;lypy; elj;jg;gl;l khjh; khehl;bd; NghJ Mw;wpa ciu. [hf;Fypd; ghh;f; mT];jpNuypa Clftpayhsh; rq;fj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;fhf ntspaplg;gLk; 'Nthf;yP];" vd;w rQ;rpifapd; gjpg;ghrphpauhthh;. rh;tNjr Clftpayhsh; rk;Nksdj;jp;d; Mrpa gRgpf; gpuhe;jpa epiwNtw;W ,af;FduhfTk; mth; gzpahw;Wfpd;whh;.
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$Ljyhd gy;tifik kpF Nehf nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,dk; ,dj;ijj;j nra;Ak; vd;gij Qhgfj;jpy; n Vida Mz;fspidg; gjpyPL Mz;fisNa njhlh;e;Jk; Mz;f nra;jhy; vk;khy; Mz;fspd; cilj;Jr; nry;y KbahJ.
gyh; tpuf;jpAw;W ,j;njhopypi tpyfpr; nry;tjhy;> Clfj;j ngz;fis epiy epWj;jp itj;Jf gw;wpAk; ftdk; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; nra;jp epWt tpl;Lg; ngz;fs; tpyfpr; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whh;fs;. Vnddpy; NkNy cah;tjw;fhd ghij M ,Ug;gpdhy; milgl;Ls;sNjahFk nra;jpfs; gw;wp fhyk; fle;j fUj nfhz;bUg;gJld; mijj; jahhpg;gJ vt;thW ntspg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz jPh;khdpf;fpd;whh;fs;.
rk;gs NtWghLfs;> Jd;GWj;jy;fs;> ghypay; fth;r;r khwh epiy nfhz;lJkhd kd kw;Wk; gjtp cah;tpw;fhd nrhw;g t Nghd;wit fhuzkhfTk; ngz;fs nry;fpd;whh;fs; mT];jpNuypahtpY rq;fkhfpa Clff; fspahl;l kw;Wk $l;likg;gpdhy; (1996) Nkw;nfhs;sg xU fzpg;gPl;bNy> Neh;fhzg;gl ngz; gj;jphpifahsh;fspy; ,Ugj;j %d;W tpfpjkhdth;fs; jhk;

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f; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. ;fg; gj;jphpif epWtdj;jpdhy; g;gl;l (2002) ngz; hsh;fspy; Rkhh; ehw;gj;ije;J h; ngz;fs;. NtNwhU njhlh;ghly; ; njhopy; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; hopypid tpl;L epue;jukhf ePq;f d vjph;ghh;g;gJ njhpa te;Js;sJ. ah;Tfs; ,y;yhikapdhy; kl;Lk; tspNawtpy;iy> Ntiyj;jsf;
hl;lypy; ;wpa ciu. payhsh; rq;fj;jpd; hf;yP];" vd;w r Clftpayhsh; epiwNtw;W ;.
gy;tifik kpF Nehf;F cWjp pd;wJ. ,dk; ,dj;ijj;jhd; njhpT d;gij Qhgfj;jpy; nfhs;sTk;. z;fspidg; gjpyPL nra;a a njhlh;e;Jk; Mz;fs; njhpT vk;khy; Mz;fspd; $l;bid nry;y KbahJ. puf;jpAw;W ,j;njhopypid tpl;L ry;tjhy;> Clfj;jpNy ehk; epiy epWj;jp itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ dk; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf q;fspYk; nra;jp epWtdq;fis ngz;fs; tpyfpr; nrd;W ;fpd;whh;fs;. Vnddpy; gjtpapy; ah;tjw;fhd ghij Mz;fspd; ; milgl;Ls;sNjahFk;. ,th;fs; gw;wp fhyk; fle;j fUj;Jf;fisf; Jld; mijj; jahhpg;gJld; mij spg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdTk;
;whh;fs;.
NtWghLfs;> ghypay; ;fs;> ghypay; fth;r;rp kpf;fJk; nfhz;lJkhd kdg;ghq;Ffs; p cah;tpw;fhd nrhw;g tha;g;Gf;fs; fhuzkhfTk; ngz;fs; tpyfpr; ;fs; mT];jpNuypahtpYs;s vdJ Clff; fspahl;l kw;Wk; fiyf; dhy; (1996) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
;gPl;bNy> Neh;fhzg;gl;l pifahsh;fspy; ,Ugj;jp fpjkhdth;fs; jhk;
nfhs;iffs; FLk;gf; flg;ghLfSf;Fk;> nghWg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,lkspf;fhikapdhYk; ntspNaWfpd;whh;fs;.
vkJ Ntiyj;jsq;fs; vkJ NjitfisAk; FLk;gg; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; Ghpe;J nfhz;L vkf;F cjt Ntz;LNkad;wp vkf;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
mjpf Ntiy kzpj;jpahyq;fs; my;yJ gFjp Neu Ntiy vd;gtw;wpid ehk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; njhopy; kw;Wk; FLk;gk; vd;gtw;wpd; Nghl;bkpF Nfs;tpfis vk;khy; rpwg;ghf Kfhikj;Jtk nra;a KbAk;.
Foe;ijfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd vkJ njhpT Clfj; njhopw; gilapNy xU jilahf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. FLk;gj; njhpTfs; VJthf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> Nghjpa fhy mstpidf; nfhz;l gpurt kw;Wk; je;ijik tFg;Gf;fs; njhopy; ghJfhg;gpw;F ,d;wpaikahjitahFk;.
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ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;jpid cz;ikahf Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F>
mt;thwhd khw;wj;jpw;F ghpe;J NgRtjw;fhf vkJ rq;fq;fspd; MjuT vkf;Fj; NjitahFk;. mt;thwhd khw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpur;rhuk; nra;tjw;fhf njhopy; GhpAk; Mz;> ngz; Mfpa vkJ rfy rf Copah;fsJk; MjuT vkf;Fj; NjitahFk;.
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Page 6
,r; nra;jpia mwpf;ifapLk; NghJ rpq;fsg; gj;jphpiffs; njhopy;rhh; ntFrd ClftpaYf;F gjpyhf ,dj;Jt xU jiyg;gl;r thjj;ij jkJ jPh;f;fkhd mk;rkhff; nfhz;bUe;jd. nfhOk;gpy; gpuRukhFk; rfy gj;jphpiffSk; ,r; nra;jpia vt;thW mwpf;ifapl;ld vd;gJ gw;wpa xU RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig gphpnjhU ,lj;jpy; gpuRhpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
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2006 [dthp 2 jpq;fl; fpoik ,uT 7.50 kzpastpy; jpUNfhzkiy efuj;jpd; flw;fiuf;F mz;ikapy; mike;Js;s fhe;jp Rw;W tl;lj;jpd; mUNf Xh; ntbr; rj;jk; Nfl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh; Ie;J ,isQh;fs; caph; Jwe;jjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; gy ,isQh;fs; ,r; rk;gtj;jpd; NghJ gLfhak; mile;jdh;.
,t; Ie;J ,isQh;fSk; jkpoh;fs;. ,th;fs; midtUk; khzth;fs; vd;gJ md;Nw njhpa te;jJ. mth;fspd; jiyfs; kPJ Rlg;gl;ljhy; caph; Jwe;jdh;. ,jid kWehs; ,lk;ngw;w kuz tprhuiz mwpf;if cWjp nra;jJ.
nfhOk;gpy; gpuRukhFk; jkpo; gj;jphpiffs; kWehs; fhiyapNyNa jkJ jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfs; thapyhf ,k; khzth;fs; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;likia mwptpj;jd. Mdhy; nfhOk;gpy; gpuRukhFk; rpq;fs Mq;fpy gj;jphpiffs; ghJfhg;G mikr;ir Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b ,t; Ie;J ,isQh;fSk; jhk; itj;jpUe;j Fz;Lfs; ntbj;Nj ,wf;f Neh;e;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jd.
yf;gpk gj;jphpif kpfg; gytPdkhd Kiwapy; mwpf;ifapl;likahy; mjidNa ehk; Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;Nlhk;. ,g; gytPdq;fis XusT Vida rpq;fs gj;jphpiffspYk; fhz Kbe;jJ.
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tp[a kw eilf;F mi ,f; Fz;L ahuhtJ Fz fhzg;gltpy;i cz;ikiaf Vw;Wf; nfhs;S mJthFk;.
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mur gj;j %yk; jpUNf caphpoe;jjhf mg;gj;jphpif ,lkspf;ftpy ,t; ,is gj;jphpiffs mYtyfq;fS mj; jftiy Ntz;lhkh?
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yq;fhjPg jiyg;Gr; nra;jp 'Fz;il ntbf;f Kw;wgl;l NghJ Fz;L ntbj;J 5 jpUNfhzkiy khzth;fs; caphpoe;jdh;."
yf;gpk jiyg;Gr; nra;jp 'mur gilapdiu jhf;Ftjw;F nfhz;L te;j Fz;L ntbj;J 5 Gypfs; caphpoe;jdh;."
jpdkpd (Kjw; gf;fj;jpy; xU gj;jpapy; rpW nra;jp) jpUNfhzkiyapy; Fz;L ntbj;J Ith; caphpoe;jdh;. yf;gpk kw;Wk; jptapd Mfpa gj;jphpiffs; caphpoe;j ,isQh;fis cldbahf Gypfs; vd;W $wpd. jptapd> yq;fhjPg> yf;gpk Mfpa gj;jphpiffs; %d;Wk; ,t; Ie;J ,isQh;fs; ifapy; ,Ue;j Fz;Lfisf; nfhz;L te;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fis %d;W tifapy; $wpd. mur gj;jphpifahd jpdkpd gj;jphpifiaj; jtpu Vida %d;Wk; ,isQh;fs; jhk; nfhz;L nrd;w Fz;LfshNyNa caphpoe;jjhff; $wpd.
tp[a kw;Wk; cghyp epWtdq;fspd; Mq;fpyg; gj;jphpiffs; jkJ ciu eilf;F mikaf; $wpa fijAk; mt;thNw mike;jJ.
,f; Fz;Lfs; ,t; ,isQh;fs; ifapy; ,Ue;j NghJ ntbj;jjh? my;yJ ahuhtJ Fz;Lfis tPrpnawpe;jhh;fsh? vd;gJ gw;wp rhpahf ,dk; fhzg;gltpy;iynad jpdkpd $wpaJ. ntF[d Clfk; xd;W nghJ kf;fSf;F cz;ikiaf; $w Ntz;LNknahopa Ntnwhd;iwAk; $wf; $lhJ vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ve;jnthU gj;jphpif MrphpaUk; mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;ba nra;jp mJthFk;.
jkpo; gj;jphpiffs; gpd;tUkhW mwpf;ifapl;ld. md;W tPuNfrhp kw;Wk; Rlnuhsp Mfpa gj;jphpiffs; Nkw;gb kuzq;fs; Fz;L ntbj;jikahy; Vw;gl;ld vd mwptpj;jd. mNj rkak; Nkw;gb gj;jphpiffs; mz;ikapYs;s kf;fs; $wpa jfty;fisf; nfhz;L gilapdh; nra;jjhff; $wpd. Kjypy; Kr;rf;fu tz;bapy; nrd;w xU FOtpdh; Fz;il vwpe;jjhfTk; gpd;dh; ,uhZtk; Rl;ljhfTk; Nkw;gb mwpf;if Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jJ. mur gj;jphpifahd jpdfud; ,uz;L mq;Fy mwpf;ifia ntspapl;ljd; %yk; jpUNfhzkiyapNy Fz;L ntbj;jjdhy; nghJ kf;fs; Ith; caphpoe;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;lJ. chpa fhuzj;ij vLj;Jf; $wtpy;iy. mg;gj;jphpif ,k; kuzq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpf;F ,uz;L mq;Fyj;jpw;F Nky; ,lkspf;ftpy;iy.
,t; ,isQh;fs; ghlrhiy khzth;fs; vd;gij yf;gpk my;yJ jptapd gj;jphpiffs; mwpf;ifapy; $wtpy;iy. Mdhy; midj;J gj;jphpif mYtyfq;fSk; ,j; jftiy mwpe;jpUe;jd. jptapd kw;Wk; yf;gpk gj;jphpif mj; jftiy %b kiwj;jd. Vd;? vd;W ehk; vk;ikNa Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j Ntz;lhkh?
mjhtJ Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;l Ie;J khzth;fs; jhk; vLj;Jr; nrd;w Fz;Lfs; %yk; ,we;jhh;fs; vd mwpf;ifapLtJ vt;tsT ghuJ}ukhd jtwhFk;. ,j;jifanjhU rk;gtk; njd;dpyq;ifapy; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jhy; vg;gb mwpf;ifapl;bUg;gh;fs;?
midj;J rpq;fsg; gj;jphpiffSk; jkJ nra;jpf;fhf ,uhZt nghyp]; epiyaq;fis khj;jpuk; ek;gpapUe;jd. ,jpy; ve;j gj;jphpifAk; Nkw;gb gpuNjr kf;fsplkpUe;J jfty;fis mwpe;J mwpf;if rkh;g;gpf;ftpy;iy.
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kWehs; Nkw;gb ,isQh;fspd; kuz tprhuiz ,lk; ngw;wJ. ,t; tprhuizia elj;jpa ePjpaurh; ,t; Ie;J kuzq;fSk; Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;bdhy; epfo;e;jit vdj; jPh;khdpj;jhh;. ,g; gpuNjrj;J kf;fs; $wpa fijfs; Ch;[pjkhfpd.
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Mdhy; yf;gpk kw;Wk; jptapd Mfpa gj;jphpiffs; Nkw;gb jfty;fis KOikahfg; Gwf;fzpj;jd. ,e;j ntF[d elj;ij gj;jphpfhrphpah;fSila newpKiwfSf;F mika ngha;ahdit. Nkw;gb gj;jphpiffs; [dthp 4k; jpfjp Fz;Lg; Guspia ntspapl;ld. Fwpg;gpl;l gj;jphpif thrfh;fs; ,r; rk;gtj;ijapl;L ,UspNyNa cs;sdh;.
yq;fhjPg gj;jphpif khj;jpuk; kuz tprhuiz mwpf;ifia tpNrlkhf ntspapl;lJ. ,t;thW jdJ jtiw jpUj;jpaJ. ,J mg; gj;jphpifapd; ed; kjpg;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. ,r; rk;gtk; gw;wp tprhuiz xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;SkhW [dhjpgjp fl;lisapl;lhh;. ,g;gj;jphpif NkYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tifapy; ,r; nra;jpiag; gpuRhpj;jJ.
,t; Ie;J khzth;fSila kuzq;fs; nfhiynadf; $Wk; ijhpak; yPlh; gpuRukhfpa j Nkhh;dpq; yPlUf;F ,Ue;jJ.
kWGwk; 4k; jpfjp jkpo; gj;jphpiffspd; czh;tiyfs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. ,it mehtrpakhd Kiwapy; czh;Tfis J}z;Ltjw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jd. Rlh; xsp gj;jphpif ,k; khzth;fspd; ,ujjk; Njha;e;j jiyfspd; kuzk; gw;wpa glq;fis Kjw; gf;fj;jpNyNa gpuRhpj;jd. jiyapy; Rlg;gl;l tplaj;ij gfpuq;fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,t;thW nra;Njhk; vd gj;jphpiffs; $wpdhYk; Nkw;gb Gifg;glq;fis cl;gf;fnkhd;wpy; rpwpjhf gpuRhpj;jpUf;fyhk;.
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xt;nthU jkpoiuAk; Gypnad Nehf;Fk; ntF[d Clfg; gad;ghL Xh; Jujph;\;lk; khj;jpuky;y xU Fw;wr; nraYkhFk;. njd;dpyq;if kf;fis nghyprhh; jhf;Fk; NghJ mth;fs; Fz;lh;fs;. tlf;fpy; cs;s kf;fisf; fhf;Fk; NghJ nghyprhh; Njrg;gw;WilNahh;. njd;dpyq;ifapy; nghyprhuhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gLNthh; rhjhuz kf;fs; tlf;fpy; nfhiy nra;ag;gLNthh; Gypfs;.
fhz;gpj;jJ. mJ Gifg;glq;fis ntspapLtJ gw;wpa Xh; Kd;Djhuzkhd mwpf;if rkh;g;gpj;jyhFk;.
j Nkhh;dpq; yPliuj; jtpu ve;jnthU rpq;fsg; gj;jphpifNah Mq;fpyg; gj;jphpifNah ve;jnthU Gifg;glj;ijAk; (4k; jpfjp tiu) gpuRhpf;ftpy;iy.
,r; rk;gtk; njhlh;ghf tpNrl tprhuiz xd;W elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd [dhjpgjp fl;lisapl;l NghJ mNefkhd gj;jphpiffs; Ntz;lh ntWg;ghfNt nra;jpfis ntspapl;ld.
xt;nthU jkpoUk; Gypahf cUkhw;wg;gLk; ,t; ntF[d Clf eltbf;iffs; Xh; Jujph;\;ltrkhd rk;gtk; khj;jpuky;y Xh; Fw;wr; nraYkhFk;. njd;dpyq;if kf;fs; jhf;fg;gLk; NghJ nghyprhh; Fz;lh;fshth;. tlf;fpy; cs;s kf;fisj; jhf;Fk; NghJ nghyprhh; Njrg;gw;WilNahuhth;. njd;dpyq;ifapy; nfhiy ,lk;ngWk; NghJ rhjhuz kf;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; mNjNtis tlf;fpy; nfhiy nra;ag;gLk; NghJ Gypfs; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdh;.
gpd; Fwpg;G : [dthp 3k; jpfjp njd;dpyq;ifapy; xNu FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;j ehy;th; xNu thfdj;Jld; ePhpy; %o;fp kuzkile;jdh;. nla;yp kpuh; gj;jphpif ,r; nra;jpia glq;fSld; gpuRhpj;jd. jpdkpd FLk;gj;jpd; th;z Gifg;glj;ij Kjw; gf;fj;jpy; gpuRhpj;jJ. Vida rpq;fs gj;jphpiffSk; ,r; rk;gtk; gw;wp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J Gifg;glj;Jld; gpuRhpj;jd. Mdhy; ,we;j khzth;fspd; Gifg;glj;ij Nkw;gb ve;jnthU gj;jphpifAk; ntspapltpy;iy.

; Nkw;gb elj;ij t. Nkw;gb Fwpg;gpl;l ;sdh;. tpNrlkhf phpifapd; tprhuiz f NkYk; . k; ijhpak;
;tiyfs; h;Tfis th;fspd; ; j;jpNyNa tjw;fhf ;glq;fis
jkpo; nel; q;fisNa
;j nghyprhh;
g;gLk; a;e;jJ?
tF[d y;y xU
s ;fs;.
fapy; huz
Gypfs;.
;wpa Xh;
Mq;fpyg; jp tiu)
tz;Lnkd ; Ntz;lh
d Clf h; Fw;wr; nghyprhh; nghyprhh; k; NghJ ; nfhiy
;j ehy;th; gj;jphpif pd; th;z phpiffSk; puRhpj;jd. ve;jnthU
Clf Nehf;F 7

Page 8
jpUNfhzkiy khzth; gLnfhiyfis yf;gpk mwpf;ifapl;l Kiw
u[pj; fPh;j;jp njd;dNfhd;
yf;gpk - 2005 [dthp 3 ,uhZtj;ij jhf;Ftjw;Ff; nfhz;L te;j Fz;Lfs; ntbj;J 5 Gypfs; caphpoe;jdh;. gLfhaKw;w ,Uth; kUj;Jtkidapy;
(jp];] utpe;jpu ngNuuh> kq;fsehj; ypadhur;rp) nra;jpapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• jkJ flik Kbe;J Kfhik Nehf;fpr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j flw;gil tPuh;fspd; g]; tz;biaj; jhf;Ftjw;F jahuhf ,Ue;j Gyp cWg;gpdh;fsplkpUe;j Fz;Lfs; ntbj;jikahy; 5 vy;.hP.hP.<. cWg;gpdh;fs; caphpoe;jdh;. ,Uth; gLfhaKw;wdh;.
• kw;WnkhU iff; Fz;L nghyprhhplk; rpf;fpaJ. nghyprhh; mq;F nrd;w NghJ 7 Ngh; tpOe;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fs; cldbahf kUj;Jtkidf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ldh;.
• flw;gil gazpf;Fk; g]; tz;bnahd;W ,uT 8 kzpf;F mt;tplj;jpD}lhfr; nry;y ,Ue;jJ.
• ntbj;j Fz;L iff; Fz;lhfNth my;yJ mjid tpl rf;jp tha;e;j Fz;lhfNth ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. (jfty; %yk; : jpUNfhzkiy nghyp]; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; jpU. fg;gpy [aNrfu) yf;gpk : [dthp 4 jpUNfhzkiyapy; Gypfs; `h;j;jhy;> r%f tho;f;if nraypoe;jJ. jkpo; ghlrhiyfSk; tpahghu epiyaq;fSk; %lg;gl;ld. efuk; my;Nyhy fy;Nyhykile;jJ.
• ,we;j Gyp cWg;gpdh;fs; ItUf;fhf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; `h;j;jhiy mKy; gLj;jpdh;.
• ,jdhy; kf;fs; tho;T nraypoe;jJ.
• ,we;Njhhpd; kuzq;fSf;F ghJfhg;G gilfs; nghWg;Gf; $w Ntz;Lk; vd Fw;wk; Rkj;jp `h;j;jhy; Muk;gkhdJ.
• jkpoh;fspd; tpahghu ];jyq;fs; kw;Wk; jkpo; ghlrhiyfs; %lg;gl;ld.
• mikjpaw;w #o;epiy fhuzkhf rpq;fs ghlrhiyfSf;F tUif je;j ngw;Nwhh; khzth;fis mioj;Jr; nrd;wdh;.
• td;Kiwr; rk;gtq;fs; gw;wp jfty;fs; ntsptuhj NghjpYk; fyfk; mlf;Fk; ,uhZtj;ij 
,uhZtg; Ngr;rhsh; cl;gl ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw
8 Clf Nehf;F
yf;gpk mw newp kPwy
yf;gpk
• 'fli flw;gila 'caphpoe;N g];tz;b 'ntbf;fg;g rf;jp tha cWjpg;ghl
• ,uhZ ,lj;jp jfty jfty
• iff;F Xh; mg nra;jpf mjw;F mDkh
• rk;gtj mtw;i
• mila Fwpg;gp
• Nkhjy khj;jpu (flw;gi
yf;gpk
• 'kuzk tpahgh ghlrhi khzt mioj gapw;rpf gad;gL nra;Js ,we;Nj gpugyk chpa
• mwpf;i khzt vLj;Jf
• mwpf;i vd;gJ
• ,e;j m jhd; F Gypfs cWjpg $wg;g $wg;gl
• '`h;j;jh epWtd ,jd; ghlrh itf;f
• 'rpq;fs #o;epi nrd;wd ngha;a (Nghypa

hiyfis iw
f; nfhz;L fhaKw;w
;sd. hz;bUe;j jahuhf ;jikahy; haKw;wdh;. nghyprhh; mth;fs; l;ldh;. 8 kzpf;F
id tpl
hzpg;ghsh;
tho;f;if aq;fSk;
g; Gypfs;
nghWg;Gf; k;gkhdJ.
rhiyfs;
yfSf;F ; nrd;wdh;. NghjpYk; ghJfhg;G
plg;gl;lJ. Fopfs;
;fSk; ;. s toq;fp pUf;fyhk;
Gypfs; ,j;jifa Nj rkak; dh; vdTk;
;.
Nj Neuk; . ,t;thW tpdh;fSk; khth;.
[aNrfu>
yf;gpk mwpf;iffspd; tpNrl mk;rq;fs;> gytPdq;fs;> xOf;f newp kPwy; kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaplypy; rhjfkhd mk;rq;fs;
yf;gpk ([dthp 3)
• 'flikapd; gpd;G Kfhk;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; flw;gilapdhpd; g];tz;b (,yf;F)" 'Gyp cWg;gpdh;fs;"> 'caphpoe;NjhUf;Fhpj;jhd NkYk; gy Fz;Lfs;. 'flw;gil g];tz;b ,g;gpuNjrj;jpD}lhf Kfhik Nehf;fpr; nry;y"> 'ntbf;fg;gl;l Fz;L> iff;Fz;L my;yJ mijtpl $ba rf;jp tha;e;j Fz;L" vd;w nrhw;gjq;fs; vJtpjkhd cWjpg;ghl;ilAk; ngw Kd;dh; gad;gLj;Jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,uhZtg; Ngr;rhsh; kWj;j tplaq;fs; (Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpD}lhf ,uhZt thfdnkhd;W Nghf ,Ue;jik.) jfty;fis toq;fpa %yj;ij rhpahf cWjpg;gLj;jhky; jfty;fis ntspapLjy;.
• iff;Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjypdhy; xNu Kiwapy; Ith; caphpoj;jy; Xh; mg+h;tkhd rk;gtkhifahy; jfty;fis %bkiwj;J nra;jpf;F msTf;fjpfkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij toq;Fjy;. mjw;F 'rf;jp tha;e;j Fz;lhf ,Uf;fyhk;" vd mDkhdpj;jy;.
• rk;gtj;jhy; ,we;jth;fs; ghlrhiy khzth;fnsd mwpe;Jk; mtw;iw %bkiwj;jy;.
• milahsj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jhky; Gypfs; ,we;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• Nkhjypd; xU jug;gpdh; mjhtJ nghyprhhpd; jfty;fis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp chpa milahsj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jhky; (flw;gil) ngha;ahd jfty; %yq;fis rkh;g;gpj;jy;.
yf;gpk ([dthp 4)
• 'kuzkile;j Gyp cWg;gpdh;fs;"> 'jkpoh;fSf;Fhpj;jhd tpahghu epiyaq;fs;> jdpahh; epWtdq;fs;"> 'rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfSf;F tUif je;jpUe;j khzth;fSk; Nkw;gb khzth;fspd; ngw;NwhUk; tUif je;j khzth;fis mioj;Jr; nrd;Ws;sdh;"> 'vy;.hP.hP.<. ,th;fSf;F MAjg; gapw;rpfis toq;fp ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdiu jhf;Ftjw;F gad;gLj;jy;"> ifapy; nfhz;L te;j Fz;il ntbf;fr; nra;Js;sdh;"> (gjw;wkile;J nraw;gLk;) 'gphptpdh; kj;jpapy; ,we;NjhUila cwtpdh;fSk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; gpugykhd cWg;gpdh;fSk; cs;sdh;." vd;w nrhw;nwhlh;fs; chpa Kiwapy; cWjpg;gLj;jhky; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• mwpf;ifapy; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; 'kuz tprhuizapd; NghJ khzth;fs; Rlg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhfNt ,we;jdh;" vd;gJ vLj;Jf; $wg;gltpy;iy.
• mwpf;ifapy; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; ',we;jth;fs; Ie;J khzth;fs;" vd;gJ Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
• ,e;j mwpf;ifapy; 'khzth;fs;" vd Xhplj;jpy; khj;jpuk; jhd; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdh;. mJTk; ,e;egh;fs; tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy; MAjg; gapw;rp toq;fg;gl;lth;fs; vd cWjpg;gLj;jg;glhj. jfty; %yq;fs; mw;w kpifg;gLj;jp $wg;gLfpd;w tplaq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Nf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• '`h;j;jhy; fhuzkhf jkpo; ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; jdpahh; epWtdq;fs; %lg;gl;Ls;sd." vd mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; 'rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; K];ypk; ,dj;jth;fspd; ghlrhiyfSk; jdpahh; epWtdq;fSk;" jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J ngha;ahFk;.
• 'rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfis jpwe;J itj;j NghjpYk; gjw;wkhd #o;epiyapy; ngw;Nwhh; te;J mk;khzth;fis mioj;Jr; nrd;wdh;." vd mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,JTk; ngha;ahFk;. Nkw;gb tplaq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F (Nghypahf) gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Page 9
'Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;bdhy; fhakile;j fhuzj;jpdhy; kuzk; epfo;e;jJ" vd;gij %b kiwg;gjw;fhf nghyp]; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; fgpy [aNrfu mth;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b 'ifapy; nfhz;L te;j Fz;L ntbj;Js;sJ." ,uz;lhtJ ehshf mwpf;ifia jkJ thrfh;fSf;F cWjpg;gLj;j Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L;s;sJ.
xg;G Nehf;fpy; KOr; rk;gtk; njhlh;ghf yf;gpk rk;gt mwpf;ifaplypd; ,ay;G gw;wpa Xh; Ma;T :
• rpq;fsk;> jkpo; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyg; gj;jphpiffs; ,ilNa rhpahd cWjpg;gLj;jypd;wp $ba jfty;fis cs;slf;Fk; gj;jphpif yf;gpk MFk;.
• ,uhZtg; Ngr;rhsh; epuhfhpf;Fk; tplaq;fis 'flw;gil thfdk; xd;W ,t;tplj;jpD}lhf Nghf ,Ue;jJ" mwpf;ifahsh;/ gjpg;ghrphpah; MfpNahhpd; fUj;Jf;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jfty; Mjhu %yq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. MfNt ,t;tplaq;fis Cfpj;Nj Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,we;j Ith; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; cWg;gpdh; vd;gJ vt;thW cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; mth;fs; tpLjiyg; Gyp cWg;gpdh;fs; vd ngah; #l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• yf;gpkit jtpu Vida midj;J gj;jphpiffspYk; ntbj;j Fz;L 'iff;Fz;L" f;uidl; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk;> yf;gpk khj;jpuk; ';mjid jphpGgLj;jp" mjp rf;jp tha;e;j Fz;nld Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,J ghJfhg;G epiyikia mwpf;ifapLfpd;w nghOJ rpy Ntisfspy; Kjy; Kiwahf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;nwhluhFk;. iff; Fz;nlhd;wpdhy; Ith; ,we;J ,Uth; fhakila KbahJ vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; yf;gpk mwpf;ifahsh;fs; ,t;tpNrl gjq;fis gad;gLj;jpapUg;ghh;fs; vd mDkhdpf;f KbAk;.
• gLnfhiy ele;J kWehs; jpUNfhzkiy efuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gjw;w epiy mwpf;ifaplg;gLfpd;w nghOJ 'Gyp cWg;gpdh;fSf;fhf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;G `h;j;jhiy mKy;gLj;jpaJ"
• jkpoh;f NghJ Ntz;b
• ,we;j gj;jphpi
• ,we;j MAjg gj;jphpi nfhz fUj;j
• kuzt gphptpd fhzf nfhs;i Gypfs ,g; gL Kaw;r
• kuz gpufld vLj;J jfty kuz t gw;wp t xU gj ngw K vdNt jfty vLj;Js

pk rk;gt
; ,ilNa s;slf;Fk;
'flw;gil ,Ue;jJ" ;Jf;fis yq;fs; Cfpj;Nj
vt;thW ltpy;iy. vd ngah;
k; ntbj;j NghjpYk;> p tha;e;j yikia ; Kiwahf hd;wpdhy; zj;jpdhy; jq;fis ;. py; Vw;gLk; J 'Gyp h;j;jhiy
• jkpoh;fs; khj;jpuk; rk;gtj;ij vjph;j;jdh; vd;W $Wk; NghJ rpq;fsth;fs; mjdhy; f~;lq;fis vjph;Nehf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ vdr; nrhy;yhky; nrhy;Yfpd;wdh;.
• ,we;jth;fs; khzth;fs; vd;gij nrhy;yhj xNu gj;jphpifAk; yf;gpkNt.
• ,we;j gy;fiyf;fof khzth; %th; 'tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; MAjg; gapw;rpiag; ngw;wth;fs;" vd mwpf;ifapLk; xNu gj;jphpifAk; ,JNt. ,J %yj; jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ntspaplg;glhky; gjpg;ghrphpah;fspDila fUj;jhfNt ntspg;gLfpwJ.
• kuztprhuiz eilngWk; ,lk; gw;wp mwpf;ifapy; 'jkpoh; gphptpdh; mikjpaw;w Kiwapy; ele;J nfhs;tij fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mth;fs; mt;thW ele;J nfhs;ifapy; ,we;jth;fspd; cwtpdh;fSk; tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; gpugy cWg;gpdh;fSk; ,Ue;jdh;." vd;w nrhw;nwhlh; ,g; gLnfhiyapd; gpd;dh; Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fis epahag;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
• kuz tprhuiz mwpf;if gw;wp xU nrhy;NyDk; gpufldg;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gjw;F yf;gpk gj;jphpif eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ. mjd; %yk; gj;jphpif thrfh;fSf;Fhpa jfty;fis mwpAk; chpik njl;lj;njspthf kPwg;gl;Ls;sJ. kuz tprhuiz ,lk;ngw;w ,lj;jpy; xd;W $ba FOtpdh; gw;wp tpgukhd mwpf;ifia Kd;itg;gjw;F Mw;wYs;s xU gj;jphpif rl;l itj;jpa mjpfhhpapd; jPh;khdq;fis ngw KbahJ Ngha;tpl;lJ vd;gij ek;GtJ fbdkhFk;. vdNt njl;lj; njspthf ,r; rk;gtq;fspd; Kf;fpa jfty;fis %b kiwg;gjw;F gj;jphpif eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ.
Clf Nehf;F 9

Page 10
jkpo;r; nry;tdpd; kuzKk; ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapd; jfty;fSk;
mNrhf;f [ath;jd
Ngh
h; gw;wpa mwpf;ifapLtjw;F Clftpayhsh;fs; vj;jug;gpdhplk; jq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;? xU jug;gpdh;
kw;iwa j vLf;f Nt kPjh? ,U jug;gpduJk; jfty; Mjhu %yq;fs; kPjh? my;yJ
Ntz;Lnkd jug;gpdh; my;yhj jfty; Mjhu %yq;fs; kPjh? cz;ikapy;
gpujhdr; n rpwe;j Clftpayhsh;fs; ,t;tidj;Jj; jug;gpduJk; jfty;
,r; nra Mjhu %yq;fis gad;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;th;.
jkpo;r; nry mt;thW nra;a Kbahj xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; Clfq;fs;
nra;jpia vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;? murhq;f ghJfhg;Gj; JiwapdUila
jiyth;fs my;yJ tpLjiyg; Gypfs; kPJ jq;fpapUe;J re;Njfj;Jf;fplkhd
cWjpg;gLj jfty;fis jhd; Njba cz;ikj; jfty;fNshL ntspapLtjh?
'tpLji ehk; ,r; rk;gtj;ij Nehf;FNthk;. [dthp 21k; jpfjp
Gypfspd; j fhiyapy; kd;dhh; tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpy;
$wpaJ. , ghhpa ntbFz;Lr; rj;jk; Nfl;lJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfspd;
Mfpa ,uz jiyth;fs; gazpj;j thfdj; njhluzpfs; kPJ Fz;L
'mjp r itf;fg;gl;l rj;jNk mJntd ,uhZtj; jfty;fs; $wpd.
Gypfs; 17 Nkw;gb thfdj; njhluzpapy; tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; murpay;
vd;W cj
jkpo;r; nry;td; gw;wpa Xh; ,uq;fy; fl;Liuia murhq Kjw; gf;fj;jpy; kiwKfkhf ntspapl;bUe;jJ. murhq miythpirfSk; jkpo;r; nry;tdpd; kuzj;ij Kf;fpa
nghWg;ghsh; jkpo;r; nry;tDk; ,Ue;jpUf;ff; $Lnkd
gj;jphpif re;Njfpg;gjhf Nkw;gb jfty;fs; $wpd. ,j; jhf;Fjy; jkpo;r;
vd;gjw;F e nry;tid ,yf;F itj;J itf;fg;gl;l xU ntbFz;nld
kW jpdk ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapdh; jk;NkhL njhlh;G nfhz;l
miythpi Clftpayhsh;fsplk; vLj;Jf; $wpdh;.
nry;tij ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapdh; ,r;rk;gtj;NjhL njhlh;G nfhz;l
fl;Liu fhuzj;jpdhy; ,tw;iw mwpe;jhh;fsh vd xU gj;jphpifAk;
cWjpg;gLj FWf;F tprhuiz nra;atpy;iy.
jkpo;r; fz;fshy; fz;l vJtpjkhd rhl;rpfSk; ,y;yhj xU
gj;jphpifa epiyapy; mDkhdpj;j jfty;fis khj;jpuk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
ntspapl;b jkpo;r; nry;td; nfhiyAz;lhh; vd;w nra;jp fhl;Lj; jP Nghy;
miythpir gutpaJ. QhapW 22k; jpfjp mNef gj;jphpiffs; ,r; nra;jpia
ntspapl;bU jtw tpl;bUe;jd. vdNt ,r; nra;jpapd; cz;ikg; ngha;ia
,Wjpah myrp Muha;e;J mwpf;ifapLtjw;F xU ehs; mtfhrk; ,Ue;jJ.
gpughfuid tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,r; nra;jpia md;Nw epuhfhpj;jdh;.
Nghy jkpo ve;jnthU Aj;jj;jpYk; NghhpLk; ,U jug;gpdh; ngha;j;
caph;j;njo jfty;fis gug;Gtjw;F Xh; mikg;ig cUthf;Fth;.
,j;jif mtrug;gl;L ,g; nghwpapy; rpf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;F
gj;jphpif Clftpayhsh;fs; ftdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;j gl;rk;
nra;jpia nra;tJ g
10 Clf Nehf;F

nry;tdpd; k; ghJfhg;Gj; pd; jfty;fSk;
yhsh;fs; U jug;gpdh; h? my;yJ z;ikapy; k; jfty;
lfq;fs; pdUila f;fplkhd spapLtjh? 1k; jpfjp puNjrj;jpy; Gypfspd; PJ Fz;L s; $wpd. ; murpay;
y; fl;Liuia murhq;fg; gj;jphpifahd jpdkpd spapl;bUe;jJ. murhq;fj;jpd; ,uz;L njhiyf;fhl;rp dpd; kuzj;ij Kf;fpa nra;jpahf ntspapl;bUe;jd.
$Lnkd jy; jkpo;r; Fz;nld nfhz;l
nfhz;l ;jphpifAk;
;yhj xU pw; nfhz;L j; jP Nghy; nra;jpia ; ngha;ia ; ,Ue;jJ. dh;. h; ngha;j; thf;Fth;. g;gjw;F we;j gl;rk;
kw;iwa jug;gpdhplk; fUj;Jf;fis ngWtjw;F eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f; fijia (,r; nra;jpia) gpuRhpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W jPh;khdpj;jhy; ed;F mwpe;j tplaq;fis khj;jpuk; gpujhdr; nra;jpahf ntspapl KbAk;.
,r; nra;jpia ntspapl;l mNj Neuj;jpy; yq;fhjPg gj;jphpif jkpo;r; nry;td; ,we;jij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; jiyg;Gr; nra;jpia rpU\;bj;jJ. Fz;L ntbg;Gf; fhuzkhf ,U jiyth;fs; cl;gl 18 tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,we;jij cWjpg;gLj;jp mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.
'tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; thfdj; njhluzp kPJ jhf;Fjy; - Gypfspd; jiyth;fs; cl;gl 27 Ngh; khz;ldh;" vd;W yf;gpk $wpaJ. ,r; nra;jpf;F mika jhf;Fjy;> Fz;L ntbg;G Mfpa ,uz;L rk;gtq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
'mjp rf;jp tha;e;j Fz;L ntbg;gpd; fhuzkhf td;dpg; Gypfs; 17 Ngh; khz;ldh; - jkpo;r; nry;td; caph; Jwe;jhh;" vd;W cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;w jfty;fs; $Wtjhf jptapd
gj;jphpif nra;jp ntspapl;lJ. jkpo;r; nry;td; khz;lhh; vd;gjw;F ek;gj;jFe;j Mjhuq;fs; cz;nld ,r; nra;jp $wpaJ. kW jpdk; mjhtJ Kd; jpdk; ,uT njhiyf;fhl;rp miythpirapy; md;ld; ghyrpq;fj;NjhL jkpo;r; nry;td; ele;J nry;tij fhl;ba gpd;dUk; jptapd ghJfhg;G njhlh;ghf fl;Liu tiugth; jkpo;r; nry;td; ,we;jij cWjpg;gLj;jpapUe;jhh;.
jkpo;r; nry;td; gw;wpa Xh; ,uq;fy; fl;Liuia murhq;fg; gj;jphpifahd jpdkpd Kjw; gf;fj;jpy; kiwKfkhf nra;jp ntspapl;bUe;jJ. murhq;fj;jpd; ,uz;L njhiyf;fhl;rp miythpirfspYk; jkpo;r; nry;tdpd; kuzk; Kf;fpa nra;jpahf ntspapl;bUe;jd.
,Wjpahf Rdhkpapd; gpd;dh; njd;dpyq;ifg; gj;jphpiffs; gpughfuidf; nfhiy nra;J kPz;Lk; caph;j;njor; nra;jJ Nghy jkpo;r; nry;tidAk; nfhiy nra;J gpd;dh; kPz;Lk; caph;j;njor; nra;jd.
,j;jifa gr;irg; ngha;fis rpU\;bg;gjd; %yk; ,g; gj;jphpif Mrphpah;fs; jhk; VkhWtJ khj;jpuky;yhky; ,r; nra;jpia ntspapLtjd; Clhf rhjhuz kf;fis Vkhwr; nra;tJ gw;wp mth;fs; ftiyg;gltpy;iyah?

Page 11
xOf;ftpay; newpKiwfSf;Nfw;g nraw;gLtjw;F gapw;rp mtrpak;
gj;jphpif Mrphpah;fspd; xd;wpak; mwpKfk; nra;Js;s Clf xOf;f newpKiwfis> Clf epWtdq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghf ePq;fs; jpUg;jpaila KbAkh? gj;jphpif KiwaPl;L Mizf;FOTld; xd;wpize;J gj;jphpif Mrphpah;fs; xd;wpak; ,t;nthOf;ftpay; newpKiwfis mwpKfk; nra;jJ. gj;jphpif KiwaPl;L Mizf;FO ,t;nthOf;f newpKiwfs; kPwg;gLjy; njhlh;ghfNt nraw;gLfpwJ. mNefkhd gj;jphpifahrphpah;fSf;F ,t;nthOf;f newpKiw gw;wpa tpsf;fKz;L. mNj rkak; ,tw;wpd; gpujpfs; midj;J Clf epWtdq;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vt;tsT J}uk; Clftpayhsh; ,ilNa ,t;nthOf;f newpKiwfs; Nt&d;wp cs;sd vd gj;jphpif Mrphpah; xd;wpak; Ma;nthd;iw Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy. NtW Clfq;fs; Clhf Clf xOf;f newpKiw gw;wp toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gpurhuq;fs; fhuzkhf Clftpayhsh;fspilNa Xh; Mh;tk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
murpay;thjpfSk;> murpaw; fl;rpfSk; murhq;fq;fSk; Clftpayhsh;fs; mth;fis gpd; njhlh;e;J nrd;W mth;fs kf;fspdJk; Njrj;jpdJk; ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wp Clftpayhsh;fs rkak; Clfq;fSf;F xOf;ftpay; newpKiw ,Uj;jy; Ntz
cghyp njd;dNfhd; ,yq;if gj;jphpifahrphpah; xd;wpaj;jpd; jiyth;> Neh;fhzy; - mj;Jy tpj;jhdNf
,t;nthOf;f newpKiw Mz;LNjhWk; jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd gj;jphpif Mrphpah; xd;wpaj;jpw;F Nahrid $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;nthOf;f newpKiwapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba Gjpa tplaq;fs; gw;wp Xh; cg FOit epakpj;J fye;Jiuahlg;gl Ntz;Lnkd gj;jphpifahrphpah; xd;wpak; fUJfpwJ.
vt;thwhapDk; Clf xOf;f newpKiwfSf;F mika ,J gw;wp Mh;tj;Jld; nraw;gLk; Clftpayhsh;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. mNj rkak; xOf;fnewpKiw mtrpakpy;iy vd;w czh;Tld; nraw;gLk; Clftpayhsh;fSk; cs;sdh;. ,th;fs; midtiuAk; gw;wp vkJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jD}lhf khj;jpuNk ,t;nthOf;f newpKiwapd; eilKiwiag; gw;wp jpUg;jpaila KbAk;.
Clfq;fSf;F xOf;ftpay; newpKiw mj;jpahtrpakpy;iy vd ePq;fs; fUJfpwPh;fsh?
Clftpayhsh;fspd; Mh;tj;jpw;F mikaNt Clf xOf;ftpay; newpKiw gw;wpa eilKiw jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vt;thwhapDk; ve;jnthU njhopw;JiwahapDk; xOf;ftpay; newpKiw ,Ue;Njahf Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf gj;jphpif Clftpayhsh;fSf;F xOf;ftpay; newpKiw kpfTk; mtrpak;. vkJ njhopy; Clhf ehl;Lf;fhfTk; kf;fSf;fhfTk; nraw;gLfpd;Nwhk;. ,j;jifa eltbf;iffspd; NghJ xOf;ftpay; newpKiw mtrpakhfpwJ.
vkJ ehl;by; epyTk; Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpid fhuzkhf xU Gwk; gaq;futhjk; epyTfpwJ. ehl;bd; rhjhuz kf;fSila
mgpyhirf Ntz;Lk;. ftdkhf Clf ,t;nthOf gapw;rp to Fw;wr;rhl;i Mrphpah;fs KbAkh>?
rpy rk Kd; itj;J gpuNjr C xU ngWk VNjh xd mDg;Gfpd ,jw;Ff; f gj;jphpif nra;jpfis xOf;ftpa Ntz;Lk;. c nraw;gLtj ,jw;F Clftpa
Clftpay gpwf;Fk;. ,
xOf;f jpUj;jq;fi mrke;jg; N gj;jphpif fye;Jiu cq;fSi
rpy rk mNefkhd jPh;khdq;fi vLj;Js;s gFjpfis vOe;Js;s gj;jphpiff Mizf;FO cz;ika ,j;jifa gj;jphp xOf;ftpa xd;wpaj;jp
Clf Clftpa Nkk;gLj;J mtrpakhd Vw;fdNt n Nkk;gLj;J Nkw;nfhs xOf;ftpay Clftpay cj;Njrpj;J

mgpyhirfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rkhjhdj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Clftpayhsh;fs; kpff; ftdkhf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Clf epWtdq;fspy; gzpahw;Wk; Clftpayhsh;fs; ;rp mtrpak;
,t;nthOf;f newpKiwia kPWfpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; mth;fSf;F gapw;rp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd gpuNjr Clftpayhsh;fs; Xh; Fw;wr;rhl;il Kd; itf;fpd;wdh;. ,f; Fw;wr;rhl;L gw;wp gj;jphpif Mrphpah;fspd; xd;wpaj;jpd; rhh;gpy; ePq;fs; tpsf;fkspf;f s;s Clf dq;fs; KbAkh? gj;jphpif mwpKfk; ;nthOf;f mNefkhd w gw;wpa ;J Clf T J}uk;
KbAkh>?
rpy rkaq;fspy; gpuNjr Clftpayhsh;fs; ,f; Fw;wr;rhl;il Kd; itj;Js;sdh;. Clf xOf;f newpKiwf;fika gzpahw;Wk; gpuNjr Clftpayhsh; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; gyh; nra;jpf;F xU ngWkhdj;ij toq;Ftij khj;jpuNk nra;J tUfpd;wdh;. VNjh xd;iw vOjptpl;L jiyik mYtyfj;jpw;F mDg;Gfpd;whh;fs;. gj;jphpiffSf;fpilapNy Nghl;b epyTtJk; ,jw;Ff; fhuzhf mikfpwJ. kWGwk; jiyikaYtyfj;jpd; gj;jphpif Mrphpah; FOTk; gpuNjr Clftpayhsh;fspd; nra;jpfis kPs; ghprPyid nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mNj rkak; Clf xOf;ftpay; newpKiwfSf;fika ,J kPsj; jahhpf;fg;gl ; Nt&d;wp ;nthd;iw f xOf;f
hf
Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikapy; Clf xOf;ftpay; newpKiwfSf;fika nraw;gLtjw;F ehk; vy;yhr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; Kay Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F xU gapw;rp Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ gpuNjr Clftpayhsh;fSf;Fk; gj;jphpif Mrphpah; FOtpd;
Sk; murhq;fq;fSk; gjtpf;F tUfpd;wd> Nghfpd;wd. lh;e;J nrd;W mth;fspd; Vtyhsh;fshf khwf; $lhJ. ehl;L gw;wp Clftpayhsh;fs; ftdkhf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. mNj wpKiw ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tz;Lnkd
Clftpayhsh;fSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; gj;jphpif kPJ ek;gpf;if l;Ls;sJ.
gpwf;Fk;. ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. tplaq;fs;
xOf;ftpay; newpKiw kPwg;gLtJ gw;wp kPz;Lk; z;Lnkd
jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F gj;jphpif Mrphpah;fs; xh; mrke;jg; Nghf;if filg;gpbg;gjhf Rje;jpu Clf ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; ika ,J
gj;jphpif KiwaPl;L Mizf;FOtpw;FkpilNa ,lk;ngw;w f;fpd;wdh;.
fye;Jiuahlypd; NghJ njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gw;wp zh;Tld;
cq;fSila fUj;J vd;d? dtiuAk;
rpy rkaq;fspy; ,g;gbahd epyik Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; khj;jpuNk
mNefkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; gj;jphpif KiwaPl;L Mizf;FOtpd; g;jpaila
jPh;khdq;fis gpuRhpg;gjw;F gj;jphpifahrphpah;fs; eltbf;if vLj;Js;sdh;. KOikahfg; gpuRhpf;fhky; mjd; xU rpy pakpy;iy
gFjpfis khj;jpuk; cs;slf;Ffpd;w fhuzj;jpdhNyNa rpf;fy;fs; vOe;Js;sd. vt;thwhapDk; ,j;jifa jpUj;jq;fis t Clf
gj;jphpiffspy; gpuRhpf;Fk; nghWg;G gj;jphpif KiwaPl;L g;gLfpwJ.
Mizf;FOitNa rhUk;. mth;fs; ,g;nghWg;ig Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. f;ftpay;
cz;ikapy; gj;jphpif %yk; fye;JiuahLtjd; Clhf j;jphpif
,j;jifa gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
gj;jphpifahrphpah; xd;wpak; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Clf ; mtrpak;. f;fhfTk;
xOf;ftpay; newpKiw kPwg;gLtJ gw;wp gj;jphpifahrphpah; f;ftpay;
xd;wpaj;jpy; fye;Jiuahly; Muk;gpf;fg;gltpy;iyah?
Clf xOf;f newpKiwfisj; jpUj;Jtjw;F Nkyjpfkhf khf xU
Clftpayhsh;fspd; tho;f;ifj; Njh;r;rp Kiwfis ;fSila
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J gw;wp mtrpakhd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; gj;jphpif epWtdq;fs; Clhf Vw;fdNt nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifj; Njh;r;rp Kiwfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Rje;jpukhf Clf eltbf;iffis ; jiyth;>
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cs;s jilfis ePf;Ftjw;Fk;> Clf xOf;ftpay; newpKiwfis gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijAk; gapw;rpiaAk; Clftpayhsh;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;Fg; gj;jphpif Mrphpah; xd;wpak; cj;Njrpj;Js;sJ.
Clf Nehf;F 11

Page 12
Clf mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; KiwikfSk; tiuaiwfSk;
,
d;iwa jdJ tpyfp toikahd NtW ,yq;ifapd; tbtj;jpy; nra;jp Clfq;fs; mwpf;ifapLfpd;wd. mwpf;ifaply; Njh;jy; khjphpapypUe;J fhyq;fspy;
mjhtJ jdJ gj;jphpifia thrpg;gtiu xU thrfdhff; fUjhky; thf;fhsuhff; fUjpNa nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j mePjpahd tiutpyf;fzk; fhuzkhf Clftpayhsh;fisg; NghyNt rpy gjpg;ghrphpah;fSk;> nra;jpfis mwpf;ifapLk;NghJ Ngz Ntz;ba Kf;fpa Nfhl;ghLfs; njhlh;ghf ftdk; nrYj;jhky; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. mjhtJ nra;jpapd; jtww;w jd;ik> njspT> kw;Wk; rkepiy Nghd;w mk;rq;fis ftdj;jpw; nfhs;shJ ntWkNd Xh; thf;fhsiu Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L mwpf;ifapLtjw;F khj;jpuk; J}z;lg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,jid Njh;jy; fhyq;fspy; rhjhuzkhff; fhz KbAk;.
,e; epiyik gj;jphpiffSf;F khj;jpuk; tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,d;W mKypy; cs;s njhiyf;fhl;rp thndhyp miythpirfs; khj;jpuky;yhJ nra;jp mwpf;ifapLk; gzpfspy;  mJ ek;gj;jFe;j xU fzpg;gPl;L Kiwnad;w vz;zf;fU ,e;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd fw;if %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; gy;NtW murpay; Nfhzq;fspy;
rprpw fd;dq;fu khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyaj;jpd; Clf Ma;thsh;
12 Clf Nehf;F
nra;jp mw elj;ijia fzpg;gPl;L xU rpy gj Kiwapy; ,jid m
fle;j Nkw;nfhs gj;jphpiff rhjfkhfT mwpf;iffs NkNy cs 8 Kjy; et
g N

mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;
uaiwfSk;
hyq;fspy; hpapypUe;J . mjhtJ fUjhky; mePjpahd hyNt rpy hJ Ngz rYj;jhky; > njspT> fhs;shJ nfhz;L d Njh;jy;
hj;jpuk; yf;fhl;rp pf;ifapLk; sq;fSk; t Njh;jy; hjj;jpw;F
iwik a ,uz;L nra;jpia fzpg;gPL hPjpahf hdjhFk;. ;jpfSf;F ghWj;jJ. p gpurhuk; pg;gPl;ilr;
aq;fis fzpg;gPl;L . Vnddpy; j;jg;gLk; ra;jpfspd; kahFk;. rkkhd ;L Kiw zpg;gPl;L ;if %yk; hzq;fspy;
nra;jp mwpf;ifapLk; nraw;ghl;by; 

Page 13
,jw;F njhpT nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. Nkw;gb rfy gj;jphpiffSk; msT hPjpapy; xt;nthU gj;jphpiffspYk; vJtpjkhd xUikg;ghl;ilAk; fhz Kbatpy;iy. ,e;epiyik Fwpg;gpl;l
,yq;if Kjy; , fhyfl;lj;jpy; Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l njhiyf;fhl;rp
gj;jphpi miythpirfspy; fhz Kbe;jJ.
fle;j [dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy; fhyfl;lj;jpy; msT hPjpahd Fwpfhl;bfspd; gb rkepiyahd nra;jpfis mwpf;ifapl;l rpq;fsg; gj;jphpif yf;gpk MFk;. rkj;Jtkw;w nra;jpfis mwpf;ifapl;l rpq;fsg; gj;jphpif jpdkpd gj;jphpifahFk;.
fw;if , Fwpg;gpl tsq;fs Kf;fpa rkepiy NgZk; tifapy; gpujhd Ntl;ghsh;fis khj;jpuk;
Ntz;Lk ftdj;jpy nfhz;L nraw;gl;lik ,q;F msT hPjpahd fhuzpia NkYk; FWf;fp cs;sikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,f; Fwpf;fhl;bfisj; jtpu NtW mwpf;ifaply; gw;wp Nkw;gb gj;jphpiffs; xJf;fpa xg;GNehf;fpyhd ,lk; Fiwe;j ngWkjpiaNa nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,q;F Vida mwpf;ifaply;
rhjdq;f ngw;wtu mtjhd epiy c vd fUjg;gl;l thf;fhsh;fs;> Njh;jy;fs; kw;Wk; rkhjhd topKiwfs;> Vida Ntl;ghsh;fs;> Njh;jy; flikfs;> r%f tplaq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpa mwpf;ifaplYf;F kpf Fiwe;j ngWkhdNk cs;sJ. mjhtJ Njh;jy;fspd; NghJ
mw Ngh khj
e;sjrKhg k = k u wfk È È Njh;jy; Vida
l gw;wpa
;a
wod<
jpdkpd
ñK ñK
mJ
j rKhk mwpf;ifaply;
d3⁄4;dl a
10]
mt wj rk rhjfkw;wJ disodhl uzpy;
) -
s,a
rhjfkhdJ - j u yskao
26]
diso dhl k`pe;j ) j rk rhjfkhdJ disodhl uzpy;
) -
s,a
52]
10]
ga fhu nr $L tpj wj rhjfkw;wJ diso dhl )
- u yskao
k`pe;j
2]
gue ga mj Fw Nt nj ,U
e;sjrKhg u Njh;jy; j = u wfk yskao
Vida
l ,d
nr Nk Fw gw vd nf mw nt Ki ng ng ,y ng to C gw;wpa
;a
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28] 29]
rhjfkw;wJ - wj rk disodhl uzpy;
- s,a 5]
rhjfkhdJ - uzpy;
rhjfkw;wJ - wj u yskao
diso k`pe;j
dhl ) 9]
j rk disodhl - s,a
29]

phpiffSk; tpjkhd Fwpg;gpl;l
,yq;ifapy; gj;jphpiff; fiy Muk;gkhdJ Kjy; ,d;W tiu gpuRhpf;fg;gl;l yf;fhl;rp
gj;jphpiffisg; gw;wp Nkw;nfhz;l xU
pf;ifapl;l
pifahFk;. ra;jpfis hPjpahd
fw;if Fwpg;gpl;l tsq;fs; Kf;fpa ,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; kdpj gw;wpa gw;whf;FiwNa ,jw;F fhuzkhFk; vd;gij ftdpj;jy; khj;jpuk;
Ntz;Lk;. Clftpayhsh; ntF[dj; njhlh;G hPjpahd pwJ. ,f; ;wp Nkw;gb Fiwe;j f;ifaply;
rhjdq;fs; gw;wpa KOikahd mwpT ngw;wtuhapUf;Fk; NghJ Clf mtjhdpg;ghsh; me;egiu tpl mwptpy; cah; epiy cilatuhapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ; rkhjhd fs;> r%f Fiwe;j d; NghJ
mwpf;ifapliy rkepiyg;gLj;JtJ> Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapLfpd;w gpujhd fl;rpfs;/ Ntl;ghsh;fs; gw;wp khj;jpuk; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L gj;jphpif nraw;gLkhapd;> mJ epahakhdJ my;y vd;gJ gfpuq;f cz;ikahFk;.
juj;jpyhd fzpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; msT hPjpahd fzpg;gPl;L Kiw %yk; Clfq;fis mtjhdpg;gij tpl juj;jpyhd fzpg;gPl;L Kiwfis
khdJ - u yskao
hl pe;j
) 52]
gad;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; ghuJ}ukhd eltbf;ifahFk;. fhuzk; vd;dntdpy; ,uz;L mtjhdpg;ghsh;fs; xNu nra;jpia thrpf;Fk; NghJ ,uz;L fUj;Jf;fs; Vw;glf; $Lk;. mjhtJ xNu tplaj;ijg; gw;wp ,Uth; NtW tpjkhf jkJ mtjhdpg;Gf;fisr; nra;fpd;wdh;.
,q;F mtjhdpg;ghsUf;F nra;jpiag; gw;wpa xU gue;j tpsf;fk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mNj rkak; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkhop gw;wp rpwe;j mwpT mj;jpahtrpakhFk;. mbg;gilapy; ,t;tpU Fwpf;fhl;bfisapl;L mtjhdpg;ghsh; jpUg;jpaila Ntz;Lk;. mNj rkak; jhd; Njh;e;njLj;j fw;if njhlh;ghf jpwdha;T nra;J kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; Mw;wy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. J -
,yq;ifapd; gj;jphpiff; fiy Muk;gpj;jJ Kjy; u yskao
,d;W tiu gpuRhpf;fg;gl;l gj;jphpiffisg; gw;wp nra;ag;gl;l cWjpahd fw;if xd;W ,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;F Kf;fpakhd fhuzk; w;wJ -
Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwapy; epyTk; kdpj tsq;fspd; u yskao
]
pe;j ) gw;whf;FiwahFk;. vd;w tplag; nghUs; Clftpayhsh; gw;wp g+uzj;Jtkhd ntF[d mwpitf;
Clfk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mtjhdpg;ghsh; mtiu tpl mwptpy; cah; epiy va;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ntF[d Clfk; vd;w tplag; nghUs; gw;wpAk; Muha;r;rp Kiwikfs; gw;wpa tplag; nghUs; gw;wpAk; mwpT ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ehk; md;whlk; ngWfpd;w nra;jpfs; xNu khjphpahditahf ,y;yhikahFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf mt;tt; tplag; nghUSf;Nfw;w tifapy; jifik tha;e;j Muha;r;rp topKiwfis cUthf;Fk; gaDWjp tha;e;j Mw;wy; Clf mtjhdpg;ghsUf;F ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Clf Nehf;F 13

Page 14
,yq;ifg; gj;jphpifahsh; rq;fj;jpd; gpujpepjpfspd; ,f;$l;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; mikg;Gf;fSk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
Clf Copau; njhopw;rq;f rk;Nksdk; (FMETU) ,yq;if ciof;Fk; gj;jphpifahsh; rq;fk; (SLWJA) Rje;jpu Clf ,af;fk; (FMM) ,yq;ifj; jkpo; Clftpayhsu; xd;wpak; (SLTMA) ,yq;if K];ypk; Clf xd;wpak; (SLMMF)
,r; rhrdkhdJ ,yq;ifapYs;s Clfq;fspy; ghy;epiy rkj;Jtj;jpw;F Mjhugykhf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Mff; Fiwe;j epakq;fisAk;> Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk; eph;zapf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;; Clf Ntiyj;jyq;fs;> gj;jphpifahsh; mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Clfk; Nghd;wdtw;wpy; rkj;Jtj;jpid mile;Jnfhs;tjid Mjhpg;gjw;fhd xU nraw;ghl;bw;fhd eilKiw epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpidAk; tiuaWf;fpd;wJ.
ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd rhrdj;jpidj; jhk; mq;fPfhpg;gjhf gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;s Ie;J mikg;Gf;fs;> gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis Vw;W eilKiwg;gLj;JkhW rfy gj;jphpifahsh;fisAk;> Clf mikg;Gf;fisAk; kw;Wk; Clfr; rq;fq;fisAk; Ntz;Lfpd;wd.
1. mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
r%fk; KOtjpD}Lk; rkj;Jtj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;F gzpGhpAk; #oypDs;Sk; kw;Wk; ngz;fspidg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tjpYk; ClfkhdJ ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpid Nkk;gLj;jpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. r%fj;jpw;F mwpT+l;Ltjw;Fk; ghy;epiyapd; khwhf;fUj;Jg; gbtq;fspd; kl;Lg;gLj;jy;fis cilg;gjw;F tpthjq;fisAk; fye;Jiuahly;fisAk; njhlq;fp itg;gJ Clfj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
Clfj;jpy; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtk; gw;wpa ve;jf; fye;JiuahlYf;Fk; Clf Ntiyj;jyj;jpy; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtk; Ngzg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.
rfy gj;jphpifahsh;fSk;> Clfg; gzpahsh;fSk; mth;fspd; ghy;epiy VJthf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;; gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;fhd rkkhd nry;topia ghh;g;gjw;fhd chpikiaAk;> ghFghbd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd chpikiaAk; nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;.
gj;jphpifj;Jiwf;F egh;fis epakpj;jYk;> Ntiyf;fkh;j;jYk; rk;gsf; nfhLg;gdTfs;; my;yJ gjtp cah;tpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gj;jphpifj; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
Clfj;jpdhy; ngz;fspd; fPo;g;gbjiyr; rjh epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;aKbAk; my;yJ ngz;fspd; chpikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpuj;jpid tfpf;f KbAk;. Mz;fisAk; ngz;fisAk; rkj;JtkpFKiwapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhd jkJ nghWg;gpidg; gj;jphpifahsh;fs; czh;e;J nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
,jdhy;> Clfj;jpd; gbkq;fs; Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; gw;wpa khwh epiyf; fUj;Jg; gbkq;fisg; gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy my;yJ tYg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. NkYk; ghuk;ghpakhfg; ngz;fSf;Fg; ghjfkhd rkj;Jtkpd;ikfis ngUfr; nra;fpd;wjhf mth;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
2. tha;g;Gf;fspd; rkj;Jtk;
gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F mh;g;gzpg;Gg; G+Ztjd; %yk;> rfy Clfq;fSk;> mit murhq;f ClfkhfNth my;yJ jdpahh; ClfkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;; Clf Ntiyj; jyj;jpy; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gw;wpg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
14 Clf Nehf;F
,yq;ifapY
khehl;by
nts jFj my;y njho re;jh ePf;F rkk mid ,Ue topf xOf Kf;f Cf; mwpK cyf epiy vd;g
3. ng chpikfs
ngw;Nw nghWg;Gf ngz;fS Njitfi gq;Nfw;gpi nghJt rpNu~;l j

pepjpfspd; pd;wd.
JA)
A)
ghy;epiy hd Mff; hLfisAk; phpifahsh; ;Jtj;jpid hl;bw;fhd .
;fPfhpg;gjhf w;ghLfis Ak;> Clf ;Lfpd;wd.
f;Ftjw;F pepjpj;Jtk; kk;gLj;jpg; +l;Ltjw;Fk; j;jy;fis ; njhlq;fp
ve;jf; ; rkj;Jtk;
mth;fspd; hd rkkhd d;ikiaf;
;fkh;j;jYk;
; Jiwapy;
j;jpUf;fr; Lj;Jtjpy; ;fisAk; a;tjw;fhd nfhs;tJ
; ngz;fs; pg;gjpy;iy z;fSf;Fg; ;fpd;wjhf
py;iy.
yk;> rfy J jdpahh; ghy;epiyr; k;.
,yq;ifapYs;s Clfk; kw;Wk; Clfj;Jiw vd
rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd rhrdk; 2006 khh;r;
khehl;by; gq;Fgw;wpNahh;
ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kpF gjtp cah;T kw;Wk; njhpTr; nray;tpjpfis jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;;; ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; my;y. njhopy; ghugl;rq;fis mfw;Wjy;> rfy xg;gilfSf;Fk; rkkhd re;jh;g;gq;fis toq;fy; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpakhd ghy;epiy xJf;fPLfis ePf;Fjy;. rkkhd ngWkjpAila Ntiyf;Fr; rkkhd nfhLg;gdT midj;J tbtpyhd ghypay; Jd;GWj;jy;fisAk; Ntiyj;jyj;jpy; ,Ue;J mfw;Wtjw;fhf nfhs;iffisAk; kw;Wk; njspthd topfhl;Ljy;fisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;. NkYk; jfhj elj;ijf;fhf xOf;fhw;Wr; nray;tpjpfis tiuaWj;jy;. Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fg; ngz;fisj; njhpT nra;tij Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w njspthd ghFghl;bw;nfjpuhd nfhs;iffis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJk; Nkk;gLj;JtJk;. cyfkakhf;fk; kw;Wk; Clf VfNghfk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w epiyAWjpaw;w Ntiy xg;ge;jq;fs; ngz;iz mjpfk; ghjpf;ftpy;iy vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
3. ngw;Nwhh;fshf ,Uf;Fk; gj;jphpifahsh;fSf;Fr; rk chpikfs;
ngw;NwhuhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; gj;jphpifahsh;fSf;F tpNrlkhd NjitfSk;> nghWg;Gf;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Foe;ijg; guhkhpg;gpd; ngUk; gFjp ngz;fSf;Nf tplg;gLtjhy;> mJ mOj;jq;fisAk;> njhopypy; Kuz;gLk; NjitfisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J ngw;NwhUk; gzpapy; Kog; gq;Nfw;gpidAk; toq;f> tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gly;> Ntz;Lk;.
nghJthfg; gj;jhpifj; JiwapYk;> Fwpg;ghf Clf epWtdq;fspDs; rpNu~;l jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuq;fspYk; ngz;fs; Fiwthfg;

Page 15
fk; kw;Wk; Clfj;Jiw vd;gtw;wpd; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd rhrdk; 2006 khh;r;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLtijg; gpd;tUtdtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; rfy Clf epWtdq;fSk;> gj;jphpif mikg;Gf;fSk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
FLk;gf; flg;ghLfSf;F ,lkspf;Fk; nefpo;Tj; jd;ik kpf;f Ntiy Neuq;fs; gpurt kw;Wk; je;ijik tFg;Gf;fspd; epahakhd nfhLg;gdTfs; njhopyhsh;fSf;Ff; Foe;ijg; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfs; fpilf;fg; ngWjy;.
4. ngz;fisr; rpj;jhpj;jy;
Clfj;Jld; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;s midtUk;; ngz;fSk;> Mz;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gl;l epahakhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;fhfg; ghLgLtjw;fhd nghWg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. gj;jphpifj; JiwahdJ midthpw;fhfTk; Fuy; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ghuk;ghpakhfg; ghjfkhd ngz;fspd; gbkq;fis tYg;gLj;Jtijj; jtph;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWkpfs; kw;Wk; mth;fspd; gy; ghj;jpuq;fspd; xU rkdpiyahd rpj;jhpg;gpid Clfk; Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
murpay;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; Aj;jk; cs;spl;l rfy fijfspYk; gy;tifik kpF tPr;rpyhd ngz;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij epr;rapg;gjw;F gj;jphpifahsh;fSk;> ClfKk; tpNrl Kaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gj;jphpifj; Jiwapy; newprhh; elj;ijf;fhd nghWg;G Clfj; njhopy; JiwapdhpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. ghy;epiyf; $Uzh;T kpF nra;jpfis toq;Ftjid Nkk;gLj;Jk; topfhl;Ljy;fis tiujy; kw;Wk; Ra xOq;F tpjpfspd; ek;gj;jFe;jJk; tifg;nghWg;G kpf;fJkhd Kiwikfs; vd;gd ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
5. rq rkj;JtKk
ghy;ep eilKiwg rkj;Jtj;j jkJ nfhs jkf;Fj; mikg;Gf cs;slf;f
epakd gj;jph Nghd;w ghy;ep nfhs fzpg;g Fiwf xj;Jg gj;jph Nkw;n gpujpe tpla gj;jph ngz;f eilK Nrh;e;J ghy;ep ngz;g nfhs gj;j tiy mikg ngz;f ntspa tpNrl Mz;f tpUJ ehL K rkj; xOq;F nfhs Clf gpd;tU rkj;J Vw;W gj;jph ghy;e cUt ghy;ep Fwpg;g Mff;F FLk;g

; ghy;epiyr;
d; %yk; fUj;jpw;
;f Ntiy
;gdTfs; pilf;fg;
z;fSk; tjw;fhd pw;fhfTk; z;fspd; ngz;fs; piyahd
jfspYk; ;gl;Ls;sJ Kaw;rp
; njhopy; a;jpfis xOq;F s; vd;gd
5. rq;fq;fspYk; mikg;Gf;fspYk; ghy;epiyr; rkj;JtKk; gq;Nfw;Gk;
ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpd; nfhs;ifapid Vw;W eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;> ngz;fspd; fhpridfisAk; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mtw;wpidj; jkJ nfhs;iffspYk;> eltbf;ifr; rl;lj;jpYk; xUq;fpizf;fTk; jkf;Fj; jhKk; nghWg;G cs;sJ vdg; gj;jphpifahsh; mikg;Gf;fs; czuj; njhlq;fpAs;sd. gpd;tUtd cs;slf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; ,it epfo;j;jg;glyhk;.
epakdk; njhopYf;fkh;j;jy;> gjtp cah;T kw;Wk; gj;jphpifj;Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; rk;gsf; nfhLg;gdT Nghd;wtw;wpy; rkkhd tha;g;Gf;fisf; NfhUjy;. my;yJ; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;w Ntiyj;jyf; nfhs;iffis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w rpwe;j eilKiwf; fzpg;gPLfs;> NkYk; njhopy; GhpAk; ngw;Nwhh; kPjhd Rikiaf; Fiwf;fpd;w mj;Jld; njhopYf;Fk; FLk;gg; nghWg;gpw;Fk; xj;Jg;Nghff; $bajhdJkhd njhopy; eilKiwfs; gj;jphpifahsh; mikg;Gf;fspYk;> mth;fspd; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; fl;likg;Gf;fspYk; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpid mjpfhpg;gJ> ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jt tplaq;fisg; ngUk;Nghf;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;. gj;jphpifahsh; mikg;Gf;fs; ,ij Xh; ,yf;fhf Nehf;fp> ngz;fspd; rpwe;j gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F eilKiw epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; ngz; gj;jphpifahsh;fSld; Nrh;e;J gzpahw;w mh;g;gzpg;G G+Zfpd;wd. Clfj;jpy; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhfg; ghpe;J NgRfpd;w mNjNtis> ngz;gj;jphpifahsh;fs; mth;fspd; mDgtq;fisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;sTk; kw;Wk; xUtUf;F xUth; cjtTk; ngz; gj;jhpifahsh;fSf;fhd xU Njrpa ngz;fs; tiyaikg;gpid cUthf;Ftij gj;jphpifahsh; mikg;Gf;fs; Mjhpj;Jk; Cf;fg;gLj;jpAk; tUfpd;wd. ngz;fSf;F Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis ntspapLtjw;F mNjNghy; Clfj;jpw;Fg; ngz;fshw;wpa tpNrl gq;fspg;Gf;fis milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fk; Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; Cf;Ftpg;gpid cUthf;Ftjw;F tpUJfis toq;Ftjw;fhd rhj;jpaj;jpid Muha;jy;. ehL KOtjpYKs;s midj;J Clfq;fspYk; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cs;epiy xOq;FtpjpfSf;F chpa ,lk; toq;fg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;j nfhs;iffisAk; Kd;nkhopTfisAk; cUthf;Ftjw;F Clf epiyaq;fspy; fye;;Jiuahly;fis Muk;gpj;jy;. gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk;> ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpidg; gpujpgypf;fpd;w cs;epiyf; nfhs;iffis Vw;W eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg; gj;jphpifahsh; mikg;Gf;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;fpd;wd. ghy;epiy tplaq;fSld; njhlh;Gfs; gpur;rhuq;fis cUthf;FtJ gw;wp tpNrlkhff; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w ghy;epiy FOtpid cUthf;Fjy;. Fwpg;ghf epiwNtw;Wr; rigfspy; ngz; gpujpepjpfspw;fhd Mff;Fiwe;j Nfhl;lhtpid mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;. FLk;g - el;GkpF $l;lq;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;.
Clf Nehf;F 15

Page 16
m thn Nr
j kf
w;fhyj;ija cyfpy; Clfj;Jiwapd; ,d;wpaikahik Fwpj;jhd xUtpj Mh;tk; epytp tUfpd;wik fz;$L. Clfj;Jiwapd; nraw;ghl;bw;fhd Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tpsq;FtJ> Clfq;fSf;Fk; gz;ghl;bw;FkpilNa fhzg;gLfpd;w gu];guj; njhlh;ghFk;. gz;ghl;lilahsq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Clfj;JiwahdJ nraw;gLfpd;wikapdhy; gz;ghl;Lj; jlq;fspd; top gazpf;fhJ tpbd;> Clfj;Jiwapd; guty; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L tplf; $Lk;.
,jd; fhuzkhfNt> kf;fs; gz;ghlhdJ Clfj;Jiwf;F mj;jpahtrpakhdjhfpd;wJ. gz;ghnld;W Fwpg;gpLkplj;J> mjDs; nkhop kw;Wk; kjk; Mfpait Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wd. fhydpahjpf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;l mgptpUj;jpailahj ehLfspy; kjk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjd;gb> vkJ ehl;by; ,g;gpujhd ,lkhdJ ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tp`hiuf;Nfh> kj ];jynkhd;Wf;Nfh Nehpy; tUifju Kbahjtplj;J thndhypAk;> njhiyf;fhl;rpAk; mj;Njitia epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd khh;f;fq;fshfpd;wd.
,yq;if hPjpahf Nehf;Fk; NghJ mr;R ClfkhdJ Kd;Ndw;wkile;Js;sik cz;ikNanadpDk;> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fSnshd;whd tndhyp ehL KOtJk; gutyhfNt midj;Jj; jug;gpdiuAk; nrd;wile;Js;sJ. J}ug;gpuNjrq;fspy; njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; ];jhdj;jpidAk; thndhypNa ifg;gw;wpAs;sikapdhy; ,r;NritahdJ kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.
fle;j 20-25 tUl fhyg;gFjpapy; thndhypr; NritahdJ jkpo; kf;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ ahnjd;gJ njhlh;ghf Muha;e;J fUj;Jf;$w tpiofpNwd;.
vk; murpay;thjpfs; vj;Jiz vLj;Jf; $wpDk;> rhjhuz gpui[fisg; nghWj;jtiu xw;iwahl;rp ehnlDk; kNdhghtk; mth;fs; kj;jpapy; Njhd;Wtnjd;gJ mth;fSf;F ,e;ehl;by;
chpj;jhF Fiw$wpf;n njhlh;ghd ,j;jifa kf;fSf;F ,e;j Kd;i nfhs;tij
vkJ jkpo;nkhop NritapY fhzg;gLf Njrpa Nri Nritf;nf fpilahj. NritAk; 5 kzpf;F 8-9 kzpt miythpi kzpastpy xypgug;gg;g gp.gp.rp. jkpN nraw;gLfpd ,ut 8-9 ngWfpd;wd rpy tplaq 1. jkpo; n 2. fpuhkpa 3. thndhy 4. fh;ehlf
,it eilngWk ,uT ti ,ilepWj;j mT];jpNuy Nkw;Fyf epfo;r;rpfS jkpo;j;N gjtpNa fh NtWgl;l
j
Nguhrphpah; fh. rptj;jk;gp Xh; r%f tpQ;Qhdp> jpwdha;thsh;> fiy gz;ghl;Lj;Jiw nraw;ghl;lhsh;
16 Clf Nehf;F

mur thndhypr; NritAk; jkpo; kf;fSk;
ikahik fz;$L. mk;rkhf g;gLfpd;w ilahff; z;ghl;Lj; ; guty;
;Jiwf;F > mjDs; f;fpd;wd. py; kjk; ,lkhdJ Nfh> kj ndhypAk;> ;tjw;fhd
lfkhdJ ;jpudpay; idj;Jj; q;fspy; dhypNa paj;Jtk;
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vkJ ehl;by; NjrpaNrit> th;j;jf NritnaDk; ,U jkpo;nkhop%y xypgug;Gr; Nritfs; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd. th;j;jf NritapYk; njd;wy; Nrit> th;j;jf Nritnad;w ,U gphpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mfpy ,yq;if hPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtJ Njrpa NritahFk;. mjd; ,d;iwa epiyik ahJ? jkpo;j;Njrpa Nritf;nfd gpuj;jpNafkhf xJf;fg;gl;l miythpirnahd;W fpilahj. jkpo; th;j;jfNritf;fhd miythpirapNyNa jkpo;j;Njrpa NritAk; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. Njrpa Nritapd; epfo;r;rpfs; fhiy 5 kzpf;F Muk;gkhfp fhiy 8 kzpf;F epiwTngWk; mNjNtis> 8-9 kzptiu K];ypk; Nrit xypgug;gg;gLk;. mjd;gpd;> ,Nj miythpirapNyNa jkpo; th;j;jfNritAk; xypgug;ghFk;. khiy 6 kzpastpy; Muk;gkhfp> kWgbAk; ,uT 11.30 tiu NjrpaNrit xypgug;gg;gLk;. ,f;FWfpa fhyg;gFjpapDs; ,U nra;jpawpf;iffSk;> gp.gp.rp. jkpNohir epfo;r;rpAk;> mj;Jld; 7-8 kzptiu INuhg;ghtpypUe;J nraw;gLfpd;w GyptpNuhj thndhypr; Nritnahd;Wk; xypgug;ghfpd;wd. ,ut 8-9 kzptiu kWgbAk; K];ypk; Nrit epfo;r;rpfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,t;tpjkhf Neug;ghFghl;bidnaLj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ rpy tplaq;fs; njspT ngWfpd;wd. 1. jkpo; nkhop %ykhd fy;tpr; Nritnahd;W ,aq;Ftjpy;iy. 2. fpuhkpa tptrhaQ; rhh;e;j jfty;fs; ,uT 9.20f;F xypgug;ghfpd;wd. 3. thndhyp ehlfq;fs; xypgug;ghtjpy;iy. 4. fh;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;nfd xU kzpNeuk; jhDk; xJf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,it ,j;Jld; epiwT ngw;Wtpltpy;iy. fphpf;fl; Nghl;bfs; eilngWkhapd;> fhiyapypUe;J khiy tiuAk;> rpy jpdq;fspy; ,uT tiuANk $l Njrpa Nritapd; epfo;r;rpfs; ahTk; ,ilepWj;jg;gl;L mg;Nghl;bfspd; Neub th;zidfs; ,lk;ngWk;. mT];jpNuypahtpy; Nghl;bfs; eilngWkhapd; khiyNeu epfo;r;rpfSk;> Nkw;Fyf ehLfspy; ,g;Nghl;bfs; eilngWkhapd; fhiyNeu epfo;r;rpfSk; ,ilepWj;jg;gLtJ tof;fk;.
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Page 17
jl;Lf;fisj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; nghWg;G xU vOJtpidQUf;Nf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mwptpg;ghsh;fis vLj;J Nehf;Fkplj;J ,th;fSs; epue;ju> gFjpNeu> KONeu mwptpg;ghsh;fs; ahnud gphpj;jwpa Kbahtz;zk; ghhpa vz;zpf;ifahNdhh; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fSl; rpyh; fh;ehlf ,irf;Fr; nrtprha;j;jJ $l ,y;iy.
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Page 18
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Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. 3. gj;jphpifapy; rfy ntspaPLfspYk; Kjy; gf;fj;jpy; gpuRukhFk; Gifg;glq;fspy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; xU Gifg;glkhtJ cs;ehl;L my;yJ jkJ g+Nfhs gpd;dzpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Gifg;glkhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.l 4. rpwe;j Gifg;glk; vg;NghJk; vjph;ghuhjijf; $wNtz;Lk;. vOj;J %y mwpf;ifia NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. 5. Gifg;glk; jpl;lkplg;gLk; NghJ mJ Gifg;gl gjpg;ghrphpauhy; my;yJ gj;jphpifapd; cjtp Mrphpauhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 6. E}y; epiya Gifg;glq;fisAk;> vOjg;gl;l gj;jphpifr; nra;jpNahL vJtpjj; njhlh;Gk; ,y;yhj Gifg;glq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtij jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 7. gj;jphpifapd; gf;fq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk; NghJ rpwe;j gaDWjp tha;e;j KiwapNyNa Gifg;glq;fisj; njhpT nra;aTk; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; eWf;FtJk; mtrpakhFk;. 8. thrfDila fz;fs; ,yFthf gf;fk; g+uhTk; miraf; $ba tifapy; gf;fq;fs; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> mjw;F Vw;w tifapy; Gifg;glq;fs; xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 9. rk mstpyhd Gifg;glq;fis gpuRhpg;gjpypUe;J jtph;f;fTk;. 10. jtwhd my;yJ khw;wj;jpw;F cs;shd Gifg;glq;fis vkJ gj;jphpifapy; gpuRhpf;ff; $lhJ. ePq;fs; Nghl;Nlh n\hg; (Photoshop) Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp Gifg;glq;fis fsq;fg;gLj;Jjy;> fUikahf;Fjy;> xU nghUis my;yJ egiu %b kiwj;jy; ed;F Gyg;glr; nra;jy; vd;gd Gifg;gl gjpg;ghrphpahpd; mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;w gpd;dNu eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 11. vg;NghJk; ePq;fs; Clf xOf;ftpay; newpKiwfSf;Fk; nfhs;iffSf;Fk mika xOf Ntz;Lk;. VjhtJ re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd re;jh;g;gq;fs; Vw;gl;lhy; Gifg;glg;

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gjpg;ghrphpah; my;yJ gj;jphpif Mrphpah; FOtpy; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; xUtUld; fye;Jiuahb cq;fs; gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gf;fq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk; gj;jphpiff; fiyQh;fSf;fhd tpNrl topfhl;bfs; 1. gj;jphpifapd; gf;fq;fisj; jahhpg;gth; vd;w tifapy; xU Gifg;glj;ij khw;Wtjhapd; my;yJ glj;jpypUe;J xU gFjpia ePf;Ftjhapd; Gifg;glf; fiyQUld; my;yJ Gifg;glg; gjpg;ghrphpaUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;. 2. ePq;fs; gj;jphpifapy; gad;gLj;Jk; Gifg;glj;ij rpU\;bj;j fiyQhpd; my;yJ Kfthpd; ngaiuf; Fwp;gpgLtJ %yk; rpU\;bj;Njhhpd; Gfio mth;fSf;F chpj;jhf;f Ntz;Lk;. xNu xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; khj;jpuNk ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplhjpUf;f KbAk;. mjhtJ kpfr; rpwpa gj;jpapd; miug;gFjpapy; (Por- traits) cUtg;glq;fis gpuRhpf;Fk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; khj;jpuk; mt;thW nra;ayhk;. 3. vkJ gj;jphpif epWtdj;jpd; Gifg;glf; fiyQuhapd; mtUila ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. mth; NtW Kfth; epiyaj;jpy; gzpahw;Wgtuhapd; Kjypy; Gifg;glf; fiyQhpd; ngaiuAk; ,uz;lhtjhf Kfth; epiyaj;jpd; ngaiuAk; Fwpg;gplTk;. cq;fs; gj;jphpif epWtdj;jpd; gioa Mtzq;fspy; ,Ue;J kPz;Lk; xU Gifg;glj;ijg; gpuRhpg;gjhapd; mg;Gifg;glf; fiyQhpd; ngaiuAk; Nkw;gb Gifg;glk; vLf;fg;gl;l Mz;ilAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; xU Gifg;glj;ij cq;fs; gj;jphpif my;yhj NtW Xh; gioa Mtzj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngWtPh;fshapd; mjidg; ngw;w Mtzj;ij KjypYk; ,uz;lhtjhf Gifg;glf; fiyQhpd; ngaiuAk; Mz;ilAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. 4. rfy re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; gpuRu Mrphpah;fspd; chpikfSf;F kjpg;G mspAq;fs;. ngah; my;yJ Kfth; epiyak; my;yJ NtW Mjhu %yq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;glhj Gifg;glq;fis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhapd; Nkw;gb Gifg;glf; fiyQNuhL fye;JiuahLq;fs;. ,Wjpj; jPh;khdk; cq;fSilaJ. njhlh;e;Jk; gad;gLj;Jk; Gifg;glg; ghtid> gioa Mtzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> jdpg;gl;l Gifg;glq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;Dk; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ Kd; Fwpg;gpl;l eilKiwfis mDrhpAq;fs;. 5. xt;nthU gj;jphpifapd; gf;fj;jpYk; Kf;fpakhd xU Gifg;glj;ijNah my;yJ Gifg;glq;fspd; Nrh;f;ifiaNah cs;slf;Fq;fs;. 6. midj;J Gifg;glq;fSk; (Graphic) tiutpay;fSk; gj;jphpifapd; epakq;fSk; Vw;Gilajhf mika Ntz;Lk;. xNu tplaj;ij mwpf;ifapYk; tiutpaypYk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;lhk;. 7. nra;jp tiutpay; (Graphic) kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fSk; Gifg;glq;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wikahy; mtw;iwg; Gifg;glq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. 8. Ie;J gj;jpfSf;F Nkyjpfkhfg; ghhpa Gifg;glk; gpuRhpf;fg;gLNkahdhy; tpNrl re;jh;g;gq;fspy; khj;jpuNk mt;thW gpuRhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. 9. xt;nthU Gifg;glj;jpw;Fk; tpNrl msT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l Clftpayhsh;fis epidT$UKfkhf 2006 Nk $ba ngz; Clftpayhsh;fspd; xU rpyh;. Clf Copah; njhopw; rq;f ,yq;if ciof;Fk; gj;jphpifahsh; rq;fk; (SLWJA)> Rje;jpu Clf ,a ,yq;ifj; jkpo; Clftpayhsh; xd;wpak; (SLTMA)> ,yq;if K];ypk; C vd;gd xd;wpize;J ,t;tQ;ryp epfo;it Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jd.
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Page 21
thrfh;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikf;F gj;jphpifapd; mh;g;gzpg;G
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,t;Tg FOtpw;F ,Wjpahff; fUj;Jj; njhptpj;j epiwNtw;Wg; gjpg;ghrphpah; gpy;nfyh;> gj;jphpif jkJ thrfh; ek;gpf;ifia vt;thW Nkk;gLj;jpaJ? vd;gij Muha;e;J gpd;tUkhW fUj;J ntspapl;lhh;. Clfj; Jiwia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ghhpa epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij mKyhf;Fk; Mw;wy; vkf;F cz;L. cjhuzkhfg; ngaiu ntspapl
'j iuk;];" Nghd;w gj;jphpif jkJ gpujpikiaf; fl cwTfspd; cghaq;fis ,Wf;fkhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; gj;jphpiffs; jk;ikg; ghJfhg;gj ehd; cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;Nwd; vd mth; $wpdhh;.
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Fwpg;gplg;g kl;lj;jpy; rjtPjkhNd xd;iwANk
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Clf Nehf;F 21
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Page 22
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fl;lk; kPJ vdJ rpe;jid 

Page 23
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s;> Wtz;lh `{l;L Njrpa epiwe;Js;s Clf cyfj;jpy; mwpf;ifaply; Mokhf l;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd ehd; ;Nwd;. jdpg;gl;l czh;Tfis midtUf;Fk; chpik cz;L. mwpe;Njh my;yJ mNdfkhf J Nghy ehk; mwpahkNy Nkw;gb vkJ mwpf;ifaplypy; jhf;fj;ij jthW ehk; ntWg;Gld; ele;J tz;Lk;. pl;l egh; my;yJ FOtpdh; ; rk;gtq;fspy;  `{l;L ; gw;wpa rfy mwpf;iffSk; hdit vdf; fUj KbahJ. fle;j d; kpfTk; Nftykhd kdpjh;fs; ifg;gLj;jYf;F ,th;fspd; s; cs;slf;fg;gLth;. Mdhy; gpg;gjw;F rhl;rpfs; ,y;yhikahy; g; gw;wpa mwpf;iffis vOj hpik fpilahJ.
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mh;g;gzpg;ig Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ vd ehd; $WNtd;. gf;fr; rhh;ghd mwpf;ifahshpd; jPh;TfSf;F ,Wjpapy; ehk; mz;kpj;jhYk; mJ mwpT - tprhuiz vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapNyNa epiwNtw Ntz;Lk;. xU Nfh\;b KOikahf J\;lh;fshth;. mNj rkak; kW Nfh\;b g+uzkhf ey;yth;fs; vdf; $wg;gLk; ntFrd Clf cld;ghL gw;wp kpff; ftdkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J> kpf mbg;gilahfTk; ,ay;ghfTk; Njhw;Wk; tplakhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mt;thwhapDk;> jkJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fis Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jtjw;F Clftpayhsh; fhl;Lk; tpUg;gkpd;ik vd;id mjph;r;rpf;Fs;shf;fpAs;sJ. vkJ njhopy; Jiwiar; rhh;e;j gyh; Ra jpUg;jpiaAk;> Ra tpNrl epiyikfSf;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,J xU NehahFk;. VidNahh; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikAk; nghWg;Gk; nfhz;lth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Clftpayhsh;fshfpa ehk; Ntz;Lfpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy;> vkJ FiwghLfisf; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wk; NghJ vk;kpilNa ngUQ;Rth;fisf; fl;bf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
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vkJ eltbf;iffis mtrukhf ehk; nra;tjhYk;> Jhpjkhf ehk; kwe;J tpLtjhYk; vk; eltbf;iffs; %yk; fw;gjw;F ePbj;j ghlq;fs; ,y;iy vd ek;Gjy; ,yFthdJ. vdJ 'gphpj;jNyrp" fij tpbaw;fhiy thndhyp miythpirfspy; xU rpy nrf;fd;fs; khj;jpuNk ePbj;jJ. ghuJ}ukhd tpisTs; Vw;gl Kd;dh; mJ ePf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ. Mdhy;> ehd; ,jpypUe;J Kf;fpa ghlj;ijf; fw;Nwd;. 'vijAk; mt;thNw ek;g Ntz;lhk;" vdJ Clff; fiyAk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;.
gh;y;nfdp tl mah;yhe;J kw;Wk; njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; Nkhjy; epiyikfisg; gw;wp mwpf;ifapl;L mDgtk; ngw;w gP.gP.rp. epUguhthh;. Wthz;lhtpy; ,lk;ngw;w ,dthj Nkhjy; gw;wpa mwpf;iffisr; rkh;g;gpj;jikf;F gphpj;jhdpa ntspehl;L Clftpayhsh; rq;fj;jpd; vl;th;l; Mh;.khNuh ghpR mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.
mDruiz : (Media Studies Journal, Spring/ Summer 1998.)
Clf Nehf;F 23

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Gypfspd; `h;j;jhYk; rpq;fs `h;j;jhYk;
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gy le;j 12-14 tiu jpUNfhzkiyapy; `h;j;jhy; eilngw;wJ. rpq;fsg; gj;jphpiffs; ,e;j `h;;j;jhiy rpq;fs `h;j;jhy; vd mwpKfg;gLj;jpd. Mdhy;> rfy rpq;fsth;fSk; ,jid Mjhpf;ftpy;iy. ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzk; N[.tp.gp. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; jpU. [ae;j tPuNrf;fuTk; ,t; `h;j;jhiy vjph;j;jhh;. `h;j;jhYf;F vjpuhf Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; xd;W tpepNahfpf;fr; nrd;w NghJ `h;j;jhypy;  kW ehs; jkpo; nel; ,izaj; jsk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; [ae;j tPuNrfu mth;fspd; nra;jp njhlh;ghd jpUj;jj;ij ntspapl;lJ.)
vt;thwhapDk;> NtW gy rpq;fsg; gj;jphpiffs; ,J rpq;fs `h;j;jhy; vd;Nw njhlh;e;Jk; $wpd. rpq;fs Njrpathj ,af;fNk `h;j;jhiy Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jJ vd;gijapl;L vtUf;Fk; re;Njfk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
Mdhy;> jkpo; Njrpathj mikg;Gf;fs; ,t;thwhd `h;j;jhy; vd;Nw njhlh;e;Jk; $wpd. rpq;fs Njrpathj ,af;fNk `h;j;jhiy Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jJ vd;gijapl;L vtUf;Fk; re;Njfk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; jkpo; Njrpathj mikg;Gf;fs; ,t;thwhd `h;j;jhy;fis xOq;F nra;Ak; NghJ ,r; rpq;fsg; gj;jphpiffs; ,J Gypfspd; `h;j;jhy; vd;W th;zpj;jd. xNuabahf Nkw;gb `h;j;jhy; Mh;g;ghl;lf;fhuh;fis Gyp cWg;gpdh;fshf cUkhw;Wtjw;F
thrfh;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikf;F... 21k; gf;fj;jpd; njhlh;r;rp
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mNj rkak; vkJ epUgh;fSf;F njhiyf;fhl;rpg; gapw;rpia toq;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mwpf;if rpghhpR nra;jJ.
'fle;j Mz;by; gj;jphpif 3200 jpUj;jq;fisg; gpuRhpj;Js;sJ. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; jtWfs; Vw;gLtijj; jtph;g;gjw;fhf mtw;wpd; Nfhyj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;J jtWfisf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Kiwikiaj; Njbg;gpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;." vd jtWfs; gw;wp mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ',k; Kiwik xt;nthU epUguhy; Vw;gLk; jtWfisf; fzf;fpLk; Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;" vd mwpf;if Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mNj rkak; epUghpd; jdpg;gl;l jtWfis fzf;fpl Kw;gLtJ %yk; kd];jhgq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikAnkd mwpf;if Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ.
gpujp gz;Ztij milahsk;s fhz;gjw;F 'j iuk;];" gj;jphpif nyf;f\; nef;f\\; fk;gdpAld; fye;Jiuahb cs;sJ vdTk; mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fy;tp eltbf;iffSf;fhf
24 Clf Nehf;F
nkd;nghU xd;wpize jahhpj;j g FO $Wf 'rpwe;j nfhs;s , gj;jphpiff ghf;Ny fy gPlhjpgjp
'j i fl;bnaO ,Wf;fkhf gj;jphpiff cWjpahf
,g;gj;jphpi ,Uf;fyhk jkpo; `h;j fhuzk mJ epaha vdf; $W $Wifapy ,t;tpU ` nfhs;tij ntspapLk Fwpg;gpl N mjid m nra;tjw;F nfhiy n ,jid mtrpakh gad;gLj;j Clftpay rk;gtkhap Ntz;Lk;. G my;yJ r MFk;. 't vd;w ntF %yk; rPuo

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lngw;wJ. `h;j;jhy; ; ,jid uhSkd;w vjph;j;jhh;. r; nrd;w ;jphpiffs;
l;l NghJ Mjuthd kW ehs; tPuNrfu
rpq;fs ,af;fNk ; re;Njfk;
`h;j;jhy; h;j;jhiy ;ftpy;iy. ;jhy;fis Gypfspd; h;j;jhy; ;Wtjw;F
nkd;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;j ma;njd;hpNfl; fk;gdpAld; xd;wpize;J nraw;gLk; fk;gdpahFk;. ,t;thwhf nkd;nghUl;fisj; jahhpj;j gpd;dh; re;Njfk; Vw;gLk; NghJ mjidg; ghtpf;f KbAnkd FO $Wfpd;wJ.
'rpwe;j nghJkf;fs; cwT> cq;fs; eltbf;if %yk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,lkspj;jy; vd;gtw;iw rkepiyg;gLj;j 'j iuk;];" gj;jphpiff;F Neh;e;jJ." vd mwpf;iff;Fj; Jhpj gpujpgypg;igf; fhl;b ghf;Ny fyp/Nghh;dpah gy;fiyf;fofj; njhlh;G rhjdg; ghlrhiyapd; gPlhjpgjp xh;tpNy n\y; gpufldg;gLj;jpdhh;.
'j iuk;];" Nghd;w gj;jphpif jkJ gpujpikiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gifapy; nghJ kf;fs; cwTfspd; cghaq;fis ,Wf;fkhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wp ehd; tpUk;ghJ ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; gj;jphpiffs; jk;ikg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg; Nghuhl Ntz;Lk; vd ehd; cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;Nwd;" vd mth; $wpdhh;.
,g;gj;jphpiffs; gpd;epw;fkhl;lh. mJ cz;ikahfTk; ngha;ahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy; ,j;jifa `h;j;jhy;fis jkpo; `h;j;jhy; vd ,g;gj;jphpiffs; Vd; mwpKfk; nra;tjpy;iy. fhuzk; ,JNt : rpq;fs `h;j;jhy; vdf; $Wifapy; ,ay;ghfNt mJ epahag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. rl;lg+h;tkhfpd;wJ. Gypfspd; `h;j;jhy; vdf; $Wifapy; epiyik mg;gbay;y. jkpo; `h;j;jhy; vdf; $Wifapy; mJ epahakhd jd;ikiag; ngWfpwJ. ,g;gj;jphpiffs; ,t;tpU `h;j;jhy; ,af;fq;fspd; NghJ xd;Wf;Fr; rhh;ghf ele;J nfhs;tijah ,J vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ? cz;ik vd;dntdpy; nra;jp ntspapLk; NghJ `h;j;jhiy Vw;ghL nra;jth;fspd; ngah;fisNa Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ `h;j;jhy; ,lk;ngWk; Fwpf;NfhSld; mjid milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. cjhuzkhf flw;gilapdiuf; nfhiy nra;tjw;F vjpuhd `h;j;jhy; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fyhk;. khztiuf; nfhiy nra;jikf;F vjpuhd `h;j;jhy; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fyhk;.
,jid Muha;e;J mjd; gpd;dhy; cs;s rf;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLtJ mtrpakhapd; mjw;fhd nra;jpf;Fg; gjpyhf gFg;gha;itNa gad;gLj;jp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkhjy; czh;jpwd; nfhz;l ntF[d Clftpay; nrhw;gjq;fis mt;thNw gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vr; rk;gtkhapDk; xNu epakj;ij mDrhpj;Nj nra;jp ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Gyp `h;j;jhy; (tpLjiyg; Gypfs; Vw;ghL nra;jpUf;fhtpl;lhy;) my;yJ rpq;fs `h;j;jhy; vd;gJ tplag; nghUs; my;y. tptuzk; MFk;. 'tplag; nghUl;fs; Gdpjkhdit tptuzk; Rje;jpukhdJ." vd;w ntF[d Clftpaypd; ngWkjp kpf;f ghlk; jtwhd ghtid %yk; rPuopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Page 25
ntWf;fj;jf;f nghwp
F
sph;fhw;W tPRk; tpbAk; Ntis vjph;jug;gpdh; ,ilNa cld;ghl;il Vw;gLj;j rh;tNjr eLth;fSf;F KbahJ NghfpwJ. Ngr;Rthh;j;ij NkirapypUe;J vOk; NghJ vjph;jug;gpdh; xU rhuhh; kw;iwa rhuhh; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jg; gpd; epw;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. Clfq;fSk; ,jid mbnahl;bNa tof;fkhd jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfis ntspapLk;. 'Nkhjy;fSf;F kj;jpapy; rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs; ,il epWj;jk;" vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLth;.
Mdhy;> rkhjhd topKiw KOikahf ntw;wp mspf;fhtpl;lhYk; ,d;Dk; XhpU thuq;fspy; my;yJ XhpU khjq;fspy; xU rpy tplaq;fspy; cld;ghL fhz ,U jug;gpdUk; kPz;Lk; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij Nkirapy; mkh;thh;fs;.
mjd; gpd;dh; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij ele;j gpd;dh; gpuNjr hPjpahd Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gLtNjhL ,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp mjpfhu rig Xhplj;jpy; Njq;Ffpd;wJ. ek;gpf;iff;Fhpa Clfj; jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfs; kPz;Lk; gpd;tUkhW $Wk; : 'kPz;Lk; ehl;by; Aj;j Nkfq;fs;"
2005
kPz;Lk; ePz;l Nguk; NgrYf;Fg; gpd; cld;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NtW FOj; jiyth; gjpy; gpujkuhf epakdk; ngWfpwhh;. kPz;Lk; rkhjhdg; Ngr;R thh;j;ijf;fhd cld;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nkhjy; njhlh;ghf mwpf;ifapLk; Clftpayhshplk; mNj tpdhf;fs; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vjph;fhyj;jpy; vd;d elf;Fk; vd Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;$wpa cjhuzj;ijg; Nghd;Nw vg;NghJk; nrq;Fj;jhf ,Us; Njhd;Wk;. cz;ikapy; Clftpayhsh; jkJ njhopiyg; nghWj;jtiu ntWf;fj;jf;fth;fs;.
ve;jnthU rk;gtj;jpYk; cs;s ghuJ}ukhd jd;ikia Fiwj;J kjpg;gplf; $lhJ. mNj rkak; rhjfkhd eltbf;ifia vLf;fj; jaq;Fk; If;fpa ehLfspd; ghJfhg;Gr; rig td;Kiwiaf; fz;bg;gJ %yk; gad; tpisakhl;lhJ. vJtpj ,yf;Fk; ,y;yhj rkhjhd topKiwiag; gw;wp NkNyhl;lkhfg;
2006 [d
cz;ikapy; Clftpayhsh;fs; jkJ njhopiyg; ng ntWf;fj;jf;fth;fs;. ntWf;fj;jf;f nghwpapy; rpf;fp mth;fs; jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;
NgRtjpYk; gad; fpilahJ. ePq;fs; Nkhjy; #o;epiyapy; cz;ikapy; miye;J jphpifapy; jtph;f;f Kbahj gb ghhpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd gLnfhiyfs; ,lk;ngw;why; mJ gw;wp mwpf;ifapl Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy;> jtww;wit vd ep&gpf;f Kbahj> jtW vd ep&gpf;f Kbahj> rhjhuzkhf ghjfkhd Nghf;FfSk; Nkhjy;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhf mikayhk;. mNj rkak; mJ rkhjhd topKiwapd; Nkhjiyj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd ntw;wpfukhd eltbf;iffSf;Fk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jyhk;. rkhjhd topKiw gy tisT RopTfisf; nfhz;l gazkhFk;. Mdhy; mJ nghUs; nghjpe;j xU gazNk. ,U jug;gpdhpilNa mbg;gil cld;ghLfisAk; ey;nyz;zj;ij Vw;gLj;jp ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F ,yFthd tplaq;fis Kjypy; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nkhjypd; ikag; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F ,J ,d;wpaikahj epiyikahFk;.
NkypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fp vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; Kwpaf;$ba rkhjhd topKiw Fwpj;Nj ngUk;ghd;ik Clftpayhsh;fs; ftug;gLfpd;wdh;. ',lk; ngah;e;Njhh; kj;jpapypUe;J xU rpy FLk;gq;fs; nkJthf jkJ Ch;fSf;F kPsr; nry;fpd;wdh;>
xU rpy r% cile;j jpwf;fg;gLf ,j;Jiwa Clftpay Kd;Ndw;wq nkJthf mbg;gili eltbf;if ntWf;f $whky; , %yk; rkhj $wg;gLfpd mbkl;lj;j
Insitute reporting f mj;jpahaj

;f nghwp
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2005 etk;gh; 27 uhta
2006 [dthp 22 rd;Nl yPlh;
s; jkJ njhopiyg; nghWj;jtiu j;jf;f nghwpapy; rpf;fp ghuJ}ukhd vjph;T $wy;fis
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wpaf;$ba yhsh;fs; xU rpy y;fpd;wdh;>
xU rpy r%f eyNdhk;G epiyaq;fs; %lg;gLfpd;wd> Nghhpdhy; cile;j ghyq;fs; Gduikf;fg;gLfpd;wd> rpy ghijfs; jpwf;fg;gLfpd;wd> rptpy; r%fKk; mgptpUj;jp epWtdq;fSk; ,j;Jiwapy; gzpahw;Wfpd;wd." ,tw;iwg; gw;wp Clftpayhsh;fs; mf;fiw fhl;Ltjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,j;jifa Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Nghh;ntwpj; jiythpfsplkpUe;J kf;fis nkJthf mg;Gwg;gLj;Jk;> rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Gk; kf;fspd; mbg;gilia tYg;gLj;Jk;> rkhjhd topKiwapd; Kf;fpa eltbf;iffshFk;.
ntWf;fj;jf;f nghwpapy; rpf;fp ghuJ}ukhd vjph;T $wy;fis $whky; ,Ug;gJNk kpfr; rpwe;jJ. epfo;r;rp epuiy jahhpg;gJ %yk; rkhjhd topKiwapd; cs;sf Mokhd ajhh;j;jk; vLj;Jf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Kf;fpakhdJ vdj; Njhd;whj tifapy; mbkl;lj;jpy; rhjfkhd mk;rj;ij rkepiyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Insitute for war & peace reporting %yk; ntspaplg;gl;l reporting for change: a handbook for local journalists in crisis mj;jpahaj;jpd; nkhopngah;g;ghFk;.
Clf Nehf;F 25

Page 26
khjh;fs; - ngz; Clftpayhsh;fs;... 4k; gf;fj; njhlh;r;rp
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vkJ rq;fq;fs; ngz;fSf;Fj; jpwe;J tplg;gly; Ntz;Lk; - ,ijr; nra;tjw;F mth;fs; jkJ cs;epiyf; nfhs;iffisAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. epWtdq;fspDs;Ns cs; epiyapNy ghy; epiy rkj;Jtj;ij rq;fq;fspdhy; epWt KbAkhapd;> Gwepiyapy; ghy; epiy tplaq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wp fhz mjpf tha;g;G ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
Clf Ntiyj;jyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyapidg; Nghy> xU Clfr; rq;fj;jpDs; cs;s nry;thf;F kpF ghj;jpuq;fspy; ngz;fspd; mjpfhpj;j vz;zpf;ifahdJ> Clfj;jpy; ngz;fspd; chpikfspd; ghpe;J NgRjiy NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wkilar; nra;Ak; ,aYkhd msT Mjutpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F> khw;wj;jpw;fhd ngWkjpkpF ghpe;J NgRNthuhfg; ngz;fisr; rq;fq;fs; Kidg;ghf Cf;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fisAk; Mz;fisAk; mjpfk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tifapy; vt;thW ehk; vkJ rq;fq;fis cUthf;fyhk;>  vspikahd gbfis vLj;J itg;gJ mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;.
cjhuzkhf> ngz;fs; tPl;bNy gps;isfSld; ,Uf;f Ntz;bAs;s fpoik ehl;fspy; ,uTfspy; rq;ff; $l;lj;ij elj;jhky;> FLk;gj;jpw;F rhjfkhd – xU rdpf;fpoikapNy G+q;fh xd;wpNy rq;ff; $l;lj;jpid elj;JtJ. rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
ghy; epiy chpikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf NeuKk; rf;jpAk; mh;g;gzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij cj;juthjg; gLj;Jfpd;w ngz;fspd; FOf;fisr; rpy rq;fq;fs; wpWTfpd;wd. rq;fj;jpNy NtW Ntiyfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; rhpNa.
,NjNghy> epWtdj;jpd; rigapNy my;yJ epiwNtw;Wg; gjtpfspNy Mff; Fiwe;j msT vz;zpf;ifapyhd ngz;fs; ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gijr; rpy rq;fq;fs; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> mT];jpNuypahtpYs;s vdJ nrhe;j A+dpadpd; tpjpfs;> jPH;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gjtpfspy; %d;wpy; xd;W ngz;fshy; epug;gg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Clfj;jpNy ghy;epiy tplaq;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;tpid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F; Clf cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; Clfj;jpy; ngz;fs; my;yJ ngz;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; rpj;jhpf;fg;gLk; tpjk; vd;gtw;iwf; fz;fhzpf;f Xh; Clff; fz;fhzpg;G Kiwapid rq;fq;fshy; epWt KbAk;> jPH;khdq;fis ahh;> Vd; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gij Nehf;fp> jpH;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;gth;fs; Mz;fsh my;yJ ngz;fsh?
ghy;epiy tplaq;fspy; Mz; ngz; Mfpa ,UghyhUk; kpFe;j $Uzh;tpid miltjw;F Clf Kfth;fSf;Fs;s gapw;rp epfor;rpj;jpl;lq;fis rq;fq;fspdhy; elj;j KbAk;. ClfkhdJ njhlh;e;Jk; ngz;fis khwh epiyAilath;fspdhy; Vd; rpj;jhpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjd; gpujhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;W> jkJ nra;jpfs; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w rpf;fy;fisg; gyUk; mwpe;jpUg;gjpy;iy vd;gNjahFk;. gapw;rpfspdhy; ,ij ePf;f KbAk;
26 Clf Nehf;F
ngz;f mDgtq gj;jphpifa trjpg;gLj mDgtpj;J ,Uf;f Kb elj;jg;gLk tiyaik ngz;f tha;g;Gf;fi rq;fq;fs; Clfj;j epfo;r;rpj;j ngw;Nw gjtpAah;T tplaq;fs cUthf;f ngz;fis nghWg;Gf;f Clf Nt eilKiwf topfhl;ly toq;Ffpd;w nra;ag;gLt
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ld; Ngr mth;fs; Ntz;Lk;. tz;Lk; - ffisAk; piyapNy Akhapd;> w;wp fhz
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zh;tpid ngz;fs; ;gtw;iwf; hy; epWt j Nehf;fp> ;fsh? k; kpFe;j gapw;rp lfkhdJ hy; Vd; nra;jpfs; NjahFk;.
ngz;fs; Vidath;fisj; njhlh;G nfhs;sTk;> NkYk; gfpug;gl;l mDgtq;fspy; ,Ue;J fw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; ngz; gj;jphpifahsh;fSf;fhd cjtp tiyaikg;Gf;fis rq;fq;fs; trjpg;gLj;j KbAk;> ,Nj Nghd;w rthy;fis vt;thW ngz;fs; mDgtpj;Js;shh;fs; vd;gij mwptJ Vidath;fSf;Fk; cjtpahf ,Uf;f KbAk;> xU kpd; mQ;ry; tiyaikg;G> my;yJ rq;fq;fspdhy; elj;jg;gLk; fpukkhd $l;lq;fs; vd;gd Clfj;jpy; ngz;fs; cjtp tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F cjtp toq;f KbAk;>
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ngw;Nwhh;fspd; tpLg;G nefpo;Tj;jd;ikkpF Ntiy Neuq;fs;> kw;Wk; gjtpAah;T Nghd;w Clf Ntiyj; jyj;jpDs;Ns ,Uf;fpd;w tplaq;fs; gw;wpr; rpwe;j eilKiwf; fzpg;gPl;bidr; rq;fq;fs; cUthf;fyhk;. ,t;thwhf fzpg;gPl;bidj; njhFg;gjd; %yk; ngz;fisr; rpwg;ghf elj;jTk;> Ntiyf;flg;ghl;Lld; FLk;gg; nghWg;Gf;fis ,zq;fpr; nra;fpd;w nfhs;iffis cUthf;fTk; Clf Ntiyj;jyq;fSf;F cjtp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ rpwe;j eilKiwf; fzpg;gPLfis Ntiyj; jyq;fs; gpd;gw;wp elf;f Ntz;ba topfhl;ly; njhFjpfisAk; my;yJ mbg;gil epakq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. Clfj;jpNy ngz;fspd; chpikfs; NkYk; J~;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gLtijj; jLf;f ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
jukhd gj;jphpifj; JiwapNy  vkJ Ntiyj;jyq;fs; kw;Wk; vkJ nrhe;jr; rq;fq;fs; Mfpa ,uz;bDs;Sk; ,e;j Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpid gw;wpa njspthd nfhs;iffSk; topfhl;Ljy;fSk; vkf;Fj; NjitahfTs;sd. ghypay; njhdpapyike;j gfpbfs;> nkhopfs; kw;Wk; lhk;gpfq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $baitay;y. mJ gyUf;Fk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jf; $bait mj;Jld; mtw;wpw;Fr; nra;jp miwapNyh my;yJ rq;fj;jpNyh ,lk; ,y;iy. ,e;j tplaj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf vkJ Mz; rf Copah;fs; njspthd xU epiyg;ghl;bid vLf;f Ntz;Lnkd ehk; vjph;ghh;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
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Clftpayhsh;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kd;dzpapy;
Neghsj;jpd; [dehaf Ml;rp fNae;jpu murdpd; rh;thjpfhu ,U rg;ghj;Jf;fshy; xLf;fp 2006 ngg;uthp khjj;jpw;F Xh; Mz;L g+h;j;j fNae;jpu murdpd; rjpj; jpl;lk; %yk; Clfr; Rje;jpuKk; FopNjhz Gijf;fg;gl;lJ.
md;W Kjy; Neghsj;jpd; Clftpayhsh;fSk; Clfq;fSk; [ kPz;Lk; ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kd;dzpg; ghj;jpuk; tfpj
2006 khh;r; 5k; jpfjp fj;khz;L efuj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w [dehafj Mh;g;ghl;l ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ 13 Clftpayhsh;fs; ifJ nra;ag '`pkhy;" vd;Dk; njd;dhrpar; rQ;rpifapd; Mrphpah; fzf;bf;\pj; gilapduhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. (glg;gpbg;G uhN[\; Ld;fhdh.)
'Clf Nehf;F" vJtpjj; jaf;fKkpd;wp vkJ Neghs rfghbf xj;Jiog;ig ey;Ffpd;wJ.

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vkJ Neghs rfghbfSf;F g+uz
Clf Nehf;F 27

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28 Clf Nehf;F


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