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Dr. DANIEL CHAPMAN VAITILINGAM соммEмоRAтоN
Dr. CHAPMAN VATLINGAM (1843 - 1900)
First Ceylonese Professor of Physiology
First Ceylonese Principal of the Jaffna Tami
Medium Medical College
Member of the English-Tamil Gossary of Medica Technical Terms
Translater of Several Medical Texts into Tamil.
BY
Prof. A. SIN NATAM BY LMS (Cey. ) FRCS (Ed. ) FRCS ( Eng., ) FRCOG Emeritus rofessor University of Ceylon.
DANIEL CHAPMAN WATLNGAM COMMEMORATION COMMITTEE
O O T R U P U B CAT I O N S 54, COLOMBO STREET,
K A N D Y .
1974

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CENTENARY OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THE TAMIL TRANSLATIONS ΟΕ
1. Human Anatomy - Gray's with additions from Wilson's and from Smith and Horner's Atlas 838 pages 1872
2. Introduction to Prof. Dalton's Human Physiology
134 pages 1872
Vaitilingam's other First Tamil Translations and Publications of
Text Book of Human Physiology by Prof. Ј. C. Dalton. manuscripts in 1872-Completed Publication in 1883-590 pages
Waring's Text Book of Indian Pharmacopia-manuscripts 1877-1880: Completed publication in 1884 (540 pages)
DANIEL CHAPMAN VATILINGAM
Born 1843: At Uduvil Manipai, near Dr. Green's Medical College
and Hospital.
Manipai 1861-1863 Medical Student Dr. Green's Medical
College (English Medium). Graduated in 1863 and
internee till 1865 in Dr. Green's Hospital, Manipai
and in the Friend-in-need Society's Hospital, Jaffna. member of vocabulaty committee 1865-70 - Assistant
Physician Green's Hospital Manipai and Assistant Physician F. I. N. S. Hospital Jaffna, Lecturer Physiology and Medicine (Tamil Medium )
1870-1871 - Colonial Medical Surgeon ( Government
Medical Officer).
1872 - Trained as Principal of Green's Medical (Tamil Medium) College and professor of Physiology by Dr. S. F. Greens MD.
1873-1900 - Principal of Green's Medical College and its Chief Professor. Chief Physician to the Manipai and F.I.N. S. Hospitals.
Died 1900 in South India.

Dr. Chapman Vaitilingam (1843-1900)
Pioneer, Tamil Medium Medical Educationist*
Professor A. Sinnatamby, L.M.S. (Cey.) F.R.C.S. (Ed.) F.R.C.S. (Eng.) F.R.C.O.G.
Professor Kanagasabapathy, Professors, Lecturers and Undergraduates of the University of Ceylon, Ladies & Gantlemen.
To be asked to deliver this first Chapman Waitilingam oration, on this special occasion of your commemoration Committee releasing a Tamil translation cf Samson Wright's applied Physiology 12th Edition to commemorate the centenary of Chapman Waitilingam translating into the Tamil languag3 and successfully publishing a Text book of Gray's Human Anatomy and a synopsis of Prof. Daltons' Text Book of Physiology, in 1872, is a great honour.
This task is a difficult one. To rend the veil that hides the greatness of this first Ceylonese professor of physiology, to unravel all the workings of the mind of this dedicated medical educationist and to list his achievements after a time lapse of about 150 years is no easy task,
H2 was one of the pioneers in the dissemination of scientific medical knowledge through the Tamil medium in this country.
He was associated with the school of Western Medicine (from 1861 to 1900) founied in Jaffna by Dr. S. F. Green MD. and his
* First Dr. Chapman Vaitilingam memorial lecture delivered on the occasion
of the release of Tamil Translation of Samson Wright's Applied Physio- - logy 12th ed. in Peradeniya on 24th August 1974.
Emeritius Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ceylon.
Professor of Mathematics, University of Ceylon. Peradeniya and President of Dr., D. Chapman Commemoration Committe.

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colleagues in 1847. This association, with the school was for about 39 years of the 53 years of its existence.
In that school of medicine he was a student and internee from 1861-1865 and later a teacher in physiology from 1865-1970. For a short period between 1870-1871 he s2rved as a colonial medical surgeon (Govt. Medical Officer) and later from 1873 till the closure of this madcal college in 1900 or so, he was the principal of that medical college and also the professcir of Physiology, It is interesting to know that until 1864 this college used Fnglish as the medium of instructions and from 1864 onwards it switched on to Tamil as the medium of instruction in all the subjects.
Revolutionary Beginning
It was a delibratic and revolutionary attempt made by Dr. S. F. Green M. D., and Dr. Vaitilingam, through this college of medicine to mould the native Tamil system cf medicine so that the western scientific system of medicine and surgery “correct in its liferature and practice' ' takes root among the people and undergo its natural growth, keeping pace with its growth in the other parts of the world. Dr. Green and Dr. Waitilirgam were sure that the scientific literature being now in the mother tongue of the Tamil speaking popes this science and art of medicine would long endure amongst the people. Dr. Green and Vaitilingam were the only principals that this school of medicine ever had during its nearly 53 years of existence. A study of his life, of his achievements and failures in that great expcriment of his has a relevance now, csp2cially, as we have also embarked on the setting up of Swabasha Sinhala and Tamil schools of medicinc at University level in this country.
My Role
When I accepted Prof. Kanagasabapathy's request it was with a lot of trepidation. I had doubts and misgivings whether I am equal to this task. I knw hr had not made this request bicause I hail from the sama parish that Dr. Chapman Waitilingam was born and that my native home is in the very village of Manipai which was the cantre of Vaitilingam's activities. His choice of
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me as the Speaker to-day is an honour paid to the Chair that I held in thic University of Ceylon as Profesor of Obstetrics and Gynarcology committed to the task of teaching the Medical Sciences in the mother tongue of the undergraduates (Sinhala and Tamil).
It it fitting that Dr. Daniel Chapman Waitilingam cine of our foremost Physiologist and Physician in the 19th Century who along with his cqually gifted colleagues, pioneered this teaching of the Medical Sciences in the mother tongus of his students should be commemorated and that too by the publica'ion, of the Tamil translation of Samson Wright's applied Physio'ogy 12th edition 1971. Physiology is a science that young Vaitilingam liked best.
Preliminary Weature for vocabulary translaticn process.
Dr. Green before leaving for America in 1857 on furlough had already taken the initial steps in Ceylon to effect the change over in the medium of Instruction as decided by the Board of the American Mission cn April 25, 1855. Sec appndix A. He had set up a 'Vocabulary' Committee with himself as thc Chairman. The other members of his Committee were some of is carlier Graduates and other Ang'o-Tamil Scholars of that period. (Life and Letters of Dr. S. F. Green 1891).
After his return from America he had a new vocabulary Committee which included Dr. Chapman Waitilingam and Dr. W. - Naihniel Swaminathan, Dr. Evarts an 1 other Anglo-Tamil Scholars, Dr. Green himself was a linguist bring very proficient in Latin. Greek, French and German, English and Tamil. He had observed that the Tamil language possessed many good nedical terms. He had himself already tannslated Dr. Cutters Anatomy and Physiology (in 1852) and Mansell's Dublin Practice of Obstetrics (in 1855).
The vocabulary' (glossary) is to cover all the department of medical science - Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry etc. The vocabulary that was needed first was first compiled. While he was in America he had selected good text books for translation. In August 14, 1863, a year after his return from America he told his graduates which included members of his staff “I hope some of the gradu
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ates will exhibit public spirit enough to bring out each some good medical book in Tamil' (Life and Letters of Dr. S. F. Green 1891) Dr. Vaitilingam extended his full support to this appeal and not only did he actively assist Dr. Green in the Vocabulary Committee but also set about translating the basic sciences Anatomy, Physiology and the Gineral Sciences required for the study of madicine. Although his came from a community of strong individualists he had one great characteristic that is, he could combine with others for service and this quality lhe demonstrated in full during his later years of his life when he became the principal of the Medical College in 1873.
It was very fortunate that at this period of the History of Jaffna there abounded in the land (actually in large numbers) Tamil and Tamil cum Sanskrit Scholars, Tamil and English Scholars amongst the Tamils and an appreciable member of Anglo-Tamil and Latin-Greek scholars of international standing among the Eng lishmen and Americans living in Jaffna:- to mention a few, Rev. . Winslow, Rev. Knight, Rev. Percival, Dr. S. F. Green. All these people were available for consultation to the glossary committee.
Dr. Vaitilingam unlike us of the prosnt cra, was well up in his Tamil and English. This educational system of the boys in Jaffna in that era was such that they had a very good education in the study of the Tamil Language and Literature before they joined the Batticotte linstitute where they received an excellent education in English and Tamil (Batticotte Institute 1823-1856).
Publications and Translatious
Dr. Waitilingam was allotted the task of translating into Tamil (1) Gray's Anotomy 2nd Edition (1867) and (2) Prof. J. C. Dalton's Physiology 4th Edition 1867 and still more he had to assist Dr. S. F. Green and S. Swaminathan in the translation of Wells' Text Book of Chemistry.
It is only after teaching the subjects from the manuscripts of these translations for a number of years and during this period, perfecting the translations, that the texts were sent up to Dr. Green for scrutiny. It is only after all these procedures, they were
1. Batticotte - Vaddukoddai (B to be pronounced like V).
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sent for publication to the printers. This will give us food for thought when we compare their procedures with our methods of getting our text books now.
During the period of delay in printing, the students were lectured from the translation manuscripts, and the students have to take down notes. They used paper and 1nk and - pens for this and as paper was scarce even in those days they very often had to resort to write on palmyrah ola leaf with an iron style. Every student before he joined these higher institutes have to be good in the use of the style. I had a few ola leaves of these lectures in my collection of 'ola' Books but unfortunately they got lost. They were given to me by my pupil and assistant Dr. Laxsman Amarasingham, F. R. C. S., M. R. C. O. G.
Eventually Dr. Waitilingam's translation of Gray's Anatomy 2nd edition, along with sections of Anatomy from Wilson's Anatomy and Smith and Horners atlas was out in 1872. (838 pages). He had alreally perfected the translation of Prof. J. C. Dalton's text Book of Physiology (which included chapters on Zoology). It was ready for printing but as the printers could not undertake a book of this magnitude along with the anatomy book and also as there was other unforeseen delays an “Introduction to Human Physiology' based on the above book of Prof. Dalton's was written by Dr. Waitilingam. It included short accounts of various chapters of the big book illustrated by diagrams, pictures and also a glossary of Technical terms in Physiology for use by teachers and students. This was again scrutinized by Dr. Green. It was out of the press in the same year 1872. (Pages 134) The big Text Book of physiology (590 pages) was finished printing in 1883 after a delay of 10 years or so; Years of lecturing from the manuscripts had improved the language and polished the technical terms used in the translation of this book.
Mr. President, it is fitting that this translation of the first part of Samson Wright's applied physiology 12th Eiition 1971, (It is bring used in 2 parts as there is an uncxpacted delay in printing the full volume) that we are releasing today also commemorates the centenary of the publication of these two translation of his already mentioned,

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This indefatigable teacher and translator has another translation to his credit. It was a translation of Waring's Pharmacopia of India. It was a translation of 574 pages which was ready for printing in 1880. The Manipni press was dilatcry and caused much delay to printing this translation of Dr. Vaitilingams, but it eventually came out of the Manipai press in 1884,
There were other translations and compilations of vocabularies done with his active assistance.
1. Chemistry-practical and theoretical by David Wells (516 pages) 1875. He gave his assistance to Dr. S. F. Green and Dr. S. Swaminathan in preparation of this book. It includes chapters in physics too.
2. Vocabulary of Materia Medica and pharmacy, cf midwifery, of diseases of women and children and of medical Jurisprudence1875, 165 pages. ,
This was compiled by Dr. S. F. Green with Dr. Vaithilingam and Doctor Nathaniel S. Swaminathan, Vaithilingam and Swaminathan were brilliant graduates from Green's last English Medium Course of Studics (1861-1864).
His Prophetic Intuition || - Vaitilingam’s dictum
Mr. President, one of the greatest legacies of any nation is the memory of a great man and the inheritance of a great example Dr. Daniel Chapm in Waitilingam was such a man and it is pleasant to pay tributes to his memory and achievements. There was another impatus to his work. He had a genuine fear that the use of the English language will one day fade away from the Tamils of this country. And all the new sciences and other knowledge emerging in Europe and North America and brought into Ceylon through the English language medium, will disappear in the lapse of time, unless they are taught in the Tamil Language and the knowledge made accessible to the ordinary man, in the villages. e had the knowledge of history behind him. The Portuguese
1. The title page of the printed book clearly states that it was translated
by Dr. Chapman Vaitilingam.

Linguage completely disappeared from the country after more than 100 years of sway. It left only the Roman Catholic faith as a heritage because it was propagated in the native Languages. The Dutch Linguage also disappeared after a period of long usage in this country. It left behind the Roman Dutch Law and that too because it was ren lered in to English. He for saw a situation that th: sciences which wir chiefly sustained by the English Language may dissappear. If this happend he feared that the Tamil Siddha an Ayurveilic Systems of Cylon medicine could never be revitalised and put on moisrn scientific basis. What was in his mind I blieve was to transform it into a scientific system of or comp'etely replace it by a Tamilised Western Medicine. To put it again, his view was if scientific medicine is to benefit the common man and the medical practioners and be an abiding thing and not to depart from the Tamil speaking world in the lapse of time' it should bc in their mother tongue and not in a foreign language.
This view he shared in common with his teacher and friend Dr. S. F. Green. Jaffan Districts then were almost completely cut off from the rest of Ceylon and there were no doctors trained in the Western System of medicine in Jaffna during this period of this island's history. There were no Government Civil Hospitals and the entire population received their medical care from native practioners (vy diars) who had not kept pace with the march of science and were stagnating in the 14th century medicine.
Mr. President, Let us recall some of the outstanding events in the life of this great medical man, who made an enormous impact on this madical education and medical practice during the mid and latter part of the 19th century.
His birth, early cducation and graduation as a medical graduate
Eldest in a family of two, Vaitilingam was born to Hindu parents living at Uduvil probably in the year 1843 or so. The names of his parents could not by traced for it is the customary practice of th2 enrly missio in aris to convert the students to Christianity at thic tims they leave Batticotta Institute by confering on thm n2w names ganerally those of the particular benefactor (God father) of the Converted man. Later some added their original
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nam’s given to them by their parents to the new one and not th n me ; of thir : fathers!. It w is by som i foresight that his parents num3d him Vaitiling am - Medicine parsonified Thus he became Daniel Chipman Alias Vaitilingam (e g: Arunasalam Sathasivamplai a Hindu after baptism was known as J. R. Arnold popularly called by the people Arnold Sathasivampillai A. Thuraiapphpillai of Tellcpallai after baptism was named Samuel Hatchings Taylor Later h took on his Hiudu name.) The other known member of the family of Dr. Waitilingam is his sister who was younger to him.
Vaitilingam was born about 20 years after Arumuga Navalar that Great Hindu Revivalist and Tamil Scholar and about 23 years after Rev. Mirion Winslow's (that great American Scholar and compiler of the famous Tamil English Dictionary) arrival in the village of Uduvil to open a new centre for missionary work. Rev. Winslow took up residence in the village of Uduvil in the year 1820.
According to the usual practice that prevails amongst the Tamils his parents would have taken Waitilingam to the local Pillayar Temple for the purpose of initialing him in his studies. A new 'ola' leaf booklet would have been made and the letters of the Tamil alphabet would have been 'scratched on the leaf with the help of the style. He would have been helped by his parents and the Guru to read the letters of the alphabet. This Pillayar temple is not far away from where he resided with his parents on the old Dutch Road that ran close to the present Uduvil Girls School. That garden of his is still called Chapmans Waitilingam Walavu. His house has been pulled down some time back. From the letters of Mr. Harriet Lathoop Winslow, (1820) we are able to get an idea of the village of Uduvil. It was a village thickly populated entirely by healthy prosperous and hard working farmers. There was no extreme poverty in the village. Few of them know English but many had their formal traditional 'ola' leaf education from Pandits and priests of the temples. She noticed that there was a tremendous thirst for a kind of education beyond that of the ola leaf amongst the people and that the parents had a strong desire for educating their male children. When Waitialingam was born there was already a well established school for girls (1830) at Uduvil

and also a well established University s:hool - Batticotte Institute (1823) at Waddukkoddai (Batticotte).
Educational level of the times - contents of education,
It was the usual practice for youngsters to attend the local missionary schools in the village or in their adjoining village and later when they reach the age of 14, gain admission into the Batticotte Institute, where the boys are given new names, the names of their benefactors. This institute gets money from their benefactors in America for their support. It was necessary for each boy to have a sponsor who is interested in the spiritual growth of the boy and who plays for his conversion and invariably, when they leave th: institute they are baptised and made Christians taking over the names of their sponsors. This is what happened to Vaitilingam when he left the institute to join the Medical School in 1861. He took on the name of Daniel Chapman.
It would bic interesting to know at this juncture what he was taught or lencured upon in that University Institute. He was taught literature, History, Sience, Mathematics, Logic, Astronomy, Ethics and Tamil and English.
History included the history of Ceylon and India, of Greece, Rpme, Franc2 and Eng'ani and church history. Young Waitilingam had a sound education at that Institute and at the age of 18 or so, (in 1361) healthy and intelligent as he was he found himself hand picked by the keen eyed selectors to be included in the 1851 - 1334 batch of younsters for a regular course in Western Medicine. The teaching was in the English medium and in 1862 he came under th influence of Dr. S. F. Green who had just returned from America after his first holiday. That brillaint J. D. Periatamby translator of Druwit's Science and practice of Surgery was also his teacher. (See appendix B). His other batch mates (1861 - 64) were
Foot Note:- 1. Life as letters of Dr. S. F. Green states that in 1891 Periathamby
was already deceased (date not known) in 1891? 2. Druit's Science and practice of Surgery (Tamil) was out of
ths press in 1867.

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Appapilai — alias William Paul.
Swaminathan - alias S. W. Nathaniel. Kanakaratnam - alias C. S. Strong. S. Navaratnam - alias Sivapragasam. Ethirnayagam - alias C. T. Mills. Karthikesan alias M. Hitchcck. J. B. Shaw - alias L. Spaulding,
Course of Studies:-
What was their cours: of Studies? They had lectures in the basic Scierces - Dissections of human bodies were dore. Dr. Green's letter of 3ist January 1849 reveals that he had to do dissecticns on the cadaver for his students, only 3 of them, on that particular date. Bed side teaching took dominance over routine cl: sics. The students have to do their practical work in the mission dispansary and also a tend the clinics and operations etc, in the Friend in Need Society hospital, Jaffna (F. I. N. S.) (1850-1900) twice wcekly. At the end of the third year, they havs to sit for their Final examination. All successful Candidates had to gain practical experience of one or two years under supervision and it is then only, a certificate of qualification was issued. Later it is only on the recommendation of Dr. S. F. Green that some of them were taken into the Colonial Medical Service (Govt. Service) Dr. Chapman Waitilingam was in the latter category. He served the Govt. of Ceylon for a few years before 1872 at Dr. S. F. Green's requist he was released from Government Service on Feb. 19th 1872 to be groomed for the principalship of this Tamil medium Medical School.
Mcdical Books.
What were the books used by Vaitilingam and his friends
for their studies during 1861-64? This is the last class that had its teaching all done in English. :
1. Anatomy : by Wilson 2. Physiology : by C. rpentor 3, Chemistry : by Corsock 4. Dispensatory : by Christicon & Griffith
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5. Physician's vad: Mecuem : by Hoop:r
6. Surgery : by Druit 7. Dublin practic of midwifery : by Mansell 8. Diseases of Children : by Wests 9. Diseases of Women : by Churchill 10. Medical Jurisprudence : by Taylor
It would be interesting to know that Physiology books of that cra had bits of Zoology and Botany also included and that Chemistry had chapters on Physics. (Heat and Light electricity and magnetism.)
It is also interesting to know that Dr. Green got the good services of the Colonial Army Surgeon attached to the military hospital inside tha Jaffna Fort to lecture on lindigenous Medical herbs. The Army Surgeon was also a trained botanist. He gave a class weekly to the students.
What is the Extent of surgical work these Students saw in Jaffna during those days?
To get an idea of the Surgical work, I shall quote a letter from Dr. S. F. Green dated 31st January 1849, to his brother Andrew, Thc number of patients in my register today is 2544 (13 months) one third of those or more are Surgical Cases. I have removed lots of Tum purs, lhave operated Cataract Several times, strangulated hernia once, amputated arms once,............ removed several cancers, treated several fractures, amputations of fingers ani toes and attended on some very bad cascs of childbirth etc. Last Monday I removed the upper jaw and cheek bones for cancer etc'. All Surgical obstetrical and medical work increased. Nitrous Oxide was already in use Ether had been discovered in America by Merton in 1846 and Chloroform was discovered in Edinburgh by Simpson in 1847, all these Anaesthetic agents were employed by him to do some of these major operations.
Dr. Chapman Waitilingam one of the first native doctors as he is referred to by C. F. Gordon Cummings grew up in this stimulating academic atmosphere and passed out cf the institution in 1864. He became the menber of the teaching staff chiefly

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concentrating on thic basic skiences and medicine. He was also a member of thc Clinical staff attached to the Manipai Hospital and the F. I. N. S. hospital, Jaffna. For a short period just before 1872 he was a Colonial Medical Surgeon and in February 1872 he was released from Govt. Service to be groomed for the principalship of the Tamil Medium Medical School.
His Marriage:
Before we go into the influenc2s that moulded this young, intelligent en2rgatic Dr. Vaitilingam into a clever and popular medical practioner, a fine teacher, and able translator of Scientific literature into Tamil and later an able Head of the Tamil Medium medical school and a professor and still leter a fine public citizen agita ing for the opx.ling of Women's hospitals, reform of the Indigenous systems of therapy etc. We are interested to know what h; did about his marriage? It is important because the wrong type of partner would make his professional work a mercerary onic ani would take him away from his ideal of being a humble evangelical m2 dical practionar and also would distract him from his great task of building up to Tamil Native Medical System on a scintific basis. His achievements will depend to a great extent on this on 2 factor of the marital partner. Woman makes or mars a man's carer.
He had a Sister to be married and he had to find a young man. of his own family status to marry her. Fortunately for lim he had an uncle of his at Tellipalai who had a son called Kandavanam and a daughter. Kandavanaim was also a m2dical student like him but his was in the Miniphi Tamil midium meiical school in 1867-70 passing out in 1870. His may by 5-6 years younger than Vaitilingam. Vatilingam's marriage problem was solved by he marrying Dr. Kandavanam's sister and Dr. Kandavanam marrying his sister. It was an ideal marring 2 for him, We do not know whether the two parties had other brothers or sisters. Dr. Chapman Waitilingam had 2-3 children; it scems they were sent to India to study, O. mai: India his perman:nt homa and th: other migrated to the F. M. S.
Dr. Vaitilingam also, many years after the death of his wife (10th Aug. 1881) and after the closure of the medical school in
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1900 migrated to India and joined his children there. He probably died there (date of death is not known) There are no descendants of his in Ceylon now to my knowledge.
It might interest you that one of the copies of Vaitilingam's translations of Prof. Dalton's Physiology that. I have was traced to Malaya and obtained from there. Every prosperous Tamil man in Jaffna in that era had a four wheeled “Kuthirai Vandi' (Horse Carriage) or a phaeton carriage and our Dr. Vaitilingam was no exception to this. He is said to have own cd one.
The Milieu
Now let me briefly tell you the various influences that affected Dr. Vaitilingam ani moulded him into a dedicated teacher, a capable clinician, and an ideal Evengelical medical man who conformed to the norms of his cwn people and was not an imitator ot the west in dress, dief, drinks etc. and not cnic who prided cn an imported culture so that he earnel the confidence, regard and friendship of Dr. Green.
Northern Districts and the rest of Ceylon during the early Nineteenth Century and the isolation of the North.
The British annexed the Dutch Ceylon which includcd the Northern part and all the coastal districts of Ceylon in 1796 or so. The Central parts of Ceylon and the Kandyan Kingdom had yet to be subdued. This took another 20 years to do so and conditions to settle down to normal took a few more years. Christian missionaries belonging to various missions from Britain were pouring into the Country in large numbers and they were being equally distributed all over Ceylon by Governor North, afterwards Lord Guildford, to do evangalical work through Educational Institutions and th: stuiy of English. The northern districts were separated from the rest of Ceylon by implissable tracts of wild animal infested forests and jungles, by lagoons and other natural barriers. There was no easy means of communications between the two areas of the Country.
Food Note: This short account of his life was given to me by Dr. C. Ratnesar that Veteran medical practioner of Wel lawatte. Mr. Gnadurai of Havelock Town both connected to the descendant of Kandavanam.
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Except for a few Tamil families that migrated to Colombo during the late Dutch times and very early British times before the Central Cylon was annexel, there were few Caylon Tamils in South Ceylon. An appreciable number of Ceylon Tamils from the north were in Kandy engaging themselves in various walks of life.
There was hardly any Sinhalese in the North. Jaffna grew up as almost a separate land under the bene volent administraticn of Mr. Dyke and Mr. Twynam. The people were unaware of a bigger Sinhalese population in South Ceylon. They had no contact with them: There was hardly a Government school in Jaffna then: There were no Governm:nt hospitals and dispensaries to speak of. There were no doctors trained in Western medicine, The native practioners (Vythiars) served the entire Jaffna Peninsula. Their knowledge of medicine was that of the Pre-Pararajasekeram (14th century) era. The European medicine of the army hospitals of the PCrtuguese and Dutch did not leak out' from these bases except the little that trickled out through the attendants who worked in those hospitals and who when their time came, set up Venereal Disease Treatment centres, Fractures Centres and other such centies. They krew nothing of the great scientific medical discoveries that had taken place during the Western Countries or taking place in the 18th Century. It wants a separate chapter to deal with this. Medical Colleges had already been set up in the 14th and 15th centuries at various cities in Europe and great advances have been made in the study of medicine and other sciences.
In the new America again, vast advances had been made and they in Ceylon were totally ignorant of all these.
Colombo fortunately had doctors trained in Western medicine. Youngmen from rich and influential families were receiving their medical cducation in Scotland, Germany, Australia, Holland, London and other places. Children of influential families were being sent to the British Universities, many of such pecple had becomic gocd Christians of the British mould.
The following information will give some idea of the isolation of Northern Ceylon from the rest of Ceylon.
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l. Common route taken by the people to reach south Ceylon was by a tract that ran along the West Coast of Ceylon. The Journey was undertaken either by foot, or palanquin or by Cart.
2. The common mode cf transport by land from Jaffna to Matale was by bullockcart either for human cr mail service and it took 20 30 days to reach Kandy.
3. A regular steamship service right round Ceylon was established in 1859. Dr. Green took about 10 days to go by the steamship from Jaffna to Colombo. (March 2-12-1873).
4. A bullock cart and hackery mail service was established between Jaffna and Matale in 1876, Earlier the Mail service was performed by runners. Bullocks were replaced by horses later and the journey reduced to 10-15 days. Railway to Jaffna was opened in 1905.
II. World Influences
1 1800-1820 was a historic period in the political scene of Europe. In 1811, Napoleon Bonaparte had the entire Europe under his heel. Duke of Wellington had defeated him and broke up his Empire. While the Vienna Congress was drawing up the boundaries for the new states some of the officeers and men of victorious Wellington were coming over to Ceylon to take up to planting. More white settlers followed. European dcctors canne in their wake and they were still in Ceylon (Hatton and Colombo) during my House Surgeonship days (1935-37). The directors of the medical services were Englishmen. They were also in the panel of examiners for the final L. M. S. Examinations to cnsure a fair examination and no victimisation. Ceylonese doctors were also being trained overseas. There was no shortage of Western trained doctors in Kandy and in Colombo and other big provincial towns.
2. A change in the attitude of the European people towards the under developed peoples of the world. Another interesting historically very important mass manifestation was developing almost to an 'Exodus' extent amongst the educated populations of
Foot Note:- Ceylon 1893 - by J. Ferguson gives a correct account of Ceylon from 1796-1893 and is worth reading.
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Denmark, England, Scotlard, America and other places. There was a missionary "Epidemic of Evangelising missions-to Christianise the underdeveloped ones in the wide world.
It is to extend the "Redeemers Kingdom' amongst the millions in India, Ceylon, China, Pacific Islands, Africa, Malaya, Burma and such other wild and unhospitable places in the world. Missionaries were very sincere in this, .
The workings of the one and the same God (if you believe in one) are mysterious and are definitely purposeful. The table given blow will tell you about the arrival in Ceylon of these missions. Fergusons Chronological Table cf Missions.
1804 Arrival of London Missions
1812 ., Baptist Missions
1814 9 ,, Wesleyan Missions 1816 un , American Missions.
188 , Church of England Missionaries (C.M.S.)
840 , , , , Church of Missionaries. (S.P.G.)
Excepting the American mission, the rest of the missionaries were equally scattered all over Ceylon, Many of the members were highly cultured and educated men. Some of them were from the best Universities in England and Scotland and America. The contributions they made and the influence they exerted on the lives and thoughts of the people are very noteworthy, They set up very good Educational Institutions. I made an exception of the American. Why was it? They were again from a foreign country They were like the others keen in evangelising Ceylon.
Unique Feature of the American Mission
The Americans had more weapons in their evengelical armour than these possessed by the other missionaries. They had an evenglising medical missionary work which the others did not posses in their armour. They set up dispensaries, hospitals and also a medical school to turnout evangelising doctors, They had educational institutions solely for the purpose of training catechists and school teachers, They had missions in various parts of India,
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Burma, Malaysia and other places, where they could employ the men trained in Jaffna. The other missions were from the United Kingdom, the country that conquered Ceylon and these had the patronage of their own king and his representatives in Ceylon, The American mission had no such political patronage. They were more humble than the other missions. They had taken 'Christ's message seriously to heart. This is reflected clearly from their thougits, writings and deeds.
How is it that they were directed to the North
It is just an accident that the American missionaries set foot in Ceylon and that they were directed by the Government to the neglected far off and inaccessible unhealthy north. It is an interesting story by itself. The American Board of missions sent out its missionaries to commenee work at Madras arid not at Jaffna. On their way to Madras their vessel was wrecked off the N. W. Coast of Ceylon. This they accepted as an indication of the Divine will that they were to go no further. (Their mission lay in that region).
The British Governor, I believe Governor North, had to find a way out of this peculiar situation, probably he thought that a foreign mission with such a colour ring is not the one that he should allow in this still politically ur.settled dc mains and also in the midst of other Government orientated British missions.
It may be to avoid unpleasant situations that he dirccted them to the furthermost almost inaccessible spot in Ceylor, the Jaffna Peninsula. There were already se veral cl.er British missic Ins actively working in Jaffna. But this was to the advantage of the American mission. They found a compact and manageable area bristling with problems favourable for missionary sclutions. They found a base for activities elsewhere in India and South Asia. They found in Jaffna very intelligent people who could be recruited for missionary work in other parts of Ceylon and British Asia as Catechists, School teachers and medical practioners.
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Medical services in the Jaffna Peninsual and the arrival of young Dr. S. F. Green.
Jaffna was a free field for native, medical practioners who were still following the systems of Medicine of th Pre-parajasekaram (14th Century) era. Actually they were the only men available for medical succour even in the other parts of Ceylon, Many of the Ayurvedic Works in Tamil were translatcd into Sinhalese and taught to Sinhalese medical students during the 14th & 15th Century. (Nanayakara 1974). Few of them migrated to Kandy during the early part of the 19th century Kandy. It might amuse you that one of my ancestors Thamotharam pillai was practising in Ma'abar Street of Kandy from 1855-1901. He got back to his home village in 1901.
The native systems however pollular it might have been to the ordinary people but it was a stagnant system of medicine, being the earliest, oldest and longest it had the mastery of the people. The native physicians in Jaffna had no idea of Aratcmy Physiolcgy and Pathology and no knowledge of Tropical Diseases, no knowledge of Bacteriology no knowledge of preventive health measures. Some of their modes of treatment were cruel and sickening. In to such a Jaffna did Dr. Scudder and his wife come in 1810. He was the first medical missionary in the World. He taught medicine to local men. He was followed by the young and energetic Dr. Green in Oct. 1847 who took full charge of the Evengelical medical establishments and his subsequent activities are historical and well known. ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔ -
He was the practical Surgeon 1 of the last century and early part of this cantury (up to my medical students days). He attended on medical, Surgical and obstetrical cases. In surgical work he could equal the best in America and United Kingdom. It was Dr. Waitilingams good fortune that he came under the influence of this great teacher, Physician and Surgeon and godly Man.
Jaffna Influences.
It I look back at the 350 years, I would say that Jaffna was never in that peak position of Tamil Scholorship as it was during the early and middle part of the 19th century. It had several
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eminent English speaking scholars in its midst, to name a few, Dr. Percival, Dr. Knight, Dr. Winslow, Dr. Green and a host of others. Equally great Tamil scholars were there to meet the new unexpected challenge from the Western missionaries. The number of Tamil Scholars were too many. Even Tamil youths had reached high standards in the study of Tamil so that they were helping the missionaries in their literary work. One need not, therefore, be surprised at the very sound knowledge of Tamil and English that Dr. Waitilingam possesed. It was the era of classical Tamil and the Classical English of George Eliot, Jane Austine and others. Many of the English speaking scholars, were well up in their Latin, Greek and other European Languages. The Tamil Scholars were equally very good in Sanskirit and some were good in Engiish too. There were big religious contro versies, and tremendous literary activities taking place in Jaffna, and these sharpened Waitilingams intellect and urged him on to indulge in intellectual activities of a very high order.
This accounts for the excellent manner in which he had translated the English texts. It is a pleasure to read his translations and enjoy the easy flow of words in his cryptic Tamil sentences, It is good and refined Tamil of the mid nineteenth century. It would do good if every translator (or even a writer) reads his texts bafore embarking on translations of scientific treatises in Tamil.
Medical and other Scientific Influences from the West,
Dr. Waitilingam during his medical student days and later as a practioner and teacher in medicine, when he read the medical text books and other recent Journals and books in Dr. Green's library would have been struck with awe and wonder at the great advances in medicine that were being made in the nineteenth century, the start of the heroic period of medicine and research, in Europe and America, Problems of the cause of infections dominated this period. During the second helf of the ninteenth century outstanding medical triumphs centered round the establishment of the doctrine of germ origin of disease.
Foot Note:- 1 "My most unforgettable character' - Readers Digest May 1974
Cormen mendez.
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Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Lavaran, Ecrlich, Metchinikoff, Roentgen, Simpson and many others dominated the scene. In 1859 by a series of experiments Pasteur, a layman, proved that the organisms of putrefaction and fermentation never rose de novo but always from those of a kind like themselves. Lister divised methods of preventing wound infection and introduced the antiseptic principle into surgery. Anthrax bacillus was discovered in 1875. Leprosy bacillus in 1874. Many organisms of wound infection in 1877. organisms causing gonorrhosa in 1879. In 1832 Koch demonstrated the bacilius of tuberculosis, Bacteriology arose as a new science, and bacteriologists were numrous in Germany. Discovery of Typhoid bacillus in 1880, fetanus, cholera (Koch) and diphtherin followed in 1883; Glanders in 1885, Cerebrospinal fever and undulant fevers in 1887; plague in 1894; and of others soon followed. The scientific study of immunity was started and active immunisation processes were introduced against typhoid. Foundation for preventive medicine and public health was laid.
Advances in physiology have been great and were of high significance for medical practice. Stress was laid on the detailed study of Anatomy and this subj2ct was chiefly taught by surgeons.
Lister introduced the antiseptics principles into surgery in 1870.
Merton discovered ether in 1846. Simpson discovered chloroform in 1847. Nitrous oxide was there already. Introduction of anaesthetics in 1850 and of antisptics from about 1870 produced vast improvements in surgical technique, also reduced pain during labour. Simpson and Sommel Weis introduced the principle of antisepsis into the labour rooms and puerperal infection was controlled. (1870) Difficult 1...bours were made easier with the help of the forceps discovered by Simpson. It was a period as sensationial as the period that followed world war. II. Nursing as a branch of medical care assumid importance. Discoveries in the realm of Tropical Diseases were sensational.
Spirochoets of relapsing fever was described in 1873. Entamoeba histolytica in 1839. Dysentery bacilli in 1897. Filaria Bancrofti in 1878. Malaria Parasite by Lavaran in 1880, Trypanosomes in man 1901, Hook Worms 1866. Foundations for various medical
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disciplines have made during the latter part of 19th century. A great public health movement began in 1848. Rontgen discovered X'rays in 1895. Curie is to discover Radium. Opthalmoscope was invented in 1851. Laryugoscope invented in 1855; tremendous activities were going on in the making of sophisticated instruments.
True Scientific Spirit.
But here in North Ceylon or as matter of fact, all over Ceylon, the native physicians were still living in the 14-15th century cra with no knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology and elementary science; As far as medicine and studies of other disciplines were concerned, they were quite unaware of the progress of science, medicine, surgery. and other associated sciences over the west. What one saw all around was ignorance and quackery and cruelty and irrational treatment. There was no earnestness in finding out the truth. Dr. Vaitilingams heart would have bean touched when he read Lister demanding from all practioners a 'warm loving heart first of all, the next, truth in earnest spirit'. Dr. Green had drawn up a scheme to plant true scientific medicine in this northern land of medical untruths and superstitions, magic, and Sorcery. He had already started a medical school and pasid out the first few batches of really brilliant doctors. “I want to have more doctors trained with the help of them and they will be stticned throughout the country, and thus I hope to rout the superstitions practices of the native doctors and at least began the rout so that in a few generations it will be completed. He wanted to root “a system of Physic and surgery correct in the literature and practice that being self sustained may long endure'. a code of conduct towards the native physicians was also drawn up. ''Scientific doctors should fraternise with them, investigate the native systems of madicini; consult with them whan desired; communicate inormation freely assuming no apparance of superiority and draw out their views and experience''.
Dr. Waitilingam and his friends fully extended their co-operation to their Chief in making this scheme a reality. Ayurvedic Physicians began purchasing the translations of the earlier medical books. They were talking now in a scientific mannar about the structure
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of the body and the functions of the body. Elementary Anotomy, Physiology and hygiene were being taught in all mission schools. By 1870 Ayurvedic Physicians were sending their sons to the Green's madical school for madical studies. Sciences of Sidha m2 icins were changing and the necessary transformation that Dr. Green and Dr. Vaitilingam and others desired was taking place and moving fast towards a common basic scientific medical system. It was not the old native medicine but a Semi-scientific medicine that was evolving. They anticipated that in a few generations you will not be able to distinguish it from the Western Scientifi systems of medicine. This will not happen unless medicine was taught in the Swabasha (Vaitilingam's Dict nm). Will, Dr. Waitilingam's (as he is the one who headed and laboured the Tamil medium medical school from 1872) expectations come true in the near future?
What were the reasons for the Board of Professors of the medical school changing the medium of Instruction from English in Tami in 1868.
Dr. A. Mills in his monograph on Dr. Green makes it out that this change in the medium of instruction was solely due to a sudden decision of Dr. Green. It is stated “the nationals desired to be taught in English for lucrative jobs under the Govt. and that the only way to settle them down in villages is to teach them in Tamil'. No it is not a true inference - The reason was that Evengelism was suffering as it could not be carried on among the masses in English.
In appendix A is given the proceedings of a meeting of the Ceylon Branch of the mission and the special representatives from the American Board of Commissions for Foreign missions held in Jaffna on 25th April 1855. Appendix A will further amplify mission's position and Dr. Green's position.
The Ceylon Board Unanimously decided that the function of the medical establishment was primarily to evengelise the people and therefore it should produce Evengelical medical practioners to work among the needy and the poor and that the medium of instruction in the medical school should be changed to Tamil
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“as soon and as far as possible'. Dr. Green also agreed fully on this. He was only one of 10 or 11 members of whom many were most experienced men. Dr. Green's graduates were m king thc n2.cassary preparations (the necessary vocabularies, translations of the Text Books) so that they could with no loss of efficiency commence teaching in Tamil in 1864. He gave nine years for the necessary preparation and actually commenced teaching in Tamil 1864. Dr. Green was certainly aware that many converts, Children of Catechists and mission Christian school masters, were straying from true christianity and losing their piety by making the mistake of thinking that European Civilisation with all its symbols and practices as Christianity itself. He, a true medical Evengelist would have fully agreed with the decision of parent Board as he actually did. The Government was committed to the recommendations of the Colebook Commission on Education (1834) which recommended active propagation of the English Language and was implementing its policy. That the Ceylon Govt. was not against American Boards policy is shown by the fact that the Govt. still continued extending financial support and also employed Dr. Green's clever and well trained graduates. As regards the various statements that Dr. Mills ascribes to Dr. Green there is no substantial evidence in the Life and Letters of Dr. Green (appendix I).
Value of the Mother Tongue
I was thinking whether there could be another additional reason for this change, a change keeping in line with the change in the medium of instruction in the English speaking countries. I may not bc correct in these in the light of the minutes of the fateful meeting of the Ceylon Bcards mission on april 1855. There was strong public pressure in the United Kingdom during the early phrt of 19th century that all scientific teaching including medical teaching should be done in the Britishers native language, English. The prevailing practice was that it was being done in Latin - Lingua Franca of Europe. The students were examined in Latin and these wire read in Latin. Science did not make that hadway as it was doing in Germany, France etc. nor was it able to attract the intelligent English educated young man or woman from the general population who do not know Latin
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at all. Medical Eduction was a preserve of th? Latin educated and their children. The m2dium of instruction and examination was therefore chang2d from Latin to English, I think that the last batch of m dical students in England to be examined in Latin was in 1832 ani the tradition of a new Professor delivering his thesis in Latin persisted a little longer, It is because of the usual repersussion in Ceylon when some big changes take place in U.K. that made Dr. Green, Dr. Vaitilingam and others fall in lin2 with the educational policy in England using the mother tongue of the pupils as the medium cf Inst1uction for their high:r studies. It paid good dividends in England. In that country along with this change in the medium of Instiuction, the students were encouraged to learn German and French. There were languages in which scientific pap2rs were prolific.
Contributions of his Colleggues to Medical Literature
(A) His chief : Dr. S. F. Green :- He was the founder of the mission medical school (1848). He carried all the teaching. in the school for about 16 years in the English Language but later switched on to Tamil and until the closure of the school about 29–30 years later, Tamil was the medium of instruction. His contributions were:-
1. Anatomy Physiology, and Hygiene-Calvin Cutter M. D. Translated by Dr. S. F. Green M. D. in 1852. 2nd Edition 1857.
2. Dublin Practice of Midwifery by Mansell-Translated
into Tamil by Dr. S. F. Green M. D. 1857.
3. Practicc of Medicine - written in Tamil by Dr. S. F.
Green -2 volumes - 920 pages: 1875.
4. Chemistry - Practical, Theoretical By David A. Wells. translated into Tamil with the help of Dr. Chapman Vaitilingam and Dr. S. Swaminathan. 516 pages: 1875.
5. Vocabulary Materia Medica and Pharmacy of Midwifery and Disease of Women and Children and of
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medical Jurisprudence, Dr. S. F. Green 1875. This was also with the help cf Dr. Chapman Waitilingam and others.
6. Original treatises which are all not available now :- On the eye, the ear, the hand, the foot, the skin, the mouth, the body, Be clean Hints for Cholera Times, Government Tracts on Cholera, way of health, all totalling 127 pages. It is the begining of public health and social medicine in Ceylon.
7. Articles to New York Medical Journal I. Tamil obstet
rics. Tamil Surgery. V
I am in touch with the medical library New York and still has not been able to obtain the copies of the latter two articles. He was the chief scrutiniser of the Editorial Board.
(B) The Contribution of Dr. J. Danforth Periathamby M. D. He was also Vaitilingam's teacher and later his colleague. He was the senior surgeon of the F. I. N. S. Hospital and the first Ceylonese Surgeon of this future Civil Hospital Jaffna Senior resident Surgeon from (1851-1872) Senior surgeon from. 1873 until his death in 1891. «
Science and Art of Surgery Erichsen and Druit - trans lated by Dr. J. D. Periathamby 1867.
(C) The Contribution of Dr. William Paul a very able physician. He translated, Principles and Practice of Physics. Hoopers Physician's Vade mecum 917 pages 1872.
(D) Contributions of Dr. S. Swaminathan and several others. They were associated with Dr. Green and Dr. Vaitilingam in the getting up of the vocabulary (Glossary of Technical terms). They were a dedicated group, worked hard in Tamilising Western Medical Science with the view providing an efficient medical Service to the people.
(E) Contribution of his pupil - Dr. I. Ponniah - (1870-1945) He edited the Siddha Medical Work of the Royal
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academy of Medicine Jaffna (1460-1500) - ' Pararagasekaram' from ola Texts and published it in 7 sections He also Edited “Siddha Viythia Vilakkam' “Sitha Vythia Thelivu'. (Text Books Siddha medicine)
Dr. Chapman Vaitilingam becomes the Head of the Mission Medical School and its Professor Dr. S. C. Green had to leave Ceylon on Furlough in 1873 and he had to put an able man from the gradu ates as the Head and Chief Professor. His choice fell on Dr. Vaitlingam who has just a few years ago joined the Colonial Medical Service as a Colonial Surgeon. On Jan. 18, 1872. Dr. Green writes “I have called Dr. Waitilingam now named Chapman from Government Service to the mission I am awaiting a reply from Dr. Charsley the Chief Colonial Surgeon. When Chapman shall be settled with me I hope to carry forward the work steadily to complete what is actually in progress'.
Feb. 19, 1872 Dr. Green writes “Waitilingam has reached Manipai and is now helping me. I wish so far as he proves
worthy, to work him to take over my place before I leave.' Dark clouds have already appeared in the horizon as
regards the future of this school. The Government under Sir Hercules Robinson one of the Great Governors of Ceylon. had started a Medical College in 1870 in Colombo with the able. Dr. Kynsey in charge.
It had to do it. The country wanted more doctors. In 1893 thc Government school had a principal and seven teachers. The English language had already taken roots in Ceylon and was begining to flourish. The population of Ceylon had increased from about a million (1796-1815) to about 3 million in 1892, A modern school keeping pace with the march of sciencc, was required to tackle the innumerable tropical diseases and other diseases in the couniry, the causes of which have been recently discovered.
The English educated were taking full advantage of the situation. The earlier converts and few others are uow sending
1. a valuable historical olatext - Medicine of the 14th century wascodified by the acadamy.
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their children for a “first class' English education in the first Grade church of England and other missionary schools in Colombo, Kandy, Jaffna and Galle. In spite of all these changes, Dr. Green's medical school in Jaffna was running well. In October 8, 1872 Dr. Green writes “I have selected 20 good fellows out of 250 applicants I hear of a Government call for 75 doctors'.
Medical School
Dr. Vaitilingam has been groomed well for the post of Principal ship and chief Professor and he was shaping well.
In Nov. 7, 1872 Green again writes “all things in the medical Dept, are shaping well so that it may run well. I hope for some years till some hand shall reach from America or from elsewhere, to hold the tiller. Perhaps this young Tamil shall grow to it as I trust he will'.
But soon after Dr. Green's departure to America ominous
signs appeared that threatned the continuance of the school.
On the 10th of Aug. 1831. Dr. Vaitilingam was bereaved bÁ the death of his wife.
(Page 410 of life and letters of Dr. S. F. Green). It states that Under Dr. Green’s administration of the school and hospitals, the Govt. of Ceylon gave £50 a year annually for several years. Then for a few years they increased the amount to £100. later after 10 years, to £200. The American Board of Commissions of Foreign missions in 1883 felt unable and also unwilling to continue the support for this enterprise. It thought that the Govt. Aid should bé doubled in order to carry it on.
But the Government was not willling to increase to annual grant unless assured of a thoroughly Competent Physician, (in the context of rapid advances being made in the seience, art Foot Note:- In spite of all these evidence Dr. B. A. Mills was not correct in saying in page 155 of the Colombo General Hospital at 1971. that he left the school under the charge of Dr. C. T. Mills Dr. C. T. Mills was then a practioner in Jaffna assisting the mission in the F. I. N. S. Hospital and assisting the teaching in the medical school.
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of medicine and prevention of Discases in the middle and latter part of the nineteenth century) as Head of the Department.
Finding no such person Government reduced the appropriation for 1883 to £100 and thereafter none at all.
State of the Medical School
The situation was brimming with insurmountable problems. The students were still seeking admission into the Green's Tamil Medical College. They were chiefly sons cf Ayurvedic Physicians and probably others who could not gain admission to the Ceylon Medical College. Children of the rich and children of the first generation of the English educated were seeking admission into this first grade English medium Medical School. Few others were also sending their children to the Medical schools in India and in the United Kingdom. w
Dr. Vaitilingam was faced with the situation of shortage of staff to teach the old basic sciences of medicine, Staff had to be found to teach the new branches of medicine growing up like mushrooms. Preventive medicine Bacteriolcgy. Nutriticin, Tropical diseases, Pharmacology, Eye Diseases E. N. T. Discases and so on. There were none available from among the native Ceylonese.
The English medium Ceylon Medical College was always in a position to recruit its staff from England and also from the other English Govt. Medical officers in Ceylon.
Even so late as 1929 when I was a student at the University College Colombo the Professors of Physics, Chemistry and Botany were from U. K. and the Professor of Zoology was from India. At the medical College in 1930 the professors cf Anatomy and Physiology were British Men and Lecturer in Bacteriology, nutrition and Tropical Diseases was an Englishman. Who later became a world authority on the subject of Nutrition. The British Govt. was able to solve its problems; but how could Dr. Vaitilingam select when he has lost the man who put him in charge of the school. Dr. Green's words of encouragement and advice have been stil'ed as Dr. Green has departed
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from this world on 28th May 1884, No help was forthcoming to run this school as communications have been established between the Provinces and Colombo, and the attraction of the English Educated Youth was to the Ceylon Medical College in Colombo. Thus ended the Tamil medium Medical College of Jaffna. One must admire Dr. Vaitilingam. He stood alone and stuck to the last with his school of which he was the captain A school could not be carried on under the existing conditions. Thus a bold experiment carried out by a band of dedicated people who were only interested in the provision of scientific medical care to the masses at large and the training of medical practioners in Tamil so that the science and art of medicine moved towards the common people and not away from them came to a halt. He was not unhappy that an English Medical College with all its departments was set up by the Government with all its resources of money and the necessary foreign personnel. But he knew that such institutions will move away from the masses away from Ceylon and away from the native medical systems without being of much use to them, and that they will not be able to transform the native medical systems into a common medical system based on Science. This transformation will not take place unless all teaching is done in the native languages of the people and unless the teaching personnel dedicate themselves also to this task and keep abreast with new medical developments (shall we call this the Waitilingam's Law of swabsha medium education.)
He had almost succeeded in proving this “law of Vaitilingam', by the Tamil medium medical school. Medicine now reached the masses and the native medical systems in the north was slowly moving up the ladeer to become a scientifically based system of medicine. ,
He also knew that this English medium medical college in Colombo will one day fail in its objective. It will not reach to masses nor will it transform the native medical systems into a scientific systemes. If it wants to achieve its objective, the instructions should be given in the native languages.
we are now back in the same position and situation as when Dr. Vaitilingam and his chief introduced. Tamil as the
w
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medium of instructions nearly Il0 years ago in their medical school. Will the swabasha schools of medicine survive or return back to the English medium; as we say will it take another “Waitilingam cycle'. -
This experiment or adventure of Waitilingam can teach us great lessons so that the new Tamil Sinhalase Swabasha Colleges of medicine we have set up do not meet thc same fate as the Green's medical School. We have two favourable factors which Waitilingam did not have. The Government in power is actively supporting this venture, We have the students who have had their pre-University education in their respective swabasha languages. It is the staff that have to play their part, They had a staff which was satisfactory as far as the 1800 - 1850 medicine was concerned; but not one equipped to keep abreast with the tremendous advances in medicine taking peace between 1850-1900. The time has also come for women to be admitted to the professional medical studias and trained to serve their country women.
Dr. Vaitilingam and women doctors and Midwives
Though the medical school of his was skrinking and drying up be did not forsake the missions medical establishments and go into a much earned barren' retired 1 fe. True to the ideals of his chief Dr. S. F, Green M.D. he led the life of an evangelical medical practioner taking a keen interest in the medical welfare of the masses.
He was very concerned about the increasing maternal and foetal deaths and the terrible suffering of women owing to the total lack of very simplest medical skill and to the barbarous systems of 'sick nursing" prevelling on the land. Childbirth Was conducted in a barbarous' manner. Women generally died at childbirth. He spoke and wrote about the need of trained medical women and midwives. In a lettea, quoted by C.F. Gordon Cummings (1891), Dr. Waitilingam speaks of the need cf a medical mission foa women, Patients are not allowed water or sufficient food by the native practioners and speaks of many cases of death from starvation of pregnant and parturient mothers. During these days
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every mother after childbirth must get offensive lochia and fever on the 5th day, The mother was allowed to nurst the baby only on the 5th day. In the provinces there were no trained midwives to a sist in such case. Women do not send for male dcctors at all. The new knowledge of Pasteur, Lister, Simpson Sommel - Weis, has not reached the masses. He agitated for a women
maternity hospital and urged that women must be admitted to the profession.
His powerful agitation bore-fruits. 'In 1892, a very important step was taken this year when Dr. Kynsey the principal medical officer of Ceylon sought the Governor's sanctions for th: admission of female students into the medical college in Colombo, to be trained there as doctors for their country women. The college will be open to them f.om 1st May 1892 (22 years after its inception) when they will attend the same lectures, and have separete class rooms for anatomy, their studies being directed by Dr. Mrs. Van Ingen from India. Dr. Vaitilingam regretted that chiristian medical missions have not been able to occupy this field aud so secure an important means of Influence. His campaign also bore-fruit in Jaffna; when Sir William Twynam celebrated his golden Jubilee in 1895, The people of Jaffna presented him with a sum of Rs. 10.0))'- and the grand old English gentleman of Jaffna donated the entire sum for a Gynaeeological and maternity ward which to this day is called Twynam ward in the Civil Hospital Jaffna.
His appeal to the mission in Scotlend (through Gorden Cummings, I believe) also bore fruit. A maternity hospital was established by the American Medical mission in 1898 and Dr. Miss. Curr of Scotland assumed charge of that small block of buildings and did yoeman Service to the women folk of Jaffna. Her name was a household ward in every home, I have seen Dr. Miss. Curr and her hospital. When I was a small boy and the smell of Carbolic Lotion used for disinfection purposes in her hospital those days. Is still lingering in my nose. The Obstertrical and Surgical discoveries of Simson and Lister were immedaitely known in Ceylon and introduced into the hospital.
Dr. Miss Curr was one who came under the direct influence of the pupils of the famous Sir James Young Simpson (died in
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May 1870) - the father of Anti-septic obstetrics, discoverer of chloroform. the inventor of Simpson's obstetric Forceps. Conqu2ror of Pain - shall I say father of feverless add painless child bearing:
I had the pleasure of meeting her grand niec in Edinburg in 1948. She was the matron of the Edinburg Royal Maternity Hospitals, I and cam) to know more of Dr. Miss. Curr. It is said that Dr, Waitilingam in his old age left Ceylon to join his children in India and got deceased there. He could not live alone in Jaffna at that old age. The date of his death is not known there are no descendants of his in Ceylon now.
Thus ended the eventful life of the first Ceylonese professor of Physiology an the first Ceylonese Princpal of the first medical school in S. E. Asia and, the first Swabasha Medium School in Asia and Ceylon. Any country can be proud of such a personality and we in Ceylon must inderd be proud cf him The contribution he made to the Scientific medical literature of Ceylon in Tamil was enormous. The legend of translating scietific texts into Swabasha languages that he started nearly 130 years ago stlil alive with us and is steadily growing and las embraced the Sinhalese language too thanks to the help given by the Government - Text Book Publishing Department. The rise and fall of this Tamil Medium School of Medicine of which he was the head requires a deeper study from various facets. We are sure to benefit from Such a study.
He was a religious man but not one of the type of the earliest christians of Jaffna, whose conversion separated them from their dearest bonds and the rest of their folk and their culture and heritage but his projection of the gospel of Tamilising western medicine (I spoke earlier of his “Dictum” his “law” his “Cycle' of teaching medicine in a foreign language) was essertially religious - It was really a crusade based on the love he had for the ordinary man and women and a hope for the betterments of
their conditions. -
Foot Note: l Dr. Miss. Curr was a Senior Sister in the Mission Hospital she proceeded to Scotland and joined the University of Edinburg and graduated as a doctor.
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Today's commemoration is to keep fresh in hearts, the greatness
of Dr. Chapman Waitilingam and to remember hss great deeds in the field of medical education of the prope. Let me end up by saying that eaeh one of us in Ceylon asscoiated with tcaching should make himself or herself worthy of an ancestor of the stature of Dr. Chapman Waitilingau.
3.
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• ‘THANK YOU ALL FOR THE PATIENT HEARING'
REFERENCES
. Green hospital, Manipay, Centenary Souvenir - 1950, I. P. Thuraitatnam,
M. A., BSc. Trail of Dr. Green (Tamil) R. Ambikaipahan. Glimpses of Jaffna under British Rule - V. Muthucsmarasamy, B. A.
MRAS (CB) (London).
Two Happy Years in Ceylon Vol II Chapter XXVI, XXVs, C. F. Gordon Cumming, 1892.
. Uduvil (1824 - 1924) Minnie Hastings Harrison, B. A., 1925.
Medical Progress 1850 - 1900 - Singer British Medical Journal Jan., 7.1950.
. D. Samuel F. Green MD (1822-1884) Dr. B. A. Mills Journal of Colcmbo
General Hospital Vol. 2 No. 4 - 1971.
. Ceylon Today - Pioneer in medical Education in Ceylon Dr. B. A. Mills. ... Life of Arumuga Navalar (Tamil) Kanagaratnam,
10.
11.
Pavalar Thuraiappa Centenary, (Tamil) 1972. Life and Letters of Dr. S. Fisk Green M.D. compiled by Ebenezer Cutter,
Philadelphia. All Tamil Teachers Union, Silver Jubilee to 18-1-74, Tamil. Ceylon 1893, Ferguson.
Transactions of Dept. of Obsthtric, and Gynaelogy, University of Ceylon, Peradeniya Prof. A. Sicinathamby.
Tamil - Sinhala unity - D. D. Nanayakkara, (Research Paper 4th international Association of Tamil Research, Sri Lanka Unit. Jaffna 3-9 January, 1974).
a. Readers Digest. May 1974, My most unforgettable Character - Carmen Mendez. TAMIL TRANSLATIOS OF DR. S. F. GREEN, at the Jaffna College Library.
b. Yalpana Uthiy okar Lakshana, Kumari Thambi Kathirgamar, 1905, 2 Edi. -
Anatomy Physioiogy as Hygiene - Colvin Cutter Mr 205 pages 1852
to the Library by Prof. A. Sinnatamby, May, 1974 - Not availa€ Carlier.
Practice of Medicine (by Dr. S. F. Green menticned by R. Ambihaipahan Vol. i I 1875, 925 pages. Vol. I not available in the Library at the Jaffna College).
Chemistry Practical and Theoretical - David A. Wells - translated by Dr. S. F. Green MD assisted by D. D. Chapman Vaitilingam and Dr. S. Swaminathan, 1875, 516 pages.
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20,
:
(а)
(b)
34
Vocabulary of Materia Medica, Pharmacy Midwifery Diseases of woman and children medical Jurisprudence 1875, Dr. S. F. Green, 161 pages.
TAMIL TRANSLATIONS OF D. v. CHAPMAN AVAILABLE At JAFFNA COLEGE LIBRARY
. Introduction to Human Physiology - Scrutinised by S. F. Green, 1872.
Prof. Dalton's Humain Physiology, 1883.
. Gray's Anatomy. ... Waring's Text Book of Indian Pharmacopia, 1884.
APPENDIX A
Previous writers made it out that this change medium of instruction to Tamil in 1861 and all the preparations that went earlier to achieve this objective in 1864 was due to the sole initiative of Dr. S. F. Green MD. This is not correct. The facts arc as follows: -
A deputation consisting of R. Anderson M. D. and Rev. A. C. Thompson from the american Board of Commissions for foreign missions met the members of the Ceylon CommissionThe member being Rev. Meigs (1816) spaulding (1820) Smith (1842) Howland (1836 all earlier arrivals and the later arrivals consisting of Rev. Hastings 1847, Dr. Green M. D. 1847, the only medical evangelist, Rev. Burnell 1849 Rev Sanders 1852 Rev. Lord 1853. They met on April 25, 1855 in Jaffna and amongst many subjects discussed there was one on 'Medical Establishments - This was discussed under several heads - duties of a missions Physician - medical Practics - medical school - should instructions be in the vernacular medium and such othcr subjects.
It was unanimously decided that the chief duty of a missionary medical doctor is to evangelise the native through the practice of medicine amongst them - not to forget that the missionary is primarily an evangelist.
The medium of instructions in the medical school should be changed to Tamil from English and that they should give effect to this soon are so far as possible (The minutes of the meeting states so).

steps were immediately taken to fully implement this decision in 1864 - to make Tamil as the medium of instruction. It was fully implemented in 1864.
(See - missionary experience or reports and letters connected with the special meeting of the Ceylon Mission and other missions held in Feb, March, April, May 1855. The meeting of the Ceylon Mission was held in April, May 1855). Printed at the press of the Board Bombay and Madras 1855)t
The deputation from the American Board of Missions had come with power to direct that there recommendaticins should immediately go into effect,
What is stated in the centenary souvenir of Green Memorial Hospital (1950) (American Ceylon Mission Press. Tellipalai Ceylon - April 1950) that training national leaders was the concern of these missions. It is not correct at all and very far from the objectives they had Their mission was to train only Evangelists - Religious (catechists) Educational (school masters) and medical practioners (medical evengelists). It is also stated in this Souvenir and is repeated by Dr. B. A. Mills in his article “Samuel F. Grecin MD' (journal of Colombo General II ospital - Vo. R. np 4 Oct 1941) that when Dr. Green left Ceylon in 1873 that Dr. C. T. Mills shouldered the responsibility of teaching the medical classes, and many had formed the impression that he was in sole charge of the school. This is not correct at all The entire responsibility fell on Dr. Chapman Vaitilingam who had already been groomed for the post of Principle of that medical sdhool in 872 - 1873 and he took charge of the School in 1873. (Life and letters Dr. S. F. Green 1891) - Dr. Green's letter of Jan 1872 and Feb. 19, 19, 1872 and in Nov. 7, 1872. He writes all things in the Medical Dept are shaping well so that it may run well. I hope for some years till some hand shall reach him from America or el sewhere to hold the tiller. Perhaps this young Tamil in charge may grow to it I trust the will.
Again in that Journal of Colombo General Hospital mentioned above, (page 150) he has not ben correct in stating
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36.
that Dr. Greens policy of Tamilising western medicine was disliked by his fellow missionaries as well as by the British Govt. in Cylon. This statement is not supported by facts. as stated earlier. It is at the Board of Missions meeting held in April 25, 1855 that the Board made firm and definite and an unanimous decision that the medium of instructions in the medical school must be Tamil and not English. In fact, this decision that the medium of instruction should be Tamil is not only for the Medical School but also for the other missions Central Schools for the boys and girls.
The recommendations of the Board should immediately go into effect. (see Uduvil Girls School 1874-1924) by Minnee Hastings Harrison Mid Page. 33 - 45)
It was not a decision of Dr. Green at all as regards the attitude of the British Government in this language switchover. I do not think that it looked on this school with disfavour. The School really helped the Govt. to provide medical care to the people and in fact the Govt. was very happy about it.
The Govt gave annual grant to it and continued to do so till 1833 and thereafter stopped it. One must not forget that the Govt. under Sir Robinson had started the Ceylon Medical College in 1870 as more doctors were wanted to a rapidly increaaing population. It was 3 millions in l893.
Life & Letters of Dr. S. F. Green. A. D. 8883 page 410. Under Dr. Green's administration of the Medical Department of missions - Govt of Ceylon gave £50 per year annually for many years. Then for a few years it was increased to £100 per year. When the Board of Commissions for foreign missions felt unwilling to continue their support for the enterprise, it was though needful that the Grant - in Aid by Govt. should be doubled in order to carry it on. But the Govt was not willing to increase the annual appropriation unless assured of a throughly competent Physician as Head of the Department. Finding no such person Govt reduced the appropriation for 1813 to £100, thereafter made none at all, the American Board has fully decided to give no further support

to this medical establishment. The Govrnmcnt never withdraw it recognition of the School through out ihs whole period of its existence - till 1900 and later the Govt took over the Jaffna F. I. N. S. Hospital under its care and supervision. The mission medical Department also had no finances to run this school,
Also see Dr. Dykes obser Aation it would have been impossible for the Govt to have carried out Medical 1 elief to the people of northern province and even to the the people of the north central province from 1848 - 1890 but for the fact that ihe men educated in this school were ready to take up work under the Govt. when it had few men of its own.
Evangelism. Preahing or promulgation of the Gospel of the Christians. It is ganrally done by holding of special services to secure conversions (public, personal, visitationzl types of Evengelistic methods).
APPBNDIX B
Dr. Greens Medical School (English Medium)
Firet batch of students 1848-1850
J. Danforth Periatamby, J. Waitilingam and J. Dennison (by 1891 both Periatamby and Dennison were deceased)
Fifth batch of students (1861-1864) (English Medium).
Swaminathar alias D. W. Nathaniel
Vaitilingam D. W. Chapman Appapillay William Paul. Ethirnayagam , C. T. Mills J. B. Shaw L. Spaulding Kanagaratram L. S. Strong Karthikesan s M. Hitchcock
In the Grcen Hospital Souvenior 1950 edited by 1. P. Thurairatnam, there is a photograph published under the caption Dr. Green's first batch of students Dr. J. Denforth Periathamby
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is also in it. This is correct as far as Periatamby is concerend but as reghrd all th: others they all belong to the second batch of students in the years 1851-53. (see life and letters of Dr. S, F, Green).
Dr. Periatamby is probably a teacher to this second batch and that accounts for his occupying the centre figure in the photograph. His attire is that of a Tamil gentleman of the 19th century probably Dr. Chapman Waitilingam too wore the same attire on his bcoming a doctor. It is well known that Dr. Green did not like Europeanising ths natives. He writes the natives are mistaking European. Civilisation for Christianity (His letter of Sept. 1964)
Dr. Peria tamby of the First batch and Dr. Waitilingam of the fifth batch were members of his staff of teachers and lie liked them best. Both extended there full assistance to run the school efficiently. Any how it was a very informative photograph published by Thurairatnam. Dr. Petiatamby was already deceased in 1891 while Dr. Chapman Waitilingam was elive in 1891. (see C. F. Gorden Cuimmings - Two years in Ceylon Page 363) But Dr. Chapman Vaitilingam's wife predeceased him on 10' of August 1881 (Life & Letters of Green Diary Dec. 7, 1851). Trail of Green in Tamil by R. Ambihaipakan has the same photograph mentioned in (1) under the Caption few of Dr. Green's students. It would have been better it he had stated that it is Dr. Periatamby and the 185-53 batch of students. He had seen the List of students in the appendix of life and letter of Dr. S. F. Green.
APPENDIX C
38
F. I. N. S. Hospital Jaffna
It was founded in 1850 through the efforts of the Friend-in-need Society composed of the prominent members of the public of Jaffna, The Government Agent, The Dyke, Dr. S. F. Green MD and other Government officers in Jaffna. Dr. Green MD was made the chief surgeon in chauge which post he accepted after much thought and prayer. This was

the hospital where he also did the clinical teaching and operative work. Dr. Danforth Periatamby was his chief Residents surgeon and Dr. C. T. Mills, Dr. William Paul and others assisted him in running of the hospital. On Dr. Green leaving for the states in 1873 Dr. Periatamby became the first surgeon and chief teacher in Anatomy and Surgery. The hospital was very popular with the people. I understand from the descendents of Dr. C. T. Mills that he was practising in the Jaffna town while at the same time assisting the mission its work.
APPENDIX ID
Dr. A Mills in his article Dr. Samuel F. Green MD 1822 - 1844 - page 149 of Journal of Colombo General Hospital Vol. 2 No. 4 of 1973 states that there is no reference to the type of Anaeslhesia used by Dr. Green. Before Dr. Green left America (in 1846) he knew the discovery of Ether by Merton in Boston. It is from Boston he sailed to India. He knew about the discovery of Chloroform by Simpson in Edinburg (1847) and these were 'hot' news that spread all over the English speaking world. Later on his way back home on his first furlough (18571862) Green passed through Europe, London, Edinburgh and visited all the medical centres before he reached America. Dr. Green writes in his translation of Cutters anatomy Physiology and hygiene (1852) that anassthetic agents are absorbed through the lungs. (Mills has not seen this book at the Jaffna College library as it did not posses one until I presented an extra copy that I had to the library in may 1974.
APPENDIX E
Ceylon in 1893 - by John Ferguson. This book gives an accurate account of Ceylon in 1796, 1875 and on 1893 and very useful information is given to understand the conditions in Ceylon during the life period of Dr. Vaitilingam.
In population of Ceylon in 1795 - 1875 was about a 1 millicn and in 1893 was ready 3 millicns. The number
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of hospitals, dispensaries in 1796 - 1875 was nil. In 1893 it was 125.
When the English occupied the coastal areas of Ceylon in 1796 there was not a single practicable road in the whole
island. Dutch used canals for transport. In 1831 every town could boast of a carriage road.
In 1870 the Ceylon Medical College was founded by Sir Hercules Robinson and in 1893 the staff consisted of a principal and seven teachers.
Mr. Ferguson has praised Dr. Green's older medical school and its native doctors for the compilations and translations of medical text books, tre atises etc. into Tamil and he states in the book that they have been productive of great benefit to the whole island. (page 381).
Were the books read by Ayurvedic physicians in the rest of the island too? Evidence proves that it has been read and preserved chiefly by them.
APPENDIX F
Dr. Green's Correspondence with A B C F M.
June 1877: to Secretary A B C F M.
40
I propose to return with Mrs. Green leaving the children in America - all of them. We would propose to remain away for ten years more or less. I would like to complete the series of medical textbooks if circumstances favour. For this 2 - 3 years are required. After this I shall produce religious books. Of course I should count all medical work as merely accessory to evengelisation. In the medical classes
in the Dispensary etc., it is always my aim to give a
distinctly Evangelistic character to all that is done. For
various reasons - many of the members of A B C F M in
the interest of Green's health and the advanced condition of the medical department in Ceylon is consequence of his labours, did not allow his return to Ceylon.

Puge
1.
12 2 12 12 3
Para
3
3
13 Footnote
4 14 14 14 15 6 17 18 8 19 19 2O 20 20 20 2 2
3
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In Correct
150
1970 87. it
anotomy
Vaiti lingams
forsa w initialing
Rome
at in use Ether
1847 . All these
and able
letter .
to F. M. S. Evengelical Mr. Gnadurai
that Fractures during 18th century
officeers evengelical
colourring
poluılar at the 350 years
cryplic of germ ether in 1846 chloroform
antiseptics spirochoets LaryusCope over the west
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125 870 1872
is anatomy Vaitilingam foresaw initiating and Rome
... At t As an anaesthetic agent.
Ether... -- 1847 as anaesthetic
agents. All these
and an able
later the Federated Malay States
Evangelical and by Mr. Gnadurai
who Fracture in 19th century officers evangelical colouring popular at the last 350 cryptic of the germ ether anaesthesia chloroform anaesthesia antiseptic spirochoete Laryngoscope
in the west

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21 12 23
23 23 23 24 24
24
22
25 26
26 26 27 27
28 28 29 29 29 . 30 30 30
30 3. 31 31 31 31 32 32 32
Para
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Line Int Coየነ'éot ̈ Corrections
17 stitioned stationed 18 superstions superstitions 19 began begin
2 Dictmm Dictum 4. Vocabularies vocabularies for these
Tranlations translations 15 Recommendatious Recommendations
4 these this 5 on April on the 25th of April
eduction education 7 re pursussion repercussion 13 there were languages these were the languages Title colleggues colleagues
2 also with also done with 4. Text Books Siddha Text Books on
medicine Siddha medicine 2 S. E. Green S. F. Grees 3. Furlough furlough 2 threatined threatened
General Hopital General Hospital Colombo at 1971 Colorabo Report, 1971 5 and lecturer and the lecturer 7 Who who 4 ladeer ladder 3 to masses the masses 4 ... systemes systems 3. * studias studies
skirinking shrinking 4. preveiling, prevailing 7 lettes letter 6 WyOne ( delete) 7 and urged and also urged 9 Chiristian Christian 8 When when 10 Is is
2 chloroform, - chloroform 2 príncpal principal 8 women woman

Page
33 33 33
34 34
35 36
36
37
38 38 38
39
39 40
Para Line
l 1 6 References No.
3 12 14 ز)1
16b Appendix A
2 4 . 3 16
' 5
5 6 5 7 5
2 2 . 2 3 3 l
3 3
2 8 3. 6 Appendix C
3
3
4 O 5 9
Froat Cover page
Ік Correct in hearts Vaitilingan
Muttcs marasany
all Tamil obsthric Tamil Translations to head Ref. 17
Kumari
member Principle 8883 the support though Govt. 1813 obsercation of northern preahing visitation zl
196+
elive
the Dyke Residents in running of
its work is done Translater
Correction in our hearts Vaitiliagam
Muttucunarasamy all Ceylon Tamil
obstetric of Dr. S. F. Green
Kummi
members Principal, 1883 its support thought the government 1883 observation of the northern preaching visitational 1864 alive
Mr. Dyke Resident in running in its work are done Translator

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Printed at Kumaran Press