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CEY
N
CTOLEMYS (
- ܒܡ
J. R. SÍ
 

LON
CEOGRAPHY
catcambu

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CEYİ
IN
PTOLEMY’S (
J. R. SINNATAMBY,
Deputy Surveyor Genere

ON
GEOGRAPHY
B. Sc. (LONDON)
l, Ceylon, (Retired)

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FIRST
COPYF IGF
Priated by P. don Nicholas of dalugama, Kelar trial Street fort, Colombo, and Published

EDITION
1968
IT FESEE VED
niya, for The Times of Ceylon Ltd., at Times Building. by J. R. Sinnatamby, 286, Butler's Road, Colombo 7.

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Tribute paid by Gerini to Ptolemy on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia
"Thanks to the towns, p by Ptolemy in the wide world ci invaluable sidelights are supplic a region for which extant record favourable circumstances, furthe A.D. By virtue of Ptolemy's G they may be, it will thus be pos
those lands to the first century of
These observations apply with equi
Geography of Ceylon as well.

when he published his "Researches
2oples and tribes mentioned overed by the present volume, :d to the ancient history of do not go back, in the most r than the 5th or 6th century 2ographic lists, however arid sible to carry back history of
our era”.
al force to all aspects of Ptolemy's

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DEDICATED TO

MY PARENTS

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PRE
This work deals with some aspec and with the identification of some
My interest in this matter orig I read an article in the Narrative Rep Party dated 1875, where he appended in the area of Survey, giving the ve obtained on the ground with its ety
There is some doubt about the o but on one point there can be little of scholarship at that time, amongst andria and India, as is attested by til out by Caldwell, have retained their twenty centuries.
This is not a complete work, as for reasons given in chapter one. F ing to Ceylon, of as many as about various libraries and monastries in Eu names as possible in their least mutil the etymology or identity of the wo identification. The texts used so far and Palatine MSS, which are again there are as many as about 12 MSS,
The locating and obtaining copi attention, for as correctly advised b, is to the original Greek text and not tions that we should go, for such in ducts from the texts and is second h
The proper identification of eve a landmark of inestimable value for already acknowledged by historians
It is hoped this work will cont achieving this objective.
| must in conclusion thank Mı
University of Ceylon, for granting m I also thank the staff for the ready
Colombo,
May, 1968.

ACE
ts of Ptolemy's Geography in general names in Ptolemy's map of Ceylon.
nated about two decades ago when ort of an officer of the Madras Survey a list of names of villages and towns, 'rnacular form of each place name mology or root meaning.
riginal form of Ptolemy’s Geography, doubt and thất is the high standard , the literary classes, both at Alexhe fact, that, some words, as pointed identity letter for letter for the last
I have left some names unidentified urthermore, copies of texts pertain12 MSS, have to be obtained from rope and America, to obtain as many ated forms, to help in breaking down rds that have so far resisted proper
are those based on the Mount Athos based only on a single MS, whereas
as mentioned above, in existence.
es of these texts is however receiving y Skelton, of the British Museum, it to the Greek map or Latin translavestigations, as maps are only proand at best, and so are translations.
cy name in this Geography, provides historical research. This has been and reputed research scholars.
ribute, even in a small measure, to
'. K. D. Somadasa, Librarian of the he the privilege of using the library.
assistance extended to me.
J. R. SINNATAMBY.

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Page 11
. Ο Ο Ν Τ
Preface
General Observations ..
Ptolemy’s map of Ceylon
Identifications.
History as told by Ptolemy
Appendix

ENTs
60
67

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Page 13
CHAP
GENERAL O
In this book an attempt has bee:
map of Ceylon with names appearir
Though a large number of hist the writer feels that many of the identified than done hitherto.
I must before proceeding furthe and Library of Congress, Washingt tion and maps made available to me. satisfactorily the first requirement w ing to Ptolemy’s Geography I soug and the Library of Congress on this existence of the Palatine and Vatope and Mount Athos respectively. I Athos manuscripts and reproduced features not shown on any of the mal
I am aware, for the study of Ptolen
The Library of Congress also a Century A.D. Arabic translation C
too was obtained by me for referer
Another useful publication wh Library, Amsterdam, is Ptolemy’s Ceylon by Petrus Bertius, who was at the Court of Paris. This useful
tributor to the Journal Royal Asia

T E R LI
BSERVATIONS
n made to identify names in Ptolemy's
ng on the maps of Ceylon today.
orians have dealt with this question,
InᏋᏓ1ᏁᏁᎾS eof be more satisfactorily
r thank the British Museum, London, on, for the advice, valuable informa
I felt that to carry out these studies as to obtain the earliest maps pertainght the advice of the Rritish Museum matter and they advised me of the di manuscripts at the Vatican Library obtained the micro films of the Mt. the map of Ceylon, which disclosed ps of Ptolemy used, hitherto, as far as,
ny's Geography of Ceylon.
dvised me of the existence of a l3th f Ptolemy's map of Ceylon. This
ce purposes.
ich I obtained from the National Geography pertaining to India and geographer to King Louis the XIII, publication, recommended by a con
tic Society Great Britain, gives both

Page 14
the Palatine and Mt. Athos version equivalents according to other Hell
cations, with present names. It als
Another useful map is the Pei publication by Miller, with a map, Augustus, about 40 B.C., was ava: direct bearing on Ceylon, but helps
work.
I have in this work confined mys of which I am reasonably certain. reflection on accuracy and location due to non-availability of all docu
subject.
That Ptolemy’s identifications accepted by reputed scholars, Law Ray Choudhuri has pointed out tha
tantially correct.
Gerini has pointed out that his
in the author's time and not fancifu
Mc Grindle, who has made a spe of India, has pointed out that nam sources and not from tfyllers and t is that as pointed out by Caldwell, for letter for twenty centuries. Gusti cation to the JRAS Gr. Britain
sources verbatim but treated them sources, list of towns. . . particula
one part of India familiar to Greek
2

}, where they differ, as well as, the 2nic authors and also some identifi
gives the Greek text in addition.
utinger Table. A very informative prepared on the Orders of Emperor lable from Germany. This has no
jo confirm the accuracy of Ptolemy's
elf to the identification of places etc., My failure to identify all places is no of Ptolemy's toponyms, but can be
ments, that have a bearing on this
are substantially correct has been and Gerini. Law has observed that
Lt Ptolemy’s identifications are subs
toponyms are traceable to languages l.
sial study of the Geography in respect es in South India were from Indian
raders and what is more remarkable
many of the names are correct letter bv Oppert has observed in a communi
(1886—87) “ Ptolemy did not copy
with discrimination. . . One of his ly detailed for Kushan dominions,
5.

Page 15
His account of mountains squal graphical text known to us. It is
identifiable Sanskrit text should hav
in Alexandria.
The sequel will show that the ably sure agree with those of Ptole
I have included in this book (v
at the Conference—Seminar on Tam
and the Tamil Language. This ( Peutinger Table and in full detail Ulipada.
A point of particular significan Ptolemy's Geography was more or of Roman trade in the east which ter
India. Schoff has observed that fi at the Tamil ports, while Heeren th has pointed out that five ports in I. Tamil for seaport town. It is not and ancient seaport town Trincom Ptolemy and is shewn just where
plans.
The copiousness of geographic: the availability of up-to-date inform traced to the large volume of trade t Alexandria, India, Ceylon and furth able significance, in that existence to this map, can be confidently dat with this aspect of the matter in s
geography of Eastern Asia.

es entirely with earlier Sanskrit Geoa fact of some significance that an
e been available in some form or other
identifications of which I am reason
my.
ride арpenфx) an article, read by me il Studies, Madras 1968, on “ Ptolemy deals briefly with the history of the
with the identifications of Malea and
3e which I would like to stress is that
less contemporary with the expansion minated mainly on the Coasts of South rst hand knowledge of Greeks ended e celebrated historian and geographer ndia ended in Patana. Patana is the without significance that our famous alee is also described as Patana by
Trincomalee is indicated on modern
al data and what is more important nation (100 A.D.) in this region, can be hat existed at this time between Rome, her east. This is a point of considerof any tribe, place or language, traced
ed as about 100 A.D. Gerini has dealt
ome detail in his book on Ptolemy's

Page 16
Caldwell, thanks to the tenacity out that many Eravidians words h letter for 20 centuries. This is a p scholarship of Hellenic literature, in noted with such precision, for it to letter, despite a lapse of 16 centurie uages, Tamil to Greek to Latin and country of its origin through generat A.D. to the printed plans in the l significance to the historian as it indi
from a reliable and cultivated sou
The orthography and toponomy pointed out very accurate for a pub turies old. The actual plotting of th distorted. This was not due to war
fect technique then available. It was that technology was sufficiently adv
plams.
In point of fact the scientific a technological achievements at that no better than draw a parallel betw in that technological perfection lags lag in the technical develgpment in due to the dark ages that intervene
San Ce.
The above is clearly illustrated Williers of the Haklyut Society in th
in reference to a map where he observ
4

of Dravidian Toponyms, has pointed ave retained their identity letter for ointer to the degree of precision and that, a foreign word should have been have retained its accuracy letter for 's and passage through several langback again in the same form to the ions of copyists, from the 2nd century 6th century. This in itself is of great cates that the data has been obtained
ᎱᏣᎾ .
of Ptolemy’s geography is as already lication which is now nearly 20 cenhe plans particularly of Asia is highly nt of technical knowledge but impers not till about the 16th century A.D.
anced to produce reasonably accurate
pproach of the Greeks was ahead of aime by nearly 1200 years. I can do een this and space science of today, behind scientific reasoning. The big the cartographic world was no doubt
d between Ptolemy and the Renais
by an interesting reference made by e London Geographical Journal 1914
res' Here we still have a map issuing

Page 17
from the press at Lubec in the year 1 ance of a printed Ptolemy—having
salem in the centre, and in the no
countries for which there was no roo
type of legendary mediaeval cartog
It is also of interest to note in t
observation made by Rice, who was I
in the Madras Journal of Science-l
Hindus owe a great debt of gratitu
and Dravidians of India difficult to
To former they owed art of wr feared to lose ascendancy if art of wi invention of printing was opposed b has pointed out in his book on “Cl the Chinese issued printed plans tw
issued in Europe.
Though the maps of Ptolemy a torted, Ceylon has been fairly accur:
fortunate circumstance in that the
Ceylon was not navigable by all boa travelling from the west coast of In to circumnavigate Ceylon (“Voyages It is for this reason that Yule (Bur
* It seems difficult with such land
rivers, promontories) to go very fa identifications are very few ‘’. Tha Identification of most places of wh Ptolemy. In fact Ceylon is more
of Ceylon than what appears in Spi

475-i.e. three years after the appearthe Garden of Eden at the top, Jerurth-west quarter quite a jumble of
m elsewhere, it in fact is still the usual
aphy.’’
his connection the following pregnant irector of Public Instruction of Mysore 878, “To
.de. How far influenced by Cushites
gypt and Babylon, Aryan
determine.
iting so detested by Brahamans who iting became general, as in after years y obscurantes in Europe. Needham ninese Science and Civilisation , that
vo centuries before such plans were
s pointed-out already are greatly disately depicted; this was due to a very
sea between India and north-west of
ts and at all times of the year. Boats dia to the east coast had of necessity and Travels, Churchill, Vol. 2 p245). hbury Vol. 2 page 603) has observed, lmarks (number of names, including r astray, yet thoroughly satisfactory t this is so will be seen in the sequel. ich I am reasonably sure agree with correctly depicted in Ptolemy's map lbergen's book of the 16th century.

Page 18
It is for this reason that Talai Ptolemy became.a. very important er would have been particularly neces when ships had to hug the coast and for navigation. This also explains
identified with the name pigeon.
An important aspect of Ptolemy tion to indicate how maps should be that maps drawn today adhere in thei plans. This gives an important clue on Ptolemy's maps in that they are namely from north to south. This n basis that the relative placement of sidered otherwise than for very go
such cases, which are dealt with in t
The names given in different ma variation is no doubt due to errors draughtsmen. I must point out tha their book “ Masters of Cartograph Ptolemy's geography and that the on which this work is based are col the 13th century A.D. by Palnudes,
ponsible for the cartography of the
* Before dealing with igentification
etc., it is necessary for me to touch on
The first point is the name Salic that this name appears in Ptolemy's generally as a name of Ceylon to the
sisted, even to the extent of being appl
6

mannar of today and Tala-kory of nporium of trade. Circumnavigation lary in the early days of navigation depend On the sun, stars, and pigeons,
the number of places round Ceylon
’s geography was the author’s intendrawn; in any case, I must point out r basic principles to that of Ptolemy's to help in the identification of names all located in a predetermined order, heans that we can safely work on the names are correct and cannot be con
Od reasons. There have been three he sequel.
ps do not agree in the spelling. The in copying or judgement of various t as stated by Skelton and Bagrow in y, there are many manuscripts of Palatine and Mt. Athos manuscripts, bies of Only One version made about a Byzantine monk, who is also res
map.
s proper of the names of tribes, towns
some points which need clarification.
e given for Ceylon. It is significant geography but has not been known extent the name Taprobane has peried to Ceylon in the 16th century A.D.

Page 19
In my opinion this name both for of Ptolemy is derived from the nar opposite Ceylon. This was a very f
great importance at that time.
North Ceylon at least would hav as at Sali-ur and hence the name O conveyed to the people and island of mention that Arunachalam has poir that Ceylon got its name Taproban
shore in India. Tambapani is the P
It was the Portuguese who gave this was for the-reason that people who came to Portugal from Maureta. guese. It is for this reason that Tar Portuguese and Europeans who succ all Tamirs Malabars as they were of
the people of Malabar, and, whom t
It is remarkable that as late as
that the manner of people in Ceylor
The coasts which travellers ar
would have been in the Puttalam, M
usual for them to meet people there
across the Gulf.
I must also observe that Warmin
and Indian trade has emphasised th
Ceylon’s trade had its exit from Sout

the island and the people at the time me of the City Sali-ur immediately
lourishing port and an emporium of
re been peopled with the same people f the area and people of Sali-ur was Ceylon. Ly support of this I would nted out in his census report 1911, 2 from Tampraparni on the opposite
ali form of Tampraparni,
the name Moors to Muslims in Ceylon, of the same appearance and religion nia were called Moors by the Portumils have been known as Malabars by seeded them. The Portuguese called the same appearance and religion, as hey called Malabars.
; 1506 A.D., Varthena has observed
was much like unto Calecut.
ld traders would have first touched
Mannar area. It is therefore not un
of the same kind as the people just
gton in his book pertaining to Roman e point that at the time of Ptolemy, h Indian ports and that according to
7

Page 20
numismatic evidence which cannot
at their optimum from about the
Warmington's view receives in that most of Ceylon's goods appea through Quilon on south-west coast known as Elankon in Ptolemy's geo “ Elank ” in Elankon of Ptolemy’s g with “ Elank in Elankai by whicl today.
The next point I would like to t graphy which does not appear to opinion there has been confusion n. and Taprobane but also that some
been shewn against Ceylon.
There has been frequent comm Ptolemy’s map of Ceylon. Modutu to be Mantotte of today in Mantai from Modutu. There is also the q the vicinity of Modultu, which also This duplication has also to be ex production of silver and gold need if not always, excepf in this geog
stones and pearls.
In the text of Ptolemy's geog there is the following reference ag totius insulae portus ”. This was Museum (Mr. D. J. Huddy) consult
8

be ignored, ports in Ceylon functioned 4th century A.D.
my opinion support from the fact Lr to have left for western countries
of India. This port was appropriately graphy. It is remarkable that letters geography are identical letter for letter
n Ceylon is referred to by the Tamils
Ouch on is an aspect of Ptolemy's geohave been noticed hitherto. In my ot only between the names of Ceylon
towns, which belong to Sumatra, have
lent about the location of Modutu on on the face of it has been considered area, which is supposed to be derived uestion of the town of Anubingara in appears on the west coast of Ceylon. blained. Finally, the reference to the ls clarification, as Ceylon is generally,
raphy, only associated with precious
raphy as given by Petrus Bertius, gainst Modutu, “ Pynder, celeberrimus investigated by me. The British
ed by me, informed me that there was

Page 21
a note “ Modutu Citta mercantile, H
L' Isola, in the edition of Ptolemy
I investigated this still further
that this reference is found in the text
printed in Venice by the Heirs of M
In the copy of the text obtair “ Pacem ” given against Anubingara following * Chiamano hoggi la Taprot che riferifce Indiano Giofesso, Luc Joseph the Indian, Ludouico Vartam
the Island of Taprobane what was
I pursued this further and was Vartomano. Here he distinctly stat name of Pedir. That this is the port Citta Mercantile, hoggi Pinder porto cantile city Modutu, today called Pind
is confirmed by the following refer
Foot note (1), P 455, Ptolemy’s
of Summatran Kingdoms . . . Pedir
P 652, Pacem “ poto de Pacem,
P 812 Linschoten (1592), says m
Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. trading with King of Pegu, Varthem
crossed over to Pider (Pedir) in Sum
Collection of Voyages and Trav petty kingdoms viz Pedir. . . Pace
swallowed up in the kingdom of A

oggi Pinder poto piu famoso di tutta published in Venice, 1599.
and the British Museum informed me
of the edition of Ptolemy's geography
elchior Sessa in 1599.
ned by me you also find the word . . At the tap of the text appears the рата Sатоtra,*отero Sитаira, secondo douico Vartomano, and altri ', (As nano and others tell us, we call today.
known as Samotra or Sumatra).
able to get a copy of the travels by ies that he travelled to a port by the referred to in the reference “ Modulu
piu famoso di tutta L'Isloas ''' (Merler the most famous port in the island),
ᎾᏒᏁᏣᎾᏚ.
geography by Gerini “ Barbosa's list
north side towards Malacca Pacem.”
que he o principal da ill de c a matra.”
uch pepper from Pedir.
(22) p994, “After some successful a and his party sailed on to Malacca,
atra.
rels” by Churchill Vol. 11, p22 —“ 30 m. . . in process of time these were
chim.

Page 22
  

Page 23
This constitutes valuable supp
that this town had been introduced i
map at a later staget after Ptolemy’s
(Ceylon) with Taprobana (Sumatra)
This also shows that Nagadipa, important towns in Ceylon despite as in the case of Maagrammum. ' reason therefore for Ptolemy to hav its importance indicate any associatic There can be some justification for t of the 3 towns in Ceylon considered towns supposed to have been visite and Nagadipa. It should be noted
residence has not been included in
It is now clear that it is these tw
gara and Modutu, that have been Ceylon and in the map.
The real reason for this confus
earlier was so situated that vessels
fore it was possible to draw a proper the travellers passed the western an
south coast to proceed further eas
In any event there was no proper of the geography specially devoted minds of the geographers who compi confused Ceylon with Sumatra, can
the midst of all this confusion whicl
it is refreshing to note that King A

orting evidence to confirm the view nto the Geography of Ceylon and the time, due to confusion of Taprobana
).
was considered as one of the 3 most the fact that it is not an emporium There muyhave been some special e included it in this category. Does on with the supposed visit of Buddha? his inference, when it is realised that important in Ptolemy's time two a'e d by Buddha namely Maagrammum that even Anurogrammum the royal
this category.
vo ancient ports of Sumatra, Anubin
included in Ptolemy's geography of
ion is clear. Ceylon as pointed out had to circumnavigate it, and thereplan of same. In the case of Sumatra d northern coasts of Sumatra, or the
t.
plan of Sumatra, nor is there a section to it. The confusion caused in the led the geography from reports, which therefore be readily understood. In n persisted till even the 16th century lfred should have correctly indicated
l

Page 24
the position of Ceylon in respect of an Officer of the Ceylon Rifles says i Taprobane seems at last to have los remarkable that King Alfred, who t Orosius, the Spanish writer (A.D.41 on the subject than Haldingham of h after him, or the map makers of the
footnote that the latin edition has
cui subjacent ad eorum in Sula, Tas with point Calimere. I must also poi bana to Sumatra appears in print fir: to “Ceylon by an Officer of Ceyl
The above confusion also explai
what appears to be the geography of
The difficulty of free navigatio India has also apparently contribute North-West part of Ceylon with the foreigners, visiting the area, and, thc
graphy of this area in Alexandria.
It would appear to me that for of Ceylon does include some part of S
of south-east portion South India
This is very clearly čonveyed in the text, you find the words alread Taprobama Samatra, omero Sumatra
Lmodouico Vartomano and altri '.
The next point I would like to cl on the north coast of Ceylon. This
2

India, as can be inferred from what in his book on “Ceylon, “The real st its identity, in the confusion it is ranslated the geography of Paulus 5) should have been better informed his own country living five centuries
l6th century. ' He points out in a “ a sinistra proтотtortит Caligadата probana.” Caligadama is identified int out that the application of Taprost in the travels of Conti, according
on Rifles.
ns the reference to silver and gold in
f Ceylon only.
n in the north between Ceylon and d to the identification of at least the
2nvironments of South-East India by
)se responsible for compiling the geo
reasons given above the geography
Sumatra and is also modified by that
the text itself, where on the top of y quoted by me, “ Chiamano hoggila
secondo che referifce Indiana Giofesso
arify is the location of “Tala-cory
is entirely due to confusion of Cory

Page 25
(Rameswaram) with point Kalimere. topographically, it was placed next t respond with Cory on the map of II
occupied by point Kalimere.
The above is very clearly expresse
India ” by Ptolemy, where he says
“ Cape Kory:-Ptolemy makes K same cape. They are however disti bounded the Orgalic Gulf on the south which bounded it on the north. T
by the Hindus Ramadanuh, or Ram Dhanus-koti or simply koti. The Sa tip, or corner') becomes in Tạmil koda Kori or Kory. The Southern Koti w was formed by the long spit of land terminates. It is remarkable, as Ca without knowing anything of the spit of land Cape Ramanacoru. Pt with Kalligikon or Point Kalimir is
stated that each of these projection
I must also point out that ever Pt. Kalimere in his book and that the
1834) actually refers to Rameswarar
Caldwell has pointed out in his I means head in English. As Kory Tala kory means Head Point, End Talaimannar with Talakory (Cory).
topographical requirements. In po

As Tala-cory actually follows Cory Cory in the north of Ceylon to cor
|dia, which is actually the position
'd by McCrindle in his hook “ Ancient
Ory and Kalligikon to be one and the inct, Kory befig the headland which l, and Kalligikon being point Kalimir, he curvature of this Gulf was called a's bow and each end of the bow nskrit word koti (which means end, and this naturally takes the form of hich was very famous in Indian history in which the island of Rameswaram ldwell remarks that the Portuguese, Kory of the Greeks, called the same olemy's identification of Cape Kory
readily explained by the fact just
s was called Koti.”
Colonel Yule makes no mention of London Geographical Journal (Vol.4,
h as Point Ramen.
ravida Grammar that Tala in Tamil Cory) is point, end, tip, extremity, , Extremity. I therefore identify
This satisfies both philological and
int of fact Talaimannar is adjacent
13

Page 26
to Cape Kory topographically and h
point of Mannar by Nevil in his T.
It should also be noted that Ta
ships coming to Kory would have goods from the west and load goods
at its northern end from the east.
Warmington's observation, th; ports is very significant in this cont
Greek and other western traders wo
following Kory on their records.
Further evidence of the confus
Kalligikon (Kalimere) is provided b p 180 of his book on “Ceylon wh
ཉ
was the Island of the Sun referred
The author makes the observati “ Proximum esse Indiae promontorii navigatione, medio in cursu solis ir Tennent, when describing the nortl says, the portion of Ceylon which ap and midway between it and the main. ing the Coliacum of Plipy to be Ram Island of the Sun.’ “ an the abo tation? which was the Island of th
meant that Coliacum was an Indiar
Ramiseram.”
The first confusion arises over
quoted above, which appears to adr
14

as in fact been referred to as extreme
aprobanian.’’
lakory was an emporium and that all to come to Talakory to unload their
that would have reached Talaimannar
at Greek ships terminated at Tamil xt, in that all records taken back by Duld have had Talakory immediately
ion between Kory (Ramancoru) and by an Officer of the Ceylon Rifles at ere he raises the question of which
to by Pliny.
On when quoting Pliny and Tennent, quod Vocatur coliacum, Quatridui Isula occurrente, Lib. WI. 24.* Sir E.
n of Ceylon, ii. 549, remarks Pliny proaches nearest to India is Coliacum,
land is the Island of the Sun. Assumiseram, Delft would appear to be the ve passage in Pliny bear this interpree Sun is uncertain, but surely Pliny
n promontory, and not the Island of
the actual meaning of the Latin text
mit of both translations, one indicat

Page 27
ing, a promontory of India and th clear from Ptolemy’s geography th Kalligikon (Calligicum) of Ptolemy”
to be an Indian promontory.
Regarding the question of the when Pliny says it is midway betw confusing Coliacum (Kalligikon) wi is actually almost midway between
proper.
The Latin text quoted above Coliacum, distant four days sail fr
Kalligikon (Kalimere), which is abc
Furthermore, Pliny refers to C Ceylon. Here again Coliacum (K
Kory, as Kory (Cory) is actually til
That Ramiseram is the Island O Johnston who was Chief Justice c
of the ancient history of the area ar his return from Ceylon, built a tem the Romans, an island situated bet island of Ceylon, from the meridian mers commence their calculations, Society Vol, III, p 461).
The names identified have been
in the modern map of Ceylon at p 2

e other of Ceylon. However as it is at Kalimere of today is actually the
s geography, we may take Coliacum
Island of the Sun, it is now clear that een Coliacum and the mainland, he is th Kory (Cry), as Ramiseram island
n Ceylon and the Indian mainland
also refers to a promontory known as om Ceylon. This evidently refers to
out four days sail from Ceylon.
oliacum as the promontory nearest to alligikon), has been confused with
he promontory nearest to Ceylon.
f the Sun is confirmed by Sir Alexander f Ceylon. He made a special study ld expressed the opinion, “Rama, after ple on Ramiseram, the Insula Solis of ween the peninsula of India and the of which many of the Hindu astrono
(Transactions of the Royal Asiatic
indicated against their modern names
5.
5

Page 28
CHAP
PTOLEMY’S M1
In this chapter is included Ptol scripts, Greek, Arabic and Roman. map of Ceylon up to date in respect C Sinhalese, that have had a bearing C last 3,000 years.
This also covers the period of tri when, as Heeren, the celebrated his upwards of 300 years before Christ the time of Cosmas the island of Cey was the seat of a very active and numerous fleets were scattered over the Tyrninian pennant waved at the and on the shores of, Ceylon, lo gardens of tropical lands, (J.R.A.S. History Vol. 2 p. 598 edited by Sast arrived in the Indian ocean, where a Pliny wrote the same adventurers ( selves in Ceylon and even introduc island and from time immemori
monopolised the whole carrying tra
undisturbed possession till discoveri
The Greek script (P. 19) is the or
was prepared.
6

[ E R 2
AP OF CEYLON
emy's map of Ceylon, given in three This brings the printing of Ptolemy's fall the scripts, except for Tamil and
in Ceylon, at some period, during the
ade from the time of the Phoenicians, torian and geographer, has observed, and consequently of 900 years before lon and above all the northern part opulent trade and their (Phoneicians) the Indian and Atlantic Oceans and
same time on the coasts of Britain
aded with commerce from the spice Gr. Britain 1898, Kennedy; Indian i), to the times when the Portuguese is further observed by Heeren' when Arabs) had already naturalised them'ed their religious worship into that al Arabs as a seafaring people had
de of Indian ocean and continued in
es of the Portuguese.”
iginal script, in which Ptolemy's map

Page 29
The Arabic script (P. 23) is a t. the 14th century A.D. There was
A.D. which is nowy not available.
The map in Arabic script is a graphy was translated into Arabic ir
est to note that the south has been
the practice with Arabic geographe the world as known then prepared b of Sicily, about the 12th century A. Adam's Peak of Ceylon is referred
aleihi ”
The map in Roman script (P. geography was translated in the 13t then the language, of Europe.
It should be noted that though maps, it is doubtful if Ptolemy hi pressed on this point by acknowledg Bagrow, on Cartography, will be rea others are closely tied with dev Marinus of Tyre and Claudius P Marinus was the first person to dev produced a text book for constructi to the astronomer Ptolemy it was maps at all. We only know about of Ptolemy. Ptolemy also seems ti in his “Geography or “Cosmogr
to giving basic instructions and a li

ranslation from the Greek script about
a translation made in the 8th century
map prepared when Ptolemy's Geothe l4th century A.D. It is of intertaken as the north in this map, as was rs. This id'confirmed by the map of ly al-Idrisi for Roger II, Norman King D. It is also of interest to note that
zo in this world map as “aleihi Adam
21) is a map prepared after Ptolemy's
ih century A.D. into Latin, which was
these maps are referred to as Ptolemy's mself drew any plans. The view exyed authorities, R. A. Skelton and Leo ld with interest, 'Two names above all slopment of cartography. They are olemy of Alexandria (87-150 A.D.). relop the theory of projections and he ng world maps, from which according completely impossible to draw any Marinus’s treatise from the writings o have included no maps as examples aphy ', but to have confined himself
st of important co-ordinating points.'
17

Page 30
The following reference to Cey
interest :-
Inde autem com versus australe
Illico Coliadis magnam ad in Matrem, Taprobanam, in Asia Quam supra coelestibus sublat
Versatur in orbem, im, aethere
Turning aside from ther Southernmost promontory Straightaway come to the
Of Colias, Taprobane, mot) Asian horn elephants; abo
High up in the heavenly zo

lon by Dionysius Periegetes is of
атte proтотtori ит, sulaт ретретies,
9етitorит elephaтtorшт:
sus conversionibus
Camcer ardens.
LDII () NYSIUS PERIE (GE'ES
2 before the
you would great island
her of
ve which
diac turns the shining Crab.”

Page 31
Map in c (From Mt. Athos M5, Libi
 

Greek Script 'ary of Congress, Washington)
సీ* ༔ སྟེ།
** * *్క****కాశ**
يوه له ټp
عن نة ** **
** ** : #్క -్న ఫిళ *** **
* 8:...برمنگھ ۔
܀ 2 ܕܝܢܐ ܕ8 ܘܶ ܕ݁ܶ: ܚܕܶ
岑
线
; ဒွိ شش، ۹ کیسهٔ ء
గోళ భళ్ల
8.
#x

Page 32


Page 33
SA
Argari
Galla
ቆመe ሠ/2ፍ “መዖeo
Galibi 1.
後"
羲
徐。
Anuras reilirinsias i
regia
21N
ஒ
瓷
९ 泷
YAmariffTopidi
promero A nu ro3 parin rai
Pசங்ஃசசிாவ3
Wy
۲۳ او :
፳፩፥ዐ”
爱
id:
"6 هar!hؤMu
Elephanllun me failea ウ
Rhagandini s
నీ
Map in (From Ptolemy's Gec
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

L CE
Moduth e።ማporif
t ciuitas
Pamrti
Negardiiba . . . . . ĉiuvifaros lagadibi 5ംf( por tus
0፡te Prመ”
Af ?(
georgeghờ
fy كانت දුප්l" Rhiala
༼༽། 公 Sømni perios 窓ミ ჩუ fჭ
Y 4
ീബ? : 盘 ^2%%- N. ീ ീ. ീ,
ለ/
7, Xگه རི་ برمجہ کے چبر جۃ ジ f
జోడి? Solis portus
Tarach A baratha
enwi fas Mordul i
ಳಿ Mordi par l'us
Boca 7a disi:
虹 N Bంcan
Vigda cటికీ fłgo:
#nt pov Azadur a 6
cd fina"? " Nani لأنه girl
***دلائلپور
s ○"、"
Roman Script ography by Petrus Bertius)
2

Page 34
“یہ
Map in (From the Library
 

؟
A؟
Arabic Script of Congress, Washington)
23

Page 35


Page 36
Ο ΕΥΠ),
Pr Pere R Cereuwr)
ܕܼܿܗlnunܘK (Gali kay
Tಞ್ಞr
Martofte
器 Q
(legama) (Nagadibi)
Kudronafai (Andirisimys moi")
KOM
7-e. Anura dhapura 及 (Anurogrammen) 3
*
*。
سے۔ جو مغ
re s (Socarni ) &
ஆ. O &=
VM
Lakqવlજ (Gallisi)
۶ 4fe fasa'!
Adarns Peak wyl' s (ut ipsas atas y Crai
意及 ്വ ళ
So
S Serawala
Nersis
(Rhogan dirni)
(Nae 零 blikoko editantea
(Meases}
NÑ vestigenší Coravaror)
Dewinu awerca (pagane, Sacra tono)
Modern Map (Names identified, have be
 
 
 

lativa
flવડુ તરીik;
Kokkila
rirne oralee
(Spafsfaj
a Fe Poir
( o ari'a)
Eanksiure; re euri)
Batticolea
Kafayanus Mílavs)
O
Mei
3
leasse reaby
Kurrere וחין ferrara കേം Coearta) 'Restarasars (gyors 208) Taherona atafura) *
habear tota
of Ceylon en shown in italics)

Page 37


Page 38
TAP R O B
Greek Map (From Codex Windobonensis, National Library,
 

A N. A
Ceylon ienna, Supplied by University of Leiden)
2
7

Page 39


Page 40
CHAP"
DENTE)
Boreum Pr0m0nt0rium
I identify this with Pt. Pedro 3
As explained in chapter 1, Ptol basic principles in producing plans. on the plan from the north. This na of names. By this they definitely c. therly point on the map. The name
the north.
Smith in his book, “Greek and Boreum, Borion, is Pt. Pedro and in Cory in India. This Cory is obvic
has been clarified by me in chapter
The word Pt. Pedro needs clarific
das Pedras in Portuguese meaning t
Literary Register Vol. II, 3rd serie
Galiba, Extrema
I identify this with Kalmunai. Pt. Pedro already dealt with abovi
condition.
A perusal of the map of Ceylon tinct topographical feature which is
identify.

I E R 3
(CATIONS
or the following reasons.
emaic geographers worked on certain
They started their lists of names
ame occurs as number one in the list
onvey that Boreum is the most nor
Boreum itself means bearing towards
Roman Geography ” Vol. (II) says orthern headland of Ceylon opposite usly i Pt. Kalimere. This confusion (l).
sation. This is a corruption of Ponta he stony point, according to Ceylon
s, 1932.
This comes next to and south of
e. Kalmunai of today satisfies this
today will indicate that this is a dis
an easy landmark for a mariner to
29

Page 41
Kalmunai means stony (Kal in Tamil) and agrees phonetically w
(projection, point).
This has nothing to do with will be dealt with later.
Magana Civitas
This is identified by me with
This follows Galiba Extrema a
is so on the maps of today.
This is referred to in an inscri Marichchi Katti near Modaragam O agrees letter for letter with spelling ferred to by Codrington in an artic No. 73-1920, p54.
It is very probable this was re Sanskrit and Pali literature and ac
I take Ma-gana to mean great pendent city, havingfits own reveni refers to revenue from four tanks. importance of this city and also the
the tanks in the area.
According to History of India,
means guild, which today means a
30

in Tamil), projection, point-(Munai th Galiba and is identical with Extrema
alibi montes or Galiboi, which names
Mantotte.
nd is accepted as such by me and it
otion of about 3rd century A.D. at ya and is referred to as Magana, which in Ptolemy's geography. This is rele in J. R. AS Cey. Branch Vol. 2.
ferred to as Mahatitta and Matota in
quired the name Mantotte thereafter.
tate, republic, guild, meaning an indete. The inscription referred to above This would appear to indicate the
t it enjoyed some of the revenue from
Vol. 2, p490, edited by Sastri “ Gana ”
tery important municipal corporation.

Page 42
The words “ So he marched fro.
Village Mannara near Mahatitte clearly confirms location of Mannar a
identification of Mantotte with M.
Iogana Civitas
I take this to be Aripo. Aripo cated in Ptolemy’s geography.
I take Iogana to mean state or Arabs or Greeks. The word Iogana
Yavanna. The word Yavanna has
meaning foreigners. It originally a
foreigners.
According to Pliny. (23-79 A.I and Ceylon so great that they coul (p10, Souvenir, Moors Islamic Cultu
publication, Ayrton has observed th king Pandukabhaya (437 B.C.)
According to Mukerjee in his boo is derived from Iones, the name of phonetic resemblance between Ioga
decisive in the identification of Ioga.
Aripo no doubt would have be as it is at this place, as its name sig and later acquired the Tamil name A
waned in the area.

m Kalyani and betook himself to the
(Culavamsa ch 61 v 39—Geiger) nd Mantotte at an early date and the
ahatitte.
is South of Mantotte and is so indi
3ity comprising of foreigners probably has a strong phonetical resemblance to now been accepted as a general word pplied to the Greeks and then to all
).) number of Arabs in Malabar coast .d be treated as masters of the coast
re Home). According to pll in this
at Yonas in Mahavamsa, settled by
k “ Indian Shipping, pl21, Yavanna Greeks in their own language. The na and Iones is obvious and is very
na with foreigners.
en a city of considerable importance,
hifies in Tamil, that pearls were sifted,
ripo, when Greek and Arabic influence
31

Page 43
Andirisimundi PromontOrium
I identify this with Kudramal nature in the pearl fishing area coi
and mariners.
Kudrai-malai, is clearly the ferred to by Pliny (vi, 24) lande (horse) and Oros (mountain) in Gre
posed of Kudra (horse) and Malai
This is located south of Iogana south of Aripo and lies opposite T coast of Ceylon which are identifie the sequel and which also lie opposi
west coast of Ceylon on Ptolemy”,
Nubartha Civitas
I identify this with Beruwela f
It falls more or less where Ber Beruwela has been given in Cummin
Barberry,
According to Classical Dictio Barbaria is the region P the east clopaedia Britannica, Vol. 16, Nubi Nile valley. The Standard Diction people is called Barberi.
The river in the south-west are
Azania.
32

ai, as a prominent Promontory of this
ld have not been missed by travellers
Lippuros where Annus Plocarmus, red. Hippuros is composed of Hippos ek in as much as Kudrai malai is com
(mountain) in Tamil.
in as much as Kudra-malai is situated rincomalee and Foul Point in the east d by me with S’patana and Oxeia in te Andirisimundi Promontorium of the
S map.
or the following reasons.
uwela is situated on the modern maps,
S map of Ceylon as Barberyn, Barbery,
nary, by William Smith, Azania or coast of Africa. According to Encyan is the name of the Nubians in the
ary states the language of the Nubar
of Ptolemy's map of Ceylon is called

Page 44
The data given above clearly id has evidently been peopled by Arab is more significant iš so even today.
today what Mecca is to the Moors
Beazly (Vol. 3, pll) refers to Na phonetically and in spelling to Nub
Arabs.
H0d0ca Civitas
I identify this with Hikkaduw corresponds with the modern map phonetical resemblance with Hikka (Vol. 2), p607, as Hiccode.
Orne0n EXtrema
I identify this, which has been Welligama.
It is indicated on Ptolemy's Welligama on modern maps. The to the prominent hill adjoining and
have served as a landmark for sailor
Orneon is a clear reference to printed by the Heirs of Melchior * Promontorio delli vccelli, chiamato
of birds called Orneone.'
In chapter 75 of Culawamsa (Ge
as Mahavalukagama and Valukagan

lentifies Beruwala with Nubartha and
is from very remote times and what
Beruwala is to the Moors of Ceylon
of the world.
bataen Arabs. Nabata is close enough artha (Nubata) to identify it with the
ra. The location on Ptolemy’s map of Ceylon. There is a fairly strong duwa. It is referred to by Pridham
identified with Galle sometimes, with
map of Ceylon to correspond with
reference
* extrema ” is apparently opposite Welligama and which must
's from very ancient times.
aviaries and birds. In the edition
Sessa in 1599, it is referred to as
Ormeone ” meaning “ The promontory
iger's edition) Weligama is referred to na. In the footnote (1) at p48 Geiger
33

Page 45
says it is interesting to learn that Vel A.D., a not unimportant trading cent
sheltered bay.
It is relevant for me to mention
the Mahavamsa, as a port directly ol
That Welligama has been associat is clearly indicated in the Kokilay-S
* Proceeding enter Mah Luxurious place, where In portal arches, night And where sweet Tamil There to see the Mooris
Soft are their forms. and
Like Sarasvati in their Apt parrots whom they Sweet words, one at a t
With patience learnt, r
It is significant that Galle is not Sandesaya but Welligama is referr
of Welligama.
It is relevant to mention here tha
as pigeon in a modern map of Ceylon
Gerini at p385 of his work on I quotes from Ma-Huan's Ying-Yai She
34

gama was at that time, l2th century
re, probably due to the spacious and
here that Galle is not referred to in
indirectly.
2d with birds as indicated by Ptolemy
andesaya in the following verse,
avelligam in the glow of gems Ooks as day strains regale the ear. n beauties here and there
of a golden sheen, hands they hold teach the art of speech, ime, with patience taught
eward the pleasing toil.
referred to in the list of towns in this ed to as Velitotta, meaning port
t a place is marked in Welligam Bay
by General Frazer.
'tolemy's geography of Eastern Asia
ng-lan, which says:

Page 46
“ Continuing your voyage and sa the Hawk Beak Hill (Ying-ko-tswei or three days the Buddhist Temple anchorage of the port of Ceylon ca.
In footnote at p386 he says “I in the identification of this place
known sea port and fishing village to
Dagana Civitas (Saera Luna)
I identify this with Devinuwa
following reasons.
It is situated on Ptolemy's ma nuwara located on the modern map moon and is a very definite piece
Siva, the presiding deity through t
Dagana would mean Deva-Gan God. According to History of India means guild. A guild today is equi corporation. It is of interest to n
identical meaning as Dagana (Dev
In the Mahavamsa, by Turr referring to Devapura, at verse 49,
remark “ Vishnu, the remains of w
That the town was dedicated to
clearly indicated by Battuta, who ha belong to the temple'. The Arabia, Dinewar (p.261 of “Ceylon by Off

ailing west-ward from here for 7 days, Shan) is sighted and in another two
Hill is reached near to which is the
led Pie-ho-li'
agree for the nonce with the translator which Belligam. . . Belligam is a well the south of point de-Galle’,
ra. This is readily identified for the
o, more or less where you find Devi
1. Sacra Luna means “ Sacred to the
of evidence to connect the place with
he ages at Devi-nuwara.
a, city or state or guild dedicated to , Vol. 2, p 490, edited by Sastri, Gana valent to a very important municipal ote that Devinuwara today has the
agana).
hour and Wijesinghe, in a footnote Dondra head is referred to with the
hose temple still exist.
the temple as implied in the name is as stated, 'The town and its revenues n name for this town is Agna Dana
icer of Ceylon Rifles.)
35

Page 47
Dinewar is apparently the equi
This famous temple was destro, century A.D. Of this temple John 1887-88, p64) says “one small gat
are all that remain to show its anc
Positive evidence linking Devin provided by the reference to the cresc
Kokilay Sandesaya:
'' Fair maidens here in endle
Their raven tresses bright wi Their necks with pearls, the Their faces beaming like the They are the glory of the m Like golden vine they glitter See long eyed maids their ne Eclipse the graces of the cre:
And hence me seems the cri
To Siva's brow-to mend its
Dionysos Civitas
This is identified with Kataragan
is a very ancient temple revered both
wr In the Dutch map of Ceylon by past Kataragama is described as An
Tamil, meaning God's river.
In the map of Ceylon appearing ir by an Officer of the Ceylon Rifles, th
36

valent of Devinuwara.
"مسیر
yed by the Portuguese in the 16th Brohier (Ceylon Literary Register away and a vast number of pillars,
ient grandeur'.
uwara to Dagana (Sacra-Luna) is
ent moon in the following verse from
'ss graces shine, th jasmine bloom,
ir breasts with sandal balm,
autumn moon.
ind born god
and they glow.
OW foreheads clear
scent moon, escent moon resort
; fortune still.’’
na as it is a referuce to a God. This
by Hindus and Buddhists.
y Visscher, Menikganga river flowing
denoeropwe; this is Andavan aru in
volume (1) of the book on “Ceylon'
is river is described as Kataragama

Page 48
river also. At page 303 in this sam along the southern sea coast of Ceyl they came to a fine river, which he does here they watered and some natives and making signs of friendship. Mo ears, others had their hair long and
Chinese like ''. This is a clear referen
and a half centuries ago.
There can be little doubt that wo
from very ancient times. The follo book “ Ceylon '' by an Officer of th “The Mahavamsa represents Wijay their arms to protect them from th they were Brahmins, evidently mean
the present time.
Comana Civitas
By Comana I refer to Bocana. is given. I have taken this as Com Ptolemy's manuscript, appearing in 1 by Petrus Bertius, which apparently l
who have so far dealt with this subj
I must also point out that Coma maps of Ceylon and therefore the ic is placed beyond any doubt and is s
Comana is shewn today.
The river flowing in the vicinit
and can also be identified with the ri
(Comana) in the map of Ptolemy.

e book Captain Castleton who sailed
6.
on in 1613 says “ sailing further east, not name (probably the Kataragama), came to them, seeming much afraid ost of them had great holes in their made with a knot upon the crown;
ce to Hindus in the area, nearly three
rship of Hindu Gods existed in Ceylon wing note at pl24 of Vol. (1) of the e Ceylon Rifles is very significant. a and his men as tying threads on e sorceries of the Yakkas, which, as
it “the Zemmer worn by them to
In all editions used by writers Bocana ana from the Palatine version of the
the edition of Ptolemy's Geography has not been used by any of the writers
ect.
ana is still shown as such on modern
lentification of Comana with Bocana
ituated in Ptolemy's map just where
y is known as CumbOcanaaru today
ver Baracus which flows near Bocana
37

Page 49
It is of interest to note that Cum
“Boc, and Ana and that if “Boc” is
is omitted we get Bocana. I think t Bocana appears in the Mount Athc copy. The variation can be due to ob in the manuscripts from which copi significance that the word Cumana an river (Combocana) still flowing in th
cated the town Comana (Bocana
It is relevant for me to mention
M.S.S. are, as mentioned in chapter
that there are in all about 12 such
tions made by me.
Magnus Litus
I identify this, which means La area of Batticaloa, as it is indicated
Batticaloa appears on the modern m
This identification is confirmed Ceylon. . According to this survey than at any other place in the coas
the accuracy of Ptolemy's Geography
It also indicates that the physic
has not been subjected to any majo
Prokuri Civitas
I identify this with the place she
on map of Ceylon appearing in
38

bocana consists of three parts, “Cum, omitted we get Cumana and if “Cum his can be explained by the fact that os copy and Comana in the Palatine literation of different parts of the word es were made: It is of considerable d Bocana still exist in the name of the
Le very area where Ptolemy has indi
).
here that the Mt. Athos and Palatine
(l), copies of one manuscript, and,
manuscripts, according to investiga
urge Shore in English, with the shore in Ptolemy's map more or less where
lap of Ceylon.
independently by the air survey of the sea shore at Batticaloa is wider it line of Ceylon. This also confirms
7.
al geography of the shores of Ceylon r changes during the last 2000 years.
ewn as Ellentotura, or Pramalle moene Vol. (1) of the book “ Ceylon by

Page 50
Officer of Ceylon Rifles. This is als modern map of Ceylon. This place on Ptolemy’s map. The word Ku) is identical with Kory referred to by tip, extremity, end, or point. Pro i Latin is “ A in English according Dictionary. Pra in Tamil means I the map referred to is “ Munai, v means Prokuri is actually Pra mun
where you have the additional word
The fact that this place is also : an important port, as Elankaiturai i
Tamil name for Ceylon.
In this connection please see M Hawk Beak Hill (Ying-ko-tswei S refers to Trinco (malee). The referer reference to pigeon hill by which “l
a modern map.
OXeia Pr0m0nt0rium
This is identified with Foul P banian volume iii) this place is promontory is shown on the southern Point (Kawulia Munai) is shewn on r with the bay indicated on Ptolemy's Ptolemy has indicated S'patana which more Ganges river of Ptolemy which into this bay on the map of Ptolemy, Cotiar Bay today.

o shown as Elankaiturai in a more s more or less where Prokuri appears i according to Ptolemy’s geography me in chapter (l) and means in Tamil, n Latin is Pra in English as “O in to Liddel and Scott's, Latin-English igeon, and 'Moene appearing on which means toint, extremity. This ai as appearing in the modern map,
Malle which means Hill in Tamil.
shown as Elankaiturai, means it was s the Tamil for port of Elankai, the
(a-Huan's reference at p 25 to the han). . Gerini has observed Ying-ko ce to Hawk Beak Hill here is a clear
Prokuri, as identified, is known in
'oint. According to Nevill, (Taproknown as Kawulia-munai. Oxeia
end of Cotiar Bay, just where Foul nodern maps. This bay corresponds map, on the northern, end of which, I identify with Trincomalee. Further I identify with Mahaweliganga, flows
exactly as Mahaweliganga flows into
39

Page 51
Kawul in Tamil means guard, this was a checking point for vessels Greek for sharp, pointed, is Oxeia. sharp or pointed promontory. Tha to this promontory, is very evident
cation definite.
S’patana Portus
I identify this with Trincomale by me above that this lies at the n Trincomalee is placed on modern m
bay just where Ganges flows into ti
Patana is patanam a well-know According to Mythic Society, Vol. 2 means fortified town. If there is o be described as a fortified sea por the last 450 years it was used as a
French and the British who vacate
Heeren has pointed out in his
that five ports on Ptolemy's map o
As at Devinuwara, Trincomalee temple and as at Devínuwara this te in the 16th century, who used the which exists today. It is of inte inscription, which foretold the fa when entering the fortress. A copy tantine de Sa to the king of Portuga by the erudite historian De Querc
40

and Munai means point. Evidently which enter and leave the bay. The Oxeia promontorium therefore means t this description applies very aptly from the map and makes the identifi
e. It will be noticed, as pointed out orthern end of Cotiar Bay just where laps; Mahaweliganga flows into this
he bay on Ptolemy's map.
in Tamil word meaning sea port town. I New series, October 1930 Sopatana ne port or town in Ceylon which can t town, it is Trincomalee. During fortress by the Portuguese, Dutch,
d it only a few years ago.
book “ Asiatic Nations' Vol 2, p424,
f India end in Patan.
too had a famous and ancient Hindu
mple was destroyed by the Portuguese
material for building the fortification 'rest to note that a portion of the te of Trincomalee can still be seen
of this inscription was sent by Consl, according to “Conquest of Ceylon'
Z.

Page 52
That this temple was ancient ar I came across in the year 1947 and ri Letter 1949, where it is stated tha Konnainathan (The God of Tirikon:
Dutch Governor Van Sanden h
on inspection in the Kiliveddy area, Referring to the inscribed pillar he vation: “On the east side was a figu is the weapon of the God of War Vai and sea coast, and, as it is in some it may serve as a further proof of A tion that the Greek's derived their sys
Nevill who was the editor of the that this inscription is of value as i
Kalvettu, which records. the rule of
Trincomalee is also referred to
the identification of Procuri civitas.
Nagadiba Civitas
The identification of N agadiba of the places which Buddha is said
The question of Buddha's visit of many historians. Informed opin
did not visit Ceylon.
I must point out that the Maha
document is rather emphatic about

ld famous is proved by an inscription 2ferred to in the Survey Dept. News t it registers a grant of land to deity
amalai) by a certain Vanniar.
ad also seen this inscription while where it is situated, in the year 1780. makes the following interesting obserre sculpture"which the Malabars say ravan who had authority over the sea respects similar to Neptune Trident, ppeqyer and M. de Sommerat’s asser
tem of mythology from India ”.
journal “ Taprobanian ” has recorded it confirms the authenticity of the
these areas by Vanniars.
by Ma Huan as pointed out by me in
is of special significance as this is one
to have visited.
to Ceylon has engaged the attention ion appears to indicate that Buddha
vamsa which is a valuable historical
Buddha having visited Ceylon.
41

Page 53
It would appear to me rather when we consider the fact that se
traders have visited Ceylon from Ceylon, from about 500 B.C. at lea
I would therefore be rather su
tive evidence to show that Buddha d and, Buddha's life mission was to p way of life. The observation made Instruction, Mysore, “The Greeks owed its success in India, most lik
population,' has considerable signi
Regarding the actual siting of On the West coast. I am not in a po should be associated with Nagadipa, east coast of Ceylon as indicated Mullaitivu and Kokkilay and falling
plan, for the following reasons.
Nagadipa has been considered be so. It is pointed out at pages 3 l917-18, that there was a Gatha All others are particular spots-who in this category-it 玮 suggested N. parently Samarasingherauthor of Ptolemy has placed Nagadipa at a Nagadibi.
This reminds me of an interest of the Royal Asiatic Society, Ceyl
Giri was another word for elephant
49

strange if Buddha did not visit Ceylon veral mariners, pilgrims, scholars and laces, thousands of miles away from
St. a
prised if anyone can adduce any posiid not visit Ceylon, which adjoins India, ropagate a new philosophy and a new ) by Rice who was Director of Public were favourable to Buddhism which
ely to the support of the non aryan
ficance in this context.
Nagadipa, some writers have placed it sition to identify the exact place which though I think it is sited on the northby Ptolemy, and, somewhere between
in Nagadibi, as indicated in Ptolemy’s
an island. It need not necessarily )-40 of JRAS Ceylon Branch Vol. 26,
which said Buddha visited l6 sites. e peninsula will not fittingly find a place agadipa as a spot of small area. Apthis comment, was not aware that
particular spot in an area known as
ing case where a speaker at a meeting on Branch, was trying to prove that
and cited Giruwa Pattu in support of

Page 54
this theory when it was pointed out
this particular area as elephant pastu.
The description of Lanka from new series Vol. 6 1959, is as follows, to Nagadipa. All such descriptions a to east. Of all the places, the place is Kalyani on the west, and, Nagadip This makes the identification of Nag I must also point out there is an a
today known as Nanatan.
It is relevant for me to mention History of Bengal, p5, according to boats rigged with papyrus, like on til with improved sails, 7 days. A jou) considered long by any means, when travel, only about 150 years ago, from Colombo (Kelaniya) to Mullaitivu (, Ceylon to the north and then along Mullaitivu. That this is the exact rol
(Colombo) to Nagadipa (Mullaitivu
shewn in the sequel.
Buddha or any other person tra not have been uncommon then, and
than today.
There is a tradition that Buddh Part II P17), visited a hill near Ta. remarkable that this tank should fall
of Nagadipa, as located by Ptolemy.

to him that Ptolemy has indicated
re land.
end to end in JRAS Ceylon Branch Nanamukka to Lichchikali, Kalyani regiven from north to south and west which can be located with certainty a corresponds to it. On the east coast. adipa on the east coast very definite.
rea in the vicinity of Mantotte even
here, that as pointed out in Early Pliny, Ceylon was 20 days sail on he Nile, from Prasi (Bengal), but later rney of 7 days or 20 days cannot be
n it is realised that officials used to
Colombo, in palanquins by land from Nagadipa), along the west coast of the north coast and east coast to
ite followed by Buddha from Kelaniya area) about 2500 years ago will be
velling to Ceylon from Bengal, would
, I should think, even less so then
a (Ancient Irrigation Works, Ceylon. nnimurippu Tank and, it is therefore
in the Mullaitivu area in the vicinity
43

Page 55
Gerini quotes Ma Huan (Ptolemy
“There is a legend current am the smallest scrap of clothing their l ulcers owing to their ancestors hav having stolen and hidden his clothe when he crossed over (from Ceylon says “The two words here brackett occur in the Chinese text. This m meaning evidently from India, whic Buddha's visit to Nagadipa as told i
Again in the footnote of p380 of chapter VI Mahavamsa, “ where it is of his followers drifted there. In o we have Nagadipa which term appea on the north eastern coast of Ceylo from a passage in the Valahassa-Jata “ . . . . parato Kalyanim Orata N meaning “ . . . . along the sea sho) and Nagadipa on this side (of Ceylo district or kingdom of the same na (Ch. i passim, Ch. Ixi, etc.), still repre on the Kaelani Ganga{Kaelani Rivel 6 miles north from Colorbo), so must i.e. eastern shore of the island, term perusing the chapter of the Mahaw that while Buddha is represented to in the ninth month and the eighth y and once besides to Nagadipa (fifth
these visits concludes with the w
44

r’s Geography, Eastern Asia, p 385).
ong them that if they were to wear bodies would break out with sores and
ing been cursed by Sakyamuni, for s while he was bathing, at the time ) and stopped at these islands' and ed should be deleted as they do not
“ crossed over the sea
erely says h is in agreement with the legend of
in Buddhist literature.”
the same book, Gerini says, referring to said that Wijaya’s children and those ther chapters (XI, XX, XLII, etc.) Lrs from context, to refer to a district n island. The same may be inferred aka (No. 196) the text of which runs: agadipam ti evam - samuddatiram '', 'e as far as Kalyani on the other side n Island). As Kalyani must be the me alluded to in the Maha vamsa,
sented by the present village of Kalani '), on the west side of the island (about Nagadipa have stood on the opposite, 2d “ this side in the text,’ . . . “ By amsa, just referred to it will be seen have been to Ceylon twice only (i.e. ear, respectively of his Buddhahood), year of Buddhahood), the account of ords: thus . . . . the all Bountiful

Page 56
Luminary visited this most favoured translation), thus indirectly leading have been part of Ceylon, since it is district to the two made to, respect other parts of the island, that the sun
It will however, appear forthwit in names between the Nagadipa dist or archipelago (Andamans and Niko locations became inextricably mixed course of time the visit paid by Budo as having been actually made to the
Dr. Rouse, in his translation of Nagadipa referred to in the passag Jataka to be an island lying off Ceyl did before him both Turnour in his Mahavamsa (p 4), Spence Hardy (Ιοι But it will be seen that in either ir
albeit the toponymic may be literal Island.’ Analogous is the case with (bk ii ch. 3), Which although signif; stated to be part of Bharatavarsa, i.e As regards the Jataka, in particula) allusion is therein made as to going as to wandering on foot (annivicart far as (the) Nagadipa (District or Ci
as-the island of Nagadipa is, t
absolutely misleading.
This description of Buddha tr;
legends a ring of truth, in that it agre of travel up to about 150 years ago.

land of the world thrice' (Turnour's us to conclude that Nagadipa must Only by adding the visit paid to that ively, Mahiyangana and Kalyani in h of three can be made up.
h how, owing to the close similarity ict (in Ceylony and the Nagga island bars), the two toponymics and their up in Oriental legend, so that in the dha to Nagadipa came to be regarded Andaman-Nikobar group of Islands.
Vol. i of the Jataka tales, took the 2 quoted above from the Valahassaon (p. 90 and Index, page 312) and so version of the first chapter of the 3. cit) and Childers (Pali Dict., S.V.). hstance no island whatever is meant, ly interpretēd in the sense of “ Naga n the Nagadipa of the Vishnu Purana, ying literally the same, is distinctly ... to be a division of Continental India. r, the context is quite clear and no out at sea to any island, but simply i) along the sea shore (of Ceylon) as ty). Dr. Rouse's translation “as far
herefore, not only unjustified, but
avelling along the coasts, give these *es in close detail with the actual mode
45

Page 57
In my opinion the fact that th sources (an important consideratio) and in agreement with each other, ar journeys made till about 150 years a of Ceylon from Kalyani (Kelaniya) to the view that Buddha did visit Ceylor
Tala-kori Emporium
I have dealt with this in Chapte mannar. This identification receive and appears in the Times of Ceylon “Jurisdiction of the Jaffna District
Galibi
I identify these people with the
Galibi has in my opinion been cartographers with Galiba, with the re
range extending from the Lakgala a
Galibi or, Galiboi in Greek, is in
Galibi Montes is Lakgala range. for the ancient travellers, and that i provided a landmark for travellers fr mark for travellers from the East t
g
means reference
in Tamil and Lá
and I cannot think of a more approp
It has been noted by writers who of rivers on Ptolemy's map of India
is understandable taking into conside
46

ese supposed legends, from different ), should have given such details, d in absolute agreement with factual go, and, fitting with the Topography Nagadipa (Mullaitivu area), support rather than that he did not.
1. I have identified it with Talaid my consideration sometime back
(August, 1966) in an article headed
9.
rock Veddahs of the Lakgala area.
confused by some geographers or sult that they have shown a mountain
ea to the north of Ceylon.
my opinion Rock (Gal) people.
That there is a very good reason s, in that as much as Adam's Peak, om the west, Lakgala was a reference o Ceylon. The word “ Lak' itself kgala would mean “reference rock '
riate name for such a landmark.
have dealt with locations of sources hat they are not satisfactory. This
ation the facts, that they were inter

Page 58
nal topographical features, and, the used 2,000. years ago.
It is true that Ptolemy has she the Lakgala range, but the salient fac of the Lakgala range and other are Veddahs, than in any other area of at pp 4 and 27 of his book on the V comprised of the whole of Uva, mu provinces. He has also pointed out as Rock Veddahs which is identical in
Veddahs are even today called Rocl tion of Veddahs with Rock has
Anurogrammi
This obviously applies to the
Anuradhapura is referred to as An
S0ani
I identify this with the Moors.
or Soanagar.
This denotes the Puttalam area
the Moors.
The Arabs, who are now called pre-christian era. My identifications data to confirm the identification of
are as follows.
Prillaux in a contribution to J R Pliny as saying, in reference to Ceyl
“ king wears robe like Bachchus; the

techniques of survey available and
wn Ganga (Mahaweliganga) rising in t remains that it flows in the vicinity as, even today more associated with Ceylon. Seligman has pointed out eddahs that formerly Vedda country ch of the rேa, and North Central that a class of Veddahs was known meaning with Galibi. I believe these k Veddahs. This means the associa
persisted for nearly 20 centuries.
people in the Anuradhapura area.
urogrammum Regia in this map.
The name for Moors in Tamil is Soani,
, which even today, is identified with
Moors, have been in Ceylon from the of Iogana and Nubartha give some
Soani with the Moors. Other reasons
AS Great Britain Vol. 18 (1861) quotes On and the second embassy to Rome,
people dress Arab fashion.’
47

Page 59
Vol. 2 British Encyclopaedia, g. Civilisation appeared among the F 1st millenium BC when kings Saba and Southern India and built up a till the present day.'
Sir E. Tennent has quoted t
give an indication of the antiquity O
“ Omnis eo terrore Aegyptus et
Omnes Arabes vertebant terga
Tennent further states in Vol.
shore and its inhabitants is devoid C natives who received him were Malak
and they were engaged in irrigating
According to the Indian Antiqui Sonagas by which Muhammadans C
in Tamil, is merely a corruption of
Van Sanden in his book “ Sonah one on the authority of Agatharide says, that from all thaf appears in from 200 years BC trade between I in the hands of Arabs.'
Geiger says (Culture of Ceylo Anuradhapura there was in the 4th i
gate, called “ground set apart for
48

ves the following reference to Arabs: imyarites of Southern Arabia in the (Sabaens) sent their ships to Africa.
maritime tradition which has lasted
he following lines from Virgil which f Arabian trade in the East,
Indi
Sabei ’’
, p 513 '' what Sinbad relates of the f exaggeration. In his first visit the pars, one of whom had learned Arabic,
their rice fields from a tank.
ary, Vol. iv–1875-p 171, “The name f Arab descent are sometimes called
the Sanskrit Yavannas.'
ar points out at pp 6-7 Elphinsts (Quoted by Diodorus and Photius) that author, we should conclude that
ndia and ports of Sabea was entirely
in— In Mediaeval Times—p209) “ In 'entury BC a suburb near the western the Yona's (Mhvs 0,90). It is very

Page 60
probable that here Yona is a name
Ceylon and to stav there for a longe
Rhogandini
I identify this with Rohana whi
from early times.
Tennent in Vol. I, P559 says “ as it lay between the Lacadives and round eastward by Cape Commorin a which Al-Rahoun, we trace the Buc so often occuring in the Mahavamsa
as “ Al-rohoun, according to Tennen
Tennent has also pointed out that is known to the present day as “Ro
Ranna.
This name is also retained even
pattu.
Nanigiri
I identify this with the South Eas Tissamaharama area, which was evi
inferred from the fact that Naga king
Malalasekera says in “Pali prope, Ceylon (A.D. 93-102) taken captive b to Rohana-3 years later gave battl Canda mukha Siva. During exile bui
Naga Maha vihara ”

for Arab traders who used to visit
r or shorter time.'
ch formed a division of the country
Soleyman dēšeibes the sea Herkend, Maldives, on the west, and swept ind Adam's bridge. . . in his name for ldhist name for the district, Rohuna,
... Soleyman refers to Adam's Peak
Lt.
a portion of the district near Tangalle.
Duna...” This place is now known as
today in the pattu known as Rugam
st portion of Ceylon comprising of the dently occupied by Nagas, as can be
's have ruled there.
r Names '', Vol. 1, “Illanaga-king of y Lambakkannas rescued and escaped le to Lambakkannas—succeeded by
lt Tissa and Dura, tanks and restored
49

Page 61
I must also point out that a toy Nacaduma, on Ptolemy's map. Ap
in this town Nacaduma (Naga-duma.
It is also relevant for me to ob porary with Ptolemy's period and th
have been based, in Ptolemy's geogr
"Taraehi
I identify this as a place in Uva
less with position shewn as on Ptol
According to Senavaratne in his taken to be Tarachcha. It is very s in the spelling Tarachi corresponds m by Senavaratne and again by Mala
Names.
Both Senavaratne and Malalas by the name of Tarachchavapi was that the vihare repaired by Ila Na
pointed out above, in the identific.
Malalasekera has siso pointed ou in exile. He has also občerved that
the Bo-tree was known as Tarachch
The above references justify ide vapi tank, and, the clan of people T
the Welasse area, as indicated by
50

In in this particular area is shewn as
Iarently Naga Maha vihara was built
serve that 93-102 A.D. is contemarefore these places and names would
aphy, on contemporary reports.
in Welasse area, which agrees more or
2my's map.
book “Sinhalese Wellase has been significant that phonetically and even ore or less with Tarachcha as quoted
alasekera in his book “ Pali Proper
ekera have pointed out that a tank built by Mahanaga. It is significant ga, was called Nagamaha vihare, as
ation of Nanigiri.
it that Ila Naga built two tanks when the name of a clan which accompanied
ntification of Tarachi with Tarachcha
arachchi, and, that it was an area in
Ptolemy.

Page 62
Semnl
I identify this with an area as sh ganga and Verugal Ganga, where i Buddhist viharas Seruwila, and Soma ficant that in the coastal areas of C
famous places of Buddhist worship
The main reason for this identi
people in general and Buddhist pries
In support of the above I will
In the Journal R A S Great B. (Semini in Latin) go naked and cult worship a pyramid which is suppos Gymnosophist nor Semnoi marry anc
devote themselves to a virgin life.’
The above is from a record of an andrinus (A.D. 192,217).
The above clearly conveys that
The reference to bones of a god is an
The author who contributed this of Buddha worship of Pyramidal to be found in no other ancient writer statement by adding the words “e.
Semnoi (Semni in Latin) in his geog
The references to Semnoi (Sem
identification of this area with holy

ewn by Ptolemy, between Maha-velirou have very famous and ancient vati (close to the area). It is signi2ylon it is only this area which has
even today.
ication is Semni refers to holy
که • ts in particular.
uote the following references.
itain–1862–Vol. 19, p 277, Semnoi ivate truth and foretell of future and sed to cover bones of a god-neither
l there are Semnoi women who also
Indian Embassy to Clemens A Alex
Semini refers to a Buddhist sect.
obvious reference to a Buddha relic.
Z
article observes “ name and precepts pes recorded in these passages are to
whatever . I would qualify this :cept Ptolemy who gives the word
raphy.’’
ni in Latin) quoted above justify the
leople in general.
5.

Page 63
Further confirmation is provid Dictionary Universelle defines “ Ser and Semne as a name given to a s which men and women are admit language by Childers defines Sama Buddhist priest.
McGrindle has pointed out tha
Samana, in his book on ' Ptolemy
The above location by Ptolemy a religious order of the Buddhist fa observation at p 188, of his book * Headquarters of the Sarogama Trincomali and this commiinity Ο8, ΠΥ) centuries where one of its members Kelani Temple and compiled sever century they must have constituted wise they would not have been re may even say that Ptolemy has he
vation made above.
Nagadibi
I identify Nagadibrwith the N of Ceylon.
In connection with the identifi that Galibi is incorrectly placed in th which I have dealt with in chapter
52

d by the following data. The French nee as primitive form for monastery ect of philosophers, gymnosophists, to ed, and, the Dictionary of the Pali
na, as, a Buddhist ascetic or monk, a
t the Tamil for Buddhist Ascetic is
and Ancient India.'
and also the fact that Semni refers to ith conclusively proves Malalasekera's
s
* Pali-Literature ', where he says fraternity were at Seruvavila near e into prominence in the l8th and 14th
became head of the Kitsirimevan al works of merit. Even in the 12th an important body of monks; otherpresented in the convocation.” One
lped to confirm Malalasekera’s obser
orth-West, North & North-East part
cation of Galibi, I have pointed out 2 map. Such is the case with Moduti, 1). In fact the identification of the

Page 64
areas referred to above with Nagas, prove that Galibi and Moduti have Ptolemy.
I will now quote authorities to
west, North and North-east part of (
According to Paul (J R A S Cey * Ceylon Chronicles as well as Tamil western part of island was under Nag
of ancient writers).
Northern part including peninsu
According to Dutch map of 18th and Surveys, Northern Ceylon has
territory.
North Ceylon has been shewn as his book on Ceylon.
Accordingly to Vittipot and Ka Ceylon Branch 1925-Vol. 30 p 315
Rata in Pihiti Division (Northern
Tennent, (Vol. 1. p 322) says “ alludes to the existence of Naga K shewing that at that time Serpent guished by Brahminism in Dekkan. for conjecture that the first inhabita
opposite coast of Calinga.

afford further conclusive evidence to
een incorrectly placed in the map of
support the occupation of the Northeylon by Nagas.
lon Brancy 1928-Vol. 31, No. 82.) works of 2nd Century mention that
a king, Capital at Kelaniya (Kalyani
lå of Jaffna under Nagas.”
century A.D., at p 53, Maps, Lands,
been shewn as Cholie and Nageri
3 Nagadiba by Mendis on the map in
daimpot by W. A. de Silva (J R A S ) Nagadipa has been the name of a
Division).
The Mahawamsa in many passages ngdoms on the Continent of India, worship had not been entirely extin
and affording an additional ground
nts of Ceylon were a colony from the

Page 65
Geiger (Culture of Ceylon M historical times Nagadipa, isle of th
name for the northern provinces of
Dowson (Classical Dictionary a people bearing the same name, a
behind them
Seligman (Veddahs p 26) says willachchiya was known as Nagac
centuries after Christ'.
On account of the trade activi
Ceylon, North Ceylon was a develo it has been so till the 19th century A century clearly show that the nort that time. This can be gauged from
shewn thereon.
Heeren (Asiatic Researches Vo pearls in Indian sea-no doubt of Ceylon in early times, and, in Vol. and consequently 900 years before t and above all northern part togeth
from Indian Continen was the seat
The following extract from tre VI of Portugal and Charles II of Gr it clearly indicates why the norther importance till the British conquest
between Gulfs of Arabia and Persia, a
trade was directly the cause of a v
54

ediaeval Times) has observed that in le Nagas, seems to have been used as a
Ceylon.
of Hindu Mythology) says “Nagas or
'e historical and have left many traces
All north Ceylon down to about Mahalipa, island of the Nagas, for many
ties between the West and India and
ped territory from ancient times and A.D. Maps of Ceylon of the early 19th ih of Ceylon was much developed at
the number of towns, paths and tanks
l. I. p. 44) says “ Nearchus mentions early commerce with North West of 2. p 346 says “300 years before Christ he time of Cosmas, Island of Ceylon,
er with the channel which divides it
of a very active and opulent trade.'
aty of 168I between King Alphonsu eat Britain is of particular interest as n part of the island of Ceylon was of
of Ceylon. “ Object to revive trade Lnd southern peninsula of India, which
rery considerable trade in these days

Page 66
between southern part of India and i
of the then improved state of agricul
Malalasekera has pointed Out ( Vol. 2 p 42), Nagadipa-A provinc Jaffna and North West of Ceylon.
Anurogrammum Regia
This is clearly Anuradhapura of City.
Ulipada
I have dealt with this in detail i Language' given in the Appendix.
It appears to me that Alam's (Oullispada) of Ptolemy’s geography . the greatest explorer of all time. Th made by him to Adam's Peak in his embe in Africa to Sir Bartle, where h (p 440, Journal Royal Geographica “I have a copy of Ptolemy's map Bombay. It does not contain the the Montes Lunae, and, as I found bases of certain hills on the watershed my-self up to call everyone who w Philistine ... I go ten days north-eas tions, used as places of retreat and have inhabited Africa at a very re sculpture I have seen, and they are
mountain in Ceylon.'

sland of Ceylon and indirectly cause ture of that part of the island.”
Dictionary of Pali Proper Names
2 of Ceylon identified with modern
today. It iš" referred to as a Royal
n my paper “Ptolemy and the Tamil
Peak identified by me with Ulipada had been visited by Dr. Livingstone, is can be inferred from the reference letter of list July 1872, from Unyany. e also refers to Ptolemy's Geography, Society, 1871-72), here he says, with me, copied by a young lady at ountains referred to, but it contains the springs of the Nile rising at the in Ptolemy’s Latitude, I am bracing on’t believe in his Lunae Montes a t to extensive underground excavasafety. . . . A burrowing race seems to mote period. Big feet are the only like the foot print of Adam on the
55

Page 67
This is further confirmed by Chamber's Encyclopaedia at P618, own vessel and under his own sean
Bombay.” Dr. Livingstone had vis 1865 (P413, Journal Royal Geograph
The reference to the footprints is of interest, as this is the first tir. such footprints in Africa, besides t. Asia. The unravelling of the myst reveal information of some import appear that these footprints have
significance.
This reference to footprints in Peak, would appear to throw much the Eunuch of Queen Candace with Queroz (P39, Conquest of Ceylon), that of Dorotheus, Bishop of Tyre, in that footprint the memory of th there is the whole of the Indian Oc
In a foot note Fr. S. G. Perera
that this reference iş actually found Sophronius (AD. - 560 Af638). This Livingstone, across “the whole of and Ceylon , at least disposes of the truth of the legend by De Quer
towards the elucidation of the secret
prints.
56

he reference to Dr. Livingstone in Volume 8, which says Then in his hanship crossed the Indian Ocean to sited Bombay again in the winter of nical Society, 1871-72).
(big feet), same as at Adam's Peak, ne. I have come across a reference to
hose found in Asia and South-East
ery of these footprints will I think tant scientific significance. It would
more of a scientific than religious
Africa, similar to those on Adam's light on the legend, which connects 1 Adam's Peak, referred to by De which says “And a greater fable is who thinks that there is venerated e Eunuch of Queen Candace, though
Jean between Abysinnia and Ceylon.”
who translated this work, points out in the writings of an earlier writer valuable physical link provided by ahe Indian Ocean between Abysinnia the only doubt entertained about oz. It also provides further evidence
, wrapped up in the mystery of foot

Page 68
Nacaduma
This Was apparently an importa where a great vihare was built by kir
to p 40 for further information.
Maagrammum Metropolis
This is clearly Mahiyangana wh for Buddhists today. It has been time. Apparently it was an import communication between Anuradhapu passed Mahiyangana in ancient tim palace there till recent times. It troops. The circumstances under v with interest. “On the last day of Vol. 30 1925) Johnston crossed the 60 men under the command of Lieu the palace there, as it had been turne
and ammunitions.
This was successfully carried C
The location of the palace can be plate reproducing Spilbergen’s report. tion, it stood by the side of the mai Mahiyangana Dagoba to the river, w SOE fragments of the foundation:
and covered with rubbish’.
Soana Fluvius
I identify this with Kala Oya. area which I have identified with the

ht town in the Tissamaharama area,
g Ila Naga. Reference may be made
ich is an important place of worship known as a metropolis in Ptolemy's ant trading centre at that time. All Ira district and the South must have es. There appears to have been a W8S destroyed by Major Johnston's which it was destroyed will be read September (J. R. A S Ceylon Branch Mahaweliganga, and sent a party of it. Virgo to Alut-nuwara, to destroy
d into a depot or store house of arms
ut.
arrived at by the examination of the
According to that quaint illustrain street leading from the venerable here at present day may be seen
!, now much overgrown with weeds
It flows to the north of Puttalam Moors (Soani). Apparently the river
57

Page 69
was also given the same name. It who was Boden professor for Sanskri has identified Kala Oya with Gonak Hona in Pali would be Sona in Tami
by Ptolemy.
Geiger has also in his edition o
nadi is the river now called Kala (
Ganges Fluvius
I identify this with the Maha (Maagrammum) already identified, i
Cotiar Bay.
I must point out that the cor) be Mahavaliganga, Vali is from Ba Burnouf (Ceylon and Asiatic Rese: referred to Mahaveli as Mavalig (Ancient Inscriptions p 22) says Maha in the Mahawamsa, and Ptolemy c habitants of India) has pointed out B legendary god among whole Hindu Ceylon' by Mendis, Mahaweli is r
Malea Mons
I have dealt with this in some
Tamil Language,” vide appendix.
I shall here show that this T
central mountains of Ceylon by Pt
58

is of interest to note that Thomas,
it, (Geography, Early Buddhism, p 71) a Nadi or Honaka of the Mahavamsa.
land is identical with the name given
f Mahavamsa pointed out that GonaОya.
veliganga of today, as Mahiyangana.
s shewn on its banks, and it flows into
rect spelling of Mahaveliganga should li a famous Hindu god, according to arches). Pridham (Ceylon p 13), has anga the great river Bali. Muller aweliganga is actually called as a Ganga alled it Ganges. Gustov Oppert (Inali or Mahabali is still the most popular u population. In “Early History of
eferred to as Mahavali.
detail in my article “ Ptolemy and the
amil name which was applied to the
olemy is still in use there.

Page 70
B. S. Perera (Ceylon Historical says “ Malai meaning in Tamil a mol the central parts of the island. Th duced many centuries before openin
Kotmale and Gilimale are some of th
The reference to Kotmale is of i meaning Mountain fortress. This wo Dutugemunu lived at Kotmale duri father. Dutch map (Maps, Lands Kotmale as Coetemale. This fully c. malai) existed in ancient times in th
typical corruption of the Tamil wo

Journal Vol. 11, 1953, pp. 241-250) untain or hill is found even today in ey are come across in literature prog up of plantations. . . Ranmalaya,
e examples.’
nterest as it is actually Kotai-malai uld appear gpnfirm the legend that ng the time he rebelled against his and Surveys, p 53) actually gives onfirms that a rock fortress (Kotaie area now known as Kotmale, a
rd Kotaimale.
59

Page 71
CHA
History As T.
Having completed the identifi Ptolemy's map of Ceylon as could
certainty, the writer would like to
The information embodied in P already, taken to be up to date, in poi Therefore, on the assumption that
following inferences can be drawn.
About 100 A.D., according to t were living in the North, North East enough even today the area from F to the East to Cumbocanaru is occ cularly stressed by the Dutch Gover inspection (J R AS Ceylon Vol. 31, Tamils would appear to be a reaso.
Anuradhapura and its environ today, was occupied by people call very probably live there even toda
The Arabs (Soanis as Moors ar. habited Puttalam area and also B areas are still the stronghold of the
The Semini (Semnoi in Greek)
ganga, and Verugalaru and as point
6().

* T E R 4
old By Ptolemy
ation of such places and names in have been identified with reasonable
raw some general inferences.
tolemy's work may be, as pointed out nt of time as about 50 A.D. to 150 A.D.
these identifications are correct the
he history as told by the map, Nagas and South East of Ceylon. Strangely 'uttalam to the North of Ceylon and upied by the Tamils. This was partinor Van Goen in 1675, after a personal No. 82, 1929). Thát the Nagas were
nable inference.
s, perhaps North Central Province of ed Anurogrammi, whose descendants
y.
called by the Tamils even today) in}ruwela. It is remarkable that these
Moors.
occupied an area between Mahaweli
2d out already they were a fraternity

Page 72
of the Buddhist order. There exists revered by the Buddhists even toc
Devinuwara temple and its env Hindu faith. It was a guild that app of the government of the country.
grandeur till the Portuguese destroy
Talai-mannar (Tala-kory) was for obvious reasons, as it was there t unloaded and exchanged goods. It described as an “Emporium. An
handles goods and imposes taxes.
The central- mountain range ha This name, as pointed in the chapt
the area.
The land described in Southern has been the area where elephants v of the Dutch government in the 18t ment who controlled only the mariti the permission of the King of Kand territory to Kayts, for despatch to t
supposed to derive its name from Qu
Mahiyangana is described as a only town in the map which is so de gana occupied a very important pla 100 A.D. Metropolis indicates that activities and probably diplomatic ( East.

in this area a vihara which is greatly
ау.
irons were peopled by people of the ears to have functioned independently This famous temple existed in all its ed it in the 16th century.
he most ff.js port of the island, lat the ships from the West and East, is the only port in the Island which is
*mporium is essentially a port which
s been described as Malea (Malai).
er on identifications, still persists in
L Province as elephant pasture land, vere captuffred even during the period h century A.D. The Dutch governme districts of Ceylon used to obtain 7 to send their elephants through his he Rajahs in the Deccan. Kayts is
ay meaning a port.
metropolis by Ptolemy. This is the signated. This means that Mahiyan2e in the history of the Island about
it was the chief centre for trade
lealings with foreign countries in the
61

Page 73
- I have already pointed out in out some important computations f the towns for which these computat
kory, Nagadipa and Maagrammum
It is of interest to note that t
Greek maps enclosed in special vig of rectangles, enclosing the towns.
of towers and castles.
Their exact significance is still have some special significance is tha today, on important state buildings, a is that only the castles at Mahiyang maharama, fly any flags, according Laurentianus and Codex Vindobone
Codex Vindobonensis supplied i by that this signifies that Mahiyanga cities about 100 A.D. to 150 A.D.,
These important towns are indi
double concentric circles.
I am indebted to Mr. A. Van Leiden for much of the informat.
above.
Tarachi, are the class of people the Bo-Tree to Ceylon, there hower connecting this area with the Bo-T matter of interest point out that Ne
pointed out that Palura shewn by
62

Chapter (1) that Ptolemy had carried or important towns in Ceylon and that sions have been carried out were Tala
ls
hese towns have been shewn in some
nettes, which normally take the form
These vignettes also take the form
not very clear, but what appears to it some of the castles fly flags, as seen und, what is of special interest to Ceylon ana and Nacaduma, presumably Tissato some of the Greek maps, (Codex nsis). Please see the map (p. 27) from University of Leiden. It is possible ana and Tissamaharama were capital
when this geography was compiled.
icated on some of the Latin maps with
Lutsenburg Maas of the University of
ion in respect of the maps referred to
who are supposed to have accompanied ver, does not appear to be any legend
ree. In this connection I would as a vill in his journal “ Taprobanian ” has
Ptolemy on the map of India, Orissa

Page 74
State, is Dantapura, from where th ur is the exact Tamil equivalent of I means city in Tamil. This place is n
this is all that remains of what wa
Dantapura. Dantapura is the exact
Apart from the absolute lingui Palura, further proof of an indepe provided by J. Gerson Da Cunha in Ceylon '. In the footnote at p 31 Dantapura of the Buddhist chroni about 30 miles to the North East of “Ancient Geography of India is said to have been situated on th
correspond with the modern Amara
The Dantapura referred to in identified as already indicated abo further from Raja-Mahendri. Whi Dantapura is actually indicated by vicinity of Maesolis river identified Grindle in his book 'Ancient India
in his “ Atlas of Ancient Geography of the Krishna river. What is mo
indicated by Ptolemy in his entire Palura has been shewn in two places is there a legend of two places kno
Ptolemy), and further, the second p. Da Cunha.

2 Tooth Relic came to Ceylon. PalDantapura as Pal means tooth and Ur ow shewn as Puri on Indian maps and s once known as Palura and then
sanskrit equivalent for “Tooth-City'
stic identity between Dantapura and ndent of this identification is n his memoir nெ the “Tooth Relic of he says “ the town of Dandagula, the cles, is now Raja-Mahendri, which is Koringa. See Colonel Cummingham's pp. 518-519 ''. Another Dantapura e northern banks of Krishna, and to
avati one of the ancient Trikalingas.”
the first part of this note is actually ve with Puri, which is some distance
it is remarkable is that the second
Ptolemy as Palura and falling in the with Krishna by Yule, according to Mcby Ptolemy” p 66. Samuel Butler also places Palura near the mouth st remarkable is that of all the places geography of India, only the town of and it is only of this town (Dantapura) wn as Dantapura (Palura according to
ace falls in the very area indicated by
63

Page 75
Furthermore there is a legend and stranded on the eastern coast is additional confirmation of the a
second Dantapura (Palura).
The veracity of Ptolemy's loca firmed by a record of modern time quoted by Yule, according to which t times, (McGrindle, “Ancient India clusive evidence is provided by B.C of Ancient India, where referring to Dantakura of the Great Epic (Udy
of the Nagarjunkonda Inscriptions,
The Tamil name would appear India was a centre of Pali Buddhisn Studies) and Arunachalam's observ the early centuries before and af Vol. 28, 1919), while Geiger has poi missionary Buddhagosa was a South was the home of two other most imp and Dhammapala (Culture of Ceylon samy has, in his bookDhatavamsa, at Madura. Paranavitaħa too has in South India, as can be inferred fror of the Sinhalese,” “The earliest ty Ceylon is that of the Andhra school obviously of South Indian origin, has
site of Ceylon.
64

that the Tooth Relic was shipwrecked of India on its way to Ceylon. This
3curacy of Ptolemy's location of the
ion and this identification is also con
s. This is a record from Lindschoten
he name of Palura survived till modern by Ptolemy ” p 70). , Further conLaw, at p 149, Historical Geography Puri he says “ It is the Dantapura or ogaparva, XLVIII, 1883) and Palura
which is near Chicacole.’’
tO support B.C. Law's view that South n till as late as 1200 A.D. (Indological ation that Tamils were Buddhists in ter Christ (J R A Sir Ceylon Branch, inted out that the famous Buddhist. Indian and also that the Cola country Drtant Buddhist scholars, Buddhadata, in Mediaeval times). Muttucumarapointed out that Buddhist kings ruled pointed out the existence of Buddhism n his observation in “Art and Culture. pe of the Buddha image known in
A life size Buddha image of marble,
recently been unearthed at an ancient.

Page 76
There is epigraphical as well as brisk intercourse existed in this peric
and their co-religionists in the Kistar
Ptolemy has stated the island and hyacinthus.
The names Oriza and Zingibe * Early History of Ceylon and Muk words. This also appears to confirn in a contribution to the JRAS Gl
articles which reached Europe before
In the chapter on “Identificatio area between Mahavelliganga and Ver This would appear to confirm the as referred to by me in this identifica
G. G.
support from an article headed Chaitiya, ”, by G. R. Nanayakkara, Survey Department News Letter N article reads as follows, It is st:
Princess Somawathie alighted from t covering the road, obstructing the vi fact was mentioned to the king, he c. this place, which according to “ Mah Somawathi Chaitya. When we look ancient Ruhuna on the right of the M to satisfy the historical conclusions, Kompanachchi and to the north of
justify the description given in the

literary evidence to indicate that a od between the Buddhists of Ceylon
Valley.’
produced oriza, mel, zingiber, berylus
r, as points out by Mendis in his erjee in “Indian Shipping, are Tamil n the opinion expressed by Kennedy eat Britain (1898) that all unknown
500 B.C. had Dravidian names.
ns,' I have identified semini, with an ngal Ganga, as associated with monks. sociation of Somawathie Vihara, also tion, with this area. This receives
The True Location of Somawathi a. survey officer, appearing in the o. 3, 1948. An extract from this. ated in the “ Mahawamsa ' when the carriage, she saw a “Samanera ew of the pursuing foe. When this onstructed a Dagoba and a Vihare at awansa is situated to the north of
at our one inch map Kathiraweli in ahaweli, there is a dagoba that seems quoted above. This Chaitiya is at this are two other Dagobas which
* Mahawansa.”
65

Page 77
Furthermore, the meaning of The word is a corrupted form of t
means “ Kumbaya or “ construc “ lady.
It would appear that the refer the princess received protection from in this area, indicated as Semni by
6.
achchi actually means “ mound reference to the Chaitiya associated
means' Heap.'
The actual reference to the Pri
woman. . . saw in that very place a using his hand for concealment.' T who go naked and is in absolute ag who * go naked,’at p 51. By des
the Semni, Ptolemy has also confi
Since writing above my attent expressed on the present location the Journal RASCB, Vol. 6, speci pointed out, after a study of inscri name and so called traditions abo It is also pointed outat P35, of th (Antaravittihika) granted to asceti.
weliganga and Verugal aru.
This makes the identification
Chaitiya, and, Semni of Ptolemy”
in the area between Mahaweliganga
66

Kompanachchi itself is significant. he Tamil word Kumbanachchi, which
tion in memory of' and “achchi'
ence to Samanera '' indicates that
n the body of monks who were resident Ptolemy in his geography. Kompanaof the “lady'. It is apparently a
with the Princess. Kumpum in Tamil
ncess in the Mahavamsa is This fair , Samanera who was relieving his need, This is a clear reference to Jain priests reement with the definition of Semni, cribing this very place as occupied by
rmed the Mahavamsa.
V
ion has been drawn to the opinion of Somavati Chaitiya by Nicholas in al Number, 1959, P42, where he has tions in the area, that , The present ut this site are therefore spurious.” is journal that there was a village
3 monks in the area between Maha
of Kompanachchi with Somavati S Geography with a body of monks,
and Verugal aru, conclusive.

Page 78
App
PTOLEMY AND TH
I think those interested in the h
will be interested to know somethin
in which, as it appears to me, the v
and, of course the unique value of the
any doubt the antiquity of the “ Ta
It is of interest to note that the t
the word “Tamil (Damirike) are B.C. & 140 A.D. The earliest mal known as the Peutinger Table and Second earliest map is the map bas back to 140 A. D. It is also of int
“Thuki in Kings and the Chronicl of the Tamil language extant in any
vide this “ Dravida Grammar ” p
The full history of the Peutinge to the research worker, has been of Germany. The full history of th has been published by A. E. Nord
Other writers have also dealt with
Emperor Augustus was respons was essentially meant to serve the trator and traveller. General Agrip by Emperor Augustus. This proje tO complete. A survey of over 50,0
ages on mile stones served as frame

endiX
E TAMIL LANGUAGE
story of the Tamils and their language g of the earliest authentic documents vord “Tamil ' (Damirike) is recorded, δSΘ documeys for establishing beyond,
mil ʼ languagş.
wo earliest documents which contained both maps dating back to about 20 p of which copies are still available is dates back to about 20 B.C. The
ed on Ptolemy's geography and dates erest to note in this connection that es of the Bible is the oldest specimen written record, according to Caldwell,
66.
r-Table with the map, of great value
published by H. Von Konrad Miller e maps based on Ptolemy's geography enskiold, the famous Arctic explorer.
Ptolemy’s geography.
ible for Peutinger-Table. This map practical needs of the soldier, adminispa was placed in charge of the survey ct took a team of surveyors 20 years 00 miles of paved highways, with mile
: work.

Page 79
A large master map engraved i Forum. Several copies on Papyrus map extends from the shores of the
Ceylon and the Ganges in India.
A late copy (Peutinger-Tabl survived. The present copy was Peutinger is the name of the schola] published by H. Von Konrad is al
copy referred to above.
Ptolemy prepared his geograph reference is made to the word “ Ta shown as Limyrike, of which, McGrir geography, says, “ Lassen-was unal source, but Caldwell has satisfact introduction to his Dravida Gramma Segment of Roman maps called Pe to which this name is applied, is call err in identifying this name with t evidently means Damir-ike. In the a district called Scythia Dymirice a which by a mistake of A for A P adds retains its place in the cosmog
who repeatedly mentions Dimirica a
The “ Geographer of Ravenna Christian author who wrote a cosm
a list of places and river names cove
In this connection it is of intere
at page 8 of this facsimile atlas, “P
68

marble was erected near the Roman
rolls were made and distributed. The
Atlantic across the Mediterranean to
) belonging to the 3rd Century has
reproduced in the 13th Century. who acquired this copy. The copy parently a copy of the 13th Century
, about 140 A.D. In this geography mil ” (Damirike), but it is actually dle, who edited a version of Ptolemy's »le to trace this name to any Indian orily explained its origin. In the vir he states (P. 14), that in the Indian utinger-Table, the portion of India ed Damirike, and that we can scarcely ihe Tamil country. Since Damirike
map referred to there is moreover nd it appears to have been this word tolemy wrote Lymrike. The D he raphy of the Geographer of Ravenna,
s one of the three divisions of India.'
referred to above is an unknown ographia in the 7th Century, giving
ing the known world.
it to note Nordenskiold's observation
olemy's work is the only geographical

Page 80
atlas still extant which has come do
doubtful, if any other so complete an posed during that period.' It is
Tamil ' should appear in the only come down to us from the ancients.
able significance to the Tamil langui is that of the fully developed languag Latin, current about 23 centuries ag vived and is still a living force, as c. vation in his Dravida Grammar, whe Dravidian names have retained t
20 centuries.
Two ancient manuscripts of Ptc Ohe is known as the Vatican manus
Apostotica Vaticana anid the other Nordenskiold has dealt with the que in use today in the Atlas under refer of this geography about the 8th Cent but an unique 13th Century translat
The value of Ptolemy’s geogra the history of the Tamil people and realised as is evident from various
research scholars.
As an illustration of an ancient I must point out that the name for m
for place names and of districts in S

Wn tO us from the ancients, and it is
d so systematic as this was ever com
therefore remarkable that the word
known geographical atlas that has
Another circumstance of consider
age that this ancient atlas discloses, ges, Tamil, Sanskrit, Pali, Greek, and o, the Tamil language Only has suran be inferred from Caldwell's obsersre he has observed that many of the
their identity letter for letter for
lemy's Geography are known today. script and is available at Bilieteca Vatopedi manuscript at Mt. Athos, stion of the authenticity of the maps
ence. The Arabs made a translation
Jury A.D. This is now not available,
ion into Arabic is available.
ohy for historical research in tracing their language is being increasingly
articles published by historians and
Tamil word in Ptolemy's geography, lountain (Malai in Tamil) is the origin
pain, Malabar, Ceylon and Malaysia.
69

Page 81
A town in the Southern Sea Coa
tainous region in Spain, is shown as
in Peutinger Table. This is even too
The mountainous district in Sol
mountainous area in Ceylon referre and, according to McGrindle in his edi page 2, Malaia is the Tamil word M
The mountainous district in th
༡
Maleicolon, where even today this
The word Malai, Tamil for mou source of the words, malea, maleicolo language apparently prevailed in th ago, in a fully developed form, as t therefore that we have to look for so
name Malaga, for a town in Spain, b
The mountain range (Malea) in Adam's Peak, which rises sharply frc
an object of veneration by millions
What is unique is that, this foot in his geography of Césilon. It is v it as Ulipada (also Ulissida). This the earliest authentic record of the
140 A. D. when the geography was Ptolemy's map is just where Adam's that it is the footprint is further col Casie Chitty, Adam's Peak was calle
70

st of Spain in the vicinity of a mounMalacca by Ptolemy and Malaga
lay shown as Malaga in Modern maps.
uth India is known as Malabar. The
d to as Malea (Malaia) by Ptolemy, tion of Ptolemy's geography of Ceylon
Ialai for mountain.
2 Malay Peninsula is also shown as
region is shown as Malaya (Malasia).
ntain, can be understood as being the n, in Ceylon and Malaya, as the Tamil ese areas at least about 20 centuries they do even now. It would appear me similar reason for the origin of the
oth in the time of Ptolemy and now.
Ceylon is noted for the footprint on m the surrounding hills and has been
of many faiths for several centuries.
print is actually recorded by Ptolemy sery significant that he has described
constitutes what can be considered footprint and dates back to at least
compiled. Its relative position on Peak is shown on modern maps and nfirmed by the fact that according to d “ Baba-Aadamalei" by the Moors,

Page 82
“ Samanalla Sripada,” or “ Saman * Amala Saripada, by the Burmese bars, vide the “Ceylon Gazetteer (
Ulipada is phonetically and even Oli Padam (Radiant Foot Print in
(Mountain in Tamil), on which this
The strongest argument that ca cation, which has as far as I am aw hitherto by those who have dealt v Ptolemy's geography, is that, it is a rises sharply few thousand feet fro) seen from many miles out at sea. mark, that, every sailor who reached would have specially noted in his ch and passed down by generations o
times that Ptolemy used for compi
This can also be inferred from w
on “Ceylon' Vol. 1, (p. 609).
“Like the Greek geographers t. exaggerated the size of Ceylon. . . of the hills and above all by the loft as the landmark for ships approachi tially of the sacred foot mark impre
their mythology bears the name.’’
In view of the above the follo Avienus, 4th century poet and geográ to Adam's Peak. The word “Coli

koota Parvuta”, by the Sinhalese, and “ Sivanolipadam ” by the MalaIf 1888.””
l in the spelling almost identical with Tamil) and so is Malea with Malai
footprint is stamped.
n be urged lá favour of this identifiare, not been shoticed or considered vith identification of place names on unique topographical feature, which m the surrounding hills and can be It must therefore have been a landthe shores of Ceylon from early times art and it was information gathered f sailors from Phoenician to Roman
ling his geography.
hat Tennéht has observed in his work
he earliest Chinese authorities grossly
They were struck by the altitude y crest of Adam's Peak, which served ng the Island. They speak reveren
ssed by the first created man, who in
wing extract from the geography of pher, can be taken as a clear reference
dis is obscure and I have taken it
71,

Page 83
as ' Colian '. In lines 593 and 594 Ceylon is referred to as the large isl ence to a people called Colas or a The editor has inserted “ Veneris ”
in the text consulted by me.
The extract from Ceylon b
follows:
“ Comtemplator item qua 8 Iпqие поtит Oceanлиs fret Altaque coliadis moac his ta Rupis, et intenti spectabis
The translation is as follows :-
“Mark also the point where the and the ocean curves the blue strail and soon here the tall ridges of the C you will behold the towers of the roc
Ptolemy can therefore claim to h of followers of so many faiths by rec whereby, its antiquity can be traced turies at least. What is most rem should have retained its identity wi centuries from Ulipada at the time by Casie Chitty in the eylon Gove description of mountain, on which i
Ptolemy to Malai nearly 19 Centu
I must mention that no footprin depression which is referred to as th
being in size. This can well form t
72

of “ Orbis Descriptio ” by Dionys, ind of Colias, (Coliadis). Is it a referGoddess Venus worshipped by them? within brackets against “Coliadis’
y Pridham, Vol. 1, page 10 reads as
2 таre tendit tт 4 и strит, t, ponti caerula, cur wat; bi dorsa patescent cospitis arces.”
: sea stretches out towards the South ts of the deep into its familiar paths olian rock will lie open before you, and of stretched out.'
ave done signal service to the millions Ording this footprint in his geography, back authentically for about 20 cenarkable is that the description itself h practically no change for nearly 19 of Ptolemy to Olipadam as recorded rnment Gazette of 1833. While the , is stamped, from Malaia at time of
ries later.
t as such exists, at least today. The ! footprint is unlike that of a human
he subject of a separate paper.

Page 84
A DD E.
I have since, submitting my pa stated that according to Casie Adam's Peak is called Baba-Aade
reference in al-Idrisi's map of Ceylo A.D., in Vol. III, p 563, Science an
where Adam's Peak is referred to a
This identification, which, as fal by various authors who have touche documentary evidence to support C in as much as Ptolemy's map of 2nd evidence to support the identificatio with Adam's Peak, by Casie Chitt
in Greek script, appears in Needhar

N D U M
per on the above subject where I have Chitty (Ceylon Gazetteer of 1833) malei by the Moors, come across a n in Arabic text of the l?th century d Civilisation of China, by Needham, Ls “ aleihi adalam aleihi”
as, I am aware, has not been noticed d on Adam's Peak, provides authentic asie, Chitty's statement quoted above, Century A.D. has provided additional on of the Olipadam of the Malabars y. A Ptolemy's map also of Ceylon,
n’s book on China referred to above.
73

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