கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: தர்ம நெறி 2008.08

Page 1 Path தர்ம நெறி é News Letter | . 1 - ܨ -"ܒ݂ ܼ ܩܦܘ ܢܘ ܬ ܢܐ ܢܝ . ஜி Kshethra Vinayaka Temple, Sri | ශී ගණි දෙවි දේවාලය (වෙලේ ), hot mail: kshethravinayakasayaho Sri Sankar P August 2008 to Dharma 2Í5 ධර්ම මාග්ය = === VIunneswaram, Chilaw, Sri Lanka. මූඒෙන්ස්සරම, හලාවත, ශීලoකා. O.com: munileswaram (d.yahoo.com ublications ஓகஸ்ரு

Page 2 Path to Dharma தர்ம நெறி ஒம் ᎧᏬᏫ ᏫᎠdᎼᏩᎼ News Letter 1 aloftings uplois க்ஷேத்திர(வயல்)விநாயகர் ஆலயம், டிரீமுன்னேஸ்வரம், சிலாமம், இகங்கை, Kshethra Vinayaka Temple, Sri Munneswaram, Chilaw,Sri Lanka . ද් ගණ දෙවි දේවාලය (වෙලේ), මූන්නේස්සරම, හලාවත, hot mail: kshethravinayakasa Yahoo.com Path தர்ம நெறி News Let கூேத்திர(வயல், டிரீமுகர்ணேஸ்வர் Kshethra V Sri Munneswar ශී ගණ දෙවි දේවාලය (d hot mail; kshethra Sri Sankar Publications Sri Sankar January 2008 agavajf February Path to Dharma Path தர்ம நெறி ஒம் მტG) &)ÇბG) தர்ம நெறி News Lett க்ஷேத்திர(வயல்லிநாயகர் ஆசி$யம், டிரீமுர்னேஸ்வரம், சிகாமம், இசிSங்கை, Kshethra Vinayaka Temple, Sri Munneswaram,Chilaw,Sri Lanka . ගණ දෙවි දේවාලය (වෙලේ), මුන්නේස්සරම, හලාවත, hot mail; kshethravina yaka(a)yahoo.com Sri Sankar Publications April 2008 ஏப்ரல் க்ஷேத்திர(வயல்) டிரீமுன்னேஸ்வரி Kshethra Vi Sri Munneswara ශී ගණ දෙවි දේවාලය (ෂ hot mail; kshethrav Sri Sankar MAY to Dharma მ)ხ&) &)ლგბდე ഉb er 2 சிசய்தி மடல் விநாயகர் ஆசியம், ம், சிலsாமம், இலங்கை, nayaka Temple, m,Chilaw,Sri Lanka . වලේ), මුන්නේස්සර inayaka(a)yahoo.com Publications 2008 Alutibus ම, හලාවත, Path to Dharma მ)სტ&) &)ტბGტ ஓம் தர்ம நெறி 4. g gf yaitaGaraš-Messgö, áfausaranib, K. "Aada). Kshethra Vinayaka Temple, '' Sri M1 umneswaran Chilaw,Sri L " " "..a . & coso e5 ogo (oogi, geoeco39, eoe)eo), hot mail: kshethravinayaka ayahoo.com Sri Samkar Publications March 200 ΦΛτίτό. m to Dharma ő)Ö9 0cScb ஒம் விநாயகர் ஆலயம், b, சிகாமம், இலங்கை. nayaka Temple, m,Chilaw,Sri Lanka . xෂල්) , Cagpoo, na Yaka a Yahoo.com Publications 2008 6p Path to Dharma siosis ஒம் ධර්ම මාග්ය News Letter 6 சிசய்தி மடல் கூேத்திர(வயல்விநாயகர் ஆலயம், டிரீமுன்னேஸ்வரம், சிகாமம், சிஆ கை. Kshethra Vinayaka Temple, . Sri Munneswaram,Chilaw,Sri Lanka . ශ්‍රී ගණ දෙවි දේවාලය (වෙලේ), මුන්නේස්සරට, හලාවත, hot mail; kshethravinayakasayahoo.com Sri Sankar Publications June 2008 ear

Page 3 NewS Letter - 8 Kshethra Vinayaka Temple,Sri M கேஷத்திர(வயல்)விநாயகர் ஆலயம், பு ශී ගණ දෙවි දේවාලය (වෙලේ), මුළු hot mail; kshethravinayakagayahoo.cc Edited by: B.S.Sarma, Kshethra Vinayaka This newsletter solely contains the questions and ans month August 16"Aug.2008, at this temple grou Give the translation of the first chapter of Thir Thiruvalluvar which deals with the Praise of C Thirukkural written by the great poet Thiruvalluvar to the holy Bible. There are many translations and Thirukkural. There are ten poems in each chapter a chapters. The translation of the first chapter of Th As the alphabet A is the primary alphabet of all alp What yield have those received from learning w acquire of pure knowledge? Those who are united to the magnificent feet of Hi shall prosper long above all worlds. Those who are united to the splendid feet of Hi evil shall never come. The two-fold deeds that bounce from darkness sh honor of God. Those shall long prosper who abide in the per of the senses. Apprehension of mind cannot be detached, except f who is without likeness. Nobody can swim the sea of vice, but those who a The head, that not worships the feet of Him who without the power of sensation. Nonentity can swim the immense sea of births, ot - செய்தி மடல் un neswaram, Chilaw,Sri Lanka. ரீமூண்னேஸ்வரம், சிலாபம், இலங்கை, හේස්සරම, හලාවත, ශීලolක). T. ESWaa ahoo.com Temple,Sri Munneswaram,Chilaw,Sri Lanka. vers of the discussions held on the full moon day of the ids with the devotees which will be useful to all. ukkural the work of eminent poet od? has been translated in to so many languages next !ommentaries in English language alone for nd this book contains total of 1330 poems in 133 irukkural is as follows; habets, so the eternal God is main of the world. -I ho worship not the superior feet of Him who is -2 m who passes promptly over the flower of the mind, m who is without aspiration or repugnance, -4 all not hold fast to those who delight in the true -5 ect way of Him who has smashed the five desires -6 om those who are united to the feet of gracious Being -7 e united to the feet of Him who is a sea of virtue.-8 ossesses of eight attributes, is profitless as a sense -9 er than those who are united to the feet of God. -10

Page 4 Can you give the translation of the important iten Auyiyaar with tamil version and the correspondi The eminent women poet Auyiyaar has contributed a aspect. Aaththisudy is one of them. The translation c are as follows; ஒளவையார் அருளிச்செய்த ஆத்திசூடி - the transla l. 2. 10. 1. 12. 3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. அறஞ் செய விரும்பு. -Do Good. ஆறுவது சினம். - Control Anger இயல்வது கரவேல். - Do not deny what ஈவது விலக்கேல். - Do not obstruct, ar 2.60)Lugby 656Tib(5usio. - Do not announce 26766LDg5 60ab65(SL5i). - Do not give up yo 6160ó 67G.pçõgi 3a53p6o. - Do not scorn num ஏற்பது இகழ்ச்சி. - Begging is disgrac ஐயம் இட்டு உண். - Give alms before y ஒப்புர ஒழுகு. - Be conventional to ஒதுவது ஒழியேல். - Cease not to learn ஒளவியம் பேசேல். - Speak not vocabul, அக்கஞ் சுருக்கேல் - Use not short corn ab60örGLT6irm GafiT6i (36)6- Do not speak diffe ங்ப்போல் வளை - Be as the alphabet சனிநீராடு - Take baths from S ஞயம்பட உரை - Speak pleasantly இடம்பட வீடெடேல் - Do not build too இணக்கமறிந்து இணங்கு- Be friend after pr தந்தை தாய்ப்பேண் - Care for your pare நன்றி மறவேல் - Do not forget goc Lu(56 gö(335 uusir GFLiu - Cultivate in the pI D60öLi525 2603(36006ù - Live not by contr( is of Aaththisudy by the famous women poet g English language translation? great deal to the mankind especially in the etical the first thirty one phrases .., on of Aath thisudy by women poet Auyiyaar 'ou can afford to grant other's gift 'our worth ur determination bers and alphabets eful Ou eat the ways of the wise ary ofjealousy tՈՇaՏԱՐՇ rently from what you have seen c letter supporting all your kith and kin pring water sprouts ig a house which you can't afford per understanding IntS d deeds done oper season versial robbery

Page 5 24. (3u6il 16UIT g5607 (old (Susi - Do nothing impro 25. அரவ மாட்டேல் - Refrain from poi 26. (96.6) to Lu(65daigsluisi) - Sleep on a mattre 27. வஞ்சகம் பேசேல் - Speak not words 28. 9pab6)ITg5607 Géf(Susi - Do nothing impri 29. இளமையிற் கல் - Learn while you 30. அறனை மறவேல் - Do not forget yo 31. அனந்தலாடேல் -Do not sleep too Explain the ultimate goal of life in an evolu If we do a brief analysis of the theory of thi where the less developed are the predominanci comparatively complex animal forms like pro (arthopods), fishes, amphibians birds, lower r evolutionary trend gets complex where their activ When the development of evolution reaches the culmination of Yoga it develops further as int evolution of the living beings. As human the ( Auxiliary evolution is only spiritual and ethic highest spiritual region. What is Ultimate Reality in Hindu philosophy? Vedanthic philosophy is the acquired culmination ( is expressed as Prajnanam Brahmam. Pure Conscic Absolute Reality that filters itself into the embodie consciousness. It Streaks (splash) itself into the se jnana bhoomis (the seven planes of consciousness The Unmanifest aspect manifests itself, which is f: For instance the beam of sun is not visible to th through a glass prism, it splits the beam of sur the colour sun light, thus becomes visible to the ey Similarrly for the sense of sound, there are seven r sense of taste through the sensory buds of the tong sense of contact by touch is also seven. At the inte through seven planes of consciousness. Conseque phases. Mythologically this is expressed as Sapt Above all of them is the Divinity (Almighty). When the jiva replenishes the contact with thi an ideal Yogi. At the peak of Yoga, the complete, the jiva loses his identity and the fi That is called Prajnanam Brahman which is th universe, bound by time, space and causation the benefit of the mankind. ;r nous snake charming S made of cotton - silk f dishonesty per re young r duty much tionary trend? Jiva, commencing with the life of plant kingdom, : of impulse at action. This is followed with more tozoans, coelentrates, annelids mollusks, insects hammals etc. advancement becomes complex as ties depends on instinct. human level the activities evolved into intellect. At lition. This is the most developed hierarchy of volution reached the highest in the physical plare. al. The practice of Yoga helps us to attain th of knowledge from spiritual experience and taught. It business (perception) is the Ultimate Reality. It is the d (personified), subdued (submissive), assumed /en planes of consciousness, which is known as the ). ly and understood by us through all the five senses. naked eye. When the ray of light passes light into seven visible colours. The invisible rays of 2. Hence the unmanifest becomes manifest. usical notes (the saptasvaras). Furthermore the e is also of seven different types. Moreover the lectual level of mind the meditative plane goes htly all unmanifest becomes manifest throng seven la Rishis (Seven sages) presiding over creation. Saguna Brahmam (Divinity), he turns out to be nion with the Saguna Brahmam (Divinity), is al goal which is pure Consciousness is reached. t Brahman that has come down as the immanent The Transcendental Reality assumes this form for

Page 6 Vhat do you mean by 'satyam vada dhar Dharma is more than law, more than inh Entire vedic culture can be summed up, in Truth, follow Dharma. Dharma is a compr What is the significance of Dharma in Veda Dharma is the application of Truth in life. S Vedanta is the culmination of knowledge, Truth. There is nothing beyond the Ultimat apply only a portion of our realization. T Dharma.The total application of Dharma colle What do you understand by the term horos A horoscope is the pictorial representation of th This differs from one person to another perso Certain astronomical data are necessary, to pre of the planets on their respective orbital moven the data of the place of birth of a person, the g could be calculated from the celestial (topocen horoscope is the most important aspect and it is Who is God? An explanation for this is given based on the tea follows; The Nature of God in Hinduism l. God is Satchidamanda: Existence Absolu 2. God is Antaryamin: He is the Inner Rule and omnipresent. 3. God is Chiranjeevi: He is permanent, ete imperishable. God is past, present and f phenomena. 4. God is Paramatma: He is the Supreme E or Supreme Purusha or Maheswara. 5. God is Sarva-vid: He is ever-knowledgea "Swasamvedya", that is, he knows by Hil 6. God is Chirashakti: He is ever-powerful Earth, water, fire, air and ether are His fiv 7. God is Swayambhu: He is self-existent. "Swayam Prakasha' or self-luminous. He 8. God is Swatah Siddha: He is self-proven for the act or process of proving. God is 9. God is Swatantra: He is Independent. He (satsankalpa'). 10. God is Eternal Happiness: Supreme Pea supreme happiness on humankind. ll. God is Love: He is an embodiment of ete merciful, omniscient, omnipotent and o 12. God is Life: He is the "Prana' (life) in the mind, intellect, ego and the subconsciou 13. God has three Aspects: Brahma, Vishnu creative aspect; Vishnu is the preservati nam chara'? rent characteristic, trait, nature or inborn duty etc wo sentences, satyam vada dharmam chara. Speak the hensive word, applied to the entire universe. tha ( Sanathana Dharma)? anathana Dharma is application of Truth, of Vedanta. (nowing the pure Consciousness which the Ultimate Truth. We realize Truth completely anyhow we can ruth as it is, Vedanta. Application of the truth is 2tively is Sanatana Dharma. ope? e position of the planets at the time of birth of a perscr n, because of the continuous movement of the planet', pare a horoscope and to calculate the precise positio. ent at the time of birth on that day of that person, With eographical latitude and longitude and their differences tric) latitude and longitude. An accurate prediction of a the main intention of astrology. chings of Sri Swami Sivananda in 'God Exists' as ute, Knowledge Absolute and Bliss Absolute. :r of this body and mind. He is omnipotent, omniscient: :rnal, perpetual, indestructible, immutable and uture. He is unchanging amidst the changing eing. The Bhagavad Gita styles Him as "Purushottama' ble. He knows everything in detail. He is mself. 2 powers. "Maya' is His illusive Shakti (power). He does not depend upon others for His existence. He is reveals Himself by His own light. . He does not want any proof, because He is the basis "Paripoorna' or self-contained. has good desires ("satkama") and pure will :e can be had only in God. God-realisation can bestow nal bliss, supreme peace and wisdom. He is allmnipresent. h− ody and intelligence in Antahkarana' (fourfold mind: mind). and Shiva are the three aspects of God. Brahma is the e aspect, and Shiva is the destructive aspect.

Page 7 14. God has five Activities: "Srishti' (creation), Tirodhana or 'Tirobhava" (veiling), and'A God. 15. God has six Attributes of Divine Wisdom (powers), "Bala' (strength), 'Sri' (wealth) a 16. God Lives in You: He dwells in the chamb mind. This body is His moving temple. Th heart. If you cannot find Him there, you ca What are Vishnu's incarnations or avathar? The Hindu mythology explains the details often eternal reality. They narrate the evidences if beings of this world is shown in ten incarnations s Life spontaneously, arose in the medium of wat fishes, sea anemone, jelly fishes etc) put tog incarnation). This is the first incarnation. The second incarnation is the Kurma avathar ( water and land (amphibians-like the tortoise, the ( are included in this incarnation category. The third incarnation is the Varaha avathar (t land show an affinity for water (like the boar, the The fourth incarnation is the Narasimha avat beast(brute) and the man. The fifth incarnation is the Vamana avathar. II the dwarf man (man in only physical appearance The sixth incarnation is the Parasurama avath significant crude basic man. The seventh incarnation is the Rama avathar. basic man has evolved into a perfect man to div The eighth incarnation is the Krishna avathar. Ir ideas and divinity is experienced. The ninth incarnation is the Lord Buddha avatha one can achieve that dignified spirutal height ift The tenth incarnation is the Kalki avathar.This This mythological perception of the ten incarnati nature and shows that God reveals Himself at all le 1. Matsya (fish) saves Sage Manu from floods 2. Kurma (tortoise) sustains the earth on his bá 3 Varaha (boar) brings the earth back from th a demon. Varaha kills the demon. In this ava 4. Narasimha (man-lion) kills the demon King son, who is a devotee of Lord Vishnu. Vishn immunity from attacks from man, beast orga 5. Vamana (dwarf) the first human incarnation had deprived the gods of their possessions. I over the earth and had pushed all the gods fi of a dwarf, who tricked Bali into giving him steps. Lord Vishnu as Vamana grew so huge second the heavens, thus returning the owne. 'Sthiti' (preservation), "Samhara' (destruction), nugraha' (grace) are the five kinds of activities of or "Gyana': 'Vairagya' (dispassion), "Aishwarya' nd "Kirti' (fame). 2r of your own heart. He is the silent witness of your ne 'sanctum sanctorum' is the chamber of your own annot find Him anywhere else. incarnations of God Vishnu, which are considered necessary for investigations. The evolution of living symbolically. er. Hence all the aquatic living forms of fauna (like ether are called the Matsya avathar (the fish the tortoise incarnation). All creatures living in both rocodile the crab, the frog and the water fowls etc.) he boar incarnation).These creatures while living on puffalo, the elephant and the rhinoceros etc.), har. It is the transitional phase (meeting place) of the n this era the beast forms (animal) have evolved inc :) ar. In this epoch dwarf man further evolved into a He is apparently a human being In this eon the crude ulge divinity. 1 this period religion gets itself revealed philosophical r.The life of Lord Buddha preaches man that every they strive for it sincerely avathar brings about the dissolution of the universe. ons of God is an eternalverity made evident throug vels of existencec. and recovers the Vedas from demons. ack while Devas and Asuras Churning of the Ocean e bottom of the ocean where it was dragged down by itar, Vishnu recovered the stolen Vedas , Hiranyakashipu, who was planning to kill his own u managed to conquer the demon who had gained od of the Lord, kills the demon King Mahabhali, who n thisavatar, the iniquitous demon Bali had taken rom the heavens as well. Lord Vishnu took the form as much of Bali's empire as he could cover in three 2 that with one step he had covered the earth, with the rship to the gods.

Page 8 10. 11. 12. 6. Parasurama (the warrior with an axe) sav enimies. Vishnu rids the earth of irreligious Rama (ideal man) kills Ravana, the king O Sri Krishna (spiritually advanced man) In Mahabharata, an epic poem. He also deliv 9. Buddha (the all knowing one) Hindus con: accept his teachings, but do not directly WC 10. Kalki (a man on a white horse) this incarn the world. What is Ayurveda? The term Ayurveda is a Sanskrit phrase, made up and "Veda" means knowledge (science). The tern science of life'. According to the ancient Ayurvec senses and the soul. Ayurveda is a method of me. of nature, to help in the maintaince of health of a and spirit in ideal equilibrium with nature. Ayurveda is commonly considered as the ear science is an intricate medical system that ol Ayurveda is refered in the Vedas. In the Rig Ved human beings to overcome various ailments. What do you mean by thithi in Hindu religiousrit A calandar month has two pakshas or fortnights ( fortnight (shukla paksha) and the next 15 tithis c indicated by their paksha and ordinal number wit (full moon) is called purnimd (full moon) and the amāvāsyā. The angular distance (measured anticlockwise) b can vary between 0° and 360°. This is divided int has 0° to 360°. The time spent by the moon in ea distance to change by 12) is called one tithi.The day is taken to be the tithi for the day. What do you ment by Nakshatra in Hindu rel The nakshatra is the position in space containing of sunrise of a day and is termed the nakshatra fo A nakshatra may contain single star or a couples space or sky.The ecliptic in the space (circle on 1 planets appear to move) is divided into 27 naksha asterisms. The initiation point of this division is the positior (Chitra in Sanskrit). It is called Meshadi (start of eastwards commencing from this position. The names of the nakshatras are given below. Th to current names of stars. The nakshatras are (in this context) not just singl more stars. Therefore at times many stars are ref The details of the nakshatra and the stars belongi es Brahmins from the tyranny of the arrogant and sinful monarchs f Lanka. this incarnation; Krishna is the hero of the ered his famous message, known as the Baghavad Gita sider Buddha as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu and orship him. ation is yet to come and will mark the end of all evil in. of the words "ayus" and "veda." "Ayus" refers life n "ayurveda" thus means 'the knowledge of life' or "the ic Scholar Charaka, "ayu" comprises the mind, body, dical treatment which make use the inherent principles n individual by keeping the individual's body, mind list form of healthcare of the mankind. This field of riginated a long time back. The basic principles of da, a series of prescriptions are described that facilitate ual and explain in terms of astronomy? (nearly 15 days). The first 15 tithis constitute the brighi onstitute the dark fortnight ( krishna paksha). Tihis are hin the paksha. The 15" tithi ofthe bright fortnight : 15" tithi of the dark fortnight (new moon) is called etween the sun and moon as measured from the earth to 30 parts. Each part ends at 12, 24° etc. The circle ich of this parts (i.e. the time taken for the angular tithi in which the moon is at the time of sunrise of a ligious calendar in terms of astronomy? one or more stars in which the moon lies at the time r the day. of stars, seen in the segments on the ecliptic in the the sky in which the sun, earth, moon and all other atras, which are variously termed as lunar houses or on the ecliptic directly opposite to the star Spica f Aries"). The ecliptic is divided into the nakshatras e names in parentheses give the respective nakshatras e star, The segments on the ecliptic contains one or arred seen in one nakshatra. ng to the respective nakshatras are tabulated below:

Page 9 13. 14. 15. Tamil Sanskrit Stars fot t Ashwini, Ashvinī B and y A Bharani, Bharani 35, 39, an Kaartikai, Kritikā Pleiades Rohini, Rohinī Aldebara Mirugaseridam, Mrighashirsha W, qp Oriol Thirvaathirai, Ardrā Betelgeus Punarpoosam, Punarvasu Castor an Poosam, Pushya y, 8 and 0 Aaylyam, Åshileshā δ, ε, η ρ, Makam, Maghā Regulus Pooram, Pūrva Phalgunī ò and 0 L Uthiram, Utara Phalguni Denebola Hastham, Hasta o to ɛ Cor Chittirai, Chitrā Spica Swaathi, Svātī Arcturus Visaakam, Vishākhā o, f, Y anc Anusham, Anūrādha ß, ð and TI Kettai, Jyeshtha O, O, and Moolam, Mūla ε, ζ, η, θ, Pooradam, Pūrva AShādhā 8 and e Sa Uthiraadam, Uttara Ashadha C and o Sa Thiruvonam, Shravana o, Bandy Avittam, Shravishthā o to ð Del Sadayam, Shatabhishaj y Aquarii Poorataathi, Pūrva Bhādrapada o, and BP Uthiratathi, Uttara Bhadrapada Y Pegasi a Revathi, Revatī Č Piscium The nakshatra in which the moon lies at the time o What are the basic beliefs of Hinduism? Hinduism is a conglomerate of varied beliefs philo include: S Dharma (ethics and duties) > Samsara (rebirth) X Karma (right action) > Moksha (liberation from the cycle of Sam It also believes in truth, honesty, non-violence, cel perseverance, penance, and pious company. What are the main different religions that came Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism Zoroas existence in this world. There is no founder for They are named after the name of the founder (exc Sikhism is based chiefly on Hinduism and partly c How can the existence of the soul be felt I often mention, "my hand", "my inspiration", "r daily life. These statements evidently denote that inspiration, the vigor the intelligence and the le nakshatra. ietis | 4 1 Arietis is | Pollux Cancri and o Hydrae onis vi | Librae Scorpionis Scorpionis , K, J, LL and v Scorpionis gittarii gittarii Aquilae phinis egasi nd ca. Andromedae f sunrise of a day is the nakshatra for the day sophy and traditions, in which the prominent themes ara) bacy, cleanliness, contentment, prayers, austerity, into existence in this world? rianism and Judaism, are the six great religions in Hinduism. All the other religions have their founder ept Islam). Jainism is just another form of Buddhism. n Islam. ly vigor", "My intelligence", "My wits". Etc., in my he Self (Atman) is totally different from the hand, the wits. The mind and the body are my servants or

Page 10 16. 17. 18. 19. instruments. They are as much exterior from me physical body just as I am holding a long umbrel body. The body is my belongings or in custody. T the wits etc., are not the soul, but belong to it. Can you explain the concept of rebirth correct The rebirth is a requirement for the evolution of a single birth. A number of births may be necess. the virtues must be fulfilled to attain Self-reali purification to attain the final goal. So, rebirt evolution. What is the most accepted model for the Unive The most recent model for the Universe is the mo the Universe is accelerating, and the age of the U What is the size of the Universe? Most recent studies show that the radius of cur years. The clarifications allow for either a positiv Universe with infinite radius of curvature. The n though it is curved. Because you can only obse radius of curvature, it appears flat. Hence unco Euclidean space which is infinite. Outline of the significant historical cosmologie An account of the significant cosmologies in evol with out using the technical terms for the easy un The explanation narrated in the early Rig-Ve chronological order. This is known as Brahma oscillating infinitively in time. According to this between gradual expansion and total collapse. It Bindu. The universe, as a living unit, is bound to Atomist universe theory was proposed on cos Epicurus. This speculation showed that cosmos number of tiny seeds, (atoms), and the void of in made of the same substance, but vary in size and and decay back into atoms. According to this opi and nothing happens at random. The universe Leucippus' principle of causality: Stoics theory of 3" and 4" centaury B.C. was presumption shows that the cosmos is finite and fluctuation, as it oscillates in size and periodically Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) showed that universe supposition was spherical earth is surrounde unchanged throughout perpetuity and contains a f Aristarchus of Samos (circa 280 B.C.) put foi Heliocentric which showed that earth rotates dail round the sun annually in an orbital. sphere offix In 2" century A.D. Claudius Ptolemaeus propose on the Aristotelian universe) that the universe as these shirts, tables, the flowers are. I am holding the la in my hand. I am the holder or administrator of this The hand, the inspiration, the vigor the intelligence and the soul. Precision or perfection cannot be achieved ary to build up some cardinal virtues. Perfection in a zation Hence it is necessary to achieve perfect selfh is a requirement for the Jiva's (individual soul's) rSe? Staccepted Big Bang model where the expansion of niverse is 13.7 billion years. 'vature of the Universe is larger than 70 billion light e or negative curvature, and this range includes the flat egatively curved space is also infinite in volume eve: rve at small piece of an object that possesses a large mplicated mathematical model of the Universe is flat s in evolutionary chronological order?. lutionary chronological order is briefly given below derstanding for the general public da is the earliest known source of cosmologies in hda. According to this concept, cosmos is cyclical or perception the universe is a cosmic egg which rotates expands from a concentrated point (nucleus) called a the continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. به." mology by Anaxagoras (500-428 B.C.) and later bij is infinite in extent. The universe contains an infinite finite extent. This assumption shows that all atoms are shape. Matters are formed by the aggregations of atom nion everything happens out of reason and requirement is not ruled by gods but according to Incorporates known as Stoic Universe conjecture (Island universe) enclosed by an infinite empty space. It is in a state of passes through turmoils and conflagrations. is static, geocentric, in a steady state, finite and his d by concentric celestial spheres. Universe exists ifth element called aether. بنیهٔ rwarded a presumption of Aristarchean Universe or . y(nearly once in every 24 hours) on its axis and orbits ed stars is centered about the sun. d an idea based on Geocentric Ptolemaic model (based orbits around the stationary earth. Planets move in

Page 11 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. circular epicycles, each having a center that moved a central point near the Earth. Nicolaus Copernicus in l 543 postulated Heliocent universe rediscovered and Suggested again. Static Newtonian theory was suggested by Sir Isa state, infinite. According to this presumption e particle. Unstable gravitationally balanced matter is In 17" century, Static (evolving), steady state, infi universe René Descartes. This assumption was that (fine matter) produced gravitational effects. Here A The entire space is filled with matter that Swirled a Hierarchical universe speculation was suggested Static (evolving), steady state, infinite proposal hierarchy and matter gets continuously ecycled. In 1917 Albert Einstein advocated his Einstein Un (nominally), Bounded (finite) classification. This contains equivalently distributed matter in unifo hypersphere. In 1971 Willem de Sitter Expanding flat space c State, where he shows that “Motion without M Einstein's General Relativity it is said that the spac William MacMillan in 1920s proposed the Static : new matter is created from radiation. Starlight is pe Alexander Friedmann in 1922 put forwarded Fri spherical expanding space In 1924 Alexander Friedmann again explained Fi of Hyperbolic expanding space where negative cl Unbounded universe expands eternally. Dirac large numbers hypothesis was claimed by demands a large variation in gravity, which decreas Einstein & DeSitter in 1932 postulated Friedma which shows that expanding flat space explains cosmos of limited extent. Expands or ever Simpl Georges Lemaître 1927-29 promoted the origina density state (primeval atom) followed by a two S In 1920s Friedmann suggested Oscillating Univer: occurs. Time is eternal and beginningless(withou paradox. Perpetual cycles of big bang followed by In 1930 Arthur Eddington proposed his first Sta instability disturbed into expansion mode; with per Milne universe of kinematic relativity theory v William H. McCrea, says that Kinematic expar relativity and the expanding space pattern. Grav cosmological principle and rules of special relativi spherical cloud of particles (or galaxies) that expa empty. It has a center and a cosmic edge (the su speed. His explanation of gravity was elaborate infinite number of particles, hence infinite mass, w Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker class of Arthur Walkerin in 1935 which explains the unifo are homogenous and isotropic. Space time sepal in a larger circular orbit (called an eccentric) around ic Copernican universe and the ancient Aristarchean c Newton (1642-1727) on Static (evolving), steady /ery particle in the universe attracts every other evenly distributed. hite hypothesis was put forward by Cartesian Vortex a system of enormous spinning currents of aethereal ccording to this assumption, vacuum was not empty. ound in macro and micro vortices. by Immanuel Kant, Johann Lambert in 1700s. The says that matter gets gathered on larger scales of iverse with a cosmological constant theory of Stati presumption says that matter without any activity mly curved spherical space; based on Riemann's onjecture known as “De Sitter Universe of Steady latter” which is only apparently static. Based on e expands with constant acceleration. and Steady State speculation where it explains of the rpetually recycled into new matter particles. edmann Universe of Spherical space hypothesis of tiedmann Universe of Hyperbolic Space supposition rvature is supposed to be infinite (but ambiguous;3. Paul Dirac in 1930s expanding type of universe es with time. Gravity weakens as universe evolves. nn zero-curvature, and the Einstein-DeSitter theory the curvature supposed to be infinite Unbounded est” of all known universes. Big Bang theory. Here universe has initial high tage expansion. e theory where expanding and contracting in cycles t any begening); thus avoids the beginning-of-time pig critical situation. tic then Expansion theory where universe with its sistent matter dilution becomes a DeSitter universe. as put forwarded by Edward Milne, 1933, 1933, Sion without space expansion and rejects general ty is not included as initial assumption this obeys ly. The Milne expanding universe consists of a finite nds within flat space which is infinite and otherwise rface of the particle cloud) which expands at light nd unconvincing. For instance, his universe has an thin a finite cosmic volume. nodels was put forwarded by Howard Robertson, mly expanding cosmos where class of universes that ates into uniformly curved space and cosmic time

Page 12 common to all co-moving observers. The for Walker metrics of cosmic time and curved sp Steady-state expanding (Bondi & Gold hypot in 1948 where expanding, steady state, inf maintains constant density. Continuous creat here. Fred Hoyle in 1948 suggested his theory of S creation rate maintains constant density. But the space expansion rate the system is unstabl Ambiplasma theory was given by Hannes A expanding by means of matter-antimatter an plasma cosmology. The universe is viewed as like nature. Other universes are formed fr ongoing cosmic matter-antimatter annihilati preventing them from interacting. Carl H. Brans and Robert H. Dicke postula Mach's principle. G varies with time as unive Alan Guth in 1980 postulated Cosmic inflatic problem and flatness problem which is based a multiple quantum flux, hence its bubble bubbles. Classified as quasi-cellular because ( moving apart preventing them from interactin Andrei Linde in 1983 claimed Eternal Inflatio which is based on A multiverse, with the per place at random each with independent i supposedly like our entire cosmos. Bubbles nu Paul Steinhardt; Neil Turok in 2002 claimec cycles. 23 24 0. 25 26 27 28 w 29 nulation system is now known as the FLRW or RobertsonCC. lesis) was postulated by Herman Bondi, and Thomas Go, nite type is explained as the rate of creation of matter on out of nothing from nowhere is the concept suggested teady-State Expanding (Hoyle) but unstable where matter since matter creation rate must be exactly balanced with Y ہے۔ lfvén in 1965. Oskar Klein says that Cellular universe, is nihilation. This presumption was based on the concept of meta-galaxies divided by double layers hence its bubbleom other bubbles. Classified as quasi-cellular because ons. This keep the bubbles separated and moving apart ed Brans-Dicke model of Expanding which is based o se expands. on theory of Big Bang with modification to solve horizon on the concept of hot inflation. The universe is viewed as -like structure. Other universes are formed from other n going cosmic expansion kept the bubbles separated and n (a multiply universe) of Big Bang with cosmic inflation eption of cold inflation, in which inflationary events take nitial conditions; some expand into bubble universes cleate in a space - time foam. Cyclic model theory of Expanding and Contracting in