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'2 TAMITMES
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15 OCTOBER 2001
"I do not agree with a word of what you say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it."
-Voltaire
ISSN 0266 - 44 88 Vol. XX N0. 10 15 OCTOBER 2001
Published by: TAML TIMES LTD PO Box 121, Sutton, Surrey SM13TD United Kingdom Phone: 020 - 8644 O972 Fax: 020 - 8241. 4557 Email: prajan(agn.apc.org editor(a)tamiltimes.org admin(atamiltimes.org
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Views expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of the editor or publishers. The publishers assume no responsibility for return of unsolicited manuscripts, photographs or artwork.
CONTENTS
Whither the Election? O3 News Track 04 Child Soldiers 09 A DecisiveElection 10 UNOn Terrorism 11 Defections and Elections 14 Partition as an Option 17 Deathof a "Tiger 19 Exit Jayalalitha 21 Return of Khalleda Zia 24 Pakistan at Crossroads 25 Marga Monographs 27 Classified 29
The Parliament was dissolved on 11 Confronted by mass the inevitable prospe SOred no-confidence adopt the only Cours from the Offer of COn save her governmen The Peoples Alli ened primarily becau bers. Besides, her lo Rauf Hakheem, othe Ceylon Workers Col cabinet only recently her in an alliance W engaged in a Sustair The Lanka Sam Continue their suppo Ferial Ashroff's factic led by Mr Doulas De The only silver-li the prodigal son toth Who defected from ti became Presidentre leading role in the P.
The JVP which Own without aligning JVP appears to have lation. Not that On its ment. But Some anal be able to decide Wh Excluding those Ministers GL Peiris, into the Sri Lanka Fr a 24-point Memoran this Aliance hopest general election, anc TheSLMC has a many of its candidat Another interest political parties, whic composed of the TU sation (TELO) and t tion) is expectedtof earnt that the LTTE Kumaratunga gover ties to forge the Com had deliberately kep they were "armed gr in a Common allianC within the Tamil polit living in the south ot vided the UNP withh imise Tamil represer The UNP seems sounding euphorica if one were to go by no guarantee that th venes on 1 January lence and malpractic and non-violent elec
 
 

TAMILTIMES 3
hither the Election
alected last year for five years had barely finished its first year when it October with general elections scheduled to take place on 5 December, defections to the opposition from the ruling Peoples Alliance and facing !ct of certain defeat of her government in parliament on the UNP-sponmotion, the hands of President Chandrika Kumaratunga were forced to e of action Open to her. Even the temporary reprieve that was expected ditional support from the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) could not t. The timing of the election was therefore not of her choosing, ance, which she leads, is going into the election fray very much weakIse of the defection of many of its powerful and influential leading memng time electoral allies, the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) led by 'r Tamil parties including the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), the ngress (CWC) led by Arumugam Thondaman who resigned from her t and the UpCOuntry Peoples United Front are all now ranged against ith the main opposition United National Party (UNP) which has been led, relentless and ruthless campaign to topple her government. a Samaja Party (LSSP) and the Communist Party (CP) are expected to rt to the PA. Among the parties representing the minorities, only Mrs on of the SLMC/NUA and the Eelam Peoples Democratic Party (EPDP) wananda are with the PA. nein anotherwise darkening electoral clouds for the PA is the return of eparty and family fold-the Speaker of Parliament Anura Bandaranaiake he SLFP to the UNP in a rift with his elder sister Chandrika when she signed from the UNP and rejoined the SLFP. He is expected to play a A election campaign. had ten MPs in the dissolved Parliament, has decided to Contest On its with either with the PA or the UNP Combine. Since the last election, the increased its influence and support particularly among the rural popuown the JVP will be able to secure a majority of seatstoform a governysts predict that the JVP will increase its strength in Parliament so as to ich party or side willform the next government. who have already joined the UNP, the PA defectors, including former SB Senanayake and Mahinda Wijesekera, have formed themselves ee Patriotic Alliance (SLFPA). This group has negotiated with the UNP dum of Understanding (MoU) that covers a wide range of issues. While Oregister itself as a separate political party, it will not happen before the
therefore will Contest under the UNP banner, lso decided to participate in the elections as apartner of the UNP, and es will contest with the UNP's 'elephant' symbol. ing development has been the coming together of most of the Tamil ch have formed themselves into the Tamil National Alliance. The TNA LF, AIl Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Tamil Eelam Liberation Organihe Eelam Peoples Revolutionary Peoples Front (EPRLF-Suresh Faceld a single list of candidates mainly in the North-East of the island. It is E which has made no secret of its determination to bring down the nment brought to bare its considerable pressure upon these Tamil parhmon alliance. Up to recently and during previous elections, the TULF st its distance from other Tamil parties and groups on the ground that oups". The fact that the TULF has now decided to join the other parties e is quite significant and is demonstrative of the realignment of forces tical spectrum. The TNA is said to be prepared to call upon the Tamils the island to vote for the candidates of the UNP and its partners proolds from contesting in certain constituencies in the North-East to maxtation in Parliament,
confident of regaining power after seven years, and the UNP leader is bout his victory even before the nominations have been filed. However, the experience of the outcome of the last two general elections, there is. e Country will have a stable government when the new Parliament Con2002. Whatever happens, in spite of past experiences of electoral vio:es, one hopes that the people will be given the Opportunity of a free, fair :tion.

Page 4
4 TAM TIMES
US Support to Curb Terrorism: Sept24-The United States Embassy stressed they would continue to assist Sri Lanka in its fight against terrorism. Lewis Amselem, from the US embassy in Colombo said their government had
supported and would continue
to support the policy of the government of Sri Lanka. Mr. Amselem maintained that while resisting terrorism the US also believed that a political solution must be found to the civil conflict in this country.
“We have long agreed with President Kumaratunga's position that negotiation offers the best hope for long-term peace in Sri Lanka,"Mr. Amselem said. "Our long-standing opposition to terrorism around the world is well known and has been underlined by President Bush's recent statement'.
"In regard to the conflict in Sri Lanka, I don't need to remind Sri Lankans that the US was the first Western country to declare the LTTE a terrorist organisation.” “In support of this policy, the US has conducted numerous training exercises with the Sri Lankan armed forces and will continue to do so,” Mr. Amselem said.
"We have also supplied the Sri Lankan armed forced with considerable material support, including, among many other items, the delivery last year
of 300 military trucks, which were given
to Sri Lanka for the cost of shipping. The recent terrorist attacks in the US have provoked worldwide revulsion against the groups which commit these heinous acts and strengthened the resolve of countries around the world to eliminate this global plague," he said.
LTTE warns civilians Keep off Vessel: Sept 24 - The LTTE has warned residents in the North-East not to travel in the merchant vessel Lanka Muditha which was used to transported only goods from Trincomalee to Jaffna. Trincomalee police Inspector H. W. Siriwardena said the LTTE had issued a leaflet warning civilians not to travel in the vessel as it had been used to transport military personnel. They had been asked to use only vessels carrying the Red Cross flag. He said of late as many as 500 civilians were being transported in the vessel. Following the LTTE warning the Navy boats had intensified escorting the ship.
Constitutional Ame Sept 25 - Sri Lanka “s the draft bill for the constitution by the r majority with the sup parties. The total vot bill were 208. The ma Party, the leftist JVP eration Front and th Alliance voted for the member of the Sihal age) abstained from t members from thre Tamil United Libel Ceylon Tamil Con Eelam Liberation ( sented themselves at
Call for Stop on Rec dren: Sept 26 - Hum led by the Bishop of Batticaloa,Dr. Kingsle LTTE leaders Karik Master 26 September to stop recruiting y( and appropriating la people who would n be taken away. The tried to impress upor ship that the organisa image would suffer | as an outfit forcibly especially kids.
The meeting too anthurai near Paduva controlled part of Ba There is deep co. district over the arriv the LTTE controlled that 80% of the peo left unable to bear from them. It is repo leaders said that the ing voluntarily and were letting them go had only requestedtl at least one memb Karikalan and Vija have said.
The University Rights (Jaffna) had dated September 20,
 

15 OCTOBER 2001
ndment Passed: Parliament passed mendment of the 2quired two-third port of opposition es in favor of the n United National
or People's Lib2 ruling People's bill while the lone a Uramaya (herithe voting. Fifteen Tamil parties - ration Front, All gress and Tamil Organization abthe time of voting.
ruitment of Chilan rights activists Trincomalee and y Swamipillaimet alan and Vijayan to plead with them bungsters forcibly nds and houses of ot led their wards ten member team the LTTE leaderion's international fit was perceived recruiting people,
k place at Ambilnkarai in the LTTE tticaloa district.
icern in Batticaloa alofrefugees from areas.Sources said ble of Vaharai had he demands made ted that the LTTE recruits were jointhat their parents freely. The LTTE at each family give er for the cause, an are reported to
eachers for Human aid in their report hat “conscription”
of kids of 12 and 14 was going on in Batticaloa and Madu church area in West Wanni.
Some reports said that schools in the LTTE controlled areas of Batticaloa district have not been function
| ing normally because par
ents are scared that the LTTE will forcibly take their children away. Sources in Batticaloa said that the LTTE was even holding some parents hostage to secure their children.Many parents had sent their children away to safe havens in the government administered areas of the district.
Over 500 cattle worth Rs.50 lakhs belonging to the Muslims of the district have been seized by the LTTE so far. Abduction of Muslims for ransom is also going on. It was to put an end to this that the Brigadier in charge of the army in Batticaloa requested the area Bishop Rev.Dr.Kingsley Swamipillai to go and talk to the LTTE bosses in the area. The Bishop, who had discussions with LTTE leaders Karikalan and Vijayan Master on tuesday, was accompanied by the Ramakrishna Mission chief Mr.S. Pathananathan, the Batticaloa Peace Committee President Mr.Anton Martin and the Human Rights Agency Centre representative Mr.S.Kamalanathan.
LTTE Top Leader Killed in Vannii: Sept 26 - A senior leader of the LTTE, Vythiyalingam Sornalinghamalias Col. Shankar has been killed near Oddusuddan in the Vanni in northern Sri Lanka when his vehicle was hitby a Claymore mine. A close confidante of the LTTE supremo Prabhakaran Col. Shankarhas been involved with the Tigers for nearly two decades. The incident occurred in the Tiger-held territory when the rebels were marking the 13 anniversary of Thileepan who fasted unto death in 1987 demanding withdrawal of the Indian peace-keeping forces from the country's north-east. Shanker was a pilot engineer and a close relatives of LTTE supremo Velupillai Prabhakaran. Also, he was among the three-member team led by Prabhakaran which participated in the peace negotiation with Norway's special peace envoy Eric Solheim on November 1, 2000. Shanker's two brothers were also members of the LTTE and killed in action.
The Tigers condemn the assassina

Page 5
15 OCTOBER 2001
tion and went on to point the finger at the Sri Lankan Army (SLA) which denied any responsibility for the killing and alleged that the killing was the result of internal factional fighting within the LTTE.
Mosque Demolished: Sept 24 - A group of unidentified persons in Oddamavadi, 34 kilometres north of Batticaloa in eastern Sri Lanka attacked and demolished a mosque built by a "fundamentalist' Islamic sect. Friction between the followers of the sect and other Muslims in the general area has been brewing since January this year when a small group of adherents erected a temporary mosque in Brianthuraichenai, a small village on the outskirts of Oddamavadi, The sect preaches that women should remain at home and should be fully covered if they have to go out and prohibits them from wearing jewellery. They were in the habit of denouncing other Muslims as Kaffirs (unbelievers) and their mosques as the dwellings of Satan.
Tribute to Lt. Col. Shankar: Sept 27 - Colonel, September 26, being the Remembrance Day of Martyr Thileepan. The final farewell tribute was given to a senior leader Vythiyalingam Sornalingham alias Lt. Shankar at the Martyrdom cemetery in Mulliyavalai in the presence of LTTE leader Mr. Pirapaharan on 27 September. Shankar was killed in a landmine explosion. LTTE had accused the deep penetration team of the Sri Lankan army for the killing. Schools and business centers remained closed in the LTTE controlled areas of the Vanni. The sacred remains of Col. Shankar was carried in procession through the main streets of Vaddagkachchi, Visuvamadhu, and Puthugkudiyiruppu with thousands of school children, businessmen and LTTE soldiers to the cemetery where the LTTE organized a meeting at which the regional political Chief Mugunthan, Chief of Sea Tigers Soosai, Chief of political women LTTE wing Chaampavi and community leaders addressed the large gathering. The sacred remains of Shankar was cremated shortly after 5 p.m. with the full military honors by the LTTE.
No-confidence Motion Submitted: Sept 29 - Sri Lanka's main opposition leader Ranil Wickremesinghe and four MPs belonging to his United National
Party (UNP) hand confidence motion ernment to the Parli Even though the l ties do not have th to oust the PA reg submitted the moti defections from th especially from a former Ministers. A months ago to ou through a no-confi when President Cl nga prorogued P months.
Medical Team Tra - Dr. Jayalath Jaya position UNP wen ten member medica trolled Vanni areas ment to the people problems. Dr. Ja Vanni in May this four days. He prom at his last visit that more medical supp medical team wen trolled Madhu on S permission of Mini rces said.
Yemen deports 11 - Yemen deported had arrived at Ade ships whose capta for entering the p port authority said they have evidence as a staging post i mi-grants from A en's wealthy Gulf ing Saudi Arabia, a tinations for Asia Captain Mohamm Aden port authori sengers had been Lanka aboard a ch liner. The captains Sri Lankan-flaggec them also face cha passengers' lives b unsafe boats. The closed where they
Lankan hideawa Sept 29 - British p man woman driver would-beillegal im in a van that arri English port of DC toms officials spot

ed cver a fresh noagainst the PA govamentary secretariat. JNP and allied pare required majority gime, the MPs, who on were hoping for le government side, among disgruntled An earlier move three 1st the government dence motion failed 1andrika Kumaratuarliament for two
uvels Vanni: Sept29 wardena of the opt on his way with a il team to LTTE conto provide eye treatliving there with eye yawardena visited year, and stayed for ised the people there he would return with lies and doctors. The t to the LTTE coneptember 28 with the stry of Defense, sou
6Lankans: Sept29 l l, 6 Sri Lankans who in last month aboard ins are now on trial drt illegally, the the . Officials have said Yemen is being used in smuggling illegal sia to Europe. Yemneighbours, includre also favoured desn migrant workers. 1ad Mubarak of the ty said that the pasflown back to Sri artered Russian airof the Ukrainian and | vessels that brought rges of endangering y smuggling them in captains had not diswere heading for.
ys found at Dover: olice arrested a Geron Saturday after 26 migrants verefound ved at the southern ver. Police said custed 23 men and three
TAMITIMES 5
women believed to be Sri Lankans in a German-registered hire van which arrived on a ferry. "A 27-year-old female German national van driver is in custody at Dover police station on suspicion of facilitating the illegal entry of those persons into the UK,' a police statement said.
Abandoned suicide kit: Sept 30 - A LTTE suicide kit containing three and a halfkilogrammes of C4 plastic explosives was found abandoned inside the Vihara Maha Dewi park in Colombo on 29 September, police said. The lethal contraption complete with four batteries and two detonators was found inside a plastic bag which aroused the suspicion of a park worker who had informed a security officer on duty, police said. The security man who spotted some wires jutting out had called the police who sealed off the area and summoned the bomb disposal squad. The explosive kit was not connected to the batteries but the detonators were in place. It was neutralised by the bomb disposal officers, police said. Police believe that the kit, found at a location opposite the Art Gallery, may have been dumped by a LTTE suicide bomber af. ter anabortive mission. Four peopleincluding two women have been arrested by Sri Lankan police following the discovery of the suicide kit.
US may freeze student visas: Sept 30 - The United States may impose a sixmonth moratorium on inflow of foreign students into the country following the September 1 l terroristattacks. The measure is among the most extreme being considered in view of the growing feeling that terrorist organisations are using the student visa route to infiltrate the country. Other steps being considered include mandatory fingerprintingand a 30-day waiting period for foreign student visa applicants in their home country to enable a background check before the entry is cleared.
India to fight its own terrorism war: Oct 1 - "We have been told that Jammu and Kashmir would be the focus in phase II, phase I being Osama bin Laden and his Al-Qaida network, Can weafford to wait for that, specially when there is no formal statement indicating that the Kashmiri terrorists would also be targeted,” said the retired general, an expert with vast experience in Kashmir.

Page 6
6 TAM TIMES
Gen (retd) Karim, who was also member of the national security advisory board of the national security council, said the US approach in the aftermath of the September 11 events was "very selective.' "The official US statement speaks of targeting first Osama bin Laden, his network and the Taliban in the first phase and then targeting international networks with global reach.” "Does that mean that organisations like the LTTE in Sri Lanka or Laskar-e- Toiba and several other such organisations in Jammu and Kashmir, which are "regional' would not be targeted in the international fight against terrorism, wondered Gen Karim.
Norway signs terrorism Convention: Oct 2 - Norwegian government signed the United Nations convention against financing of terrorism today. A proposal for necessary changes in the Norwegian law and ratification of the convention against financing of terrorism will be presented to the parliament shortly a press release issued by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said. It said that the Norwegian governments effort to strengthen and further develop the international legal frame work in their fight against international terrorism had become more so urgent after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington. The United Nations Convention against financing of terrorism requires signatories to make the act punishable and calls the parties to prosecute, punish or extradite persons concerned to countries that ask for them.
Tamil gang member gunned down: Oct 3 - Gang violence has apparently claimed another Tamil victim as a 23year-old man was shot dead on the steps of his girlfriend's house, according to a Toronto Star news report. Sudarsan Velauthapillai, 23, known to friends as Madu, was shot at 9:30 p.m. in Etobicoke in Toronto. Police and community sources said he was a low-level member of the Silverspring Boys, a Scarborough gangaffiliated with AKKannan. Police and ambulance crews arrived to find the courier sprawled on the steps of his girlfriend's home on Avening Dr., near Albion and Martin Grove Rds. in the traditional territory of the AK Kannans' rival, the VVT gang.
Torontohomicide detectives are tryingto determine ifthe slaying of Suda
rsan Velauthapillai ed to other recentk it is part of a war factions.The victim at a nearby hospita seeking to identify Velauthapillai's de ber 16 slaying of Sa 24, outside a Scal shop.
Gang leaders Oct 4-A man cited as a notorious Tar been arrested in an a credit-and debit-c pin-hole cameras t bers at Toronto-ar cording to a newsr Mail. Niranjan Fab court on October 3 spiracy to commit possession ofinstru ing or falsifying cr ficking in credit-c 1998, Mr. Fabian \ J. David Wake of Provincial Divisi member of an org that readily uses vi of Canada's largest
Annan warns Oct 3 - The possib quiring nuclear, bi cal weapons was th ing the world, Unite General Kofi Anna hard to imagine ho tember 1 l could ha Annan said, "yet t gle attack involvi logical weapon co lions.'
More Finds
grave: Oct 3 - Fc found more huma a pit dug near then Teaching Hospital ces said that the b mostly those of y and teeth that were taken in three box sic examination. dered an investigat workers of the Jaf cil who were dig upon human bon September. The directed the Polic investigate the gra ance of forensic

15 OCTOBER 2001
Tamil man is linklings, and whether etween rival gang was dead on arrival The detectives are any links between th and the Septem'avanan Yogarajah, borough doughnut
spected of fraud: by an Ontario judge il gang leader has lleged sophisticated rd scam that used record PIN numa gas stations, acportin the Globe & lan, 33, appeared in on charges of confraud over S5,000, ments used in forgedit cards, and trafard information. In was found by Judge the Ontario Court's pn to be an active anized-crime group olence on the streets E city.
of nuclear attacks: ility of terrorists acological and chemi2 greatest danger fac'd Nations Secretaryin has warned. "It is w the tragedy of Seplve been worse,' Mr ne truth is that a sing a nuclear or biould have killed mil
in Jaffna hospital rensic investigators skeletal remains in ortuary of the Jaffna Medical-legal sourones appeared to be ung persons. Bones found in the pit were es for further forenhe Jaffna courts oron after construction na Municipal Couning at the site came s and a saree on 18 affna district judge on 20 September to resite with the assistxperts. Accordingly
Dr. P.R Ruwanpura Judicial Medical Officer (JMO) of the Karapitiya hospital in the Karapitiyia Hospital in the Galle district and Assistant JMOs Dr. S. Fernando and Dr. Dayananda Samaraweera investigated the site.
US Navy team survey Colombo Port: Oct 4 - A US navy team has carried out a survey of the Colombo port to study the feasibility of US ships using the port. A spokesman for the Sri Lankan Navy said two from the US navy and two diplomats from the US embassy in Colombo carried out the survey 3 October. It is not clear whether the survey has any connection to the US build up of forces for the expected attack on Afghanistan. The Sri Lankan government has offered all assistance to Washington for the fight against terrorism.
US Designates LTTE again: Oct 5The network headed by Osama bin Laden, the LTTE and several Palestinian groups were cited by the US State Department today as foreign terroristorganisations. They were included in a list of 25 groups issued by the State Department. It updated, with a few changes, the department's 1999 list. “Every one of these groups has continued to engage in terrorist activity over the past two years,” department spokesman Richar Boucher said. And most of them have carried out murderous attacks on innocent people, he said in a statement.
These included Hamas, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, the FARC in Colombia, the Basque ETA separatists in Spain and al-Qaida, Boucher said. Also, he said, two of the groups, Egyptian al-Jihad and the Gama'a al-Islamiyya, have provided direct support for bin Laden’s network. Under a 1996 law, US citizens are prohibited from providing listed organisations with assistance. Banks and other American financial institutions must freeze their assets.
Al-Qaeda, which bin Laden operates from his sanctuary in Afghanistan, is on the list, which appeared in the Federal Register. Among the Palestinian groups listed were Hamas and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Hezbollah, which wages guerrilla war against Israel from Lebanon and is known also as The Party of God, is also on the list. Dropped from the list were the Japanese Red Army and Tupac Amaru, a Pe

Page 7
15 OCTOBER 2001
ruvian group. Two others were added to the list during the year. Their names do not appear in the Register. One is AUC, formerly known as the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, a right-wing paramilitary group. The other is the Real IRA, an offshoot of the Irish Republican Army. It was implicated in the bombing of Omagh in Northern Ireland in 1998.
Constitutional council formation delayed:Oct5-The formation ofthe constitutional council has been delayed af. terminority Tamil parties failed to agree on its nominees. The disagreement is on a nominee by Tamil parties and a nominee for the Indian Tamils. Meanwhile the Muslim MPs agreed on former supreme court judge Ismail as their nomimee to the council. The Constitutional Council set up under the 17' amendment to the constitution is empowered to make appointments to key government positions.
Navy craft hit in sea battle: Oct 5 - A Sri Lanka Navy (SLN) Fast Attack Craft was damaged in heavy fighting with the Sea Tigers in the seas 36 kilometres off the Mullaithivu coast, the Voice of Tigers radio (VoT) said in its night newsbroadcast on 5 October The SLN, meanwhile, claimed that twenty Tigers might have been killed in the fighting and that two Sea Tiger boats were sunk. The VoT categorically denied the SLN's statement. "The Sea Tigers did not sustain any casualties,” the radio said. SLNsources in the east said that a sailor was killed and several wounded in the LTTE attack. The VoT said that a Sea Tigerattackgroup had intercepted a SLN flotilla around 10 a.m. this morning and engaged it with naval gunfire. The fighting raged in the seas until 1 p.m. according to the radio.
Lankans deported Back home: Oct 6
- A total of 200 Sri Lankan illegal immigrants in Italy were back home on 5 October and they will remain in custody pending inquiry. The illegal immigrants were the first batch to be repatriated under the deportation agreement signed between Italy and Sri Lanka last month. The illegal immigrants will be deported in a phased manner under the agreed terms between the two countries. Sri Lanka has signed similar agreements with Britain, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland and Norway for the repa
triation of illegal these countries.
Dissanayake disin B. Dissanayake, a
ter and one time cl Sri Lanka’s Presid aratunge was remo ful post of Genera Lanka Freedom P the major constitu ples' Alliance. Th tee of the SLFP u amid strong sp Dissanayake woul position with seve liamentarians whe motion of the Ur against the govern debate on l 1 Octo Herath, the Mahi Minister has been general secretary ( mediate effect.
Lankan asylums Oct 9 - There wil cricket match on th weekend. While Lankan asylum se Islands two weeks tain, the group is m moments. They ha play a Sri Lanka v cricket match tomc been provided wit ing equipment, anc at a nearby beach, tained in a forme However, in a situ to mainland deter Lankans are only Cocos Islands Shir Jervis, says the cri the Sri Lankans” w busy practising.
Heroin worth Rs
About 10.63 kgso 10.60 crore in the
was seized and thr a Sri Lankan natior the Guindy area of zonal director S newspersons that
zonal unit had onc jor drug trafficking ternational links i The narcotic subst surreptitiously exp Chennai and the c sourced from M:

immigrants entering
issed: Oct 8 - Mr. S. ormer cabinet minispse confidante of the ent Chandrika Kumved from hispowerSecretary of the Sri rty (SLFP), which is ntoftheruling Peoe executive commitanimously resolved iculation that Mr. lcross overto the opral ruling party parn the no confidence ited National Party ment is taken up for per. Mr. Maithiripala weli Development appointed the acting of the SLFP with im
eekers play cricket: be an international he Cocos Islands this he future of 71 Sri kers detained on the ago remains unceranaging some lighter ve formed a team to 'ersus Cocos Islands yrrow. The men have h sporting and fish! are allowed to swim They are being dequarantine station. ation vastly different tion camps, the Sri locked up at night. chief executive Bob cket match could go ay, as they have been
10 cr seized: Oct 9heroin, valued at Rs nternational market, ee persons including a were arrested from the city today. NCB hankar Jiwal told with the seizure the 2 again busted a masyndicate having inless than a month. ince was meant to be orted to Sri Lanka via insignment had been ndasur in Madhya
w AMILTIES 7
Pradesh, he said.
Parliament dissolved, election on 5 December: Oct 10 - The Sri Lankan President dissolved the Parliament by a special gazette notification. Fresh elections to the legislature have been fixed for 5 December. Nominations for the general elections would called from 20 October to 27 October. The President decided to dissolve the Parliament to preempt an ignominious defeat on anoconfidence motion against her government.
CWC leaves, government: Oct 10 - A senior cabinet minister of Sri Lanka's People's Alliance government, Mr. Arumugam Thondaman resigned from his ministerial post. MPs of the Ceylon Workers' Congress (CWC) also resigned from their positions in the government. The CWC, a major coalition partner of the PA regime has four members in the house including Mr.Thondaman. The other CWC MPs are Mr. Muthu Sivalingam, Mr. Ramaiah Yogarajan and Mr S. Jegatheeswaran.
Tigers overrun airforce camp: Oct 10 - The Liberation Tigers overran the Sri Lanka Air Force camp at Velvery, about 12 km northwest of Trincomalee town off the highway to Anuradhapura, on 9 October. Four SLAF men were killed and 17 are reported missing in the attack, military sources in the eastern port
town said. The SLAF and the Sri Lanka
army shelled the overrun camp till the early hours ofthe morning. The Liberation Tigers withdrew from the overrun camp before the crack of dawn. SLAF jets were also called to bomb the area, sources said. The Liberation Tigers entered the camp shortly after midnight and held it until the early hours of the morning when SLAF and SLA reinforcements moved into the area after heavy bombardment.
Pre-election sops: Oct. 13 - Within days of calling general elections in the country, Sri Lankan President Chandrika Kumaratunga has announced a series of populist concessions, including a salary hike and tax cuts even as her Ministers denied that they were sops to woo the electorate. The caretaker Cabinet has approved an interim allowance of Rs 1,200 a month for Government employees and Rs 750 for pensioners apart from new subsidies on gas and

Page 8
8 AMTIMES
wheat flour, cut back import duty on cement and abolition of tax on diesel while reducing the national security levy by one per cent. "It has nothing to do with elections, as the Cabinet paper seeking approval for the concessions were submitted on October 5 itself, that is five days before the dissolution ofParliament," Urban Development and Deputy Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera said.
JVP to contesting alone: Oct 15 - The Marxist Janata Vimukti Perumana or People's Liberation Front, which failed in their attempt to prop up the ruling People's Alliance government's majority in parliament, has decided to contest on its own the forthcoming parliamentary elections. The JVP ruled out the possibility of contesting with the PA despite some of the government members' claim that they were looking into the possibility offielding a joint list with the JVP. JVP's General Secretary Tilwin Silva said that the party had taken a firm decision to contest in all districts, under the JVP symbol - the bell.
Election commissioner calls for EU monitors: Oct 15 - Election commissioner Dayananda Dissanayake has requested the European Commission of fice in Colombo to send election monitors from the European Union to monitor Sri Lankas general elections scheduled for December 5.
Tata palm oil plantation attacked: Oct 15 - A subsidiary of the Tata Group in Sri Lanka has sought government intervention after acres of its palm oil plantation were destroyed and a Malaysian expert advising the firm was attacked by angry villagers. Tensions were running high after Watawala Plantations, in which Tata Tea of India has a 49 percent stake, had its palm oil plantation in southern Sri Lanka raided and set alight by villagers, allegedly instigated by provincial politicians in a land grab bid, local news reports said.
Sri Lanka Trade Surplus: Oct 15 - Following a substantial drop in both exports and imports in August this year, Sri Lanka recorded a surplus external trade balance in U.S. dollar terms, according to the country's Central Bank. The bank has reported that export earnings in U.S. dollar terms declined by 20 percent and expenditure on imports de
clined by 27.5 perc consecutive month. in imports was due
posed on imports, ex ciation and slowere
Anura joins ru Speaker Anura Banc signed his members opposition United N letter to Oppositic Wickremasinghe, E they would always 1 ing the fact that the mates at Royal Coll has officially inform that he will be joini ples Alliance as a m
SLMC with UN Oct 16 - The Sri La gress (SLMC) led by trict parliamentarian has decided to conte general election alor and in alliance with tion United Nation other districts unde ephant'. Ms Ferial. Unity Alliance (NU contest the forthcom under the People's
In the Trincon SLMC is to contest tional Party list. Int UNPMuslim politic their high comma
SLMC former parlia
list of candidates. before the UNP hig a decision.
Transfers of seniol transfer of a numbe of police stations ol being transferred o Inspector General Kodituwakku. The enacted weeks beft cember 5, this year in charge of the Nu and Hangurangketl S. B. Dissanayake
received transfer or parties have critici ing that the govern the ground for vo
spicuous feature of scene is the larges
lice officials, indic
tempt to rig the el
scale,' said, Prof

nt for the eighth he declining trend da surcharge imchange rate depreonomic growth.
ing IPA: Oct 16. aranaike today relip from the main ational Party. In a n Leader, Ranil andaranaike said emain friends, cithad been school ge. Bandaranaike ed the UNP Leader ng the ruling Peoember.
P, NUA with PA: nka Muslim Conformer Kandy disMr. RauffHakeem st the forthcoming he in some districts the main opposial Party (UNP) in ir the symbol “ElAshraff’s National A) has decided to ing general election Alliance banner. halee district, the on the United Nahe Ampara district, ians have requested nd not to include mentarians in UNP The matter is now h command to take
cops: Oct 16- The r of cops in charge itside Colombo are h the orders of the of Police, Lucky transfers are being re elections on DeAlready, top cops wara Eliya, Hatton, a, (former minister s stronghold) have ers. The opposition ed the action allegment was preparing e-rigging. “A conhe current political ale transfer of poting a deliberate atction on a massive L Peiris, a former
15 OCTOBER200
Minister under President Chandrika Kumaratunga who defected to the Opposition camp recently.
Elections raise tour doubts: Oct 17Parliamentary elections in Sri Lanka have created a major problem for the West Indies' cricket tour. Sri Lankan police have confirmed that they will not be able to provide security for the tourists during the week the elections are held. The country goes to the polls on 5 December and police believe that full security will not be available from the 3 of that month.
Nimalarajan Commemorative Lecture in London: Oct 17 - Nimalarajan Foundation in London is to commemorate the first death anniversary of murdered journalist Mylvaganam Nimalarajan. BBC Breakfast TV presenter and journalist Jeremy Bowen, Broadcaster and Political Commentator Mark Thomas, UK representative of RSF Veronica Forwood and Editor of the "The Journalist' Magazine Tim Gopsill are to address the gathering. The meeting will be chaired by Priyath Liyanage, Editor of "Sandeshaya', BBC's Sinhala Section. Nimalarajan, the only source out to the world from war torn Jaffna peninsular, was killed on 19 October, last year.
Upcountry parties in alliance: Oct 17 -The Ceylon Workers Congress, led by Arumugam Thondaman and the Upcountry Peoples Front (UPF) will contest upcoming elections on December 5 together. Leader of the UPF, P. Chandrasekeran, said that both parties will retain independent identities but contest together. He asserts that they are trying to convince other upcountry political parties and groups to also join the partnership. Meanwhile, the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress will contest under the Elephant symbol in some districts, in an alliance with the United National Party, and alone in others.
Tamil parties form alliance: Oct 17-The main opposition Tamil parties in Sri Lankahave agreedito forma Tamil nationalist alliance to contest the general elections on 5 December 2001. The agreement was reached late on 17 October following protracted negotiations over the week. The Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organisation (TELO) and the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC)

Page 9
15 OCTOBER 2001
decided to cement the alliance by signing a memorandum of understanding. Nominations for the 2001 elections begin on Friday, 20 October. Negotiations to forge a united Tamilfront which began last weekwerestymied by ACTC's insistence that it would go it alone in Jaffna. The alliance was largely due the efforts of pressure groups in Colombo, Batticaloa and Trincomalee. Under the agreement reached today the TULF, TELO, ACTCand the EPRLF (Suresh faction) will contest in all the north and eastern parts of the island under the rising sun symbol.The Trincomalee branchofthe Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) unanimously decided to nominate Mr.R.Sampanthan, Secretary General of the party as the lead candidate of Tamil parties' alliance for the Trincomalee district at the forthcoming general election.
“Without involving the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Belam in peace negotiations through third party mediation, no satisfactory and lasting political solution could not be found to the Tamil national question", said Mr.Sampanthan addressing the branch committee meeting held to discuss the strategy to be adopted at the forthcoming general election.
Sri Lanka offers free holidays, air tickets: Oct 18 - Sri Lanka is to offer free hotel stay and airline tickets in a bid to attract foreign holidaymakers to fill up empty hotel rooms and protect thousands of jobs, officials said. The official tourism promotion agency, the Ceylon Tourist Board, has arranged with 65 hotels and 47 travel agents to launch the offer between November 1 and December 20, Sri Lanka's national carrier, SriLankan airlines, will offer a free ticket with every ticket purchased for travel to Sri Lanka until the end of next month for travel from London, Paris or Zurich.
Defectors sign accord with Opposition: Oct 17 - Sri Lanka's recent defectors from the ranks of President Chandrika Kumaratunga's Poeple's Alliance (PA) government entered into a 24 point Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the main opposition United National Party (UNP). Former Minister Mahinda Wijesekera said they had decided to call themselves the Sri Lanka Free Patriotic-Alliance (SLFP-A) and hoped to register themselves as a political party at a later date. He said the MoU covered a wide range of issues including the North-East problem and the economy. Wijesekera claimed that there was a huge difference between the MoU signed by them and that signed between the PA and the leftist JVPor People's Liberation Front.
Amnesty Internati pealed to the leadershi gers of Tamil Eelam (l diate halt to the ongoil children as combatants soldiers to their famili “Whether the recrl children have no roletc must live up to its own soldiers, cease recruit return the children to t International said.
According to intel the LTTE's own policy dren should be recruite they joined voluntari forced to do so. The or disturbing reports of a drive in areas controll north and east of Sri L trict, hundreds of peo over the last month of Vakarai, Wav-unativu Eravurpattu and Koral been reports of intens Vanni, the area to the ninsula largely contro eral reports also indica the Batticaloa area we into letting their child families who refused w homes and have now tives in Batticaloa tow The total number difficult to establish b several hundred. Th policy is that one perS to do “military service edly currently applied from 15 to 45. Howeve has received reports t 14 have been among
In an interview W on 4 September, Kai leader was quoted as deeply moved recen bringing their childrer ers of Arasaditivu a written a new chapteri struggle by their brav been quoted to have si conscription “were m by the military and go
 

TAMILTIMES 9
onal on lll October app of the Liberation TiTTE) to put an immeng recruitment drive of and to return all child es or communities.
itment is forced or not, play in war. The LTTE pledge not to use child ment immediately and heir families," Amnesty
national standards and commitments, no child, regardless of whether ly or were coerced or ganization has received n intensive recruitment ed by the LTTE in the anka. In Batticaloa disble have been recruited so in the divisions of , Pattipalai, Porativu, apattu. There have also ified recruitment in the south of the Jaffna peled by the LTTE. Sevte that many families in re coerced with threats ren be recruited. Other rere forced to leave their taken shelter with rela
". of children recruited is ut it is estimated to be e LTTE's recruitment on from each family has ". The age limits reportin Batticaloa district are r, Amnesty International at children as young as hose recruited,
rith Uthayan newspaper ikalan, a senior LTTE having said: “We were tly to witness parents to enrol to fight. Mothld Kokkadicholai have n the history of the Tamil ry” Karikalanhas also id that reports of forced alicious rumours spread vernment media”.
ruitment of Child diers must Stop”
Background
In May 1998, the leadership of the LTTE told the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General's Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict that it would not use children under the age of 18 in combat, and would not recruit anyone under the age of 17. However, since then, Amnesty International has received reports that children much younger than 17 years of age have been recruited as combatants.
LTTE representatives have admitted that some of their members are very young, but argue that they have not been forced to join, They have also promised to investigate any complaints regarding the recruitment of children under the age of 17, and that if such children are found to have been recruited, they will be released.
Amnesty International opposes the use of children under 18 as soldiers by government and armed opposition groups, whether they have been conscripted by force or joined on a voluntary basis. It also opposes any form of recruitment, training or deployment of children under the age of 18, including for support roles such as messengers or porters.
The LTTE are not the only armed political group recruiting children in Sri Lanka. Amnesty International has also received reliable reports of the recruitment of children by armed Tamil groups cooperating with the security forces such as the People's Liberation Organization ofTamil Eelam (PLOTE). PLOTE members were known to have recruited children as young as 12 in the Vavuniya area in early 2001. Amnesty International raised concern with President Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga at the time. An inquiry by the Criminal Investigation Department later found three children being trained at a PLOTE camp. They were returned to their parents. Others known to have been recruited by PLOTE however remained unaccounted for. Amnesty International aims to promote the adoption and adherence to national, regional and international legal standards (including the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child), which prohibit the military recruitment and deployment in hostilities of any person younger than 18 years of age. It also aims to promote the recognition and enforcement of this standard by all armed forces and groups, both governmental and non-governmental.

Page 10
10 TAMITMES
A Decisive Eed
Jehan Perera
The passage of the 17th Amendment to the constitution would count as one of the more important political accomplishments in the past decade. All the main political parties grappled with the issues of good governance and came up with a solution that was in the national interest. At times it seemed that the parties would not be able to agree, either on matters of principle or for partisan advantage. But finally they did agree, and showed the country that there is still hope of bipartisan problem-solving. Both the government and opposition made significant compromises along the way to their agreement. Only some of the Tamil parties representing the north-east did not vote in favour of the new law, abstaining instead. But this in the nature of a symbolic protest against the neglect of the peace process, which to the people of the north-east is of paramount importance.
There is no hiding the euphoria with which sections of society, both in Sri Lanka and among its expatriate community, have greeted the downfall of the PA government. Usually the fall of a government, and the political instability it gives rise to, would impact adversely upon the economy. But the reverse seems to be the case in Sri Lanka at the present time. The long sinking stockmarket has staged a sudden recovery with frantic buying of severely underpriced shares. It is doubtful whether this rise can be sustained in the context of global crisis and Sri Lanka's own devastated economy. But the anticipation of a decisive change of government will probably keep on fuelling the rise of the stockmarket until the day of reckoning on December 5 when the general election takes place.
A large part of the jubilation at the fall of the government is its failure to satisfactorily engage in problem-solving over the course of the past seven years. The ethnic conflict is continuing, and the costs of war have increased beyond all measure, especially after the LTTE's attack on the international airport. There is a protracted power generation crisis that has led to unprecedented 8-hour daily power cuts which
highlights the gross agement the country to. But whether the to a major shift in th of the general popu Unlike in societ self-interestand pol. ing capacity may voter choice, in So other factors are li play. The recentele illustrates this point criteria, the Bangla formed well under ment of Sheikh H reached self-suffic production and eve its surplus stocks. T ment also engaged i resolving a two dec surgency in the Chi and resolving a simi pute over water sh bouring India.
However, at th held earlier this moi of Sheikh Hasina opposition led by B The results of the E that success in poli ing and in boostin not the main crite voting patterns. Tl implications for Sr both criteria outlin be denied that the performed poorly. other criteria that ca in which people vo election is exami some of the other termine the outco be discerned. The corruption and bre order. Under the fe Sheikh Hasina, co treme levels. Po thugs engaged in O thugs were persor to be invaluable at all costs. An Hazari, known as for whom Sheikh paigned at the ele Like the IPA ir power on a platf government, So come into powe
 

tion
«conomic mismanhas been subjected e failures will lead e pattern of voting ation is not clear. es where economic sical problem-solvake first place in Ith Asian societies kely to come into tion in Bangladesh . By any economic lesh economy perhe former governasina. Bangladesh ency in foodgrain in began to export he former governn problem-solving, ade long ethnic intagong Hill Tracts, larly protracted disharing with neigh
e general elections hth, the government was routed by the egum Khalleda Zia. Bangladesh suggest tical problem-solvg the economy are ria that determine his observation has Lanka as well. On ed above, it cannot PA government has But there are also n determine the way e. If the Bangladesh ned more closely, criteria that can dehe of elections may first is the issue of akdown of law and rmer government of ruption reached exitically connected ben extortion. Those who were deemed r staying in power xample was Jainal criminal godfather, Hasina openly camtions. 1994 that came into m promising clean lid Sheikh Hasina But she ended up
15 OCTOBER 2001
embracing those who were corrupt and violent to stay on in power. The corruption and vote rigging in Sri Lanka over the past 7 years of PA rule would put President Kumaratunga in a similar situation. It is however significant that some of those whom the UNP accused of engaging in corruption and vote rigging as members of the PA government have now crossed over and joined it. While many in the UNP and its supporters appear overjoyed at having got the "efficient vote-getters” on their side, the masses ofordinary people may think differently. Such a public response would be more marked if highly respected UNP leaders such as Karu Jayasuriya are seen to be side lined. A second reason for the defeat of the former Bangladesh government could be different campaigning styles of the two rival leaders. Former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina campaigned in a negative manner using abusive language against her opponent Khaleda Zia. By way of contrast, as pointed out by Ashraf Ud Doula, the Bangladesh High Commissioner in Sri Lanka, Begum Khaleda Zia did not retaliate at the same level but instead projected a warm and caring image to the voters. Both of Sri Lanka's rival leaders could take a lesson from the new Prime Minister of Bangladesh.
Reasons of political self-interest would certainly suggest a Khaleda Zia style of approach to electioneering. It would win more votes. But there is another reason why it is advisable. In Bangladesh the opposition won a 2/3 majority of parliamentary seats because of the first-past-the-post system. The alliance of parties led by Khaleda Zia won 214 seats in the 300 member Parliament. The defeated former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina's party won only 62 parliamentary seats. This would seem to be a landslide.
But when the actual voting figures in Bangladesh are looked at, it will be seen that the result was a close 46 to 40 percent of votes obtained nationally. This shows that there was no landslide at all. In Sri Lanka, the margin of victory of either the government or opposition is unlikely to be different in terms of the popular vote. Probably it will be less. The allocation of parliamentary seats on a proportional basis (as against the first-past-the-post system) would ensure that there is no landslide victory like in Bangladesh.
Political commentators in Bangladesh, such as Prof. Rehman Sobhan, have pointed to fact that the landslide
(continued on next page)

Page 11
15 OCTOBER 2001
UN Resolution Suppr Of Terrorism
Reafirming itsunequivocal condemnation of the terrorist acts that took place in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania on 11 September, the Security Council unanimously adopted a wide-ranging, comprehensive resolution. with steps and strategies to combat international terrorism.
By resolution 1373 (2001) the Council also established a Committee of the Council to monitor the resolution's implementation and called on all States to report on actions they had taken to that end no later than 90 days from today.
Under terms of the text, the Council decided that all States should prevent and suppress the financing ofterrorism, as well as criminalize the wilful provision or collection of funds for such acts. The funds, financial assets and economic resources of those who commit or attempt to commit terrorist acts or participate in or
facilitate the com acts and of perso ing on behalf ofte be frozen withou
The Council States should pro or persons or enti ries from making
sets, economic res
other related ser persons who con commit, facilitate
commission of te
should also refra any form of suppo sons involved in the necessary ste commission of te safe haven to those support, commit provide safe have Prevent
By other term cided that all Sta those who finance
(Continued from page 10) margin of victory interms of parliamentary seats does not represent the real balance of forces in the country. They have called for the new government to do everything possible to bring the opposition into the system of governance, rather than exclude them. Begum Khaleda Zia's style of campaigning at the elections does not put insuperable obstacles in the path of such a collaboration. At the present, however, it appears that Sheikh Hasina is set on adopting a confrontational course, refusing to permit her party to take their seats in Parliament, and refusing to answer phone calls from the new Prime Minister Khaleda Zia.
In Sri Lanka, the proportional system of voting would ensure a much closer result in terms of seats in Parliament. There is unlikely to be a clear cut victory or defeat for either side. Further, even if the UNP-led alliance succeeds in obtaining a majority in Parliament, it will face the charismatic twice
elected President, traordinary power Presidency. Any
President and Parl will be to the detri A protracted confli great branches of undermine the peak the constitutional r out which there c. peace. The two ri tions under the leac Chandrika Kuma leader Ranil Wickr will need to find t to work together a they hope to take path of peace and p they need to ensu and passion of ele lead to an irrevoca tionships. There s ment between the will be free and fai violence and under members and supp tolerated nor cond

—
2ssion
mission of terrorist ls and entities actrrorists should also delay. also decided that ibit their nationals lies in their territofunds, financial asources, financial or vices available to mit or attempt to or participate in the rrorist acts. States in from providing rt to entities or perterrorist acts; take ps to prevent the arrorist acts; deny who finance, plan, terrorist acts and ns as well.
s, the Council detes should prevent !, plan, facilitate or
armed with the exs of the Executive clash between the iament at that time ment of the country. it between those two government would e process and block 2form process withunnot be long term val political formaerships of President ratunga and UNP mesinghe therefore he ways and means fter the elections if the country on the osperity. For a start e that the emotion tioneering does not ble severing of relahould be an agreethat the elections and that the use of and tactics by their rters will neither be ned.
TAM TIMES 11
committerrorist acts from using their respective territories for those purposes against other countries and their citizens. States should also ensure that anyone who has participated in the financing, planning, preparation or perpetration of terrorist acts or in supporting terrorist acts is brought to justice. They should also ensure thatterrorist acts are established as serious criminal offences in domestic laws and regulations and that the seriousness of such acts is duly reflected in sentences served.
By further terms, the Council decided that States should afford one another the greatest measure of assistance for criminal investigations or criminal proceedings relating to the financing or support of terrorist acts. States should also prevent the movement of terrorists or their groups by effective border controls as well.
Also by the text, the Council called on all States to intensify and accelerate the exchange of information regarding terrorist actions or movements; forged or falsified documents; traffic in arms and sensitive material; use of communications and technologies by terrorist groups; and the threat posed by the possession of weapons of mass destruction.
By the text, before granting refugee status, all States should take appropriate measures to ensure that the asylum seekers had not planned, facilitated or participated in terrorist acts. Further, States should ensure that refugee status was not abused by the perpetrators, organizers or facilitators of terrorist acts, and that claims of political motivation were not recognized as grounds for refusing requests for the extradition of alleged terrorists.
The Council noted with concern the close connection between international terrorism and transnational organized crime, illicit drugs, money laundering and illegal movement of nuclear, chemical, biological and other deadly materials. In that regard, it emphasized the need to enhance the coordination of national, subregional, regional and international efforts to strengthen a global response to that threat to international security.

Page 12
2 TAMILTIMES
Full text of resolution "The Security Council"Reaffirming its resolutions 1269 (1999) of 19 October 1999 and 1368 (2001) of 12 September 2001, "Reaffirming also its unequivocal condemnation of the terrorist attacks which took place in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania on 11 September 2001, and expressing its determination to prevent all Such acts, “Reaffirming further that such acts, like any act of international terrorism, constitute a threat to international peace and security, “Reaffirming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence as recognized by the Charter of the United Nations as reiterated in resolution 1368 (2001), “Reaffirming the need to combat by all means, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts, "Deeply concerned by the increase, in various regions of the world, of acts of terrorism motivated by intolerance or extremism, "Calling on States to work together urgently to prevent and suppress terrorist acts, including through increased cooperation and full implementation of the relevant international conventions relating to terrorism, "Recognizing the need for States to complement international cooperation by taking additional measures to prevent and suppress, in their territories through all lawful means, the financing and preparation of any acts of terrorism, “Reaffirming the principle established by the General Assembly in its declaration of October 1970 (resolution 2625 (XXV)) and reiterated by the Security Council in its resolution 1189 (1998) of 13 August 1998, namely that every State has the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating in terrorist acts in another State or acquiescing in organized activities within its territory directed towards the commission of such acts,
"Acting under C Charter of the Uni "l.Decides that al “(a) Prevent and st ing of terrorist act Funds “(b) Criminalize til or collection, by a or indirectly, of ful als or in their terr tention that the fur or in the knowled be used, in order to acts; “C) Freeze withou other financial ass sources of person attempt to comm participate in orfa. sion of terrorist act or controlled direc such persons; and tities acting on b direction of suchp including funds de from property ow directly or indirec and associated pe “(d) Prohibit thei persons and entiti ritories from mak nancial assets ore or financial or oth available, directly the benefit of pe or attempt to con participate in the rorist acts, of ent trolled, directly ol persons and of p acting on behalf ( of such persons; "2. Decides also “(a) Refrain from of support, activi ties or persons i acts, including by ment of member and eliminating ons to terrorists; "(b) Take the ne vent the commis including by pro ing to other State formation; “C) Denysafe ha nance, plan, Sup

apter VII of the ed Nations, States shall: ppress the financ
s
e wilful provision ly means, directly ds by their nationories with the inds should be used, ge that they are to carry out terrorist
t delay funds and its or economic res who commit, or t, terrorist acts or ilitate the commiss; of entities owned tly or indirectly by of persons and enhalf of, or at the ersons and entities, rived or generated /ned or controlled tly by such persons Csons and entities; r nationals or any es within their terting any funds, ficonomic resources er related Services 1 or indirectly, for sons who commit Limit or facilitate or commission of terties ownedor conindirectly, by such ersons and entities for at the direction
hat all States shall: providing any form or passive, to entivolved in terrorist suppressing recruitof terrorist groups he supply of weap
essary steps to preon of terrorist acts, ision of early warnby exchange of in
en to those who fiort, or committer
15 OCTOBER 2001
rorist acts, or provide safe havens; "(d) Prevent those who finance, plan, facilitate or committerrorist acts from using their respective territories for those purposes against other States or their citizens; "(e) Ensure that any person who participates in the financing, planning, preparation or perpetration of terrorist acts or in Supporting terroristacts is brought to justice and ensure that, in addition to any other measures against them, such terrorist acts are established as serious criminal of fences in domestic laws and regulations and that the punishment duly reflects the seriousness of such terrorist acts; "(f) Afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal investigations or criminal proceedings relatingto the financing or support ofterrorist acts, including assistance in obtaining evidence in their possession necessary for the proceedings; “(g) Prevent the movement of terrorists or terrorist groups by effective border controls and controls on issuance of identity papers and travel documents, and through measures for preventing counterfeiting, forgery or fraudulent use of identity papers and travel documents; "3. Calls upon all States to: Movements "(a) Find ways of intensifying and accelerating the exchange of operational information, especially regarding actions or movements of terrorist persons or networks; forged or falsified travel documents; traffic in arms, explosives or sensitive materials; use of communications technologies by terrorist groups; and the threat posed by the possession of weapons of mass destruction by terrorist groups; "(b) Exchange information in accordance with international and domestic law and cooperate on administrative and judicial matters to prevent the commission of terrorist acts; "C Cooperate, particularly through bilateral and multilateral arrangements and agreements, to prevent and suppress terrorist attacks and take action against perpetrators of such

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15 OCTOBER 2001
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acts, "(d) Become parties as soon as possible to the relevantinternational conventions and protocols relating to terrorism, including the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism of 9 December 1999; "(e) Increase cooperation and fully implement the relevant international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism and Security Council resolutions 1269 (1999) and 1368 (2001); "(f) Take appropriate measures in conformity with the relevant provisions of national and international law, including international standards of human rights, before granting refugee status, for the purpose of ensuring that the asylum seeker has not planned, facilitated or participated in the commission of terrorist acts; "(g) Ensure, in conformity with international law, that refugee status is not abused by the perpetrators, organizers or facilitators of terrorist acts, and that claims of political motiva
WEARE FULLY BONDED FOR
tion are not recogn refusing requests of alleged terroris
“4. Notes with con nection between iu ism and transna crime, illicit drug ing, illegal arms-1 legal movement of biological and deadly materials, emphasizes the n ordination of ef subregional, regi tional levels in or global response t lenge and threat t curity; “5. Declares that practices of terror the purposes and United Nations a financing, planni rorist acts are al purposes and prin. Nations;
 
 
 
 
 

TAMILTIMES 13
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acts, methods, and ism are contrary to principles of the nd that knowingly ng and inciting terso contrary to the ciples of the United
"6. Decides to establish, in accordance with rule 28 of its provisional rules of procedure, a Committee of the Security Council, consisting of all the members of the Council, to monitor implementation of this resolution, with the assistance of appropriate expertise, and calls upon all States to report to the Committee, no later than 90 days from the date of adoption of this resolution and thereafter according to a timetable to be proposed by the Committee, on the steps they have taken to implement this resolution; “7. Directs the Committee to delineate its tasks, submit a work programme within 30 days of the adoption of this resolution, and to consider the support it requires, in consultation with the Secretary-General; "8. Expresses its determination to take all necessary steps in order to ensure the full implementation of this resolution, in accordance with its responsibilities under the Charter; "9. Decides to remain seized of this matter.'

Page 14
14 TAM TIMES
Defections and Elec
Colombo Correspondent
October 12 - All are hurriedly gearing themselves up for the December 5 parliamentary election, the second in two years. Political alignments are changing: Speaker Anura Bandaranaike and Deputy Speaker Major General Sarath Munasinghe have switched parties, Bandaranaike quitting the main opposition United National Party (UNP) to join his sister's People's Alliance (PA) and Munasinghe leaving the PA to join the PA rebel group that had aligned itself with the UNP.
Bandaranaike, estranged younger brother of President Chandrika Kumaratunga, had moved in to salvage his sister's sinking party prompting political analysts to quip about blood being thicker. Munasinghe, an up-coming political star from the North Western Province, joined the rebel band of PA defectors to chorus: “Nobody can survive her leadership any longer” referring to the President. He added that she had failed to solve Sri Lanka's major troubles: restoring peace and developing the economy.
The second week in October saw mass cross-over of PA legislators to the opposition which forced President Chandrika Kumaratunga to dissolve parliament on October 10 and call for a snap election. An upbeat opposition claimed that more government politicians were "queuing-up' to join the UNP-led opposition coalition. Two had in fact joined the opposition: former ministers Lakshman Kiriella and Nandamitta Seneviratne. Former trade minster Ronnie de Mel, a seasoned polevaulter, was rumoured to be waiting in the wings.
Rukman Senanayake, a grandson of Sri Lanka's first prime minister and a founder of the UNP, was reported to be ready to defect to the PA thus bringing Bandaranaikes and Senanayakes, the two most influential families in Sri Lankan political families, into one political camp, but the rumour turned out be a false alarm.
The spate of defections from the governing PA started on October 9
when Bandula Guna ber of the Mahajana (MEP), announced hi over to the oppositic reasons for the crossC told Parliament the the PA was dancing the Marxist Janatha una (JVP). He said th failed to deliver its p He was mobbec legislators, jeered a wards opposition be1 sulted in unparliamer one of them, Mervy to assault him while a Kathreearachi, threv him. Many Oppos rushed to the well of tect and conduct him benches amidst che sought the protection ing that his life wa know what thugs co ing to my conscien main idling in this g “When I expres opinion on the LT Bandaranaike Inte they tried to put pres awardena charged." ion is that the whol the attack should h; the Defence Secreta Silva. He should ha should have taken t ity, Sir, what the w Secretary, who is til partment of Income she sent me a letter sonal income tax fi like to tell that I hav with me. Unlike oth penny myself and n bribery or commi teaching over 200, the blood taste on I On the same mo supporters conduct the house of former Peiris, asking him ernment and not voted for you not
 

vardena, a memEksath Peramuna decision to cross 1. Explaining the ver Gunawardene ext morning that to the dictates of Vimukthi Peramgovernment had romises.
by government i and pushed toches. He was intary language and Silva, attempted nother, Chandana a thick book at ition lawmakers the House to proto the Opposition ers. Gunawardena of Parliament says in danger. “We uld do but accordce I could notreovernment.” ised my personal TE attack on the national Airport, sure on me,' GunMypersonal opina responsibility of lve been taken by y Chandananda de fe resigned and he e full responsibilfe of the Defence e head of the DeTax, did was that asking formy pera number. I would e no illegal money ers, I earned every ht from corruption, sion I earned by 00 pupils till I felt y mouth.” ning a group of PA d a protest outside minister Prof. G.L. support the govave the PA. "We cross over to the
15 OCTOBER 2001
UNP,” they shouted for about 20 minutes. Prof. Peiris who was in his house at that time said that the protesters numbering about 40-50 were brought in vehicles by the Parliamentary Coordinating Secretary of Deputy Minister Chandana Kathreearachi.
Seven parliamentarians led by former Ministers S.B. Dissanayake, Prof G. L. Peiris, Mahinda Wijesekara, Wijeyapala Mendis and Ananda Munasinghe, Jayasundara Wijekoon, Ediri
Weera
Premarathne entered the chamber through the opposition door and sat on the backbenches amidst applause of the opposition legislators.
"It's a conspiracy,” shouted government members. “More will cross tomorrow,” opposition members retorted.
Opposition Leader Ranil Wickremesinghe's office had bought 20 orchid garlands and had used only eight on October 10 with the balance to be used next day to welcome those who were expected to defect during the debate on UNP sponsored no-confidence motion.
Garlanding of the eight rebels was done during the media briefing held in the afternoon in the parliamentary complex. Dissanayake, whose sacking from the powerful post of general secretary of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), the main constituent of the ruling PA, which precipitated the cross-over attacked President Kumaratunga for her well known unpunctuality and her desire to everything herself. He said: "How can one who does not know to manage her time run a country?" and added that she had kept Queen Elizabeth as well as Indian Prime Minister Wajpayee waiting. He also cited cases where funds for medical treatment granted by the President's Fund had been delayed because of her failure to approve the payment in time and when the cheques were sent the patients had died.
"She wants to do everything herself and will not allow anyone to do his work. And she does not do anything correctly,” Dissanayake charged.
Substantiating that complaint Prof. G. L. Peiris said: She has told the ministers not to take any decision without consulting her. She had also instructed ministry secretaries not to take action on anything not approved by her.

Page 15
15 OCTOBER 2001
"There was no internal democracy in her cabinet.'
He charged that the President took decisions on matters without consulting the concerned ministers. He cited the instance where she decided to prorogue parliament without facing the noconfidence motion. "It is a convention that priority is accorded to no-confidence motions. It is fundamental to the proper functioning of democracy that the government in power should enjoy the confidence of parliament," Prof. Peiris said.
Relations between President Kumaratunga and Dissanayake and Peiris soured after they advocated the formation of a national government involving the UNP to salvage the country out of the mess it had got into. President Kumaratunga interpreted that as a plot the two had hatched with Wickr
emesinghe to clip Dissolution
President Ku confidant Minister eera were confiden they would defeat motion. That morn a great shook for vious day, Samara media, "The gover ing to dissolve pa after the no-confide up for debate.”
"The PA gover ity to defeat the ni stressed, amidst r about ten PA parl likely to defect to alleged that, "the defaulted millions banks are now tryir mentarians at the r
Sequence of Events
Sequence of events that led to the dissolution of Parliament on October 10:
June 7 - Impeachment motion against Chief Justice Sarath N. Silva handed over to the Speaker. Supreme Court issues writ against Speaker. June 20 - PA reduced to a minority in parliament following the sacking of SLMC leader Rauf Hakeem. Speaker rejects SC injunction. Opposition submits no-confidence motion against the government. July 10 - President prorogues parliament ahead of the noconfidence motion debate fixed for July 17 & 18. President orders a referendum for August 21 to determine whether the people want a new Constitution. July 16 - JVP refuses to join the joint opposition effort to re-summon parliament. July 20- Movement for the Protection of Democracy. The UNP conducts a massive rally. Police kill two demonstrators and hundreds were injured. July 24 - Tigers attack Katunayake airbase and the international airport. Aug 07 - President by special gazette notification postpones referendum for October 18. Aug 16-President collects undated resignation letters from ministers, deputy ministers and parliamentarians. Aug. 23- Talks between PA and UNP to form a National Government fails. Sept 05 - PA and JVP sign memorandum of understanding for a probationary government of one year. Sept 06 - Parliament summoned. No formal opening by the head of state. Sept 12 - Cabinet reduced to 20 members from 44 under the probationary MOU with the JVP. Ministers S. B. Dissanayake, Prof. G. L. Peiris, Mahinda Wijesekera and
 

er powers.
laratunga and her Mangala Samarawtill October 10 that the no-confidence ng's crossover was hem. Only the preweera had told the ment is not intendrliament before or nce motion istaken
nment has the abil)-faith motion,' he liable reports that iamentarians were the opposition. He usiness Mafia that of rupees to State g to buy PA parliaate of 3 million ru
TAM TIMES 15
pees perhead.”
With the defection of eight parliamentarians on October 10 the situation drastically changed. President Kumaratunga who addressed her parliamentary group that night looked on television shaken, angry and attempting to put up a brave face. At one stage she asked her crest-fallen partymen whether they were worried. When there was no response, she asked them not to worry.
She used vituperative language against the eight MPs who crossed over especially targeting S.B. Dissanayake by name. Dissanayake hit back calling the President a crab dancing in the pot not knowing the water was boiling. He ridiculed the President's charge that the opposition leader had a secret pact with the Tamil Tiger (LTTE) rebels and the existence of a "media mafia'.
The President knew that some of
Jayaraj Fernandopulle refuse to join the cabinet. Sept. 13-Wijayapala Mendisjoins the cabinet filling the
20 slots.
Sept. 14 - Fernandopulle breaks ranks and joins the cabinet. Minister Mangala Samaraweera resigns to reduce the Size of the cabinet to 20.
Sept. 17- CWC leader Arumugan Thondaman sworn in as Minister raising the size of the cabinet to 21. Mendis De
clines to resign.
Sept. — 19 Mendis sacked. Sept 24-Parliament passes 17th Amendment to the Constitution with a two-thirds majority. It aimed to appoint a Constitutional Council and four independent commissions on elections, the judiciary, police and public service. Sept28 - UNP hands over a no-confidence motion against the PA-JVP probationary government. . Oct 5 - Prime minister and opposition leader fails to appoint the 10-member Constitutional Council, which in turn will appoint members for the independent commissions. Oct 8 - Parliament decides to take up the debate of the noconfidence motion on October ll. Government sacks former minister S.B. Dissanayake from the post of SLFP general secretary. Oct 9 - Parliamentarian Bandula Gunawardene, leading MEP partner of the PA, crosses over to the opposition. Oct 10 - Eight parliamentarians led by former ministers S.B. Dissanayake, Prof. G.L. Peiris and Mahinda Wijesekera cross over to the opposition. President dissolves the one-year old parliament, elected on Oct 10, 2000, for six years. Oct 12 - Former Speaker Anura Bandaranayake announces his intention to join the PA. Deputy Speaker Major General Sarath Munasinghe and PA former minister Laxman Kiriella resign from the PA. Oct 13 - PA dissidents and the SLMC decide to contest the next election under the United National Front, an alliance of opposition parties.

Page 16
16 TAMILTIMES
the parliamentarians who were listening to her had agreed to defect. At one stage she said that she had heard of the rumour that two more MPs were going to defect, one of them a Tamil. Sarath Munasinghe contradicted the rumour and Ganeshamoorthy kept silent. Munasinghe quit two days later.
President Kumaratunga decided around October 10 midnight to dissolve parliament and order a snap election. She fixed the nominations from October 20 to 27, election on December 5 and the meeting of parliament on Januaryl next year.
The decision to dissolve parliament was taken when she got the information that the UNP was planning to move an impeachment motion against her. They had planned to submit the motion to the Speaker while the no-confidence motion against the government was being debated on October 11. If the Speaker entertained the motion the President would be barred from dissolving parliament. That would create more difficulties to the President by fuelling more desertions from her party.
Clamber for alliance and seats were on at the time of this writing. The UNPled United National Alliance (UNA) was being chiseled. It would field candidates under the common symbol elephant with the view of defeating the PA and forming a strong government. Similar groupings are being forged in the north and the up-country.
Ranil Wickramasinghe said the top priority of the UNA would be to find a solution to the Tamil minority ethnic issue and end fighting with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). “With the priority to end the ethnic war, the main objective of our government would be to solve the problems of the
people,” Wickremes Reports from Va chief Velupillai Pira ing himself for talks ernment headed by singhe, whom he ex polls. Thamilchelva LTTE delegation wh talk directly with th enment.
Pirabakaran, whic in outsmarting Presi and Foreign Ministe rgamar has, it is said ambassador Ashley on October 10, two States re-designated istorganization. Will hope the LTTE will as such an action wi of the Tamil commu while addressing th Colombo. The US Ei try was forced to re-d as a terrorist organiz within the definitio der American law. countries including India had banned til failed to renouncevi tries would follow.
The United State concept of an ind Eelam” and has in government to adop meet the aspirations ensure dignity and nic communities in backed Norwegian p United States has lo ing the Sri Lankan gotiate with the L separate state, in th and East.
Stephen Holgat
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nghe said.
nni say that LTTE bakaran is preparwith the new govRanill Wickremebects to sweep the n would head the ich is expected to 2 Sri Lankan gov
noW COncentrates lent Kumaratunga r Lakshman Kadi, taken note of US Wills's comment days after United LTTE as a terrors said: "I sincerely enounce violence, l be in the interest nity in Sri Lanka,” e Rotary Club of voy said his counesignate the LTTE ration as it still fell n of terrorism unHe warned a few US, Britain and he LTTE and if it olence more coun
sis opposed to the ependent “Tamil the past asked the it policies that will of the Tamils and equality to all eththe island. US also eace imitative. The ng been pressurizGovernment to neTE fighting for a e country's North
e, a spokesman at
25.00
Bank cheques only)
35.00
Ltd is to the total value
PITALSPLEASE)
..................................
15 OCTOBER 2001
the US Embassy in Colombo recently said that the difference with the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka is that they are "asking for something”. Osama Bin Laden so far has not "asked" for anything. His sole priority in life being, according to Holgate, is to kill as many Americans as possible.
Oozing out confidence, the business community reacted positively to the announcement of the dissolution of Parliament and the holding of the election. The Colombo Stock Exchange and its Matara outlet witnessed a major rally with many investors who stayed in the sideline for over a year due to depressed sentiment returned in hordes The CSE All Share Price Index which stood at 401.2 when trading commenced on October 8 shot up to 477.2 when trading concluded on October 12, an unprecedented swell of 76 points in a week. Similarly, Milanka Index jumped from 598.4 to 783.6. a rise of 185.2 points. HNB stockbroker Deva Ellapola said: "Dissolution of parliament and the prospect of a business-friendly government being elected has infused confidence in the investors.'
The JVP, the Marxist revolutionary party that enjoyed abriefperiod ofimportance, is dejected. In an angry statement it accused the “power-hungry UNP” for spoiling all the gains it achieved in one month and five days. "We got the government to reduce the number of ministers to 20 and got it to write off farmer loans. We got the government to pass the 17th amendment. Now all that is gone,” JVP statement said.
UNP answered: "True the cabinet was reduced to 20 but the country did not gain as former ministers continue to enjoy all the perks. True the order for the cancellation of farmer loans was issued but it was not sent to the banks. True the 17th amendment was passed but it was done because we helped the government to do it. JVP was taken for a ride.'
JVP was in fact taken for a ride. President Kumaratunga needed its help to reach October 10, when the constitutional ban on the dissolution of parliament ended. And she dissolved parliament the moment the deadline passed.

Page 17
15 OCTOBER 2001
Sri Lanka:Parti as an Option
Dr Sumanasiri Liyanage
he LTTE attack on Katunayake In
ternational Airport and airbase has shown two things, namely, (1) the Sri Lankan security establishment cannot achieve a final military victory over the LTTE; (2) the war cannot be confined to the North and Eastern part of the island. So the positive side of the LTTE attack on Katunayake airport and air base is that it brought these two essential truths home. People in every walk of life have now realized war, if continued, would affect the whole social fabric of the country. The Katunayake attack triggered a generalized crisis for the first time after 1988-89 period. It has amply demonstrated that the political and military leadership in this country cannot handle the situation effectively. So the generalized crisis has a personality dimension as well. In this sense, it is different from the 1988-89 crisis. It was predicted that the GDP growth rate would be around 2 percent this year. The drought and the unresolved problem of power supply may lower the growth rate below 2 percent. This may be disastrous in terms of standard of living, employment and economic development. What is the root of the crisis? It is true that monocausal explanations may not explain fully the antecedents and magnitude of the crisis. Nevertheless, I suggest that the current crisis be called "Jaffna Cri. sis' as I believe that the main cause of the crisis is the cost of holding Jaffna. The lower productivity growth, politicization and militarization of institutions are associated with the cost of holding Jaffna. So the ethnic problem is at the heart of the current crisis. However, the political leadership of the country, both Sinhalese and Tamil, has time and again shown that they are not prepared to come to an amicable solution to the ethnic problem through negotiations. Negotiation, ceasefire and peace talks have become parts of the
political strategy the monopoly of settlement needs a and demands a pow tive. It has clearly Lankan governme LTTE lack such a spective. So the cul to find different op compatible with t perspectives of the conflict, notwithst those options may ethical solution to
In this article II e cons of partition a solution to the eth Lanka. I do not su is the only availabl gue that it has tobe option.
Right of Self-Dete
In the past, man made in order to problem within as intend to give a c those attempts he Tamil politicians r separate state in th tional political im the Tamil United I cided to include it Vaddukodai Convé dukodai resolution. for a separate Tan sizing that Tamils' and apart from the right to “their own tinct Tamil homela Cleghorn Minute which is questione demics. In the first tion after Vadduk the TULF, TULF victory in the Nor significant support ince, With this n Tamil nation with

tion
o achieve/maintain power. Negotiated different approach ver-sharing perspecshown that the Sri ht, the UNP and the n approach and perrrent crisis forces us stions that would be he approaches and main actors of the anding the fact that not be the best and the problem. xamine the pros and is an option for the nic conflict in Sri ggest that partition le solution, but I artreated as a serious
rmination
ly attempts had been resolve the ethnic ingle state. I do not letailed account of re. Although some ised a demand for a e past, it gained naportance only after liberation Front dein its program at the ntion in 1976. Vadiustified the demand hil state by emphaare a nation distinct Sinhalese' with the territory”. The disnd was based on the s, the validity of d by Sinhalese acaparliamentary elecdai Convention of had won a landslide thern Province and in the Eastern Provtion of a separate its own homeland,
TAMILTIMES 17
the right of Tamils for self-determination has naturally become a fundamental political demand of the Tamil political parties. The TULF manifesto emphasized the right of the Tamil nation for self-determination in the form of a separate sovereign state, Tamil Eelam. The Manifesto declared:
Hence, the TULF seeks the mandate of the Tamil nation to establish an independent, sovereign, secular, socialist state of Tamil Eelam that includes all the geographically contiguous areas that have been the traditional homeland of the Tamil-speaking people in the country.
The demand was transformed into three cardinal principles at the Thimpu discussion at which militant Tamil organizations played a major role. So the right of self-determination expressed in the form of a separate, sovereign state has become the main agenda of the Tamil militant politics. Three cardinal principles unanimously approved by the TULF and the militant Tamil organizations are:
1. Recognition of Tamils of Sri Lanka as a distinct nationality; 2. Recognition of an identified Tamil homeland and the guarantee of its territorial integrity; 3. Based on the above, recognition of the inalienable right of self-determination of the Tamil nation.
A significant difference can be found between the Vaddukodai Resolution, TULF manifesto and the Thimpu principles. One is that the two terms, nationality and nation, are used in the Thimpu principles as synonyms and interchangeably. Secondly, the Tamilspeaking people in the TULF manifesto was dropped in favour of more specific Tamil nation.
The significance of the second dif. ference has been indicated in the attitude of the Tamil parties towards Tamil-speaking Muslims in the Northern and Eastern Provinces. The trajectory of the Tamil nationalism from Vaddukodai Convention through Thimpu Principles has clearly demonstrated that Tamil demands are nationalist demands and not the demands of the minorities. This is the issue all Sri Lankan governments since 1976 have failed to recognize and refused to accept. I will address this issue presently.

Page 18
8 TAMLTMES
Minorities and Nations
It is customary to treat the minority problem and the national problem as almost equal issues. The question on how ethnic or national minorities should be treated has been widely discussed and the international community has come to some kind of consensus. So the issue of ethnic minorities appears to be less controversial today.
Major industrialized countries of the West have agreed that no disadvantage arises from exercising the choice of belonging to a national minority.
"They have the right - to use their mother tongue freely in private as well as in public; - to establish and maintain their own educational, cultural and religious institutions, organizations or associations; - to profess and practice their religion; - to establish and maintain unimpeded contacts among themselves within their country as well as contacts across frontiers with citizens of other States; - to disseminate, have access to and exchange information in their mother tongue; - to establish and maintain organizations within their country and to participate in international non-governmental organizations.
Persons belonging to national minorities can exercise and enjoy their rights individually as well as in the community with other members of their group'. (Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE June 1990, US Commission on Security Cooperation in Europe, Washington DC. US Government Printing Office 1990. pp 16-17)
Gurr (1993) notes that many would add to this list the greater equity in the distribution of economic resources and control of regional or national governments. It's true that many deviations from these principles can be found in practice and ethnic and national minorities often times complain about de facto as well as de jure discrimination against them by the state and other public bodies. Nevertheless, there has been a greater understanding at national and international level on how to treat ethnic and national minorities. However, there are groups that do not want them to be treated as minority ethnic and
national groups. T "nations'. Their di tions go beyond the rations of ethnic/r And the issue is n about power. What made for them to { different nation?
I propose that in Sri Lanka be vie
' spective. And my ol
Sri Lankan governi to avoid looking a this perspective. T plain why peace ne have failed. Indo-S in 1987, at least to a to address the natio the principles that the designers of I Nevertheless, inhe the 13th Amendem Constitution and th spective of the Sin red to have scuttle plementation of th cil System. This c to misunderstandin Gurr notes, “(nati highly threatening, lenge the nationalis most dominant gr break-up of the st depict the problem lem rather than a found the use of t Sri Lankan acade intriguing.
Anton Balasing est explanation o knowledge. He w hour, I gave a tho position of the Ti, arguing our casef ence and statehoc to self-determinat ple. While herhus with patience Cha tative (sic). Pres model of Sri Lan comprising of di ings, she rejecte Tamil nation an Chandrika's thesi the Tamil proble sue, nota nation: the Tamils were r to self-determin (Politics of Dup Jaffna Talks, p.9

y call themselves mands and aspirademands and aspitional minorities. t about rights but rrangement can be ercise power as a
he issue of Tamils wed from this perservation is that the ents invariably try the problem from his may partly exotiations in the past i Lanka agreement limited extent, tried |al issue in line with were laid down by idian Constitution. ent weaknesses of nt to the Sri Lankan e conventional perhalese elites appeal the successful ime Provincial Counannot be attributed g of the problem. As onal) demands are because they chalit ideologies held by oups and imply the ate. So it is safe to as a minority probnational problem. I he term “ethnic' in nic discourse rather
ham gives the clearthe subject in my ites: "For nearly an ough theoretical exers political project r political independi based on the right on of the Tamil peoand listened politely Idrikawas argumenenting a pluralistic a's social formation, ferent ethnic groupthe conception of Tamil homeland. in essence, was that was a minority isity question and that tentitled to the right ion and statehood.” city: Re-visiting the
15 OCTOBER 2001
There is no doubt that Chandrika Kumaratunga's position is the most farreaching and progressive position among Sinhalese elites. But it is still trapped in the liberal political discourse and fails to go beyond it. Now one may ask: isn't it possible to meet national aspirations and demands within one state project? I may answer this question in the affirmative. But, abstract theorizing should not be substituted for concrete understanding of the problem. I do not refute the fact that some Tamil politicians and intellectuals prefer the project of meeting Tamil aspirations and demands within a one state. But the Tamil politics are primarily governed by the secessionist project. This was clearly demonstrated in the event of the assassination of Neelan Tiruchelvam by the LTTE. The attendance of the funeral proceedings expressed opinions of the leadership of his own party and semi-public comments by Tamil academics, and their silences proved the separatist project has now gained currency among Tamil politics.
Partition as a Political Option
This may lead me to question Paffenberger's notion of defensive nationalism of Tamils. Tamil nationalism has gained support among ordinary Tamil people in the context of discriminatory policies of the successive Sri Lankari governments. But Tamil nationalism cannot be reduced to this defensive dimension. It has its own logic and has to be understood in terms of the rising wave of nationalism in the post World War 2 period.
My analysis of the genesis and development of Tamil nationalism and the present state of the military conflict in Sri Lanka leads me to believe partition through negotiation as a politically justifiable option. I emphasize the term "politically justifiable” because my belief is not based on ethical judgment or principles. Let me also add some cautionary remark. Even the partition may bring about a solution to some ethno-politicial conflicts. It is definitely not a panacea and cannot be applied as a general rule in finding solutions to ethno-political conflicts. Nonetheless, I believe it has to be considered seriously as a possible and viable alternative. Partition may pose many practical, political and social problems that

Page 19
15 OCTOBER 2001
have to be negotiated, taking into consideration the needs and interests of all the communities.
Here, I focus on two major problems. The first issue is the demarcation ofboundaries. A substantial amount of writings has already discussed the is
· sue. The extreme Tamil nationalist position is based on their reading of the boundaries of Jaffna kingdom in the 13th Century and the Tamil homeland include some parts of the North Central, North Western and Southern Provinces. But the map that is used widely is based on the Cleghorn Minutes. In current political discourse, the Tamil territory includes North and Eastern Provinces. In the discussion on constitutional changes, some Tamil parties agreed that the Tamil autonomous region includes North Province, Trincomale and Batticaloa districts of the Eastern Province. What was the
Sinhalese position? I guess that Prof.
Madduma Bandara's article on re-demarcation of provincial boundaries throws some light on the subject. Yalpanam Province, in his map, appears to be the area that the Sinhalese could give for a separate Tamil state, if the worst-case scenario was to happen. So the boundary problem appears to be a negotiable problem, and some agreement may be reached between the two parties.
However, the second issue is more humanely problematic. Would a partition include a population transfer? Although it may involve a lot of hardships and pain, the answer to this question may be in the affirmative. When the issues of identity and security of the Tamils are addressed in terms of a separate and sovereign state, Eelam, the Sinhalese may raise the issue of security if the multi-ethnic or multi-national
characteristics of Sri Lanka remain un- ,
changed. The option of partition should
satisfy the needs and interests of all the
communities.
The conflict in Sri Lanka may be easily characterized following Edward Azar as a protracted social conflict. In many situations, protracted social conflicts are intractable and need critical surgery for their resolution. So the means of resolution may be painful. Partition may create a situation in which a husband may prefer to live in Sri Lanka while a wife prefers to live
he year was 198 Lankan Tami were active in afternoon, the resid lingapuram in Che gunfire. The venue rmation Centre (T there reminded one grade Hollywood was bundling anoth foot, into a vehicle him while firing sh another gun to kee bodyguards of the l forming the act was eration Tigers of Ta On September 26, landmine attack in ern mainland the W The incident a was a sequel to the leader Pottu Amma ple’s Liberation Or: Eelam (PLOTE). F currently heads the wing, was then in c camp in Vedarany He was taken capti gument with PLOT rious LTTE chief V assigned his depl Aruna with the tas Amman. A round PLOTE military cc waran alias Kannai place in the residenc Liberation Front ( Parliament conside PLOTE leadership.
in Eelam. Nobody
children can live. S marriages would de this kind of solutio mane problems sa( the partition. But question: When th dominant and overa ity prevail?
- Dr. (Teaches Economics at th

TAMILTIMES 19
DBS Jeyaraj
35, when several Sri 1 militant groups Tamil Nadu. One ential area of Mahannai was rocked by was the Tamil InfoIC) and the events of scenes from 'B' thrillers. One man her, with a bleeding , holding a gun to ots into the air from p at bay the armed atter. The man perShankar of the Libmil Eelam (LTTE). he was killed in a Sri Lanka's northVanni. t Mahalingapuram abduction of LTTE un by the rival Peoganisation of Tamil 'ottu Amman, who LTTE’s intelligence harge of the coastal am in Tamil Nadu. ve following an arE operatives. Afuelupillai Prabakaran uties Shankar and sk of freeing Pottu of talks between mmander Jotheesand Shankar took xe of a Tamil United TULF) Member of 'ed to be close to the However, the talks
knows where the o those with mixed finitely suffer from n. These are the hully associated with we have to ask the 2 issue of power is rching, will human
Sumanasiri Liyanage University of Peradeniya)
failed as an enraged Shankar stormed out of the meeting after slapping the parliamentarian.
Shankar then revised his strategy and telephoned Dr. Sivanathan of the TIC at Mahalingapuram and asked him to arrange a meeting with the PLOTE's Kannan. Kannan arrived with his retinue of bodyguards and engaged in discussions with Shankar. At one point Shankar whisked out his gun, fired on Kannan's foot and quickly placed his gun against Kannan's head. Shankar pulled out Kannan's firearm and began firing into the air, while prodding Kannan with his own gun towards a waiting vehicle. The PLOTE bodyguards could do nothing as their leader was taken captive. Later, the LTTE exchanged Kannan for Pottu Amman. The incident attracted negative publicity and, as a result, Shankar was incarcerated for a while though ultimately no serious punishment was meted out.
The man who earned Prabakaran's praise for the daredevil act remained a close associate and trusted lieutenant of the LTTE supremo for nearly two decades, until the day of his killing. Shankar was travelling from Oddusuddan on the A-34 highway, or the Mankulam-Mullaithivu road, to Puthukkudiyiruppu on the A-35 highway, or the Paranthan-Mullaithivu road. He was travelling alone in his two-seater, fourwheeler pick-up vehicle along a fairweather jeep track cutting through a swathe of thick jungle when a claymore device, concealed on a tree, exploded at 10-45 a.m. "Colonel" Shankar was killed on the spot.
Vaithilingam Sornalingam alias Shankar was born in September 1948. He was educated at the Tamil Maha Vidyalayam in Vavuniya and at the Hartley College in Point Pedro. A keen footballer, he played for his college and a club.
Shankar was the second of six sons. Three of his siblings also joined the LTTE. One brother, Manoharan alias

Page 20
20 TAMILTIMES
“Captain Haran”, was the commander of the Tiger boat which was seized on the high seas by the Sri Lankan Navy in October 1987. This happened after the Indo-Sri Lanka accord was signed. When attempts were made to transport the arrested persons, including LTTE leaders such as Kumarappa and Pulendran, to Colombo they committed suicide by consuming cyanide. The incident resulted in war breaking out. Shankar married the widow of his brother Haran.
Another brother, Vaseekaran alias "Lieutenant Siddharth', was killed in an explosion in Kaithadi in February 1987. Shankar's youngest brother was reported missing in a skirmish with the Army in Mannar in the 1980s. Nothing is known about him since. Another brother, an engineering student, was killed by a Sri Lankan Air Force bomb. Only the eldest brother, a medical doctor in the United Kingdom, is alive
OW.
People in the LTTE-controlled areas of the Wanni mourned the death of Shankar. His body was taken in a procession to the Great Heroes' Commem
orative Hall at Mull there for people to spects. Although Pr last respects to Shan tend the funeral.
Shankar became ber of the LTTE in 1 treal, where he was rived in Chennai al pogrom of Sri Lanl ever, his relationsh had begun almost a (
Shankarhad pior ects for the moveme sible for setting up of Overseas Purchas partment responsibl quisitions abroad. Kumaran Pathmana Shankar also help LTTE's sophisticate network and persor necessary equipmer He was also associat in purchasing the LT trawler. Shankar w volved in re-furbish equipping it with a
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a full-time mem83. He left Mon
residing, and arer the July 1983 an Tamils. Howp with the LTTE ecade before that. eered several projit. Hewas responhe LTTE's Office es (OOP), the de; for armament acIt is now run by than alias "K.P.' ed establish the d communications ally procured the t from Singapore. ed with Prabakaran TE's first ship and as personally inling the latter and radar.
15 OCTOBER 2001
Shankar was the founder-commander of the LTTE's marine division, "Kadal Puligal” (Sea Tigers). He pioneered and developed the LTTE’s undersea attack unit, which consists of well-trained frogmen. Shankar also established and developed the LTTE's anti-aircraft unit, which has downed a large number of planes and helicopters with its anti-aircraft artillery and surface-to-air missiles. Shankar was involved in the planning and execution of the recent LTTE attack on the Katunayake Air Force base.
He was perhaps Prabakaran's closest confidant. Shankar used to accompany Prabakaran on several confidential missions. The latest and well-known one was the meeting with the Norwegian peace envoy, Erik Solheim, in 2000. Prabakaran, political wing chief Thamilchelvan and Shankar participated in the meeting representing the LTTE. At the meeting, Shankar also played the role of an interpreter.
There is little doubt that Shankar's demise is a tremendous blow to the LTTE, particularly to Prabakaran.
(Courtesy: Frontline)
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Page 21
15 OCTOBER 2001
TAML, NADU
Exit Jayala
V.VENIKATESAN
In a landmark verdict, the Supreme Court quashes the appointment of Jayalalithaa as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. In doing so, the court also settles questions with regard to the eligibility of a person convicted of an of fence to hold such office.
The judgment of a five-member Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court quashing the appointment of Jayalalithaa as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu establishes a new orthodoxy: that constitutional legitimacy takes precedence over electoral legitimacy.
In the main judgment, delivered by Justice S.P. Bharucha, who also spoke for Justices Y.K. Sabharwal and Ruma Pal, the Bench held that a person who is disqualified from contesting elections to a legislative body cannot assume office in the executive branch of the government. It also held that membership of the legislature is a prerequisite for holding ministerial authority and the expedient clause that enables a nonmember to assume office for a period of six months cannot be applied in the case of an individual who has been disqualified from contesting.
The Bench concluded that on the day Jayalalithaa was sworn in Chief Minister, she had been disqualified from membership of the legislature by reason of her convictions under the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) which had attracted terms of imprisonment in excess of two years. Under Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), she was ineligible to contest the Assembly elections held in May.
The Bench interpreted Article 164(4) of the Constitution, which allows an individual to hold office as a Minister even without being a member of the legislature, to mean that such a person would be eligible to seek election. In the event of that person failing to secure a seat in the legislature within
the stipulated time she would cease to
The Bench was rival interpretation K.K. Venugopal, Jayalalithaa, sugge should be interpret it is devoid of any C qualifications, non it. In its final deter the Bench ruled th: the Constitution ca lation of the other secures appointm 164(4) should satis formembership oft fied in Article 173 fer any of the disc Article 191 on the appointment, it hel The Bench add reasonable and ano that a Minister who legislature is requil stitutional standar and disqualificatio) who is not a memb need not. Logicall pected of a Ministe ber should be the sa than, those requil Drawing sustenanc of the basic struct tion, the Bench he permissible for thi tain interpretations tion, based on its la spirit. This doctrine in the Supreme Col Keshavananda Bh which pertained to to amend the Cons Justice Bharu based on the reas thaa's appointmel without exploring the decision of tl pointed her. This h tions of the then Nadu, M. Fathima
 
 

of six months, he or
be a Minister. confronted with two s of Article 164(4). senior counsel for sted that the Article ed as it is, and since ualifications or dise could be read into mination, however, at this one clause of nnot be read in iso's. A Minister who lent under Article fy the qualifications he legislature speciandshould not sufualifications under date of his or her d. ed: “It would be unmalous to conclude ) is a member of the red to meet the conds of qualification n but that a Minister er of the legislature y, the standards exr who is nota memmeas, if not greater red of a member.' e from the doctrine ure of the Constituld that it would be 2 court to read cerinto the Constitunguage, scheme and ! was first articulated urt's judgment in the arati case in 1973, Parliament's power titution. cha's judgment is Dning that Jayalaliit can be set aside the foundations of he person who apas exempted the acGovernor of Tamil Beevi, from judicial
TAM TIMES 21
scrutiny.
As the writ petitions only challenged Jayalalithaa's right to hold of fice as Chief Minister, the Bench claimed that it was not concerned with the Governor's exercise of discretion in swearing Jayalalithaa in. A writ of quo warranto lies against the person who, according to the petitioner, was not entitled to hold public office and has usurped one, explained Justice Brijesh Kumar in his concurring judgment. Article 361 of the Constitution exempts a Governor engaged in the discharge of her duties from judicial scrutiny, but there is no impediment against examining whether a person appointed by the Governor is actually entitled to hold that office, said Justice Brijesh Kumar.
The issue is a tricky one and certain experts have expressed concern that the Bench has yielded too much to the discretionary powers of the Gover
hOr.
Justice Bharucha, for instance, has observed: "We are in no doubt at all that if the Governor is asked by the majority party in the legislature to appoint as Chief Minister a person who is not qualified to be a member of the legislature or who is disqualified to be such, the Governor must, having due regard to the Constitution and the laws, to which he is subject, decline, and the exercise of discretion by him in this regard cannot be called into question." This means effectively that there is an asymmetry in the judiciary's power to correct an aberrant exercise of gubernatorial discretion. There is no corrective for the denial of a rightful claim, though the acceptance of a wrongful claim could be set right. If the Governor does appoint an ineligible person, the authority of the appointee to hold the appointment can be challenged in quo warranto proceedings, the Bench made it clear. "That the Governor has made the appointment does not give the appointee any higher right to hold the appointment,” the judgment held.
Justice Brijesh Kumar said in his judgment: "The choice of the majority party regarding its leader for appointment as Chief Minister is normally accepted, and rightly. But the contention that in all eventualities whatsoever the Governor is bound by the decision of the majority party is not a correct posi

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15 OCTOBER 2001
tion. The Governor cannot be totally deprived of element of discretion in performance of duties of his office, if ever any such exigency may so demand its exercise."
Legal experts raised questions about this part of the judgment which gives enormous powers to the President or the Governor to deny the claim of a person duly elected as leader of the majority party to be appointed as the head of government, on the ground that the claimant suffered some disqualification or that all qualifications were not fulfilled. Though the Governor is obliged to show due regard for the Constitution and the laws, he could conceivably arrive at his own determination of legality in certain situations to deny the rightful claims of specific individuals to elected office. There would then be nojudicial remedy available for the aggrieved person. Since Governors today are mostly political appointees of the party ruling at the Centre, they of ten carry overt and covert political agendas into their gubernatorial mansions. Rather than evade the entire question of gubernatorial discretion, the Bench, several legal experts believe, could have gone into the scope of judicial scrutiny over this exercise of power.
Justice Pattanaik sought to tackle this area of ambivalence in a separate but concurring judgment: "In a given case, if the alleged disqualification is dependent upon disputed questions of fact and evidence, the Governor may choose not to get into those disputed questions of fact and, therefore, could appoint such person as the Chief Minister or Minister.' But he added that in a case like that of Jayalalithaa's, the Governor would be acting beyond his jurisdiction and against the constitutional inhibitions and norms in appointing a disqualified person as the Chief Minister on the sole reasoning that the majority of the elected members of the party have elected him or her as their leader.
Although it was not called upon to address directly the legal basis of Jayalalithaa's electoral disqualification, the Bench has dealt with some of the issues that have a bearing on this matter. Much of this debate has revolved around the issues of conviction and sentence: Can a conviction or sentence be
held to have been v during the process Would the presum apply to an individi conviction in a tria nal judicial appea these issues, Justic pressed himself wi He has said, fo not within the pov court to suspend th convicted person. the execution of th the disposal of ap alter the fact that th convicted of a gra pension of the ex tences, therefore. Jayalalithaas disq soned. He also he High Court had bi purported to sus against Jayalalitha ecution.
As for the pri cence, Justice Bha fairly unambiguo court convicts an a him, the presumpt is innocent comes viction operates ar undergo the senten the sentence can pellate court and t on bail. If the ap succeeds, the con as cleanly as ifith the sentence is set appeal means that fence is altogethe not to say that the nocence continues by the trial court.' In his concurri Pattanaik has ma Parliament to con bringing convictic a disqualification the RPA so that sı qualified from col respective of the q Very much the sa ing the bar for th corruption - prev Malai. Subrama High Court expre suspend Jayalalit she has been conv But it would be an the bar for those c

aived or suspended of judicial appeal? ption of innocence ual despite his or her ll court, until the fiis exhausted? On -e Bharucha has exth great clarity. r instance, that it is ver of the appellate e sentence against a It can only suspend he sentence pending peal. This does not le offender has been ve offence. The susecution of the sendoes not remove ualification, he reaeld that the Madras een in error when it pend the sentence a, rather than its ex
esumption of innorucha's findings are us: "When a lower cused and sentences ion that the accused to an end. The conld the accused has to ce. The execution of pe stayed by an aphe accused released peal of the accused viction is wiped out ad never existed and aside. A successful the stigma of the of r erased. But that is presumption of inafter the conviction
ng judgment, Justice de a fervent plea to sider the question of on under the PCA as under Section 8(1) of uch convicts are disintesting elections iruantum of sentence. me concern - ofraisose found guilty of railed when Justice nian of the Madras ssed his inability to haa's conviction, as icted under the PCA. omalous to raise only onvicted for corrup
TAMILTIMES 23
tion, while maintaining the existing qualifying requirements for those found guilty of political crimes, such as demolition of religious shrines or participation in communal riots.
A major flaw in the judgment would perhaps be with regard to its interpretation of Section 804) of the RPA, which provides for immunity from disqualification to sitting legislators, if they appeal against their conviction within three months of being found guilty by a trial court. Since the presumption ofinnocence ceases for nonlegislators on conviction by a trial court, this effectively institutionalises a differential scale of rights: with legislators being more privileged than the common citizenry. This, in the opinion of several legal experts, is grossly violative of Article 14 of the Constitution, which guarantees equality before the law to all citizens.
In the narrow sense, the Bench was undoubtedly right in not going into this issue. As Justice Bharucha put it, there was no challenge to Section 8(4) of the RPA on the basis that it violated Article 14. He has, however, expressed his deep unease at the superior rights that it institutes for legislators. He has said that if there were a challenge to Section 8(4), it may be tenable to contend that legislators stand in a class apart from non-legislators, “but we need to . express no final opinion'. In any case, he concludes, if it were found to be violative of Article 14, it would be struck down in its entirety.
Venugopal had argued that in order to preserve uniformity among the sub-sections of Section 8 of the RPA and to prevent any apparent discrimination, the Bench could "read down' Sections 8(1), (2) and (3) to save the constitutionality of Section 8(4). That would mean accepting the simple solution that final conviction by the appellate court should be the criterion under which disqualification from contesting elections would be deemed to operate under Sections 8(1), (2) and (3). The Bench refused to concede his argument for two reasons: first, Section 8(4) opens with the words "notwithstanding anything” in sub-section (1), sub-section (2) and sub-section (3). And secondly, to apply the principle of Section 8(4) uniformly to all sub-sections would be reading up rather than

Page 24
24 TAMITMES
reading down and this is not known to law. The effect of the Bench's interpretation would be that the presumption of innocence would apply to a sitting member until the conviction was finally affirmed but in the case ofa non-legislator the disqualification would operate on conviction by the court in the first instance. After all, the intention of the Select Committee of Parliament which considered the Representation of the People (No.2) Bill, 1950, was not to restrict immunity from disqualification because of conviction to sitting legislators, eventhough the language of the Bill failed to reflect this sentiment (Frontline, June 22, 2001).
Again, consistent with its fair interpretation of Article 164(1), the Bench could have restricted the applicability of Section 8(4) of the RPA to the legislators' current term, when they are convicted. Otherwise, the judgment implies that there is no judicial remedy if R. Balakrishna Pillai, who has been elected to the Kerala Assembly despite his conviction by a trial court during his previous term in the Assembly, becomes a Minister by virtue of his appeal against his conviction, even though Kerala Chief Minister A.K. Antony dropped the proposal to include him in his Cabinet reportedly on the advice of the Governor.
In holding Jayalalithaa's appointment illegal, the Bench, however, went by the doctrine of necessity, that certain actions are irreversible. This meant that all acts, otherwise legal and valid, performed between May 14 and September 21 - whether by Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister or by her government - would not be adversely af. fected.
The Bench pronounced itself unimpressed by the argument that the writ petitions for quo warranto fell outside its jurisdiction because no fundamental rights were involved. One of the petitions filed before it had spoken of a breach of Article 14 of the Constitution. Yet, this issue is not elaborated in necessary detail by the Bench. Neither is it clear why the Bench refused to go into the anomalies inherent in Section 8 of the RPA when it was examining the issue in the light of the fundamental right to equality before law. The Bench may have imagined that the violation of Article 14 was implicit and required no elaboration. Considering that the Bench dealt with a question of great constitutional importance, the reluctance to address the full scope of the issues before it does not appear to be a minor flaw.
(Courtesy: Frontline)
BANGLADE
T Off ei
t was a landslic four-party allian desh Nationalist Khaleda Zia in the October 1. The al crushing defeat on til which has the distin the war for the libera (erstwhile East Pakis and having sustair secular character. W talist Jamaat-e-Isl Oikya Jote (IOJ) as the BNP has won a ity in the 300-mem achievement made Awami League led Rahman in 1973. W jority, the BNP-led sition to reshape t country of 130 milli whelming majority
The BNP-led seats and the Awar Islamic Jatiya Oiky which the Jatiya Pa dent Gen. H.M. Ers stituent, won 14 se faction led by Anv and the Krishak Sr. led by veteran Aw turned-rebel Abdı won a seat each. 1 are three independ l6 constituencies following compla regularities. Owin candidate, the elec ency has beencou! 20 Ministers and SI of the Awami Le Among the promin leaders of the Jam ing Ameer Maula Nizami, and Mufti general secretary
Khalleda Zia " from 1991 to midment demandinge

15 OCTOBER 2001
S
he Return Khalleda Zia,
Haroon Habib
2 victory for the e led by Bangla'arty (BNP) leader elections held on iance inflicted a e Awami League, tion of having led ion of Bangladesh tan) from Pakistan ed the country's ith the fundamenami and Islamic it major partners, two-thirds majorper Parliament, an arlier only by the by Sheikh Mujibur ith its massive maalliance is in a pohe destiny of the on people, an overof them Muslims. alliance won 202 ni League 62. The a Front (IJOF), in ty offormer Presihad is a major conats. A Jatiya Party "ar Hossain Manju mik Jatiya League mi League leaderl Kader Siddique mong the winners :nts. The results of ave been withheld hts of electoral irto the death of a on in one constituermanded. At least veral senior leaders gue were defeated. nt winners were the at-e-Islami, includla Matiur Rahman fazlul Haq Aminee,
the IOJ. as Prime Minister 996. A mass movections undera non
party caretaker government led to her resignation. Although the BNP has a majority on its own (with l86 parliamentary seats) this time, Khaleda Zia will lead a coalition government that will include representatives of the Jamaat-e-Islami, which opposed Bangladesh's independence from Pakistan and collaborated with the Pakistani troops' genocide during the Liberation War of 1971. The Jamaat-e-Islami won 16 seats and the IOJ one seat. This is the first time in Bangladesh's electoral history that fundamentalists have won so many seats. It is widely believed that the "reserved votes' of the fundamentalist parties played a vital role in the victory of the BNP-led alliance.
The results belied forecasts that the Awami League and the BNP-led alliance were evenly poised. The magnitude of the victory was reportedly a surprise for the BNP itself.
Awami League president and former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina rejected the results, saying that they were "crudely manipulated". Addressing a press conference in Dhaka on October 2, she said: "The people have rejected the results and there is no question of the Awami League accepting it.” She compared this round of elections to the "farcical" elections on February 15, 1996. The Opposition boycotted the elections and the new Parliament was dissolved within two months after it was constituted. Sheikh Hasina complained that Justice Latifur Rahman, who led the non-party caretaker government that assumed office on July 15, used his administration blatantly to implement its "blueprint”. She alleged that there was an "administrative coup to subvert a popular mandate". The people's right to vote, which was restored after a long-drawn-out struggle against military and "pseudo-democratic' governments, was snatched in a "very crude way', she said.

Page 25
15 OCTOBER 2001
Asked whether successful Awami League candidates will join Parliament, she said: "Let the time of oath-taking come first, then we'll see what to do." She also indicated that a massive agitation will be launched. There is a possibility of the Awami League candidates who won not taking the oath, thus forcing the incoming government to order fresh elections to the 62 seats won by the party. In that eventuality, the Awami League is expected to launch a countrywide agitation against what it has termed "a naked manipulation and blatant denial of popular mandate'.
Hasina said that the election outcome would establish a "terrorist government” in Bangladesh.“Those who practise terrorism in the name of religion, those who do not believe in the very independence of Bangladesh, would now form the government,” she said.
There is no denying the fact that the October l exercise to elect the country's eighth Parliament was free. An overwhelming majority of the 75-million-strong electorate participated in it. It was a unique election in that the two major streams of national politics - secularists or liberal democrats and fundamentalists - fought it with all their strength and strategies. There were allegations of booth-capturing, of collaboration ofsecurity forces with a particular party, and of voters from the minority community being intimidated. The Opposition alleged that there was "serious manipulation' in the process of compiling and announcing the results. However, some Western and local non-governmental organisations, including the controversial Fair Elec
tion Monitoring Alliance (FEMA),
have given a clean chit to the government.
A triumphant Khaleda Zia, the wife of former President Gen. Ziaur Rahman, appealed to all political parties, including the Awami League, to join what she termed the fight against "terrorism and corruption'. Addressing a press conference on October 2, she appealed for unity, peace and stability. Khaleda's observation that the people had voted against "divisive politics” as they did not want to see a "divided country” is seen as a veiled appeal for unity between the forces of religious fundamentalism and those who stand for secularism, between the opponents of the country's independence from Pakistan and the supporters of a sovereign Bangladesh. But it remains to be seen whether these contradictory streams of national politics can come together to ensure the smooth function
The horror and 1 l has now turne suspense and worr miliar with acts o consequences. The almost unanimous killing of innocent and Washington. tification for or ral actS.
It does, howeve by the entire worl North needs to cha wards the South,j Muslim world need ric against “infide culture of democ within their own ci The solution tc lie in "waging wa those responsible t suring that govern ate or promote terro ured response is ca all-out war may po ther, thus playing i very forces whiche Since the internatic terrorism claims to protect freedoms, it be transparent in it quire greater resc norms of justice, pa of an adversary w values of freedom. The issue ofte most controversial ternational law and
ing of the democra Unless the Con Sheikh Mujibur Ra to be regarded as Nation” and the di tion will be observ Mourning Day”. Th new administratior
the consolidation Bangladesh to be republic, negating lar Bengali nationh basis of the Liberat Zia's government will invite the wrat variety of the Talil (Frontli
 

stan: At Critical
rossroads
TAMILTIMES 25
Asma Jahangir
terror of September d into moments of y. Pakistanis are faf terrorism and its y, have, therefore, ly condemned the people in New York There can be no jusionale behind such
:r, call for reflection d leadership. The unge its policies toust as much as the sto correctits rheto'ls” and promote a acy and tolerance buntries.
terrorism does not rs” but in bringing o justice and in enments do not tolerorist gangs. A measlled for because an larize the world furnto the hands of the ncourage terrorism. nal alliance against fight this battle to I will be expected to is moves. It will relve to uphold the rticularly in the face no spurns universal
rorism is one of the in contemporary inpolitics. Acts ofter
су.
titution is amended, hman will continue the "Father of the ly of his assassinaed as the "National Lere are fears that the will give scope for of forces that want In orthodox Islamic he concept of secuood, which was the ion War. If Khaleda ries to be neutral, it of the Bangladeshi |al.
he 13-26 Oct 2001)
ror have been glorified as "freedom fighting" and genuine freedom fighters have often been dubbed terrorists. The United Nations too failed to define "terrorism' because the term is emotive and highly loaded politically. The League of Nations failed in 1937 to determine the parameters of "terrorism" and since then there has been no serious attempt to define the term, which continues to be used selectively and vaguely.
But whatever definition one accepts , the tragedy of September 11 will cover it all, particularly as none has so far claimed responsibility for it. It has violated the right to live free from fear and the right to life, liberty and security. The world has changed after September 1 1. Freedoms will now be compromised in favour of the pressing need for security. Despite the assurances of the West that its campaign will not discriminate against any religion or nationality, Muslims, Pakistanis and Arab nationals are experiencing more prejudice and bias. Airport terminals, employers, buyers and business houses of the West are being selective. The growing flow of refugees from Afghanistan will bring multiple problems for Pakistan. Despite foreign aid, our resources will suffer and our governance deteriorate. Many freedom fighters will be unfairly painted as terrorists and oppressive regimes will take advantage of this new wave of anger against "terrorismʼ.
In the wake of efforts for a new world of security, Pakistan must strive to acquire a new image. It must be seen as being independent of the West but no friend of terrorist regimes or gangs. Above all, we must make sincere effort at cleaning up our cupboards of all the skeletons we have gathered over the years. Let there be no ambiguity about our present position. It was not courage but plain good sense that compelled us to side with the international community on the question of terrorism.
. The people of Pakistan are paying for the sins of their past leaders. It ought to be made amply clear so that we are not led into another myth, another trap by our leaders. Pakistanis take crisis

Page 26
26 TAM TIMES
well. This has been no exception. There is no panic and the common people have not taken to the streets in support of the Taliban regime. Their lack of support for the Taliban is not because they respect the government of the US - whom they closely associate with the Israeli atrocities against the Palestinians - but because there is a growing resentment against domestic jihadi groups and disrespect for the Taliban style of government. As such, there was a sigh of reliefat the military regime's decision to join the world alliance against terrorism.
It was not courage but preservation that drove President Musharraf to fall in line with the alliance. The few Jihadi groups and religious parties, who oppose the government's decision stand alone. The people have wisely decided to back the regime, not because they support army rule but because they have had enough of religious extremism. Tension between the army and the jihadi groups may bode well for the country and democracy but there will be a price to pay for the legacy of the past.
No one can predict the turn of events to follow. It is difficult to grasp the full impact of the future shape of globalization in the wake of the terrorist attacks in the US. So far the emerging signs are not very helpful for Pakistan. We have a tendency to jump to conclusions. The signals given by the West, and reinforced by our government, is that we will be awash with dollars for our support to the world alliance against terrorism.
Such expectations are unreal as the West will carefully watch a nuclear power with a military government at the helm and a tendency to promote obscurantist ideas and practices. The separate electorate system, the so-called Islamization of laws and periodic calls for jihad are breeding grounds for extremism - a spur for the worst type of conservative elements, which, given a chance, will keep us perpetually hostage to Ziaism.
If we wish to turn the present crisis into an opportunity for ourselves, we will have to find the political will to radically change our domestic and foreign policies. It will require a sustained
process towards de Pakistan and promo man values and nori the military governn its orientation and re of the past. It has ti reining in the milita openly patronized a same time, political involved in mobilizi and in decision mak juncture. Therefore, should be held soone The government to attend its rallies b mand the receptivit needed to carry the the moment far and forces can easily co but recent events hav out involving the pt military cannot moti the people sufficient strong disapproval C carried out in the 1 Militant religious gi exploit the emotion servative fringe in t are seen to be taken the demands of the visible support of th stan. Any such ba strengthen milita marginalize the peop voices infinitely.
The campaign ag it is being called, wil its first target being and the Taliban regi puts Pakistan's fore lemma. The Nort avowed enemy of P board to push the T. As a reward, the No1 ask for their piece o booty in Afghanista tributed. Pakistan w litical and diplomat a vision to play a p emerging context. perative that the d starts immediately based government public opinion to b decisions that are c Generally, poli generals have a bett political dynamics
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mocratization of
ion of higher huns. As a first step ent has to change :ognize the follies take the lead in nt forces they so
one time. At the forces have to be ng public opinion ing at this critical general elections r rather than later.
can force people ut it cannot comy and enthusiasm actual message of wide. The armed ntrol the militants e shown that witholitical forces, the vate and mobilize ly to express their facts of terrorism name of religion. oups could easily Is of a large conhe country if they to task because of West and without ne people of Pakicklash will only Int groups and ble , silencing their
gainst terrorism, as last quite a while, Osama bin Laden me in Kabul. This ign policy in a dihern Alliance, an akistan, will be on aliban southwards. thern Alliance will the cake when the n comes to be disill need better poc skills along with ositive role in the t is, therefore, imemocratic process so that a broaderrings full force of ear on the critical early involved.
icians rather than er understanding of and will be more
15 OCTOBER 2001
willing to take a regional approach in the days to follow. Pakistan must acquire an image of a serious player with a fresh approach in building peace in the region. We are being led to the final crossroads with an opportunity to choose between being regarded as hidebound or counted as a mature player, capable of moving ahead with a new resolve and confidence. (DAWN 11 October 2001)
(Continued from page 28) eral of the Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation. He took early retirement in 1972 and worked for two years as Addl. Director in the Marga institute. For seventeen years thereafter he was the Director of Research in the World Association of Christian Communication in London. In 1989 he resumed his career with the Sri Lankan Government and after ashort posting as Media Consultant in the Presidential Secretariat went as Sri Lanka's Ambassador to the Scandinavian Countries. He has lectured and written widely oncommunication and development issues. He now lives in retirement.
The Media and the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
The comparative lack of scholarly attention to the role of the media in the ethnic conflict has led to insufficient understandings of its nature. Basing itself on an examination of instances of media treatments of the conflict in all three languages and also of the historical development of modern media in our polity, the paper undertakes atheorisation of the workings of the media which will, hopefully, supply the deficiency. The examination reveals
very negative picture, which accounts for the
scepticism which people generally entertair about the media. At the same time, their belie, in the media and their receptivity to their persuasions remain strong. The paradox points towards the need to see the media in terms of a dialectic. Its positive strand relates to the crucial role of the media in helping create democratic public opinion among the people, and in helping them construct their post-colonial identities, associated with ontological security. However, it also carries within itself a negative strand which converts this positive potential into a destructive force. This conversion is explained in terms of the contestations of rival power groups in the polity, who subvert what could have been a valued democratic instrumentofthe popularwill into a populist tool for the pursuit of their own parochial interests. Thiru Kandiah holds the Chair of English at the University of Peradeniya. He has taught and published in several sub-fields of Linguistics and in the field of post-colonial literature,
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Page 27
15 OCTOBER 2001
Marga Monograph
on Ethnic Reconcili - Abstracts and Au
Negotiations for the Resolution of the Ethnic Conflict:
In this essay, Gunatilleke recapitulates the story of Sinhala-Tamil negotiations as they passed through different phases of the ethnic conflict during the last five decades. He examines the processes that have led to the major changes in the negotiating positions of both Sinhala and Tamil parties. With the Sinhala community asserting itself as the overwhelmimg majority in Sri Lankan Society, the vast asymmetry between Sinhalese and Tamils became more sharply defined and the conflicts that were inherent in it surfaced rapidly.
Gunatilleke argues that one of the main impediments to a settlement within the democratic framework was the violence with which the Sinhala majority reacted to Tamildemands, thereby driving the Tamil political agenda from one of limited regional autonomy to an independent separate state. In this mix of asymmetry and violence none of the political options within a unitary state appeared to offer the prospect of an equitable relationship, let alone an equalone. The essay analyses the lessons to be learnt from the failures of past negotiations and goes on to explore the approaches that could overcome the present obstacles to a negotiated settlement.
The Ethnic Dimensions of Socio-Economic Development:
Did the social welfare programme that was responsible for the country's remarkable social achievements reach all communities without ethnic bias? Gunatilleke argues that while the impact of social welfare policies was positive in raising the well-being of all communities, it generated expectations that were more rudely frustrated for the Tamilyouth than for any other segment of the population. He stresses the need for a fuller and mutually sympathetic understanding of the socio-economic processes that were at work, on the part of both Sinhalese and Tamils. The ethnic disposition of power and status in the colonial regime had to give way inevitably to the political economy that emerged out of post colonial democratic processes. Gunatileke explores the contrasting perspectives of both the Sinhala majority and the Tamil minority on what should have been the equitable outcome of that transition. He goes
on to inquire how both the goals of equality
and proportionality need to be accommodated in a mutli-ethnic society. w
Godfrey Gunatilleke B.A. Univ of Ceylon; Ceylon Civil Service (1950-1971); Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (1965-72), Founder member and Head of the Marga Institute (1972-1995); Founder member, Citizens' Committee for National Harmony (1977-1994); Member, Committee for Monitoring Cessation of Hostilities 1984-85; Resource person, All Party Conference (1984); Member, Human Rights
Commission Sri Lanka i World Employment Prog Advisor to the Secretary 1978); Co-ordinator UNU gration (1984-1992); Mei Health and Developmen Board of Trustees, internat Institute (1993-2000), Aw lombo University (1996). Edited and co-authc Development in Asia (Lex Migration to the Arab Coul 1991, 1992). Other public Growth (Colombo, 1978) Health Development (Ge Policies and Nutrition in Ideologies and Realities 0 lombo, 1995); Sri Lanka’s Challenges (London, 20 Regimes (New York, 200
Negotiating Proces After a very brief resolution the chapteric missing from previous negotiations with the L to failure. Space limi analysis of previous neg ess approach, b) a reseau term, wider perspectiv and professionalism ar to earlier talks. The ch for Sri Lankan to be ce tion of the conflict fro processes.
This is followed by at some of the princip how one might approac ciples into the process. ety in transforming ag stressed and the dange as a panacea outlined. lines establishing norn basedbargaining, inclu justice. Liz Philipson is a Visitir Centre for the Study of ( London School of Econor She is a part time teacher tions Dept at the LSE and International Relations of Lanka has interested her she first began studying an is a Programme Associate government organisation ( works on a freelance basi ous employment includes Manager for International, British Parliament. Recent ing recurring themes in th in Sri Lanka CSGG, Lon 1999. Demanding Sacrif in SriLanka (Ed) Conciliat ers Rights are Human Rig and the World Trade Org 1998 and various reports countries in the Sub Conti

TAMILTIMES 27
Series ation thors
2000-); Consultant, ILO amme (1973-74); Special General UNCTAD (1974broject on International Mimber, WHO Taskforce on (1995-1998); Member, onal Food Policy Research arded honorary D.Litt Co
red Ethical Dilemmas of ington, USA, 1983); Asian tries, 3 vols. (Tokyo, 1986, tions include Welfare and Intersectoral Linkages in neva, 1984); Government Sri Lanka (Cornell, 1989); f the Ethnic Conflict (CoSocial Achievements and )0); Development Policy
)).
ses in Sri Lanka:
introduction to conflict lentifies some elements Sri Lanka government TTE which contributed tations preclude a full gotiations but a (a proc'ched analysis, c) longer es; and d) preparation e looked at in the light apter stressed the need ntral in the transformam violence to political
a section which looks les of negotiation and henshrining such prin
The role of civil Soci'eements into reality is rs of upholding peace
Then the chapter outns, interests and needs ivity and flexibility and
g Research Fellow at the jlobal Governance at the lics and Political Science. in the International Relaat the London Centre for he University of Kent. Sri For almost 20 years since ivisiting the country. She of the London based nononciliation Resources and for several others. PreviSouth Asian Programme Alert and Researcher in the Publication include Break2 cycles of war and peace lon School of Economics ce - War and Negotiation on Resources 1998, Workits - Labour Conditionally nisation Solider, Brussels and magazine articles on hent and SouthEast Asia.
India's Role in Sri Lanka's Ethnic Conflict:
Indian involvement in Sri Lankan affairs in the decade of 1980 to 1990 was largely dictated by New Delhi's desire to be recognized as a regional hegemony. While much has been written about Tamil Nadu's secessionist proclivities and pressure from the Dravidian political parties as reasons for India's high profile intervention in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict, this paper suggests that the Tamil Nadu factor has been greatly exaggerated in existing literature. It was used as a convenient alibi by New Delhi to justify its policies in Sri Lanka. In the altered regional and global geopolitical dispensation of the post-Cold War world, there appears to be little likelihood that India will involve itselfin any significant way in Sri Lankan affairs - and that may be for the best for all parties concerned. Sankaran Krishna is Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of Political Science at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu, USA. He works in the areas of Comparative Politics, South Asian studies, and lnternational Relations. Originally from Chennai, he has a doctorate from Syracuse University, New York.
Sinhala-ness and Sinhala Nationalism:
This essay follows a culturalogical perspective indeciphering the character of Sinhala consciousness between the 16 and 20th centuries. It opposes those views that deem "Sinhala" to be apolitically insignificant category in preBritish times. It nevertheless differentiates the hierarchical, king-centred forms of collective identity associated with the concept Sihale or Tunsinhalaya on the one hand and the Sinhala cultural nationalism that emerged from the late nineteenth century on the other. The influence of the more or less continuous wars from the 1550s to the 1670s and the processes of cultural transmission through hatan kavi are among the factors that are marked in developing the argument for the era before 1815/18. However, links across the two periods are suggested by reference to (a) the Dhammadvipa and Sihaladvipa concepts on the one hand and (b) the subterranean force of the inside/outside contrasts within the structure of Sinhala-talk as perpetuated by the linkages between the words pita, rata and para.
On these foundations the essay reveals how in the modern period the concept "Sinhalese" has revealed a capacity to subsume the idea "Ceylonese" (or Sri Lankan) in much the same wayas“English”has subsumed“British”during the past few centuries. In brief, we have an insidious form of ideological hegemony built into thought-forms. Viewed in this light the essay raises the question why ardent Sinhala advocates today cannot allow for a con-federal structure of loyalty that permits "Sinhala patriotism" to nestle within "Lankika patriotism" in its all-island, trans-ethnic sense. It ends on this question-raising note, not having the wherewithal to answer this question today. Michael Roberts (D. Phil., Oxon) taught History in Sinhala and English at the University of Peradeniya from 1961 to 1976 and since 1977 has been teaching at the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Adelaide where he is now a Reader. His major works include Elites, Nationalisms and the Nationalist Movement in British Ceylon, in Documents of the Ceylon National Congress, Vol I (Co

Page 28
28 TAMILMES
lombo: Department of National Archives, 1977); Caste Conflict and Elite Formation: The Rise of a Karava Elite in Sri Lanka, 1500-1931 (Cambridge University Press, 1982); People Inbetween: The Burghers and the Middle Class in the Transformations within Sri Lanka, 1790s-1980s, Voll (Colombo: Sarvodaya Press, 1989), Exploring Confrontation. Sri Lanka. Politics, Culture and History (Reading: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1994); Crosscurrents: Sri Lanka and Australia at Cricket, (Sydney: Walla Walla Press, 1998). He has also published numerous articles and edited several works. Among the latter are (a) Using Oral Sources: Vansina and Beyond, special issue of Social Analysis, vol. 4, Sept. 1980, edited by Kenneth Brown and Michael Roberts, and (b) the two series on nationalism and politics in Sri Lanka published by the Marga Research Institute under the generic title"Collective Identities" in 1979 and 1997/ 98 respectively: 1979 Collective Identities, Nationalisms and Protest in Sri Lanka during the Modern Era, 1997 Sri Lanka. Collective Identities Revisited. Wol l, and 1998 Sri Lanka. Collective Identities Revisited. Wol. 2.
Tamil Nationalism:
This essay proceeds from an exploration ofvarious concepts ofnationalism to a definition of topical relevance, and goes on to trace the background and the evolution of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism. The paper identifies and examines the succession of crises along this trace in relation to the transformation in the potency of this nationalism as reflected in the emergence and rise of the LTTE, the ongoing civil war, and the global diaspora. The essay discusses the concepts of internal and external self-determination and highlights the issues that need to be resolved with a view to negotiating an end to the civil war and achieving a lasting peace on the basis of internal self-determination.
A shorter adaptation of this essay, with focus on self-determination, appears in Contemporary South Asia, 10:1 (March 2001) Dr. Devanesan Nesiah entered the Ceylon Civil Service in 1959 and, at the time of this retirement in 1995, was Secretary/Ministry of Transport, Environment & Women's Affairs. His doctoral dissertation at Harvard University was titled, An Inter-Country Study of Affirmative Action. A revised, updated version of it was published in 1997 by the Oxford University Press under the title, Discrimination with Reason? The Policy of Reservations in the United States, India & Malaysia.
The Sixth Genre: Memory, History and Tamil Diaspora Imagination
This paper analyses Tamil diaspora nationalism. The first part of the paper critically examines the notion of defensive nationalism in the Tamil context and argues that the notion of defensive nationalism has to be re-evaluated. The rest of the paper describes and analyzes the various strands of Tamil nationalism among the Diaspora Tamils in Toronto, Canada and traces the narratives of liberation that exist among the diaspora writers. R. Cheran is a Research Associate, Centre for Refugee Studies, York University, Toronto. He received his M.A from the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands and his Ph.D in Sociology from York University in Toronto. He is also a poet and journalist. Born in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, Cheran was the deputy editor of the Saturday Review, the only independent English language weekly in Sri Lanka between 1981 and 1987. Cheran's published anthologies include: The Second Sunrise, The Lord of Death,
The Song of Mirage, The and At the Time of Burning of Cheran. Cheran was th Amidst Death, an antholog etry published in 1985 an India. Cheran's poetry has lish, German, Sinhala and
Landscapes of Malai
Although Sri Lank denied to them for gen tate workers, who in Malaiyaha (Hill-Count ally become Lankan. In examines how one cant Tamil, how formerly "l Sri Lankan, and what b to them. In doing so, he between a political ide and a social identity as on a distinction betwee the transformative pot senses of place. Daniel Bass is a Ph.D. car of Anthropology at the Uni where he has received M Asian Studies and Cultural rently working on his diss formation of a distinct Ma in Sri Lanka.
Plural identities and of the Muslim Comn
The Muslim Comm assumed several ident keep with the changing This paper traces the identities and analysest of the community in th ing ethnic crisis. The by the Muslim leaders: highlighted in the cour: How these identitie intercommunal relatio additional focus of thi SLMC and the proble community at large is here. Ameer Ali completed his went on to his MPhil (I tralia) in Economic Histo sities of Ceylon and Brun on the economics faculty several articles on the e authored From Penury to opment of Brunei Darus: sociate editor ofthe Jour fairs.
The Role of the Sa in the Reconciliatic In recent years, r Lanka's protracted w divisive role that moi ening Sinhala attitud this essay, we argue indeed are purveyors vinism, based on their of the soil,” they nor peace brokers. In a r€ well as an examinati ing the education of monks are perfectlys honored position of vided that their curri the concerns of civil

ocession of Skeletons, nd One hundred poems co-editor of We'll Live of Tamil resistance po1997 in Sri Lanka and en translated into Engunnada.
aha Tamillidentity: citizenship has been ations, Tamil tea esw call themselves ) Tamils, have graduhis article, the author ; both Sri Lankan and dian” Tamils became ng Sri Lankan means proposes a distinction tity as “Sri Lankan” “Lankan.” This rests space and place and :ntial of overlapping
iidate in the Department ersity of Michigan, from ster's degrees in South Anthropology. He is curertation on the historical aiyaha Tamil community
Political Choices unity: unity in Sri Lanka has ties over the years to political circumstances. development of those he present predicament le context of the ongopolitical stances taken since independence are se of this development. s have affected the is in the country is the paper. The rise of the m it has created to the lso a subject discussed
BA (Ceylon) in 1965, and SE) and PhD (West Ausy. He taught at the Univer: Darussalam, and is now f UWA. He has published hnic crisis in Sri Lanka, Plenty. Economic Develam (1996), and is the asal of Muslim Minority Af.
gha
Process uch scholarship on Sri has focused upon the is have played in hardtoward the Tamil. In lat, while some monks f Sinhala ethnic chauerceived duties as "sons theless are posed to be ospective of the past as | of the present, include sangha, we argue that lated to enact their timeons of the Buddha” prolum is altered to reflect
}ciety.
15 OCTOBER 2001
Chandra R. de Silva, BA (Cey), PhD (Lond.) is Professor and Chair of History at Old Dominion University. He was previously at the University ofCeylon (1962-89), Bowdoin College (1989-91), and Indiana State University (1991-98). His major publications include The Portuguese in Ceylon, 1617-1638 (Colombo: 1972), Education in Sri Lanka 1948-1988 (New Delhi: 1990), Sri Lanka since Independence (New Delhi: 1992), Sri Lanka: A History (New Delhi. 1987, 1997) and Buddhist Fundamentalism and Minority Identities in Sri Lanka (Albany: 1998). Tessa Bartholomeusz is an Associate Professor of Religion at Florida State University. She received her PhD in 1991 in Buddhist Studies from the University of Virginia and is the author of Women under the Bo Tree: Buddhist Nuns in Sri Lanka (Cambridge, 1994) and co-editor and co-author with Chandra R. de Silva of Buddhist Fundamentalism and Minority Identities in Sri Lanka (SUNY, 1998). She is also the author of numerous articles, which have appeared, among other places, intheJournal ofFeminist Studies and the Journal of Ecumenical Studies. At present she is a book review editor for the Journal of Asian Studies.
The Role of the Churches in the Ethnic Conflict
The paper warns against the risks involved in trying to deconstruct history and argues that no amount of deconstruction can make the facts of the conflict go away. Reconciliation is not an outcome of an intellectual activity but the product of a moral catharsis which in turn presumes a willingness of both protagonists, with contrition and humility, to confront their mutual guilt.
The paper analyses the churches involvement both at the international level as well as the national. At the international level it points to a divergence between the balanced approach evinced in textual statements issued by various Christian international bodies and the bias on the side of the Tamil cause revealed in their day to day activities. However at the national level the paper finds a remarkable consistency in the values and policies to which all churches seem committed.
All churches seem unequivocally committed to the defence of fundamental rights and to a multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi-religious Sri Lanka. They are also committed to a single undivided nation and do not accept that separation is inevitable. They reject the claim that peace can be ushered through military means or through terror tactics and urge dialogue, negotiation and compromise as the only way out. They bemoan the nation's lack of statesmanship and urge a greater reliance on spiritual resources such as humility and prayer. However the paper also draws attention to the churches' lack of credibility because of their historical association with foreign power systemS.
The paper concludes by reiterating its fundamental claim that reconciliation will not come about merely through secular activities unless they are combined with an essentially spiritual initiative such as is represented by the Truth Commission in South Africa. Neville Jayaweera graduated in Philosophy in 1953 from the University of Ceylon - Peradeniya and lectured in the subject after graduation till he passed into the Ceylon Civil Service in 1955. In the Civil Service he held several senior positions including that of Government Agent (Head of Administration) of several Districts, General Manager of the Gal Oya Development Board and Chairman and Director Gen(continued on page 26)

Page 29
15 OCTOBER 2001
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OBITUARIES
Kanapathypillai Sitsapesan, formerly Director of Water Affairs, Zambia and later Chief Project Engineer, Nigeria; beloved husband of the late Sivagamasunthary Sitsapesan, loving father of Manoharan and Savithri, father-in-law of Varathan and Rebecca; loving grandfather of Holly, Daniel and Luxmmi; brother of Dr. K. Yogeshwaran (Sri Lanka) passed away on 5th September 2001 and was Cremated on 9th September.
The entire family thank all friends and relatives who attended the funeral, sent messages of sympathy and assisted them in several ways during the period of bereavement. — 11 Stapleford Close, Southfields, London SW19 6TG. Tel 0208789.4798
Mr. S. Narenthiran, Fотer Engineer RVDB & Director of
 
 
 
 
 

Fisheries/Land Development Board of Sri Lanka passed away on 15th August 2001 at the age of 60 and was cremated at Kanata Crematorium, Colombo on 19th August
2OOf.
He is the son of late Mr. K.S. Subramaniam (popularly
knOWn aS KSS Jafína Hindu College) and Mrs P. Subramaniam; husband of Kala; father of Aravindan and Ananthy; brother of Gunapakiam Shan
mugalingam, Pararajasegaram, Maheswary Thisa veerasingam, Ranji Rananathan, Chandri N.
Sabapathy and Sritharan.
Members of the family thank all friends and relatives for attending the funeral, tributes and sympathy. Special appreCiation to Dr. Nirmala Benjamin who looked after him during the last days of his illfeSS.
You leff us all with fears and deep pain. We adore your sincerity and simplicity. You lived for others more than yourself. You will be always remembered. - Chandri Saba, 2 Edgehill Road, Glasgow, G11 7LP Tel: 0141 337 3917.
Mylvaganam Thillaiampalam (Myl) of Alaveddy, Sri Lanka; formery in charge of the Australian Trade Commission in Colombo and who had been living in Strathfield, Australia since 1984 passed away aged 83 on 12 September 2001. Beloved husband of Tilaka, retired teacher – Royal Primary School, Colombo; devoted father of Chita, Deva, Janaki, Dr. Arul, and Dr. Vasuki; father-in-law of Dr. Kausala, Balini, Ramachandran and Rocco, grandfather of Gaithri, Brannavan, Shankari, Aranee, Haran and Narnatha; brother of late Sellathurai, late Dr.
TAMILTEMES 29
Kanagaratnam, late Rajaratnam and late Kailasapathy.
The family members thank all relatives and friends Whc attended the funeral in Sydney and sent floral tributes and messages of sympathy. - Mrs. T. Mylvaganam, 16/88 Albert Road, Strathfield, NSW 2135, Australia
Mr. Sivagnanam Gratian Nir
malananthan, Solicitor, beloved husband of Chandra; son of the late Sivagnanam and Mrs Nancy Saraswathyrani son-in-law of Mr. Muthukumarasamy and the late Mrs. Sivapackiam Muthukumarasamy, brother of Mr. Gananathan, Mrs. Gnanarani Jesudasan, Mrs. Yogarani Anthonypillai (all of Canada) brother-in-law of Jaya, Santhy, Viji, Siva, Skantha, Aruna, Suganthy (All of UK) and Ananthan Tharmi (South Africa) passed away on 30th September 2001 and was laid to rest On 6th October at the Hounslow Cemetery, after funeral service at Rivercourt Methodist Church, HammerSrnith.
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30 TAMIL TIMES
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Subramaniam Sivagnanasekeram (67) of 43 Lynton Road, New Malden, Surrey eldest Son of late Mr. Subramaniam & late Punithavathy, son-in-law of late Sivagnanam (Attorney-at-Law) and Mrs Devi Sivagnanam of Chankani, Sri Lanka; beloved husband of Gnanadevi; loving father of Ranjan and Mohan passed away on Thursday 4th October 2001. The funeral rites were performed on 8th October at his residence and later the Cremation was at Putney Vale cemetery, London SW15.
Mrs. Ginanadevi Sekeran and children Ranjan & Mohan wish to thank all friends and relatives, who attended the funeral, sent floral tributes, messages of sympathy, and assisted and supported them during the bereavement. They regret their inability to thank everyone individually. - 43 Lynton Road, New Malden, Surrey KT35ED.
Mr. Aiyadurai Sivanandan, retired Judge of the High Court of Zambia (Lusaka); formerly Advocate of the Supreme Court, magistrate and acting District Judge, Sri Lanka; loving husband of Dr. Pushpa
vathy; father of Sivaraman (UK), Lakshmanan (Melbourne), daughter Umaya (Sydney); grandfather of Arabhi, Kanna, Abhilash, Akilesh and Krishna passed aay on 25th July 2001 at the age of 71.
Justice Sivanandan was the youngest son of late K. Aiyadurai, Proctor SC and Nagapooshani Alyadurai of Neeraviady, Jaffna, brother of late Dr. A. Karunanandan, Mrs. Pathma Jayaseelan, late Leela Balasingham (Ponnar), Mrs. Thilaga Wijeyaratnam, late Sivayogavalli (Sivam) Aiyadurai, brother-in-law of Mr. K. Jayaseelan, Mrs. Thayalnayaki Karunandan, late Mr. Balasingham, late V. Wijeyaretnam, Dr. (Mrs.) Selvam Thavasothy, Dr. Rajagopal, late Dr. Balakrishna, Dr. Krishnartna, Mrs. Sunthari Annanalai, Mrs. Mano Srikantha, Ranganathan and Krishna Selvalingam.
The members of the family Wish to thank all those Who attended the funeral, sent messages of sympathy and assisted during the period of bereaVerment. — From Mr.S. P. Jayaseelan, 18 Lee Court, Lee High road, London SE13.5PE.
Dr. Karthigesu Jeganmohan, beloved husband of Benita, loving father of Dr. Janandana
and Thanuja (Lawyer); fatherin-law of Jeff and Shanthan,
grandfather of Jeffrey Janarthan, eldest son of late Yarlpanam Vairamuthu Karthigesu and Mrs. Packialakshmi Karthigesu; brother of Mrs. Meenalogini Sivanesan (Canada), Llogesan (Germany), Nagulesan (Colombo) and Sivanesan (UK) passed away in the morning of 8th October 2001 and was cremated at South London Crematorium, Streaham Vale on 13th October 2001.
The members of the family
 
 
 
 
 

15 OCTOBER 2001
wish to thank all friends and relatives who attended the funeral, sent floral tributes and messages of sympathy and helped them in several ways during the bereavement. - 27 Sandford Road, Bromley, Kent BR29AL. Tel 02084027079.
IN MEMORAMS
ln fond memory of Mr. M.A. Rasiah (former Head Master, llla Valai, Sri Lanka and Teacher at Herts. Famil School, Watford, UK) on the ninth anniversary of his passing away on 18th September 1992. The love and kindness you bestowed on us Shall for ever be treasured in our hearts. May God bless you.
Sathianathan (Watford),
Packiarajah (Batticaloa)), Stella Devendra (Dubai), Shankar (New Malden), Theresa
Nagarajah (Mathagal), Logan Rasiah (Watford) and Emilda Daniel (Canada).
Tenth Anniversary Remembrance
In loving memory of Dr. Saravanamuttu Paramanathan On the tenth anniversary of his passing aиray от 26th September 1991.
Remembered With love and great affection by his wife Vallambihai children Lohini, Mohini, Thanby, sons-in-law Ganesh, Napo, daughter-inlaw Bernie, grandchildren Kumaran, Vanathy. Dhakshila and Haran.
First Death Anniversary
in loving memory of Mr. Kathirgamar Nallathamby RAJANAYAGAM on the first anniversary of his passing away on the 2nd of October 2000. Sadly missed and fondly remembered by his loving wife Kanagasavundary, dear sons Dr. Nirmalan and Niranjan, daughter-in-law Deepalakshmi grandchildren Aneesha and Prajeshan; sister Nesamany, brother Dr. Pathmanathan; brother-in-law Ratnasabapathy, sisterin-law Thayapathy, nephews and nieces and their children. - 18 Stratford Court, Kingston Road, New Malden, Surrey KT35NU.

Page 31
15 OCTOBER2001
IN MEMORAM Lovingly Remembered on the 12th Anniversary of the Passing Away of
DANIEL SELVARAJAH SANDERS PH.D., ACSW September 28 1928 - October 14 1989 THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL DANIEL S. SANDERS PEACE,
HUMAN RIGHTS AND SOCIAL JUSTICELECTURE Internationally known as a leader in efforts to achieve world peace, human rights and social justice, Daniel S. Sanders was Dean, Professor and Director for International Programs, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK, HONOLULU, HAWAll USA, FROM 1971-1986. Also Dean, Professor and Director for the Center for Study of international Social Welfare Policies and Services, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANACHAMPAIGN, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK, USA FROM 19861989. A FOUNDER AND FIRST PRESDENT INTER-UNIVER. STY CONSORUM FOR INTERNA ONA SOCA DEVEOPMENT, USA FROM 1980-1989. Dr. Peter Edelman, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center & Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services delivered the Eleventh Annual Daniel S. Sanders Memorial Peace and Social Justice Lecture on March 29, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His subject Was "POVERTY AND WELFAPRE POLICY CHALLENGES FOR THE NEW CENTURY”. Professor Edelman described the welfare reforn of the mid-1990s and looked at the complex relationship between welfare and poverty. He also included continuing issues such as income for workers, health coverage, childcare, assistance, housing and education. THE DANIEL SELVARAJAH SANDERS DOCTORAL AWARD FOR INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL WORK University of Hawaii,
School of Social Work was awarded to Katalina McGlone, for the year 2001.
THE SEVENTH BENNA DANIEL S. SANDERS PEACE AND SOCIAL JUSTICELECTURE. The Inter-University Consortium for International Social Development (IUCISD) biennial symposium was held at the University of Bogazici, istanbul, Turkey in June 19-23, 2001. the conference theme was 'Social Development, Public Expenditure and Participation: The Sharing of Social Responsibility. The Daniel S. Sanders Peace and Social Justice Lecture was delivered by Dr. (Mrs.) Guiten Kazgan, Economist and Professor at Bilgi University, Istanbul. Dr. Kazgan spoke on GLOBALIZATION AND THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE STATE IN DEVELOPNG ECONOMIES. THE DANIEL S. SANDERS FELLOWSHIPIN INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AWARD at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Social Work, the recipient was Hyun-Ah Kang for the year 2001. The National Institute of Social Development, Sri Lanka had its graduation ceremony on July 24th, 2001. Mrs. Christobel C. Sanders was present at this happy occasion. There were severall who distributed the awards to the graduating students. The Daniel S. Sanders Scholarship Award was presented by Mrs. Sanders to the recipient Mr. G. Ketheswaran, Lecturer, Cooperative Training lnstitute, Vavuniya, Sri Lanka. With our love to Rajan. Chelvathy Sanders, Sanders/Niles families - Selvaranee, Chandraranee, Chandran and Mangai, Balan and Susila; Ariam and Sushila, Alagan and Thavayogam, Augusta, nieces and nephews. 1807 Vancouver Place, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA.
 

TAMILTIMES3
in loving memory of Pararajasingham Vasanthakumar, FCA (Sri Lanka), CPA (USA) on the third anniversary of his passing away on 24th September 1998.
Sadly missed and fondly remembered by his grieving Wife Savitri and Children Prasanthi (McMaster) and Ashwini (Harvard); father-in-law Dr. P. Sivasothy and mother-in-law Mrs. S. Sivasothy, brothers
Thirugnanam, Thambipillai and Gnanasivam, sisters Sivayogawathy and
Sivagnanawathy brothers-inlaw Natkunasingham, Sivapathasundaran and Sivakumar and sisters-in-law Indra, Gowri, Saraswathi and Ramani. 5038 Heritage Hills Blvd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5R V5.
FORTHCOMING EVENTS Nov 1 All Saints' Day. Nov 2 Karthigai, All Souls Day. Nov 4 S a n k a da k a ra Sathurthi Now 10 South London Tanni Welfare Group (SLTWG) Drop In. Tel:020 8542 3285; Feast of St. Leo the Great.
NOV 11 Krishna Eekatlasi. Now 12 Pirathosarn.
Now 14 Anawasai Deерawali, Keethara Gowri Virathan ends.
Nov 15 Skantha Shashti
Virathan starts. Nov 16 Feast of St. Margaret of Scotland.
Now 18 Sathurhi. Nov 20 Shashti; Soora Sankaran, Skantha Shashti Virathan ends. Nov 21 Thirukalyanam, Feast of the Presentation of Virgin Mary Nov 22 Feast of St. Cecilia. Nov 24 SLTWG Drop ln — Sai Bhajan. Tel: 02085433285. Nov 26 Sukkila Eekathasi; SLTWG Trip to Neasden Temple. Tel: 0208542 3285.
Nov 28 Pirathosan. Nov 29 Karthigai.
Nov 30 Full Moon; Sarvalaya Deepam, Feast of St. Andrews, Patron Saint of Scotland. At the Bhavan Centre, 4A Castletown Road, London SW14 9HG. Tel: O2O 7381 3O86,4608.
Nov 3 6.30 p.m. Carnatic Violin by Balu Raghuram with Umayapuram K. Sivaraman from India on Mridangam. Nov 17 6.30 p.m. Hindustani Vocal by Sandipan Samajpati fron India.
Nishikkalla's Bharatha Natya Arangetram
The Bharatha Natya Arangetram of Nishkkala, disciple of Smit Geetha Yogendran of Narthanalaya, “Canadian Centre of South Asian Dances" took place on 7tb July 2001 at the Burton Auditorium, York University, Toronto. She is a daughter of Arichandran and Sumathy of Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
Nishkkal's performance commenced with the Pushpanjali, followed by Alaripu, Jathis waram in Vasantha Fagam, Sabtham andan elaborate Vanan in Valaji Ragam for the first half of the programme. This Varnam was the highlight of the day's recital as it consisted of Sanchari bhavas, where Nishkkala brought out her various emotions and noOds.
After the interval Carme 'Ganamalai'a patham on Lord Krishna, Anantha Nadanan"
continued on page 32

Page 32
32TAMILTIMES
continued from page 31 on Lord Siva and a song from the opera 'Ramanavakam' by Arunachalam Kavirayar, “Kanden Kandaen' in Bagosui Ragam, which received acclamation from the audience. The finale of the evening's programme was the Thillana in Yamuna Kalyani ragam, which Nishkkala danced with flawless footwork (Nritya) and sculptural poses choreographed by the Guru. Nishkkala is a multi talented girl, who is also a good vocalist.
The Chief Guest for the evening was Gaana Bhushanann Smit Ambika Thamotheram from London. She praised Nishkkala for her commitment and passion for this divine art and said that she had all the characteristics that make a good dancer.
The accompanists for the Arangetram were Nattuvangam - Smt. Geetha Yogendran, Vocal – Smt. Saroja Jayaratnam, Mirdangam — Sri. R. Balaskandar, Violin - Selvi. Abhirami Vivekanandaraja, Flute - Sri. E. EdWard.
A Unique Bharatha Natya Arangetram
The Bharatha Natya Arangetram of 14 year old Maithili Nagarajah, a student of Smt. Puskala Gopal and Sri Unnikrishnan of Mudralaya, took place on 1 September 2001 at the Logan Hall, which was full to capacity from start to end.
This Arangetram was unique as this was the first time in the UK and possibly in the world, that the dancer was accompanied by her two brothers on the two main ассотрапying instruтетts, патely Miruthangam and Violin. All credit goes to the Gurus and parents for the courage and determination needed to produce an Arangetram of such a high standard involving three British bom children. This would have been especially difficult knowing their academic schedule with Nirshanthan (who played the Minuthangam) being a final year medical student at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas, and with Parthiban (who played the Violin) entering undergraduate education at University College London. Further
more, Nirshanthan an previously accompani For their parents, D. this is the fourth Ara family. The young prof B. Unashankar, front formed for dance fort was also his first p India.
Selvi Dhanusha Ma dancer, compered the allowing the audience significance of the di and credit should go eswaran for their supp This Arangetram wa dered to perfection W. prising Thalamalikas, containing very rare graphed by Maithili's C Maithili Commenced with Vinayaka Stuti ir lowed by Alarippu i Ganapathi Padyam th dance using an unus leads the dancer's movements of her ey the whole body in va the rhythmic arranger This opening piece c audience. Maithili's Al from others as her ey occupied an important ger and body movem Crete and attractive to The Jathis Waran, CC Guru Smt. Push Gamanashrama ragai thalam followed this a ta aspect of Bharathai embelliShe's the unde melodic solfas strung and konvais Were se swaras and Maithili hi talent in herperfect fo the adavus in purity mistake to the thalas.
Mahadeva Sivashan and Adi Thalam extol great God Shiva and dance before his de V audience felt the san This was followed Nirithyopaharam. This Adi Thalam, and a ca gudi Jayaraman disJ and Natya. It consis Show the nine rasas titlilly rendered by artistes. Here the Parthiban was well in Thyagarajan on fiul Huseni, Valai, Saran Rasikapriya, Sahana The nine rasas were itely portrayed by Me ne of Dr. Padma Su trol of rhythm, korve Minuthangam by Nirs lous. The goddess D. manifestations, whic of the nine rasas C
 
 
 
 
 

15 OCTOBER2001
Parthiban had not
for dance. & Mrs. Nagarajab, getram within the ssional vocalist, Sri
Madras also pere first time and this rformance outside
eswaran, herself a evening beautifully, to understand the ferent dance items O Dr. & Mrs. Mah:rג S a class act renh the recitals Cornand Ragamalikas ragas, all choreoԱrԱՏ
the dance recital Tisra Matyan, folThalamalika and e ritualistic opening ual time cycle and body into delicate 2s, neck, limbs and rious tempos within ment of 3-2-3 beatS. aptivated the whole arippu was different se novements have place. Her neck, finents were very disthe audience. imposed by Maithili's kala Gopal, in m and Misra Chapu nd explored the Nritnatyam as the dance rlying sequences of ogether. The adavus it beautifully to the as demonstrated her otwork with ease and and danced Without
nbo in Revathi ragam the attributes of the described his eternal }tees, and the whole 9 effect.
by the Varnam or was a Ragamalika in mposition of Sri Lallaying Nritta, Nritya ed of nine ragas to nd these were beauthe accompanying budding talent of ted With hiir ard Sri diplaying Bilahari, la, SuCaritra, Afana, and Nadanamakriya. |leganty and exquisPhili, which reminded rannanian. The COnand pacing on the anthan was marvelvi is seen here in her generate the gamut Sentinents. As the
heroic Meenakshi, she was valorous and when she beholds Shiva and becomes woman in all modesty, there is love. She is wonderstruck by Shiva's acts of destruction or valour.
Murugan Maayam in Ragamalika and Chatusra Triputa Thalam, enumerated the different leelas of Muruga and how he wed Valli by playing many games. The selection of ragas contained Kunthalavarali, Vasantha, Kamas, Sindubairavi, Atana, Keeravani, Durga and Maand, which were beautitlilly rendered by Parthiban and Sri Thyagarajan.
This was followed by Javali and then by Ramayana Keerthanam in Ragamalika and Thalamalika. This brought alive the Call of the devotee to his beloved Rama. The story of Rama's marriage, his advent into the forest and his victory over Ravana were depicted admirably by Maithili
Thillana in Ahir Bhairav and Adi Thalam, based on an inimitable popular composition of Dr. Balamuralikrishna. This piece celebrated the joy of movement and melody, and the Arangetram concluded with Sai Slokam followed by Mangalam.
The unique and outstanding nature of this Arangetram was only possible due to the exceptionally talented and dedicated Gurus in Smt. Pushkala Gopal and Sri Unnikrishnan. Without their high level of expertise, this event would not have been this successfi. In addition, this Arangetram would not have been possible without the devoted, dedicated and committed parents of Nirshantihan, Parthiban and Maithili, Dr. Nagarajah & Mrs. Padmini Nagarajah who have uplifted the fine arts standards and made greater awareness of the culture and tradition to the community at large. It was a greatly memorable evening for all those who attended.
The artists of the evening were Smt. Pushkalla Gopal on Nattuvangam, Sri B. Umashankar on Vocal, Selvan Nirshanthan Nagarajah on Miruthangam, Selvan Parthiban Nagarajab on Violin, Sri R. Thyagarajan on Flute, and Sri Sithamparanathan on Morsing and other percussion instruments.
Dr. T. Nimaliraj. A New Star in the Horizon
Saturday, 8th September 2001, was a delightful evening at the Claremont School Hall for those who had gathered to encourage and enjoy a Carnatic Music Concert by
continued on page 33

Page 33
15 OCTOBER 2001
continued from page 32 Aparna - An Admirably Prolific Adorably Resourceful NewArtiste. When the Curtain was unveiled, there was a keen sense of spirited silence in the auditorium, expecting to witness what was to be unfolded creditably by the main artiste on her maiden performance'known as arangetram.
To those keen and Critical ears, nervous parents and the Guru sitting in the audience, there permeated an aura of confidence and ability from the podium! All four on the stage were young and radiated happiness. The smiling beautiful 'A' level Artiste Aparna pursued the authentic and traditional path of Singing in Aakaaram' and briskly started rendering a Varnam in Mohana Kalyani set to Adi Tala, composed by the giant and musical genius Lalgudi G Jayaraman, as if a tribute by Aparna to her Guru Dr. Lakshmi Jayan, who runs Sri Lalgudi School of Music in London and is his disciple tool
With the perfect support of the violin by Sri Arvind Jayan, on the Mrudangam by Sri M Balachandar and on the ghatam by Sri R. R. Prathap, Aparna swayed the audience and the response was positive indeed with generous applause - an Ace rightly served by Aparna, right at the start
Aparna was alluring in her Atana delineation of Shri Maha Ganapathim'a composition by Mysore Maharaja, bringing out the majesty of the raga Atana. Then came the difficult piece, a pancharata' kruti, Dudukugala in Gowla raga sung in the lower octave & maintaining its majesty, thereby transporting the audience to 'Saint Tyagaraja's Sannidhi in Thanjavur, Indial The prolific and fine combination of Arvind, Bala and Prathap accompanying the mellifluous Aparna was indeed a treat to the ears and Souls
Apanna then rendered a superb raga alapana in Karnaranjani as a prelude to the kruti Vancha Thonuna by Muthiah Bhagavathar in Rupaka tala. This was followed by Asaindadium Mayil in Simmendra Madhyamam by Oothukkaddu Venkata Subbier in Adi tala and linnudaya Bharathe in Kalyana Vasantham by Shri Purandara Dasar in Adi tala. Aparna's rendition of the krutis of the above composers/saints in Telugu, Tamil and Kannada brought out her undaunted true grasp and grip of these languages of South india. The tani aavartanam’ from the percussionists, their anticipation, the delectable bowing, the question and answer follow up of raga sessions between Aparna & Arvind and the way Arvind energised to unfold his authority and mastery of the ragas can only be experienced and not explained.
Aparna skilfully handled the kruti Marivere' by Saint Shyma Shastri in Ananda Bhairawi raga set to Misra Chapu tala. The traditional rendering of this raga in its Aruaram culture was beautifully done by Aparna. Arvind excelled in exposing this raga to its splendour in all its intricacies.
Sri Narendran, Aparna's father introduced the Chief Guest, Dr. P. V. Nath, MBE
and the artistes of th posed the vote of than come all the way fr blessing Apama pres “Tatvam Asi”. He com achievements that e school and sports) ar tinue giving more upholding the greatne Lakshmi Jayan, her på erfS.
After the internissio) flow of the raga Bel dambaramo” (Tamil) Ragam Tanam Palawi to Kanda Jathi Trip. padaitha kanninay va neniinai' by Subraman to pallavi by Dr. Laksh ulously rendered by , approval of the audie applause echoed.
Akhilandeswari in D ga Muruga, a ragamá Sri Lalgudi Jayarama a viruttham in ragama Papanasam Sivan; the ular and captivating K position by Sri Lak; brought laurels to Apa panists. The finale wé piece, 'Shobanan Arunachalakawi bea ассотрanied.
Those Who Were the that it was a star per Star ready to illun Music World in all it tion and dignity.
Yalini’s Bha Arang
織
Yalini's debut perfor Natyam took place
Logan Hall in Centra September 2001 to a Mvas a delightful sho exhibited Confidence and kept a captive aut hours, executing the it phy of her Guru, Smit ishnan. Young Yalini learning from her gut naveni Lakshmanan,
 

AMILTIMES33
e evening and proks. Dr. Nath who had om Newcastle after ented her his book limented her on her vening (and at her 'd urged her to conprogrammes, thus ss of her Guru, Dr. arents and grandpar
, there was an easy ag in ‘Aadum ChiThe challenging in HannSanadam Set uta tala: lyrics "Oh va Va, Uruthi konda ia Bharathiar and sef mi Jayan was meticAparna and got the nce, from Whom the
vijavanti raga; Murualika piece tuned by 7; Kaliyuga Varadan, lika and the kruti by 2 Thillana in the popanada raga, a comgudi G Jayaraman arna and her accornas a Madhyamavathi
(Mangalam)' by utifully sung and
re like me only know отатce by a rising nine the Carnatic cs splendour, tradi
ratha Natya etrann
mance of Bharatha in the prestigious all London. On 22nd capacity audience. It w all evening. She with grace and poise dience for about four novative choreograSelvaluxmy Ramakrhad the privilege of u's guru Smt Krish
Chennai and per
formed to her Choreography also on that day. Smt Krishnaveni who was the Guest of Honour at the arangetram commended highly on the artistic potential of Yalini and her skill in performing with ease and precision to the rhythmic fingering on the miruthangam by Sri M. Balachander. Selvi Diana Wynter, Headmistress of St. Catherine's School, Twickenham, the Chief Guest was mesmerised by Yalini's body movements, eye brows in particular and the costumes and jewellery, and expressed her delight at Yalini's academic achievements, veena performance in the school and her melodious singing as a Soloist and senior member of the school Choir.
The proceedings commenced on time with the 'Pushpanjali" and ‘Ganesha sthuthi'in ragam Natai'offering obeisance to the Almighty and the Guru, followed by a prayer to invoke the blessings of Lord Ganesha, the remover of all obstacles to success. Followed by Alariippu” in ragam "Thisram' was a short piece with simple movements of the eyes, neck and limbs, building up to a complex sequence of pure dance performed to rhythmic syllables. The Jathiswaram' was in 'Kalyanavasanthan in which the dancer executed an elaborate rhythmic dance sequence set to simple musical notes.
The central Vanam in 'Lathangi' in praise of Lord Nataraja was the most demanding piece in the repertoire. Yalini expressed through gestures the subtle nuances in the words of the song Konchum sathangai' to the powerful rendition of the piece by Sri Kutralam Nagarajan. The dancer executed this challenging piece lasting about twenty five minutes perfectly, combining the elements of the art form in which passages of pure dance alternated with the lyrics of the SOng.
The second half of the programme started with a Patham in praise of Goddess Durga in ‘Sinthu Bhairavi” in which Yalini expressed through gestures her feelings for her loving ammamma, the late Smt Packiam Muthukkumarasamy who departed in February 2000. Selvan Piranavan, Yalini's older brother, who had his arangetram in 1996 under the tutelage of Guru Sri. M. Balachander played the miruthangam for Sri. Kutralam Nagarajan's song Chinnanchiru penpole, which por trayed Durga's divine beauty, her gracefill walk and lotus eyes. Selvan Piranavan also compered the evening's programme and proposed the vote of thanks along with her cousin Selvi Arnthi Sivakumar Who had her vocal arangetram in 1996. Grandma Packiam's influence on her grandchildren's cultural and educational advancement were immense and it was felt that She was in the auditorium. The presence of Yalini's appappa and appamma, Sri & Smt Kandiah, recent arrivals from Colombo in the auditorium added further inspiration to the dancer.
The next two pieces were Arupadai' in "Ragamalika' followed by Aadathu' in
continued on page 34

Page 34
34 TAMILTIMES
continued from page 33 "Madyamavati'. The former described the six shrines of Lord Muruga, the six-faced God who rode the peacock and while the latter described the beautiful dance of Lord Krishna. Yalini was able to establish the essential rapport of rhythm and melody and perform the pieces brilliantly. The dialogue between her and the miruthangist Sri Balachander, the violinist Sri Sivaganesh, and the flutist Sri Gnanavarathan was commendable. Yalini concluded her performance with "Thilana, the most beautiful piece with a number of alluring poses, a varied pattern of movements executed with grace and elegance. Almost every 'adavu was rendered in two or three tempoS to bring out the beauty of the poses and scintillating "theemanams'. The repertoire concluded with the traditional mangalam' The audience was generous with the much deserved applause at every opportune moment. The huge dancing pose of Lord Nadaraja decorated the back of the stage adding quality to the programme. Guru Smit Selvalluxmy Ramakrishnan's dedication in training Yalini for eight long years has produced a fine promising artiste and her parents Smt Aruna and Sri Sucindran ought to be congratulated for their dedication to this divine art. This arangetram should hopefully encourage other young parents to introduce the art to their children.
S. Kanagasundaram.
AUSTRALIAN
Book Launch: The tion organised the lat of the acclaimed His pana Sarithiram) by Pillai (1858-1917). Ti known historian, lexi an and stylist in pro: book was published
great grandson Sri.
mar. He is the prese all the books Written Pillai and printed at
Jaffna. He kindly off the proceeds from th the Eelam Tamil ASSI
The book launch w Homebush Boys' H. ceremonial lamp Jayaveerasingam. 7 Eelalingam deliver address spoke abou and his family. Smt. former lecturer at th introduced the book spoke about the hist Sources from which material and Compa, torical works writter obvious from her S done a great deal C the subject matter. T by four other speake Sri S. Mahesan, Sri, and Sri Janaki
Mosad * hamnarum * Aahanan
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EVNSLETTER
Eelam Tamil AssociaInch of the 4th Edition story of Jaffna (YaalDr. A. Muttuthamby he author was a Wellcographer, grammarie. This edition of the by the author's greatS. Danikaiskandakunt copyright holder of by Dr. A. Muttuthamby the Navalar Press in red to donate part of le Sale of this book fo OCiation. as held on 23.9.01 at gh School Hall. The was lit by Sri. S. he Chairman Mr. V. ng the introductory t the book, the author Kalaiarasy Sinniah, a e University of Jaffna to the audience. She Orical background, the the author drew his red it with similar hisat that time. It was speech that she had pf research herself on he book was reviewed rs — Sri. S. Ratnarasa, S. Thanabalasingam Rannian. Sri. S.
Danikaiskandakumar thanked the Tamil Eelam Association, speakers and the audience. He stressed the fact that every Tamil should read the book and be proud of his or her heritage. Several prominent members of the Tamil community were then called upon to buy the first copies of the book. This was followed by a cultural show consisting of music and dance items presented by the descendents of the author after which the function ended with the serving of refreshments. Prayer Meeting: A prayer meeting organised by the Hindu Council of Australia was held On 30.9.01 at the Sri Siva Mandir in Minto, Sydney in memory of those who lost their lives in the terror attack in USA on September 11th. The proceedings began with an address by the Chairman of the Council, Dr.A. Balasubramaniam. This was followed by Vedic chanting by Dr. Michael Comans and Nikesh Lalchandani. Representatives of Hindu and Buddhist organisations spoke of their sadness at the turn of world events and the significance of prayer and meditation. The speeches were folllowed by a Sanskrit prayer recited by Dr. Comans and Bhajans sung by Mrs Bhatt.
A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Jagdish Chawla on behalf of the Sri Siva Mandir and the Hindu Council of Australia. This was followed by arati and the distribution of prasadam.
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Depend on us for a Fast, Efficient and Quality Service for Your Morley Three Warehouses in Sri Lanka Colombu, Borisa anti Kurun agilii
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