கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Water Resources Developement Jaffna Peninsula

Page 1
WATTER RESOURC
JAFFNA PE
KSEANM F.I.E. (S.L.), F.
 

ES DEVELOPMENT
ENDİNSULA
J GARAJJAH .C.E. (Lond.)

Page 2


Page 3


Page 4


Page 5
WATER RESOURC
JAFFNA P
K. SHANM
C.Eng., Dip Eng F.I.E. (Sri Lanka)
Retired Dep Irrigation De
19

ES DEVELOPMENT
ENİNSULA
UGARAJAH
.(Lond) Honours , F.I.C.E. (Lond.)
uty Director pt. Sri Lanka

Page 6
ISBN: 0 646 221515
(C) 1993 K. Shanmugarajah
All rights reserved. This book is copyright. Other than for the purpos conditions prescribed under the copyright act, no form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, m photocopying, recording or otherwise) be reprod retrieval system or transmitted without prior writ
Printed in Australia by Fast Books, A division of Wild & Woolley Pty. Ltd., Glebe

es and subject to the part of it may in any icrocopying, uced, stored in a ten permission.

Page 7
FOREN
The Water Resources of the Jaffna Peninsula concern. The Peninsula, unlike other parts of 1 which percolates and is retained annually by its
The Hydrological cycle of the Peninsula is so. Bank. The rainy season makes underground wells during the dry months. A limit for the di drawing spells disaster - salt water intrudes.
Aware of this constriction, the ancestors evolt by waterways. These conserved the precipit Unfortunately the demands of a growing popu waterways have since become lanes and Roac be devised for ensuring this detention.
Valuable suggestions have been made and p
Shanmugarajah who has made a considerable practical accomplishment, in this work.
London June 1991
()

WORD
has been a subject of great interest and much he Island, depends for its water on the rainfall
sub-soil limestone aquifer.
mewhat like operating a Current Account in a leposit, annually: that is drawn out from the awing is imposed by the amount put in. Over
ved aremarkable system of ponds interlinked ation, detaining it for increased percolation. lation have fast obliterated the ponds and the lways. Therefore other methods have now to
proposals mooted in the recent past. Mr K. study of these lays out detail plans for their
S. Arumugam B. Sc., F.I.C.E Retd: D. Dir. of Irrigation Dir. Water Resources Board

Page 8
FOREW
Ground water has been the "Life blood" of the the traditional well sweeps had been used irrigation. Introduction of heavy duty pump frequent irrigation has brought about probl environmental problems.
The irrigation Department commenced intensiv quality, soil salinity and other related environn the investigation to convert the Jaffna Lagoon it
Recent political conflict in the North & East has was envisaged. When stable conditions retu embark on planning of the Water Resources De
Mr K. Shanmugarajah was associated, alo Department, in the investigations and planning In his characteristic manner, he had maintaine these investigations. He has already presented associations in Sri Lanka. We are grateful to hi Development of Jaffna Peninsula" for the b authorities.
1991
(II

WORD
: Jaffna Peninsula. Shallow open wells with or centuries for domestic as well as farm s, for undertaking large scale and or more ems of salt water intrusion and attendant
e investigations on ground water levels, water lental conditions. Coupled to this study, was to a fresh water lake.
set back the programme of development that rn to Jaffna, it would be very necessary to velopment for the benefit of the peninsula.
ng with other Officials of the Irrigation for the development of the Water Resources. d and collated the data made available from summarised data at meetings of professional im for compiling this book "Water Resources enefit of future planners and development
. Mahesuvaran B. Sc, B. Sc (Eng), F.I.C.E., F.I.E. Retired Director of Irrigation,
Sri Lanka

Page 9
DEDIC
This book is dedicate
Mr. Sinnappu Kan
Mrs. Ponnammah
I am grateful to late Profe
Chancellor of Jaffna Univers. manuscript.
ACRO)
JP J:
JL J:
EPIL E
VL V
UL U
D II
GA G
NP N
D.I.E. D
T.C.E.O. T
(II

ATION
d to my late Parents agasabapathy and Kanagasabapathy
ssor A. Thurairajah Vice || ity for having reviewed the
NYMS
affna Peninsula
affna Lagoon
lephant Pass Lagoon adamarachchi Lagoon
pparu Lagoon
rigation Department
overnment Agent
orthern Province ivisional Irrigation Engineer erritorial Civil Engineering Organization

Page 10

FG -
SURFACE WATER
o RVER ASNS
NAME NO
KANA KARAYAN ARU 鑫鳞
NEHÅL AR so
PER AMANTHAL AR s
THERuWt AR r
EGENO
ダ、 RlWER BASIN 80UNDARY A.
district capital
NA. A

Page 11
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Page 12
PRE
There are no streams and rivers in Jaffna per topography does not permit the construction ( fissures, cracks and joints and with its porou water to be stored underground. Ground development of Jaffna peninsula.
There are over thousand ponds scattered all ov to provide water for cultivation of small extent
The ponds are badly silted due to many year program to rehabilitate, improve and desilt potential of the peninsula.
From 1879 onwards, proposals were framed lakes. These lagoons are connected to the s ingress of sea water.
The proposals were to construct barrages at thi Rainfall in lagoon beds and their catchment w Supply to the lagoons.
During rainy season, flood run-off will leach c the top soil of the lagoon bed. Leaching C disturbing (ploughing) the soil before the rains
In few years time, lagoons can be converted to the lands, along the fringe of the lagoons. In underground aquifer. A pilot project covering 1923 was successful. The extension of this lagoons, with the construction of two barrag desired benefits were not derived due to:
Run-off from the local catchments w. leaching out process.
Management (operation and maintenan
Hence in the fifties, investigations were ca mainland to augment the internal lagoons via E Elephant Pass Lagoon (EPL) will also serve as after they are converted to fresh water lakes. I implemented successfully.
This book presents, actions taken from 1879 the Northern Province, who originated the ide then G.A/N.P., Balasingam Member of L Divisional Irrigation Engineer N.P. in 1930 tl two internal lagoons, and S. Arumugam D. proposal in early fifties to augment the internal
(V

ACE
insula due to the flatness of the land and the if reservoirs. Jaffna peninsula limestone with s characteristics permits percolation of fresh water is the potential for water resources
er the peninsula and conserve the precipitation s around the ponds and to recharge the aquifer.
s of usage and the capacities are reduced. A the ponds will increase the water resources
to convert the internal lagoons to fresh water ea and water in the lagoons are brine due to
2 entrances to prevent the ingress of sea water. ithin the peninsula is the only source of water
out the brine water and the salt impregnated in ut process of the soil can be facilitated by
fresh water lakes which will serve to irrigate addition they can be served to recharge the a small area of the north lagoon, from 1920 to pilot project to cover the entire area of the ges was undertaken in the early fifties. The
thin the peninsula was not sufficient for the
ce) was not carried out successfully.
rried out to identify water resources in the lephant Pass Lagoon for leaching out process. primary reservoir to feed the internal lagoons Due to various problems, this proposal was not
by Twyneham the then Government Agent of a and subsequently by Horseburg in 1916 the agislative Council in 1930, F.R.G. Webb rough forties with valuable proposals for the .IE/N.P from 1940. Arumugam presented a lagoons from the mainland via E.P.
D

Page 13
Finally in 1976 extensive and intensive inv drawings, cost estimates and economic analys supporting staff of the Irrigation Department, Chief Engineer was in charge of the project.
The project proposals were submitted to the pl 1976. Though the project was technically sour in the budget for reasons best known to them.
The book presents actions taken from 1879 t water resources potential and problems and fra
The works carried by Irrigation Departmer documents require for implementation.
In the North zone of the peninsula where inten 1976 in an area of 55 sq. miles, indicate that : The present underground storage is limited an agriculture use, the possibility of saline intrusic and reach of a critical stage. Hence implement of the people of the area whose prime occupati in this book serves this purpose.
Fishing is mainly for sea prawns and confined fear that the change to fresh water lake would Sea prawns and fresh water prawns are expen decades tremendous technological advances h structures. Hatchery can operated economicall prawns in Vadamarachchi and Upparu Lagoo times more than what was obtained from the la
Below a certain salinity level sea prawns can can be introduced which can tolerate lower Sali water lake, fresh water prawns can continue to
I have been trying my best to get this project Department and even after Iretired from the D have failed in my endeavour. Hence I am doc project - Historical, problems, requirements, economic analysis etc. in this book with the future planners and development authorities to
I am not sure when the auspicious time will before a critical stage is reached, when most C water for the domestic use and agricultural pur
1993 K. Shanmugarajah

stigations, proposals, designs, construction s were carried out by a team of Engineers and ed by the author of this book, who as the then
anning committee to include in the budget for d and economically feasible, was not included
ly individuals, and institutions in identifying ming proposals for implementation.
it I.D. in 1976 is presented in detail, with
sive study carried out during the period 1973about 30% of the wells were becoming brine. il with the increased demand for domestic and n to the underground fresh water will be great ation of this project is a must for the existence on is agriculture. The final proposal presented
to the areas close to the barrages. There is a affect the livelihood of the fishing community. sive commodities. Hence during the last two lave been made to culture these in man made y to supply all the required young larvae of the ns and get a harvest which would be several goon recently or at any time before.
not survive. At this stage fresh water prawns nity levels. After the lagoon is complete fresh be cultured in the lake.
implemented while working in the Irrigation epartment in 1980, through other resources. I umenting all the available data related to the proposals, designs, drawing, cost estimates, ope that it will serve as a good guideline for benefit the people of the area
come for implementation. But it must come f the area will be faced with shortage of fresh DOSC.

Page 14
CONT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY....................................
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.
General ........................
Pre Historical ...........................
Geology .................................. Rainfall and Hydrology .............
Recharge from Rainfall ............. Topography and Drainage .......... Ground Water Exploitation and Uti Saline Intrusion ........................
Vertical Intrusion of Salinity ......
CHAPTER 2, INVESTIGATIONS ( NORTH WEST ZON
General .................
Geological and Hydraulic - Characteristi and Structure ...........................
Hydraulic character, Water table ac Regional Hydrological System. Assess Ground water abstraction. Availability Recommendation .......................
- For future investigations ..
- Possible solutions to prevent wat to the Sea ......................
CHAPTER 3. AUGMENTATION O RESOURCES ......
General ..............................
Historical ................................
Twyneham Report .................... Horseburg Report ..................... Balasingham and Webb Report .. Balasingham's Proposal ............, Previous investigations, available rec
(V

SS L0L LL LLL LLL LLL LLLL LLLLLL S LLSLL LL LLL LLL LLL LLL LLLL LL LS LS LLL LLLLLS YS L0 LLL Y 0L LLS LL LLL YS Y LLL Y LLLLL S0LL LLLLL LL LLLLL SSL LLLL LL LLL LLL S SSL LLLL LL
LL 0 LLLLL LL LL SLLS 0LL LLLLSL LLLLL LLL S LL0 LSL 0L 0L L 0 S0 SSY L0 LLL LL 0SLS Y 0L LLLLL SL0S LLL LLLL LL 0 LL L0 LL L0L LL0 LLL LLL 0 SLSL LLLL LL S 0LLL S LLL LL 0 0L S0S
LSLL LLSL LLLL LL LLL LLS LSL LLL LLL LLL LLSS LLLS LLL LLLL 0 0 LLLLL S zS L0 Y Y L0 0L S L0L LLLL 0 0 SS LLLL LS S SLLLL LLL S0L LL L0 S0 LL 0 LLLL SLLLS S0L LLLL LLL LLSL SS
L LLLL LL 0 SL LL LLL LLL 0L LL LLL LLL LLL LLLS S LL D0S 0 0 LLLLL 0S S LS 0L LL 0L S LSLS LL LSL 0L LLLLL LLLL LL L YL LLLL Y LLL LLLL S0SL LSL LLL LLL LLLL LSL LLSL LLL S
LTSL SL L L LSL Y S LSL L LSSL DLL LL0 LLL LLL LLLL Y LLL LLL LLL 0L LLL S0 LL LL LL0 Y Y LLLL LSL 0L DT LLL LL LS LSL LLS LL LSS LSL LSL SLL LS SS LS S
0L LLLL LL LLL LLLL LL ESL LLL 0LLL ESL LSL LLLLL LLLLL Y LLLSLL LLLLL S Y 0LL 0 LLLL 0S S LLL 0LSL L 0 0 L LLLS LL 0 z 0SL LLLLL L Y LSLL S L S L0L SLS LL LLLLL LSL LLLL LLYS LSS SLS S SS
S L0L 0L LLLLL LLL 0 SLL L SL S 0S LL LLL LLL S0 LLL 0S Y Y LYS LL0 Y Y LLLLL LL 0LS L LL0LS 0S 0LS 0 LLL YS LL0SL LLLLL LL0 LLL LLLL LL 0 LLLL LL LS LS LLLLL S LLL LL LLL LSLS
S LLLLL L Y SL SMSS LLLL LS LLLSL LLL LLL S LLL S0L S 0L SS z LLL LLL 0L L 0 L0 T 0 00 LLLL 0L YS Y L SLL SES L0L L LL 0 LL LSL LSL LS SSSL SL SL S LSS LSS LSL LLS
LL LLLS LLLLL 0L S0 LLLL LSL 0L LLL SLSL LSL LLLLL LL S0 S0 0L L LL 0S LLLL 0 S Y 0L L0 LL LLLLL LLL 0 0 0S S 0S 0S 0 LL 0 0L L 0 Y YS LSLS LL LSL LLLL L0 LLL LLSL SLLSL LSL
CARRIED OUT IN THE E OF THE PENINSUL.A .......
Y L SS Y 0 S L L SMLL LL LS GLT LL LLL 0 SL LL 0L L 0L 0 LLSL S S S 0 0LL 0 0S SLL L Y DL LLL DLLL S L L D L LS L SS SL SLSS SLL LLS SS LSS S S
0LS S0S LLLL 0 0 S0S LLLLS LLL Y LLL LLL LLLL YSS 0 0 S0 S LLL LLL L0L Y LLL LLLLL GL LLLL SSY L S S0L LL 0L LL LLL Y LLLSL LL LL LL SLLSLL L0LL S0SL LLL 0L LL LL SS LSL SL S SLSL
luifer ............................................... ment of ground water recharge....... 7 and Reliability of data ................
0L 0 SY 0 L 0SS 0 L0L L0 0LSLS 0 S LLL L0L S YS S0 S 0S 0 Y L0 0L Y S L0 0 LLL L0 LL L S S0S L SS SL0LL LLL LLL LSL S0L LLLSL SLSL SLL LL 0L L L SLL LTS LLL LLL LLLS
LLL 0LL LLLLL LLL LLLS LL LLL L0L LLL 0 LL LLS 0 0LL 0 LL 0L 00L Y Y 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0L L L L L L0 Y LLL LLLL LL LLL LLLL LL 0SL SL L LS S LSL LS LLSLL LS
0 L L L L L L 0L L 0 L 0 L 0 Y S 0 0 0 0L 0 z 0 L 0 Y S 0L 0 0L L 0 L L LSLS 0LL LLLLL LSL LSL L LS SLS LSL SLS SS LS SS L SL L L
LL 0 LLLLL LL LLL LLL LLL 0L LLLLL LLL L0L LL LLL LLL LLLL 0L Y Y S0S LLLL 0 0 S 0L 0L 0L 0L LL SLSL 0 S ML T 0L LLL SLSLLL LSL LL LSL LLS S LS LSLS S LS LS L S LSS S S
Y 0 S L 0 S L LLL LSLLS 0 00 LLLL 0 0 0 0LL 0LL Y 0L LLL YS LLLS 0L Y 0L S0 0 0L L SY S 0L S SLLSL 0 S L L L L L SLL 0 LLSLL LS S S S S S LSS LSS S S
S S L L L L S S S S LS L L SLL L SLL LSL LLL LL LLL LLL LLL LLLL 0L LLLL LL LL 0 L 0 L0 L S 0S 0 LL L LL LSL LLL S S LS S LS S S L S S SL LS
SL L L L L S L 0SL S L LS 0S LS L L 0 L L L L L L 0 0 SL C 00 00 L L 0L 0L L L L L L L S S S S S L L L SS S S S S L S 0S LS
00 LLLL LLL 0 00 LL SL LL LL LLLL 0 S LL 0 0L 00 LL LL L L 0 0 L L L L L S LLLL LLSL SL S S S S S S S S S S S S SS S
0LLL00 0 0 0 0 L LLL 00 0 LL LLLL LL 0 LLL Y CL 0 LLLL 00 LLL 0L L 0L0L 0 LLLL LLLL LL 0 L 00 L L LS S S LS LS LSSSS SLS SSS S SS
z LL LL YSS LLL YS Y LLLS Y 0L Y Y S 0L LLL LLL LLLL S YS YS LLL Y z 0L 0L CLL LLLL LLLL 0 0 0 0 Y zS Y L LSL Y L LLLL LSL LL L LLLS LLL L S LSLS LS LL LS LSS S S
ords, data etc. .............................
III)
10
10
11
11
13
14
14
14
16
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
24

Page 15
A Summary of Action Taken by the Irrigation Proposals, Designs, Constructions etc..
(a) Webb's proposals ...................
- Selection of site..................
Catchment area, Rainfall, Tidal South Lagoon (Upparu) ...... North and East lagoons (Vada - Mr Webb's Proposals for the
(b) Amendment to Webb's proposals - Final proposal for Northern barr - Final proposal for Southern bar
Completed works - Thondamannaru and Aria
Arumugam's Plan ............................. - Elephant Pass lagoon scheme - Completed works of Elephant P.
CHAPTER 4. INVESTIGATIONS,
ECONOMIC ANALY
General...........
Purpose of the scheme ..............
Proposals for the scheme ........... - Elephant Pass lagoon scheme - Link canal . - North and East (Vandararachch - South (Upparu) lagoon .......
Anticipated benefits.................... Existing Condition in 1976 ........
- Vadamarachchi Lagoon .......... Upparu Lagoon ..................... Separation Bund ...................... - Chemmani Saltern ................. Elephant Pass Lagoon, Link Canal
Investigations Carried Out .........
Upparu Lagoon ..................... Vadamarachchi Lagoon .......... Elephant Pass Lagoon ........... Link Channel .
Conclusion ...............................
Subsoil Investigations for Jaffna Lag
Hydrology and Hydraulic Studies and St of Elephant Pass Lagoon ...........
- Run-off Process .................... - Hydrograph ..........................

s Dept. from 1941 to 1970 - Studies,
S LL LLL LLL LLLL LSL L LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL L LSL LLS LL LLL LLLL SSLL 0SL LL LLL LLLL LSL LLSL LSLLSLL LSLL LLLL LLL 0LL 0LL 0 LLLL 0L Y LLL LLL LLL 0LL 0SC S0C LC 00 L0SL LLL
SS SLS LL LS 0S LS LS S LS LSL S S S LS S LSL L LSL LS LSS LL L0 L L LSSS LSL LSL LSL LSL S LS LLL LLL 0L L0 0 LLL LLLL LS L0S 0 0 LLS LS LLLSL LLLS L0 SLLL SLS
LSL L LSL LSSL L S L LSL LSL L LSL LSL LSL LS LS LS LS LSL SLL 0S LSL LLL L S 0L S S LSL LSL S LS S L L S L LLLL LSL LLL 00L LL 00 LLSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LS 0S
LSL 00 LS LS LS LS L S S S SL S SS SS SSL SSL SS SL SL SLS S 0L LL 0 L SLSL S SL S S SL LLL LLL LLLL 0 0 0L LSL 0L 0 S 0 0C 0 L0L 0L L 0L LSL LC 00
marachchi).................................... 3arrages ......................................
LLLLLL LL LLL LLLL LSL L SLL SL S LSL LSL S LSL LSL SLSL LSL LSL LL LS LS LS LLL LLS SL LL LSS LSL LSL LSL LS SSSL LSS LSL LLLLL LL0 LLL LLL LLLL L0 0L 0 0L L SL SL SS LS LS LLL
age (Thondamannaru) .................... rage (Upparu) ..............................
lai barrages and separation bund ......
LS LS LLLLL L0LL LLLS LLL LL LSS LSL LSL LSL LS S LS S L LS SL0 LSLL LL LLL LLL LLL LLL LSL SL SL SL SL SL LS LLLL 0 0 LLLLL LL 0L LLL0L 0S LLS LLL LL LLL LLLS LL LLL LL
L0L L 0L LLL LLLL LL LSSL LSL LSL LSL S S LSS LSL LSLL L L0SLL LLLL LL LLL L0L LLL 0LL LL LLL LSL SLL LSL LL LSS LSL LLLLL LL 0 LL LLLLL LL LLL L0L LL 0LS 0L LLLLL LL LS LLL LL 0SL
as lagoon Scheme .........................
PROPOSALS, DESIGNS, SIS CARRIED OUT IN 1976 -
LLL 0L 0LL 0 SLL L0S LLL LSLSL LSL SLSS SLSS SL S LS SLL SLSL LLLL LL 0 LL LL SLSL 0LL S LS 0 S SLSL S 0S SS SLSL 00L 0S SLL SLLL LLLL L 0S 0 SLSS 0S L0L L0S S SLSL S LS L0S 00 T
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S LSL LLLLL LLL LLLL LLLL LLS LSL LLL SL LS LS LLL LL LLL LLL LLSSL LLLL LL LLL LLL LLL LLS 0L 0 SLS LL LSL LS SL LSL SSSS S 0SS LLL LS L0 0L 0S 0L LL LLL LL LLL LLLL LSL LLLLS LLS LLS 0S LLL
LLS LLSL LL 0SL LL 0SL S S S LS SL S LSL LSL S LSL LS LSL 0L 0L 0L 0L 0S 0LL 0SS SLSL S LSL LSLSL LL LLL LLLLL Y LLLL 0S S LSL LSL LSL L S S L LL LLL LL 0SL L0 LLL
LSL L LSL L 0SL L LSL L LLL LLLL SSSL LSS SLSL LSL LS LS LLL 0 LLLL LSLL LLLL 0L Y L0S SS LS S LS SL S LLS L0S LLSL LLLL L0 LLSL L 0 0 L LS LS LSSS SS SSL SSL S0SSL LLL
0L LLS LL LLL LLLL LSL 00 LLSL SLSL S SS SS SSL SSL LS S S LLL LL 0 LL 0 LL 0 LLLLL LLL LLLL S S S S S S 0 LLL L0L LL0L 0L L 0L LLLL LL LSL LSL SS SLSS LLL LLLL SL SLL
LL LSL LSL L LSL L L0L Y SLSLLL LL SL SLS SS SSL SSL SSL LSL LSL LSL SLL S0S 0S 0L 0L S LS S SL SL LSS SLS LS LLL 0L L 0L 0L Y Y 0 0LS 0LS S L0S 0L LLS 0S S SL L
LLLL LL0 LLL LLL 0 LLLL LL LS SLSL LSL SLL LSL SLL LS LSS LLL LL LS LL LSLS L0 LLL LLL 0LS 0LS LLL LLLS LLS LLS LLSL LLSLL LS LS 0 LLS0 00 L0 0L Y 0L 0L 0L L L0S L0 L LS LS S SL LS
LS LS LS LLLLL LLL LLLL LL LL SLSL LSSL LSSL LS SL SLL LS LS LS LL LS LL LSL LLLL LL LLL LLLL LSL S LSS LSL SL S LS SLLL LS LLLLL L0S L00 L0LL LLL LL LS LS S LSL LSL LSL S LSS LSL SS
S LLLL LLLL LSL LLL LLLL LL LL SL SS SL SL LSL LSL LSL LSL S LS SLSLL 0L LL 0L LLL LSLL 0 L SLL LSL S SL SL SL L LLLL 0S 0L LL 0L LL LLL LLL LLLL SLS L SLL SLS LLLL SS LLLL
LL LLLL L0LL LL LLSL L 0SL L 0SSL LSL SL SL SS SL L LS L LSL L LSL LLLLL 0 LLLS 0 S0SS 0SS SL SL SS SL LSL LLL SL LSL L LSL L L L L L SLS L S0S 0S SS 0SSL 0L 0
LLL LLS LL SL LL LS L S LS SL S LS LS LS LSL LL 0SL LSS LSL LLSL L0 LLL S 0 LL L L SL LSS SLL LSS LSL LSSL L L L LS S 0S SLS 0LL LLS 0 0 SS L0L 0C LSLL LL 0L LLL LS
S LL LSL LLLLL LL LLL LLL LLLL LL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LLLLL LSL LLL LSLS 0L LSL 0LL LL LS LSL SL SL SL LSS LSL S LLL LL LSLL LLLL LLLL LLLL LLLL L0 LLL 0LL S0S S0S L0 LSS SL S L SL
LS LSLL LLLL LLLL LL 0SSL 0LSL L 0SL SL LL SLSL LSL LL LS LS LL SL LLLL LLLL LL LS LSL S0S LL SL LL S LSL LS LS 0S 0L LLLLL LSL 0L 0L L0 LS L0 LLLL S SLLL SS SS L LL LLLS
0 LLLL 0 0 0 LLLL SLLLL LS LS LS LSS LSLLS LSSS 0SL LLL L0 0S L0L L LLLL 0 0 0LL 0S LLLS 0S LLS LS LS LS LLLLL 0 LLLL LL LLL LLL LLLL 0 0 LLL L0S SSSS LL LS LS 0S LLLL 0
LLS LSL LLS LLLS LSL LSL LS LSSL L S LS S LS S LSL LS LS LL LS LS LLS 0 L0 L0 L LS LSS LSL LSL LSL LS LSS LLLL LSL L0SL L0 L L0S LLL LLLL L0 LL L0L LLL LS LSLS LS LS LSL L LS
S LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL S LSL LSSL LS S SL LSL LSL LSL LSL LLLLL LLLL LSL LSL LSL LSS LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL L LSL LSL LSL SL SL SL LSS SL S LSL SLL LSL LS L
LL LSL LL LLSL 0SL LLL LLLL LSL LSL LSSS SL LSS LSLL S LL LLL LLL LLS LL LLL LLL LLL LLLL LL LL SL LLSL SL L LSL L LSL LL LSLL LLLL LL LLL LLL LLL LLLL SS SSL SSL LS SLL LS LS
goon Scheme ................................. ructural Design of Spill Cum Causeway
SLLSL LLLLL LL LLL LLLL LSL LLSL LL LSLL LSS LSS LSL SL S LSL SL LS LSLS LSL L0 LLSLS LLLLL 0SLL LL LSL LSL LSL SLL LSL LSL LSL SLL LSL L LSL L LSL LLL LS L L0 L0 0S S SS SS SSL SSL SSL SSL LLL
0S L SLL 0S S Y 0SS 0S LLLLL LL LLL LLLL SLSLSS S S SLSLL 0L 0LL LLLLL LLLL LL 0SLL 0LLS 0 0LL SLS LL S SL S SL SLSL LS 0SS 0 0SS 0S S 0L LLLLL LLL 0L L0S L0S LLL LLLL SLS 0L LL 0S 00S 0SL
LLLLS LLL LL LLL LLLL 0 LS LLS S LLL SS LS LS LS LS LS LSLS LS 0S0L S LL 0 L L SS SL LSS LS S LS LL LS LS 0 LS0 LLS L LSL S0S SLL 0S LSL S L S LS LS L LS
45
45
46

Page 16
Hydrology and Hydraulic Studie
Elephant Pass Lagoon ...........
Vadamarachchi Lagoon .........
Upparu Lagoon ..................... Unit Hydrograph - E.P.L. ......... 100 Year Design Storm Pattern - E 100 Year Flood Hydrograph - E.P.L. Reservoir Routing Inflow Storage Disc Length of Spill and Afflux ........ Hydraulic Design of Spill Cum Caus Unit Hydrograph - V.L. ............ 100 Year Storm Pattern - V.L. ... 100 Year Flood Hydrograph - V.L. Thondamannaru Barrage - V.L. - Existin Worst Flow Condition, When Tide L Discharge Through Thondamannaru B Result ...................................... Evaporation .............................. Floods and Droughts ................. Water Requirements .................. Salinity Variation ...................... Ground Water and Jaffna Aquifer Annual Water Requirements in Milli Exploration Details .................... Project Land and Soil Classificatio
- Project Area ......................... - Soil Classification .................
Economic Analysis ....................
- Plan of Development ............. - The Cost Stream ..................
Direct and Indirect Benefits ....... Outstanding Issues .................... Conclusion ............................... CHAPTER 5. PONDS IN JAFFNA
CHAPTER 6. PROPOSED CHANG) DEVELOPMENT O)
Ο

PAGE
- Computation .............................. 51 harge (I.S.D.) Method - E.P.L.......... 58
Computation .................................... 63 g Structural Details for Flood Discharge. 65 evel is Maximum ............................... 65 arrage for Various Openings ................ 67
SS SL LSS SLLLLS LLL LLLL LL LL SSL SSL SSL LS LSLL LLLL 0SLLS 0L S 0L S 0 S S 0S LS S S0L LLLS 0 Y 0L 0 0 0L LLS LSL SLL 0 L0 LL0 S LSLS 0S SLSS SS SS SSLS LS LLLLL LL0L 00 L0 LLL S SLSL SS SS 67
S SSL LLLL S0L S0S 0L 0L L SL SL SL SL LSL SL LLL 0L L 0L SLS 0L LL 0L LLL 0 LL0 z LLL 0L S 0SSL 0LS SLLSL LL SLSL LLL LLLL 0L 0 S S L SL SL 0LL SL 0L LLL SL L L SS SL LS 75
PENINSUL.A ............................. 77
E TO FRESH WATER LAKE AND
FISHERIES ............................... 78

Page 17
CHAPTER 7. COMMENTS AND SU ACTION ................
Investigations, Designs, Proposals, etc. Hydrology - E.P.L. .................... Hydraulics of Chundikulam Spill - Upstream Submergence - E.P.L. .. Evaporation Losses - E.P.L. ....... Structural Design of Chundikulam Spill Spill cum Causeway - E.P.L. ......
Link Canal - E.P.L. to V.L. .......
Monitoring of Ground Water Condi
Ponds in Jaffna Peninsula ..........
Proposed change of V.L. and U.L. to Fre Fisheries ...................................
Recharging of the Underground Sto
General .............

PAGE
JGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE
I)

Page 18
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
TA
Location of observation wells 0 ( Data of some selected wells - Water
Data of some selected wells - Elevatio M.S.L datum (Annex 1) ......
Data of some selected wells - Data of found at the bottom of well (chloride
Rainfall and recharge ............. Data obtained from intensive study Average rainfall in inches in four
Record November rainfall in inches Tide levels (maximum and minimum
Catchment area, yield, maximum floo capacity of V.L. and U.L. ......
U.L. spill discharge for various up-st Existing condition of V.L., U.L., 100 year storm pattern of E.P.L 100 year flood hydrograph for E.P Elevation VS storage of E.P.L
Tabulation for drawing S, S--Ot/2, S-C reservoir - E.P.L. ..................
Reservoir routing. Inflow - storage - 100 year storm pattern of KKS 100 year flood hydrograph for V.L Discharge through Thondamanaru b: Details of maximum one day storm in
Water requirements for various c
XXIII Chemical analysis for chlorides in wat
V.L., U.L. and E.P.L. - (Annex
XXIV Annual water requirements in mill
XXV
Existing conditions and proposals f
Ο

BLES
PAGE
Annex 1) ......................................... 85 in the well in feet (Annex 1)............... 89 n of water surface in wells -
S LSL LSL LSL LS LS LS SL S LSSL LS SL LSL LSL LS LS LS LS SL L L LS LLLLL 0S LSL LSL LSL LSL 0S L0 LLSL L L LS SSL S LSS LSL LS LSSL L S LSL LSL S SL SL LSLL LLLL LLL LLLL LSL LSL LS S L 90
alinity from the sample of water ons in parts per million) - (Annex 1) ... 91
LLLL 0SSL LLSLS 0L 0S 0S SSL SSL LLLL LSL 0SL LLL Y SLLL LSSL 0S0 LSL 0L 0 LL 0L 0LL LSL CL LSLL 0 0L L 0L L L0 L00 LS 0L 0L 0L 0L 0L LLLL SL C 0SL L 0SL 0L L 0L L0L LSSL L SLL 0 10
area - North West Zone ...................... 21
stations in J.P................................... 28
in four stations in J.P....................... 28
) in Jaffna and Thondamanaru ............. 29 i run-off, water spread area and LSSSL LSS LSL LSL LSL LSL LS S LSL LSS LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSLLSL LSL LSL LLLLL LLL LLLL LSL LSL LSL L L SL SLSLS SL LSL LS LS LS LS L S SL S LSL S LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL SLL LSL LSL LSL LSL L 29
eam and down-stream water levels ...... 33
and E.P.L. ........................................ 42
LL LSL LSL LS SLS LLSLL LS LS LS LLSLL 0LSL LSL LSL LSL LSS LSL LLL LLL LLLL LL LLL L0L LS S LS LL LS0 LSLLL LLLL LLLSLL L0LS LLSL LSL LSL LS LL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL L LSL LSL LLLLL LL LSL LLSL LLLLS LL LL 50 .L - computation ............................... 51
LSL S S LSL LSL LSSLLS SL SS SL LSL SSL LS LL LSLL LS S LSL LSL LSL 0LLL LLLL 0S 0S LSL LSL S LSL SLL 0L LLL SL LS LSL S SL LSL LSL LLLLL LLLL LSL SSL SSL SSL SSL SSL LSL LSL LL LSLLLSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL 55 Dt/2 curves for routing through the 55 Discharge (I.S.D.) method E.P.L. . 58
L LSL LSL LSL 0 LLL SL LL SL LSS LSL LLL LLLL LLLL LSL S S S LLS LLSL L0 L0 L L0S LLLLL LSL 0LLL0S LLS LSL 0LL L0 LS LSSL 0 LSL LL LLL LLLL LL LLL SS SL SL LL 0 LL L SSLL SSSL LSL LSL LS LSL LLL Y 62 - computation ................................ 63 arrage for various openings .................. 67 Jaffna, Chavakachcheri and Pallai........ 68 rops ................................................. 69 »r samples taken at different points in 92 .................................................................................................... (2۔ ion gallons ....................................... 71 or V.L., U.L. and E.P.L. .................... 76
III)

Page 19
II
III
V
IX
XIII
XIII
XIII
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
FIG
J.P. Highlighted in the map of S. Layout of V.L., U.L. and E.P. Recharge and draw off from the a
J.P - distribution of salinity in the moi 1966 and 1967 .....................,
Compaction of limestone strata in the
Hydraulic nature of the aquifer, its coi during drought in the North Wes
Diagrammatic representation of fresh fresh water and saline water and the ul subject to heavy draw off of fres
Ground water storage curve above M. in the North West Zone .........
Map showing V.L and U.L, their catch areas along the fringe of the lagoons.
Irrigation Department as Appendix II) Divisional Irrigation Engineer N
Catchment area of E.P.L. ....... Unit Hydrograph - E.P.L. ... Area/Capacity curve - E.P.L. ..
Pool elevation VS storage in cusecs - outflow in cusecs curve - E.P.L
Outflow 'O' VS Storage 'S', Outflow VS (S-Ot/2) curves ................
Inflow and Outflow hydrographs - 1
Longitudinal section of existing and pl (Chundikulam) - E.P.L. ..........
Proposed spill cum causeway - ) Unit hydrograph - V.L. .......... 100 year flood hydrograph - V. Log drill hole at Pallai - J.P. . Reconnaissance soil map of J.P

URES
PAGE
r Lanka ----------------------- (IV)
LLS LSL LL LSL 0LL LL0L 0L 0SSL LSSL LSL SSL LSL LLS L0L LL L0 L LS LSL SSL LS LSS LSL LS LSLL LLLL LLL 0LLS LLLSL LLLS LLS LLLL L0S L0S 0 Y LLL LLS LS LS LSC LS L0S LL0LS 00 LLLLL 0 L0L L0 LC (V) quifer - J.P. .................................... 9 th of August of the years 1965, 12
Northwest zone (intensive study area). 15
npaction and boundary parameters t Zone ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
water lense, interface between )ward movement of the interface h water ........................................... 18
S.L from August 1973 to April 1977
SL LSL LSL LSL 0SL LL LLL LSLL LS LSL SL SL LSL LSL S L L L L L LSSL 0S SLLLL SS L L L L L L S LSL S S L L L L L L SL SL SL SL SLS S LL 0 SL L L S L 19
ment areas, uncultivated and cultivated The map was prepared in 1944 by the to the report by F.R.G. Webb, the then P. ................................................. 27
SL LSSL LS LSSS LSL SL LSL LLLL LLL LSL S LSL S LSL LSL LLL 0LL SLL L SL SL LSL LSL LSL L LSL L L L L S LS S S SL LSL LS Y L L L L SL SL SL SLSL L L L L L L LSL SLS S 44
S LLLLL LS LS LLLLL LLLL L0 LLL 0S LSLL LS LS LSLL LSS LLSL 0S0 LL L0LS L0 L LS LSSL S LS 0S 00L LLSLL LLLL LLL0 LL0 S LSL LSL LSL S LLS 0 0L L L0L SLS LS LS LSL S LLS L0S L00 LLLSC 0L LLS LSL LLS LSL 49
LSL SL LL LLLLL LSL LLLLL LLLL LLLL LL LSS LSL LSL 0LL 0LL 0S 0 LL 0SL LSL S LS SSSL LLLL LL 0 LL LL LL SL LL LL SL LLS LLL LL 00L LLLL 0 LS 0S LLL LSLS LL L0S SLSLSL 0 0L L L L L S LS 52 1/4 day curve and Pool elevation VS 53 'O' VS (S+Ot/2) and Outflow 'O' SL SSL SSL SS SL LSS LS LLLLL 0 LS LLS S LS LS LS LL LS LL LS LL LSL S SL S S SLL L0S L0 LSL LSL LL SLS LS LSL LLS L0SL 0S L LSL LSL S SS SL SL SL SL0 LL L0 0 LS LS LSLL LS 54 00 year return period - E.P.L.............. 56 oposed spill and bund at eastern end 57
E.P.L. .............................................. 60
LSL SL LSL LS LSL L LSL L 0SL 0S S LS LS LLSLL LSLL LLLL LL LLL LLLL SSL S L SL S LSL LSL L0 LLL LLLL LL 0SL LSL LSL S SL LSL S 0S 0LL T LLL LL LLLL C LSL SSL LSL LLLL LL0 LLL LLL LLLL LSL LSL SLL L 61
SqSLLSS SLL LSS LSL LSL LSL LS LS LS 0S LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL 0SS LSL LS LS LS LS LS LS LL LSL LLL LLL SL LS LS S LS LS LS LS LL LS LL LSL LSL LSL LS LSL LSSL L L L L LSL L S LSL LSL S 64
LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL 0LL LL LLL LLL LLLL LL LSL SSL LSL L LSL L LLL LLL LLLL LSL LSL LS LSLL LLLL SLL LS 00L LLSLL LLLL LSL LLL SL S LSL LS LS S L LSSL L S LS LSL LSSL LS SL L LLL LLL LLL LLLL LSL LSL LSL LS 70
LS LS LSL SS LSL LSSL LS S S LSL S LSL LS LLLL LLL LLLL LSL LSL LS LS LS LS LSS LSL LSL LSL L LSL LSL LSL LSL LSL LS LSS LSL L LSL L LSL LS LSL LSL LSL LSL L LSL LLLLL LL LL SL LL LS LSL S 72
III)

Page 20
ANNE
Recharge from rainfall-studies from
Chemical analysis for chlorides of wate points in Thondamannar - Upparu an
Tentative cost estimates for develop
Sub estimates:-
(i)
(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
Spill cum Causeway - EPL Zoned embankment - spill cun Flanked bund with gravel Roads Regulator along link canal at Excavation of Link canal . Causeway at 2M.03ch. Link
Area/Capacity of 88 selected pon
The report submitted to his excellency in January 1983 with an appeal to in
Plans:-
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v)
(vi)
(vii) (viii)
(ix)
Subsoil investigations for spill EPL - Spill cum Causeway and -Do
-Do
Link canal - Regulator at C -Do- Causeway at 2M.03c Link canal - Layout plan and LC -Do
-Do
(X

KURES
PAGE
411 selected Wells ............................ 85 r samples taken at different d Elephant Pass Lagoons ................... 92 nent of the lagoons:- .......................... 98
SL LSL S S SL LS LS LS S S LSS LS LSL S S S S S LSL LSSL L L S S LS S LSL SLLSL LSS LSL LSL LSL LSL S LSS LSL LSL LSL S LS S S LS LS LSS LSL LSL LSL LSL LS LSL S LSS LSL LSS 100 Causeway - EPL ............................. 101 urface - spill cum causeway - EPL...... 101 OM.27ch. ....................................... 102
S LS L S L S S S LSL LS LLSL LL LLS 0L SLS S S L L L L L L L 0S 0SL LLS LL 0S LL 0L LLSL L L L L LSSS 0SL LLSS 0SL LSS LSL 0SS LS LS LSLL SSL SL S S LSL S L S LSL LS LS 103 canal ............................................. 104
ds .................................. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 105 J.R. Jayawairdana President of Sri Lanka, plement the Scheme .......................... 108
cum causeway- EPL and burrow area. 113 Earth embankment — (0.0 ch - 40 ch) ... 114 (40ch.-1M.30ch). 115 (1M.30ch - 2M.Och). 116
M.27ch ........................................... 117
h ................................................... 118 Ingitudinal Section - Mile 1 ............. 119 Mile 2 ............. 120
Mile 3 ............. 121

Page 21
I
III
IV
VII
VIII
IX
REFER
S. Arumugam - 1968. Report de peninsula
V.S. Balendra, C.H.L. Sirimar in Jaffna. Shirley J. Bocks Elephant Pass lagoon when pri end
T. Gunasegaram - 1977. Groun the unconfined limestone acquif
K. Shanmugarajah — 1986. L Association on Irrigation Projec
K. Shanmugarajah - 1976. Fea. Lagoon scheme
S. Thirugnanasampanthan - 19 lagoon scheme
F.R.G. Webb - 1942. Report or
S. Arumugam 1954. A River fo
S. Sivalingam - 1990: Prawn Cl
(Χ.

ENCES
aling with the ground water potential of the
ne and S. Arumugam - 1968. Ground water - 1951. A report on the behaviour of the vided with the proposed spill at the western
water potential and saline water intrusion in er of Jaffna peninsula
ecture at the Sir Lanka Advance Science ts in Miocene belt of Sir Lanka
sibility report on the improvements of Jaffna
70. The Jaffna peninsula and Elephant Pass
Jaffna Lagoon scheme
r Jaffna
ulture - Manuscript Report

Page 22


Page 23
SUM
INTRODUCTION
The Jaffna cultivator is extremely industriol every thing that nature, rather sparsely, pro where nature is not over generous and wher concomitants of a bare living. Whereas in c similarly distributed the paddy grower requir a successful rainy season crop, the Jaffna m: being no facilities for creating reservoirs in source for supplementary irrigation and its saline intrusion.
One feels that such industry as is here exhib every assistance and encouragement it is po hazard attached to the present cultivation rendering the now uncultivable lands fertil reason to justify full investigations and explo
The purpose of this exercise is to analyse provide some guidelines to achieve the goal.
UNDERGROUND STORAGE
The recharge to the ground water in the peni Ground water is the prime source for agricul came to prominence in the early sixties due t have never been saline before. Dr. Arnon A a systematic survey to ascertain the quantity peninsula, for use in Agricultural developme
Accordingly Surveys and investigations wer information are available, but more investig knowledge of what is happening. Numbe study etc. i.e.: political, financial etc. The increase in agricultural production and do resulted in the saline intrusion.
A preliminary report by S. Arumugam in 1 entire peninsula from the data collected from
INVESTIGATIONSCARRIED OUT PENINSULA
Intensive studies were done by the Irrigatio. peninsula covering an area of 55 square mile in water table fluctuations and salinity intru purpose was to establish as accurately as po replenishment and abstraction practices in t Some idea of the geological and hydraulic identified. The seepage flow along the Nort

MARY
is and hard working and takes full advantage of vides in his district. Jaffna Peninsula is an area e assiduous zeal and drudgery are the necessary other parts of Sir Lanka, having similar rainfall, es it to be supplemented by stored water to raise an some how manages with rainfall alone, there such a flat country. Ground water is the only potential is limited, and overdrawing results in
bited warrants every consideration and deserves ssible to provide. If any means of reducing the or of increasing the productivity of the soil or le can be devised and provided, there is every itation.
the requirements, potential and problems and
nsula is almost entirely from rainfall percolation. tural development in the peninsula. The subject o the incidence of saline infiltration in wells that rad, Hydrogeological Expert from Israel advised and quality of the ground water resources in the nt.
e carried out from 1966 and substantial data and ations, study etc. are required to have a through r of constraints have been impeding the work, study already carried out revealed that with the mestic use, the excessive drawing of water has
968 deals on the ground water potential of the
selected 411 shallow wells.
IN THE NORTH-WEST ZONE OF THE
Dept: since 1973 in the North-west Zone of the es. Substantial and relevant data and information sion are available from the studies. The primary ssible the state of balance between ground water his area to provide basis for future management. character of the aquifer of the zone has been h coast was also identified in the study.

Page 24
Permanent drilling of deep bore holes on a gr.
- Ground water resources. - Seasonal and long term movemento - Fluctuations of the interface and to a
The study in this region revealed that about 3
SUPPLY SOURCE
The supply of adequate fresh water has be peninsula. Though considerable research h largely neglected by successive government leading to lack of development of the Tamil s
Studies have already shown that due to o peninsula, most wells in the region have bec source to replenish the wells to meet the incre importance.
The proposal to convert the two internal salt w the external lagoon (Elephant Pass) to fresh v resources of the peninsula, both in recharg Surface storage and desalinating the lands í cultivation.
Annually about 91,000 Acre feet of fresh w mainland and 30 square miles of the Elepha through the Eastern opening of this lagoon wh their domestic use and agricultural purposes.
Elephant Pass lagoon will be the primary rese Chundikulam would seal the entry of sea wat fresh water primary reservoir. From this rese miles long to Vadamarachchi lagoon, wh Vandamarachchi lagoon feeds Upparu lagoo) Upparu lagoon has an outlet to the sea at Ariya
HISTORICAL
The efforts to provide the peninsula with a interesting and chequered history. The idea Government Agent of Northern Provice, Tw project. In 1916 Horseburg the Government of the project on an experimental basis. commenced with a sum of Rs. 5,000 and efficiently until 1923.
After the success of the 4 year experimental c experimental project, the late Balasingham pro

l system was recommended for monitoring of:
Saline water found along the coast. sess the actual storage.
% of the wells are becoming brackish.
an a perennial problem of the people of the is been done on the subject the problem was , and is now considered as one of the factors eaking areas.
ter-exploitation of the aquifer in the Jaffna ome brackish, and the importance of a supply ased demand is considered to be of paramount
rater lagoons Vadamarachchi, and Upparu, and water lakes was expected to improve the water ing the underground storage with additional ringing the lagoons and making suitable for
ater from an area of 363 square miles of the nt Pass Lagoon bed, flow as waste to the sea lile the people of the peninsula are starving for
rvoir. A bund cum spill across the east end at er into this lagoon, thus transforming it into a rvoir the water would be led by a link canal, 2 ich then becomes the secondary reservoir. with an outlet to the sea at Thondamannaru. llai.
lequate supplies of fresh water have had an originated as far back as 1879 when the then yneham reported on the feasibility of such a gent of the day considered implementing part in 1920 the implementation of this project the scheme is reported to have functioned
peration and with the public acceptance of the Josed the implementation of the full scheme.

Page 25
In 1930 F.R.G. Webb together with Balasing which suggested that barrages to be built to lagoons to convert them into fresh water lake yield of the lands already cultivated.
Balasingham's idea of diverting Mahaweli prevailing situation in the country it is a blessi
WORKS UNDER TAKEN BY THE IR
WEBB PROPOSALS
In 1942 Webb, Divisional Irrigation Engin records, and endeavoured to extract, adapt an report "Jaffna peninsula lagoon Scheme", wl Webbs analysis and reports conclude a nur following.
If sea is kept out of the lagoons and the past ac is every chance of improving:
(i) The quality of the soil and water, and (ii) Agricultural prospects of the reclaimed la
Regarding the reclamation of the land it is sug system of internal drainage laid down to accele saline resisting leguminous crop to be plante the texture of the soil. This will as anticipatec sweeten the soil, and by the time the cultivat much of the alkaline or salt impregnated ar. economic crops to be cultivated.
In 1945 Webb brought up his proposals Thondamannaru and Upparu. The sites we including subsoil.
After further investigations some amendment 1947 final plans for Thondamannaru barrage v
Construction of the Thondamannaru barrag between the Vadamarachchi lagoon and Uppa between the two lagoons. Subsequently Uppa the construction of a semi-circular spill at its c completed in 1953 and Ariyalaibarrage in 195
The leaching action of the lagoons will be slo area draining into the internal lagoons.
ARUMU GAMI'S PLAN
S. Arumugam proposed that Elephant Pass L fed from catchment area of 363 sq.miles. Chundikulam and another bund where the ra would seal the entry of sea water into this l

ham issued "The Balasingham Webb Report", prevent salt water intrusion into the inland s, reclaim uncultivable land, and increase the
water to Jaffna has not materialised. As per ng in disguise.
RIGATION DEPARTMENT
2er studied and sifted all the available data, i utilise all the useful matter. He prepared the nich is an important guideline of the scheme. nber of important findings in support of the
cumulation of salt washed out effectively there
nd using lagoon water for irrigation.
gested that the area to be deep ploughed and a rate the leaching process. In addition to this, a d successively, to be ploughed in, to improve i by the chemist, reduce the period required to ion has spread to the extreme marginal lands ea may have improved sufficiently to enable
and designs for the two barrages across re selected after considerable investigations
s were made to Webb's original proposals. In was drawn and estimates were sanctioned.
e commenced in 1947. A separation bund ru lagoon was also constructed along a saddle ru lagoon was incorporated into the scheme by utlet at Ariyalai. Thondamannaru barrage was 5.
w process on account of the limited catchment
agoon be the Primary Reservoir which will be
A bund cum spill across the east end at ilway and motor bridges are at Elephant Pass goon, thus transforming it into a fresh water

Page 26
lake. Water from this reservoir would be led b will serve to accelerate the leaching out process
Construction of the Elephant Pass Lagoon sche received two major set backs. At the Wester. quantity through the P.W.D. road into the lago was successful. The second set back was th probably to the settlement of the subsoil below overtopped and breached during one of the floc
LATEST PROPOSALS BY IRRIGATIO
After a long lapse of time the project was revive Engineers headed by the author. Fresh inv feasibility report, proposals, designs, cost e drawings etc. The project is technically sound a
However when the scheme was presented for i committee, perhaps following the path of politi Government) turned the proposals down.
After the UNP came to power, the scheme was by the planning committee and a token vote wa scheme. However the scheme went into abeyar result is same, only the approach is different.
In 1976, investigations and studies were carrie Scheme and the conditions of the components Ariyalai barrage, separation bund, flood bund closure bund at Chundikulam etc. Subsoil inve cum causeway and closure bud at the eastern en structure. This was one of the important aspec failure of the closure bund.
PROPOSALS
a) Elephant Pass Lagoon - provide a closure
of 7000 feet along the eastern end of the of 6 miles to be improved.
b) Link canal 2.5 miles long and already co damaged and silted, as it runs in a san designed after detail soil investigations a existing canal as per new design, exc. regulator-cum-bridge and provide a roadw
c) Vadamarachchi lagoon: all the perishec barrage are to be replaced and the missin be replaced and repaired.
d) Upparu lagoon: The planked bays in th operated gates, the missing and damaged repaired and the passerells, widened to 2 gates. The culverts to be provided with si

a link canal to Vadamarachchi lagoon. This and augment the internal lagoons.
me commenced in 1962. When completed it end sea water was seeping in considerable on. Preventive measures taken subsequently : damage to the eastern closure bund. Due the bund, the bund had settled and has been ds.
N DEPARTMENT IN 1976
d in 1976 by the Irrigation Dept. by a team of estigations were carried out resulting in a stimates, economic analyses, construction nd economically feasible.
nclusion in the budget for 1976 the planning cal expediency (it was the final year of SLFP
put forward again in 1978, and was accepted as passed by the parliament to implement the ice once again. In both circumstances the net
d out to assess the cause of the failure of the , of the projectie: Thondamannaru barrage, s, link canal, Elephant Pass lagoon, eastern stigations for the Elephant Pass Lagoon-spill d was carried out in detail to design a suitable :ts of the investigation in view of the earlier
bund of 4700 feet with a spill cum causeway agoon. The access road to the spill, a length
instructed for a length of 2.25 miles is badly dy material. The canal section is now rend the present proposal is to recondition the avate the balance length, provide an inlet ay along the link canal.
and decayed gates in the Thondamannaru g and damaged parts of the lifting devices to
e Ariyalai barrage to be replaced by screw parts of the lifting devices to be replaced and 'O' with hand rails for easy operation of the rew operated gates.

Page 27
The separation bund between the lagoons to be
Improvement tobund, isolating the saltern and
Economic Analysis
The scheme is technically sound and ec agricultural development, there will secondary industries, and other ind improvement in the living conditions. underground storage thereby, benefiti suppressing the interface of the fresh increasing the storage potential of the g irrigation and domestic use has not been
The scheme is therefore strongly recomn
Anticipated benefits:-
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Gradual conversion of the lagoons to fre
Under-ground storage will be recharged is a possibility of suppressing the fresh the storage potential of ground water to domestic consumption.
Reclaiming 11,000 acres of non-arable results of present cultivation on small ex that red onion, chillies, yams, cashew, g However, a land use survey will help to
Supplement the 20,000 acres of presen during the period of drought and during newly created fresh water storage in the of water, cultivation of paddy in this 20. of the years.
Cultivation in the lake bed will be pos: down during dry season. The bed may SCaSO.
PONDS IN AFFNA PENINSULA
Over one thousand ponds scattered all over substantially and also helps to recharge th improvement and desilting.
PROPOSED CHANGE TO FRESH WA
TS FISHERIES
Fishing is mainly for sea prawns and confined that the change to fresh water lake would community. In order to understand the chang the text.

improved according to new design.
paddy field from this lagoon.
onomically feasible. In addition to benefit for be employment opportunities, growth of tirect benefits would result in Substantial
In the economic analysis recharging of the ng the brackish wells and the possibility of ind salt water below the existing levels, and round water to meet the increased demand for considered.
lended for immediate implementation.
sh waterlakes.
thereby benefiting the brackish wells. There water - salt water interface thereby increasing meet the increased demand for irrigation and
land by having salt leached out. From the (tents in partially reclaimed areas, it is evident rape wines, etc. can be cultivated in this land. select the suitable crops.
tly cultivated land (rain fed) along the fringe he tail end of the cultivation by pumping from 25,000 acres of the lagoon area. Due to lack 000 acres has been a total failure during most
sible when the lake full of fresh water draws also be used for cattle grazing during the dry
the peninsula benefit the people of the area underground aquifer. The ponds require
TER LAKE AND DEVELOPMENT OF
to areas close to the barrages. There is a fear affect the livelihood of the present fishing , the life history of the sea prawns is given in

Page 28
Sea prawns and fresh water prawns are expe decades tremendous technological advances man made structures. It is now common p varieties within man made structures, without larvae. Hatchery can be operated economicall prawns to stock the Thondamannaru lagoon would be several times more that what was ob before.
Below a certain salinity level the sea prawn prawn can be introduced which can tolerate complete fresh waterlake, the freshwater praw
Generally it can assured that with proper mai higher, but at the same time employment oppoi
CONCLUSION
It is very essential that the entire Jaffna Lago should be controlled by one body for effic investigation, tests, studies etc. Benefits from construction works is over. Benefits depend er of the gates, maintenance, good under-stan manning Elephant Pass and internal lagoons, necessary investigations on results of tests, etc instructions regarding the manipulation of gate and flood bunds with regards to tide levels, he must if any benefits are to be derived. A stan re-same. These are more important especially i Water in Lagoon is approaching a limit below v irrigation and domestic use.
In recent years studies, tests, research, etc. have over the world and great advances have been been incorporated in the Improvements to Jaff and derive benefits early.
Urgent and immediate action is a must to tide ( and to provide the much needed fresh water in
After 1978, no further action was taken to in H.W. Thambiah Q.C., S. Arumugam and K Excellency J. R. Jayawardana President of scheme. This team met his Excellency on 4th to him. This was followed by a meeting to disc the President and Senior members of the cabin to implement the scheme, but so far nothing m
The main constraint to implement the scheme i: the goal.

sive commodities, hence during the last two ave been made to culture these organisms in actice to grow several generations of both having to depend on natural supplies of prawn to supply all the required young larvae of the and get a prawn harvest from an area which ained from the lagoon recently or at any time
'annot survive. At this stage the fresh water lower salinity levels. After the lagoon is a ns can continue to be cultured in the lake.
agement not only the total catches would be tunities would also be proportionately greater.
on Scheme, North, South and Elephant Pass ient management, maintenance, operation, this scheme cannot be derived, no sooner the Ltirely on efficient operation and manipulation ling and proper co-ordination of personnel processing of test results, initiating action for ... Efficient control by one body with definite s of the barrages, regulators in the Link Canal avy rains and water levels in the Lagoon is a ding order should be issued and followed by n the transition period when the salinity of the which the water can be considered suitable for
been carried out for scheme of this nature all achieved. The results and know-how have na Lagoon Scheme, to accelerate the process
ver the danger of Salt water intrusion in wells he lagoon for cultivation and domestic use.
plement the project. In January 1983 Prof. . Shanmugarajah submitted a report to his iri Lanka, with an appeal to implement the May 1983 in his office, to explain the scheme uss and explain the scheme to His Excellency it and officials. It was decided at this meeting terialised. (AnneX.5)
political, which has to be removed to achieve

Page 29
CHAP
INTROD
GENERAL
The Jaffna cultivator is extremely industrious everything that nature, rather sparsely, provic area where nature is not over-generous and necessary concomitants of a bare living. Whe rainfall, similarly distributed, the paddy gro water to enable to raise a successful rainy Se: with rainfall alone, there being no facilities : During the dry weather he continues his hus having to lift the necessary water. In the earlie effort or with the aid of animals. Now water p
Paddy fields are ploughed two to three month All kinds of vegetable matter are being coll palmyra fronds and worn out cadjans being di "Kraals" during the nights so that their dung ca and there is not a vestige of growing weeds to
As one approaches the lagoon area, low Scrub fringe of the lagoon the land in completely b away from the lagoon in the residential areas potatoes, tobacco, vegetables etc. are cult laboriously lifted from the underground source
One feels that such industry as is here exhibit every assistance and encouragement possibl hazard attached to the present cultivation or c rendering the now uncultivable lands fertile, reason to justify full investigation and exploita
PRE-HISTORICAL
It would appear that lagoons in the Jaffna p following subterranean dissolution in the ca composed. The whole mass of this land is entirely of the fossilized remains of sea creat bottom of a shallow sea. According to gene. having gone on for millions of years, was foll bottom arose above the water level and becam
Then came another epoch when rain fell on carrying with it acids, which gradually erod undergrounds. As this continued undergrour be regular flows of acidulated water which wo creating vast subterranean caverns. Finally a ceiling of these caverns collapsed and fell in, their bottom below sea level. Incidentally, thi of the celebrated Nilavarai well at Puttur, S Although 5 miles from the sea, the water rise

TER 1
UCTION
and hard working and takes full advantage of les his district. He has been brought up in an where assiduous zeal and drudgery are the reas in other part of Sri Lanka, having similar wer requires it to be supplemented by stored ason crop, the Jaffna man somehow manages for creating reservoirs in such a flat country. bandry by growing numerous kinds of crops, ir days this was done either by his own manual umps are used for this purpose.
before the commencement of the cultivation. 2cted and buried into the Soil, not even dead aspised, cattle are carefully herded in covered in be easily gathered and spread over the fields be seen.
and sparse pasture cover the land. Along the are and the soil is salt impregnated. Further subsidiary food crops such as chillies, onions, ivated in the well drained soil with water
ed warrants every consideration and deserves e to provide. If any means of reducing the f increasing the productivity of the soil or of
can be devised and provided, there is every 1O.
2ninsula owe their formations, to subsidence lcareous deposits of which the peninsula in organic in origin, being made up of almost ures which lived and died in, and sank to the ally accepted geological theory, this process owed by a similar period during which the sea
: dry land.
the land and soaked through the interstices, ed away less resistible parts, leaving hollow d passages formed, along which there would ldwiden and deepen the corridors, eventually fter further millions of years the unsupported eaving on the surface these large hollows with S is the most likely explanation of the mystery ome nine miles North East of Jaffna Town. and falls with the daily tide, is reputed to be

Page 30
inexhaustible and is nearly 150 feet deep, t seemingly indicating that there exists an under
GEOLOGY
Jaffna peninsula is mainly underlain by mioce North Central Part, extending in a NNW t Bordering this on the Western side are patches two formations are found the brown sand fo western side than the eastern side. Enclosing t areas are found lagoonal deposits. The area ea sandy loams in the south and sand dunes i peninsula, stretching from Thumpalai to Naga found along the northern coast of the peninsula
The Jaffna limestone belongs to the lower mioc vertical thickness of at least several hundred fe found to be 270 feet thick there, and was under precambrian basement.
The Jaffna limestone is a creamy coloured crystalline rock. It is massive in parts but son into a honey combed mass. In places it is well of closely spaced joints running NW - SE anc also gives rise to a number of underground solu
From the Gondwana period till the miocene pé remained above the sea. About 20 million year, the peneplaned land mass between India and S Lanka into an Island submerging the entire ar relatively shallow seas grew extensive coral re limestones, calcareous clays and sands were period throughout the earth was marked by gre was however far from these intense movement by them. There was only a slight warping oft sea floor whereby the limestone beds were b. During the quartenary period, the peninsula ha gave rise to the residual, lacustrine and lagoona
RAINFALL AND HYDROLOGY
Rainfall records are available from fourteen rai 20 to 120 years. Jaffna Town itself has rainf 1871. The annual average as appearing in th inches. North East monsoon rainfall in the annual rainfall.
While the seasonal rainfall exhibits a definite rh variation in it from year to year. This variabili for agricultural development. At the end of Au the salinity of water at it highest.

e top 15 feet being fresh and the rest salt, round passage joining the well with the sea.
he limestone. Limestones are exposed at the SSE direction from Urumpirai to Palaly. of red earth formations. Encompassing these rmation which occupy a larger area on the lese along the western coast and in the lagoon t of the lagoon are occupied mainly by brown n the north along the eastern coast of the kovil and beyond. Recent coralline reefs are
‘ene period. It is almost flatbedded and has a 2t. From a drill hole put down at Palai, it was lain by a thick sandstone formation above the
hard compact, indistinctly bedded, partly he layers are richly fossiliferous and weather jointed and has a marked rectangular pattern NE - SW. The easily dissoluble limestone tion caverns.
2riod, Sri Lanka and India were together and S ago, an arm of the Tethys sea encroached on ir Lanka and for the first time converting Sri ea of the Jaffna peninsula under sea. In the 'efs rich in fauna and several hundred feet of accumulated on the sea floor. The tertiary at mountain building movements. Sri Lanka s and the miocene rocks were hardly affected he surfaces and a continuous uplifting of the Cought above the Sea to form the peninsula. i minor upliftment and the subsidence which
deposits.
infall stations in the peninsula, recording over all records commencing from as far back as e report of the Colombo Observatory is 52 'eninsula, 45 inches forms 87% of the total
ythmic pattern, there is however considerable y of rainfall has always been a major hazard gust, water table is general at their lowest and

Page 31
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Page 32
Run off - due to the relatively flat topogral structure, the surface drainage of the peninsula off and flooding however takes place after he COISCS.
RECHARGE FROM RAIN FALL
The recharge to the ground water in the penins 411 wells were studied during the period 196 Table I gives the location of the observation we given in Tables II, III and IV, of annex 1.
Table II - Water in the wells in fee Table III - Elevation of water surfa Table IV - Salinity from samples of
(chloride ions in parts pe
The behaviour of ground water table, during th us to compute the increase in ground storage, a each year. These contours enable the compl aquifer, by integrating the incremental laye) assuming a storage coefficient (effective poros has been found to vary between 4.5% to 27%
following.
TABLE W - RANFAL
PERIOD RAINF. (INCH
Sept. 64 - Jan. 65 22
Sept. 65-Jan. 66 40
Sept. 66 - Jan. 67 36
Sept. 67 - Jan. 68 62.
TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
The Jaffna peninsula with a land mass of Vadamarachchi (North & West lagoons) an Mandaitivu, Karainagar, Kayts, Eluvaitivvu, A lie to the West of the peninsula. The peninsul by Elephant Pass lagoon covering an area of 3(
The two drainage outlets are controlled and r Ariyalai in the south, for prevention of sea wa Upparu which drain to the north and south res from the centre commencing at an elevation ( Alaveddi, Uduvil and Manipay conveying drai
Apart from these natural drainage courses, a fe
Nanthavil flowing through Jaffna Town, an Serving as drainage outlets.
1(

thical nature of the area and its geological under normal rainfall is meagre. Heavy run - vy and abnormal rains, through the drainage
la is almost entirely from rainfall percolation. 5 to 1967 covering the peninsula - annex 1. Lls. Data pertaining to some selected wells are
t.
e in the wells, -MSL Datum. water found at the bottom of the Wells r million)
2 years 1965, 1966 to December 1967 enables bove sea level, as a result of rainfall recharge itation of the volume of water stored in the is of the saturated aquifer each month and ity) of 0.15. The porosity of Jaffna limestone with a mean value of 15%. We thus get the
L AND RECHARGE
ALL RECHARGE IN ES) ACRE, FEET
50,000 (Estimated)
90,000 " "
7 3 ,000
177,000 " "
400 sq.miles has two internal lagoons - d Upparu (South) lagoon. The Islands of \nalaitivu, Punkudutivu, Nainativu and Delft a is separated from the mainland in the south
sq.miles.
gulated at Thondamannaru in the north and ter ingress. Apart from Thondamannaru and pectively, a Small stream called Valukai Aru f 35 ft MSL runs for about 8 miles, through Lage from south western areas.
w excavated short length canals eg: one from other from Palali through Myliddy etc. are

Page 33
GROUND WATER EXPLOITATION
Ground water is the prime source for agricul subject came to prominence in early sixties d that have never been saline before. Dr. Arnol a systematic survey to be carried out. The ob the ground water resources in the peninsula, f
The survey was expected to reveal indications - Quantity of rain water that percolates a
peninsula. Quantity of ground water seeping to Sea. Quantity of ground water available for agri The extent of salinity that tends to infiltrate The direction, duration and source of salin
A census of all domestic and agricultural we the assistance of the census and statistic sect over 84,000 wells in the area. Of these ab drawn for domestic purposes only and the number of wells may be over 100,000. II agriculture was computed by the Agricultul mostly from 18,000 agricultural wells. The acre feet. The present demand has increase being cultivated.
SALINE INTRUSION
Every sample of the water obtained from eac analysed to determine ions etc. in it. On the t isochlor maps have been prepared. These m per million, as found in the well waters of th during each of the years 1965, 1966 and 196
A combination of the three maps enables us prevailed during the period 1965 - 1967.
This is shown in the salinity map fig. IV shov
- Areas free from salinity (less than 500 ppm - Areas moderately free from salinity (500tc - Areas moderately fee from salinity but lia
(1000 to 1500 ppm) − - Areas liable to salinity in the dry seasons ( - Saline areas (above 2000 ppm) - Direction of salinity trend
Wherever possible, the directional trend alon indicated by arrows; the distribution of sal recharge from rainfall, withdrawal from limes

AND UTILIZATION
ural development in the Jaffna peninsula. The le to the incidents of saline infiltration in wells Arad, Hydrological expert from Israel advised ject was to ascertain the quantity and quality of or use in Agricultural Development.
of the following:- nnually into the ground water source of the
culture.
into the aquifer. e infiltration.
lls in the peninsula was made in 1966/67 with ion of the Jaffna Katcheri and there were in all out 66,000 are domestic wells where water is palance are agricultural wells. At present the 1968 the total quantity of water drawn for al department to be 28,000 acre feet per year annual draw off from each well was about 1.5 i considerably with the increase in area that is
h of the 411 observation wells were chemically basis of the results obtained from such analysis, aps show the distribution of chlorides, in parts le peninsula at the end of the month of August 7.
to delineate the areas or zones where salinity
ving:-
)
1000 ppm) ble to salinity with slight increase in draw off
1500 to 2000 ppm)
g which salinity in likely to percolate inland, is nity and its trend appear to be controlled by tone aquifer.
11

Page 34
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Page 146
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Page 147
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Page 151

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Page 152
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