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THE KINGDOM OF
JAFANAPATAM
1645
BEING ANACCOUNT OF TS
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION
AS DERIVED FROM THE
PORTUGUESEARCHIVES

Page 4

THE KINGDOM OF
JAFANAPATAM
1645
BEING ANACCOUNT OF TS
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION
ASDERIVED FROMTHE
PORTUGUESEARCHIVES
P.E. PIERIS
圈
ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES NEW DELHI A MADRASA 1995

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ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
*31, HAUZ KHAS VILLAGE, NEW DELHI-110016.
CABLE: ASIA BOOKS, PH.: 660187, 668594, FAX: 011-6852805
*5 SRIPURAM FIRST STREET, MADRAS-600014
Prie FirstPolished: 1920 AES Reprint: New Delhi, 1995
SEN:8-206-1028-8
Published by J. Jetley for ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES C-2/5, SDA New Delhi-11 OO16 Processed by Gaurav Jetley for APEXPUBLICATIONSERVICES New Delhi-11006 Printed at NicePrinting Press Delhi-110051

THE KINGDOM OF
JAFANAPATAM
BEING AN ACCOUNT OF ITS
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION
AS DERIVED FROM THE
PORTUGUESE ARCHIVES,
BY P. E. PIERIS, LTT. D.,
CEYLON CIV SERVICE
THF CEYLON DALY NEWS,
PRINTERS.
1920.

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CONTENTS.
Introduction...
CHAPTER .
The Captain Major The Factor ... The Ouvidor The Army ... The Alfandiga
CHAPTER I. The Rendas. The Foros ... The Village Dues The Recebedores The Marallas The Maralla da Cabeca ... Filhos de Mangenis The Elephant Tribute ... The Expenditure
CHAPTER III.
Manar
CHAPTER IV
The Pearl Fishery The Rendas of the Kingdom First Tombo of Beligamo Second Tombo of Beligamo Rendas of Beligamo Province of Temerache ... Baddamarache Pachelapaly ... - Revenue of the Kingdom Expenditure of the Kingdom Rendas of Manar Expenditure... . The Coinage
Notes
P AGF. i 1v
30
39 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 59 6

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INTRODUCTION
The information with reference to the Portuguese administration of the Kingdom of Jafanapatam and the Province of Manar which is contained in the following pages, is derived from a Manuscript preserved at the Bibliotheca Nacional of Lisbon, Section Archivo de Marinha e Ultraman'.
This Codea consists of fifty two large folios, and its head-note may be translated thus......... “ Copy of the Foral of the Kingdom of Jafanapatam and the Vany, wherein are contained in detail the rest of the Rendas (rents) thereof, as well as the expenditure; as also of the Island of Manar and of Mantota; with the Regimentos and Orders which the Viceroy Dom Philippe Mascarenhas left there for the better administration of the Royal Faaenda (revenue).'
At the end of the Codea is the following authentication :-
"I certify to the correctness of this copy of the foral, tombo, and regimento of the Kingdom of Jafanapatao, Manar, and the rest of the places within their jurisdiction, which the Senhor Viceroy Dó Felippe más made and left there for the recovery of the foros (quit rents) rendas (rents), and for the expenditure of the said kingdom, with the original; that it is in fifty two folios which are numbered and authenticated at the top with my small seal; and that it was compared and corrected by me.
Domingos da Silva de M.ca, Contador of His Majesty's Contos (Exchequer) in this State, along with M. el de brito Vidal, also Contador thereof,
for thus the said Senhor Viceroy had ordered. Goa, this 19th of January, 1646."
This copy had been prepared in accordance with the following Resolution of the Board of Revenue

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ii INTRODUCTION.
(Conselho da Fazenda), a copy of which is prefixed to the Codex............
"At a meeting of the Board of Revenue, there being present the Senhor Dom Phelippe Mascarenhas, Viceroy, and the other Ministers thereof, this Foral and Tombo of the Kingdom of Jafanapatao, Manar, and the other districts subject thereto, which the said Senhor the Viceroy had prepared, and the Regimentos (regulations) which he had drawn up regarding the recovery of the foros, Crown rendas, the Expenditure of that Kingdom and territories, and everything else contained in the said Foral and legimentos, were examined. After every thing had bean inspected by the said Ministers, they unanimously resolved that the said Foral, Tombo, and Regimentos should be adopted and observed in their entirety as and in the manner contained therein, because it was all to the great advantage and benefit of the King's Fa 2enda. Wherefore all previous Forals and Regimentos which are in operation in that Kingdom and Territory, as well as in the Exchequer (contos) of this State are repealed, and by this means all the dishonesty which prevails at present to the great loss of His Majesty's Fazenda will cease. It is therefore declared that from the date of this present onwards this Foral and these Iregimentos alone slall be followed, and not any other of those previously made, which latter are treated as cancelled, for any purpose whatever; regarding which the necessary acts and declarations shall be made, of which a report shall be sent to His Majesty with authenticated copies of the said Foral and Regimentos.
Thus agreed, and it is ordered that this Assento (Resolution) be drawn up, to be signed by the said Senhor Viceroy and Ministers.
Done by me, Francisco Marques de Tavora, Secretary of the Fazenda Geral of India.
Goa, this eighteenth of January (one thousand) six hundred and forty six.
Dom Phelippe Mascarenhas, Macedo, Mello, Figueiredo, Mergulhâo, Affeu Alvrez. A grees with the original,
Franco, Marques dittaura.

INTRODUCTION. iii
The story of how Mascarenhas, while on his way to Goa to assume duties as Viceroy, was shipwrecked off Kalpitiya, and how he made his way to Jaffna and concluded the New Toombo there, has been already set out in another place.'
On the 30th of June, 1645, he issued the following Alvara from Jaffnapatam............
"Dom Philippe Mascarenhas of the Council of State of His Majesty, His Viceroy and Captain General of India, etc.
I make known to all to whom this Alvara shall come, that finding myself in this Kingdom of Jaffnapatam and making inquiry regarding the Regimentos and Orders which exist for its administration, the recovery of the Royal dues, and the expenditure, I find everything in confusion and faulty with respect both to the regulation and management of the Alfandiga (Customs) as also to the leasing of the rendas which His Majesty is entitled to in this Island; they are vague and ambiguous; while the leases abound in fraud, and are ill defined. As I desire to provide the remedy and clearness which is necessary, I ordain the following Regimento, which I hold as good and give order that from this day forth it shall be observed in the recovery of the dues of the Alfandiga, the leasing of the redas, the expenses of the garrisons, their ordenados (fixed pay) and everything else contained in the said Regimento;
All other customs and Regimentos which have been introduced up to this present are declared to be revoked and of none effect save in so far as they are affirmed by me in whole or in part. They have caused great prejudice to the King's Fa 2 enda, and have led to the creation of numerous charges and offices in order to accommodate private individuals with stipends from the same Fazenda and not because they were necessary. All these I hold to be unnecessary, and from this day forth no payment shall be made in respect of them although there may be any order or provision therefor; and only those payments shall be made which are sanctioned by this Regimento.
I thus notify to the Captain General of the Island of Ceilam, the Vedor da Fazenda thereof, the Captain Major of the said Kingdom, the Factor and other officials and persons whom this concerns, that they should thus fulfil, observe, and execute the

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iş . INTRODUCTION.
same in its entirety, and uphold this Alvara without hesitation or any reservation whatever.
This shall have effect as a carta issued in the name of His Majesty and shall not pass through the Chancellary, for it is thus for the service of the said Senhor, and the contents of the Regimento, any ordinance to the contrary not withstanding.
Thus done, Gaspar da Costa, Officer of the Secretariat.
At Jafanapatam, the 30th of June, 1645."
The Regimentos referred to give us the best, if not the only, information which we have regarding the Portuguese administration of the North of Ceylon. This territory was divided into the Kingdom of Jafanapatam, including the Islands and the Vanni, and the Island of Manar, including Mantota and Parangi Chetti Kulam.

CHAPTER I.
THE KING-DOM OF JAFANAPATAM.
THE CAPTAIN MAJOR.
The highest Portuguese official at Jafanapatam was known as the Captain Major of the Kingdom, and his a uthority was for all practical purposes independent of that of the Captain General of the Conquest who resided at Colombo. His pay (ordenado) amounted to 300 milreis or 1111 aceraphins and 30 reis, and was payable quarterly. He was provided with a guard of eighty Lascarins under four Arachchis; strangers were always selected for this duty, both because they were considered better than the natives of Jaffna, and also because it was not thought desirable to render the natives of that Kingdom familiar with the use of arms. Each Lascarin received a ceraphim a month without any allowance of rice, and each Arachchi was paid twice this sum. This guard, besides its ordinary duties, was expected to assist in the protection of the Kingdom as well as at the Elephant Hunt, without extra remuneration.
The Captain Major was also allowed two 'Odeleiros or shield bearers, three tomtom beaters, and six porters for conveying orders, all these being paid at the same rate as the Lascarins, thus making a total monthly expenditure of ninety nine aceraphins. There were besides the Canacapole and the Captain Major's Lingoa or Interpreter, each of whom received three aceraphins a month,

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without quartel (fixed pay) or any mamtimento, (subsistence allowance.)
THE FACTOR was the chief official responsible for safeguarding the interests of the King's Faaenda (revenue) He exercised the functions of both a Treasurer and an Auditor, and he was entitled to interfere in the work of every department. All instructions and regulations for the administration of the country were registered at his office or Factory, and he acted as the King's Proctor. He was also the Alcayde Major or Chief Judicial Officer of the Kingdom, and the great powers with which he was vested served as a useful check on the actions of the Captain Majors. His pay was 120 millreis or 444 ac. payable quarterly, and he was allowed 8 ac, a month as rent for a house till a proper Factory was constructed. The Escrivao (Secretary) of the Factory received 48 ac. 2 Larim and 40 reis, payable quarterly,
THE OUVIDOR.
or Judge at Jaffna was paid 100 mill reis. Out of all fines inflicted by the Ouvidors throughout the Island, a moiety belonged to the Crown and was set apart for the maintenance of the Hospital at Colombo, and the amount so collected had to be handed over to the Factor. The Vedor da Fazenda and the Factor at Jaffna were responsible for seeing that the Ouvidors rendered correct accounts, and they were authorised to seize the salaries of peccant officials in order to enforce compliance.
There was a fixed scale of fees which public officers were entitled to charge for making searches, certifying and registering documents, etc. For instance a fee of six fanams was allowed for

( 3 )
registering a patent, and two for making an entry in the Tombo and issuing a certificate thereof; three tangas for placing a party in possession of a land within the town; four fanams where the land was outside, if the officer could return home in time for his dinner by midday; and two acer if he were compelled to spend the night out of town.
Extraordinary expenditure in the Kingdom should be paid out by the Factor monthly with the approval of the Secretary, and entered in the account books for the Vista of the Wedor and the signature
of the Captain Major.
THE ARMY.
Two forts were maintained for the defence of the Kingdom. The first of these was Nossa Senhora das Milagreso at Jaffna, the garrison of which consisted of three companies of fifty men each, with the usual complement of ensigns, (alferes) Sergeants and its Captain. Two of these companies had to consist exclusively of soldados, and could not include anyone born in Jafanapatam; while the third was made up of casados or married men. A casual increase in the number of soldiers in garrison was not irecognised as a valid excuse for increasing the number of Captains. The arms were in the custody of the Captain of Munitions, who was a soldado nominated to that post by the Captain Major on the ground of special reliability, and who drew the pay of an Alferes. One Condestable or Master Gunner and four men looked after the artillery, the former receiving 16 aceraphims as quartel and 6 a. a month as mantimento, and each of the latter 10 ac. and 13 fanams as quartel and mantimento respectively.

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( 4 )
The second fort was at Cais, and was garrisoned by one Company, which might include some Casados, besides a Condestable and two artillery men. The Captain of the Fort was also the Captain of the company ; military trials were conducted by an officer of the garrison, the post of Merinho" being abolished. The Ordenado of a Captain was 200 a. a year, paid half yearly at Jaffna and quarterly at Cais; while all the other members of the garrison were paid half yearly at both forts.
The purchasing of large quantities of rice for the use of these garrisons had led to such grave embezzlement that a money payment was substituted for the issue of provisions, the maintimento of a private being fixed at twelve fanams a month, and that of a sergeant or Alferes, at twice that sum. As the Casados were never called upon to leave the Fort, their mantimento and that of the Cais garrison was paid into the hands of the men direct. In the case of the other two companies the payment was made to the Captains, who had to provide tae soldiers' messing. The object of this latter arrangement was to prevent the soldiers straying about, so that they might be available on any emergency. The Captains were expected to keep a stock of provisions in hand against any sudden order to take the field, and it was thought that this would protect the villagers from the depredations of the hungry soldiers when on the march. If any Armada from India was detained here, the soldiers on board were to be provided for on the same scale and separate accounts kept, while the Canarese sailors were allowed batta' at five fanams a month, and the mocadoans' double that sum.

( 5 )
A stock of supplies was always kept at the forts in case of emergencies. Every year at the time of the harvest the Factor had to purchase for the Jaffna fort three hundred candies of rice and nelle'' at a price which was never to exceed six aceraphins the candy of rice. This stock was kept in the godown (godois) or patayan, the three keys of which were held by the Factor, Captain Major and the Guardian of the Franciscans respectively. Similarly fifty candies had to be laid in at Cais. This stock remained untouched till the next harvest when it was taken out and sold at current rates, but never at less than cost price, and a fresh stock taken in ; any neglect on the part of the IFactors in this respect was to be reported by the Captains to the Viceroy himself. Soldiers for special service at sea, e.g., the guard for the Pearl Fishery, were provided from the Jaffna garrison; no extra pay was granted for such service, but in the case of the Fishery, in view of the arduous nature of the work, a bonus of four aceraphins a soldier and ten for a Captain was allowed out of the proceeds of the Fishery.
A staff of men was employed in connection with the works at the Jaffna Fort. The necessary coral stone was brought by sea, and the Adigar who accompanied the loaded donies received thirteen fanams a month. The Master Mason (mestre pedreyro) and his four assistants were originally paid by the month, but as it was found that they took advantage of this arrangement to neglect their work, under the new Regimento they were to be paid for the work actually done at a daily rate of a fanam for the master mason and half a fanam for his assistants. A certificate signed by the Vedor

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( 6 )
(Superintendent) of the Works had to be produced before payment was made.
The work at the fort continued for nine months' in the year, and the labourers who were under the obligation of rendering such Ulia service to the Crown were supplied with food, for which 170 candies of chame ' (sami) were purchased at a cost of 405 at: 266 reis, while six Panadara pulles ** acted as overseers. There was also a special Mestre de Chu mambooo who had to super vise the preparation of the lime. The manufacture of gunpowder was discontinued, as the output was found not to cover the expense incurred. When any of the powder in the magazine became unserviceable, it was sent to the Factory at Colombo to be re-made and a fresh stock was obtained from there.
THE ALFANDIGA.
The Customs duties formed an important source of revenue, and the condition of affairs at the Alfandiga demanded the urgent attention of Mascarenhas. The Factor was in addition to his other duties Juis d' Alfandiga (Collector of Customs), while the Secretary of the Factory acted in a similar capacity at the Customs. No officer connected with the Revenue or Administration of Justice was, however, permitted under the Royal Instructions to draw the Ordenado (salary) of more than one office, and the extra work performed by these two officers was compensated for by certain allowances named precalcos out of the Customs, Fees (lagimas). These fees were fixed at -s.f, amounting in the case of goods valued at 100 pardaos, to half a par lao or 15 vintem, which would be divided in the following proportions...... Collector 8. Secretary 4, Contador 2, Interpreter (Lingoa)

( 7 )
and Appraiser (avaliador) 1.
It was the duty of the Collector to see that the responsible officers attended every morning and , evening, the regular hours of work being from 7 a.m. till 11 a.m. and again from 2 till 5 p.m. except when special work necessitated a longer attendance. The anchorage (barra) lay between the Island of Cais, and Cardiva, and all goods on which duty was recoverable had first to be removed twelve miles to the Customs at Jafanapatam. If removed elsewhere the Collector could after due inquiry order their confiscation.
It was the duty of the Meirinho of the Fazenda, who was also naval Alcayde, to prevent any fraud in this connection. As soon as a vessel arrived and reported her cargo, he saw to its removal to the Customs. He was allowed 50 aceraphins a year and was provided with two peons on a aceraphim a month, and was entitled to receive certain fees ranging from two fanams a champana' downwards. As a further provision against fraud, a guard selected for good character was stationed at Cais; he was expected to board every vessel as soon as it was anchored and, after sending information to the Factor, to keep watch against any goods being removed. He had to share some of the fees with the Meirinho, and he received the same pay as the latter.
All declarations (despachos) had to be made in the presence of the Collector and the Secretary and had to be sworn to on the Gospels. If on verification the declarations were found to be false, the goods were liable to confiscation and the guilty parties could be punished for perjury. When the declarations were made there had also to be present an

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officer who performed the duties of Canacapolle, Lingoa, Shroff (carafo)o Appraiser (avaliador) and Clerk of the Scales (juiz do pe2o.) It was this officer's duty to check and weigh the goods in the presence of the Collector and the owner, and to keep his weights and scales in proper order. He was also expected to test and weigh the coin, so that there might be no deception. He was paid three aceraphims a month out of the Alfandiga revenue. After the goods had been appraised by the Avaliador, any merchant who was dissatisfied with the appraisement could lodge a protest, when the matter was referred to two independent valuators, selected as being men of good conscience, who would reappraise the goods upon oath.
When the Collector had decided the amount due, an entry of the sum was made in a rough book by the Contador. This officer, who acted in a similar capacity in connection with the Factory, the Rents, and the collections of the Recebedores (Receivers), was paid 50 aC. a year. The entries made by him were reported to the Secretary, who was obliged to bring them to account in his books the same day, in order to prevent any fraud. In accordance with the Royal Instructions, no page or servant of the Captain Major could hold office in the Customs. The Collector had no authority to exempt any goods from the payment of duty, and no Customs official was permitted to buy goods at the Customs valuation. It was further laid down that all business must be expeditiously conducted.
The Porter at the Customs was responsible for the custody of the premises and of the goods stored within, It was his duty to close the gate every evening and to hand over one of its two keys to the

( 9 )
Collector, keeping the second with himself. He received half a fanam for each despocho, and one bazaruco for stamping each cloth, but no fixed salary. . A rug worth 20 ac. was allowed for the table at the Customs; this was expected to last for three years, the term of office of the Factor, after which it became the perquisite of the Porter. Four aceraphins a year were allowed for pens and ink, as well as two reams of paper.
All exports from and imports into the Kingdom were liable to pay direito or Customs duty of 7., whatever might be the nationality of the owner; an exception was however made in the case of goods which had already paid an export duty at Nagapatam, Colombo or Manar. Parties from such ports claiming exemption on the grouud that their ultimate destination was some other port where the King's dues would have to be paid, were required to give security to the full amount of the duty involved, and this security was not released till the receipt of a certificate of such payment having been made.
The Xaya Vel' is the root of a small shrub which was in great demand for the red dye it yielded; in consideration of the fact that the monopoly of collecting it was rented out on behalf of the Crown, the duty, thereon was reduced to 4% except in the case of the root collected from private lands, which still remained liable to pay 7ls. In the same way tobacco, which was also subject to a rent, was assessed at the reduced figure of 4le, and a register was kept of the quantity imported in order to ascertain the amount consumed in the Kingdom.
Under a regulation of Jorge Florim de Almeyda the proper duty on arecanut was 11, but in place

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of this what was actually levied in Ceylon was a larin the amunan.' This practise had been adopted in Jaffna as well, but it was now clearly laid down that this commodity also must pay 7. Rice and melle (paddy) were free from duty, as they were liable to the impost called the tarega, but wheat, lentils, and other grains; wine and oil, whether from Portugal or country made ; fruits from Ormuz; almonds, figs, dates, and plums, were charged 1 le. Cinnamon, unless taken with the license of the Treasury officers, when it paid 7le, was contraband, and was liable to confiscation and its export involved other penalties as well. It was the standing practise to pay a share of fines and confiscations to the informer. Pepper had to pay 10l., as it came from ports where no duty was collected for the King. Elephants and Aleas' which had not paid the duty at Colombo or Manar, 71, with an additional "le which was the laqimar of the officials; but such animals as were exported on accedunt of the Crown, or which had been granted in place of mantimento or subsistence allowance, were exempt. Resin, timber, and newly built ships, as well as coir yarn, the export of which was confined to Nagapatam and S. Thome, paid five per cent.
When a vessel reached the port bound for another where the King had his Customs, it was not to be interfered with or permitted to unload, and whatever was unloaded was liable to confiscation.
A chest (caiaca) was kept at the Customs or the Factory, whichever was considered the safer place, and in this was collected all the money which was recovered. This chest was provided with three

( 11 )
locks, the keys (chave) of which were held by the Factor, his Secretary, and the Vedor if present. When the transactions for the day were complete, the chest itself was deposited in the coffer (cofre) of the Franciscans. In that coffer was another box also with three keys, one of which was kept by the Guardian of the Convent; this contained a book in which were entered all deposits and withdrawals, with exact details as to the hour, day and year. Orders were also given that all Tombos, patollas," Regimentos, registers and other important documents should be stored at the same place, which was lofty and secure, in order to protect them from damage resulting from damp and ill-housing; as the records had already suffered from such conditions at the Customs.
There was a small dock where the King's vessels could be beached and repaired; this work was in charge of a patrao or surveyor, who received 10 ac. as quartel and 13 fanams a month mantimento.
The right to collect the Customs dues was sometimes sold by public auction as a Renda or Rent, and in such a case the Rendeiro or Renter was entitled to make the same recoveries as the Crown, and to receive the moiety of fines and confiscations which otherwise was credited to the Faaenda; he was however expected to pay the ordenado of the guard at Cais.

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CHAPTER II.
nീരത്ത
THE KING-DOM OF JAFANAPATAM
(Continued.)
TEE RENDAS.
Usually the following sources of Revenue were sold as Rendas :
(a) The Chapa and Tarega.
(b) The Columbogama Ferry with its Adigari rights.
(c) The Pachchilapalai Passes.
(d) The Tobacco.
(e) The Xaya, and
(f) The Arrack (urraca).
(a) The Chapa and Tarega.
According to a local custom which had descended from the time of the Tamil rulers, every cloth which was handled in the course of trade within the Kingdom had to bear an official stamp. This custom was continued by the Portuguese, who used their armillary sphere as the official stamp. A fee had to be paid for affixing this stamp, and the right to collect this fee was sold as the Chapa Renda. From ancient times the rate of payment had been a fanam for eight cheilas' or 4 cachas or 25 white toucas or 100 cloths for the head, and this sum had now to be paid to the Renter. In order to assist him to reach all cloth made in the country, it was laid down that no weaver (tecelois) could sell any cloth unless he was registered by the Renter. No one was allowed to purchase cloth privately at

( 13 )
the houses of the weavers and all sales, had to be carried out in a public spot. This spot in the case of the town, was the Grand Bazar," and the weavers who carried on sales there, whether Pariahs or Kaikuler, had to obtain the stamp from the Renter himself; those who resided at a distance could have their cloths stamped by the Renter's agents.
No weaver could be engaged to work for a private person, but each had to carry on his work at his own house. Washermen (mainatos),' painters and dyers (acayacar), were forbidden to wash or dye cloth which had not previously received the chapa, under pain of fine. Cloth could not be made up into bales till inspected by the Renter, who could otherwise insist on the bales being undone at the Customs or elsewhere for his examination. He and his peons were expected to search all vessels leaving the port as well as all traders going by the Passes, in order to prevent the export of unstamped cloth and the evasion of the King's Customs; he was not entitled to grant any exemptions.
The Tarega was apparently an impost levied on foodstuffs, and in accordance with the custom which prevailed under the native rulers, any vessel with such a cargo coming into any port had to pay (three fanams as areatane,' whatever might be the religion of the owner. In the case of all sales, whether at the Grand Bazar or at the numerous chandeas, markets, in the Kingdom, the purchaser of every famam’s worth of grain had to contribute one full hand thereof. Everyone desiring to sell such goods, whether grown by himself or imported from abroad, had to do so at a public spot, in the sight of the renter, and he had to employ a marca

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( 14 )
which had been officially tested. In order to assist the renter and to prevent forestallers and regraters (caristas) no one, whether European or Asiatic, was permitted to have in his house not rcasand medidas, by means of which secret sales could be conducted.
(b) The Columbogama Ferry (passo)o.
This ferry connected the Peninsula with Punarin, and the renter of the ferry was also Adigar of the port of Colombothurai. All passengers to and from the mainland, as well as all the fishermen living in the port, paid to him the customary dues, which were as follows:-Every fishing dhoney paid for every day it went out fishing, one large cash (caiaca), of which fifteen went to the fanam. Passengers from either side making use of the ferry paid the same. Cloth which had been already declared at the Customs and which was meant for coastwise transport, paid no further duty here, but otherwise it was treated in the same manner as at the Pachchilapalai Passes; cattle were not taken across at this ferry; all other commodities had to be taken to the Customs. Foodstuffs conveyed on men's back paid half a marca for each load.
(c) The Sand Passes.
These led from Pachchilapalai to the Vanni, and the customs in force under the Tamil Kings were continued in respect of them.
No goods could be moved through them unless properly declared, and, if cloth, duly stamped. If in order the merchants paid for each cacha a quarter fanam; for twenty-five toucas, red or black, half a fanam; for seventy white head cloths, one fanam.

( 15 )
For opium, quicksilver, China wood, cloves, nutmeg and such like, 8% of their value.
Goods brought from the Wanni paid :- for each oxload of cotton, a quarter fanam, and for every six oxen laden with varago, one
fanam. In the time of the native Kings the inhabitants of Pachchilapalai and Illidematual used to go to the Vanni to cultivate camas' there and would pay to the renters from ten to twenty lachas' of foodstuffs for each cama, in accordance with its size. A large proportion of these lands had since been given to the Portuguese, who took the dues therefrom, and the bulk to these same natives; with the result that, when the produce came to be conveyed to the Kingdom, it was difficult to ascertain to whom it belonged.
Thereupon Lancarote de Seixas' when he rented out the Passes, gave orders that all grain taken over them should pay a fanam for every four ox-loads; this regulation was now continued, except in the case of produce brought by water to the town, when foodstuffs paid nothing. All other goods coming by the Passes, such as wax, ivory, musk, etc., paid to the renter 8%, areca paid two fanams the amunam of twenty thousand nuts, and sapan 8%.
(d) The Tobacco Rent.
This rent had to be paid to the Factor in four quarterly instalments. No one could either buy or sell tobacco wholesale or retail save the renter alone; all tobacco brought from the Vanni on account of the renter had to pay to the renter of the Passes certain dues. Tobacco imported from Candia or the Coast, after paying customs duty, had also to be sold to the renter and could not be re

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tained without his license. No Paradis” or Bellala could sell the produce of his own land at the bazaar, though he could keep it for his personal use. All tobacco imported by the renter had to be taken direct to the Customs to be registered and for the payment of duty. The renter could not himself confiscate contraband tobacco, but this had to be done by the Vedor or Factor.
(e) The Xaya Rent. The Xayeiros were the people who were liable to the service of collecting a this root. It appeared from the ancient patollas that the Kings used to vary in the manner in which they treated this commodity, sometimes farming the business out to renters and at others carrying it on themselves; at any rate great confusion prevailed. It was now ordered that the renter of the acaya in Wadamarachchi and Welligama should also account for the poll tax which the Xayeiros had to pay yearly, in addition to the sum for which he purchased his monopoly. While the Xayeiros were engaged digging for the roots, they were not to be summoned for any other service; as no one save the renter could purchase the stuff or dye goods, they had to render to him whatever service they used to render to their Adigar, and he alone could give them orders. He on his part had to make to them all the customary payments and allowances, and pay 4% customs duty on whatever he exported. The same rules applied to the acaya rent in Tanadiva.
(f) The Arrack Rent. The renter secured a monoply of this trade. No one could obtain this vinho from the palmyra toddy, whether sweet or fermented, save the renter and his licensees. Nor could any one else export the

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stuff to Manar, Trincomalie, and Batticaloa, except the renter, who could send it to any part of the Vanni and the Islands. The measures. he employed had to be stamped by the royal officers.
(g) The Alfandiga.
As already stated, occasionally the Alfandiga revenue also was sold as a Renda; the renter became subject to all the Customs Rules and was entitled to all the dues and forfeitures recovered thereunder. Such renters enjoyed the same privileges and rights as the Royal Collectors or Recebedores. All C889S where parties receiving the rents were concerned, whether summary or in appeal, were dealt with by the Vedor, and in his absence by the Factor. It was the duty of the latter to satisfy himself as to the worth of the sureties tendered by the renters. Rents were put up for sale separately and never in a group, as under the latter system it was not possible to ascertain the value of each.
THE FOR OS.
Another very important source of Revenue was the Foros.' These were the quit-rents levied from parties to whom Crown lands were allotted for various terms, usually for three lives, for various considerations, the grantees being called the foreiros. There was a separate Receiver (Recebedor) of the Foros, whose duty was to see to their proper collection.
These foros were carefully reassessed, and the details entered in a Foral, which occupies seventeen folios of the Lisbon Mss. Each entry is headed by the name of the proprietor, who is almost invariably a Portuguese. The exceptions are Dom Constantino Punaiaga Mudeliar, Dom Ambrozio Ramanada, and apparently, Dona Anna Camella

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Against each name is stated the foro due from each, in pardaos, chacaran, and mas, the amount being given both in words and figures. This is followed by details of the provinces and villages where the lands were situated, with reference to the pages of the Tombo. The Foral includes the Vanni lands, where among the Portuguese there also appears Dom Philippe Caillada Patangaty. It also includes a list of the Pencionarios, who had to render a tribute of elephants, viz:
Francisco Cabreira de Seixas The village of Punarim The Wania of Puducudduiripu Vinagy Perumal Adivira and Carcapully Avanchy of Penamgamo Anda Udiar Cumji Tamby, Vannia of Carcatamulla Andiar Udiar and Podumge Udiar The Tana cares of Udupiitty The Hunters of Muliavale, in the name of
Nilate Uddiar, and Thome de Mello. The tribute was payable in tusked elephants, and each such animal was calculated as being equal to two tuskless aleas or 100 pardaos.
THE VILLAGE DUES.
The village lands also were liable to pay separate taxes of their own, which were called the Rendas das Aldeyas ; while the inhabitants had to pay a Poll Tax (Renda das Cabecas). These two dues appear in the Foral in lump sums against the villages, and no information is afforded there as to how they were assessed -or how the individual was responsible in respect

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of them. In addition, fixed sums had to be paid by various groups of people in accordance with their castes.
THE RECEBEDORES.
The collection of these village dues was entrusted to Recebedores (Collectors) and Adigars, and as usual the system had been abused. The number of Collectors was unnecessarily large, and as each of them tried to create new charges of his own, there was much oppression. No clear rules existed for the regulation of their conduct. It was a common practise for them to use the collections of one year to meet their arrears of the previous year, and when a Collector died the loss fell on the Fazenda. It was now laid down that the office was never to be held for life, but only for three years at a time. Welligama was the most important of the Provinces, and over this one officer was appointed to the joint posts of Recebedor and Adigar, as it was thought that his increased emoluments were likely to reduce his unlawful exactions. He was allowed the pay assignsed to the Adigar in the recently completed Tombo, and as Recebedor one per cent. of the land rents and poll tax rollected by him, as well as from the other dues which had to be paid by the villages of Weligama and the islands of Cardiva and Tanadiva, which belonged thereto. He was provided with a Patola containing all the details. If any Foreiro in the Province undertook to make good the sums due in respect of his lands, the Recebedo was at liberty to accept his undertaking on sufficient security being given. This, however, did not extend to the Foros, which had to be recovered by a separate Collector.

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A similar system was established in Tenmarachchi, while Pachchilapalai and Wadamarachci, which yielded but little, were combined under one officer as Adigar and Recebedor.
The revenue of the Kingdom when collected had, according to the repeated orders of the Viceroys, to be deposited in the Convent of S. Francisco, as the Factors had been found to be not sufficiently reliable. The Recebedores, therefore, deposited their collections in this coffer in the presence of the Guardian and the Captain Major or Treasury Officer, who had to endorse on the margin of the Conhecimento the fact of the money having been deposited in their presence; without such endorsement the Vouchers would not be accepted in making up the accounts. The same rules applied to the Rendeiros of the Rents, the Recebedor of the Foros, and whoever else collected. money on account of the Treasury.
The Carpenters, Iron-workers, Nalavas, and Washermen had each their own Adigar, but these latter had nothing to do with the recovery of the Crown dues, which were in charge of the Receivers, though the Adigars were expected to assist them when called upon. The Carreas and the Weavers of Nallur and the Pattanam also had their Adigars, who had to collect the enda and entrust the same to the Franciscan coffer. The Recebedores were authorised, in the absence of the Talears' set out in the new Tombo, to nominate such men as appeared to them fit for the security of the fevenue and the recovery thereof. They could recover from the nominees such fees as were usual. They could also nominate Cobradoes to collect the rents from the various castes and peoples in their Receiverships.

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The following Mudaliyars were attached to the Recebedores. . . . . the Mudaliyar Gago in Weligama, Tanawalla Mudaliyar in Tenmarachchi, and Dom Philippe Chamaragam in the other two. Each Muda liyar received 12 pardaos from the Treasury.
THE MAR ALLAS.
These were of the nature of Death Duties. Whenever a party died without heirs, including in the term children, grandchildren, brothers, and the children of brothers and sisters, his estate lapsed to the Crown and was so registered. Thereout a gift was made to the nearest relative, who was obliged to give a half of its value in money to the Treasury, and ever afterwards that property passed from tenant to tenant subject to the same liability, even where a successor was a ohild, for the liability was attached to the property. At the same time, on the death of an individual without heirs, the dowry of the wife and the property of the husband were kept distinct. This Renda was considered of much importance, and a special book was ordered to be kept showing all those who were liable thereto, and all those who through default of heirs should so become liable. It was the duty of the Recebedores, each in his own Province, to find out these and report them to the Factor. All properties subject to this duty were ordered to be valued for convenience of its recovery, and registered in order to prevent dissipation, for each new tenant was liable to pay one half of the valuation.
THE MARALLA DA CABECA. This might be described as Commutation. The Bellala who did not desire to pay poll tax,

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could commute by making a single payment to the Fazenda of from 30 to 60 chacraram according to his means ; any som born before this commutation who desired the same privilege had also to pay a like sum; but sons born there after were not sub
ject to the poll tax nor need they compound like their father.
FILHOS DE MANGENIS, o
Adoption was a well-recognised institution. A Talea desiring to adopt any Bellala paid a lump sum of 30 chacaran, and such Bellala could enjoy the Foro of Talea'. A Paradis adopting the son of a Bellala paid 15 to 20 chacar'an, according to his means, and was exempted from the Poll Tax.
"I deem fit to ordain all these as aforesaid ' wrote Mascarenhas, "both because of what they yield to the Royal Fazenda, as also to preserve to the natives their privileges (liberdades) and ancient rights (foros) to which they are greatly attached." None, however, was permitted to enjoy these privileges or to enter into possession of the property subject to the Maralla, till the payment of all these dues was certified by a voucher endorsed by the Factor, and the Captain Major had issued the usual Ola. No details are contained in the Foral with regard to the Uliya in or personal services which the inhabitants had to render to the Crown.
THE ELEPHANT TRIBUTE,
The last important source of Revenue in the Kingdom was the Elephant tribute, which has been already referred to.
By a Proclamation dated Lisbon, 3rd Jan., 1612, the King of Portugal had declared as follows :-
"Whereas I have learnt that the elephants in the

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Island of Ceilao are and always have been from ancient times the property of the Crown, I am pleased to declare that all such animals as are found there are of my Fa 2enda and belong thereto, and that no person of any quality may own or possess them.' He further ordered the Vedor da Fazenda, "in my name to take possession of the said property and to administer the same in the manner which prevailed in the time of the Kings of the said Island, and that out of the Aldeas (villages) and lands which they had given to the people who are engaged in the capture, maintenance, and taming of the said animals should be allotted to them by the Junta which I have appointed, all that should be reasonably necessary for the maintenance of the people so engaged, provided that no greater expenditure be incurred in respect of them than is covered by the income from such lands, as was done in the time of the said Kings. The rest of the said villages, which remain undisposed of may be distributed among the Portuguese or the natives themselves as laid down in the Regimentos.'
This claim was emphasized by Mascarenhas in the following Alvara.
Dom Philippe Mascarenhas, of the Council of State of His Majesty, his Viceroy and Captain General of India, etc. Be it known to all to whom this alvara shall come. Whereas I am informed that respecting the matter of the elephants and a leas which are captured in this Kingdom, in the lands of Mantota, and Calpety, there is much fraud both in their sale as also by embezzling them,
I deem it right to proclaim that the elephants and aleas which are captured in the parts aforesaid, and throughout the rest of the Island of Ceilam, are the property of His Majesty in the same manner as the cinnamon, and it is forbidden to all persons to capture them, save on behalf of the said Lord.

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Wherefore I do ordain that all persons whatever who shall, after the publication of this present, connive at the sale of the said animals so as to defraud the Royal Fazenda, or shall embezzle by taking any animal captured on behalf of His Majesty, or paid on account of his dues, or by capturing them or in any other way whatsoever, shall be liable to all the penalties imposed on those who embezzle the cinnamon, and further to the loss and deprivation of all such goods as they hold from the Crown in the said parts, and of all the offices in which they serve being Portuguese, and being black people they shall be further liable to be flogged and banished for ten years to the galleys.
Granting however one month from the date of the publication of this present for any party having any such animal, to return the same to the Royal Fazenda without incurring the penalties aforesaid.
And to the informer shall be given a half of the value of the said elephant or alea so discovered through his means.
Therefore I do thus notify to the Captain General of the Island of Ceylam, to the Vedor da Fazenda, the Captain Major of the Kingdom of Jafanapatam, to the Factors and other Officials and persons whom it may concern, and I do hereby command them to fulfil and guard and to see fulfilled and guarded this Alvara as herein contained, which same shall be proclaimed in this Kingdom and wherever else it shall have force, and shall be registered in the said Factories, and need not pass through the Chancellary, for so it is to the service of the said Lord, any other Ordinance to the contrary notwithstanding.
Given at Jafanapatam. Gparda Costa Officer, of the Secretariat Thus done, the eighth day of June one thousand six hundred and forty-five.
Special instructions were now framed by Mascarenhas for the guidance of the Vidane do Curo" (Kuruwe Vidane) as the officer who supervised the collection of the Elephants due to the Crown was called. He pointedly added "The Factor or other officer who is found to be negligent will be held to a strict accounting, for I am informed that they

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are participants in the embezzlement of many elephants and a leas, in consequence of that laxity and dishonesty which is apparent everywhere in this Kingdom in matters affecting the Fazenda.'
All elephants were the property of the Crown, and all capture on licenses issued to private parties was forbidden. Animals captured on existing licenses issued by the Generals and Wedors had to be restored to the Fa2enda without compensation.
The names of the Pencionarios who had to pay a tribute of elephants, and the lands for which the tribute was payable, were all entered in the Foral, but owing to negligence the tribute was heavily in arrears. This tribute came almost exclusively from the Wannias, the petty chiefs who were left unmolested in the wild Wanni, each administering a separate district, so long as they paid this tribute.
On 20th June, 1645, a contract was made with the Tanacares” of the Aldea Udupeth y by which they undertook to deliver annually two tuskers or 4 aleas of not less than four covados,°o in consideration of their fields and gardens being exempted from Foro. This was very profitable to the Crown, as one Alea was worth more than the entire sum remitted, and for default of one elephant they had to pay 100 pardaos, and 50 for an alea. That was the rate in respect of all Pencionarios.
A similar contract had been made with the inhabitants of Muliavale on condition of their being exempted from all payment to the Foreiro as well as from all customary dues; the Bellales, however, who were not hunters, had to continue to give areatane to the Vidane of the Curo, both for his

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maintenance, and for the expenses of the elephant catchers. He was also allowed the areatane of the village Changatarvael."
The village Pembathy had been given by the native kings as an emphyteuta to the Patangatins of Manar, and this was confirmed on the Patangatin Mor Thome de Mello, the heir of the last. holder, on condition of his supplying yearly an aleat of not less than four Covados. All these animals, as well as all others which were captured, had, immediately on receipt, to be entered by the Secretary of the Factor in a book specially kept for the purpose, to serve as a check on the tribute; any Secretary showing saxity in this respect was liable not only to loss of office, but also to severe punishment.
Any extra elephants which were captured by the Tanacares or by the inhabitants of Muliavale had to be paid for at fixed rates, beginning from 30 pardaos for an elephant of four covados, as laid down in the Contracts. In order to encourage the supply, extra animals captured by other Pencionarios, too, were to be paid for at the same rates, but no Pencionario could receive payment till his yearly quota had been satisfied. The Palas kept by Manoel Gomes at Palay were the slaves (captivos) of the King, and as such they could not be the subject of a merce'' and were attached to the Fa 2enda. Their sole duty was to assist in the Hunt, where they were under the orders of the Curo Vidane, and to encourage them they were to be paid in the same manner. The Adigars and the rest of the hunters, who were scattered over the villages of the Wanni and were not subject to the Pencionarios, were to be organised by the Vidane in com

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panies (Moutois) to be employed in the Hunt and paid like the rest.
An unauthorised custom had been introduced in the districts of the Wanni where the Hunt was held, under which at the ferry of the Parangali river the foreiro on one bank and the foreiro of Muliature and Valanculy on the other, used to charge Juncao," on the plea that such had been paid under the native Kings. Such a right, however, only belonged to the Crown and had not been granted to them, and had been frequently denied by the Captain Majors of the Kingdom; and any such future demand was forbidden under pain of the foreiro's village being confiscated for the Crown.
The Curo Vidane kept a register of all elephants captured both by Pencionarios and by in dependent hunters and by himself, and reported the same to the Factor; and the Vidane had also to register and take charge of the animals brought from Manar and Calpety. In order to facilitate the work of the Hunt, all hunters and Adigars were subject to the orders of the Vidane, and not of the Adigar of the Vanni. It was found that owing to the lack of tame aleas, many of the newly captured animals died before they were taken over by the Factor, and even after being so received they used to be ill-treated for some days; to avoid this six tamie aleas were placed at the disposal of the Vidane. Many also died through being hurried a great distance so as to be delivered over to the Factor, and to prevent the necessity for this, stables were erected at Mugavil, where they could be kept and tamed first; such animals, however, were not taken over

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on the King's account till they had been at the stables 'eight days, and if they died in the interval the captors suffered the loss. The tame elephants were kept at the stables to assist at the Hunt, to train the newly captured ones, to lead them to water, and to help in removing them to the
Pattanam.
THE EXPENDITURE.
The bulk of the Expenditure of the Crown within the Kingdom was taken up by Personal Emoluments, as will clearly appear in the detailed statement of sanctioned Expenditure which appears further on. State aid was given to the Church with the object of spreading the Gospel, and the allowances were to be paid only in respect of ordained clergy and not of the laity or brothers, as of the Franciscans and of the Society respectively. Therefore before payment could be made a certificate had to be produced signed by the head of each establishment in verbis sacerdotis, setting out by name the number of such priests (Sacerdotes de Messa) with the Convents and Rectories in which they resided. Provision was made for 24 Franciscans, of whom three had to reside at their casa of Nossa Senhora das Milagres, They claimed 50 aceraphims in respect of a member to attend to the Christians, but this was not to be paid as that member was already provided for in the allowances made to the Convent. Similarly with the 100 aceraphins allowed for the one who attended to the hospital, unless the Commissary provided a special member in addition to the three who had to be at the Convent.
Forty aceraphims were allowed for bread and wine for the Mass. Out of 14 Jesuits three had to be at

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the College and eleven among the Christians. There were two Dominicans, one at the Casa of Nossa Senhora do Rno. (Regno), and the other at N. S. dos Remedios among the Palavelis. oo

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CHAPTEER III.
MANAR,
On the l7th of July, 1645, Mascarenhas issued from Jafanapatam a Regimento for the guidance of the Recebedor of Manar, altering and adding to the existing Regimento under which that Recebedor acted, and which had been framed by Amauro Roizo when Vedor da Fazenda.
Great emphasis was laid on the importance to be attached to the trade in elephants, which formed the main source of revenue in this Province.
On 9th April, 1630, the Viceroy, the Conde de Linhares, had issued an Alvara by which he ordercd “ the Vedor da Fazenda of Ceylon and the Factor at Manar to make a careful collection of the elephants which are captured in the limits of the fort of Manar and outside the same, and that they should not be sold to the Captain nor should he purchase them for himself by the interposition of any person; and the said Vedor and Factor shall give orders for their capture on account of the Fazenda, and shall maintain and sell them on the same account. In this matter the said Captain of Manar shall render all assistance necessary. His ordenados shall be paid out of the proceeds of the said elephants.'
This regulation was to be strictly enforced, and for the future the Hunt was placed under the control, not of the Captains of the Fortress, but of the Factors. The animals were to be treated as strictly a royal monopoly. No inhabitant of Mantota or

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Manar was permitted to maintain a moutao of Hunters, for all these appertained to the King and his Hunt; all capture on licenses by private persons, including the Captain Major himself and the Adigar of Mantota, to whom two animals had been allowed, was forbidden. The four existing moutoins were to be either increased in number, or enlarged by enrolling within them the hunters who were now engaged on behalf of private parties.
To encourage the moutolins and Adigars they were to be paid the following sums: for a tusker if of 5 covados, 30 pardaos of 10 fanams, with the pachavaloins" and customary bracelets.
4-3 covados, 25 pardaos and 2 pachavaloins, 4 covados, 20 pardaos and 2 other cloths. 3% covados, 16 pardaos and 2 other cloths, 3 covados, 16 pardaos, For an alea of from 44% to 5 covados, 8 pardaos, with the cloths and other customary presents From 4 downwards 6 pardaos, a cloth and customary presents. All these animals had to be detained a few days on the other shore in the custody of the hunters, before delivery was taken, but the period should not be so long as to rob the men of their reward. The detention of the animals in the Fort of Manar involved much expense for their food, while the pasture was so poor that they never thrived; it was accordingly ordered that they should be sent to Jaffna and handed over to the Factor there as soon as they were in a conditipn to take the road, while those in Mantotal were to be sent to Jaffna direct without being taken to Manar at all.
The Recebedor at Manar was authorised to incur the following expenditure. For a tusker of 4 covados and upwards, 2 cornaar, oo and for an alea,

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one. For each such animal, 3 cules, 1-6 fanams a day for olaso* (at 25 olas the fanam), laxe at 2 fanams, 4 fanams worth of rope, 4 fanams for lemons, in case of wounds, 2 fanams for saffron, 15 fanams for oil and 2 fanams for other medicaments. All these were in case an animal required medical treatment and remained a month at the stables. The cornaac and culles were paid at the usual rate.
Where an animal was under four covados, only 1 cornac, 2 culles, and 1 fanam for ollas were allowed. No expense was to be incurred on water, and the stables were to be alongside the well as was then the case. The Recebedor was expected to visit the stables frequently, and to satisfy him-- self that the cornaac did not steal the food, and that the animals were being properly tended. To avoid dishonesty no animal was to be sold at Manar, but by public auction at Jaffna, to the merchants from the other Coast.
These regulations did not affect the forreiro of Chithicoulao, who was liable to pay a tribute of two aleas of not less than three and a half covados, or one tusker; all other animals captured by him would be paid for as in the case of other moutoins, There was much waste in respect of the rest of the Rendas of the Island, and improvement was greatly desired. Orders were given to open at the Customs a book in which would be entered all shipments of acaya, from which four per cent. ad valorem had to be levied without any exemption being permitted. The same duty was levied on all white and painted cloth made in the Island, which had also to be stamped. Cotton exported from the Island paid the same rate. In the case of imports, all cloth had to be stamped and to pay 4%, save

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what was meant for transport to Ceilam; no other import was exempt. All vessels touching at Telemanar had to be inspected before they could land their goods, and goods landed beyond the Port and the foot of the fortress were liable to confis
cation.
In the case of elephants exported for purposes of sale the Compradores' paid 7% as at Colombo and Jafanapatam, and 13% as laginas to the officials, who divided it in the following proportions :-
Recebedor, 16/30, Secretary 8/30, Canna capolle of the Sacador and Contador 6/30. Elephants sent on the king's account or given by him as mantimento, -etc., were exempt.
The Arrack rent was to be sold by itself and not in association with any other. The renter had to erect his own boutiques, and only he or an authorised licensee could extract the vinho, under pain of confiscation. The rent, which embraced the Island and Mantota, was for the period of one year, and had to be sold by public outcry. The tarega was combined with the Chapa as in Jaffna, and the schedule adopted there followed. The purchaser of the Ferry rent would have delivered to him, a schedule containing a statement of the authorised charges. The Tythes of Mantota and Manar were to be dealt with as at present, till the completion of the Tombo which had been ordered and which would show what was recoverable from (each land. Tythes were leviable from the acaya so long as the acayeiros were free to collect and sell it to whomever they liked. A provision to that effect had been passed by Mascarenhas; they alone were -entitled to collect it, for they were to be considered

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as foreiros, and would have to pay what would be allotted to them in the new Tombo.
The Manar Hospital had been constructed at a time when the Island was frequented by soldiers and armadas, which for many years had ceased to be the case. It was now found that many fantastic charges were made against the Fazenda on its account, and therefore Mascarenhas ordered the hospital to be closed. No further expenditure was to be incurred over it, and the rents which had been applied to its maintenance would in the future be recovered and accounted for by the Factor. This was to take effect from 1st June, 1645.
It seems that the Naique'" had set apart one of his villages in order that from the income thereof a sum of 300 pardaos a year might be paid to the Patangatim Mor of the Careas of Manar, on condition of his arranging for a sale of the pearls in the Naique's dominions. The Patangatim had died leaving no heir, and for many years no fishery had taken place, and consequently no market had been held. None the less the Captains of Manar had insisted that this sum should be paid to themselves, and had compelled payment by resorting to such extreme means as that of sending armed vessels to blockade the Naique's ports.
Lately the Captain Fernao de Brito Correa had levied fresh exactions in connection with 170 annunams of areca which their merchants had conveyed from Colombo, putting in at Manar on the way. This had been done, though the merchants were provided with Carta2es" and had gone to Colombo with foodstuffs at a time of great need. Two envoys from Peria Marca, Head of the Merchants and Moors of Adramapatam," now came to

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meet Mascarenhas with a remonstrance from the merchants; the envoys were named Adlery Maracaen and Xama Naina. They had an interview, with the Viceroy at his lodging in the Fort, and on 30th June an agreement was signed. By this the merchants gave up their claim against Correa in favour of the King, and further agreed to pay the King 200 pardaos of 10 fanams a year whenever there was a fishery, but not otherwise. The Viceroy on his part agreed to give them for this year two carta2es for Cutiar free from all dues, and that they should go and register at that port or at Ponta das Pedras, oo as the weather permitted.
In making the tirva"' in Mantota, no Clerk (Escrivão) was required to take part on behalf of the King, as they had nothing to do; the office, as well as that of Camgane which existed under the native Kings, was no longer required; all the lands were now rented out, and the foreiro of each could be present at the measuring, along with the Patangatin. The natives had to pay a marca of paddy (mele) to the Clerk, and the same to the Camgane of each tank or Camdo. The inhabitants of Mantotal were not obliged in respect of their Paravenias to render to the foreiros as triva more than the amount sown, the quantity being delivered as soon as the paddy was cleaned. There had been much complaint on this point, and any one infringing the rule was declared liable to a fine.
The Captain's Guard consisted of 30 Lascarins, including in the pay the dobrados of his Arache. There was no clear regulation as to the amount and time of payment; in consequence there was much confusion and it was never certain that the correct number of men was accounted for. In future a

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proper certificate had to be produced of the number of persons accompanying the Captain, and they should be paid a aeraphim of 5 fanams and 24 reis teach as in Jaffna. Such a certificate had to be produced for each month's pay.
The Captains had also illegally appropriated the royal rights and dues which the inhabitants of the Island had to pay whenever they cleared forests to open plantations, whether of cotton, tobacco, or camapully." They would issue written authorities to the cultivators and recover these dues through the Canacapolle and Adigar without the intervention of the Factor and without anything being credited to the Fazenda. This practice was strictly forbidden, and the necessary authorities were in future to be issued by the Factor and his Secretary, and the cultivators had to pay half a aceraphim of three fanams for each garden newly opened. The claim of the Jesuits and of all others to issue such licenses in respect of lands which they claimed as their own was denied, unless and until they produced an authority from the King. Anyone infringing this regulation or preventing the exercise of the right when claimed under a license issued by the King's officers, was liable to a fine of 100 aceraphins. Stern instructions were given to the officials to see that these orders were strictly carried out.
The Factor and his Secretary were directed to enter in their books all fines which they came to learn had been imposed by the Captain, in order to control the actions of the Captains in the matter of unjust fines, and to compel them to account to the Fazenda for such sums. The same was to be done in respect of sums received by them for the new

( 37 )
appointments of Patangatins, Maniagares, etc.; this right of appointment was claimed by the Captains, who sought to make money out of it, though in reality it belonged to the Crown. They were instructed to act similarly in respect of passports (cartazes) issued by the Captains, recording the amount of each, the person to whom issued and the date. Only the Secretary was entitled to a fee for preparing these, as laid down in two Regimentos by the Viceroys, D. Francisco Mascarenhas and Matthias de Alboquerque.
The Factor was the King's Proctor and the Protector of the natives against oppression. He was expected to see that no service was demanded from the natives save what was to the benefit of the King, and that they were protected from the forced labour which so many parties attempted to obtain from them without payment; such oppression was one of the main reasons why the Island of Manar was almost depopulated and the King's rents so reduced. The Factor and his Secretary were therefore directed to send a yearly report to the Viceroy regarding those who were charged with -oppressing these, the King's foreiros.
A special Regimento was framed with reference to the Pearl Fishery. The waiver of the pareas which had been made by the Conde de Linhares and other Viceroys, had ceased to be of force, and in future they had to be recovered in full with the rest of the Rendas, and all recoveries remitted to the Factor at Colombo for the expenses of the Conquest, for which they had been earmarked.
Instructions similar to those laid down for Jaffna were given regarding the fines inflicted by the Cuvidors; neither they nor any other of the King's

Page 28
( 38 )
judges could interfere with the King's Renters nor arrest them except on a complaint of open and bleeding wounds. In such cases the Justices had to send the complaint and the prisoners the same, or at latest the next, day, to the Vedor da Fazenda, or in his absence to the Recebedor, to deal with the matter, all subject to the law of King Dom Manuel. In the interest of the rents and in order to assist the renter all goods, whether acaya or cloth, whether produced locally or imported, had to be brought to the Custom House. A guard was appointed to patrol the Coast from the Careas' quarters as far as Talemanar, in order to prevent unauthorised landing. This guard was paid eighteen pardaos a year or 15 fanams a month, and he was also entitled to a third of all confiscated goods. In paying the allowances of the Franciscans and Jesuits, though the sums were chargeable to specific rents, yet no payment was to be made except with the same precautions about certificates, as in Jaffna. When the lands of Manar had been duly rented out, no other tythes were to be farmed, save those of the cattle which were not entered in the Tombo, and these at the rate of a fanam for 4 cows with calf, 2 buffaloes, or 8 goats.
In the pay ment of ordinarias there was a difference between the practice in Manar and Jaffna. as regards the value of the coins; the latter practice was now adopted and the rate fixed at 5 fanams for the aceraphim of Goa, while other expenses were to be paid in the Ceilam aerophim of 5 fanams.

CHAPTER IV.
THE PEARL FISHERY.
Mascarenhas chanced to be at Manar at the time of the Pearl Fishery, and an inquiry into the regulations under which this was conducted convinted him that new rules were required, and these were issued in the form of a Regimento dated Jafanapatam, 18th July, 1645, addressed to the Vedor or such other officer as should be in charge of the operations.
When a Fishery was contemplated, the Vedor sent orders to the Patangatim Mors of the Baravas' to come at the beginning of September with two dhonies, to which two others were added either from the settlement of the Careas or from any other place considered desirable; vessels from Tuticorin were allowed up to ls pardaos for their expenses. When these vessels were collected they set out into the sea with the Factor and his Secretary and made an examination of the customary banks, avoiding those where a Fishery had been recently held. If the oysters discovered were considered satisfactory as to number and value, the spot was buoyed and the officers went on land and chose a site for the erection of the camp, the Church, and the houses for the Vedor and other officials. Notice was also issued to all the districts where it was customary to send such notice, so that the people might be ready to commence the fishery at the beginning of March. At the same time the usual safe conducts (seguros) were issued;

Page 29
( 40. )
these were to be held inviolable save in certain excepted circumstances and in case of debts due in connection with previous Fisheries.
The Captain Major of Manar was entrusted with the preparation of the camp. This had to be carefully done, the various castes and races being allotted separate divisions in order to avoid quarrels and disorder. Proclamation was also made that any party responsible for commencing any such quarrel was liable to a fine of five pardaos. At the beginning of March the Wedor and the other officials arrived at the spot, and the Vedor communicated to the Patangatims the date when the Fishery would commence. Two days of grace were allowed for all vessels which were late, after which the Factor, his Secretary, the Toepas' Major, and the Canacapolle, had to count the number of vessels and enter them with the names of the Masters in a separate book, care being taken that no vessel was omitted.
On a subsequent day, to be proclaimed for the purpose, the Masters appeared before the Wedor and stated the number of divers they had with them, the statement being confirmed by an oath administered in accordance with the customs and rites of each Master. They, moreover, had to make a declaration as to the religion of each of the divers, whether Moor, Gentile or Christian. In spite of the oath a careful search was then made to prevent the concealment of any diver, as such concealment would result in great loss to the Fazenda, and after that a statement was prepared under a separate heading of the declarations made by the Masters; this was signed by all the officers, with a certificate that there were no other vessels or divers. Under no circumstance

( 41 )
was any other list or statement to be entered in any other book save this, and it was only from this that the allocation had to be prepared of what each had to pay in satisfaction of the pareas, the Queen’s shoe-money (chapins da Raymha), 7 o and the fines of the Moors and Gentiles. The result had to be immediately entered by the Factor, who was obliged to deliver the book to the Accounts Department for purposes of Audit.
The Vedor was forbidden to allow any of the oysters to be opened on land save for the purpose of estimating the probable yield; this was apparently till the fishing was closed.
The Factor's Secretary had also to enter in the same book under a separate heading the amounts realised by the leases of the following Rendas:-
1. The Bolca, which in view of severa circumstances affecting its importance to the Treasury, was not leased out but collected by the Vedor himself. He had to issue notice to all the merchants and chetties (chatims) to appear before him so as to obtain the chito, which was their authority for the right of unrestricted buying and selling. These chitos had to be prepared by the Secretary of the Factor and signed by the Vedor, and on each was stated what sum the holder had to pay, this sum being regulated according to custom ; the amount realised was handed over to the Factor to be placed to the credit of the Treasury. Some indulgence was allowed in the case of Parava chatims; these had formerly, when their number was limited, paid nothing at all; but now they were as many as all the others put together, and they were therefore called upon to make this payment.

Page 30
( 42 )
2. The rent of the boutiques of the Bazar in the Camp.
3. The rent of the Chapa impressed on all goods sold in the camp.
4. The rent of the rebusca, which was the right to winnow the sand for dropped pearls.
All these Rendas had to be put up for sale by public auction in the presence of the officials and the results entered in the book, which should show the amount realised by each, and the name and residence of the purchaser; where necessary, sureties should be called for in the usual fashion.
5. The Renda of the Fines payable by the Moors and Gentiles was of great importance, for besides sharing equally with the Christians in the 6000 patacas of pareas and the 400 for the Queen's shoeing, the Moors also paid 5 patacas for each diver and the Gentiles half that sum. They should, therefore, Mascarenhas insisted, be treated with consideration, and care taken that they were in no way exposed to oppression at the hands of the (Captains, or of any one else in going to and returning from the Fishery; nor should anyone exact from them any pesca" o or any other levy.
The inhabitants of Quilacare had to pay each year as pareas two pearls each of five carats and of the finest quality of Portugal, and two others of two carats each, in accordance with the contract made with them by Joao de Mello de Sampayo, sometime Captain of Manar. This contract was registered at the Factory, and the pearls when received had to appear in the Factor's books.
It was found that various irregular levies were being exacted in connection with the Fishery, and were being added to either in the interests of

( 43 ) .
private parties or through the greed of the Patanga tim Mors. The consequence was that the Treasury suffered severely, the pareas were reduced, and the fishery languished; the Masters and divers were pauperised by these excessive contributions, which had nothing to do with the fisheries, and frequently sold away their vessels, so that fewer and fewer attended the fishery; while the Moors and Gentiles, whose attendance was so essential, were discouraged from coming.
Mascarenhas now specifically laid down what the authorised levies were. First there were the pareas, amounting to 6000 patacas. Next there were the 400 patacas which formed the Queen' shoemoney, and which had been set aside for educating the Christian children in the Fishery Coast. Then there were the fines leviable from the Moors and Gentiles as already described. One catch or peca (pesca?) was allotted to the Captain of Manar; this was to be voluntary and not to exceed 300 pardaos. Similarly, 200 pardaos were allowed for the Vedor, 150 for the Captain of the Camp, 50 for the Factor, and 30 for the latter's Secretary, who was also entitled to two fanams for each champana passed. The Members of the religious orders who served at the Fishery were allowed a voluntary contribution of 100 patacas to cover everything, and any attempt to levy more was made a punishable offence, If the Vedor was not present in person, his deputy could only get 100 pardaos. The Patangatim Mor, the Canacapole Mor, and the Topas Mor, had certain customary privileges over the divers in their champanas. Three hundred patacas were also allowed for the gastos' of the Fishery, and this total of 7530 patacas was not to be exceeded with

Page 31
( 44 )
out the special order of the Viceroy.
These levies when collected were deposited in a chest which was in the custody of the Vedor, and the three keys of which were held by him, the Factor, and his Secretary; parties having claims on this were paid at the hands of the Secretary, while the
gastos were handed over to the trustee selected
according to custom by the Patangatim Mor and . the people. If the Fishery had been very successful owing to an increase in the number of divers, and if the Patangatims with the consent of all the people of the Seven Blaces desired to make any levy to meet necessary matters, they were allowed to do so, but such a levy was not to be compulsory on the Moors, Gentiles, Palavalis, Careas, or anyone who did not belong to the Seven Places, and required the assent of the Vedor. The members of the religious orders were forbidden to interfere in the matter of the levies or other things dealt with in the regimento, but were to confine themselves to the care of souls; while there was the Father of the Christians to watch after their interest and to see that they were not oppressed nor exposed to any levies other than were authorised. If any parties failed to pay what was due from them, they would not be permitted to take part in another fishery till they made good the arrears, or gave well-known pescadores as security for such payment.
The person selected to be Captain Major over the camp had to be specially fitted for the duty, as a large gathering of various nationalities assembled there. The Vedor was expected to be present throughout to protect the interests of the King, and the Captain Major could take no decision in

( 45 )
any matter of importance without consulting him. The presence of several Captain Majors only led to increased expense and the possibility of differences arising, and it was decided that the same officer was to be Captain Major both on land and on sea. For the protection of the camp and of the vessels two jaleas or manchu as were sent, manned by soldiers from the garrison of Jaffanapatam ; while at the same time the men at arms in Mantota were warned to hold themselves in readiness in case of need. This avoided the necessity of sending an armada from India, a procedure which involved as much expenditure as the fishery itself, for such an armada would have to winter there. The Armada at the Cape was also stationed near Brinjao till the 15th or 20th of March, as after that date any vessel entering within the Cape could not turn back till the new monsoon, and the fishery only lasted till the end of April at latest.
The Captain Majors were directed to he very moderate in issuing proclamations involving a pecuniary penalty, and when such were issued the penalty should not exceed five pardaos, and all penalties recovered must be credited to revenue.
It was strictly laid down that no more than one Fishery was to be held a year, in view of the inconvenience and oppression on the people and loss to the Treasury which frequent fisheries might entail; any official or Patangatim who agreed to have more than one fishery was liable to be deprived of office, and the divers who dived outside the appointed fishery to be publicly flogged.

Page 32
( 46 )
HE RENDAS OE THE KNGOOM.
Which are farmed out and the price at which they are settled this year 1645, on which an
increase is expected, and no decrease.
pardaos of ten
The rent of Tobacco and of the ferry a 夏3夏蕊。
Colombogama with its Adigaria. ... 5410 The sand passes of Pachelepaly ... 0310 Arrack rent * 8 & A 0.155 The rent of the acaia of the Kingdom ... 0200 Do do Island Tamadiva 0181 The rent of the Alfandiga 1200 The rent of the chapa (cloth stamping) and
the tarega 07.00
TOTAL 8156

FIRST "TOMBO OF BIELIGI AMO.
Renda of Villages
Telipule Vimãogamão Tagithy Navaquery Churavaithe Chudumale Urelu Urumpiray Chur upithy A chelu Comdavil
Puthur Manipay Chamguvelly
Inuvil Udduvil Malpatu Paduvay carer Achivelly Сорау Nirvelly Nirvelly cuilcuddy Cathuvan
Pale
Mailithy Vayablan Candaracudde Chilalle Punalle Cathuvan Tueny Avarangal Chunagäo
Irvalle Tirinelvelly Nalur Patanam
Tota
( 47 )
Renda of Polls
pardaos chacram mas pardaos chacram mas
467 0 4, 85 3 0 074. 4 3 15 2. 0 070 4 18, 30 2 10 08 14 7 3 (). 027 0 19, 4 0 0 062 1 0 15 3 () 030 2 16器 9 4 10 095 1 11 12 4 0 069 4 08 16 0. 063 () 15, 17 2 10 101 18, 26 2 10. 55 0 37 10 092 1 05 39 () ( ) 088 0 15,12,4,0 033 2 13 3 () 142 0 05 33 2 10 012 3 17 7 3 () 003 3 06 O 3 () 307 3 19 96 2 10 41. 3 07 66 () () 167 4 08 35 4 () 014 4 0崭 6 0 0 065 1 9, 20 3 () 036 2 ()3 8 . () 120 2 10 28 2 10 107 l 15, 37 4 10 037 1 17, 6 E 10 061 3 04盖 20 4 10 086 0 14 26 3 (C) 050 1 06 0 0 () 097 1 09 10 O 0 125 2. 18 29 A. () 009 1 05號 6 2 0 077 4 01 13 2 0 053 4 19, 27 1 0
3449 3 00, 814 1 10

Page 33
48 )
SECOND TOMBO OF BIELI GAMO.
Renda of Willages Renda of Polls
pardaos chacram mas pardaos chacran mas
Changany 274 0. 5 031 1 10 Bathuco the 274 0. 08{} 0 0 Coquvil 0.21 2 07, 016 1. 0 Pandatheripo 097 1, 19; 013 2 10 Tolveräo 126 2 18 030 0 0 Mulay 057 2 17 009 1 0 Madagal 27 0 08 027 3 0 Choliveräo 188 4 06 048- 4 10 Anacothe 106 4 10暴 017 2 0. Palalle 086 0 08暴 024 4 0 Alawethy 171 2 08 033 3 0. Mavethypuräo 098 4 08 038 4 10Malagão 109 ()7 ()17 3 0. Elalle 53 4 11暴 020 2 0. Vara talablan 060 3 05暴 010 1 0 Arralde 203 4 11, 031 2 O Churiveläo 083 2 05是 012 4 0 Peria blam 091 1 09; 06 3 0. Chamdelipay 12 0 16 031 00 Navally 02 3 15 00 0 00 Magueapeth y 025 4 13 011 2 10 Tavaddy 076 4 01暴 08 2 00
The terras of the Chaveas yield 66 2. but they enjoy them free of renda and Areatane under the condition of continuOUS Ser WlCe : SaW8 ll respect of 3-3-0 which is paid from the lands of the Nalavas and 8. Ο ΙΥ Θ. ಕ್ಲೈಂಟ್ಗ
hich a ဖူ့, are include 3 3 00 010 O 0. Tr. of Chumducully 0.48 0 10 022 3 00 Tr. of Columbogama 013 2 18 013 1 00 Tr. of Arial le 019 1 05 0 0 0 Tr of the Careas 00 0 15 O 0 0 Vannarpone 139 2 13 02. 3 0 The Island Cardiva 2 6 3 18器 094 3 10 The Island Tanadiva 416 0 00, 154 4 0 Xaeyros of Tamadivu 050 1 00
TOTAI, 3657 4 12, 908 3 ()

( 49 )
RENIDAS APPERTAINING TO THE S AME PROVINCE AND RECEIVERSHIP, IN DETAIL, ACCORDING TO
THE SERVICE AND CASTE OF THE WARIOUS RACES (NACOIs).
Parambas w 4 w a The Careas of Patanao, The Careas of Canganture, The Careas of Parcuana petiteva
ture** The Careas of Virimani Catuvao
ture A The Timilas of Patamão ... The Careas of Pata não The Chandas of Chulipithy The Goldsmiths The Xayacares
Potters (oleiros) The Macuas of Patanao , The Tesselóis (weavers) of Nalur Carpenters and ironsmiths The Pareas of Utarao' ... The Ulu pareas' The Ulia pareas a The Paravetas Pareas' ... Deaddyecathie'' De Taricachy . & The Native Chetties (Chatis) The Paradese Chetties The Native Moors
paradas chacran mas
06 64 12
04
02
02
06
05
50
18
34 ... 02 ..,142 ... 013 ... 080 ... 018 087 ... 040 ... 004 036 060 030 ... 020
Merchants who sell cotton at the bazar 006
Vericultlhio o paler 8 The Milkmen (leiteiros) ... The Washermen (may natos)
TOTAL
... 010 ... 002 049
807
3 4. 1
4.
O
15
00 00
00
00 00 00
00
0
0
15

Page 34
PROVINCE OF TEMERACHE.
Illidematua Calidaddy Vedditapale Cuddamien Cuddigamâio Mirzivjl
Palavy
Yetalie
Manduvil Cuddatani Cachay
Huyen
Quipelly
Pocathy
Varany Chereyalle Chavagacheyra Tenanquelepo Coilacandy
Alalle
Mathuvil
Mizalle Athecandiathevan
covea** Athenquithencorva Ironsmiths and car
penters
Washermen
TOTAI.
( 50 )
Renda of Villages
pardaos chacram mas
33; 177
252 069 076 177 077 067 095 116 080 039 073 097 526 05. 196 04.5
O42
058 08) 54
0.
2860
O6 17 17, 04暴 03毙 06翡 14
06, 17
09, 11絮 15
07
17器 01. 02毙 08 17暴 O
17, 02 00暴
15
Renda of Polls
pardaos chacram mas
049
028 020 004 032 027 023 026 029 09 003 012 O32 009
092
() () 03.
005 O3.
005 ()29
020
O30
24
007 014
()
4 1.
00 10 10 15. 10 00 00 05 15 00 15 15
15 15 05 15 00 00 00
O)
15
10
O0 00
00 00
62
()
()

( 51 )
BADDAMARACHEd.
Renda of Villages
Renda of Polls
paradaos chacram mas paradaos chacran mas
Carnavay 439 2 07 066 3 10 Pulolle 344 1 10 092 3 10 Tunalle 193 0 01. 028 2 00) Caraveth y 341 16 033 () () Ůdupithy yields in all 618,483 deduct there from 175.3.15 the rent of the lands enjoyed by the Tanacares of the second Curiche free, with its aretane, under condition of supplying 2 E. or 4 A. in terms of their contract. Balance 443 0 13 100 () (OO) Valiverão 029 0 06 009 00 Mailvalacorve 024 1 07 054 0 05 Tumbale Varatapule 094 3 18 C00 0 00 Αινειy 352 4 型8 022 4 00 Port of Parituture 023 () 0 do Valavetiture 014 3 00 do Tonda manar 018 4 OO Tumpalecorva 04 2 00 The Xaeyros palas,” “ 040 0 00 Caipura, Cananga
raycorva, 085. 2 00 The Oleiros Tiriguiayâo 018 10 Ironsmiths and carpenters 008 0 00 Washermen 028 2 00
Total 2262 1 18 690 4, 15

Page 35
Mugomale Pulopale Perlapale Mugaviil Udduture Chorampathu Calally Tambagama Chamgatarva el Majarmatycota Perialpachelapally Tanmaqueny Vananqueny Chembiapathu Vivandienpathu Triviculâo Pocarapu Bembodduqueny Itavil
Coilva el Quideropu Marudenqueny Aliavale
Iaca chy Catandarpulâo
Malvil Mulian Vataraen
( 52 )
PACHIELAPALY.
Renda of Villages
pardaos chacran mas pardaos chacran mas
Further this Province
yields as Areatane 200 Ironsmiths and Carpenters
Washermen
Total
Renda of Polls
143. 3 00 061. 3 05 23 1 18 042 2 15 043 0 12 01. 3 05 056 4 134 009 1 05 022 2 10 007 4 00 054 2 09' 012 1 10 074 3 05器()49,315 34 2 12 020 1 10 038 0 19 010 1 05 038 1, 18; 006 2 15 085 0 05墨 006 4 00 100 0 01 021. 3 0 107 2 03; 027 15 063 0 01-6 034 1 10 033 1 18 005 0 00 (36 0 05 006 2 00 090 2 11 OC3 0 00 135 12 022 0 00 096 4 04 040 1 15 029 0 08 002 3 10 027 2 17 020 1 00 017 0 04 006 0 00 011 1 05 (003 4 05 029 0 04 002 2 00 046 0 17 003 3 00 013 2 08 004 0 00 076 0 17 003 3 00 012 3 6 009 1 05
0 00
011 0 00 04. 1 00
1941 2 17 479 3 15

( 53 )
TOTAL FOR THE ENTIRE KINGDOM.
paralaos cha cran mas
Foros of the Kingdom 1380 1 06
Foros of Vany 0302 0 17 Rendas vhich are
farmed 8156 () () Prov, of Belligamo 9637 2 18 Do Temerache 3491 1 05 Do Baddamarache 2953 1 13 Do Pachelepaly 2421 1 12疯
Total 2834l 4 12
Deduct amount enjoyed by the foreiros of the Islands Cardiva & Tanadiva, and the others who hold villages in the Kingdom 217 8
Balance 2670 3 4
Add estimated value of 37 aleas which are due from the Pencionarios at an average of 250 pardaos in accordance with present rates ... 9250 0 (0
Grand Total 35420 3 0.

Page 36
( 54 )
EXPENDITURE OF THE KING-DOM
In accordance with the new Regimento.
Forty Religious residing therein, viz
24 Franciscans, 14 of the Society, and 2 Dominicans, at 100 x. each a year
The Vicar of the Se, 100, a beneficed (beneficiado) clergyman, 50, for the fabric, 40, Chapel Master 20
Ordenado of the Capt. Major of the Kingdom, 1100, his guard, interpreter, and Canacapole 1260
The garrison at the Fort of Jafanapatam, three companies of 50 soldiers each, with captains, officers, captain of munitions, with quartel, mantimento and ordinaria
The Constable, 4 Artillerymen, 1 Supt. (patrão) of the dock, their quartel and mantimento is us
Officers in charge of the works at the fort, viz. the Adigar of the stone dhoney, master stone-mason, 4 officers, 1 mestre for the lime, 6 ser wants, with the Overseer (Vedor) over the work, for 9 months
For the maintenance of the people who render Ulia service at the work of the fort for 9 months, 170 candis of chame (sami) at 14 fanams a candil a • • • • The Factor, ordenado 444-00, a rent of houses 96-00, pens, ink, and 2 reams of paper 45-250, quartel and mantimento for two attendants 92.258 Factor's canacapole for the pataya Factor's secretary, his ordendo
Receiver of the foros
Accountant (contador) of the (Alfan- ... -
diga) and Factory ; . . .
xerafins
000
024
2360
8213
0336
0285.
0.05
()678 0026 0.148
0.073
0050
OO
00
063
09
266
213 250 200 19
00

( 55 )
Meyrinho of the Treasury, ordenado 50.00, two peons at a xer. a month
each s - - - - 0074 00 Secy da Vara of the Treasury. A 0.024 00 8hroff (xarrafo) and Appraiser of the -
Customs ... 40 6 X 0036 03 The Ouvidor of the Fort, ordenado ... 0360 16t) To Sebastiam Roiz, the blind man, 2
fanams. a day p. O133 287
To Matheus Vieira de Avreu, in satisfaction of Malia vale, 124 pardaos of
10 fanams ... 0220 055 Hyeronimo de Paiva, in satisfaction of the lands transferred to the Elephant catchers, 60 pardaos, or ... 0110 048 The Capt of the Fortress of Cais, 200 x. 50 soldados, Ensign (Alferes) and Sergeant, their quartel and manti
mento 2505 44 2705 044 The Constable there, two artillery
men, quartel and mantim. 4 (196 258
The Mudeliars of the Kingdom wh
are engaged with the Receivers in
the rendas there of a e. a s ()006 000 His Majesty's Hospital, according to orders o - 200 000 Extraordinary expenditure - - - 1500 000
TOTAL 23419, xer. currency of Goa, equal to 12763 pardaos 3 fanams of the currency of that Kingdom - Deducting this from the nett income of the Kingdom, there remains a Surplus Balance of 22657 parda os of 10 fanams, 1 chacran and 14 mas equal to
(xerafins?) of Ceilao and 1 fanam, availa *fகிமிழ்ச்சலுf Ceilão.

Page 37
( 56 )
RENDAS OF THE ISLAND OF MANAR AND THE TERRAS OF MANTOTA, AS EXISTING TO-DAY.
Tobacco renda of the island (pardao
of 10 fanams) 1535 Alfandiga Renda 0.383 Ferry renda ()191 Tarega renda 0300 Renda of the Tythes (dizimos oo) of
Mantota v ()060 Arrack Urraca) renda 0.050 Tobacco renda of Mantota 0300 Dues on cattle taken to Columbo - 00.13 Foros of the Island ()487 Foros of Mantota 0289 The 20 bares of xaya as foros. 01.00 Tribute (pareas) of the pearl fishery 6000 Fines (penas) on the Moors and Gentiles 1277 Renda of the bolca 0273 Bazar renda 0070 Chapa renda. 0040 Renda of the rebusca (gleaning) 0020 The Moors of Adramapatao 0200 Renda of the tythes of the Island. 000
Total 11599
More over there are captured yearly in Mantota thirty aleas which at the estimated price of the Jafanapatam animals, make 7500
Total 19099
00 00 00 0()
00
00
00 00 00
00 00
00
00
3
00
3

( 57 )
EXPENDITURE.
The Captain, Ordenado O750 () The Lascarins of his guard 0198 00 The Recebedor, ordenado 0187 5 Two guards OO48 00 Secretary of the Factory and one guard 009.3 8 The Meyrinho 0.054 0 The Constable 0.045 6 The Guard 0.018 0 The Canacapole of the Recebedor 0.012 00 The Panical 0.025 2 The fabric of the Se 0037 5 The Vicar of the Se OO60 0 The Beneficed priest 000 O The Vicar of S. Domingos 0.054 0 Five members of the Franciscans
(ordinarios) 0270 0 Five members of the Society 0270 0 30 head of aleas, more or less, their pay 0243 0 30 head at an average of 10 pardaos 0300 00 The tones which go to inspect the
pearl Banks 00.10 () Roofing the elephant stalls and other
extraordinary expences 0200 00
Total 2906 6
Deducting this from the revenue, T
there r mains pardaos 16,192
making Xer. of Ceilam 32385 2
Add balance available from the Kingdom of Jafanapatam 45314 3
Grand Balance available to His S SqqSLLSqSArSSSSLSSSSSSkSSLLLLSLSSSSSASLrSAqSLLSL
Majesty for the expenses of the Conquest and any other matter he may think fit...
Ad ) is 40 4 ) xerafins 77700 0. currency of Ceilam.

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58 )
It should be noted that the price of A leas can be greatly increased both because they are highly valued and also because it is possible to capture elephants which are worth much more, and others which are not in the account referred to, by means of independent hunters; also in the rendas which are leased out an improvement can be expect ted; and no account has been taken of what the renda called that of the Marallas, which is entered in the book, will realise, and what can be recovered from the concealed lands (Sonegados) or the improvement of the Fishery arising from the new rules which have been passed regarding it, and what is expected to result from the nets which have been ordered on account of the Royal Treasury so as to fish at a depth at which the divers cannot work. Nor does this include an estimate of the elephants and Aleas which are captured in Calpetty and the rest of the island of Ceylam, which also have been ordered to be brought to the Kingdom of Jafanapatam to be sold there.
All this is for the expenses of the Conquest and the value of the saltpetre which has been agreed for with the Moors of Bengalla in exchange for these same animals. Regarding all of which an account must be demanded from the Factors of Manar and Jafa unapaitam.

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NOTE ON THE COINAGE
From the Foral it appears that
1 Pardao = 2 xerafins.
or 5 cha cran
or 10 fanams or 30 wintem or 100 mas or 150 large caixa or 540 reis Twenty "Buserook" (i.e., Bazarucos) went to a fanam in Malabar in 1672 (Fryer, quoted in HobsonJobson.)
The larin was the Sinhalese ridi, of which 5 went to the pataca or "piece of eight.' From the Tombo of Ceylon it appears that a pardao was equal to six larins. In the XVI. century a silver Tanga was approximately 60 reis.

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NOTES.
1. A copy of this, obtained by the Government of Ceylon, has been used in the preparation of this work.
2. See Ceylon, the Portuguese Era, vol. ii. Ch., xv.
3. Our Lady of Miracles, so named after an alleged miracle-working image of the Virgin which was kept in the church within the Fort. The bell of the church, with a Portuguese legend round it, is still preserved in the Dutch Church in the Fort. 4. All Portuguese leaving for the East were classed as either Casados, married men, or Soldados, though the latter term did not imply that they were engaged as soldiers.
5. The ancient Urkavel Turai or Ura Turai! in the Island of Tanadivu, still known among Europeans as Kayts. Cais is Port. for a quay. The remains of this fort, now greatly dilapitated, may be seen at the distance of about a mile from the present landing. The little fort named Hamenheil, built on a sandbank close by, was not in existence at this time.
6. Merinho, as used here, seems to have been a kind of Provost Marshal.
7. Casados were not employed on military service in the field save on occasions of great emergency.
8. Comer em Caldeirão, eat out of the Cauldron, is the expressive Portuguese expression. Ribeiro speaks of the dishonesty this led to. Ceilao, Second Ed. p. 136, Pieris' Trans.
9. Batta, an extra allowance made on special grounds.
10. Mocadoan, an Arabic word, meaning the principal man.
ll. Oandy, about 500 pounds weight.

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12. Tamil for the rice in husk. This word was employed by the Portuguese in the Tombo of the Sinhalese Kingdom as well.
13. Sinhalese, Patteyam, rice-store. The word Goudoés, now godowns, occurs in the earliest Port, accounts of the East.
14. Coral. Ribeiro calls the stone pedra pomes, or pumice.
15. The title Adigar was applied throughout South India and Ceylon to various officers. After the Sinhalese Court was shifted to Kandy the title was applied mainly to the two chief Ministers, probably in view of the judicial power which they continued to exercise. The title does not appear to have been used in the Pata. Rata (Low Country) after 1725, though it has throughout continued among the Tamils.
16. No building work is done in Jaffna during the three rainy months of the North East monsoon.
17. The personal labour which according to Sinhalese tenure was generally exacted from the lower castes.
18. The Tamil name for the Sin. Tama.
19. These men were frequently employed to assist in enforcing the payment of the taxes, acting somewhat like Fiscal's officers. Probably the word Pandara, as use d here is connected with the Sinh. for the King's Treasury, Bandare.
20. Tamil for lime.
21. A word of Arabic origin. The term was employed under the British Government in the last century and is still in use locally.
22. The Kára Divayina of the Sinhalese.
23. Champana, apparently a Chinese word. Sinh. Sampan. Cf Hamban (Sampan) tota (harbour).
24. Xarafo, from the Arabic.
25. Amunam, as here used, would be 24,000 nuts.
26. Elephants without tusks; the word is Sinhalese.
• 27. Equivalent to the Sinh. Talpat, the leaves of the palmyra used instead of paper.

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28. The custom of stamping cloth was continued under the Netherlands Company.
29. Cheila, Tamil, applied to a woman's cloth. Cacha is equivalent to a web; the word is used among the Sinha lese today under the form Kachchi.
30. This still bears the name, and is the main Bazzar in Vannar Ponnai.
31. A caste still found. They weave a cloth superior to that made by the Pariahs.
32. It is strange to find this word still used in the Kurunegala District, where it is sometimes employed as a proper name among washermen.
33. The exact significance of this term is not known.
34. Still employed for the numerous public markets which are so noticeable a feature in the Peninsula.
35. This manner of measurement is well known. Among the Simhalese a pata signifies as much as can be contained in the open hand with the fingers closed, and a mitat what is held within the closed hand.
36. Apparently a Tamil word.
37. The word survives in names like Grand Pass, and is the equivalent of the Sinha lese totu pola, where passengers have to cross the water. In an extended sense the word Tota is applied to a sea port, e.g. Kolo u tota, tlhe ancient Sinhalese name of the modern Colombo.
38. The Sin. Amu, still largely cultivated and much in demand among diabetic patients as an article of food.
39. The Sin. Gama, Sansk, grama. The highest cultivator among the Tamils is still the kamakaran 40. Sinhalese Laha. Like the Sinhalese word this is used as a measure not only of capacity, but also of superficies. When employed in the latter sense, the extent varies according to whether the land measured is suited for rice cultivation or for
varago.
41. He succeeded Antão Vaz Freire as Vedor See P. E. vol. ii. 93 His name frequently appears

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in the Portuguese Tombo of the Sinhalese districts.
42. Literally the word means a foreigner, a person from another land. Its exact significance as used in Jaffna at this time is not clear.
43. These were low-caste Pallas.
44. This word is derived from the Arabic. It is found under the form hurraca in Portuguese trade, reports regarding South India as early as 1516
45. In Port. Vinho is the spirit distilled from the sura or fermented "toddy,' while the sweet toddy was described as "de jagra."
46. The word Foral is derived from this. Foros.' are mentioned in early Acts of Appointment of the Dutch Government, where a village was set apart for the maintenance of an officer.
47. But judging from the Memoirs of the early Dutch Governors, gardens, fields, houses and trees were subject to taxes.
48. Same as Talameikarer, headmen, from talei, head.
49. Behind this word is concealed the Tamil mangel nir, saffron water, which was employed in the ceremony of adoption. The parents of the child to be adopted, as well as the parties whose consent to the adoption was, according to custom, essential, dipped their fingers in the water, which was then drunk by the adopting parents.
50. Kuruwe Vidane is a Sinhalese title, the Kuruwa being the Elephant Department. In later times the officer was called Kuruwe Muda liyar. The office was in existence within living memory.
51. A caste still existing in the village of Udupitti
52. A Portuguese cubit.
53. At the time, the most important of the Wanni districts.
54. The name signifies "the rice field of the Buddhist priests." Changatar represents the Sinhalese Sanghaya, Buddhist priest, aid the word is used by Ribeiro.

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55. The Sinhalese Patabenda, usually applied to headmen of the Fisher caste.
56. This seems to mean a gift or grant.
57. Moete Carres, for Masters of the Hunt, is found in Zwaardecroon's Memoir, (tr. by Sophia Pieters) p. 9.
58. See P. E. ii. 159. 59. This word seems to be the Sinhalese Hungam, imposts collected on the borders of towns.
60. A branch of the Fisher caste people. 61. Date unknown. 62, It is suggested that this word is the Sinhalese Pachchavadan, scarlet cloth.
63. The caretakers of the elephants. Sinhalese Кититауака.
64, Palmyra branches. 65. The brokers who were usually employed in connection with the sale of elephants.
66. The Nayaka, or Ruler of Madura. 67. Ships' clearances, or Passports:
68. Is this the Virarama Pattanam the Sinhalese invaded about 1420 ? See P. E. i 22.
69. "Point of the Rocks,' the Point Pedro of to-day.
70. This seems to have been some levy on the rice crops.
71. Appears to refer to dry grains cultivated on henas.
72. As used in Madura, the renter of the revenue leviable from a district.
73. Payment in the nature of a tribute.
74. The Fisher caste people of South India who were converted by Xavier, and who chiefly supplied the divers for the pear fishery.
75. Interpreter. The word signifies "two languages." An Interpreter Mudaliyar is still popularly known as "Tuppahi Mudiyanse."
76. A perquisite granted to the Queen, nominally to provide her with shoes, in the same way

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as a village would be allotted to a Sinhalese Queen, to supply her with betel leaves.
77. Tamil, same as the Anglo-Indian "chit" or Sinhalese Sittu.
78. Literally, re-search. 79. I read this word as pesca, a day’s filishing.
80. Expenses. The word is in common use in Sinhalese.
81. These are seven small Ports in South India over which the Portuguese exercised rights.
82. A priest who acted as Protector of newly converted Christians. See P. E. vol. ii. 258.
83. Wessels similar to barges. 84. i.e., the lands occupied by the Chivias.
85. It should be realised that the name Jaffna, as applied to the town, is not known to the natives. The Portuguese applied the name of the Kingdom to their settlement, in the same way as the Senkadagala of the Sinha lese was called by them Candia, from the principality of Kanda Uda Rata. To the Tamil man Jaffna town is still Pattanam. The Pettah, which is the Portuguese settlement, is Parangi Teru,-- the E'eringhees' Quarter-and is in Vannar ponnai. It is doubtful if the site of the Fort had any Tamil name of its own, though it would appear from the fact of Roman coins being picked up within the walls after the rains, that it was occupied from the earliest times.
86. Kangesanturai. 87. Peria nati Tevan 88. Viramanica Tevan 89. Uttaram, North? 90. Ullur Pareas, the Indigenous branch. 91. Parivatu
92. Theevati Sathi, torch bearers. I am obliged to Rasanay agam Muda liyar for the caste
are S.
93. The Chaya-root diggers, (Ver, root) 94. The word appearing as corra and corve

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represent various groups of Kovias, once the domes. tic slaves of the highest Vellalas. "The Company also owns a large number of slaves. . . . . They belong to various races and castes, the hief of these formerly belonged to the heathen Kings....... They live by themselves, and are described as follows...... May wale Cove, Tambele Cove, Attanhittan Cove, and Chiwelenden Cove.."...... (Van Rhee's ಸಿಖ್ಖಂrie, A. D, 1697, tr. by Sophia Anthonisz, p. 21
95. The Pallas who dug the xaya root.
96. These tythes were paid in kind. See also Zwaardecroon p. 9.

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