Page 1


Page 2


Page 3


Page 4


Page 5
CE Y AND ITS CA
AN ACCO
NATURAL RESOURCES, IN AND COMMER

L ON
PABLTES
UNT OF TS
NDIGENOUSPRODUCTIONS, CAL FACILITIES

Page 6


Page 7


Page 8
"/ الح السيد
Prair,
臀
ill. il,
Fiʻ= 'ta i"- 1 y.
. '' 13 * י, רי, ::::'`. TIJE. . . . . . . . * الية"
"-iri trils
s
ז, ,\ !, T-R, "ה אז יוו דו v.
1. Ν
ميل
, li li li
Ма,ї,згчré
... --fir),
""
l'oro. Il y
„ს".sv'ik. yn yr ail, a ar y Fflir i =
: ፆ........frሖ 'ሰ፡፡ዖዖJIዶitio
γιατήγγει η
Jirai.e.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-
( - łapy ) ) ------ག་ II. سس---- -tem ( ) L.A.FXE 2: (EYX, X2)'
". ' سی۔سیم ' ' '്യ്",'; ർ/ /് ഗ് /് " سمي
M r vir "voor ' , ', , ' . fyr, for fi fra
1.1
is Jr.
1 . " . . . . . . . . أسس لصديسك القلق بسبب تبسط سلك 1+* " . . . . . *
---
rule, s.r.
s ܚ if i'r er i Inari, "- . - سے ہے - 1, علیے” :-
Зүүлт . . . . 二 - ሂ1 %ጂ ! ''ኳ1.ነ!...... - ܊ - - 。fruto 干 ° سمیہ
შrა. წ. " - "س-
|| - ارثی با
エ چ= =
تمي"
士 士
- s:111.1' : '-' -
'- '', ---- ༈ f - JSA S S SAS eeS SuSYSASA if ،ww/8,uو , firo
... : in Yi, ”ہیں۔ -- -്
-
W፥ [ Ñ †" I! ኳ ኳ ሆ; в окт к худ.
* *
== i) يو.پي.Fi * **':ايونه*
巽国重T1、
பா" பr 'ார்

Page 9
CEY
AND ITS C.
AN ACC(
NATURAL RESOURCES,
AND COMMIE
TO WHI{
DETAILS OF ITS STATISTICS, P
AN A
CONTAINING THE ROYAL CHARTER OF
ORDNANCES OF THE COLONIAL GOVE WITH THE COMMERCE
WITH PLAIN AND (
J. W.
ASAN EDUC
NEW DELHI

LON
A PABILITIES
UNT OF TS
NDIGENOUS PRODUCTIONS, RCIAL FACILITIES
CHI ARE ADDED
ILOTAGE AND SAILING DIRECTIONS
AND
PPENDIX, JUSTICE, THE KANDYAN CONVENTION OF 1815,
RNMENT ON WARIOUS MATTERS CONNECTED
OF THAT ISLAND, ETC. ETC.
OLOURED LLUSTRATIONS
BENNETT
雪
ATIONAL SERVICES k MADRAS År 1998

Page 10
ASLAN EDUCATONAL SERV'(CES
* 3. HAUZ KHAS VILLAGE, NEW DELHI — 1 100 16.
CABLE ASIA BOOKS, PH. : 660 187, 668594, FAX: 011
• 5, SRPURAM FIRST STREET, MADRAS - 600014. PH. /
܀
; : ABS
Price: 195–
First Published: London, 1843 AES Reprint : New Delhi, 1998 ISBN 81-206-1168-3
Published by J. Jetley for ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES C-2/15, SDA New Delhi- 110016 Processed by Gautam Jetley Printed at Subham Offset, Delhi- 110032

„6852805 FAX. : 8265040

Page 11
C E Y
AND IT S CA
AN At
O
NATURAL RESOURCES, I AND COMMER
TU WHIC
DETAILS OF ITS STATISTICS, PI
AN AP
CONTAINING THE ROYAL CHARTER OF JUSTICE, TH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT ON VARIOUS M OF THAT IS
WITH PLAIN AND CC
J. W. B E N N E
LATE CEYLON C)
LO
W. H. ALLEN AND CO

L O N
P A B I L I T I Es;
CCOUNT
P "Ts
NDIGENOUS PRODUCTIONS,
CIAL FACILITIES;
ARE ADDD
LOTAGE AND SAILING DIRECTIONS,
AND
PENDIX,
E KANDYAN CONVENTION OF 1815, ORDINANCES OF THE
ATTERS CONNECTED WITH THE COMMERCE LAND, ETC. ETC.
LORED ILLUSTRATIONS.
Y
TT, E S Q., F. L. S.,
IV. ESTABLISHMENT.
N ) O N :
, 7, ILEADENIHALL-STREET.
1843.

Page 12


Page 13
THE RIGHT
T H E E ARL
D.C.L., F, R.
PRESIDENT OF HER MAJESTY'S BOARD
PESIDENT OF THE BOYA
&c.
NDER WHOSE BENIGN ADMINISTRATION OF THE CO
THE MoxoPOLIES WHICH THE PORTUGUESE
AND THE BRITISH GOVE
IN THE ISLA
FROM THE PERIOD OF TS CESSION
WERE A
A MOST INTO LERABLE NcuBUs
THE LABOURING CLASSES RELEVED FROM T
EXTENSIVE REDUCTIONS EFFECTED
AGRICULTURE EXTENDED; COMMERCE
AND THE MOST IMPORTANT INTERESTs of THAT IN
THIS W
C E Y LON AND I
S HUMBL
HIS LORDSHIP”S VIER
LONDON, JUNE 20th, 1843.

ΤΟ
HONORABLE
OF RIP ON,
i., H.S., R.G.S.,
OF CONTROL FOR THE AFFAIRS IF IN DIA ,
IL SOCIETY OF LITERATURE,
xc. &c.
ONIES, BETWEEN THE YEARS 1830 & 1833. INCLUSIVELY.
AND DUTCH HAD ORIGINALLY ESTABLISHED,
RNMENT HAD CONTINUED,
ND OF CEYLON,
EN THE YEAR 1796, TO THE YEAR 1832,
BOLISHED ;
JPON NATIVE INDUSTRY REMOVED;
HE OPPRESSIVE SYSTEM OF FEUDAL SERVICE:
IN THE PUBLIC CIVIL DEPARTMENTS :
PROTECTED ; THE REVENUE INCREASED ;
VALUABLE COLONY, EITHER PROMOTED OR SECURED
0LUME,
ΡΟΝ
T S C A PA BI IL I T I ES,”
DEDICATED,
BY
FAITH FUL AND MOST OBEDINT SERVANT,
TH E A U TIT H O R.

Page 14


Page 15
P R E F
WHATEvER original materials, whether communications of others, during a long resi the compilation of the following pages, it myself, or to answer the anticipated purp drawn largely from the best ancient and mc me in the same route ; although without hav the attention of British capitalists to the mc possessions of the Imperial crown.
Ceylon, though comparatively but little kr abounds in all the necessaries and most of til human nature. Its vast importance in every mercial, has hitherto been too much overlool fain hope, has arisen from the want of de objects, apparently more interesting, only bec
The object of my humble description is, ties of this magnificent island;-its fertile soi dyes, medicinal plants, gums, and naturalize animals; varieties of timber for construction a tracts of arable and other lands; employed already large, and easily to be increased.
To these, I have added my humble sugg ment of the native breed of cattle and other Navy and Commercial Marine with stock o varieties of useful fishes which abound on the articles of commerce, easily obtainable, but employment and prompt returns for British ci to point out how a gratuitous supply of T exigencies of the Royal Navy.

' A C E.
derived from my own observations or the lence at Ceylon, may have been employed in would have been difficult to have satisfied ose of my undertaking, if I had not also bdern historians, who have (partly) preceded ing the same object in view ;-that of drawing ost important and valuable of all the insular
own, is pre-eminent in natural resources, and he luxuries that minister to the gratification of sense, political, fiscal, agricultural, and comked by capitalists; a neglect, which, I would tailed information, or the pressure of other
cause better understood.
to submit to public view the great capabilil, indigenous vegetable productions, including 'd exotics; its minerals; wild and domestic nd ornament; fisheries; immense uncultivated and unemployed population; and its exports,
2stions for establishing farms for the improvedomestic animals, and for supplying the Royal f every description; factories for curing the
coasts, and for the manufacture of important how altogether neglected, - all offering ample pital and enterprise: and I have not omitted eak timber may be provided for the future

Page 16
PREF
And further, in the hope of affording all us visitors, naval and military officers, emigrants, the statistics, &c., of the island, including clima siastical, judicial, civil, and military establish charities, native festivals, and the features of and sailing directions along the coast and int I have extracted, at large, from the last editi improved from the correct surveys of Captain the East India Company,' and published in t thing strictly connected with the object in view,
I have also added the latitude and longi derived from the surveys of James Twynain, late Richard Brook, Esq., master attendant at T
I have preferred citing the best authorities to giving my own plainer and humbler remar excluded scientiiic inilornation upon this impc
In conclusion, l thankfully acknowledge tha the priest and the chief, the merchant and th of simples, or doctor, the mechanic and •the hus angler for the finny tribes of the fresh-waters obligations to my several authorities, both an I bave doue them all the justice in my power,

ACE,
eful and practical information, for merchants, manufacturers, and colonists, 1 have detailed te, provinces, judicial circuits, revenue, esci:- ments, missions, schools, public societies, and the country and roads; together with pilotate o the harbours and roads of the island, which on of “Captain James Horsburgh's Directory, David Ross, narine surveyor to the Honorabic: he year 1836; and I am not aware, that any
has been omitted.
tude of various given points in the island, Esq., master attendant at Galle, and of the Trincomailé.
now extant upon the mineralogy of the island, ks, because the latter must altogether have ortant branch of natural history.
t I have derived much of my information from le agriculturist, the astrologer and the cullef sbandman, the sea fisherman and the humbler treams and tanks; and, in acknowledging my icient and modern, dead and living, hope by this candid avowal.
THE AU Tr Ho R.

Page 17
TA BLE OF
CH
icography of Ceylon and its Dependencies-Ceylon
Position upon the Geographical Lotos of the Hin Adam's bridge-Satyrs-Garden of Eden-M. To pearance of the island front the sea-Munst...IIs it i) titleut tipon agriculture-Area of the island-Ce
CHA
Slavery-The Honorable the Chief Justice originates t zealously supported by the Governor-—Proprietorsool torn on and after the Prince Regent's birth-day, 1816 appropriated to Ceylon-Paternal care of slaves-J Fs-Foreign employes-Peculations and perjuri employing or pensioning convicted peculators-Fe ment-Ordinance for the more efficient protection of
CHA
Facilities of irrigation-Culture of rice inadequate to t waters-Second-rate rivers-Inferior streams-Mour ion of Hindoo agriculturists-Ralph Backhouse, E Dedication of lands to temples-Oppressive system by the Right Honorable Lord Viscount Goderich Colonies-Restoration of the ancient tanks sugge. 1840-Suggestions for a general survey of lands at of Government Provincial Agents ....................
CH
Fiscal division of the island-Variety of soil-Sugar of the sugar-cane into culture at Koondesale-Re the mercantile community from great delays and increase of exports-Weights and measures-Dut nd teriure of lands ...

CONTENTS.
AP. .
Ꮀ* AᏋ, Ꭸ.
artially known to the Romans-Its various names
loos-Tradition of its separation from Hindustanurnefort-Variety of climate-Pedrotalagalla-Apit their caust's-General salubrity of the interior nsus of S35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............................
AP. II.
he preparatory measure towards its abolition, and is slaves tender the nanumission uf all slave children -No part of the Parliamentary grant of £20,000,000 ames Sutherland, Esq.-James Nicholas Mooyaat, es-Result of individual comments upon the remale children of slaves enfranchised by the Govern
slaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P. II.
he consumption-Principal rivers-Analysis of their tains-Artificial lakes-Suggestions for the introduc. sq-Kandelle lake-King Mlaha Sen, A. D. 275of Rajah-Karia, or royal service, abolished in 1832,
His Majesty's principal Secretary of State for the ted-Amount paid for rice to French colonies in apted to the culture of rice, and for the non-removal
00 LLL 0 LLLLL LL LLLLL L0LLS L LLLLLLLLL LLLL LL LSL LLLLLL L00L0LL LLLLLLLLSLLLL 0LLLLLL0L LLLLL LL LL000LLLLL 0L0L0 L0LLC
P. IV.
speculation at Kaltura fails-Successful introduction enue-Exports-Imports-Suggestions for relieving vexations-Colombo imports in 1840 and 1841, and h measures-Singhalese specification of the nature
LLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLL0L0LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL0LLLLLLLL0LLLLLLLL0000000 0LL
3:3

Page 18
ii. TABLE O
CH
Local revenue first improved during Sir George Mu Goderich renders it permanent-Governor Sir Robel Secretary's office reformed-Governor hanged in Widows' Pension Funds suggested-Lord Goderich tary pay and pensions contrasted-Revenue and ex the culture of cotton-Suggestions for the formatic females and children to habits of industry and pr since the acquisition of Kandy-Prices of British m partiality for British productions-Exceptions-Exa requisite to stimulate the Singhalese to industry ar. the local revenne and home manufacturer ...........
CHA
Judicial division of the island-District courts-Char barristers as superior district judges-Supreme court and prisoners-Queen's advocate-Laws of bankrup Jury decides by the majority in criminal cases-Ju mode of administering oaths to Buddhists-Hallan Buddhist priests, how sworn in courts of justice-Ext) tremula) and Bogaha, or sacred fig trees (Ficus religi
CHA
Ecclesiastical establishment-Suggestions for a Ceylo guese mission-Papal mission, and suggestions for American mission-Church of England mission-Ca Military establishment-Civil branch of the Ordna officers-Staff allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHA
Introduction of Cinnamon into Europe-Tribute to the Dutch-Plantations-Monopolies-The Right Honol monopoly, and its numerous penalties and oppressi cinnamon laurel-Nepenthes distillatoria, Gloriosa Colombo cinnamon plantations-Chalias, or cinnam barking, assorting, and tasting cinnamon-Prices of c nue from cinnamon-Cinnamon oil, water, and candl pepper indispensable to the preservation of cinnamc Pandanus odoratissimus-Arum foetidum-Hoax upc
CHA
ulture of Indigo entirely neglected-Apathy of the G indigo-None exported since 1794-Tangalle, in the facilities for establishing a factory-Mr. Fawkener, a farm and manufactory, and is refused-Extraordinar

CONTENTS.
AP. W.
ay's administration of the Colonies-Lord Viscount Wilmot Horton-Civil expenditure reduced-Chief igy-China carriers-Restoration of the Civil and liberality insufficiently appreciated-Civil and milienditure-Imposts-Excess of revenue-Apathy to of government cotton plantations, and for training fitable employment-Trade of Ceylon quadrupled nufactures and colonial produce contrasted-Native nple, and reductions in taxation and customs' duties, l agricultural improvement-Anticipated results to
PAGE
CLCLL LLLCLLC L L L L C L C LCL LLL CC L CC LL LLLL L LL LL LL LC LL LLLLL LLLL L L L L L L L C CCC SS 4l
P. VI.
ter of justice-Suggestions for the appointment of if judicature-Rank of judges-Proctors for paupers tey and cessio bonorum-No jury in civil actionsges-Native attachment to trial by jury-Irregular -Dutch method of swearing Buddhist witnesses'aordinary coincidence respecting the Aspen (Populus
osa) ... ... ... ........................... ... ... 4
P. VII.
Bishopric-Reformed church of Holland-Portuits removal-Baptist mission-Wesleyan missionşte of Sorcerers-Conversion to Mahommedanismnce-Pay and island allowances-Batta to Naval
5
LL LL LLL L LLLLL LL LL LL L0 LLLL LL LLLLL L 00L LLLL LL L 0LL LLLLL LL LLLL LLLL LLLL LL LL LL LLL LLLLLLLL LLL LSLS
I. VIII.
king of Portugal-Cinnamon first cultivated by the able Lord Wiscount Goderich abolishes the cinnamon ns–Jackdaw–Cinnamon pigeon–Varieties of the superba, Ixora coccinea, Vinca rosa-Soil of the n peelers-Mode of ascertaining the maturity, and mamon lands in 1840-Prices of the spice-ReveS-Clove oil made from the cinnamon leaf-Black -Cinnamon breezes bubbles of the imaginationi Griffins ................................................ 66.
P. IX.
vernment and individuals respecting it-Indigenous southern Province, abounds with it, and offers great ngal indigo planter, proposes to establish an indigo hypothesis-Indigo exported by the Dutch-Pro

Page 19
S00SSS S S LLLL SS LGGC0S SSSS S L SLLL S LSLS 0LLLL S removal-Abandonment of the schene- 'oecula of Specimens of indigo made from other indigenous pl of manufacturing indigo-Estimated cost of an ind of coffee-Land not in the same insecure state in C Suggestions to Her Majesty's Secretary of State indigo-Emigration to Ceylon and Australia contra
CH
Palms of Ceylon-Description of the Coco-nut tree (C vation-Sinnet for sailors' hats-Sura, or palm wineNative method of planting it, and superstitious use c coco-nut tree-Medicinal properties of the coco-nu dance-Facility of planting it-Coco-nut oil used for extending the culture of the coco-nut palm in th
C}{[A
Areka Palm (4reca Catechu)-Nut ảnti-scorbutic-Si for condensing the dye-Heat generated by the nuts Palmyra (Borassus flabellifornis)-Buddhist priests Palmyra toddy and jaggery-Timber Sugar Pal bows and nooses-Toddy and jaggery-Hookahsfera, L, and Licuala spinosa of Thunberg)-Talipa caused by the bursting of the spathe-Talipat sagoof the uses of the talipat fan by the priests of Sia Tavelam tents-Palms from Mauritius introduced in
CHA
Digression-Extraordinary effeminacy of the Singhale Inferiority of Singhalese to Malabar women-Costul sult of his assumption of shoes and stockings-Prec Goderich-Sir Robert Wilmot Horton-Petty tyr mut lamps-Native music-Actors' dresses-Native :
CHA
Singhalese proverbs-Dutch language-C. A. Prins, E Native botanist and doctor-His extraordinary cur Thomas Hardwicke, Bengal artillery-Pariar dog Tranchell, Esq.-Sudden entry of a rabid dog during his guests if bitten-Cattle-Swine-Improveme fish-Turtle-Establishment of farms and agricultur tion-Pointed knives illegal-A low-caste girl nearly

W . . . . . . . the indigo leat a valuable uailure-Mladiung Appellants-Best mode of selecting indigo seeds-Methods igo factory-Indigo sowin every second year-Culture 'eylon as in India-Hints to intending emigrantsfor the Colonies for encouraging the cultivation of
sted • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Mee • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
AP. X.
'locos naucifera)--Toddy drawing, from personal obser—Varieties and domestic uses of the Cocus nucifera-- of salt-Fronds-Timber-Hiromané-Produce of a t palm-Extraordinary notions about its superabunin the manufacture of soap and candles-Suggestions e West Indian and West African colonies ............
AP. -- XIII.
pathe-Its uses-Properties of the nut-Suggestions i-Terra Japonica-Areka wood excellent for bowsånd their fans–Native books-Palm oil-Kellingom (Caryota urens)--Fishing rods-Sago-Elephant -Calabashes-Talipat Palm (Corypha unbraculit leaf, and its uses-Conflicting accounts of the report Talipat palm at Colombo-M. de la Loubere's notice m-Talipat plants sent to England by the authorto Ceylon-Phoenix sylvestris-Dwarf palm .........
P. XI.
se men-Women-Betel-Kissing-Female dressme of Headmen-Mr. John Brexius de Zielfa-Relictions fulfilled-King William IV.-Lord Wiscount anny-Theatricals-Amphitheatre-Tragedy-Cocomusical instruments ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a a
P. XII.
sq-Prevalence of the Hindo-Portuguese languagee of blindness-Obligations to him-Major General nuisance-Precautions against hydrophobia-John dinner-The host's coolness, and assurance of curing nts suggested—Rabbits—Poultry-—Seir fish-—Shell al prizes suggested-The Singhalese a litigious namurdered for covering her bosom with a kerchief.
3
S
S9
97
05

Page 20
ίν. TABLE OF
CHA
Exaggerated stories and Singhalese catalogue of Snakes corroborated-Buddhists do not kill the sacred snakeb P. Layard, Esq-Cobra di Capello deprived of its ey, Wallahs and their exhibitions-Providential escapeand muriatic acid, in the cure of snake bites-John T inquest-Hypothesis respecting the paucity of snak mode of attacking the Cobra di Capello-Plants na More caution requisite against land leeches than again
CHA
Indigenous vegetables, valuable in themselves, but thei these things better-Singhalese list of forest timber Annatto-Plants producing substitutes for flax-Cor Portland-Crotalaria juncea-Hemp-Laccadive and Mulberry trees-Silk worms-Cassada-Canna glau Elastic gum trees-Gum Arabic tree-Gum of the E
CHAF
Vegetable product was of Ceylon continued-Cachew g tute for foreign gums, during the war with the French the British market-Gum lac tree, mot the Lacsha of genous-Suggestions for making the vegetable lac of Gum Tacahama-Sap of the bread-fruit tree a substitut of the coffee tree from Java-Governor Zwaardenkroo 1840-High duties on cinnamon injurious to that namon, under the name of Cassia lignea, at a less duty obtained from Ceylon-Suggestions for assorting the the revenue-Cotton neglected in Ceylon, whilst the Culture of opium introduced ...........................
CHAP
Extreme opinions as regards the Fruits of the islandMateria Medica and medical books-Naturalized Ex
CHLAP,
Indigenous Fruits continued-Esculent vegetables-Sug between the arrow root of Ceylon and Bombay-Gui Indian seas, under the name of Dhol, as a substitute
CHA
Western Province-Colombo-Master Attendant's sailin sailor rock-Adam's Peak-Pilotage-Fort-Queen quarters-Parsees-Pettah-Schools-Hindo-Port

CONTENTS.
P. XIV.
–Reported transformation of the Coluber Naja, L., ut send it to sea without a chance of escape-Charles es by mice–Caution to purchasers ofsnakes-Samp Successful application of Eau de Luce, and of nitric ranchell, Esq.-Coroner's reason for not holding an es in the Mahagampattoo-Viverra Ichneumon, its med as antidotes for the bite of venomous snakes
st snakes-Cobra di Capello in houses-Charming
P. XV.
r culture altogether neglected-The French manage trees-Bombyx pentandrum--Asclepias giganteal from the Musa sylvestris-His Grace the Duke of Ceylon Koir-Suggestions for improving the latterca-Arrow root-Turmeric-Ginger-Sun-floweruphorbium antiquorum unnoticed in the exports ...
P. XVI.
um-Sir Joseph Banks endeavours to find a substiEmpire, at which time Ceylon might have supplied Bengal-Singhalese lackerers-Lac insect not indiCeylon equally profitable with the Coccus laccae for pitch and caoutchouc-Gunnboge-introduction m-Louis XIV.-Coffee exported from Colombo in trade, by encouraging the importation of Java cin'-Java cinnamon the produce of plants clandestinely cinnamon imported as Cassia lignea, and protecting East India Company extends its culture in India
SSLLLLLLL0LLLLLLLLLL L LLLLLLL L L0L0LLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLL0LLLLLLLLL0LLLLLL0LL0 0LLLLLLL
'. XVII.
ngrafting fruit trees unknown to the natives-Native )tic Fruits-Indigenous Fruits ............
XVIII.
gestions to the English market gardener-Difference nea or pigeon pea supplied to the Royal navy, in the
for pease ...co................................-soo..........
P. XIX.
g directions to the anchorage-Sandbank-Drunken 's house-Library-Officers of the garrison without uguese and Dutch families-Black-eyed belles
PA,
3
2
29
37
قذ4 l

Page 21
TABLE OF
Government Clerks-Garrison-Face of the country tree-Panorama-Bazaars-Newspapers-Etiquette society-Mail coachestablishment-Widows'and Orp
CHA]]
Fishing boats-Their shape and swiftness-The fisheries island-Regulation for encouraging the salting of fish upon fishermen-Suggestions to His Majesty's Secret decreasing the expense of gathering it, reducing the p) Mahagampattoo for curing fish-Abolition of the S Guards and sentinels-Salt stealers killed-Bullocks of salt-Expense of gathering and transmitting salt to Coup de grace to salt-water invoices-Native process proving it-Proposed plan for curing fish by smokemon to the coasts of Ceylon ..............................
CHAE
Fresh-water fishes-First Portuguese factory-Colombo British-Absurd claim of Portugal to Colombo-Rout -Just tribute to his memory-Great mortality in fo Suggestions for relieving them-Hints to travellers-B Chattybath-Batta-Maxims for the tourists observa fulness-Mosquito-Northern route from Colombo to
CHAP
Negombo an admirable site for grazing farms, for sup and stock-Suggestions for supplying the Royal Na Bengal for supplies-Ceylon capable of supplying p. families-Native women-Rest-bouse-Wesleyan mis plants-Road to Kandy-Native pastimes-Route tu man-Madampé-Pepper plantations-Game-Tin tions-Manufacture of paper, and cotton cloth-Esc plant-Artificial Leways ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .......
CHLAP.
Putlam-Artificial salt pans-Face of the country-Na sented to the author-Ceylon & Ganges crocodile-M dance with double-edged swords-Tyre-Native vermi conveyance to Calpentyn and Karetivoe-Sailing dire Uses of the chank shell, and reputed value of one naturalist-Calpentyn custom-house-The late Earl ragement to honesty in civilians-Anecdote of a Prov Wikd animals-The great crane-Right Honorable S Singhalese records-Capabilities of the soil-Area an

CONTENTS.
-Soil-Slave Island-Colombo Lake-Tamarind upon arrival-A British merchant-Horticultural hans'Fund-Savings’’ bank-Charitable institutions
P. XX.
among the most important of the capabilities of the an inadequate protection-Fish rents-Restrictions ary for the Colonies, for increasing the sale of salt, ice to the consumer, and encouraging settlers in the alt Monopoly suggested-Leways-Salt stealing:onfiscated-Impressed salt gatherers-Adulteration Colombo-Price of salt-Importation of salt fishof salting fish objectionable-Suggestions for im-Salt fish from Europe and America-Fishes com
d > X YYL00LL0LL00LL000LLLLL00YLLLLLLLL LLL0LLLLLLL0 0LLLLL0ZZLLLLLYLLLLLYYLLLLLSYL00
Ρ. ΧΧΙ.
surrendered to the Dutch-Dutch capitulate to the a to Kandy-Roads-Governor Sir Edward Barnes rming the roads-Families consequently destituteest mode of travelling-Canteens-Incumbrancesince-Umbrella indispensable-Addition to its useNegombo-Sailing directions .......................
... XXII.
plying Colombo, and Shipping, with butcher's meat vy with salted provisions-Naval dependence upon rovisions, boatswains' and carpenters' stores-Dutch sion-house and chapel-Civil authorities-Medicinal Chilaw-Recreations for the naturalist and sportshe of sowing and reaping-Chilaw-Sailing direcape from a leopard-Rajah Wanya, or Jungle King
as ag 83 68 8 YLLYLYLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLYLL Y0LLLL YLLLLL0YLLLLYLLL LLLYYLLLLL LSLLLLLLLY LLLLLL LLL LLLLLLLLYYYYYYLLLLYYYLLLLLLLLeeeL
XXI.
tive devoured by a crocodile-Living crocodile prelosque-Burial ground-Remarkable tree-Moorish celli-Route to Kandy through Kornegalle-Water }ctions-Farm of the Chink fishery-Its extent
with its valve opening to the right-Hint to the sf St. Vincent's maxin for naval officers no encouincial Judge-Pomparipo-Face of the countryir Alexander Johnston-Ancient tank of Bawaléd population of the Western Province ...............
峰毒
臺*為G冕
153
6
169
85

Page 22
V2. TABLE OF
CHAP
Northern Province-Pomparipo river and village-Inh the island with rice-Anticipated result of Hindoo in revenue from sea customs one certain result of Hind lese landlords-Native proctors-A law in favor of Nallua alaves-Headmen support caste from intere Headmen-Kallaarpagoda-Ashes for money-Impr. abundant, but neglected-A Singhalese mile-Jaffna -Prepared Edible Swallow's nest presented to His mediate preparation-Sir Henry Halford's communica
CHAP
The Kallaar river-Route to Kandy-Thomas Ralph B. dahpoora-Pilgrimage from the Continent-Pearl Fi. thieves-Inspection of the pearl banks-Island of C. monsoon-Shark charmers-Roman Catholic supers diving bel-Average daily produce of each boatpearls-Pinna Marina-Insuperable difficulty of tran clearing pearls-Ceylon pearl oyster (Mytilus margar by the natives for their golden hue-Suggestions f abandoning the monopoly-Suggestions respecting the
CHAP.
Ronte to Bangallé-Manaar-Suggestions for a factory foi ragement suggested-Time of sowing and reaping-He totte-Missionaries'journey-Giant's tank-Gentoo c and traditions-Sir William Jones-Racshasas-Inv no proof of extraordinary stature of the workmen-The Cottages-Native use of cow dung-Route from Manto tants-Cession of Jaffna by the Portuguese to the year-Hegira-Goldsmiths-Exports for the China suggested-Jaffna tobacco-Monopoly of the Rajah the profits-Countervailing monopoly-Its injury to til a duty of 200 percent-Decline of the trade, which, u
CHAP.
Climate favorable to the growth of silk-Hindoo culture o suggested-Suggestions for reducing certain import dut abolish their export duties upon cotton and silk to Cey Cacao) altogether neglected-Provisions-Game-Ca -Culture of grass neglected-Suggestions for provic Festival of Jagan-Nath-Pranava, or mystical tri-lit Puisne Justices to view the car of the idol-Reception b limes-Description of the car-Bride of Jagan-Nathdasi-Native musicians-Hindoos-Their diet-Dome American missionaries-Pringle's account of mission First Tamul translation of the Liturgy at Cevlon ...,

CONTENTS.
XXIV.
bitants-Capabilities of the province for supplying migration-Elementary improvements-ncrease of o colonization-Depression of agriculture-Singhaprimogeniture suggested-Padoüa caste-Covia and t and prejudice-Penalty for assuming the rank of visatori-Scenery-Apician luxuries-Edible oyster moss-Hirundo esculenta-Dutch partial to its nest Majesty King George IV., who commands its imtion to the Author, by command of His Majesty ...
, XXV.
ckhouse, Esq.-Ruins of Anarajahpoora, or Anarahery, the rendezvous of adventurers, jugglers, and urdiva a protection to the banks from the south-west ition-Sharks-Boats-Divers-Objections to the Kola, or leaf oyster-Betel oyster-Position of the ferring the habitat of the pearl oyster-Methods of tifera)-Pearl oyster spawn-Pearls most esteemed or disposing of the fishery by lottery-Impolicy of rent-Panorama-Arippo-Kondatchie............
ΧΧVΙ.
rturing fish-Sheep and cows-Agricultural encouadmen-Sailing directions-Coasting trade-Manty-Antiquity of the Hindoos-Singhalese records ention of Chess-Magnitude of architectural works tourist recommended to proceed by sea to Jaffnate to Jaffna-Scenery-Principal villages-InhabiDutch-Fruits-Coasting trade-Chitties-Tamul markets-Limited culture of cotton-Its extension of Travancore, who maintains a body of troops by Le tobacco grower-Its abolition, and substitution of pon a reduction of the duty, recovers and flourishes
XXVII.
the mulberry plant-Introduction of the silk-worm es, as an inducement to the Indian Presidencies to on-Culture of the chocolate-nut tree (Theobroma tle-Pasturage-Sheep-Cape of Good Hope cows ing hay for ships' stock-Timber trade of Jaffnaral character-Author accompanies the Chief and y the chief Brahmin-Sacred honors-Consecrated Temple mysteries-Brahminical humbug-Devatic life-Amusements-Power of the Brahminsy privations inapplicable to Ceylon missionaries
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL00LLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL0LLLLLLL0LLLLLYLLLLL0LLLLLLLLLL
PAG.
193
20
2.

Page 23
TABLE OF
CHAP.
Garrison of Jaffna-Extensive culture of the Betel pep Betel-Water conveyance to Point Pedro-Point Pe served under Frederick the Great-The ruling pass Postholders supply provisions to travellers-JunglesSailing directions-Alembiel-Superficies and popula in agriculture, manufactures, and commerce-Eastern tants-Banyan fig tree-Wild hogs-Hint to sportsn for establishing farms for supplying shipping with stoc
CHAP.
Malacology of the island-Cabinets of shells for sale-F gers in buyingjewellery from natives-Their importu stones-Laws to restrain imposition-Jewellery for " suppressing it-Rains-Lord Valentia-Crocodilespeculators-Sailing directions into Trincomalé harb inapplicable to the neglect of growing Teak for the fu rendering grants, or sales of Crown lands, more benef
CHAP
Suggested extension of the culture of the Cassada-Its
the stalks for transit-Sweet variety edible without p the Bitter Cassada-Casleep-Tapioca-Substitute Their simple implements-Route from Trincomalé Patcherie rice-Native varieties-Mode of cultureformerly supplied Ceylon with rice from its surplus pi Lowe, G. C. B.--Anticipated justice to that gallant Sir Edward Barnes as Governor-Airplant-Region
CHAP,
Sailing directions-Batticaloa-Public departments-Isl
its unanimity and hospitality-No Protestant church Suggested establishment of a factory for curing fish, a beetle (Buprestis chrysis)-Uses of its irridescent e Weddah country-The Secretary of the Magistrate's the Veddahs-Their method of preserving flesh-Ma. totté-Their gratitude-Caste-Forest lands occupied custom in the Mahagampattoo-Author's endeavours
CHAP.
Route southward continued-Asclepias gigantea-Touris The jungle bear–Field for the sportsman and natur liam Gisborne, Esq-Major Haddock killed by an e tinction between the Indian and African elephantHenry Somerset's enigma-The Sloth-Squirrels-M Black Baboon-Brown Monkey-Anecdote of a Wan

CONTENTS.
XXVIII.
per-Its astringent properties-Wild and cultivated dro shoal-Bitter Aloes-A veteran magistrate who sion-Route to Trincomalé-Face of the countryGame--Mullativoe House-Dangerous coral shoaltion of the Northern Province-Numbers employed Province-Fish-Shells for lime-Scenery-Inhabihen-Trincomalé-Society-Garrison-Suggestions 'k and salted provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
· XXIX.
How to procure perfect specimens-Caution to straninities-Transformation of broken glass into precious Chip Gentlemans"-Ear-cutting-Suggestions for Hot wells-Little white ants (Termes) great public our-Reasons for not building ships at Trincomale, ture exigencies of the Royal navy-Suggestions for
icial to the public .............. 8 & 8 so so see . . . . . .
... XXX.
properties and various names-Method of preparing revious preparation-Primitive method of preparing or mushroom spawn-Ant-hill clay-Goldsmithsto Kandy-Route to Batticaloa-Hindoo templeScarcity seldom attributable to natural causes-Java “oduce-Pumpkin Governors-General Sir Hudson officer, who, it was expected, would have succeeded of mosquitos, Batticaloa-Lacerta Iguana .........
, XXXI.
and-Fort-Garrison-European society famed for or clergyman-Roman Catholic chapels-Bazaarud anticipated increase of the coasting trade-Green lytra-Batticaloa from the sea-Sandstone rockscourt at Hambantotté wanders into it-Kindness of nner of shooting elephants-Veddahs visit Hambanby the Veddahs-Disposal of their dead-Inhuman to suppress it ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XXXII.
t recommended to travel only by day-Wild beastslist-Caution necessary in entering a jungle-Willephant in 1834-Elephant catchers-Cuvier's dis-Ceylon ivory-Elephants’ petit-toes-Lord Charles aucauco-Vampire Bat-Racoon-White Baboonderoo-Summary of migratory and indigenous birds
vii.
PAG.
233
24组
249
257

Page 24
viii. TABLE OF
CHAP.
Yellow Grosbeak-Fire fly-Tailor Warbler-Employ gested-Route southward continued-Hints to the tr. -Devil worshippers and their offerings-Kombookar Eastern Province-Southern Province-Yallé-Sug The dreaded God of Kattregam-Approach to the Dev gestions-Water of the Parapa-Oya-Chief Brahmin' stepping block from earth to heaven-Present-T officer-Medley of superstitions-Contrasts between t
CHAP.
Hell upon earth-Route from Kattregam to Hamban Hawk's-bill turtle's eggs wholesome, notwithstanding and stripping-Dutch solution of an interesting hyp of Tortoise-shell-Hatching turtles' eggs-Paltoopar Indigenous tea plant (Thea Bohea, L.)-Kirindé-Oyacouple of elephant's tusks, and a specimen of the sup hy palankin bearers---Impediments to its preservationwicke, F. R. S., F. L. S., supposes it a species of the anecdote of the Gaulama-Wallewé Aratchy-Fatal e
CHAP.
Mahagamme-Fertility of the soil, and capabilities of in tu Haumbauntotte—Face of the country—Pasturage, bu Temperature of the interior favorable to the growth pattoo-Species of indigenous Samphire-Euphorbia Population-Leways-Seven hills of Kattregam-De hills-Result of digging for water-Extraordinary accu Rapid evaporation-Crystallisation-Deposit of salt reports to the Governor upon the Mahagampattoo dist
CHAP.
Character of the Wesleyan mission-The Rev. Benja Hambantotte-Hospitality of the public authorities ordinary determination of the Commander of the F paulic confirmed-Friendly importunities and sugges neglected by the Government and individuals-Sugges -Hints to Manchester and Birmingham manufacture tant objects to be anticipated from a fish factory at H phorescent appearance of the sea-Cancer fulgens-S
CHAP.
Qualifications for the Superintendent of a fish factoryNative labourers-The Right Honorable the Earl of official omission-Unwelcome New-year's gift-Med

CONTENTS.
XXXIII.
nent of a botanist skilled in practical chymistry sugveller-Black Pepper-Time of sowing and reaping -Aar-Kombook trees-Area and population of the estions to the tourist-Human victims to chetahsalé—Head Brahmin—Basnaiké Ralé—Timely sugresidence-State chair of sacred clay, the founder's emple lands-Buddhist and Devil priests-Malay he worship of Buddha and that of Brahma .........
XXXIV.
totté-Route resumed from Yallé-Turtle Cove; the contrary quality of its flesh-Turtle catching othesis in natural history-Turtling season-Choice é-Wild tea-Assistant Staff Surgeon Crawford-Mahagamme rest-house-Author presented with a posed Gaulama, or Demon Bird-Dread manifested -Description of it-Major General Thomas HardAluco owl-Superstitious M.D.-Buddhist priest's fects of eating hawks-bill turtle-Devil ceremonies
, XXXV.
igation-Ancient ruins-Gigantic Ipomoea-Route t no sheep-Fertility of the district-Exceptionsof wool-Jaffna sheep thrive well in the MahagamTirucalli-Hambantotté-Quaker fortificationspôt of salt and red sand-Termes fatale, L-Sand imulation of sand-Starvation-Formation of saltwhere there is no basis of rock salt-Summary of ict ...-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-.... •
XXXVI.
nin Clough-Dr. Adam Clarke-No rest-house at -Deaths of Captain and Mrs. Driberg, and extraorces-Superstition-Official difficulties-Incipient ions-An English woman's determination-District tions for a fish factory-Kandyan Tavelams-Barter 's-Wallasse famous for the Talipat palm-Imporambantotté-Cetacea-Amber-Sea dragon-Phosldier crab-Anatomical specimens ..................
XXXVII.
Schemes for the public welfare abortive-SkylarkRipon-Colombo light-house-Consequences of an ical officer's pusillanimity-Timidity of Headmen
PAGE
2Sና9

Page 25
TABLE OF
infectious-' Old Malay of Mahagam"-Opportune Dawson, Royal Engineers-His lamented death-Na -Convicts in chains humane nurses-Their strict 1 in the street-Hint to the Ornithologist-Kandyan favor of the natives of the Mahagampattoo ...........
CHAP.
Suggested introduction of the Camel-Its habits-Rou way-Arabocké-Euphorbia antiquorum-Apathy of of its timber-Sitricalé Leway-Nepenthes distillato. from a tusked elephant-Cobra di Capello-Pybocl of fish, and a Malay officer's opinion of the causeTemple Title-deed-The Honorable Sir Hardinge Gi Integrity of the Buddhist religion guaranteed-Walle its bad name, and suggestions for giving it a betterfor employing Chinese settlers ............... e o is is 8
CHAP.
River Wallew&-Horse boats-Double canoes-Season rock-Pansala at Wanderopé-Buddhist priest cultiv little improved for the last sixteen years-Author's d own virus in favor of the Mahagampattoo-Mouth breeze-Girrawah-pattoo-Savage occupants of Wal and cat's-eyes-Roads-Cattle Kraal-Leways-Ral pine-Ancient tank-Face of the country-Approa out of war-Nature the best defender of the Ceyl enemy-Kandyan characteristics-Sailing directions ships from England to India making Dondra Head
CHA
Prospective advantages for an Indigo Factory Company
William Gisborne, Esq.-Governor confers honorary Tobacco farm suggested-Suggestions to moderate cal contrasted with the difficulties in new colonies-Sug delightful temperature of Lower Ouva-Soil-Saffre Face of the country-Dondra Head-Ancient tem Division of offerings-Matura-Lines-Fort-Tow. Suggested farm and fish factory-Variety of grasseswood-Zircon sold as Matura diamond-True diamo
CHA
Minerals-Extraordinary combinations in petrifactions opposed to the statements of Ptolemy, Knox, Percival -The Dutch discover coal, and their reasons for for its presence to remain hypothetical-Face of the fruits, and vegetables-Esculent Euphorbia-Agr: Koustah Rajah, or Leprous King-Temples and Da

... CONTENTS,
relief-A fatalist agreeably disappointed-Captain tive Medical Assistant, a better doctor than prophet honesty and gratitude-Native killed by an elephant pellet tube-Hard water pearls-Parting word in
s due LL00LLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLL0LLLLLLLLLYLLLLLLLLLLYYLLLYLLLLL0LLLLLLLLLLLL
XXXVIII.
te from Hambantotté to. Wallewé-Karaganaré Ilethe natives in regard to its gum-Presumed qualities ria-Airplanti-Arabian gum tree-Author's escape té-Plains-Mushrooms-Extraordinary production -Game-Tank-Large aquatic bird-Wanderopéfard, late Chief Justice of Ceylon-Temple landswé river-Sailing directions-Village of WallewéTranquil locality for the growth of silk-Suggestions
8 is is a so a sesse e s a a p e s s s e s ss as 9 se s 8 0 8 0 8 0 }
XXXIX.
s of sowing and reaping-Clay for bricks-Limestone ates the grape wine successfully-Tank-District but
esire to innoculate British capitalists with some of his
of the river Wallewe-Native objections to the sealewé rest-house in 1826-Sand of rubies, sapphires, nné bridge and rest-house-Crocodile Kraal-Porcuch to Tangalle-Possibilities upon a sudden breaking on coast-Singhalese but poor auxiliaries before an -Suggested Signal Station for communicating with
e. LL LLLL SLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLL0LYLLLLS00L00LLL LLLLLL L0LL0 0LL0L o es se es a es 0 & 8 k
P. XL.
over those of the abandoned scheme-Kirimé Canalrewards upon Headmen-Tobacco of Lower Ouvapitalists as settlers at Ceylon-Facilities to immigrants gestions for planting the Hop-Beautiful country and gam–Produce-Route from Tangalle to Maturaple-Colonnade-Viharé and Dewalé-Festivaln-Fish-Sailing directions-Government officers-Matura poultry-Manufactures-Petrified Tamarind ind not indigenous ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 a 8 8 8 0 9 ès e 8 *
P. XLI.
of wood-Constituents of Belligam rock-Opinion l, Cordiner, and Ive, in regard to indigenous minerals neglecting it-Coal an object of too great importance ! country between Matura and Beligam-Birds, fish, boddigané Viharé and Dagobah-Tradition of the gobahs • • • .......... , .
降率崇
ix.
PAG
297
30う
33
B2

Page 26
Y. TABLE O.
CHA
Antiquities-No excavated or rock temples-Agrabod ings-Dagobah, or repository of a relic of Buddh Dagobah to be opened-Its contents indicative of aff much venerated by the Buddhists as the oak by the of a High Priest of Buddha-His high character other priests-Honors conferred upon the convert-R Island-Indigenous Momordica-Crocodiles-Leopa
CHAP Sailing directions continued-Bank of soundings-Coa the Port of Galle for steam vessels-Suggestions for r a road direct to Kandy-Fortifying Galle suggeste the last war, and the present different position of F. Goitre-Galle water-Cattle stealing-Cruelty to a suggested-Fort-M. Wilmot, Esq-Garrison-Cey hotel and farm suggested-Society-Dutch familiesthe Maldive Islands-Kumbhemos-Taverkaré-Mal
CHAP
Maldivian process for increasing the size of coco-nut tim of the Singhalese for propagating trees-Fishes-A Ceylon-Its interruption-Ruinous consequences of Unauthorized rejection of the Author's appeal again the name of the Right Honorable Lord Viscount God from subsequent facts and correspondence, and the hig His Majesty George IV. patronizes the “Fishes c potato-Public nuisance-A victim to philanthropymortar along 900 miles of coast-Suggestions in chapel-Roman Catholic chapel-Crucifixion enacted Church Missionary Station-Extensive cultivation of
CHAP
Galle jewellers-Cabinet makers-Objections to British Veneering unknown to the Singhalese-Leaf emplc Office-High duty upon Arrack injurious to the Ceyl to the Board of Trade-Moral state of the Galle and Samuel Tolfrey, Esq–First English and Singhalese Tradition of the origin of Castes-Insects-Reptile and rock-Sailing directions-Dodondewé-Rest-hol
CHAP
Hiccodé-Body of a native cut out of a crocodile-Rout Oyster divers-River scenery-Viharé-Govinda yie Southern Province-Barberyn-Sailing directionsRoad to Kaltura-Double coco-nut tree, ominous ofg

CONTENTS. .
P. XLII.
gané Viharé-Image of Buddha described-Paint-Charles Edward Layard, Esq., causes an ancient nity to certain Egyptian antiquities-The Bogaha as ruids-Epoch of Buddha's appearance-Conversion not affected by his apostacy-Example followed by pad from Beligam to Galle-Cogel Lake-Bungalow 'ds-Approach to Galle-Sailing directions ........
, XLIII.
t between Galle and Colombo-Opinion respecting moving the seat of Government to Galle, and cutting l, with reference to the command of the seas during ance-Trade of Galle-Supplies-Elephanthiasisimals-Alteration in the mode of registering cattle lon Rifle Regiment-Establishment of a large English Climate-Maldivian fleet-Coco-nuts imported from dive ambassador-Sultan's letter and presents ......
. XLIV.
ber, similar to that of the Chinese for dwarfing, and uthor commences a Work upon the Ichthyology of the suppression of facts by an irresponsible officerst the tyrannical measures pursued towards him, in erich, whose entire ignorance of it may be presumed :h character of His Lordship-Anticipated justicef Ceylon"-Morua Korle-First production of the -Dreadful catastrophe-Not a life boat nor Manby's behalf of humanity-Wesleyan mission-house and -Festival of the Mohurrum-Dutch monopoliesarTOW r00t ...........................
XLV.
PAG :
337
345
tools-Suggestions to the hardware manufacturer
yed for polishing wood-Public Departments-Post n distiller and the British importer-Representation Mahagampattoo districts contrasted-Witchcraftrammar-Liberality of the Colonial Department-Mygale, or musk rat-Pottery-Gindurah river Ses-Face of the country .................. . . . . . . . . . . .
XLVI.
to Bentotté-Face of the couutry-Native farmsis a superior indigo-Area and population of the -Bazaar-Imports and exports-Custom-housebod fortune-Kaltura-Sailing directions-Govern
36

Page 27
TABLE OF
ment-house-Cutchery-Ignatia elastica, L.-Wesley John Rodney-Experiments with scorpions, and the Guyon-Lacerta Nilotica-Lacerta Gecko-Traffic
Carpenter insect-Painted bat-Widow birds-Land
CHAP.
Rapidity of the Kalu-Ganga-Ellas-Mount Karangodd Gigantic Groundsel-View from Mount Karangoddé-Hospitality of the priests-Bromelia flax-Lieut. Adam's Peak-His tour-Buddhist priest's prediction dendron-Jewels very like glass-Volley of Small arı treated with more deference-Kandyan army passes o revolted First Adikar, Eheylepola-Route from Kalt Fish Kraals-Bird's-tail grass employed as a bait-Ci
CHAP.
Route to Colombo-Galkisse-Road-Fishery-Chap of the late General the Right Honorable Sir Thom “King Tom," and Samuel Daniell, Esq.-How to pletion of the tour round the island-Origin of the wa from Sir George Murray's accession to the Colonial S. up by additional advantages-Mutilation of British sul refused-Revolting cruelties upon the family of Eheyle of the former Kandyan kingdom-Site of Kandy, an
CHAP,
Routes to the Central Province-Road to KornegallePublic offices-Cutchery occupies the site of an ancien sculptured with the lion, unicorn, and elephant-T Face of the country-Route to Kandy-Kalané-Gan Central Province by land, via Ruanwellé-A rattan h tuguese fort-Ruanwellé-Route to Kandy over the E tain more circuitous, but best for the intending set crosses the Idalgashina mountain-Warm clothing an Route through Balangodde to Upper Ouva-Succes and Badulla-Face of the country-Limestone-Pott found in the interior by Captain Robert Knox, 1657
CHA
Route continued-Idalgashina mountain-Native agricul -Rhododendron arboreum-Laurus serrata-Andrc Wallassé-Bintenné and Veddah Ratté-Efforts to c Badulla-Route to Kandy-Intermediate countrywellé-Scenery-Limestone-Ice not uncommon, in luxuriantly-Route to Kandy-Chetahs-Cascadesand Paradenia-Royal Botanic garden-Race coursetion of roads-Dodonwellé a favorite retreat of Rajah Delada Malagawa-Dewalés-Asgiri & Malwatte Vih

CONTENTS.
un mission-house, chapel, school-Fort-Honorable sults-Mount Layard-Canal to Colombo-Kobra etween Kaltura and Safregami-Dr. de Hoedt
hells SLLLLLLL000LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL0LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLL
XLVI.
-Extraordinary pine-apple leaves-Rock temple-A priest's caution neglected, and the consequences Malcolm the first European known to have ascended disregarded-View from the Peak-Scarlet Rhodois fired from the Peak-A second priestly warning "er the mountain into Saffregam, in pursuit of the ura to Colombo resumed-Pantura-River fishes
nnamon plantations-Village of carpenters .........
XLVII.
l-A priestly courtier-Mount Lavinia-Anecdote as Maitland, G. C. B., known by the soubriquet of get a Civil Appointment-A halt suggested-Comr in Kandy in 1815-Improvements in Ceylon date eals in 1828-Lord Wiscount Goderich follows them jects by order of the King of Kandy-Explanation pola, and native Chiefs-Kandy taken-Geography d tradition of its discovery .......................... . . . .
XLIX.
Stupendous rocks-A. Kandyan Tarpeius Monst royal palace-Henry Pennell, Esq.-Granite slabs me of sowing and reaping-Route to Trincomaléga navigable by boats to Ruanwellé-Route to the awser-Rajah Singha the apostate-Ruins of a Poralané mountain-Route over the Idalgashina mounler-Major Kelly's division of the Army of Kandy fires necessary in crossing these mountain passesful culture of the potato-Wheat grown at Kandy !rs' clay-Brick clay-Hemp-European vegetables
P. L.
ure-Cataracts-Kalapahané-Cattle-Welanghena xogon schoenaathus-Hilloya-Passera-Alipootvilize the Veddahs-Mountain of Namini KooliRoute from Passera to Neuwara Eliya-Hembliatethe very same province where sugar and coffee grow Mavali-Ganga navigable by boats between Gampola Satin-wood bridge-Proclamation for the preservaSingha-City of Kandy-British improvementsrés-Royal cemetery-Lakes-Buddhist priesthood
Χι.
PAGE
377
385
393

Page 28
xii. TABLE OF
CHA
Sequel to the possession of Kandy-Person of the King for the war-Regalia-Honors conferred upon the co Political humbug-Importance of the relic-Tooth Palladium-Its restoration to the Delada Malagawa presented to the temple in the name of the Governorof the Idol-Stipendiary priests-Kandy the meridi Expenses of idolatrous festivals borne by the Governm
CHA
Extraordinary facts respecting the military resources of
Secret service money-Deplorable consequences of wan King-Pilamé Talawé dupes General Macdowal by an in detail-Captain Arthur Johnston, in 1804, marched Governor's first object after the conquest of Kandy in receives private intimation of that Chieftain's intended Consequences-Murder of S. D. Wilson, Esq by Ved position of the army-Opportune arrival of the Ho: Recovery of the relic-Military casualties-Fate of th Colombo-Incipient rebellions in 1834 and 1842-Fa of 1817-War cry of the 19th regiment-The Kandya ners-Agriculture-Climate-Governor's Minute for ments-Citadel-Atgallé-Neuwara Eliya potato-Ca tions to capitalists-Rest-houses-Indigenous iron, alur cured and salted provisions to shipping-Area and pop
A PIPE
The Charter of Justice, granted by King William the F Information for the use of Military and Naval Officers pr Regulation of Government for Promoting the Growth of Regulation of Government for the Encouragement of the Ordnance of the Governor and Council, for Anħending til Tables of Import and Export Duties, and of the Rates o "Translation of the Letter from the King of the Maldive . Postage Rates, Post Office Regulations, and Warehous Extract from a Letter to the Right Honorable Henry La The Kandyan Convention of 1815 ................ es An Account of the principal Kandyan Festivals ...... Address of His Excellency the Governor to the Kandya

CONTENTS.
LI.
Bad policy of the Portuguese-Additional reasons querors, and Eheylepola, by the Prince Regentof Gautama Buddha contrasted with the Trojan under a salute from the Royal Artillery-Offering Hypothesis respecting the relic-Military custody n of Buddhist and Demon worship in Ceylon
PAGE
ont • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 409.
. LIII.
andy, when Major Davie capitulated, in 1803of information-Prince Mootto Sawmé proclaimed armistice, and breaks it-British troops massacred from Batticaloa, through Kandy, to Trincomale815-Roads-Eheylepola-William Tolfrey, Esq. reachery-His information treated with contemptlahs-Rebellion of 817-The Pretender-Critical norable East India Company's auxiliary troopse rebel Chiefs-Governor's triumphant return to thless Princes-Supposed origin of the rebellion ns-Arts and sciences-Domestic habits and manClerks and Headmen-Garrison-Public Departste no disqualification for tenure of lands-Suggesn, & saltpetre-Suggestions for a farm for supplying
ulation of the Central Province-Conclusion ...... 47
N D X.
ourth, February the 18th, 1833 .................... posing to settle in the British Colonies ........... XX \, ertain Articles of Agricultural produce in Ceylon xxx; Preparation of Salt Fish in the island ............ XXXii e Laws relating to the Ports and Customs .. xxxiii Pilotage into the Harbours of Ceylon ........... lxii slands to the Commandant of Galle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Χiι Rates . . . . . . . . e 8 e s v 8 s t e o a s e. s so a r as a lxv orchere, President of the Board of Trade ...... lxvii
P é 8 te. O O ) LLLLLL LLLL LLL LLLL LLLLLL SLLL L LL L LLLLL LLLLC0 0 LLLLCLL CL0CCCCCC C0LL xviii
S L LLLL L LLL L LLLLL LLL LLL LLL LLLLLLLLL LLL LLL LLL LLL LLL LLLL LL LLL L LLLLL LL LLLLL L L 0L LL lxx Adikars and Chiefs, May the 20th, 1816 ...... XXνι

Page 29
CEYLON AND IT
CHA
Geographical position-Dependencies-Ceylon occasion Manaar-Island partially known to the ancient Roman Geographical Lotos of the Hindoos--Popular tradition Adam's Bridge-Hindoo history respecting it-Sir W. Jon Garden of Eden-M. Tournefort's opinion-Variety of Verdant appearance of the Island-Sea-breezes-Monso dependant upon the progress of Agriculture-Area of Census of 1835. -
THE most magnificent of the British in Dependencies,” lie between the parallels between 79° 42 and 82 of east longitude, and distant about ten leagues from the S. S . E. toN. E. between Capes Comorin nine hundred miles; in length, from Don in the northern province, under three hunt one hundred and forty to one hundred and
The “Dependencies" are the islands ( tivoe, or Two Brothers-Kakeritivoe-Palet -Poengertivoe-Kayts, or Leyden islandtivoe, or Amsterdam island-Jaffna, former the town and fort of that mame are situat of Wadenerratchie, Temmoratchie, and Pat Ceylon, too often confounded in common of Sierra Leoné, from neglecting to accent rated from the southern extremity of Hin which is not frequented except by small coa
* From Hindú, blac t Called also by Captain Horsburgh
From the Malabar word

S CAPABILITIES.
P. I.
ally confounded with Sierra Leone-Gulf and Strait of -Various Names of the Island-Its position upon the of its separation from the Peninsula of Hindostan-- es's remarks-Indiana Satyrs-Hypothesis respecting the Climate--Pedrotalagalla the highest land in Ceylonons and their causes-General Salubrity of the Interior the Island and Population to the square mile-official
sular possessions, styled, “ Ceylon and its of 5° 50' and 10 of north latitude, and at the west entrance of the Bay of Bengal, eninsula of Hindostan, extending from and Negapatam; in circumference about dra Head in the southern to Point Pedro lred miles; and in extreme breadth from fifty miles. of Kalpentyn-Karetivoe-Manaar-Trenivoe—Nedoentivoe, or Delfti-Mandetivot" —Nayntivoe–Anelativoe-Northern Karely the kingdom of Jaffnapatam, upon which e-and the largest, containing the Districts chilapelle.
parlance with our West African settlement uate the last syllable of the latter, is sepalostan by the Gulf and Strait of Manaar, sting vessels; the water being usually shoal
k, and Sthan, place. olandiva, Cat-Island, and Enkhuysent. Man, sand, and Aar, river.

Page 30
10 TAPROBANE OF
all over it, six or sevem fathoms in som towards the main, renders the navigation It is bounded by Adam's Bridge to the coast of Tanjore to the northward. The D Calymere Point and the north end of Ce southern channel, called Palk's Strait, co. probably the only one that may be conside) Adam's or Rama's Bridge, a narrow ridg whole extent there is said mot to be more til at high tides, extends nearly E. S. E. and the island of Manaar on the east, and the peninsula of the continent, the extremity o Between the main island and Manaar there vessels, which is commanded by Fort Tann: That Ceylon was partially known to t inferred from the names they gave to som knowledge of the island originated by mean: side of India, or of their fleet from the Si lay so directly in the course of vessels vent to the ancient mode of “hugging the sh scarcely suppose its position to have been le had been precisely determined. Neverthe geography less certain and more undecided. The Amasian stoic, Strabo, who compos time of Augustus Cæsar, describes Taprob reports" varying from seven to twenty days point of the peninsula of Hirfdostan, the C he erroneously describes the island as exte five hundred stadia, or rather more than are informed that the most valuable prod various emporia of India.
Pomponius Mela, in his “ De sitů orb which name was not known in Europe Great, was the commencement of a new w sailed round it at the time he wrote, but and the Roman augur, C. Plinius Secundus

THE ANCIENTS.
: places, to four, three, and two fathoms unsafe for vessels above a certain tonnage. southward, and by Calymere Point and the utch describe three channels formed between ylon, which lead into Palk's Bay; but the htiguous to the north coast of Ceylon, is ed safe for large ships. 'e of sand and rocks, mostly dry, for on its lan three and four feet of water in any part W. N. W. six or seven leagues, and joins island of Ramisseram, which lies close to a f which is called Point Ramen, on the west. is a narrow gut, only navigable by coasting acudia on the eastern extremity of Manaar. he ancient Romans may very reasonably be e of its principal places; and probably that s of their coasting vessels along the western nus Arabicus, or Red Sea. But the island uring beyond Cape Comorin, viz. according Lore" as closely as possible, that one can ft to doubt; but, on the contrary, that it less, there is hardly any point in ancient
ed his great work upon geography in the ane as equal in size to Britain, and “by sail from Cape Comorin, the southernmost omaria Promontorium of the Romans. But lding to the westward of its true position twenty leagues. By this same author we uctions of Taprobane were carried to the
is,” could not decide whether Taprobane, Intecedently to the aera of Alexander the }rld, or an island, because no one had ever he himself inclined to the former opinion; instead of elucidating doubts, in his more

Page 31
WARIOUS NAMES
copious description of Taprobane, which h the Antipodes, involves it in deeper obscu an embassy to Claudius Cæsar from a sove have entertained a very humble opinion affirm, that “in their country the moon w and then only visible for the same period o Ptolemy, the famous Alexandrian geogr wrote after Pliny, describes Taprobane as
and at no great distance from that part of
two degrees to the southward of the equat of Pliny’s account of Taprobane, and in which is preserved in that of Selendive, from Both, however, of these writers concur in equator, a circumstance that has led ma which during the middle ages was almos fifteenth century Nicolo di Conti, the V described Ceylon as Zeilam, and after no states that he sailed from thence to the gr called Taprobane,” and describes the duri there, but which is not known to this day a and contradictory descriptions both of the Indian writers, upon this particular poin celebrated Taprobane is the present Ceylo
The Nubian philosopher, El Edrisi, in in the twelfth century, calls the island by veller, Marco Polo, who visited it in the th
Cosmas, an Egyptian merchant, subse several voyages to and from India during t the island as Sielediba, and as an emporiu
silk of the Sinae, and all the precious prod all parts of India, Persia, and the Arabian
The island has also been known from the Elu name of Lakka and Sanscrit Lank fixed the Sanscrit adjectives Tevé and Devé,
* C. P. Hist. Nat, lib. vi. сар. хxiі. +
Cosm, lib. xxi. 336.

OF THE ISLAND. 11
also alludes to as Terra Anticthonum, or ity, and gives a most ridiculous account of eign of the island. The ambassadors must f Roman science, when they ventured to is invisible for eight days after the change,
time.” pher in the time of Marcus Aurelius, who an island nearly opposite to Cape Comorin, he peninsula of Hindostan, but extending Jr. Ptolemy appears to have been ignorant orms us that the native name was Salice,
the proper name Selen, and divé, an island. describing the island as intersected by the ny to maintain that Sumatra is the island t uniformly called Taprobane ; and in the 2netian traveller, on his return from India, ticing its cinnamon and other productions, eat island of Sumatra, “ which the ancients an (Durio zibethinus) as a fruit indigenous it Ceylon. But notwithstanding the obscure ancient Greek and Roman as well as of the it, scarcely a doubt now exists that their
. his work dedicated to Roger, king of Sicily, he name of Serandib, and the Venetian trairteenth century, by that of Seilam or Zeilam. quently, sirnamed Indicopleustes, who made he reign of the emperor Justinian, mentions m of commerce into which was imported the lctions of the Eastern Countries, with which Gulf were supplied.S he remotest periods of Singhalese history by , the world, to which latter has been presignifying famous and holy: and in the GeoAccording to Ptolemy its ancient name was Synondi.
$ IIb. lib. xi. 337. 2

Page 32
2 S'TE OF
graphical Lotos of the Hindoos, which is s of ocean, Ceylon, described as Sinhala, li the Maha Lanka or Malacca petal, upon t But whether the popular tradition tha extremity of the peninsula of Hindostan, nary convulsion of nature, aided by the the lands, be deserving of credit; or tha distance from the Malabar and Coromand the southward and westward as to be th Hindoos, but gradually approximating the madrepore, and the consequent shoaling attention of the geologist.
Hindoo history evidently alludes to Adai and attributes to Rama, an incarmate deit the conquest of the island with an army of the prince of satyrs, named HANUMAT workmen of such agility a bridge of rot Hindoos, yet remains. This Rama is desc and the deliverer of his consort Sita frc William Jones, in alluding to the above, have been only a race of mountaineers, wh had civilized?” and concludes with this re breed of Indian apes is at this moment (17 and fed with devotion by the Brahmins, wh of the Ganges, to have a regular endown tribes of three or four hundred, are wonde of order and subordination in their little sy It may much more reasonably be conjec name of the common father of mankinc formed it for Adam to pass over to Hind tain Hamalell, when expelled from the ci persecuted followers of the god Bod, or E the Brahmins, sought a secure resting-pl exercise of their religion, in Ceylon.
* Asiatic Researches, vol. viii., 8vo edition, p. 3
i The son of Pavon, the Indian god of st S Asiatic Researches, vol. i., 4 to edition, p. 257.

PARADISE.
upposed to be floating upon the vast expanse is between the southernmost upper netal and he under south-eastern petal.
Ceylon originally formed the south-eastern and was detached from it by some extraordiushing in of the sea through the division of it was an island de principio, at a greater :l coasts, and stretching so much further to * Lanka or equinoctial point of the ancient continent by the accumulation of sand and of the Strait of Manaar-is matter for the
n's Bridge, in recounting the wars of Lanka, y of the first rank in the Hindoo mythology, Indian satyrs, and states that Rama's general, rom his high cheekbones, soon raised with cks over the sea; part of which, say the tribed as a conqueror of the highest renown, m the giant Ravanen, king of Lanka. Sir S inquires “if this army of satyrs might not lom Rama, if such a monarch ever existed, *mark,- However that may be, the large 94) held in high veneration by the Hindoos, to seem, in two or three places on the banks ment for the support of them: they live in rfully gentle, and appear to have some kind lvan polity.” cured, that the Bridge of Islets, bearing the , from the Mahomedan fable that angels }stan, after having dropped upon the mounlestial Paradise, was the route by which the uddha, when driven from the continent by ce for themselves, and for the unmolested
76. 1 ft The son of C'ausk. ms and winds, and one of the eight Genii. Bod, a contraction of Buddha, which signifies wisdom.

Page 33
DECISION OF .
Ceylon abounds with traditions, and a terrestrial Paradise; and inquiry has sca. of opinions upon that point. Tartary, C. Syria, Ethiopia, and Ceylon, have all, in tu point; and whilst some have concluded th either allegorical, or that if such a perfect concussions of the earth at the time of th as to render it now impossible to discov lay, (synonymous in the Arabic, and si astray as much as the Jews themselves, wh the Old Testament. Josephus supposed
four rivers that went out of Eden.
There exists to this day such a variety of another near Telassar in Chaldaea, a third in Cilicia, and a fifth upon the coast of favour of either of the two former, as being, There can scarcely be a doubt that Ede bounded by the countries and rivers descri author seems to have decided the point so “The commentators upon Genesis, even th not think it necessary, in order to assign divides itself into four branches, because o occasioned; but think it sufficient to show namely, the Euphrates, Tigris, Pison, and but that Paradise, must have been in th allowed to take the Phasis for Pison, anc remove Paradise too far from the sources ( in the beautiful vallies of Georgia, which f we may suppose it to have been a place C some of its beauties, notwithstanding the and since that time, I do mot know a fi country of the Three Churches, a town a heads of the Euphrates and Araxes, and a of Paradise must at least reach to the heat the ancient Media and part of Armenia an * 2 Kings xix, l:

TOURNEFORT. 3
hongst others, that it was the site of the :ely done more than cause a wide diversity ina, Persia, Mesopotamia, Chaldaea, Arabia, ns, been objects of research upon this great at the scriptural description of Paradise was place really existed, the subsequent terrible deluge have so altered the face of nature r where the true garden of Eden or Aden gnifying pleasure,)-others have been led ) were totally ignorant of the geography of he Ganges and the Nile to be two of the
Edens and Adens, one near Tripoli in Syria, un island in the Tigris, a fourth near Tarsus Arabia Felix, that authors have given it in I presume, the same with that of Moses." n was not an imaginary but a real Paradise, bed in the Mosaical topography, but no one satisfactorily to himself as Mons. Tournefort. lose who keep most closely to the letter, do the place of Paradise, to find a river which the great alteration the Deluge may have the heads of the rivers mentioned by Moses, Gihon. It cannot, therefore, be doubted way between Erzerum and Teflis, if it be the Araxes for Gihon-And then, not to f these rivers, it must of necessity be placed Lrnish Erzerum with all kinds of fruits. If considerable extent, and to have retained alterations made in the earth at the flood, er spot to which I can assign it than the out twenty French leagues distant from the most as many from the Phasis. The extent of these rivers; and so it will comprehend Iberia. Or, if this be thought too large a
Isaiah xxxvii. 12.

Page 34
14 CLIMATE-TEMPER
compass, it may be confined only to part of to Teflis. Our learned men may think as t beautiful country than the neighbourhood suaded it is the place where Adam and Eve Ceylon presents a variety of climate, wh diate, and the temperate : the first, that of t the maritime provinces and the mountain valescent station of Neuwara Eliya, literall called Pedrotalagalla, which is 8280 feet ab than the far-famed Samenella, or Adam's P the highest land in Ceylon. At Neuwara E rature is stated to be as high as 10", and fro: than three times the mean daily variation at of the thermometer from 36' to 81'. The provinces is between 78° and 80', according from uncertain sources, I think Dr. John Da and he, from practical observation during the Forces, states the mean annual tempe the extreme range of the thermometer be between 75 and 85.
A stranger approaching Ceylon after a lo boundless ocean, during which the imaginatic to the equator, may have pictured to its trees, and sun-burnt fields, is agreeably sui whose northern and north-eastern coasts coco-nut palms, and its southern and wester to the very verge of the sea.
This interesting country is highly favour its hottest parts much more temperate thi season is during the prevalence of the soul sets in about the latter part of April, and ( sun is to the northward of the equator. ushered in by abundant and refreshing rains for ten or twelve weeks. The north-east m November, and prevails till March, when
* The difference between day an

TURE-MONSOONS.
Armenia and Iberia; that is, from Erzerum ley please, but as I have never seen a more of the Three Churches, I am strongly perwere created” ch may be classed as the hot, the intermehe maritime provinces; the second, between us region; and the last, that of the conI, city of light, adjoining the highest land, »ve the level of the sea, and 860 feet higher eak, erromeously cited by many authors as liya the mean daily variation of the tempem that to 11 of Fahrenheit, which is more Galle and Colombo; and the annual range : mean annual temperature of the maritime to the only data I possess, but as they are vy's the best authority upon all these points, his residence in the island as Physician to rature of the coast at between 79 and 81; tween 68° and 90°, and the medium range
ng voyage and the monotonous prospect of on, connecting the island with its proximity self nothing but barren sand-hills, parched prised at the first view of a verdant island, re belted with intermingled palmyra and n shores covered with myriads of the latter
d with continual sea-breezes, which render un the climate of Hindostan. The coolest h-west monsoon, or periodical wind, which :ontinues till the end of October, when the The change of the monsoon is generally , which continue at intervals, more or less, onsoon is of shorter duration; it begins in he sun is to the southward of the equator.
night is about fifteen minutes.

Page 35
AREA AND POPULA
It is also attended by heavy rains in the soons bring their share of the most tren eye of man has ever witnessed, or his m of fatal accidents during a thunder-stor which it rages, and the population of th casualties from lightning in more northern Rowning, in his natural philosophy, th winds or monsoons within the tropics. “W there are several countries, as Arabia, Persi more heat than the seas beyond the equa fore, instead of blowing from thence to th way; and when the sun leaves those col winds turn about and blow on the opposit shifting of those winds, the Indian seas a navigation becomes unsafe."
So much depends upon the progress of be altogether changed for the better in important point can only be partially a exceeds one fourth of its superficies, shal it is but fair to form a criterion for anticip; has already attended it in places where it vious forests, and where the decompositio countless ages, and every natural imped has not been an instance of the continu been thoroughly cleared; and even places sickness was a few years back prevalent salubrious. Thus if a judgment may be by that of the one fourth part of the art be impossible for a healthier to be founc to which Ceylon may then justly lay clair Taking the superficies of the island at sent population at a million and a half, numbers to the square mile; and of th set down at the maximum as follows :-
In agriculture. . . . . In manufactures. . . In commerce . . . . .

ION OF THE ISLAND. 15
orthern parts of the island: and both mon2ndous thunder and vivid lightning that the ld conceived. Nevertheless the occurrence , when contrasted with the violence with island, bears no proportion to that of the countries. us explains the occasion of these periodical hen the sun approaches the northern tropic, l, India, &c. which become hotter, and reflect or which the sun has left; the winds, there2 parts under the equator, blow the contrary intries and draws near the other tropic, the e side of the compass. At the time of the Ce very subject to be tempestuous, and the
agriculture, that the climate of 1838 may 1841, in one and the same place. As this scertained until cultivation, which scarcely have been extended over the whole island, ations of the ultimate result, by that which , has superseded densely-wooded and imperh of vegetable matter had continued through iment was opposed to evaporation; for there ance of malaria where the underwood has that are only partially cleared, and where and periodical, are become comparatively formed of the climate of the future whole, a of the island now under cultivation, it will in any part of the habitable globe than that
l 24,448 square miles, and estimating its prehe product would give about sixty in round s population, the number employed may be
. . . . . . . . . . . . 400,000
S LLLS SLLLL SLS SLLS SLLS S SLL SLL S SLLL SLLSL SLL SLL S SLSL 55,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,000

Page 36
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Page 37
CHIAE
Eristing Slavery-The Honorable Sir Alexander John funcards the abolition of slavery, in which he is zealously su proprietors of domestic slaves to His Royal Highness the F born of their slaves on and after His Royal Highness's bir £20,000,000 appropriated to the Ceylon slave proprietorsJames Sutherland, Esq.-James Nicholas Mooyaart, Esq. ordinary results of their peculations and perjuries-Degrat of individual comments upon the measures of the coloni peculators-Number of female children of slaves enfranc the government ordinance for the more efficient registratio
THAT Asiatic Slavery should still exist i gether free to work or be idle, as may sui
incredible to those who may have given sterling, granted by Parliament for the al one moment's consideration ;-nevertheless of the island, taken in the year 1835, expc of slaves being 27,397, including 14,108 má To the eternal honor of the humane l slaves in the Singhalese districts of the m
only colony under the British flag to make
property to the principle upon which the The Honorable the Chief Justice (the pre ston) had only to suggest a plan to the slav not merely from the respect in which th able, just, and patient exercise of the pi office, that such ready deference was sho every way congenial with the general feeli ests of humanity, and presenting a moral throughout the island, but because they lo for his general humanity and charity, and z.
Ο

P. II.
ston, Chief Justice, originates the preparatory measure
pported by His Eaccellency the Governor-Address of the
'rince Regent, tendering the nanumissions of all children
k-day of 1816-No part of the Parliamentary grant of -Paternal care of the slaves by the Ceylone govereinent
—Foreign employés in the civil establishment-Extra
lation of the service and loss to the public-Consequences al department, in re-employing or pensioning convicted hised by the government-Substance of the provisions of
and protection of slaves.
n Ceylon, whilst the African Negro is altothis purpose or his inclination, will appear the appropriation of the twenty millions polition of Slavery in the British Colonies, , the foregoing Census of the population ses the real state of the case; the number les, and 13,289 females. Dutch and native proprietors of domestic aritime provinces, Ceylon was the first and a voluntary concession of prospective slave Imperial legislature subsequently acted.- 'sent Right Honorable Sir Alexander John'e proprietors, to have it adopted. It was e community held Sir Alexander, for his ower attached to his high and important wn to his philanthropic recommendations, ng of the British nation and the best interbasis for the ultimate abolition of slavery ved him with more than common affection, 2al for the welfare of them all.

Page 38
18 SLAVE PROPRIETORS' ADDRE
The cause which the Chief Justice hac supporter in His Excellency the Governo Bart., G. C. B.; and the principal proprie inhabitants, burghers, and native castes that the Government and Parliament of the the cause of those branded with the name of gation of commiserating the situation of tha unanimously resolved to address a petitio Regent, (in which they were subsequentlyj throughout the Singhalese districts of the determination to emancipate all children bol Highness's birth-day, the 12th of August, l:
Of this document, so every way worthy able tablet than paper, I feel both pride readers; for by this act of justice to the upon my own pages.
ΤΟ
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS TF
REGENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOA (
&c. &c.
“We His Majesty's loyal subjects, the Dut of the maritime settlements in the island of cere and fervent loyalty towards the person Royal Highness, and emulating the human fellow subjects in the United Kingdom have unfortunate class of beings, placed in the de approach your Royal Highness with an hum furtherance of the same benevolent object, a * In families long settled in this island, of ment is usually so much dependent on the of those persons would subject the inhabitan as ordinary prudence forbids us to encount know, that to great numbers of the person slaves, bred up under our roofs, supported siderate treatment and comfortable subsiste

SS TO THE PRINCE REGENT.
so warmly espoused, found a strenuous , the late General Sir Robert Brownrigg, Eors of domestic slaves amongst the Dutch of Colombo, acting upon the conviction United Kingdom took a warm interest in slaves, and of the moral and religious obli, unfortunate class of their fellow creatures, n to His Royal Highness, the then Prince oined by the proprietors of domestic slaves maritime provinces) declaratory of their in of their slaves on, and after, His Royal 316. of being recorded upon a more imperishand pleasure in submitting a copy to my petitioners, I also confer a lasting honor
HE PRINCE OF WALES,
DF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,
8χο.
ich inhabitants, burghers, and native castes Ceylon, animated with sentiments of sinand government of His Majesty, and your e and disinterested spirit with which our moved the Legislature in favour of that graded condition of slavery, beg leave to ple tender of such tribute, on our parts, in s our circumstances enable us to afford.
whatever class, the household establishservice of slaves, that a general discharge ts to privations, losses, and expense, such er ; at the same time we have reason to Is now in our houses in the character of for a course of years with kind and connce, many of them far advanced in life.

Page 39
VOLUNTARY CONCESSION OF THE P
and the greater part established in habits ( withdraw the source of their support, with their condition.
“We therefore humbly incline, both in adopt the principle sanctioned by the w abolition; that which we beg leave to offe in its issue certain and complete.
“ We respectfully and dutifully propose, of this colony shall take its commenceme Highness's birth-day, the 12th of August all children born of our slaves, from that d “Some incidental provisions will be p support and tutelage of these liberated ch ing articles of enactment, which appear e. indicated in Resolutions conveyed by the mation of His Excellency the Governor; regulations as may be found calculated to of mutual comfort to the emancipated slav favourably represented by His Excellenc acceptance and confirmation of your Roya
His Royal Highness's reception of this p philanthropist could have anticipated fro pro patre, regens,” swayed the Imperial sions, having been confirmed by His Ro intentions of the petitioners,
At that period, the domestic slaves wi vants, or free labourers, whose daily wage labour; but, upon what moral principle, t should have been considered so very pa slaves in Ceylon, that not one shilling o to that island than the Mauritius, no one
Humanity will admit, that if the exam in Ceylon did not give them a priority African slaves, their voluntary relinquish
C

ROSPECTIVE RIGHTS OF OWNERSHIP. 19
fattachment, a general emancipation would out advancing their happiness, or improving
consideration to them and to ourselves, to isdom of British Legislation, of a gradual ', being indeed gradual in its progress, but
that the era of future freedom to the slaves nt on the auspicious occasion of your Royal in the present year 1816. And we declare ate inclusive, to be free persons. }rceived to be necessary with regard to the ldren during their tender years. The leadxpedient for this purpose, have already been Honorable the Chief Justice for the inforand we doubt not that these and such other place the intended measure on a footing 'es and their masters, will be distinctly and y, and receive in substance the gracious l Highness.”
(Signed by the petitioners.)
letition was as gracious as the most sanguine m the enlightened prince, who, “ Patriam, sceptre of these kingdoms: and its proviyal Highness, took effect agreeably to the
ere generally much happier than hired seres never exceeded sixpence for twelve hours' he claims of the proprietors of African slaves ramount to those of the owners of Malabar f the £20,000,000 could find its way nearer has hitherto attempted to explain. ple set by the proprietors of domestic slaves of claim, in point of justice, over those of ment of their rights of ownership over the
2

Page 40
20 PATERNAL CARE OF SLAVES E
issue of their slaves from the 12th of Augu equitable compensation out of the twent Parliament for the enfranchisement of colo viduals, instead of sharing in the public their own humanity; for by slavery contin present number of domestic slaves, they ar consequently useless individuals, without ) maintenance; little chance of obtaining reli few will purchase under the circumstances; from the offspring of the slaves whom they
Ceylon had no agent in Parliament to prietors, or of the slaves themselves; or, inhabitants, burghers, and native castes o humanity, and indeed of deference to the ( been overlooked, but have been deemed ent and the Asiatic slaves of Ceylon to an equ contemporaries of the West Indies and Mau and of humanity to the other, I hope it claims to be considered and admitted by the But whether the extinction of slavery in continue for an indefinite period, every be care manifested towards those degraded b it may have overlooked certain rights of pleasure in regard to their slaves.
The first enactment of a Regulation for districts of the island, took place in the yea Excelency the late Right Honorable Si important has this measure been consider government, that a strict attention to it still enforced.
During the administration of His Excelle) the registration of slaves was attended to v of the government than at any former p entered into with all the ardour of persor Esq., the then talented superintendent, as home and judicial department of the Chief

Y THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
st, 1816, had at least entitled them to an y millions of the public money voted by nial slaves:-but these philanthropic indigrant, are now doubly burthened through uing until death shall have carried off the e bound to support the old and feeble, and eceiving any allowance whatever for their 2f by selling their rights as owners, because and no succession of service to anticipate are bound to maintain. advocate either the claims of its slave prosurely, the noble conduct of the Dutch f Ceylon, who had set such an example of :all of the nation, would not only not have itled to a fair and adequate compensation; al right to emancipation with their African ritius-For the sake of justice to the one, is not even yet too late for their relative
British Legislature. . Ceylon is to be effected, or the evil to nevolent heart will rejoice at the paternal eings by the local government, although the owners in dispensing its own will and
he Registration of slaves in the Malabar r 1806, during the administration of His r Thomas Maitland, G. C. B.; and so 2d by His Excellency's successors in the s provisions has been continued, and is
ncy the late General Sir Robert Brownrigg, iith a still greater surveillance on the part eriod, from the circumstance of its being al interest, by the late James Sutherland,
deputy secretary to government, of the Secretary's office.

Page 41
FOREIGN PECULATORS AND THEIR REW
In the furtherance of this important m able coadjutor in James Nicholas Mooyaart of Jaffna at that period; who, although a been appointed to the civil service; in whic him, he now holds a high and lucrative off I may, perhaps, be allowed to digress, I had sketched for myself, to remark, that government had been equally as select in cluding the Frenchman, the Greek, the Ital records of the civil establishment of Ceyl pollutions, which, through favoritism, the and the impunity with which private inter colonies to allow the official convicts to esc The enormous peculations, and subseq these foreign employés, (from which Britis gether exempt,) with a view to conceal thi the public monies undertheir charge, wer punity, or, if such total destitution of public subject them, after discovery and conviction Lord, who then held the seals of the co through private influence, by restoration employment, with an increase of salary, defiance of the recorded judgment of t fortunate critic of such measures of enc to his opinions, even while dispensing h of repetition, at “Head Quarters,” by son truism, “ He who has the power will ha of course
To return to the subject of slavery :- three thousand five hundred female childre and the number of adult slaves who have estimated in round numbers at a thousand slaves do not now show so much anxiet arise from their increased value, since t to the government system of compelling t might fix for the manumission of adult sl

RDS-PUBLIC INTEGRITY AND RUIN. 21
sure, Mr. Sutherland found an active and Esq., the humane and enlightened fiscal atural-born subject of Holland, has since , much to the satisfaction of all who know
C. or a moment, from the direct line of route would have been a wise precaution, if the ll its other appointments of foreigners, inan, and the German: for, in that case, the on would not have exhibited the numerous ersonal convenience of former Governors, st induced the then noble secretary for the pe, it now does. lent innumerable perjuries, committed by h subjects were not, I regret to say, altoair repeated breaches of official trust, with e either allowed to be committed with im: duty and private principle did temporarily , to the displeasure of the Right Honorable lonial department, it was either followed, to the service, to secure a pension, or (to £2000 a year in two instances,) in he Governor in council; but if an unouragement to official villainy, gave vent ospitality at his own table, it was sure e “ China carrier" or other; and Homer's fe the revenge,” exemplified, as a matter
The government has enfranchised about of slaves within the last twenty one years, urchased their own manumission, may be including male children: but the Malabar , as formerly, to become free. This may ir owners manifested such great objections *m to accept whatever sums the arbitrators res at their own cost; and the consequent

Page 42
22 ORDINANCE FOR THE R
amelioration of the condition of these ur to a quiescent submission to their fate.
In the year 1837, the government extend former Regulations, and prior to the acqu limited to the maritime provinces,) throu Governor, with the advice and consent ( following is the substance.
“ 1. The registration by proprietors or island of Ceylon to which former Regulati and description of their several slaves in th first day of July, 1838.
* 2. The notification of the death of a of a slave, within eight days after the eve and if the mother of the child whose birt registered in that District, the proprietor ( of the last registry of such mother.
“3. Upon the acquisition of any register inheritance or otherwise, the person acqui notice to the Secretary of the Court of the resides, within eight days; and if the slave District, to produce a certificate of the last 4. The Secretary of the District Court, days and Holidays) after the receipt of not slave, and on production of the certificat register the same; and if the slave whos birth is reported, or the slave reported to h registered in that District, to transmit, wit report of particulars, to the Secretary of been registered.
“5. Certificates of registry to be issued persons making such registry (unless in twenty four hours (exclusive of Sundays a the absence of the Secretary, the District Ju and issued by some other Officer of his Col “ 6. The certificates to be written upon three months after registration, and of fiv

GISTRATION OF SLAVES.
ortunate beings may have reconciled them
2d the Registration of slaves, (which by the sition of the Kandyan kingdom, had been ghout the island, by an Ordinance of the f the Legislative Council, of which the
)ersons in charge of slaves in parts of the ons did not extend, of the name, age, sex, 2 register of the District Court, before the
registered slave, or of the birth of a child nt, to, the Secretary of the District Court; n is so reported, have not previously been r person in charge to produce a certificate
ed slave, whether by purchase, gift, legacy, ring the same, or his or her agent, to give District in which such proprietor or agent had not previously been registered in that registry. within forty eight hours (exclusive of Sunce of the birth, death, or acquisition of a required in the two preceding clauses, to death, or the mother of the slave whose ave been acquired, had not previously been hin forty eight hours of such notice, a full che District Court in which the slave had
by the Secretary of the District Court to ases of reasonable cause for delay) within hd Holidays) after the application; and in ge to order the certificates to be prepared rt.
stamp of one shilling, if applied for within shillings at any subsequent period, at the

Page 43
ORDINANCE FOR THE RE
expense of the slave owner or holder; a 1838, no Court to consider any person a be produced.
“ 7. A registered slave to be furnished a copy of the registry within twenty fourh after application, free of all charge.
“S. A proprietor or person in charge c visions of the said Ordinance, is liable to enregister any slave as required by the first of any child of a slave, within the periods slave or child not registered, and all the declared enfranchised; and for omitting t exceeding five pounds, one half thereof to t. to prove his compliance with the provision it imposes to be over and above all such pu damages for detaining free persons in slaver
* 9. The Secretary of a District Court provisions of the said Ordinance, is liable t “ 10. Any person claiming to register a Ordinance, to bring such slave openly befor tion; and the Judge to put such questio the person to be registered, as he may thi person is actually the person intended to be the said person that he is alleged to be a the description given for the purpose of reg register opposite to the slave's name and in person agrees with the description; and a c alteration thereof, to be translated into placed in a conspicuous place at the C registration.
“ 11. The forms of registers and certific nexed to the said Ordinance, and a correct by the District Judge of the District to after the said first day of July, 1838, an registers for every three months subsequen Secretary's Office within one month after th

GISTRATION OF SLAVES. 23
ld from and after the said first day of July, slave unless a certificate of the last registry
by the Secretary of the District Court with ours (exclusive of Sundays and Holidays)
of a slave failing to comply with the prothe following penalties, viz.-For failing to clause, or acquisition of any slave, or birth rescribed, the forfeiture of all right in any phildren of such slave if a female, who are o notify the death of any slave, a fine not he informer; and in all cases the Defendant s of the said Ordinance: and the penalties nishment as may by law be inflicted, or civili y or selling them as slaves. neglecting or refusing to comply with the o a fine not exceeding ten pounds. iny slave under the first clause of the said e the District Court on the day of registrans to the person claiming to enregister, or nk necessary to satisfy himself that the said registered, and cause it to be explained to slave; and further compare the slave with gistration, and sign his name in the original the proper column, in token that the said copy of each register of a slave, and of any the native language of the District and ourt House for three months after such
rates to be according to the Schedules antranscript of each registry to be transmitted the Colonial Secretary's Office immediately d of all new entries or alterations in the
t thereto to be also sent to the Colonial Le termination of each quarter.

Page 44
24 ORDINANCE FOR THE RE
“ 12. Any person making a false repor bringing any person not being the persor make a false or fraudulent registry, or an the original registry or in the transcripts t or fraudulently erasing or altering such en issue extracts from the same, issuing any fa extract therefrom, to be deemed to be guilt “ 13. Every proprietor or person in char every sick or infirm slave registered as his Court, on application by or on behalf of an truth of such complaint, and to make suc support of such slave, or medical assistance person in charge, to be recovered from him 14. Within three months after the term the register directed by the said Ordinanc three months after the termination of thr acquisition of a slave, according to the ci like manner trienially, every proprietor or p the District Court a renewed certificate of t one shilling, at the cost of the proprietor or to the issue thereof, each slave for whom taken out to be brought before the District and such questions put as the Court shall di son before the Court is the person register register, the date of such slave appearing b description of such slave as he shall find ne where the proprietor or person in charge of certificate of registry, such slave to be dec neglect shall not exonerate the owner or any sick or infirm slave to which he is renewed certificates of registry shall be original registry." -

GISTRATION OF SLAVES.
t to the Secretary of a District Court, or intended to be registered, with a view to y person wilfully making any false entry in hereof for the Colonial Secretary's Office, try, or, being an Officer duly authorised to lse or fraudulent paper purporting to be an
of a misdemeanour. ge of a slave to be held liable to support oroperty or in his charge, and the District y such sick or infirm slave, to ascertain the h order as it shall deem fit for the due to such slave, at the cost of the owner or by distress on his property. ination of three years from the closing of e to be opened in each District, or within ee years from the registry of the birth or rcumstances of the case, and thereafter in erson in charge of a slave to take out from he registry of such slave, upon a stamp of person in charge of such slave; and prior ! such renewed certificate is claimed to be Court, when the registry is to be examined, eem necessary to satisfy itself that the pered; and the District Judge to enter in the efore the Court, and such alteration of the cessary, and affix his initials thereto; and f a slave shall omit to take out a renewed lared absolutely free; provided, that such holder from the obligation to maintain liable by the said Ordinance; and such issued in like manner as certificates of

Page 45
CHIAE
Facilities of irrigation-Culture of Rice very inadequa Ganga, Kalané-Ganga, Kalhu-Ganga, Иallере-СандаParapa-Oya, Dedroo-Oya, Navil-Aar-Inferior Stream, dellé, and Mineré-Suggestions for the introduction of H Backhouse, Esq.— His description qof the Kamdellé Lak Lands to Temples-Oppressive system of Rajah-Karia, o, Majesty's principal secretary of state for the colonies, in -Duties upon paddee fields and coco-nut topes-Amount Her Majesty's secretary of state for the colonies, for a ge ture of rice-Caution as to the reports made by natives-S
THE means of irrigation are boundless every direction by perennial mountain stre the formation of canals, where they do n practicable, for the formation of tanks a ancient ones, that are capable of being rep
These cover an immense area, sufficient of acres for the cultivation of rice, by whi partly dependent upon extraneous supplie tants, may again become one of the princi 1639, supply the whole coast of Coroman A chief river is locally styled Ganga, b streams of minor importance; a second-rat Of the former, the principal is the Mava mountainous region of Neuwara-Eliya, filo where it is called the Kotmalé-Ganga, and the Muragramum of the ancient Romans. district of Bintenné, and part of the savage
* Mandelsloh's Travels into
According to Chambers's account of the Tamullan alphabet, are under a necessity of shortening the Sanscri also for a similar reason to substitute a v for a b in Sansc letter. Hence the Mavali-Ganga, which waters the east bably taken its name from Bali, the famour hero of H. of the waters, who is painted as a beautiful woman walli Nymphaea Lotos.--Ganga is described as having sprung, of Indra, the Indian Jupiter.

P. III.
te to the consumption-Classification of Rivers-MuvaliAnalysis of their waters-Second-rate Rivers, Maha-Oya, –Mountains–Lakes or Tanks of Padeviel-Kolom, Kanindoo Agriculturists from the Peninsula of India-Ralph e-Singhalese King Maha-Sen, A. D. 275-Dedication vyf r royal service, abolished by Lord Wiscount Goderich, His 1832-Suggestions for the restoration of the ancient tanke paid for rice to French colonies in 1840-Suggestions to ineral survey of temple and other lands adapted to the culsuggestions for the non-removal of provincial agents.
; for the island being intersected in almost ams, every facility is afforded by nature for Lot yet exist; and where these may not be ld reservoirs, and the restoration of many aired. for the inundation of hundreds of thousands ch the island, instead of being, as it is now, s of that staff of life to the native inhabipal granaries of India, and, as in the year del from the surplus of its produce. out this term is indiscriminately applied to e river, Oya. li-Ganga, which river has its source in the ows through part of the Kotmalé district, washing the capital of the interior, Kandy, , rapidly descends through the plains of the country called Vedahratté, about thirty five
the Indies, book ii. page il lá5. guage, the Tamulians (or Malabars) having no h in thell | word Maha, great, and write it Ma. They are obliged rit words or other foreign originals that begin with that ern side of Ceylon, where the Tamulic prevails, has proindoo romance, and Ganga, one of the Indian goddesses ng upon a river, and bearing in each hand a flower of the like the armed Pallas of the Romans, from the head
D

Page 46
26 CHIEF RIVERS-KALANE-SING
miles from Kandy, where its fall is calcula in its way various tributary streams, meand whence it diverges into several branches of Kottiaar, the northern branch, which is tle bay of that name, and the southern b) Batticaloa, on the east side of the island, w That the Mavali-Ganga may be made ni erior, by means of locks, there can 'scarcel and additional means are reqyired for trar to a port of export, it will become a ma But so long a period must elapse before the that it would be mothing less tham madm Whether made navigable or not, there is turning the waste waters of this splendid r valuable lands through which it meanders. In the rainy season the Mavali-Ganga usual level at Paradenia, near Kandy, in road to Colombo, which could only be trav The second river in magnitude, but ch Ganga, which derives its name from a very a Kalanetissa, is said to have flourished abo reign is not definitively ascertained. Kala temple, and its banks are washed by this st ragam, near Hamalell or Adam’s Peak, in that name at the confluence of the Mask united waters form the Kalané-Ganga, at about four miles north of the fort of Colomb a bar of sand at the entrance occasionall increases the width of the river, which is by a bridge of boats.
The third is the Kaltura river, called by gola-Oya at its source, about 4000 feet above
* Turnour's Epitome c t From Kalu, black, and Ganga, river, owing to the d “Darkened by their native
Create wild images, and
Strange as their hills, an

HALESE KING KALANETISSA.
ted at from 900 to 1000 feet, and receiving ers through a dry and almost level country, and finally forming a delta of the district there called the Kotti-Aar, debouches at ranch between the ports of Trincomalé and here it is called the Virgel-Ganga.
avigable, and of boundless utility to the iny exist a doubt; and as cultivation extends, lsporting the increased quantity of produce tter of general importance to the country. are would be a return for capital employed, ess for private speculation to attempt it. nothing to prevent the agriculturist from iver to the advantageous irrigation of the
has been known to rise sixty feet above its the course of a few hours, overflowing the arsed in boats. ief in point of importance, is the Kalanéincient city, called Kalané, whose sovereign, ut 250 or 260 B. C.,* but the date of his ané, now a mere village, has a celebrated ream, which rises in the mountains of Saff n the southern province; but it only takes (elli-Ganga and Kehelgamua-Ganga, whose Weraloo-Ella, and debouches at Modera, o, where it is called the Mutwaal river; but y acts as effectually as a dam, and greatly crossed at Pasbetal, on the northern road,
the Singhalese Kalu-Ganga, and Setagonthe level of the sea, in the mountain called
»f Singhalese History. eep shade over its waters, which,-
scenes,
phantoms dire, d gloomy as their storms."

Page 47
CHIEF RIVERS, ANALYSIS OF THEI
Adam's Peak, and flowing past Battugedder it has been known to rise twenty five feet hours;) and receiving several tributary stre: the sea through a narrow channel formed b The Wallewé-Ganga is the fourth; but former, and a bar of sand forms a dam at it when it rises full twenty feet above its usu where fordable, from about half a mile al (which is about two miles from the sea,) the southern province.
These mountain springs form the gran and are remarkable for their purity, differi traces of muriate of soda, or common sal of carbonat of lime and suspened clay.* the banks of the Wallewé-Ganga, will no season, on account of the quantity of deco the stream, rendering not only the water jungle fever if drunk or bathed in. Perha of the great salubrity of the interior, by matter from the surface, and preventing its
Of the second-rate rivers, by which the lands, as well as the latter, are drained, the in the western province, and Maha-Oya at the most important. The next are the P. ward of the mountains of Ouva, and flov enters the sea, under the name of the Yallé river, called also Dedroo-Oya in the interio province; and the Navil-Aar, which rises in between Karetivoe and Singharetopoe in th The other streams which have their sou of the island are the Waroewekalé-Aar, Nay Aar, Virgel-Aar and Virgel-Ganga, the latt merely branches of the Mavali-Ganga; F Mavali-Ganga; Bampore or Nallore-Aar, Mootoe-Aar, (a branch of the Navil-Aar,)
* By Dr. John
D

R WATERS-SECOND-RATE RIVERS. 27
and Ratnapora, (where, in the rainy season, bove its usual level, in the course of a few ms, rapidly descends to Kaltura, and joins y two sand banks.
of much less importance than either of the ; extremity, except during the rainy season, all level. At other times it is almost every. ove the ferry at the village of Wanderopé, to its source in the mountains of Ouva, in
d drains of the high lands of the interior, ng only from rain water in containing slight t, or of vegetable matter, and occasionally But nevertheless the natives residing upon t even bathe in that river during the rainy omposing vegetable matter carried down by but the air unwholesome, and producing ps this very circumstance may be one cause washing the dead and putrifying vegetable accumulation. country between the mountains and the low Kaymel river, as it is called at its mouth its source and intermediate meanderings, is arapa-Oya, which has its source to the east. ving past the Hindoo temple of Kattregam. river, in the southern province; the Chilaw r, which debouches at Chilaw in the western the mountains of Bintenné, and debouches le eastern province. rces and flow into the sea on the east side -Aar, Kokelé-Aar, Malekanté-Aar, Irikante2r being the largest stream, and both rivers 'annitchicanie-Ganga, also a branch of the Batticaloa river, Viriadi-Aar, Periekel-Aar, Aroekgam-Aar, and Konokan-Aar.
Davy's analysis. -
2

Page 48
28 MNOR STREAMS-MOUN
The rivers which disembogue on the Aar, Pali-Aar, Perie-Aar, Kambotokké-A Pomparipo-Aar, Wellikar-Aar, Pantura-( Mapelgam-Ganga), which rises in the Saff Several streams which also branch from t Modera, Amblamgoddé, Hiccodé, Dodand Tangalle, Ranné, Yallé (a branch of th southern province.
The mountains, from whence these pe situate in the middle of the island, as m part of it being called Kandy, or Highla but between the parallels of 6° 40' and of the southern half of it.
Lieut. Colonel Fraser, the Deputy Quar ascertained the height of the principal h lowing is the ascending scale of elevatio as given by that highly respected and gal The highest point in the road leading th was ascertained by levelling; the hil abo near Amoonapoorré, 3440; Amboolluawa n ridge of Hantanné to the southward of t Diatatauvé, near Hangoramiketté, 5030; til mountains as the Homasagiria peak, 6180; koolé near Badula, 6740 ; plain of Wilm. 7720; Kirigalpatta, 7810; and Pedrotall Eliya, the highest land in Ceylon, 8280 fe that the far-famed Adam's Peak, heretofo mountains, holds only the fourth rank in According to the author already cited, difference between the water of the sma. consists in their containing, with the ex tions of common salt, carbonat of lime, a But these are not the only means of irri cial lakes or tanks, in repair or capable of
Of the most ancient and extensive, thc of Kandellé and Mineré in the eastern p

TAINS-LAKES OR TANKS.
western side of the island are the Mandekalar, Awarie-Aar, Kal-Aar, Marchikatté-Aar, Oya, and Bentotte-Oya (a bramch of the 'agam mountains.
he Mapelgam-Ganga, debouche at BallepitiéLewé, and Gindurah, as wcll as the Matura, e Parapa-Oya), and Kirindé rivers in the
ennial streams derive their sources, are not any imagine, from the circumstance of that inds, from the Singhalese word Kandi, high, 7° 40' of north latitude, about the middle
ter Master General to the Forces in Ceylon, ighlands by geometrical operations; the foln of the several mountains in English feet, lant officer. rough the Kadooganawa pass, 1731 feet; this ve Mattan Pattanna, 3192 feet; Alloogallé ear Gampalla, 3540; Oorragallé the rocky he town, 4.380; Hoonasagirua peak, 4990; he Knuckles, a part of the same chain of plain of Neuwara-Eliya, 6210; Kammoonaanie, 6990; Adam's Peak, 7420; Totapella, gala close to the Rest House of Neuwara'et above the level of the sea. This proves re described as the highest of the Ceylon point of altitude. and whose analysis may be relied on, the tler rivers and that of the mountain springs ception of the suspened clay, larger propornd of vegetable matter. gation that the island possesses; for its artifibeing repaired, may be called innumerable. se of Padeviel-Kolom in the northern, and rovince, are deservcdly the chief objects of

Page 49
SUGGESTIONS FOR EXTENC
the traveller's attention; and it is to be government of the country, if individual sp upon their value and importance; and b induce Hindoo agriculturists from the penin The agriculture of the country will soon rei usefulness, and the island once more becom an exporter of the surplus of its produce of According to the late Mr. Ralph Back Kandellé and Mineré, both of which he Anaradahpoora, between the years 1820 (synonymous with government agent) of former was fifteen miles in circumference; one making it three or four miles, and an was governed by his own ideas of extent Mr. Backhouse however measured the heig rested upon solid rock at one extremity, ar other, and found the former 22 feet, the la However greatly inferior in size the Kand affords proofs, by the hewn blocks of rock skill in the art of masonry which the anc and almost everywhere displayed in their extensive and verdant plains, capable of cattle, or for an unlimited cultivation of inexhaustible resources in timber trees of domestic purpose of construction and orman district, in the eastern province, and about The lake of Mineré is about the same d and in the district of Tambankadewe, all between them is diversified with woods inundated during the rainy season. The ference, surrounded with marshy lands, ca and having abundant forests of the most v These lakes were formerly connected between that of Kandellé and the Mava branch of the Virgel-Ganga, and with thi * Rice in the husk

NG THE CULTURE OF RCE. 29
oped, that at no very distant period the culators will not, will set a proper estimate restoring them to their pristine efficiency, ula of India to settle in this part of Ceylon. over its former wholesome state of vigorous independent of other countries for rice, and hat prime necessary of native consumption. house's description to me of the lakes of visited, as well as the ancient capital of ind 1822, at which period he was collector the district of Manaar, the extent of the but as upon this point authors differ greatly, |ther twenty miles, perhaps Mr. Backhouse and distance in judging of its superficiesht and length of the embankment, which ld upon an artificial mound of earth at the ter 11 furlongs, and the base 180 feet. ellé tank to that of Mineré, its construction : composing its solid wall, of the superior ient inhabitants of the country possessed, public works. The lake is environed with affording pasturage to many thousands of addee, and the neighbourhood has almost great bulk, adapted for every useful and lent-Kandellé is situate in the Tamblegam thirty miles S. W. of Trincomalé. stance and bearings from that of Kandellé, to in the eastern province. The country nd plains, which latter are in some parts ank of Mineré is twenty miles in circumable of a very extensive cultivation of rice, luable timber trees in their vicinity. y an aquaduct; and there is a connexion -Ganga by what may be called the western ; of Mineré by the western branch of the
or state of culture.

Page 50
30 حس KING MAHA-SEN-TEMF
same river, there called the Kotti-Aar. T the village of Mineré.
These lakes, together with that of Pa the chief of that denomination in the isla were at one time above 200,000 artificia work called the lake or tank of Mineré, o Singhalese king, Maha-Sen, whose capita in the year of Christ 275, and of Buddha & of the Kara-Ganga was turned into it."
To this king, the same orthodox autho) tanks, and of the Tallawattuella canal, b, and dedicated to the temple of Danauett talawé, (synonymous with Gantalawé, whi are now called Kandellé.
Though the sovereign was considered extensive lands belonged to lay individuals chiefly royal donatives; and we may infert king for signal services to the state. It is the crown or to the temples; but, as the l out spiritual consolation, they generally de ence to the rajah.
When lands had thus been consecrated t and pledged himself to perform certain per dedicated to temples by rajahs, the servic were minutely detailed in inscriptions upol rocks, near the temples to which such land Temple lands are free frem Rajah-Karia the king's villages was paid to the king, w system may be traced to have obtained ant Forced labour however no longer exists, any other definition; but it is almost inc of their own rights, could have really desire which Lord Viscount Goderich took the from the Singhalese nation, by an order in or forced and unpaid labour, and placed
* Turnour's Epitome

E LANDS-RAJAH-KARiA.
here are but very few inhabitants occupying
leviel-Kolom in the northern province, are d; but Singhalese history affirms that there tanks in Ceylon; and that the immense Mennairia, was formed in the reign of the was Anaradahpoora, (now a mere village.) 18; and that, by means of dams, the stream
ity attributes the formation of sixteen other r which 20,000 paddee fields were formed Ia, whereby the fields got the name of Danh signifies a voluntary gift to temples,) and
to have been originally the sole landlord, and to the priesthood. Temple lands were hat the same were originally granted by the strue that they might become retainers to atter service was less oppressive, and held dicated their lands to the vihare in prefer
o the temple, the donor received protection, sonal services. In cases where lands were s to be rendered by cultivators of the soil, stone, still extant, and even upon solid were appropriated by the rajah or king. , or royal service; and that duty, which in as then paid to the temple. This ancient cedently to the Christian era. either under the name of Rajah- Karia, o, edible that Englishmen, naturally jealous l the continuance of the feudal oppressions. best means of removing, root and branch, council, which abolished personal service, nem upon equal privileges with ourselves,
f Singhalese History.

Page 51
SOUND POLICY-HNDOO AGRI
their fellow men and fellow subjects; and ye and benevolent policy was condemned by m The restoration of the ancient tanks w cultivation only could be the result of th: naturally look to the Government for assist he would hesitate to make any considerable were so very distant. By holding out ad certain immunities and privileges for a fix the grant of lands free of taxes for a certa. rate upon lands deriving benefit from the repa of such term should be made proportionate ment will insure the cultivation of the entir The Hindoos are a very superior race, in Singhalese, who are naturally inclined to their speculations, provided they have cor liberal the conditions of settlement in Cey to the government and colony at large. I increase of trade coastwise, which would b of capital advanced by the local governme original state of agricultural utility.
But notwithstanding all the existing facili chief importance to the natives, what is th therewith 2
The duties upon paddee fields scarcely yi nut and toddy topes; and in the year end of rice produced in Ceylon was so very inac of the paddee and rice imported, amounted t 16s, was paid to French colonies
Such then is the state of the production nearly a million and a half of British subje even a cursory perusal by Her Majesty's pl department, I do humbly but earnestly imp deliberate consideration.
would begin by causing a survey of all ors, under the immediate inspection of the in their respective provinces and districts,

CULTURISTS-RCE IMPORTED. 3.
it this glorious act of the most consummate any in the colony ould certainly be a work of time; and as at elementary measure, the settler would ance in carrying the latter into effect, for outlay where the prospective advantages equate encouragement by a guarantee of ed period, the principal of which should be in number of years, (but charging a water tired tanks,) and further that the extension to the increase of agriculture, the Governe country by Hindoo settlers.
as far as regards industrious habits, to the indolence, for they are more sanguine in responding encouragement: and the more lon, the more beneficial will be the result n the list of advantages may be classed the e more than an equivalent for the interest int for the restoration of the tanks to their
ties for the cultivation of rice, the staple of e state of Singhalese agriculture connected
eld a moiety of the collections upon cocoing the 5th of January 1841, the quantity lequate to the consumption, that the value o £114,866, 1s. 4d., of which sum £20,489
of the staff of life for the population of xts; and should this book be honored with incipal Secretary of State for the Colonial lore his Lordship to give this one point his
crown lands to be made by district surveyagents of government and their assistants,
distinguishing such lands as are capable of

Page 52
32 SURVEY'S OF RICE GROUNDS SUGG
producing mountain rice, from those that know, who have resided in India, that ce. solely to the former, but the greater var tank capable of repair should be also surve bankments, the sources that supply it wit superabundance, during the rainy season, sc when the rice plant requires water, from bi ally requires the evaporation of moisture to The report should also separately expr lands, and those of private individuals, adap of that staple that had been produced in eac may then be easily ascertained, upon a fair vince with the number of its population, ho in that province.
But prior to any such survey being mat there are a few important points deserving a should demand and seal up all former rep prevent a reference thereto by the present knowledge during my residence in the isla reports of the districts were merely transcrib alterations for the sake of consistency, from means, the work was easily got rid of by government not much enlightened by any The qualification of a provincial agent for his report of the capabilities of the province be a wise determination of the governmen agents, except for misconduct and incapac colony; and that would ensure a perfect acq of their provinces. Their rank might be d be rewarded by a gradual increase of sala placed upon native returns, but sufficient well-qualified civil surveyors to serve in Cey establishment of civil engineers.

ESTED-AGENTS OF GOVERNMENT.
have the means of irrigation; for we all tain qualities of excellent rice are adapted lety to the latter mode of culture. Every ved and reported, as to its extent, and emh water, and the means of carrying off its as to prevent those lands which it supplies ing inundated at other times when it equattain maturity. ess the position and extent of the temple ted to the growth of rice, and the quantity h during the preceding seven years. It comparison of the superficies of the prow far rice has been adequately cultivated
le, or report called for by the government, attention. First, the colonial government orts from the different cutcheries, so as to government agents. I speak from my own ind, that in very many instances the annual bed by collectors, with here and there a few the reports of their predecessors. By this the temporary occupier of office, and the
report subsequently to the original one. the office he holds might be ascertained by under his superintendence; and it would t to allow of no removal of its provincial ity, during their period of service in the uaintance with the resources and population efined by long standing, and their services ry. Secondly, no dependence should be encouragement be held out to young and lon, in addition to the present limited local

Page 53
CHIAF
Fiscal division of the Island into Provinces-Variet Successful experiments with the Sugar cane at Koondesal eartending the hours of business at the Colombo custom-ho, tions to H. M. Secretary of State for the Colonies for the 1841-Increase of Erports from that port-Imperial Sta -Singhalese specification of the nature and tenure of Lan
THE island is divided into five fiscal pr southern, and central, which are subdivide intended by an agent of government, witl whom the charge and collection of the la with the exception of the customs of the where, of late years, the new and distinct island, with a salary of £600 a year, and a seded the former method of conducting with that of commissioner of stamps.
The eastern province comprises the form the interior provinces of Tamankadewé an gampaha, and Miganagolla-Palata. The a intends the custom-house duties there, an superficies of this province is 4895 square n
The western province comprises the fic Putlam, upon the sea; the Dessavonies Korles, and province of Lower Bulatgamn Colombo, and his assistants (including the Chilaw, Calpentyn, and Negombo. The c intended by a collector, who has five ass custom-houses of Pantura, Caltura, Negor The superficies of this province is 4452 squ
* A native term, synonymous with that
E

". IV.
" of Soil-—U-successful Sugar speculation at Kultura— --Local R venue-Easports-Imports-Suggestions for se-Vera, ions to the Mercantile connetunity and suggesir removal-Imports at Colombo for the years 1840 and ndard weights and measures-Dutch Standard measures ds.
ovinces, styled eastern, western, northern, d into districts. Each province is superh a limited number of assistant agents, to nd revenue and sea customs are entrusted, port of Colombo in the western province; situation of comptroller of customs for the h establishment of three clerks, has superhis duty, which was executed conjointly
er districts of Trincomalé, Batticaloa, and d Bintenne, except Wegampaha, Kooloogent of government at Trincomalé superd the assistant agent, at Batticaloa. The hiles. rmer districts of Colombo, Chilaw, and of the Seven Korles, Four Korles, Three hé. The agent of government resides at superintendent of the salt department) at Istoms' department is distinct and superstants, by whom the duties of the minor hbo, Chilaw, and Calpentyn are executed. are miles.
f a provincial collectorship of revenue.

Page 54
34 PROVINCES WARIE
The northern province comprises the the Dessavony of Neuwarakelawiyé, and th at Jaffna acts also as collector of customs custom-houses of Cayts, Point Pedro, and is 6053 square miles.
The southern province comprises the fo and Hambantotte, upon the coast, the Dess Ouva and Wellassé in the former Kandya cuted by the agent of government, who res at the minor custom-houses of Dodandoowé The superficies of this province is 6032 squ The central province comprises the wh meuwara, Udu-meuwara, Harasia-Pattoo, T Weyalloowa, Upper Bulatgammé, Wegamp and the Dessavonies of Uwa, Matellé, UC of this province is 3016 square miles.
Every province presents such a varied so or vegetable mould be requisite for differe difficulty in fixing upon suitable localities. although I never concurred in it, that sug to insure a sufficient return for capital lai failure of experiments at Kaltura, upon th James Anthony Mooyaart, Esqrs..., who wen of public or private utility. These gentleme but upon too extensive a scale for a first exp with which the soil there is almost everywhe That sugar is now grown, equal to a extensive experiments at Koondesalé, in th In a few years the island will become inde of domestic consumption, whilst its greater ( lower classes, will increase the demand for i cultivation wherever the soil may be four
* Ferruginous clay-soil, derived from the decomposit well-dried specimen was found to consist, according to Dr. 16.5 of water, with traces of vegetable matter.

Y OF SOIL-SUGAR.
ormer districts of Jaffna, Manaar, Wanné, e island of Delft. The agent of government
and his assistants superintend the minor Manaar. The superficies of this province
mer districts of Galle, Tangalle, Matura, avony of Saffragam, and province of Lower n territory. The customs' duties are exedes at Point de Galle, and by his assistants -Moderé, Ballepitté-Moderé, and Bellegam. are miles.
ble of the former districts of Kandy, Yattiumpané, Doombera, Hewahetté, Kotmalé, aha, Kooloogampaha, Miganagolla-Palata, lapalata, and Wallapané. The superficies
il, that whether alluvial, kabook, sandy, nt objects of culture, settlers will find no Copinion was at one time pretty general, ar could not be grown in the island, so as i out. This, I believe, originated in the he estates of Charles Edward Layard and 'e alike indefatigable in every undertaking n introduced the culture of the sugar cane, 2riment; and, owing to the quantity of iron re impregnated, were unsuccessful. ny produced in Siam or China, recent central province, have fully established. pendent of other countries for this article heapness, by rendering it accessible to the , to an extent that must ensure its general d adapted to it. And it is therefore to
f on of clay-iron stone, of a reddish brown, of which a John Davy's analysis, of 83.5 of ferruginous clay, and

Page 55
IOCAL REVEN
be anticipated, from the justice and good this island produces a surplus for exportatio India sugars will have been equalized in formed from the few samples that have b country, the quality of thē Kandyan suga Bengal, either in the quantity of its saccha It would, however, be more satisfactory if tl samples of Ceylon sugar being analyzed wit ritii, and Bengal, by disinterested parties, made generally known in the British market The local revenue is derived from the du pearl and chank (Voluta gravis) fisheries, commercial stamps, fines, land commutati charges for boat hire and pilotage, anchor, the government stud at Delft island, Ceyl rents, premiums upon sales of bills upon customs' duties upon exports and imports.
Ceylon exports arrack (distilled from th (Maranta arundinacea), Areka nuts (Arek betel leaves and flower (Piper Betel), bich castor oil and seed (Ricinius palma Christi), cummim seed, cinnamon, cinnamon oil, clove or sun-dried pulp of the coco-nut for maki making, stuffing mattresses, &c. chunam c gravis), chaya root (Oldenlandia umbellata), or wood oil, elephants tusks, fruits, ging ghorkas (fruit of the Gambogia gutta), gin hremp called hané (Crotolaria juncea), honey Illepei seed and oil (Bassia longifolia), Ma: mats, marmelle water (extracted from the f Odil or Palmyra roots (Borassus/tabellịfô. precious stones, resin, sappan wood (Caes China market, taggary seed (Cassia Tora), vinegar, and country winnows.
The imports consist ofale, almonds, ancl red, and yellow arsenic, assafoetida, astronc E.

El-EXPORTS. - 35
policy of Parliament, that long before , the import duties upon East and West the home tariff. If a judgment may be een brought by private individuals to this r is not surpassed by that of Mauritius or rine matter, or in point of crystalization. ose proofs could be established, by larger h equal quantities of the produce of Mauand for the result of such analysis to be
ties on cinnamon, salt, tobacco, fish farms, marriage and spirit licences, judicial and on tax, auction duties, post-office receipts, age dues, sales of gunpowder, horses from on Gazette, and Calendar, house and land the Treasury, timber, Vedah tribute, and
he toddy of the Cocos-nucifera), arrow root a Catechu), bark for tanning, bees' wax, to demar or sea slug (Holothurion Tripan), cassia fistula, greater and lesser cardamoms, oil, coffee, coco-nuts, coconut oil, copperah ng oil, coir cordage, and loose coir for rope r shell lime, cotton, chank shells (Voluta country manufactured cotton cloth, dormatil 2ly seed (Sessamum orientale) and oil, dried ger, ghee or clarified buffalo's butter, fine , hides, Aralu nuts (Terminalia Chebulla, L.), gosa seed and oil (Melia Agadirachta, L.), ower and fruits of the Crataeva Marmelos), mis), coco-nut oil-cake or Poonac, pearls, alpinia Sappan), shells, sharks' fins for the amarinds, twine, tobacco, turmeric, timber,
Lovies, aniseed, ambergris, antimony, white, mical instruments, salted beef from Bengal 2

Page 56
36 IMPORTS-CUSTOM
and Europe, beer of all kinds (including shoes from Europe and Bengal, bottles, root, camphor, chocolate and cocoa (Theobr cloves, broad cloths, wax and spermacet Europe and Bengal, capers, cards, canary root (Smilar aspera), cables, cordials, bc pean, Indian, and Chinese cottons, nankins crapes, currants, cutlery, earthenware fra (Cytisus Cajan, L.), fireworks from Europe gloves, glue, gram, gum Benjamin (Ficus. shot, hams from Europe and Chima, hardw and salted herrings, horses, iron hoops f glass, rock salt, incense, iron, thread, cott vermicelli, pig and sheet lead, liqueurs, m and the Maldive islands, medicines, milline nutmegs, linseed, salad, and turpentine pease, black pepper (Piper nigrum), cottom philosophical instruments, pickles, salt po Rotang) from Acheen, Batavia, Malacca, a sal-ammoniac, salt petre, saffron, preserve and briskets from Bengal; sandal wood, sal raw and manufactured silk, sitaratta or the skins, snuff, soap, stationery, staves for China, and Siam; sulphur, tar, tea, g tobacco pipes, toys, tutenague from Chir descriptions and qualities, wheat and other mandel and Malabar.
The very short time (between four and exporter to transact business at the Colom further impediments which embarrass the difficulties, the merchant incurs serious ris coffee, during bad weather, by any delay shipping in Colombo roads. The accor inadequate to the wants of the exporter damage may be done to coffee intended absorption, during that damp period, in

-HOUSE VEXATIONS.
spruce), biscuits, blacking, books, boots and brandy, bullion, salt butter, black hellebore ma Cacao), chamomile (Anthemis Pyrethum), i candles, hemp and cotton canvas from seed, cattle, cordage, chalk, cheese, China ttled cider, cinnabar or vermillions, Euroand chintzes, colors, confectionary, copper, }m Europe and China, dholl or guinea pea and China, flannel, garden seeds, gauze, gin, Benjamina), guns, gunpowder, copper caps, 'are, hats from Europe and China, smoked or casks, indigo, jewellery, looking glasses, on, gold, and silver lace; lacksay or Chinese ace, manna, marble, maps, mats from China. ry, music and musical instruments, needles, oils; onions, opium, paints, pearl barley, root (Gossypium herbaceum), perry, porter, rk,. quicksilver, rice, rosin, rattans (Calamus nd Pulo Pinang or Prince of Wales Island ; s, pickled salmon, salted tongues, humps, 'saparilla, sashes, smoked sausages, saddlery, lesser galangal root, raw and tanned goat casks, spirits, sugar from Bengal, Batavia, old and silver tinsels, foils of all colours, la, varnish, verdigris, vinegar, wines of all grains from Bengal and the coasts of Coro
ive hours a day, Sundays excepted) for the bo custom-house, is too limited, without the :ommerce of that port. In addition to other k of injury to colonial produce, particularly in its transmission from the jetty to the amodations at the custom-house are very s; and during the rainy season considerable for exportation, by exposure, and even by the custom-house godowns or export ware

Page 57
IMPORTS AT COL
houses. It is therefore to be hoped, th Colonies will be pleased to remove the of the island; and, by commanding an Ceylon custom-house, afford every requisit Amongst other vexations, the Ceylon m of his consignments of coffee before ship ignorant that by the exporter neglecting ported the loss would be his own. The to the custom-house as correct as possible, and pays 2à per cent. duty on that valu house certificate that the coffee so retul which it would not be admitted for hom that of itself is a sufficient guarantee fo the coffee so imported into this country w cwt. for the surplus accruing from a fals part of the exporter.
The imports into the port of Colombo f From Europe............ Cotton goo Haberdash Cutlery an Machinery Malt liquo; Bullion an
Ditto, l84
From Asia ....... ... . . . . Cotton go Paddee ..
Ditto, 84
From French Colonies.. Rice .... Sundries.
Ditto, 184 From sundry places ................
Grand total of imports sc

MBO FOR 1810-184l. 37
t Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the : and all restrictions upon the commerce extension of the hours of business at the 2 facility to merchants. }rchant is obliged to submit to the weighing ment; just as if the local government was to take the exact weight of all coffee exmerchant's interest is to make his returns for he himself places the valuation thereon, ation; and he has then to get the customned is the produce of the island, without e consumption at the low duty : and surely the full weight being given; for otherwise, uld be liable to an extra duty of 28s. per return to the Ceylon custom-house on the
or the year ending 5th Jan. 1841, were:- ds. •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • £49,892 3 ery and millinery. 5626 4 d hardware ......... l,078 9 and tools ............ 4,997 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so e e es e a 8 7,934 3 Il sundries ............ 56,514 8
O
2
6
044
7
ds
8,
09
4.
S LLLL000LLLLLLL LLLLLLLL0LLLLLLLLLLLLLL LSLLLLL 87,178 17
Il sundries ........... 258,236 18
360,713 8
},母419,135 173
0LLLL00LLLLL LLLLLLLLSS LLL0LLLLLLL LLL LLLLLLLLS 20,498 16
o so o do 8 se as as * r ) w es « » «» 5,358 l l 5
:
O
1841 ............... £541,508 6

Page 58
3S COLOMBO MPORTS AND
The duty levied upon the above imports per cent. The decrease on goods from
in 10, was chiefly to be attributed to the fa haberdashery, millinery, cutlery, hardwar port of malt liquor had been increased imports from Asia was owing to the less French colonies, to the smaller supply of ri
The exports for the same period were
To Great Britain ...... Coffee ...... Cinnamon .
Coco-nut oil Precious sto
Sundries ....
Ditto, 1840, To Asia ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . Arrack ....
The increase in the exports to Great Brit oil, and precious stones; and the decreas in the demand for arrack, betel nuts, and amounted to 49,677. 1s. 7d., or equal to between the rate of duty levied on import the productions of the islandl) cannot fail to
The total value of imports, in 1840Ditio •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1839-1
The total value of exports, in 1840-l Ditto................. O. O. O. P. ... l889-l

EXPORTS FOR les - is .
mounted to 36,0S2l. 15s. 6d., or about 6 urope, as compared with the imports of ling off in the demand for cotton goods, p machinery, and tools; whilst the imy 1,197l. 1Ss. 3d. The decrease on the r demand for cotton goods; and from the e
................. El 97.387 lo 4 ...................... 28,866 5 6 ..................... 29,284 6 l es .................. 6, l 12 7 6 ...................... lő,937 7 5
277,588 6 10 225,101 4 6
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,283 3 2 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,70l 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... lk) 0 0 ..................... 1092 12 2 ... .................. 7,778 3 8
26,338 l8 7 d46,536 8 4
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL0LLLLL0LLLL0 73 5 ()
...................... 6,359 9 ll
in consisted principally of coffee, coco-mut
} to Asia was occasioned by the falling of ullion. The duty paid on goods exported about 16 per cent. The great difference and exports (nearly 250 per cent. against excite attention.
341 ............... £54l,508 l 6 340 ............... 483,627 lé 5
Increase ......... 57,880 5 l
41 ............... 310,360 10 4 40 .............. 275,592 lo
ncrease ......... 34,768 0 3

Page 59
WEIGHTS AN
Vessels entered inwards, for they Ditto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ditto ...,
Wessels cleared outwards in 1840
Ditto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tl.
These tables show the growing importa exist of too much land being brought un of the imports had been paid to other food only.
Notwithstanding the adoption of the i measures, by the ordinance of the governo lative capitalist disposed to purchase land understand both their original tenure und native standard of dry measure connected
The former dry measure was the Dutc and breadth, which was divided into twe depth equal to its diameter, subdivided int were deposited for reference in every cutch defective. measures; an indispensable prec cheating, that they first place the woodel in the sun, and complete their roguery layer of transparent dammer.
DRY M
4 (cut) chundoos make . . . . . . . 4 seers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2} coornies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 markals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 parahs ................... 9 ammonams .............
* Revenue office and resident A lad of resin extracted from a species of Pinus,

IO MEASUGRES. 39
2ar ending 7th Jan. 1840 ...... 740 ........... 5th Jan. 1841 ...... 667
Decrease .......... ........ 78
sps is is ss a as 538
0 8 8 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
ncrease ................. s
nce of Ceylon, and the little fear that can der cultivation, when one-fifth of the vàine countries, including French colonies, for
mperial standard for colonial weights and or and councils (No. 2 of lS36), the specus from the natives, will find it convenient to er the former Dutch government, and the Eherewith.
h parah, a cylinder of 11 , inches in depth nty-four seers, and the seer, a cylinder of o half and quarter seers. Standard gauges erry, as a protection against fraud through :aution where the natives are such adepts at n measures in boiling water, then dry them by coating the interior surface with a thick
EASURE.
. . . . . . . 1 (cut) measure or seer,
to 1 coorney, . . . . . . . Il markal, ... . . . 1 parah, . . . . . . .. l ammonam,
• • • • • • • 1 laste.
:e of the agent of government.
(Dammara alba,) a native of Malacca and Sumatra.

Page 60
40 SINGHALESE NATURE A
Two hundred seers of paddee, when c. hundred and seventy six seers of rice.
There is a great difference in the pad between that of the highlands and lowland there are several varieties; but the mos although considered common, and known by
by the Singhalese.
SINGHALESE SPECIFICATION OF THE
Ouitté Lands Wattoeuvaré
Alvellauré . . . .
Deurie . Clema . . . .
Bandaré
Devill .
Alalapvalla
Ratmaheré
loetettoo .
Andé Ottoe and Parvené .
Meadows on the bord Muddy grounds overg Where the jungle ha:
the first time.
At the base of hills o Cleared of jungle ol and then sown wit orientale) and koral Crown property. Exempted from all ta public occasions w government. Originally leased, but
landlord. Originally the propert in consideration of produce. Assigned and cultivat support of the dign Of which the crown r Nearly synonymous,
cent. upon their p)
lands,

ND TENU"RF oF LANDs.
eared of the husk, will yield about one
lee of various districts, and particularly s: the former is smaller, and of the latter , nutritious and the most palatable rice, a reddish film, is the sort called Patcheric
NATURE AND TENURE OF LANDs.
ers of rivers and canals. rown with thick jungle or underwood. s been burnt and the ground cultivated for
r mountains.
underwood every ten or twelve years, ch small grains, such as tala (Sessamum kan (Cymosurus Coracanus).
(xes on condition of personal service upon hen required by the provincial agent of
reverted (upon the lessees' death) to the
y of the crown, but granted to individuals the payment of ten per cent. upon the
ed gratuitously by the villagers for the ity of their headmen. eceives one half the produce. both being liable to the tax of ten per roduce. Parvené literally means private

Page 61
CHA
aproved state of the colonial rerende andler the Ri fiscount Goderich readers it pernament-Gorernor Sir botries-Reduction of the ciril erpenditure-Reforni o - nyed in effigy-China carrier-Seiygestions for the '... tierick's liberality insufficiently appreciated-Civil an "idotes of civilians, contrasted with the pittances allo ''rpenditure-Heavy imposts-Eccess of revenue-Apat the formation of government color plantations, and for of' industry a Nul profitable employment-Trade of Cey trtraordinary contrast beiween the eurrent prices of ce ducs-Particelity of the Sinykalele for Britisk production dese require British era uple, and reductions in taratio lyriculturalianprivrement-Anticipated result to the kom
ALTHough it was under the administrati Sir George Murray, G. C. B., that, for the í of Ceylon yielded an excess over the ex Right Honorable Viscount Goderich's (now seals, from S30 to S33 inclusively, that which it has since maintained.
In the year S31, the Right Honorabl to succeed His Excellency Lieut. General mander-in-chief of Ceylon and its depend to the command-in-chief of the Bengal arm expedient to reconcile the heads of the awaited them, His Excellency accepted of £7,000 a year.
His Excellency Sir Wilmot Hiorton wa
expenditure to the amount of C3S,000 a
gratitude of the colony for having delega management of a gentleman, pre-eminent the utmost delicacy towards those who w reforms, which had, at length, been determi secretary of state for the colonies.
Communicated to the Author by letter from the late

P. V.
ht Honorable Sir George ferrey's administration-Lord tobert Willinot Hiorton succeeds Lierit. General Sir Editeard
f the chief secretary's office-Hie Majesty's representatire restoration of the civil and acidoad pension findi-Lord d military pay, and enormous and annerited pensions to ved to naral and piiliturg gjiears aidon-Reseae aset
by of colonists as to the culture of attan-Sigations for
training thousands of idle females and children to habits on quadrupled since the acquisition of Kaady is 18iðtai articles of Britisk ananayoctawa and of cologial props-Ecceptions in favor of Dutch nanafactures-Singhaand custons' duties, to stimalate then to indhratry and e Ranfucturer and local revenue.
on of the colonies by the Right Honorable irst time for many years, the public revenue penditure, it was during his successor, the Earl of Ripon) second tenure of the colonial it assumed the appearance of permanency
e Sir Robert Wilmot Horton was appointed Sir Edward Barnes, as governor and com2ncies, upon the appointment of the latter y; and, as if example were in some degree civil departments to the reductions that the governorship at the reduced salary
s instructed to effect reductions in the civil year; and Lord Goderich deserved the ted this peculiarly unpleasant task to the y qualified for carrying it into effect with ere about to suffer by the long-required led upon by his Lordship, as His Majesty's
governor, Sir Robert Wilmot Horton, Bart, G.C. H

Page 62
42 REFORM OF THE CHIEF
A single instance may suffice to show for the support of one department only; have been since executed at the reduced rat no loss, in point of efficiency, by the altera
In 1816, the chief secretary's office at secretaries, (the chief secretaryship being a the senior held also the office of secretal £2000 and £1500; a first assistant at £64 finite number of extra assistants at £30 assistants, as an average, the seven salari lS3S, the same department was equally as lonial Secretary” at a salary of £2000 a the pay of Her Majesty's under secretaries of the colonial department,) and one assista Thus, in one civil department, and witho vice, Lord Goderich effected a saving of £56 into effect, as in common justice to the stat least thirty two years earlier, (or rather, suc have been tolerated,) would have made a di and at a time when its public expenditure c Notwithstanding the governor's anxiety ti civil servants, whose offices were to be ab did not fare better than others similarly e the governor had surely no reason to expect objects of his mission, as commanded by hi to personal insult: and it will scarcely be corous enough to cause the representative efigy, (tis true it was a splendidly-dressed al
* Although the chief secretary had enjoyed a salar was not in the “Civil Service" until the year 1821; but Widows' Pension Fund 'should be limited to the wido subscribe to the latter, although contrary to the establishe previously refused to do so; and consequently the fund was This was an act of great injustice to others similarly cil Supreme Court,) who were precluded from securing a the grounds that they were not subscribers to the Civil of Delft Island, and the chief gardener

' SECRETARY'S OFFICE.
the excessive amount that was expendect and the manner in which the same duties 2, affords a clear proof that it has sustained ion. Colombo was superintended by two deputv mere sinecure of £3000 a year,") of whom. y for the Kandyan provinces, at salaries ot 0, a second assistant at £512, and an inde) a year each; but, allowing two extr; es amounted to ES252 !—and, in the year efficient under the management of a “ Coyear, (which is more by £500 a year than of state for the still more laborious duties int at £620 a year. ut the slightest detriment to the public ser532 per annum, which, if it had been carried ‘e of the revenue it ought to have been, at sh a burden upon the public ought never to ference of É1S0,224 in favor of the colomv onsiderably exceeded its income. ) act with the utmost delicacy towards those olished or salaries reduced, His Excellency mployed upon an ungracious mission; but , that by conscientiously fulfilling the grand s noble superior, he would subject himself believed, that there were individuals ranof their Gracious Sovereign to be hanged in ld decorated effigy, and “pity 'tis, 'tis true,”
of £2000-£3000 a year for nearly twenty years, he upon its being resolved that the benefit of the projected vs of subscribers to the “Civil Fund," he was allowed t: d rules of the service, because he had for so many years a considerable loser by his not subscribing deprincipio.- cumstanced, (including the judges of the Honorable the similar pension of £300 a year for their widows, upui.
Fund; which, nevertheless, included the superintendli

Page 63
GOVERNOR HANGED IN EFFIGY
but it actually took place; and in additio up and hashed behind his back (very probab China carriers,” to his face) as if he had Nothing would make Her Majesty's pres deservedly popular at Ceylon, than by rest making, however, sixteen or twenty years, vice in the island, as the title to a pension whether on half-pay or otherwise, who mig tution, or upon their first appointment, but This would have the effect of annullin between those who do, and those who do n just than the measure adopted some years out of the hands of the civil fund committe widows' pension fund, and charging itself wi old system; but precluding all further subs institution, and avail itself of the large sur But Lord Goderich's liberality in allowi island even now supports, to continue, p. the civilians in general, when the cheapn have been accumulated in the colonial serv. were involved in debt at home, be fully and with the pay of the naval and ordnance civ paid (upon the same comparison) military s draws but 9s. 6d. a day, in addition to h allowance of 13l. 16s. per mensem; the de situation twenty-three years, but 19s. a d the deputy quarter-master general, a lieute very small pay, when compared with that c after having held that very arduous situ been in the public service.
* "China carriers,"-a local name, meaning the des been too much encouraged by more than one governor; down the grand staircase, have been appointed to colonie their qualification for it reached so high as to know a letter upon any common subject --So much for China
business in Ceylon
F

-CIVIL AND WIDOWS' FUNDS. 43
thereto. His Excellency was as much cut ly by those most obsequious, and the greatest originated the objectionable reductions. :nt secretary of state for the colonies more oring the civil fund to its original state; instead of twelve, the period of actual serpon retirement; and admitting all civilians, nt choose to subscribe to it, from its instinot afterwards, to that privilege. g all grounds for that prevailing heartburn ot, subscribe to the civil fund; and be more ago by the colonial department, of taking 2, into its own, the treasure of that and the h the pensions due, or falling due, upon the criptions, in order to abolish that excellent plus of the accumulated funds. ng so extensive a civil establishment as the ught to have been done more justice to by ess of living, and the large fortunes that ice by those who went out with nothing, or fairly considered, and candidly contrasted tl establishments, and the very inadequately taff of the colony. The military secretary is pay as a captain in the army, and island puty adjutant general, who has held that ay, in addition to colonel's half pay; and lant colonel (half pay unattached), the same f the junior civil servants of the year 1 S30, tion longer than the colonial secretary has
icable sycophants, tale-bearers, and toad-eaters who have and who, instead of meeting their just deserts, a kicking situations. In some instances it mattered little whethel Bible from Johnson's Dictionary, or to write a common arrying nevertheless it has long proved a very lucratiri
2

Page 64
4. CIVIL AND MILITARY
These are but a few instances to what m sufficient to merit attention from Her M colonies, and, without doing injustice to Ceylon service.
So reckless was the colonial government the colonial department at home in confirmin that the following instances, of which I sele will, at this day perhaps, appear incredible, A foreigner and his wife (also a foreigne or connexion in the colony, went to Cey report stated, he had served as a soldier himself into a situation of £800 a year as he appropriated to his private purposes all t his court, to the amount of 32,000 rix do. the deficiency, he poisoned himself. An ann upon the widow, and her five soms were su the army, or civil situations, by which they and yet allow their mother to continue a pe The next case is not so bad; because a her husband had been a lieutenant in the whilst belonging to the civil service, and appointment, when a pension of £300 a ye. still enjoys; but although her sons have b vice, and one of them (a bachelor) enjoy still continues a burthen upon the colony.
That I have limited myself to only two hausted my data, as Her Majesty's secretary to the Ceylon pension list, and inquiring ginally granted, or subsequently confirmed a With these incontestible facts on the one to cite a few naval and military officers' W other; widows, whose husbands, after havin of glory, have died, perhaps fallen on the and country
* Neither his bankruptcy, nor the peculation or insol official positions.

ENSIONS CONTRASTED.
ght be adduced, but they will, I hope, be jesty's principal secretary of state for the any, induce justice to every branch of the
at one period about granting pensions, and g them, without requiring any proof of merit, ct but two in confirmation of my statement, but do not these very abuses still exist? ), without any claim upon the government lon from the Cape of Good Hope, where, in a French regiment. He soon wormed a provincial judge!! and in that capacity he deposits belonging to the poor suitors in lars; and when called upon to account for uity of £300 was conferred by the governor lbsequently provided for by commissions in receive nearly £3000 a year between them, nsioner upon the colony!!! lthough the widow is a French creole lady, } army. This gentleman failed in trade,
died in less than three years after his ar was settled upon his widow, which she en provided for in the army and civil sers a salary of £2000 a year, the mother
instances, does not arise from having exof state may easily ascertain, by referring pon what grounds such pensions were orit home. hand, it may not be considered anomalous dows' pensions by way of contrast on the passed their lives in one unsullied career ield of battle, in the service of their king
ncy of other civil servants, have hitherto affected their
斑懿

Page 65
CONTRASTS-REVENU
E. G. Seven widows of full colonels years standing, at E80 per annum One lieutenant's widow (army). . . . . . .
Or twelve captains widows (army), or a year; or fifteen lieutenants' widows in thi
I must stop here for if I were to det own view, whilst I served in the island, I shot
* Revenons à nos moutons,’–the revenu most recent that I possess, is “a statement for the year 1836.” The amount in that export duty on cinnamon, cinnamon oil, fishery, fish farms, salt farms, assessment redeemed, tobacco tithes, auction duty, coll as follows, -
Earpenditure for the year 1836. Arrears of former years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O Ordinary civil, judicial, revenue, and ecclesiastical chal
Extraordinary ditto ...... LLLLLL LLL 0LLL LLSLL LSL LLL SL SLLLL LLLL LL LSLLLL LLL LLL 0 * . p Miscellaneous charges, including colonial agents, loss i bills and remittances, surcharges refunded, old unse: written off, sundry incidental receipts repaid ........
Ordinary military expenditure ............................. Extraordinary ditto ........................... . . . . . e os e...e e a e a Ordinary commissariat expenditure ....................... Extraordinary ditto .........................................
Earpenditure of the agent for Ceylon in London Agent's salary and establishment............. O S.O O S P O SI SO S D O Civil and widows of civil servants' pensions..............
Pensions to judges, &c. ................................... Stores, supplies, and miscellaneous charges ..............
Balance of revi

AND EXPRENDITURE. 4S
, or of post captains of three
LS SLSL SLS S LSL SLL S L S SLL S SLL SLL S LL S L SL SL SL SLSL S SL0 SLLS SL S SSLSL S SL SS S S LL S L S 0 S L 56)
LLS SLLL LS SLL S SLLL SLLL L SLLL L S L L S L L S L L SLSL LL L S0 S LSL S L S S0L SLLL S LL S LSL ()
6()()
twelve lieutenants' widows (navy), at 650
army at £40 a year. ail the Qofficial imiquities that fell under may 'ld have no room left for other matters. e of Ceylon. The last data, or rather the of the revenue and expenditure of Ceylon year of the fired revenue from sea customs. land rents, land customs, licenses, pearl
tax on houses, commutation tax, tithes 2ction of postage, sale of stamps, &c., was
Total fixed revenue ............... 母354,491()11号 Incidental receipts .................. 41,629 ( 4. Receipts in aid of revenue......... 6,254 l l 4, Arrears of revenue of former years 443 () l l ;
Grand total ............... 406,787 lis St
............. £ 23,328 7 3
ges ......... 106,819 3 8
.......... ll7, 177 7 6
n exchange of
ttled advances
A A O 5.950 5 6鲁
e o or e o e s A a ... 37,742 9 9
Y a e Me P D D g 6 6 SM o as e 8,11 1 2 5Ꮠ
e o os e s oe 2,307 5 0
............... 29,769 4 3i
LL LSLLLL LLSLL0LL LLLLL LLL LLLLLL 500 0 (0
.............. 14,268 8 l
8 5,513 5 0
e A 8.8 s - P. p. 1499 19 8
352,986 18 2... 352,986 1S 24
8nue over the expenditure ......... 43 53,800 lõ 6

Page 66
46 EXCESS OF REVENUE
This proves that in spite of the heavy in subject, by their taxation, first upon eve) secondly upon the export of their principal of duties upon every other article of Ceylon and notwithstanding that scarcely a fifth of island of Ceylon, after paying for the suppo an adequate military defensive force,” as a large enough for “ these piping times of pe eolony, yielded an excess of revenue over of 53,S00l. 15s. 6d.
ln 1829 Sir George Murray was colonial
of Ceylon over its expenditur some years, amounted to . . In 1830 Lord Goderich succeeded Sir G.M 1831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1s32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1S34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Showing an excess of income over expe management, and oppression of the native a
If the government, acting upon the jus apathy of individuals as to the cultivation of that less ground planted with coffee afford of the crown lands to be at once cleared anc (giving a fair trial to the Maltese, Sicilian, E shrubs,) it would cause such a revolution in colonial produce, as to insure a ready sale first proof, of the immense returns to the g it, shall have excited their cupidity.
Ceylon will never be benefited in a right ment sets the example. There would be no or assistant agent, unless from the military o

ULTURE OF COTTON.
posts to which the natives of Ceylon are y article of European manufacture, and staple, cinnamon, and the subsequent levy produce when imported into this country, its immense area is under cultivation, the t of an enormous civil establishment, and is called, but what may be called scarcely ce" for the regular garrison duties of the the public expenditure, for the year lS36,
secretary, and the excess of the revenue 2, the first time that it had occurred for
L S SL S LL S L SLL SLL SLL S LL SLSL S LLLL SL S L SL 乏44777 0 0 urray, and the excess was 56,446 0 0 L SL SL SL SL SL SL S L S SLL SLL S LLLL S SLLL SLLLLL 73,605 0 0
LLLL S SLLLS SLLLL SLSL S SL S LL S SLLLS SSLL SSSLL SSSLLS S LSL S L S L 31,337 0 0 former period . . . . . 105,791 0 ()
0L S SLL S LLSL S SLL SLL SLL S SLLS SLLLL S SSLS S L SLL SLL S LL 43,117 0 () ". . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,71S 0 ()
LL SLLSL S LSL SLSL SL S SLSL SLL SLL SLSSL SLL SLL S L SSSLS 53,S00 15 6
g457,591 15 6
nditure, in eight years, spite of all misgriculturist, of £457,591 15 6. tifiable grounds for its interference, the cotton, (principally arising from the belief s a greater profit,) were to cause a third planted with the best varieties of cotton, 2gyptian, American, and Bourbon cotton the opinions of the present speculators in of all such crown lands, as soon as the overnment that will undoubtedly result to
proportion to its claims, unless the governoccasion to appoint one additional agent ficers quartered in the districts where the

Page 67
SUGGESTIONS FOR GOVERNM
culture ef cotton might take place, for, and preliminary experiment in different districts intendence of the several assistant gover headmen to keep the labourers to their dut But, for the purpose of a more extensive informed individual, possessed of adequate Cotton Plantations,” with a moderate sala continuance and increase will be made to exertions, for the first five years, is indispe establish the fact, that my anticipations ( the government to transfer its interest in pany of British capitalists, or for the subdiv the case of the late government cinnamon I crown, are by no means Eutopian; for the how require a more intimate acquaintance v latter to the test of practical experience.
The successful result of such a measu government, will not be considered hypothe an opinion of it, from local experience and of the government to avail itself of the amp lessening the dependence of the mother c of one of the principal staples of British m square miles of now waste lands (less tha portion of the island) with cotton, would ma Women and children might be employed tion, with their little cross sticks, without it idle people be thereby brought into habits o less expense than the cost of machinery; : shape, would be cotton screws to prepare it Whether the government, or a company gestions, which are grounded upon a thor would be no deficiency of labourers; for a are now supine under their somewhat impro at their command, if they possess the mean already explained in the preceding pages,)t for the purchase of their freedom by others a given term, at a proportionately low rate

ENT COTTON PLANTATIONS. 47
on account of the government, by way of , upon a moderate scale, under the supernment, agents, who have sufficient native
V.
establishment, the appointment of a welllocal knowledge, as “Superintendent of y, accompanied by the stipulation that its depend upon the successful result of his insable.-This would afford ample time to of its eventually eliciting propositions to uch establishment to an incorporated comision and sale of the cotton grounds, as in lantations, at a remunerating price to the 'e are many individual capitalists, who only rith Ceylon and its capabilities, to put the
re, under the immediate auspices of the tical, by those, who are capable of forming observation; and if it be the moral duty ble means at its own disposal in Ceylon, for ountry upon foreign nations for the supply anufacture, the gradual cultivation of 4000 in one fourth of the present uncultivated aterially assist towards its accomplishment.
to clear and pick the cotton for exportanjury to the staple; and thousands of mov f industry and profitable employment, at a and all that would be requisite in the latten for shipment. if British capitalists, adopt my humble sugugh conviction of their feasibleness, there though many thousands of Malabar slaves ved position, from having enfranchisement s and inclination to pay for it, (as I have hey would eagerly embrace an arrangement , and for their services as apprentices, for of wages, in return for their emancipation.

Page 68
48 SINGHALESE PARTIALITY
With fair encouragement to native ag natural resources of Ceylon, the island m of colonial produce over its consumption penditure; but the value of this splendid appreciated, if the time for ascertaining i ferred, as it has been, with but limited ex and inadequate capital, for the last forty si
Although the trade of Ceylon has q Kandyan kingdom with our former domini with propriety be said to be only now in sures are indispensable to insure relief to to abandon their present habits of comp inciềustry, by a more certain prospect of rei
During the short period that I acted as C l S16, a very inteligent Dutch gentleman d: ter's pay of a clerk, after having served the departments, would barely supply him with hat; the cost of the former being 42 rix dollars, or 2d. 16s. ; and at the same tim 360 lbs of coffee, or 200 lbs of tobacco, c could be purchased at a less price.
The Singhalese are partial to Mancheste. factures, except certain agricultural impl which, they consider inferior to those of H best wines, particularly Madeira and Cham parties to European guests; and no peo British medicines, stationery, and perfume hams, cheeses, butter, porter, pale ale, pickles, and confectionary; all which, th and America, except in regard to price.
But to bring these articles into more ge taught to appreciate the value of industry, this, and a considerable reduction in the operate to increase the demand for British of the crown.

'OR BRITISH PRODUCTIDNs.
iculture, and proper management of the ght be made to yield an incalculable excess and consequently of revenue over its exolony will scarcely ever be fully known and by experiments be further indefinitely deceptions on the part of individuals of small
years. ladrupled since the amalgamation of the ns in the island, in the year 1815, it may its infancy ; and therefore improved meahe native agriculturists, and stimulate them arative indolence and inaction for those of nunerating prices for their produce. ollector of Customs at Colombo, in the year rew my attention to the fact, that the quargovernment long and faithfully in the civil an English broad cloth coat, and a beaver dollars, or 3d. 13s., and of the latter 32 rix e 250 lbs (avoirdupois) of black pepper, or r 80 gallons of arrack, of colonial produce,
c, Leeds, Sheffield, and Birmingham manuements, manufactured in the latter place, olland. The higher ranks indulge in the pagne, which are liberally dispensed at their le in the world set a higher value upon ry; or relish with a keener zest, English ider, perry, herrings, salmon, anchovies, ey prefer to similar imports from France
neral demand, the Singhalese must first be which can only result from British example: taxes and customs’ duties, will conjointly productions, and consequently the revenue

Page 69
CHA
adicial division of the Island-Circuits of the Ho nd ertent (oftheir jurisdiction–Charter ofjustice–Su of the superior district courts-Supreme court of judica, --Queen's advocate-Laws of bankruptcy and cessio bo decides by the majority-Judges-Introduction of tria mode of administering oaths to Buddhists in courts oy a Singhalese plaintiff-Buddhist priests, how sworn Buddhist witnesses, the best to elicit truth-Eartraordi, und Bogaha, or Ficus religiosa.
THE Judicial division of the island co Northern, and Southern Circuits of the H but this is exclusively of what might ver or Western Circuit, now designated the Co
The district of Colombo, as regards the court, consists of that space of countr Colombo, together with that of the Three dessavony of Saffragam. This district river, on the south by the Bentotte rive trict of Colombo is subdivided, according six districts, known and designated respect district No. 1 south of Colombo, and distr
The Colombo district No. 1 north, cons contained in the four gravets of Colombo river, Dam street, Hulfsdorp street, Silve as far as the bridge of boats-so much the southward of the Dandogam river, an of the Sina Korle (excluding the two Vi owe)-and of so much of the Gangebadd of the road from Hangwelle to Attenegalle

P. VI.
norable the Supreme Court of Judicature-District Courts gestions for the appointment of barristers at law as judges 'ure-Rank of judges-Proctors for paupers and prisoners norum-No jury in civil causes-In criminal causes jury l by jury-Native attachment to that system-Improper justice-Hallan-Eartraordinary consent to a non-suit by in courts of justice-Original Dutch method of swearing
nary coincidence respecting the Aspen, or Populus tremula,
mprises three Circuits, styled the Eastern, onorable the Supreme Court of Judicature: y appropriately have been styled the Home olombo District Courts. : exercise of the jurisdiction of the supreme y heretofore forming the collectorship of : Korles and Lower Bulatgammé, and the is bounded on the north by the Kaymel r, and on the west by the sea. The disto its present limits and jurisdiction, into ively as-District No. 1 north of Colombo, icts No. 2, 3, 4, and 6 of Colombo. ists of so much of the town and the space as is bounded on the south by St. John's rsmith street, and the high road to Kandy of the Allootkoor Korle as is situated to d of the Addicaré-pattoo and Medde-pattoo dhan villages of Benmoelle and Galgomo-pattoo in the said Korle as is situated west The district court is held at Colombo.

Page 70
50 COLOMBO DISTRICT COU
The Colombo district No. 1 south (court the town and the space contained within th the north by St. John's river, Dam street the high road to Kandy as far as the bridge pattoo, and the Addicaépattoo of the He villages of the Vidhan of Pantura north of The Colombo district No. 2 (court held gombo, and so much of the Alootkopr Korle the Hapitigam Korle; and so much of the Si known as the Vidhan villages of Galgomool
The Colombo district No. 3 (court held ing the Three Korles, and Lower Bullatgan of the Sina Korle; so much of the Gan situated east of the road from Hangwelle to of the Hewagam Korle.
The Colombo district No 4 (court held a and so much of Walalawitty Korle as is att villages between the Bentotte river and th situated between the Pasdoon Korle and th villages south of the Pantura river; and the The Colombo district No. 6 (court held or province of Saffragam.
The Eastern Circuit is divided into eig Korles, Four Korles, Kandy, Madawalater Alipoot. The district court of the first is Ootuankandy; of the third, at Kandy; oft at Fort Mac Dowall; of the sixth, at Ne and of the eighth, at Alipoot.
The district of Seven Korles consists of t The district of Four Korles consists of th The district of Kandy consists of the pro bera, Hewahette, Megodidatihé, the Hangura Eggodatihé, Udapalata, Udabulatgama, and The district of Madawalatenné consists of The district of Matelé is the dessavony of

RTS-EASTFRN CIRCUIT.
held at Colombo) consists of so much of four gravets of Colombo as is bounded on
Hulfsdorp street, Silversmith street, and of boats–of the Meddepattoo, the Pallevagam Korle—the Salpitty Korle, and the the Pantura river. at Negombo) consists of the town of Neas is situated north of the Dandogam river; na Korle as is comprized within the divisions ve and Benmoelle in the Meddepattoo. at Ruanwelle) consists of the space formme, together with the Oodoogaha Pattoo gabadde Pattoo of the Sina Korle as is Attenegalle; and the Oodoogaha Pattoo
t Caltura) consists of the Pasdoon Korle, ached to it; Welapora Caltura and all the e Caltura river, or Kalu-Ganga, which are le sea-the town of Pantura and adjoining 2 Raygam Korle.
at Ratnapoora) consists of the dessavony
ht districts, viz. the districts of the Seven né, Matelé, Neuwara-Eliya, Badula, and held at Kornegalle; of the second, at he fourth, at Madawalatenné ; of the fifth, uwara-Eliya, of the seventh, at Badula :
he dessavony of that name. e dessavony of that name. vinces of Udunuwara, Yattinuwara, Dumnketté and Gannawé Korles of Hewahetté Dolosbagé. he provinces of Harasiapattoo & Tumpané.
that name.

Page 71
NORTHERN CIRCUIT
The district of Neuwara-Eliya includes and Kohoké Korles; of Hewahetté, Eggc Uwa contiguous to Neuwara-Eliya and to ti range of mountains.
The district of Badula consists of the kindé, Meddakindé, and Yattekindé of Miganagollapalata of Bintenné; and Pattip
The district of Alipoot consists of th extending from the Wallawé river to Welas
The Northern Circuit comprises eleven Putlam, Manaar, Neuwarakalawiyé, Jaffn ratchie and Patchelapelle, the Islands, the district court of the first is held at Putla and Silawatorré; of the third, at Anarajap at Mallagam; of the sixth, at Point Ped the eighth, at Kayts and Delft; of the nint malé; and of the eleventh, at Batticaloa.
The district of Chilaw and Putlam co Putlam, Calpentyn, and the Demellepattoo,
The district of Manaar consists of the parish of Illepecadadewe, and the followi of the collectorship of the Wanné,-Kelek Nadoe Chetty Kolom, Sinne Chetty K Toomukay.
The district of Neuwarakalawiyé consists The district of Jaffna consists of the cooly, Kopay, Poottoor, Oodooville, Mal Trentivoe or Two Brothers' Island.
The district of Walligammo consists of gam, Telipalé, Pandeterrippo, Changané,
The district of Waddimoratchie consist and Point Pedro. -
The district of Tenmoratchie and Patc kooly, Chavagacherry, Warrené, Elludum Plopallé, Mullipattoo, and Caretché.

-DISTRICT COURTS. 51
he province of Kotmalé and the Maturatta datihé, and the portion of the province of he northward and westward of the Hakgalla
rovinces of Wallapana, Weyalloowa, OudaJwa; Wegampaha, Kooloogampaha, and ola, and Polwatté of Welassé. e province of Welassé, and Kandukara,
| ف. . . . . عSC
districts, viz. the districts of Chilaw and a, Walligammo, Waddimoratchie, TenmoWanné, Trincomalé, and Batticaloa. The m and Chilaw; of the second, at Manaar pora ; of the fourth, at Jaffna; of the fifth, ro; of the seventh, at Chavagacherry ; of h, at Moolitivoe; of the tenth, at Trinco
nsists of the several divisions of Chilaw,
province of that name, together with the ng provinces, which formerly formed part komolé north, Kelekomolé south, Odeaoor, Kolom, Meerkomolé, Pannengammo, and
of the province or dessavony of that name. parishes of Nalloor, Wanarponné, Chundinipaay, Poonoryn, Polwerayencadoo, and
the parishes of Atchowely, Mylitty, Mallaand Batticotté. 's of the parishes of Oodopitty, Cattewele,
helapellé consists of the parishes of Nawautual, Catché, Mogomalé, Tambogammo.
2

Page 72
52 SOUTHERN CIRCUIT.
The district of the Islands consists Alleputté; and of the islands of Punger and Delft.
The district of the Wanné consists of formed a part of the district or collect North, Karrikattemollé South, Mulliawel Melpattoo East, Karnawelpattoo North, dieruppoo.
The district of Trincomalé consists of of Tamankadewe.
The district of Batticaloa consists of the Bintemné, excepting Wegampaha, Koolooga
The Southern Circuit is divided into five Galle, Matura, Hambantotté, and Tangalle Ballepitté-Moderah; of the second, at Galle at Hambantotte; and of the fifth, at Tanga The district of Amblangodde consists of pattoo, being that situated to the northwa Korle, excepting so much as is included in t The district of Galle, consists of the tow bodde Pattoo (of Galle), the Talpepattoo, Pattoo, being that situated to the southward The district of Matura consists of the moone, four gravets of Matura and the An pattoo of Matura, and the four Baygams, pattoo of Matura, and the Muruwé Korle.
The district of Hambantotte consists of t The district of Tangalle consists of the bokké, and Julampityé.
Many and greatly beneficial changes v granted by his late Majesty king William the third year of his Majesty's reign; but a for facilitating justice to the people, and co the judicial office.

-DISTRICT COURTS.
f the parishes of Kayts, Welené, and ivoe, Anneletivoe, Nynativoe, Karativoe,
the following provinces, which formerly orship of the Wanné, -Karrikattemollé é, Melpattoo North, Melpattoo South, Karnawelpattoo South, and Poodlookoo
he district of that name and the province
district of that name, and the province of mpaha, and Miganagollapalata.
districts, viz. the districts of Amblangodde,
The district court of the first is held a ; of the third, at Matura ; of the fourth, lle.
the upper division of the Wellebodded of Hickodé river, and the Wallallawitte he Colombo district No. 4. n and four gravets of Galle, the Gangeand the lower division of the Wallebodde of the Hickodé river. - whole of the Bellegam Korle and Totegooroogams, Makawitte, the Gangeboddethe Kandeboddepattoo, the Wellebodde
e Mahagampattoo. Girewah-Pattoo, Kiremé, Cattoné, Oedoe
ere effected by the charter of justice IV., on the 18th of February, 1833, in few judicious alterations might be made joining greater weight and dignity with

Page 73
CHARTER OF JUSTI
A new, or amended, charter of justic quent upon the annexation of the Kan the year 1815, during the late gallant G. of the island.
The principal alteration to be now d risters at law from the English, Scotch instead of allowing colonial civil servant to qualify them for such duties, to preside But in order to induce the acceptance o established as a rule by Her Majesty's secr after having served a certain period as sen appointments of Queen's advocate and Q the bench, as vacancies occur by the de justices of the Honorable the Supreme ( A succession of legal functionaries for the colony, and the executive be relieved are not duly qualified for permanently ho former occasions, of applying to the Mad much to the prejudice of the learned gent practice in India in the justifiable antici they have been cruelly disappointed, and su ments by barristers from the English court At the present moment, the salaries adequate to the proper support of the only £2500 a year, and the latter £150 enjoyed by their predecessors, which, by charter of justice, were considerably inc currency.
The Supreme Court possesses all the p and Court of Queen's Bench; and the offi from those of the Supreme Court. The c rogate of the vice-admiral, who is His Ex The chief Justice takes rank in the col governor, and the several puisne justice the commander of Her Majesty's forces in * Vide

E-SUPREME COURT. 53
became a matter of expediency, conseyan kingdom to the British territories, in neral Sir Robert Brownrigg's administration
2sired, is the appointment of junior bar, and Irish bars, as senior district judges: , who have not received a legal education over the superior district courts.
such situations by barristers, it should be etary of state, that these learned gentlemen, or district judges, shall be eligible for the ueen's deputy advocate; and ultimately for ath or retirement of the chief and puis:ne
ourt. the higher offices would thus be ensured to of the necessity of appointing persons who lding such judicial situations; or, as upon ras bar, for acting chief, or puisne justices, lemen, for after having sacrificed a lucrative pation of succeeding to the Ceylon bench, perseded in their temporary judicial appoints, without compensation or pension. of the chief and puisne judges are scarcely r high colonial rank; the former having ) a year, instead of the £7000 and £4000 stipulations upon that point in the former reased by payment in gold, instead of in
wers vested in the High Court of Chancery ers of the Vice-admiralty Court are selected lief justice is, ex-officio, the deputy and surellency the Governor for the time being. iny immediately after the governor or lieut.- according to their patents, and next after the island.
Appendix.

Page 74
54 INTRODUCTION OF
Two proctors of the Honorable the Su paupers and prisoners, with the small salari By the authority of the charter, appeals to the supreme court; and in criminal ca in the name of the Queen's advocate, witho All questions of law are decided by the j for the opinions and decision of the whole executed until it has been approved by the The laws in regard to bankruptcy and There is no jury in civil actions, and, members: but the unanimity of the jury. indispensable; for the majority, as in Sct the prisoner.
Of the Ceylon judges the country may w and patience have been their characteristics benevolence have distinguished them in priv exception perhaps, but even the sun has spo Since the benefit of trial by jury was e energy and devotion to the welfare of Ce. of its then chief justice, the Honorable privilege has gained an extraordinary influen Very soon after the introduction of trial long before its advantages were sufficiently a favourite with the natives; and now, aft which the wisdom of the supreme court prejudices, the attachment of the natives to mable value, as the palladium of their civil class and caste of the native population istration of justice, under a government a and which, so long as it continues to be c retain a paramount interest in their affect Dutch, during their long possession of the r able to establish.
It can truly be said, in the language of a away by disease or climate, navies be dispel circumstances may baffle the utmost exer.

TRIAL BY JURY.
preme Court are appointed to officiate for s of £180 and £150 a year ! are made from the different district courts ses offences are prosecuted by information. at previous inquest by a grand jury. idge of the circuit, who may reserve then, court; but no sentence of death can be governor. cessio bonorum are similar to the Scotch. in criminal cases, it consists of thirteen how much soever to be desired, is not otland, decides the guilt or innocence ot
ell be proud; for whilst justice, humanity. on the bench, so urbanity, charity, and 'ate life. There may have been a solitary its upon its disk. stablished in the island, through the active ylon which characterized the whole career Sir Alexander Johnston, that inestimable. ce over the affections of the native people. by jury into the maritime provinces, and known to be fairly appreciated, it became er thirty years' experience of its blessings, of judicature had adapted even to their the system, from conviction of its inestiiberties, is boundless; and well may every be proud of the supreme court's adminlministered upon truly British principles; onducted with firmness and integrity, will ions, which neither the Portuguese nor haritime provinces of the island, were ever
former chief justice, “Armies may waste sed by storms and shipwreck, seasons and ise of human foresight, but firmly-rooted

Page 75
THE SINGHALESE LITIGIOUS-(
in the attachment of the pgple of Ceylon of our national interests and dominion in th The Singhalese, taken egflectively as a litigious; and their general disregard for whenever it suits their purpose,to commit v indeed if there were not numerous except classes, and to educated persons of other gr prevails a leaning towards they degrading evasion.”
In the several courts of justice, oaths ar. of the Ganges, and Tolse leaves; to Arabs by a priest; and to the Singhalese, whethe Hallan, which consists of a couple of large iron balls. These rings are of an oblong f and represent the Bangles of the Hindoog for the sick, the Kapuralé places between t keeps in a revolving motion at certain inter music of conch-shells and tam-a-tams. B of administering an oath to witnesses, these kerchief or cloth, and kept in a round bo. yellow, and black paint, are held by the Ka his hands in an attitude of prayer, and b the usual oath according to the custom of
But it is lamentable to observe the rea themselves. This may partly be ascribed ti ment has too long manifested to the mc witnesses; and for this among other reas Portuguese and Dutch families. and style Vidahns.
The facility of suborning evidence is as the truth from Buddhist witnesses, unless and therefore the sooner the Hallan is e. those who are professed devil worshippers representations upon this subject to the lon, between the years 1823 and 1827 incl attempt to bring the subject under the mo محمبر

ATHS IN COURTS OF JUSTICE. 55
to our British jurisprudence, the security at island may be deemed impregnable."
nation, may be justly described as most Cruth is only equalled by their readiness, villful perjury. It would be extraordinary ions, but these are limited to the highest ades; and yet throughout the nation there ; vice, politely designated “ courtier-like
2 administered to Hindoos upon the water and other Mahommedans upon the Koran, Buddhists or devil-worshippers, upon the : cylindrical copper rings, containing small orm, about twelve inches in circumference, goddess Pattiné, which, at devil-ceremonies he first and second toes of each foot, and vals throughout the night, to the mis-called ut when produced in court for the purpose bangles, which are wrapped in a red handX, ornamented with annular stripes of red, puralé towards the witness, who, extending ending his head at the same time, repeats courts of justice at home.
diness with which the Singhalese perjure the indifference which the local governde of administering oaths to Singhalese ons none but persons descended from the l Europeans, should be selected for police
well known as the impossibility of eliciting by an appeal to their superstitious fears; xcluded from courts of justice, except for , the better; and a reference to my official government, and advocate fiscal of Ceylsively, will show that this is not the first it serious consideration.

Page 76
56 HALLAN-SUPERSTITION
I derive my authority for stating that the of true Buddhists, from Buddhist priests in nent questions upon that point, during the 1826 inclusively. A defendant in a civil acti in favor of the plaintiff, instead of the tria the debt claimed was just;-the plaintiff rea pressed together, to be sworn upon the Ha dant objected, for the reason that the plaint to his ideas of right, ought to be sworn u under a Bogaha.* The priests of the temp the objection; for no other mode of swear provided for by the government, and the co being had to “any unusual way of administ when the plaintiff heard the interpreter re priests from the temple, he, fearing that th form that had obtained during the occupatio government, namely, under a Bogaha, or in to a nonsuit! This mode, if re-adopted, w and much less troublesome to its dispensers.
Buddhist priests are sworn upon the sacri of rapid growth, and easily propagated, so out one near or within its precincts. By this from Buddhist witnesses, even if it suited the
* Bogaha.--Bo, abbreviation of Bod or Buddha, and g able coincidence between the stories told in Syria of th Octandria, and the Singhalese stories of the Bogaha, or Syrians aver that the wood of the cross of our Saviour wa trembled ever since, in commemoration of that event. foliage of the Bogaha, or Buddha's tree, to Buddha's of every other tree; since which period its leaves have
stirring or not.

-BUDDHIST PRIESTS.
Hallan is any thing but sacred in the eyes the Galle district, in answer to very pertiime I was magistrate there, from 1823 to in proposed that judgment should be given l proceeding, if he would make oath that dily advanced with the palms of his hands lan; but to that form of oath the defenif was a known Buddhist, and, according on the sacred books, within a temple, or le could alone decide the point raised by ng Buddhists except upon the Hallan was le of regulations laid a veto against resort bring oaths to Singhalese witnesses,” but peat the court's directions to send for the he oath was about to be put to him in the n of the maritime provinces by the Dutch a Buddha temple, voluntarily submitted ould render the course of justice smoother
ed books of the temple. The Bogaha is that a court of justice should not be withsimple method, the truth may be expected air purpose to commit perjury.
aha, tree,--the Ficus religiosa, L. There is a remarke aspen tree, Populus tremula, L., class Dioecia, order Ficus religiosa, class Polygamia, order Triaecia. "The s made of aspen, and that the leaves of the aspen have The Buddhists attribute the similar property in the referring, when on earth, a seat under its shade to that always an apparent motion, whether there be any wind

Page 77
CHA}
Ecclesiastical establishment-Unjust distinctions and ric-Consistory of the Reformed Church of Holland-P Papal mission from Rome-Suggestions for its remova -Church of England mission-Caste of SorcerersCivil branch of the Ordnance-Pay and Island allowan
THE ecclesiastical establishment, in of the Established Church of England and Church of Holland.
The seniors of the colonial clergy enjoy mon with those civil servants who subsc to the regulations established by the late secretary of state for the colonies; but t no such advantages; this causes serious h deeply felt as a most undeserved and unju Considering the population of the islan in Ceylon would afford general satisfactio) of Madras, of which it at present forms a small proportion of the Lord Bishop's a be done to the rest of his diocese.
The consistory of the Reformed Chur deacons; but it cannot boast much of t the president has but E350 a year, which Singhalese colonial chaplain; and the co but £54 per annum, after having preach for upwards of thirty years. -
Of Christian missions, the Roman Cath de Neri of Goa is the most ancient. T having been the first to introduce Chris

P. VII.
ng the clergy-Suggestions for Ceylon being made a bishoportuguese mission of the Oratorio of San Felippe de Neril-Baptist mission-Wesleyan mission-American mission Conversion to Mahommedianism-Military establishmentices-Batta to Naval officers-Staff allowances.
ficial language, includes only the clergy of Ireland, and the consistory of the Reformed
the privileges of the pension fund, in comribed to it prior to the year 1822, agreeably : Earl Bathurst, at that time His Majesty's hose who have since been appointed, have 2art-burnings, which, however concealed, are st difference.
d, the establishment of a separate bishopric n to all sincere Protestants, for the diocese in archdeaconry, is so extensive, that a very ttention can be devoted to Ceylon, if justice
ch of Holland comprises four elders and six he liberality of the British government; for is less by E50 than the stipend of the native onsistory's exemplary proponent at Galle has ed in Dutch and Portuguese in that church
nolic mission of the Oratorio of San Felippe
The Portuguese take credit to themselves for
tianity into Ceylon; but history informs us
H

Page 78
58 PORTUGUESE MISSION OF THE OR
that they were preceded by Persian mis planted churches there, subsequently to th Persians, and the restoration of the ancie the functions of religion were performed Seleucia, at that time the capital of the records of the Nestorian churches now ex whom credit is due for its christian zeal in
The chief residence of this mission is a sionaries reside at Colombo; three at Ne officiates at Galle and Matura; one at Kalt under his cure ; one in Kandy, and for Alo one at Arippo, and for Bangalle; one at M Kaits, one at Jaffnapatam, one at Walligan comalé, who also officiates at Batticaloa ; Tangalle to Batticaloa, where devil worshi means of acquiring the light of the gospel. This mission estimates its converts at 15C aries may well be considered a very scanty Roman Catholic churches in Ceylon, and from the apathy of native converts; but st of the Roman religion in the island, that splendid cathedrals of Malta, Spain, and I they enter a Santa Gri, or holy church, i by both.
The reverend fathers of this mission all they superintend 118 schools, and are hu hospitable to the stranger.
Upon the anniversary of St. Cecilia's day the refectory of Santa Lucia, where religi of the genuine hospitality of the reverend fa Catholic guests.
About two years ago, His Holiness Greg several priests from RoME to Ceylon. Fo upon the numerous and well-educated Engl
* The general name, among the natives, for the

ATORIO OF SAN FELIPPE DE NERI.
sionaries of the Nestorian churches, who e subversion of the Parthian empire by the nt line of the Persian monarchy; and that by priests ordained by the archbishop of Persian kingdom-But there are no known tant in the island; and the next power, to avour of the heathen, is Portugal.
Santa Lucia, near Colombo. Three misgombo; one in the southern province, who ura, who also has the church at Morotto otkoor; one at Chilaw, and for Calpentyn; anaar, and for the Wanné district; one at moe, one at Point Pedro, and one at Trinbut the immense tract of country from ) now reigns paramount, is destitute of the
,000, for which number, seventeen missionestablishment. Perhaps the poverty of the the limited number of padres, may arise lch is the present very degenerated state
those who have been accustomed to the taly, can scarcely imagine it possible, when n Ceylon, that the same faith is professed
re subjects of Her Most Faithful Majesty: mane, pious, charitable to the poor, and
, (Nov. 22) a splendid dinner is given in on presents no bar to the equal enjoyment thers by their Protestant as well as Roman
gory XVI. despatched a vicar apostolic and r this there was no occasion, and it is hard
ish and Irish Roman Catholic clergymen,
clergy and missionaries throughout the island.

Page 79
PAPAL MISSION-RECIPROCAL CONDIT
that the government should allow the mi foreign priests in a British colony, for wh better and more consistently provided. T take their departure, if Her Majesty's secre late with His Holiness the Pope, for the mission at Rome, as the condition of their The first British mission to Ceylon was it only now occupies four stations; namely, and the adjoining villages. This mission su schools, consisting of between 400 and 500 There are but two missionaries, with gentlemen are themselves so very exempla they are universally respected; and for the their mission, they will ever stand high u effected great good, in spite of the disad labourers.
The next, but nulli secundus in good wor the year 1814.
I must leave it to an abler pen to do jus sion; their works speak for themselves; th and are productive of great and universal is ushered in with the publication of “The the former a miscellany for the promotion interests of the colony, the latter that whic The natives of Ceylon might be much bi for extending the blessings of useful kno Penny and Saturday Magazines were publi blocks belonging to these works, after havin for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge," m. would be a boon of such incalculable be would be unjust to doubt the readiness publish them in the native languages. T become extensive, for they would find thei The Wesleyan missionaries minister in English languages; and their chapels are and well-ordered regularity of Protestant p.
H

ONS SUGGESTED-BAPTIST MISSION. 59
nistry of that church to be exercised by ich our own and sister country could have hese reverend intruders would very soon tary of state for the colonies were to stipuestablishment of a Protestant church and 'ontinuance in the island. that of the Baptists, in the year 1812, but at Colombo, Byanville, Matellé, Hanwellé, perintends eleven schools, and two Sunday children. ive native teachers to assist them; these ry in every moral and religious duty, that r genuine zeal in promoting the objects of pon the records of the colony, for it has Ivantages of limited funds and paucity of
ks, is the Wesleyan mission, established in
tice to the reverend gentlemen of this misese are not limited to matters of religion, good throughout the island. Every month Friend,” and “ The Protestant Vindicator,” of the moral and social, as well as religious h its title implies. 2nefitted, if, amongst other means adopted wledge amongst them, a translation of the shed in the island;-the engraved woodg answered all the purposes of the “Society ght be well devoted to this object, and it nefit to the rising native population, that it of the Wesleyan mission to translate, and he demand for these works would gradually
way throughout India. the Hindoo-Portuguese, Singhalese, and conspicuous for the plain, but convenient aces of worship. The affairs of this mission
2

Page 80
60 WESLEYAN MISSION
are regulated at annual meetings, held at ( are subject to the control of the general c funds of this last, that of Ceylon is suppo the friends of missions in this country, if them; for Ceylon, although presenting a m ten times its numbers of Wesleyan ministe fourteen assistants, who have the managem scholars, in eighty one schools.
Never did the ministers of the Establishe orable Thomas James Twistleton, afterward colonial chaplain, do themselves greater h collectively and individually extended the ri pitality to the Wesleyan missionaries, upon the island in the year 1815. This laid the existing cordiality, which the then governm for when the Wesleyan chapel was first ol Excellency the governor (Sir Robert Brown men of the Established Church, and the whose duties would admit of it, were presen the Almighty's honor, and for the propagat towards men ! "
The Americam mission was first establis the year 1816, and many still living will re. settlement at Jaffna, of the very exempla was regarded. Experience has proved that ous character of a British government; an in the colony, who has had an opportunity O and respected persons of the American mis: the government of the United States woul endeavour to induce its missionary citizens of spy, there would be found one amongst prostitute it for any national or worldly ad This mission occupies seven stations in th is exclusively limited: namely, Tillipallé, nepé, Chavagacheré, and Varané; and th Achoowelé, Changané, Caradivé, Valané,

AMERICAN MISSION.
olombo in January, the decisions of which mmittee of the home mission. From the ted; but much more might be realized by hey would but do their utmost to increase st ample field for the labours of at least s, is now limited to eight missionariés and 2nt of the education of nearly sia thousand
d Church, of which at that time the Hons archdeacon of Colombo, was the senior onor than by the manner in which they ght hand of christian fellowship aud hosthe first establishment of their mission in
foundation for that long continued and 2nt appeared most desirous of encouraging; bened at Colombo for divine service, His rigg, G. C. B.) with his family, the clergymajority of the civil and military officers, it at that most interesting ceremonial to ion of “peace on earth, and of good-will
2d in the northern districts of Ceylon, in rollect the official jealousy with which the y individuals who originally composed it, it was unjust and unworthy of the generd it would be difficult to find an individual f witnessing the conduct of the respectable ion, at all disposed to believe, that even if lso far compromise its own dignity, as to n Ceylon to exercise the degrading office them so lost to his own character, as to vantage. e northern province, to which its attention Batticotta, Oodoovillé, Pomdeteripo, May employ native catechists at Oodopitté, nd Pungertivé.

Page 81
CHURCH OF ENGLALD
At Batticotta there is a seminary, supe tutor in mathematics and natural philoso astronomy, according to the Hindoo sys in the central school, 90; native free scho is entirely supported by the American Boa The printing and book-binding establish presses, and fifty workmen.
Although last in the field, having been distinguished itself for its christian zeal, ar four stations, and having but nine missio) they are assisted by about 110 native cate may be estimated by the number of congre The number of communicants bears no ship, the former amounting, in 1838, to male and female, there are, in the sixty 426 girls.
A lay agent transacts the temporal co tracts already distributed amounts to 420, The whole of the Scriptures and Book familiar Singhalese, besides numerous ele all these have been printed at the Kot amongst the natives, by whom they are by those who can afford it; whilst tho; thankfulness.
The prospects of this mission are evide only rock upon which they can possibly it is earnestly to be hoped that the pure fail of producing the desired effect, by withheld at home. The scholars make co ment of religious information and genere It is, however, a subject of general reg mediate neighbourhood of a nominally ch out of a hundred, unless immediately con ciples, from the ceremonies and practice logers, and conjurers are converted, th native minds are so extraordinarily work

ISSION AND PROSPECTS. 6
ntended by a principal, a professor, a native ny, and a native teacher of arithmetic and 2m; the number of pupils is 101; of girls ls 42; boys 1200, girls 300. The seminary d of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
nent belonging to the mission employs three
stablished in 1818, the Church Mission has d in promoting native education: occupying aries in holy orders, their labours, in which hists, school-masters, and school-mistresses, gations and schools belonging to the mission. proportion to the attendants at public wor33, and the latter to 2418. Of scholars, '-two schools, thirty adults, 2048 boys, and
ncerns of this mission, and the number of 000.
of Common Prayer have been translated into mentary school books, and religious tracts: ta. Mission press, and extensively circulated sought with avidity, and readily purchased e who cannot, accept them with apparent
ntly great and very encouraging; and as the e wrecked, is the want of competent funds, octrine they preach will not be allowed to adequate pecuniary support being niggardly nstant and creditable progress in the acquire
knowledge. et to the missions, that although in the imistian population, scarcely one native family lected with them, abstains, on religious prinf devil worship. When their wizards, astroy will quit the devil practices by which the d upon as to render them pliant and subser

Page 82
62 SOI-DISANT MAGI-(
vient victims to the grossest impositions th be calculated on as a certain effect of the soi-disant magi, who now hold bodies and grand evil be removed, and by the assista needful, in severely punishing all such imp not be overcome by merely professing the version of one greatly dreaded astrologer a cile the natives to the power of christianity reduce their fears of the maha yaka, or grea other means.
The caste of Seppidiwigie Karayo, or s blocks to christianity that now presents itse depends; for the superstitious natives will long as its priests have such power over th tures with the dreadful conviction that both the, are at their (the sorcerers') command. ministers of Christ to effect this grand obje employed in so great and glorious a cause, church, mission, sect, or creed, they profe
Too much cannot be said of the amiable of this mission are so happily entrusted; f the office, they are altogether unexception of view.
Our missionaries may make proselytes pear to have little or no chance with any Ali and Mahommed, of whom I have not y solitary individual; but Ceylon has witness man to Mahommedanism. The first and those who anticipated employment in the m
The Peace establishment of the army i royal artillery, commanded by a lieutenant regiments of the line; the Ceylon rifle regi a troop of mounted orderlies.
The present governor, Lieut. General S mander of the forces.

STE oF soRCERERs.
t ever fettered the spirit of man. This may ight of christianity upon the minds of the ouls in perpetual thraldom. But until this ce of the magistracy wherever it may be stors, the fears of the ignorant natives will selves converts to christianity. The cond devil worshipper will do much to reconover the wiles of the evil one, and tend to t demon, more than can be hoped for by
orcerers, is one of the greatest stumbling lf, and on its gradual conversion very much ever altogether abandon devil worship, so eir minds, as to inspire these deluded creatheir own bodies and the lives of their catMay the Almighty's blessing enable the ct, and may it light upon the efforts of all whatever the denomination of the christian ss to belong to and exemplary divines to whom the affairs or, like those who have preceded them in able, whether in a religious or moral point
of Singhalese, and Malabars, but they apof the many thousands of the followers of at heard that they have converted even a d the conversion of an apostate Englishhost ready Singhalese converts have been ssionary establishments.
Ceylon consists of two companies of the olonel; two of the royal engineers: four
hent, consisting of sixteen companies, and
Colin Campbell, K. C. B., is also com

Page 83
MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT-CI
The general staff consists of a military - tant general, deputy assistant adjutant gen assistant quarter-master general, and a dep The medical staff includes one deputy and nine assistant staff surgeons.
The civil branch of the ordnance consist paymaster) at Colombo, and one at Trinco clerks, and one extra assistant clerk.
The amount of officers' pay and island al. when employed as agents of transports, du der, the orders of Her Majesty's colonial go
MILITARY AND ARMY MEDICA)
Military Secretary's Office.
£ s. D. Mfilitary secretary ............ per diem 0 9 0 Five clerks, senior at ...... per annum 135 0 0
and junior at . . . . . . . . . . . . - 27 O O
Adjutant General's Office.
Deputy adjutent general ...... per diem 0 19 0 Deputy assistant general...... - 0 0 0 Three clerks, senior at ...... per annum 103 10 0 and junior at . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 49 10 O
Quarter-Master General's Office.
Deputy quarter-master general per diem 0 19 0 Deputy assistant ditto ......... O 10 0 Two clerks, the first at...... per annum 103 10 0 and the second at ......... --- 72 0 0 Two draftsmen, the first at væ 54 0 (0 and the second at......... -- 36 0 0
Staff Officer's Office.
Staff officer.............. per diem 0 10 Clerk, at .................... per annum 40 10 0
O
Royal Engineers' Office.
O
Three clerks, the first at ... per animum 96 0 the second at . . . . . . . . . . ar 60 0
O

IL BRANCH OF THE ORDNANCE. 63
secretary, two aids-de-camp, a deputy adjural, deputy quarter-master general, deputy uty commissary general.
inspector of hospitals, one staff surgeon,
of two store keepers, one (who is also the malé; four established clerks, two assistant
owances, and of the latter to naval officers,
ing their detention by, or employment un'ernment, is given in the following tables.
EsTABLISHMENT AT CEYLON.
£ s. D. and the third at ......... e-w 36 O 0. One draftsman, at ........ 69 6 ()
Principal Medical Officer's Office.
Two clerks, the senior at...... per diem 0 7
and the junior at ........ per annum 54 0 0
KANDY.
Staff Officer's Office. Staff officer ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . per diem 0 10 0 One clerk, at ............... per annum 27 0 0
Royal Engineers' Office.
O
One clerk of the works, at per annum 72 0 0 One assistant ditto ......... ··· 36 0 0 TRIN coMALÉ. Staff officer's Office. Staff officer ............. • o se a 8 e per diem 0 10 0 One clerk ..................... per annum 27 0 0
Island allowances to officers, in addition to their Queen's
pay, in lieu of lodging-money, fuel, candles, &c. Colonel ....................... per mensem 45 9° Lieutenant-colonel ........ an 32 2 Major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 23 19 Captain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6

Page 84
64 ISLAND ALLOWANCES-BA
£ s. D.
Lieutenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 海 ar S 5 0 Second lieutenant or ensign ar 6 6 O Paymaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yamamama 3 6 O Surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ar 7 10 O Assistant surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 - 0 Adjutant . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • rama-MA 10 4 0 Quarter-master . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 4 O
When officers, having been relieved, have ceased to do duty in the island, they are allowed the following rate of island allowances, to the day of their embarkation inclusively.
Colonel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . per mensem 22 14 6 Inspector-general of hospitals - 22 4 6 Lieutenant-colonel . . . . . . . . . A» 16 O Deputy inspector-general of hospitals 6 0 Assistant inspector of ditto r 3 15 0 Major ........................ 9 6 Staff surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6 Surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WM ll 3 4. Captain or paymaster . . . . . . a 9 4 0. Apothecary or assistant surgeon - S 16 8 Adjutant . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • S 16 O Lieutenant or quarter-master - 5 10 0 Second lieutenant or ensign a- 4 4 0
Lieutenants or masters in the Royal Navy, acting as agents of transports, are i entitled to 13l. 16s. per mensem, being island allowances to captains of infantry, during their detention or employment by Her Majesty's colonial government.
Additional allowances to officers in command of corps.
Colonel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . per mensem 5 4 0 Lieutenant-colonel ......... 5 4 O Major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 3 O Captaim . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 4 0 Lieutenant . . . . . . . . . . . . as ass 5 O
Additional allowances to officers in command of garrisons, with the exception of Colombo, Trincomalé, Kandy, and Galle.
Colonel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... per mensem 29 ll 0 Lieutenant-colonel ......... *grr* 8. 8 O Major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pamama 6 14 0

A T0 NAVAL OFFICERS,
if s. D. Captain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 19 6 Lieutenant .................. - 2 4 () Second lieutenant or ensign - 2 0 ti
The allowance of the commandant of
Colombo is fixed at ...... per mensem 29 11 0 Ditto of Trincomalé......... - 30 0 () Ditto of Kandy ............ 25 0 0
Ditto of Galle .................. per diem 0 10 0
N.B. The allowance to the commandant of Colombo is not drawn, except when the offices of governor and commander of the forces are held by the same officer.
General and Medical Staff
Major-general ............... per mensem 275 13 4 Deputy quarter-master general, being
a lieutenant-colonel..................... 16 Deputy assistant ditto, being a lieut. ... 4 2 6 Deputy adjutant-general, being a lieu
tenant-colonel ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 16 l 0 Deputy assistant ditto, being a lieut. ... 4 2 6 Assistant military secretary ............ 6 s ()
But if this office be held by an aid-de-camp, then it is not drawn, there being no island allowance for more than one staff situation to the same officer.
Aid-de-camp to the governor and general
officer, whether captains or subalterns 6 lS 0
Besides the regimental allowance thus regulated, and where the ranks of staff officers do not correspond with this table, the addition equals one half the regimental rate of island allowances.
Aids-de-camp, if subalterns, have the staff and island allowances of captains.
Brevet inspectors of hospitals, per mensem 68 3 ti Staff surgeon ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 23 9 () Assistant ditto ............... -10 12 -س U{ Apothecary to the forces ... --- 13 う U
In 1827 the inspector of hospitals enjoyed the lucrative posts of inspector of vaccination, at 451. per mensen. and deputy inspector, at 84.l.. 10s. per mensem, togethe with a commission of half a pice per pound upon all cinnamon assorted ···。

Page 85
CHAP.
Cinnamon first introduced into Europe from Ceylon by th Praakrumabahoo IX., to Emmanuel, king of Portugal— tration of the yocerптеп — Сіп патоп plantations and r tius-Dutch and British monopolies-Lord Viscount G penalties und oppressions-Nature of the former oppres, Classification and varieties of the cinnamon laurel-Ne and Vinca rosea-Soil of the cinnamon plantations near taining the maturity of the bark-process of barking, assorti lunds at the sale in S40-Prices of the spice-Revenue fr oil made from the leaf of the cinnamon laurel-Cinnamon kuwn by the bark-Black pepper indispensable to the pre
imagination-Pandanus odoratissimus-Arun fetidum-F
It is scarcely possible to present much has been extensively handled by the many as no account of this interesting island car notice of the cinnamon laurel, I avail my could obtain upon the spot where it is princi who have described its characters and prope
When the cinnamon of Ceylon first attra verer of the island in the year 1506, it was this spice was at that period so highly es once determined to turn it to the advanta entered into a treaty with D’ Harma Pra whose capital was Kotta, for an annual tr. avoirdupois of cinnamon ; for which he gua his sovereign, Dom Emmanuel, king of P dominions.
* Admiral Lourengo D'Almeyda, son of the Count I of the Indies.
Papal permission was deemed necessary to authorize
license had previously been granted by His Holiness, Nich

VIII.
e Portuguese--Tribute of the Singhalese Rajah D’Harma Cinnamon uncultivated until Governor Falck's adminisoads a general benefit-Casual remarks in the plantaoderich abolishes the cinnamon monopoly and all its sive system-Ceylon jackdaw and cinnamon pigeonpenthes distillatoria, Gloriosa superba, Iacora coccinea, Colombo-Chalias or cinnamon peelers-mode of ascerng, and tasting-Cinnamon tasters-Prices of cinnamon 2}п сiпта топ — Сіппа топ оil, иrater, and candles— Clope known to the ancient Greeks and Romans-Best quality servation of cinnamon-Cinnamon breezes bubbles of the
Hoaac upon Griffins practised on board an East Indiaman.
novelty to the reader upon a subject which abler writers who have preceded me; but n be even moderately perfect without some self of the correctest information that I pally cultivated, and from the best authors rties.
cted the attention of the Lusitanian discoonly known in its wild state; nevertheless teemed, that the Portuguese admiral at ge of his country; and he consequently akramabahoo IX., the rajah of Ceylon, ibute of 2500 quintals or 250,000 pounds aranteed the then powerful protection of ortugal, to the Singhalese rajah and his
"Abrantes, at that time vice-roy and governor general
a commercial intercourse with the heathen; and as a
Lolas W., by bull, in favour of prince Henry of Portugal,

Page 86
66 ORIGINA CJÈWURE OF (
Cinnamoa had never been cultivated i the Dutch governor, Iman Willem Falck, that laurel, malgré the opinions of the h expenditure of time, labour, and money, by the projected undertaking. vn
To this excellent governor is to be att to the public, from the adoption of a lin increase the value of the principal staple of the general salubrity of Colombo, by clea mediate vicinity, and forming roads throug were subsequently improved by the British Barnes's administration of the government. Very many Europeans traverse the cinna designated, at full gallop, without allowin elegant and aromatic laurel, except in the of all odour of the spice from its innume of the small white monopetalous flowers, ar perfume of the tuberose (Polyanthes tuber may admire only the bright scarlet foliag acorn-shaped drupe, which contains the s resemblance to that of the oak tree; drive, and, upon crushing it in the hand clove only.
We readily accuse the Dutch of mon commerce, and we call that policy illiberal to Ceylon, of the clove to the Moluccas, but what did not the British government power and even during the continuance salt, cum multis aliis, which had obtaine Dutch in 1796, the Kandyan kingdom ha session when the government declared the nuts, cardamoms, bee's wax, coffee, and pe of those valuable articles of inland produce
to trade with the Mahomedans, and which referred to sin and Eugenius, to the kings of Portugal, so it was continu

'INNAMON-MONOPOLIES.
n Ceylon until about the year 1770, when letermined to try the effect of culture upon eadmen that the result would be an useless and the quality of the spice be deteriorated
ributed the twofold benefit which resulted e of policy, calculated, in his opinion, to the colony in the European markets, and ring the impervious underwood in its imh the cinnamon plantations. These roads , and perfected during the late Sir Edward
mon gardens, as the plantations are locally g a single remark to escape them upon this language of disappointment at the absence rable blossoms : some may pluck a cluster ld express surprise that they exhale a slight osa) instead of that of cinnamon; others ge of the extreme branches, or the purple seed, merely because it bears a miniature or perhaps pluck a leaf, as they ride or , wonder that it exhales the odour of the
opolizing the principal staples of colonial
which restricted the culture of cinnamon
and of the nutmeg to the Banda islands; in Ceylon monopolize, over which it had
of its own monopolies of cinnamon and d from the cession of the island by the l scarcely been eighteen months in our poslate king of Kandy's “monopoly in areka pper, to be highly prejudicial to the growth , and injurious to the commercial interests
hilar concessions from his papal predecessors, Martin W. led in favour of Dom Emmanuel.-Osorio, vol. i. p. 253.

Page 87
AIONOPOLY IN CIN
of the colony!!” and it was thereupon ab 1816, in the Kandyan territories: but it Viscount Goderich, His Majesty’s princip, t830-1833 inclusively, abolished the iniq the monopoly in cinnamon ceased in the m For nearly three centuries before Lord ( of the Portuguese, Dutch, and British go with tyranny and oppression. The proprie dared not destroy a plant, which a passin or pompadour pigeon f (Vinago aromatica C the indigested seed, might have been til and a penalty was attached to the party of cinnamon plantations the presence o property.
But this was not all that was expected dared to cut a cinnamon stick for his ow domestic purposes, nor to distill camphor
* This, the most impudent and numerous of the Cey me, except by the celebrated ornithologist, Dr. Stanley Coraar, or crow; and some very tolerable anecdotes h adherence to truth, but which are nevertheless calcula whose fate has limited them to the perusal of the sta smaller than the European crow, and I preser adoptin the Corvus Momedula, P., and not the Corvus Coraar work alluded to. " In the island of Ceylon, these b is found very difficult to exclude them from the houses, exposed to intruders. In the town of Colombo, where t from the streets and yards, and carrying them to the plunder, to the great annoyance of the people below, on the roofs exposed to the weather. They frequently snatc surrounded with guests, always seeming to prefer the con near houses, and rarely to be met with in woods and ret the Indians, making ample compensation for their int. carrion, and consume all sorts of dirt, offal, and dead allowed to remain, would in that hot climate produce disorders. On this account they are much esteemed by put up with, and they are never suffered to be shot or ot
† Columba pempadoura,

NAMION ABOLISHED. 67
andoned by proclamation dated 15th June, as not until the Right Honorable the Lord il secretary of state for the colonies, from uitous and arbitrary system altogether, that aritime provinces. ioderich's fiat went forth, every regulation vernments, in regard to cinnamon, teemed or of the soil, whether European or native, g jackdaw (Corvus Monedula of Pennant) f Shaw) by dropping its ordure, containing le vehicle of generating in his grounds; omitting to report to the superintendent f such an unwelcome intruder upon his
from the occupier of the soil. He neither in use, nor a particle of the bark for his from its roots, or clove oil from its foliage,
lon birds, is described by all authors who have preceded , the present Lord Bishop of Norwich, as the Corvus ave been related, with, I doubt not, a very scrupulous ted to raise doubts in the minds of the majority of those tements of what others have seen.-This bird is much g the opinion of the Right Reverend Prelate, that it is L., that inhabits Ceylon. It is thus described in the irds are extremely impudent and troublesome, and it which, on account of the heat, are built open, and much ley are in the habit of picking up bones and other things tops of the houses, a battle usually takes place for the whose heads they shower down the loosened tiles, leaving h bread and meat from the dining table, even when it is pany of man, as they are continually seen hopping about red places. They are, however, important benefactors to ision and knavery, for they are all voracious devourers of termin: they in fact carry of those substances which, if he most noxious smells, and probably give rise to putrid he natives; their mischievous tricks and impudence are erwise molested. 'mel. Syst. Nat. 1.775. 9.
2

Page 88
68 LAURUS CIN NAMOMUM, AND IT
because a heavy penalty stared him in th were public property: and whenever the to decorticate them and carry the bark without the slightest remuneration to the every body and thing, including bullocks a cution and imprisonment.
The following is the classification of t Linnaean system.
Class IX. Enneandria — Order I. Mom( shade in the middle ; monopetalous ; ste about the size of a small hedge strawber of an acorn; leaf trinervous, egg-oblong reticulated.
The principal, and the only cultivated sp the Singhalese name of Penné or Rassé cinnamon; the second variety is called third, Kapooru Kuroondu, or camphor ci or astringent cinnamon ; the fifth, Sevel sixth, Dawool Kuroondu, or flat or drum c wild cinnamon, whose leaf resembles tha eighth, Mal Kuroondu, or bloom or flower ci or trefoil cinnamon. But it is only the Laити8 Статотит.
When in full bloom, the cinnamon bus small white petals affording a most agree tremities of the upper, and the dark gree the climbing monkey or pitcher plant (Ne
* Ba Gover NMENT ADVERTIs EMENT.-“ Notice is her are allowed to pass through the Cinnamon Gardens, and all Bullock Bandies found so trespassing, with the prosecuted before the Sitting Magistrate.
Chief Secretary's Office, CoLoMBO, l4th Feb. 1812."
Burmanni The

SINGHALESE CLASSIFICATION.
face, for all cinnamon plants and bushes uperintendent chose, he despatched chalias to the government godowns or stores, landlord. Not only the proprietors, but nd even carts, were made liable to prose
he Laurus Cinnamomum, according to the
gynia. Flower white, having a brownish lated, having six points; fruit a drupe, y, containing one seed, and of the shape , nerves vanishing towards the tip, and
ecies, is distinguished above all others by Kuroondu, which signifies honey or sweet Naya Kuroondu, or snake cinnamon; the nnamom ; the fourth, Kabatté Kuroomdu, Kuroondu, or mucilaginous cinnamon; the innamon; the seventh, Nika Kuroondu, or ut of the nicasol, or Viter Negundo; the nnamon ; and the minth, Tompat Kuroondu, first four that are strictly varieties of the
hes have a very beautiful appearance; the able contrast with the flame-coloured exn of the inferior foliage, intermingled with penthes distillatoria), which, conjointly with
dies.
by given, that no Bullock Bandies, loaded or unloaded,
n the roads or otherwise, on any pretence whatever; Cattle belonging to the same, will be seized by and
Signed, JOHN RODNEY,
Chief Secretary to Government.
vurus Zeylanicus,

Page 89
BEST CINNAMON S
the flame-coloured Gloriosa superba, entwi spicy laurel, and the scarlet-flowered Ia enjoying the shade beneath it.
The best cinnamon is obtained from the from the roots, after the parent bush or t hazel-like walking sticks so much esteeme although very great difficulty formerly e oppressive nature of the cinnamon regulat proprietors of grounds producing that spice The external appearance of the cinna) resembles, that of the hazel. The best which, from the surface to the depth of white in its appearance as the best table roots of the bushes, the sand is greyish.*
There are two regular seasons for barkin and from November to January, but cor times, as the spice attains maturity.
In order to ascertain the maturity of the of commerce, the peeler gives the stick a bark readily separate itself from the wo cuts it down, and having scraped off the ( knife, he removes the bark by passing a extremity to the other. He then places th larger, and dries it in the air and shade, w into Europe.
The peelers form the cinnamon into bur 85 pounds avoirdupois in weight, but recl allowed for waste; and they have so delica either of the four best sorts of cinnamon tasters are necessitated to eat bread and b in order to preserve the skin of their tong
i
* According to Dr. John Davy's analysis, the greyish

DIL-ITS ANALYSIS. 69
Les its tendrils around this umbrageous and ra coccinea, and pink-petaled Vinca rosea,
shoots which spring almost perpendicularly 'ee has been cut down;-these afford the d by persons visiting the island, and which, xisted in procuring them, owing to the ions, may now be very easily obtained from
non suckers, prior to their decortication, Soil for cinnamon is a pure quartz sand; a few inches, is as fine in its nature and as
salt; but below that depth, and near the
ng cinnamon, namely from April to August, siderable quantities are collected at other
liber, or inner bark, which is the cinnamon diagonal cut with a heavy knife, and if the od of the shoot that he has selected, he outer brown and green pellicles with a blunt sharp-pointed knife longitudinally from one e smaller portions of the bark within the here it curls and contracts, as it is imported
ldles, from three to four feet in length, and (oned only as 80 pounds, the surplus being te a sense oftaste, that they can distinguish in the dark. The government cinnamon utter at intervals during that pungent duty,
CS
sand, thoroughly dried, consists of 98.5 silicious sand,
1.0 vegetable matter, 0.5 water.
1000

Page 90
70 CINNAMIO-MANIA
At the time of the abolition of the m for purchasing the partitioned plantations lands sold for about 4d. to 4.l.. 10s. per acre This spice is sold at 6d, 9d., and 1. exportation of the first and second sorts i 2s., provided it be assorted by the governm its importation into this country. The oil of the stores, is subject to a duty of ls. p. of cinnamon for exportation, in order to markets.
The Ceylon government derives an a cinnamom, cinnamon oil, and clove oil. 18s. 3d, which included the export duty o! It may naturally be inferred, that the inc ally cause a glut, which nothing less tha accumulated stock must sell much below re The most pungent and delicious cinna adulteration in the proportion of four to o such at home, does mot exceed 2s. 6d. perg Amongst the Kandyan spoils were so rajah, of which Lieut. Lyttelton, of the 7. but they exhaled no very grateful odour, their light.
Nature in some degree thwarted Dutch Ceylon production; namely, that called c from the cinnamon leaf, and equal, in pc from the clove itself at the Molucca islands Cinnamón was well known to the ancien the Romans by that of Cinnamomum. It w but its price was so exorbitant that none bu uine cinnamon oil is made in this country, was formerly imported from Holland; and grown in Jamaica, cannot be distinguished The best cinnamon is not thicker than st color, and of a sweetly pungent taste. The het and pungent to the taste, which subse

KANDY AN SPOILS.
nopoly, a sort of cinnamo-mania prevailed from the crown; but in 1840 cinnamon
, per pound avoirdupois; the duty upon 2s. 6d. per pound, and upon the third sort 2nt assorters; and 3s. 6d. per pound upon f cinnamon, which is made from the refuse er ounce. The Dutch limited the quantity maintain high prices for it in the home
erage revenue of £120,000 a year from In the year 1836 it amounted to 127,164l.
74,631 l. 0s. 10d. reased production of cinnamon will eventuin a reduction of duty will obviate, or the munerating prices. mon water, which, after having undergone ne, would still excel the best that is sold as allon in the island.
me cinnamon candles belonging to the 3rd regiment, gave me a few specimens; nor was there any peculiar brilliancy in
| policy, in as far as regards one staple of love oil, which is there manufactured solely int of aromatic pungency, to the oil made
t Greeks by the name of Kavviuwuov, and to as chiefly used in perfumes and unguents, t affluent people could purchase it. Genand is considered equal to the best that the essential oil, distilled from cinnamon from that imported from Ceylon.
ut writing paper, of a light yellowish red inferior sort is thicker and darker in color, uently becomes most unpleasant. Many

Page 91
BLACK PEPPER-PAND.
impositions are practised in this country after its essential oil has been distilled from
Owing to the limited quantity of blac proportion to the demand for it, and the m for supplies of that spice upon the coast of of conveying cinnamon to England, have b want of pepper to fill the interstices betweer without which, the latter spice would lose c this country; but, by being stowed togeth perfection during the homeward-bound vo of the pepper vine is altogether as unacc many valuable productions that are noticed But as to those bubbles of imagination leagues at sea, they explode before the ex If all the cinnamon trees growing in the same time, it is impossible to say whet. wind off shore, the perfume of the spice peculiar in its diffusiveness, it is fair to iní far. As the operations are now effected, in mature for the purpose, and over an exter limited quantities, in comparison with its cinnamon breezes can be perceived at sea.
Whatever fragrance may accompany Cey more likely to arise from the immense varie of the wild orange, lime, and shaddock, mine, and above all, in its diffusive proper of Mellori, or Nicobar Islands' bread fruit, when contrasted with the produce of the ti for none, but the lowest and poorest nati been prepared in a manner peculiar to them It's common name among Europeans is t blance it bears to the Bromelia Ananas, b order. The fruit of the Pandanus is com
* Bromelia Ananas, L. Class I † Pandanus odoratissimus, L. Class

NUS ODORATISSIMUS. 71
y selling the bark, as genuine cinnamon, it. k pepper that is produced in Ceylon, in eans of growing it, the island is dependent Ialabar. Ships, chartered for the purpose een detained for several weeks through the the bales of cinnamon in the ships' holds; ne half its value upon being imported into :r, each spice is preserved in the utmost yage. The apathy shown to the culture ountable as the neglect of the other very in these pages. , the cinnamon breezes of Ceylon, many perience of the resident in the country.-- island were being barked at one and the her or mot, or how far at sea, with the might éxtend; though as there is nothing er that its influence would not extend very particular spots as the cinnamon becomes lsive surface, at uncertain periods and in produce, it is physically impossible that
lon breezes, near and from the island, is ty of the odoriferous blossoms and flowers, ind varieties of the white and yellowjessaties, the Pandanus odoratissimus, a species most objectionable as the latter name is, ue bread-fruit tree (Artocarpus incisa, L.), ves will eat it, and then only after having selves. he wild pine apple, from the great resemut it is of a very different nature, class, and losed of wedge-shaped drupes, angular, and
V. Hexandria, Order I. Monogynia. XII. Diaecia, Order I. Monandria.

Page 92
72 ARUM FOET DUM
one-seeded; the leaf is much longer than and spinous; and its flower, which is indi exhales so powerful an odour, that wher clothes, and of specimens in natural histor ant. The flower is an erect spike, thick a from a spathe, which is double, strong, an corn (Zea Mäis).
The Singhalese call it Wetta-gaha, a female plant be near each other, the f oval and glossy.
But odours “not of Araby" sometimes which are wafted by the sea-breezes from t the coast of the southern province, parti from a large species of the Arum faetidul distance, with a smell scarcely inferior to of decomposing carcases would diffuse.
If proof were wanting of the effect of in Ceylon, I might adduce an incident that Indiaman, whilst standing along the island dead upon the land. The surgeon having weather hammock nettings, the Griffins,'. and who generally assembled on the poop.j vinced of the reality of the cinnamon br an account of it, “from his own experience
* Griffin, an East Indian term, synonymo

OAX ON GRIFFINS.
that of the pine apple, but is also serrated pensable at all the native devil-ceremonials,
dried it becomes the best preservative of 7, from the ravages of the Termes, or white ld silky, of a lightish brown color, and rises d similar in substance to that of the indian
nd they aver, that umless the male and uit never becomes edible. The seed is
prevail within the island: such are those he southward, and assail the traveller upon cularly between Rogallé and Mirsé, arising n, which taints the air, to a considerable the noxious effluvia which some hundreds
aginatiom in regard to cinnamom breezes off occurred on board an outward bound East , but not in sight of it, and with the wind rubbed a little oil of cinnamon upon the who formed a majority of the passengers, ust before the dinner hour, were so coneae, that one of them actually published
of its fragrance many leagues at sea."
as with the West Indian, Johnny Newcome.

Page 93
CHA
The culture and manufacture of indigenous Indigo, and individuals almost incredible-Every thing favourab climate, as in Bengal, to be dreaded-Varieties of ind Tangalle in the southern province abounds with Indigo-Fa an eminent Indigo planter, proposes to the government to sition refused-Extraordinary hypothesis-Indigo largely protracted stay in Kandy-John Tranchell, Esq.-Projec of the proposed superintendent-The company to be a readily supports and becomes the patron of the companyMr. Tranchell's death-The governor's promotion and rem leaf a valuable manure-Madung Appo-Specimens of . selecting Indigo seeds-Linnaean classification-Different an Indigo factory-Indigo maistry and labourers-Indig plantations in the Tangale district-Cultivation of col India-Hints to intending emigrants-Suggestions fo H raging the cultivation of Indigo-Settlement in Ceylon an
PERHAPs I cammot do better tham conti with the capabilities of the island, and with Providence has pre-eminently qualified it.
The local agriculture does not yet inclu forty-four years that Ceylon has been un been manufactured for exportation, from excellent and abundant ; but, on the conta from the Indian continent.
The apathy of the government to an obje colony, is almost incredible; but the negl only have arisen from a lamentable state of of capital.
Here every thing is favourable to the s the prospect for early and abundant return the remotest probability of a contrary resu of climate to be dreaded, that in the col

P. IX.
entirely neglected-Apathy displayed by the government le to the culture of Indigo-None of the vicissitudes of genous Indigo-None earported since 1794-District of cilities for establishing an Indigo factory-Mr. Fawkener, establish an Indigo farm and manufactory-This propoeaported by the Dutch government of Ceylon-Governor's ted Indigo company of Tangalle-Stipulations in favour body corporate-Anticipation of profit-The governor JProtracted correspondence-Questions of the committeeoval-Abandonment of the scheme-Frcula of the Indigo Indigo made from other indigenous plants-Best mode of methods of manufacturing Indigo-Cost of establishing sown every second year-Singhalese anarious for Indigo fee-Land not in the same insecure state in Ceylon as in er Majesty's secretary of state for the colonies for encoud in Australia contrasted.
nue, consecutively, the subject, connected the grand staples of commerce, for which
ude the culture of indigo ; nor, during the der the British flag, has a pound of indigo
the indigenous material, which is both 'ary, manufactured indigo is still imported
ect of such incalculable importance to the 2ct of this valuable dye by individuals, can ignorance respecting it, or from the want
peculation, if it may be called one, where s for capital laid out is not clouded with ult; for there are nome of the vicissitudes (rse of a night have devastated the most

Page 94
74 INDIGENOUS INDIGO-PRO
extensive plantations in Bengal, which, on luxuriance of approaching maturity, and, and calculations of the planter.
It is almost incredible, but neverthele itself, (Indigofera tinctoria, L.), in both th most prolific abundance, the last export government of the island, in the year 179 The district of Tangalle, in the southern and manufacture of indigo, for various rea material-similarity of climate to that of indigo is produced-facility of transport Galle or Colombo, during the north-east west-and every necessary material for bu drying yards, leaf godowns, steeping vats which may be obtained in any quantity fron at a moderate rate, compared with their c dant, and may be obtained in any quantit for which a trifling duty is charged; and si of collecting and burning, upon the spot; masons, and labourers may be had at mode In the year 1817, a gentleman named Bengal, came to Ceylon for change of climate, and having accidently seen the tru in my compound at Colpetty, he forthwith General Sir Robert Brownrigg, Bart., G. C. sive indigo farm and manufactory in the isl to him certain waste lands, the property Parveny or private lands, for thirty years; subject to the usual duty of ten per cent. full security for continuing the cultivatio lands were to revert to the crown.
This proposition was replete with certain was no stipulation made that governments and one successful speculation would have and the increase of agricultural labour, W the profits to Mr. Fawkener, incalculable.

POSITIONS FOR A FACTORY.
the preceding day, had appeared in all the with their destruction, annihilated the hopes
is an absolute fact, that although the plant e varieties, sativa and agrestis, grows in the of that dye took place, under the Dutch
province, is the best adapted to the culture sons; namely, abundance of the indigenous the coast of Coromandel, where the best by water to either of the ports of export, monsoon, or to Trincomalé by the southilding a first-rate indigo factory, including , and presses, (except roof and floor tiles, n Colombo, during the south-west monsoon, ost at home,) is at hand; for wood is abuny, upon a license from government to fell it, hells or coral for lime, for the mere expense and any number of carpenters, bricklayers, }rate wages, the latter for sixpence a day.
Fawkener, an extensive indigo planter in air. He soon became delighted with the e and bastard indigo growing spontaneously submitted a proposition to His Excellency B., the then governor, to establish an extenand, provided the government would assign of the crown, free of the usual taxes upon and at the expiration of that period, to be upon the produce. Mr. Fawkener offered n of indigo, and that in failure thereof, the
advantage to the revenue, because there hould allow indigo to be exported duty free; induced others. The benefit to the colony, ould have been certain and progressive, and

Page 95
INDIGO LARGELY EXPORTED U.
It may be presumed that the multipl Governor Sir Robert Brownrigg, who w rebellion that had broken out, precluded proposition which it might otherwise ha have dictated its acceptance, both as a c of extensively benefitting the agriculture the same time an improved method of as a grand staple of colonial produce, a m neglected dye.
It was stated, but how far correctly I ca the executive, whether indigo could be surely, that point was for the speculator's doubts whatever upon the subject; for he subsequently ascertained that in certain lo nothing but culture to improve it, when of course; and secondly, such a doubt betrayed gross ignorance of the history of fact, that during the Dutch administration had been manufactured for the Europea besides which, a preliminary trial of its g
would have soon solved the hypothesis.
The governor's protracted stay in Kand that country, together with Mr. Fawkene monsoon, to return to Bengal, determin which may be justly considered a very advantageous propositions were subsequen The next in the field was Mr. John Træ skill, and enterprise; but unfortunately previously ascertained that an abundanc galle district, and at length, failing in governor, His Excellency, Lieut. General the formation of an indigo factory, by a rix dollars, or 37 l. 10s. each share. The cheerfully conserted to become the patror It was then proposed, that as original be appointed the company's resident super

NDER THE DUTCHI GOVERINMENT. 75
city of business which then pressed upon as occupied in suppressing the Kandyan he deliberate attention to Mr. Fawkener's fe received, for sound policy would surely }rtain means of increasing the revenue, and of the colony, by introducing at one and ultivation, and bringing into general notice Ost valuable and indigenous, but altogether
unnot vouch, that doubts were expressed by successfully cultivated in the colony But consideration, and Mr. Fawkener had no had found it growing spontaneously, and calities it was most abundant, and required the manufacture would follov as a matter on the part of the executive would have the colony, for it had long been a recorded of the government, vast quantities of indigo h market, and exported from Trincomalé: rowth and manufacture upon a limited scale.
y, and the very uncertain state of affairs in r's desire to avail himself of the south-west ed him to abandon his original intention, severe loss to the island, for no similarly tly made. inchell, a Swedish gentleman of great ability. without capital. Mr. Tranchell had long 2 of indigo grew spontaneously in the Tanprivate channels, he proposed to the then Sir Edward Barnes, G. C. B., to patronize joint-stock company, in fifty shares of 500
governor approved of the plan, and most
mover of the scheme, Mr. Tranchell should intendent of such factory, and have a vested
2

Page 96
76 PROJECTED INDIGO FACTOR
right to ten shares for his own benefit, s scribers, in proportion to the number of : land should be granted by the government subject to the cultivation of indigo, so long return to the company, or that the comp pany should be a body corporate, under til Tangalle, with the privilege of being allowe before the supreme court of judicature, and * That two thousand acres of crown land by Mr. Tranchell, should be granted, free and after that period, to be chargeable, a usual duty upon private lands, namely, o that the proprietors, or a majority of ther committee of inspection, from time to time,
It was calculated, after a liberal estimate only have to make a sacrifice of the int months, and that in the third year a consi it was at the same time suggested, that as a give up all his time to the concerns of th emption of such shares as might at any t of disposing of all his own shares above : retain: but that if, at any subsequent p relinquish that situation, it could only b of the proprietors.
His Excellency the governor readily ente with certain modifications. The formation literary and agricultural society of Ceylon fate; for protracted correspondence ensue answers required for the “select committee correspondence between Mr. Tranchell and a view to give every satisfactory informatio erecting the necessary buildings, from such The committee next wished to ascertai sufficient, taking it for granted that the gc secondly, whether the previous appropriati in the outset, might not be impolitic; and

Y COMPANY OF TANGALLE.
uch ten shares to be paid for by the subshares purchased for themselves-that the as the bona fide property of Mr. Tranchell, as it should be found to make an ample any continued to exist-that the said comhe title of The Indigo Factory Company of !d to sue and defend, in all causes of action
minor courts, as a body corporate. s, in the province of Tangalle, to be chosen of all tax to government, for thirty years; is the property of Mr. Tranchell, with the ne tenth of their produce per annum; and m, at public meetings, should nominate a
of the progress of the establishment." of the expenses, that the proprietors would 2rest of their capital for the first eighteen derable dividend might be anticipated; and in encouragement to the superintendent to . e factory, he should have the right of preime be offered for sale, and also the power five, which number he was to be obliged to eriod, the superintendent should desire to e done with the consent of three-fourths
'red into the spirit of the propositions, but of the company was then proposed to the , and that measure eventually decided its d, innumerable questions were asked, and 's' information; which led to an extensive some eminent indigo factors in India, with m to the select committee, as to the cost of
plan as might be received from Madras. n if a less sum than €2000 would not be
overnment would give the land required on of a number of shares to MIr, Tranchell in lieu thereof, to remumerate his services

Page 97
CAUSES OF TS ABANDONME
according to the profits of the concernproceed upon a less scale at first, and have the subscribers generally; and finally, su against caprice on the part of the proprieto from the office of superintendent, except by To all these suggestions Mr. Tranchell r. speculation would succeed, and surpass all alas ! L'homme propose, mais Dieu dispos scribers, upon whom the formation of the in complete its establishment; most probably superintendent; and the subsequent promo of the Bengal army, put a finishing stroke numerous families might at this moment ha dent incomes, obtained with but little comp of capital; because such speculation must h is every way congenial to the plant itself, a affecting either its growth or manufactur It would not be difficult to select 500,00 at a comparatively small expenditure, migh tion for the reception of indigo seed; for v yond clearing the ground of weeds, and bu and levelling the ground; and whenever the leaf affords one of the richest that cou to ensure success but a moderate capital England full powers for establishing an ir 1827, but Mr. Tranchell's death in 1828, to act in his behalf.
Ceylon produces two other plants that very valuable blue dye may be obtained by An intelligent Singhalese doctor at Gallepi named Madung Appo, brought me sample: to Anglo-Indian merchants connected wit late Lieut. J. W. Philips, royal navy, (wh beth,) by whom it was declared to be a ve is a new and extensive field for further natural capabilities of this incomparable isl

T-VIOLET-COLORED INDIGO. 7ך
thirdly, whether the company might not the conveyance of the land to trustees for gested, in order to secure Mr. Tranchell s, that he should not be liable to removal
the vote of four-fifths of the company. adily assented; for he felt satisfied that the possible expectation or calculation. But : Mr. Tranchell died; the principal subligo company of Tangalle depended, did not from the difficulty of finding a competent cion of the governor to the chief command o the abandonment of a scheme, by which ve been in the full enjoyment of indepenarative trouble, and altogether without risk ave been a lucrative one where the climate and altogether exempt from the vicissitudes
0 acres, the property of the crown, which, it be brought into a proper state of cultivaery little would be required to be done berning the grass, and then lightly ploughing manure might be requisite, the foecula of d be employed: nothing indeed is wanting and perseverance. I brought with me to digo company in this country, in the year cancelled the power of attorney that I held
I am well acquainted with; from which a a similar process to that of making indigo. addé, near Galle, in the southern province, of the dye, which were extensively shown h the indigo trade in this country, by the at that time commanded the ship Elizay superior violet-colored indigo. Here then speculation and energy in developing the ind.

Page 98
78 DIFFERENT METHODS OF
Mr. Fawkerner pointed out to me the bes (Indigofera tinctoria var sativa, L.) from agrestis, L.) by the leaf. The first, when each hand, divides upon the least distension way, breaks with a swallow-tail.
The Egyptian name for indigo is Nil, w, one of many proofs of the great affinity be Linnaeus classifies indigo as of the XVII. Of this genus there are twenty five known v The best plan for ascertaining the matur it, and if the leaf begins to fall, it is fit for about two feet high, is cut with a sickle; infused in water for about thirty six hour a sort of churn, which is worked until the olive oil is then added in the proportion seventy five pounds of indigo-the oil cau curdled milk; it is then allowed to settle í and the sediment removed into straining ba is then made into lumps or cakes, and, whe There is another method of making ind boiling water, after the manner of tea, and if it were not for the additional expense of by using the leaf only.
The expenses of erecting a substantial i leaf godowns, drying yards, and every nece not exceed £1500 sterling; and, admitting chased from the government, at 5s. per £2000 sterling.
An indigo maistry may be obtained from two shillings sterling a month; and any sixpence a day in the maritime provinces. higher, because labourers are not to be plantations now under cultivation ; and Hiu the continent, for the natives of the maritin in Kandy, or (adopting their own words) * Upon the coast of Coromandel, the R

MANUFACTURING INDIGO.
mode of selecting seeds of the true indigo he bastard variety (Indigofera tinctoria var held between the thumb and forefinger of transversely; the latter, tried in the same
nich is also the Singhalese name forit, and ween the Egyptian and Pali languages.
class Diadelphia, and order III. Decandria. arieties, but only two are natives of Ceylon. ity of the indigo plant is by gently shaking the steeping vat. The plant, which is then the smaller branches are stripped off, and ; after which, the water is turned off into water is covered with a scum-like foamof one pound to sufficient water to produce ses the scum to separate, and appear like or some time, when the water is drawn off, gs, and allowed to drain for some time. It h dried, forms the indigo of commerce.
igo, by infusion of the smaller branches in employing quick lime as a precipitate; but labour, a superior indigo would be obtained
indigo factory upon a large scale, including Ssary apparatus for the manufacture, would g that 2000 acres of land were to be puracre, the whole outlay would not exceed
Madras for about four pagodas, or thirty number of labourers may be procured at It is only in the interior that labour is rocured there in sufficient numbers for the doo labourers are consequently hired from he provinces have great objection to service that other country." yots, who grow indigo, sow the crop but

Page 99
HINTS TO INTEND
every third year, permitting the ground to and feeding sheep on it; or else they cultiv and well-manured ground may be sown with the indigo leaf is a very powerful manure, a The Singhalese headmen of the Tangal long been anxious for the establishment of . would readily take shares in a company est ment must set the example, if it wish to ext as regards a more extensive culture of rice cochineal, pepper, annatto, silk, hemp, and I repeat that it must not be left to the cultivation, as far as regaras these articles ( of abeyance twenty years hence, as, with island, it is at this moment. W
The cultivation of coffee will run away the colony can command, because the four present proprietors ventured upon the sp more profit is likely to accrue from the cul and therefore, other equally important arti gins to attract attention) are to be left to ch in such small proportions as may suffice for Land is not im the same insecure and un notwithstanding the proximity of the two that which India does not, a fair field for permanent settlement; and particularly in effects of climate upon European constituti If Ceylon were better or sufficiently know emigration to new and almost unknown lan to be fully and fairly appreciated, speculat encouragement of hope or of even the slig possessors of moderate capital, would be both to become settlers, the government has a ment the “advantages" held out by the col 1834, and now extended to Ceylon; amo the annual eccess of the local revenue over the duce, to enable them to form plantations of

ING EMIGRANTS. 79
lie fallow during the intermediate period, te it with dry grains, oil plants, &c. Good indigo every second year; the foecula of ind requires caution in its employment. le district in the southern province have an indigo plantation and factory there, and ablished for that purpose; but the governend and improve the agriculture of Ceylon, by the natives, and of cotton, indigo, cocoa, opium by Europeans. private energy of the present colonists, or of commerce, will be just in the same state all the great natural capabilities of the
with all the capital that the Europeans in dations for it had been laid long before the eculation; and because they imagine that ture of a less quantity of land with coffee; cles of commerce (except sugar, which behance, or to be altogether neglected, except
private instead of national wants. settled state in Ceylon, that it is in India, countries; and, moreover, Ceylon offers the adventure of capital, accompanied by the interior, without risking any disastrous
OS In to the generality of persons, intent upon ds, for its great and indigenous resources ion would not long remain idle; but the htest prospect of success to any other than criminal and delusive. To officers disposed , variety of means at its command to augOnial minister's memorandum of August 15, ngst the rest, by advances of money out of 2 e apenditure, upon the security of the prothe valuable productions mentioned above,

Page 100
80 CEYLON AND AUST
If Her Majesty's secretary of state for th precedent for encouraging the cultivation India Company in 1799, or adopt the pla culture of cotton in India by the same Hol gent officers and private individuals would developing the resources of Ceylon, and C time, their own means of providing for the
But without moderate capital, it would m himself of what are termed “advantages terms provided for settling in the Australia
It is evident from the perusal of those di the appendix for general information, that to escape its observation. An officer accu may add, elegancies of life, resigns them th like Australia. There, all settlers are bent u planting, &c., and however happy they may they have no one better off than themselve invidious comparison in the same neighb widely different, in Ceylon; and wretched w ately proceeded to that island upon any su ducement to officers to become settlers in land, at a nominal quit rent of a pepperc cultivation, and advance them money upon

RALLA CONTRASTED.
e colonies would, in his wisdom, follow the of indigo set by the Honorable the East is now acted upon for the promotion of the norable body, many enterprising and intellieagerly grasp at the opportunity of further fencreasing its revenue; and, at the same ir families and dependents. islead an officer to recommend him to avail of emigrating to Ceylon, upon the same h colonies, south Australia excepted. ocuments to which I have given a place in he govermmenthas allowed one grand point stomed to society and the comforts, and I e moment he becomes a settler in a country pon the same objects :-a location, fencing, be to greet each other over the same prog, 's, that may place them within the pale of ourhood, or country. But it is different, vill be the settler, who may have inconsiderch most discouraging terms. The best inCeylon, would be to grant them as much corn, as they may undertake to bring into the terms I have already suggested.

Page 101
CHA]
Conflicting descriptions of the Palms of Ceylon-E: drawing-Classification and description of the coco-nut t tion-Sinnet for sailors' hats-Toddy, or palm wine-War Oil-Vinegar-Jaggery--Native method of planting it, a Coco-nut timber-Adhesive properties of the water of the coco-nut tree-Uses of the shells-Medicinal oil from flowers-Eartraordinary notions about the superabunda, Coco-aut oil used in the manufacture of soap and cand palm in the British West Indian and West African colon
So many conflicting and erroneous accou in travels, and extracts from the travels of to the contrary, I might be disposed to instead of inform, their readers; and jf t ments only, instead of witnessing the pro cannot expect that the latter, how much s ened by accounts at variance with facts.
The subjoined notes" from the works of for the correctness of their representations
* “Toddy is the juice running from an incision 1) pleasSnt beverage when first gathered in."-Statham's Inc
“A pot sufficient to hold two quarts is fixed to a brought down full at sunrise in the morning."-Cordiner' ' A small incision being made, there oozes in gentl palun wine of the poets."-Forbes's Oriental Memoirs, pa 'Toddy is procured by incision. It is only necessar shoot up, with a knife over night, and suspend a chatt juice, which immediately begins to distil, and continues t Percival's Ceylon.
“Between the cabbage-like shoot and the leaves, incision, there distils a juice differing little from water in ily the natives under the name of toddy."-Tennant's Inc See also Kerr's Voyages, vol. vii. page 476; and Po

P. X.
traordinary accounts of the process of Sura or toddy ree-Prucess of toddy drawing, from personal obserraieties and domestic uses of the Cocos nucifera—Arrackind their superstition about salt-Uses of the fronds'green coco-nut-The Hiromané-Average produce of a "he bark-Medicinal properties of the root, leaves, and ce of the coco-nut palm, and facility of planting it'es—Suggestions for eartending the culture of the coco-nut
'8S.
ints have been given of the palms of Ceylon, various writers, that if I were not satisfied think the authors endeavoured to mislead, he former will be governed by native statecesses which they pretend to describe, one oever they may be amused, will be enlight
authors who have obtained general credence , are (as all who have really witnessed the
lade in the stem of the leaves; and constitutes a very liam Recollections, page 29.
shoot where an incision is made in the evening, and is S Ceylon, vol. i. page 352. e drops a cool pleasant liquor, called tarce or toddy, the ge 24. y to make a slit in the top of the tree, where the leaves y, or earthen pot, from the branches so as to receive the do so till next morning, when the pot is removed."-
there spring several buds, from which, on making an color or consistence. This liquor is sold in the bazaars lian Recreations, vol. ii. page 283.
mnant's Hindoostan, vol. i. page l89.

Page 102
82 THE COCO-NUT PALM-ITS FAW
tedious process of preparing the coco-nut absolute illusions.
Let it be supposed, for instance, that drawing was, some few years ago, and p. being desirous of testing these plans, ado disappointment be imagined, when, anx draught of the “Palm wine of the poet if either of these incisive measures had the times these accounts were written, t for their toddy; for it would not, even ye begun to distil.
I will, therefore, briefly describe the var ness of this splendid palm, from my own pe The Coco-nut palm (Cocos nucifera, L., a Monaecia, Order VI. He randria, Natural O the nearer to the margin of the sea, the qui produce. It requires little or no care, b. of cattle, for, fanned by the winds of the In and although its general height is from six to exceed a hundred. Its diameter, at th root, which is composed of strong flexible f cane (Calamus Rotang, L.), spreads in a depth, and others creep along the surface of One may imagine a beautiful and verda fourteen to sixteen feet in length, radiati tapering stem eighty feet in height, and tha of the coco-nut palm.
The fronds are supported at the base elastic fibres, capable of sustaining great when gently stretched, an excellent subst This fibrous support lies in lamina betwee as the incipient ones, even to their rudimen and seems providentially adapted for the constant danger that would otherwise att topes, from the sudden falling of decayed the trunk prevents; but it is not made into

DRITE SOIL, AND DESCRIPTION.
ree for the production of toddy will admit)
planter in the West Indies, (where toddy obably continues to be, entirely unknown,) oted either one or all of them; and let his iously anticipating the assured morning's s," he found it altogether Eutopian and een resorted to, and the pot hung up at he authors would have waited a long time t, after an interval of so many years, have
tous natural properties and domestic usefulrsonal observations. und Polgaha of the Singhalese, Class XXI. rder Palma), delights in a sandy soil, and cker its growth, and the more abundant its ayond being well fenced from the inroads dian ocean, it gains fecundity by exposure : ty to eighty feet, it is not uncommon for it le base, is from two to three feet; and the ibres, about the thickness of a small rattan circle; and of these, some run to a great f the soil. nt circle, formed of feathery fronds, from ng from a common centre at the top of a t will afford some idea of the magnificence
by diagonal and horizontal layers of strong weight, and so closely united as to form, itute for a hair sieve for straining liquids. n the branches, which it envelopes, as well is, or what is commonly called the cabbage, security of the passing traveller from the end him, whilst traversing the coco-nut branches, which its very firm adhesion to gunny bags, (Gungesaaken of the Dutch,)

Page 103
PROCESS OF TODDY DRAWING
as some authors have stated, and is merely and for kindling fires.
During the many years that I resided accident from the falling of a coco-nut; a re the many thousands of people constantly p Trees, intended for toddy drawing, are pri ing process. The toddy drawer first ties th tough white pinnae of the young fronds; and are then of a beautiful white, but s concave towards the heart of the crest, their position by new fronds, they gradua mately become horizontal. The old frond nearest the tree proportionally thick; thes fall off, after hanging for weeks together b for fuel, torches, and fences, they leave su The purpose of tying the spathe is t transversely, to the extent of about two an ebony or iron-wood batoon, by the to evenings successively. The next operatic of the spathe, so as to admit of its depre kept in that position by attaching it to an days, the toddy drawer suspends a calabas decapitated spathe, so as to receive the he repeats every morning and evening, requires. whilst any part of it remains.
This delicious liquid, combining a plea still less degree of acidity, when fresh, an
* An Indian name for groves. In Bengal, Mango p tree; but where groves of palms are reserved for toddy
t These are in general request by sailors in India, narrow strips, then plats them into what he calls sinne heavy substitute for a chip hat; for it wears remarka better for inter-tropical service. Of the mid-rib (costa) Chulos, and, (Anglicé,) Chules. These the native footstalk towards the point; but they leave one or two, at of tying the others round the mid-fib, or rather, the lon

-SINNET FOR SAILORS' HATS. 83
used for straining toddy and other liquids,
in Ceylon, I never heard of but one fatal markable circumstance, when one considers assing and repassing through the topes.* evented from producing fruit by the followe spathe in three places, with strips of the which latter shoot perpendicularly at first, oon change to a straw color; these are and when they are successively forced from lly expand their pinnated leaves, and ultiis have a strong mid-rib, with the footstalks } embrace the stem, and as they gradually y their fibrous support, or are pulled down Iccessive and very visible scars. o prevent its expansion; it is then cut inches from the point, and beaten with oddy drawer, for five or six mornings and n is to remove a portion of the footstalk assion, for the juice to flow freely, and it is inferior branch; in the course of five or six h, or earthen pot, called a chatty, from the juice as it exudes from the flower, and this aking of a slice of the flower as occasion
sant but slight degree of sweetness with a d of peculiar flavor, is called by us toddy;
antations are called topes, as well as those of the coco-nut rawing, they are called toddy topes. for making hats. Jack first reduces the pinnae into very and, with a needle and thread, soon forms a good but ly well, and, being cooler than one of glazed leather, is the natives make neat whisks and bird cages.
make, by laying down the pinnae horizontally from the certain distances, in their natural position, for the purpose itudinal section of it, for each frond makes two chules.
2

Page 104
84 SURA-WARIETIES OF THE CO(
Ra, by the Singhalese ; and Suri or Sura, and Hindo-Portuguese; and, being esteem to at the earliest peep of dawn, by the bon effects of more potent libations over night. There are five varieties of this palm Buddha temples generally contain the best priests readily afford strangers every infor fidence, which arises from the dread of bei from disinclination to gratify the curiosity for information when required, one may re no more of the varieties of the coco-nut p, from the mere circumstance of the differen Koroomba, or water coco-nut, to that which The peculiar shape and bright orange attract observation, but it is scarcely evert presented, by the priests, or headmen, by
The next in beauty is of an orange c. the king coco-nut. The third is of a pa substance of its husk, which is between t green state. The fourth is the common c this country from the West Indies; and th nut, about the size of a duck's egg; this is I have remarked the coco-nut palm, i namely, the Azores, West Indies, Mauriti Malacca, Moluccas, Banda Islands, Celebe: height that it does in Ceylon.
The finest arrack in the world is distilled (which, owing to the rapidity of that proce course of a few hours,) and not from sweet
* “The word Sura in Sanscrit signifies both wine an of Walmic, it is expressly said that the Devatdis havin Daityas that of Asura, from not having received it. and the Devatdis as enjoying it, in a superior degree, Suras, became, in the Grecian deity Bacchus, (by a drunkards."--Asiatic Researches, vol. viii. page 50.
So called, because the Maldivian boats which visit

*O-NUT PALM-KING COCO-NUT.
(which means palm wine,) by the Hindoos 2d a gentle aperient, it is very often resorted -vivant, by way of removing the unpleasant
it Ceylon, and the grounds adjoining the specimens of the indigenous species. The nation, but only upon inquiry, for their difng considered obtrusive, does not proceed of the European visitor; and without asking main all one's life-time in Ceylon and know alm than casual observation might suggest, ce in point of color of the nuts, from the
approaches, or has attained maturity. color of the King coco-nut cannot fail to o be seen in the bazaars. It is occasionally way of compliment, to Europeams. olor, but not of the beautiful pear shape of le yellow, rather cordiform, and the fleshy he epidermis and the nut, is edible in its bco-nut, which is abundantly imported into e fifth is a sort of Maldivet or dwarf cocoesteemed as a rariety. n its various stages, in many countries; us, Coast of Coromandel, Bengal, Pinang, s, and Timor; but I never saw it attain the
y the Singhalese from the fermenting toddy, ss, becomes an intoxicating beverage in the toddy, as some travellers have erroneously
l true wealth; hence in the first Chand of the Ramdiyan g received the Surá, acquired the title of Suras, and the The Véda is represented as that wine and true wealth; being termed Suras, the prince, or supreme leader of the confined translation of the word,) the god of wine and
he island bring a few extremely small nuts as curiosities.

Page 105
POLWAKERE, OR ARRACK-PUN
asserted. One hundred gallons produce, by lese, twenty five of arrack,* (Poluvakéré,) constitution, but gradually acquires wholes bread bakers for the purposes of yeast.
Pine apples, steeped in arrack, impart a that of a liqueur, unrivalled for making n meaning five :-thus our compound of suga derives its English name from a Hindoo nu) Lamp oil is made from the kernel of t to the sun on mats until it has become 1 natives call it Kopperah,) by means of a for culinary purposes, by boiling the fresh former is now made into candles and soap, feeding cattle and poultry.
Vinegar is made by putting toddy, dra them closely covered, but exposed to the su and replaced in the same jars, with a lit a small piece of the red Ghorkah (Cambogia noringa), the jars are then laid in the e. a very excellent vinegar is produced.
Jaggery, a sort of sugar, is made by susp instead of one in common use for toddy bark of the Shorea robusta, (Hallghas of the become sweet. Eight gallons of it boiled c called in Singhalese Penni; which, being as called Jaggery; this is formed into cakes moulds; which, having been enveloped in and preserved from humidity by being suspe A coco-nut tree, planted near the sea, ge but in elevated situations of the interior, average period; and from that time to upw will continue to produce fruit in abundance. toddy-drawer, in which case it produces no The maturity of coco-nuts, reserved for of the husk; they are then plucked, and,
* Batavian arrack is

JEE-OIL WINEGAR-JAGGERY. S5
the simple chymical process of the Singhawhich, when very new, is injurious to the omeness by age. Toddy is also used by
lelicious flavor, and reduce its strength to :ctarial punch, or Puntjee of the Hindoos, r, limejuice, spirit, water, and lemon-peel, meral. he ripe coco-nut, after it has been exposed ancid and discolored, (in which state the simple press turned by bullocks; and oil pulp, and skimming it as it rises. The and the oil-cake, or Poonac, is used for
wn in dry weather, into jars, and keeping n, for a month; the toddy is then strained, tle bird pepper (Capsicum frutescens, L.), : gutta), and of Moringa pod (Hyperanthera arth for a month or five weeks, and thus
ending a clean and dry calabash, or chatty, rawing, and containing some chips of the Singhalese,) which will cause the toddy to ver a slow fire, yield two gallons of syrup, gain boiled, produces a coarse brown sugar, in bottoms of coco-nut shells, by way of bieces of dried plantain leaf, are hardened, nded where smoke has free access to them. herally blossoms in the fourth or fifth year; six or seven years may be considered the ards of sixty years, this most prolific palm unless the tree be devoted entirely to the fruit.
planting, is indicated by the brown color having been laid aside for a few days, are
distilled from rice,

Page 106
86 SUPERSTITION ABOUT SALT-FROND
ranged in rows, and partly covered with suspended from the branches of trees ul three months, more or less, the plant will from that time, will have attained the heig thrown out three or four foliacious fro during the rainy season, when the plants their nature requires.
The Singhalese are so extremely supe) salt into the holes, before they place the great regularity in forming their topes, by from twenty to twenty four feet apart, abo the top, and in the shape of inverted cones moisture. If the salt were omitted, they
The green fronds split, and their pinnate baskets, and thatch; * and, when burnt, pr which are white and tough, make beautiful The stem is at first of a very spongy I ligneous fibres; and, until it is about twen poses of gutters, water pipes, and fences; shingles, ornamental cabinet work, rice country vessels, called Dhonies.
The water of the green coco-nut is a deli it is also used by house-plasterers, for its colored washes, and, conjointly with Jagge The pulp of the young coco-nut is an kernel of the seed coco-mut, after vegetati of a Singhalese dessert. It is spongy, but p the natives. The expressed juice of the pull obtained by first rasping it with an instru
* Called by the natives, Cajan. : The Hiromané is the best kind of grater that ca because it obviates the necessity of breaking the nut-shel which, in its ripe state, is no very easy matter. It cons stout piece of wood, cut in a peculiar shape, which in the most convenient for this domestic purpose; and co i have yet to learn.

-TIMBER-GREEN COCO-NUT WATER.
arth; or, as in many parts of the country, til vegetation has commenced. In about have appeared, and in less than five months nt of sixteen or eighteen inches, and have lds. The best time for transplanting is
receive that abundant nourishment which
'stitious, that they invariably throw a little coco-nut plants in them; and they observe making holes for the plants in parallel lines, ut three feet deep, of the same diameter at , for the purpose of collecting the necessary would not expect the plant to flourish. d leaves interwoven, make covers for plants, oduce a superior alkali. The young pinna,
mats, baskets, and boxes for ladies' work. nature, and full of tough perpendicular and ty years old, is applicable only to the purbut when it becomes old, it is fit for rafters, bounders, walking sticks, and for building
cious drink, if it be plucked before sunrise; adhesive quality, in mixing their white and ry and shell-lime, for stucco.
admirable vegetable blancmange, and the on has commenced, is among the delicacies easant to the taste, and greatly esteemed by p of the ripe nut is properly the milk, and is ment called Hiromané, them soaking it in
- From 80 to 200 tons burthen. be employed to reduce the kernel for culinary purposes, l in pieces, or the previous removal of the kernel frcm it, sts of a circle of notched iron fastened to the end of a memorial custom has induced the Singhalese to consider sidered by Europeans to resemble a boot-jack, but why,

Page 107
PALM CABBAGE-KOIR-USES OF THE
water and pressing it through a cloth, when The cabbage is delicious, whether fricaseed, as sweet and crisp as the Catappa almond ( A bunch of coco-nuts seldom exceeds fil growing in sandy situations, the fruit is gat ternal husk, after having been soaked in wat a fibre called Koir or Koya, of which, yarn, bed and sofa mattresses, and bags, are manu cups, basons, lamps, sportsmen's liquor fla: and charcoal; which latter, when pulverized A powerful oil is extracted from the bal as a liniment in cutaneous diseases, and c nently efficacious, provided that, in such ce the principal article of diet, be strictly adh the kernel, which is a certain cure for the ri The root is considered by the native ( remittent fevers, that it is almost invariab are boiled with dried ginger and jaggery, a regular intervals. The same decocture, wł of the nut, freshly made, and generally af cases where pustules have formed in the mo In hemorrhoids, the expressed juice of t and taken internally, is considered a soverei the external application of the expressed ju the cow or goat, mitigates, if it do not enti The juice of the flower is of so astringer a solution of alum upon the inside of the taken in small quantities, not exceeding affords almost immediate temporary relief that most debilitating disease in tropical clin The shade of the coco-nut tree is who topes, very little underwood is found.
An odd notion has long prevailed, that if down, the natives would be obliged to cu
* Seepage 103, for the Singhales

COCO-NUT SHELL-MEDICINAL OIL. 87
it forms an ingredient in all good curries. or pickled, or in its raw state, when it is erminalia Catappa, L.). teen or twenty good ones; and from trees nered four or five times a year. The exer for a certain period, is beaten out into ropes, cables, brooms, plasterers' brushes, factured. Coco-nut shells are made into sks, ladles, skimmers, spoons, lampblack, , forms an excellent dentifrice. k of the coco-nut tree, which is employed onsidered by the Singhalese doctors emi„ses, a free use of the green coco-nut, as }red to ; and an ointment is prepared from ng-worm in children. loctors so efficacious in intermittent and ly employed by them. Small pieces of it nd the decocture is given to the patient at len used as a gargle, is mixed with the oil fords considerable relief to the patient, in uth or glands of the throat. he leaves, mixed with fresh oil of the nut, gn remedy; and in ophthalmic complaints, Lice of the nut, mixed with new milk from cely remove, inflammation. ut a nature, that it has the same effect as mouth; this, mixed with new milk, and a wine-glass full, but at regular periods, and, if persevered in, effectual cure, in nates, Lues Gonorrhaea. lesome; for wherever there are coco-nut
all the coco-nut trees in Ceylon were cut tivate rice more extensively, and that it
2 musical instrument, the Vinah.

Page 108
S8 PRESERVATIVE FOR THE HAIR-C
would operate as a general blessing To many virtues of this invaluable palm, appal Providence, for the use and happiness of t universally known and encouraged through whose duties may have called them, as i have failed to remark the apparently deg West Indies, in comparison with that of th
The facility of planting the coco-nut I for its growth and preservation,-the m bestows on man,-all tend to render it a the guardians, deputed by the Giver of all
The Singhalese are very remarkable for bute it to the use of coco-nut oil, which Europeans; but it is only by habitual use t to insure its general adoption as a promoter properties are destroyed by adulteration; a now used, and the demand for coco-nut oil in the manufacture of candles and soap, improvement of the quality of the coco-nut from smoke, its importation will continue in much attention and encouragement cannc of this invaluable palm, not only at Ceyl West African colonies.
Independently of the general consumpt by the native inhabitants, and its extensiv Europeans, it finds a ready market for expo ropes and cables, oil, vinegar, arrack, jagge native houses, affords employment to a c Malabar population.
* If the reader have not previously read “A Treatis and Horticultural Societies" published in the year 183s it will afford him soue amusement to compare the former Walios, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore, and China, by College of Surgeons," (published by Mr. Bentley in 183

OCO-NUT-OIL SOAP AND CANDLES.
me it appears a subject of regret, that the ently bestowed by the hands of a beneficent he natives of tropical climes, are not more out the British West India Islands. Those my own case, to both countries, cannot enerated state of the coco-nut tree of the le East.* alm,-the small portion of care requisite ltiplied benefits which, in its maturity, it object of peculiar regard to those who are good, of the labourer of the tropics. heir luxuriant and beautiful hair, and attri, in a perfumed state, is also employed by hat its virtues can be sufficiently ascertained and preserver of the hair, unless its natural nd as steam and other English oil-mills are has greatly increased, since its employment it may be anticipated, that from the recent oil for table use, by its being rendered free an increasing ratio; and consequently, too ot be given to a more extensive cultivation om, but throughout our West Indian and
ion of the produce of the coco-nut palm e employment in the domestic economy of rtation ; and the manufacture of koir yarn, ry, and cajans for thatching bungalows and onsiderable portion of the Singlialese and
e upon the Coco-nut Palm, hy a Fellow cf the Lintitu: ), and a stre ::: cii: „ “ vyf it, in muy own name, in 1836, with the second volume of “Wanderings in New South George Bennett, Esq., F. L. S., and fellow of the Royal 4,) pages 297 to 335 inclusively. AUTHoR.

Page 109
CHAF
The Areka Palm and its Linnaean classification-Flowe festivals-Areka nut anti-scorbutic-Spathe, and its usesSuggestions for condensing the dye-Heat generated by th Wood eccellentfor bovs-Palmyra (Borassus fiabellifor -Buddhist priests and their fans-Native books-Palm ( its principal uses---Sugar palm (Caryota urens, L.)--Ke, nooses-Kettule toddy and Jaggery-Hookahs-Calabashe -Talipat tree (Corypha umbraculifera, L., and Licuala : Its uses-Conflicting accounts of the report caused by
Talipat sago-Talipat palm at Colombo-Privileges of th of the talipal fan by the priests of Siam-Talipat plani from Mauritius ir troduced into Ceylon-Phaeniæ sylvestri
IN a commercial point of view, the Arek Order Monadelphia, and Natural Order Pal of Bauhine, and Pinanga of Rumphius) js
The flower, which, like that of the cocoits beautiful drupes, and the flower and fruit and moss (Lycopodium Zeylanicum) with whi menting temporary buildings for balls and O
This palm so greatly resembles the cabb. Indies, that, upon a cursory view, it is sc except by its drupes. The heart of the cri it is both inferior to that of the cabbage an
The drupes are about the size of a hen's gold or orange color, occasionally speckle coco-nuts in miniature, but at the very base fronds, as in the coco-nut palm. The averag
The nut forms a principal ingredient in th India and the Eastern Archipelago, where i thing offered by way of compliment by nati scorbutic for the teeth and gums, and to g
* Described in the Hortus Botanicus An
M

'. XI.
r and fruit used for ornamenting temporary buildings for -Terra Japonica-Properties of the areka nut as a dyee nuts-Barter through the agency of Buddhist priestsmis, L.) common in the Northern and Eastern Provinces il-Kellingo-Palmyra toddy and Jaggery-Timber and tule fishing rods-Sago–Elephant bous, and snares or S-Sugar palm chiefly cultivated in the Southcrn Province pinosa of Thunberg)-Its classification-Talipat leafthe bursting of the spathe of the talipat tree-Mabolé2 priests of Buddha-M. de la Loubere's notice of the use 's sent to England by the author-Tavelam tents-Palms s, L.--Dwarf palm.
a palm (4reca Catechu, L., Class Monaccia, mae ; Puak-gaha of the Singhalese, Fau fel next in value to the coco-nut tree. nut palm, is white, is used, conjointly with t of the coco-nut tree, and the wild flowers ich the cinnamon gardens abound, in ornather festivities. age palm (Areca oleracea, L.) of the West :arcely to be distinguished from the latter, est of the Areca Catechu is also edible, but d coco-nut palms. egg, with a smooth epidermis of a bright il with brown; these grow in clusters, like of the verdant crest, instead of between the fe annual produce is from 280 to 300 nuts. he betel masticatory, so general throughout t is called Pain or Pawn, and is the first ves of all classes. It is considered an antiive the breath an aromatic odour; but its
nericanus as of the size of a coco-aut

Page 110
90 AREKA PALM-PUAK-PATA-TER
habitual use imparts an appearance of blee gusting in women. The pulverized charcC The fronds are more bushy in foliage t half their length; they have also a strong and being more irregular in shape, and cannot be interwoven into Cajans.
The base of the crest, to the height of which the Singhalese call Puak-pata ; th great utility to the natives for domestic oil, and their curry and rice, when trave urens, L.) abounds, it is principally in rec Penni, or sweet syrup, and will retain its o I have heard it asserted, that the ext of commerce, and if a few of the nuts the decoction has both the taste and odou present name is greatly misapplied.
The properties of the areka nut, as a d peculiar red, and cannot be mistaken by a conceive it practicable to condense the dye, of importing the nuts; and strong objection arises from the excessive heat which is g perceptible even whilst lying in heaps for a
The Ceylon areka tree is famous for the a great article of barter between the Kal beryn, viâ Kaltura, long before our occu chiefly carried on through the agency an allowed depôts of nuts to be formed at the Ganga, from whence they were conveyed a The tree itself is beautiful, and delight with occasional exceptions, straight as an a Its circumference varies little throughout it base, from which to the crest, the annul When very old, the wood is as tough as bows and pingos.-There is a wild species Singhalese call Lenatesi gaha.
* Temporary residences for priests; derived
+ Flat-bottomed boats, iron fastened, and

RA JAPONICA-AREKA NUT DYE.
ding at the mouth, which is particularly disall of the nut forms an excellent dentifrice.
than those of the coco-nut tree, and about g mid-rib, but the leaflets are folded back, thicker than those of the coco-nut palm,
three feet, is enveloped in a sort of spathe, is being extremely tough and elastic, is of purposes, particularly for carrying milk and lling; but where the sugar palm (Caryota uest for the purpose of holding the Kettule riginal elasticity for many years.
ract of the areka nut is the Terra Japonica are boiled in water with a little chunam, ur of that drug; but if this be the case, its
ye, are well known in Scotland; it is of a ny one accustomed to the color. I should so as to save a great deal in freight, instead ls to their exportation to any great distance generated by their stowage in bulk; this is few days before they are shipped. superior quality of its nut, which was always ndyan inhabitants of Saffregam, and Barupation of the interior. This traffic was d connivance of the Buddhist priests, who various Panselas on each side of the Kaluway, in Pardiet boats, to the sea coast. ts in a sandy soil. The stem slender, and, rrow to the height of seventy or eighty feet. is length, seldom exceeding two feet at the armarks of the fallen petioles are distinct. whalebone, and the best im the world for s of this palm (Arecasylvestris), which the
سنہ%'.. & ?رہ:بر - در بی تک. بر & ,
from the Pali words Pan, leaf, and sala, shed.
with sliding roofs, thatched with Cajans.

Page 111
PROPERTIES OF THE PALMYRA-F
The third palm, in point of value for it palmyra (Borassuý,/ỉabelliformis, L.), class The Singhalese call it Talgaha. Linnaeus name of Ampana, and the female tree by tha Male flower, calya; universal spathe, col corol three-parted; petals egg'd, concave; thicker, striated-Female flower, calya; sp. parted; petals roundish, small, permanent stigmas simple; pericarp, drupe roundish, o egg'd, compressed, distinct, filamentous.
Like all the other palms, the fronds of only; but as these are cut down, or fall o. tinct than either of the other palms, and t that the tree may be ascended with less di the coco-nut, areka, or sugar palms.
The spathe resembles that of the Areca is used by the natives for similar purposes.
This tree is more common in the norther part of the island; and those that I have in height. The fronds are fan-leaved, arr centre, and the stipes sawed at the edges. T the spines are cut off, and the middle is lackered for sale, or used plain, as may suit sees a Buddhist priest without one of the si of which, some are heart-shaped, others ciri I have heard many arguments as to the some pretend that the degrees of the Bu their fans; but I do mot state this as an oberved, that the handsomest Punkahs , priesthood.†
Palmyra leaves are subdivided longitudin and bear the general name of Olas. The
:
* St. Matthew particularly alludes to the fa t Maha Nayeka Oonansé signifies a high priest, ɛ Tirinansé
M

ANS OF THE BUDDHIST PRIESTS, 9.
s domestic properties, is the fan palm, or XXII. Dioecia, and order VI. Hexandria. describes the male tree by the Malabar it of Carim-pana. mpound; spadir amentaceous, imbricated; stamens, filaments six, thickish, anthers the and spadia as in the male; corol three; pistil, germ roundish, styles three, small, otuse, rigid, one-cell'd; seeds three, rather
the palmyra grow on the top of the tree f, they leave their vestigia much more dishe bark is consequently so much rougher, ficulty, by inexpert climbers, than either
Catechu in toughness and elasticity, and
n and eastern provinces, than in any other 'seen, seldom exceeded thirty or forty feet ned with spines, radiating from a common The fan-part is about four feet in diameter; formed into fans, or Punkahs; these are the taste of the purchaser; but one never maller sort, or a fan of some kind or other; 2ular, with handles of carved ivory.
fan being an emblem of authority; and ddhist priesthood may be distinguished by ascertained fact, although I have myself are carried by the higher orders of the
ally into strips for native books and letters, se are written upon with an iron style, and
n (or winnow) in his 3rd chapter, verse 12. und Oomansé a priest–Gooroonansé a teacher, and
a reader.
2

Page 112
92 KELLINGO-PALMYRA
lampblack is then rubbed over the writing this, from the smoothness of the surface, is not impressed by the style perfectly clea. The fruit, which is a large three-seed esteemed. Palm oil is made of the pulp become rancid. The spring leaf, or Kel boiled or fricasseed; this the natives mal of delicious flavour, by cutting it off close months, then drying it in the sun, and afte Dutch formerly considered palmyra flour well as for presents to their friends, that Hope and Holland:-in both places it was and imparting its peculiar flavor, to soups a Palmyra toddy is drawn from the flow a similar process to that described in the pr
On the outside and at the base of the there is a soft cotton-like substance, of a employed by the native doctors for staunchi
The timber, being dark and beautifully work; and by builders, for rafters, &c. and tougher with age.
The next of the indigenous palms, in (Caryota urens, L.), or Kettule-Gaha of th order VIII. Polyandria.
Male flower calya, universal spathe, comp petals lanced, concave ; stamens, filaments m linear-Female flower upon the same spe with the males; corol three-parted; petals style pointed, stigma simple; pericarp, a be oblong, roundish on one side, flat on the ot
The berries are about two and a half thickly studded upon dependent stems, fr three feet in circumference, like a mass ol common centre; these, when ripe, are of name of this palm is derived.
The tree is very straight in growth, a

CIMBER-SUGAR PALM.
which makes the characters more legible; is easily wiped off, leaving the part that lo d drupe, grows in bunches, and is much
after having been exposed to the sun and ingo, is a most excellent vegetable, when ufacture into a nutritious meal, or flour, , after the seed nuts have been sown a few rwards pounding it in a rice mortar. The so very valuable as a convalescent diet, as hey often exported it to the Cape of Good much esteemed, and used for thickening, nd made dishes. 2r, and good Jaggery is made from it, by eceding pages. fronds, just where they rise from the stem,
light brown color, which is collected and ng blood, or hemorrhage. striated, is very much esteemed for cabinet It is extremely durable, becoming harder
point of domestic utility, is the sugar palm e Singhalese, of class XXI. Monoecia, and
ound; spadia branchy; corol three-parted; any, rather longer than the corol; anthers dia with the male ones; calya common pointed, very small; pistil, germ roundish, rry, roundish, one-cell'd; seeds two, large, le.
or three inches in circumference, and are om four to five feet in length, and about closely knotted ropes, diverging from a brilliant red color, from which the trivial
d without fronds except at the top, where

Page 113
PROPERTIES OF THE SUGAR P.
they form a dark green crest, but are differ being twice-feather-leaved, and the leaflet divisions of the fronds are much esteemed
The Kettule seldom exceeds forty feet i. vestigia upon the bark, like those of the c duces a nutritious sago ; but, according to ] the brown sago of the Moluccas, or the w old, is tough and heavy, and is made into ing burthens. The outer cuticle is so ver it into nooses and ropes for securing elepha The toddy, which is also drawn from the drunk when that from the coco-nut tree car this liquid, boiled over a slow fire, will callèd Kettule Penni to this is also added (Shorea robusta), and, being again boiled, superior quality to that from the coco-nut p The Kandyan Jaggery is made entirely several years. Although the common sort sugar, a finer sort, of very superior qua obtained for Chinese sugar-candy, which it Jaggery is a principal ingredient in the ( Gur-Gurrée, and Habble-bubble smokers.
Clean chatties, or calabashes, are indis would otherwise be affected by the acidi twice, without being well washed and dried, bita Lagemaria, L.); that of the West Indies Cuiete, L.), which is not produced in Ceylo The Jaggery, or sugar makers, are called but both are included in the subdivisions of in rank of the principal Singhalese castes.
Each cake of Jaggery is separately enve plantain (Musa sapientum, L.), or banana ( where smoke has free access to it, until
* The elephänt ows used by the natives of the Mah wood, and tempered in the smoke of wetted rice straw, th

LN-HAKOOROOS-CHAN DOOS. 93
it to those of the other indigenous palms, are of triangular shape; The transverse y the native fishers, for angling rods. ! height. The petioles leave their annular co-nut and areka palms. The pith prony humble judgement, it is very inferior to hite sort of China. The wood, when very ice pounders, bows, and pingos for carrystrong and elastic that the natives make ltS.
flower, is so very luscious, that it is only not be readily procured. Eight gallons of roduce four gallons of a very thick syrup, l small pieces of the bark of the Hallgas double the quantity of Jaggery, and of a alm, is the product.
from this syrup, and will keep good for is of the color of the coarsest Muscovado ity, and the best substitute that can be greatly resembles, is made for headmen. Jhillum used throughout India by Hookah,
ensable for collecting sweet toddy, which y inseparable from using the same vessel
The Ceylon calabash is a gourd (Cucuris the fruit of the calabash tree (Crescentia
l.
Hakooroos, and toddy drawers, Chandoos, he same caste, (Shudra Wanse,) the second
loped in a piece of the dried leaf of the Musa Paradisiaca, L.), and then suspended equired for the market or other purposes.
gampattoo, in the southern provinee, are made of this own upon a fire made of jungle leaves

Page 114
94 THE UMBRIELLA PALM, OR TI
The shape and size of a cake of common pastry cooks. The Kettule tree is more southern province, than in any other.
The next in value, but the most magni talipat, or umbrella-bearing palm (Coryph Thunberg, and Talagaha of the Singhal been in a most undecided state.
Thunberg describes the flower as follows hairy within; corol three-parted almost t cave; nectary garland form, twice as sh serted into the nectaries, erect, very sho convex, furrowed, three-parted, smooth; s
The talipat leaf is the largest known intercepted with a thread. The natives sewed at the side with the natural threa colors for the use of headmem. Its circum is so thoroughly impervious to the sun a its value to the native traveller may be Singhalese books are formed of strips of style, and some now extant, although w. original freshness of appearance. Tents, leaf, supported by bamboo poles, than w better for the purpose of temporary shelte One of the specimens of the talipat leaf measures thirty six feet in circumferenc College, with my name attached to it; bl is, however, most satisfactory to know tha other is still a mystery; for although th scientific institutions, neither of them hav for the last fourteen years.
There have been many conflicting state I never was within view of a talipat tre spathe, it has been stated in one of the times. This perhaps was not the first, mistakes, but I am not at all disposed, bec accounts of the loud report, with which th

ALPAT-ITS ENORMOUS LEAF.
Jaggery is that of the bun of our English extensively cultivated in Saffragam, in the
icent of Ceylon palms in appearance, is the umbraculifera, L.); the Licuala spinosa of ese. Its classification has for many years
-Calya', perianth one-leaved, three-parted, the base, the divisions egg'd, acute, con»rt as the corol; stamen, filaments six, int; anthers oblong, twin; pistil, germ above, tyle one, simple; stigmas two.
it is circular, feather handled, folded, and subdivide it into eight parts, and these are ld, and ornamented with talc and various mference is from thirty to forty feet; and it nd impenetrable by the heaviest rains, that easily imagined. The most valuable of the the leaf; these are engraved with an iron ritten many centuries back, have all their of all forms and sizes, are also made of the nich, nothing cambe lighter for carriage, or
. that I brought with me from Ceylon, which , may be seen in the museum of King's ut how it got there, I have yet to learn. It it it is so well disposed of. The fate of the ey were borrowed to be shown at certain e found their way back to the proper owner
hents published of this palm; and although 2 at the moment of its spadix bursting the “Annuals" that I had witnessed it several or has been the last, of the same author's use I was not present, to dispute the native : bursting of the talipat's compound spathe,

Page 115
BURSTING OF THE TALIPA
is accompanied, until it be refuted by some may have been near the tree at the time of standing the opinions as to its gradual el heard at a considerable distance; for I w Dutch inhabitants at Grand Pass, as well as for a considerable time at Matelé, now part o abounds, that the bursting of the spathe is
The natives entertain a similar belief to t aloe, that the talipat lives a century befo that the growth of all the palm family is heart of the talipat stem consists of a sp to be credited.
In 1822, a talipat palm blossomed at M. Colombo; and for nearly three months, viz spathe to the flower attaining its full heig space of four months before it seeded, th curious, and among them the '' evening bea this wonder of the vegetable world, ere its
Sago is prepared from the granulated pith equal to the true sago of the Moluccas; bl I brought with me to this country, it is or Cycas circinalis.
There are very few objects in the vegeta than this palm, or more useful to the col beautiful specimen of it in the compound casual visitor, who may not have time or op gratify a very commendable curiosity.
The Buddhist priests had the same pri King, as to the talipat fan being borne ov M. de la Loubere, in his account of Siam, ticularly mentions the talipat fan, * Pour s est leur parasol en forme d'ecran."
In 1822 and 1825, I sent several talipat Bagot, and the Horticultural Society of Lo sented the only perfect talipat seed that I h seedsman of High Holborn.

' SPATHIE.—TALIPAT SAGO.. * 95
individual of unimpeachable veracity, who its taking place; feeling satisfied, notwithpansion, that, in calm weather, it may be as positively assured by several respectable oy two intelligent Malays, who had resided f the Central Province, where the Talagaha ittended with a loud report. hat commonly entertained of the American e it blossoms; but it is too well known, extremely rapid, and moreover that the ongy fibre, for this part of its description
abolé, about six miles to the northward of from the time of the spadix bursting its ght, (nearly thirty feet,) and for a further e road was occasionally thronged with the uties" of the Pettah, on their way to view floral magnificence departed.
of the talipat palm, which some consider ut if I may judge from the specimen that even inferior to that of the Caryota urens,
ble kingdom more beautiful or remarkable untries where it is indigenous. There is a
of the Cutchery at Colombo, where the portunity for seeing it in the interior, may
vilege as Royalty, in the reign of the late er them with the broad end foremost; and in alluding to the priests of Buddha, par? garantir du soleil, ils ont le talapat qui
lants to the late Earl of Tankerville, Lord ndon, from Ceylon; and, in 1839, I pread left, to Mr. James Carter, the eminent

Page 116
96 TAVELAMI TENTS-EXOTIC PALMIS
Be the quantity of rain what it may, m talipat leaf; and, exclusively of the uses n defence from sun and rain, the Tavelamp of salt on their journies from the coast to t means an uninteresting sight to an Europe and the pointed ends of the segments of t bag, so as to radiate from the centre, by m in that position; and, by means of koir ol in a circular shape, like a bell tent, and a salt bags, by way of verandah, for the trad take repose.
During my stay at Reduit, the Governo availed myself of His Excellency's (the late Bart., K. S. L.) kind permission to select w ment garden; and, amongst very many oth dactylifera, L.), and two of the Cycas circi but one of the latter, which I planted at tree when I left the island, and the other Chief Justice, Sir Hardinge Giffard, to wh Garden at Paradenia, near Kandy, where it Although Ceylon does not produce the d. not, for two wild varieties of that palm lese Indi and Mahindi, are plentiful enou their extremely strong and sharp spines. ' but not larger than a common Bullace plu! black, is insipidly sweet.
There is also an indigenous species of Class Polygamia, Order Diacia, Natural O bili) are made, the only purpose to which it
* See pi

INTRODUCED FROM MAURITICS.
it a particle of moisture is imbibed by the ade of it by all classes of the natives, as a 2Ople employ it for tents to cover their bags he interior. A Tavelam bivouac is by no an. The bags of salt are piled together, Le talipat leaf are laid on the uppermost eans of a heavy weight, which keeps them jungle lines and pegs, the whole are kept ford a sufficient covered space around the ers and drovers to cook their victuals and
's country house at Mauritius, in 1821, I lamented Sir Robert Townshend Farquhar, hatever plants I pleased, from the Governhers, I took two of the date palm (Phaeniu nalis, L., to Ceylon; both the former died, Bagatelle, near Colombo, was a very fine was transferred, by the late Honorable the om I had given it, to the Royal Botanic flourished as well as in its natural soil. ate palm, there is no reason why it should (Phaenia sylvestris), called by the Singhagh, and well adapted for fences, owing to The drupe, which is rather more oblong, m (Prunus insititia, L.), and of a purplish
dwarf palm, or palmetto (Chamerops, L.), rder Palmoe, of which, small baskets (Hems leaf is applied.
ge 29ă.

Page 117
=心%~书—~ 』娜劑~片隸—zz_
W. C. Edwards fouip
A Singhalese Gentleman in his Triacle. From a Native Drawing.
 

Page 118


Page 119
CHAP
Digression-The Singhalese-Eactraordinary effemina Betel or Pauvin-Kissing-Female dress-Inferiority of John Breacius de Zielfa-Eactraordinary decision respect fulfilled-King William IV.-Lord Wiscount Goderichcals-Amphitheatre-Tragedy-Mode of illuminating the dresses-Native musical instruments of percussion-Wina
BY way of change to the reader, I beg productions of Ceylon, instead of postpon had originally intended, upon the principl
WS .
The higher castes of the Singhalese are, but the men are as notorious for the eff the women for their docility, industry, an men allow their hair to grow to its full leng of an extravagantly large size; this, toget effeminate costume, but more particularly v they wear their hair loose upon a handker and tied upon the forehead, gives them su moderate distance, strangers very often n white jackets, and cloths (Sarongs) wrapp ankles like a petticoat, heighten the decepti and others of rank among the Singhalese, i The women are generally of an olive c about twenty years of age, when they begin do at fifty, without having any of the variol to affect youth, and keep off the dreaded w From the vile habit of masticating Pan both sexes) always appear as if their mol
w

. XII.
cy of the men in habits and dress-Singhalese womenSinghalese to Ialabar women-Dress of headmen-Mr. 'ing his assumption of shoes and stockings-Predictions -Sir R. W. Horton-Petty tyranny-Singhalese theatri: amphitheatre-Coco-nut lamps-Native music-Actors'
instruments-Vinah lhe only stringed instrument.
leave to digress a little from the vegetable ning an account of the inhabitants, as I e that the last of the Almighty's creation
generally speaking, a fine handsome race; eminacy of their appearance and habits, as ld devotion to their domestic duties. The th, and support it with tortoise-shell combs her with their very prominent breasts and when returning from bathing, at which time hief, spread over the shoulders and back, ch a feminine appearance, that even at a listake them for women; and their light ed round the waist and descending to the on. The painted cloth worn by modeliars s called Soman. 'omplexion, well formed, and pretty until n to fall off as much as females in England as resources of art that enable the latter rinkles of age as long as they can. cn, Singhalese ladies (for it is common to ths and lips were bloody; this, however,

Page 120
98 PAWN-FEMALE DRESS
is no loss to the Singhalese lover, for salu his nose to the cheek of his intended, an lantry is the native substitute for the more This national masticatory is general thr and consists of a leaf of the betel vine (P areka palm (Areka catechu, L.), but erron nam (shell lime prepared for the purpose), a small portion of the leaf of the Alpinia
The female dress consists of a deep fold neatly plaited chemise, and a white jack arms, and thickly studded with small gold In full dress, the Singhalese ladies confine filigree-work, and diamond ornaments, to figure and carriage they are generally ver the Malabar coast; who, from twelve to tw and proportion of the Medicean Venus in : The Portuguese government establishe a descriptive dress for the various ranks of in use, but with the gentlemanly additio) it for the amusement of my readers.
DESCRIPTIVE DREss oF
WELLAL
Maha Modeliars-Velvet, silk, or cloth buttons: sword hilt and scabbard of pur. with gold, and shoulder belt of gold or s with gold or silver.
Modeliars of the gate or guard-Silk c and buttons; sword hilt and scabbard of silver lace, or silk embroidered or spangled
Modeliars of the Attepattoo, Modeliar Attepattoo, and Mohandirams of the gua lace, loops, and buttons; sword hilt and sc belt of gold or silver lace, or silk embroide

-HEADMEN'S COSTUME,
ting the lips is unknown; he merely applies d gives a sniff or two, which species of galardent kiss of the British islanders. oughout India and the Eastern Archipelago, 'iper betel), a small piece of the nut of the eously called betel nut; a little betel chuand occasionally tobacco or cardamoms, or utans, which is very aromatic. led cloth or Cambay worm like a petticoat, a at trimmed with country lace, tight at the buttons from the wrist nearly to the elbow. : their hair by small arrows of gold or silver the exclusion of combs. But in point of y inferior to their more sable neighbours of enty years of age, display the natural graces all the elegance of living originals. d, and the Dutch subsequently improved, Singhalese headmen. As this dress is still n of shoes and stockings, I have detailed
THE NATIVE HEADMEN.
E CASTE.
coat, with gold or silver lace, loops, and e massive or wrought gold, or silver inlaid silver lace, or silk embroidered or spangled
or cloth coat, with gold or silver lace, loops, silver inlaid with gold, and belt of gold or with gold or silver. s of the Korles, Mohotiars of the guard and ird-Silk or cloth coat, with gold or silver abbard of silver, hilt inlaid with gold, and red or spangled with gold or silver.

Page 121
WELLALES-FISHERS-CHANDO
Mohandirams of the Attepattoo and th employed as interpreters in the courts of th coat, with gold or silver lace, loops, and bl and the eyes and tongue of the lion's he: but not spangled.
The Corals, Mohandirams, and Mohandir of the sitting magistrates-Silk or cloth c sword hilt and scabbard of silver, and in plate; the belt of gold or silver lace, but n Arrachies-Cloth or linen coat, with silve bard of silver, with two plain plates of tc colored ribbon, embroidered with flowers of Canganies-Cloth or linen coat, with silv inlaid with silver, the scabbard of horm or w colored ribbon without embroidery.
EFISHER AND CH
Modeliars and Mahavidahn Modeliarsloops; sword hilt and scabbard of silver, ar of gold; the belt of gold or silver lace, but Mahavidahms, Mahavidahn Mohandirams Mohandirams of the same caste-Cloth or sword hilt. and scabbard of silver, and in of tortoise-shell; the belt of gold or silver
Arrachies-Cloth or linen coat, with si horn, embellished with silver, with three ribbon, embroidered with silk.
Canganies-Linen coat, with silver but embellished with silver, the scabbard of hon belt of plain colored ribbon.
BLACKSMITH AND
Mahavidahns and Mahavidahn Mohandira
and loops; sword hilt and scabbard of silve
scabbard, and two plates of tortoise-shell on belt of ribbon, embroidered with flowers of
N

DS-BLACKSMITHS-WASHERS. 99
e Basnaiké and Padicarré Mohamdirams e several provincial judges-Silk or cloth Ittons; sword hilt and scabbard of silver, d of gold; the belt of gold or silver lace,
ams employed as interpreters in the courts oat, with gold or silver lace and buttons: the middle of the scabbard a plain silver )t spangled. r buttons and loops; sword hilt and scabrtoise-shell on the scabbard; the belt of silver or silver thread. 2r buttons and loops; sword hilt of horn food with eight silver bands, and belt of
ANIDOO CASTE.
Silk or cloth coat, with silver buttons and id the eyes and tongue of the lion's head
not spangled. , Patengatyn Mohandirams, and all other linen coat, with silver buttons and loops: the middle of the scabbard a plain plate lace. lver buttons and silk loops; sword hilt of tortoise-shell plates; the belt of colored
tons and silk loops; sword hilt of horn, n or wood, with two silver plates, and the
WASHER CASTE.
ms-Cloth or linen coat, with silver buttons r, with one plate of tortoise-shell on the the scabbard worn by the washermen; the gold or silver thread.
2

Page 122
100 BARBERS-OFFICIAL OBJECTIO
Arrachies-Linen coat, with silver butto bellished with silver, the scabbard of hon of plain colored ribbon.
Canganies-Linen coat, with horn or ( the scabbard of horn or wood, with three (
BARBEF
Vidahn Mohandiram-Cloth or linen co and scabbard of silver, but on the scabbarc the belt of colored ribbon, embroidered wi
N. B. Titular headmen of each rank d rank and caste to which they belong, bl sword hilts.
It may scarcely be supposed credible, bu the nineteenth century have wished for the the headmen to be compelled to leave their Mr. John Brexius de Zielfa, the present formerly held the office of Mohandiram i district when I presided there, and who w umqualified approbation, was refused adm appendages. That gentleman felt that, as wear shoes and stockings as those who we chose to make a reference to the governor nary decision, that “ His Excellency wou comfortable portions of the European and must choose one or the other," Mr. de Z rather than the comforts of his adopted dr This was a most inconsiderate decision, the English costume, was an advance in recollected, that as natives do not sudde individuals were entitled to credit for set the manufactures and commerce of the mo My predictions at that time (1825) as rights and privileges of British subjects,

NS TO SHOES AND STOCKINGS.
ns and silk loops; sword hilt of horn, emn or wood, with silver bands, and the belt
overed linen buttons; sword hilt of horn, opperbands, and the belt of plain ribbon.
, CASTE.
at, with silk buttons and loops; sword hilt there must be two plates of tortoise-shell; h flowers of silver thread.
ress in every respect as the headmen of the it the word “Titular” is engraven on their
it it is an absolute fact, that Englishmen in continuance of native oppression, and for sandals at the cutcherry doors. assessor to the district-court of Galle, who interpreter of the magistrate's court of that ore shoes and stockings in court with my ission to the cutcherry with such European a British subject, he had as great a right to 'e of European birth; but as the collector , which was followed by the most extraordild not sanction the adoption of the most native costumes, and that the interpreter elfa relinquished his visits to the cutcherry,
SS because every step towards the adoption of civilization; and it ought to have been nly relinquish either their dress or habits, ting an example fraught with advantages to ther country.
to the future admission of natives to the have been since fulfilled by Lord Viscount

Page 123
KING WILLIAM IV., HIS REIGN I
Goderich's abolition of all that militated ag in 1832. If this had been the only one ( policy, which characterized his Lordship's the first was so short as to afford his Lord ance with their state and wants,) it wa memory: and whilst Ceylon and the Singh will be held in veneration, the name of Go liberty, and that of HoRTON with humanity I trust the time is now for ever passe his buggy through a town, may presume chant's umbrella, because he was not qu considered due to his own consequence.-- streets of the Pettah; but although my b he “ was in favor at court," and that a rep effect than an exposition of the various the secretary of state for the colonies, wi at home.
Singhalese theatrical performances inva in some spacious compound, or garden, other trees can be made available to the from the quality of the ground, a natura pose. The erection of booths, covered very tasteful style, for which the natives of the Nelumbium speciosum, Coffea trifio. and yellow jessamine, fruits of all sorts in and olas or leaflets of the coco-nut palm yellow and orange of maturity; all these am air of richness and luxuriance to the wł Tragedy alone is worthy of native att kingly depravity or virtue; the latter of European record. After multiplied scenes the lawful sovereign's restoration, form ti in which all is pantomime. Several splen vagantly large but superb crowns, displa would not give the Singhalese credit, ared A tragedy occupies several consecutive 1 trees, and booths are illuminated with cocc

MORTALIZED-sel-PET TY. TYFRANNY. 101
inst the equal enjoyment of those blessings, it of very many acts of sound and humane second administration of the colonies, (for hip no time for acquiring much acquaintsufficient to immortalize his Lordship's lese exist, the reign of King William IV. ERICH be considered synonymous with true and justice. l, when a British magistrate, whilst driving o lay his whip violently over a black merte so quick in doffing it as “his worship” This I myself witnessed at Colombo, in the lood overboiled at the time, I knew that 'esentation of it would have had no better buses and impositions upon the public and ould have had, through a private channel,
riably take place in the open air; generally where abundance of jack, bread-fruit, and purposes of illumination; and where also, l amphitheatre is easily fitted for the purwith white cloths and ornamented in a are celebrated, with mosses, wild flowers, *a, Irora coccinea, and Vinca rosea, white clusters, interspersed with the white flowers , and bunches of areka nuts in the bright dd to the beauty of the scenery, and give ole. ntion; the everlasting subject of it being hich is still more rare in Asiatic than in of bloodshed, the usurper's destruction and e chief characteristics of the native drama, id thrones in elevated positions, and extraing a magnificence and taste for which one stinguishing features in their theatricals. ghts in the performance. All the avenues, nut oil, in lamps made with the shells of

Page 124
102 NATIVE ILLUMINATIONS-MUSICA
green or water coco-nuts stuck upon stakes. for the purpose of receiving their points: previous to being filled with oil and trimme The plays are very well attended; and th blage of persons of all ranks and classes, vention of police or constables. The mus to an European ear. The instruments are B Taleahs (a sort of brass cymbal beaten wit Horamauva; these together, make noise eno The dresses of the actors are very gaudy of foil and tinsel. There are no actresses. being defrayed by collections from the nativ The Singhalese have but seven or eigh instruments of percussion.
The first is the Oodikea, this in shape instead of the three wooden supporters of which are compressed towards the middle b. (timber of the Artocarpus integrifolia, L.) al to be grasped in the hand; the ends are" deer skin, which is laid on wet, then tied wi The next, a sort of long drum with eigh larger than the other, which end is beate side and concave on the other; the body. drical; the ends are covered in the same mi
The third, which is also a cylinder of instrument has nine braces, and is beaten middle, where it's circumference is double it gradually slopes; these are covered with as the instruments already described.
Tam-a-tam, vulgarly, Tom-tom, is the fo This instrument is also covered with deer-sk having an elastic circle, of about an inch in The fifth and last of the native instrun of the size of a small cymbal, and called T. just large enough to admit the left thumb, a instrument is used by auctioneers, to asse the inhabitants of the neighbourhood wher.

INSTRUMENTS OF PERCUSSION.
the green husk of the fruit being kept on and thus the shells are properly fixed as lamps. order, so necessary to the immense assems invariably maintained without the interc is extremely barbarous, and monotonous arrigoddeas, Doolahs, Tam-a-tams, Oodikeas, a stick), and the country hautboy, called gh even for the halls of Pandemonium. , being set off with every possible variety The admissions are gratuitous, the costs e audience. t musical instruments; of which five are
somewhat resembles an hour glass; but the circular extremities, it has four braces, y an elastic ring; the body is of jackwood hd cylindrical, the middle just large enough covered with a coarse parchment, made of th thongs, and dried in the sun. t braces, is called Doolah. It has one end n with a drumstick, slightly convex om one usually made of thin jackwood, is cylinanner as the Oodikea's. thin jackwood, is the Berrigoddea. This with the hands; it is very convex in the the size of the extremities, towards which deer-skin parchment, in the same manner
urth: in shape it resembles kettle-drums. in parchment, and is beaten with two sticks, diameter, at one end. ents of percussion is a sort of brass plate, leah. It is suspended by a loop, which is nd is beaten with a stick. This most noisy mble people, and is a great annoyance to
auctions are held.

Page 125
WINAH-WIND INSTRUMENTS.
The only stringed instrument that I hav but it is altogether different from the Hindc Vinah is formed of a neatly carved or poli part is cut off) and covered with guana ski solid handle of about an inch in diamete colors, and, on the opposite side of the s strings, one of horse-hair, and the other nica), are attached; these strings are pa of the covering, one horizontally, and th commencing from within three inches of th forated large enough to receive a strong p about a fourth part of its length, having a strings, which, by turning the peg, are k of a violin.--This instrument is played upo two-thirds of its length from the point, something similar to horse bells, are attac
The only itinerant Vinah player that I leading to the Bazaar at Point de Galle, w gated there for charity, appeared the most
Except the trumpet shell, (Fusus Zeyl mouth-piece, the only wind instrument native pipe is cylindrical, and trumpet-sh of brass; the mouth-piece is made of tw of which is of some length, and attach opposite end; by which, when necessary, mouth-piece is extended. One side of t and in tone it resembles the Irish bag-pi Ancient Portuguese names are so mix of the Singhalese, that nothing is more maritime provinces, than for the Lusita Salamon de Zouza, Theodoris Mendis, de Lewera, Paulus Pereira, Adrian de Al Dias, Cornelis de Fonseka, Louis de Sal to the Singhalese surnames of Wajesond Wijenaiké, Jayetilleké, Illangakoon, &c. Singhalese to be ambitious of the na

-MEDLEY OF NATIVE NAMES, 103
e seen among the Singhalese is the Vinah, o instrument of that name. The Singhalese shed coco-nut shell (of which about a third n (Lacerta Iguana, L.) ; to this is fixed a r, which is generally lackered with various hell, a sort of peg is fixed, to which two of fine bow-stringhemp (Sensivierra Zeylaised over a wooden bridge, upon the centre e other upon an inclined plane, the slope Le extremity of the handle, where it is pereg of nearly half its circumference, and of t the point a notch for the reception of the (ept in a state of tension, like the strings n with a bow, convexing largely from about near which a couple of small brass bells, hed. recollect, usually took his post at the bridge here the poor lepers, who usually congredelighted of his auditors. anicus,) to which is affixed a brass or ivory of the Singhalese is the Horanawa. This aped; the middle is of wood, and the rest o pieces of a talipat or palmyra leaf, one 2d to a peg near the third hole from the the orifice between the parts composing the he instrument is pierced with seven holes,
pe. ed with the Rice names and patronymics common amongst the higher classes of the nian names of Dons Christian de Abrew, Migel Fernando, Johan de Zilva, Carolis vis, Louis de Saram, Louis Pieris, Salomom npayo, and Simon de Melho, to be prefixed ra, Rajepaksé, Wijesinké, Wijesiriwardené, ; and it is not uncommon for a low caste me of European; and as the Hindoo

Page 126
104 SINGHALESE AMBITION FO.
Portuguese, who have all the privileges of in color as the Singhalese, and often much the ambitious aspirant thinks it no great European ladder, than to prove that he p and therefore the moment he can raise suffi or if these are not to be obtained at his o trousers, shirt, a hat (Chapé), and shoes (. is complete in point of dress; he next w title. German Barons are scarcely less p the latter appendage is just as easily assul For the first six weeks, the poor “Euro ance as was endured by Peter Pindar's p Chapé is scarcely less troublesome; but ha Portuguese complimentary style of doffing wears a hat, from the governor to the nea himself, a tame ourang-outang. He is now or Dom Adrian, * et le jeu est fait."
Among other oppressions of the natives of power that was very commonly practise native cattle feeders have objected to sell the of the district, upon being applied to, has for them; to this stretch of power the poo with a very bad grace, upon the ordering of These tyrannical times have also passed belongs to the British crown; for the govern and oppression as an official privilege of its

EUROPEAN DISTINCTIONS.
Juropeans in courts of justice, are as dark larker than the higher castes of the latter; r difficulty to get upon the first bar of the ossesses some portion of Lusitanian blood ; ient cash for a second-hand coat or jacket, vm price, a white cotton jacket, waistcoat, Zapatas), the candidate for European honors ints a Portuguese name, and of course a entiful than Ceylon Doms and Dons, and ned as the former title.
9
pean's" shoes inflict as severe a pedal penilgrim, “who forgot to boil the peas"; the ving, with his new dignity, acquired the
it, our European salutes every one who rest counterpart of the pseudo-European
Don Abram, Don Louis, Dom Christoffel,
, the following may be classed as an abuse d by former collectors of districts.--When ir young calves to Europeans, the collector compelled them to do so, upon being paid r unprotected creatures have acceded, but the modeliar of the cutcherry.
away, never to be recalled whilst Ceylon ment will no longer recognize such tyranny provincial agents or collectors.

Page 127
CHAP.
Specimens of Singhalese proverbs-Dutch language Prevalence of the Hindo-Portuguese language-Singhales genous plants-Madung Appo, a native botanist and doc doctor's objections to name the composition of the salt, Hardwicke, Bengal artillery-Pariar dog nuisance-Go chell, Esq.-Sudden entry of a rabid pariar dog during guests if bitten-Death of the dog from the effect of ra Rabbits-Poultry-Seir fish-Shellfish-Turtle-Esta Singhalese a litigious nation-Pointed knives illegalbosom with a kerchief-Nothing to be dreaded in Ceylon
THE Singhalese have several books of “wise sayings" is considered to display g. specimens of the native phrases, and their “Do not wear a Wallah in your native That is, Be not too proud at home, nor elsewhere.
“ Although a man with large teeth di believe a man, who is known to be rich, wh “ Scraps of chunan are found in eve have faults.
“ Buying a house for five hundred doll reduced from riches to comparative poverty “Although the Ambalamat be unroofe reputation survives poverty.
Another proverb of synonymous inter) become lean, he cannot wash in a barrel."
“ The horn, which came last, has mor The lowest in his own village has become h
* Wallah-A cloth worn by the Singhalese, of which or t Ambalama-A rest-house

XIII.
but little known among the natives-C. A. Prins, Esq.- e generally acquainted with the properties of their indior-Instance of eartraordinary cure of blindness-Native employed-Obligations to him-Major General Thomas vernment precautions against hydrophobia-John Tranlinner-The host's coolness, and assurance of curing his in-Singhalese cattle-Swine-Improvements suggestedblishment of farms and agricultural prizes suggestedDaste-A beautiful girl nearly murdered for covering her by protecting all as British subjects should be protected.
proverbs; and an acquaintance with these reat knowledge. A few are here given, as meaning.
place, nor carry a large stick in another."- display more power than belongs to you
es, no one will believe it.”- No one will en he talks of his poverty.
ry one's betel box.”-The best of men
ars, and selling it at half-price."-A person
l, will it shorten the journey?"-A good
retation is, “Although an elephant may
e power than the ear which preceded it.”- ead in another.
e end hangs lower than the other--a mark of ostentation. for natives upon high roads.

Page 128
106 SINGHALESE PROVER)
“Even in Gilimala there are people w some are bad.
“ Even in the salt Leewaysł people liv who derive no enjoyment from their fortun * A foreigner and a parasite plant are sy. he inhabits, as the other to the tree it emb “Tanks do not fill with the night dew, bu and not by roguery.
“Where is the honor of being born at T stand Bana ?”-Totaganawa is famous fo signifies the history of the god Buddha.
“ First look at the lime, $ and then ope: success is certain, whether the cause be righ It is a subject of general remark, that higher castes only, understand the Dutch la man, the late Carolus Arnoldus Prins, Esq. not employ any domestics that were acquai mot know the subjects of conversation at policy of their predecessors, whilst in the be inferred, from the prevalence of the H sion of the Roman Catholic religion thro conquests; than which, no greater proof the Lusitanians of the sixteenth century, c distinguished themselves.
The generality of Singhalese have a co plants, and some of their doctors are very c. may be said to excel; and this is the more of the anatomical structure of the eye or he Madung Appo, a native doctor of Galpiac I derived much useful information, gave it a
* Gilimala, a place famous for the cultivation of th t Leeway or Leawawa, natural salt pans. f Th
S. It was the custon formerly for bribes to be inclose lemon,) which generally consisted of as many gold star på made to contain. To this day, limes are offered, upon all

S-MEDICAL BOTANY.
h white teeth."-Amongst the best people,
without salt.”-There are affluent persons S. onymous."--One is as ruinous to the place 3CᎾᏚ. t with rain.”-Men become rich by honesty,
otaganawa, if you cannot read ani under: literature and learned men, and Bana
h the mouth."-Bribe the judge well, and it or wrong.
ut few of the Singhalese, and those of the nguage. A very intelligent Dutch gentleinformed me, that his countrymen would nted with that language, that they might their masters' tables. The very different possession of the maritime provinces, may indo-Portuguese language, and the extenughout the whole track of their original need be adduced of the original power of r of the spirit of adventure by which they
nsiderable knowledge of their indigenous ever in medical botany. As oculists, they 2xtraordinary, because they know nothing ad.
dé, near Galle, from whose skill in botany s his opinion, that “ Ceylon produces such
betel plant, or Bulack, which blackens the teeth. place where Bana is read, is called Bana Madewa.
in limes, (the small variety of the Citrus medicus or godas, value about eight shillings each, as it could be ccasions of ceremony, by the Singhalese.

Page 129
NATIVE OCULIST-EXTRAORDIN
an infinite variety of medicinal plants, that their investigation, he would still leave an am gealous successors."
This culler of simples was extremely wel of all plants included in the native Mate celebrated; and one of his cures was reg heard four English medical gentlemen, ir the case altogether incurable and hopeless. cure a little Portuguese girl, about seven incurable by four of the European facul ridiculous, that it was only upon his posit and would cure her, if permitted to try European doctors of the same opinion a hopeless;” and this too after the child h of an English surgeon, that the mother coi The proposition, on Madung Appo's par he was to be paid thirty rix dollars, or 2d. to have nothing for his attendance and assented to, he began by ordering the ch that she was his patient, he employed in having all the appearance of quinine; th: occasionally blew a similar powder, by mea at the end, into the child's eye. At the every one, and to the delight of many, creature, her vision was perfectly restored. scribed for some time, and then gradually native doctor recommended, was, that ligh from the room until the child's sight could I could not obtain from him the nam why he would not inform me, and whet internally, his answer to the first, was, “ under some superstitious fear or obligation, from the bark of various trees;” and, as gether different, but both were vegetable sa I acknowledge great obligations to Madu of plants, and for a copious description of
O

ARY RESTORATION OF VISON. 107
if a botanist were to devote a long life to Olefield for the labours of very many equally
lacquainted with the nature and properties ria Medica. As an oculist, he was justly arded with admiration by many who had cluding two physicians, previously declare In the caše alluded to, his proposition to years of age, after she had been declared ty, appeared so preposterous, and indeed ive and repeated assurances that “he could his own remedies, even were a hundred s those who had already declared the case ad been for several weeks under the care sented to allow him a trial of his skill. t, was, that if the girl recovered her sight, 5s, sterling; but if otherwise, that he was medicines. This preliminary having been ild a milk diet; and during the six weeks o other medicine than a fine white powder, is he gave in doses at stated periods, and ins of a quill having a piece of clear muslin expiration of six weeks, to the surprise of who were interested for this amiable little
A continuation of the same diet was prechanged; and the only particular care this t should be excluded as much as possible bear it without inconvenience. 2 of either medicine; but to my questions, her the same was employed externally and I dare not give you the name, (as if he was ) but I will say thus far, it is a salt obtained to the second, “The medicines were altosts.' ing Appo, for the native names of a variety their medicinal properties, notwithstanding
2 W

Page 130
108 DOGS-HYDROPHOBIA AND MR.
his great and insuperable objection to m obtained a great variety of medicinal pla friend, the late Major General Thomas Ha The Pettahs, or, vulgarly speaking, bl pariar dogs; and it is only in such places a the whole canine genus, that these man Singhalese will mot destroy any of the prog is necessitated to adopt measures for the g the year; viz. the months of January, Feb is employed, under the superintendence o in the streets that have not collars by way
When the immense and daily increasin one may well wonder at the comparative p. Many native doctors pretend to have certai but if ever there was a known remedy in believed, from the following extraordinary Mr. John Tranchell of Belligam.
On the 12th of June, 1827, whilst we family, a rabid pariar dog, which had been ( the sacred grounds of the Moorish mosque the room. My first impulse was to seize present it at the animal; but my host intr coolly, and without rising from his chair or the poor devil bites you, I can cure you.”
But no one present wished to be made drove the dog from under the sofa, where when a sudden shower of rain saved me for the moment the animal felt its deadl and expired upon the spot.
The stoical indifference of Mr. Tranc thorough confidence in his means of cur nostrum in hydrophobia, with which I had of snake bites, (as I have related elsewhe that the papers he left behind him will expla
* Literally, running f

RANCHELL'S SUPPOSED REMEDY.
ke his eye remedy known. By his aid I its, which I dried and sent to my respected dwicke, of the Bengal artillery. ck towns and native villages, swarm with s are occupied by Mahomedans, who detest gy curs are not to bc met with ; for the eny of these mongrels, and the government 2neral safety, during the hottest season of ruary, and March, when a body of Malays f police Peons, to destroy all dogs found of passport. g numbers of these animals are considered, aucity of cases of hydrophobia that occur. n cures in indigenous roots and vegetables; 1 the possession of an European, it may be r occurrence, to have belonged to the late
were at dinner with Mr. Tranchell and his chased from a neighbouring village, through adjoining Mr. Tranchell's estate, ran into a loaded gun that stood in a corner, and 2ated me not to fire, “ because (said he very
altering a muscle of his countenance) if
the subject of such an experiment; and I he had taken refuge, into the compound, rom the expenditure of powder and shot; rinfluence, it was seized with convulsions,
tell was not assumed, and arose from a ; but whether he relied upon the same een him perform most extraordinary cures e in these pages,) or not, it is to be hoped n. For the latter, he employed, in addition
otmen or messengers.

Page 131
REMEDY FOR SNAKE BITES
to Eau de Luce, given intermally, a mi labelled upon a bottle always at hand i their relative proportions.
The breed of Singhalese cattle is ver country being rather more than a third, English bullock; the native Jaffna sheep goat-sheep, the best name I have for the allowed to feed where food of any kind where, to the native owners. Notwiths attached to hogs' flesh as ever Otaheitans Cook, (for they never have a feast or fest I never saw swine penned for feeding at ar The doubtful reputation of Bazaar pork throughout India; and whenever the on it is absolutely necessary for the host to notwithstanding that silver dishes contai tasted.
The Ceylon buffalo (Bos bubulus of Sha cultural purposes, and the flesh is by no seen at the tables of Europeans. The mi that of the common island cow, (a spec: and clarified, is known by the general nam Ceylon bullocks may be purchased for for less; Jaffna sheep at three, four, and twelve to fifteen shillings, and occasiona being well fed, afford delicious mutton) demand for them-the latter, depends upo who are the principal feeders. That the one may be fully convinced, by merely rid villages occupied by these people, for thei { these, when about to be fattened for sale,
Cape sheep (Ovis Steatopyga of Shaw) require a great deal more care, when first transition from ay to green fodder; the r tality among Ceylon sheep on board shi previous preparation for the dry food usua

NATIVE CATTLE-CAPE SHEEP. 109
ture of nitric and muriatic acid, which was | his dressing room; but I am ignorant of
y inferior; the small black bullock of the and occasionally about half the size of an are long legged, and may well be called breed; the swine are also long legged, and :an be picked up, it matters not what, nor anding that the Singhalese are as much were in the time of the celebrated Captain val without a hog being served at it) yet y native cottage or farm. and ducks is the same at Ceylon as it is 2 or the other appears on the dinner table, vouch for its “education," for otherwise, ned the suspicious food, neither would be
aw) is a large and valuable animal for agrimeans despisable, although rarely, if ever, lk of the cow buffalo is much richer than les of Zebu,) and the butter made from it, e of Ghee throughout India. about thirty or forty shillings a head; cows five shillings; a sow and litter of pigs from ly for less; but Bengal sheep (which, after and kids vary in price, according to the the caprice of the Moormen and Hindoos, se animals are in the greatest abundance, ng through the quarters of the towns and verandahs teem with goats and their kids: repreviously castrated. thrive remarkably well; but Bengal sheep anded in the island, owing to their sudden eason there is occasionally such great mor), arises from their being shipped without ly provided for sea stock; for their general

Page 132
10 FOIDDER-NO CAMIELS-MUIES
fodder is green jack leaves (Artocarpus in and they are often fattened for the table er mucilaginous and nutritious properties. Be Cajan, L.) and paddee, and are consequent An importation of domestic animals of Good Hope would soon improve the nat at Ceylon, and but very few mules and asse The wild rabbit is not indigenous, and t Every sort of poultry is extremely cheap the southern province, which is a noted pla purchased for less than 72s, to S0s. per doz price for a fat cock turkey at Colombo.
There is occasionally a very great mortal makes that species of poultry so much dea himself fortunate, if fifty out of a hundre loss is to be obviated by care; for turkies to retire from wet, and black pepper is indis Geese are smaller than those of Europ and black bills, having the upper part su or knob; their usual prices are from 2s. to
Ducks are considered dear at 6d. or 8a Chickens may be purchased in some pla dozen; and 100 eggs at the same price.
Reddish brown widgeon, erroneously ca ticated. The guinea fowl, pea fowl, Mal European, Persian, and Indian pigeons, an the list of domestic poultry.
Ceylon poultry, when fed by natives, inva which imparts an oily flavor to whatever is than paddee, which is a favorite food of pol even the Poonac would be very different, should be the case when intended for feedin Too much cannot be said in favor of th fish, called by the Singhalese Tora-malu, salmon (Salmo Salar) of Europe; many pages; and the Crustacea include a sm

-ASSES-RABBITS-POULTRY.
egrifolia, L.), grass, and other vegetables; tirely upon the former, which possess very ngal sheep are usually fed on dholl (Cytisus y better for sea stock. each kind from England and the Cape of ve breed. The camel is never to be seen
S.
me rabbits are scarce. , except turkies; for even at Matura, in ce for breeding them, these birds are seldom en; and a sovereign is not an uncommon
ity amongst turkies during the rains, which rer than any other. The owner considers i arrive at maturity for sale. But all this require an elevated and dry roosting place pensable with their food. e, and remarkable for their brownish color rmounted with a black bony protuberance 3s.
... each. ces for ls., at others for lss. 6d. and 2s. per
tled teal, are abundant, and easily domesay fowl (Gallus giganteus), common fowl, d Brahminy and Muscovy ducks, complete
riably tastes of Poonac, or coco-nut oil cake, fed om it; this, they give, as being cheaper tltry, and of most domestic animals. But if pressed whilst the nut is fresh, which g cattle or poultry.
e fishes of Ceylon, particularly of the Seir or the female has the same flavor as the varieties are elsewhere noticed in these all but delicious crab, prawns from six,

Page 133
suGGESTIONS FOR GRAZING FAR
to eight inches in length, cray-fish, oyste of their kinds.
As to the Ceylon Turtle, great caution is that the Testudo Imbricata, called by the Si transparent shell, is mot only unwholesome, b Several natives died from eating its flesh Mahagampatto district, in 1826. Their il cholera.
The edible turtle is the Testudo Mydas, th small fresh water turtle is also wholesom Kiri-ba, from Kiri, milk ; because, when l is given by the native doctors to cure th subject from the effects of rice diet.
Notwithstanding the island has been in years, no general and but very little partial of the more useful animals, horses alone ex
To obviate all the apparent difficulties domestic animals, no plan appears to mem ductive result, than the establishment of fiv tion for grazing lands in the central provil Colombo, Galle, Jaffna, and Trincomalé ; be fixed upon for the purpose.
The object being the general benefit c whichever light it may be viewed, will n ment, in so far as the grant of lands belo purpose, at a low rate, to such joint-stock most forward in this national as well as priv Prizes for the best specimens of the s government, as well as by an agricultural cash to the natives, as the surest ad capt Singhalese, and the only one that never fail The Singhalese are naturally a litigiou
plaintiff and defendant, each accompanied
together from their village to the district co miles, the former to prosecute a claim, and share of a jack or coco-nut tree. Then

IS AND AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 111
rs, and shrimps; all which are excellent
'equisite, because it is mot generally known ghalese Lili-kas-bewa, which produces the ut, at certain seasons, absolutely poisonous.
at Ahamadewé, or Turtle Cove, in the lness exhibited every symptom of Asiatic
e Gal-kas-bewa of the Singhalese; and the 2 and nutritious. The Singhalese call it poiled, the flesh is milk white. This last e abdominal obesity to which children are
our possession for a period of forty five improvement has taken place in the breed cepted to the improvement of the breed of the ore feasible, or more likely to insure a proe large farms; viz. one in the best situance; and a farm at each of the towns of or in the best locality near them that can
if the island, and of great importance in o doubt receive the support of the governnging to the crown may be required for the 2ompany or individual capitalists as may be ate object of improvement and profit. everal animals might be held out by the society, -of medals for Europeans, but in undum modus that can be held out to the
S. s nation; and it is not uncommon for a by a number of suborned witnesses, to walk urt, perhaps a distance of fifteen or twenty very probably an unjust one, to the eighth is the time for hard swearing but the

Page 134
112 POINTED KNIVES ILLEGAL
witnesses are generally so perfect in the native proctors in their cross examinations Some cases of murder have displayed a posed such an effeminate race to be cap quarrels, to resort to the knife, rendered ordinance, in the year 1816, by which it wa except that called Ulkatoo-peheye, or knife style with which the natives write upon stri As regards the observance of caste, the dress, during Lord Viscount Goderich's last tion with the extension of Christianity, will caste may now cover her shoulders with below the knees, which she dared not have I was once passing through the Bazaar a an unusual mob had collected in the street; caste had been nearly killed by some ind presumed so far to forget her degraded lot and shoulders !!” She was a girl of about si that I ever beheld; her beauty, however, see: of these sticklers for the strict observance o The European eye cannot well be accuse soon reconciles even our modest countrywc “fine sleek backs," were particularly noticed It is said that nothing can be more cond the feelings, and humour the prejudices of ou education (to which, if an estimate may be fo in the island, under the auspices of the govel various establishments, every one, in the co shall have paved the way for a voluntary r very fine, and near the truth; but there i protecting all, by the strong arm of the law the law into their own hands, whether they b
* One of the subdivisions of the Shudra Wans

RUELTY TO A NATIVE GIRL.
lessons, as to baffle the cleverest of the
ferocity that one would scarcely have supble of; and their proneness, upon sudden it necessary for the government to pass an made unlawful to carry any pointed knife, xed to the same handle as the iron-pointed is of the leaves of the talipat and palmyra. abolition of all degrading distinctions as to administration of the colonies, in conjunchasten its abandonment. A Woman of low a cloth or kerchief, or wear a waistcloth done some twenty years ago.
Barberyn, in the western province, when and I learned that a woman of the Padua ignant Wellates and Chandoos, for “ having in life as to throw a kerchief over her neck xteen years of age, and the prettiest native med to excite, instead of allay, the brutality f the rights (2) of caste. l of fastidiousness in such matters ; Custon men to the all but naked coolies, whose
in the travels of a fair authoress. ucive to British interests, than to consult runenlightened sable fellow subjects, until rmed by the rapid strides it is now making nment and the zealous missionaries of the urse of a few years, will have free access) elinquishment of them.-This may be all s nothing to be dreaded, in Ceylon, from , and preventing individuals from taking e called Europeans, or high caste natives.
caste. + Maria Graham.

Page 135
CHAP,
Eacaggerated stories about Snakes-Singkalese catalog ordinary transformation of the Coluber Naja, L.–Cor Ahedoella-Pinbera or Python-Buddhists will not kill sea, vithout a chance of escape-Cobra di Capello easil prived of its eyes by mice-Caution to be observed in Providential escape-Successful application of Eau de L bites-John Tranchell, Esq.-A coroner's reason for not snakes in the Mahaganpattoo– Viverra Ichneumon attac tidotes-More caution requisite against leeches than agai notions respecting snake charming.
If a tenth part of the stories related a island were true, one might expect to finc or on every lawn, as well as upon the branc cleared, numerous snakes are found, as th intertropical, and even temperate clime. the ramparts and esplanades of forts, and that may have been recently cleared or 1 Snake, so found, is venomous, ten are hau jungles, but that is never an obstacle to “f To assist the ophiologist to procure snake the principal ones, with which the most country are acquainted ; of these, there ar and it will be for him to class them agreeab the means of referring.
* 1 Naya * 2 Berawah Naya * 3 Koboe Naya * 4 Soeloe Naya * 5 Deput Naya

XIV.
le of venomous and harmless Snakes-Reported eartraoborated by a Singhalese in this country-Dia Nayathe sacred snake, but have no objection to send it to kept alive-Charles Peter Layard, Esq.-Snake deurchasing snakes–Samp Wallahs-Snake erhibitionLice, and of nitric and muriatic acid in the cure of snake holding an inquest-Supposed cause of the paycity of ks the Cobra di Capello-Various planets named as anst snakes-Cobra di Capello in houses-Saperstitious
bout the superabundance of snakes in the them in every house, in every compound, hes of every tree. Where jungle is being ley are in similar places in almost every Now and then, they are met with upon occasionally in houses built upon ground lear to uncultivated land; but where one mless; and sportsmen often meet them in llowing up the game."
s, I subjoin the native names of a few of intelligent in the natural history of their 2 several varieties that are not enumerated, ly to the authorities to which he may have
* 6 Dia Naya * 7 Polonga * 8 Lee-Polonga 9 Nidi-Polonga 10 Pala-Polonga

Page 136
114 EXTRAORDINARY TRANS
* 11 Tic-Polonga
12 Pimbera and Anaconda * 13 Ahedoela * 14 Mapilla * 15 Karewella
16 Pala Panoowa 17 Dia Berya 18 驚 19 Aharé Kocka 20 Wal-Garwendiya
31 Duberriya is a
Of the above list, the Singhalese aver with an asterisk; but the position of the far their statement may be depended om.
The Singhalese positively assume that th Coluber Naia, L.) in its last stage; that reptile loses a joint of its tail; and so on become totally changed, by the addition of flying fish (Erocaetus volitans, L.), at whic toad's But nature is altogether so extrac so many productions, formerly considered now known to exist, that, at the presen even this extraordinary Singhalese report their country.
In October, 1839, I made particular inqu the Koboe Naya, when he mot only confirm that a very fine specimen of that snake, ir spirits, is in the possession of Mr. W. H. K at Colombo.
The Dia Naya, according to the Sing independently of the Linnaean classification period it is venomous, and for a similarl innocuous.
The Ahedoella, from its rapid movement snake;” and mortiferous sleep is said to fo

FORMATION OF THE NAYA.
* 21 Doenoo Karewella 22 Mal Karewella
* 23 Tib-Karewella 24 Kan-Köenda 25 Galgoloowah 26 Hotambeyah 27 Etetullah 28 Mal-Karabeta 29 Mal-Polon 30 Matribilla
harmless water snake.
that all are venomous that I have marked teeth will soon convince the naturalist how
e Koboe Naya is the Naya (Cobra di Capelloevery time it has expended its poison, the every year, until its appearance and nature wings, similar to the pectoral fins of the h time the head and mouth resemble the rdinary in her various transformations, and as the mere fictions of the traveller, are 5 day, one might be premature in doubting on the subject of the natural history of
iries of an intelligent Singhalese respecting ed the foregoing statement, but assured me ! its last transformation, and preserved in ellaart, assistant apothecary to the forces
halese, is amphibious in a peculiar sense, , living six months in water, during which ngth of time on land, when it is altogether
and power of springing, is called a “flying low the bite of the Nidi Polonga.

Page 137
PYTHON-SNARES UPON R.
The Pimbera, or rock snake, (Genus Anacondia of ancient writers.
It is by no means uncommon, in cross fall in with bags (made of matting and tied great caution is necessary in opening the snakes of the sacred kind, (Naya,) that so a cruize, with a stock of provisions, consis haps a “ Bellerophon’s letter” uponí a talipa be collected, that if Buddhists object to kill stitious veneration, they nevertheless think : sion, without a possibility of escape from certainty, if met by Europeans, that the 1 sion in water for a more permanent one in s The Cobra di Capello may be kept alive : able instance of instinct in mice, as conn observation on the voyage homewards from Peter Layard, Esq.) had a very fine livings of which a portion was glazed. At the usu once a week, two small mice were put int the next day, we found both the mice ali of both its eyes, and in a few days it died. that the only means of preserving their own it of sight, which no doubt the little animal Europeans cannot be too cautious in pl snake charmers, for no reliance can be put harmless. I can vouch from experience, inspection, that the fangs and poison duct intending purchaser; and, for want of such di Capello, it might, but for a most prov with fatal consequences.
A Dutch gentleman who very obligingly sent a Bengal samp wallah or snake chari several Cobras for sale, and proceeded to him carried two circular baskets at the enc ground, and commenced playing the Hor beat with his right hand upon a small O
P

VERS-COBRA DI CAPELLO. 115
Python, C.), is said to be the Anaconda or
ng or in excursions upon Ceylon rivers, to it the mouth) floating with the stream; and n, for they generally contain one or more me devout Buddhist had dispatched upon ting of boiled rice, an egg or two, and pert or palmyra leaf. From these facts it may the Naya, from religious motives or superit no sin to send it upon an aquatic ercurits place of confinement, and with the eptiles will change their temporary immerpirits. for years upon eggs and frogs. A remarkected with this snake, fell under my own Ceylon. One of the passengers (Charles pecimen in a case adapted for the purpose, al time for giving it food, which was about o the case; and upon looking at the snake ve and uninjured, but the reptile deprived Instinct therefore must have pointed out lives from the destroyer, was by depriving s effected by eating its eyes. urchasing Cobras di Capello from itinerant ; upon their assurances that the reptiles are that nothing but the fullest proof, upon s have been evtracted, ought to satisfy the 1 precaution on my part, in buying a Cobra idential circumstance, have been attended
assisted me in collecting natural specimens, mer to me. This man brought with him 2xhibit them. A cooley, who accompanied is of a pingo, which he placed upon the anawa, or country pipe, whilst the charmer odikea that he held in his left. In about a 2

Page 138
116 SAMP WALLAH OR SNAKE CHA
minute or two the covers of the baskets v the baskets, the music (if such a most ant quickness; the snakes moved about the ci their bodies erect, and the rest of their the “painted spectacles" showed to great tongues in the continual motion of project The snakes were irritated to strike at flowed; after which he took the reptiles his forehead, which however was mere d perfectly harmless; he then declared the called kutcha.
Under this impression, I bought one o had been deprived of all power to do m table, and as the animal moved about, di repass her hand under its mouth, without til Some months had elapsed, after the pl officers paid me a visit, and upon their evin to convince them it was groundless, gras as it lay upon the table, without any other with a handkerchief; and having employe I discovered to my horror, which may be in perfect, and the animal in full possession o itself so tightly round my left arm and r and being certain that I could not much the moment, again forced open the anim poison ducts from its jaw, which having d my force, and afterwards replaced it in t lived for several months, and appeared to st of its fangs. Feeling certain that the charn I caused every search to be made for the the island.
Eau de Luce has been successfully emp di Capello, in various stages of the patients remedy beyond all doubt, when properly bite.-The late Mr. John Tranchell of Bel
* Asiatic Rese

MER-EXTRAORDINARY ESCAPE.
're gradually raised, and as the snakes left melodious din may be called) increased in cular space allotted to them with part of 2ngths coiled, but their hoods, upon which dvantage, were expanded, and their forked ng and retracting.
he charmer's arms and knees, and blood by the neck and held their mouths close to splay, because in that position they were m to be perfectly innocuous, or what he
the snakes, and in the full belief that it schief, I occasionally placed it upon the splaying its hood, my wife would pass and he slightest dread or idea of danger. (rchase of the snake, when some French zing great dread of the animal, I, in order ped the animal by the back of the head, precaution than that of covering my hand l a pair of nail scissors to open the mouth, hagined, but cannot be described, the fangs f its deadly power. The snake had coiled eck, that, feeling a numbness coming on, longer retain my hold, I, upon the spur of al's mouth, and extracted the fangs and one, I flung the snake into the air with all he basket where it had been kept: there it ffer no ill effects from the forcible removal er had shown one snake and sold another, impostor, but he had long previously left
loyed in the cure of the bite of the Cobra sufferings, which place the efficacy of that administered at an early period after the igam cured two Singhalese, natives of that
rches, vol. iv.

Page 139
R MEDY FOR THE BITE O.
Hamlet, after having been some time in s whose speech had entirely left her, and manner,) by dropping and rubbing into mixture of nitric and muriatic acid, and g in a little water. They recovered in a few or killed, and were only seen by the par Mr. Tranchell did not feel that he could report, as to make the circumstances the Society of Colombo, as he had at first inten no doubt in his own mind, or that the pr Eau de Luce, would ever bean inefficaciou Upon another occasion I accompanied from Belligam, upon receiving a report tha That gentleman, arming himself with his in way to the poor woman's residence; but w than half an hour from the time she was a couch under a lactera tree in the com had killed, lying by its side. The face w the appearance of any thing human; the right hand and arm, which had been bitten. The answer of Mr. Porlier, the Bellige question put to him on the following da shows the apathy with which such a dea (said he,) to hold an inquest, because it the woman”
I attribute the paucity of snakes in th im procuring them in that district than in number of peafowl with which the plains a as food renders them the chief destroyers c The Viverra Ichneumon is the deadly f animal, called by us longoose, and by t power of distinguishing venomous from ) It resembles the common ferret in shape pencil grey, which changes by age to a brown. By way of experiment I placed to run about the house, in a room wher

THE COBRA DI CAPELLO. 17
rong convulsions, (one of them a woman, who foamed at the mouth in a dreadful he punctures made by the snakes' fangs a ving them each fifty drops of Eau de Luce hours; but as the snakes were not caught ies, who declared the animals to be Nayas, so positively vouch for the truth of their ubject of a communication to the Literary ded; but that he did not do so, arose from eparation he had employed, conjointly with s remedy. Mr. Tranchell to a village about two miles t a woman had been bitten by a Polonga. Ostrum, lost no time in going the nearest e arrived too late, for she had died in less bitten, and her corpse was then lying upon pound, and the snake, which her husband as so very much disfigured as to have lost mouth was covered with saliva, and the were swollen to a monstrous size. um magistrate, and coroner ex-oficio, to a y, as to the verdict of the coroner's jury, th was regarded. “It was unnecessary, was evident enough the snake had killed
: Mahagampattoo, for I had more difficulty any other part of Ceylon, to the immense ld trees abound, whose partiality to snakes f these noxious reptiles. pe of all venomous smakes. To this little ne. Singhalese Goodoowa, is attributed the armless snakes by the pupil of the eye. and size, and when young its fur is of a iron grey, tinged at the extremities with , tame Mongoose, which was accustomed : I kept a very fine specimen of the Cobra

Page 140
S ICHNEUMON'S ATTACK UP
di Capello. Having closed the doors, I the snake was kept, which, upon seeing th darting forth and as rapidly retracting its f ment; but the Mongoose, so far from S exhibited a great sense of fear, for it ran a doors, as if eager to escape.
Having closed the basket, I removed
visitors and lookers-on were soon assembl able distance, so as to prevent the escape cloths to drop over it, and others kettule Mongoose was introduced, but escaped th that divided the compound from the cinna plants. As every one expected, from an in about five minutes and re-entered the several detours, each time reducing the c. upon the qui vive, watching every motion crouched with its nose close to the ground, forward within the twinkling of an eye, Cobra's neck. The snake twisted itself i envelope the Mongoose in its folds, and lasl no purpose; the little animal maintained exhausted, when giving it a farewell shake, departed. This occupied nearly an hour; way injured; but, upon quitting the snake. was followed by the most inquisitive of the p that it resorted to, but it is even now diffi that it is the lendi of the Singhalese, (Opl part of the tree is employed by the native c it is a variety of Mimosa sensitiva; other: tinum, L., which is everywhere abundant. Linnaean classification, namely, Class V. Pe Eka-ucariya family of the Singhalese botani. ()us, and of the latter ligneous. One of th Appo, a native doctor at Galpiadde, assu
* Smaller branches of

N THE COBRA DI CAPELLO.
2moved the cover from the basket in which Mongoose, expanded its hood, and rapidly rked tongue, displayed the greatest excitelowing a disposition to attack the snake, bout the room, poking its nose under the
he snake to the compound, where many d; and having formed a circle at a reasonof the Snake, (for which purpose some had fishing rods with snares at the ends,) the rough the circle and retreated to the hedge mon gardens, which was covered with wild acquaintance with its habits, it returned arena. It showed no fear then, but made rcle and nearing the snake, which also was of the enemy. The Mongoose suddenly and having waited its opportunity, sprung and fastened its teeth in the back of the n every direction, vainly endeavouring to ning its tail against the ground, but all to its hold until the snake became completely it relinquished the Cobra, but only as life the Mongoose was neither bitten nor in any it again repaired to the hedge, whither it arty, who were anxious to discover the plant cult to name the correct one. Some aver iorhisa Iungos, L.), because almost every octors in curing snake bites; others that , that the plant is the Ophiocylon serpenBoth these plants, which are of the same htandria, Order I. Monogynia, are of the ts, but the stem of the former is herbace: most positive upon this point, Madung 2d me that he had watched the Mongoose
he Caryota wrens, L.

Page 141
EUPATORIUM AYAPANA-S
after having been bitten by a Cobra di Cap into a hedge, where there was no other pana), of which it ate both root and leaf when bitten by a Cobra di Capello, by giv then suspending the wounded leg over a pa of ayapana leaves was infused, and keepi had disappeared, when he perfected the cur full of old Madeira wine. The leaves ar centre, gradually becoming lighter toward gloss upon the upper surface.
The Snake charmers or Samp Wallahs ar. irritate the Cobra to bite at red rags, by the reptile can only be temporarily innocuo poison ducts remain perfect, its power to accumulation of the venom.
The botanist, or the collector of natural every uncultivated place where there is long the small but most troublesome leech of snakes; and if he can bring his mind to he would at home, he would probably meet of the island, as in the country in England i
During many years' residence in Ceylon, in the interior and maritime provinces, a Capello in hedges, I never but once fell i pathway, so as to endanger myself; but Cobras di Capello in houses; the first of w malé, in my bed-room at Mr. James's (the for some time previously unoccupied; an which is seated in the midst of jungle; whe some, my palankin was brought into the rc upon opening the door, in order to put in by a very fine high-caste Naya, which was c sition to relinquish his berth; but with t noose at the end of it, I was soon enabled and to present it to a friend who consid collection.

AMP WALLAHS-LEECHES. 19
ello, and that the animal ran immediately plant but the ayapana, (Eupatorium Ayaand moreover that he had cured a native, ing him tea made of the aromatic leaves, n of boiling hot water, in which a quantity ng it in the steam until every bad symptom e by giving his patient half a coco-nut-shell e lanceolate, of a very dark green in the s the edges, and have a very conspicuous
e Hindoos; and it is well known that they which means it expends it's venom; but us, for so long as the cylindrical fangs and inflict mischief will be restored by a re
specimens, not only in the interior, but in ; grass, has more occasion to guard against Ceylon (Hirudo Zeylanica) than against think no more about the latter there than with as few snakes, eacept it be in the jungles n the hot months of summer.
and in all the variety of my rambles both lthough I have repeatedly seen Cobras di in with any venomous snake directly in my I have upon two occasions fallen in with hich was on the night I landed at Trincohotel keeper) Bungalow, which had been the last, at the rest-house at Mahagam, re, finding the mosquitos extremely troublebom for the purpose of sleeping in it, but my pillows, I found I had been anticipated coiled upon the mat, and showed no dispohe ramrod of my gun, and a packthread to secure the animal without injuring it, ered it an acquisition to his ophiological

Page 142
120 SUPERSTITIOUS NOTIONS A
It is no less extraordinary than true, that education and position in society, to befre support the vulgar opinion of snake char as their authority; but why this power sh why, because Virgil wrote, “ Frigidus in p “ Vipereas rumpo verbis et carmine fauce century, I have yet to learn. It is prob; saturate their hands and faces with a ve. known repugnance, (for even the rattle-s from its application) perhaps of the very pl

BOUT CHARMING SNAKES
many, whom, one would suppose, from their e from superstitious notions, will positively ming, and cite scripture and the ancients ould have survived the age of miracles, or ratis cantando rumpitur anguis,” and Ovid, es,” it should be believed in the nineteenth able that the samp wallahs, as a precaution, getable juice to which the snakes have a nake dreads the wild pennyroyal, and dies ant resorted to by the Mongoose.

Page 143
CHA
Indigenous vegetable productions-Valuable in themse ble of great improvement, and of increasing the publi colonies-Forest timber trees-Singhalese list of ninet Annatto-Plants producing substitutes for flaa-Mons. His Grace the Duke of Portland-Crotularia junceaCeylon Koir-Suggestions for its improvement-White avorm—Cassada or MIanioc-——Canna glauca.—Arrouv ro ties-Elastic gum trees-True gun Arabic tree indigenous in the Ceylon tariff of earports.
HAVING taken leave of the snakes of Ce I had not the good fortune to fall in with a and that those I fell in with, lay under the my account of some of the more useful an namely, those of the vegetable kingdom, in These, I lament to say, however valua merce, capable of increasing the revenue, { their exportation, or, if exported duty fr upon their importation here, and of rende countries, have been too long neglected, suppose, the most interested in becoming of the island, and expect to be foremost of their country.
That “the French manage these matter as it is discreditable to English colonists.
The island abounds with teak, nadoon timber, commonly called calamander, re. trees, for which I have no other than a amongst which number will be found a varie
* Genesis, chap. iii. ver. 13. + KaluWal-Gahas,

P. XV.
lves, but their culture altogether neglected, although capac revenue-The French manage these things better in their / varieties-Bombyar pentandrum-Asclepias giganteaPlassiard-Specimens of cord from the Musa sylvestris'Bowstring hemp-Naval contractors prefer Laccadive to , and Digitated mulberry trees-Their cultivation-Silk pt-Turmeric-Ginger-Sunflower, its valuable proper-Euphorbium antiquorum-Gum Euphorbium unnoticed
ylon, but with some regret on my part that ny of the flying ones that others have seen, original curse, I will beg leave to continue d beautiful of the indigenous productions; succession to the palms, already described. ble in themselves, and, as articles of comsither of the colony, by duties levied upon ee, that of the mother country, by duties 2ring us independent of foreign colonies, or by those who are, one would reasonably acquainted with the indigenous resources in developing and turning to the advantage
's much better," is a truism as indisputable
, satin-wood, black and variegated ebony d-wood, satin-wood, and innumerable other
Singhalese list of Kandyan Wal-Gahas, ty of all sizes and qualities, adapted to every
mindrie, from Kalu, black, and mindrie, flaming. -Forest trees.
Q

Page 144
122 KOMBOOK.--JACK, AND BREAD-FRU
purpose to which the ship and house bui maker, the wheelwright, and the gunmaker, There is abundance of a sort of zebra-v of rose-wood or mahogany growing in Ceyl both trees, for the information of one oftl the city of London, who had been informed Some specimens of jack and bread-fruit-t Honduras mahogany, but these are of a v the former being of the class Monoecia and class Decandria and order Monogynia.
NATIVE LIST of KANDYAN FoR
l. Kotala gaha 24. Tel-kekun 2. Wal-kiri gaha 25. Diye-rat-m 3. Wal-duru gaha 26. Kayapu ga 4. Ketiya gaha 27. Mahagaha 5. Gokara gaha 28. Lunu-bee g 6. Bol-pana gaha 29. Mas-bedde 7. Maralhan gaha 30. Onital gahı 8. Rilla gaha 31. Runu-mell 9. Heen-weli-damba, gaha, 32. Bo-me gah 10. Goda-ran-mala gaha 33. Riri-rong g 11. Diya-kola gaha 34. Ralu-relag 12. Ran dawoola gaha 35. Maha-dia-C 13. Diya-mee gaha 36. Wall gaha 14. Ran damba gaha 37. Okuru gah 15. Rikilla gaha 38. Kara gaha 16. Kikivi-messa gaha 39. Gona-pana 17. Diya-mee-gana 40. Bu-terana 18. Sulu-galu-kalu gaha 41. Wal-leeta 19. Maha-mora gaha 42. Rattan-ber 20. Rat kihiriya gaha 43. Katu-reené 21. Kalu kihiriya gaha 44. Wan gaha 22. Ela-kihiriya gaha 45. Damunu-al 23. Tela-kihiriya gaha 46. Wal-kajug

T-TREE, TIMBER-FOREST TREES.
ler, the cabinet and musical instrument sould possibly apply them. pod, called Kombook; but I never heard n, although I inquired particularly about 2 principal importers of foreign timber in to the contrary. ee wood, when very old, equal the finest ry different class and order to the latter; order Monandria, and the latter of the
EsT TREEs, oR WAL-GAHAs. . .
é gaha 47. Yon-tumbe gaha al gaha 48. At-pila gaha
ha 49. Gorandia gaha
ቃ 50. Ratane gaha gaha 51. Mas-badda gaha gaha 52. Ek mee gaha
l, 53. Kurutiaya gaha gaha 54. Pat-beriya gaha al 55. Bara gaha
aha 56. Geta-kula gaha aha 57. Gojaru-ruritiya gaha
al gaha 58. Pada rurutiya gaha
59. Wal-kiri-kon gaha 60. Kalu-mella gaha 61. Malu gaha
lgaha 62. Wal-wareka gaha aha 63. Reliya gaha
aha 64. Bol-wilagaha ’‘a gaha 65. Ura tana gaha gaha 66. Limiya gaha
67. Goda kirilla gaha dara gaha 68. Dada kirila gaha ha 69. Meti bembrya gaha

Page 145
VARIETIES OF FOREST TIM
70. Geta wilamba gaha 77. Ros-ata-p
71. Weli-ana gaha 78. Sulu kiri 72. Gal-kunegaha 79. Tun-hiriy 73. Uruta gaha 80. Dambu g 74. Geta-rulu gaha S1. Ma-tamba 75. Armatilla gaha 82. Rat-timbi 76. Hela gaha \ 83. Hoe-kolo
It is by no means improbable, from timber imported into Great Britain, that trees, here enumerated, has ever been but natural to suppose, that these various their local names imply, such as red, bla the intermediate shades, for the Singhales colors, the variety is very great.
After the forest timber trees, it may b if properly applied, would prove a new sou capabilities of this incomparable island a capitalist, the merchant, and the manufac to which the rage for coffee and sugar plan Some authors have described trees as purposes; which, upon fair trial, have be have their uses.
The silky cotton tree (Bombya pentant maritime provinces, and in the lower pal which is something similar to that of the gi is only fit for the stuffing of pillows and m motions that have obtained with many indi silky cotton as it appears upon the tree, th our manufacturers; but if they had given state of culture of the true cotton in Ce the value of an article, whose shortness of it unfit to be employed even as a substitu by the Dutch; who also sent a quantity reasonable expectation that if “the mos convert it into cloth of some kind or othe
G

ER-SILKY COTTON TREE. 123
lagaha 84. Kalu timbiliya gaha nessa gaha 85. Un-sulu gaha l-messa gaha 86. Geta-pota gaha
ha 87. Rok-kandi gaha lagaha 88. Ralu ronda gaha i gaha 89. Wane sapoo gaha
gaha 90. Rarelu gaha
what is generally known of the foreign scarcely one of the ninety Kandyan forest een in the London market; and as it is
woods partake of the colors that many of ck, yellow, stone, and white; and also of 2 have no definition except of the primitive
2 as well to describe those, whose produce, rce of revenue, and show that the vegetable 'e deserving of the earnest attention of the turer, instead of that extraordinary neglect ting has hitherto consigned them. ۔
producing fit materials for manufacturing en pronounced the reverse: but still they
rum, L.) is quite common throughout the ts of the central province; but its produce, gantic Swallow-wort (Asclepias gigantea, L.), attresses, notwithstanding the very different iduals, who have superficially observed the at it might be turned to good account by the slightest consideration to the neglected flon, they would have thought otherwise of staple, and want of elasticity of fibre, render e for beaver. For this purpose it was tried if the raw material to China, in the very
ingenious nation in the world could not , it was not to be effected;" but it proved 2

Page 146
124 ANNATTO-PLANTS PRODUCI
a fruitless speculation. The best use tha boxes; the tenacity of the wood preventin preserving insects from injury through loco The much neglected annatto (Biala orella is another valuable dye, which is unknow standing the great facility with which its cul of our dependence upon South America for quantity, and of the best color and quality thrives best in a sandy soil, and stands the me, that this luxuriant and ornamental pro it is; for it is of rapid growth, requires cordiform foliage, which must not be jud. hot-houses and conservatories, is imperviou The seeds contain the coloring matter, shaped capsule, which, in an unripe state, and, at maturity, divides and exposes to vie The present duty on foreign annatto is : genous production, whose various uses, ir wools, and coloring cheese, entitles it to m than it has hitherto had. The elastic bark for making strong ropes and elephant noose As a substitute for flax, and for all the pu the Chinese almost equal the cambric of th pine or silk grass (Bromelia Karatas, L.), seed-bearing or wild plantain (M. sylvestris) liata, L.), and Mellori (Pandamus odoratissim My attention was first drawn to the Mu and cloth, by seeing some excellent specime Stirling, the commander-in-chief, whilst I 1813; and, in 1822, I sent a specimen of p the commander of the French ship Le Henn of the dried fibre of the Bromelia Karata see if French ingenuity could not effect som with the hope of surprising those of my col with levity any novel suggestion for adding duce. The result remains with Mons. Plas

NG SUBSTITUTES FOR FLAX.
it can be made of the timber, is for insect g the pins from dropping out, and thereby -motion. ina, L.), class Polyandria, order Monogynia, n in the tariff of Ceylon exports, notwithtivation there would supersede the necessity an article that could be produced in any ', in our own colony. This valuable shrub sea-breeze well; and it has often surprized duction should be so generally neglected as out little care, and, from the density of its ged by the specimens of the plant in our s to the rays of a vertical sun.
and are enclosed in a capillary almondis pink, but changes to brown as it ripens; w its bright vermillion seeds. sufficient encouragement to cultivate an indin medicine, varnishes, for dying silks and ore attention, on the part of our colonists, of the Bira orellana is used by the natives
S. irposes of grass-cloth manufacture, in which e best French looms, the fibre of the wild of every variety of Musa, including the , and of the leaves of the aloe (Aloe perfonus, L.), is well adapted. sa genus, for the manufacture of cordage ns of both in the possession of Vice Admiral was upon the Jamaica station, in the year lantain fibre to France, by Mons. Plassiard, i; together with about half a pound weight , and Pandanus odoratissimus, in order to lething equal to Chinese manufacture; and untrymen and contemporaries, who treated to the common catalogue of colonial prosiard, who did not return to Ceylon, as he

Page 147
A Kandyan Dessare in siis l'unch &&!, frŲm a Singhaleso drawing.
Ezagraraei sự so s osso, is
 

Page 148


Page 149
SORD FROM THE WILD PL
had intended, and of whose address I am submitted to His Grace the Duke of Po Musa sylvestris, and also of white and stro The Singhalese fishermen make their juncea, L.), which grows upwards of five fi western province than in any other. Th Sensiviera Zeylanica of Thunberg.
If it be considered, that in one year, 37,000 tons of hemp, it will occasion m ment, and the supineness of individuals, the valuable substitutes for it which every with each other; for surely where so ma belonging to the crown, are now lying we hemp and flax would not only abundantly the land, but leave a considerable surplus polizing their culture, if private individuals
Rope making is here a most profitable additional manufacturers of that article, í for which latter the Hané plant is a very st At one time, the culture of hemp was t introduced into Delft Island, and Lieut. appointed to superintend it, with a salary scribing to the Civil Fund, for an annuity in that situation ; but, although in additio some office of superintending the governn restricted from civil promotion or increase
In all naval contracts, rope made from of Ceylon; but that the latter might be or that the process of Kyan, in the prev applied to the rope itself.
In introducing the white and digitated m plantations of the black mulherrv i Morum trees, here and there, of which the fruit was had fully anticipated that I was laving t island. My first distribution of cuttings (ifard, D. C. L., the then chief justice.

NTAIN TREE-HANE-HEMP. 125
at this moment, ignorant. I have since tland, some specimens of the fibre of the ng cord manufactured from it. finest nets of the Hane plant (Crotalaria et in height, and is more cultivated in the ey also make nets of Koir cord, and of the
luring the last war, Great Britain imported Lch surprise, that the apathy of the governin regard to its cultivation in Ceylon, or of where present themselves, should keep pace ny thousands of square miles of rich land, ste, the profit of an extensive eultivation of repay the expense of fencing and clearing profit, and justify the government in mono
will not undertake it. business; and there is ample field for many rom the largest cable to sail-makers' twine : uperiormaterial. hought of so much importance, that it was Edward Nolan, of the 3rd Ceylon regiment, of £500 a year, and the privilege of subof £400 for life, after twelve years' service In thereto that gentleman had the troublehent breeding stud, he was most illiberally of salary. accadive Koir was always preferred to that improved there can scarcely exist a doubt anthon of dry-rot, might not be beneficially
berry plants into (evlon, where the original nugra. ... had dwindled into a few stunted smaller than the common hedge strawberry. ie toundation of, a permanent good to the was, to the late Honorable Sir Harding In l No.21 . , through whom ut was introduced

Page 150
126 MULBERRY TREES-CHINESE - MIET
into the botanic gardens at Colombo and K auditor and accountant general; Captain S. Alexander Watson, of the royal artillery; C Captain Crisp, master attendant; the W. Calpetty; and subsequently to Charles Edw and Matura, and James Agnew Farrell, Esq The culture of the mulberry plant was ar introduction of the several varieties of thi St. Helena, and the south of France. Had soon have determined which species of silk atmosphere of Ceylon; and as both speci my most sanguine hopes, the speculation mi successfully ; and silk have become, long of the island.
This is one of its capabilities that dese can be very little, if any, difficulty in ind Ceylon. A preference might be given to th the service of the British, Irish, and Colo be qualified to decide as to the species of sil to select localities for silk factories.
The growth of the mulberry is so extrem plantations would be in full bearing; and it by cuttings from the produce of my original The Chinese, who are the greatest silk g tree that bears the least fruit, the best; a quantity of foliage, and decrease that of th ripe fruit of the mulberry tree, after it had of the fowls is subsequently collected and st having been again soaked in water, are st ponderance of foliage. These ingenious p for the habitations of their silk worms; f the purest running water is considered the fetid or bad smells, and noise; for when barking of a dog, or the crowing of a cock, If I were to plant the mulberry extensiv crop; and, in order to secure shade for the

IOD OF BREEDING SILK WORMS.
Indy; to Henry Augustus Marshall, Esq., hneider, surveyor general; Lieut. Colonel eorge Turmour, Esq., collector of Kaltura ; sleyan mission gardens at Colombo and ard Layard, Esq., provincial judge of Galle , collector of revenue at Chilaw.
indispensable preliminary to my projected ! silk worm, from Malta, Bengal, China, this plan been carried into effect, it would worm would best agree with the humid 2s of the mulberry tree succeeded beyond ght have been proceeded with, safely and ere this, one of the most valuable exports
rves the attention of capitalists; for there ucing experienced persons to proceed to Lose who had been some time employed in nial Silk Company; and they would soon k worm best adapted to the climate, and
ely rapid, that in less than six months the might easily be propagated to any extent, introductions from the Mauritius. rowers in the world, consider the mulberry nd adopt a curious method to increase the e fruit; namely, by feeding hens upon the been partly dried in the sun; the ordure eeped in water, and the undigested seeds, own, and produce trees of the desired preeople select rising grounds, near rivulets, or the eggs require frequent washings, and best. The place must be kept free from he silk worms are fully hatched, even the throws them into confusion. ely, I would sow indigo by way of undermulberry plants, which would not injure

Page 151
CULTURE OF THE MULBERRY-INDI
indigo, plant plantain trees at fifteen feet c mulberry trees had attained a sufficient h plantain affords a succession of suckers, t by their early removal; and the parent trees of fruit, (for that is all the plantain or bana sake of their fibre, and for their leaves to die away gradually, as the necessity for sha I also introduced the cassada or manioc ( but notwithstanding the great and gratuitou of the original stock, this invaluable plant be presumed, ignorance of its inestimable Malays in the Mahagampattoo, only one has paid any sort of attention to its cult adapted, from its nature, to become a subst the rice crop would not only point out cultivation would be considered an object and easily obtained substitute for that ch have seen so much of the apathy of my co lent, that until they shall have been convin than Cure,” I can scarcely hope that its in acted upon.
Another extremely common plant, the C are both the glauca and coccinea, is equally yield a more nutritious farina than the arro process of manufacturing it is equally simpl rasped upon a large tin or copper grater, a a wooden mortar; the pulp is then put having been poured over it, is stirred we and the residue allowed to settle for the off, and the sediment spread upon clean clo spread) and dried in the sun.
The light soils of Ceylon are admirably moms, Canna glauca, Maranta arundinac Safran des Indies of the French. The lat be expected; for although, as a dye, it is indispensable in the native diet. Like spread to a considerable distance underg

O AS AN UNDER CROP-CASSADA. 127
stant from each other, in rows, until the ight to withstand the sun; and, as the e ground can always be kept clear enough , after having borne their respective bunch a tree produces,) can be cut down, for the
be employed for fodder; or be allowed to le or otherwise may obtain. Jatropha Manihot) from Mauritius in 1821, s distribution of cuttings from the produce has been so lightly valued, (from, it is to gualities,) that, with the exception of some individual, Charles Edward Layard, Esq., ure. There is no root which is so well itute for rice; and one or two failures in che value of the Jatropha Manihot, but its of paramount necessity, as the only certain ief article of native consumption. But I untrymen in regard to this invaluable escuIced by necessity that “prevention is better nportance will be sufficiently estimated and
anna Indica, or Indian shot, of which there neglected. The roots of the Canna glauca w root (Maranta Arundinacea, L.), and the !, viz. the roots having been well washed, are nd if not quite fine enough, are pounded in into a large tub, and a quantity of water l; every particle of fibre is then removed, night; in the morning the water is strained ths (under which mats have been previously
adapted to the cultivation of ginger, cardaea, and turmeric (Curcuma longa, L.), the er is not so extensively cultivated as might in occasional demand, its use is general and ne Amomum Zingiber, or ginger, its roots 'ound, and it resembles that root in shape.

Page 152
128 ELASTIC GUM TREES-GUM AR
The plant attains the height of from tw. of the root is ashy, but internally a brigh hood are dyed with it, yellow being the sa, The common sun-flower’s (Helianthus an for cattle and poultry; and as it attains the lost in astonishment at the entire neglect o the parterre or flower garden. Every par expressed from the seed; the oil-cake is does not impart the rancid flavor to either the stalks produce a great deal of alkali; tute for straw for cattle; aid subsequently Various indigenous trees yield elastic g caoutchouc; but it has not hitherto been Amongst these may be named the Ignat Indica, L.; Cecropia peltata; Carica pap incisa, L. ; and Artocarpus integrifolia, L.
Ceylon produces the true gum arabic (l Monoecia, in abundance; nevertheless not portation since our first occupation of the that I employed the white of an egg to g Ceylon, (published under the auspices of me a very fine gum, equal to the best gum called in Singhalese Kattoon-daru Gaha, of the tree with flowers and seeds; the sili odour. Of the flowers and gum I brougl proved that Ceylon produces the true gum During my superintendence of the Mahag a few successful experiments with a commo orum, in the presence of several natives, fro juice abundantly exuded, that soon acqui wards hardened to a gum. I recommende merce that would amply reward their exert in collecting the gum that had formed through the casual wounds inflicted by a as in distrust of any benefit likely to be de eve of leaving the district, I could do no m Euphorbium is not yet included in the tariff

ABIC TREE-EUPHORBIUM TREE.
elve to fourteen inches; the external color t yellow; the robes of the Buddhist priestred color. nuus) seed is a most valuable article of food greatest perfection in Ceylon, one is almost f its cultivation, except as an ornament to t of it is useful. The most delicious oil is a fattening diet for cattle and poultry, and that the Poonac or coco-nut oil-cake does; the dried leaves afford an excellent substiform a rich manure for sandy soils. gum, nearly equal to the South American thought worthy of speculative competition. ia elastica, L.; Ficus religiosa, L.; Ficus ya, L. , Jatropha elastica, L. ; Artocarpus
Mimosa Nilotica, L.), class Polygamia, order t a pound of it has been collected for exisland in 1796. Madung Appo, observing give a gloss to my drawings of the fishes of the Ceylon government in 1830,) brought arabic, which he had obtained from a tree and he subsequently brought me a branch quose of the latter emitted a fine aromatic nt specimens to England, by which it was arabic tree. gampattoo district, in 1826 and 1827, I made In augur, in tapping the Euphorbium antiqum the orifices of which a thick caustic milky red the consistency of bird-lime, and afterd it to their notice, as an article of comions, as well as afford constant employment upon the trees in considerable quantities, himals or insects. They shook their heads, }rived from it; and as I was then upon the hore than reiterate my advice; but the gum
of Ceylon exports.

Page 153
CHAP
Continuation of the vegetable productions of Ceylon many of the purposes to which gum Arabic is adapted-Si. gums, during the last war with France-Ceylon could Gum lac tree, not the Lacsha of Bengal-Singhalese lack of the varieties of gum lac-Suggestions for making the lacca-Gum Tarahama-Sap of the bread-fruit tree a si Introduction of the coffee tree from Java-Governor Zwa Colombo in one year-High duties om cinnamom injurious under the name of Cassia lignea, which bears a less cinnamomum-Clandestinely introduced into that islan imported as Cassia lignea, and protecting the revenueset by the East India Company to eclend its culture in by teetotalism.
THE next valuable gum, but altogether cardium occidentale, L.* and Acajou of Tou state. It yields a beautifully transparent branches; and its thick and astringent b equal, if not superior, in quality to that of
In the year 1826, I sent about fifty pou kett and Young, merchants at Colombo, f facturers in England for trial; and the
* Linnæus first placed the Anacardium in class IX., of the Medical College of Copenhagen, after a full exami character of the genus in the following manner, which pl
The Hermaphrodite Flower. CALYx-Perianth five-l CoRoL-Petals five-lanced, acute, &c., as in the characte nected at the base; one of them thicker than the rest a the germ, which has an Anther three-sided, large, fertil nent, the figure of the former. PISTIL-Germ oblong single from the bottom of the germ, awled, equal to receptacle and fruit as in Linnaeus.
The Male Flower om a different plant. CALYX, CoRo) Germ 0 or abortive.

XVI.
-Cachew gum, a substitute for gum Senegal, and for Joseph Banks's endeavours to find a substitute for foreign have supplied the British market, but no one knew of iterers-Lac insect not indigenous-Kaufman's description vegetable lac of Ceylon equally profitable with the Coccus ubstitute for pitch, and also for caoutchouc-Gumbogetardenkroom-Louis XIV-Value of coffee earported from to that trade, for it encourages the sale of Java cinnamon, import duty-Java cinnamon the produce of the Laurus d from Ceylon-Suggestions for assorting the cinnamon -Cotton neglected in Ceylon, notwithstanding the eacample , India-Culture of opium introduced-Its use increased
neglected, is that of the cachew tree (Anarnefort), which is only to be seen in a wild gum in large masses, from its trunk and ark contains a great proportion of tannin,
the oak (Quercus Robur, L.) nds weight of cachew gum to Messrs. Musor the purpose of being submitted to manueport made of it, was to the effect, “ that
and then transferred it to class X. M. Rottröell, Fellow nation of several specimens of the inflorescence, fixed the aced it in class XXIII. Polygamia, order I. Monoecia.
eaved; Leaflets egged, concave, erect, colored, subvillous. r of Linnæus. STAMENs--Filaments eight to ten, conind one third part longer, answering to the greater lobe of e, deciduous; the rest have Anthers less, fruitless, permag, kidney-form, with one lobe layer placed higher; Style the corol; Stigma small, roundish, depressed, concave;
, STAMENs-as in the Hermaphrodite fiower. Prstil
R

Page 154
30 CACHEW GUM-GUMLAC OF
a superabundance of Gum Senegal was war, cachew gum might be employed to former, in dying silk; and also for almo: adapted.”
At an early period of the last war with held out great encouragement for the dis factures; for an opinion at that time obtai soon prove inadequate to the demand. little was then known of the indigenous pr which might, at that very time, have suppl. The cachew tree grows to the height of at the top; but its timber is of little va The gum exudes in such large drops, tha gress, and are soon covered with a transpal be polished. Very beautiful specimens of imposed upon purchasers in this country fo A resinous gum is produced in Ceylon, consistency of sealing-wax, and color it; variety of colors than red, yellow, black, not the production of an insect, like that but exudes from the trunk and branches gaha of the Singhalese, wherever puncture purpose of collecting the gum. When qu but, with age, it becomes of a muddy brow This substance might be turned to go to the fine arts. The Singhalese, and pa ceremonial bows and arrows, walking sti which they make, by a very simple turnir beautiful style, with the Kapitya lac, leavin best French polish could effect, but of a m Animals have so great a dread of the t in contact with it; this may be owing to t is almost as bad as that of the green or wi I have particularly sought after the lac yet the tree that it makes its usual hab indigenous and abundant.

CEYLON-NATIVE LACKERERS.
Chen in the market; but that in time of great advantage as a substitute for the st all the purposes to which gum arabic is
France, the late Sir Joseph Banks, G. C. B., covery of a substitute for gum in our manuned, that the supply of foreign gum would This simple fact is sufficient to show how oductions of our own possessions in Ceylon, led all the demands of the British market. eighteen or twenty feet, and spreads much lue: the leaves are glossy and thickly set. it insects are occasionally caught in its procent mass, which, upon becoming hard, may f gum necklaces and bracelets are too often ramber ornaments of Chinese manufacture.
with which the natives form a lacker of the but I do not recollect seeing it of a greater and a sort of bluish or Vishnu green. It is of the Lacsha of Bengal (Coccus lacca, L.), of the Croton lacciferum, L., the Kapitya d by insects, or from incisions made for the ite fresh, it is of a transparent straw color; vin hue. od account in this country, as an auxiliary rticularly those of the interior, lacker their cks, wooden bowls, and all sorts of boxes, ng lathe, in great perfection, and finish in ng the surface as smooth and brilliant as the ore durable nature. ree itself, that they cautiously avoid coming he very nauseous odour that it emits, which nged bug. insect in Ceylon, but without success, and itat in Bengal, the Mimosa cinerea, L., is

Page 155
COCCUS LACCA-GUM T
According to Kauffman, the substance c. cell of the Coccus lacca, colored red by t stick lac, the white membraneous substan separated from the adhering sticks, and last, being freed from impurities by melting lastly, that called shell lac, is the cells lique Now as the Bengal Coccus lacca, and the the same resinous properties; and as the f and of the finest kinds of sealing wax, and to require little more than the spirit of spec capitalist, to render the latter equally valua it belongs to the catalogue of the already ti parable island.
Gum Tacamaha may be procured in a tree (Caliophyllum Inophyllum, L.), the Don genous and most abundant. This resinou. Its smell is fragrant, approaching to that ( merce exudes from the bark of the balsam doctors employ the gum externally, in cata Although other indigenous trees yield rei in comparison with the abundance of those worth the trouble of collecting.
The sap of the bread-fruit tree (Artocar and subsequently boiled, forms a tolerable were not otherwise so useful as it is, the sa a raw state, by being converted into India-r Gumboge may be obtained in any quan of the Singhalese); Stalagmites Cambogioide in the Bazaars, but has mot hitherto bee: market is chiefly supplied from the Indian ( Coffee (Coffea Arabica, L.) was first intrc where it was originally planted by the gov who procured the seeds and plants from Mc This public benefactor did not limit his vie his control, but sent the coffee plant from thing was thought of too little importance
R

ACAMAHA-GUMBOGE. 131
illed gum lac in the British market, is the he dead body of the insect contained in it; ce found in the empty cells, which, when grossly powdered, is called seed lac, which gover a gentle fire, is called lump lac; and sied.
Ceylon vegetable lac, are known to possess ormer is made the basis of many varnishes, is also used in painting, it seems to me culation, and the funds of a very moderate ble as an article of commerce. At present oo long neglected capabilities of this incom
y quantity from the roots of the Domba nba gaha of the Singhalese, which is indis gum is called by the Malabars Tacamaha. of ambergris : but the Tacamahaca of comtree (Populus balsamifera, L.) The native plasms, &c.
sinous gums, their number is too limited, already described, to render their produce
pus incisa, L.), when hardened in the sun, substitute for pitch; but, even if that tree ap would be more profitably employed in ubber. tity from the Cambogia gutta, L. (Ghorkah s, and Xanthochymus ovatifolius. It is sold n an export from the colony. The home continent, duced into Ceylon from the island of Java, ernor general of Batavia, Zwaardenkroom, cha, in the Arabian Gulf, in the year 1723. ws to the mere benefit of the islands under Batavia to Amsterdam; for with him no
for grave consideration, when the national 2

Page 156
132 COFFEE INTRODUCED FROM JA
advantage lay even in the most distant have the management of colonies, and lov The coffee plants sent from Batavia to 4 and, amongst others, the French consul novelty that had been introduced; and he the plants, which he sent to his sovereign, This plant having been placed in a h and the French government attached son West Indies, that three plants of the fir Martinique; and never were crown diamo notwithstanding every precaution and atter That plant was the original parent of all t French, and Spanish West Indies; and Ir fourteenth's reign together, entitle him t coffee plant into culture at Martinique. benefit that will survive a million of vict of commerce; from which various nation crease of riches, and mankind one of the r of which, nature has, hitherto, produced th In the year ending the 5th of January, Britain, from the port of Colombo alone, was not a single bale of cotton or silk, annatto, or cochineal, of the produce of enough of Ceylon growth to pack the cinn indigenous, or may be easily naturalized.
The present mania for coffee planting until the government either reduces the ci from Ceylon, and upon its importation h more equal footing with the cultivators of difference in the duty which causes the pre low price of cinnamon plantations, and cor article, whilst it depreciates that of the latt The injury done to the Ceylon cinnamo. spice, the produce of Java, under the ps inferior duty of, I believe, one shilling p gined; for although there may be, and,

WA-COFFEE MANIA-CINNAMON.
prospective; and so ought all to think who 2 for their country. Amsterdam, soon attracted public attention; seemed to take a particular interest in the subsequently succeeded in obtaining one of the then Grande Monarque, Louis XIV. thouse, throve admirably well and seeded; much importance to its naturalization in the st produce were transmitted to the island of lds or regalia guarded with more care : but, tion, only one plant survived the voyage. he present coffee plantations in the British, nuch question if all the glories of Louis the o more honor than his introduction of the It rendered his country and humanity a pries :-laid the foundation for am extension s derive immense revenues, merchants inmost exhilarating and wholesome beverages,
l6 (168]]S. 841, the value of coffee exported to Great amounted to 197,387.l.. 10s. 4d.; but there or a pound of cocoa, indigo, gum, opium, the island, exported; and not even pepper amon; and yet all these articles are either
daily increases; and will continue to do so nnamon duty, upon the export of cinnamon re, or places the cinnamon grower upon a coffee and other produce. It is the great sent high price of coffee grounds, and the sequently increases the value of the former
2.
a grower, by the importation of the same 2udo denomination of Cassia lignea, at an er pound avoirdupois, may easily be imano doubt, is, a large proportion of Cassia

Page 157
CASSIA LIGNEA OF JAVA-SUG
lignea, probably of the produce of Malabar sinister purposes, as regards the import d cinnamon in Ceylon, would, if adopted in fact, that of the quantity imported as Cass will be found to predominate.
In corroboration of my statement, I may importance, at the present moment, to the to the revenue derived from its importation When Lord Glenelg avowed to certain m that “he is unable to say whether coffee i reflections were cast upon the colonial de and that same body, so far as it includes th Ceylon cinnamon grower, would also, there otherwise, if the noble president of the boa avow himself equally unable to decide the been recently drawn, by merchants connect cinnamon of that island.
It is not, however, unknown to his Lord formed one of its dependencies, was not co duce cinnamon or Cassia lignea, although t) districts of the interior of that immense islan the latter, the Laurus Cassia, L.; for the they destroyed every nutmeg and clove of the former to the Banda islands, and of growth of cinnamon, except in Ceylon, thr Consequently all the spice denominated Ca from Java, must be the produce of trees pl. to our flag, on the 14th of February, 179 Dutch families, who quitted Ceylon for Ja forts that had been ceded, did not go er plants or seeds.
But it is not from that original introduct that all the spice now imported as Cassia li namon trade, is obtained; for, in the year plants, were, through the connivance of int a brig bound to Batavia.

ESTIONS FOR ASSORTING IT. 133
and China, mixed with the true spice, for ity; a similar process to that of assorting our import warehouses, soon establish the 'a lignea, the proportion of true cinnamon
venture to state one or two facts, of equal Seylon cinnamon grower and exporter, and here.
erchants, by letter dated 6th March, 1S3S, s grown in West Africa,” the most satirical partment by the commercial community : ose who are profiting at the expense of the can be little doubt, be better pleased than rd of trade and foreign plantations were to joint to which his Lordship's attention has ed with the Ceylon trade, in regard to the
ship, that the island of Java, whilst Ceylon onsidered by the Dutch government to prohe latter might have been wild in certain d; the former, the Laurus Cinnamomum, L., Dutch, pursuing the same policy by which .ree in Ceylon, and restricted the culture the latter to the Moluccas, prohibited the oughout their Eastern colonies.
ssia lignea, or base cinnamon, now imported inted subsequently to the cession of Ceylon 6; for it is well known, that many of the va, with the former Dutch garrisons of the pty-handed, either in regard to cinnamon
ion only, of the cinnamon plant into Java, gnea, to the prejudice of the Ceylon cin825, upwards of three thousand cinnamon }rested persons, smuggled off the island by

Page 158
34 SMUGGLING CINNAMON
The brig, when she first arrived at Gal the Dutch owner, fully aware that the cor to a proposition of so illicit a nature as th managed to quarrel with him first, and engaged a ready coadjutor in his nefarious The best protection that can be afford to subject all Cassia lignea, imported from where, to the same process of assortment an increased rate of duty upon all cin as, Cassia lignea, and continuing the du per pound.
The external appearance of these two distinguished while growing, except by t accustomed to both trees.
As to cotton, the great exertions made to extend and improve its culture in Indi convincing proof of the importance attac commercial affairs of this great country, “ cient excitement, one would think, for the in Her Majesty's island of Ceylon.
Hitherto the chief objects of European lent vegetables and fruits, have been the flourish in the greatest perfection; and C its cultivation, may soon be expected to eq
The Kandyans select the best coffee by are perfectly au fait at giving it an artific to profit by the difference. Coffee sells at measure, which will contain about two pou lighter and whiter coffee is called second 4d. per pound.
Opium, the inspissated juice of the whit cultivated in the Mahagampattoo, in the from Malwah, where the finest opium is pr John Morris, who was at that time editor o by trial, that the soil and climate of the ba to the culture of the opium poppy, I sent

PLANTS-COTTON-OPIUM.
e, was commanded by an Englishman; but mander was too honourable a man to listen contemplated removal of cinnamon plants, then to discharge him; and subsequently scheme among his own countrymen.
d to the Ceylon cinnamon trade, would be, Java, or other Dutch settlements, or elseas is adopted in Ceylon; and by charging namon found mixed with, and imported ty on the rest, as at present; viz. 2s. 6d.
varieties of the aromatic laurel, cannot be he leaf; and that only by those who are
by the Honorable the East India Company a, by engaging planters from America, is a hed to it by that preeminent body in the whose merchants are princes;" and a suffiemployment of capital for the same purpose
culture in the interior, exclusively of escucoffee tree and sugar cane; both of which Seylon coffee, by the rapid improvements in ual the produce of Mocha.
its bluish color, and by its weight; but they ial weight, by the soaking process, in order Colombo at about 6d. per pound, or 1s. per nds avoirdupois weight, more or less. The quality. Raw sugar is considered dear at
e poppy (Papaver somniferum, L.), was first year 1826. I obtained the original seeds oduced, through the kind offices of Captain f the Bombay Gazette. Having ascertained, nks of the Wallewe river were well adapted , for a further supply of seed; the produce

Page 159
SIR EDWARD BARNESS OPIN
of my own plantation, which, after the first for that purpose, having been swept away, October of that year, Just as the capsules ha tion of opium poppy seed, which was suffici disposal of the governor, in February, 1827; opportunity of acknowledging me, as the fi the island, at a general meeting of the Lite in December, 1826.
I had subsequently the great satisfactio introduction of the culture of the white a poppy, were likely to be realized, under t for, on the 21st of September, 1829, a re governor in council, “for promoting the gn duce, in the island of Ceylon, and for the enc which the articles silk and opium were inclu the Ceylon government." y
But the great difficulty to be overcome, i. try, was very obvious to Sir Edward Barn of February, 1827, thus pointedly alludes for the packet of Malwah poppy-seed which of instructions relative to the cultivation of its capsules; and I have no doubt that it commerce, might be brought to perfection of the importance of attention to agricultural i,
The poppy plants appeared above ground less than six weeks were in full bloom: abu juice of which, about a pound of opium, of gardener, (who withheld it from my know the district,) and sufficient seed was reserve quantity distributed to some Malays in th destroyed, as I have before stated.
The juice of the opium poppy is of a ve incision is made in the green capsule in t. during the night, congeals before morning,
Wide A

ION OF NATIVE INDUSTRY. 135
successful experiments, had been reserved by the sudden rise of the Wallewe river, in d attained maturity. The second importa2nt for general distribution, I placed at the His Excellency having previously taken an st introducer of the culture of opium into rary and Agricultural Society of Colombo,
of seeing that my public objects in the nd digitated mulberry, and of the opium he fostering care of the local government; gulation of government was passed by the 'owth of certain articles of agricultural proouragement of agricultural speculation," in ded, for the first time, in a regulation of
n all matters connected with native induses; who, in a letter to me, dated the 14th to it, -" I have to return you my thanks you forwarded, and likewise for the paper the plant, and preparation of opium from , in common with many other articles of in the island, could the natives be convinced ndustry.”—“ Hic labor, hoc opus !!” in six days after the seed was sown, and in hdance of capsules soon formed; from the good quality, was procured by my Malay ledge till I was upon the eve of quitting for twelve large beds, exclusively of the e district. The second crop was totally
y thick nature, and of a milky white; the he shape of a T, and the juice that flows
when it is scraped off with a blunt knife;
pendix.

Page 160
136 PREPARATION OF OPIUM--TS UN
this is subsequently formed into small ca Indian opium is now rendered, by a pec An acre will produce about forty pounds; exhausts the best soil, and renders the a the foecula of the indigo leaf is one of the
The natives of India are quite au fait gums and an extract from the leaves and fl
Many objections have been started to th cited for an example of its injurious effects that it has been prohibited from immemori the vicious appetite of the people has restraint.
In this country, as teetotalism extends, already has its use taken deep root amongs mined to abstain from the use of wines, sp of hops, malt, and narcoctics. As well may as that of opium in China; or let the di are slaves to either habit, will indulge it they can.

E INCREASED BY TEETOTALSM.
es, and is the opium of commerce. East liar process, as pure as that of Turkey. but the growth of the opium poppy soon plication of a powerful manure, of which pest, indispensable. it the adulteration of opium with resinous wer stalks of the poppy. : culture of the opium poppy; and China is upon the population; but notwithstanding all time, by a succession of Vermilion edicts, been found much too strong for legal
so will the use of opium increase; and ... that class of the people which has deteririts, cider, and the less wholesome melange f the use of spirits be prohibited in England, uty upon either be what it may, those who at all costs and risks, when and where

Page 161
CHAP.
Ertreme opinions as regards the Fruits of the islandtrees-Naturalized ecotic fruits-Native Materia Medi teen-Ramboulan-Nam-nam-Rose Apple-Sour-sopAlmond-Lennon-Bladder Cherry-Fig-Lovi-lovi-St Indig Papaw-Mango-Custard Apple-Coeur de Boeuf-B. Fruit-St. Helena Almond-Caffrarian Lime-Jambo
Pomegranate-Melon-Strawberry-Mulberry
As regards the fruits of Ceylon, the sup opinions, by esteeming them too much, the natives know nothing of engrafting, an for improving fruits or vegetables; everythi Europeans have adopted the horticultural s the several indigenous varieties, and perfe have been introduced from various parts of
Of the number of edible fruits, the best an duced by the Dutch, from Guiana, and th are only to be found in the gardens of the and as the native Materia Medica is chiefli, which include the roots, leaves, and bark, other trees, I have included a description applied by the Singhalese.
The native doctors possess many ancient to be in Sanscrit and Pali ; between which l trace a near affinity; but, as to the produc to consist chiefly of incantations, and magic and the stars upon the several plants, an the simpler to collect them.
The fruits may be described in three class to be found in private gardens; the second, bazaar; and the third, of the wild fruits that
S

XVII.
Natives have no method of engrafting or improving fruit 'a and medical books-Classification of fruits-MangosBrazil Cherry-Grape-Lo-quat-Star Apple-Canary ripe-leaved Pine Apple-Mandarin Orange-Wampinous fruits : Pine Apple-Orange-Shaddock-Guavailimbing-Cherimelle-Carambole-Jack Fruit-Bread Trefoil Limonia-Plantain and Banana-Cachew Apple.
erficial observer may be led into extreme or too little. It should be recollected, that i are equally ignorant of any other method ng is therefore left to nature, except where ystems of their own country, for improving cting the exotics, that, from time to time, the world. 'e from naturalized exotics, originally introe islands of Java and Amboyna; but these principal European and native inhabitants; y, if not altogether, composed, of simples, as well as the gums, of fruit-bearing and of the medicinal uses to which they are
medical books; of these, the best are said anguages, the learned in Eastern literature tions of Singhalese writers, they are stated al jargon about the influence of the moon ld the proper, or most fortunate time, for
ses; the first, to consist of such as are only of those that are procurable in almost every are eaten by the lowest class of the natives.

Page 162
138 ', . . . . . . . NATURALIZED
The Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana, from the island of Great Banda, whilst C of Batavia. This fruit has a smooth epid rather larger than a St. Michael's orange; the top is surmounted by an eight-rayed in the middle, but not deeper than the ri the top part is then taken off, and expt divided into eight lobes, each containing the other. The Mangosteen is considered astringent juice of the rind stains linen of a oxide of iron, makes a beautiful purple ink The Ramboutan (Euphoria nephelium, introduced from Java, is much smaller ir horse-chesnut, which it resembles external as in the latter, are beautifully tinged wit large clusters; and the edible part of it is a and wholesome, and of a peculiarly pleasa The Nam-nam (Cynometra cauliflora, L. from the trunk and branches of the tree. of a ripe russet apple and the flavor of a
The Rose Apple (Eugenia fragrams, L. both of the smell and flavor of the moss-r sweeter, but as insipid to the taste, as th its English name.
The Sour-sop (Annona muricata, L.), o ment of Surinam, in Guiana, is extrem size, and has a green murexed rind, w woolly pulp, in appearance like wetted cc The creoles of the West Indies make a v French name of the tree, Corossol.
The Brazil Cherry (Eugenia uniflora, I from the governor's garden at Reduit, . Roussail. When ripe, it is about the size of color, ribbed like a melon, and has a pecul The Grape (Vitis vinifera, L.) was origi Malabar, by the Portuguese; whose envc

EXOTIC FRUITS.
L.), was originally introduced by the Dutch, eylon was a dependency of the government ermis, is round, and of a purple color, and it rests in a permanent green calyx, and corona. It is usual to cut it transversely nd, which is about a third of an inch thick; ses the pulp; this is of a pure white, and a seed, convex on one side and angular on the ne plus ultra of all tropical fruits. The n iron-rust color; and, when combined with , which, when dry, has a brilliant gloss.
the Nephelium lappaceum, L.), originally size, and more oblong, than the European y; but its bristles, instead of being green, h crimson and yellow. The trut grows in pure white mucilaginous pulp, very cooling nt sub-acid flavor. ), originally introduced from Malacca, grows It is flat and kidney-shaped, has the color green one. ), originally introduced from Java, partakes pse, and has the color of an apricot. It is e petals of the flower from which it derives
riginally introduced from the Dutch settleely scarce. The pome grows to a large hich, at maturity, bursts and exposes its stton. This has a pleasant sub-acid taste. ery choice liqueur from it, called, from the
..) was introduced into Ceylon by myself, Mauritius, in 1821. The French call it a small green-gage plum, of a bright orange ar but pleasant flavor.
nally introduced from Goa, on the coast of ys, amongst other presents, carried grape

Page 163
NATURALIZED
vines to the Rajah of Ceylon, which thr both black and white grapes, in his accou flourishes better at Jaffnapatam, than in a The Lo-quat (Eriobotrya Japonica), orig or Japan, is a small oblong fruit, of an has a very agreeable sub-acid flavor. T hawthorn (Crataegus odoratissima, L.) bloss The Star Apple (Chrysophyllum Cainito, color; and when divided transversely, th figure of a, star. The juice is white, a originally introduced by the Dutch from S mens of this fruit, and these were sent me The Canary Almond (Canarium communi the Dutch, is a very sweet nut, of superior The Lemom (Citrus Limonum) was ori the people take no trouble to cultivate it; being both indigenous and abundant.
The Bladder Cherry (Physalis Alkahe Good Hope. When the flower drops, th and forms a pentagonal covering, blown about the size of a large white currant, ar plant in Ceylon that greatly resembles nauseous to the taste.
The Fig (Ficus Carica, L.), introduc requires artificial caprification to ripen i (Provence) plan of dipping an orange spi fruit. The admission of atmospheric air receptacle, to expand, and the fruit to ripe The Lovi-lovi, (as the Malays call it.) int the large red cherry in appearance. This lent jelly, quite equal in flavor to red curr the cherry tree of Europe. ' The Stripe-leaved 'Pine Apple (Brom introduced by myself, from Mauritius, i. with hight yellow or straw color, but th genous species.

EXOTIC FRUITS. 139
ove very well in Kandy. Knox mentions nt of Ceylon, published in 1681. The vine ly other part of the maritime provinces. nally introduced by the Dutch, from China apricot color. It grows in bunches, and he flower has the exquisite perfume of the
ΟΥ, L.) is an extremely scarce fruit, of a purple a pulp, which is very luscious, displays the ind of the consistence of cream. It was urinam. I never saw but two or three speciby the Count Van Ranzow, in 1820. s, L.), originally introduced from Batavia by flavor to the filbert, and yields a valuable oil. ginally introduced by the Portuguese; but the more juicy lime (Citrus limetta vulgaris)
gi, L.) was introduced from the Cape of e calyx swells to the size of a small walnut, out like a bladder, for the fruit, which is ld generally used for tarts. There is a wild this Physalis in appearance, but is most
2d by the Portuguese, grows freely, but t. This is easily effected by the French ne into olive oil, and gently puncturing the soon causes the flower, which is within the
l roduced from Amboyna by the Dutch, is like fruit is very acid; its pulp makes an excelant jelly; and the tree altogether resembles
elia Ananas, variegata, L.) was originally h 1821; the leaf is striped longitudinally e fruit is not better than that of the indi
2

Page 164
140 NATURALIZED
The Mandarin Orange (Citrus nobilis, l this delicious fruit there are three varietie; having so very fine and loose a rind, that shaken out of it; the second sort is sm about the size of a golden pippin, and ver The Wampi (Cookia punctata, L.) was and is rare. In shape, it resembles the Liin taste, the pulp of the former having a The Pomegranate (Punica granatum, Goa, and is abundant. The rind of the f and is in great esteem for its astringent pi The best Melons are produced from sorts called Dampsha or Zamsksy, and plants require no transplanting, but much The Strawberry (Fragaria vesca, L.); an black (M. Indica, L.), and digitated (M naturalized exotic fruits.
The Pine Apple (Bromelia Ananas, L dance than variety. The White, and th the most common is the Red or Orange P The Orange (Citrus Aurantium, L.) is e when perfectly ripe. This most cooling a the best Barbary orange; and, together citron (Citrus medica), is in the greatest a The Shadock or Pumplenose (Citrus varieties, and of a very large size; and th but scarce.
The Guava (Psidium pyriferum, L.) is village; but it is seldom cultivated. Th strawberry; but, owing to the superabun made into a jelly. Its size and flavor are The Papaw (Carica Papya, L.) is a v hermaphrodite Papaw tree. The female round the stalk, for the depth of two o that nature forces off a great many, to of the hermaphrodite tree is smaller, and

EXOTIC FRUITS.
...) was originally introduced from Java. Of s; one, about the size of a common orange, , if taken by the crown, the pulp is easily haller, with a thicker rind ; and the third is y luscious.
originally introduced from China, vid Java, tohi of China (Dimocarpus Litchi), but differs sub-acid, the latter a sweet flavor. L.) was introduced by the Portuguese, from ruit is much employed by the native doctors, operties. English and Persian seeds; of the latter, the the Geree or ostrich-egg, are the best. The
shade. d the Mulberry, of the white (Morus alba, L.), 1. digitata, L.) species, complete the list of
...), Anasi of the Singhalese, in greater abune Black (or Stone) Pines, are the best; but 'ine. lither of a deep green or of a russet color, and delicious fruit is not excelled in flavor by with the lime (Citrus limetta vulgaris), and bundance.
decumana, L.), both of the white and red
here is a smaller species, which is very juicy,
s found wild, walk where one may, near a he fruit is cooling, and has the flavor of a dance of its seeds, is best when stewed, or
both easily improved by grafting. aluable fruit. There is a male, female, and produces such a quantity of fruit, in clusters r three feet between and beneath the fronds, afford room for the rest to ripen. The fruit more melon-shaped than that of the female

Page 165
INDIGENOU
tree, and grows at the extremities of the d hang in long clusters, are very fragrant, anc is somewhat pear-shaped, and ribbed long color, from which, upon the least punctur inside is of a bright orange color. The in the cavity of the fruit, and are envelope all the pungency of seeding cress (Lepidi for the ill effects of too great indulgence in nature to the flesh of a very ripe melon, Tonquin bean. In a green state, the Papaw and, when boiled and mashed, is a substitu is not to be procured; this answers the use at the tables of Europeans; where, a is not very uncommon. The acrid juice ( remove worts, and specks on the eyes; and ing the ringworm. The odoriferous blossc need be entertained of having any numbe dence. Their growth is so rapid, that se The red-flowered, or dwarf variety (C. Pos known in Ceylon.
The Mango (Mangifera Indica, L.) com cordiform mango, the almond-shaped Matu and a half in length, and the kidney man the best; the last grows in large penden and has more of the turpentine flavor, p when green, it makes an excellent pickle There is also a species of the mango tree ambo, or mango leaf, from which the town o and not, as some have averred, in honor of The Custard Apple (Anmona squamosa, were it not for its black seeds, and a drop might be deceived to eat the natural for an The Bullock's Heart (Annoma reticulata, but not so delicate. From its resemblance Baeuf, by the French. A branch of the l them all, as I have proved by experience:

S FRUITS, 41
pendent flower stalks. The white flowers have a beautiful appearance. The Papaw itudimally ; the rind is of a bluish-green 2, drops of a milk-white liquid exude; the eeds lie closely united by a sort of gluten in a brownish-green pellicle; these have m, L. and T.), and are a specific remedy the fruit itself. The pulp is of a similar
and possesses the peculiar flavor of the makes an excellent pickle, and sweetmeat; e for the turnip, in places where the latter urpose so very well, that it is in general eg of veal, doing duty for a leg of mutton, of the green fruit is medicinally applied to it is also considered efficacious in destroyms are so very wholesome, that no dread r of these herbaceous trees near one's resiedlings produce fruit in about six months. oposa), common to the West Indies, is mot
prises several varieties; but the large Jaffna ra mango, which is not more than one inch go, about six or seven inches in length, are t clusters. The common mango is stringy, 2culiar to the genus, than the other sorts : ; the only purpose for which it is adapted. that produces no fruit; this is called ColuColombo is said to have derived its name: the celebrated Columbus. L.) has a white pulp, so like custard, that or two of noyeau were mixed with it, one artificial custard. L.) is more luscious than the custard apple, to a heart, it was originally called Carur de aves, laid where there are bugs, will attract -this should be generally known, for these

Page 166
142 INDIGENC
disgusting insects infest the chairs and annoyance of the traveller.
The Bilimbing (Averrhoa Bilimbi, L.), th bole (A. Carambola, L.), are three species tart fruits, and are also used in the native The Jack Fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia, fruit grows from the body of the tree, and i. exceeding thirty pounds avoirdupois in wei milky white, and so tenacious, that it is us is eaten in curries; the luscious bright y generally served at table in salt and water; for chesnuts. The odour of this fruit is ve The Bread Fruit (Artocarpus incisa, L. esculent vegetables; for it can only be eate It is by no means so palatable in the usual parboiled and baked, or boiled and served thin slices: in this last way, it certainly re my experience of its use for several years, to the native cooks, I never could carry m with those who describe the bread fruit as hot rolls; “sed, de gustibus, nil disputand The St. Helena Almond (Terminalia Cat is served at desserts; it is extremely sweet The Caffrarian Lime (Citrus tuberoides but the principal use made of it by the Sin The entire fruit having been first boiled, is paste, which they rub well into the hair; t clean; and, for the purpose of cleansing the beaten together, is employed as a succed Lime, and the Singhalese, Koodalodeye. T properties; but the most useful purpose to the bite of the diminutive but most trouble The Jambo* (Eugenia Malaccensis, L.) there are two varieties. The epidermis
* For a full account of these fruits, vide Ben

US FRUITS.
sofas of many rest-houses, much to the
e Cherimelle (A. acida, L.), and the Caramof a very acid genus; but they are excellent zurries. L) is the largest the island produces. The sack-shaped, large, and heavy, occasionally ght. Its juice is an elastic substance, of a 2d for the purposes of bird-lime. The pulp ellow and fleshy coverings of the seeds are and the roasted seeds are used as substitutes ry fetid and diffusive.
might more properly be classed among the ) after having undergone a culinary process. native way of currying everything, as when as a substitute for the artichoke, or fried in esembles crisp pie-crust; but, according to and, I believe, in almost every way known
y imagination so far, as to agree in opinion
very like new bread, or (when baked whole)
lm ' appa, L.), the Kattamba of the Singhalese, and pleasant to the taste.
is occasionally preserved as a sweetmeat; halese, is for cleaning their long black hair. then mashed to the consistency of a thick his, they aver, makes it hard, and the head hair of the pulp, the white and yolk of eggs, aneum. Europeans call the fruit Caffrarian he natives praise it for its various medicinal which I have seen it applied, is for curing some Ceylon leech (Hirudo Zeylanica).
is a beautiful and very juicy fruit; of this of the largest sort looks like white wax,
nett's “ Fruits of Ceylon,” 4to. Wood, 1842.

Page 167
INDGENO
delicately tinged with red; the other is Plum, with an occasional tinge of deep red the sun. The pome is juicy, cooling, a the latter partaking, but in a very slight ( grans, L., or rose apple. It forms part of is also stewed or baked, after the manner served as a sweetmeat. In order to give baked pears, the native cooks employ the Sinensis, var. duplex). The large bats, ca. are extremely partial to this fruit; and, if th against their night attacks, by stretching lin these destructive animals would devour the The Trefoil Limonia (Triphosia Aurant little aromatic fruit, having the flavor of c and is chiefly used for sweetmeats. There pylla and T. acidissima.
The Plantain (Musa sapientum, L.) and I there are sixteen varieties; but the giganti and the speckled (Tellicherry) plantains are plantain tree, the fig-tree (Figuera) of Para it, wrapped round the loins, is sufficient fo and if the plantain leaf split, it still hang and, when dry, is much tougher than in and virtue in the plantain leaf but little scriptural records, that our original paren themselves aprons;" and observe the brittl examine the great size and substance of the that instead of “sewed fig leaves together, aprons of fig leaves." There is also a mo, of the Musa ; the upper surface is of a gl a sort of bloom; the former is generally e exciting them. The Divine intention might to have been worn next the skin, and the thrown upon that surface, it runs off like g
* So called because its bruised petals are O

JS FRUITS. 143
nearly of the color of a half-ripe Orleans , where the fruit has been most exposed to d of an agreeable vinous flavor and smell; egree, of the perfume of the Eugenia frathe usual dessert at European tables; and of pears in Europe, and occasionally preit a pink or deeper red color, to resemble petals of the shoe-flower" (Hybiscus rosa led flying foxes (Vespertilio Vampyrus, L.), |e natives did not, in some measure, provide es, attached to a bell, from branch to branch, produce of a large tree in a few hours. iola), the Macunjé of the Singhalese, is a itron. When ripe, it is of a crimson color, are two other indigenous species, T. mono
Banana (M. Paradisiaca, L.). Of the former cred (Tanjore), the green sugar (Madras), the best. The Hindo-Portuguese call the dise; and very properly so, for one leaf of call the purposes of the strictest modesty; spendent in a double row from its mid-rib; a green state. There is also a peculiarity known; and when we connect it with the ts sewed fig leaves together, and made 2 substance of the common fig leaf, and then plantain leaf, we shall be disposed to think the text should have been, “they formed st wonderful provision of nature in the leaf Ossy green, the under surface covered with mployed for healing blisters, the latter for have been, for the upper or healing surface under surface externally; for if water be lobules of quicksilver.
:casionally used as a substitute for blacking.

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44 INDIGENOl
In its green state, and roasted, the pla a better substitute for it than the bread-fr native curries; and if it be dried in the sur bottles, it will retain its flavor for many yea article of domestic economy and of comr West Indies, where it is called Congonta edible; but it is only the very poorest class of the herbaceous stalk, combined with oxi
The Cachew Apple* (Anacardium occident and of rather a spongy nature ; but has an un to garlic. The apples that are most exposed a bright yellow, variegated with red; theirju soon reconciles one to its use, notwithstan of the mouth, consequent upon eating the frt a superior spirit from the cachew apple, w diluting with water,) to the best brandy. roasted, gives a peculiarly delicious flavor to: marking linen; for by the application of the color becomes black. The kernel of t apple, is eaten both in a green and dry state to get rid of the hard acrid pellicle that powerful oil, which might be usefully emplo larly as a varnish to wood, for the white an smeared with it. In some instances, I h that of the jack tree, that I could scarcely specimens, brought to me at the same time ally large and alike in shape and color, butt that I made drawings of both. I have hea an ounce of the nut-shells, as from three p. authority was given for the assertion, it mu the present.
The gim of this tree has bee

JS FRUITS,
ntain is eaten in lieu of bread, and forms uit itself. It is also a general ingredient in and pulverized, and kept in closely-corked rs. This flour might also be made a valuable merce. I first learnt to prepare it in the y. The root of the plantain tree is also of natives that makes use of it. The juice de of iron, makes a fine blue-black dye. ale, L.), the Cajhu of the Singhalese, is juicy pleasant smell, which some people assimilate to the sun, are largest and best, and are of ice is of a restringent acid flavor, but custom ding the temporary contraction of the skin uit. Dutch families occasionally manufacture thich some prefer, as a liqueur, (but not for The cachew apple, stuck with cloves and arrack punch; and its juice may be used for lime water upon the writing, after it is dry, he nut, which grows from the crown of the ; but the natives roast the ripe nut, in order envelopes it. The nut-shell contains a yed for a variety of purposes, and particut (Termes) will never attack any thing beave seen the leaf of this tree so much like tell the one from the other; and in two , by a native doctor, the fruits were unusuthe distinction of the leaf was so remarkable rd, that as much gas may be obtained from ounds of the best coal; but as no known st be considered altogether hypothetical for
in already described in page 129.

Page 169
CHAP.
Indigenous fruits continued: Ghorka-Champaka-Ki Tamarind-Pharaoh's Fig-Rattan Fruit-Ceylon Oli fleshed Water Melons Esculent vegetables: Horseradi choke-White Radish-Asparagus-Indian Corn-Gourd Brinjalis-Suggestions to the English market-gardener-C, bers-Cabbage-Bandika-Parsley-Mint-Borage-R
and red Water Lilies-Eschelot-Garlic-Capsicum-Tor Red Sorrel-Green Pea-Arrow Root; Difference betwee Illepei-Bird's-nest Cucumber-Talla-Carraway Seec Guinea or igeon Pea, supplied to the royal navy in ti for pease-Rice, and other grain; Native Agriculturists
THE Ghorka (Cambogia gutta, L.). This and of the size of the Mangosteen; but, all Ghorka has a great degree of acidity, which this fruit, the red and the yellow; but the when cut transversely, the pulp resembles i of the Mangosteen; but instead of being color of its own epidermis. That the Gl peans, may arise from its cooling and w known as they deserve to be. The natives their curries; and their doctors prescribe t is the gumboge of our dispensaries, in drop
The Champaka (Michelia Champaca, L. grapes. The saffron-colored flowers are their sacred color, and the robes of their offerings of these flowers to Buddha.
The Kirila of the Singhalese (Sonneratia a very acid fruit, but is eaten by the nativ expanded permanent calyx, globular, smoo useful parts of the tree are the straight an water, the habitat of the tree being mars

XVIII.
rila-Marsan Apple-Jar Plum-Wood Apple-Khone-Melon-Slime Apple-Myrobolams-Red and yellow :k tree-Kallaloo-Purslane-Spinach-Jerusalem Artis-Sorrel-Bamboo sproute-Beans-Carpintchee leafess-Lettuce-Celery-Endive-Beet-Carrots-Cucumoots-Sweet Potato-Yan-Iris-Moon flower-White nato-Snake Gourd-Sour Gourd-Mushroom-Nol-colin that of Ceplon and Bombay-Suneet Fennel-Ginger-Fenugreek-Sweet Sorrel-Cardamoms-Mustardke Indian seas, under the name of Dhol, as a substitute deficient in the selection of the best species.
fruit is round and ribbed like a rock melon, though somewhat resembling it in flavor, the the former has not. There are two sorts of latter is the most pleasant to the taste; and, in shape, and is divided into lobes, like that white, as in the latter, it partakes of the horka is not sufficiently esteemed by Euroholesome properties not being so generally dry the rind in the sun, and employ it in he yellow concrete juice of the tree, which sical, cutaneous, and leprous cases.
). This elegant fruit grows in clusters, like much esteemed by the Buddhists, it being oriesthood are of that hue. Devotees make
acida, L.) is, as its Linnæan name implies, es. Linnæus describes it as “sitting on the th, succulent, and many-celled." The most d conical roots: these strike upwards in the hy places. At one time, during the war,
T

Page 170
146 INDIGENO
the Dutch being driven to great straits for use as a substitute; and I have occasionall The Marsan Apple (Zisyphus spinosus, I bles the Siberian crab in shape, but is la grows rapidly, and its branches and leav admirable production for fences cannot wel The Jar Plum (Calyptranthes Jambalan oblong shape, about the size of a half-grow within. It yields a milkyjuice, of insipid The Wood Apple (Crataeva Marmelos, pulp is yellow, and covered with a hard r It is not liked at first, but one soon becom distil an exquisite cosmetic from the rind the Singhalese doctors employ the leaves head and ears.
The Khon or Koang (a species of Din Wampi (Cookia punctata, L.) in shape, a short distance, resembles the oak.
The Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica, L.) i preserving this acid fruit is very simple; the ing the seeds) is laid in jars, over which b{ closely covered. The native doctors prescr. of the leaves, as a vermifuge.
Pharaoh’s Fig (Ficus Sycamorus, L.). '' Carica, L.), and grows in masses from the for preserving. The wood is of the most di that which was employed by the ancient E The Rattan fruit (Calamus rotang, L.) appearance. It is covered with small gold. of a pleasant acid flavor; but the cane its of Batavia.
The Ceylon Olive (Eleocarpus serratus resembles the Spanish olive in size, shap and acid pulp.
The native Melon (Kekirya of the Singh: rated by an alliance with the cucumber, wh

US FRUITS.
corks, brought the elastic roots into general y employed them for the same purpose.
.), Wal-Hambilla of the Singhalese, resemrger, and yellow instead of red. The tree res are so beset with spines, that a more l be imagined. a, L.), Maden of the Singhalese, is of an n damson, and of a purple color, but reddish Sweetness.
L.), Beli gaha of the Singhalese. The ind, which has the smell of a ripe apricot. as partial to it. The Dutch and Portuguese and blossom, called Marmelle water, and for curing inflammations and pains in the
nocarpus) grows in clusters. It is like the ld has a slightly acid pulp. The tree, at a
s common and abundant. The method of pods having been shelled, the pulp (inclospiling sugar is poured, and the jars are then be tamarindwaterin fevers, and a decoction
This is smaller than the common fig (Ficus oranches and body of the tree, but is only fit urable nature, and is supposed to have been gyptians for the coffins of their mummies.
grows in clusters, and has a very pretty -colored scales; the pulp is gelatinous, and elf is of very inferior quality to the rattan
of Loureiro), Wierelu of the Singhalese, 2, and color. It is edible, but has a mealy
lese) is a tasteless fruit ; probably degeneich it resembles in shape.

Page 171
INDIGENOt
The Slime Apple (Embryoptoris glutinife of the wild fruits that are eaten by the which is esteemed by their doctors. Carpe Myrobolams (Myrobolanus Zeylanicus), u as partial to it as the monkies; but thes share. A soft, resinous, concrete juice, C hue, and somewhat transparent, exudes f unpleasant odour, and is the gum Elemi of The Water Melon (Cucurbita Citrullus, fleshed sorts, is not so abundant as might be to its culture by the natives. It grows vel vated to advantage for feeding cattle ; fon water melons thirty two inches in lengt naturally insipid, but very cooling in the the fruit, transversely, at one end; and bamboo cane, shaped like a paper knife: th sugar, and thus prepare a very grateful and Of the esculent vegetables there is an ab noticed in the preceding pages; and, amon The green capsule of the Horseradish tre of the Singhalese, (along triangular siliquos alated seeds,) is so delicate and wholesome partaking of other vegetables, allow a fre of flatulent properties. The leaves and esteemed by the natives; and the root, as for, with a sweeter taste, it has equal punge oil, considered efficacious in rheumatism, a a stroke of the land wind,” is extracted f scribe decoctions of the root in fevers an and is used as a substitute for gum Tragaca The country Kale, or Kallaloo (Amaran young stalks are dressed and served as as favor of the English spinach (Spinacia olera in England by the hot-bed; and if once become a favourite table vegetable, insteac garden, as it now does. • ܥ

S FRUITS, 147
a), Maha Timbiri of the Singhalese, is one latives. The tree yields a medicinal gum, nters use it as a substitute for glue. Kaekuna of the Singhalese, who are almost 2 animals generally contrive to get the best f a whitish yellow, inclining to a greenish com the tree; this has a strong but not
COhe TOCe.
L.), both of the red-fleshed and yellowexpected, which arises from an indifference y rapidly in sandy soil, and might be cultiit attains an enormous size. I have seen h, and twenty eight in girth; these are ir mature. The Persians and Arabians cut hen bruize the pulp, with a long piece of hey then add to the juice, lemon acid and
wholesome sherbet. undance, exclusively of the number already g the best, may be classed the following. 'e (Guillandina Moringa, L.), Merikulumulu 2, containing, in its cavities, several angular, ', that parents who object to their children 'e use of it, because it is entirely devoid flowers, which are also edible, are much a substitute for horseradish, by Europeans; ncy, and the same flavor. A very powerful ld in the Barbeers, or, as it is locally called "om the seeds ; and the native doctors pred paralysis. The gum is of a reddish hue, nth. thus sanguineus, and A. viridis, L.). The paragus, and the leaves have much of the cea, L.). This esculent might be improved introduced into use, it would doubtless of merely occupying a place in the flower
2

Page 172
48 ESCULENT W)
The Purslane (Portulaca oleracea, L.) in 1 Two varieties of a mucilaginous vegetab Spinach by the English. One is a dwarf, t so easily by cuttings, that within four month The Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus ta soil, and produces roots equal in size and horticulture.
The White Radish (Raphanus sativus, L.) or fibrous ; and is served, à la Hollandaise, officinalis, L.), which latter is much negle six months.
The Indian Corn (Zea Mays, L.) grows topping the plant, soon after the beard ap glume. In its green state, it is parboiled table ; and, when ripe, it is ground into fari. Of the Gourd genus there is a great va than the European. The most common art bash (C. lagenaria), egg-gourd (C. ovifera), a A species of Sorrel, called Surée by the in taste from the English sorrel (Rumer ace the former being of class Hexandria, and o. andria, and order Trigynia.
The young sprouts of the Bamboo (Air a table vegetable, or pickled in the Singhale Beans are in great variety, including the S lobed Bean (D. trilobus, L.), called Binné lab, L.), China Bean (ID. Sinensis, L.), Four Bean (D. aristatus, L.), Kidney Bean (Pha Phaseolus they have the following varietie Adsaryapala, Actokola, Avorapolu, Bumum, Maemung, Maha-wampala, Meekaree, Mam, uval, Wal-umae, Wandorolomé. ' The leaf of the Carpintchee of the Singhal for the peculiar flavor it imparts to the retains its aromatic properties.
The Brinjal (Solanum Melongena, L.) in

EGETABLES.
he greatest abundance and variety. le, called Brettalé by the Portuguese, and he other of rapid growth, and propagated is it will cover a cottage. uberosus, L.). This thrives well in sandy flavor to the best specimens of European
attains a large size, without getting coarse as a substitute for asparagus (Asparagus cted, although it attains maturity in about
everywhere, and is increased in size by pears, at the joint immediately above the whole, and then fried or devilled for the na for various domestic purposes. riety, but the indigenous sorts are smaller e—the pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo, L.), calaund squash (C. Melopepo).
Singhalese, with no perceptible difference fosa, L.); but the classes and orders differ, rder Monogynia; the latter of class Hex
undo Bambos, L.) are excellent, either as
See ale. abre Bean (Dolichos ensiformis, L.), Threeby the Singhalese; Lablab Bean (D. Lab-lobed Bean (D. tetragonolobus, L.), Awned seolus vulgaris, L.); and also of the genus 's, according to the native list of them,-
Bunkäe, Hindamini, Joyuya, Kiripusuval, Meang, Mundumala, Wal-undoo, Wal-undoo
2se (Cookia Anisetta, L.) is greatly esteemed native curries; and, when properly dried,
pludes the Egg-shaped, Green, and Purple

Page 173
ESCULENT W
varieties, and is so generally esteemed, thr esculents, that no description of mine ca Indian" to whom a prawn and brinjal cur part of the world; or the brinjal itself, wh divided longitudinally and cooked a lécriv although everywhere plentiful in Spain a cept of the egg variety, in Covent Garden flower-pots ;-this is the more strange, beca West Indies, would ensure a profitable sa best sorts of it are the Green and Purple (pronounced Berinkena). The wild Prickl that it is used only by the poorest natives. The Water and Garden Cress, Lettuce, ably large, and is usually bleached by co Cucumbers from English seed, are only pro Cucumber has a smooth epidermis, is ve weeks from sowing the seed. The natives
The Cabbage (Brassica) genus does not but in the interior it equals the best specim The Bandika of the Singhalese (Hybiscu some; and, if dried in the sun and pulvi world, and made a valuable article of com cookery, it would soon establish a characte Ceylon, except by myself, and I first learn The Parsley (Apium Petroselium, L.) is c cipal bazaars, as well as Mint (Mentha sati The Singhalese cultivate a variety of e but, with the exception of the Purple-stalke Kidahran of the Singhalese, and the Haba A. esculentum, and A1. Peregrinum, L.), I native names for them, namely, Kandellé, Enguralé, Jambouvallé, Javakallé, Jumallé, are planted in May, and become ripe in Ju The leaf of the Arum esculentum is a wh The Sweet Potato ( Convolvulus Batatas, fattening fodder for domestic animals, and

EGETABLES. 149
ughout India, among the very best of table n add to its praise. Where is the “East would not be a truly welcome dish in any 2ther sliced transversely and fried plain, or sse? Nevertheless, this nutritious esculent, nd Portugal, is never to be procured, exor other English markets, and then only in use the numerous families from the East and le of it, by the speculative gardener. The Brinjal, called by the Spaniards Beringena 7-stem Brinjal is edible, but so full of seeds,
Celery, Endive, (which latter grows remarksering it with pan-tiles), Beet, Carrots, and }curable from private gardens. The country y common, and attains maturity within six never transplant cucumber or melon plants.
attain perfection in the maritime provinces, hens of English horticulture. is esculentus, L.) is mucillaginous and whole2rized, it may be taken to any part of the merce. If once admitted into our English for itself. I never saw the flour prepared in t its valuable properties in the West Indies. ommon enough, and procurable in the primva, L.), and Borage (Borago Zelanica, L.). sculent roots, chiefly of the genus Arum; | Dragon (Dracontium polyphullum, L.), Kana rellé of the Singhalese (Arum Macrorhizum, have only been able to obtain a few of the occonallé, Kaccotoorallé, Dekehallé, Gahallé, Kidakaran, Ratallé, and Welhallé: all these
e blesome vegetable, when dressed as spinach. L.) is much cultivated. The leaf affords deer are also partial to it.

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150 − ESCULENT v
The Purple Yam (Dioscorea bulbifera, I from eight to twelve pounds in weight; th bouring tree, have a pretty appearance, an rate potato; these are white, but not so fa length of time it takes to ripen, this root is The edible Iris (Iris edulis, L.). The fi root that had been accidently sent me w Hope; and from its offsets I raised sufficier delights in a sandy soil, and is well worthy The green capsules of the Moon-flow pickles and curries.
The root and corol of the White and Nelumbo, L.) are both edible; the latter has some; particularly the large white sort, c pulpy pericarp, are equally esteemed, and v. The Eschelot (Allium ascalonicum, L.), a sively cultivated, being indispensable ingred Of Capsicums, there is a great variety, in Cayenne pepper is made; and the C. annuu C. minimum, and C. Caffrariensis, L.
The Common and Cape Tomato (Solanu generally in the gardens of Europeans.
The Snake Gourd (Cucumis anguinus, L.) stuff the gourd with minced meat.
The Sour Gourd, Angelica of the Singhal of the Monkey-bread (Adamsonia digitata, but it appeared to me more like a variety oblong and cucumber-shaped, with a woo produces a quantity of small round seeds.
The Mushroom (Agaricus, L.) is in var graze; these fungi are generally of the es best are the Agaricus deliciosus, A. campestr latter, with its white foldlets, to the red s species, upon the plains between Wanderop vince, fourteen inches in diameter; but it season, that they are to be procured.

EGETABLES.
.) is very farinaceous, and generally grows : stalks, when entwined round some neighproduce small yams of the size of a modeinaceous as the root. Owing to the great but little cultivated. st plant I ever saw in Ceylon, was from a th some almonds from the Cape of Good t for use. It is a very wholesome esculent, of extensive culture.
r (Ipomea bona mor, L.) make excellent
Red Water Lilies (Nymphaea alba and N. a strong almond flavor. Both are wholer Egyptian bean. The petals, root, and ery mutritious. nd Garlic (Allium Sativum, L.), are extentents in the native cookery. ncluding the Capsicum frutescens, of which - m, C. grossum, C. baccatum, C. purpureum,
m Lycopersicum, L.) are cultivated pretty
. The native cooks take out the pulp, and
ese, is common, and is said to be a variety L.). The tree attains a very large size; of the Artocarpus incisa, L. The fruit is tly epidermis. It has an acid taste, and
iety and plentiful, on plains where buffalos :ulent species, and of a large size. The s, and A. Georgii. The natives prefer the ort, or Campestris. I have seen the last é and Hambantotte, in the southern prois only during, or soon after, the rainy

Page 175
ESCULENT N
The Turnip Cabbage, or Nol-col (Khol well throughout the island, from Cape seec The calyx of the Indian Red Sorrel (H which is scarcely to be distinguished, eith the red currant of Europe.
The Green Pea (Pisum sativum, L.) gro' ture, but it requires to be transplanted; should be topped.
The Arrow Root (Maranta arundinacea, Missionary station at Baddegamme, in the manner to potato starch in this country. Bombay, where it is made of the Koray Ra which is very inferior to the true Arrow been so extensively cultivated for the last t abundance for home consumption, and for
The Sweet Fennel (Nigella sativa), Kalu The Common Ginger (Amomum 'Zingiber is a general ingredient in curries, and distir Ammu-ingoroo. The native doctors presc the former, conjointly with new coco-nu efficacious remedy.
The Illepei (Bassia longifolia, L.). Every are edible, after having been first dried, and poorer classes; a decoction of the bark, a a valuable oil is made from the ripe and un as a substitute for clarified (buffalo's) butte cinal purposes. After it becomes rancid, i. most disagreeable smell, when used in lam facture of country soap.
The Bird's-nest Cucumber (Momordica c grows like the cucumber, and is deservin it is used in curries; and when dry, if smell of honey, consists of longitudinal at and forming three cells the whole lengt black seeds; and the native doctors form as an emetic.

EGETABLES. 151
rabi) is an excellent vegetable, and grows
S.
ibiscus sabdarifa, L.) is made into a jelly, er in color or flavor, from that made from
vs freely, with proper attention to its culand the plant, when about four feet high,
L.) is extensively cultivated at the Church outhern province, and prepared in a similar Ceylon was formerly supplied with it from lung of Malabar (Curcuma angustifolia, L.), Root (Maranta arundinacea, L.); this has wenty years, that the island now produces exportation. duru of the Singhalese, abounds. '), Ingoroo of the Singhalese. Green ginger guished from dry ginger by the name of ribe an embrocation made of the juice of it oil, for rheumatism, and it is a most
part of the Illepei tree is useful: the flowers then roasted; the ripe fruit is eaten by the nd also of the leaves, is used medicinally; ripe fruit; from the former, when required r, or Ghee, and from the latter, for medi, is thicker than coco-nut oil, and emits a Is; but it is chiefly employed in the manu
/lindrica, L.), Vetta Koloo of the Singhalese, g of particular motice. In a green state, ut transversely, its inside, which has the d transverse fibres, beautifully interwoven, of the fruit. These are full of round a decoction of the fibre, which they use

Page 176
152 ESCULENT W
The Tala plant (Sesamum orientale, L.), wholesome and aromatic oil, called Gingili culinary and medicinal purposes.
The Indian Carraway Seed (Anethum gra The Fenugreek (Trigonella faenum Grecu used in their condiments.
The Sweet Sorrel (Anethum foeniculum), . The Greater Cardamom (Amomum grana (Eletaria cardamomum, L.), Ensal of the Sir and by the ladies, for sweetening the brea neum to the free use of garlic.
The Mustard (Sinapis orientalis, L.), R. cultivated. It is very insipid, being destitu mustard (Sinapis alba, L.), which is largely produced on the banks of rivers.
The Guinea Pea (Citysus Cajan, L.), T sandy soil. It is a triennial; rapid in gr of plants is easily obtained; for, from the f legume, the seeds (little oblong yellow peas the shade of the parent shrub. Cattle, p to it; and, in some countries, it is called tute for pease on shipboard, and is suppl the name of Dhol.
The native agriculturists are deficient in (Oryza Sativa, L.) and other grain. As numerous varieties have formed; indeed, t ence of soil, have multiplied them into an

EGETABLES.
a species of Digitalis. The seeds yield a oil by the Singhalese, who use it both for
veolens), Sattacupa of the Singhalese. m), Oloowa of the Singhalese, is generally
Deuvaduru of the Singhalese, abounds.
Paradisi, L.), and the Lesser Cardamom ghalese, are used in the native condiments, th, after meals; a very necessary succeda
aumanissa of the Singhalese, is extensively te of the pungency of the European white imported. The most luxuriant crops are
ovaray of the Malabars, thrives best in a owth, prolific in produce, and a succession orce with which, upon the bursting of the ) are scattered, they rapidly vegetate, under oultry, and pigeons, are extremely partial the Pigeon Pea. It is an excellent substiied to the navy in the East Indies under
the selection of the best species of Rice the culture of these has been extended,
he several seasons of cultivation, and differ
almost endless variety.

Page 177
Eugenia Malacce"
Jamı bu Appleʼ
 
 
 

L. A jambu Gaha of the
鷺 Singhalese. "i"

Page 178


Page 179
Ciris ru heroides
)r" Caffrarian Lirrie
 

Kooda lodey'e Cas' (Pe Sirighules e

Page 180


Page 181
CHAP.
Western Province-Maritime capital-Master attend chorage in Colombo roads-Sand bank-Drunken sail Queen's house-Library-Officers of the garrison without and Dutch families-Black-eyed belles-Government cler Slave Island-Lake of Colombo-The Tamarind treepapers-Etiquette upon arrival-A British merchant-E and orphans' fund-Savings bank-Charitable institutic
THE Western Province is bounded on th ern Province, on the south by the river Gi on the east by the Central Province, exte amd om the west by the sea. Its principal to Chilaw, Putlam, Calpentyn, Galkisse, Par and Kornegalle and Ruanwellé in the inter Colombo, the maritime capital and seat north, and longitude 79° 56' east, distant The bottom between these places is chiefly should not be approached close, on acco miles from the north point of the Kalané ri along shore, a ship should keep in ten or tv road in six-and-a-half or seven fathoms, bearing from S. to S. by E., off the town o Mr. Steuart, master attendant of Colom for the guidance of ships to the anchorage. “A brilliant light now exhibited from a
is ninety seven feet above the level of the Ships requiring pilots, should make the usu
which is free from foul ground, and now severe gale of wind is seldom experienced h “The best berth during the S. W. monsc to eight fathoms, with the light-house beari E. by S. In the N. E. monsoon, from No anchor in six-and-a-half fathoms, with the

XIX.
lant's directions for the guidance of ships to the an Or rock-Adam's Peak-Pilotage-Fort of Colomboquarters-Parsees-Pettah-Schools-Hindo-Portuguese ks-Garrison of Colombo-Face of the country-Soil-Panorama of Colombo-Bazaars well supplied-Newssorticultural society-Iail coach establishment-Widows' ms-General wish for a Ceylon bank.
e north by the Pomparipo river and Northindurah and part of the Southern Province, inding to within a short distance of Kandy,
wns and villages are, -Colombo, Negombo,
tura, Kaltura, and Barberyn, on the sea, ior.
of government, is situate in latitude 6° 57' about six leagues S. S. W. from Negombo. mud, with regular soundings; but the coast unt of some rocks stretching out about two ver, here called the Mutwal; and in passing velve fathoms, and may anchor in Colombo with the flag-staff or light-house in the fort ne-and-a-half or two miles. bo, gives the following useful information
light-house in the fort every night, which sea, will direct ships approaching the road. all signal, to be conducted to the anchorage, frequented at all seasons of the year, as a
ee.
bon, from April to October, is in from seven ng S. by E. half E., and the Dutch church vember to April, it is more convenient to 2 light-house bearing S. or S. half E., and
J

Page 182
154 SAILING DIRECTIONS TO THE
the Dutch church E. S. E. In the night, light of the fort light-house to bear S. by mine fathoms, about halfamile offshore.
“The bar is a bank of sand, with seve northern extremity being about four hundre Small vessels, drawing less than ten feet of the sea and S. W. wind. The sea breaks h the crossing it, from the shipping in the ol native boats usually pass out and in to the st on the rocky point of the custom-house; w attempted by strangers, when the sea breaks to the northward of the bar, which is eas rocks, projecting from the custom-house poi “The Drunken Sailor Rock, bearing by c the light-house, distant one thousand yard. track of ships coming from the southward N. E. monsoon, for the sea does not break S. W. monsoon it is not always visible, for perceived to rise over it once in six or eig of Lieut. Colonel Wright, of the royal engin oval shape, twenty or thirty feet in circum of water on its summit at low tide, and a very near it, and eight or nine fathoms betwe the shoalest patch only at its southern part, seven feet on it at low water, and he estim length, and 20 yards in breadth. Several shi Sailor, ignorant of its existence; and othe shore, without knowledge of the danger, wil ward, by keeping in eleven or twelve fathom E. by S.”
t Ships, late in the season, ought to anchor in case of necessity. The barque Ceylon, C Colombo till the beginning of June, 1827, 26th, when she sailed for England. Durin thunder, and lightning, the weather latterly south-westward, which was followed by a gal the anchorage. i

ANCHORAGE OF COLOMBO.
when proceeding into the road, bring the E. or S. half E., and anchor in eight or
n feet of water on its shoalest part, the l yards N. W. of the custom-house point. water, ride within the bar, protected from eavy on the bar in bad weather, rendering ter road, dangerous for small boats. The outhward of the bar, close to the breakers hich, being a narrow pass, should not be on the bar. It is best to proceed round ily distinguished by the breakers. Some nt, ought to be avoided in passing. ompass about S.W. by W. half W. from s, is very dangerous, being situated in the , when bound into Colombo road in the upon it in fine weather; and even in the at times only a small white roller can be ht minutes. According to the statement eers, who examined this rock, it is of an ference, having only three-and-a-half feet bout six at high water, with nine fathoms een it and the shore. This must refer to because Mr. Steuart found not less than ated the ledge to be one hundred yards in ps have passed very close to the Drunken rs have even passed between it and the hich is avoided in coming from the southis water, until the flag-staff bears E. or
well out, to be enabled to proceed to sea aptain Francis Davison, did not arrive at and continued taking in cargo until the g the month there had been much rain, threatening, with a heavy swell from the e of wind soon after the Ceylon had left

Page 183
FACE OF THE COUNTRY NEAR. C.
The land about Colombo is low near the a little way in the country. The high n Adam's Peak, is nearest to this part of t tance that it is from the east side of the India Company's marine surveyor, in Jar and-a-quarter miles east of Point de Galle lite. Adam's Peak is in latitude 6° 52' I Colombo, distant twelve-and-a-half leagues, may be seen about thirty leagues; but t monsoon, dense vapours generally prevailin A steep bank of coral, about half a mil lies seven miles west of Colombo, stretchin northerly direction towards Negombo, whe at once to twenty three fathoms outside the sand at two miles distance, which is mot fa. bank are twenty five fathoms, gradually sho
Pilotage is not now charged at Colombo, and in that case the charge, according to and councils, is 15s.
The fort of Colombo is an irregular oc projects considerably into the sea, and m manded in any direction, and is strong b provisioned ånd garrisoned, may be consid force by sea and land. The main or King's geous tulip (Hibiscus Zeilanicus, L.) and bre; have gardens for shrubs and flowers in thei rear. The streets are well watered during removed every morning and evening. One to the other, in the heat of the day, withou The governor's residence is styled the ( the Colombo library and reading room, we and amusing subject; periodical publicati army and navy lists, and newspapers. The ably elevated above the street, and with it umbrageous trees, and exposed to the sea the heat of the day.
It is certainly an anomaly for officers of .
U

DLOMBO-FORT-QUEEN'S HOUSE. 55
sea, with some hills to the south-eastward, nountain, having on it a sharp cone, called he coast, being about two-thirds of the disisland. Captain Ross, the Honorable East luary, 1824, made Adam's Peak eighteenflag-staff, by angles taken with the theodonorth, and bears E. seven degrees S. from When the atmosphere is very clear, it his seldom happens, excepting in the N. E. gover the island during the S.W. monsoon. e broad, having fifteen fathoms water on it, g a few miles to the southward, and in a re its surface is sand. The water deepens bank, and to twenty eight fathoms greenish r from the edge of soundings. Within the paling towards the shore. as it formerly was, unless a pilot be employed; the most recent regulation of the governor
tagon, built upon a rocky peninsula, which lay be easily insulated. As it is not comy nature and art, this fortress, adequately lered tenable for a long time against a large street is wide and well planted with umbraad-fruit trees, and several of the best houses front, and coach-houses and stables in theil the day, and the fallen foliage is regularly may walk from either extremity of the fort it being incommoded by the sun's rays. Jueen's house; nearly opposite to which is ll supplied with books upon every scientific ons from Europe and the Indian continent, ! situation of the library, which is considers spacious verandah delightfully shaded by breeze, presents an agreeable lounge during
regiments forming the garrison of a fortress
2

Page 184
56 GARRISON OFFICERS WITHOUT
in India, to be necessitated to hire houses, if not by custom, they are entitled to fre reductions that have taken place, in the co nial, or, as it is locally called, “island a is expected to cover all the expenses of lo of free quarters at Colombo is extremely town to be in a state of siege, officers w houses in the fort, for those chiefly in re. most exposed to all the varieties of shot, s Several respectable Parsee tradesmen ar. they are all connected with the Bombay tr. during the south-west monsoon, and make north-east monsoon; and, as their custon as possible to each other.
Notwithstanding the hopelessness of di from what nation descended, it must be ac industrious race, and strict in the observa Zoroaster or Zerdhusht, the founder of th existence of two principles-the cause of Parsees worship one Supreme Being, un venerate fire, as the type of that grand sou The Pettah, or black town, as it is calle of the fort of Colombo, upon the margi streets, intersected at right angles by cro stantially built with Kabooc or iron-stone. on each side, chiefly of the Guilandina for Singhalese), Hibiscus albemoschus (Kapu . Sambugaha). The town has a large and air several boys' and girls' schools; namely, Dutch consistorial school, Hulfsdorp scho under the patronage of the government, of both sexes.
The Hindo-Portuguese and Dutch famil with native ladies, are an intelligent and tinct from British society, except upon ladies, when young, are generally pretty, only in the evening, at which time the

QUARTERS-PARSEES-PETTAH.
(for there are no lodgings,) where by right, e quarters; but, notwithstanding the great urse of the last twenty years, in their colollowance," its present very limited amount lging, fuel, and candlelight. The prospect distant: but if ever the day arrive for the ill be sure of having choice of all the best uest at the present time, would then be the hell, and rockets. 2 settled in the fort and pettah of Colombo; ade, from which island they receive supplies their returns, chiefly in produce, during the a is elsewhere, they occupy houses as near
scovering who the so called Parsees are, or lmitted that they are a most inoffensive and nce of their religious rites, as prescribed by le religion of the Magi, which admitted the all good, and the cause of all evil. These der the most glorious symbol, the sun; and rce of light and heat. 2d in Indian parlance, lies on the north side h of the sea, and consists of two principal ss streets, in all which the houses are subSeveral of these streets have a row of trees inga, Hibiscus Zeilanicus (Soorya gaha of the Kinaisa gala), or 1elia senpervirens (Kasy hospital, leper hospital, public library, and the Colombo academy, St. Paul's schools, ol, and St. Thomas's schools; all which are and contain about one thousand scholars,
es, the descendants of European connexions respectable community; but altogether dis2ertain public or pell-mell occasions. The and marriageable at an early age; but it is streets are watered, the air cool after the

Page 185
HINDO-PORTUGUESE AND DUTCH
burning heat of the day, and scarcely a bl and repass between sunrise and sunset, to their pretty little figures in the verandahs on in the newest London or Paris fashions, as regards the hair, these brunettes display blessed them with a profusion, to the gre of the fragrant flowers of the yellow and Moogrie (Nerium coronarium), tuberose | Champaka), and occasionally the starry cor intersperse with, and by way of contrast to These families are all styled, and have th and minor courts of justice. English offi offspring of such Dutch and Portuguese co The government clerks are selected from duties of the public offices in an admiral economical habits of life enable them to altogether inadequate pay. Their great cla secretary of state for the colonies are just ment in the United Kingdom in which the ance are more regularly performed than in expected from gentlemen doing duty as cle ance, and society, even then the difference balance too great against the latter. The to that of English civil servants; for the country, where, in the treasury for instan for the junior clerk to have only 22l. 1 treasurer has 1750l. a year, the chief clerk and the junior 22.l.. 10s.-In the colonial de has but 1500l. a year, which is 500l. a yea Ceylon, what would the junior clerk thin | contemporary in the colonial secretary's
accountant-general's office, where the head junior clerk receives but 31.l.. 10s.-By t of the inadequacy of the salary of the cle emoluments of the heads of departments.
The general and disgusting habit of n ladies, and the young folks will clandest

FAMILIES-GOVERNMENT CLERKS. 15
lock bandy, out of the hundreds that pass be seen, that these black-eyed belles display stoups of their paternal residences. Habited but in the chaste and becoming native style the latter ornament, with which nature has test advantage, aided by the natural beauty white Ceylon jessamine, Arabian jessamine, Polyanthes tuberosa), Champaka (Michelia ols of the Mimusops Elengi, L., which they , their jet black ringlets. e privilege of, “Europeans," in the supreme 2ers have occasionally intermarried with the innexions, but it is a rare occurrence. n these families, and manage all the clerical ble manner; and fortunate it is that their support their families upon their scanty and ims upon the consideration of Her Majesty's and strong, for there is not a public depart: details of office and punctuality in attendCeylon; and whatever may be the difference rks in the former, in point of dress, appearis in the greatest degree invidious, and the pay of Ceylon clerks bear no fair proportion re is no such an existing anomaly in this ce, the secretaries may have 2000l. a year. )s. a year; but in Ceylon, where the vicehas but 250l. a year, the first clerk 63l., partment, where an under secretary of state less than that of the colonial secretary at k of 30l. a year, which is the salary of his office at Ceylon: and in the auditor and of the department has 1750l. a year, the ese data, a fair judgment may be formed ks, and their relative disproportion to the
asticating betel, obtains among the elder nely enjoy it. At their parties, the formen

Page 186
158 GARRISON OF COLOMBO-A
range themselves in chairs against the v drilled into it to the command of “eyes ri chair stands a well-polished brass spittoon, which the Pawn produces; whilst the mic and contre-dancing.
The garrison of Colombo consists of of the Ceylon rifle corps, a company o and the requisite medical and military st orderlies, and a body of gun Lascars.
The country about Colombo is flat, è alluvial and sandy in some parts, and iron fertile, the shores covered to the verge o beautifully diversified with umbrageous f gardens, and pasture lands, intersected by northward, by the Mutwal river or Kalané Soon after day-break, when the lofty m is seen in the distance from the south espla rising out of the placid bosom of the water houses, bungalows, and other buildings, bread-fruit trees, and coco-nut palms, the ing the tranquility of the scene, affords i European. It is at this hour, that, upo to their ground upon the race course; and out upon their morning drives, rides, or w unalloyed pleasure, except when the rainy s of the European civil and military officers Tree, (near the three-miles' stone on the G vating nectar fresh from the toddy palm commences. It is then that the natural s of the petioles of the coco-nut fronds, is namely, for straining the liquid, and cleari fallen victims to their love of sweets durim i Scarabaeus, of which, the blue and green a The whole way from the esplanade to shaded with tulip, coco-nut, teak, bambo (Cerbera Manghas, L.), and various other
* Vene

DAMS PEAK-SIAVE ISLAND.
alls of the rooms, in a straight line, as if ght" or “eyes left," and by the side of each for the reception of the blood-colored saliva dle is occupied by the latter, for quadrilling
wo regiments of the line, the head quarters artillery, with a proportion of engineers, aff, together with a small troop of mounted
&cept a small part to the northward; soil -stone clay and gravel in others-extremely the sea with coco-nut palms; and, inland, ruit and other trees, cinnamon plantations, canals, and a fresh-water lake; and, to the -Ganga, and the grand canal. ountain of the Sri Pada,* or Adam’s Peak, inade or Galle face, the view of Slave island , called the lake of Colombo, with its pretty interspersed amongst stately areka trees, ougles of the Ceylon rifle corps alone breakindescribable pleasure to the recently-arrived review days, the troops are seen marching that the early risers of Colombo are setting alks, very many of whom look forward with eason prevents it, to the general rendezvous and merchants-the well-known Tamarimd alle road,) to quaff the wholesome and reno, before fermentation, which is very rapid, ieve which nature presents, in the envelope employed in one of its most useful offices; ng it from the various insects that may have g the night, and are generally of the genus e the largest and most beautiful.
the tamarind tree is a wide carriage road, l, banyan, silky cotton, areka, Adam's apple useful and ornamental trees: but the road
ated foot.

Page 187
PANORAMA-BAZAARS-NEWSPA
generally preferred for returning to the fort. a dense coco-nut tope, to the verge of the
Emerging from the line of native huts, splendid fortifications of Colombo, which for that presents itself, are viewed with admirat The various Bazaars are situated in th regularly supplied; every day, except Sund traffic is now allowed, as formerly obtaine Grain, beef, mutton, veal, kid, pork, pou potatos, for which, some few years ago, Bombay and Madras, but are now abund. after daylight, and fish is also supplied ever There are three weekly newspapers, na and the Government Gazette; these, it is descend to personal attacks upon individua selves of their now indisputable right to que will be satisfied with having that power; fo) so done, would have ensured their deportati Europeans arriving at Colombo, are expe the colonial secretary's office; and at the o' government. Gentlemen for the civil estab. after having paid their respects to His Excelle to whom they will be introduced by the p departments; and they cannot do wrong by Naval and military officers require no etiquette, for it is everywhere the same to ance from Mr. Dionysius de Neys, librari a residence, servants, &c., if, through war selves “alone in their loneliness."
The surviving partner of the oldest comm W. C. Gibson & Co.) Joseph Read, Esq., if any, are better acquainted with the inte is an admirable specimen of the old Britis that can fix confidence, and ensure esteem for which, distinguished as his countrymer it is next to an impossibility to discover.) cannot be excelled.

PERS-ETIOUETTE ON ARRIVAL. 1.59
leads along the margin of the sea, through splanade.
upon the sea-side of the high road, the m a prominent part of the grand panorama ion. e Pettah of Colombo, and are well and ay, being alike in point of supplies; but no d, during stated hours, on the Lord's-day. try, fish, fruit, and vegetables, including he island was altogether dependant upon ant and cheap, are exposed for sale soon 7 evening in great variety. mely, the Colombo Herald, the Observer, to be hoped, are too liberally conducted to ls; and that the editors, in availing themstion the official conduct of public servants, : it is within my recollection, that to have on, if not the seizure of their presses. }cted to report themselves without delay at ther ports of the island, to the agents of lishment will, of course, feel it their duty, ncy the Governor, and commander-in-chief, rivate secretary, to wait upon the heads of paying similar respect to the commandant. information upon the observance of local them; but Griffins may derive great assistan of the Colombo library, in procuring it of introductory letters, they find them
hercial firm in the island, (that of Messrs. who resides at Colombo, than whom, few inal and external commerce of the colony, h merchant; combining with every quality the most genuine Caledonian hospitality; are everywhere, (and where they are not Mr. Read may perhaps be equalled, but

Page 188
160 MAIL COACH-SAVINGS' BAN)
The Horticultural Society of Colombo is it is to be hoped that it will prove more s Literary and Agricultural Society.
The Mail Coach Establishment, comm conveys passengers from Colombo to Ka accomplish by palankin travelling) in less Colombo every Monday, Wednesday, and Kandy, a distance of seventy eight miles, day; and leaves Kandy every Tuesday, Th and reaches Colombo about five P. M.; th than the latter. The fare to and from Kam The Ceylon Widows and Orphans' Fund and cannot fail to prove a blessing to those bands and fathers may, by their contributio) The Colombo Savings' Bank is anothe general support. It has branch committee by which loans are advanced upon good set transacted, between twelve and three o'cl month; and, in case of extraordinary bus from one to three o'clock.
Of charitable institutions, there are-the Committee of the Society for Promoting C the Dutch and Portuguese inhabitants; Col pose of relieving the really necessitous, and management of a highly respectable and nu colonial chaplain is president, and the go A Commission for the General Superintende the members are selected from the ecclesias and the Colombo Ladies' Branch Society, accomplished, and benevolent ladies, who cc Both Europeans and natives appear equal nial Bank. The mercantile interests, as we alive to the disadvantages of being altoge government and missionary bills, for remit pated that public-spirited individuals will y general wish of the colonial community int Bank, which cannot fail to conduce to the w

-CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.
under the patronage of the governor, and table in its nature than its predecessor, the
:nced in 1832 by a joint stock company, hdy (which formerly took several days to than twelve hours. The coach starts from Friday morning, at gun-fire, and reaches between five and six o'clock of the same ursday, and Saturday morning, at gun-fire, e former journey having more up-hill work dy is 2l. 10s. is under official management and security; widows and orphans whose provident husns, have preserved them from destitution. r excellent establishment, and worthy of s at Trincomale, Galle, Kandy, and Jaffna, curity, and deposits received and business ock on the first and third Monday in every iness, on the second and fourth Monday,
Leper Hospital; Pettah Hospital; District hristian Knowledge; Bible Association for ombo Friend-in-need Society, (for the purfor suppressing mendicity,) under the able merous committee; over which, the senior vernor, for the time being, the patron;- ince of Education in the Colony, of which tical, judicial, and civil establishments :- to the immortal honor of those amiable, impose the committee. ly anxious for the establishment of a Cololl as those of individuals, must be sensibly ther dependant upon the limited sale of tances to England; and it is to be anticiet be found in this country, to carry the o effect, by the establishment of a Ceylon 'elfare of that important island.

Page 189
CHAP
leylon fishing boats-Theu ertraordinary shape and, 'upabilities of the island-Regulation uf yovernment for ficient protection-Fish rents-Restrictavns upu u fisherme, in 1832, for increasing the sule if sult, de resung the ea
·tnud encourajiny settlers in the Ialaya mpat tolv fvr curan or natural salt pans-Salt stealing-Military quards-S stealers killed-Bullocks confiscated-Duuhl, tripes tu lal
Adulteratio) uf salt-Erpense vyf jitler ay salt and tri listant Leways placed under military guard until dissolve e tip de grace to salt-water un voices-Vatice process y improving the mode af saltingfish -- l’rpus d yil i for cui tintong Europeu us-Salt fish from Europe and America
THE innumerable sailing canoes that are Colombo, during the S. W. monsoon, attrac extraordinary boats are formed of a single fire, or scooped out by the simplest tools, a in length. The body has a considerable b sisting of two planks of light wood, from 2 whole length of the boat, and are united of the same breadth as the longitudinal through which strong Kour cord is passet afterwards played over with a coat of damn The breadth of beam of the Ceylon canc height and extreme lightness would render heing balanced by an outrigger from one si like a canoe, but with pointed ends, and i the side, by two arched stretchers, convex are lashed by strong Koir cord, passed th vent friction as much as possible. These large square sail, of country cotton canvas alike, the sail is carried either way, and the site direction, without shifting or neutralizi

ΧΧ.
wiftness-The fishery one if the most important of ti
encouraging the salting of fish within the island-Insuf
i-Suyyestions to His Majesty s secretary for the colonies, pense of gatheruy it, reducing the price to the consumer. | fish-duulition of the moupoly recommended-Leways entinels pay liable to stoppage for stolen salt-Two salt vurers in the Iahagampattov–Impressed salt gatherery ansmitting it to Colombo-Salt naturally formed ut the 'd by the rain-Price of salt-Importation of salt fishsultiny fish ubjectionable-Its results-Suggestions for ng, fish by smoke-Country salt fish very little in request -Fish common to the coasts of Ceylon.
daily engaged in fishing, in the offing of it the attention of every new-comer. These tree, which is either hollowed by means of ind generally from fifteen to eighteen feet ilge, and gunwales are raised upon it, con() to 24 inches in breadth; these run the at the head and stern by a transverse plank ones, by means of regularly drilled holes, l, and neatly interlaced crosswise: this is ner as a preservative. es is from 20 to 24 inches; and their greau it impossible to keep them upright, without de. This is formed of a solid log, shaped s extended for about six or seven feet from ing towards the false canoe, to which they rough neatly drilled holes, in order to precanoes have one mast, upon which a very , is hoisted; and the head and stern being course altered in a moment to the oppong the outrigger. The velocity with which

Page 190
62 PROTECTION OF FISHERIES-FISH
these boats skim over the surface of the w scarcely be said to sail through it,) surprise The Colombo Fishery might be made o of this island, whose coasts may literally for all the purposes of home consumptior ample field for lucrative speculation cannot The natives, whether Singhalese or Malal with the exception of swine, to which the for eat so very little animal food, that a methoc the primitive one, that has obtained in th ensure very ample profits to those concerne
I do not find, among my various data,
notice of any one British governor had I am sorry to say, still neglected subject, ul Barnes, G. C. B., at the time he was lieute of attention, amongst the other objects o and the Regulation of government, No. preparation of salt fish within the island,”
That ordinance expressly provided for it per cent. upon the invoice value, or prime c from, and after the first of April of that ye the fishery, all salt fish cured within the isla But it escaped His Excellency's attention, object in view, was to excite the cupidit drawback to the exporter, even to the exter
The average annual value of the fish from £7000 to £8000 sterling. These re. sea-coasts of Ceylon, are annually sold by the farmer of the revenue of each district. the native fisherman, and the consumer from the sea :-for instance, a person livil places are seven miles distant from each oth past his house every morning and evenin must first be taken to the Bazaar, for th servant has to travel several miles to, and f
5 he Wide A

RENTS-WEXATIOUS RESTRICTIONS.
ater, (for so light is their draught, they can s every beholder. ne of the most important of the capabilities be said to teem with fish of the best kinds, l, as well as for exportation; and a more
possibly present itself. bars, are so accustomed to a light diet; and, mer have all the partiality of the Otaheiteans, l of curing fish, upon an improved system to e island from immemorial time, would both d in it, and prove a blessing to the colony. and notes collected in the island, that the been applied to this most important, but, ntil the late Lieutenant General Sir Edward nant governor of Ceylon, deemed it worthy f his patriotic zeal for the general welfare; 3, of the year 1821, “for encouraging the was accordingly promulgated. ts protection, by imposing a duty of fifteen ost of salt fish of every description, imported ar; and, for the further encouragement of and was permitted to be exported duty free. that the most likely mode of promoting the y of the Singhalese, by granting a liberal ut of the amount of the import duty. rents to government, may be estimated at hts, or tenths of all fish caught upon the public auction, and the duty is collected by This is a most vexatious duty, both upon desirous of having fish as fresh as possible ng between Galkisse and Colombo, which her, sees abundance of the best fish carried g, and yet he cannot buy any, because it e fish-renter to have his share; so that a rom the Bazaar, to get fish in a wholesome
Appendix.

Page 191
REVENUE FROM SALT-ABOLITION
state, merely because the fishermen dare no within a mile or two of his (the servant's)
Until the government removes such restr price of salt, little or nothing can be expec for the curing of fish.
In the year 1S32, I solicited the attent Majesty's principal secretary of state for the ment of the revenue derived from salt, by and for extending its sale, by reducing the encouragement of settlers in the Mahagal reducing the price of salt used for that p elsewhere in the island. Nevertheless, th natives cannot obtain salt at a less price tha Surely the government might adopt so of salt, (the expense of the present estab to £7000 per annum) or be satisfied with or £21,000 per annum, which is about the
Some less objectionable tax might be subs so oppressive an impost upon this grand ne prevailing smuggling system to which the salt, and the heavy restrictions upon that a Abolish the monopoly, I would say, and l 6d. a bushel, upon all salt conveyed by la and if that be insufficient, make it up by a Leucays, and salt manufacturers at other p are now too justly complained of
The natural salt pans, or Leways, are the southern province, which, although for in proportion to its extent, almost destitute and other agricultural vestiges, are proof place, Hambantotte, contains no more tha garrison. Nevertheless, by a better syste. and adequate encouragement for the esta place may again become a prolific source and one of the most populous of the marit The stealing of salt from the temporar
- ΣΚ

OF THE MONOPOLY SUGGESTED. 163
t sell, what may have been caught, perhaps haster's residence.
ctions upon the fisherman, and reduces the ced from any plans for establishing factories
on of Wiscount Goderich, at that time His colonies, to my suggestions for the improvediminishing the expenses of its realization, price to the consumer; and for the better npattoo, for the purpose of curing fish, by urpose to one half of the market rate of it is oppressive monopoly still exists, and the un 2s. 4d. per bushel, of four pecks. me better system for the gathering and sale lishments may be estimated at from £6000 a less amount of nett profit than £20,000 average value of this monopoly. tituted, so as to relieve the population of cessary of life, and put a stop to the longnatives are tempted, by the high price of rticle. evy a customs and excise duty, from 4.d. to nd carriage, or coastwise, by Dhonies, &c.; harge upon licenses to the renters of natural laces; and thus remove the hardships that
situate in the Mahagampattoo, a district of merly flourishing and well-inhabited, is now, of population. Its numerous ruined tanks, s of its pristine importance; but its chief n fifteen hundred inhabitants, including the n of management of the salt department, blishment of a factory for curing fish, this of public prosperity and of private wealth, me districts of Ceylon.
depôts at the Leways, has for many years 2

Page 192
164 SENTINELS ANSWERABLE FOR STC
prevailed to an almost incredible extent governor in council, nor the risk of life it the effect of deterring the natives from obtain it. This determination to possess by plundering the salt heaps at the Leuca a natural production, which poverty prec so general, as to hold out no expectatio system incites them both to steal for them The revenue is exposed to much loss, on from the Leways, or natural salt pans; w cover, is collected into large heaps, whic always form in one place in a Leway, the ing to circumstances; and therefore such separate military guard, and temporary gua it expedient to keep a garrison of one h corps, for the duties of the salt departmen The expense of so large a military force, At one time, the question “ Quis custodes ( military guardians of the government salt common vigilance om their parts, no great effected: therefore a security, that should pensable; and the pay of the sentinels h value of the salt, stolen during their respe became inseparable from the preservation
A different system was thenceforth ado from the heaps, were regarded by the s owing to the number of natives, who, at on the guards could not seize individuals, t Singhalese were shot dead by the Malay Koholoncalé Leway ; and between three a smugglers, were confiscated during my sup The distance of the Leways from the stc hundred carts, some hundreds of bullocks, and carpenters, indispensable; and as nc so great is their dread of the climate of til pendently of contingent expenses, of whicl is not the least, in the course of a year, is

LEN SAT-SALT STEALERS KILLED.
; and neither the penal enactments of the self, which has often proved fatal, have had availing themselves of every opportunity to hemselves of an absolute necessary of life, ys, arises from the exorbitant price set upon ludes them from obtaining honestly: this is n of its being overcome, whilst the present selves and to supply the smuggler. ving to the great distance of the storehouses here the salt, instead of being lodged under sh are clayed over; for as the salt does not bositions of the collected heaps vary accordl, divisions as are not contiguous, require a rd-house, for their protection; which renders undred and fifty invalids of the Ceylon rifle
t. h−
is not the only objection to its employment. xustodiet ipsos?” was justly applicable to the heaps; for without their connivance, or with excess of plunder could possibly have been be made available to the public, was indisaving consequently been made liable for the :tive tours of Leway duty, their self-interest of the government property. pted; and subsequent attempts to steal salt oldiers as personal injuries; and whenever, e and the same time assailed the salt heaps, hey employed their firearms. In 1826, two 's, whilst in the act of stealing salt at the nd four hundred bullocks, belonging to salt erintendence of that district. rehouses, renders an establishment of one with a number of headmen, drivers, Smiths, native will serve there under double pay, he Mahagampattoo, the expense of it, inde, the loss of bullocks, killed by wild beasts, Worth saving to the public.

Page 193
IMPRESSMENT OF LABOURER
One fourth of mud or sand may be cons every parah * of Leway salt; and it often h; of good salt is produced by evaporation: bl natives to gather the salt, who, notwithsta of four fanams (6d. sterling) a day, hurry ti The headmen are so few, in proportion scattered over an extensive Leway, that t by those who superintend the general busin It is only during the salt harvests, that near the Leways are able to obtain subsisten which possess acrid properties,) and the bit boil and eat with sour curd, and use an ir great is their natural idleness, that they ar where their only alternative is starvation, ol
Singhalese coolies from other parts of the notwithstanding that every thing is dearer t the state of agriculture, where, with a popu to an area of 24,448 square miles, agricultu The high price of government salt encou of Colombo, Galle, and Trincomalé, are ch native vessels, called Dhonies; and scarcely the quality of the salt conveyed by them; adulterate, that, in appearance, their cargo agree with the samples, which, sealed in ban ration is effected at certain creeks on the co, smugglers are in waiting, with sacks, and bu they replace with an equal proportion of vented, by sending a trustworthy person wi are employed, an establishment of such offi The deteriorated quality of the salt, as : at least a fourth more freight than would be colonial department. The expense to the porting it to Colombo, may be estimated at from this monopoly, at £20,000 per annu natural and artificial salt works in the island * A parah is about two-thir

S-ADULTERATION OF SAT. 165
lered the average quantity collected out of ppens, that no more than half the quantity t this entirely arises from the impressment of ding that they are paid the very fair wages rough the business, they care not how. to the hundreds of salt gatherers, who are he latter cannot be individually overlooked 2ss of the salt department.
these wretched inhabitants of the villages :e, except upon wild roots, (the majority of ter leaves of the wild tea tree: these they fusion of the leaves for drink; and yet so e compelled to be pressed as salt gatherers,
the vile diet already described island go to the Mauritius for employment, here than at Ceylon. What then must be lation of only 1,500,000, at the maximum, ral labourers emigrate to other colonies? rages every species of roguery. The ports liefly supplied from Hambantotte, by large a season passes without complaints against this the natives so ingeniously contrive to es, on arrival at the ports of destination, mboo canes, accompany them. The adulteast, where, by pre-concerted arrangements, locks, to carry away the stolen salt, which grey sand. This might certainly be preh each cargo; but where so many vessels :ers would be required. t is now gathered, occasions an expense of required under the plan I submitted to the government of gathering salt, and transsixpence the parah ; and the nett revenue n, which includes the produce of all the , which are about forty eight in number.
is of a Winchester bushel.

Page 194
166 SALT FISH IMPORTED-NATIVE MO
It often happens, that when salt has f of being gathered, guards are posted the rains shall have set in, and dissolved it. T tine removal of the salt with impunity, loss of salt, where it can be ascertained revenue is thus occasioned, which the erec Leway, for the reception of the salt as soo The price of salt is fixed at two shillir parah of the grey mixture called goverm boiling process, just after it had been re produced only twelve-and-a-half pounds ( the same place, a similar quantity sometir sixteen pounds.
Thus the high price of salt operates som that the island is dependent for supplies consumption, and in constant demand, throug the Maldive Islands, and places within th notwithstanding the monopoly, salt is ch malgre the protecting duty of ten per cent.
If the government was not originally a ordinance No. 5 of 1837 gave the coup de ing the import duty to tem per cent, but market, instead of the original cost or invo relief to the public, for in very many instanc and the importer; and consequently the for, whilst the fish-rent system prevails, island can be independent of foreign supp a much longer time will be required, eve for the local fisheries to have a surplus for The native process of salting fish is a place, no care is taken to obviate the rap salting the fish, as soon as it is taken out the tropics, it is carelessly done after hav such part only of the cargo as could not b a sandy beach to a vertical sun. The con exposed, is soon impregnated with almost

DE OF SALTING IT OBJECTIONABLE.
ormed at the more distant Leways, instead e, perhaps for months together, until the he guards may then connive at the clandesecause their pay is only held liable for the by admeasurement; and serious loss to the ion of a storehouse on the margin of each
as gathered, would effectually obviate.
gs the parah measure ; and I have seen a ment salt, submitted to what is called the ceived from the salt stores at Galle, which f pure salt; but this occasionally varies in nes yielding thirteen or fourteen, at others,
uch to the prejudice of the Ceylonfisheries, of salt fish, which is an article of general thout the interior, on its importations from e East India Company's territories, (where, eaper); and a ready sale is found for it,
ware of the salt water invoice system, the grace to that disgraceful practice, by reducupon the value of the article in the Ceylon ice price: nevertheless this was little or no :es it operated equally against the consumer government was the only party benefitted: very many years must elapse, before the ies of salt fish for home consumption; and n if a considerable drawback were allowed, exportation.
together most objectionable. In the first td progress of putrefaction; for, instead of of the water, which is indispensable within ing been some time landed, (and then, of e sold in its fresh state,) and exposed upon sequence may be easily imagined; fish so as much sand as salt; and, if affected by

Page 195
PROPOSET) MODE OF CURING FISE
casual moisture, or absorption, it become interior, where it is chiefly in demand.
As the Ceylon fishing boats are built to stow more than a few fish, and consequ pose of curing the fish in the only way tha This might be obviated, by a certain nu Dhoney, as a rendezvous, and for the pu the latter to salt the fish as soon as caugh would require more capital than the native to risk, if they could. But an additional for the crews of the fishing boats could victuals and sleep on board the Dhomey, ur. Those who are accustomed to salt an considerable experience to become equal
requires air and shade, as well as occasiona
Upon casually looking over the notes th; duty at Fort Belgica, in the island of Bal I mention it with all deference to superior nutmeg curers there, would answer very split bamboo canes raised in tiers at regular larger spaces between each bamboo slip th megs, and according to the size of the fish
By this means, the objectionable mode the sand, would be obviated ; and any qua lighted wet rice straw being laid under the the intermediate spaces to the roof, and could not, in my humble opinion, be adop
Country salt fish, owing to the improp dom in request for the tables of Europea an improved system ; for, even if the sa
incipient degree of putrefaction, which re) with it; and even then, when served at tab.
and egg-sauce, or acids, to overcome.
Independently of salt fish being an artic interior, the fact that there are upwards of the observance of their religious fasts, will success of a fish factory upon a very exten

H BY SMOKE-ROMAN CATHOLICS. 167
is rotten before it can be conveyed to the
exclusively for sailing; they have no room lently have no stowage for salt, for the purit can be effectual in so liot a climate. umber of fishing boats being attended by a Lrpose of carrying salt; and for the crew of nt and conveyed to them. This, however, fishers can command, or would be disposed and great advantage would attend the plan; keep much longer at sea, and cook their util it was fully freighted. d cure fish in cold climates, would require y perfect within the tropics, where the fish l exposure to the sun. at I made during the time I was on garrison hda Neira, in 1811, it occurred to me, and judgment, that the mode adopted by the well for fish; namely, oy open platforms of distances, with proportionate, and of course an would be required to support the nut
lo
of letting the fish come in contact with ntity might be entirely cured by smoke, by lower tier, which would ascend through all a more convenient or cheaper contrivance ted. er manner in which it is cured, is very selIS, compared with what it would be under nd can be got rid of, there still remains an nders it necessary for charcoal to be boiled le, the effect is too potent for either mustard
le of great and general consumption in the
150,000 Roman Catholics, who are rigid in be considered a sufficient guarantee for the sive scale.

Page 196
l68 ESTABLISHMENT OF A FISH FACT
It is well known, that salt fish from particular care be taken in packing it, bef late Egbert Bletterman, Esq., of Ceylon, sterling each,) for a jar containing about therefore earnestly endeavour to impress u that there is no speculation more certain encouraging ones that present themselves a for the curing of fish at such places upon t or no demand for fresh fish.
The principal of the more useful fishes a mus, L.), Bonetta (Scomber Pelamis, L.), S carbonarius, L.), Pomfret, Bull's eye (Holo Snook or Cape Salmon, Parawah (Scomber Perch (Perca marina, L.), Bearded Ophidi maticus Paru, L.), Sword fish (Alphias Glau Lyra, L.), Kurtus (Kurtus Indicus, L.), Do) Faber, L.), Sole (Pleuronoctes Solea, L.), Striped Sur Mullet (Mullus Surmuletus, L.) of Clupea, very like the Sprat, which, at ce of Rock Cod, of large size and excellent Singhalese), already described in page 110 Rays of enormous size; all which are det sea as soon as caught. The Singhalese pastinaca, L.) R
The most valuable of all fishes for the Cl rous monsters, the largest, and most este (Squalus Carcharias, L.), Saw fish (S. Prisi eighteen feet in length; Balance Shark, or (S. Galeus, L.), Blue Shark (S. glaucus, (S. Marimus, L.); the skin of this last is purpose of making it into shagreen, of wh Russians, upon the frontiers; so that sha most profitable speculation; for the simpl sun, without a particle of salt, is greatly in to be effected by that mode of curing the all the circumstances of the price of salt, a

ORY DESIRABLE-CEYLON FISHIES.
Europe and America is rotten, unless very bre it reaches India; and I have known the pay thirty rix dollars, (at that time ls. 9d. our dozens of half putrid red herrings. I pon the attention of individual capitalists,
of success, amongst the many other very t Ceylon, than that of establishing factories he coasts as have the best fishing, and little
re—the Albicore or Thunny (Scomber Thyncad (Scomber Trachurus), Coal fish (Gadus 'entrus ruber of Bennett's fishes of Ceylon), Heberi of Bennett's fishes of Ceylon), Sea um (Ophidium barbatum, L.), Pampus (Strodius, L.), Gemmenas Dragonet (Callionymus - rado (Coryphaena Eguiselis, L.), Doree (Zeus Red or Sur Mullet (Mullus barbatus, L.). , Great Garfish (Esor osseus, L.); a species rtain seasons, is poisonous; several species
quality; the Seir fish (Tora-malu of the ; Skate (Raia Batis, L.), and a variety of ested by the natives, and returned to the have a great dread of the Sting Ray (Raia
ina markets, are Sharks. Of these vivipaemed, for their fins, are the White Shark 'is, L.), some of which are from twelve to Hammer Head (S. Zygaena, L.), the Tope L.), and the Shagreen, or Basking Shark much in request by the Chinese, for the lich a great quantity is annually sold to the rk catching might be made a separate and mode of drying the skins and fins in the favor of the undertaking; and the saving m for the China market, would be, under paramount consideration.

Page 197
CHAP.
Fresh-luvater fishes—Original establishment of the Por -Dutch capitulate to the British-Insulting conduct of of Portugal—Clandestine attempt to inspect, or possess, the Secretary Sutherland's inquiry, at the request of Governo, Roads of Ceylon-Governor Sir Edward Barnes-Just forming the roads-Families consequently destitute-Su. lers-Best mode of travelling-Siggestions for canteens Chatty bath-Batta to coolies-The three grand marin Important addition to its usefulness-Mosquito-Northe from Captain Horsburgh's Directory.
HAVING described, to the best of my most common and abundant upon this co and exportation, I regret that I have bu varieties. Of these, the best that the lak Cat-fish, Angoloowa of the Singhalese, the mistaken, from the cirri on the jaws, for a and the Grey Mullet (Mugil Cephalus, L.).
The Portuguese first established a facto erected a small fort for its protection, whic notwithstanding the hostilities in which the tives, and, ultimately, with the combined I their footing, and extended their conques two years. The Portuguese governor and c surrendered Colombo to the Dutch in 1656 governor, Van der Meyden, commenced.
The Dutch having, in turn, enjoyed th and forty years, were dispossessed of Colc under the command of Major General St which time, the ordinary counsellor of Du
was governor.

XXI.
uguese at Colombo-Portuguese surrender it to the Dutch he Dutch troops to their forbearing victors-Absurd claim ! records of the colony by a Portuguese officer-Mr. Deputy Sir Robert Brownrigg-Route from Colombo to Kandytribute to his memory-Great sacrifice of human life in ggestions for relieving them-Preliminary hints to travel-Pistols and swords, eaccept for officers, incumbrancesas for the tourist's observance-Umbrella indispensable'n route-Jayellé-Road to Negombo-Sailing directions
bower, the several sorts of sea fish that are last, for the purposes of home consumption ut little to say in favor of the fresh water e, fort ditch, and canals produce, are the Eel, the Burbot (Gadus Lota, L.), by many variety of the Barbel (Cyprinus Barbus, L.),
ry at Colombo in the year 1515, and then h, from time to time, they enlarged; and, ay were subsequently involved with the naDutch and Kandyan forces, they maintained ts, for a period of one hundred and twenty aptain-general, Antonio de Zouza Continho, , when the administration of the Batavian
heir tyrannical sway for nearly one hundred ombo, by capitulation to the British force, ewart, on the 16th of February, 1796; at utch India, Johan Gerard Van Angelbeck,

Page 198
170 CAPITULATION OF COLOMBO
The British force-consisted of His Majes battalions of the Honorable East India Cor of Bengal artillery. This small army had the 2nd of that month, and immediately p it could not have taken, if the Dutch had of the intermediate country to oppose its superior in numbers, were bordering upc however brave and disposed to defend the after the British flag had been hoisted, upc soldiers, as they filed past to lay down the indignant but forbearing victors.
The first British administration was for Governor of Fort St. George (Madras) in have since passed, we have not had less governors of Ceylon. The following is a of their accession to the government; a governors, in the intervals of succession of
The Honorable Frederick North assum Lieut. General Honorable Thomas Maitla Wilson, lieutenant-governor, March 19, 18. G. C. B., March 11, 1812.-Major General governor, February 1, 1820.--Lieut. Gener G. C. B., February 2, 1822.-Major Genera governor, November 6, 1822.-Lieut. Gene 18, 1824-Major General Sir John Wilson, 1831.-The Right Honorable Sir Robert 23, 1831.-The Right Honorable James Al 1837.-The Honorable Major General Sir E of the present governor, Lieut. General Sir
Notwithstanding the long interval of ne 'retained possession of the former Portugues now a hankering after the original seat of it has been recently drawn to the claim, pre of Colombo.
How far this claim may be well found to elucidate.

SUCCESSION OF GOVERNORS.
ty's 52nd, 73rd, and 77th regiments, three npany's Madras Sepoys, and a detachment landed at Negombo without opposition, on roceeded to the attack of Colombo; which availed themselves of the natural obstacles orogress. But the Dutch troops, although in a state of mutiny, and their officers, fort, had no control over them; for even in the capitulation of Colombo, the Dutch ir arms, spat their saliva at their brave and
med “ in the name of the Honorable the council;" and in the forty six years that than thirteen governors and lieutenantlist of these functionaries, with the dates ld of the lieutenant-governors, acting as
the latter. ed the government, October 12, 1798.- nd, July 19, 1805.-Major General John ll.-Lieut. General Sir Robert Brownrigg, Sir Edward Barnes, K. C. B., lieutenantall the Right Honorable Sir Edward Paget, l Sir James Campbell, K. C. B., lieutenantral Sir Edward Barnes, K. C. B., January K. C. B., lieutenant-governor, October 13, Wilmot Horton, Bart., G. C. H., October texander Stewart Mackenzie, November 7, Robert Arbuthnot, K. C. B., until the arrival
Colin Campbell, G. C. B. arly a century and a half that the Dutch e settlements in Ceylon, Portugal has even is power in the island; and public attention ferred by the latter, to the fort and town
ed, or otherwise, the following may tend

Page 199
ABSURD CLAIM OF PO
In the year 1816, a colonel in the Portug order of Christ, arrived at Colombo, by ol bound to Goa. He soon became acquaint guese families, and clandestinely endeavol of the Portuguese and Dutch governmen secretary to the government, and secretar informed of the latter circumstance, took upon his object; and, at the same time, inti who could not assist him, except at the risk
• The colonel was very ready with an apo of our being in possession of the whole i observed, that “we had not yet turned Bintenné."
Mr. Sutherland subsequently asked the go rigg) if he had ever heard of the treaty by guese, in the event of the entire island beco to the British crown; and he also remarke manner, in which the colonel had endeav probably, to possess them, there could be Colombo; although that officer was very de accident, and as the casual one of a passen His Excellency acknowledged that he has Portuguese colonel's statement; and reques and make such extracts as he might conside By these, it appeared, that in 1661, at Britain and Portugal; by which, if Portug port and fortress of point de Galle were Great Britain should wrest the island from Portuguese flag. It further appeared, that 166l, (the very year in which the precedi 'other in 1669 between the Dutch and Port conquests if Ceylon, without any stipulation Portugal had definitively recognized the rig had acquired there; by which treaty, what originally have had, were for ever set at or any other power that might subsequently
Y

RTUGAL TO COLOMBO, 171
uese army, who wore the decoration of the he of the annual China ships, from Macao, ed with one or two of the principal Portured to obtain a sight of the old records ts. Mr. Sutherland, at that time deputy y for the Kandyan provinces, having been an opportunity of questioning the colonel mated the impropriety of applying to those
of their own official situations. logy; and having entered upon the subject sland of Ceylon, Mr. Sutherland jokingly out the wild Veddahs from the forests of
overnor, (Lieut. General Sir Robert Brownwhich Colombo was to revert to the Portuming, as it was at that time, (1816,) subject d to His Excellency, that from the sinister toured to obtain a sight of the records, or, no doubt of the real object of his visit to sirous that it should be attributed to mere ger, en route, from China to Goa. l heard, or read, reports very similar to the sted Mr. Sutherland to search the records, }r expedient. reaty had been entered into between Great al recovered Ceylon from the Dutch, the to be ceded to the former; but that if the Dutch, Colombo was to revert to the t by two subsequent treaties, one in the year ng treaty had been entered into,) and the uguese, the former were to retain all their or reservation whatever; and that in 1692, ght of the Dutch to all the territories they ever claims upon Colombo Portugal might rest, whether preferred against the British,
be in possession of Ceylon. -- - 2

Page 200
172 ROAD FROM COLC
The whole island presents a scene of naturalist; and it is not to be presumed a flying journey through it. There are n interior, almost immediately after arriving mail coach or not, the following is the r the interior.
From Colombo to the bridge of boats acr numerous improvements introduced into t Edward Barnes, G. C. B., soon after his su governor, in 1820; in order to obviate the ( troops, were subjected, when there was mere is 3 miles. To Mahara, where there is a mail coach station of Kosrupé, 6 miles. ratgodde, where there is also a barrack, 2 station,) about 5 miles. To Viangodde rest coach station,) about 4 miles. To Amba coach station of Ambapittia, through Mahahouse and mail coach station, 8 miles. T To Paradenia, 6 miles; and from thence from Colombo.
The formation of these military roads, wh of the executive, after the conquest and anr British empire, in 1815, as the surest meal rebellion of 1817 and 1818 had, in a gre the return of tranquility, in the year 182 engineers, selected from officers of different pay; every necessary arrangement for the w was given to the energies of those employed opportune arrival of Major General Sir Edw in the year 1819, as second in command of
The formation of a carriage road from the male on the east side of the island, was of of the colony, in order to establish the mean interrupted by sea, during the periods that respectively prevailed. These, however, alt. facility to commerce.

MBO TO KANDY.
much interest to the emigrant and the that either will have a disposition to make lany, however, who prefer starting for the at Colombo. Whether one travels by
oute from the maritime capital to that of
oss the Mutwal river, which is one of the he colony by the late Lieut. General Sir ccession to the government, as lieutenantlelay, to which, travellers, and particularly ly a ferry boat to convey them, the distance rest-house on the right, 5 miles. To the From thence to the rest-house of Henne
miles. To Kellegeddehainé, (mail coach :-house, 3 miles. To Walweldenia, (mail passe rest-house, 63 miles. To the mail Hainé, 9 miles. To Ootooankandé rest'o Kadooganava rest-house, about 7 miles. to Kandy, 4 miles. In all, about 72 miles
ich had been the first grand consideration exation of the Kandyan kingdom to the ns of retaining possession, but which the at degree, suspended, was resumed, with ), and upon an extended scale. Assistant regiments, were appointed, with additional ork was put in train. Additional stimulus in these important undertakings, by the ard Barmes, K. C. B., from England, early che forces in Ceylon.
port of Colombo on the west, to Trincoparamount importance to the commerce is of transport between those places, when the north-east and south-west monsoons hough still incomplete, afford comparative

Page 201
GREAT SACRIFICE OF LIFE
Besides rest-houses on the roads for Eur at regular distances, useful trees were pl knotty bamboo to the umbrageous Sea-Por As regards the splendid roads already for line, whether bridge, or tunnel, or rest-ho the memory of the late Lieut. General S paid to that of Sir Christopher Wren, fore His Excellency had not long previously dis his unrivalled chief, the Duke of Welling country and sovereign ) the great and inc; Ceylon, his unwearied zeal for, and devo and agriculture of the colony, have conferr memory:-the public acknowledgments of of them; nor will the name of any govern higher upon its records than that of Sir Ed There are, however, some classes of per European and native officers and soldiers jungles of the interior, in cutting roads til of the Kandyan kingdom, who cannot feel consolation for the loss of husbands, fathe their sole dependence, from the reflection such a duty: for although it has secured p of the maritime provinces from a foe in the of the colony, and augmented its resource remain destitute.
These roads were made by the compul military working parties,) who from their si or served as substitutes for others; and the power to avail itself of the monstrous s from its Portuguese and Dutch predecessor by the loss of fathers, sons, and brothers, consideration of the government, by which ished: and even now, at this distant peri compensation, in proportion to the great cannot be a very difficult matter for the of parties, who died, whilst employed upon

IN FORMING THE ROADS. 173
opeans, and Ambelamas for native travellers, inted on each side of the road, from the legranate tree (Barringtonia speciosa, L.). ned, there is scarcely a spot throughout the use, that does not justify the application to r Edward Barnes, G. C. B., of the tribute verywhere a monument presents itself: and if inguished himself as a gallant follower of ton, (whom may God long preserve to his lculable benefits, which, whilst governor of ion to, the best interests of the commerce ed upon it, are sufficient to immortalize his its population best mark the general sense or of that part of our Indian empire stand ward Barnes. sons, the relatives of the brave and zealous s, who fell victims to the malaria of the nrough the almost impenetrable fastnesses these public benefits. They can derive no rs, and brothers, upon whom, perhaps, was that, they had died in the performance of ssession of the interior, ensured the safety ir rear, promoted the commercial interests 's and revenue, very many of these families
sory labour of the natives, (conjointly with veral tenures were liable to it themselves, although the government legally possessed ystem of oppression, which it had ihherited , the great number of families left destitute may still be deemed worthy of the humane compulsory labour was subsequently abolod, it is not too late to afford them some public benefits, thereby achieved; for it headmen of villages to report the names the roads, and of their existing families;

Page 202
174 COMPENSATION SUGGES
and surely some proportion of the annual which, by judicious mamagement, every su benevolently or honestly applied, than in justice, to the native population of Cey government.
The following preliminary suggestions I in regard to his personal comfort and to ec an opinion for himself, respecting an inc seek for a location where he may expend a would not think flying through the island object; and, by buggy, it is hazardous a and fodder and medicines for them, at c. stop when one pleases, to view the country there is nothing like the old-fashioned wa may be engaged, casualties by sickness or caution, and the traveller is always sure of From Colombo to Kandy by the mail co than may be carried in a carpet bag; but b ern road from Colombo, occasionally diver the central province may present opportun tions, and sites for intended agricultural o capital by the eastern and southern road, dent for supplies.
I would earnestly recommend the travelle pretty looking canteens, shining with paten warehouse in town; for there are places, the white ants will soon devour the leat ornamental brass nails, they are sure to ex phere of the island, for the green hue of O I have always found japanned tin box may have as many as his habits require; that the government regulations do not than forty pounds (avoirdupois) to a great and as they travel best with their burthens when full, should not exceed twenty pour page, with supplies of tea, sugar, coffee,

CED-HINTS TO TOURISTS.
surplus of revenue oyer expenditure, and cceeding year will increase, cannot be more performing an act of strict, though of tardy lon, from a protecting and magnanimous
may be useful to the tourist in Ceylon, both onomy. The emigrant, desirous of forming omparable and magnificent country, and to part of his capital to the best advantage, in a mail coach, the best way to attain his ld inconvenient, even with relays of horses, ommand. To be perfectly at one's ease, to , or to collect specimens in natural history, y, by palankin; for any number of bearers desertion be provided against by due pre
a bed. ach, there is no occasion for more luggage by the route round the island, by the northging from the sea coast, as the roads toward ities for investigating soil, climate, producr other speculations, and returning to that the traveller must be independent of acci
r in Ceylon to have nothing to do with those t leather and brass nails, at every outfitter's where, unless the greatest care be taken, her, and perhaps the wood; and as to the change their brilliancy, in the humid atmosld copper. es the securest and best; and the traveller but he has one thing to bear in mind, viz., allow coolies to be compelled to carry more r distance than two miles from any town; slung at each end of a pingo, a canteen, ds. Therefore, a sufficient breakfast equipowder, shot, caps, a small lamp fitted to

Page 203
COOLEY LOADS-THREE M
a low candlestick, with a couple of glass sl fitted into compartments in a tin box, tw width, and sufficient space to be left for dinner canteen should be similarly fitted.
The Parsee and other shopkeepers have a load of wine, &c., at hand; and the gridi irons of the palankin. A couple of good swords, except for military men, are positiv The traveller's cook should always prec house, where he may intend to halt durin have a sufficient number of chatties of w. becomes the more cooling and wholesome)
Chatties, of the common size, hold abo secutively over the head, impart a deligh the tourist for one of those excellent bre cooks are second to none in preparing.
During this gastronomic enjoyment, and temperature of early moruing, let the trav best advice that he can act upon. First, his temper may be put to the test. Secon included, his coolies are entitled to Batta, to their regular hire. Thirdly, that they m two stages, or twenty five miles, in twenty f illness; under penalty, to their employer, of the nearest district court.
An umbrella should be carried, whenev and I have found a circular curtain of gree with a centre ferrule fitted to the curtain, s most excellent defence against that invetera annoyance to European travellers, the mos and the handle tied to the head of a col anticipate a night of comparative comfort, as a soporific.
To make a circuit of the island, by the coe
* Extra

AXIMS FOR TRAVELLERS. 175
ades, wax candles, &c. &c., may be easily 2nty inches long, by fifteen in depth and a tray, of light cedar, over all; and the
lways hampers, containing an exact cooley on and kettle may be slung upon the poleguns are indispensable, but pistols and e incumbrances. de his master by some hours, to the rest g the heat of the day; and be directed to ater (which, if exposed to the night air, in readiness by his master's arrival. ut a gallon of water; these, emptied contful coolness to the frame, that disposes akfasts, à la fourchette, which the native
whilst coolness of temper conjoins with the eller treasure the following in mind, as the Never to strike a native, how much soever dly, that for every day's halting, Sundays at the rate of threepence each, in addition ust not be compelled to travel more than Our hours; or to proceed in cases of actual of fine or imprisonment, at the discretion
2r practicable, during the heat of the day : n mosquito net, about twelve feet in depth, o as to admit the point of an umbrella, a te enemy of the new-comer, and constant quito; for when the umbrella is expanded, nmon rest-house bed, or couch, one may without having recourse to a mosquito dose
st, tourists should proceed by what is called
llew ance.

Page 204
76 froAD THROUGH JAYELLE TO
the northern route. This, after having cros lies through the village of Jayellé, a dista lous country; and from thence to Nego plantations. Everywhere the sight and the may be seen the beautiful crimson Clerode of the Singhalese, Coffea triflora, Iuvo u co and dwarf varieties (scandens and una; for support, and displaying its "pitchers open, and in an erect position, half full of they contained was too valuable to be lost the shade of the overhanging trees and gr dock trees, ever in fruit and blossom at th grance to the surrounding atmosphere.
For a considerable distance through th and, in many places, it leads through la already described in page 69, to which the Negombo is twenty four miles distant S. S. W. of Caymel. It lies in latitude 7 frequented solely by coasting vessels. The a bight; and the former is known from the out, covered with coco-nut trees, and defe as sailors call it, should not be approach offshore, nor in less than eight fathoms wa by which, the rocky ledge projecting from feet water on it, and six fathoms close by of the fort, N. N.W., will be avoided.
For vessels bound to Negombo from the bear S. E.; a ship ought then to steer dire northward, and may anchor in five or six f The present fort was built by the Dut peelers, and storehouses of that spice, th time of peace, consists of a few rank and mand of a non-commissioned officer.
* The roads, throughout the island, are I

EGOMBO-SAILING DIRECTIONS.
sed the Mutwal river by the bridge of boats, nce of 9 miles, through a fertile and popumbo the road lies chiefly through cinnamon smell derive gratification; for, on each side, ndrun infortunatum, L., the Pinna-mal-geddi cinea, Nepenthes distillatoria of the climbing the former, clinging to the cinnamon bushes ," some with the lid closed, others with it water, like so many fly traps, as if the liquid ; the latter, 'shrinking from exposure, under ass; whilst the wild orange, lime, and shade same time, impart the most delicious fra
e cinnamon plantations, the road is sandy : rge tracks of the pure white quartz sand, cinnamun tree is partial. from Colombo, and two leagues to the l3 north, and is a place of some trade, but coast between Negombo and Caymel forms offing, by the point projecting a great way 2nded by a long reef beyond it. The bight, ed by large vessels nearer than two leagues ter, until the fort flag-staff bears S. E. by S., this part of the coast, and a rock with ten ', bearing from the flag-staff, or north point
southward, the fort should be brought to ct for it, without borrowing any more to the athoms, abreast of the fort. ch, more for a protection to the cinnamon an as a sea defence. The only garrison, in file of the Ceylon regiment, under the com
neasured from the Queens house, Colombo,

Page 205
CHAP.
Negombo admirably situated for gracing farms-S butcher's meat, and stock, and the navy with sulted p Ceylon capable of supplying boatswains, carpenters, house-Wesleyan mission-house and chapel-Superintenda Negombo to Kandy-Native pastimes-Northern route by and sportsman-Natandé-Madampe-Pepper plantal Sailing directions-Manufacture of coarse paper and The plant called Rajah Wanya, or Jungle King-Artific
NEGOMBO is an admirable place for estal the method of rearing and fattening cattle, market; for every variety of green and c trouble; and the inland communication by animals slaughtered over night at Negomb day-break in the morning.
Ships touching at Colombo, might thus few hours' notice, equal to any that the v this certain lucrative speculation, like ma unthought of, although a variety of proi constantly in agitation or progress,
The establishment of farms for the imp and for salting and curing meat, could not in the cooler regions of Neuwara Eliya, grand object, are equal to those of the mos considerate mind, that a country so highly of the British navy in India, should neve of salted beef or pork from its own resourc
Whatever the distress of our fleet might in India, is upon Bengal; and yet there i

XXII.
99estions for supplying Colombo, and the shipping, with rortstons-Naval dependance upon Bengal for suppliesnd other stores–Dutch families–Native women–Restit of revenue and customs-Medicinal plants-Road from the coast from Negunbo-Recreations for the naturalist ions- Gane-Harvests in the Chilaw district-Chilawcutton cloths-Ir. Walbeoff's escape from a leopard"ial Leucays.
olishing a grazing farm; and for improving sheep, swine, and poultry, for the Colombo lry fodder is produced here with very little water would enable the farmer to have the o, and in the Colombo market soon after
pe supplied with live stock, and fodder, at a ery best farms in Bengal can produce; but ny others, has been hitherto neglected or :cts, and many of them Eutopian ones, are
rovement of the breed of domestic cattle, fail to prove a successful speculation; and, all the advantages possessed for the latter t temperate clime. It really astonishes the favoured by nature, and the head quarters r yet have supplied that navy with a cask es !
pe, the maval dependence for salt provision, s not a single article that could be required

Page 206
178 CAPABILITIES OF THE ISLA
for the use of the navy, in point of boatsw which Ceylon, if her natural resources wi national importance, could not abundantl main-mast; from the biscuit, to the cask O vinegar, sugar, raisins, potatos, rice, peas stock, grain, dry fodder, spices, fruits, veg of the most useful drugs for the sick, at British dominions.
Negombo is famous for its fish; and, at Sur Mullet (Mullus surmuletus, L.) is caugh Pliny, Seneca, Horace, and Martial, bear this delicious fish was held by the Romans, weight in silver. Apicius too, considered change of its beautiful colors, when expi feast on it, when dressed with the ' Rie age of gluttony. Here, they are exposed native element, at a few challies for half a
Kid, poultry, eggs, bread, fruit, and v plenty, at moderate prices; and the sport widgeon shooting. The water is extrem Kottidewé, or Children's Island; where per ing pitchers in the sand over night, which, sweet water, that had filtered in the in here, during, and for some time after, the which the country is irrigated, a great de and cultivation are everywhere conspicuous green, interspersed with magnificent teak toddy topes.
Several respectable Dutch families former for their exotic fruits, (originally introduce very few Dutch or Portuguese families, p island, in comparison with their former nun The native women of Negombo have the places in Ceylon, and are generally modest The rest-house is a large and substant of very fine teak trees in its front.

ND FOR NA W” AİL SUPPLIES.
ains' and carpenters' stores, and provisions, re properly applied to that grand object of y supply; from sail-maker's twine, to the f beef and pork; rum, arrack, lime-juice, e, coffee, cocoa, pepper, oil, salt fish, live getables, tapioca, arrow root, and a variety a cheaper rate than any other place in the
certain seasons, the Sea Woodcock, or Red it in the greatest abundance and perfection. testimony to the great estimation in which who purchased it at the very high rate of its nothing more delightful than to view the ring , and nothing more exquisite than to Y que manque,” or Carthaginian sauce of his in heaps, just after being taken from their dozen. egetables, may be obtained here in great sman will find excellent snipe, curlew, and ely brackish, unless it be obtained from sons are employed for the purpose of sinkin the morning, are found full of pure and nterim. Very fine mushrooms are found rainy season; and, from the facility with all of paddee is produced: indeed, fertility , the pastures being of a rich and delightful (Tectona Grandis, L.) and fruit trees, and
ly resided here, whose gardens were famous i from Java and the Malay peninsula) but lossessing wealth, remain in any part of the mbers.
credit of being prettier than at most other and domestic in their habits. ial stone building, with a spacious avenue
ރ ر

Page 207
REVENUE AND CUSTOMIS-IND
The Wesleyan mission-house is large anc neat building, having all the characteristics The revenue and customs are superinten is also a judge of the Colombo District Co The neighbourhood of Negombo abound the native doctors, the following are the m The Indian Lilac (Melia sempereirens. esteemed for the medicinal properties of smells like garlic; and a valuable oil (Mar the size and shape of a French olive, with yellow color, and grows in thick bunches.
The ripe fruit of the Domba gaha (Calo is efficacious in rheumatism and rheumatic
The Castor Oil plant (Ricinus Palma regarded as a mere weed; for when once a gardener as the tobacco plant. The oil perties, and the leaves make a cooling dres The Thorn Apple (Datura Stramonium, there are the white (called in Singhalese A these bear prickly pericarps, full of seeds make an ointment of the flower, for burns leaves for curing the gout: but the leaf is for the native doctors consider it injurio been thoroughly dried, and chipped very f to smoke it ad libitum. The seeds of the plaints; but these are seldom known whe The Wild Liquorice (Abrus precatorius has the taste of liquorice, and the native and lime juice, for coughs.
The Vanilla (Vanilla aromatica, L.), H and yet not an ounce is prepared for expo) The Galangale Root (Kaempferia gallan white, with a violet spot in the centre;
3 ماه
* Where there are no English names, t The Singhalese have no definition of purple,
2

IGENOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS. 179
commodious, and the chapel a particularly of a Protestant house of prayer. ded by an assistant government agent, who urt, No. 2 south. s with medicinal plants: of those used by ost generally known.* L.), Kassambu of the Singhalese, is much its bark and root. It yields a gum, that gosa) is extracted from its fruit, which is of a part of its top cut off transversely, of a
phyllum Inophyllum, L.) yields an oil which gout. Christi, L.) is so abundant, that it may be it gets into a garden, it is as troublesome to is generally esteemed for its medicinal prossing for blisters.
L.). Of this common but invaluable plant .ttana) and purple (Kalu-Attanai) varieties; , of narcotic qualities. The native doctors and contractions of the nerves; and of the not used, as with us, in asthmatic affections, us; and prescribe the root only, after it has ine, to their patients, who are then allowed white species are efficacious in dental com'e the use of Betel prevails. , L.), Olinda of the Singhalese. The leaf doctors make a decoction of it, with sugar
inninwela gaha of the Singhalese, abounds; rtation !
ga, L.) is equally neglected. The flower is root bulbous, palmate; leaves egg-shaped.
the Singhalese precede the Linnaean ones.
and apply the word Kalu, or black, in lieu of it,

Page 208
180 INDIGENOUS MEI
Its medicinal virtues are aromatic and ( (K. latifolia), round-leaved (K. rotunda), a indigenous.
The Jacber of the Singhalese (Crotala) yellow flowers, and the former is said to erroneously.
The Tebu-gas of the Singhalese (Costus s The Wal-pupulu of the Singhalese (Eupa The Sacsanda of the Singhalese (Aristo brandy or old arrack, is an invaluable tonic The Nil Kataroodoo of the Singhalese creeper, and extremely ornamental, from The root is used as an emetic.
The Angular-leaved Physic Nut (Jatropht which two or three seeds, cleansed from t of the nuts is used in the cure of the itc. when mixed with tobacco, as an enema.
The Cocculus Indicus, L., mixed with 1 birds and fishes.
The Coral Shrub (Jatropha multifida, L.). The Mendi of the Singhalese (Ophiorhiza The Godogandu of the Singhalese (Ophio, bites, and as a tonic.
The Ratnethul of the Singhalese (Plumba The Rat Binungé of the Singhalese (Pe the Ellé Binungé of the Singhalese (Per Both possess similar properties to the Ipeca delight in a sandy soil.
The Arooloo of the Singhalese (Termina bellerica), and Nelli of the Singhalese (T en
The Jayapala and Nepalam gaha of the abundant. A very powerful oil is extract spasmodic cholera.
Lemon Grass (Andropogon Schaemanthus, in fever, and by the Dutch and Portuguese, The Prickly Poppy (Argemone Mericana,

DICINAL PLANTS,
liaphoretic. The broad-leaved galangale hd narrow-leaved (K. angustifolia), are also
'ia laburnifolia and retusa, L.). Both have ) be the Radia Colombo, but, I believe,
Deciosus), an excellent substitute for ginger. orium Ayapana), used to cure snake bites lochia Indica, L.). The root, steeped in
(Clitoria Ternatea, L.), a very common its blue flowers and bright green leaves.
a curcas, L.), Jarrack of the Singhalese, of che skin, are a sufficient purge. Oil made h, and the pounded leaf for ulcers; and,
moistened rice, is employed to intoxicate
mungos), used in the cure of snake bites. rylon serpentinum, L.), also used for snake
go rosea, L.).
riptoca Indica, L.), with red flowers; and ploca sylvestris, L.), with white flowers. cuanha (Euphorbia Ipecacuamhae, L.), and
lia chebulla), Booloo of the Singhalese (To. nblica).
Singhalese (Croton tiglium, L.), wild and ed, called Croton oil, and used in cases of
L.), used in decoction as a cooling drink for giving a lemon flavor to tea.
L.).

Page 209
, , auria arl
4 racar l'ilio (Jccio. Cακή αν Αμμία ι
 

ί η ται Π. Kaif y Yo tlo
NL Sirgli alese

Page 210


Page 211
ROAD FROM NEGOMBO TO KA
The Cassia Fistula, L., abundant in jung The Dewool gaha of the Singhalese (Fer The Jalap plant (Convolvolus turpethum, The Wanassa of the Singhalese (Ballota The Lineya gaha of the Singhalese (He
From Negombo there is a road through distant 66 miles; but I enjoyed the mo many places it was with difficulty passed on namely, by the left bank of the Kaymel ri which place there is a ferry, and the na Oya,) and Negahagidera, to the wretched hattoo, and from thence to Kurumagallé, or The whole country, except where there where cultivated and well irrigated, produci and abounding in pasture lands, some of wh English park: these teem with buffalos and Birds and insects, in great variety, and in every direction.
The villagers throughout the line of thi in cockfighting; and, at night, are often succ I mounted on a dead elephant, to make within twenty yards of my position; but in informed me, that the animals were surrou Chulos and Tom-toms, that they appeared p; an attempt to defend themselves. I should exceeded eight feet in height, and two of t Ceylon, that, to the best of my judgment,
Five miles beyond Negombo, the Kayn mouth) is crossed at Topoo Ferry; from t miles, and to the bridge of Ging-Oya abc the land but partially cultivated. The ne mile from the bridge over the Ging-Oya.
The naturalist and the sportsman may f cise in this neighbourhood; the former in plants, ferns, mosses, land shells, insects,

DY-FACE O THE COUNTRY. 181
es, and much used as an aperient medicine. nia elephantum), produces a medicinal gum. L.), Tristawalla of the Singhalese. disticha, L.), a species of horehound. Icteres Isora, L.).
Miniwangodde and Veangodde to Kandy, re unfrequented road, which, although in horseback, I recommend to the naturalist; 'er, through Halpé, Kotadenia, Girulé, (at me of the river is there changed to Mahacowshed, miscalled rest-house, at Naga, as we call it, Kornegalle. Lre occasional patches of jungle, is everyng large crops of paddee, and small grains; ich have all the appearance of an extensive | bullocks, and the jungles with game.
of the most brilliant colors, meet the eye
a bridle road, chiefly spend their afternoons essful in spearing elephants. At Kotadenia, a sketch of a group of six which lay dead ot one of them had tusks. The villagers nded by so great a number of people, with ralyzed, and were speared without making not suppose the largest of these elephants nem were very small. I never saw one in xceeded ten or eleven feet in height. lel river (as the Maha-Oya is called at its nence to Kirimetteane the distance is six ut 4 miles; the road flat and sandy, and xt rest-house is that of Nattandé, about a
nd the most delightful recreation and exercollecting specimens of the various aquatic and birds; and the latter may select any

Page 212
182 NORTHERN ROUTE BY THE SE
game he pleases; for he has not to go far hares, and almost every variety of animal
But if the tourist be neither botanist, game procured for him, he has only to hi where he may halt, and a number of native with their uncouth guns, ready to bring receiving a charge or two of powder and s their subsequent reward; for as they neve! the least risk of missing it, they invariably From Nattandé rest-house to the bridge 5 miles; and half a mille further is Mai the residence of native sovereigns; and tenanted by mosquitos, jackalls, monkies Engelbert Vanderstraaten obtained a grant pepper gardens there, in the hope of ev the Malabar coast for that most importan lose its aromatic properties, and consequen If Mr. Vanderstraaten had been support been encouraged to anticipate, Madampé w particularly in pepper, which is now pro to its capabilities. The clustering pepper bi for their timber, as if in one family compa and in every direction near his spacious best and rarest varieties of the plantain and the neighbouring continent of India pr Madampe abounds with widgeon, snipe white and brown paddee birds, flamingos ( birds. The flesh of the flamingo is, at entirely free from the peculiarly fishy flav Elk, deer,t wild hogs, the stock or orig the Babyroussa (Sus Babyrussa, L.), as so not known in the island; Indian musk of jungle fowl (Gallus Indicus of Leach), sm
Elk, the roe-buck * 23 ܘܐ † Deer (Cervus Alaris ef Shaw, Cervus Dama, L.), amon,

A-COAST-VARIETIES OF GAME.
inland to find elephants, leopards, deer, elk, and bird the country produces. aturalist, nor sportsman, and desire to have ht his wish to the keeper of the rest-house sportsmen will soon be collected about him, him whatever game he may require, upon hot, and a promise of a similar quantity, as fire until too close upon their object to run earn the promised gratuity. over the Kuddoopitté-Oya the distance is lampé, formerly a place of importance, and ubsequently a swampy unhealthy locality, , and alligators; until the late Mr. Peter of land from the government, and formed 2ntually rendering the island independent of t spice, without which, the cinnamon would tly its value, during the homeward voyage. ed by the government to the extent he had rould have proved pre-eminently productive, duced there, but in a very limited quantity nes unite the most stately trees, all valuable 2t; these form cool and delightful avenues; bungalow, Mr. Wanderstraaten planted the Tree, (Musa Sapientium, L.) that the island, oduced. , curlews, sand pipers, the large and small Phaenicopterus ruber, L.), and other aquatic certain seasons, white and delicious, and or of its genus that it possesses at others. inal of the common domestic hog, and not me have stated it to be, for that animal is Pennant (Moschus Meminna, L.), pea fowl, all red-legged partridges (Perdir Janninus
Cervus Capreolus, L.). gst which there is a variety perfectly white, with red eyes.

Page 213
HARVESTS IN THE CHILAW DI
of Shaw), Coromandel quails (Coturnir tea out the province.
The canal contains abundance of small m The beautiful Nymphaea alba and N. IN odoriferous red and white (esculent) corols. The Ceylon hare resembles the commo that the fur on the nape of the neck is bla. some food, but altogether unlike pork; an delicate, is the flesh of the porcupine, an “fretful" by nature, it will feed, and keep
The Maha or great harvest in the Chilaw September and 31st October, takes place in crop of paddee, sown between the 1st of Ap Twelve sorts of this grain are cultivated of which, those sown between the 1st of S. at the Maha harvest in January; and thc of May, are reaped at the Yalla harvest in
The directions for sailing along this co miles north of Madampé is Chilaw, which vi 1 may be known from the offing by a sand hil round hummock. In coming to this place fr miles outside the reef of rocks projecting frc tremity, then haul in towards the Ceylon sh may, if bound to Chilaw, steer along shore
“From the north point of Calpentyn to and when a vessel has got an offing, the co of the island. A reef of rocks stretches a beyond the southern point, where it project ing great attention to the lead in passing. T is mostly sand, with a little coral at times: worse it becomes for anchoring.”
The fort of Chilaw has a small garrisor The rest-house is roomy and airy. At the t of dogs (I cannot say hounds) in the island district, Mr. Wallbeoff, who was a great spor by an assistant government agent, has man

STRICT-SAILING DIRECTIONS. 183
'lilis of Shaw), and hares, abound through
ud fish, of the genus Perca, L., and eels. Velumbo cover the water tanks with their
n European hare in every respect, except ck. The flesh of the wild hog is a wholed next to it, in point of flavor, but more animal easily domesticated; for, though upon excellent terms with pigs in a stye. district, of paddee sown between the 1st of February; and the Yalla harvest, or second Iril and 31st of May, takes place in August. here; and as many sorts of “fine grains,” eptember and 15th of October, are reaped pse sown between the list of April and 31st July and August. last are thus given by Horsburgh: “Seven llage lies in about latitude 7° 48' north, and l, having on it some bushes, and near it a om the northward, a vessel should keep two om Calpentyn, until clear of its southern exlore. Coming from the southward, a vessel
to the anchorage abreast of the river. Chilaw, the distance is about nine leagues; burse is about S. S. W. along the west side long that side, nearly from the middle part s nearly three miles from the shore, requirThe bottom between Calpentyn and Chilaw : the nearer the former is approached, the
l, and is a dependency of that of Putlam. ime I first visited it, in 1816, the best pack was kept there, by the then collector of the tsman. Chilaw, which is now superintended ufactories of coarse paper, and also of com

Page 214
184 PAPER AND COTTON MANUEFACTU
mon cottons, table cloths, and towels: th and tear, because the latter cannot withst. (beating against a stone) as the former does, until the article, subjected to his manual op The tiger is unknown in Ceylon, altho leopard (Felis Leopardus), which is as great a opportunity admits of it.
Mr. Wallbeoff, whilst in search of a leop observed the animal crouched behind a barrels of his gun at the animal; one ball p passing through the lower jaw, lodged in rifle to the native to whom he had entrusted close to him, he found himself deserted; seeing the danger he was in. At this mom on the back of his shoulder, from the anin when the enraged beast fastened its teeth ir claws into his back; but, owing to the wo a strong muscular man, the animal relinquis As soon as Mr. Wallbeoff had so far r pursued the leopard and shot it through the found to be seven feet ten inches from th Mr. Wallbeoff's injuries were not very mate From Chilaw, the northern route lies t thence to the rest-house of Battooloo-Oya, rundamkoollé, 7 miles.
The botanist will be delighted with the b Jungle King, which delights in marshy pl The plant bears a delicate white flower, upo upper surface, resembling black velvet, str the manner of a butterfly’s wing; under su The natives, ignorant of the attractive in bending of their branches over the water a Wanya, to their natural homage to the Jung The artificial Leways, or salt pans, are si chacalom, Mundel, Anea Kadda, Pallando Calpentyn, Chinné Natchicalé, and Rattand

RES-ESCAPE FROM A LEOPARD.
ese are preferable to linen articles for wear and the Ceylon washerman's principal soap to the tune of “Europe, Europe, Europe, erations, is more holy than sound.
ugh that name is applied to the chetah or in authropophagist as the former, whenever
s
ard, which had severely lacerated a native, fallen coco-nut tree. He fired both the erforated the near hind leg, and the other, the off shoulder. Turning round for his it, and who had faithfully promised to keep or his followers had all decamped, upon ent, Mr. Wallbeoff received a violent blow mal's paw, which felled him to the ground, n the back part of his head, and its hind unds it had received, and its struggle with hed its hold, and retired into a bush. 2covered himself as to reload his gun, he a heart. The animal, when measured, was e nose to the tip of the tail; and, after all, rial. o the Dedro-Oya, distant two miles; from 10 miles; to Moondel, 4 miles; to Mar
autiful little plant, called Rajah Wanya, or aces, and abounds in this neighbourhood. in a pink capillary stalk; leaves cordiform; iped with gold-like color, and veined after rface, a light lake, inclining to ash color. nfluence of water upon trees, ascribe the hd marshy places, inhabited by the Rajah fle King plant ituate at Oedepencarré, Alempitty, Pulletwé, Perrea Natchicalé, Karativoe Island,
€

Page 215
CHAP.
Pullam-lts garrison-Artificial saltpans-Face of t Living crocodile presented to the Author-Difference bet ground-Remarkable tree-Moorish dancers with a doubt Native Wernicelli-Road to Kandy through Kornegalletivoe-Sailing directions along the coast-Farm of the C bangles and spoons-Estimated value of a Chank with the naturalist-The sea veed Fucus aurylaceus, comm Calpentyn-Inadequate salaries, and contrast-The late not likely to ensure honesty in civil departments-Anecdot continued-Pomparripo-Face of the country-Wild ani Johnston-Ancient tank of Bawalé-Singhalese records
western province.
PUTLAM is the next stage from Marrund. cipally inhabited by Moormen and Hindoo manded by a lieutenant, with a medical stai medical assistant.
The commandant is also superintendant agent of Chilaw. This great staple of hur quantities; the coast being very flat and sa artificial pans, soon after the salt has for with snow.
The face of the country is flat, and aboun are infested with crocodiles. The Ceylon sluggish animal. The natives catch them hooks. In the former way, they have m ad libitum, after having dragged them upon The crocodile possesses great strength, a It has been occasionally caught in the jul human life, that fell within my own know trict, in 1824; when a native, in the act swallowed, with the exception of the head
2

XXIII.
le country-Crocodiles-Native devoured by a crocodileween the Ceylon and Ganges crocodile-Mosque-Burial e-edged sword in each hand-Milk purveyors-Tyre-Water conveyance to the islands of Calpentyn and Karetank fishery-Its ertent-The Chank manufactured into its valve opening to the right instead of the left-Hint to nly called Jaffna moss-Custom-house establishment at Earl of St. Vincent's illiberal maacim for naval officers e of a provincial judge of Calpentyn-Northern route mals-The great crane-Right Honorable Sir Alerander -Capabilities of the soil-Eartent and population of the
amkoollé. It is a populous village, prins, and has a small fort and garrison, comf of one assistant surgeon, and one native
of salt under the civil assistant government man economy is manufactured here in large ndy, and evaporation extremely rapid, the med, appear, at a distance, as if covered
ds in tanks and patches of water, all which species is the Lacerta Crocodilus, a very in nets, and also in traps, and with baited ore sport; for they spear and shoot them,
terra firma.
nd is equally dreaded by men and animals. gles. The only instance of its destroying ledge, was at Hiccode, in the Galle disof bathing, was seized by a crocodile, and
and one hand, which were found on the .
A

Page 216
186 NATIVE DEWOURED BY A C
margin of the river; from which it was i animal approach, and had endeavoured to had grasped at an overhanging branch of a Immediately upon the report reaching Farrel, Esq., he ordered a general searc the second day, proved successful; for down to dinner, two carts lashed togeth which was 17 feet in length, were driven to the sea-side and opened; when the bod tion, was taken out, and a coroner's inques
The Ceylon crocodile differs greatly fro thrice the length of the head, and the e the animal can see above the water wh Ceylon species the head is long, and flatt very small, and so placed within their o: ... above an inch and a half in length, and nose is directly in the middle of the up from the extremity of it; the neck is ca covered with a hard coat; the tail rough, proof against a musketball.
In 1827, the bullock drivers belonging brought me a living crocodile, which th measured sixteen feet four inches from the
This animal is called Kayman by the Kimbolah by the Singhalese; and whateve there are alternate cavities between the tee twenty five sharp-pointed teeth in the upp sizes; but it evidently had had more in had the appearance of broken teeth.
The crocodile lays from eighty to a hun of a goose's egg, but more oblong, and co The Moormen have a mosque at Putlam specimen of a species of tamarind, which common tamarind (Tamarindus Indica, L.). Pulli, by the name of Papara-Pulli, as la to have first preached the gospel in Cey

ROCODILE-GIGANTIC TREE,
nferred that the poor victim had seen the save himself, but was overtaken just as he
tree in the last fruitless effort to escape. the collector of the district, James Agnew h for the amphibious monster; which, on just as our pic-nic party was about to sit er, and containing the body of the animal, to the door. We had it removed instantly y of the native, already a mass of putrefact held upon the spot. m the Lacerta Gangetica, which has a snout yes very prominent, and so constructed that en its body is below the surface. In the owards the extremity of the jaws; the eyes rbits that the outer part, when shut, is not parallel with the opening of the jaws; the per jaw, and about an inch and a quarter Irinated, and both the head and back are with two lateral crests; but the belly is not
to the salt establishment at Hambantotte, ey had caught in a jungle near Magam. It
extremity of the head to that of the tail. Dutch and Portuguese of the island, and r is once seized by it can never escape; for th in both jaws. The living specimen had ar, and fifteen in the lower jaw, of different the former, by the remains of stumps that
dred eggs, which are white, and of the size avex at the extremities.
h; and, in the burial ground, there is a fine is distinguished by the Malabars from the , which they call Bolam-Pulli and Maderamrge as the one, under which Baldaeus is said lon, and which lies in the direct route to

Page 217
MOOR-BOYS' DANCE WITH
Jaffna, near the village of Illipekadewe. ) girth, and nearly eighty feet in height.
Some of the young villagers display gre sword in each hand; and in attack and d of native music.
The Moormen are the principal huxters in the island. At “out-stations," the last adulteration; but at Colombo, where the former, with flour, and the latter, from “ tionally great.
At this place, and other country villages, and evening. This cool, wholesome, and v new milk until one third of the quantity ha fire; and when cool, the addition of a tab very few hours, into a solid curd ; in whic boiled rice. Nothing can be more wholeso at breakfast, with all ranks and classes, b call it Midi Kiri, or hard milk; the HindoThis curd is also eaten with a species of V the expressed juice of the pulp of the ri bottom of a chatty, which is perforated with rice winnow, and held in the steam of bo of boiled Maccaroni.
From Putlam there is a tolerable road t Kornegalle; which, for the traveller's guid: road order; because, if in search of a loc the line of road, and might prefer extend entering the central province, so as to obt its productions, and capabilities for being may have in prospective; and, after having he diverged, for the purpose of continuing From Putlam to Katjemadowé, 12 miles gamma, 10 miles; to Padennie, 10 miles; 7 miles; to Kospotté-Oya, 8 miles; to M 8 miles; to the entrance of the tunnel 1 mile ;-total from Putlam to Kandy, 84 2 .

WORDS-ROAD TO KANDY. 187
n 1816, this tree was thirty four feet in
ut agility in dancing with a double-edged efence, whilst rapidly moving to the sound
jewellers, and butter and milk purveyors, two articles may be obtained free from demand is greater, the adulteration of the the standing cow in the yard," is propor
the best Tyre is to be procured morning ery nutritious curd, is prepared by boiling s evaporated; it is then removed from the le spoonful of butter-milk converts it, in a h state it is eaten with sugar, nutmeg, and me for children ; and it is a great favorite, oth European and native. The Singhalese Portuguese, Tyro; and the Malabars, Tyree. ermicelli, which is formed of rice flour and
small holes for the purpose, into a common iling water until it acquires the consistency
o Kandy, through the romantic station of ance, may as well be set down in Ceylon ation, he would scarcely confine himself to ing his tour, by diverging to the right and ain information as to the nature of the soil, made available to any speculation that he so done, return to the place from whence his route round the island. ; to Dohanneamma, 11 miles; to Bogalleto Kalloomooné, 8 miles; to Kornegalle, adawalletenné, 6 miles; to Mavali-Ganga, (500 feet in length), li mile ; to Kandy,
2

Page 218
188 SAILING DIRECTIONS FR
There is also conveyance by water fro of Calpentyn and Karetivoe lie parallel Point Koedeemalé (which forms a small b Marritchicatty river); and the island of Karetivoe, a considerable bay, the direc ficient utility to justify a temporary digress. According to Captain Horsburgh's sailir banks interspersed from the east end of rendering the navigation unsafe for large drawing seven or eight feet water only, ar between some of them. The east end of having coco-nut and palmyra trees upom the gut which separates it from the oppos to be ten or twelve feet water in some plac * Calpentyn island, situated to the south with, Ceylon, appears as part of the prin It is low, abounds with coco-nut trees, and
“The fort and village of Calpentyn star which and the south end of Cardiva island one, called Long Island, adjoining the n part. Close to this, vessels may ancho the N. E. near Cardiva; but the bottom liable to lose their anchors. The best tra. of the island, on account of dangerous o northward. The bank of soundings is sa seven leagues to the westward."
In the rainy season, the peninsula of C renders crossing impossible.
“The rocky banks or reefs off this pl and S. W. five or six miles off shore, w outermost are said to be five leagues dist, from the southward, when 3 or 33 leag steer about north, till the breakers on the
* Called also Cardiva Distant from Chilaw by

OM PUTLAM TO MANAAR.
m Putlam to Calpentyn; and as the islands with this coast, and between Putlam and ight between it and the south bank of the Manaar, forming, with the north end of tions for sailing along them may be of sufion from the route by land. ng directions, “There are many dangerous the island of Manaar to Calpentyn island, vessels near the shore; but small ones, ld acquainted with the coast, pass inside or Manaar is in about latitude 8' 57 north, it; also a fort, and several houses; and in ite point in Ceylon, Mantotte, there is said es.” ward of Cardiva island, mear to, and parallel ncipal island, when viewed from the offing. extends from latitude 756 to 8° 18' north.” hd on the north end of the island, between l, there is a group of islets, with a larger orth point of Calpentyn, of which it seems r in four or five fathoms; or farther to being mostly rocky and foul, they will be 2k in, is thought to be near the N.W. side verfalls on the rocky banks a little to the id to stretch from this island about six or
Salpentyn becomes an island, and the mud
ace are very dangerous; one lies to the W. rith four fathoms water close to it, and the ant from the land. Ships bound to Manaar les to the westward of Cardiva island, may reef are discerned; then haul to the west
and Nallandine Island.
sea eight or nine leagues.

Page 219
CHANK FARMAND FISHEE
ward about a league in rounding it. Fr. the N. E., for which they should steer, ke soundings being irregular over a rocky bo island; under these depths they decreas ground. In this track there are somet fathoms, to two or three fathoms less at hard ground, in passing near the reef or o to the westward.”
“ From this part of Ceylon to the Ti gulf to the southward of Adam's Bridge exactly known to Europeans, as seldom an in the gulf to the northward of Colombo." The farm of the exclusive right of fis Gravis), which extends from the norther Jaffna, to Moelletivoe on the east side ( bidder for a term of two years.
This univalve is an article of consider manufactured into bangles for women an worn, round their arms and legs, in inde admit of the display. Spoons are also m by the curious European.
A chank shell with its valve opening to of very great value. I once heard a na £1000 sterling.
The palankin boys and baggage coolie Putlam to Calpentyn; and by, keeping naturalist may obtain shells, specimens o coral, sea weed (Fucus aurylaceus), comm is in general demand and estimation th quality to the Iceland moss, it might be to this country.
The custom-house at Calpentyn is the o superintended by an assistant custom m: with a supervisor at £30, a conicoply or c £20, and a searcher at £10 per annum!! families, and at the same time keep them

Y-ISLAND OF CALPENTYN. 189
m this place, Manaar island will be seen to ping a good look-Out, and the lead going, the tom, until seven or eight fathoms near the
gradually towards it to five fathoms sandy mes overfalls from twenty to twenty five cast. If a vessel shoal to eight fathoms utermost banks, she ought instantly to haul
levelly coast, soundings extend across the ; but the outer limit of the bank is not y other than small coasting vessels navigate
ning for the shell fish called Chank (Voluta in extremity of Calpentyn island, round by of the island, is usually sold to the highest
able commerce throughout India; for it is d children, by whom these ornaments are finite numbers, as their circumstances may ade of it, which are occasionally purchased
the right instead of the left, is considered ive estimate it at 10,000 rupees, or about
s will be much relieved by boating it from close along the shore of Navakarré, the mollusca, madrepore, pearl-oyster spawn, only called in the island Jaffna moss, which oughout India; and, as it is superior in made a profitable speculation, as an export
hly civil establishment on the island, and is ster, whose salary is 67l. 10s. per annum, Ish-keeper and cloth-taxer (unus et idem) at Is this enough to support them and their onest in the midst of temptation?

Page 220
190 CHAMELEON DIET-A PROWI
I have seen E2000, £1600, £1200, anc Europeans, called Ceylon civil servants, but perhaps the indigenous breed are ex materials, although, by comparison, expec Earl of St. Vincent's illiberal maxim in and they will serve you well!” will not and custom-house departments.
The very name of Calpentyn is so conn refrain from relieving the monotony of the without vouching for its authenticity.
Formerly, Calpentyn was the residence O occurred, a civil servant was appointed t for his orthographical independence, as for eight years fagging at Latin and French, left school; and, that at that time, he was
This new provincial judge proceeded to dence was then called, with the twofold obje and of getting the Governor's consent to th order to fit out for his new station. Afte “ most graciously received," his request w about to give him his congé, the Stentorian clerk, whose name was Terry, and who wa was heard in the street facing the King's ho men,-going-gone!" attracted his attent if not of Greek and Latin, and therefore order to attend the sale.
Upon rising to take leave, the Governor Mr. that you are very intimately ac judge had not suddenly interrupted him, F.
ing to the Dutch code, as administered in til gazing upon a ghost; for his dignity was sideredit; and so anxious was he to acqui Governor, that “if His Excellency did no formed; for that upon his honor, as a g surname was Terry, and that he was the a christian name was Lea, or if he had ever

NCIAL JUDGE-LEX TERR.E.
£S00 a year, insufficient to keep certain Faithful and honest in their public duties; lected to be composed of more tsustworthy ted to live on chameleon diet. The late egard to naval officers, “Keep them poor, lo to ensure honesty in post office, event,
ected with colonial anecdote, that I cannot route, by relating one, as received it; but
f a provincial judge; and a vacancy having ) that judicial office, who was as notorious his habitual boast “ that although he was he knew no more of either than when he just as wise as on the day he entered it!”
the King's house, as the Governor's resi2ct of returning thanks for the appointment, he usual advance of six months' salary, in r having been, according to court parlance, as granted; and just as the Governor was voice of a neighbouring Dutch auctioneer's is about to sell a lot of cast cavalry horses, use: “ Going-going,-can't dwell, gentleion. He was a good judge of horse-flesh, anxious to depart from “the presence," in
good-humouredly said to him, “I presume, quainted with the Lear terrae,”—and, if the is Excellency would have added, “accordhis island.” The judge changed color, as if much hurt at the serious charge, as he cont himself, that he very gravely assured the st joke, he must have been grossly misinentleman, except that he knew the fellow's uctioneer's clerk, he knew not whether his een christened at all !!” - “

Page 221
SCENERY ABOUT POMPARRIPO-WII
Reader imagine, if thou canst, the surp Majesty's sole manufacturer of provincial Ceylon
To resume our route by land, the next house, beyond the river of that name, (throu and Wannativillé, 6 miles from the form village of Pomparripo a further distance of
The face of the country is flat; but al elevated parts of the island diversifies the verdant plains, interspersed with neat n as interesting a landscape as any champ skirted by low sands, with here and there a odoratissimus.
The neighbouring jungle abounds with bears, sloths, monkies, and various other variety, and most interesting to the colle genus, which is numerous throughout the is eastern provinces, the Maha Kokah * is a feathers over the shoulders and back are r tion was first drawn to its delicate pluma Johnston, with whom I had the honor to tri was chief justice of Ceylon, from Jaffna to superb specimen of the Maha Kokah, but preserving the skin, putrefaction followed d with sketching the bird, and presenting t Alexander.
The northern part of this province is ch and there are so many vestiges of its origin in surprize at the apparent apathy of forme The naturalist or the botanist may not b the antiquarian will find little for research, through jungle and cattle tracks, until he for which place he can procure a guide at P
* Maha Kokah signifies the Great Crane-Maha, a San and Kokal ”...... &۔۔“

D ANIMALS-THE GREAT CRANE. 191
rise, or rather mute astonishment, of His judges, His Excellency the Governor of
; stage from Putlam is to Pomparripo restgh the village of Nelliobar, distand 5 miles, er village) distant 18 miles; and to the four miles.
though none of the scenery of the more 2 prospect, magnificent forest trees, and ative cottages and paddee fields, form ain country can present. The sea is n occasional Cactus opuntia, or Pandanus
elk, deer, wild hogs, elephants, chetahs, animals; besides birds and insects in great acting naturalist. Of the stork or Grus land, and particularly in the northern and splendid specimen, and its elegant white much esteemed by the fair sex. My attenge by the Right Honorable Sir Alexander avel, some years since, when Sir Alexander Colombo; during which period, I shot a not having any preparation at hand for eath most rapidly, and I contented myself he valuable portion of its feathers to Sir
iefly inhabited by Moormen and Hindoos; al agricultural importance, that one is lost
European governments. e disposed to lose an inch of ground; but unless he diverges very much to his right, reaches the remains of the Bawalé tank; omparripo.
scrit word, in general use by the Singhalese, for Great, , Cräne.

Page 222
192 TANK OF BAWALE-SINGHALESE RE
This ancient tank is one of the very ma perity of the northern districts; for althou become so neglected, that in the year 17 recorded fact, that in the year 1693 the that grain from this part of Ceylon. It restored to its original state of usefulness, capable of irrigation, would afford emplo thousand labourers.
Although it is mortifying to the inquiring is so extremely limited; and that, as it antecedently to Hęrodotus, unless we inclui of the Jews, about eleven hundred years not hesitate to aver, that they have co) thousand years.
The soil of this district is admirably adap herbaceum, L.), both of the white and Na sun-flower (Helianthus annuus, L.), Cassad Zingiber, L.), pepper (Piper migrum, L.), a cuma longa, L.), and the greater and lesser Eletaria cardamomum, L.).
The superficies of the western provinc population, including military and their fam 606. Aliens and resident strangers, 1829 the square mile.

CORDS-CAPABILITIES OF THE SOL.
ny vestiges of the former agricultural prosgh the cultivation of rice had subsequently S5 Ceylon was supplied from Java, it is a whole Coromandel coast was supplied with is estimated, that if the Bawale tank was the lands which would thereby be rendered yment to at least fifteen hundred or two
mind, that the period of authentic history s generally understood, we cannot trace it de the sacred writings of the great lawgiver more remote, the Singhalese priests do irect national records for upwards of two
ted for the cultivation of cotton (Gossipium n-Kin varieties ; Dhol (Citysus Cajan, L.), a (Jatropha Manihot, L.), ginger (Amomum annatto (Biara orellana, L.), turmeric (Cur’ cardamom (Amomum grana Paradisi, and
2 of Ceylon is 4452 square miles. White ilies, 3982. Free blacks, 492,605. Slaves, 1. Thus giving a population of 111.7S to

Page 223
CHAP.
Northern Province-Pomparripo river-Pomparriposupplying the whole island with rice-Anticipated result of репsable вівтепtary improveтетts—Incrваяe of revение ation-Depression of native agriculture-Singhalese lan
of seed corn-Consequence of non-payment after the ha, be a blessing to the Singhalese-Minute division of land rest-house-Padova caste-Covia and Nalha slavessumption of the rank of headmen in the Malabar province
for money-Malabar improvisatori-Scenery from Pomp abundant, but neglected, although it might be made a p Description of the Hirando esculenta-Its edible nest-I pared birds' nest kambly presented to His Majesty King his Royal use-Sir Henry Halford's communication to th
THE Pomparipo river separates the W takes its rise in the mountains of the interic Dessavony of Matellé, now part of the cent about four miles north of the ford, is chie Hindoos. These people are of very cont great natural and artificial capabilities of would but encourage Hindoo immigration, a certain number of years, there would be money and seeds, upon the security of th and tobacco, might be grown in this prov
a large surplus for exportation.
But, as an indispensable preliminary to tending the culture of these staples, the elementary improvements; such as the re formation of canals and bridges, in order t of which, are the chief physical obstructions the capital of a country is formed, and they of the government to attract, and render pro
2

XXIV.
-Native inhabitanti-Capabilities of the province for a liberal encouragement of Hindoo immigration-Indisfrom sea customs one certain result of Hindoo colonizdlords-Cultivators pay fifty per cent. upon advances rvest-Native proctors-The law of primogenitare would ed property-Northern route continued-Marritchicatty eadmen apport caste from interest and prejudice-AsM-Penalty attached-Kallaar pagoda-Ashes earchanged arripo to Kalaar-Apician luauries-Connors oyster rofitable speculation-4 Singhalese mile-Jaffa mossutch partial to it as a delicacy-Its virtues-The preGeorge the Fourth, who commands it to be cooked for b Author.
estern from the Northern Province, and r, near Nallandé, in the former Kandyan tral province. The village of Pomparripo, afly inhabited by industrious Moormen and ented habits; and the province possesses
irrigation. If therefore the government by grants of the crown lands, tax-free, for : no want of native capitalists to advance e crops; and sufficient rice, cotton wool, ince to supply the whole island, and leave
the great and important measure of exgovernment will have to effect extensive storation of the ancient tanks, and the :o increase the means of transit; the want to commerce : for it is by such works that ought to be promoted, if it be the object ofitable, the capital of individuals.
B

Page 224
194 INCREASED COASTING TRADE A R
For this grand object, it would be sour ation of the northern parts of the western and it is morally impossible to estimate the a measure may lead.
Whether the Hindoos were the primit form one of the most ancient nations in and arts, at a time when the major part advanced beyond the first stage of civiliza is humane, gentle, and brave, (for there Hindoos, under proper discipline and Eur their habits frugal, hospitable, and tempera If the latter be, as we are told, one c stition, whose positive injunction to rigid te of the gross irregularities, which, in our ov happiness, let us hope, that the extensio thesis to this now contented race of people It may be anticipated, that Hindoo imm of those practiced in agriculture, cattle bre facturers of cotton and silk cloths, shawl to those of Cordova. As they are also i for their operations than Ceylon, where ev be indigenous.
Although the restoration of the ancien vation would be gradually extending itself, one grand result of the occupation of thi gradual, but important increase of the loc that would thereby be given to the trade b.
The next important object, and not the beg leave most earnestly to draw the atte culture of the indigenous hemp (Cannab (Tectona grandis) plantations, upon the cro the Ceylon teak is not inferior to any that and, however great the supply that may n mese coasts, a time may come when Gre resources for shipbuilding materials; and present to anticipate the naval wants of si

ESULT OF HINDOO COLONIZATION.
d policy to encourage an extensive coloniz. , and the northern provinces, by Hindoos, extent of the local benefits, to which, such
ive inhabitants of the country or not, they the world, and were distinguished by letters of their Asiatic neighbours were scarcely ion. Let it be recollected, that this race are nowhere better native soldiers than the opean officers,) their manners obliging, and te. f the effects upon society of Hindoo supermperance preserves its votaries from many wn country, sap the foundations of all social n of christianity will not introduce its anti
higrants would bring with them, exclusively 2eding, fishing, hunting, and mining, manus and mats, and tanners of leather, equal nimitable dyers, there is not a fairer field 'ery kind of vegetable dye may be said to
t tanks would be a work of time, yet cultias the means of irrigation progressed; and 2 soil by industrious Hindoos, would be a :al revenue, through the additional stimulus etween Ceylon and the opposite coasts. least to a naval power, to which I would ntion of Her Majesty's government, is the is Sativa, L.), and the formation of teak wn lands of the maritime provinces. That India, produces, is, I believe, undeniable; ow be obtained from the Malabar and Burat Britain may have to depend upon its own all will admit, that it is the duty of the ucceeding generations. The teak flourishes

Page 225
SUGGESTIONS FOR TEAK PLAN
best upon the sea coast; and the neighbc Trincomalé, offer every facility for forming future purposes of the British navy.
Many objectionable circumstances still ti notwithstanding the abolition of forced ) year 1832; a measure by which the Earl ( talized his Lordship's second administration We must not look at the improved syst capitalists, or their agents, (for those gent. the smaller grains,) in the few thousands to the general agricultural system of the c greatest number" ought to be the grand ol The Singhalese landlords care not one The latter must contrive to pay them a cle, of seed corn, whether the harvest be go litigious race, that if this exorbitant prem trodden out, (for they have no other than straw,) the omission is sure to be followe debtor, in his anxiety to save further cost which he was to have paid in kind, at t price, and bearing the usual legal rate of per annum. If, again, that bond be unp cultivator-the law is resorted to-follow it depends either upon the Singhalese plain all the poor defendant's little property is se This curse upon agriculture, though gre geniture, which is elsewhere considered branches of a family, would, if establishe a wise government could possibly confer number of those pests, the Singhalese p justice; and a corresponding benefit to the first results of its enactment.
If a person, possessing landed property now obtains, by the produce of so many
* When advances of seed corn are made by the go
2

TATIONS-NATIVE LANDLORDS. 195
urhoods of Galle, Colombo, Negombo, and plantations of this invaluable tree, for the
2nd to depress native agriculture in Ceylon, personal service, or Rajah Karia, in the f Ripon, when Wiscount Goderich, immor
of the colonies. em introduced by a few speculative English emen do not condescend to cultivate rice, or of acres devoted to coffee, sugar, &c., but olony; for “the greatest happiness of the bject of every good government.
straw for the interests of the cultivators. ar profit of fifty per cent. for their advances od or bad; and they are naturally such a ium be not duly paid, upon the grain being the primitive mode of detaching it from the d by a proctor's summons; whereupon, the s, grants a bond for the value of the corn, he rate of fifty per cent, upon the market interest, in the colony, viz. twelve per cent paid when due, wo betide the unfortunate ed upgradatim-and unmercifully, as far as ntiff or his proctor; execution follows, and ized and sold at, is not the greatest. The law of primoa very unjust hardship upon the younger d in Ceylon, be the greatest blessing that upon the country. It would decrease the roctors, who infest every minor court of agricultural classes would be one of the
", die, its value is estimated, as the system Jack or Coco-nut trees; or, of so many
vernment, twenty five per cent, is the usual charge
3 2

Page 226
196 LANDED PROPERTY HOW V
acres (I suppose one must adopt the El introduced into the country, and which superficial measure,) of paddee; and if he between the heirs, either conjointly with, O one twelfth share dies, leaving twelve child and so on, ad infinitum, until, perhaps, each
The least trespass, the taking of a Coco-l tably be followed by a “ law-suit:" an of district judges are occupied and put t might be so increased as to operate as a nothing can effectually remove it, except or by allowing the richest heir to buy th between the rest ; giving always the prefere if the former have died and left an heir.
If the crop be on the ground at the time moves the court “ for sequestration,” until and money expended, that would have b shares; and who is the party ultimately after the land, or produce, or both, is sold, may have been brought, be insufficient to against the parties who have employed him Can any country under heaven, let the prosper, where such glaring mismanageme picture is not overdrawn.
The next stage from Pomparripo is thr miles, to the rest-house of Marritchicatty house is on the north bank of the river certain places, and close to the villages, w east by dense jungle, which abounds with wi halt at this place, and that is to see a danc considered so very low and degraded, th musical instrument whatever; and theref which cannot be overcome; and display no by blowing into earthen chatties; to whic of this caste dare not wear cloths below th
breasts. A few measures of rice will be we

ALUEID.--NATIVE PROCTORS,
nglish term, according to the new system has puzzled the natives to understand our leave a dozen children, the trees are shared r without, the land. And, if the owner of en, away goes that twelfth among his heirs, share might cover but a penny piece in size. hut, or Jack, beyond the share, would inevil in this manner the time and patience o the test. The price of judicial stamps damper upon such eternal litigation; but
by establishing the law of primogeniture; 2 whole, and for the proceeds to be divided 2nce to the eldest son, or to his eldest son,
a “land suit" is commenced, the proctor final adjudication; thus much time is lost, been sufficient to buy up all the original penefitted the proctor no one else; for if the share, or shares, for which the action pay his costs, he forthwith brings actions , for the balancel
Almighty's bounty to it, be what it may, nt, injustice, and litigation prevail. The
ough the village of Marrandé, distant 8. , 16 miles from Pomparipo. The rest; the road is very sandy, and, except in here there are paddee fields, skirted on the ld animals. There is but one inducement to e of the Padoua caste, -a class of people, at they are restricted from playing on any ore they adapt themselves to a necessity small share of ingenuity in drawing sounds, ch they keep admirable time. The males eir knees, nor dare the females cover their 'll bestowed amongst these poor people.

Page 227
COWIA AND NALLUA SLAVES
There is every reason to believe, from this province, that many of the inferior frequent revolutions of the country, were means of support. In this province, slav which commenced in the year l806, disti and Nallua castes."
In the year 1817, the government, un its which, without infringing much upon the ri in slaves; and, by the same regulation, slav tion, when they could obtain the means of the government, in order to hasten, as far pleged itself to pay the owners of slaves fr of its mother, for the freedom of each fem was greatly objected to by the Malabar pr contrasted with the manner in which the by arbitration.
Here, again, I cannot refrain from referri sion; the benefit of which was extended Covia and Nallua slaves of Ceylon; the pu but a small indent upon the {E20,000,000 object.
The headmen support the distinctions o from prejudice; and, for these reasons, all to improve their lot in life, are resisted an pected, until the headmen become more but ages may pass away, ere that grand ob in the prospective; notwithstanding the reports, the light of truth is making in the The unauthorized assumption of the ra had become so notorious, that, in the year by which it involved a penalty of 500 ri six months) in default of payment; but it of justice the same regulation abrogated granted by the authority of the government
£43 5s. t Local name for the

-HEADMEN SUPPORT CASTE. 197
the system of slavery that still obtains in :astes were originally slaves; who, in the left to serve the superior castes for their ery still exists; and the registry of slaves, guishes them under the heads of “Covna
wisdom and humanity, passed a regulation, ght of ownership, abolished Joint property es were allowed to purchase their emancipaso doing. In 1821, by another regulation, as lay in its power, the abolition of slavery, bm 3s. 6d to 5s. 3d, according to the caste ale infant, at its birth; but this small sum oprietors; and with some reason, when it is : value of adult slaves was fixed; namely,
ng to the circumstance of Negro manumisto the Mauritius, but not to the wretched |rchase of whose freedom would have made
granted by parliament for that benevolent
f caste from motives of interest, as well as attempts, on the part of the inferior castes, counteracted. This system must be exenlightened, by education and christianity : ject be attained; for it is extremely remote apid strides, which, by all our missionary island. k of headmen, in the Malabar provinces, 1820, the government passed a regulation, k dollars, or imprisonment (not exceeding is difficult to conceive upon what grounds all former effective, as well as titular acts,t antecedently to the fourth of June, 1809.
warrants, by which Headmen hold their titles,

Page 228
98 MALABAR IMPROWISATORI
From Marritchicatty to Kallaar pagoda, 7 miles. At this place, the poor coolies ex ashes are never at a discount. This precic these untutored pagans, that they believe foreheads and arms, will be, to protect t preserve them and their families in health. These “palankin boys," as the bearers ar. They are naturally improvisator , for sing matters not what the burthen of the song be Right Honorable Sir Alexander Johnston, with the Tamul language, that he required one occasion, a friend, travelling with Sir of his palankin bearers, requested an inte not readily give; but, upon being pressed burthen of the song was, “ Tamby, tamby, (c the great fat English pig!"
The scenery from Pomparripo to Kal only requires a mountain or two in the ( trees to the right of the road are of the mc spread, and height; and the foliage is of painter can imagine.
As to gastronomic luxuries, the Apician (Emberia Hortulana, L.), as well as the s catalogue of “ways and means to provoke The common oyster (Ostrea communis) though the native inhabitants of the coast, a very profitable speculation of gathering Kandyan markets; but, satisfied with a fe arum, or yam, and plantain grounds, they s necessaries of Indian life; this may arise stimulate them to speculative exertion.
The naturalist would find much to gratif jungles, tanks, and paddee fields teem wi insects ; of which, very many are still unde After a few hours' travelling by palanki: attendant Appo, how much further it is to t

CENERY ABOUT KALLAAR.
which is a Hindoo temple, the distance is hange money for ashes; and consequently as humbug is held in such veneration by the effect of rubbing the ashes over their nem from all danger on the road, and to
generally called, are principally Malabars. they must, and have responses; and it , but the more ridiculous the better. The when chief justice, was so well acquainted very little aid from his interpreter. Upon Alexander, being amused by the chaunt rpretation of it; this Sir Alexander did to do so, his friend was informed that the or brother, brother,) shake him well, shake
laar, and its immediate neighbourhood, listance, to stamp it as magnificent. The st splendid description, in point of girth, every hue that the most perfect landscape
might justly include the snipe and ortolan ur-mullet and oyster of this coast, in his ppetite.“
abounds; but is altogether neglected, albetween Putlam and Kallaar, might make and pickling oysters for the Colombo and w paddee and fine grain fields, and cotton, eem to have no care beyond the commoru from want of capital, or of example, to
y and amuse him in this province: for the h a great variety of birds, reptiles, and cribed.
l, one is often induced to inquire of his ne rest-house, where his avant courier, the

Page 229
A SINGHALESE MILF. -FUCUS AU
cook, may have a good dinner or breakfast be the case, if Cookée be worth the salt he is, “only one mile, Sir!" whereupon, "m lapse of a quarter of an hour or twenty min through the front venetians of his palankin of an hour passes, and still nothing befo and occasional paddee fields and jungle “now only two trees (thurds, f one mule an hour, only travelled a third of a mile walk plenty too much slow." Patienza pe another half hour succeeds, when, at leng tive, which proves to be the long wished custom for the tables and chairs to be cov time “master" and his legs will have occup at length discovers that a Singhalese mile 1 The sea weed (Fucus aurylaceus) loca province; but, although the same produ belonging to the Dutch, where it is said (Hirundo esculenta), whose nest forms a bird itself does not belong to the ornitholo There is no peculiar beauty in the Hur, feathers; for half a dozen of these birds, the Piedmontaise frigate, (the late Captal) than two Spanish dollars. The color of green, which showed more plainly when h ing to fawn color; tail forked, but not so marked with a round white spot; middle t with the others.
The edible swallow's nest resembles a Dutch cheese, hollowed and scooped thii concave side, more than any thing else; b and other great men, it has a totally dif drawn out into long strips, about a third of appearance of hartshorn shavings; these : circumference, and fourteen m length, w of the wild plantain (Musa sylvestrus), and

RYLACES-EDIBLE BIRDS NEST. 99
under preparation for “master,” (which will ats :) and it may so happen that the answer laster" continues tolerably tranquil until the utes, every now and then anxiously peeping , for the desired rest-house; another quarter re him but a sandy shore on the one hand, on the other. Appo is again applied to , Sir " " Long mile, Appo what, in half
" I think bearers tired, very much, Sir r forza Another quarter of an hour, and th, something white appears in the prospecfor rest-house, (where it was formerly the ered with white cloths ;) and in a very short led three chairs in the virandah. “ Master" s two English leaguest “Werbum sap." lly called Jaffna moss, is peculiar to this ction is common to Java and other islands
to form the exclusive food of the swallow chief luxury of the Chinese gourmand, the gy of Ceylon. tundu esculenta , it appeared to me almost all presented to me by the first lieutenant of n Sir Thomas Carew,) did not weigh more the back was of a dark grey, tinged with eld in the sun; the belly light grey, inclinmuch as that of the common swallow, and pe remarkable for its great length, compared
small circular, or rather oblong, piece of n, with a feather here and there upon the ut when prepared for sale to the mandarins ferent appearance; for by the process, it is an inch in width, having something of the are tied in bunches, of about four inches in ith the fine flax prepared from the stalks dissolve in water as easily as isinglass.

Page 230
200 ROYAL DIET-HIS MAJESTY GEOR
I have occasionally eaten “birds nest sou man's tables, both at Amboyna and Banda , gelatinous, that I could not distinguish any
The Dutch relish the soup best when ascribe to it the inestimable property of rest after they have become altogether debilitate spirits; and they are at nu loss to addu e ii. where medicine had altogether failed.
Having brought with me to England. prepared birds' nest, which had been pres of the Ceylon civil service, who had recei Canton; it occurred to me, at the time of th King George the Fourth, that it might produ an article of diet might prove a grateful harm; and I accordingly transmitted it to physicians. Sir Henry acknowledged its 18th May, 1830, in the handsomest term concluded it,-“I did not fail to present Majesty was pleased to desure that I wou preparing it to-day."
* Chinese definition of the superior sort of the edible considered the most valuable part of the cargoes of Dutch cruizers maua prizes of in the Eastern seas during the latt

3E THE FOURTH'S LAST ILLNESS.
p," at the resident's, and at Captain Chinabut it was highly spiced, and withal so very very peculiar delicacy in its flavor.
t is prepared by the Chinese; and they oring the tone and powers of the stomach, d, by excess in the use of opium, or ardent stances of its great and renovating effects,
in S27, some of the “very first chop” ented to me by the late Mr. Blettermann, led it from his brother, a Dutch factor at a last illness of His Most Gracious Majesty ice a beneficial effect; if not, that so novel change to His Majesty, and could not do Sir Henry Halford, one of His Majesty's recept, by letter dated Windsor Castle, is that language could convey, and thus It to the King in your name, when Hie ld thank you for it, and to give orders for
swallows nest. Thus article of Eastern commerce was vessels, or Malay Proas under Dutch colors, that our
' Wa፫

Page 231
CHAP.
The Kalaar river-Route to Kandy-Thomas Ralpi ancient capital of Ceylon-Pilgrimage from the coast datchie, the rendezvous of adventurers, jugglers, and pearlfishery-Committees report of the pearl banks, p. protection to the pearl banks from the south-west mc priests distribute amulets to the divers-Sharks-Boa.
bell-Pearl oyster spawn, and opinion of the divers in reg
tion of the pearl oyster-Field for naturalists-Kola or Pinna Marina-Difficulty of transferring the habitat of of clearing the pearls from the oyster-Pearl oyster of pearl oyster-Pearls most ralued at Ceylon for their gol lottery-Impolicy of abandoming the monopoly-Sugges rama- Arippo rest-house-Roman Catholic chapel-Ko.
THE Kallaar river takes its rise near An through which place there is a road from route :-From Kallaar to Kiritenna Vendit miles ; to Oyamaddoo rest-house, S+ mil poora, 6 miles; to Tirapankadawetta, 12 nlawé, 8 miles; to Damboola Vihare rest. 7 miles; to Natandé post station, 7 mile to Fort Macdowall, the station of the as ll miles; to the top of Ballacadua Pass, to Kandy, 2 miles ;-total from Kallaart
The ancient city of Anarajahpoora wa centuries; and I avail myself of the inform by my esteemed friend, the late Thomas after his ramble, (as well as the jungle wc
extensive site of its pristine splendour: bu
name of village, Anarajahpoora has been official scale, to which it had been consig made the station of one of the assistant g holds the office of a district judge of ther
2

XXV.
, Backhouse, Esq.-Brief description of the runs of the
of Coronuandel and Malabar to Anarajahpwvra— Konhieves, durung the pearlfishery- Various accounts of the or to a fishery-Rocky bank-The island of Cardiva, u nsoon-Superstitun-Shark charmers-Roman Catholic 's-Mode of ducing-Objections to the use if the diring ard to it-deerage daily produce of each boat-Putrefac. leaf oyster-Betel oyster-Position of pearls an uystersthe pearl oyster considered unsuperable-Various methods Ceylon (Mytilus mar’yaritifera, a rariety of the muther den hue-Suggestions for disposing of the pearl fishery by 'ions in regard to reduction of the rent-Suggested panon.datchie destitute of water
arajahpoora, the ancient capital of Ceylon, Kallaar pagoda to Kandy, by the following té rest-house, 6 miles ; to Paymaddoo, N es; to Alleaparte, 4 miles, to Anarajahmiles; to Manawevva, 9 miles; to Nickinhouse, l6 miles, to Leenadora post station, s; to Palapawella Ella rest house, 4 miles: sistant government agent and district judge, 6 miles; to Mavali-Ganga Ferry, 7 miles; O Kandy, 129 miles. s the capital of Cevlon for eleven or twelve ation respecting it, with which I was favored Ralph Backhouse, Esq., of the civil service, uld admit of it,) in the year lS23, over the t although even now scarcely worthy of the 'aised from the almost total oblivion, in the ned for more than three centures, by being overnment agents of the province ho also orthern circuit of the supreme court
(

Page 232
202 ANARAJAHPOORA, THE ANC
“I fell in with a very intelligent Budhoo “who, at my request, accompanied me t deserted city borders so much upon the ma to its probabilities. His story is, that the lously conveyed to Anarajahpoora from Siar (another name for Buddha,) which took roo the common course of nature,) and was th Rajah, who flourished, according to his ac and was the origin of the subsequent annua
“The Archdeacon has a fine copy of as well refer for Anarajahpoora; the posi Anurogrammum.
“This city of the ninety sovereigns, acc by the late Mr. William Tolfrey's, which is th is stated to have been surrounded by a w from fifty to sixty English miles, in extent country : this is now a mere desert; but a exist innumerable vestiges of the former pillars, shafts, bases, and capitals, of an c remains of stone bridges over the Malwatté capable of being restored, to contain water f “ Notwithstanding the great difficulties inti of two temples, and found them geometrical at the cardinal points; there are also vestig sively paved road; and the more I see of vince, the more I am convinced that it was in architecture and civilization, whose langu. the earth, leaving only gigantic records of to set time and nature at defiance.
“This ancient seat of long-departed roya dyan Anurodgeburro,) is frequented by nume mandel coasts; these are encouraged by Ramisseram, to believe that their future st assured by their religion, materially depenc
* Anoo, ninety ; Rajah, king; Poora, city.

'IENT CAPITAL OF CEYLON
priest at Mantotte," says Mr. Backhouse, o Anarajahpoora; but his account of this rvellous, that I shall limit my relation of it first Budhoo's tree, or Bogaha, was miracun, where it is held sacred to Sommocodom, t instanter, (without, I suppose, waiting for tere cherished by the royal hand of Petissa count, more than two thousand years ago, l pilgrimages to that ancient city.
Ptolemy, with a map, to which you may tion is correctly given, under the name of
ording to the Singhalese derivation; but, he most probable, from the planet Anoorada, all, from nine to ten Singhalese miles, or t, and in a most fertile and well-cultivated
mongst the jungle that surrounds it, there
magnificence of Anarajahpoora :-granite order unknown to the modern architect : river, and of several spacious tanks, still or the irrigation of many lacst of acres. erposed by the jungle, I examined the bases ly correct as to the positions of the angles 2s of magnificent palaces, and of an extenthe antiquities of this (the northern) prooriginally peopled by a nation pre-eminent age is said to have been obliterated from its characters in granitic rock, that seem
l magnificence and superstition, (the Kantrous pilgrims from the Malabar and Corotheir Brahmins, particularly by those of ate of existence, in the metempsychosis ls upon their undertaking this pilgrimage
† Lac, 100,000

Page 233
KONDATCHIE-INSPECTIO
and, as the devotees cross from the peninsul to the temple, for a safe journey to, and fr and from thence to Ceylon; returning by t for their safety on their way home, the motiv “Whether Anarajahpoora was destroye or deserted upon the invasion of a barbar for there is no record that may be relied on From Kalaar pagoda, the next stage is K Fishery, becomes the general rendezvous turous traders, jugglers, and thieves; for presidencies previously give six months' inc lation, there is scarcely a nation or caste sively of Parsee and Arabian traders, of w. the thirst of gain allures to this grand field Since the time of Pliny the elder, the treat of Ceylon, in which the pearl fishe nected with the capabilities of the island, no for increasing the revenue derived from this It is not my intention to tread in the di who have written elaborately upon the sul others, “ that the pearl fishery is too well l – sary;" for although very many of my reader not consider it much trouble to refer, eithel this point, the majority may find it attended Since the British government superseded ment of supervisor of the pearl fishery has secretary to the Governor. But as that offic it ought, in strict justice, to form a part the northern province, by which means the a supervisor may be from three to seven ye be called on more than once, or twice at fu only for about fifteen or thirty days. If present rate of £500 a year, be inadequa
adopted for increasing it.
In the preceding November, the govern pearl banks, by a committee of the civil s 2 (

N OF THE PEARL BANKS. 203
to Ramisseram, where they make offerings om thence, via Adam's Bridge and Manaar, he same route, and renewing their offerings es of the priesthood require no explanation. d by some awful visitation of Providence. an conqueror, are at best but hypothetical,
ondatchie; which, at the time of the Pearl of all boats to be employed, and of advenas the government Gazettes of the several tice of it throughout their extensive circuof the immense continent of India, excluhich there are not many individuals, whom of speculation. ce has not appeared a work, professing to ry has not been noticed; and yet, as connovel method has hitherto been suggested
SOCe, . rect footsteps of some of my predecessors, bject; nor to adopt the brief reasoning of known to render further information necesis may have their own libraries at hand, and * to the ancient or modern authorities upon l with inconvenience, if not with expense.
that of the Dutch in Ceylon, the appointbeen held conjointly with that of private :e is materially connected with the revenue. of the duties of the agent of revenue fol salary would be saved to the public: for ars in the receipt of £500 a year, and not rthest, to attend a pearl fishery; and then the salary of the private secretary, at the te, some less anomalous means might be
ment institutes an official inspection of the
ervants, including the supervisor. This SS
2

Page 234
204 FORM OF INSPECTORS’ RE)
indispensaple; and, upon its report, the course will depend upon the maturity of th from the samples examined, are advertise mittee, according to the following formula, Indian newspapers.
Statement of the Inspection of the P.
Number of Parcells.
Description 2uality and quantity of the Pea
of the Bank.
Number of Oysters.
Chow. Kaling
It has happened, upon more than one of a colonial ့ပveဖူo: to make a very favo the pearl fishery, has placed the future pr over-fishing them. In April, 1820, the M bank where the oysters had attained su. account of government, and the oysters v government seldom fishes in Aumanie, (viz. be offered for it by individual speculators. make an adequate deposit.
In the year l8l4, the boats employed in t had ceased) landed 76,000,000 of oysters di About the middle of January, the boats and the commencement of the fishery, the r their various dwellings, with areka or bam palmyra, and coco-nut palms, paddee stra variety, and in tolerable order, upon thi stands the beautiful Doric mansion, built the supervisor (who is vested with full magi frequenting the pearl fishery, are privileged the powers of the supreme court, in crimin summarily administered in disputes, arising
During the stay of the supervisor and his a proportion of artillery, is stationed at A miles north of Kondatchie, and is a small and, from the offing, bears four leagues sout Arippo is situate at the mouth of the A

PORT-TEMPORARY TOWN.
banks selected for the purpose, which of e oysters, and value of the pearls obtained }d to be fished. The report of the com
is then published in the Ceylon and other
arl Banks of Arippo, in Nov. O
r}s extracted. Value of the Pearls.
Fanams of Madura
20 pr. Pag.
Size. ܘܢܘܪܐ of Waluation
occasion, that an over anxiety on the part
P. N.
gi.
Pagodas.
Manjade.
urable report of the revenue derived from 'oduce of the pearl banks in jeopardy, by Madragam Paar was found to be the only fficient maturity. It was then fished on were sold, in lots, upon the beach. The upon its own account,) if an average price who can give the requisite security, or
he Aumanie fishery (after the rented fishery uring the first twenty days' fishing.
begin to assemble; between which period medley of adventurers will have constructed boo poles, and the fronds of the talipat, w, and colored cotton cloths, in endless e arid sands of Arippo; at which place by Governor North. This is occupied by sterial powers) and his friends. All persons l from arrest upon any civil process; but all matters, are not affected : and justice is from matters connected with the fishery.
department, a strong military guard, with rippo. This place is rather less than five trading village, with a fort and barracks, h of the east end of the island of Manaar. weria-Aar, which takes its rise beyond the

Page 235
PROTECTION TO THE PEARL BA
ancient capital of Anarajahpoora, in the ce the land, a rocky bank, or reef, lies to the v or Nalladive, which is very low, narrow, sandy patches, and in others with jungle, affords ample protection to the pearl banks monsoon; and they are protected from the main land of Ceylon.
Prior to the divers commencing operatio charmers, or Kadel-Kutties, are in genera pensable, to give confidence to the super that they may fearlessly follow their sub. of the sharks had been closed at their com) Although all the divers are not pagans, s thing connected with the native characte putable fact, that even the Roman Cathc divers of their faith; for not one of ther of brief extracts from scripture, fastened r him from danger.
This shark charming trade is a very li government stipend that satisfies them, t ten or a dozen oysters from each boat, whi Of the varieties of the shark (Squalus) dangerous is the saw-fish (Squalus Pristis, I its long projecting and dreadful beak; b. Squalus Carcharias, and S. malleus.
The boats employed at the pearl fishe without keel; and head and stern nearly a burthen, and carry a crew of twelve or four The inspector of the pearl banks make the commencement of, and for leaving off,
A stone, of a conical shape, and weighi slung to a double rope, which is passed The charmed diver then places the great the double rope; and, with his left, he kee and capable of holding some dozens of oys been adjusted for lowering, the diver, press

KS-KADEL-KUTTIES-SHARKS. 205
tral province; and, about two leagues off est and south-west. The island of Cardiva, nd crooked, covered in some places with and about seven leagues south of Arippo, from any injurious effects of the south-west effects of the north-east monsoon by the
ls, those most useful humbugs, the shark l requisition; for their services are indistitious divers; who, upon their assurances marine occupation, for that “the mouths mand," divest themselves of all fear.
uperstition so predominates in almost every r, that, however incredible, it is an indislic priests impose a similar farce upon the a will descend without a charm, composed ound the arm, which he is told will protect
lcrative one, because as it is not the mere hey insist upon the additional daily tithe of h is readily paid.
genus, upon the coasts of Ceylon, the most „..), the Depta Mora of the Singhalese, from ut fortunately it is less numerous than the
y are built upon the old Portuguese model, ike. These are from twelve to fifteen tons teen hands, and from eight to ten divers. s a signal from the government vessel, for living. g from forty to fifty pounds avoirdupois, is ver a boom projecting from the boat's side. oe of his right foot into the space between s a net, in shape like an amgler's landing net, ers, close to the stone. The rope having ng his nostrils with his left hand, and hold

Page 236
206 SIGNALS FROM THE DIVERS-O
ing on by his right, descends as rapidly a the bottom, he suddenly jerks the rope; upon a similar signal, he intimates that about a minute, or a minute and a half) a is drawn up within a fathom or two of the having reached the boat, and taken breath, Such is the process of diving upon the o duced for use upon the pearl banks, by t Barnes; but time alone must decide, wh intelligent Master Attendants in the Ceyl formerly of the Honorable the East India ( “The diving bell," said he, “may answ be the means of destroying the oysters: fo putrify; and so extremely delicate is the n a plague, gradually extending its vortex, an The oysters lie in layers, from four to years old, they abandon the madrepore, to their first sinking, after the formation of that process has taken place,) and ramble a The divers entertain the belief, that th the rainy season. -
Each diver sends up about 3000 oysters, to 25,000 have been taken by one boat derived £25,Sl6 from the pearl fishery.
It is not uncommon for fifty or sixty, be found in one oyster. The natives cons disease, to which the animal is liable. If through a microscope, it will be found to rings which denote the age of certain trees, After the second or third day's fishing, t tolerable to all, except those whose thirst fo use reconciles one to most things in this life, of the nuisance; for the stench is considere It is here that the naturalist may devc collecting and classifying the great variety Cuvier, is furnished with a heart and circul

ECTIONS TO THE DIVING BELL,
the weight will admit of. Upon reaching upon which, the stone is hauled up; and, e has filled his net, (which may occupy d then, holding on by the net or rope, he urface, when he relinquishes his hold; and he is very soon ready to descend again. d system. The diving bell was first introle late indefatigable Governor, Sir Edward ether the predictions of one of the most in service, the late Captain James Chrisp, 'ompany's marine, be verified, or not. er very well at first; but it will ultimately it must crush a great many, which will ature of the oyster, that it will spread like d destroying all within it." five feet deep; and when about five or six which they had attached themselves, from the shell, (for the spawn floats about until bout the sandy regions of the bottom. e oyster spawn descends in showers during
upon an average, daily; and from 20,000 in a day. In the year 1836, the revenue
or even eighty pearls, of various sizes, to der it a disease, or rather, the effect of a a pearl be cut transversely, and observed consist of minute layers, resembling the when cut in a similar manner. he stench of the dead oysters becomes ingain absorbs every other sense. But, as custom soon neutralizes the olfactory effect less diffusive, as the process progresses. e a considerable portion of the day to if the class Mollusca, which, according to ting system; and almost every batch of

Page 237
207 FIELD FOR NATURALISTS-VA)
oysters is accompanied by specimens of the other: and every day affords additic and madrepore, for his information and am The Kola, or leaf oyster, represents a most curious; and the small red-tinged, pearl, is well worthy of being included in t The largest pearls are found in the thic does not follow that the largest oysters pro The oysters cluster together by a fine of the Pinna Marina of the Madaleine is destitute of the valuable qualities to the m As no means of successfully transferrin for the purposes of increasing its habitat, advantageous to leave the natives to thei adopt any new-fangled European methods, of the oyster beds.
There are so many different methods of the oyster, that one can scarcely determine in which putrefaction is resorted to, thougl likely to induce disease amongst the human whom, there is no deficiency of dexterous very extraordinary means; de quo nil amp The pearl oyster of Ceylon (Mytilus mar o' pearl oyster; but the former, which is more oblong, and seldom exceeds the C. interior surface is equally, if not more, res. The pearl oyster's spawn may be seen flo the western coast of Ceylon during the nor of the native Dhonies, or coasting vessels shank, with large stones lashed between t | are often found, upon being weighed, envel For the first year, the oyster seldom ex maturity for seven years. When it has at half grown, seed pearls only are found in its increase in size, until the maturity of the them, destroys its bivalve victim. The pe at Ceylon, but for its golden hue.

RIETIES OF THE PEARL OYSTER.
zoophytes, which have neither the one nor nal treasures, particularly in polypes, fuci, usement. n inverted hollow cone, and is one of the or Betel oyster, which produces a superior he collection of the naturalist. ckest part of the flesh of the oyster; but it duce the finest pearls.
silky filament, of a similar nature to that lands, (dependencies of Sardinia,) but it is anufacturer, that distinguish the latter. g the pearl oyster (Mytilus margaritifera), has yet been discovered, it may be more r old customs and mode of fishing, than to which may tend to the ultimate destruction
clearing the pearls from the fleshy part of which is the best plan; but certainly, that in it may be the most lucrative, iš the most myriads that attend the fisheries; amongst thieves, who set detection at defiance, by lius dicendum !! garitifera) has a similar hinge to the mother s scarcely one half the size of the latter, is oncale bay, or Jersey oyster, in size. Its plendent than that of the larger species. ating in apparently coagulated masses upon th-east monsoon; and the uncouth anchors , which are composed of a thick wooden ransverse beams of wood, in lieu of flukes. oped in spawn. ceeds the size of a shilling, and is not at tained the age of three or four years, or is flesh; but after that period, they gradually oyster; when the disease, which produces arl is not valued for its silvery whiteness.

Page 238
208 SUGGESTIONS FOR DISPOSING OF .
The government has never yet tried the upon the pearl fishery. I never heard it st that as the pearl fishery, under all and eve transactions and risk, the government ma mania; and by that means obviate the a liable, for a reduction of the sum, originall fishery, in the event of an unsuccessful fish tickets would realize treble the average ar made transferable, the tickets would find th do, throughout India, and perhaps Egypt would incur no further expense than that the conservation of the public peace.
It could not benefit the colony, and woul ment, to abandon the pearl fishery monopol it (whenever the committee report the bed for a fishery to take place) to the highest b an expectation, that, in the event of failure his rent; for these gentry take very good their calculations, to keep the overplus to th and the speculators forewarned, that, in th under any circumstances whatever, entertai The medley of colors, nations, castes, a a very lucrative one,) upon the Arippo sand from the flat roof of the Doric, would be w There is an excellent rest-house at Aripp a treasure of great value, owing to the diffic mies. There is also a Roman Catholic cl tended, except during a pearl fishery, when Malabar communicants being avery numer very superstitious. The whole of the beac sandy waste, without a coco-nut tree or p. former in the distance) to relieve the eye o right, or eastward, of the sands, dense jung beasts of prey the island produces, courts t The moment the fishery is over, Kondatc same miserable, waterless, (for it has no that it has been for ages past.

THE PEARL FISHERY BY LOTTERY
plan of a lottery for realizing the revenue ggested by any one; but it occurs to me, ty circumstance, involves extensive gaming ly as well make the best of the prevailing pplications to which it is now constantly y agreed upon with the farmer of the pearl ry. By this means, the proceeds of lottery nount of a successful year; and, by being eir way, as those of the continental lotteries , Persia, and Arabia; and the government of the superintendence of the fishery, and
d be the acme of bad policy in the governy; a lottery might be preferable to farming s, or any proportion of them, in a fit state idder: but it is very bad policy to hold out , the speculator may claim a reduction of care, in the event of the profits eaceeding emselves. The sale should be peremptory; e event of failure, the government will not, n their claims to a reduction of the rent. ind trades, (amongst which pearl-drilling is ls, would form a panorama, which, if taken fell worthy of Barker's pencil. o, and plenty of good water, which is there ulty of obtaining it elsewhere for very many hapel in the village, but it is not much atit proves a good thing for the priests; their ous class, many of them wealthy, and all h that borders the bay of Kondatchie is a almyra (except a few stunted ones of the f the monotony of the desert; but to the le, teeming with every variety of game and he sportsman's attention. chie's glory ceases; and it then becomes the water except from Arippo,) and arid spot,

Page 239
CHAP.
Route from Arppo to Bangale-Island of Manaa euring it-Cheapness of the principad necessaries of li suggested-Harvests-Headmen-Sailing directions-C aries' journey-Giant's tank-Gentoo caty- Antiquity William Jones-Racshasas orgarets-Invention of the of erbraordinary stature of the workmen-Suggestions ta -Useful properties of cow dung-Route from Mant formerly a kingdon-Principal villages of the norther guese to the Dutch-Fruits-eoasting trade-Chittiesgold and silver plate-Earports for the China marketsJaffna tobacco-Its value ecemplified-Rajah of Tra Ceylon government-Maintains a body of troops by the tobacco grower-Abolition of the monopoly, and subs tobacco trade in the Eastern markets-Reduction of the
FROM Arippo to Bangalle, the distance i may as well vary his course, by proceed do, with more convenience to himself, fron
The fort of Manaar is a dependency of commanded by a field officer, but is no are several villages in the island, with chu Dutch church. The soil is sandy, as its n with coco-nut and palmyra trees ; and fish lished, for curing it in a proper manner, ( periment,) a very profitable result may be of food would be sold at a less price thal ensuring an increase of the consumption would cause an extension of the coasting profit of those concerned in the speculatio
Butcher's meat, poultry, game, fruit, rice at very low prices; and sheep appear to of Ceylon, except in the extensive shee
t From the Tamu words
2

XXVI.
r-Soil-Fish abundant-Suggestions for a factory for fe-Manaar sheep and cows-Agricultural encоитадетет. oasting trade-Mantutte church or rest-house-Missionof the Hindoos-Singhalese records and traditions-Sir and of chess-Magnitude of architectural works no proof the traveller to proceed by sea to Jaffai-Natine cottages
otte to Pooneryn–Scenery–Pooneryn to Jaffna–Jaffna 14 provence-lin habitants-Cessunon of Jaffna by the Portu-Tamul year-Hegira-Goldsmiths-Their mode of selling -Culture of cotton too limited-Its eartension suggestedvancore-His monopoly in tobacco-Contracts with the profits-Countervailing monopoly-Its injury to the native titution of a duty of 200 per cent.-Decline of the Ceylon duty to 2 per cent. - The trade recovers and flourishes.
s eight miles; and from thence the traveller ling to the island of Manaar ti:is he can n Bangalle than from Mantotte. the garrison of Jaffna, and was at one time w without even a subaltern's guard. There rches for native (Malabar) christians, and a ame implies, but not barren, for it abounds is so abundant, that if a factory were estabupon a limited scale at first, by way of ex: justly anticipated; because a better article h that now paid for an inferior one; thereby , whilst its improved quality for exportation trade, to the benefit of the revenue, and the
.
, and vegetables, may be obtained at Manaar thrive better there than in any other part p walks between Jaffna and Point Pedro,
Man, sand, and Aav, river

Page 240
210 HARVESTS AT MANAAR-SAILING
Manaar cows give double the quantity of Colombo cows. Here is an irrefragable r agricultural society, for the improvement and a proof of their present degeneracy.
Paddee is sown in the Manaar district March. Korakan (Cynosurus Curacanus, L cember. Gingillie seed (Sessamum orientale, Twenty four native headmen of rank a the Manaar district, which is superintende at Jaffna, who is also a district Judge of the According to Captain Horsburgh, “the north, and may be known from the offin numerous coco-nut trees. The gut betweei ten and twelve feet water; but the only an in four or five fathoms, and four or five mile A considerable coasting trade is carried ol and the Coromandel coast, by Chitties an but if the channel were deepened, by a fe admit of the passage of large vessels, it wou to the island, than even if the Eutopian Ramisseram, and another between that isl to be realized.
The distance from the island of Manaa than three miles at high water; and at ebb t meandering stream than an arm of the se distant 4 miles from Bangallé, was formerly to the date upon its northern gable, in th journey from Calpentyn to Mantotte, by tw my late highly esteemed friend, the Rev. reader a good idea of travelling in this pi spirit which animated the amiable and indefa and displays the character and zeal of the cl “After thirteen days of sailing, wading, You have a tolerably correct, though rough, from Manaar for Mr. Newstead, but I mu myself, and patiently.
y

DIRECTIONS–COASTING TRALE.
milk (viz. three pints a day) yielded by the eason for the establishment of an emergetic of the native breed of domestic animals,
in September and October, and reaped in .) is sown in September, and reaped in DeL.) is sown in March, and reaped in May. re attached to the revenue department of d by an assistant to the government agent northern circuit of the supreme court.
east end of Manaar is in latitude 8' 57 g by the fort and houses on it, as well as a Manaar and Mantotte has in some places chorage is on the south side of the island, s to the westward of the gut." n, by the gulf of Manaar, between Ceylon i Malabars, who are principally christians: w of Colonel Pasley's operations, so as to ld be of more benefit, and of less expense, scheme of building a bridge across to and and the main land of Hindostan, were
r to Mantotte, across the gut, is not more ide, the channel appears more like a small a. The rest-house at Mantotte, which is 7 a Dutch church, and was built, according he year 1607. An amusing account of a o Wesleyan missionaries, was sent me by William Buckley Fox, which will give the art of Ceylon in 1822. It also shows the tigable individual by whom it was written, hristian missionary.
und walking, here I am, without a cooly. view of my habitation. I have got coolies st wait till I get the means of proceeding

Page 241
MISSIONARIES” JOURNEY FRC
“A harder journey I never had. This Quixotic adventures, and then found that being dead against us. Our commission we sought for coolies, but could get but fe men I have never travelled with in Ceylon procured as many as we could, and set gulf. The sea was high, and our flat-botto being both large and new, we crossed t rowing, and then hauling our house about tivoe. There we anchored for the night, one as commissariat, the other as tower-/ ficient to carry our empty palankins, and t
“The following morning one of the co I got a malefactor in his room. Our first call the Tappal road. It was hard walking. It is this way We stop told, for our consolation, that a palankin up to the neck on the plains of Pomparr that called us northward, so quietly, I en the water was very deep, to cut us a way he gave us of the country, I imagined w of a mile. Off we went; and, in about th near the waist, about half a mile; when o' very deep place,” and he took us through a we then waded half a mille further, and came to Mardodé. Having refreshed, we reached Marchicatty, we had not waded had crossed our road just before us. We had we not fallen in with eight Bengal pala rendered us great service. The rest of roads, with no water of importance to imp
“Except being sadly pricked with thorn skun of my face, from exposure to the sun, I have walked fifty seven miles, and have I am not a prophet, I shall say nothing
another time."
i)

M CALPENTYN TO NIANTOTTE. 211
lay week we reached Calpentyn, after many we could not go to Jaffna by sea, the wind mentioned nothing about turning back; so w, amongst whom were six Malays, (better ) but these will not touch a palankin. We off in a Pardie boat, across the Calpentyn med conveyance was famously tossed; but, he gulf, (about four miles,) with very hard two miles along shore, we came near Kareand sent for the postholder and headman, ill overseer. Our coolies were barely sufhe little baggage we had reserved. olies ran away ; and, after an hour's labour, stage was through a Jungle, or what they I waded the Pomparripo river seven times. ped at Pomparipo all night, and were there could not go; that the Tappal Peons waded po. Not wishing to give up the business gaged a Tappal Peon as a guide, and, where through the jungle. From the description ve should not have to wade above a quarter ree miles, came to the water, and waded to ur guide informed us we were “just upon a swampy jungle for a full quarter of a mile. through several pieces of water, before we took to the water again; and before we had less than four miles. A very large leopard : should not have got through our journey, ankin bearers, on their way to Madras, who the journey has been hard walking, on bad ede us. s and bitten by leeches, and the loss of the , I am not much the worse for the journey
been carried two miles and a half; and, as ; of the part of the journey before us till
D 2

Page 242
212 GIANT'S TANK-GENTOO CITY
“These zealous christ To listening worlds the glol Greatness with goodness in Wisdom and might and me His eye the sull; His heal The clouds His chariot, a Pervading all thungs-boun Such is the God, to whom
Such is the God, who from Sends to this isle the messe:
At Mantotte, the antiquarian will find an remains of remote antiquity; amongst wh (Giant's Tank,) but inferior in size to many Gentoo city, built of brick.
The antiquity of the Hindoos, by whom ginally peopled, and their civilization, at th by all the ancient Eastern philosophers; an disposed to dispute the late Sir William J. Asiatic literature, and thorough acquaintanc Notwithstanding the antiquity of the Sir extant, are said to have been written many tion goes great lengths in Ceylon. Giant architects of the wonderful buildings, cana of granitic rock, prepared in a masterly wa in his eighth anniversary discourse before arts, sciences, and literature of Asia, remar languages, letters, religion, and old monum beyond time of memory, by the Hindi rac farther to the west and the south, so as to ir But, notwithstanding Singhalese tradition course upon the Indian game of chess, to the
* This name (Lanka) was originally given to very to have been defined in any history to which I have Buddha; it to which, if the curious be disposed to di Researches. For this, in addition to the comments on appendix, page 529,) I would beg leave to refer the rea have accompanied Captain Mahony's “Papers on Ceyloi in the seventh volume of the Asiatic Researches. The ps Maka Lanka," the Great Lanka.

ANTIQUITY OF Tiii. È iINDOOS
ians steadily proclaim y of His name inite combined; rcy unconfined "t the living breeze, hd His path the seas' dless in His sway the Christians pray. hus throne above, ngers of love'"-PoLYNEs. A.
ample field for research, in the still extant ich, are the vestiges of an immense tank, in the island; and the ruins of a former
n, I humbly presume, the island was orie remotest period of history, are accorded d, of our modern literati, very few will be ones's title to be considered pre-eminent in :e with Eastern customs and history. ghalese records, (some of which, that are centuries before the birth of Christ,) tradis, forty feet in stature, are named as the ls, and viaducts; and the immense blocks ly, are cited as proofs. Sir William Jones, the Bengal Society for inquiring into the ks, - For Silan itself, we know, from the 2nts of the various inhabitants, was peopled :e; and formerly, perhaps, extended much clude Lanka, or the equinoctial point." s, and Sir William Jones's allusion, in his disRacshasas, or giants, the people of Lanka,
7 extensive territory, the bounds of which do not appeal had access. It is almost as vague as the mythology ut p, a volume might easily be compiled from the Asiatic the Vedas, or social history of the Hindoos, (in vol. viii. ier to the introductory remarks which were intended to 1 and the doctrines of Buddha, which are given at lengtk ninsula of Malacca is called, in the Sanscrit, “ Mu v

Page 243
ORIGIN OF THE GAME OF CH)
or Ceylon, where the game was invente in order to amuse him with an image ( besieged by Rama, in the second age of belief, or supposition, that the ancient inhal for, until we are better acquainted with t days, (and it may reasonably be inferred, temples, still extant, that the island was race, ages before the Christian era,) the e. found indented together, and forming par ples, are no proof of their having exceede Or Stature.
Much trouble and inconvenience will be C totte to Jaffna, a distance of nearly sixty e a botanist will adopt this plan, because number of plants, which, though common
The whole route is sandy, in many place although cultivation is well attended to in t are abundant throughout the country, there land, which is solely occupied by the wild b can fail to remark the general neatness whi whilst some of the industrious housewives, every decayed leaf within their respective their cottage floors with diluted cow dung, and comfort follow; for the mosquitos re ordure, although it is far from disagreeable Every Budhist temple, and Hindoo p. cooling composition, which is regarded human frame.
From Mantotte to Woodettidivo, the house, 6 miles; to Paliaar, 6 miles; to Wauwattoregé, 6 miles; to Sembencoond from Mantotte to Pooneryn, 47 miles.
The fort and rest-house of Pooneryn notwithstanding that the whole coast is country is remarkable for its being well abundant coco-nut and palmyra palms, a

SS-ROUTE FROM MANTOTTE. 213
by the wife of Ravan, king of Lanka, f war, while his metropolis was closely the world, there is nothing to justify the itants of Ceylon were forty feet in stature; e state of the arts and sciences in those from the splendid remains of cities, and xtensively populated, by a highly civilized ormous masses of granitic rock which are ; of the ruins of canals, bridges, and temd the present race of mankind in strength
bviated, by coasting it (by boat) from Manight miles; but it cannot be expected that le may lose the opportunity of collecting a :o this province, are rare in others. is inundated, and bordered by jungle; and, he immediate vicinity of villages, and cattle ! is a great extent of uncultivated and desert easts of the forest. No stranger, however, 2h characterises the native cottages; where, at sunrise and at sunset, sweep up and burn compounds, others are busy in plastering which they level; and, when dry, coolness tire from the smell of the sacred animal's to the native inhabitants. goda, has its flooring covered with this s anti-contagious, and wholesome to the
istance is 9 miles; to Illipekadewe restulleverayenkottoe rest-house, 8 miles; to , 5 miles; to Pooneryn, 5 miles;-total
re beautifully situated; and the scenery, both flat and sandy, delightful; for the cultivated and verdant, interspersed with d forest trees of the most magnificent and

Page 244
214 FACE OF THE COUNTRY
picturesque variety that the arboriculturist indeed, not the romantic, but the simple played, untainted by the improvements of a From Pooneryn fort to Kallmooné (ofter long neck of land, very often inundated b it may be accomplished in less time by Kallmooné to Colombo Torré (by water) 3 miles;-total from Pooneryn to Jaffna,
Jaffna, or Jaffnapatam, once a kingdom northern province, is situate in latitude o Hamsheel (or Hamenhiel) fort; so called b the island to that of a ham.
The chammel is within the islands ; bu places, it is only frequented by country bo trade is carried on. The course from Jaffi Jaffna is extremely populous, and so iu the province. There are no other place principal villages are, Arippo, Tillipally, Be Cayts, Manaar, Chavagachery, Vareny, F Tamankadewé, and Anarajahpoora.
The Moormen (of Malabar) and Hindi Jaffna; but many respectable Dutch and I Jaffna was the last fortress held by the dispossessed, by the Dutch, in 1658. Th excellent houses, barracks, a church, and contains a great many large and well-buil many delicious exotic and indigenous fru are cheaper and more abundant here, t materials for building are to be obtained a with their prices at Colombo and Point de The grape-vine flourishes luxuriantly; purple sorts, are not inferior in flavor to th excellent wine has been made in small qui tion of the grape-vine has never yet bee as the demand for the fruit is general, thi would accrue from manufacturing it into w

AFFNA-VILLAGES-FRUITS,
can well picture to his imagination. Here, harms of nature, are most bountifully dist.
written Calimony) the route lies across a y the sea, and the distance is 14 miles; but ea, during the south-west monsoon. From 3 miles; from thence to Jaffna (by land) 0 miles. of Ceylon, and now the chief town of the }° 43' north, five leagues to the eastward of y the Dutch, who assimilated the shape of
t, having scarcely four feet water in some ats; by which, a very considerable coasting hapatam to Calimooné point is E. S. E.
hdeed is the whole of the northern parts of s entitled to the name of towns; but the tticotta, Oodoovillé, Pandateripo, Manepy, Point Pedro, Moelletivoe, Nuwerakalawiyé,
Dos form the majority of the population of ortuguese families reside there.
Portuguese in Ceylon: of this, they were fort is regularly built, and contains several court house. The Pettah is extensive, and ; houses, with delightful gardens, in which, its are cultivated. The necessaries of life an elsewhere in the island; and the best an unusually cheap rate, when contrasted Galle. and Jaffna grapes, both of the white and 2 produce of our hot-houses: but, although ntities, by private individuals, the cultivan exclusively devoted to that object; and, profit is much greater to the grower than ne and brandy.

Page 245
COASTING TRADE-CHITTIES-GOL
Next to its grapes, Jaffna is famed for often sent as presents to different parts of t makes a very fine marmalade and pickle ;- are so much in request, that their prepare to several respectable Dutch and Portug reduced by misfortune.
The principal part of the coasting trade on by Chitties, who are also the bill discou island. These merchants import calicos, quito-net, &c., from the Coromandel coast, tian Chitties are pretty numerous, both her and extremely regular in their attendance at the Tamul language, by the Rev. Christian the Malabar colonial chaplain at Jaffna, w by the Right Rev. Dr. Fanshawe Middleton, The Tamul year, Sreemoega, is the san time; thus their year 1256, corresponds wi The Portuguese are the principal manu chains, and also of silver plate, which is dinner and tea services do not show the owing, perhaps, to the metal being nearly p tain quantity of alloy in the other, by whic better adapted for receiving a high polish. jewellery, is, by putting it into one scale, the market price of the day, for the quality charge for the workmanship; which amour the high price demanded for fashion at rupee weight.
Dried sharks' fins, and sea slugs, are ready sale, and high prices, in the Chi valued, that the Chinese esteem them ne swallow's nest, already described.
Although more cotton is grown in this little cultivated in proportion to its extent that whilst the East India Company is sp; of that valuable staple upon the Indian

) AND SILVER PLATE-EXPORTS. 215
its large and delicious Mangos, which are le island. In its green state, the mango -these, with ghirkins and preserved fruit, tion is a source of employment and profit uese families, whose incomes have been
is in cotton manufactures, and is carried hters and money changers throughout the muslins, handkerchiefs, palempores, mosand realize enormous profits. The chrise and at Colombo. They are Protestants, , church, where the service is performed in David, (a pupil of the venerated Swartz,) no was ordained priest in the year 1817,
the then Lord Bishop of Calcutta. ne as that of the Hegira, in reference to th our year 1842. facturers of the much-admired Jaffna rose usually massive and handsome; but their exquisite polish of British workmanship: ure in the one case, and possessing a cerh the hardness is increased, and the metal The usual way of selling gold plate, or und gold (star) pagodas into the other; at of the gold employed, with an additional its to a mere trifle, when compared with lome. Silver plate is sold by the Sicca
2xported from this province, and fetch a hese markets; where they are so highly xt to the highly prized delicacy, the edible
province than in any other, there is very and capabilities; and it is to be regretted, ring no expense to extend the cultivation continent, and sending out experienced

Page 246
216 COTTON PLANTATIONS-JAFFNAT
persons from America to superintend it, a cleaning, and sorting it, nothing is being do country independent of Egypt and America Tobacco, known by the general name o this province, and is of a very superior q color. The ground is previously manured, I knew a Dutch gentleman, a connoisseu best Havannah cigars had been presented, for one basket of Jaffna cheroots, the pric about three shillings, or less; “ for (said like that of Jaffna : ” and it is so much est the Rajah of Travancore, who had a monop contracted with the government of Ceylo the purposes of exportation. This, was lot and the Rajah was enabled, by the high pri to the government of Madras, for the main the command of an officer of the army of
By this contract, the government of C £10,000; but as the arrangement was foll Jaffna tobacco grower, by increasing the Malabar, the government established a co failed of the anticipated effect, recourse was 200 per cent, in lieu of it. This, displaye of the governor and council, by whom it w seen, the result was, that, notwithstanding the trade rapidly declined in the Eastern been in great request by the Malays.
In 1837, the government of Ceylon dete duty of 200 per cent., ad valorem, on toł cent. was substituted: the consequence wa in Ceylon tobacco had doubled itself. A si cinnamon, by a similar reduction of th exportation.

OBACCO-RAJAH OF TRAVANCORE.
ld improve the native methods of planting, ne in Ceylon towards rendering the mother
for cotton wool. f “Jaffna tobacco," is largely cultivated in lality and flavor, and of a peculiarly dark
by sheep being penned upon it. r in tobacco, to whom several boxes of the offer them to an officer of the medical staff
e of which in the market would have been he) in all the world there is no tobacco eemed above the produce of Malabar, that oly in this article throughout his dominions, n for all tobacco grown in the province for 2ally called the “Travancore investment;" xe he charged for tobacco, to pay a subsidy tenance of a body of native troops, under that presidency, in Travancore. 2ylon averaged an annual profit of at least owed by serious loss and detriment to the consumption of the inferior production of untervailing monopoly in 1812; but as it had, in 1824, to an export duty of nearly 2d very little fiscal knowledge on the part as enacted; and, as might have been foreg the drawback allowed upon exportation, markets, where Jaffna tobacco had long
rmined upon a reduction of the enormous acco; in lieu of which, a duty of 2 per s, that in less than three years, the trade milar result may be anticipated as regards e present enormous rate of duty upon

Page 247
CHAP.
Climate of the northern province adapted to the growt duction of the silk-worm suggested- ovlev labour cheap upon the raw productions and manufactures of British Ina their erport duties upon cotton and silk to Ceylon, when in Choya root indigenous–The culture of the ('acao, or choc a profitable speculation-Provisions abundant-GameCape of Good Hope cous-Culture of grass, and hay-mak hay for ships' stock-Timber trade of Jaffna-Hindoo. tical tri-literal character-The author accompanies the c idol-Decorated booth-Reception by the chief Brahminlimes-Description of the car - The bride of Jagan-N Devadasi of the Deura — Nautre muscans- The Hindo the Brahmins-American missionaries-Their usefulnessto teylon missionaries-The moral of an old adage equal Tamul translation of the Liturgy at eylon at the sole offering to a Budhoo temple-The national religion someti
THE climate of this province being much provinces, the silk-worm might be advanta tensively cultivated, and silk become a primi as at the present time, one of the entirely r The Hindoo mode of culture may be th it is perfectly simple; and cooley labour children to prepare and lay down the sets plant are sufficiently stocked to admit of th In Bengal, the land, having been cleared is lightly ploughed; and pits, large enou, having been prepared, in parallel lines, wit planter has nothing more to do, than emp sets of about fourteen inches in length, wh the requisite number at the side of each been inserted, the planter presses the mc loose earth having been scattered over t the primary object is effected. If this be

XXVII.
I of silk-Hindoo culture of the mulberry plant-Introned-Suggestions for reducing the colonial import duties ta, as an inducement to the Indian presidencies to abolish tended for erportation from thence to the home marketslate-nut tree, altogether neglected, instead of being made Native cattle-Pasturage-Provincial breed of sheeping, entirely neglected-Suggestions for providing pressed festival of the udol Jagan-Nath-The Pranava or myshief and puisne justices to view the triumphal car of the -Sacred honors conferred upon the judges-Consecrated ath — Temple mysteries - Brahaminucal humbug - The os-Their diet-Domestic life-Amusements-Power of -Pringle's account of missionary privations inapplicable y neglected by the American and British nations-First erpense of the governor, who subsequently presented au. mes incompatible with sound national policy.
less humid than that of the other maritime geously introduced, the mulberry plant excipal staple of commerce, instead of being, leglected capabilities of the island. le best for the native agriculturist, because may be cheapened, by the employment of , as soon as the nurseries of the mulberry e operations of the planter.
of weeds, and, where necessary, manured, sh for the reception of eight or ten sets, h a space of two feet between each pit, the oy children to cut the mulberry plants into lst others distribute them, by laying down pit, ready for being planted; these having uld with his hands around each set, and le whole, leaving only the tops to appear, lone just before the rains set in, the fields
E

Page 248
218 SUGGESTIONS FOR A REDCTION
will exhibit, in the course of a week or in that short space of time, the little clu any required quantity of mulberry leave of the silk grower.
It may be worthy of the consideration ( sion into Ceylon of the raw productions an territories upon the continent of India, at our home produce and manufactures, and rice, until the island produces sufficient f not induce the governments of the several and silk to be exported to Ceylon duty fre Great Britain,) and materially diminish the It is to be expected, that such a cha of the raw materials and manufactures o importation of British cottons, because th then compete with those of the mother coul would benefit the native consumer in an eq of colonial legislation.
Choya root (Oldenlandia umbellata, L.), v turing purposes, is both indigenous and ab culture, which would naturally tend to the entirely neglected. This useful staple was one time yielded a revenue of £2000 a a tenth part of that sum. The trade in source of profitable speculation.
The soil is also admirably adapted to t chocolate-nut tree (T.heobroma Cacao, L.), rank as a staple of the island. I have had garden, from trees planted by the late Ja whose name is deservedly remembered at was distinguished, both by his zeal for the tion of the culture of valuable exotics from of Java, Banda, and Amboyna, and by h equal to the finest I had seen at Penan, in no degree inferior, either in size or ni of South America.

F CUSTOMS DUTIES-CHOYA ROOT
en days, a most verdant appearance; for, ps will be covered with foliage; and thus, may be ensured for the ulterior purposes
f the local government, whether the admisl manufactures of the East India Company's he same rate of duty as is there levied upon educing the import duties upon paddee and r the consumption of its population, might presidencies of British India to allow cotton !, (if intended to be shipped from thence to
price of labour in the colony. nge of system, in regard to the importation f British India, would materially affect the le native green orumbleached cloths would ntry; but the result of such an arrangement ual ratio, which should be a primary object
which yields a valuable red dye for manufacundant in this province; nevertheless, its improvement of the dye, has been hitherto formerly a government monopoly, and at year; but it subsequently declined to about it being now open, its culture offers a new
he growth of the hitherto much neglected which, in the course of a few years, might very fine specimens of the fruit in my own 'obus Burnand, Esq., a Dutch gentleman, Ceylon with respect and regard; for he welfare of the island, through the introduche Malay peninsula, and the Dutcn Yslands s botanical acquirements. The nuts were and Malacca, or in the West Indies, and tritious properties, to the best productions

Page 249
ULTURE OF THE CHOOLATE-NUT
This tree requires shade; and, for that p trees, which are of rapid growth, might be ten or twelve feet between each, for the rec I am well aware of the objections likely subject, arising upon a premu facue view of the outlay, owing to the great difference of tree and that of the coffee bush attainin consideration, that here "the steed does independently of the annual value of the which is in general request by the native of the leaves, which also afford excellent ical purposes to which the fibrous stalks indigo, ginger, turmeric. cardamoms. cass the principal grains, after rice, to which ticularly those called-Gingille Sessamun Phaseolus, Meneri ( Milium Zeylannicum, m Badhaamu, a species of l)olicho aid a Mutches, Cadecourie, Cambanpullo, War and, although the last, not the least in v Horse Gram, might be planted and sown, t chocolate plants. To these might be ad pepper vine; for, notwithstanding the soi is still dependent upon Malabar for supplie the preservation of cinnamon bark during Surely, this is a speculation worthy of but a moderate capital would be require a profitable state of cultivation; and if a f to adopt this system of agriculture, and truth of my assertions, that the returns fr the most sanguine could have anticipated, 3 harvest of the chocolate nut.
The whole coast of the province abound of it with fresh-water fish. Cattle and shee from twenty to thirty shillings a head: and
* Mandrakes of Scripture, Dodam of the Heb.
2

TREE SUGGESTED-UNDER CROPS. 219
urpose, plantations of banana and plantain formed in parallel lines, leaving spaces of eption of the chocolate plants. to be opposed to my suggestions upon this it, from the comparatively slow return for time between the produce of the chocolate g maturity: but it should be taken into not starve, whilst the grass grows;" for, fruit of the banana and plantain trees. 's of all classes, the medicinal usefulness odder for cattle, and the several mechanmay be applied, as already described t ada, arrow-root, maize, Guinea grass, and the native farmer turns his attention, par. orientale, L.), Mun and Mung, a species of unus), Korakan (Cynosurus Coracanus. II.. ). ew others, known by the native names of ego, Swamy, Tinnéswamy, Panneswamy, alue, for its domestic purposes, Dholl and by way of under crop, without injury to the ded, an extensive cultivation of the black l is well adapted to its growth, the island s of this spice, which is indispensable for che homeward-bound voyage. the attention of British capitalists; indeed. l, to bring very large tracts of ground int. ew zealous individuals would but determine give it a fair trial, it would establish the om the under crops would be as rapid as and be ultimately increased by an abundan's
is with excellent fish, and the interior part p are extremely cheap; the former, varying che latter, from two shillings to half-a-crown
rew b. ( II e Xxx | 4 Page 125
ソ
w ki

Page 250
220 CATTLE-SHEEP-GRASSES-TIMBEF
Poultry and eggs are abundant, and propo than in the Singhalese provinces, the Hin animal" in almost equal abhorrence. Gal of wild fowl, including wild duck, widge water tank.
There is great room for improvement in out the island, by crossing it with that O. and if more regard be not paid to their certainly does not arise from a deficiency O. several small islands to the westward. The As to the provincial breed of sheep, it appearance of these animals upon the ex Point Pedro, to which of Shaw's genera, Ce Nevertheless, Jaffna sheep, after having bec paddee, or dholl, yield a tolerable substitute Cows, imported from the Cape, have b to the immediate neighbourhood of lakes, r. site for paddee fields, the appropriation of r much neglected as the making of hay, whic and although the latter is altogether unn unknown, it might be prepared for the s pressing it for that purpose were introduced A very considerable timber trade in Palmy and Reepas,) which are in great request, carried on coastwise between Jaffna and the About the beginning of August, the Hi idol, Jagan-Nath, or Parameswara, the Lor by the tragic scenes of self-immolation whi Deura (temple) at Jagan-Nath, upon the c themselves under the wheels of the stupe. death. To this act, their religion incites th that a new birth, in felicity and honor, ir these voluntary victims of superstition and Patterson, speaking of the origin of th Jagan-Nath as a famous resort for pilgrim by them, as a converging point, where al

TRADE-FESTIVAL OF JAG AN-NATRI
tionally cheap; but swine are less plentiful oos and Musselmans holding the “ unclean he abounds in every jungle, and a variety On, teal, and snipe, in every swamp and
he native breed of cattle, here and throughEngland, or of the Cape of Good Hope; feedung un this province than elsewhere, it excellent pasturage, either here, or in the native list of grasses contains 36 varieties. is somewhat difficult to determine, by the ensive sheep walks between this place and pra or Ovus, they bear the nearest affinity. in fed, for a few weeks, upon jack leaves, for Bengal or Cape of Good Hope mutton. 2en found to answer very well; but, owing ivers, and canals, being the most favourable meadows, for the cultivation of grass, is as h the sun would fully effect in a few hours; ecessary for local purposes, where winter is upply of shipping, if mechanical means of
from England. "ra rafters and laths, (locally called Parallies both for public and private buildings, is other ports of the island. indoos celebrate the annual festival of their i of the Universe; but it is unaccompanied sh are occasionally displayed at the grand oast of Coromandel, where pilgrims throw dous car of the idol, and are crushed to 2m, as one so acceptable to Jagan-Nath, the present world, is thereby assured to errOr.
Hindoo religion, describes the temple at s of all sects; “ for it is generally revered contending parties unite in harmomy with

Page 251
THE MYSTICAL PRAN AWA-CAR OF J
each other:" and, in describing the Prana the name of the deity, from which cyphe Bal-Ram, Sabhadra, and Jagan - Nath, he first founders of the temple, to present a of the tri-literal word, which is held in rev a title, which each sect might apply to th considers “ that the intention of the foun a place of pilgrimage open to all sects, a multifarious resort of devotees."
Having been invited to accompany the court, (the Honorable Sir Alexander Johnst their northern circuit, to see the pagan cei Nath, I gladly availed myself of so favorabl car and procession of the idol.
A spacious booth, brilliantly illuminated, fruits and flowers, among which the white, conspicuous, had been erected in front of ti tion of the judges, who were received, up Brahmins; after which, the head Brahmin pl three chaplets of fragrant flowers; of wh rose-colored corols of the double olean and the others of the moogrie, or Arabial the puisne justice was decorated with two secrated limes were, at the same time, prese paid me a similar compliment.
The car of the idol, formed of wood, a and of proportional width, above its huge w emblematical figures, (among which the carved figure of the idol.
According to the best account that I ( of the custom house, the festival continues most adapted to the rites of pagan superstit of fact, “ that it commences by the present for the bride of Jagan-Nath, in whose tem persuading her to believe, that the deity Jagan-Nath is then personated by one of th victim is first sacrificed, and then instruct

AGAN-NATH-TEMPLE MYSTERIES. 221
'a, or mystical character, which represents
they have made three distinct idols, viz. calls it “a stroke of refined policy in the an object of worship, the personification erence alike by all sectaries, and to give it e object of its particular adoration ;” and dation was evidently to render the temple nd to draw an immense revenue from the
chief and puisne justices of the supreme on and Sir William Coke,) at that time on emonies observed at the festival of Jagane an opportunity for viewing the triumphal
and decorated with white cloth, and natural pink, and blue varieties of the Lotos were he triumphal car, expressly for the recep}on their arrival, by the chief and other aced over the shoulders of the chief justice nich, one was composed of the beautiful der (Nerium odoratum, L., var duple), n jessamine (Nerium coronarium, L.); and white chaplets of moogrie flowers;-connted to the judges, and the chief Brahmin
pout twenty or twenty five feet in length, heels, was highly gilded, and painted with Lingam was prominent,) surrounding the
ould collect from the Malabar interpreter for several successive nights, as the time on; and he positively asserted as a matter tion of a beautiful virgin to the Brahmins, ple (Deura) they leave her all night, after will himself visit her during that period. e chief Brahmins; to whose lust, the poor ed in the part she is to perform at the

Page 252
222 DEVADASI OF THE DEURA-THEIR
ensuing ceremonial; especially in the vario from her seat by the idol's side, upon his from Jagam-Nath himself, during the pr suadere malorum.”
The Devadasi, or dancing girls of the D. Brahmin, commenced their lascivious gestur was a Malabar girl of great beauty, and, Medicean Venus; the others were also prett of turmeric, with which their faces, arms, r charming to the native eye, neutralized the tive appearance might have inspired the mol The dress of the Devadas consisted of a covered the left breast, but exposed the ri a massive zone of pure gold, of about thr pearls and precious stones; chiefly diamond did jewels of similar materials ornamented mouth and chin,) fingers, arms, ankles, and
The Devadasi performed their parts to movements were, perhaps, unequalled in increased with their excitement, until it madness, to the sound of the most barbar misapplied, that ever deafened ear.
But, as if the horrid din of perforated were considered insufficient to delight the vocal music, by way of auxiliary. The H Snow-white beards; but these anti-harmonis Pawn which they had previously been mast of it, and then commenced their monotonot The dancing having terminated, the pro Devadasi, preceded by the singers and m car, which, upon a given signal, and amids of torches, and the firing of small-arms, was devotees, who seemed to vie with each o to the consecrated ropes of Jagan-Nath', monial recalled to mind the more sacred c singers went before; the players on instru the damsels playing with timbrels."

DRESSES-HINIDOO MUSICANS.
us stories which she is publicly to declare, car of triumph, as the commands received eceding night. “ Tantum religio potuit
ura, having been introduced by the head es, mis-called dancing. The prima donna in point of figure, a personification of the y, and of good figure; but the profuse use ecks, and breasts were covered, however interest, with which, their otherwise attrace fastidious European.
robe of spangled muslin, which partially ght; this was confined round the waist by 'ee inches in width, and resplendent with s, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires. Splentheir ears, nostrils, (descending over the toes.
admiration; their various positions and point of lasciviousness, which gradually apparently bordered upon Bacchanalian pus music, if that word be not altogether
shells, native drums, cymbals, and pipes, European visitors, recourse was had to indoo artistes were chiefly old men with ts, instead of clearing their mouths of the cating, crammed into them additional rolls ls tic-tac-tucky-tav-tic-taw-ticky-tau.
cession commenced its usual circuit:-the usicians, placed themselves in front of the zt innumerable Chinese fire-works, myriads s slowly dragged along by about a hundred ther for the honor of buckling themselves s car. The order of this heathen cereone described by the royal Psalmist, “ The ments followed after; amongst them were

Page 253
THE HINDOOS-THEIR DIET-AMU:
All castes of Hindoos acknowledge the them their belief of the metempsychosis, of the higher castes are extremely parti animal food, the greater number are less s ferently, of fish, flesh, and fowl. Thei curries, in which butter, made of buff employed; and they esteem milk as the as a divinity.
The best native condiments used by the seed, turmeric, black pepper, white musta cummim seed, fenugreek, and cayenne; simpler ones of turmeric, green ginger, (Cookia anisetta).
The chief amusement of the Hindoos monials prescribed by their Brahmins, w selves a regular hierarchy, and gradation their own order, weight to their authority To enter into a detail of the complicat beyond my power, as it is foreign to my contented; and, as if their happiness cor religion that marriage is the indispensable selves from the world for the sake of generally contented with one wife, who i. solicitude for her family.
Native philanthropy displays itself, eq At certain distances on the public roads, means of assuaging thirst, from a large a coco-nut-shell ladle is attached; this i ground, by the road side; and the neig “ travellers' cistern,” morning and evening As already stated in the preceding pa establishment in this province. The fi
* According to Dr. Hyde's history of the religion been that of the patriarch Abraham; and it appears and modern Brahmins, derived their names from A pronouncing that word amongst the Persians.-The shoulder, and called Zennaar.

EMENTS-GENERAL CONTENTMIENT 223
Brahmins for their priests, and derive from Dr transmigration of souls. Although many cular as to diet, and object to the use ol crupulous, and eat, sparingly, but not indif
chief diet, however, consists of vegetable lo's milk, and clarified, is very generally purest of food, because the cow is regarded
higher classes, are compounded of coriander rd, green ginger, allspice, lesser cardamoms, but the lower classes are contented with the cayenne, and a leaf of the carpintchee tree
consists in assisting at the religious cereho appear to have established among themof ranks, thereby securing subordination in , and dominion over the minds of the people. ed system of Hindoo superstition, is as far present object. The village people appear sisted in domestic life, being taught by their duty of all, except those who separate them. eligion, polygamy is allowed; but they are distinguished for fidelity to her vows, and
ually in the Malabar and Singhalese districts. the way-worn traveller is sure to find the earthen chatty, filled with water, to which placed upon a rest, about two feet from the hbouring villagers never fail to replenish the
ges, the Americans have a large missionary st missionaries were acquainted with various
f the ancient Persians, they believed their religion to have to have been his own opinion, that the ancient Brachmans práhám, or rather Brahám, which is the common way of . Brahmin caste is distinguished by threads worn over one

Page 254
224 MISSIONARY PRIVATIONS-TAMU
mechanical trades, and were not above natives; and they have done much good t have a Hindoo professorship of astronon and if their number of converts to chr have effected is boundless.
'' He left his Christian frien By puty for benighted in His heart was fraught w His life was stritt, his mal Long dwelt he lonely in a In want and wearinessBut laboured that the lc Not seeking recompense fi The credit of the arduous Was reaped by otherm The world gave hium no ho But cherished Christ's e To one great aim his heart To serve his God, and gatl
Pringle's account of missionary privation had in view when he wrote, are certainly denomination. In all other points, those w agree with the author as to the applicablen sionaries are, as I would wish they should be want or privation except such as are comm and commercial community, arising from cli
But, like the good and well-intentioned ( forgotten an old but true adage; for the christianity amongst the pagans of India, t worse than heathen brethren at home; wh and greatest claim.
The first Tamul translation of the Litu now Malabar colonial chaplain in this pi mission press, at the sole expense of the Brownrigg, Bart., G. C. B. ; but it is prol “ sanctis et inter sanctos” of this country, 1 of having made, as I shall show in the fol ple -I much fear, that every attempt t with sound national policy will ever be an of our colonial governors.

TRANSIATION OF THE LITURGY
mparting their knowledge of them to the roughout their respective localities. They y, which is taught upon the native system; stianity be bounded, the social good they
is and native strand, en constrained ; ith charity unfeigned; ners meek and bland. heathen land, -yet ne'er complained ; st sheep might be gained, om human hand. works he wrought en who came behind: nour-none he sought, xample in his mind.
and hopes were givenner souls to heaven. "-PRINGLE.
s, however applicable to those he might have inapplicable to Ceylon missionaries of any ho know those gentlemen will very probably ess of the above lines; but, in Ceylon, mis2 in every quarter of the globe, subjeet to no on to other gentlemen, in the public service mate and distance from their native country. If this country, the Americans have equally y too are more intent upon disseminating han amongst the immense numbers of their o, according to that adage, have the nearest
rgy was made by the Rev. Christian David, ovince, and was printed at the Serampore then governor, the late General Sir Robert able that even this will not be considered, o be a sufficient expiation for the deadly sin owing pages, an offering to a Budhoo temreconcile the conflicting duties of religion insuperable task to even the most zealous

Page 255
CHAP.
Garrison of Jaffna-Provincial headquarters--Eacte gent properties by native doctors-Flower and leaf of the reyance to Point Pedro-Point Pedro Shual-kvute by lai Vetera magistrate ucho served under Frederick the Grea --Katchay-Elephant Pass-("hoond 'olon-Mulative travellers-Jungles-Game-Mulative house-Dangero and population of the Northern Province-Numbers e Eastern Province-Nay-Aar-Kokelay-Sand-flies- Ko nuery—-I)uhabilants—— Terʻrua—Banyanu fiy tree— HWild h. River-— View of Trincomale-— Trinconnal the chief tou Society-Garrison — Sugges tions fon establishing farms Anticipated favorable result to Trincomale.
IN time of peace, the military command army; and the garrison of Jaffna, the “h and a detachment of the Ceylon rifle co assistant surgeon, and a native medical native medical sub-assistant, and a medic nation. The civil departments are filled, “ Fiscal division into provinces."
The culture of the Betel pepper (Piper any other province; because its proximity to export the leaf and flower, in a fresh sta scarcer, and indispensable necessaries of g sale at remunerating prices.
The Malabars call it Betélé or Bet'é, an and their doctors esteem it one of their best the dried flower, both of the cultivated anc '-the former is about an inch and a half in about five inches, and of an ash color. but the upper surface of that of the culti the wild is destitute.

XXVIII.
save culture of the Betel pepper-Esteemed for its astrinwild and culticated Betel-Mode of culture-Water cun id — Buller Aloes- vullages of Kopaay and Atchoéuvelle-The ruling passion- Route from Jaffna to Trincomal e-Face of the country-Postholders supply provisions to as coral shoal-Sailing directions-Alembiel-Superficies Imployed in agriculture, manufactures, and commerce kelay river-Fish-Dead shells for lime abundant-Sce ags-Hint to sportsmen-Cutchiavellé-Nilavelle - Salt in of the Eastern Province-Fortifications-Harbourfor supplying shipping with salted and fresh provisions
of the province is held by a captain of the head quarters," consists of a few Europeans rps; with a medical staff, consisting of an sub-assistant; besides whom, there are a al pupil, for the express purpose of vaccias described in page 34, under the head
Betel, L.) is more extensive in this, than in to the lindian peninsula, enables the grower te, to a market, where these articles, being eneral consumption, are sure of a prompt
d the Singhalese Boolääk or Booläät-waela
astringents. The Dutch formerly exported wild species, to the Cape of Good Hope: length, of a bright yellow ; and the latter The leaf of both species is septinervous; rated has a peculiar glossiness, of which,
F

Page 256
226 BETEIL-POINT PEDRO SHO
The Betel is propagated by layers ;-t length, and the middle having been cove posed; in the course of a few days, roots support, poles are employed, as in the hop From Jaffna to Point Pedro there is cont by boats, and debouches near that port, garrison in time of peace. Punt Pedro us ! thence, during the north-east monsoon, Tr or 'Dhoney in a few hours.
According to Captain Horsburgh, “Poi tremity of the island; and, from then about six leagues to the S. S. Eastward, he places, and 2 fathoms on two patches; or Palmyra, the N. E. extremity of Ceylon, from the same Point, distant four miles.
“Between this extensive narrow shoal a three miles wide; with regular soundings 7, 8, or 9 fathoms in mid-channel, and five shoal. To the Eastward of it, the bank of decreasing to 5 and 6 fathoms close to the to 4 fathoms, coarse brown sand, close to coast is low, and abounds in palmyra trees."
If the tourist intend to travel by land to passing to the left of Poetoer, through a lo walks, to Atchoéwellé. The soil is sandy, indigenous elsewhere in the island, and are amongst others, the Aloe (Aloe splicata, L.) the Bitter Aloes of commerce.
The inhabitants of the villages of Kopa disposed, and contented race of people; establishment for collecting the customs, c hospitality from the resident civilian, who is
Formerly the sitting magistrate at Poir name of Theile, who had served under Fre of the Prussian grenadier of the old school in height. Mr. Theile entertained the

L-VETERAN MAGISTRATE.
hese are cut into sets of about two feet in 'ed with earth, the extremities are left exstrike forth, and when the plant requires grounds of this country.
eyance by the river, which is only navigable where there is a small fort, but it has no he northernmost land of Ceylon; and from incomalé may be reached by a country boat
nt Pedro Shoal encompasses the N. E. exte, stretches nearly parallel to the coast, ving only 3 and 3 fathomson it, in many he of these bears nearly E. S. from Point distant about five miles; the other N. E.
ld the coast, there is a safe channel, about , soft mud, 7 fathoms close to the shore, or 6 fathoms close to the inner edge of the soundings is also flat, with regular depths; S. E. and Eastern parts of the shoal, and its N. Eastern verge.-The whole of this
Point Pedro, his route lies through Kopaay, w country, where there are extensive sheepbut produces certain plants which are not : consequently attractive to the botanist; , Komarita of the Singhalese, which yields
ay and Atchoéwelle, are an obliging, welland at Point Pedro, where there is a small ine is sure to meet with every kindness and an assistant government agent of the district. it Pedro, was a Prussian gentleman of the derick the Great. He was a fine specimen , being not less than six feet three inches late Sir William Coke (puisne justice of

Page 257
ROUTE TO TRINCOMALE-FACE (
the Honorable the Supreme Court) and mys Trincomalé, with the greatest hospitality; a William's Champagne took a pleasant effect years of age; for instead of shouldering a c desired his daughter, a very pretty girl, to vancing arms" with my gun, marched about years younger than he really was.
The direct route by land fronu Jaffna to T at Nawakooli, lies through Katchay, distant or Bischuter Pass, 16 miles. The line of rc country, where sand is the predominating sc a distance of 15 miles; and from thence, distance of 10 miles.
The face of the country is nearly the sa vated, and studded with palmyra trees, with and there, a few straggling coco-nut trees. island, that there are no regular established r but, at the several stages, the postholders pri the rates, established by the agent of goverr per centage upon the bazaar prices, for their At almost every step, noveltles present th and the sportsman. The jungles abound v are the Indian Samver (Cervus Aristotelus), c the Axis deer (Cervus Arus) ; but, amid t curious, or perhaps novel to the newly-arriv (Manis tetradactyla, L.), the A ulvalle of the itself into a ball, when suddenly obtruded after the manner of the hedgehog (Erinaceu with imbricated scales, whose resisting powe vexity as well as substance of its scales, be protrudes,) renders it impenetrable either b of a greenish ash color, and obtains its food the length of 16 or lS inches, upon the gro it suddenly doubles it back into the mouth, The Wattoewekal-Aar is crossed at the from Mullativoe, which has a small fort,
2 F

F THE COUNTRY-ANT-EATER. 227
2lf, upon our landing at Point Pedro from nd, after dinner, a few extra glasses of Sir upon the old gentleman, who was eighty rutch, “to show how fields were won," he play a favorite Prussian march; and "adthe room as erect as if he had been sixty
rincomalé, after having crossed the ferry, l; miles; and from thence to Elephant iad is tolerably good, for a low champaign il ; and continues so to Choondi Colom, to Mooladivo or Mullativoe, a further
me throughout ; in some places well cultipatches of jungle interspersed, and, here So few Europeans travel in this part of the est-houses between Jaffna and Mullativoe; Ovide eggs, milk, poultry, fish, and fruit, at ment for the province, including a certain
own trouble and attention. emselves to the attention of the naturalist ith game, of which, the most sought after 'ommonly, but erroneously called Elk, and he variety of wild animals, none is more ed European, than the toothless ant eater Singhalese. This singular creature forms upon, or at the approach of an enemy, Europaeus, L.); the whole body is covered r, arising in a great measure from the conween every two of which a solitary bristle y a spear or musket ball. The animal is by laying its tongue, which is protrusile to Lnd, and as soon as it is covered with ants. and rubs them off against the palate. ford, about a mile and a half or two miles and a good rest-house, and is situate în

Page 258
228 SAILING DIRECTIONS-SUP
latitude 9 13 north, and longitude Sl N.W. by N. from Pigeon Island, distant has no garrison or European resident.
Captain Horsburgh, in the last edition Molawal or Molatuuva , and ut one take of Ceylon, scarcely two will he iound to a " From ' Mullativoe House, a dangerous on it, called Molawal shoal, extends to miles from the shore, which ought not tol As there are twenty and twenty-one fathc and four or five miles to the south-eastward when near it; but when abreast of its east borrow towards it to thirteen or fourteen not so steep, but composed of detached nime orten fathoms, close to its northern the N.W. part, close to the shore. From Ceylon, with seven fathoms near to the san Point Pedro shoal.”
The same orthodox authority un regard between Mullativoe House and Pigeon Islal or twenty fathoms in the night, if the l occasionally when working in daylight. Al a small river, and four leagues further to th From Mullativoe the next village is Alem the Nay-Aar, which river separates this pi vince, 7 miles.
The superficies of the northern province (excepting that of the Nuwerakalawiyé d agreeably to the last Census, taken in 1835 to the square mile, 41.73; viz.
Whites, including Military and their families Free Blacks, ditto ditto Slaves ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aliens and Resident Strangers ..............,

ERFICIES AND POPULATION.
l east, close to the sea, and bears about. thirteen leagues; but, in time of peace, it
of his Directory, (1836.) calls Mullativoe, the trouble to look at six or seven maps gree in point of orthography.
coral shoal, having only two fathoms water line eastward and north-eastward near four e approached nearer than thirteen fathoms. inns water about four miles from the shore, of the shoal, a ship should edge out a little ern extremity, she may with the land wind fathonis. The north side of this shoal is knowls, the depths decreasing regularly to verge, and to six and seven fathoms along this, the coast is low to the N. E. point of dy beach, but care is requisite to avoid the
to Eastern navigation, describes the coast . nd as "low and safe to approach, to eighteen ead be kept going, or to twelve fathoms bout 3 leagues from Pigeon Island there is e N. W. the river Kokelay is situated." biel, distant 8 miles; and from thence to art of the Northern from the Eastern Pro
is 6,053 square miles; and the population, ivision, where no returns had been kept,) , is 252,619, making the average number
MALEs. FEALs ΤΟΤΑ.
a 0 S a Q 8 O 4 a 5 s 492 539 l,031 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,489 13,38 225,627 12.605 11,91() 24,515
o 8 + a s a a w w w- - - - - - - - ,446
252,619

Page 259
NAY-AAR-ROKELAY-FI
The number employed in agriculture, commerce, 12,454. The marriages, in the deaths, 2,503; leaving a surplus in favor of From the Nay-Aar, the distance to Koke Alembiel and Kanjarankenne, is rather m day, the glare and the sand-flies are so 9 A.M. and 4 P. M. if it can well be avoided is rendered comparatively pleasant, by the it is when the S. W. prevails.
The Kokelay river, and indeed the whole the Sole and Sur-mullet, and several varie (Scomberoidae, C.) families; and there is s sufficient lime might be burnt upon the spo At early dawn, flamingos, widgeon, curl watery patches near the plains; and thes magnificent forest trees, upon whose topm first rays of the rising sun, to exhale the ni
While o er the f The wild deer trip, and, At early passengers'"
delight the eye in every direction: but sc what the country is capable of, that one na he acknowledges, and is lost in admiration
The Hindoo villagers are an industriou happy. Their usually plain diet includes t leaf of the palmyra; and their chief emp market, or attending to their humble husb which, capsicums, tobacco, cotton, Indian betel, cucumbers, turmeric, pepper, yams, principal objects of culture. The people o handsome; the women are pretty, and e. demeanour; but all their children appea obesity; which, if one ask them the reas to have the same remedy for it everywhere, The villagers use the Caffrarian lime (Ci southern and western provinces, for cleansi

H-VILLAGERS-TERRIA. 229
7,662; in manufactures, 18,992; and in year 1835, were 1,180; births, 4,336; and the population of the province, of 1,833. ay, which is situate about mid-way between ore than 10 miles, During the heat of the ambarassing, that no one travels between ; but during the N. E. monsoon, the road refreshing breezes from the sea, to what
line of coast, abounds with fish, includung ties of the Ray (Raiidae, C.) and Mackarel uch an accumulation of dead shells, that t to supply the whole province. ews, herons, and snipes, congregate in the e, covered with verdure and bordered by ost branches innumerable peafowl await the ght dew from their splendid plumage,
prest glade often turning, gaze
little is produced by human exertions, to turally arraigns the neglect of man, whilst of, the bounty of the Creator.
s race of people, and seem contented and he Kellingo, or meal made from the spring loyment is in salting fish for the Kandyan andry. Every cottage has its garden, in spinach, water melons, ginger, pumpkins, peans, sweet potatos, and plantains, are the the village are generally well-grown and tremely diffident in their appearance and r, as elsewhere in the island, subject to n, is attributed to the rice, and they seem in the flesh of the river tortoise or Kiri- Ba. rus tuberoides) as commonly here as in the
g their long and redundant black hair.

Page 260
230 BANYAN TREE-WILD HOGS
The next stage to the southward is Terr. it Pehria. The neighbourhood exhibits in the surrounding scenery is altogether worth which are built of sticks (Warretchie) an extremely neat.
The banyan tree (Ficus Indica) is comm are ripe, the sportsman has no further u position, under cover, and within gun-shot kill wild hogs ad libitum for these anima they return, after a short time, to the spo original number “dead upon the field,") the same place, several times during the ng slaughter; but not being one myself, I am to some of the most experienced of my col
From Terria to Cutchiavelle rest-house, road still sandy, with jungles abounding wit contains but few inhabitants, and their app that of the people of the villages of Kok and obliging.
The next stage, to Nilavelle rest-house, to the Salt river, 4 miles; and to Trinc thick jungle, and occasionally undulating. a bay of Trincomale, and of the numeruus i place, the Head Quarters of His Excellenc ships and vessels in the Indian seas, may impregnable.
Along this coast, there is little for rema of wood inland, and the abundance of the inhabited and cultivated than appears to thi Trincomale, the chief town in the provin deserving the name,) stands un a N. E. diu country, interspersed with coco-nut and extremely wild, owing J the general negl towns, whose dependence is upon the n peace; for it is so little frequented by fre ut, for the loss of its grand support.

CUTCHIAVELLE-NILAVELLE.
a, distant 11 miles; the natives pronounce mense rocks of singular appearance ; and y of a master pencil. The native cottages, | clay, and whitewashed with chunam, are
Un here ; and, during the time its red figs ouble than to station himself in a good of the trees, soon after dusk, when he may ls are so eager for their favorite food, that t, (where they may have left many of their and continue to run from, and return to, ght, until the sportsman is actually tired of indebted for my information upon this point, \temporaries, both English and Dutch.
the distance is rather more than 8 miles h wild hogs, deer, and buffalos. The place earance is not so pleasing and contented as elay and Terria; but they are equally civil
is rather more than 13 miles; from thence omale, 3 miles further; road sandy, with ld hilly; affording magnificent views of the ortifications by which that most important the Commander-in-chief of Her Majesty's be rendered, when adequately garrisoned,
rk, beyond a bold shore, immense tracks palmyra palm; but the country is better superficial observer. ce, (Batticaloa being the next, but scarcely ection along the bay, in a woody and hilly almyra trees; but the appearance of it is ect of agriculture; and, like most seaport avy, it experiences the inconvenience of traders, that it has nothing to compensate

Page 261
TRINCOMALE-FORT-HARE
From its position, Trincomalé is natural nable, by fortifications; but although it capital, it has scarcely half the number o the exception of the late naval commissionel plan, with flat roof, and verandah, whose and a few other public and private building The fort commands the bays, and partic being nearly as much land-locked as Portsm may ride secure there throughout the year great natural obstacles to a free circulation medical men as a principal cause of the pr may be added, the swampy grounds on the The strong brick-built fortification, call the harbour, projects so far to seaward, tha must first have been obtained of the fort o bour itself; but, notwithstanding the impo former possessors, the French and Dutch, our possessions on the coast of Coromandel any trade of importance, in a national poin greatest consideration, but an adequate rem The European society of Trincomalé is in the public service; and their general h for from the earliest period of our possessio
The garrison consists of a regiment of and a detachment of the Ceylon rifle corps The medical department comprises a staf a native medical sub-assistant. The form are now performed by the “ Staff Officer,"
The agent of government, district judg are, ex-officio, members of the Sub-com superintendence of education throughout t During the war, Trincomalé was, compar contrasted with its present state; but since ment, which caused the circulation of a to the inhabitants, it may be said, “ Sta be made a place of great resort by ships

OUR-LSOCIETY-GARRISON. 23
y strong, and art has since made it impregoccupies a larger area than the maritime houses; and these are very inferior, with 's spacious mansion, built upon the Madras pillars rival in appearance Parian marble,
larly the entrance to the inner bay, which outh harbour, ships of every rate and class ; but this very circumstance, as opposing of the sea breezes, is considered by many overbial unhealthiness of the place; to this land side, as another reason. ed Fort Ostenburg, which also commands t before an enemy can attack it, possession f Trincomalé, as well as of the grand hartance attached to this naval station by its as well as by ourselves, for its proximity to and bay of Bengal, it has never possessed t of view; and this not only deserves the medy.
limited to the families of those employed Ospitality is such as Ceylon has been famed in of it. the line, with a company of royal artillery
f surgeon, one assistant staff surgeon, and er duties of fort major and fort adjutant, with an extra allowance of 10s. per diem. e, colonial chaplain, and master attendant, mittee of the commission for the general he colony. atively speaking, a flourishing place, when the breaking up of the dockyard establishreat deal of money, and made it profitable st nominis umbrá: "- but it might soon of all classes in the India trade, if a few

Page 262
232 SUGGESTIONS FOR A MODEL E
speculative capitalists were to establish an e hood, for the purpose of rearing and imp use, and for growing fodder and grain fo supplying good beef and wholesome escule suggested in page lll.
The patronage of the naval cominander-i might be calculated upon, as one certain would display a degree of public spirit that port it; and, for my own part, I would de the profit, for as many years, which might
The establishment of a “model farm" in real importance to the country than a hund only as regards the comparatively small c human life. The culture of grains, includin was originally introduced by the Portugu instead of paddee, now in general use, wou the market, and supersede the too general { This, in conjunction with a central farm a very lucrative speculation, for their temp of provisions for supplying the royal and dependent upon Bengal and Bombay; an frequented by trading vessels as it is now in It cannot reasomably be doubted, but tha plying shipping with stock, equally good í Calcutta, and which might also include a would scarcely have had time to perfect itse where one does now : for ev erything wou ships, upon an equality, in point of good pendently of the difficulty of access at all not impracticableness, of lyung in that roa flag-staff of Fort St. George, in October, monsoon ; and consequently Trincomalé instead of the river Hooghly, if it could b at all seasons of the year.
姜 vide

ARM-ANTI ("PATED RESULT
xtensive farm in the immediate neighbourroving stock of every description for ships' r its support on shipboard; as well as for nts to the royal navy in the harbour, as
n-chief, as well as of the army commissariat, 'onsequence of the speculation; because it t would unite all in a zealous desire to supsire no better fortume than a tenth share of be realized by its efficient management. this part of the island would pove of more red upon the fatal banks of the Niger; not 'ost, but the almost incalculable saving of g the millet (Panicum Italicum, L.), which ese, and called by them O milho paingo, ld throw a much larger supply of rice into :mployment of coco-nut oil-cake. in the highlands of Kandy, would prove erature is every way favorable to the curing commercial navies, for which they are now d would soon render Trincomalé as much eglected. at such an extensive farm, capable of supand perhaps cheaper than either Madras or depot for supplying steamers with coals, lf, ere ten ships would put into Trincomale, ld then be against Madras for supplying ness or cheapness, with Trincomalé, indetimes, owing to its surf, and the danger, if dstead, between the period of striking the and re-hoisting it, at the change of the would naturally be resorted to for stock, e obtained there equally as good and cheap
age 77

Page 263
CHAP.
Malacology of the island-Cabinet if shells got up Caution to stra nyers un buyu ug neu'eller y from turut 'em - T Adepts at transforming broken glass into rarieties of pre appealed to, in time-Jewellery expressly made for "Chip it-Suggestions for suppressing it-Rains-Lord 'alenti, (Termes) great public peculators-Saluny direct vns un ships at Trincomale, inapplicable to the neglect of gro Suggestions for rendering yrauls, or sales of crown lands,
tages derived by grantees or purchasers.
TRINcoMIALE has been proverbial for its : no less capable of affording perfect specim present day, than when it was considered, its fame, for this interesting and extensive b be in more general request than any othe of care required to preserve shells for an
of substance or color.
The principal varieties to be obtained he Linnæan or Lamarchiam systems, viz. Anomu Chione, Carocolla, Carinaria, Cerutheum, Cool Glycimeris, Harpa, Haliotus, Hell, , .lya, . Ostrea, Pholas, Pinna, Pleurustuma, Pte' Tellina, Teredo, Turbo, Trochus, lemuus, and Shells are sold, en masse, in very pretty ca which are occasionally ornamented with mc sight attractive to the new comer, are ger to be scarcely worth the trouble of carria; being the drawers which contain the trash, Conchologist. The best way to obtain per from the government agent to the renter expect to be paid in proportion to the val may rely on his strenuous efforts to get the

XXIX.
for sule-Best method of procuring perfect specim ta her importunate method of obtruding ut upon notice 'wus stones-Laws to restrain imposition effectual, when Gentlemans -Ear-cutting-Ineffectual punishmentfo. -Crocodiles- Hot wells of Cannea-Little white auts to the harbour of Trincomale-Reasons for not building wing Teak for the future earigencies of the royal navymore beneficial to the public, in proportion to the advan
marine shells, for centuries past; and it is ens of the Malacology of the island at the by our Dutch predecessors, in the zenith ot branch of natural history, which appears to r; arising, perhaps, from the lesser degree indefinite period, and with but little loss
re, belong to the following genera of the a, Arca, Buccinum, Bulla, Cardium, Chama, umbella, Conus, Cypraea, Dentalium, Dona.', Iactra, 1ure, Mytilus, Vautilus, Neta. Uceros, Sufula, Solem, Strombus, Sponsylus,
oluta. binets of indigenous satin wood and ebonv.
ther pearl; but these, although at first erally found, upon individual examination,
ge; the most valuable part of the purchase as such shells are justly considered by the ect specimens, is to get a recommendation of the shell fishery; and, as the latter will ue of the shells he procures, the purchaser best for him.
G

Page 264
234 CAU’TON TU) STRANGERS
Strangers landing at Trincomalé, as ca showy appearances of the jewellery offere at the landing place, upon the first signal advantage of “ Griffin Gentlemun."
These fellows, who are chiefly Moorm vociferously obtruding their " Tort-shell l touch star pagoda gold shaunes " - “ Ille u the island; some of the commonest if w rings,"-" He Chinnamun stume " " He s “ He imral," (emerald) " Fle topuse." . " thyst)–' He tournaline,”. ' He opal,"-" of other “ He "-prefixed humbugs upon enough how to transform broken blue, g sapphires, emeralds, amethysts, and topazes shell snuff-bores," and Birmingham gilt cha —et cæteris paribus !
As the local laws impose heavy penalti terfeit, or inferior, gold to the tuality bar upon impunity in their netarious transaction ship-board, keep their several false and rea means uncommon, when they are displayil asked to show what their '' other boxes" ( or Lady; that for Chip (rentlemans '"
Strangers being desirous of purchasing purchase before they pay for it, will find it court, who will introduce them to the Assa employed by the court; and he will test th that the purchaser will not be imposed ol the working goldsmiths' charges for " fashi The lower classes of Malabars about t
for “ear-cutting;" a crime which is pecul and, as it does not enter into the catalog explanation.
The rich Malabars, Hindoos, and Chitti rings, about three inches in diameter, reach
ders ; these rings are generally of the 'lı

ANDING AT TRINCOMALE.
sual visitors, are apt to be misled by the d by itinerant venders, who crowd together of a ship standing into the harbour, to take
en and Malabars, vie with each other in oues,” “ Not jeuveller's gold,”-“All first l, he stone rings," (representing those of hich may be genuine,)---' He mooney-stone
feel." (sapphire) -- “He rubal," (ruby). He water safeer," -" He ambetyst," (ameIl uggu marina," (aqua marina)—and lots '' ('hip (ientlemans;" for they know well reen, purple, and yellow finger glasses into s; veneered tortoise shell, into solid" Turtins, into“ Real Ceylon goldshaines, Mastu,
es upon persons convicted of selling coungained for, these Jews of the East, relying is ashore, or with officers and passengers on l Byuu, in separate boxes; and it is by no ng their best jewellery to residents, and are ontain, to be told, “ that not do for Masta
jewellery, and of knowing what they do best to apply to the secretary of the district yer generally a headman of the goldsmiths) e quality of the gold, and fix its value, so n in the weight or quality of the gold; and on " are extremely moderate. his place are a very bad set, and notorious lar to the northern and eastern provinces ue of European felonies, may require some
es, ornament their ears with enormous gold ing from the lobes of the ears to the shoulrest gold, and set with resplendent jewels,

Page 265
EAR-CUTTING-LORD VAL
chiefly emeralds, rubies, sapphires, and ca' size; sometimes the former, although me. trinsic value than cut stones. This display having waylaid their victims, instead of u lobes of the ears, and make off with their
Although the supreme court has neveral this crime to the utmost extent of the la as the natives dread deportation mone til which does not extend to ear-cutting, one for the transportation of persons convicted be usefully employed in the construction ( to suppress this Malabar penchant for plund “The rains" set in with the north-east in which time the mean temperature is abuut vations; but Trincomale is visited with during the south-west monsuon, when th time, this side of the island is as little afiec of mountains, from 1000 to 82NU feet abov southern provinces are during the prevalen Lord Valentia (the late Lord Mountno mending “ the cutting down of coco-nut tre of the place near which they abound;" fo author, in allusion to the coco-nut tree, g it seems to prevent the growth of underwo even in the lowlands, the ground crops them to the sun and wind, and the effe favorable. But tall trees would protect, Clumps of them, and hedge-rows, ought wood are cleared."
As regards the felling of coco-nut or immediately overlooked or commanded, Lo: than otherwise, in a military point of vie cut down the coco-nut topes at Trincomal view of their position.
* Lurd Valentias Tra
2 c

35
2
ENTIA AND HIS CRITICS.
..s-eyes, and, occasionally, pearls of a large "ely polished, are considered of greater incauses frequent robberies; and the thieves, nfastening the ornaments, hastily clip the valuable plunder. lowed an upportunity to escape of punishing v. it has hitherto failed to suppress it; but han any other penalty, (death excepted) would imagine that a Legislative enactment of it, to New Zealand, where they might of roads and public buildings, would tend ering their neighbours' ears. nonsoon, in October and November, during 77, by the late Mr. Richard Brook's obserheavy, although partial, showers in July, e mean temperature is about 82'; at which ited by it, using to the intervening range e the level of the sea, as the western and ce of the north-east. rris) has been unjustly accused of recomies, as the means of improving the salubrity or, in his Lordship's “Travels," the noble gave his opinion, that “when close-planted, od," but that "if all shelter were removed, might be injured by too much opening :ts, even on the fruit trees, might be unwithout stopping the circulation of air. to be planted, when the jungle and under
other trees, by which a fort or fortress is rd Valentia displayed more sound judgment tw; and probably the recommendation “to é," was but a natural consequence of that
vels, yol. 1. page 313.
2

Page 266
236 CROCODLES-HOT WELLS.
Lord Valentia has, however, exposed the severe remarks his account of Ceylon ever local privileges the professor may ha there are no just grounds for doubting a and if Lord Valentia, as the “ lion of th keep together, notwithstanding his peera afford every possible accommodation, his were altered for the worse, instead of do Dutch government appears to have readily have been reasons in the back ground for of; because violence, or irritability of tempe effectually as the withholding the pay or B at the first opportunity; whilst a contrary : ing the retention of their services throughc
The crocodile abounds here; and the beasts. At Cannea, about eight miles from waters do not possess any mineral proper forms a parallelogram of about forty feet a breakfast party; starting at davlight, and
According to Dutch tradition, one of th being unable to account for the disappeara ported to the government, that “the white are believed to possess most extraordinary p “covered ways" through walls and beams but one of our own Head Civil Servants, less than 100,000 rix dollars, (when he had pickings,) upon being ordered to make up impose a similar story upon the governmen star pagodas, as well as rupees, and it v unfortunate,) merely accused the white an expenditure of that sum This way of trade in the colony for a number of yea punity, and was generally followed by pri these “sweating" times are past.
“ Ridentenu dicere ve

-WHITE ANT PECULATIONS.
imself, with more justice, to strictures, by zontains upon Professor Thunberg. Whatve enjoyed under the Dutch administration, iota of that gentleman's account of them; day" there, could not get his coolies to ge, and the Governor's avowed anxiety to Lordship might have supposed that times ubting the facilities for travelling which the afforded to Dr. Thunberg: or, there might he obstacles that the noble Lord complains , on the part of Europeans, have operated as atta from their coolies, in causing desertion system has been equally successful in securut the journey. 影
jungles teem with game and other wild Trincomalé, there are hot wells, but their ties: they are walled in, and the enclosure by twenty; it is just a pleasant distance for
returning before noon. heir Collectors of Revenue for this district, nce of a few thousands of rix dollars, reants had eaten them;" and as these insects lowers of digestion, from their forming their of wood, it was not altogether incredible; similarly circumstanced, and for very little only the small salary of £2000 a year and his accounts, instead of endeavouring to t, (for the missing treasure included gold as the second time that he had been so ls of having eaten the “ vouchers" for the “doing" the public was a very thriving 's, because it seldom failed to insure immotion or a pension; but let us hope that
um quid vetat o’

Page 267
SAILING DIRECTIONS INT
As the best ascertained sailing directions are those given in Captain Horsburgh’s Diu I have used the name of “Ostenburg," whi employed by Captain Horsburgh.
Foul Point, the S. E. point of Trinc projecting from its extremity upward of woody, and the breadth of the entrance of is about five miles, this point bearing from “Flag-staff Point, in latitude 8° 33' no Captain Horsburgh's chronometers, and 8 F. Heywood's observations, is high, steep it several forts.*
“This point is the northern extremity bounds the E. and S. E. sides of Trincom it and from the great Bay to the southw fronting the sea, is easily known, as the co ward and southward.
“The S. E. point of the peninsula, calle the south side, called Chapel Island, and large half mile, nearly on the edge of soun on the east and south sides: on the inne above water. Flag-staff Point is bold to, Chapel Point, rocks stretch out from two approached under 14 fathoms.
“The S. W. point of the peninsula, calle Elephant Island, near it on the S. E. side, its shoalest part, projects to the westward of the peninsula, is a little farther to the Point there is a cove or safe harbour, with “The entrance of the Inner Harbour Ostenburg Point to the eastward, and Grea Island being the easternmost, and close to
“About half a mile south from Great Is
* Captain Basil Hall, R. N., in 1814, made it in lo and he made the variation of the compass, 19 west.

) TRINCOMALE HARBOUR. 237
into the bay and harbour of Trincomalé, ectory, I have adopted his authority; but h is the proper one, instead of “Osnaburg,"
Omalé Bay, named from a dangerous reef mile to the N. N. Eastward, is low and the Bay, between it and Flag-staff Point. the former about N. W. W.
th, and longitude 8° 19 east of Madras, by 26' east from Bombay castle, by Captain to seaward, covered with trees, and has on
of a narrow and crooked peninsula, that alé Harbour, and separates Back Bay from ird; this peninsula being steep, bluff land, last is low near the sea, both to the north
d Chapel Point, has some islets near it on to the eastward a reef of rocks, distant a dings, having 20 and 30 fathoms very close 2r part of the reef, one of the rocks 1s seen
and safe to approach, but between it and small projections, which ought not to be
d Elephant Fort Point, has an island callied from which a reef, having 5 feet water on Ostenburg Point, the westernmost poini N.W., between which and Elephant For soundings in it. from 8 to 14 fathoms. is not a quarter of a mile wide, formed h: t and Little Islands to the westward, Little he other. and, and one mile to the west of Elepharr
gitude 8121' east, by stars east and west of the mool

Page 268
238 SAILING DIRECTQNS INT
Island, Clappenburg Island is situated, cl a mile further to the southward is 'a poin Marble Point, with rocks projecting aroun “ Marble Point forms the westerm entrar entrance of the Harbour, and affords a ma. Point, there is an island, called Birds' Islan water. To the S. E. lies Pigeon Island, fathoms water close to ; and Round Islan to E. N. E., having 30 fathoms water near On the south side of this island there is a penburg Island, but nearest the latter, leading to the Harbour, is formed by th Elephant Island and Point to the N. E.
“Four rivers, navigable by small boats, at equal distances from each other, of whic “The bank of soundings lining the sh the islets or rocks, except at the S. E. pa where ships may anchor in 10 or 12 fathor from easterly and southerly winds.
“The east side of the Bay is bounded by about two miles to the W. S. W. of Foul of the Point, having a rocky reef encompas From this Point and the Island a sandbar soundings on it 3 and 3 fathoms, and 20 a quarter of a mile distant there is no grou river Sambar, there is good anchorage near “Norway Point and Foul Point must be them about three-quarters of a mile; no proached, the soundings being irregular, al rock, about a mile distant from the shore, name, lost there in 1748. Close to it, o and 8 or 9 fathoms inside. When on it Island S. 33 W., and a hill in the cour Foul Point E... 10 N., it making a transit li “To sail into the Bay, and to the Harbc enter the Bay, keeping nearly equal distan

) TRINCOMALE HARBOUR.
se to a Point of the same name, and about where the land is elevated a little, called
ze of the Great Bay, separating it from the k for going in. To the westward of Marble l, near the entrance of a lagoon, and shoal distant a large half mile, having 10 and 12 , nearly the same distance from the Point, it on the outside, then suddenly no ground. ock above water, and between it and Clapalled Government Rock. The entrance 2se Islands and Rocks to the S. W., and
fall into the south part of the Bay, nearly h, the principal is the Mavali-Ganga.
pres of the Bay, extends very little outside rt, between the rivers Cotiaar and Sambar, nş, regular soundings, soft mud, sheltered
| Norway Point to the northward, which is 'oint. Norway Island lies on the west side sing it, and the islets near it and the Point. k stretches about a mile to the south, with or 25 fathoms close to. To the west of it hd; but to the south, between it and the the shore. avoided, on account of reefs projecting from ought the shore between them to be apd about half-way there is a very dangerous called Northesk Rock, from a ship of that the outside, there are 12 and 14 fathoms, Flag-staff Point bears N. 35 W., Norway ry, touching Marble Point, W. 10 S., and e with these Points. tr, with a fair or leading wind, a ship may e from each side; when Round Island and

Page 269
SAILING DIRECTIONS INTO
Marble Point are discerned, the Point oug the northward of that Island, until the Ha be obtained in the middle of the Bay. approached, she ought to steer in about m soundings : after hauling to the N. W. foi berth to a reefstretching from Elephant Isla toward it. When a ship, going into the Elephant Island and the main land, she is n she is past it. On the hill of Ostenburg P the eastern part of the fortification, highe guished. The flank of this battery kept o a ship close to the shoalest part of the reef, the battery kept open with the Point, (whic it, in not less than 10 fathoms. There are : form the entrance of the Harbour, and afte Island, a ship should steer direct for it; altl approached within a ship's length, and when bour appears, where a great navy may ancho exclusive of several coves convenient for can
“When within the entrance, it is prudent within Ostenburg Point, and York Shoal f only 11 feet water on it; with York Island Island and the low part of Ostenburg Poi water on it, and close to the shoalest pa between it and the shore near Ostenburg Po “York Shoal has only 5 feet water on its ing up the Harbour must keep Round Isla there seems no good land-mark to point that she may haul to the eastward, for th Intrepid's boat was at anchor on its outer of its shoalest part, Round Island bore S. Point; the centre of York Island E. N. E. nearly W. S. W. W.; with this bearing of half a cable's length from north to south, a “Ships may moor abreast the town, to th northward of Great Island, or in any other

| TRENCOMALE HARBOUR, 239
it to be kept about W. by S. S. open to rbour's mouth is open. No soundings will When Round Island or Elephant Island is id-way between them, and will then have the Harbour, care must be taken to give ind, by not coming under 10 or 12 fathoms Harbour, first opens the channel between arly abreast of that reef; when wide open, oint, there is a battery built with brick, om r than any battery there, and easily distinn with Elephant Fort Point, would carry where there is only 5 or 6 feet water; but h is the best mark,) will carry her clear of 24 and 30 fathoms between the Points that r passing the reef contiguous to Elephant hough narrow, either of the Points may be through this narrow part, a spacious harrin good ground, sheltered from all winds, reening ships. to steer to the N. N. W. to avoid the shoal urther to the northward. The former has and Flag-staff Point in one, and Pigeon it in one, a ship will be in 5 or 6 fathoms rt. It is small with deep water all round, int there are 7 and 8 fathoms. shoalest part; to avoid it, a ship in steerld a little open with Ostenburg Point; but out when a ship is to the northward of it, 2 anchorage abreast the town. When the 2dge, in 3 fathoms, within a ship's length E., seen over the low part of Ostenburg N., and the N.W. point of Great Island Round Island, the shoal is not more than d is steep all round.
N. Westward of York Island; also to the part of the Harbour, clear of the shoals."

Page 270
240 REASONS FOR NOT BUILDIN
No saving whatever is made, by not ma Harbour of Trincomalé; for pilotage is cha
The late intelligent Captain James Chris ship-building here, for naval purposes, was exceeded thirty eight inches. But althou ships, it is none for not growing the best gencies of the British navy, upon all the the ports of Colombo and Galle.
Ceylon teak (Tectona Grandis, L.) is con government were to make it a condition, in the grantee, or purchaser, should plant an trees, posterity would derive incalculable ac naval wants. Lands might be marked ou the property of the Crown, and the landlor or leases, to protect them, and to replace a be none of the disputes among neighbours, often lead to endless litigation; and the C upon some more proportionate benefit to its sales of lands, confer upon individuals,
Crown lands are sold by auction, at an up 1841, the government of Ceylon disposed price; but some, as high as 17s. to 17s. 6d. trees to an acre were planted, the Crown w planted, for the future purposes of the Brit ment for the lands so cheaply sold.-The g acre, by affording purchasers the facility which, in the Australian colonies, may be e. Land Act.
Trincomalé, once considered very unha respect; and as draining the marshy land proceed, so will its salubrity increase, unt of the island.
* Vide Appendix, for the Laws r

sG SHIPS AT TRINCOMALE.
king a signal for a pilot, to enter the Inner rged under either circumstance."
p informed me, that the grand obstacle to the limited rise of the tides, which seldom gh this is a good reason for not building timber for the purpose of the future exiwaste lands of the Crown, near this, and
sidered of an excellent quality; and if the all its grants or sales of Crown lands, that d protect a proportionate number of teak lvantages from this timely provision for its it by rows of teak trees; and these, being is or tenants compelled by their title deeds, ill casualties with young trees, there could as to the right to the trees, which now too rown may, with full justice to all, insist self, for the advantages which its grants, or ༨
set price of 5s. per acre ; and, in the year of nearly 80,000 acres, chiefly at the upset per acre :—and therefore, if ồnly six teak ould possess 480,000 saplings, gratuitously ish mavy, as some additional acknowledgovernment might realize from £1 to £2 an and certainty in the acquisition of land, xpected from the provisions of the recent
2althy, is now greatly improved in that
s and clearing the jungles of underwood il it equals that of the most favored parts
alating to the Ports and Customs.

Page 271
CHAP.
Anticipated extension of the culture of the C'assuda-Crops safe from the vicisstudes of weather-Metha Ceylon-Sweet variety edible, without previous preparat Casleep-Tapioca-Substitute for mushroom spawnments - Route from Trincomale to Kandy-KandelléTapootorre - Patcherte rice - Native varieties - Mod. causes-Java formerly supplied eylon from its surpl. Lowe, G. ('. B.--Anticipated justice to that gallant t Barnes as Governor-No one more capable of developing Panntchancanne–Kommollandam Moone – dir plant
Iau certa Igu una, 1,
As the establishment of farms, for the pu would naturally lead to an extensive cultu) food for man, or fodder for domestic anima tion of the agriculturist, my long entertain or Cassada, will cease to be dreaded as p may ultimately be realized.
Its valuable properties only require to claim to universal regard, as an object of partially alluded to this exotic, as a far further notice of its usefulness to the ag reader; who, if he be an intending sett in memory.
This species of Jatropha, (Jatropha ma .llamoc, Cassada, Cassavu, and Cassava, in ture, or preparation, to an article of the variety of wholesome forms, and for fatte particularly swine and poultry.
Being safe from the vicissitudes of weath succedaneum for rice, in the event of fail which makes its value inestimable : and m
2

XXX.
Its valuable properties- Local names in various countries d of preparing the stalks for transit from Mauritius to on-Primitive method of preparing the Bitter ('assadaAnt-hill clay-Native goldsmiths-Their simple imple- Tamblegam-Hindoo temple-Kottiaar- Anedivoo2 of culture - Scarcity seldom attributable to natural us produce-Pumpkin Governors-General Sir Hudson ficer, who was earpected to have succeeded Sir Educard the capabilities vyf ('eylon— Virgel- (Nya- Kaddira vallé-Nalloor-Erraoor-Region of mosquitos, Batticaloa
urposes suggested in the preceding chapters, re of useful roots, whose applicableness, as als, might render them worthy of the attenled hope, that the much-neglected Manioc, oisonous, and be brought into general use,
be more generally known, to establish a primary importance to the colony. I have inaceous esculent, in page 127 ; but some riculturist, may not be uninteresting to the ler at Ceylon, will do well to treasure it
'nuhot, L., known by the several names of various countries, is either changed by culgreatest utility, both as food for man, in a ning every description of domestic animal;
er, the manioc root is rendered a certain lure in the crops from drought or blight, Oreover, the facility of propagating it, and

Page 272
242 INWALCABLE PROPERTIES
the rapidity of its growth, ensuring a reg and month after month, throughout the ticular attention.
I adopted a very simple plan for conveyi from the grounds of my excellent friend M Luzardin, Ancien Chirurgeon-Major du Re manioc sticks as I required, from four t ficient quantity of rosin and mutton suet were dipped into it to the depth of an in into a fagot, and covered with coarse gunn When required for planting, the sticks long; these, having been laid down horizon feet apart, or doubly ın paralel lines, le; between the sets, are lightly covered wit above ground in about a week , and, as care is to keep the ground free from weeds will grow any where in a tropical climate,
Notwithstanding the lapse of twenty on nuc, or sweet cassada, into Ceylon from t dation of the root as an esculent for the ta ration, as the bitter variety does, and may b regarded with suspicion and dread. even most enlightened of inv contemporaries, its and when we recall to mind, how long (e other countries for rice; and the repeate crops, subjecting the poorer classes to all t regard to the manioc, is almost incredible of danger, or ignorance of its domestic val By encouraging the natives to cultivate t the rice chops, prejudice will soon cease: a I submit the following extracts from my Indies, and at the Mauritius, to the notice be induced to test their correctness, if only
* Made from the hemp of Linnaeus makes no distinction, which may be merel

OF THE ( ASSADA PLANT
ular succession of crops, week after week, year, render it worthy of general and par
ng the manloc to Ceylon. Having selected adame Iuzardun, ( widow of the late Doctor giment de Bourbon, at Mauritius, as many D five feet in length, and dissolved a sufover a slow fire, the ends of the cuttings ch, and, when dry, the whole were formed ty cloth
are cut into sets of about fourteen inches tally in trenches, either singly, at about two aving a spact of twelve or fourteen inches hearth and watered. The plants appear the growth is very rapid, the planter's chief ()ne great advantage is. that the manioc and thrives well n a sandy soil. e years since I first introduced the Canna he Mauritius, at which time my recommenble, (for t' requires no caution in its prepabe boiled or baked as a vam or potato, ) was by those whom I considered some of the culture is still almost entirely neglected:- ylon has been, and still is, dependent upon d failures it has experienced of the paddee he horrors of famine, the apathy shown, in , and must arise either from absurd notions
le. مسیر he manoc. as a resource against failure in nd. by way of more speedily overcoming it. notes, made during my stay in the W est of the sceptical, in the hope that they may by way of experiment, upon a limited scal
the o rotalu ra tuncea, I.
accidental. as ul the 'use of sweet and bitter almonds.

Page 273
SIMPLE METHODS OF PREPA
If this were done, the result would pro the island, and be followed by the beneficia gave up the personal comforts of a cabin, di and from thence to Ceylon, to ensure th shipped at these places, in the sanguine ho benefits to the island and that the invalu mend it to public notice, as one of the cl ever been conferred upon the colony by th The sweet cassada (Jatropha manhot, of a reddish brown, instead of the ashy but the bitte, or common cassada, may expressing its juice, that very liquid, wh into pellets, will destroy rats, and is us poisoning arrows, mav be manufacture domestic purposes.
The roots, which grow as large as pars having been peeled, are reduced to a pull is generally employed at the Mauritius, ) a sequently better, at present, for Ceylon, ( the horse-hair bags, or machinery, emplc then enveloped in coarse cloth, and laid and standing within a receiver of sufficier fitted to the inside of the trough, havin as may be required is placed upon it, un the farina is removed from the press, a simple manmer.
A smooth circular plate of Iron, of abo of an inch thick, supported by stones ove the person emploved to make the cakes, farina tyer the irou plate, of an equal thic) out, with a small whlsh of split bamboo wood (shaped like a paper knife, but wi plate and the cake, and the latter is turn a pancake. By this simple process, the prepared for use These cakes are rather Jews, and of similar size.
2

RING THE CASSADA FOR USE. 243
bably lead to its general culture throughout al effects that I originally anticipated, when I uring the voyage from Tenerife to Mauritius, e safety of the several exotics, which I had be that their introduction would prove lasting lable properties of the manioc would reconnhief blessingx, next to vaccination, that had ne hand of man. (.., var dulcus never flowers ; and its bark is
color of the common or poisonous sort -
be rendered equally wholesome ; for, by nich, if mixed with wheatem flour and made sed by the Indians, of some countries, for d into a delicious sauce for a variety of
snips, but not so tapering at the extremity, by a large tri or copper grater; (the latter nd as this mode is more primitive, it is conwhere manual labour is so very cheap,) than oyed for ut un the West Indues : . -the pulp is
in an oblong trough, perforated with holes, ht depth to contain the juice: and a board, g been laid upon the pulp, as much weight til the juice is thoroughly extracted, when hd prepared for use in the following equally
ut eighteen inches diameter, and two-thirds r a wood fire, is first made nearly red hot , then spreads half a coco-nut shell of the kness (about the fourth of an inch) throughand, when required, a flat piece of iron der and longer) is introduced between the ed as dexterously as any expert cook would cassada bread-the negro's staff of life is thicker than the “Passover" biscuit of thi

Page 274
244 (ASLEEP-TAPIOCA-GOLDSMITH
The juice of the bitter cassada, having over a slow fire till it has attained the c deleterious but very volatile principle is q salt, and bottled for use. This sauce, v the name of Casleep, and is a principal i called “ Pepper Pot."
The sediment having been laid on m. arrow root, and may be used in a similar into a thick starch; which, having been s) over a pan of boiling water, is closely cov steam into a viscid irregular mass; and t quite hard, is broken into small grains for
The rind of the cassada is employed, stitute for mushroom spawn, for which it a Such then are the domestic uses to w proof, amidst the millions the creation af. without its utility to mankind.
It may with truth be said, that even the turned to useful purposes. The trading could never manufacture such beautiful orna chains, with their simple and uncouth mat earth or clay of the ant-hills. These, wi fine sand, and containing a small charco; of the size and shape of the spout of a (just like those that are used by cooks to a blow pipe, a few hammers, files, and whole of their working implements.
The direct road from Trincomalé to K to Pallampoota rest-house, 10 miles: fro) Gantelawa rest-house, .2 miles; to the 2 miles; to Aloot veva-Oya, excellent wa Pass, li mille ; to Gal-Oya right bank, (exc to. Talbaddegalla, or Three-Wells, 6; mi) post station,) 3 miles; to Oulandangawa post station, 6 miles; to the Junction house, mile; to Leenadera post station,

S CRUCIBLES OF ANTHILL CLAY
been drawn from the sediment, and boiled onsistence of treacle, (by which process the ite dissipated,) is seasoned with pepper and which will keep good for many years, bears ngredient of the far-famed West Indian olla
ats and dried in the sun, (when it resembles manner for invalids and children,) is formed prinkled with cold water, and laid on a cloth ered, and soon becomes condensed by the his, having been dried in the sun until it is use, and forms the Tapioca of commerce. in a rotten state, at the Mauritius, as a subnswers remarkably well. hich a naturally deadly poison is applied a ords, that there is nothing in that creation
very ant-hills, which abound here, may be goldsmiths, who are very ingenious, or they aments as they do, particularly rose and snake erials, form their finest crucibles of the red ith an earthen chatty, full of saw-dust, or all fire, under which is laid a short cylinder, small coffee pot: an anvil, a pair of tongs, turn a steak,) a piece of bamboo cane for some straight pieces of metal, compose the
andy, lies through the following villages : m thence to Wenyron Colom, 12 miles ; to &andyan Limits, 4 miles; to Talgaha Ella, ter, and post station,) 6 miles ; to Nayapane ellent rest-house, and post station,) 4; miles es ; to Haboorenné village, (large tank, and village and tank, 2 miles; to Innamallowe Kandy Road, 3 miles; to Damboola rest7 miles; to Nalandé post station, 7 miles.

Page 275
ROUTE FROM TRNCOMALE TO
to Palapatwella Ella rest-house, 4 miles; assistant government agent and district ju Pass, 6 miles; to the Ferry of the Mavali. Total, from Trincomalé to Kandy, 113 m Leaving Trincomalé, the next stage to miles. The road is sandy, and bordered the country appears fertile and well cultivat Kandellé lake supplies water for irrigatin verdant appearance of fields of young whe maturity, as the season may be commencing grateful to the eye, in this climate, than a f Tamblegam has a good rest-house, but is dom frequented by Europeans. May spel appearance; every road throughout the is and verdant pastures, and covered with th export -There is a Hindoo temple here,
From Tamblegam to Kottiaar the distan of a stream that issues from the lake, or ta fertile vallies, interspersed with dense jung branches of the Mavali-Ganga, both which From Kottiaar, the route southward is Kottiaar, and 13 from Anedivoo; chiefly terspersed with palmyra, coco-mut, tarmarind populous, and the plains are covered with c
A peculiar kind of rice is grown here, when boiled, is nearly twice the size of t shaped, having thin strips of reddish skin a rid of by the operation of pounding. This other varieties, is never set before Europ hand; but it is of a more mucilaginous which makes it worthy of notice.
Ceylon, however, has such varieties of self acquainted with them. Linnaeus limit generic and trivial name of one species onl order Digynia: but the natives have several Gotiaran, Handiram, Podé-wee, i Colloocom.

KANDY-ROUTE SOUTHWARD. 245
to Fort Macdowall, (the station of the dge,) 11 miles; to the top of Ballacadua Ganga, 74 miles; and to Kandy, 2 miles. les. the southward is Tamblegam, distant 15 with jungle; but, upon nearing the village, ed, and the view of the bay is magnificent.
the paddee fields :-these either wear the it, or the golden richness of that grain at , or advanced; and nothing can be more eld of young paddee, sugar-cane, or maize. without a postholder, the road being sel:ulation and capital yet give it a different land be bordered with cultivated grounds e busy transporters of produce to ports of but it is scarcely worth a visit. ce is about 12 miles, partly along the bed unk, of Kandellé, and occasionally through le. Kottiaar is situated between the two are fordable. through Tapootorré, distant 9 miles from through well-cultivated paddee fields, un, and wild tea trees;-the country is rather attle, particularly buffalos. called by the natives Patcherie. Its gral , he Patna rice, and more oblong and eggttached to it, which is not altogether got rice, not being so white as the Patna, or 2ans, except when none other may be at nature, and has a fine and peculiar flavo
rice, that it is a hard task to make ones
his information upon the subject to the "; namely, Oryza sativa, class Hexandrla, distinguishing names; such as, Elenkalyen, belé, Henetté, Ratte-wee, Mornaga-wee,

Page 276
246 VARIETIES OF RICE-ITS CULTURE
Pollé-elé-wee, Karté-Elenkaylen, Panen chamba, Hadellé, Pondichambé, Nooroce Mahama-wee, Gedeme-wee, Balema-wee, raingew, Patjedroema, Kottéhadiram, Ratkarayel, Sooderkarayel, Kahattenham Ratkondé, Tawalvé, Sooderkuru-wer, Pole and Danchala.
These include both the Malabar and S several districts. The natives grow both not transplanted, and does not require so in in swamp and water till nearly ripe.
When lowland paddee has shot up a f planted by half a dozen plants at a time, ing the dams of the reservoirs, and kept strong; the land is then drained, by ope the sun soon dries it. The natives both also cut off the stalks about a foot belov small sheaves.
Paddee grows in loose spikes, like our (when it is called rice) by beating it with either of iron-wood or of very old Kettule v It is almost incredible to the observant that this natural granary should ever hav for the grand staff of human life in India. British government to attribute scarcity in t heat of the weather be what it may, irrigat of industry, no one will deny: and that it to depend upon Java for supplying grain cruizers upon the coasts, made it necessa for grain for its consumption, will be appar them to form an opinion upon this most im In the year 1767, Java supplied 14,00 the surplus of its produce, after all the w; vided for
At Tapootorré there is a very extensiv prevails, or this country would produce ath

(NADEQUATE TO THE CONSUMEPTION
geallyn, Mootomanica, Radecatten, Ekingau Chienetté, Moroega, Pallechederie, Seenietté, MIanelworie, Perocriellé, MoeMandoohandiram, Ellé-wee, Kallukarayel, ba, Kahaniman, Galpé-wee, Mukelu-wee, :vel or Hatlel, Kotukuru-wee, Roombolé.
inghalese names of paddee grown in the upland and lowland paddee; the former is uch irrigation as the latter, which is grown
ew inches above the ground, it is transin rows, subsequently inundated, by openunder water until the stalks become quite ning the dams of each paddee field, and reap with a sickle, as with us; and they v the ear separately, and bind them into
common oat ; and is divested of its husk a heavy rice pounder, (Mol-Kotta,) made wood, in a huge wooden mortar.
traveller through the provinces of Ceylon, e been dependent upon any other country
That it has been most discreditable to the his colony to natural causes, where, let the ion is ever at command, by the application was still more so to the Dutch government.
to Ceylon, until the presence of British ry to depend upon its own local resources ent to all whose inquiry may have enabled portant point of local polity. ) tons of rice to Ceylon and Banda, from ants of its own population had been pro
e tank , but want of capital unfortunately ousand-fold where it now does one. Much

Page 277
NATIVE OPINIONS () G(j VERNO
depends upon the appointment of Governo and general officers, instead of civilians, ai reconcile what they call "arrack and ) dignity of the British nation.
These people are very observant : the to the degradation, in their opinnon, Uli cutu of the public grounds, upon which his resic of encouraging horticulture amongst the supplying his own table.
Neither Sir Edward Barnes, nor (his, believed, intended successor m the goveLieut. General Sir Hudson Lowe, G. C. B. everywhere; investigating the resources jungle fever and malaria, as well as oth cultivation could rid the island of those m
Sir Hudson Lowe no sooner became praised as much as he was elsewhere ca. prior to his arrival at Colombo, as seco appeared as insuperable there as it did in cloud, and those who were the most prej the first to express their opinion, that '' S like obedience of orders," and that " he and France, by Lord Bathurst's despatcl secret” and “ most confidentual” omes, ad Helena,) being laid upon the table of th this would produce 塔
If fortunately this be read by some und who, in addition to moving for these pap ruat coelum !” now is the time, befittung generous, and intelligent an officer as e sovereign and his country U nder the a
yet display all its "capabilities.
The tourist having crossed the Virgeldivoo, (where boats are always at hand, a fanams,) will find a well-cultivated and d pagoda upon the left or north bank is of

RS-GENERA, NIR H DSON LOWE. 24
s; and such as are most active and energetic. e the best everywhere. The natives cannot nion," or "pumpkin Governors," with the
do nut like to have a Governor who stoops ng inis own vegetables, and filling every space ence may stand, with pumpkins, &c., instead natives, and depending upon the markets for
at one time much hoped for, and, as it was rmment of ( eylon, j the much calumniated , were ever stationary; but here, there, and of the island, and running their chances of er people i for they knew that nothing but ost unwelcome colonists. thoroughly known at Ceylon, than he was lumniated although but a very short time ind in command, the prejudice against him France; but it was as transient as a passing Iudiced, and the highest in the colony, were ir Hudson had been sacrificed to his soldiercould only be done justice to, in England les, from first to last, including the "most ressed to Sir Hudson, as Governor of St
e House of Commons!" What an expose
spendent member of that Honorable House, ers, will act upon the motto, “Fiat justitia.
the occasion, for doing justice to as brave, ver yet drew sword in the service of his uspices of such a Governor, Ceylon might
Oya at Molcade, about 2 miles from Aneld a palankin is soon ferried across for a few alightful, but low country before him. The reat antiquity, and worth examining.

Page 278
248 ROUTE TO BATTICAL
From the Virgel-Oya to the village of from thence to Panmitchancanné, where name, or Pannitchan-Oya, (which is mo, Ganga,) 9 miles. Wild orange, lime, an myriads of monkies.
From Pannitchancanne, the next stage a small and thinly populated village, with b upon the east, by dense jungle : the road loor, distant 4 miles, abounding in wil of air-plant, the petals of which are of purple specks.
At one time I collected several specimen gampattoo, some of which were tied to t the backs of chairs, where they both fic as in their native jungle.
Nalloor, called also by the natives Bapo country between it and Erraoor, 10 mile paddee fields, and plantations of yams anc is over very deep sand. Cotton is grown whitening thousands of acres with its produ Ferry-boats are always at hand, for cross further distance of nine miles from the latte river, ushers the tourist into that meridian
Throughout the whole of this route, fro: found in abundance, as well as the Guan equals, if it does not excel, that of the ral great antipathy to its use at English tab esteem it as much as the West Indians ragouts with it. This animal burrows, th lays from fifty to seventy eggs, which are cc dice against them is overcome.

A-LACERTA IGUANA.
Kaddiravallé, the distance is 4 miles; and he ferry is crossed over the river of that t probably another branch of the Mavalid cinnamon trees abound here, and attract
s Kommollandam Mooné, distant i5 miles, ut little cultivation, and surrounded, except cood throughout. The next village is Nald cinnamon, and a very beautiful species bright yellow, partially marked with dark
s of the indigenous Orchideae, of the Mahahe pillars of the verandah, and others to wered and seeded, in as great perfection
, is in a populous neighbourhood, and the es further south, extensively cultivated with plantains; but the road for the latter part here, but in a limited quantity, instead of 1CᎾ . sing the Nalloor and Erraoor rivers; and a l, which is salt, and a part of the Batticaloa of mosquitos, --Batticaloa. m Trincomalé to Batticaloa, game will be a, (Lacerta Iguana of Shaw), whose flesh bit, in delicacy and flavor. There exists a les, but the native Dutch and Portuguese do, and make exquisite soups, curries, and e same as the rabbit, but is oviparous, and insidered delicate food, after the first preju

Page 279
CHAP.
Sailing directions along the easternmost coast of Ceyl, and judicial departments-Island-Fort-Garrison and unanimity and hospitality-No Protestant church or cha Bazaar-Suggested establishment of a factory for curing beetle (Buprestis chrysis J-Employment of its irridescent ance of Batticaloa from the sea–Sandstone rocks–Ved court at Hambantotté, wanders into the Veddah countrypreserving flesh-Manner of shooting elephants-Veddah. Weddah gratitude-Caste-Eactensive area of forest lan their dead-Inhuman custom of the inhabitants of the Report to the Governor.
THE following sailing directions along t to Captain Horsburgh's Directory, may a unsupplied with that valuable work.
“Agaus or Aganis, in about latitude 6 hillocks near the sea, is the easternmost miles east of the meridian of the Little Ba flag-staff, by chronometers, and in longit observations taken by Captain James Horsl
“ Between the hillocky land of Aganis Little Basses, there is a considerable space on it, which has a regular peaked appeal resembles a saddle, having a gap in it, whe “ From the Little Basses to the land of N. N. E., distance ten leagues: between safety to 17 or 18 fathoms, about 1 leag pretty regular, generally sandy bottom; a 50 fathoms, is distant 4 or 5 leagues from
“At a considerable distance inland from a table mount, called Westminster Abbey, north end; and there is another peaked
Peak : these are in one with each other, be
2

XXXI.
n-Batticaloa-Its small commercial importance-Civil medical establishment-European Society, famed for its pel, clergyman or missionary-Roman Catholic chapelsfish-Anticipated increase of the coasting trade-Green elytra for ladies' dresses and other ornaments-Appeardah country-Mr. Lambias, secretary of the magistrate's -Kindness of the Veddahs-Their language-Method of visit Hambantotté-Primitive method of kindlingfireds occupied by the Veddahs-Their mode of disposing of Mahagampattoo-Author's endeavours to suppress it
he easternmost coast of Ceylon, according ssist the navigator, in the case of his being
50 to 7 north, a space of land with some part of the island, and situated about six isses; being 1° 41 east from Point de Galle lde 81° 58 east, by mean of many lunar VM purgh, F. R. S., at various times.
and the hills to the N. Westward of the of low land, excepting an isolated mount rance when viewed from the eastward; but n seen from the southward.
Aganis, the course is N. N. E. à E., and them the coast may be approached with le off shore, the depths on the bank being nd the edge of it, where there are 45 and
the shore. Aganis, in about latitude 7 north, there is with a large square nob or turret on its hill near the sea, generally called Aganis aring W. by S.

Page 280
250 SAILING DIRECTIONS ALON
“The whole of the S. E. coast of Ceylo. without any conspicuous head-lands proje and 7 north, is an advisable place to m eastern part of the island in the N. E. with it to the northward of the Little Bass “Batticaloa River's entrance, in latitude chronometers, bears from the land of As distant l 4 or 15 leagues, the coast bet generally very low near the sea, interspers villages. In this space a ship may general being from 2 to 3 or 4 miles off shore, a it to the distance of 2 or 3 leagues, where not always regular; for in a few places wit 38 fathoms. In working during the day, or 16 fathoms, and tack within two miles near as it should be approached in the ni bright, the surf will be seen breaking on sometimes be heard with the land wind. F foul ground is said to extend about l or under 20 or 22 fathoms near them, particu “The coast contiguous to Batticaloa is hills, situated inland, are conspicuous in sai remarkable and highest of these is the F longitude 81" 36' east, about 4 or 5 leagu resembling a friar's hood, when bearing to pyramid, when it bears to the N. Westward mountain, somewhat similar un appearance high as the former. Far inland, about 7 le there is a round conical hill, called the K on the middle of the great level plain, in leagues W. by N. from the entrance of isolated cone. Nearly abreast the Friar's entrance of a river which extends a grea pagoda, among a grove of coco-nut trees, a “ Batticaloa river is marrow at the entran ward, the opening being in that directio:

THE EASTERNMOST COAST.
forms a convex curve, rounding gradually, ting into the sea. Between latitude 6' 30 ake the land, for ships running toward the honsoom ; taking care in the night to fall in
S. - 7° 44 north, and longitude S 50 east, by anis, in latitude 7° north, about N. by W., ween them having a little convexity, and d with coco-nut topes and houses or small y borrow to 19 or 20 fathoms, these depths ld the bank of soundings extends out from the depths are from 45 to 70 fathoms, but hin 4 miles of the shore there are 35 and a ship may in some parts venture into 15 of the shore; but 20 or 22 fathoms is as ght : for in these depths, if the moon shine the sandy beach, or the noise of it may rom some of the small projecting points, 1. mile, rendering it prudent notto come larly in the night. low, but several circumjacent mountains or ling along this part of the island; the most 'riar's Hood, in latitude 7 29 north, and les from the sea, and leans over to the left, the S. Westward, but has the form of a To the southward of it there is another , called the False Hood, which is not so agues to the westward of the Friar's Hood, ettle Bottom, visible in clear weather; and latitude 7' 49 north, is situated, about 6 Batticaloa river, the Sugar Loaf, a sharp Hood, but rather to the southward, is the t way inland, having to the southward a t a place called Tricoil. ce, not discernible except from the northh; but it may be known by a house and

Page 281
SAILING DIRECTIONS-BATTI
flag-staff, where the colors are usually sho on the bar, (at low water,) and the tide ri water at four hours on full and change of I “The Fort is four or five miles up the ri cured, by landing casks at the wharf and 1 of wood may be cut near the bar on the ri “The anchorage in the road is not alwa from that quarter may be liable to happer S. W. monsoon it is safe. Ships general reef, with the entrance of the river abou about two miles from the river's entranc from the shore to the northward of the riv Batticaloa is, unfortunately, of small co but little connexion with the southern and ing trade with the northern province, or co. The revenue and customs' duties of the government agent, who is also the district,
The island of Batticaloa is about four square fort of four bastions, capable of r containing a barrack, magazine, and a spac
The garrison consists of a company of sub-assistant for the hospital duties.
At one period, when the necessity of w a matter of primary consequence, this for Kandyans always took care to keep out of every native subject of the British flag felt it has no longer an internal enemy to thre the fort would afford sufficient protection the river.
The limited society of Batticaloa has l ship, notwithstanding the variety of chan colonial settlements, continually subject. depending upon unanimity for the chief com servants seem to have successfully studied, di piacere a tutti;” for I have never once I not sorry, malgré the mosquitos, to qui
2

CALOA-GARRISON-SOCIETY. 251
wn to passing ships. There is 6 feet water. ses about 2 or 3 feet perpendicularly; high noon, but not always regular. ver, on an island where water may be pro'olling them to and from the well. Plenty ver’s banks. 7s safe in the N. E. monsoon, when a gale from September to February; but in the ly anchor to the N. W. or westward of the t south, the Friar's Hood S. S. W., distant e, abreast of a cluster of rocks projecting er.' immercial importance, owing to its having western provinces, and no very great coastast of Coromandel.
district are superintended by an assistant judge. **
miles in extent, and defended by a small mounting from twenty to thirty guns, and ious house for the commandant. the Ceylon rifle corps, and a native medical
atchfulness against Kandyan irruptions was tification was of the utmost utility, for the the reach of shot; and, within that range, secure, both in person and property: but 2aten it; and, in the event of a naval war, to such small craft as might shelter in
ong been famed for hospitality and friendges to which it has been, like all our small At a distance from the other stations, and forts of life, the European military and civil and, spite of the fable, adopted, “il modo met an individual of either service, who was it that station: and several instances are
I 2

Page 282
252 SUGGESTED FISH FACTORY--GR,
recorded of the expression of the kindli sionally by presentations of plate, at partin It is remarkable, that although Battical and is without either a clergyman or miss. very neat Roman Catholic chapels, which the best ornamented in the island. The one chapel exclusively to their own use; t The Bazaar, as it is called, is a strag occupied by venders of fruit, vegetables, of native consumption; all which, are abu As the coast abounds with fish, a fac and for exportation, might be established obtained from Hambantotté during the S. a profitable speculation, a ready sale being for the outlay of capital; and the conse prove an additional source of revenue to t Batticaloa has a very pretty appearanc is both fertile and romantic. The shore is known as the “Friar's Hood,” “ Elephant lent land-marks to the navigator.
The beautiful green beetle (Buprestis ch the continent of India, is very common he ornamented with the elytra of this insect; into necklaces, tiaras, and armlets: for the c richness of tints, brilliance of metallic lustr hues, according to the change of light in the most splendid in nature.
Batticaloa is bounded on the west by Ratté); of which most extraordinary peo nion : for whilst some aver that they are thi of their descent from a race of Malabar ful The best information in my power to c upon the spot, (for the Mahagampattoo of the Veddah country,) I derived from revenue and sitting magistrate's court at H. there, in the years 1826, 1827.

EEN BEETLE-SANDSTONE ROCKS.
est feelings, by farewell parties, and occalg. a has neither Protestant church nor chapel, onary to perform divine service, it has two are built of stone, with tiled roofs, and are ; Fishers are Roman Catholics, and occupy he other, is open to all comers. gling village of huts throughout the island, fish, poultry, eggs, rice, and other articles ndant and cheap. tory for curing it for the Kandyan markets, l here; for any quantity of salt may be W. monsoon. This could not fail to prove at all times certain, as well as quick returns quent increase of the coasting trade would he crown. e from the sea; and the adjacent country bold, and those immense sandstone rocks, Rock," and “Pagoda Rock,” afford excel
ysis), so much esteemed at home and upon re. The most splendid ladies' dresses are which are also mounted in gold, and formed ‘olors they display, arising from an unrivalled e, and the irridescence of their ever-varying which they are viewed, may be considered
the country of the wild Veddahs (Veddah ple, there exists a great difference of opi2 aborigines of Ceylon, others are as positive gitives. V−
btain, when I was almost, it may be said, listrict extends very nearly to the confines Mr. William Lambias, the secretary of the ambantotté, during the time that I presided

Page 283

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Page 284


Page 285
MR, LAMBIASS ACCOUNT OF
Mr. Lambias, who was an excellent shot having, upon one occasion, rambled rathe district, at present part of this (the easter Veddahs, armed with bows and arrows, barking, he was first made aware of his d Expecting nothing less than death, M dear a rate, as any one man with a couple but he was in no danger, for one of the V tuguese some flesh and honey," and there approached Mr. Lambias with repeated si Lambias, addressing them in low Singhale their country. They understood him, an to him, which, he said, had been headed had taken some honey and bees' wax, t in return for the arrow heads, some of whi exact shape of the leaf of the Naghas ( the rest about fourteen inches long, and buffalos and elephants.
These savages were extremely civil; slightest annoyance, they asked him to because he had always understood that t safety, (for he acknowledged to me, that “ moment he heard their original conversati master of both high and low Singhalese, a as they called it, upon their promising to c Although these people resembled the S their general language amongst each oth Malabar and Singhalese. Mr. Lambias di consisted of straggling sheds, constructe of Singhalese, with sticks and mud, (the surrounded by thorn bushes, scattered abo
When he asked them if any of them pointing towards the Kandyan mountains, did." All the Veddah party had scraps which must have been obtained at some Dewalé, where two of them had been, as

HE WEDDAHS-THEIR HABITS. 253
nd had in his time bagg'd many a “tusker," too far from Mattawillé, in the Nadekadoe province, fell in with a party of straggling who had several dogs with them, by whose
nger. , Lambias determined to sell his life at as f guns, could possibly do against so many; ddahs directed another “ to bring the Porpon laying down his arrows, he respectfully laams;-this inspired confidence, and Mr. se, inquired if they had many elephants in one of them ran and brought some arrows by a smith at China-Kanda; to whom they gether with a Mooua (Cervus Aristotelis), ch were about three inches long, and of the Mesua ferrea, L.) or iron-wood tree ; and an inch and a half broad, for killing wild
and so far from offering Mr. Lambias the their village, which greatly surprised him, hey lived in trees. In full confidence in his he had abandoned all idea of danger from the on respecting himself," and he was perfect s well as of Tamul,) he visited their village, onduct him to Mattawillé afterwards. inghalese, and spoke to him in that tongue, r, seemed, to his ear, to be a mixture of d not see any huts in trees, and their village like the habitations of the lower classes smoke issuing from every aperture,) and ut without regard to order. ived in trees, they shook their heads; and, said, “ those in the high and very far country f cotton round the waist, and chewed betel. bazaar. They talked much of Kattregam tell as of Hambantotté.

Page 286
254 WILLAGE WEDDAHS-THEIR
The Veddahs preserve the flesh of deer hollow trees, as described by Knox, for use cut it into long slices and dry it in the sun partake of it, for the best Ceylon venisol flesh, it is merely fit for the grater.
The Veddah mode of killing the larger, a and samver, is by lying on their backs, ho use with the same facility that we do our fi with all the force of both hands, let fly themselves to the elephant, unseen, that th vulnerable part, viz. behind the ear. T) feathers of the peacock.
The Veddahs showed Mr. Lambias val game and wild honey, of which they have (Solanum insanum, L.), called Wal-Bambutto During my residence at Hambantotté, t who were any thing but fine specimens of difficulty understood by my Malay inter Singhalese easily enough; and Mr. Lamb benefit that I otherwise should have derived These Veddahs were not more than five f but feet long and flat; hair matted, and tied bushy beard, almost covering the face; eye to the right and left, and their ears seem showed no surprise at a looking-glass, nor what was at the back. I gave each a M handkerchief, a betel knife, some tobacco, cassada; at which latter they at first sneere it, and giving them some specimens of the labour, they seemed more pleased than oth Upon being told, by the Mohandriam, to their independence of flint and steel for th with two dry sticks, of which, one was hol pointed at one end, the elder Veddah, steac a foot upon each extremity, inserted the la rapidly between his hands, after the man

MODE OF KINDLING FIRE.
ind buffalos in honey, and stow it away in when fresh game is scarce; and they also but I never yet knew any one disposed to
is rather lean food; and, as to dried deer
himals, such as the elephant, wild buffalo, lding the bow with their toes, (which they gers,) and drawing the arrow to the head : and so near do they contrive to place ey seldom fail to hit the animal in its most ley wing their arrows with the deep red
ious roots, (their chief subsistence except abundance,) and a wild species of Brinjal o by the Singhalese. wo village Veddahs were brought to me, the Homo Sapiens. Their jargon was with preter, although they comprehended his ias being absent on leave, I had not the l from his acquaintance with their dialect. 2et two inches in height; their hands small, in a bunch at the back of the head; large s small, piercing, and constantly in motion 2d almost as restless as their eyes. They any of the curiosity of the monkey to see alay knife, some nails, a common bazaar several sorts of seeds, and cuttings of the l, but upon my showing them how to plant roots that would be the produce of their Irwise. show how they kindled a fire, they proved at purpose; for in less than three minutes, lowed a little in the middle, and the other ying the former on the ground, by placing tter in the hole, and then whisked it about her of making chocolate; whilst his com

Page 287
EFFECT OF CLARET UPON WEDDAHS
panion, holding a handful of dry leaves to friction, which he soon blev into a flame.
Some claret was given them, which the form a substitute for a cup; but it had scar over the floor, whilst their countenances ex medicine could have had upon the palate.
These people defraud the Singhalese wh a lump of clay in the centre of each cake it cannot be discovered, unless by means o. and therefore the Singhalese think it sa exposing it, to run the risk of Veddah reve
Nevertheless, they have virtues; and, would no more fear going through their co parative comforts one must abandon in travel in any other part of the island; for and kindness to bring the wildest of them Upon being informed, in the usual way, very low, touching their foreheads with having dropped a small nail, instead of ta. well with his toes, which he seemed to hav About two months after this interview, every kindness to be shown them througho nearly six feet in length, found their way Weddahs, who must have conveyed them, n rewarding them. What lesson in gratitut It appears to me quute irreconcileable v notwithstanding their seclusion from the and roving habits, they belong to the highe viz. the Goewansé of the highlands, and Ve of the soil); by whom, all temple and state morial time; although, according to the s each caste, agriculture is the exclusive priv The Veddahs occupy an immense area o a rough calculation, at 1500 square miles,) Weddah Ratté; the former, in the district and a part of Ouva, to the east and soutl

-BEES' WAX-VEDD A H GRATITUDE. 255
the orifice, caught the sparks elicited by the
ly received in their joined hands, so as to :ely entered their mouths ere it was spouted hibited all the effect that the most nauseous
venture to barter with them, by concealing of bees' wax. It is so artfully effected, that an intense light, or by breaking the cakes; fer to put up with the roguery, than, by
2nge. from what I saw of these two Veddahs, I untry, (unarmed,) than, except for the comthe one, for the privations of the other, to I am convinced that it only requires tact within the pale of civilized life. that “they might go," the Veddahs salaamed the palms of their hands. One of them king it up with his fingers, did it equally 'e just as much at command.
(at the conclusion of which I had directed ut the district,) a couple of elephant’s tusks, into my front virandah at night; but the ever gave me any subsequent opportunity of le and delicacy even a Veddah may teach vith various accounts of these people, that, rest of the community by their savage life st in the classification of Singhalese castes; lalé of the maritime provinces, (cultivators honors have been monopolized from immepecification of the employments peculiar to ilege of the Goewanse. f forest lands, (which may be estimated at distinguished as Veddah Ratté, and Mahat of Bintenné, and the latter, in Wallassé h-eastward of the Kandyan mountains, and

Page 288
256 WILD AND WILLAGE VEDDAHS-IN.
to the westward of the district of Batti Mahagampattoo in the southern, province Divided into two distinct communities, wild,” and the other "the village” Vedd mit hostilities; for the former, who build even incipient civilization, are held in g villages, live in huts, as already described tivate, if raking the earth, scattering see be so defined, small patches of Korakan ( L.), and a species of the Arum esculentum, The Veddahs observe no rites of mar) their children “rice names," after the custo they propitiate the great demon with offeri consigning their dead to the wild beasts of the bodies. If, however, they do not anti for that event, ere they throw their bodies civilized than their neighbours of the Maha 1826, many cases occurred of parents, b consigned, during
“That awful pause, div with a portion of rice and a chattie of water to the “tender mercies" of bears, leopards, But, notwithstanding my great anxiety a inhuman and detestable practices in the dis proclaimed by beat of Tam-a-tam in every v be guilty of, or accessory to, this species ( judicature, and my successful intervention co-operation of the native headmen, I mucl their clandestine continuance-In the ho gatory by the reader, I insert an extract f the Governor of Ceylon, in the year 1827, '4thly. I have put a stop, as far as m unnatural exposition of parents, when col of the jungle, by their own children; and, impressing upon the minds of the natives : of thus disposing of the authors of their b.

(UMAN TREATMENT OF THE DYING.
:aloa in the eastern, and of a part of the
one of which Europeans denominate “the hs, these savages seldom meet but to comtheir huts in trees, and display no trace of eat dread by the latter, who congregate in n Mr. Lambias's account of them, and culls, and sticking roots into the ground, may Xynosurus Coracanus, L.), maize (Zea Mais, called by the Singhalese Wal-Kidahran. iage or of sepulture, neither do they give m of the Singhalese; but they believe that gs; and resort to the abominable custom of the jungle, instead of burning, or burying, cipate the death of their relatives, but wait into the jungle, they are more humane and gampattoo; where, so recently as the year others, sisters, and children, having been
iding life from death,"
placed by the side of each dying individual, crocodiles, and jackalls. nd strenuous endeavours to suppress such trict, my avowed determination, which was illage and bazaar, to commit all who might lf murder, for trial by the supreme court of in several instances, through the zealous fear that I failed in altogether preventing e that it may not be considered supererorom my official report to His Excellency
upon this subject. 7 preventive means could enforce it, to the sidered in a dying state, to the wild beasts in several instances, I have succeeded in conviction of the iniquity and ingratitude sing, at that awful period."

Page 289
CHAP.
Route southiva'd continued-Naypattri-Moonné-Wa -Tourist recommended to travel only by day-Wild beas standing its frugivorous and insectivorous habits-Field entering a jungle-William Gisborne, Esq., an eaccellent by elephants-Elephant catchers-Pliny s account of Ceyl elephant, according to Cuvier-Ceylon ivory-Anecdote Bathurst-Lord Charles Henry Somersets enigma-Th White baboon-Black baboon-Brown monkey-Anecdo. birds-Native summary of indigenous birds.
LEAVING Batticaloa, the next stage is to there is a tolerable rest-house, but the n cultivation to attract attention ; from the a temporary rest-house, the distance is 7
The line of road abounds with the gig Calotropis mudarii, R. Brown), Mamughawa in flower; its corolla being of a lilac color, The native doctors dry the root, which til the extraordinary property of gelatinizing It is considered efficacious in rheumatism a syrups and decoctions. This plant has bee reference to its medicinal properties. Th Singhalese call Walanghuna.
This is the wildest part of Ceylon, exce recommended to travel only during the day. throughout the district; and, in the rainy se. from the jungles, infest the roads and plain: The jungle bear (Ursus labiatus) is quite unless one is well armed. It is much dre notwithstanding that some historians aver consists of fruit, honey, and insects. Wo
of experience, by trusting themselves mear
9
d

XXXI.
mbimodoo-Asclepias gigantea-lts medicinal properties ts abundant--The jungle bear will attack man, notwithfor the sportsman and naturalist-Caution necessary in elephant shot-Death of Major Haddock-Natives killed on elephants-Distinction bewees the Indian and African respecting elephants' petit-toes being sent to the late Earl e sloth-Squirrels-Maucauco-Ternate bat-Racoon'e of a Wanderoo-Summary of migratory and indigenous
Naypattri-Moonné, distant 17 miles, where eighbourhood presents little in the shape of nce to Wambimodoo, where there is also miles. antic swallow-wort (Asclepias gigantea, L., el of the Singhalese, a beautiful plant when powdered, and the leaf a bright sea-green. hey consider a powerful sudorific; this has with heat, and becoming liquid as it cools. nd cutaneous diseases, and is exhibited in in already noticed in page 123, but without 2re is another indigenous species, which the
it the Veddah country, and the tourist is for elephants, bears, and leopards abound ason, the former, being driven by mosquitos
almost as much by day as by night. black, and a very awkward acquaintance, aded by the natives, for it will attack man, to the contrary, because its general food
uld they have put their theory to the test a hungry Ceylon bear? ۔
K

Page 290
258 CEYLON BEAR-CAUTION TO THE
This animal obtains fruit and honey witho devours insects, particularly white ants, wit the cartilaginous part of the nose, and of as prehensile instruments, as effectually f tetradactylus, already described.
If the tourist be both a sportsman and tory, he has only to diverge to the right elephant, bear, deer, samver, wild hog, che shooting as he pleases, amid the extens country abounds; for it is so seldom trav have it all their own way:-but the greatest eagerness of pursuing his object, the natura of his gun should always be kept loaded mend the American plan, of cutting a sm and screwing them together,) for as the jun herbage, he may suddenly find himself in n in quest of elephants, upon turning the corr a herd of these animals. If to windward of to approach very near without receiving time if to leeward, he may approach very close being very inferior to that of smell.
The late William Gisborne, Esq., of the name in Ceylon by forming the Kirimé ca sonal superintendence, whilst collector of to leeward, so closely as to touch it; he wou the animal looking round, plant a two ounce the bone plates are extremely thin,) or imn twinkling of an eye, the stately animal woul
It is surprising, when the great risk is quired to face an elephant within a few yar sportsmen. Major Haddock, of the 97th elephant for many years, during my reside narrow escapes from the leviathan of the ju In the years 1826-7, several native labour gampattoo district, whilst harmlessly going to upon suddenly turning the corner of the ji

SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST.
ut difficulty, being an excellent climber, and h great facility, through the elongation of he extremity of the under jaw, which act or the purpose as the tongue of the Manis
a collector of specimens in natural his, throughout this route, to have as much tah, jackall, monkey, squirrel, and guana ve forests with which this part of the ersed by Europeans, that the fera natura caution is necessary, whenever, led by the list enters a Ceylon jungle, and one barrel with ball, as a reserve, (I strongly recomall portion of the surface of two balls flat, gles are interspersed with small patches of nost unwelcome company, unless actually her of a jungle clump, by being close upon an elephant, he will not have been allowed :ly notice, by the animal's trumpeting; but 2 without much danger, its sense of sight
civil service, (who has immortalized his nal, which was completed under his perTangalle,) would approach an elephant, ld then clap his hands and shout, and, upon ball in the centre of the os frontis, (where hediately behind the ear, when, within the d “ lick the dust." considered, and the quantum of merve reds, that so few accidents occur to English regiment, was the only one killed by an hce in the island; but several others had ngle. ers were killed by elephants, in the Mahatheir daily work. This generally happened ungle; and two Singhalese were killed ọn

Page 291
DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE A
the same morning, just after having left disposed to concur in opinion with those to the elephant, in its wild state," for I naturally vicious and destructive animal.
It is by no means uncommon for ele the thatch from houses containing a store walk off leisurely before daybreak. The the course of a night is so great, that wh to be near, watchmen are stationed und lofty poles, (having a rustic ladder at one of the whole field, to give an alarm upon
The apparently unwieldy bulk of the elep walk will keep a man upon the run, or nat pursuit, very few horses will beat it in swif When elephants emerge from the jung quantity of sand and red earth with whi against the jungle tick, and their much-dri Gangs of elephant catchers from Beng army, are occasionally employed to proc service. The Ceylon “ Elephant Establish surveyor general's department.
The island has been famous for its eleph recorded their superiority to the elephan erant quam quos fert India ; ” and the im existing difference between the African, a Capensis, fronte convexâ, lamellis molar fronte plano-concavâ, lamellis molarium a The tusks of the male elephant (but sc the size of the grubbers common to all) a the female about half that length. The to be a mystery, and is the same as that of Ceylon ivory is considered the most v turer, being whiter, of finer grain, and re
* Amongst the prize property captured in Kandy altogether 5951
2

RICAN AND INDIAN ELEPHANT. 259
their own cottages; so that I am not at all who attribute “generosity and magnanimity have had very many proofs of its being a
phants to enter villages at night, remove of paddee, deliberately help themselves, and lamage done to paddee and other fields in enever these destructive animals are known er a shed upon a platform fixed upon four side,) or against trees, commanding a view their approach. hant is no bar to its activity, for its common ive jog-trot; and, when put to its mettle in tness. le, they are of a dusky red color, from the ich they cover their hides, as a preventive Baded foe, the tiny mosquito. al, under the command of a captain in the ure elephants for the East India Company's nment" is attached to the civil engineer and
ants from time immemorial. Pliny has thus ts of India, “ Elephantas ii multo majores mortal Cuvier has more recently defined the nd Ceylon (or Indian) elephant : “ Elephas ium rhomboidalibus.”-“ Elephas Indicus, "euatis undatis.” arcely one in a hundred has tusks exceeding ce from six to seven feet long, and those of modus copulandi, long doubted, has ceased
the horse. aluable for all the purposes of the manufactaining its whiteness much longer, than any
, in 1815, there were 289 elephants tusks, weighing
lbs avoirdupois. k 2

Page 292
260 CEYLON IWORY-ELEPHANTS
other. There is no probability of any vis elephants, notwithstanding the daily slaugh it is not uncommon for a single sportsmant have been known to “bag" from forty to as in some districts of the maritime pro greater inroads upon their jungle rights a of land, equal, in point of fertility, to an solely by wild beasts; of which, elephants : An anecdote was at one time very cur having been anonymously sent to the late secretary of state for the colonies, at the su the ranger of the woods and forests; whi facetious gentleman, is far from improbable. one to a secretary of state for the colonies, gormandizing. If the facts were as stated, in strong toddy vinegar and cayenne peppe ating putrefaction, and that when the cas if all the sewers in London had been at once Henry Somerset characterized as “the gr cleanse it,” the stench could not have bee emitted from the elephants' petit-toes, and regards the “grand sewer," although quit of solution by those who were in his Lordsh from the Cape of Good Hope.
Elephants' tusks are occasionally found b by the animals themselves, or, for concealme Even in districts apparently the most barre of the elephant in particular) meet the ey they lie, and altogether neglected, althou manure; and the jungles and plains are ir of deer, of which, I have had a cart-load but as the natives now begin to find a mar. benefit of collecting and selling them for ex Of the lesser animals the most worthy already named, are, the Sloth (Bradypus da implies, on its fore feet; this animal has

PETIT-TOES-AN ENIGMA.
ible decrease in the immense herds of wild ter that takes place in the interior, (where o kill several before breakfast, and some fifty, sometimes more, in a week,) as well vinces, until cultivation shall have made hd royalties; for thousands of square miles y in the known world, are now occupied are the most destructive. rent at Ceylon, of “ Elephants' petit-toes" Earl Bathurst, at that time His Majesty's iggestion of the late Samuel Daniels, Esq., ch, from the known eccentricity of that The present was rather an extraordinary not celebrated for a propensity to Apician the preparatory pickling of the “petit-toes" r had failed of their usual effects in obvie was opened in his Lordship's presence, 2 let loose, into what the late Lord Charles and sever, requiring a second Hercules to in more intolerable or diffusive than that their pickle.--His Lordship's meaning as e an enigma to me, may not be difficult lip's confidence, at the period of his return
uried in the jungle, but whether it be done :nt, by the natives, is hitherto hypothetical. h, the bones of innumerable animals (those fe in almost every direction, rotting where gh they might be converted into valuable n many places strewed with the cast antlers picked up in the course of a few hours : ket for deer horns, they will soon reap the (portation to Europe.
of powder and shot, exclusively of those ctylus, L.) with two toes, as its trivial name no tail, and is much smaller than the South

Page 293
WILD ANIMALS-ANECDC
American Sloth (B. tridactylus, L.);-a volans, L.), called by the general name o. one large species is very beautiful, having yellow body, the fur of which is long a Maucauco (Lemur tardigradus, L.), whose animal is remarkably active; it is of a of burnt T. Senna, has no taul, hund toes the Ternate Bat (Vespertilio Vampyrus, the size of our common squirrel (Sciuru wings, which, when extended, are from fo it a terrific appearance; and, notwithstal frugivorous, it would be presumptuous to Linnaeus, that it sucks the blood of a hu fanning the air with its wings;-the Raco called by the Singhalese Tannia or Wann an Albino; but the natives relate trange women and children;-the Black Baboo Macacus Silenus, C.), Wanderoo of the Sin or Rollawai of the Singhalese.
On the homeward voyage, in the ship P on board, which showed a great degree of cookery. His residence was under the ta he would keep a look-out upon the cook caboose fire. Jackoo usually remained v spit, until the joint before the fire was rarily left the caboose, the animal woulc surface of the meat, and lick them, repeat safety, and leaving it for the cook to disc of the cuddy dinner, who never failed to ac determined chat Jackoo should be detected animal showed such dread of the consequ scratching his side, and then extending hi. that they were free from grease, that the would have expected. ' You would (sai but although your hands may be clean, yo is upon your whiskers, which is enough, if

TE OF A CEYLON BABOON. 26
variety of Squirrels (including the Sciurus Dandooleyna by the Singhalese; of which, a pink nose, a deep glossy black and bright nd silky, and may be easily tamed; -the trivial name is a sad misnomer, for the little pretty light brown color, inclining to that short and pointed, and the others round; - 1.), commonly called the flying fox, about vulgaris, L.), whose large black leathern ur to five feet between the extremities, give hding that its habits are well known to be loubt a positive affirmation of the celebrated uman being, sleeping in the open air, whilst on (Ursus Lotor, L.);—the White Baboon, ia, which I have never seen, and it may be stories of its lying in ambush and attacking n, with white beard, (Simia Silenus, L., and ghalese ;-and the Brown Monkey, Rilawah
rincess Charlotte, in 1819, I had a Wanderoo. cunning, as well as of partiality for English rpauling cover of the launch, from whence , whenever meat was being roasted at the 2ry quiet, taking an occasional peep at the hearly dressed; and when the cook tempoI jump from cover, rub his paws over the ing it until retreat was necessary to his own over the plunderer of the fine brown surface cuse the soldiers' children of it. But justice ; and having been caught in the act, the ences, both by his face and manner, and by open paws, as if pleading, in extenuation, cook was more mercifully disposed than one d he to the culprit) speak if you could ; u Smack your lips, and some of the brown I had not caught you, to prove you guilty :

Page 294
262 SUMMARY OF MIGRATORY
however, as you are a black fellow, and do In justice to Jackoo, it must not be omit attempt upon the cuddy dinner. He weat very well, (from which circumstance, the dressed him en militaire, with a corporal's ( too much fruit, soon after being landed at ( In this, and the adjoining district of til bordering upon jungle, are very well ten Melanotos*), Spotted-billed Duck (A. Poe (Pelicamus Omocratolus, Lin.), white, with a Common Kingfisher (Alcedo Ispida), Violet (A. rudis), Smyrna Kingfisher (A. Smyrne, Grey Sandpiper (Tringa Squatarola, Lin.), W Black-headed Ibis (T. melanocephalus), Curl linago, Lin.), and Jack Snipe (S. Gallinula, ous, and equal, if not superior, to their ki I have heard of the Woodcock (Scolopa. interior, but I never saw it in any part of theless, its presence is by no means improb migratory birds periodically visit the island; (Phaenicopterus ruber, Lin.). These birds c give notice of an enemy's approach; he longer the gun, the better the chance of on the contrary, appear as if they were d post upon the stumps of trees, close to hou one to approach very mear before they tak short distance only.
The jungles bordering upon this line of species of the indigenous genera, worthy the birds that are named in the following noticed in these pages, as being commonly but a small proportion of the whole : viz.:- The Malabar Hornbill (Buceros Malabar
* The birds are named agreeably to Smellie's translat Ornithology, unless sp

AND INDIGENOUS BIRDS.
n't know better, I'll let you off this time." ed, that he was never known to repeat his hered the cold off the Cape of Good Hope crew named him “ Corporal Hardy," and hevron on the arm,) but died from eating 'ape Town. le Mahagampattoo, the patches of water, anted by the Black-backed Goose (Anas ciloryncha), Wigeon (A. Penelope), Pelican bag at its throat, for carrying its finny prey; Kingfisher (A. Coromanda), Pied Kingfisher sis), Spoonbill (Platalea Leucorodia, Lin.), ’hite-headed Ibis (Tantalus. Leucrocephalus), ew (Scolopar arguata, Lin.), Snipe (S. GalLin.), both of which latter are very numernds in England. r Rusticola, Lin.) having been killed in the the country where I have travelled; neverable on that account, for a great variety of of which, the most numerous is the Flamingo ome in large flocks, and plant centinels to nce the Dutch sportsman's maxim, “the killing flamingos." But the kingfishers, isposed to be domesticated; for they take ses, and wherever there is water, and allow e the trouble to move off, and then to a
"oad contain many a novel and undescribed of the attention of the Ornothologist; for g catalogue, exclusively of those elsewhere known to have their habitat in Ceylon, form
icus), Yellow-throated Toucan (Ramphastos
on of Buffon's Natural History, and Latham's Indian ecified to the contrary,

Page 295
SUMMARY OF IN
dicolorus), Preacher Toucan (R, precatus), Parakeet (P. Zeylanicus), Pygmy Parakee Boulboul), Indian Roller (Coracias Indica Roller (C. Puella), Faciated Curucui (Tr latus), Indian Vulture ( Vulturo Indicus), C Falcon (F. Rhombeus), Black-and-white Fa. dius), Ceylonese Eared Owl (Surn." Ceulonen, Indian Eared Owl (S. Bakkamuna), Tufted Fly-catcher (M. Haemorrhousa), Yellow-bn namon Fly-catcher (M. Cinnamomea), Mal Creeper (Certhia Cinnamomea), Indigo Cri (C. Lepida), Tufted Creeper (C. Erythror capillus), Yellow-cheeked Barbet (B. Zeyla, bet (B. viridis), Red-headed Cuckoo (Cuc (Caprimulgus Asiaticus), Green Wagtail (M ophyllacea), Green and Yellow Fig-eater (S, collis), Tailor Warbler (S. suitoria), Gaur Bu olivacea), Red-winged Woodpecker (Picus censis), Ceylon Finch (Fringilla Zeylanica), crowned Thrush (Turdus Ochrocephalus), Grosbeak (Lolaria Jflavicaus), Yellow-rumped (L. undulata), Brown Grosbeak (L. fusca), Grosbeak (L. Malabarica), Dwarf Grosbe atrata), Indian Plover (Charadrius Indicus Jacana (Parra Indica), Crested Gallinule ( Epops), Purple-shouldered Pigeon (Colu (C. maculata), Ring Dove (C. palumbus, Li
Of the genus Columba there is a great smallest of the innumerable doves of the brilliant hues, particularly the Great, anc wild Blue Pigeon is very common throug coasts of the southern and eastern provin Of widow birds, (as they are called, but the two Ceylon varieties are, the rufous b black with raven black crest. The Singh the latter, Sudu Pili Hora. These birds

DIGENOUS BIRDS. 263
Indian Parrot (Psittacus Orientalis), Ceylon t (P. pygmaeus), Boulboul Shrike (Lanius ), Grey-tailed Roller (C. vagabunda), Fairy gon fasciatus), Spotted Curucui (T. macuheela Falcon (Falco Cheela), Rhomboidal con (F melanoleucos), Brown Hawk (F. Bais), Coromandel Eared Owl (S. Coromanda), Fly-catcher (Muscicapa Comata), Red-vented easted Fly-catcher (M. Melanictera), Cinabar Lark (Alauda Malabarica), Cinnamon eeper (C. parietum), Yellow-billed Creeper" ynchos), Red-crowned Barbet (Bucco rubri. nicus), Blue Barbet (B. Gerini), Green Barulus Pyrrhocephalus), Bombay Goat-sucker totacilla viridis), Pink Warbler (Sylvia CaryZeylonica), Black-necked Warbler (S. nigrinting (Emberiza Asiatica), Olive Bunting ( E. miniatus), Malacca Woodpecker (P. MalacGreen-rumped Finch (F, butyriacea), YellowLong-tailed Thrush (T. macrourus), Yellow Grosbeak (L. Hordacea), Eastern Grosbeak Ash-headed Grosbeak (L. Indica), Malaban eak (L. minima), Black Tanagre (Tanagra ), Ceylon Rail (Rallus Zeylanicus), Indian Gallinula cristata), Common Hoepoe (Upupa nba Phaenicoptera), Spotted Green Pigeon n.), Turtle Dove (C. Turtur, Lin.). variety, from the Cinnamon Pigeon to the ungle. Some of the latter are of the most the Lesser Green or Bamboo Dove. The hout the island, and particularly upon the
C6.S. , they probably belong to the genus Upupa, rown with black crest, and the white, and alese call the former Rattoo Pili Hora, and are more plentiful upon the Kalu-Ganga,

Page 296
264 SINGHALESE SUMMARY C
than in any other part of the island; but th survived twenty four hours' confinement in a
Orlotans (Emberiza Hortulana) are abunda and the common house sparrow is as plentifu
I wish I could offer the naturalist a more will materially assist him with his native g be classed, at leisure, agreeably to the Syster
Il Monara 25 Kirilla 2 Rana Koka 26 Koleya 3 Rajah Ali 27 - Rema Wat 4 Wale-Kukoola 28 Kobeya 5 Dia Kawa , 29 Kas-watto
6 Karawal Koka 30 Pili Hodo 7 Indoora Koka 3l Hella Lem 8 Maha Koka 32 Kaha Kor
9 Koka 33 Battoe Go 10 Kaportoo Koka 34 Alloo Kob 11 Seraa 35 Nil Kobey 12 Mäe Seraa 36 Rattoo Pi 13 Söemba Seraa 37 Sudu-Kalt 14 Getta Seraa 38 Poto-Koro 15 Rena Kewa 39 Goon Kaw 16 Dia Toedewa 40 Tootiya 17 Beli Kawa 41 Wie Koro 18 Maana 42 Key Koro 19 Wattoevandewa 43 Kolowėwa 20 Kebbe Lita 44 Mäe Roto 21 Baké-moena 45 Malletjé 22 Basa 46 Girrawa
23 Metti Koroewaka 47 Laboo Gir Korowaka 48 Rena Gir.
2
4

F INDIGENOUS BIRDS.
ere is no known instance of their having cage.
nt, particularly in the southern province; l as in any part of Europe.
letailed list of the Ceylon Birds; but this ides in collecting specimens, which can n he may prefer.
49 Battoo Girrawa 50 Kandoo Panikia
tOeWa, 51 Pooroo Kandata
52 Kandata
eW8 53 Mäe Kandata
OWE, 54 Awetja
iya 55 Parendella
'oola 56 Oekosoewa
ya 57 Demeditiya
eya 58 Weserima
ra 59 Politja
ti-Hora 60 Haban-Koola
Pili-Hora 61 Olema
bola 62 Kurundu Kobeya
rediya 63 Maha-nilla-Guya
64 Iri-Kahawa
ola 65 Getté Poli-Hoedoowa
ola 66 Kottoreya
67 Moodoo Kirilla
eWa, 68 Gaulama
69 Weggi-Lena 70 Koerool-Goya
TaWa 71 Kalu Koerool-Goya 'aWä, 72 Mal-Koha

Page 297
A species of Indi, presented by Assista" Staff St.
, ' EFFT rii.
 

K -- Edwar is fou
genous Thea L. 'rgeon Crawford Batticalda.

Page 298


Page 299
CHAP.
Pensile nests of the Yellow Grosbeak-Its partiality for Its familiarity-Employment of a botanist skilled in prae affording much time to philosophical researches-Route sou of the country-Hints to the traveller-Pattivilla-Ool Time of sowing and reaping-Devil worshippers-Offel Konbook trees-Area and population of the Eastern Provi to the tourist, if intending to proceed to Kattregam De to chetahs-National religion of the Singhalese a medl gam-Deuvalés and Vihares-Approach to Kattregam De -Supposed subject of their conference-Timely suggestion Brahmin’s Residence-image and slippers of a god-S from earth to heaven-Present from the priests-Temple fellows-Malay officer commanding at Katregam-Me Buddha and that of Brahma.
THE very curious, and pensile nests of th is of a yellowish brown, and in some respec Citrinela), cannot faili to attract attention. upon one tree, all of which were suspe branches of the Mimosa pennata, L., that o an extraordinary and beautiful appearance and waved by a gentle breeze.
The Hindoos, who call it Baya, and a partial to the fire fly (Buprests vittata); an it selects for the purpose of feeding its to its mest, as if it intended that they sho for a living prey to its young. This Grosb several eggs, which are as white, and aln our common sparrow's eggs. The mest, w watergoglet, is about twenty six inches in
The next, in point of ingenuity, is the be which forms its nest by attaching a dead le: lum, L.) to a living one ; —these it sews tC
2

XXXIII.
the fire fly-Tailor warbler-Mode of forming its nest:tical chymistry suggested-Official employés incapable of huvard continued-Tricoil or Tricouvillé-Komarie-Face undemale-Village of Kombookanaar-Black paddleerings at the conclusion of harvest-Kombookan-Aar
掌認び6
Southern Province-Potané- Yallé-Suggestions 'walé-Total absence of splendour there-Human victims sy of Hindoo and Buddhist worship-The god of Kattre
walé-Head Brahmin-Confers with the Basnaike Rale is-Water of the Parapa-Oya-Priestly ablutions-Chief tate chair of sacred clay, the founder's stepping block lands-Buddhist and devil priests-An easygoing set of ldley of superstitions-Contrasts between the worship of
e Yellow Grosbeak (Loria flavicans), which its resembles our yellow hammer (Ember 3a
I have counted forty three of these nests nded from the extremities of the spinous verhung a patch of water. These exhibited , when illuminated with fire flies at night,
re adepts at taming it, describe it as being d so careful is this bird of the insects which young, that it does not kill them in transitti ould first illuminate it, and afterwards serve 2ak has no note beyond a chirp : it deposits nost as glossy, aspearls, and of the size of hich in shape resembles an inverted Bengal length.
autiful little Tailor Warbler (Sylvia suitoria), af of the Domba tree (Calophyllum inophylgether, by making holes in the leaves with
L

Page 300
266 PROFEssORs OF BOTANY AN
its pointed bill, through which it passes thread, and then lines the cavity with sil of its tiny white eggs,
A pair of these pretty little creatures within twelve or fourteen feet of my veranda and there they reared their young, until strength to enable them to shift for then familiar as a robin red-breast in winter, s proached them, as they had done during protecting them by day from the attacks of (Corvus monedula), I kept a gun and pelle possible; both these weapons being so well deference is paid to their presence, excep enough to approach them, as if they knev do mischief of itself.
It is here that a botanist, combining the ( prove a most important acquisition to the not only satisfy himself as to the abunda elastic, and other gums, (which might ha available to British commerce,) but that trade of the country may hereafter be exte hidden in the heart of the jungle, for wanto It cannot be denied, however discreditable of our varieties have been found out by ca of time and chance, rather than of philosop It cannot be expected that official employ very great knowledge of the natural prod searches, even if the climate were as favora with indolence and relaxatiom ; and theref time exclusively to the pursuits of botany invaluable members of society in this exten Much self-command and great patience study in a climate where one hand is conste the mosquitos, or to kill them as they aligh hard slap, without the satisfaction of having * Gila

D PRACTICAL CHYMISTRY.
a fibre of the plantain tree, as fine as ky cotton and feathers, for the reception
having formed their mest in a Domba tree, h, I would not allow them to be disturbed; their little wings had acquired sufficient selves. They latterly became almost as eldom attempting to fly away when I apour first acquaintance: and, by way of the ever-vigilant and voracious jackdaws t bow in the verandah, as near the tree as known to these audacious birds, that every it by some very old ones, who are daring v that neither a gun nor a pellet bow could
ualifications of a practical chymist, would government, and the public; for he would nce of the trees that produce medicinal, ve been made, for the last forty six years, many a valuable production, by which the nded, and the revenue increased, now lies fenergetic examination and developement. it be to the nation, that hitherto, “most sual emergency, and have been the works phy.”* és have sufficient leisure for acquiring any actions of the island, from their own reble to study and exertion as it is congenial ore qualified professors, who devote their , or natural history in general, would be sive, but little known, colony.
is necessary in prosecuting any particular intly employed in endeavouring to keep off it upon one's face, which often sustains a
“bagged" the winged annoyance,
nville, ; : 529 cis--

Page 301
ROUTE SOUTHWARD CONTL
To resume our route southward;-ther or Tricowillé, distant 16 miles, a small s position in a part of the country but little which is also the case for a part of the way where the country begins to wear a more g black paddee (Karpoo nillo), yams, maize, or Korakan, and other small grains,
At every bazaar along this coast, which village, plenty of fish, poultry, eggs, rice, m obtained at moderate prices. The travel some of the smallest copper coin of the co it is to be presumed, a supply of good bral water that he will have to drink, if he drink any shed (where there is neither a rest-hou will shelter his palankin from the sun, will his cook a kitchen :-but this he will have f From Komarie to Pattivilla, the distance village of Arookgam, (distant 2; miles,) to Aar is crossed twice, 12 miles; the face of little variation, to Oohundemale, a further able rest-house; and to the village of Kc Province, 12 miles. This is just the pla of fish, green turtle (Testudo Mydas, L., prawns, and small but delicious crabs, are a Black paddee is sown towards the end of April; but the few other species of p attaining maturity, -that called Samba requ or twelve weeks; and Perlanelloo is sown fr of May, and reaped in four months.
The inhabitants of this province are ch neither sowing nor reaping, without pro the conclusion of harvest, they form a circ from a space about ten feet in diameter, an .they fix several stakes around the opening nuts, white olas, sheaves of paddee, and the í which last are indispensable, it being sup 2 L
fy

UED-DEWIL WORSHIPPERS. 267
xt stage from Wambimodoo is to Tricoil, raggling village, but well populated for its :ultivated, and that only in scanty patches, to Komarie, a further distance of 11 miles, 2neral appearance of cultivation; chiefly of Payro, a grain sown with maize, Natcherie,
may here be considered synonymous with ilk, common fruits, and vegetables, may be er will find it very useful to have with him untry; and, having his bed with him, and, dy, as a necessary qualifier of some of the it at all, when he can get green coco-nuts, se nor Buddha temple to receive him) that also afford his bearers a resting-place, and ound out before he reaches Komarie. is 9 miles; from thence, through the small Panoah, near which village the Arookgamthe country continuing the same, with very distance of 8 miles, where there is a tolermbookanaar, the last stage in the Eastern :e for an Icthyophagist, for the finest sorts Chelonia, Mydais, C.), oysters, cray-fish, bundant and ridiculously cheap. of October, and reaped about the middle ddee cultivated here vary in the time of res five months; Chinette or Hinette eleven om the middle of January to the beginning
iefly “Devil-worshippers," and undertake itiating Pattiné with their offerings. At ular road, by removing the paddee stubble
then making a large hole in the centre, and decorate them with coco-nuts, areka ower spikes of the Pandanus odoratissimus. osed that their diffusive odour is a most 2

Page 302
268 TERMINATION OF THE EAS'
acceptable perfume to the Maha Paka; cusans of old did the Cypress, Maiden-hai than the Syracusans, they shed no blac way of sacrifice.
After certain ceremonies, they deposi of wood, a hen's egg, enveloped in an o inscribed with certain invocations by a K in the hole; and, over all, they place a st The women, who have borne, as the burthen and heat of the day, then approa and after having thrice walked round ti sheaves upon it, as a “first-fruit offering" This ceremony concluded, the natural and amidst a confusion of tongues, whic nothing less than that recorded of Babel, and, upon that work being completed, th grain, by way of “largess," sufficient to c which the devil offerings rest
The Kombookan-Aar takes its name border its banks. The timber is a sort of ports of export, might be turned to a go a species of Terminalia, L.; and, from it superior varnish, is, probably, the Termin The superficies of the eastern provin (exclusive of the Bintenné division, wher be for many years to come,) agreeably making the average number to the squar
Whites, including Military and their famili Free Blacks, ditto ditto h b 1 Slaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R * g
Of whom, there were employed in ag in commerce, 1427. The marriages, iu deaths, 1254; leaving a surplus in favor

ERN PROWINCE—POPULATION.
) whom, they hold it as sacred as the Syraand Narcissus to Pluto; but more merciful bull's, or other blood upon the ground, by
bunches of areka nuts, several small pieces of the talipat or of the palmyra tree, and ippuralé, or priest of the goddess Pattiné, me with great ceremony. poor creatures do throughout the island, the h, bearing on their heads sheaves of paddee; e stone, in solemn silence, they deposit the of the harvest to the dreaded Maha Kaka. loquacity of the women resumes its reign, h a stranger to the language can compare to they collect and bring in the reaped paddee; ey vociferously lay claim to a portion of the 'over, to a certain thickness, the stone upon
from the innumerable Kombook trees that zebra wood, which, but for its distance from od account as an article of commerce. It is s affording a resinous juice, which makes a ilia verniaro, L.
:e is 4895 square miles; and the population, a no returns had been kept, nor are likely to to the Census taken in 1835, was 54,606, mille, l 1.15 ; viz.
MALES. FALES TOTA.
S e o so so so 936 519 l,455 O S S D O AS ON AO I O P B O ) 26,196 23,789 49,985 «Oy, a « » ) 0 0 & 0 4 x 99 999 12 1 23 LLLLLLLLLLLL S LLLLLLL S S L0LLLL0 3,143
54,606
iculture, 8930; in manufactures, 3017; and the year 1835, were 471; births, 1571; and of the population of the province, of 317.

Page 303
soUTHERN PROVINCE
Having crossed the ferry, the traveller en the former districts of Hambantotté, Tang and province of Lower Ouva and Wallassé Court of Judicature includes the district Galle, and Ballepittyé Modera.
The first stage from Kombookanaar is through low jungle, filled with every des Yallé rest-house, upon the left bank of t and Yallé river, which takes its rise in the Dewalé, to its emboucheure at Yallé,) 11 r If the tourist be disposed to visit Kattreg Ganga, native guides, and a Tamatame, or bears to a respectful distance, should be pro jungle, to that meridian of paganism, whic One must not expect splendour, neithe notwithstanding the innumerable pilgrims many of whom annually leave their bones been well picked by chetahs and jackalls; August, (during which period mot a drop o the periodical fever, which carries of grea numerous, it being the time of the great f from attending it, made the Holocaust" th sanguinary deity. It is an almost daily C selves upon the arid sands of the desert, be carried off to the jungle, by chetahs, a
The national religion of the Singhalese, Buddha, is a medley of Buddhist and Hind called Wihares, and of the latter Dewale. Dewalé, or temple of Kartikeya, son of the
* This word is here used metaphorically, in allusi body is more likely to be burnt thal frozen, and where
In Siam, the temples of Sommona-('odom, anoth in Ceylon are called Vihar, which is Sanscrit, and w. History of Bengal, " the name was given to the provinc as to be, as it were, one great seminary of learning; as two orders of Buddhist priests; both of which are disti

-KATTREGAM DEWALE. 269
ers the Southern Province, which comprises alle, Matura, the dessavony of Saffragam, ; and the Southern Circuit of the Supreme courts of Hambantotté, Tangalle, Matura,
o Potane, distant 7 miles; and the next, cription of game known to the island, to he Manick-Ganga, (also called Parapa-Oya Ouva mountains, and flows past Kattregam niles. am Dewalé, instead of crossing the ManickTam-a-tam beater, to scare the chetahs and Bured at Yallé to accompany him through the his situate upon the left bank of the river. r “Barbaric gold nor pearl," at Kattregam, who visit it from all parts of India; very there to whiten in the sun, after having for in the hot months of June, July, and f rain falls to refresh exhausted nature, and t numbers, prevails,) the pilgrims are most estival; as if, the more deaths that resulted e more acceptable to the much dreaded and ccurrence for pilgrims, whilst resting themin which stands this curse of humanity, to nd devoured. although said to be the exclusive worship of oo worship. The temples of the former are of which, the most dreaded is Kattregam mountain-born goddess, or Parvati of the
bn to the great heat of the sands of Kattregam, where a so many devils are worshipped. r name for Buddha, are called Pihån; those of Buddhu itten by the Bengalese Bihár. According to Ferishtah's 2 of Behár, because it was formerly so full of Brahmins the word imports."-Both in Siam and Ceylon, there are guished by the yellow, or saffron colored robe.

Page 304
270 HINDOO TEMPLES AT KAF
Brahmins, who is represented riding on and twelve arms; two of which hold swore punkah or fan. So that it will not be though should stand contiguous, or, as it occasiona way of compromise between Buddhists and There are several Dewalés here, besides I visited the place, in 1826, most of these b dation, and the grand Dewalé, as well as the large square, (where the only object ) Bogaha, or sacred fig tree,) were also mucl The former temple, which is approach avenue, the one terminated by a large Dag appearance of great antiquity, and the ot consists of an outer and inner apartment or with representations of the Hindoo mythc Vata, Vishnu, and Pattiné, and a Hindoo : other emblems, similarly painted in water co with the diluted ordure of the sacred cow. which, doubtless, are great, are carefully ostensible appearance of poverty is proba well known, that during the Kandyan reb deposit for the most valuable property b themselves with our government.
Although the commanding Malay officer lowed to enter the inner apartment, the ch of age and length of beard, his forehead v a crimson robe, carelessly thrown over the color, over a dirty Sarong, with a long stri round his neck, and a similar ornament O the Basnaike Ralé, or lay comptroller of Europeans'" boots,) and then with the three twelve belong to the temple, as if expecti about to propose to enter the sanctum, whic to have done barefoot, if we had particularl
* The priestess is called Pattinée-Hame

REGAM-CHIEF BRAHMIN.
peacock, and having six crowned heads, is, two grasp spears, and one holds a small it extraordinary that a Dewalé and a Vihare illy happens, under the same roof, as if by their original Brahminical persecutors. that of the Kattregam Dewiyo; but, when uildings were in a state of decay and dilapithe much-neglected Vihare of Buddha in 'eally worthy of admiration is a magnificent
out of repair. 2d by a long and spacious front and back bbah, much dilapidated, and wearing all the her by a small Hindoo temple, or Dewale, ily. The walls of the former are bedaubed ology; amongst which, are those of Sheva, zodiac, interspersed with Lotos flowers, and lors, for a ceiling; but the floor is plastered Whatever riches the Dewalé may possess, concealed from European eyes; and this bly a scheme to increase them, for it is ellion of 1817-18, this temple was made a elonging to those who had compromised
had intimated, that no European was alief priest, (a venerable personage in point vell striped with marks of caste, habited in left shoulder, and a waist-cloth of the same ng of perfumed seeds, besides his Zenaar, ver his right arm,) appeared to confer with the Dewalé, (occasionally looking at “ the Kappurales, or priests of Pattiné, of whom ng that Captain Dribergt and myself were h I really think we might have been allowed y desired it.
At that time Commandant of Hanbantutt.'

Page 305
CURIOSITY EXCITED-SUDDEN S
I confess that my curiosity was so much posing to enter without boots, not for the involved an apparent compromise of princi ately suggested itself to my friend, (to whom apparently satisfied with the Basnaike Rale nothing more than the Halamba of Pattin rated the outer apartment, which was sepa screen. It afterwards occurred to me, th Europeans wearing boots made of the “ arrival at Mahagam, I could not help exp: amusement, that we had not told them our was the case, and endeavoured to see the sa During the rains, the water of the Para lucid as crystal, and as sweet and whole becomes the reverse of both, from the qu the stream from the Ouva mountains, an banks, in its progress to the sea.
At this season, the priests send to a cons own use, as well as for the sacred purposes necessary before the priest on duty dares er pose, there are two vessels containing wate for the feet, at the left of the screened entr The smaller square contains the chief Bri and a wretched hovel. called a Kouvila, d a small apartment, screened by a painted ( of a god, within a small arched case, or passing the threshold. In the chief Brahm covered with the skins of chetahs, on which gods and goddesses are placed, and having be extinguished. The chair itself is said t the banks of the river Ganges, and is held of the founder of the Dewalé, who is repres to heaven, without passing through the gat The priests sent us some fruit, eggs, surface of the cream of the latter having from using it. Our coolies were, however very acceptable to them.

TEP FROM EARTH TO HEAVEN ! 271
excited, that I was on the point of promoment considering that by so doing, it les of a higher order, but which immediall the credit of it is due ;) and we retired, s assurances that the inner room contained 3, and similar paintings to those that decorated from the former by a painted cotton at the existing objections might arise from sacred animal's" leather; and, upon our ressing my regret, and much to my friend's boots were made of monkey leather, which Inctakm2. pa-Oya, which, at other times, is as transsome as if it had been filtered or distilled, antity of decaying foliage, borne down by d the accumulations from its well-wooded
iderable distance for “rock water" for their of the temple, where certain ablutions are iter the “holy of holies;" and for this purr, the smaller for the hands, and the larger
aCe ahmin's residence, a rest-house for pilgrims, edicated to some demon or other, and in urtain, are a diminutive image and slippers Karandua, but the priests objected to our in's apartment, stands a sort of easy chair. the state bows and arrows of the different a fire by its side, which is never allowed to ) be formed of a sort of sacred clay, from n great veneration, as having been the seat ented to have “stepped from it, from earth es of death !!” milk, and tyre as a compliment, but the been tinged with turmeric, prevented us , better pleased that we did not, for it was

Page 306
272 TEMPLE LANDS-BUDDHIS
Both Dewalés and Vihares have lands at taxes; and these are, in general, the best р throughout the country, because the prie of the temples; emolument first, and inf Buddhist priesthood; and the Devil pries they pay for nothing; but, on the contra wards their infernal rites and ceremonies, a
The native officer in command of the Ceylon rifle corps, from the garrison of assistance and accommodation to the tot procure him every requisite supply that the
The religion of Buddha is so extremely in lowers, which consist only of odoriferous flo are altogether so humane, when contrasted of Brahma, that it is more to be lamented medley and apparent connexion which th festivals, should have contaminated the sim
"Where, free to range th No hallow d shrine with No gloomy rites that s Involvd in mystery and But all is open to the As the surrounding woc Oh, how unlike, in eac The Hindoos foul idola Whose pond'rous pyram What strange disgusting Where crafty Brahmins On which no lively sur Where never strangers' Can pierce their horrid And where in many a Forms that no languag. Vile beastly idols grin And grisly monstrous g May never such a horr To Buddha's simpler fa
CAP

PRIESTS-DEVIL PRIESTS.
tached to them, which are exempted from lanted and cultivated, in the native manner, sts care more about them than for the state luence next, being the great objects of the ts are also an easy going set of fellows, for ry, receive allowances from government tond levy contributions from every pilgrim detachment of the invalid company of the Hambantotté, will render every possible Irist; and the Basnaike Ralé will readily
place affords. offensive, the offerings presented by its folwers, so pure, and the doctrines it inculcates with the obscene and sanguinary rites of that than otherwise, thst the existing unnatural ese superstitions exhibit at the periodical pler worship of Sommona-Codom.
he temple through, held from view; hun the light,
night, eye ds and sky" ' h degree, try, iidal pile, ; rites defile
guard those shrines beam shines, searching eyes mysteries, dark recess
2 can express around, gods abound' id creed, ith succeed '' CAIN ANDERson, 19th Infantry.

Page 307
CHAP.
Hell upon earth-Route from Katregan to Hamban Cove-Hawk's-bill turtles eggs wholesume, not withstand the turtle, and divesting at of the Tortoise-shell of comm odical visits of the turtle to the scene of its original Eacported in a raw and manufactured state-Successful tea-Its uses-Assistant Staff Surgeon f rawford-Teap Oya-Mahagammé rest-house-The sun if the Malay tusks, and a specimen of the supposed Gaulama, or De bearers-Insuperable impediments to its preservationMajor General Thomas Hardwicke, F R. S. F. L. S.- of the Aluco owl, the 'lula of the Romans, and Nyct priest's anecdote of the demon bard-Wallewe Aratchy monies for a remedy-Aralchys death and funeral obse
LEAvNG that “ hell upon earth,” Katt direct to Hambantotté, after having cross road through the villages of Mahagammé to Hambantotte, a distance altogether of opportunity of visiting Ahamadewé, or " posed, that he does not diverge from the river at the ferry, resumes his original about 10 miles from Yale.
When the turtle season approaches, the at Ahamadewé, where they construct ht sale of the usual articles of their simp villagers residing within eight or ten miles
As the turtles land only at night, the sport) begin to look out for their expe depends on the state of the night, they best accustomed to the habits of the a low jungle bordering the Cove, where for them to act.

ΧΧΧΙV
'tte - Route resumed from Yale- Ahamadewe. or Turtle g the noacious properties of the flesh-Method of taking rce-Dutch method of solving the hypothesis of the periespolation-Turtling season-Choice of Tortoise-shellexperiment of hatching turtles eggs-Paltoopane-Wild ant ( Thea Bohea, L. ) undigenous-Mahagamme- Krnde
doodliar presents the Author with a couple of elephants non Bird-Great dread of it manifested by the palankin Description of the specimen of the supposed Gaulama
- Hus opunon of the Gaulama-Supposed to be a species corar of the Greeks-A superstitious M. D.-A Buddhist -Fatal effects of eating Hawk's-bill turtle-Devil cere
quies.
regam, the tourist, if he intend to proceed ed the Parapa-Oya at the ford, will take the and (crossing the Kirindé-Oya) Boondellé, about 30 miles;-but, as by so doing, the Turtle Cove, would be lost, let it be supea coast, but, after having crossed the Yallé and direct route to Ahamadewé, which is
ish renter of the district assembles his people ts, and a sort of temporary bazaar, for the : diet, which are daily brought in by the of the Cove.
ishers (who are ever on the qui vive for the ted prey soon after sunset; and, as much istribute themselves, early or late, as those mals may determine, along the edge of the ey lie ambushed until the signal be passed
M

Page 308
274 CATCHING THE HAWKS-BIL
If the night be fine, and very little wind to land just as
“ The pale moon, from ou Drops her still anchor in
and soon commence the flapping noise, I “turtling gang;" by which they know that preparing holes in the sands, for the rect amount to a hundred at one' time, and noxious properties of the flesh.
Although these reptiles are undisturbed perienced Headman knows so well when purpose, that he seldom omits giving the by whisper along the whole line of the ambu is made by the whole gang, each carrying twisted bark of certain jungle trees, for th are turned upon their backs, by tying the O out which precaution, this species, (the H caretta, C., and Lili-kas-bewa of the Singha or shield, more convex than those of the oth position, and probably escape ; for it defend as many a Singhalese fisherman knows to hi The fishers having secured as many turtl spot; a bamboo pole is then passed longitud of each turtle, by which it is suspended ov (or scales, as they are usually called) beco position, when they are rapidly stripped off, which is the largest, until the whole thirtee but the marginal plates, of which there are usually large; and as soon as the stripping and allowed a free egress to the sea.
Although one would naturally infer, fro cruel a process, that instinct would prevent of their former despoliation, the fact is ot
* Rev John M.

TURTLE-TORTOISE SHELL.
stirring, the turtles are generally observed
her cloudy cave, the twilight wave,"
lost agreeable to the ears of the expectant the “Hawk's-bills" are busily engaged in ption of their numerous ova, which often ire very wholesome, notwithstanding the
luring the process of incubation, the exsufficient grace has been allowed for that signal at the proper moment; this is done scade; from whence, a simultaneous onset a stout Bamboo pole, and ligatures of the he purpose of securing the turtles, as they pposite fins, or rather feet, together; withawk’s-bill, Testudo imbricata, L., Chelonia lese,) from its feet being longer, and back, er varieties, would easily regain its natural s itself with great fury, and bites severely, S COSt. es as they can, fires are lighted upon the inally between the tied feet and breastplate er the blazing fire, until the dorsal plates me heated and start from their horizontal beginning with the plate nearest the head, plates that cover the disk, are removed; twenty five, are seldom taken, unless unis over, the despoiled animal is liberated,
m all the circumstances of so apparently the same turtles from re-visiting the place
erwise; for those that survive the inter
tford, A. M.

Page 309
DUTCH SOLUTION OF AN HYPO
mediate dangers which everywhere beset season (viz. from the middle of April to the This fact was fully ascertained by a Du trict in 1794; who, to satisfy his doubts ul with the dates of the capture of the turtle a fin of a certain number selected for the the district brought me one of these ring 400lbs weight. The ring was about two-th and had been rivetted on, but the charac water; and the renter positively affirmed, t revisited the Cove for thirty two successi engraven with my initials, in Singhalese, Liené Aratchy, or Ola writer, (who did style,) it was replaced upon the turtle, w
molestation.
The turtle season may be said to contil of ' tortoise shell" of the harvest may b spot, at 100 per cent. less than the cost and black shell, which is un variably the th plate of the disk, which is the largest in the anterior part convex, is considered the Ceylon exports tortoise-shell, both in a ra very expert at making betel and snuff boxe tea caddies, and writing desks; for which means of steam, into thin veneers. Betel (the largest and thickest plates being req ornamented with gold and silver filligree wo A Portuguese lady at Point de Galle, th regiment, (Nicholas Austin, Esq., of the co some Hawk's-bill turtles' eggs in a bason of them to the sun, until the young turtles to a bason of sea water, where they cont their increased size and ultimately they constructed for them around the margin of were supplied with salt water every day, anc two to three feet in length. The shields hi 2 M

THESIS IN NATURAL, HISTORY 275
them, return to the Cove at the same end of May) in the ensuing year.
ch gentleman, who had charge of the dison the point, caused brass rings, marked , in Dutch and Malay, to be attached to purpose; and, in 1826, the fish renter of s, which he had removed from a turtle of irds of an inch in width at the largest part, ters were obliterated by the action of the hat the same turtle had, to his knowledge, ve years. As soon as the ring had been and dated 1826, by the second Moodliar's it as deeply as he could with his iron hich was allowed to depart without further
hue till the end of June; and any quantity e purchased of the fish renter, upon the of the same article at Galle. The brown nickest, is most valued; and the foremost point of size, of quadrangular shape, and best. v and manufactured state, the natives being s, cigar cases, combs of every description, latter purposes, they flatten the shell, by boxes are always made of the best shell, uisite for that purpose,) and are superbly rk. a wife of an officer of the late 3rd Ceylon lonial staff) by way of experiment, placed sea-sand and small dead shells, and exposed were hatched; these were then transferred nued until a larger vessel was requisite by were removed to a place that had been the well, in the court yard, where they , in less than two years, had attained from ving been kept clean, were very beautiful,
2

Page 310
276 PALTOOPANE WILD TEA
from the variety of transparent tints they water was thrown over them) in the suns From Ahamadewé to Paltoopané, the as between Yallé and the former place, occasional glimpse of the sea.
At Paltoopane there is a small but v non-commissioned officer's detachment O corps, which affords an agreeable chang to civilization; for he will find very com attention from the clerk (of the Hambant The fortification having been originally i built, and capable of mounting several he defended this part of the coast by a fortifi an invading enemy than all that the art of This district is particularly subject to months together, and the burnt state of to every other part of the island.
The jungles adjoining this place, and abound with the “wild tea tree," as it is ci of Orchis. It bears yellow flowers; and the leaf both for food and drink; for th for the latter, an infusion of the green lea lese ; who also employ the leaf of anot the Thea Bohea, L., and is called by the similar manner.
Although the infusion of the green le tonic, and its taste may be greatly impro grass (Andropogon Schaemanthus, L.) and a tolerable substitute for Bohea tea.
The late Assistant Staff Surgeon Crawfc duties at Batticaloa, in 1826, sent me, a collection of insects and plants; and, a he considered the real tea, in flower. It Thea Bohea of Linnæus; and, as it both
* This included the Bupresti

-BOHEATEA INDIGENOUS.
displayed (but more particularly when salt line.
distance is 5 miles; the face of the country, jungle and sand, sand and jungle, with an
ell-built and modern fort, garrisoned by a f the invalid company of the Ceylon rifle : to the traveller, as something approaching fortable quarters during his stay, and every otté cutchery) in charge of the salt stores.
ntended for a sea defence, is low, but strongly avy guns; nature has, however, providently cation of madrepore, more effectual against
man could oppose.
long drought, sometimes for ten or eleven the herbage displays a melancholy contrast
l throughout the Mahagampattoo district, alled, but which, I am informed, is a species the poorest people are accustomed to use e former, boiled and mixed with Tyre, and f. It is called Gal-Kuroo by the Singhaher plant, which greatly resembles that of m Rata -Thé - Kola, (or Red-Tea leaf) in a
af is a very bitter drink, it is an excellent ved by the addition of the indigenous lemon sugar; but that made with the dried leaf, is
rd, at the time he superintended the hospital by a native Dhoney bound to Hambantotté, mong the latter, a very fine specimen of what fully answered the generic description of the flowered and seeded freely, I made a sketch
chrysis, C., noticed in page 252.

Page 311
CAPTAIN PERCIVAL’S ACC
of it, of which an engraving is annexed, own researches for the plant in the jungles
Mr. Crawford did not assume any merit and it is very clear that the Dutch were wel the eastern province; but it is to be wond ere this, directed its attention to so imp worth while to cultivate tea in so distant a encies and dangers, surely it would be a much nearer home, and with increased facil tree, is another chance discovery; and a bett would have rendered the two expensive Indies with bread fruit plants, inexpedient quantity from this island, and have obvi. mutiny on board His Majesty's ship “ Bour Captain Percival, in his “ Account of Ce the tea plant has also been discovered in spontaneously in the neighbourhood of Tri lon. General Champagné informed me t use it. They cut the branches and twig then take of the leaves, and boil them to e. of that of the China leaf. I have in my regiment, in which he states that he had Ceylon, of a quality equal to any that ever to point out to government the means of ci From Paltoopané to Mahagammé, where 9 miles; the rest-house lies in the midst sand-flies are extremely troublesome, and s Whilst halting at this place, in 1826, once splendid city of Mahagammé, or M. accomplishing, by a severe attack of jung steps to Hambantotté, the son of the M elephant from the Kirindë-Oya to the ju brought me, in addition to a very large tus broken and become quite carious, a most nor raven, but in some respects resembled
* See p.

OUNT OF THE TEA PLANT. w 277
but I was altogether unsuccessful in my of the Mahagampattoo. to himself as having made a new discovery, laware of the tea plant being indigenous in ered at, that the government has not, long ortant an object of commerce; for if it be country as Assam, with all its inconvenimore lucrative speculation, in a colony so ties of export. But this, like the bread fruit er acquaintance with Ceylon in 1787-1789, trips to Otaheite, for supplying the West ; for they could have been obtained in any ated all the disastrous consequences of the ty.” ylon," published in 1805, informs us, “ that ative in the forests of the island. It grows incomalé, and other northern parts of Ceyhat the soldiers of the garrison frequently s, and hang them in the sun to dry; they xtract the juice, which has all the properties pocket a letter from an officer in the 80th found the real tea plant, in the woods of grew in China, and that it was in his power ultivating it in a proper manner." : the Kirindé-Oya is forded, the distance is of low jungle, where mosquitos, ants, and nakes occasionally obtrusive. on my way to the ruins of the ancient and ahagam, but which I was prevented from le fever, that compelled me to retrace my alay Moodliar, who had tracked a tusked ngle in which these celebrated ruins stand, k, and the half of another which had been extraordinary bird, which was neither owl both.
ge l l l.

Page 312
278 NATIVE FEARS AND SUPERSTITI
He called it the ' Devil's Bird," and two Gaulama, or Demon Bird; but the others sh remarked to my interpreter, that “no ma come back (rebound) as from a washerman The arguments to which this gave rise, a thing to say about the Gaulama, but I cou seemed interminable; and,
who shall decide, whi
I had reason to regret, that in my very putrefaction of the bird, which rapidly in not have taken off and preserved the skin, had had every necessary material; and, n immerse it for future examination, all that of the circumstance ; of itself, at such a ti
The bird, when held as nearly as possib Malay Moodliar, (Noureddin,) was about to the claws; head very round, and sunk also sunk, and surrounded with small ironbill of a greenish hue ; the upper part of lighter and dark grey spots; wings three tail about five or six inches; legs black, breast a greyish white, with transverse bars
My lamented friend the late Major Gene lery, to whom, soon after my arrival fron indigenous productions of that island, and a Fauna Indica, having inquired very parti referred him to the note I had made at M Bird. The General subsequently informed plumage, and of its horrid screams, which proceed from some conscience-stricken w and subsequently change into a howling tone than that of a dog baying the moon,
* La Hulotte of Buffon.--Ulula of Brisson ; so calle of wolves

DN-GAULAMA, OR DEMON BIRD.
of my bearers pretended to know it as the cok their heads doubtingly, and one of them n can kill him, for that arrow or ball would s stone " Such is the effect of superstition mong the coolies, each of whom had somea not get any one of them to touch “ him,"
in doctors disagree ?"
everish state at the time, and the incipient treased to a most offensive degree, I could however anxious to have so done, even if I ot being able to procure arrack in which to remained in my power was to make a note me, an arduous task. le in its natural position, by the son of the eighteen inches from the point of the beak within a cavity formed by its feathers; eyes grey feathers, the iris of a brownish black; the body a rufous black, intermixed with feet six inches between the extremities: covered with black and white feathers, and
ral Thomas Hardwicke, of the Bengal artilCeylon, I had offered my notes upon the who then had it in contemplation to publish xularly respecting the Ulama or Gaulama, il ahagammé respecting the supposed Demon me, that by my description of its size and resemble those that one might imagine to etch, in an extremity of pain and despair, moan, but of a deeper and more gloomy that it is a species of Aluco," or black owl,
d by the Romans, from its cry resembling the howling (Ululare).

Page 313
EUROPEAN SUPERSTITION-BUDD)
or the night raven (Nycticorar) of the Gree north of Asia; which, according to Salern terrify women and children."
Although I never heard the Gaulama but that was at Wanderopé, in 1826, about midni of the ancient Bogaha tree in the temple g my compound by the high road. Dr. Case charge of the hospital duties at Hambantot more strangely affected than he was; for, be upon its being a prognosticator of more several awful instances,) and he commenc “to frighten the devil away," as he called it for the greater part of the night, much to of sleep.-And therefore, as there are st ropeans, one cannot much wonder at the Indians.--So much for the Gaulamal
“ For ravens, though as biu They teach both conjuror
To tell us what is to befa Can't prophecy themselve
I may mention another instance of supe bird.-The Oonansé, or Buddhist priest of t vouched for the fact, “ that the Gaulama antecedent to the death of the Aratchy of to me, that, after such an omen, “ his reco cinal remedies nor Devil dancing (of which have any effect against fate." w
The Aratchy, who was one of the finest “Herculean mould,” that I ever saw in a superstition, when it is very probable, that a might have saved his life.
This Headman had been down to Palto made of the hawk's-bill turtle, a violent dial strength in the short space of forty hours, a Dooley to his house at Pybocké, a distance
* Synonymous with the Pandal of the Hir

ST PRIEST'S OPINION OF OMENS. 279
ks, hitherto known only in Europe and the e, howls “with so gloomy a moan as to
once, it is impossible ever to forget it; and ght. The bird had taken post upon a branch grounds, which were merely separated from ment, at that time the assistant surgeon in té, was with me, and I never saw any ome ing both timid and superstitious, he insisted deaths, (of which we had just experienced ed firing his double-barrelled gun, in order ; ; which he continued to do, at intervals, my amusement, although it deprived me uperstitious people amongst educated Eueffects of similar notions upon untutored
rds of omen, s and old women
lil, ls at all."-CowPER.
"stition, connected with this extraordinary he Pansala at Wanderopé, who positively had been heard for three successive nights the district," seriously expressed his belief very was impossible, for that neither medilast he spoke most contemptuously) could
specimens of the human figure, literally of ny part of the world, fell a victim to his dose of tincture of rhubarb and laudanum
opane, on duty; where, from eating curry 'rhaea ensued, which so greatly reduced his as to render it necessary to convey him in ! of nineteen miles, where I visited him the
doos-literally “a house made of leaves."

Page 314
280 DEWIL CEREMONIES FOR
day after his arrival, for I felt much interes a Singhalese Headman, (as he really was,) accept the services of the native medical as was no European medical officer nearer th Pybocké,) or such remedies as I could offe Upon approaching within a male or two of as if some native marriage or rejoicing was house, I found to proceed from a "devil ce lay the poor Aratchy, stretched at full le about his loins, and another rolled up unde facing him, were three gigantic figures of Sl and clay, plastered over with chunam, and blue. In the middle of each figure was a fibre of the Pandamus odoratissimus, and 1 line, was fastened, and the three lines h. patient's exposed abdomen, (the seat of pai passed round the body.
On the right of the Aratchy, sat a Kapurɛ Dewalé passed over each great toe, which h din of “native music;" whilst another Devil in the annexed engraving from a native ( cylindrical copper spheres about his person, In this state, the poor Aratchy had pas I had visited him at so early an hour, (j assistance of a native doctor, and trusted ent him! After remaining with him nearly twc devil dance continued without intermission, a promise, that, “if the devil did not cur take English medicine," I took leave of thi hope of seeing him alive at the expiration c My fears were but too true; that very eve compound by his children, (in order to save t farm house, with tiled roof, from being pull within it,) where, about midnight, he ceased after, on passing over the plains about a mil bamboo arch, (where the body had been b that marked the obsequies of the Vidahn A

HE SICK-FATAL RESULT.
ed in the fate of so indefatigable and honest und had hoped to have prevailed upon him to istant, Mr. Heyn, (for, at that period, there in Galle, a distance of seventy miles from
him from my portable medicine case. the village, I heard the sound of Tam-a-tams, taking place, but which, upon entering the remony" going on in the inner room, where ngth upon a mat, with merely his Sarong 'r his head by way of pillow, Immediately hiva, Brahma, and Vishnu, formed of sticks painted, in their order, yellow, white, and mall staple, to which a string, made of the heatly platted of the size of a small fishing aving been brought to an apex upon the n,) were joined to another string, which was
lé of Pattiné, with the copper bangles of the he kept in a revolving motion, to the horrid priest, masked and habited, as represented lrawing, kept up a clatter from the several as he clanked his chains and whirled about sed the whole night; and I felt glad that ust before sunrise,) for he had not even the ;irely to the “God of Kattregam" to restore hours, during the whole of which time the and having merely succeeded in obtaining 2 him in another day and night, he would s most infatuated man, and gave over all if the time he had mentioned. ning, the dying Aratchy was removed to the he house, which was an excellent Singhalese ed down, in the event of their parent dying from pain and life together; and, two days e from his house, I saw the ola-ornamented burnt, just in the style described by Knox,) ratchy of the Mahagampattoo !

Page 315
CHAP.
Neglected state of Mahagammé-Fertility of the soilGigantic Ipomara-Route to Hambantotté-Face of the con gam river-Tellulé-Wellegangoddé-Boondellé-Fishin mallé-Matellé-Aar-Fertility of the district-Eacception to the growth of wool, but that of the maritime province of the Mahagampattoo-Indigenous species of Samphiretions-Population--Public buildings-View of the Koholo hills of Kattregam-Depót of salt, and of red sand-Tel of digging for water-Rapid accumulation of sand-Star ration-Crystalization-Effects of heavy rains anticipa to basis of rock salt eacists-Summary of reports to the ( Wesleyan mission inadequately supplied with missionaries.
Mahagammé, now a straggling village, a very different appearance to its present several extensive gardens, where many va if to challenge the present generation with if it be considered, that the soil is extrer thousands of acres (requiring only the re courses, which would require a very moders with the certain benefits and remunerating and labour cheap.
The soil, which appeared to me to bear a and nutmeg plantations at Prince of Wales any other, is well adapted to the culture megs; and sufficient paddee might be grow within the range of irrigation by the Kiri that might be sown with the same grain, an According to the best accounts I could Mahagam, about 5 miles from Virawellé, di nificence to interest the antiquarian. Th pillars, bases, and capitals, lying in every d grown them; others, still standing, from 2

XXXV.
Capabilities of irrigation-Ruins of ancient Mahagamintry-Pasturage, but no sheep-Kirindé-0ya, or Maha7 village of Alut Kangalé-Eachausted Leway-Udus-Temperature of the interior of the island favorable against it-Jaffna sheep thrive well upon the pasturage Euphorbia Tirucalli-Hambantotté-Quaker fortificankalé, Maha, Karaganaré, and Sitricalé Leuvays-Seven rmes fatale, L., its destructiveness-Sand hills-Resuli vation-Formation of salt at the Leways-Rapid evapoted-Suggestions as to the original deposit of salt where overnor upon the state of the Mahagampattoo district
has, within the last fifty years, presented
one ; a fact, attested by the remains of rieties of exotic fruit trees still remain, as neglect and indifference; and with justice, mely fertile, the means of irrigating many pairing of tanks and re-opening of water te expenditure of capital, when contrasted profit that would result from it) at hand,
greater resemblance to that of the pepper Island, in the Straits of Malacca, than to of sugar, cotton, pepper, cloves, and nutn for the consumption of the whole district, hdé-Oya, exclusively of the immense area il supplied with water from artificial tanks.
obtain, the ruins of the ancient city of play sufficient vestiges of its pristine mag2se, are said to consist of massive granite rection amid the jungle, which has over:en to thirteen feet in height, some more,
N

Page 316
282 ANCIENT MAHAGAM-RC
some less, and partially covered with a va cluding the Cecropia peltata, and a gigantic colored umbels are four inches in diameter, of an extensive tank, and of a Dagobah, o. From the rest-house of Mahagammé, the tant 143 miles, is through a neglected cour small grains, and maize, and in others w near the Leways, where there is excellent animals to be seen.
Having crossed the Kirindé-Oya, (or Ma fordable, except during the rains, when th crossed in boats, the road lies through th godde. These, are scarcely worth notice, means of cultivation limited to yams, padde dellé, upon the banks of the Leway of that sea, from which it is separated by a bar of si Alut Kangallé, inhabited by fishers, very fi may be procured at a merely nominal rate of an exhausted Leway, called Matellé Kal Udumallé rest-house, upon the left bank during, and for a short period after, the ri From Udumallé, the usual road is betwee the sand hills; but as the sea-breeze is downs, by edging to the left, the rest of t the most pleasant part of it.
Always excepting the neighbourhood of t pattoo,) the soil is so remarkably fertile, th sites to make it one of the most productiv extends, the country will be gradually aba woods and jungles, and become as healthy
Although the interior of the island pres large flocks of sheep for the growth of wool duction of the best breeds for the purpose
t Mahagam and Hambantotte being the usual English
native umethod, viz. Mahagi

UTE TO HAMBANTOTTE.
iety of parasitic plants, and creepers, (inspecies of Ipomaea, a perennial, whose rose ) Sacred Fig, and other trees; the remains
depository of a relic of Buddha. route to Hambantotté, the next stage, distry, in some places cultivated with paddee, iste and desolate, particularly the downs pasturage for sheep, but not one of these
hagam' river, as it is also called,) which is a stream is wide and rapid, and only to be a small villages of Tellulé and Welleganthe inhabitants being very few, and their be, maize, and korakan. Thence to Boomname, about a quarter of a mile from the and. Beyond Boondellé, at a village called ne sur-mullet, soles, seir-fish, and prawns 2. This village is situate upon the banks apoor, but the tourist had better halt at of the Matellé-Aar, which is dry, except ains.
In the Kohokonkaké and Maha Leuvays and preferable to the monotony of the Leway he journey by the sea beach will be found
he Leways, (in speaking of the Mahagamat industry and capital are the only requidistricts in the island; and as cultivation ndoned by the wild beasts that infest its is any in the maritime provinces.
ints many favorable situations for feeding , and that such a speculation as the introwould doubtless be a very profitable one,
ronunciation, I have used it indiscriminately with the immé and Hambantotté. -

Page 317
INDEGENOUS SAMPHIRE-EUPHC
the climate of the maritime provinces is a admirably well upon the stunted grass, whi in some counties) of our English downs, that these animals are very partial to it; a maritimum, L.), which is abundant upon t most nutritious fodder. This plant may a
The plains surrounding the Leways are extent, nevertheless, the most watchful c whilst so many leopards and jackalls abou sheep would soon yield but a “ Flemish ac The approach to Hambantotté is rem and the dark green hue of the milky hedg enclosures are fenced. Its roots extend ligneous, the bark resembles that of the m is white and hard, and its erect dark gree cylindrical joints, of the size of small goos (but thickest at the joints) produce, upol juice. Goats eat the shrub with impunit but this I doubt, because bullocks, where it; and yet, although they are kept in en there is no instance of their doing so. medicinal properties to the juice, which most caustic nature.
Hambantotté (derived from the Singha Totte, “creek," or small bay) is situate in east, according to Captain Horsburgh; a Twynam's survey in 1837, in latitude 6 ( and a more solitary or barren situation car In the last edition of Captain Horsbu either of the anchorage in Hambantotté arisen from the circumstance of its bein
coasting craft, as its Singhalese name impl
from 150 to 200 tons burthen.
The town lies under a hilly promontc east, and forming the south-west side of t
ward and eastward, and is about 1 m
2 -ر

RBIA TIRUCALLI-II AMIBANTOTIE. 283
together against it; but Jaffna sheep thrive ch resembles the “short bite" (as it is called and is so impregnated with saline particles, nd also to a species of Samphire (Crithmum he borders of the exhausted Leways, and a lso be used for culinary purposes. altogether free from jungle to a considerable are is required on the part of the shepherd, ind in the adjoining jungles, or a flock of count." arkable for the deep red color of the road, ge (Euphorbia Tirucalli, L.), with which the in every direction, and where the stems are aple, or as if sun-cracked. The wood itself n branches, which are composed of straight e quills from two to four or five inches long, n the slightest puncture, a thick cream-like y, and buffalos are said to be partial to it; there is little or no herbage, would also eat closures formed exclusively of milky hedge, The native doctors attribute extraordinary know, from casual experience, to be of a
lese words Hambané, “ country boats,” and latitude 6° 15' north, and longitude 81' 20 und, by the Master Attendant at Galle, Mr. 5'58" north, and longitude 81° 14'44' east; not well be conceived.
rgh's Directory, (1836,) no notice is taken Roads, or of the Bay; the latter, may have g considered merely as a harbour for small ies, but it affords good anchorage for vessels
ory, (projecting seaward towards the southhe small bay, which convexes to the northile across to the eastern extremity,) upon N 2

Page 318
284 QUAKER, DEFENCES-TOWN-T
which stands a sort of half-caste Martello annihilate, in lieu of a regular fortification, dispensable; and this, with the fort of P without cannon, and garrisoned by the inva are the only military (Quaker?) defences a distance of 175 miles
The town itself, which contains about built houses, thatched with Cajans but t the principal Mahomedans. The gaol, cu house, are situate on the hill, which com Koholonkalé, Maha, Karaganare, and Sitri tregam, the local Vatican of paganism; ar side of the hill, within 50 yards of the sea.
This place is the grand depôt for the si it may also be said, of red dust, which pearance, whether it be the paper one write the table cloth, and what not -and even let are as well known at the Galle and Colomb post marks.
The white ant (Termes fatale, L., Order A sand enabling it to burrow to a great dep houses; and from the brick-dust appearan particles are deposited by the wind, these de covered ways to the roof, without being p but although they destroyed several boxes wine, by eating the corks, they showed no neither attacked the treasury notes or vouch Between the sea and the town, the enorm carriage may be driven as easily as upon th and western sides are covered with Asclep, are being continually pulled down, and reb being overwhelmed; and as the place had b is situate beyond the town, between the K to the latter, and the Assistant Governme another; but, upon digging to the same le
* See pi

ERMES FATALE-SAND HILLS.
tower, that half a dozen 32lb shot would
which, in the event of a war, will be inaltoopané, (both, in these peaceable times, lid company of the Ceylon rifle regiment.) of the coast from Batticaloa to Tangalle,
1300 inhabitants, chiefly consists of mudhere are a few tiled houses, belonging to tohery, and Assistant Government Agent's mands an extensive view of the sea, the :alé Leways, and of the seven hills of Katid the Commandant's house is on the east
alt gathered in the Mahagampattoo; and gives every thing a Cayenne-peppery aps upon, the dress one wears, the furniture, ters, when casually sent outside the Tappal, o post-offices by the red edges, as by the
ptera), is quite in its element here, the red th, and under the very foundations of the ice of every thing upon which its minute astructive insects are enabled to carry their erceived even by the most careful servant; and portmanteaus, and a great deal of disposition to keep me in office, for they ers in my official custody.
tous hills of sea-sand, (upon which a heavy e best Mac-Adamized road,) whose eastern ada, encroach so very rapidly, that houses uilt at a greater distance, to prevent their ut one well of pure drinkable water, which araganaré Leway and the sand hills, (close nt Agent's garden,) I was anxious to sink vel, and within six feet of the former well,
ge 236.

Page 319
LEWAYs-STARVATION THROUGH
the result was, black mud, of a very offe impregnated with salt.
The accumulation of sand must have b coco-nut trees; for some of sixty feet in h parts visible above the surface, and the bu were the produce of a gigantic plant, ins of the Palm family, and may be cut from t So much has already been stated upon th gampattoo, that further allusion to it, excep The Leways are extremely shallow; th holes, seldom exceeds four or five feet, af the incrustation generally forms in the hot south-west monsoon wafts a parching heat tolerable than the Sicilian Scirocco,) which, causes such dreadful excoriations in the ha not even the horror of famine, or the nec subsisting upon wild roots and leaves, mixe to collect the government salt, for which th fanams (sixpence) a day, unless pressed for Here, then, is one proof, that the stat “ that starvation is unknown in Ceylon, abundant as to suffice nature,” even if th repeated visitation by famine, through fail similar recurrences must be expected, v but where, in the Mahagampattoo distric be obtained for an idle and starving popula where no one need starve, for industry o if there were still greater abundance, agr their produce for nothing. X
The excessive heat causes the most rap Leways altogether, and, in others, leaving tation, which varies from half an inch, to formation of the salt never extends over t Leways at the same time. In the Maha . time in one quarter, perhaps over an eight
* See pag

NDOLENCE-FORMATION OF SALT. 285
isive smell, mixed with fossil shells, and
en as rapid as the growth of the adjoining ight, are buried up to the crests, the only lches of nuts lie upon the sand, as if they ead of being the fruit of one of the tallest heir stalks by a child. : subject of the salt collected in the Mahat in regard to its formation, is unnecessary. e greatest depth, except where there are er the rains in January and February; but months of June, July, and August, when the over the snow-white surface, (far more intogether with the nature of salt-gathering, nds and feet of the coolies employed, that cessity, to which indolence drives them, of 'd with sour buffalo-milk, will induce them ey are paid the full labourer's wages of four
that service. ements which have occasionally appeared, where there are always fruits and roots so he Authors had never heard or read of its ure in the rice crops, are unfounded; and there such indolent habits predominate: , for instance, are these fruits and roots to tion starving, I admit, through idleness, hly is required to insure plenty; and, even culturists cannot be expected to part with
d evaporation, drying up some parts of the nly a few inches of water above the incrusen or twelve inches in thickness; but the e whole Leway, nor does it exist in all the teway, as in the others, salt forms at one
of the surface, and in another the next.
162-166.

Page 320
286 SALT LEWAYS-THEIR ORIGIN
If a branch of a Mimosa, L., (which is when the crystalization commences, and whiteness it displays, when exposed to the to the eye, as it is indescribable by the pe During the heavy rains, it has occasion of sand between the Leways and the sea, water, which would otherwise have prevente formation of the salt. But, in regard to no pretensions to science, it may perhaps b opinion, opposed to that of my more able none of whom, in any work upon Ceylon the least notice of, or made any remarks up shells, (chiefly bivalves,) that are intermixe beds of the Lealays, and it has long sinc salt exists there.
The most general opinion is, that the pre lating the sands; but if such were its origi an equal ratio; instead of which, although continue unchanged, whilst some of the n nothing but brackish water for many years,
The intermixture of fossil shells with t the probability, that at some remote period are situate, had been recovered from the sea natural embankments of sand, which now f scenery of this part of the coast;-that for ration of the brine from the shallower part proportion of salt, and then became exhau now called Leways, continued to yield the and the quantity of sea-water absorbed, u been exhausted by evaporation; and that t salt so long only as any portion of brine the sea by artificial means.
As the substance of my reports to His E. a tolerably clear representation of the stati taking charge of it, and of leaving it, up a few extracts may not be considered super

YPOTHETICAL-SUGGESTIONS.
the best for the purpose,) be laid down aken up upon its completion, the dazzling rays of the sun, is as novel and gratifying le ally been necessary to cut through the bar in order to carry off the superabundant i the reaction of the brine, and consequent the local origin of its deposit, as I have 2 deemed presumptuous in me to offer an redecessors, upon this important subject; to which I have had access, have taken on, the presence of the innumerable fossil l with the black mud and grey sand of the 2 been ascertained, that no basis of rock
sence of salt is caused by sea water percon, it would surely affect all the Leways in their relative positions and that of the sea learest are exhausted, and have produced others are as prolific as ever. he mud and sand of the Leways, suggests the whole of the land where the Leways , by the gradual formation of the enormous rm so conspicuous a feature in the barren an indefinite number of years, the evapos of the enclosed space produced a certain ted; that the deeper cavities, or what are r quota of salt, according to their depth, ntil the brine of the shallowest had also he deepest reservoirs will continue to yield remains, unless they are replenished from
cellency the Governor, in 1827, may give
of the district, both at the period of my n receiving orders to return to England, rogatory.

Page 321
SUMMARY OF OFFICIAL REPORTS U
* 1st. That I had abolished the assumed cane, by the Fiscal's Peons, but had unst proving the state of the district gaol, whic of human beings.
“ 2ndly. That, at Hambantotté, I had for several months in the year, into a tank contribute to the health and conciliate the homedans, whose religion enjoins frequent Cattle Establishment attached to the Salt great revenue derived from that article, had construction of the reservoir, the poor emaci after a hard day's work, to assuage their th dying on the road from the want of sufficier * 3rdly. That I had formed a flat road f trees on each side of it.
“ 4thly. That having ascertained by exp the greatest possible perfection in Ceylon, I tribution of the box of seeds from Malwah, th as might be best adapted to the culture of s. * 5thly. That upon my introduction o plants had appeared above ground in six d were in full bloom in less than six weeks formed, and yielded seed enough for twelve given to some Malays in the neighbourhoc of the Wallewe river in October, I had opium,S and prevented from preserving a pa
6thly. That since I had been in the example, and the offer of rewards, to ind and cultivation, and with some prospects of
* 7thly. That I had erected a bungalov Wallewe, and planted the first coffee garden my introduction of the Cammanioc, had bee
* See page 256, for the substance of th t Ficus Bengalensis, II., an This was intimated to the Literary & Agricultural Societ S I subsequently ascertained, that my Malay gardener my illness, but had ke

PON THE STATE OF THE DISTRICT. 287
power of flogging convicts with the rattan |ccessfully suggested the expediency of imh was an unfit place for the imprisonment
converted a small muddy pool, usually dry 100 feet long by 45 feet wide, in order to prejudices of the inhabitants, (chiefly Maablutions,) and provide rain water for the Department; which, notwithstanding the been so much neglected, that, prior to the ated bullocks had been occasionally driven, hirst in the river Wallewe, many of them nt food and water. rom the cutchery to the town, and planted
2riment that the opium poppy would attain equested the Governor to authorize the dishat accompanied my report, to such Stations o valuable an article of Eastern commerce. f the poppy into culture in the island, the ays from the time of sowing the seed, and i; after which, an abundance of capsules large beds, independently of a proportion bd; but, that not calculating upon the rise been deprived of the means of collecting rt of the native seed, by inundation. Mahagampattoo, I had endeavoured, by uce the inhabitants to habits of industry
SCC eSS w, on a piece of Government ground, at ever known in the Mahagampattoo; that in hailed as a blessing by the Malays, by
le rest of this paragraph in the report. d Hibiscus popullneus, L. y by His Excellency Sir Edward Barnes, in Dec. 1826. had collected a very fine specimen of opium during pt it for his own use.

Page 322
288 INTRODUCTION OF USEFUI,
whom it was being cultivated with great as less than eighteen months, the whole of th would be planted with it; for, that after t natives who had died, chiefly from starv mixed with tyre, I should have been call if I had not employed every resource of to provide against future contingencies, by a certain supply of wholesome food, and W. * 8thly. That I had introduced the C induce any of the native cattle owners t that, in the course of one year, it would Government bullocks, by four or five coo ment, for the purpose of planting it.
* 9thly. That my garden had produce originally introduced from Teneriffe, in the Collector of Tangalle in the highest perfe Teneriffe mulberry, (preparatory to my in tugal fig, Bengal dholl, and nutmeg, all wh every sort of vegetable for the table; therel even with limited means, but with a dete paratively, almost depopulated Mahagampa “ Lastly. That, among other means foi natives, who, because their climate had be most unhealthy in the maritime provinces, and Roman Catholic hierarchies, and we the exception only of the Veddahs, I had considering the deplorable situation of t destitute of a single place of Christian wi of paganism, (Kattregam,) to present an offered my house at Wanderopé (upon th of the sea, and in the most healthy part of to erect a temporary chapel free of expe my proposition, I had received an assura: Missionary, the Rev. Mr. Clough, dated 2 could stretch its lines as far as my regions the Veddahs have had the preference, and

EXOTICS-WESLEYAN MISSION.
siduity; and that I sanguinely hoped that in 2 waste lands near tha town of Hambantotté he reports I had received of the numbers of ation, and the consequence of eating leaves ous to the distresses of my fellow-creatures, mind, and that my official position afforded, encouraging the propagation of that root, as thin the reach of all who would cultivate it.
ruinea grass from Galle, but had failed to O follow my example in cultivating it; and | ensure supplies of excellent fodder for the lies being attached to the Cattle Establish
d very fine grapes, from vines that I had year 1821, some of which had reached the 2tion; and that I had also introduced the tended importation of the silk worm,) Porich were thriving well, together with almost by showing what is capable of being effected, :rmined mind, in the neglected, and, comttoo, r improving the temporal condition of the }en, from time immemorial, considered the had been alike neglected by the Protestant re consequently the most uncivilized, with not lost sight of a still greater object; and, he Mahagampattoo, which was altogether orship, and contiguous to the very meridian xtensive field for Missionary labours, I had e banks of the river Wallewé, within a mile the district) for a Missionary residence, and nse to the Mission; and that, in answer to nce, by letter from the excellent Wesleyan 2nd September, 1826, “that if the Mission a Missionary should be sent there;""-but he Mahagampattoo is as destitute as ever

Page 323
CHAP.
Paucity of Missionaries-Character of the Wesleyan m No rest-house at Hambantotté-Deficiency supplied by th and Mrs. Driberg on the same day-Consequent eartraora Native superstition-A puzzler-Official difficulties-Eu Incipient panic confirmed by an official declaration-Fri determination-Paramount duty-Neglect of the district establishing a fish factory, grounded upon ascertained if barter-Hints to the Manchester manufacturer, as to arti mingham manufacturer, respecting their implements of hi. iness attributed to its fetid flowers-Important objects to bantotté, by a British Company, and consequent results to Phosphorescent appearance of the sea-Cancer fulgens
REFERRING to the preceding page, and to concluding paragraph, I feel it my duty t to add a few words.
That the Mahagampattoo district has b from the paucity of Missionaries in the isla circumscribe the range of their usefulness.
The motto of the Wesleyan mission is can scarcely be a fairer field, than this isla Mission does want, and righteously deserv it, in furtherance of the grand object of it: Since the first establishment of the W (I would ask,) who, however bigotted he point out one exceptionable character tha and a loyal and devoted subject, or as a hu long pause for a reply, because it is irrefrag Although it has been suggested to me b. brief extract from the Rev. Mr. Clough's my proposition for a resident Missionary in communication entire, together with extr revered and sincere friend, Dr. Adam Cla by the same worthy Missionary,) who h 2

XXXVI.
ission-The Rev. Benjamin Clough-Dr. Adam Clarkehospitality of the public authorities-Deaths of Captain 'inary determination of the Commander of the Forcesropeans at Hambantotté contrasted with French pilotsendly importunities and suggestions-An Englishwoman's
by the Government and by individuals-Suggestions for icts-Kandyan Tavelams-Kandyan produce for sale or cles adapted to the Singhalese costume; and to the Bir'sbandry-Wellassé famous for the Talipat palm-Sick, be anticipated from establishing a fish factory at Hamthe town and district-Cetacea-Amber-Sea Dragon
Soldier Crab-Anatomical specimens.
obviate the possible misconstruction of its owards the inestimable Wesleyan mission,
een so long neglected, has doubtlessarisen nd, and not from any latent disposition to
not, “a fair field and no favor,” for there nd presents, for Christian labour; and the es, al the favor that can be bestowed upon
beneficent operations. sleyans in Ceylon, is there an individual, may be to any particular creed or sect, can ; has belonged to it, whether as a Christian sband, father, brother, or friend 2-I might able upon any axiom founded in truth.
a friend to missions, that, instead of the letter, in the preceding page, in answer to
this district, I should have inserted that icts from my correspondence with my late rke, (to whom I was originally introduced nored me with his invaluable friendship,
Ο

Page 324
290 HAMBANTOTTE-OFFICIAL AUT
until called from the scene of his earthl of egotism on my part, and have been of this work, that I have felt it necessary
My solicitude both for the temporal al Mahagampattoo, induces the hope, that er phalanx against its long-dominant Apollyol is now as fresh, after a lapse of fifteen district, in 1827, will be found in the subse Hambantotté, although the principal st rest-house, and, as for an inn or hotel, among the Patagonians: the deficiency i the local authorities.
The civil departments are superintended Southern Province, and the military by a bordinate to the Commandant of the Galle ( dependency,) a proof of the station havin superintendence of the district, during the sidered such a post of danger, that, after th his wife, on the 8th October, 1826, the De the Governor's thanks for my conduct upc determination, “ not to send any officer consisting of 130 men,) until more favor: district should have been received;" and, fo and neglected state.
At that period, there was scarcely a hou dead or dying; and so destitute was the that there was not even a plank of woo for coffins for my departed friends, to be that I possessed some slabs of satin-wood of dinner tables, by carpenters whom I ha miles; but, in consequence of three out their arrival, the tables had been left unfin manity were accidentally provided for.
The superstitious inhabitants confidently his having shot a peacockt in the preceding
t Sacred tc

"HORITIES-MORTALITY IN 1826.
labours, it would have savoured so much ltogether so incompatible with the nature o omit them. ld spiritual welfare of the population of the e long it will also form part of the Christian n; and my reasons for that solicitude, which years, as at the moment of my leaving the quent pages. cation in the Mahagampatto, is without a one may just as easily find such a place s, however, supplied by the hospitality of
by an Assistant Government Agent for the Captain of the Ceylon Rifle Regiment, (sulistrict, of which, Hambantotté is a military g improved in point of salubrity since my mortality in 1826-1827, when it was cone lamented deaths of the Commandant and puty Adjutant General, in conveying to me In the occasion, intimated His Excellency's to command the garrison, (at that time able accounts of the healthy state of the r six months, it remained in that anomalous
se without some one or other of its inmates
place, including the Government Stores, d, or the means of sawing a tree into planks, got in the district; but it so happened l, which had been partly prepared for a set ad hired from Morottoo, a distance of 162 of the four dying almost immediately after shed, and thus the last sad offices of hu
attributed the death of Captain Driberg to August, during the period of the Kattregam
Kartikeya,

Page 325
NATIVE SUPERSTITION-PA
festival, and that of his excellent wife, account for my having survived a like similar penalty, with a view of exposing recovery of Captain Driberg's children ( had been removed to my house immediate same fever, and, in the natives' opinion, fr It is scarcely possible for language to contend, independently of personal suffer fever; for I had those about me, who r pilots" from the Channel Islands, employ rious for finding a shoal wherever they a an excuse, when the stale ones, for “att “ wedding of a sister” at another, were ex the district: and every idea seemed to be for, with very few exceptions, those had hands were most wanted:-nevertheless, when it is considered, that the official i place too unhealthy for an European offic confirmed the incipient panic.
During my convalescence, for I had bee strong enough to attend the bedsides of by those, who felt for my situation, to quit wrote me, on the 12th October, 1826, in “ Perhaps it is also your duty, for the si unhealthy place you are in, for a time. without delay to Galle, You can easily g government, that only extreme ill health you breathe, is impregnated with the pi and you are momentarily subject to a through another severe attack."
But another duty was paramount, and after nearly twenty two years service;-a
her for whose life so great an interest h
intreaties, that she would retire to Galle long will my duty keep me."-In our hum gotten, or was in a great degree ignorant
2

NIC-THE PARAMOUNT DUTY. 291
to her having partaken of it; but how to isitation, after having repeatedly incurred a the absurdity of their notions; or for the who, including an infant only six weeks old, ly after the deaths of their parents) from the om the same cause, was indeed a puzzler ! describe the difficulties with which I had to ing, from a very severe attack of the jungle eminded me very much of certain “French ed in our cruizers during the war, and notounticipated a shot, for “ the fever" was ever 2nding a dying parent" at one place, or the hausted; anything to get to a distance from absorbed in their sauve qui peut selfishness, generally the fever at their elbows, whose some little excuse may be made for them, ntimation that the Governor had deemed the er to take the command of the garrison, had
n the first object of attack, and when scarcely my dying friends, I was much importuned the place; and one, high in the civil service, as urgent terms as could well be penned :- ke of your wife, to remove from the horrid
If you agree with me in this opinion, move et Sir Edward Barnes's leave, and report to has compelled you to the measure. The air 2stilence that is destroying all around you, relapse, and too weak to support yourself
I was not disposed to adopt a new system, determination, in which, I was supported by
lad been manifested, and who replied to my
, “So, long as your duty keeps you here, so
ane friend’s anxiety for us, he had either forof, the actual state of affairs at the station, o 2

Page 326
292 SUGGESTIONS FOR AN EXTENS
(which last is the most probable) or he v that, if I judge him rightly, and I think I life, than, under similar circumstances, hav But, notwithstanding the numerous casu it was even then, as it now is, more worth of individual capitalists, than it has hither revenue derived from the natural salt pans, former, after an interval of sixteen years; want of information, or prejudice, from ex The capabilities of this part of the distric connected with the trade of the interior. a factory on an extensive scale for curing fi general and great demand; and the reasor after what has been already said upon the monopoly in salt."
1st. A less population than any other dis sequently, a proportionally limited demand hundred times the number of mouths, ther afford employment for any number of cano the Colombo and Galle fishermen very ofte: 2ndly. Land may be purchased from th such a national purpose, as this may just the Government would grant the land gi expenses of survey and transfer.
3rdly. The scite best adapted for a fish Hambantotté and the Maha Leway, and w that whatever smell the cleaning and curi which is inseparable from the pearl fisher connected with the factory, and to them, i. 4thly. It would be of such importance tc the purpose of fish curing, that no possi part of the Government upon this point; b. (where the cost of collecting it is about 1. carting it to the storehouses, and thence
* See pages 16-168,

WE. FACTORY FOR, CURING FISH.
vould never have recommended a measure, lo, he would rather have sacrificed his own 2 himself adopted. Lalties that death had caused in the district, y of the attention of the Government, and to experienced ; for, as if satisfied with the very little has since been done for it by the and the latter have been deterred, through pending capital in its improvement. t include one of the most important objects It is an admirable place for establishing sh for the Kandyan markets, where it is in is for my suggestions may be briefly stated, subject, in connexion with the government
trict of the maritime provinces, and, confor fresh fish ; but even if there were an 2 would still be a superabundance of fish to es ; for, notwithstanding the great distance, n come to this part of the coast to fish.
2 Crown at five shillings per acre; but, for ly be called, it can hardly be doubted that atuitously, except in as far as regards the
factory, is equi-distant from the town of vithin a hundred yards of the sea beach, so ng process might diffuse, would, like that y, affect none but the persons immediately t would soon become ' second nature."
the revenue to reduce the price of salt for ble objection can well be anticipated on the ecause salt might be supplied at the Levay, d. per parah,t) and thereby, the expense of to the beach for shipment, and the freight
About two-thirds of a Winchester bushel.

Page 327
LOCAL FACILITIES FOR A FISH F
that the quantity so disposed of at the Lew to the public, which would also derive consi sold, at the reduced rate, to the factory.
5thly. Timber, of excellent quality for Mahagammé, by license from the Assistan payment of the duty of ten per cent. ul required. The best timber for the purpos for cart building.
6thly. Lime, will be attended with no ful shells and madrepore, and burning them building would answer the purpose of a fa various sizes, clay (which might be mixec durability,) and Koir cord. This method ( for thirty or forty years, particularly if ther bricks can be procured in any quantity frc west monsoon; the former at about fourt price of the second sort will depend upon th tracted for at from ten to twelve shillings pe for all these materials, as well as for erect time. Cajan thatch might answer best for a any quantity from Matura, Belligammé, or
7thly. Because the Kandyan Tavelams* í eastern part of Saffregam, and from Lowe of this province, make Hambantotté their present nearest mart for their ivory, bees' damoms, honey, turmeric, deer horns, skir in the native condiments; and their return fish, common cotton handkerchiefs and clot manufacture, and other articles of native barter at this place for salt.
It does not appear to have been consic
* An indefinite number of bullocks, laden with prod bullock has an uncouth-shaped bell suspended from the n rest are of wood, of an oblong square shape, and in appet tant sound of a Tavelam may be called musical, and is m

ACTORY-KANDYAN TAWELAMS. 293
ty would otherwise cost, would be saved lerable profit upon the salt that might be
ouilding, may be felled in the forests of t Government Agent of the district, upon pon the estimated value of the quantity 2 is the Halmilleel, which is also preferred
ther expense than that of collecting dead upon the spot:-and the native mode of ctory very well, viz. with timber, sticks of with lime and cow-hair to give it greater of building, if substantially done, will last oof be tiled. Pantiles, flooring bricks, and om Colombo by Dhoneys during the southeen or fifteen shillings per thousand, (the e size required,) and the third may be conr thousand. Indeed, it is best to contract ing the necessary buildings, within a given temporary roof, and may be procured in Galle.
rom Badulla, in the central province, the r Ouva and Wellassé, in the northern part bivouac, to and from Point de Galle, the wax, cotton, pepper, coffee, ginger, cars, ghee, and various vegetable drugs used lading from Galle usually consists of salt ls, generally “ country made," or of Indian consumption, part of which, they usually
ered by our Manchester and Birmingham
ce, and attended by the proprietors and drovers. Each ck, some few of which are of brass or copper, but the ance like a small inverted box without a lid The dis
re agreeable than otherwise to the ear.

Page 328
294 sUGGESTIONS FOR THE BENEFIT
manufacturers, that the natives of Ceylon a implements of agriculture, that centuries their old habits for European ones; and thi For instance, the use of the needle is s coats of the syen, and jackets of the womi 15 cubits, or 7 English yards in length selvage at each end, for the former, and round the waist, like a petticoat, and sim the body. The higher classes wear a pecu imitated by our cotton printers; and the mi of unbleached cotton, and of rather a thick q blue stripe, about three inches from the se rower, so as to descend to a little below the length. The cloth of the women, which is length as the Sarong, and is put on in a si but it does not exceed one yard in width.
These, with coarse cotton handkerchiefs, blue or red, the intermediate squares being obtain a ready sale in the Kandyan markets, by way of barter, in the produce of the int. If the Birmingham manufacturer were on lese or Malabar labourer, he would require for the naked foot there is no implement les squatting down upon his haunches, (makin and, holding the handle of the spade with b with the iron part of it, the labourer digs a rice in a mortar, and consequently takes as ground, as an English labourer would for a The favorite implement of the Singhal Dutch, and is something of the shape of zontally, like that of the English hoe ; they and, if it were not for the difference in the e sede their simple Naguelah. Their reaping curve as the sickle in common use with us
A measure reaching from the elbow to

OF BRITISH MANUFACTURERs.
re so wedded to their native costume, and may elapse, ere they altogether abandon s is worthy of attention.
imply resorted to in the jackets and waisten; all the rest consists of a cloth about , and about forty inches in width, with a called a Sarong, which is tightly wrapped ply fastened by tucking in one corner next liar chintz pattern, which might be easily ddle classes, plain white, which they prefer uality; or, white with a narrow red or deep alvage. The lower classes wear them narknee, and of plain white, but of the same white, and called Cambay, is of the same milar manner, without strings of any kind,
of a thick quality, and cross-barred with from an inch to an inch and a half, would , and ensure rapid returns to the importer, erior. ce to see a spade in the hands of a Singhano further argument to convince him that s adapted; for if he use it at all, it is by g his heels answer the purpose of a seat,) oth hands, immediately above its junction way in a vertical direction, as if pounding much time for turning up a square foot of dozen square yards. ese, the Mamotie, was introduced by the a shovel, but fastened to the handle horialso prefer our axes to their native Pröah; xpense, our hand-plough might soon superhook (Kopanadakkat) has not so great a s, but the edge of it is similarly serrated;
the extremity of the middle finger.

Page 329
('''if'''
...ti , li li fir" "T" " Ir IT
 

ja i Haji ipara I. ng ang tr - c Edit':

Page 330


Page 331
KANDYAN PRODUCE-ANTICIPATED
and they would soon get accustomed to Eng and hoes. These, with heavy broad-blade pointed, might be made a profitable export levied upon agricultural implements,) prov within the reach of the husbandman.
The Tavelam people are chiefly natives of in this province, and resemble Malabars 1 lowlands. They adopt the costume of the ear-rings, which form no part of the Kandy all worshippers of Pattiné, to whom they thing of moment, (of which, smuggling sal well as bad harvests and sickness, to her wr: Wellassé is famed for its honey, bees' y abundance of the Talipat palm; to this l flower at the same time, they attribute wha of the flowers being very diffusive.
Now it is but reasonable to anticipate, th Hambantotté* with their chief lading, next and at a cheaper rate, than they now are at cultural implements adapted to their custom miles, (the distance of going to and returnii object that is now attended with benefit, i. attained with threefold advantage at Hambar in the difference of the journey, which wou cheaper at the latter place.-2ndly. The fa salt fish at a cheaper rate by fifty per cent, Hambantotté would be attended with less e journies to, and from, Galle; and the tempte into the interior, would be diminished, by t of loading their bullocks with a variety of 1 ' The formation of a Company for the of the most lucrative concerns that has be portion to the extent of capital requisite. would be a great influx of Kandyans ; fo
* See Map of Ceylon, for the relative distances, it

fARKETS-HINTS TO CAPITALISTS. 295
lish sickles and reaping hooks, bill-hooks, d chopping knives, but round instead of to Ceylon, (where there is no import duty ded the prices were such as to place them
the districts of Lower Ouva and Wellassé, hore than Kandyans, or Singhalese of the ormer, and many of them wear enormous in, or Singhalese dress. These people are make offerings, before undertaking any c is the chief) and attribute bad luck, as th. vax, coffee, and ivory, and for the superatter, when several of these trees are in tever sickness may prevail, the fetid odour
at if the Tavelams could also be supplied at to salt, -viz. salt fish, of a better quality, Gallet and with common cloths and agris, they would not extend their journey 158 ng from that port,) because the very same n one point only, at Galle, would then be totté. 1st. The saving of time and expense ild enable them to sell their produce much ctory on the spot would supply them with at least.-Lastly. Five trips to, and from, xpense and consumption of time than two tion, now so general, to smuggle stolen salt he means the former place will then afford ghter and more profitable articles. urpose, in this country, would prove one en undertaken for the last century, in proThe first public result to Hambantotté the establishment of a fish factory, where
Where it is chiefly imported from the Maldive Islands.

Page 332
296 ANTICIPATED RESULT OF A FISH )
their produce might be bartered for the ch the settlement of merchants, or their agent chandize, of which it is now destitute, and g in comparison with its present state ;-to th roads, and its correct insertion in the cha customs' establishment;-and ultimately, p. and import to, and from, Europe, as its vall Although whales are mot common upon t. thrown ashore; but some species of the same the Gladiator Dolphin (Delphinus gladiator, in length, convexing towards the head, and in pus (D. orca, C.), Common Porpoise (D. p) I once fell in with a large heap of ambe of the salt stores at Hambantotté, which wa and nearly three feet in height, beautifully ti of the calf's feet jelly of our pastry cooks. but although there was nothing in the sh found in it a living specimen of the Sea inches in length ; which, upon being un inches. I preserved the specimen in spir highly esteemed friend, the Rev. Rowland of Rendham, in Suffolk.
This coast occasionally presents a phosph eye can reach, arising from myriads of a min The Soldier Crab is also very common; and if to search the world through for a locality fa not find a place to excel this, even if it equall the carcases of almost every description of phants, buried in the sand, to the eastward sea, which, in less than a month, have been small crabs, that everywhere abound in the
* See pe

FACTORY COMPANY-CETACEA, &c.
lief articles of consumption, would induce s, to supply the place with European merradually lead to its commercial importance, le sounding of the anchorage of its bay and rts of the coast;--to its having a regular erhaps, to its being made a port of export le may increase in the fiscal scale. he Ceylon coasts, a dead one is occasionally 2 family (Cetacea) are abundant, particularly C.), whose dorsal fin is from five to six feet early two feet broad at the base; the Gramhocaena, C.), and Dolphin (D. Delphis, C.).
lying upon the beach, within half a mile is several feet in circumference at the base, ansparent, and of the consistence and color I have already noticed the pseudo amber, lape of an insect throughout this mass, I Dragon (Pegasus draconis, C.), about four covered, leaped to a distance of several its, and subsequently presented it to my Morgan, Rector of Wattisfield, and Vicar
orescent appearance at night, as far as the lute species of Shrimp (Cancer fulgens, L.). the collector of anatomical specimens were vorable to preparing a collection, he could edit, for facilitating his object. I have had
indigenous animal, and the heads of eleof the town, and within a few yards of the made perfect skeletons, by the innumerable sands near the sea.
ge 130.

Page 333
CHAP. .
Further details connected with the suggested Fish Fac dent-Schemes for the public welfare abortive-Chord si Mournful reflections-Reluctant Native labourers-Th house-Consequences of an official omission-Jungle fe lanimity-Its result-Timidity of Headmen infectiousMalay of Mahagam "-Opportune relief, the result of egreeably disappointed-Captain Dawson, Royal Engi colony-Native Medical Assistant's consolation-A bette chains humane nurses-Their strict and commendable petition-An enraged elephant kills its victim, and effect Kandyan pellet tube-A skilful shot-Hard water pec the Mahagampattoo.
If the formation of a “ Ceylon Fish Fac suggestions, there are several points upon the nature and limits of the present Work The person selected to superintend th strong mind, and be liberally remunerated fort in connexion with the place or neig months at least, (and, as the Agent of a solatory anticipation of making money for and include every comfort, with some peop in the matter) and even after that peric resolution; for it is only by resisting the le keeping both mind and body actively em) his employers, or credit to himself.
Little anticipating how soon all my sche district, and for the welfare of its popula during an evening's ramble upon the Leu factory, in the well-grounded hope, as I, at no one disposed to second me, I should be if I survived that period, to test my theory
2

XXXVII.
tory inerpedient here-Qualifications for the superintentruck at first hearing the notes of the skylark in Ceylone Right Honorable the Earl of Ripon-Colombo lightver-Unwelcome New-year's gift-Medical officer's pusil-Effective plan of recalling them to their duty-' Old a gratuitous distribution of garden seeds-A Fatalist neers-His lamented death, a great public loss to the r doctor than prophet-Domestic mortality-Convicts in honesty-Regret for their fate-Convicts' gratitude and s its escape, in the open day-Hint to the Ornithologisttrls-Parting word in favor of the native population of
tory Company," should be the result of my which further information can be given, but will not admit of their detail.
e Factory, should be of active habits and ; for he must not anticipate personal comhbourhood, for the first twelve or eighteen Public Company, he will not have the conhimself, which may have peculiar charms, le, but I cannot speak from any experience od, it will entirely depend upon his own ast tendency to indolence and ennui, and ployed, that he can hope to do justice to
mes for the improvement of the town and
tion, would be rendered abortive, I had,
ay downs, fixed upon a scite for a future the time, believed it to be, that even were
enabled, in the course of four or five years, by practice, through my own means.
P

Page 334
298 THE SKYLARK-KANDYAN BRAM
Whilst ruminating upon these prospecti obtrusion of less pleasant objects of conter had to contend with, I all at once heard wit well-remembered notes of the Skylark (A of its being indigenous, or one of the migr the appearance of the ethereal warbler, as be, as it were, a comforter in the wilderne, tions not easily to be forgotten :-and ho by many, it will be estimated in a very diff lect the unsophisticated pleasure derived, b of Kandy, in 1815, from the discovery o boyhood, the common blackberry brambl production of the interior."
So unexpected a gratification, where all recalled to mind the consolatory words of none is more striking, and ministers mor their varied song. When the time of the s, turtle is heard in our land, who can be de all ? Such an unbought orchestra tuning til will; reviving all the best and kindliest fe for a time, those that harmonize less with t rary pleasure had its antithesis; for the m who had, till recently, been the constant to this very spot, were closed in death, sup been revolving in mind, and the mournful r
More and severer trials were, however, with what reluctance the native Headme philanthropic feelings, upon which the requi a public duty, even when the best office
“Whilst we were at dinner in this miserable hut, with whose existence we had before been scarce acquaint half-worn pewter spoon, whose shape was familiar to us, stamped on the back with the word London. I cannot p the many pleasant thoughts, the anxious hopes, and experienced the effects that long absence and extreme will readily conceive the pleasure such a trifling incident

BLE-MOURNFUL REFLECTIONS.
re plans, as the best means of resisting the nplation to add to the disagreeables that I h delight, equalled only by my surprise, the Llauda arvensis, L.), for as I was ignorant atory birds that periodically visit the island, a sudden visitor from one's native land, to ss, excited feelings and awakened recollecwever triffing the incident may be reckoned rent light by others, who will readily recoloth by officers and men, during the invasion f one of the oldest acquaintances of their e (Rubus fructicosus, L.), in an indigenous
around was silence, sterility, and desolation, Kirby :- Of all the endowments of birds, e to the pleasure and delight of man, than inging of birds is come, and the voice of the 'ad to the goodness which has provided for he soul, not only to joy, but to mutual good 'elings of our nature; and calming, at least he scene before us.”-But even this tempoBlancholy reflection, that the ears of those, :ompanions of my evenings' drive, or walk, perseded the transient schemes that I had 'eality became uppermost
in store for me; and the sequel will show in and coolies (who could not enter into the isition for their labour was based) undertook s of humanity were involved in its punctual
on the banks of the river Awatska, the guests of a people 2d, and at the extremity of the habitable globe, a solitary attracted our attention; and, on examination, we found it ass over this circumstance in silence, out of gratitude for ender remembrances it excited in us, Those who have distance from their native country produce on the mind, can give."--King's Voyages,

Page 335
COLOMBO LIGHT-HOUSE-UNW
performance, and for which the latter were Service system (Rajah Karia, subsequentl Earl of Ripon) was then in force.
The Government having determined to el I had received orders for 500 Halmilleel Department; but in sending the dimensic words, “ in the clear," had been omitted; of the trees originally felled, would answer accustomed to anything of the sort, to h; for a matter of mere ceremony, or through criminal; and therefore, in order to explain I assisted in selecting and measuring, under appeared of the required size, as it lay upo) time I explained to them the important nati if, through fear of fever, they neglected this placed in jeopardy, if not altogether lost."
A second attack of jungle fever was the a days after, viz. on the 1st of January, 1827 and the very inadequate allowance of £256 gift from the Colonial Department, for my proviso as to a homeward-bound ship or no It so happened, that no European civilia Government could not consistently order on declaration of the 26th October, in regard retained office for two months after that o ship, by which I could obtain a passage, unt I paid £300; and I had neither salary nor a Upon this order, it does not become m There is only ONE, from whom the future i prospective. It is satisfactory to know, th its equity towards the injured knows no received the order, and when the fever w
my position, (parvum componere magno,)
of “a faithful servant of his Sovereign,” truth; for I, too, felt conscious, that I had served my King and country
2 F

WELCOME NEW YEAR's GIFT. 299
well paid, notwithstanding that the Public y abolished by the Right Honorable the
rect a light-house in the Port of Colombo,
trees to be felled for the Commissariat ons of the required timber, the technical
and the consequence was, that very few the purpose. Although I had never been ave allowed the public service to stand still
indisposition to exertion, would have been the literal meaning to the native Headmen, exposure to a burning sun, such timber as n the beach for shipment; and at the same ure and object of a light-house, and “ that duty, many ships and more lives might be
lmost immediate consequence; and a few , I received an order to return to England, for the passage;-an unwelcome new-year's long services; and unaccompanied by any
ship being in port at the time. ܀ - n would volunteer for the Station, and the e to relieve me of my official duties, after its to an European Commandant. I therefore rder had reached me; but there was not a til the 26th of the following June, for which llowances, during the intermediate period e to offer a single comment in these pages. s not obscured; and justice may still lie in at as time does not run against the Crown, proscription.-But, at the moment that I tas at its height, and the result uncertain, recalled to mind the memorable last words with all their applicableness, solemnity, and i not served my God, as faithfully as I had
2

Page 336
300 PUSILLANIMITY-OFFICIAL DIFFIC
As it was, the Army Medical officer of th my wife's were hopeless; and, being a very first symptoms of ague in himself, he consid leave, and proceeding to Galle, without e coolies had been pressed with so much s several hours after he had left, and by that upon the express sent after him.-This, away from danger, ended in the very disc his deserted patients got better first; and a summoned to attend the sessions of the Ho mitting Magistrate of three persons in tha me, that I began to consider myself pretty
At Galle, I had the honor to meet Ma Command of the Forces, who was about to my district; and, as soon as the Court had the General, in the hope of overtaking him, in this, I was disappointed by a relapse, Tangalle ; and, on my arrival at Hambantot on his tour;-that the district Headmen and executing the requisition for the Colombo lig woods of Mahagammé, upon losing a few ha my annoyance, that my active and fearless s poenaed to attend the sessions of the Suprem Thus left, without any assistance but th: report staring me in the face, that the Head the fever, -and indeed those who had it not was, at once to adopt a plan, which is very : hereafter be similarly circumstanced, in the
I forthwith despatched a circular Ola th there were no Headmen fit for duty, I sh the jungle, to superintend the felling of th had been accomplished;-report the trual absent under any pretence whatever, excep of which, I should require proofs, by affida that, under every circumstance, I should absence of his quota of coolies."

ULTIES-CIRCULAR TO HEADMEN.
he district presumed that both my case and nervous individual, the moment he felt the ered it a sufficient reason for taking French ven once intimating his intentions ; and his ecrecy, that I only heard of his departure time he had stolen a march of twenty miles as it generally happens when people run ase he had been so desirous of evading: trip by sea to Galle, whither I had been !norable the Supreme Court, (as the Comt district, for murder,) had so far restored well seasoned. jor General Sir Hudson Lowe, Second in proceed, on his tour of inspection, through dispensed with my attendance, I followed and being at my post to receive him :-but which detained me twenty four hours at té, I found that Sir Hudson had proceeded wood cutters, whom I had left employed in ht-house, had relinquished their duty in the inds from fever;-and moreover, to add to ecretary, (Mr. Lambias,) having been sube Court at Matura, had proceeded thither. at of an aged clerk of seventy eight, -the lmen had the fever,-the wood cutters had , pretending to have it, my only alternative strongly recommended to others, who may course of service, with native Headmen. rough the villages, to the effect, “ that as ould, within forty eight hours, proceed to e trees, and there remain until that duty ntship of every Headman who might be it that of actual inability through illness, vits made in the presence of a priest; and hold each Headman responsible for the

Page 337
NATIVE CUNNING-DUTY RESUM
At the expiration of the stated time, I at Mahagammé, I found that one Headma by a few hours, and resumed their work; so had been attacked with intermittent fever, e ing,) and about twenty wood cutters made fives and sixes at a time, until the requi from these circumstances, that, with theil waited till my palankin bearers were pre earnest,) ere they took their departure for
Whether this return to the duty which t generated by their fears, (for not a sym cooley,) was the effect of shame, at having the Headmen began to quake at the pro: contrary conduct, the circular had effected entreated me to return home, and solemnly place until the whole of the Government word, and the duty was accomplished.
But, notwithstanding my weak state, I h; Mahagam, which I had been prevented fro) a Buddhist priest presented me with a ve leaf, as a history of Mahagam, which I su Royal Engineers, during his stay at Hamba district, in 1826; this would, I doubt mot, not the great arm of death prematurely in the service of his country, of which, Capta Fate, however, was against me a seco much excitement and exertion had caused tary pensioner, known as the “Old Mala such anxiety to render himself useful to me, for relieving the dreadful head-ache which Water melon longitudinally, and suddenly and face, to “put out the fire," as he call
* Of the 1st Ceylon Regiment, now the Ceylon regiment is an excellent body of men, agaiust whom bantotté are comparatively light, except during the tim vigilance is required to preserve it, as well as the salt he

ED-OLD MALAY OF MAHAGAM. 30
coceeded to the woods; but, on my arrival and about thirty coolies had preceded me in afterwards, the Arabocké Moodliar, (who
•e he had left the duty he was superintendtheir appearance, and the rest joined by 'ed number was complete. It was evident, usual depth of cunning, they had actually ised for the service, (a proof that I was in he jungle. hey had abandoned, under a false pretence, tom of fever was perceptible in any one forced me to the steps I had taken, or that pect of losing their titles and swords, by a the desired object. The Moodliar urgently 7 assured me, “that he would not quit the requisition was completed." He kept his
ad a great desire to visit the ruins of ancient m doing on a former occasion. At that time, ry old Pali book, written upon the talipat bsequently gave to Captain Dawson, of the intotté, whilst on a tour of inspection of the have been published, as he intended, had terposed, and snatched another victim from in Dawson was a most zealous officer. hd time; for before I left the rest-house, so another relapse; but, providentially, a miliof Mahagam," who resided there, displayed that I shall never forget it, nor his nostrum accompanied the fever, by cutting a huge applying the parts to each side of my head 2d it. This was followed by a grateful and
ifle Regiment. The Invalid Company of this splendid 'arcely a complaint is ever heard. Their duties at Hamwhen the salt is formed at the Leways, and then every ps, from plunder, until removed into store.

Page 338
302 NOVEI FEVER REMEDY-A FATA
reviving coolness; and my new doctor then it to me, to assuage the insatiable thirst, th purpose, it is even preferable to iced water. This was an unexpected result of my o dustrious old soldier a supply of exotic seed of the melon and cucumber, with cutting grass (Panicum polygonum, L.), some mor as heartily as if I had scattered gold over l probability of any part of their produce bei On the same morning, a most extraord alarm to my Malay friend; who, being at the intrusion and gambols of a very your root and melon beds.-He soon caught the scarcely so done, and was about to resum same gap; when believing, as a fatalist, his " kriss with him, the old man, fixing his eyes up Captain Tiger, surely you are not come for to work in my garden, and I shall then great surprise, and still greater delight, th leisurely by the way it had entered.
Determining to play the old soldier in fu similar surprise, the gardener went to his for his * cut-down” musket and kriss ; and, leopard, with the cub's neck between its tee the tree. In a moment, the animal relin had levelled it with its victim; and then, to gave the coup de grage with his kriss. He s to me, in remembrance of the occasion, a munition that I had left with him.
Although temporarily relieved by the old Hambantotte, ere the fever returned with f Native Medical Assistant, (Mr. Heyn,) col copious bleeding, and from the appearance intimated his opinion, with all due solemnit was close at hand!"-But he proved a mucl At this time, my Appo, or head servant,

IST AGREEABLY DISAPPOINTED.
liced a Persian melon into water, and gave fever's inseparable companion, for which
wn introductions; for, in sending the in, which included those of several varieties of the manioc, arrow root, and Guinea ths previously, (for which he thanked me is garden,) I had never contemplated the g so opportunely presented to myself. inary incident had occurred to cause great work in his garden, was interrupted by g bear (Ursus labiolus, C.) over the arrow cub, and tied it to a coco-nut tree; but had e his labour, ere a leopard entered by the hour at hand," for he had neither gun nor on the animal, thus addressed it:-' Good me yet, pray come when I am too old be glad to see you;" whereupon, to his le leopard, lashing its tail, retreated very
ture, and run no second chance of such a hut, which was situated outside the fence, upon re-entering the garden, the returned th, was struggling to force its prey from quished its hold, for a well-planted ball make “assurance doubly sure," the Malay ubsequently dried the skins, and sent them nd of his gratitude for the supply of am
Malay's kindness, I had scarcely reached ill force; and, in a few hours, the worthy sidering, from its rapid increase, spite of of the blood, that my case was hopeless, y, and much feeling, that “a better world
better doctor than prophet
lay dead, and my cook's eldest daughter

Page 339
CON VICTS IN CHAINS, HUMANEN
next shared the same fate; the other ser degree, that our only active attendants w life); and yet the patience with which th for spring water, several times a day, as cc kindness they all showed, induced the wish, All that I could do to lighten the weig whole time, and when almost every thing i article of even the most trifling nature v escape, although they might have succee when we were about to leave the district, from these grateful convicts, “ that, as a our palankin bearers to the beach "
Under all the circumstances, and after been justified in leaving the district, upo England; but I contented myself with Authorities, and continued at my post, ti the best temporary arrangements he could, sure under my official charge; because, wh have been acting the part of an Englishn quitted it, at the very moment when his p. of the public service.
Such was the state of the Mahagampatto repeatedly entered the town of Hambantot and fruit, by stripping off the Cajan thatch bazaar; but a still more daring occurren chased a native, who had wounded it, w the town, in the middle of the day. Th mandant, Captain Roberts, and had been o animal followed him through the most pol the shouts of the people in the shops at eac and trampling to death the object of its r
Malay invalids could arm himself and re
beyond the reach of spear or shot.
Having given a hint to the collector of a ter, I ought not to omit one of equal utilit During my residence here, I employed a

URSES-AN ENRAGED ELEPHANT. 303
vants were suffering from fever, to such a rere convicts in chains, (many of them for ese poor creatures Went to a great distance ld suffusion was ordered, and the care and
that they had not merited so hard a fate. cht of their chains, I did; for, during the in the house was within their reach, not an vas pilfered, nor did they ever attempt to led without any very great difficulty; and, the Head Constable brought me a petition last favor, they might be allowed to be
so much affliction, I might perhaps have n receipt of the official order to return to making a respectful appeal to the proper ll the Collector of the Province had made for the safety of the public stores and treanere example was everything, it would mot nan, for the only one in the district to have resence was most necessary to the interests
o district, in 1826-1827, that wild elephants té at night, and helped themselves to rice that enclosed the various small stalls in the ce took place in 1819, when an elephant hilst grazing near the Maha Leway, into is person was the cook of the then Comften upon excursions after elephants. The pulous part of the place, where, in spite of h side of the street, it succeeded in seizing evenge ; and, before a single soldier of the ach the spot, the elephant had escaped
natomical specimens in the preceding chapy to the Ornithologist.
native to supply my table with game, and

Page 340
304 NATIVE SPORTSMAN-PELLETTUBE
also to bring me specimens of the indigenou to receive eight rix dollars (twelve shillings powder and shot.
At first, it appeared very strange to me, the smaller specimens, from the size of a bird, (Sylvia sutoria, I.), without a singl bodies. This was effected (at a great savin by means of a wooden tube of about fiv small pellets of soft clay or common moulc accuracy, a dozen or fifteen paces.
To test his skill, I placed a small wafer extending my arm, sent him to a distance of could;" and, out of twenty shots, he neve with no pain whatever, but was quite suffici drilled in Kandy, and are beautifully orna lacker, in a similar manner to the Kandyar
Hail storms are so uncommon, that I years that I resided in the island; one, at at Kurunugallé, about 26 miles from Kandy “ Chief,” or, as he was commonly called, “ Sa Boorah-Aboocassim,) had never previously ing to his definition of hail stones.
And now a parting word for the native much to the prejudice of the inhabitants, be far reports were, or were not, correct, tha of the district, was to erect a flogging post the supposition, that they had a terrible experience of twelve months, as the only period, I had neither occasion to commit mary punishment within my own jurisdic length,) either by the lash or imprisonmen order to give a place of refuge to a Mal of ordering the removal of the maiden flog, there : and, when the extent of the district than is, in justice, due to the native inhabi malgré all that I had suffered there, with

-HA, STORMS-A PARTING WORD.
is birds; for this, he was very well satisfied ) monthly, with a moderate allowance of
how this sportsman contrived to shoot all thrush, to that of the diminutive Tailor e feather being injured, or a shot in their ng of th powder and shot for his own use) e feet in length, through which he blew l, about the size of a swan shot, with great
upon the first joint of my fore finger, and, a dozen yards, and told him “to hit it if he r once missed the mark. It was attended
ent to stun a small bird. These tubes are mented with red, yellow, black, and green
state bows, arrows, and walking sticks.
never witnessed but two, during the many Arabocke, near Hambantotté, and the other, 7. The then oldest resident, the venerable alt Moodliar,” a Malay of Batavia, (Matjamseen a fall of “hard water pearls,” accord
population of the place :-I had heard so
2fore an opportunity offered of judging how lt the first thing I did, upon taking charge in the bazaar. This, naturally gave rise to Tartar come ämongst them ;..but, after an 7 magistrate in the district, during which one native for trial, or to resort to sumtion, extending over seventy six miles in ht, except in one instance of the latter, in abar vagrant, I had the supreme pleasure ging post, as the last act of my authority be considered, this tribute is nothing more tants of the Mahagampattoo, whom I left, heartfelt regret.

Page 341
CHAP. X
Suggestions for the introduction of the Camel into Cey ment in the district as a beast of burthen-Habits of the Route from Hambantotté to Walewé-Karaganaré Lewa of the natives in regard to its gum-Presumed qualities a Air plant-Arabian gum tree-Escape from a tusked rooms-Eartraordinary production of fish-Malay offic, bird-Village of Wanderope-Temple Title deed- The Ceylon-Temple lands eacempt from taaces-Eremption guaranteed, by the Convention of 1815-Wallevé river. name, and suggestions for giving it a better-Cotton fly Suggestions for employing a few Chinese settlers.
AMONG other experiments for the benefi duction of the Arabian Camel (Camelus thousands of draught bullocks, that might are now monopolized by the Government hands of the native farmers; and the sa consideration in favor of the introduction c
This might be tried upon a moderate sca to the Government, by importing a certain mandel; and if the result prove a consideral to the district, both which may be justly a future supplies, to an indefinite extent, can
The sale of the Government bullocks to benefit to them; for that of its large car thereby distribute the means of transit a now nearly destitute, because they cannot buy carts; and the only wheelwrights, with Government, and at double wages.
* This animal is commonly called the Dromedary, as a (Camelus Ba
2

XXVIII.
lon-Soil of the Mahagampattoo favorable to its employcamel-Possible objections to its employment groundless|-Willage of Arabocké-Euphorbia antiquorum-Apathy f its timber-Sitricalé Leway-Nepenthes distillatoriaelephant-Cobra di Capello-Pybocké-Plains--Mushr's opinion of the cause-Game-Tank-Eactraordinary Honorable Sir Hardinge Giffard, late Chief Justice of actended to Kandy, and integrity of the Buddhist religion -Sailing directions-Village of Wallevé-Soil-Its bad unknown here-Tranquil locality for the growth of silk
t of the island, I would suggest the introDromedarius, L.), by way of throwing the be employed for agricultural purposes, but Salt Department, and Tavelams, into the ndy soil of the Mahagampattoo is another f the camel into this district. le at first, and at an inconsiderable expense number of camels from the coast of Corole public saving, as well as of general benefit nticipated from the habits of these animals, be obtained from the Arabian Gulf. the native farmers, would not be the only establishment would naturally follow, and long the agriculturists, of which, they are fford to send 100 miles from the district to in that distance, are those employed by the
istinction from the double-hunched, or Bactrian, Camel, trianus, L.). عصر
Q

Page 342
306 SUGGESTIONS FOR INTRODU(
A camel conveniently carries a burther fourteen hours out of the twenty four; wh: is a much greater distance than can be p and with a comparatively slight load, bet so very docile an animal, that it is easil with its driver.
Once introduced into use in the island, t ficiently appreciated to induce its extensi speculation; and its general employment tion, from the interior to the sea coasts, in principal means of transit, would doubtless One need not refer to scripturet for the the best adapted of all domestic animals, fo the several Eastern nations had acquired ea severance, moderation, partiality for spinou. excepted, which comes nearest to the cal eat; the peculiarity of its divided upper lip shoots of grass, whether of the best or co with facility; and the most Providential structure, by which, it has the power of di storing it, for several days,
The employment of the camel in Ceylon not given much consideration to the circum: are conjointly employed in the Indian arm the former, and the habitual dread of the would render it all but useless, where that a
In this matter, I would suggest, as I have seen persons disposed to throw away valu: demnation of, “these are useless, they wor did t fail, where proper attention was paid Leaving Hambantotté for Wallewé rest-h the road lies to the right of the eastern ext
* Linnaeus says, 1200 lbs weight. : The officers of the Bengal and Madras auxiliary tro assistance, in 1818, the then formidable rebellion was of baggage camels. -

CING THE ARABIAN CAMEL.
of between 700 and 800 lbs weight, for ch, at its usual pace of 23 miles an hour, rformed by bullocks, even when well fed, veen sunrise and sunset; and the former is y trained, and soon becomes acquainted
he value of the camel would be soon suffe importation from Arabia, as a matter of in the conveyance of produce, for exportalieu of draught bullocks, that are now the y follow the first successful result.
antiquity of the “Ship of the Desert," as r the purposes of burthen, and over which arly dominion; nor to its history, for pers plants, that other animals (the ass only mel in the coarseness of its food) will not , which enables it to nip off the smallest arsest kind, and turn them into its mouth and extraordinary nature of its internal inking sufficient water at one time, and of
"م
may be objected to, by those, who have stance, that this animal and the elephant ies, upon the grounds that the timidity of elephant attributed to it by some Writers, nimal abounds. often found it necessary to do, when I have able exotic seeds, with the wholesale con't grow here," to “try them;" and rarely to the object in view. ouse, the next stage, and distant 8 miles, emity of the Karaganaré, or Long Leway,
† Genesis xxiv. 10, ll. ops, through whose timely arrival at Ceylon, and gallant crushed, felt the greatest inconvenience from the want

Page 343
ROUTE FROM HAMBANTOTTE
adjoining the high promontory by which This Levay lies considerably below the lev water, by cutting through about 130 yards The Leway stretches nearly along the se half a mile broad; a small quantity of v. edges, which, the Native Medical Assistan perties of the Glauber salts.
The village of Arabocké, the residence maize, and Korakan, form the chief obje road, and is famed for its forests of Euphor are from fifteen to twenty feet in height; superficial observer would consider very we instrument maker.
The apathy of the natives in regard to is generally believed to be peculiar to Cey the improvement of the district, it is to turned to their appropriate purposes in c tinuing to fill a certain space for a time, an A neglected plantation of coco-mut tree scite of a former agricultural village, wher seen ;-these, must have been taken grea many elephants abound, they would never affords one melancholy instance, among t well-peopled and cultivated district.
Between two and three miles beyond the Leway, having the appearance of a large o half in circumference, lies to the right of from which its distance is about 250 yards. bank, and the intermediate space, to the lef About half a mile beyond the Sitricalé. from the sea, and called by the natives, Leway, I once observed a huge crocodile equally at its ease, and within twenty yar the former take to the water, but had no ef
* See p.
2 q

ARABOCKE-EUPHORBA TREE. 307
the small bay of Hambantotté is formed. l of the sea, and might be filled with salt of sand.
shore for about three miles, and is about 2ry bitter salt occasionally forms upon its ; informed me, had all the medicinal pro
of the Second Moodliar, where paddee, :ts of culture, lies to the right of the high bia trees (Euphorbia antiquorum, L.), which the timber white and solid, and such as a ll adapted for the purposes of the musical
) the gum of this extraordinary tree, which ilon, has been already noticed; but, with be hoped, that this, and its timber, will be lomestic economy, instead of merely cond then decay and rot upon its surface.
s, on the right of the road, points out the e there is not a house or hut to be now ut care of for several years, or, where so have attained their present height; and it he many, of the depopulation of this once
Karaganaré Levay, the exhausted Sitricalé val fish pond, about a mile, or a mile and a the road, which is between it and the sea, The sea shore is bounded by a high sand it of the road, filled with thick jungle. Leway, is the Lesser Sitricalé, the furthest Koda-Leawava. Upon the borders of this 2 basking in the sun, and a buffalo lying 'ds of each other. A rifle ball soon made fect in disturbing the latter.
age 128.
2

Page 344
308 PROVIDENTIAL, ESCAPE FR
The Nepenthes distillatoria, L., abounds i of air plant, and the Arabian gum tree (. Wildenow), which is almost always in bloon globular yellow blossoms, whose fragrance Gilly flower (Mathiola incana of R. Brown) Between this place and the small village jungle, one of the most providential escap of ten persons, occurred in 1827. I had a lewé, about 4 P. M., for the purpose of su that I had introduced, and, as usual, imme belonged to the adjoining villages; but, sl which rendered it imperative upon me to r gone om foot, rather than not at all, if a gre of Pybocké and Arabocké had not been inu Fortunately, my Malay Interpreter-Moha Vidahn of the Fisher-caste, (Hettéwehagay Hambantotté, had not left me; and, thro coolies and a Chule bearer were procured; and were mot enough for that purpose for su me upon a couple of bamboo poles; and in were formed into small fagots, one of wh proceeded, en route, to Hambantotté, with scare the elephants.
About a mile beyond Pybocké, and at the diram, and Maha Vidahn, each armed with extremities of the chair poles, having the C as silently as if about to make a night attack occasion, struck the Chule against the groun by the sudden blaze, we found ourselves wit tusked elephant, which was, at that moment “Bang,-bang," from the muskets of n chair into the jungle, to the right of the my rifle under me, which accidently went the jungle, falling upon their knees, and, Deuryo Alia, or “ Great God Elephant,” to sp elephant, as it rushed into the opposite ju

DM A TUSKED ELEPHANT.
the jungle, as well as a beautiful species Mimosa Nilotica, L., and Acacia Arabica of l, and has a beautiful appearance, from its is very diffusive, and similar to that of the
of Pybocké, at the narrowest part of the es that ever happened to a small party, rrived at Wanderopé, upon the river Waluperintending the planting of some exotics liately dismissed my palankin bearers, who hortly after sunset, I received an express, eturn to Hambantotté; and I should have at part of the country between the villages ndated.
ndiram, (Ibrahim Doole,) and the Maha )on Christian,) who had attended me from ugh their exertions, in about an hour, six but as these had never carried a palankin, lch a distance, an arm chair was slung for lieu of Cajan Chules, some resinous sticks ich was lighted, and, thus prepared, we out even a brass Tallea, or Tam-a-tam, . to
narrowest part of the jungle, the Mohana long Dutch gun, being in a line with the hule bearer between them, and all moving upon an enemy, the latter, as usual upon d, (the native way of raising flame,) when, hin reach of the proboscis of an enormous , raised perpendicularly in the air.
ny escort, -my sudden ejection from the road, where I fell upon my right side, with off-the coolies, instead of escaping into with uplifted hands, imploring the Maha pare them,—the trumpeting of the wounded ngle-and the joyful exclamations of the
.r

Page 345
A TUSKER, KILLED-PRIESTS C
shotsmen, at having hit the animal, appea a coup d'ail, easier to be imagined than d Never, I believe, was destruction nearer my companions credit for every proper fee fess, that never, in my whole period of fervently, upon going into action, that I heartfelt thanks, upon the occasion of t miraculous escape.
We had scarcely walked a mile beyon the Mohandiram again fired, and shot the Ceylon, which had crossed our path, almo: measured five feet in length, and was full c
Two Tappal bearers having been killed the same neighbourhood, I sent people th was soon discovered by the blood sprink tance, but they could not come up with th About a fortnight after this occurrence, of the Kirindé-Oya, complained of having the priests of the Kattregam temple; fol phant, he had shot it in the neck with a miles, till at length it fell within the tem the priests had impounded the tusks.
Inquiry, as to the right of the priests the Agent of Government at Alipoot, Capta after an official correspondence on the subje officer and myself; and greatly to the loss whom, the priests did not make the slighte Soon after the setting in of the rains, t sent a most novel appearance to a strang spersed with the bright green of the herb: upon a nearer approach, are found to be not to be surpassed in any part of the w will not eat the mushroom with pinkish la prefer that with the white or yellowish, same period, the several pools of water ( previously been for some months iziarely

LAIM THE TUSKS-MUSHROOMS. 309
red but the work of a moment, and formed escribed.
, without some injury following; and I give ling upon the occasion; for myself, I conservice, did I ever offer my prayers more might do my duty faithfully, than I did my his most providential, and, indeed, almost
d the place of the elephant's bivouac, when largest Cobra di Capello that I ever saw in st, I may say, within reach of our feet. It fova, in a cluster like grapes. by an elephant some time previously, about e next day to track the animal, whose route (led over the bushes, for a considerable disle chase.
a native of Jahadegammé, on the left bank g been plundered of two elephant's tusks by : that, having fallen in with a wounded elenarrow, and followed the animal for several ple lands of Kattregam, where it died, and
to the tusks so claimed, took place through in Fletcher, which was decided in their favor, ct, between that excellent and distinguished and disappointment of the poor villager, to st acknowledgment or compensation. he spacious plains adjoining Pybocké preer, at early dawn ; patches of white, interge, meet the eye in every direction: these, mushrooms, which, for size and flavor, are orld.-But how tastes differ The natives mellae, the most prized by Europeans, but which we consider noxious. - During the n the plains, notwithstanding that they had dry pits, exposing the sun-cracks at the

Page 346
310 PYBOCKE PLAINS AND TANK-W,
bottom, become full of a species of perch course of six weeks.
An intelligent Malay officer thus stated “Sun very much too strong, take him up l water come, let him fall one fish for get that during the hot season, the sun's power and nourished by, the atmosphere, where when the pools are supplied with the living able to suppose, that the spawn remains imb where it finds sufficient moisture, although habitat is again supplied with water, for ensu At night, these plains appear studded elephants, wild hogs, in herds of some hu adjoining larger patches of water, bordered wild ducks, widgeon, pelicans, herons, to attention of the sportsman and ornithologis Here is also a large artificial tank, but o sufficient water to irrigate 100 ammonam produce is 1600 parahs, or 10663 Winches very large white bird, considerably exceedi the crocodile; but I could not succeed in no canoe; and the people not being disp crocodiles, I would not allow a shot to be desirous of doing. It resembled, as it swa medea earulans, L.) of the Cape of Good H Wanderopé is the name of the next villag of the river Wallewé; and, with the excepti I built in 1826, upon Government land, the then Governor, His Excellency Lieute consists of scattered cottages and huts, of
The only thing to interest the antiqua. English milestone, under an umbrageous E as the priest informed me, constituted its sun and moon may endure."
Of this title deed I made a sketch, and, could, sent it, with a variety of drawings

NDEROPE-TEMPLETTLE DEED,
from five to six inches in length, in the
his opinion of this natural phenomenon :- ttle fish egg, keep him in cloud, and when too much large." The literal meaning is, is so great, that the spawn is exhaled into, it remains suspended until the next rains, fishes. But it appears to me more reasonedded in the clay, at the bottom of the pits, imperceptible to the human eye, until its ring the means of existence to its produce. with fire-flies; and, at sunrise, teem with ndreds, spotted deer, and peafowl; and the by the jungle, with flamingos, spoonbills, ucans, and kingfishers, as if inviting the t. f modern construction, capable of holding s of paddee ground, of which, the average ter bushels. This tank is the habitat of a ng the swan in size, which has no dread of getting a very near view of it, there being losed to venture into the tank, for fear of fired at it, as my Malay escort were very m on the water, the white Albatross (Dioope. 2, after leaving Pybocké, upon the left bank on of the old Pansala, and the cottage that which was subsequently granted to me, by nant General Sir Edward Barnes, G. C. B., which, a few of the former are tiled. ian, is a granite post, resembling an old logaha, in the area of the temple, which, title to the adjoining lands, “ salong as the
having copied the characters as well as I of the fruits of Ceylon, to the then Chief

Page 347
TEMPLE LANDS TAX FREE-WALl
Justice, Sir Hardinge Giffard, (through wł with books, in prosecuting my Icthylogic to England, in consequence of ill health; before my packet reached him, and, stil on the voyage; leaving behind him a la respect for his memory in the hearts of humane and charitable member of societ more just and consistent administrator of Ceylon; and if, in these eminent qualific have excelled Sir Hardinge Giffard. —TI after Sir Hardinge had sailed, by his Pr Esq., but were lost in the ship Alexander.
All lands belonging to the temples are the only admitted proofs of their exempt sees or hears of any part of the produc repair of the temples, which everywhere a The remission of taxes (viz. a tenth of also to those belonging to the former kin; to the public revenue, for these privileg there is no help for it; for, by the Conv the Priests, Chiefs, and People, conseque banishment of the Royal Family, in 1815, dyan kingdom was vested in the Imperial that “ the Buddhist religion should be inv', worship be maintained and protected," it is national faith and dignity, to alter or am it is far from improbable, that even the ba the effect of fomenting a rebellion, of a we have hitherto had to contend against, a the fomenters or abettors.
“Wallewe or Walleway River bears a galle; the coast between them is low and trees are seen near the river's mouth; the to 25 fathoms, within four or five miles of
to See

EWE RIVER-SAILING DIRECTIONS. 311
ose great kindness I had been much assisted al inquiries,) at that time about to proceed but, unfortunately, Sir Hardinge had sailed more unfortunately for his country, died sting memorial of sincere and affectionate all who thoroughly knew him; for a more y, a more loyal and devoted subject, or a the laws, never yet filled the justice seat at ations, one or two may have equalled, none he drawings were transmitted to England ivate Secretary, John Frederick Giffening,
registered, and the Cutchery certificates are cion from taxation; but one seldom or ever e of such lands being appropriated to the ppear to be fast falling into decay. f their produce) upon temple lands, extend gdom of Kandy, and is a considerable loss ed domains are of enormous extent :-but ention between the British Government and nt upon the dethronement of the King, and by which, the entire dominion of the KamCrown, upon the condition, (among others.) iolable, and its temples, rites, privileges, and morally impossible, without a breach of the end it, except by way of compromise; and re suggestion of such a measure would have far more general and formidable nature than ind of which, the priests have generally been
bout E. by N. N. four leagues from Tanbarren close to the sea, but several coco-nut coast is high inland, and may be approached the shore. Off the entrance of the river,
page 27.

Page 348
312 CAPABILITIES OF THE SOIL-SUGG
at the distance of three or four miles, th breaks, said to have a channel with 7 and 8 and the shore, through which small vessels the entrance of the river, stands a small mo The light, but rich alluvial soil, upon t lated for the cultivation of sugar, pepper, g root, and the much neglected but most ir indispensable articles, as condiments, usec grown here, although immense quantities n any other trouble than of planting and wee at a merely nominal rent, or purchased for a bad name with some people; but, in my other places that have better names.
The straggling village of Wallewe is on th as this, the general improvement of a distr cleared, by cutting down and burning the u general cutting down of the whole, and plante pepper, indigo, anatto, cardamoms, &c. &c but as its riches increased, so would its ch the island.
The fly so destructive to the cotton planta I planted several cotton shrubs, including the former bore abundantly, and were unin latter, requiring at least two years to attain duce. The Tavelam people bring down pick about 2d. per pound; and the cotton growe staple,) if I may judge from what was grow. to himself, clean and pressed, for 4d. or 43. export, Galle, distant 70 miles.
This is just the tranquil locality adapted t here luxuriantly. Wells can be easily sunk, twenty yards of the river.
A few Chinese settlers, by way of setti natives, and particularly in their native met give a very novel and fertile appearance to t

ESTIONS FOR CHINESE SETTLERS.
are is a rock, on which the sea generally fathoms water, sandy bottom, between it may occasionally pass. A little inland from untain, of barren aspect."
he banks of this river, is admirably calcuinger, cotton, turmeric, cardamoms, arrow utritious Canna glauca. Few even of the in almost every sort of native food, are light be grown in the waste lands, without ling. Here also, lands may be obtained a very trifle, because this place also has humble opinion, it is as healthy as many
e right bank of the river. At such a place ict should commence; and, if once it was nderwood, and thinning the trees, mot a d with the mulberry, sugar, cotton, coffee, i., one would hear no more of its malaria, aracter, till it became second to none in
tions near Galle, is never seen here; for the perennial Bourbon cotton; of these, jured by either fly or caterpillar; but the maturity, I can give no account of its proed cotton from Kandy, and sell it here for r might excel it in quality, (viz. length of n upon the spot, and sell it very profitably l, per pound, at the now nearest port of
the silk worm; and the mulberry thrives and the purest water be obtained, within
ng industrious examples to the indolent hod of transplanting paddee, would soon his now neglected neighbourhood.

Page 349
CHAP.
River allevé-Horse boats-Double canoes-Seaso bricks- Reported abundance of limestone rock-Pansal of the ruined temple for lay purposes-Cultivates the improved for the last sirteen years-Author's desire to favor of the Mahayanpattoo-Mouth qf the ricer Halle
able-Girrawah-pattoo, or Parrot district-Hallevé r
rubies, sapphires, and cats'-eyes-Roads-Government Ćrocodile Kraal— The Porcupine-Ancient tank at R. any enemy might do, upon a sudden breaking out of war not to be depended upon to face an enemy-Aandyan directions-Suggested Signal Station for communicati,
Head, the southernmost point of Ceylon.
THE River Wallewe, which is fordable comes, at that season, a deep and rapid The “horse-boat" in general use at the C horses and carriages, for, being flat-botton as it is strongly built, about eighteen fee head to stern, both which are square, the from the bottom, is capable of conveying
The common method of ferrying five o: by joining two canoes, and placing a platfo chairs conveniently. This is also the best awning may be fitted in ten minutes; ar the bow of the near canoe, and the othe propel it along rapidly with their short birds may be shot, and fall into the water from their seats.
Paddee is sown in this district in Octobe and February, but that called the second Maize (Iringhee of the Singhalese) is sow November and December; the brown anc 2

XXXIX.
ns of souring and reaping-Clay for the manufacture of 'a at Wanderopé-Buddhist priest objects to sell the bricks grape eine successfully–Walleuté tank–District but little innoculate British capitalists with some of his own virus in we-Native objections to the sea breeze apparently insuperest-house-Its savage occupants in 1826-Peculiar sand of Cattle Kraal-Leways-Ranné bridge and rest-houseanné-Face of the country-Approach to Tangalle-What -Nature the best defender of the Ceylon coast-Singhalese as and their characteristics-Precaution necessary-Sailing
ng with India bound ships from England making Dondra
2 at the Ferry, except during the rains, bestream, and can only be crossed in boats.- Deylon ferries, is a very convenient one for ned, it draws only a few inches of water; and t in length, and six or seven in breadth from upper part abutting about three or four feet a considerable burthen. r six passengers across the Wallewe river, is irm over them, capable of containing as many for excursions up the river, for a temporary nd a couple of boatmen, one being seated in r in the stern of the off one, (or vice versa,) paddles, and seldom fail to secure whatever from the overhanging trees, without moving
r and November, and is reaped in January l sort, is reaped in December and January; n in August and September, and reaped in d white Korakan (Cymosurus Coracamus, L.)
R

Page 350
314 CLAY FOR BRICKS-LIMESTON
are sown in August and September, and re (Phaseolus Mungo, L.) and Badhamu, am October and November, and reaped in Jan I regret that my information is so limited Mahagampattoo; but even that little was amid various official duties and difficulties, If my stay had been protracted, as I had trict, (in which, it was my first Revenue a anxious to have done, have made myself m of three years, either have lost my life, object, from the first, was to have ascertain scites of its antiquities, the quantum of its the most extensive description, the severa of brick making, and of its reported abu to be numerous.
The Pansala at Wanderopé is a very lov Vihare a mere heap of brick ruins; but the of the quality of the materials employed informed me, had been procured in the I endeavoured to induce him to sell me filling a nook in the jungle, but unsucce cration of the sacred relics of the ancient These ruins, which are partly covered with on the left hand, immediately adjoining the the ferry; but the Buddhists have not th employing the materials in the restoration I was glad to find that great attention couple of Teneriffe vines, which I had giv district, with instructions for training them u were in full bearing, and the grapes equalle
There was a considerable difference in the quality of the grapes. I used bones the size of those grown in the natural (a priest attributed the difference to the sha giosa, L.) that overshadowed the Pansal that I had employed.

E-PANSALA AT WANDEROPE.
aped in November and December; Moong excellent substitute for rice, are sown in lary and February.
as it is, upon the important district of the obtained, as my time would admit of it, within the short period of twelve months, anticipated upon taking charge of the disppointment.) I should, as I was naturally laster of its capabilities, and, in the course or known every square mile of it; for my ed, from personal examination, the various original means of irrigation, which were of l localities for raising clay for the purposes hdance of limestone rock, which are said
v building, covered with pantiles, and the se afford very ample proof of the excellence in their manufacture, which, as the priest neighbourhood, and made upon the spot. the bricks, for more useful objects than ssfully, because he considered it a deseVihare, to part with them for lay purposes. jungle underwood, lie within an enclosure high road, and about a hundred yards from e means, if they had the intention, of reof the Vihare had been paid by the resident priest to a en him of those I first introduced into the pon a trellis; for in about six months they d in flavor the best in my own garden. the size of the bunches, although nome in as a manure, and the bunches were double illuvial) soil of the Pansala grounds. The de of the magnificent Bogaha (Ficus relil, and not to any virtue in the manure

Page 351
ALLEGED REASONS FOR THE NEC
Tanks, for irrigating the surrounding co the opposite bank of the Wallewe, to an been formed above the level of the river periodical rise in the rainy season, when w I regret to learn, by recent intelligence f nearly the same as when I left it; and t sixteen years, but little, if anything, more e it was at that period. This is partly att by others, to the circumstance of the interio lation, where coffee planting is the prevailin of the sugar cane; but the latter, althou any extent, in comparison with that of the be brought to still greater perfection here. natives are fearful of planting it except in sr syrups, and for their children's use in a elephants that infest the country.
If it were possible to innoculate some my own virus in favor of the Mahagamp that perseverance might not overcome, in neglected district might rival, in its produ the island; and these, gradually extendin eastern coast to Trincomalé, would render ships are now to be seen, as great a resort most frequented Indian ports.
The beautiful river Wallewé, whose ba nificent trees that adorn the surface of topes, by percolating the high bank of san appear to have an insuperable objection to to grow so densely, as altogether to preclud were not the case, the village might bec the intermediate places from Tangalle to C Having crossed from the left to the rig Girrawah-pattoo, or Parrot District, as it is trees, on the banks of the Walewé, par are frequently covered with these birds, as a temporary substitute for the absent fo
2

ILECT OF THE MAHAGAMPATTOO. 315
untry, might be constructed here, and on r extent; but the old Wallewé tank having could only be supplied from it during its ter is least wanted.
"om Ceylon, that the state of this district is he Government, after an interval of nearly nlightened in regard to its capabilities, than ributed, by many, to dread of the climate; r being the present field of individual specug (Anglo) mania, and, next to it, the culture gh successful, is not likely to be carried to former object of speculation. Sugar might where the cane grows luxuriantly, but the nall patches near their dwellings, for making raw state, in consequence of the numerous
of our British capitalists with a portion of pattoo, there would be no local difficulties the course of a few years; when this now ctions and trade, the most favored parts of g along the whole of the south-eastern and
that splendid harbour, where few merchant for stock and produce as any of the present
nks are shaded by some of the most magshe globe, debouches between two coco-nut d at its mouth. The villagers on each side he sea breeze, for they allow the underwood e its cool and wholesome influence. If this ome as notorious for its salubrity as any of 'olombo. ht bank of this river, the tourist enters the properly called; for just before sunset, the icularly those that are leafless at the time, is if they sought, by their presence, to act iage. ۰۔'
R. 2

Page 352
316 WALLEWE REST-HOUSE.--CHETA
The rest-house is about a hundred yard way, which there begins to assume some sects the jungle, by which, that large an although the compound is strongly fence of elephants. In 1826, so little had this months together, it had never been on province ordered it to be got ready form the house, they found a male and fema possession, and not disposed to quit. T. necessity of retreating, in order to get a who, armed with guns, and bows and ar and secured their cubs.
A sand, composed of rubies, sapphires, and used in making transverse sections of t of the purposes of diamond powder.
The road is a very dangerous one by nig that infest it. About a mile above the rest-h the bullocks belonging to the Salt Departm distant place to graze, are penned; but sti and devour a bullock at night, and to get o' The Kraal lies in the middle of an exte: the route by the sea side (by far the most p about a mile and a half from the Wallew ascent. From the summit, where there is pect commands a very extensive range of l Mahagampattoo, and the Kattregam hills,
Near the straggling village of Loonaw Tamboora Gallé Leway, which lies much ni the country has a delightfully verdant appe dependent upon a small tank, which is f produce is very limited, in proportion to circumstances; and the remains of former villages in this district, are plain evidences t more extensive than its present one. The crops yield not more than eight or nine Badhamu, yield twenty five and often thirt

HS-CATTLE KRAAL-LEWAYS.
s from the ferry, on the left of the high
sort of road-like appearance, and interconvenient huilding is surrounded; but l, it is subject to the nocturnal incursions 'est-house been required, that, for several e used, until the then Collector of the y reception; and upon the coolies entering le chetah (Felis venatica, C.) already in he besiegers were consequently under the ssistance from the neighbouring villagers, rows, soon dispatched the larger animals,
and cats'-eyes, is peculiar to this district, he molar teeth of elephants, and for many
ght, owing to the numerous wild elephants ouse is the Government cattle Kraal, where ment at Hambantotté, which are sent to this ll the chetahs occasionally contrive to seize ff with impunity. nsive plain, which is crossed to the left, in referable) to the village of Wellepattanvellé, é, from whence the road rises by a gradual a delightful spot for a residence, the prosboth sea and land, including Tangalle, the in the distance. é, situate at the eastern extremity of the earer to the sea than the Konakatté Leway, arance after the rains; but, being entirely illed at that season, for its irrigation, the what it might be, under more favorable embankments and drains, in almost all the that its former state of cultivation was much native farmers aver, that whilst the paddee fold, the white and brown Korakan, and
y fold.

Page 353
CURIOUS TRANSFER OF THE MA
The post-bag, or Tappal bearers, have h of transferring their charge, upon reachi mittances are occasionally sent by the m the bearer reaching the station in the ni by loudly exclaiming “ Tappal," and the tree, retires to his dwelling;-nevertheles any town in England, and without even an After crossing the wooden bridge over twenty feet wide, the rest-house, which is right hand, as one ascends the hill, offers being both hot and disagreeable, from its l is 11 miles from Wallewé, and 9 from Tan Crocodiles infest the river, and the n strong and high stakes. The Aratchy prese nearly as large as those of the goose, but
The porcupine (Histrir cristata, L.) ab and its retreat having but one entrance, it to be seen during the day, but at night : is most destructive to young plantations. a honeycomb resemblance, from the inder and this extraordinary appearance of the against its use; but this is transient, for af flavor of a roasted porcupine, generally objections of the recently-arrived Europe the choicest viands of a Ceylon dinner; o except it be at a distance from fashiona at “out-stations."
About a mile and a quarter from the b: but dilapidated tank, which was formerly nams of land, the annual average produ to 9600 parahs of paddee, equal to 6200 Throughout this part of the Southern the remains of innumerable tanks, someo of the skill of its ancient population, i. Many are excavated on level plains, whic over deep ravines; others, by water col

S-PORCUPINES-RANNE TANK. 317
'e a very extraordinary but common custom g the relief stations. Although large reil, the leathern bag has no lock, and upon ht, he merely gives notice to his successor, hanging the mail bag to the stump of a , the letters are as safely delivered as at occasional casualty. he Ranné-Oya, where that river is about elevated a few feet above the road on the shelter from sun and rain, but no comfort, w roof and small size. The village of Ranné galle. atives catch them in Kraals composed of inted me with a string of 25 crocodiles' eggs, more oblong, and of a beautiful white. ounds here. It burrows to a great depth, is easily unearthed. This animal is seldom Sallies forth in quest of roots or fruits, and When the skin is taken off, the flesh has tations made by the pressure of the quills, surface, has given rise to much prejudice ter a trial or two, the exquisite delicacy and obliterate the recollection of the original an, and establish its claim to rank among which, however, it seldom forms a part, le society, or, according to local parlance,
idge, on the right hand, there is a spacious apable of affording irrigation to 300 ammoe of which, in the two harvests, amounted
Vinchester bushels.
rovince (the former province of Tangalle) very remote antiquity, afford ample proofs the collection and distribution of water. were supplied by dams across rivers, and
ses carried from hill to hill, over vallies,

Page 354
318 SUGGESTIONS FOR RESTORING
forming extensive reservoirs for irrigation, from natural sources.
In my very humble view of the case, thi tion of these artificial reservoirs, and con agriculture, than by the Government res granted as Accommodesans, wherever their making the tanks, throughout the island, C repair, as Public works, and levying a mo, the irrigation thereby afforded, upon the pl
A few miles before one enters Tangalle, the sea in myriads, begins, and continues. Colombo, but not a palmyra tree is to be s There is an excellent Government hous at Tangalle; but bugs are by no means sca best bed for a sofa in the verandah. The the fort stands, and has a spacious veran a magnificent row of trees (Mimusops Elen, There is no other civil officer at Tangal a sub-custom-house establishment; and th of the Ceylon rifle regiment.
An enemy, upon a sudden breaking out with a very inconsiderable force, march to Tangalle, and Matura, and even Point de C could be erected at the latter place; and if hills by which the fortified town of Galle i would insure the fall or destruction of the l Nature is the best defender of all the Cey Colombo and Trincomalé boldly bid an ene places, the usual gallantry of our invincible But as to any dependence upon the Si European power, the greater part of them certain pilots; for they are naturally an eff a race as may be easily and quietly governe distinct species of the genus Felis; over wh that a wary eye should be kept; for alth
* Upon the supposition of the possibility of an enen

HE TANKS AND AGRICULTURE.
when drought precluded a supply of water
re is no plan more feasible for the restorasequently for the regeneration of the local uming possession of all lands, originally :onditions have been infringed or forfeited; rown property; putting them into perfect lerate water rate on all lands benefitted by inciple of the New River Company. the belt of coco-nut palms, which borders with but trifling exception, all the way to ee ie, formerly the residence of the Collector, rce there, and I gladly left the Collector's house is immediately under the hill where dah ; between which and the sea, there is .(.سgi, L le than the District Judge, and not even le only military force, a Sergeant's guard
, of war, might land at Turtle Cove, and, Colombo, taking Paltoopané, Hambantotté, Galle, before a redoubt of any consequence redoubts were thrown up upon the several s commanded, the capture of the former atter. lon coast, except where the fortifications of my “come on and try;" and at both these army would, doubtlessly, be displayed. nghalese, in the event of an attack by an would do, as has been already remarked of eminate and cowardly race, but just such i The Kandyans, on the contrary, are a om, prudence and past experience suggest, ough they may assume the ass's skin, as a
y having a temporary command of the Indian seas.

Page 355
CAUTION AGAINST KANDYANS-TA
convenient disguise, it is best to treat ther or the leopard, for they retain all the treac they will be sure to display, whenever a although it is to be hoped the time is far d and safety is the result. -
Wealthy and public-spirited individuals, nor private expense, are the persons mos Ceylon were fully developed, there would the island, except the portion of its surface not teem with produce, in the course of inter-tropical productions of one kind or maritime provinces, and wheat and other El so that, from east to west, and from north by giving proper encouragement to agricult certain result of the outlay of capital.
“Tangalle may be seen a great way off small Fort and ruins of an old Pagoda, situ the west side of the Bay. The Bay itself from Tangalle Point to the extreme point c eaeh point run extensive and dangerous ree “Within the reefs is good anchorage, an proper entrance to the Bay lies betwixt N. N. E. E. of it. Betwixt the rock an and 9 fathoms. The rock is aiways visibl above the surface of the water. A vesse. steep descent, but must not come nearer Should the swell be so considerable, which best entrance is midway betwixt it and the bottom. When here, steer N. W. W. siderably inland, and bearing exactly in th coco-nut trees. Continue steering this cou either anchor or run further into the harbo incline to the latter, and being in 7 fatho you see a small white pagoda, bearing me small conical-shaped hill, appearing over th either of these objects, will bring the vessel

GALILE BAY-SAILING DIRECTIONS. 319
n as if they still occupied that of the tiger herous characteristics of that genus, which safe opportunity may present itself; but, istant, caution, like civility, costs nothing,
who would spare neither personal exertions it wanted here; and if the capabilities of
not be a square mile of land throughout devoted to purposes of grazing, that might the next ten years; for the most valuable other will grow everywhere throughout the ropean productions in the central province; o south, if mere justice be done the colony, ure, the greatest abundance would be the
from the offing, and is easily known by the ate on an elevated and projecting point, on is of considerable extent, being four miles f land opposite. The shore is sandy. From fs. d shelter during the S. W. monsoon. The the western rock and a breaker bearing d breaker, is a channel of the depth of 83 2, being very large, and rising several feet may keep very near the rock, which is of the breaker than soundings of 7 fathoms. it commonly is, to show the breakers, the rock, in 8 or 9 fathoms, over a fine sandy direct for a small double hill, rising con2 middle of an opening in a plantation of se until in 7 fathoms, fine grey sand, when ur, as circumstances require. Should you ms, with the bottom fine black sand, when arly W. N. W. W., steer for it, or for a e end of the coco-nut grove. Steering for
directly into the harbour.

Page 356
320 SAILING DIRECTIONS INT
“In the middle of the harbour lies a b breaker is seen over it. Inside of this b Should you incline to anchor inside of it, starboard hand, when you will find a ch Betwixt it and the reef that runs off Tang bottom is rocky, and the soundings irreg itself, and can therefore be easily avoided. from the west and south-west wind, and rii rock which runs off Tangalle Point, breaki
“The landing-place, which is perfectly upon which the fort stands, having the About a quarter of a mile from the landing good water. A path-way leads directly fro filled, and the casks rolled down to the b place, would greatly facilitate the loading o “This bay lies completely exposed to the severe on this coast. These commonly pre ber, and in some measure in December, a change of the moon; but being of short d galle while they last. My stay here was too of the tides; but, from the observations I v It is high water at full and change. The ti The harbour of Tangalle might be made and is deserving of greater attention from A large Indigo Establishment might be m are principally occupied in agriculture and
The view is extensive and beautiful fro a signal station, for communicating with ships from England, bound to India, endea
* This account of Tangalle Harbour was derived f William Gisborne, Esq., o t See pag

'O TANGALLE HARBOUR.
ank, on which are 2 fathoms water, and a ank are 4 fathoms, the bottom fine sand. bass it to the northward, leaving it on your Innel of 43 fathoms, over a sandy bottom. ille Point, there is also a channel, but the ular. This breaker almost always shows
Within it a vessel is coppletely sheltered les in tolerably smooth water, the reef of ng the force of the southerly swell. free from surf, lies under the rising ground uins of a house a little to the south of it. place, passing the fort, is a well containing m the fort to the well, where water may be each. A small jetty, built at the landingf the boats. : east and south-east winds, which are most rail during the months of October, Novemind blow with most violence at the full and uration, ships may avoid touching at Tanshort to enable me to speak with certainty was able to make, the rise is inconsiderable. de runs N. N. W. and S. S. E.'
capable of affording shelter to large ships, the Government than it has hitherto had. ade very profitable here. The inhabitants fishing. m the fort, which is an excellent place for vessels making Dondra Head, which many vour to do.
om an official document in the possession of the late
the Ceylon Civil Service. es 74-79.

Page 357
CHAP
Present advantages to the formation of an Indigo F scheme-Dam, and Canal of Kirimé, for the conveyance rary rewards conferred upon the Headmen of Tangal Kirimé canal-Tobacco of Lower Ouva considered by the gested-Suggestions for a Company of moderate capital mended-European labourers may be advantageously local to establish farms, contrasted with the original difficulties Portugal Hop-District of Lower Ouva-Its beautiful Saffregam-Produce-Route from Tangale to Dickwellé temple-Magnificent colonnade-Relics-Viharé and I Approach to Matura-Lines-Fort-Town-Fish-Sail Fish Factory-Variety of grasses-Matura famous fo Zircon sold as Matura or Ceylon diamond-True diamo
HAvING endeavoured, in the preceding abundance of indigenous Indigo in this dist originally intended formation of a “Tang auspices of His Excellency the then Gove G. C. B., which, having been in abeyance, dent of the Factory, (Mr. Tranchell,) had lency's appointment to the Command-in-c considered supererogatory, in connexion completed under the same energetic Gover thereby presented to British capitalists for which, at the time it was first in contempla the conveyance of manufactured indigo, an to the ports of export.
Of the several national and arduous u during Sir Edward Barnes's administration rank with the foremost in agricultural impo talent, and perseverance. It was comme
* See pag
2

". XL.
actory Company over the prospective ones of the original of produce to Tangalle-William Gisborne, Esq.-Honoe, by the Governor in person, upon the completion of the
Dutch equal to that of Havannah-Tobacco farm sugists as settlers at Ceylon-Precautionary measures reconed in certain parts of the island-Facilities to immigrants : to settlers in new colonies-Suggestions for planting the
country and delightful temperature-Soil-District of -Face of the country-Dondra Head-Ancient Hindoo 'ewalé-Dondra festival-Curious division of offeringsing directions-Government officers-Suggested Farm and r poultry-Manufactures-Petrified Tamarind woodnd not native of Ceylon.
pages, to draw public attention to the :rict of the Southern Province, and to the galle Indigo Factory Company," under the 'rnor, the late General Sir Edward Barnes, after the death of the intended Superintenbeen altogether abandoned, upon His Excelhief of the Bengal Army; it may not be with the Kirimé Canal, commenced and nor, to refer to the additional advantages, the resumption of the original scheme, (but tion, were only prospective,) for facilitating ld other produce, to Tangalle, for shipment
ndertakings of the Government of Ceylon, , the canal of Kirimé is justly entitled to rtance, and as a splendid memorial of skill, nced in the year 1824, under the personal
es 74-79.

Page 358
322 DAM AND CANAL OF KIRIME
superintendence of one of the most zealo civil service of the colony, and was compl
This most important auxiliary to nativ thirty miles to the northward of Tangalle called Rameli-Kandi, which divide it from structing a dam, 52 feet in height, 540 breadth to 12 feet, from a base of 160 feet quence of the rapid rise and fall of the mo
Into this reservoir, which is composed pebble to be found in it, the course of Kirimé canal, which, as a work of labour, object of the attention of its able and ze these splendid works was followed by th medals, which were conferred upon the mo the Governor in person; by way of mar approbation of their conduct and services b
I have accidentally omitted to mention, t of the fertile soil of Lower Ouva, (now a nor part of the extensive Dessavony of Ouva, kingdom,) which form part of the ladings c to Point de Galle, vid Hambantotté. It according to the Dutch, whose opinions in in flavor to the best specimens of Havanna object of advantageous speculation, which conjointly with that of an Indigo Factory.
It has often occurred to me as somewha emigration schemes which, within the las the British public, the formation of a comp
* The late William Gisborne, Esq., who died at service of twenty two years; and of whom it may truly
t Among the several names for Ceylon, Pliny call sidered analogous to Antipodes. May it not be more suggested to me by that admirable writer, B. E. Pote, the Greek words, Avtts, red or copper, (and also gian applied it in the latter sense, as the “Land of Giants." ; See

-DISTRICT OF LOWER OUWA.
us public officers that ever did honor to the eted in 1827. e agriculture was begun at Kirimé, about , situate at the foot of the lofty mountains the Morua Korle in this province, by confeet in length, and gradually diminishing in ; which latter was indispensable, in conseuntain streams during the rains.
entirely of fine redit soil, with scarcely a a mountain rivulet was diverted; and the excels even that of the dam, was the next alous superintendent. The completion of e distribution of honorary titles and gold st deserving Headmen by His Excellency king, in a public manner, the unqualified by the Executive. hat tobacco is one of the staple productions thern district of this province, but originally under the Malabar dynasty of the Kandyan if the numerous Tavelams, from the Interior is lighter in color than that of Jaffna; and, the matter are received as orthodox, equal h. A Tobacco Farm presents an additional might be entered into, either separately, or
t extraordinary, that among the very many it few years, have occupied the attention of any of moderate capitalists, for establishing
Hastings on the 25th of December, 1839, after a publiu be said, “ Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit."
s it Terra Antichthonum, which has been generally conproperly intended for the “Country of Red Earth, as Esq., late Editor of the Foreign Quarterly Review, fruu t in Asiatic tongues,) and 6oves, earth. Pliny may have
page 293.

Page 359
SUGGESTIONS TO CAPITA
themselves at Ceylon, has never once be individuals who have been prominent in suc Although the climate is generally adverse there are numerous places of great extent selves advantageously located; but it is t may be disposed to emigrate, that I presul company; and, in order to obviate the pos: books, either for, or against, the climate uncertain grounds, or the probability of ha turely incurred them, no plan is more feasi deputation of competent individualsto pro state of the island, its climate and capabi which purpose, it might make a temporary ulterior measures were to be dependent upc committee of investigation.
Where ardent spirits are so cheaply purc be put to greater tests than in this country, in too strict a manner. Those who might interior, would have none of the disadvant new colonies, where their habitations and da upon the log-houses and the quantity of stoc at Ceylon, roomy cottages can be construct wheat, rice, and other seeds sown, which, i Of European fruits, grapes and strawbe the potato, onion, cabbage, cauliflower, tur endive, cucumber, and indeed every specie: tion, when compared with their growth in game, are generally abundant, and bread c be established, contracts for bread, biscuit, at the nearest seaport, until it produces suff and a farm yard may be amply stocked wit but as regards cattle and sheep, the reader There can be little doubt, that as Po) (Humulus lupulus, L.) in abundance, the si
* See pag
2

LISTS-PORTUGAL, HOP. 323
in suggested, by any of the speculative n objects of public utility.
to the employment of European labourers, here they may be profitably, and to them) persons of moderate capital alone, who he to suggest the establishment of such a ibility of their being misled, by hearsay or or the country, to involve expenses upon ving to repent at leisure for having premaple, as a preliminary measure, than for a 'eed to Ceylon, for the investigation of the lities, at the expense of the company; for arrangement, with the understanding that In the official report of such deputation or
hased, and the virtue of teetotalism would the selection of labourers cannot be made be employed in the temperate parts of the ages of agricultural labourers proceeding to ily allowances of animal food are dependent k carried with them; for within a short time, 2d, and, in a few weeks, grounds fenced, and n as many months, yield their harvest. rries thrive best; and vegetables, including nip, carrot, pulse, asparagus, radish, celery, cultivated at home, rapidly attain perfechis country.-Butchers' meat, poultry, and heap; so that, whenever a farm is about to flour, and seed wheat, may be entered into cient for the consumption of its inhabitants; h swine and poultry at a very cheap rate :- is referred to the preceding pages.* tugal produces a very fine species of Hop veral parts of the interior of Ceylon, where
s 09, 110.
2

Page 360
324 DISTRICT OF OUWA-CLIMAT
the climate is, at certain seasons, very sim Lusitanian Hop would thrive, if the British ment having been made, and therefore ca equally as successful as that of other Europe in Portugal, may recollect the great horro. spoken of, by the Portuguese, (who conside partiality for British malt liquors, when the
Where wheat will attain the perfection be no doubt of British barley, oats, and gra The northern part of this province prese and plain, and consequently of climate, wł perate, the thermometer in the morning b surprising than otherwise that the tide of in yet set towards Ouva. The potato flouri. abundance, and is now largely cultivated of the country are very favorable to the grc The Kandyan farmers of Ouva display gr their mountainous country, by shelving th watered in an ample, but artificial manner, flow from the heights, so that, after irrigatin the same purpose for the inferior ones. Gr of the vallies amply rewards the labour of passes, the country presents such a continu, lies, that one can scarcely behold the beau both regret and disappointment at the inade For the lover of nature, or the recluse, I delightful retreat than the gentle acclivity that the tranquil mind would readily subscri
“ - The fa The rage of nations, and th Move not the man who, fro ín still retreats, and flowery
To nature's voice attends, fi And day to day, through th
The average quality of the soil is a pu clay, or coarse limestone, of a porous natur

E-NATIVE FARMERS-SOIL.
ilar to that of the banks of the Tagus, the species should not. I know of no experinnot anticipate why the Hop should not be an introductions. Persons who have resided " with which the Hop bine is regarded, and r it a deadly poison,) notwithstanding their y can afford to purchase them. it does in the interior of Ceylon, there can sses, being as easily naturalized. nts such a diversity of hill and dale, forest lich in the upper parts may be styled tem2ing as low as 50" degrees, that it is more nmigration of moderate capitalists has not shes there in the greatest perfection and by the natives; and the gentle acclivities )wth of the vine. eat ingenuity in cultivating the slopes of 2m into narrow paddee fields. These are by diverting the streams which everywhere g the upper tier, the surplus water answers aim is the principal staple, and the fertility the agriculturist; whilst, from the higher ation of green hills and intermediate valtiful prospect beneath him, without feeling quacy of its population. no part of the known world offers a more of the green hills of Ouva. It is there be to the truism, that
l of kings, e crush of states, m the world escaped,
solitudes, om month to month, e revolving year."
'e vegetable mould, resting on iron-stone
e. ܫ

Page 361
---- -- - * * . |-
+ Image of the Kousta Rajah ( , , , , , , ) or Seprotes King.
 

Page 362


Page 363
DISTRICT OF SAFFREGAM-DON
Saffregam, another northern district of t the adjoining district of Lower Ouva, was a to the late division of the whole island into coffee, pepper, cardamoms, bees' wax, exce most beautiful and fertile provinces in th exuberance of vegetation the most favored ficient rice for the consumption of its popul Although it is generally understood, th discovered in poor and barren soils, it do considerable inducement to the mineralog in the beds of its rivers.
The soil of Saffregam is very similar to will be further noticed in its proper place well be resumed.
From Tangalle to Dickwellé, the distand hilly; but, although tolerably good, it is mu more elevated parts of the road the countr season, when the verdure of the surroundin eye. Paddee fields abound in every directi being classed as staple productions of the being scarcely deserving of notice.
Passing so very near the well-known “D about 2 or 3 miles from Matura, the touri to the left from the main road, and visit the Dondra Head, the southernmost point of overlooking, and about a mile to the eastw coco-nut trees, which appear in one from its extremity, there is a colonnade, formed tecture, extremely well executed; of the rough state, for they are unfinished : othe and, in the middle, stand two square pillar (apparently the remains of a doorway,) : deities, within a scroll of foliage.
Some of the scattered relics, which in executed head of Ganesa, would be an acq well of the temple is covered with a flat stol

RA HEAD-ANCIENT TEMPLE. 325
s province, but situate to the westward of a province and Dessavony of itself, prior re provinces. It abounds with Areka nuts, 2nt honey, and jaggery, and is one of the island, rivalling in luxuriance of soil and country in the world, and producing suftion.
It metals and other minerals are chiefly s not apply to Saffregam, which presents it, valuable gems being occasionally found
that of Ouva; but as the former district , the direct route from Tangalle may as
e is 11 miles, and a great part of the road Lch broken up during the rains. From the y appears to the greatest advantage at that g scenery is very grateful to the European on, but no symptoms of indigo and cotton district, -the small quantity of the latter
ondra Head," 9 miles from Dickwellé, and it will find it well worth his time, to diverge ruins of the ancient Hindoo temple there. Ceylon, is a steep and rugged promontory, ird of, a low tongue of land, covered with he sea. Within less than half a mile of y about 200 stone pillars, of Hindoo archi, many had evidently been raised in the rows of pillars branch off at right angles, supporting a lintel, of the same material, ulptured on one side with the heads of
ude the fragments of images and a wellsition to the British Museum. The sacred , upon which the human right and left foot

Page 364
326 BUDDHA VIHARE-VISHNU
are sculptured, having between them a sq of a vessel to draw water. The well adjoi surmounted by a canopy of sacred leaves,
Near this stand a Buddha Viharé, with Dewalé dedicated to the great Vishnu, (Go mented in its interior to the Kattregam Hindoo Pantheon, that of Kartikeya, the spicuous; but the most valuable article, of the elephant-headed Hindoo deity Ga by coco-nut and areka palms, yellow Big plantain trees, and afford a cool and pleasa priests and attendants are extremely civil the temple being noticed by Europeans.
Dondra itself, although now a mere villa century, during the reign of the Singhal famed for its annual festival. The preser a celebrated temple, erected about that per At the time of the Perahara of Kandy superintendence of the Moodliar of the dis of the Vishnu Dewalé commences the cerer at the appointed nekata,t by a rite called ka Dewalés, are erected for the gods Katragan, Pattiné. All the Kapuwas bathe in pure the Tam-a-tam beaters, singers, and dance chief Kapuwas bearing the sacred emble The Basnaiké Nilamé makes the first offer who stands at the entrance of the Dewa anoints their foreheads with a preparation them. This continues uninterruptedly for The expenses of the ceremony are def Nilamé, who is appointed by the Governn
* The Perahara (literally, procession) commences o like other Eastern festivals, from the imperfect systems the year. The first observance of this festival, after the
sessions in Ceylon, took place in the month of July.
Situation

EWALE-DONDRA FESTIVAL.
lare orifice in the centre, for the admission hs an obscene specimen of Hindoo worship,
its usual accompaniments, and a Hindoo inda of the Singhalese,) and similarly ornatemple. Among the painted figures of the
peacock-riding deity, is prominently conas a curiosity, is an ancient stone figure nesa. The temples are delightfully shaded gnonia (Bignonia Indica, L.), Bogaha, and nt lounge during the heat of the day. The and obliging to strangers, as if pleased at
ge, was the capital of Ceylon in the seventh ese Rajah, Sri Singha Bo II., and is still it ruins are supposed to have belonged to iod. , the Dondra festival takes place, under the trict, as Basnaiké Nilamé. The Kapuralé nony at the first quarter after the new moon, phitaweema, when six kowilas, or temporary na, Natha, Saman, and Alut, and the goddess water; but before any offerings are made, !rs, the latter in grotesque masks, with the ms, walk in procession through the villages. ng at each of the shrines; and the Kapuwa く lé whilst the people present their offerings, of sandal-wood, and invokes blessings upon 36 hours. 'ayed from the offerings; but the Basnaiké ent, and appoints the Kapuralés in turn,
the day of the new moon in the month Eysala; which, f native astronomy, traverses through all the months of annexation of the Kandyan kingdom to our former pos
of the moon.

Page 365
DIVISION OF OFFERINGS-MA
receives the money, and distributes it, a Moodliar two-fifths; the remainder having fifths belong to the Kapuwas; the remail which, the Aratchy takes two-fifths; and the potters, Tam-a-tam beaters, and other musi Approaching Matura from the eastward extensive grazing plains and paddee fields interspersed with coco-nut and areka palms, The town lies low, and the Lines that re or Nil-Ganga, suffice to show that, unde extensive. On the right bank there is a commands the bridges, which are connect several excellent private houses, chiefly of house, chapel, and barracks. The Cutche also a Wesleyan Mission-house and chapel. The country round Matura is so extreme dant and cheap; and no place is betters (a fine species of Scomber), Red Sur-mullet, Skate, Crabs, a species of Cray Fish, locally The neighbourhood of Matura affords i pletely sheltered by a variety of umbrageou a mid-day sun ; and it is here that the inqu be done by the “magic hand of cultivation, “The town lies in latitude 5' 58 north, E. : S. from Red Point, the east point of between them is moderately elevated, and water in some places within two miles of th “Matura is a considerable town, with a f between N. N. W. and N. E. Ships may a of the town, in 20 and 22 fathoms, the bott good water, poultry, fish, fruits, roots, an two former at the entrance of the river, westward of the fort.
“Matura Island stands opposite the fort, resembling a haycock. Boats find shelter shore. Canoes are used for passing to the

TURA-SAILING DIRECTIONS. 327
ld the offerings, in five portions, -to the been subdivided into five portions, twonder is again divided into five portions, of last remainder is given to the washermen, ians, who have assisted in the procession.
, the country is very beautiful, presenting , intersected with canals and rivulets, and
:main upon the left bank of the Blue river, r the Dutch, the fortifications were very small stone built fort of five bastions, that ted by an islet, and the ferry. There are Kabook, or iron-stone clay, a District Court
g, and there are
ry is an extensive building,
ly fertile, that every article of food is abunupplied with fish, including the Seir Fish Pomfret, Coal Fish, Rock Cod, Soles, Eels, called Lobster, huge Prawns, and Shrimps. che most delightful walks and drives, comstrees and dense coco-nut topes from even iring mind may picture to itself what might
and longitude S0°37 east, and bears about Red Bay, distant eight miles; the land the coast very steep, having 60 fathoms e shore.
ort conspicuous from seaward when it bears nchor here in the N. E. monsoon, abreast om is generally foul. Plenty of wood and d vegetables, may be procured here; the or very near it, about half a mile to the
and near the shore; is small and rocky, under it, the surf being generally high om main."

Page 366
328 OFFICIALS-MANUFACTURES-Z,
An Assistant Government Agent in chal are the only public officers resident here du An extensive farm, and a factory for cul if there were but a few moderate capitalists the richest districts in the island; for no pla of pepper, indigo, cardamoms, coffee, cotto The district produces as great a variety o of the esculent species that are cultivated u former, the chief are called by the Sing Urukiri (sow's milk), Kawula, Haspan, H Welkiri, Nalaghas, Mangarudeli, Seuvendar Idalhu, Mahakiri (great milk), Kokmoththa, would find employment for twelve months of Ceylon.
Matura, long famous for its poultry, may turkies, with which the Galle and Colombe and coco-nuts, are its principal staples. carved figures of the native castes, are m and the petrified wood of the Tamarind tre esteemed, is commonly manufactured into able prices,
White Zircon is here called “ Matura dian diamond," many, in ignorance of the differ island the production of the true diamond, a there. Of other gems, there are three s. and topazes. These are either found in which, both here and in Saffregam, is of ti position of gneiss or granitic rock.
The Singhalese aver, that the most val trees (Artocarpus integrifolia, L.) of a cel upon occasionally successful researches in s from searching where they are more likely

IRCON, OR MATURA DIAMOND.
ge of the revenue, and a District Judge, ring peace. ing fish, would be good speculations; and settled here, Matura might become one of ce can be better adapted to the cultivation h, and ginger;-and why not sugar f grasses as any in the island, exclusively nder the name of “ small grains.” Of the halese, Moththu, Pendah (or bird's tail), aelin, Rammoththa, Kalandura, Kalanduru, a, Bintama, Hadutama, Meneritana, Itama, Karabukiri, and Ilinkiri -but a Botanist in describing and classifying the Gramineae
be called the “ Norwich of Ceylon" for o markets are supplied; but Koir, arrack,
Beautiful sofa and palankin mats, and anufactured here for sale to the curious; e (Tamarindus Indicus, L.), which is much snuff-boxes and seals, and sold at reason
nond," by which name, and that of “Ceylon ence, have been misled to attribute to the gem never yet known to have been found ecies of garnet, hyacinths, inferior rubies, he beds of rivers, or in alluvial ground, he same kind, and derived from the decom
lable gems are found at the roots of Jack tain age; and this story is either founded lch localities, or is a ruse to mislead others o be found.

Page 367
CHAP,
Minerals-Ertraordinary combinations in petrifacti whilst Naturalist to his late Most Christian Majesty, Ch. ents of Belligan rock-Opinion of Dr. John Davy, F. R. Cordiner, and Ive, in regard to the indigenous minerals o, mineral resources of the island being fully developedtheir reasons for neglecting it-Coal an object of too gr longer hypothetical-Face of the country between Matura fish, fruits, and vegetables-Esculent Euphorbia-Agrab of the Koustah Rajah, or Leprous King-Temples and D temple applicable to all. N
THE island produces nitre in limited qua glimmer, felspar in variety, as well as qua Brazilian and oriental purple, is found in l namon stone, opal, black, brown, yellowis jewellers impose upon strangers as white topaz, blue sapphire, electric tourmalin, chr garnet, Ceylonite, grey manganese, globu stone, by which the island may be said to laria), and Kabook, or iron-stone clay.
In 1820, M. L'Eschenault de Latour, at Majesty, Charles X., discovered, during hi wood, combining quartz and felspar, which latter substance never having been found, c tions of a similar nature ;-also, moonsto masses, and of greater beauty than moonst( white clay. These discoveries were the precious and beautiful in themselves, and the learned in mineralogy.
* This mineral was originally supposed to be exclu derived, but it has since been found in Germany and Na
2

, XLI.
ons of wood discovered by M. L'Eschenault de Latour, arles X., during his tour through the interior-ConstituS., opposed to the statements of Ptolemy, Knoac, Percival, f Ceylon-Possibility of the tables being turned, upon the Discovery of indigenous coal attributed to the Dutch, and eat importance for its presence, or otherwise, to remain and Belligam-Village of Belligam, or Belligammé-Birds. oddigané Viharé and Dagobah-Eactraordinary tradition agobahs-Captain Anderscn's description of a Buddhist
ntities, alum, magnesia, limestone, mica or artz, (of which, the amethyst, both of the arge masses); iron, equal to Swedish ; cinsh and white crystal, (which last the native
sapphire); cats' eye or pseudo-opal, ruby, lysoberyl, moonstone, precious and common ules of iron-stone clay, granitic rock, sandbe surrounded; potters' clay (Argilla friti
that time Naturalist to His Most Christian s tour through the interior, petrifactions of he considered a novelty in mineralogy, the or if found, never made public, in petrifacne embodied in porphyric rock, in large one hitherto dug from rocks of decomposed more valuable, because the minerals are were at that time altogether new, even to
isively confined to the island from which its name is ples.
т

Page 368
330 MINERALOGY OF CEYLON
A piece of Beligam rock, presented to contain “schalstone, quartz, and cinnamo -the quartz regularly distributed, and wi cinnamon stone in grains, and distributed exhibited any traces of a crystaline for was at all discernible, it was extremely im In Ptolemy's account of the island, plu indigenous; and, in the year 1681, Knox
In Captain Percival's History of Ceylon mine was discovered at Kotta, about six of that metal obtained.
In the description of Ceylon by the Re Garrison of Colombo, published in 1807, had been found there ;-and it is further r of the name of Thomas, discovered the quently found as fine a specimen of it as that Mr. Ive (the author) had also found spar and iron, and black lead and copper C To these statements, Dr. Davy thus oppo mer:- Wherever I have been amongst the for tin and copper, but in vain, having ne' lead. It has been asserted, in some publ in Ceylon. The result of the inquiries I founded, and that neither metal, in any sta Now, as Dr. Davy was altogether not m (during nearly one half of which period the Physician to the Forces,) one would suppo entific acquirements, an area of 24,000 sq. an investigation of its geology as would statements of his predecessors (in authorsh further investigation, and consequent de nullify Dr. Davy's opinion altogether, b. copper, and mercury, how deservedly will
* Mr. Phillips, of the Society of Friends, . t Pit in bagu has of late years been largely imported

-UNQUALIFIED ASSUMPTION.
a late eminent mineralogist, was found to -stone; schalstone the principal constituent thout any appearance of crystalization-the throughout the mass; but very few of them n, and in those in which that appearance perfect.” mbagot is included with iron and copper, as mentioned the former as a native mineral. , it is affirmed, that, in 1797, a quicksilver : miles from Colombo, and several pounds
v. James Cordiner, formerly chaplain to the it is stated, that plumbago and quicksilver ecorded, that, in 1755, a Cornish gentleman, presence of tin ore in the island, and subsehe had ever seen in his native county; and there veins of black crystal intermixed with
eS. ses his opinion in rather an unqualified manmountains, I have sought more particularly ver observed the least traces of either, or of ications, that gold and mercury occur native have made, satisfy me the assertion is unte, has yet been met with in the island.” ore than three years and a half at Ceylon, : Kandyans were in rebellion, and he himself ise that, even with his known ardour and sciare miles was rather too large for so minute warrant the Doctor's assumption, that the lip upon Ceylon) are groundless; and should velopement of its mineralogical resources, y the production of gold, silver, lead, tin,
the tables have been turned
Author of a well-known Treatise on Mineralogy.
into this country from Ceylon. : Ives Voyages.

Page 369
REPORTED DISCOVERY OF NA
The late Mr. Reckerman, Fiscal of Co discovered in the island by the Dutch; b of wood, and charcoal the only fuel used by taken of the discovery, That mineral is general importance, as to be worthy of th of supplying fuel to steam vessels, touching Madras, Bengal, and the Red Sea, and w the colony that discovery has ever produced It is therefore to be anticipated, that, ma mineralogists may yet be induced to turn geology of this magnificent country; for th the present number of its known mineral and silver.
The next stage from Matura is Belligan according to Horsburgh, “situate upon Re S0° 33' 20 east; a fishing hamlet, densely areka, and other trees;" from one of which (village,) its name is derived. The interm and the road excellent.
Snipe and teal abound in the lower gro bulbuls, parrots, and finches, in the upper. very trifle, as well as green turtle, large part of the province is better supplied with the esculent Euphorbia (Euphorbia esculenta building, approached by an avenue of sple looking the bay, is a very large and com Joseph Read, Esq., the Prince of Ceylon ) Although the Agraboddigane Viharé and midst of the dense coco-nut tope to the r of a visit from the traveller, the most curio image of the Koustah Rajah, or Leprous K left of the high road, and about half a mile of granite, and appears as if sculptured out is, that it was separately executed, and th It is very conspicuous to persons proceedin, by those returning from thence, unless prev
2

ATIVE COAL BY THE DUTCH, 33
lombo, informed me that coal had been ut, from there being such an abundance y the native cooks, no notice whatever was now become an object of such great and e most particular research, for the purpose at Ceylon, on their voyages to, and from, ould be one of the greatest acquisitions to l. 'lgré prejudiced opinions to the contrary
their attention to the developement of the here can be little doubt that it will increase productions, if it do not include both gold
1, distant rather more tham 11 miles; and, d Bay, in about 5' 57 north, and longitude wooded with coco-nut, bread-fruit jack, , Beli (Crataeva Marmelos, L.) and gammë, ediate country is fertile and well cultivated,
unds, and a variety of doves, mango-birds, The finest fish is to be purchased for a prawns, and crabs in abundance; and no indigenous fruits and vegetables, including z). The rest-house is a substantial stone hdid teak trees; and upon the hill, overmodious house, the country residence of merchants.
Dagobah, as well as the Dagobah in the ight of the high road to Galle, are worthy us relic of antiquity, near Belligam, is the ing, as its Singhalese name implies, on the : from the village. This gigantic image is of the solid rock; but the general opinion en fixed in the niche where it now stands. g to Galle, but it may be passed unnoticed iously aware of its position. r 2

Page 370
332 HEAD PREST OF KARANGODDE
At that particular spot, the road is so o carpus integrifolia, L.), Kettule (Caryota u the place has a delightfully cool appearanc There are many versions of the tradition the source the following is derived, it is one. I have to acknowledge my obligations Viharé in Saffregam, where, during a sojo of a severe attack of intermittent fever, I and kindness from that Oonansé and his of their native legends, through my Interp discovery of the coco-nut tree, the prin omnipotent wisdom and munificence has s of mankind, to a vision.-I have altered t have adhered, as nearly as possible, to the “A Singhalese king, or sovereign prince, devout conduct and character, became su which covered him with a white scaly substa as almost to deprive him of human appe distemper extended its malignant influence resorted to by his people, in the hope of Demon, (Maha Yaka,) the supposed autho The afflicted Rajah objected to assist in and, malgré the prejudices of his people, preferred an humble submission to the de alone the Maha Yaka could have derived the destinies of mankind.
The Rajah having, with all due humility the Buddhist rites, and repeated the Buddh for several days; and during that period, of water, which he tasted, and found both s green color near, and blue in the distanc
Generally of Bignonia Indica, Tabernæ montana, Polyanthes tuberosa, Nyctanthes arbor tristis, Michelia C Lawsonia inermis, of Linnæus.
In worship of Buddha, and acknowledgment of his : A liberty is here taken with the tradition, blue and

VIHARE RELATES A TRADITION.
vershadowed by an umbrageous Jack (Artorens, L.), Coco-nut, and other trees, that 2, even under a meridian sun.
respecting the Koustah Rajah; but, from very probably the original and most correct for it to the Head Priest of the Karangodde urn of some days, in 1825, in consequence experienced the utmost possible attention assistant priests, who related to me several reter..—The tradition ascribes the original cipal of all vegetable productions, which so liberally bestowed upon the sable portion he style of the relator, in some points, but substance of the tradition.
(as the term “Rajah” implies,) of the most lddenly afflicted with a cutaneous disease, Ince from head to foot, to so great a degree arance; and so rapidly had the loathsome over the Rajah's person, that sacrifices were thereby appeasing the anger of the Great of their prince's sufferings. person at any such diabolical ceremonies; and their faith in their eventual efficacy, 2crees of that Superior Power from whom dominion, if he really possessed any, over
, offered odoriferous flowers, according to a-Sarana, fell into a trance, which lasted a vision represented to him a large expanse alt and nauseous, although it was of a fine ce; its margin covered with groves of trees
Jasminum odoratissimum, J. Zeylanicum, J. luteum, Thampaca, Nerium odoratissimum, Mimosa Arabica, and
being the Omniscient. green being synonymous in Singhalese, (Nil-pata).

Page 371
EXTRAORDINARY TRADITION
of a rare kind, such as he had never be various directions, as trees had in his co a tuft of feathery leaves.
The Koustah Rajah, having awakened i unusual nature of his dream, renewed h omnipotent mercy towards him.
A Naya (Cobra di Capello, and Coluber N shortly afterwards approached the Rajah, a hood, raised its head a cubit from the gr some moments; then, extending its blue fork and lapped water from the leaf in which it h use. It thrice repeated the draught, and th graded to the jungle. This, to the mind conviction strong of Buddha's favor.
Again the prince felt his eyelids grow state of disease, to occupy no place of shelte sought repose under its umbrageous branc exerted its magic influence, than the Rajah's appearance of an aged man, whose face be splendour. It was Maha Sudona, the fathe) the astounded prince :-
“From ignorance of the sacredness of tree casts its honored shade, thou once did his creatures. Its deeply pointed leaf disting Buddha ; and, under another tree of the sa leprous mass, which disease, at the great water within the large and small rivers of th the sacred and kind snake, the shelterer of t partaken of thy drink, thou wilt derive heal mands which I now bear thee. In that dire
* At the remote period of the tradition, the Coco-nut this day, its scarcity is remarked by every traveller who vi
t Supposed to be derived from a Tamul word, “ B Singhalese worship is the fourth Buddha, called Gouta and considered by many learned Indians an incarnation of Brahma.

OF THE KOUSTAH RAJAH. 333
fore seen; for, instead of branches in Intry, their tops appeared crowned with
rom his trance deeply impressed with the s oblations and prayers for a display of
tja, L.), the sacred snake of the Buddhists, ld, having expanded its spectacle-marked ound, and observed the prince steadily for ed tongue, the reptile bent its head thrice, ad been reserved for the Rajah's particular en, with its eyes fixed on the Rajah, retroof the resigned and suffering prince, was
weary, but having determined, in his then r save that of the shady Bogaha, he again hes; but scarcely had sleep a second time former vision recurred, with the additional ore the appearance of the moon in all its of the God Buddha, who thus accosted
the ground over which the God's favorite st omit the usual respect due to it from all guishes it above all other trees as sacred to me heavenly character, thou now liest a Deity's command, the impurity of the red y body has brought upon thee. But since he God Buddha when on earth, has thrice Eh and long life by obeying the high comction pointing to the southward) lies thy
ree was unknown in the interior of Ceylon, and even to its the late Kandyan territory.
dhi," which signifies Wisdom. The present object of la Buddha Arkabandoo, or, Descendant from the Sun, of Vishnu; and his religion to be founded on that

Page 372
334 EXTRAORDINARY TRADITION
remedy. One hundred hours' journey will see in reality, and taste their fruits to th produced, by fire only can they be obtainec of innocent pulp, must be thy sole diet, t shall have given and refused her light:- leave thee, and thou wilt be clean again; b of thy flesh, by the red color of the foul fragrant flowers and fruits, with much t Brahmas,t to whom all other gods, and e mercy, and the forgiveness of thy neglect have been restored, and thy days of enjoy flaming Chief Ruler of the Moon prolong A sound as of ten thousand Tam-a-tar delighted Rajah, a corroboration of the me ear for hours together, after he had awa with the belief that the Invisible Powers ha and that consequently it was his bounde conveyed, the Rajah, placing the palms of to the ground, prayed for strength to act in gods and demons, (Ossah Pollah Dewyo,) a Having summoned his followers from the the branches and leaves of the neighbourin delighted Rajah repeated to them the prop having gone through the ceremony of maki tree, of fruits, Betel leaves, and flowers, course through rivers and forests, and over directed by the Iaha Sudona.
The one hundred hours' journey having been accomplished without fatigue either anxiously anticipated view of that boundles immense groves of trees, with crests of lea ceived to be large fronds,) gratified his a
* The Head Priest informed me, that although fruits had been dispensed with for more than twelve centuries,
t Brahmata-Brahma, a name of Buddha.

OF THE KOUSTAH RAJAH.
bring thee to those trees, which thou shalt benefit; but as on the top only they are ... The inside, of transparent liquid, and ll thrice the Great Moon (-) Maha Handah) at the expiration of that time, disease will ut forget not, with the renewal of the skin ntains of thy life being restored, to offer hanksgiving, to that Great Brahma of all iven demons, pay homage; through whose and transgressions, thy bodily vigour will "ment in the splendour of the mighty and ed.” ns simultaneously struck, seemed, to the ssenger's authority, and reverberated on his kened from his second trance. Impressed ld thus intimated their especial protection, n duty to obey commands so mysteriously his hands across his forehead, and bending n obedience to the Ruler and Creator of all nd of the plane world itself. ir various resting places, (constructed with g trees, by way of temporary shelter, the hetic words of the divine messenger; and, ng a propitiatory offering under thę Bogaha he proceeded with his retinue in a direct very high mountains, to the southward, as
g been miraculously performed, for it had
to himself or attendants, the long and is expanse of blue water, and on its margin ves, (which he then for the first time perstonished and delighted sight, as his visions
were originally offered, in addition to flowers, the former in consequence of the poverty of the people,
Anadewara, also a uaine of Buddha.
”میر "-

Page 373
EXTRAORDINARY TRADITIO
had foretold. Beneath the fronds, sheltere of fruit, much larger than any he had e of which, the color of some was green, ye ing to black.*
At that period, the coast was destitute such as elephants, leopards, bears, sloths coco-nut tree (the promised source of h beyond the power of mortal man; but f of obtaining its fruit, the Rajah's follower by the friction of wood and dried leaves; fire had encircled the foot of one of thes crash, it fell prostrate to the earth.
The novel fruit was, at first, with son stitions were more powerful than even h beach, over which wave followed wave in c ment at the vast expanse of ocean, bent vision had prognosticated. Again his wo pace with it, that, “ere the great moon h would be cleansed from his foul distempe which had originally drawn down upon him The Rajah and his followers confined the in obedience to the commands conveyed necessity, there being none of their accus' so mear the ocean. They found the wate pure as crystal itself, (of which mineral dance,) whilst the fleshy part of it was a c Time rolled on, and day after day the acknowledged that Truth came from above scaly skin which had enveloped him like interior,S whilst the glow of heat which the near approach of his promised recov omitted not to perform the duties dictated
* The Singhalese language has no signification for b) all expressed by the word rat, (red); and a very dark br
it "Samanta-chacksa," covered with eyes, t Probably the ant-eater (Manis tetradactyla), Kaballé o

OF THE KOUSTAH RAJAH. . . 335
from the vertical sun, hung large clusters er seen in his own country of the interior, tlow, and orange, and of others, approach
of population; but there were wild beasts,
and monkies innumerable. To climb the :alth) was then unknown, and considered re having been pointed out as the means s soon kindled it, after their own fashion, ind scarcely had an hour elapsed, after the e matchless palms, ere, with a tremendous
le difficulty opened; but the Rajah's superunger itself. With awe he approached the uick succession; and, mute with astonishto taste the liquid element. It was as his inder was increased; but his faith had kept had thrice given and refused her light," he r, and his disrespect to the sacred Bogaha, the anger of the All-seeing,t be forgiven. imselves to the prescribed diet; the former, by the Maha Sudona, and the latter from Comed fruits, rice, or roots, to be met with r within the nuts sweet and delicious, and their country produced a variety and abunpoling and grateful food. delighted followers of their suffering prince , for the Rajah gradually lost the white and the armour of the Great Ant-eater of the pervaded his extremities, convinced him of ry. Thankful to his Great Preserver, he by his visions; and, on the first rock that
own, reddish, orange-colored, scarlet, or pink, which are own, by kalu, (black).
The green coco-nut, called in Singhalese, Koroomba. the Singhalese, and called Negombo Devil by Europeans.

Page 374
336 ROCK FIGURE OF THE KOUSTAH R
appeared durable and beyond the reach of his followers, carved the gigantic figure of h ing, “ that its great height would show tł (being a very little man in stature); for h all gods, to an undeserved degree of hap memorial would thus be handed down to m:
In regard to the temples of Buddha, and relic, my account must be brief, for these ca. plan or object of the present work; and ye of them, in a description of Ceylon.
The several Christian Missions established transmitted such correct details of the cere and Buddhists, that there is no room left ev sameness in the internal decorations of th remarkable in the architecture presents its
one, see all;" and Captain Anderson's descr
correct as can possibly be given.
“ The vaulted roof is studd With various hieroglyphi Touch'd by the artist's g Flowers of all colors her There, some wild legend Here, all the zodiac stan While every vacant space Some un couth form, or s With yellow robes, and The priests around that a Near Buddha's giant figu And incense shed with l Then bending at his sac Their wishes, wants, and Though painted robes th And but the countenance One may a due proporti Throughout his giant for No lion look, no eagle e. But that serene philanth) Which plainly indicates : With every milder virtue

AJAH-TEMPLES AND DAGOBAHS.
he sea, the Rajah, with the assistance of mself, in the rock at Belligammé; remarke wonderful recovery he had experienced, e had risen, by the blessing of the God of biness and bodily vigour; of which, the llions yet unborn.""
he Dagobahs, or repositories of the sacred a scarcely be said to enter into the original ; it is hardly possible to avoid some notice
l in the island, have, each in their turn, monials and mythology of the Brahmins 2n for novelty. There is, too, such a great eir temples, that, unless where anything elf to notice, it may truly be said, “ see iption of a Viharé, taken generally, is as
led o'er c lore; lowing hand, 2 expand;
lives portray'd, ds display'd,
between, hape, is, seen ! haven head, litar tread, re stand, avish hand; ed feet,
vows repeat
figure screen,
is seen,
in trace, m and face;
7e,
opy,
breast
blest !"

Page 375
CHAP.
Numerous antiquities in the Southern Province-Nc Image of Buddha described-Emblematical and historical Charles Edward Layard, Esq., causes an ancient Dagoba tain Egyptian antiquities, described by B. E. Pote, Esq. Necropolis of Memphis in 1824-The Bogaha as much ve. of Buddhas appearance-Interesting conversion of a H the convert not affected among the Priesthood by his apostac upon the convert-Road from Belligam to Galle-Serpenti dica-Crocodiles-Leopards-Approach to Galle-Sailin
It is beyond my power to describe th require a volume; and I have reluctantly or session, which might have interested the Ar exceed the professed object of the present
In the maritime provinces, there are ni considered peculiar to the interior of the that of Agraboddigané, situate upon a ge Beligam, to the left of the high road to Ga well-worn stone steps.
Here, as in all the temples of Buddha that God is on the left hand upon entering the s This gigantic figure is about thirty feet i lacker in use among the Singhalese, with a The body of the idol is a light yellow, eyeballs white, mouth red, eyes and hair a di and, upon the crown of the head, is a repres completes the physiognomy of the Singhale
The robe, in wavy folds, and fitted close coler, and reaches to the ankles; and over tl
* For this reason, I have omitted all mention of th one of the feudal and unpaid services to which the nat Rajah Karia system.
2

XLII.
ercavated or rock temples-dgraboddigane ihartpaintings-Dagobah, or repository of a relic of Buddhato be opened-Its contents indicative of affinity to cer. ., in his account of a mummy discovered in a tomb in the erated by the Buddhists as the oak by the Druids-Epuch igh Priest of Buddha to Christianity-High character vyf y-Earample followed by other priests-Honors conferred ne lake of Cogel-Bungalow Island-Indigenous Momon g direction into the Harbour.
2 antiquities of this province, for it would mitted many extracts from notes in my postiquary, and curtailed others, rather than Work, or swell it beyond ordinary limits."
o excavated or rock temples, which may be island; and one of the largest Viharés is ntle eminence, about three furlongs from le, and approached by flights of numerous
I have visited, the recumbent image of the anctum, and this is most probably general. n length, and covered with the beautiful surface as smooth as polished marble. (the right arm and breast exposed,) the 2ep black, the latter Kafer-like, or woolly: entation of the two, or sacred flame, which se deity. to the body, is of sacred yellow or saffron he left shoulder is a bright vermillion scarf,
e method of catching elephants in Kraals. This was ives were subject, until Lord Goderich abolished the

Page 376
338 AGRABODDIGANE VIHAR.
which, instead of falling with the position ( to the waist, as if fastened to the outer place in an erect, instead of a recumbent
Amongst other emblems, the sacred Na deities, are prominently conspicuous. A image, before which is suspended a painted offerings of the neighbouring villagers; a Rat-manel-mal of the Singhalese, is one of The walls, decorated with native painting without regard to shade or perspective, ( display a most extraordinary historical and the pagan deities holding female figures homage, the former seated on thrones, wit the latter in chariots of Roman shape, pro shallow water; Bo-trees, palms, and Loto, the act of decapitating criminals, and blu their victims into the flames, others torme and, by way of finish, the condemned to e in the latter, which is as vivid as red and y The Dagobah," or repository of a relic of a white exterior, from a thick coating of st coast of Coromandel, is a mixture of fine water, and coarse sugar or Jaggery; and, displays the polish and appearance of marb. of circular terraces, which gradually dec: the centre overhangs the rest so much as a many Dagobahs which have merely annula) by way of finish to the bell. Some Dag of steps, and others are entirely without.
A Dagobah in a state of great dilapidati Edward Layard, Esq., of the Civil Servic gentleman who transmitted to England the of Buddha, exhibited at Exeter Hall in the
* Defined by an excellent Singhalese scholar, the lat capaciou

E-——BUDDHIST°DAGOBAHS.
of the Buddha, retains its place horizontally robe, or as might be supposed its proper igure. ya, and innumerable images of the Hindoo ong narrow table, nearly the length of the cotton curtain, displays the fragrant diurnal mong which, the Velumbium speciosum, the
the chief in point of beauty and odour. gs in the primitive style of outline and color, of both which the Singhalese are ignorant, emblematical medley. Here are to be seen in their arms; kings and queens receiving hin moveable palaces, drawn by elephants; pelled by means of a pole, as boats are in flowers, intermixed with executioners, in e, white, and red-eyed devils, some forcing nting them in the most excruciating forms: ‘ndless torment in eternal flame, enveloped allow paint can make it. Buddha, is a hand-bell shaped building, with ucco, which, in Ceylon as well as upon the sand, shell lime (Chunam), green coco-nut when laid on by experienced plasterers, it le. In some, the bell is raised on a number rease in width from the base; in others, lmost to cover the basement; but there are projections, like so many convex borders, obahs have entrances ascended by a flight
on was opened in 1820, by order of Charles 2, at that time Collector of Colombo, (the model of a Viharé, and recumbent image years 1831-1832,) in a part of his district
e Rev. William Buckley Fox, to mean “a womby, ur
is place.

Page 377
CONTENTS OF A DAGOBAH-THE
called the Rygam Korle. — Mr. Layard’s of Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, and Pali and of the Hindoo deities; but, perhaps, as any, if not more so than all, as bear Mexican antiquities.
The interior of the Dagobah contained mathematically correct in its bearings tow centre, in a vertical line from the suppo mounted the Dagobah, a hollow vase of the same material. Within this cylinder thin pieces of plate-gold, which probably relic, as in the case of the mummy disco of Memphis, described in Mr. Pote's adm of the Ashburnham Signet, in reference (as in the Egyptian tomb,) three small pea mens of the white zircon, ruby, blue sap pyramid of cement, a few elay images of lamps, one of brass, the other of clay, among the natives.
There appears to have been no fixed some of which have exceeded 200 feet in chief uniformity consists in their circular by the tremulous and sacred Bogaha, wh as the oak was by the Druids.
According to the best authorities extar China the precise epoch of the real or which information, having been preserve missionaries and scholars with our own e point of dates, the time of Buddha, the from the meridian of the four accounts of or 2857 years ago.
One of the most unlooked for and extr anity, was that of a Maha Nayaka Oona. circumstances of which have established
* See page 56, t Asiatic Researches, vol.
2

RAFFINITY TO EGYPTIAN RELICS. 339
museum contains very valuable specimens books, maps, and coins, images of Buddha, he contents of the Dagobah may be as rare ng some affinity to Egyptian, and also to
a small square compartment of brick-work, Lrds the cardinal points, and having in the sed position of the minaret that had surgranitic rock, covered with a round top of was found a small piece of bone and some at a very remote period had enveloped the vered in 1824, in a tomb in the Necropolis lirable “ Inquiry into the Phonetic reading to the Patriarch Joseph;” a few old rings, rls, crystal and cornelian beads, small speciphire, and also of glass; a small but solid the sacred Naya, (Coluber Naja, L.), two and similar in shape to those in present use
rule for the elevation or size of Dagobahs, height, both which are indefinite; and the bell-shape. Dagobahs are generally shaded ich is as much venerated by the Buddhists
it, the Buddhist priests left in Thibet and imagined appearance of the God Buddha; d in writing, was compared by the Christian ra, and, notwithstanding their difference in ninth incarnation of Vishnu, may be fixed, this epoch, in the year 1014 before Christ,
aordinary instances of conversion to Christiisé, or High Priest of Buddha; the peculiar laims to attention as matter of history, and
page 425, but the difference of date altered to 1843. U 2

Page 378
340 CONVERSION OF A HIG
will be considered interesting by all who the Gospel of Christ.
In the year 1808, Nadoris de Zilva, the Ceylon, with eighteen pupils under his cha his religion at the grand depot of Pagan Eternal City, the capital of the Burmese en there several months, and devoted himself t thence he proceeded to the capital of Ava, v of Buddhism; and at length, among other Majesty" conferred upon him the High-Pri Having returned to Ceylon, this highly former temple in this district, occasionally or places for reading the history of Budd. and profound knowledge of the Buddhist Nayaka Oonansé the more conspicuous, \ portion of the New Testament into the Si played a most anxious and restless curios tenets of the European Christians, as cont tians of Goa, upon the coast of Malabar; mission of the Oratorio of San Felippe de
Having succeeded in attaining his first New Testament, he devoted himself caref difference between the plain and simple doc medley of the mythology of Buddha, beca mented, in proportion as conviction arose; thought “every hour a day," after he had before he accomplished his wishes, by an from whom, as well as from the late arch Twisleton, who was their zealous supporter conversion received the most cordial assi regard to the essentials of Divine revelation The result (which, upon becoming public and from hut to hut) was, that the Mahi after a long and deliberate comparison o abandoned at once their saffron-colored rc of Paganism, and ardently embraced Christ

H PRIEST OF BUIDDH.A.
have sincerely at heart the propagation of
Head Priest of a temple in this district, left rge, to perfect himself in the mysteries of superstition and error, Amerapoora, or the npire. Going by way of Madras, he resided o the study of the Sanscrit language ; from where he perfected himself in all the dogmas marks of Royal favor, “His Golden Footed estly title of “ Maha Nayaka Oonansé.”
dignified Priest resided some time at his visiting other Viharés and Bana Maduwas, ha's incarnations. His fame for morality, mysteries and mythology, made the Maha when, about the time of the first translated nghalese language being circulated, he disity to become acquainted with the religious radistinguished from the Portuguese Chrisor, in other words, of the Roman Catholic Neri.
object, namely, a Singhalese copy of the ully and exclusively to its study. The vast trines of Christianity, and the confounding me so apparent, that his desire was augand he has repeatedly assured me, that he determined to seek additional information, interview with the Wesleyan Missionaries; deacon, the Honorable and Venerable Dr. and firm friend, the anxious candidate for stance, and every requisite information, in
l , spread like wild-fire from temple to temple a Nayaka Oomansé, with one of his pupils, f the Christian with the Buddhist doctrine, bes of Priesthood and the delusive dogmas ;ianity,

Page 379
HONORS CONFERRED UPON
This high convert was received into ou named George, after his godfather, the Rev in-law and private secretary. The other Wesleyan Missionary. In this case, it we had been inveigled into apostacy from the entrapped into Christian baptism before his dian ; no poor native who had nominally bec in a missionary establishment, but a High F ray of Almighty favor had so pre-eminent education, an adept in all the dogmas of almost to adoration by his brethren; with w former High Priest's reputation lost nothing amongst the priesthood soon followed the e The then Governor, Sir Robert Brown Moodliar upon this eminent convert, who s and showed himself indefatigable in assist Singhalese.
From Belligam to Galle, distant about 17 and entirely shaded by dense coco-nut top and umbrageous Sea Pomegranate trees (Bt About midway, the serpentine lake of Cc road between it and the sea, presents one c be met with in the island ; and, notwithst and about a mile and a half broad, it is we which ornament its waters. This delightful theatre of verdant hills, covered to the vel that the most luxuriant foliage can present; curious rocks, which the late Major General ma, Vishnu, and Siva.
From the island where the Agent of Gc is worthy of the graphic pencil of a Danie the southward of the lake, from their ext novel appearance to the European; and, green foliage of talipat, king coco-nut, and
* The late Villiam

THE DIGNIFIED CONVERT. ' " 34
church by the baptismal ceremony, and . George Bissett, the Governor's brothergodfather was the Rev. William Harvard, is no ignorant man of humble degree who aith of his fathers; no boy, who had been reasoning faculties had attained their meriome a Christian for the sake of a situation 'riest of Buddha, upon whom the cheering ly displayed itself; a man of science and the Buddhist mythology, and reverenced hom, notwithstanding his conversion, their in point of respect, and other converts kample of the Maha Nayaka Oonansé. rigg, conferred the title and sword of a ubsequently perfected himself in English, ing to translate the Old Testament into
miles, the whole line of road is excellent, es, or, where these are mot, by ever-green irringtonia speciosa, L.). gel, which, during the rains, overflows the if the prettiest and most tranquil scenes to anding that it is scarcely four miles long, ll worth a day to visit the pretty islands basin is surrounded with a natural amphiy top with shrubs and trees of every hue and from its translucent bosom rise three Lord Viscount Molesworth named Brah
vernment's bungalow stands, the scenery 1.* The Cajan roofed Bana Maduwas to aordinary pagoda-like shape, have a very embowered as they are among the deep reka palms, shadock and bread-fruit trees,
)aniel, Esq., R. A.

Page 380
342 CROCODLES IN THE COGEL, LA
indicate the calm and delightful solitude tha and the philosopher.
Pic-nic parties from Galle frequently visi are occasionally given at the bungalow, the of Government to respectable parties, for
When I was last at the bungalow, in l me five species of Momordica, growing w by the names of Tubukarawila, Karabila, which are extremely bitter, and their le offensive odour to the fingers.
There are many crocodiles in the lake, w and, upon its northern and eastern borders, other species of fish than has already been mot supplies from the sea are abundant, that th When the natives observe a crocodile in tion to it by exclaiming, ' Omna ' omna ! some time, the “ Freshman," or “ Griffin,” perceives what to him appears a large cork to be the tip of a crocodile's snout.
The natives ridicule our notion of the cri well ascertained, that, by means of its pi other of the Lacerta genus. This animal swimming across rivers, drag them to the the roots of trees and weeds.
In the year 1821, this part of the distri than a week, a young man was carried off and a boy and girl from that of Etelligodde The face of the country between Coge fertile; in many places, the road is cut descending the road from the eastward, an through the lines of the densely shading co and grateful to the eye that a tropical clima From the offing, Galle has a very pretty first object, upon “making the land," is th clouds; and the next, the reflection of the water, long before the trees are visible,

E-DESTRUCTION BY LEOPARDS.
t is most congenial to the admirer of nature
: this charming spot, and tiffins and dinners use of which is never refused by the Agent uch festive occasions.
S27, the Cutchery Moodliar pointed out to ild upon the island, which he distinguished Katukaraucila, Tubakwila, and Domela, all aves, upon being touched, impart a most
hich afford abundant sport to the amateur: there is plenty of game; but it produces no iced, and these are so lightly esteemed, where ey are never sought after by the fisherman.
the water, they endeavour to attract attenAlahotmeya,” (there there Sir); but, for looks about him in vain; at length he also floating upon the surface, but which proves
ocodile turning with difficulty, and it is very hnated tail, it can turn as rapidly as any
has been known to seize buffalos whilst bottom, and there suffocate them amongst
ct was so infested by leopards, that in less to the jungle from the village of Labadowe
l and Galle is undulating, and extremely through hills of ironstone clay, and, upon d opening the harbour of Galle, the view co-nut trees, is one of the most delightful te can present. appearance, when distinctly seen; but the e Haycock, peering above the intermediate coco-nut trees, that line the shore, in the

Page 381
SAILING DIRECTIONS INTC
“Point de Galle Flag-staff is in latitude by Captain Basil Hall, Royal Navy, in 1 made it in longitude 80' 17" 42 east, by from Bombay castle, 2° 36'east of Cape Col measured by chronometers, when the flag-s “ Captain David Ross, Marine Surveyo observations taken close to the flag-staff in east, by chronometers from Bombay. Mr. west of Madras Observatory, by chronome Twynam, Master Attendant of Point de north, and longitude 80' 20 east.
“The Town and Fort are built on the with a rocky islet near it, called Pigeon Isl: or Harbour is formed between the Point an ward, which projects farther out to seaward Bay is about a mile wide, the soundings in many rocks covered with different depths, tered over the entrance and also inside, Harbour, where they moor in 5 or 5 fatho Captain D. Inverarity's excellent surve a guide; in which marks are given to avoi within the entrance, exclusive of two out into Point de Galle Harbour are taken from “In going in to the eastward of the l the eastern shore, giving the Bellows Rock ing the New Belfry open to the northward Mark or pointed rock with Watering Poir steer for Cook's House at the bottom of th the westward of the rocks off the west end Belfries in one; then haul over to the west to the northward of Pigeon Island, or th nearly on with the Flag-staff: you may the ing ground, steering direct for Alexander's to the westward of Cook's House, till in 4 for a small ship. This track between the best for working into the Harbour without

THE HARBOUR OF GALLE. 343
6' l north, by observations taken on shore 315. Captain James Horsburgh, F. R. S., hronometers, which placed it 17° 22' east horin, and 2 miles west of Madras flag-staff, taff of Point de Galle was bearing north.
r, made it in latitude 6° 0' 59° north, by January 1824, and in longitude 80° 10' 50 Goldenham, the astronomer, made it 19 ter, or in longitude 80° 17' 2 east." Mr. Galle, made the latitude of Galle 6 1 46
Point, which is rocky and bluff to seaward, nd, surrounded by smaller ones. The Bay d a piece of sloping high land to the eastthan the true point. The entrance of the it from 7 to 4 fathoms; but there being from 3 or 4 to 12 and 14 feet water, scata pilot is requisite to carry a ship into the lms abreast the Town. y of this Harbour will be found useful as d the dangerous rocks, thirteen in number side. The following directions for sailing
that survey. 2 and 15 feet outermost shoals, steer along , which always breaks, a good berth, keepof the Flag-staff until you open the White it, both situate on the eastern shore; then e Bay, keeping it its own breadth open to of Gibbet Island, until you bring the two ward, keeping the New Belfry a little open e extreme of Utrecht or Eastern Bastion n haul in to the northward for the anchorHouse, which is a large quarter of a mile fathoms; this depth being a good berth central and north-easternmost shoals is the a pilot, although not used by them.

Page 382
344 SAILING DIRECTIONS INTC
* Going in by the western track, keep Point, and steer to the north-eastward unti of the Harbour, is open to the westward ( outermost Flag-staff Rock bearing W. turret of Cook's House, (now the Cutche Haycock, carries you fair in between the 2 16 feet shoals, into a good berth for ancho monsoon, if the Haycock can be seen, as would not be prudent for a stranger to ru in possession of Captain D. Inverarity's sur in 1804, by the late Mr. Dalrymple,) and t,
“ Galle Harbour is considered a safe plac S. W. winds, a ground swell tumbles in. near it, and myriads of coco-nut trees be the S. E. corner of it, on the north side of is a wharf and an excellent spring of water may be careened: this bears from the Flag
“The outer Rock off the entrance of S. by E. E., distant near three-quarters C Shoal, has 10 fathoms water close to, al small distance from it nearly north, anot in 9 fathoms.
“The best anchorage in the Road is to t 18 fathoms, soft bottom, with the Flag-s N. N. E. E, off the town nearly two mile to be landed, or ships being in want of p convenient berth by anchoring in the same or N. by E. Out in 20 fathoms, the bott their anchors. In 21 fathoms, with the had his cable cut through by the rocks in 2 weather was fine, with very little swell.
“When the S. W. monsoon blows stro as the Bellows Point or projecting land on which is steep and rocky. On one of the to this steep point, the sea breaks very high

THE HARBOUR OF "GALLE.
the White Mark well open with Watering the Gull Rock, situated in the N. W. part f a bushy tree called Pilots' Tree, and the S., then steer direct for the westernmost ry,) keeping it on or a little open with the and 5 feet shoals, also between the 12 and ing. This is the best track in the westerly it is a leading wind into your berth; but it in into the Harbour without a pilot, except vey mentioned above, (which was published en only in a case of necessity. e in all seasons of the year, but with strong A low sandy beach, with some rocky islets hind, form the bottom of the Bay, and in the high rocky point at the entrance, there at the bottom of a Cove, where a small ship -staff about E. by. S. S. a large mile.
the Bay, bears from the Flag-staff about of a mile : it is called the 15 feet Rock or around, and covered with 15 feet. At a her Rock, covered with 12 feet water, lies
he south-westward of these rocks, in 16 to taff on the Point bearing from N. N. E. to s; but when passengers or any articles are rovisions and water, you will have a more : depth with the Flag-staff bearing N. E. om is rocky, where several ships have lost Flag-staff N. E. by N., Captain Horsburgh 4 hours, and lost the anchor, although the
ng, it is unpleasant to anchor in the Road,
the eastern side then becomes a lee shore, outermost rocks, called the Bellows, near in bad weather."

Page 383
CHAP.
Sailing directions into the Harbour of Galle continuedCoast between Galle and Colombo-General opinion respe cipated benefits from the suggested removal of the seat Kandy-Fortifying Galle, and other important measur during the last war, and the different position of Franc The Elephanthiasis prevalent-Goitre-Dread of the G wided against by Legislative enactment-Alteration in th M. Wilmot, Esq-Garrison of Galle-Ceylon Rifle Regi suggested-Society of Galle-Dutch families-Climate o Maldive Islands-Kumblennos-Tacarkaré-Ialdice am
WHEN the Bellows Point bears N. W. of trees, and if the weather be clear, the F. to the westward. To approach the anchor ward of the Flag-staff, N. by E. E., is bearing, or N. N. E., is the best anchorage W. N., and the Bellows or Eastern Breal
“From Point de Galle Road, the Hayco This is a high conical mountain, in abou spicuous from the offing, in sailing round to Dondra Head. About 3 leagues eastw with a nob or hummock on it, which is als westward is generally low, with coco-nut tree of Point de Galle it is formed of several ric
“The bank of soundings extends 3 or 4 de Galle, on which ships may anchor with a the current be unfavorable. In such case, on any part of it between Point de Galle a gravel, but in some places rocky. In c
westward, a ship ought not to come under
* The charge for Pilotage being the same at Galle whe except upon a very urgent occasion, will risk the safety of
2

XLIII.
-Bank of soundings to the southward of Point de Gallecting the Port of Galle, in regard to steam vessels-intiof Government to Galle, and cutting a road direct to es suggested, with reference to our command of the seas 'e at this day-Trade of Galle-Supplies for shipping'alle water-Cattle stealling-Cruelty to animals not proe mode of registering cattle suggested-Fort of Gallenent-Establishment of a large English hotel and farm f Galle-Maldivian fleet-Coco-nuts imported from the bassador-Sultan's letter and presents.
4 or 5 leagues, it may be known by a clump lag-staff will be seen about two points open age, the Haycock, a little open to the wes' a good leading mark, and with the same in 16 fathoms water, the Western Breakers kers E. S. E. ck bears nearly N. by E., distant 7 leagues. t latitude 6° 19, north, which is very conthe S. W. part of the island from Colombo ard from the Haycock, there is a table hill, D visible from the Road. The land to the es fronting the sea, but to the north-eastward lges of hills of various aspects. leagues distance to the southward of Point a stréam or kedge, should the wind fail and they may anchor in from 20 to 40 fathoms nd Colombo: the bottom is often sand and oasting along from the former place to the 26 or 28 fathoms during the night until she
ther a Pilot may have been employed or not, no Captain,
his ship, by being his own Pilot into the Harbour. X Астнок.

Page 384
346 SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING TI
approach Kaltura, for these depths are som Between Kaltura and Colombo the coast or 16 fathoms in the day, but these depths It is the general opinion at Ceylon, th viá Bombay, or from England via the Ca Galle, being the nearest, and a very safe become the grand depôt for coals.
If the removal of the seat of Governi hills that command the latter fortress, a mately determined by Her Majesty's Sec portant measures, and most expedient imp. of farms and factories, the culture of indi now altogether neglected, the general ext and the developement of its mineral resour of commerce worthy of connexion with most valuable, as it is, from its natural pos important jewel in the Imperial Crown.
The great drawback hitherto experience vering efforts to keep up the price of la alleged monopolies, which the Governme. way; and the recent reduction in the ex exert their energies to increase the product value of all descriptions of property, with a a good basis for the increased stability of b Under any circumstances, Galle must be matter be handled which way it may; for had the command of the seas, and the coml been destroyed, or transferred to English the freedom of the seas, consequent upon th have enabled her sailors to acquire experien them all but equal to our own tars, and wort chief command of a British Admiral; and sailors to do justice to the courage of both acknowledging, that they require no instr the disadvantage of their position, the natic
* Or Gallé," according to th

HE TOWN AND TRADE OF GALLE.
'times found within 3 or 4 miles of the shore. is more safe, and may be approached to 15 are too close to stand in during the night."
at whether steam vessels from the Red Sea pe, touch there, on their way to Calcutta, Port, will surely be the best, and, of course,
aent from Colombo to Galle, fortifying the nd cutting a road direct to Kandy, be ulti'etary of State for the Colonies, these im"ovements, conjointly with the establishment genous articles of commerce, abundant but ension of agriculture throughout the island, ces, cannot fail to render it not only a place Great Britain, but, without exception, the sition as the Key of British India, the most
i in the culture of the soil, by the perseind, and the ill-favor consequent upon the nt are accused of encouraging, are giving bort duty of cinnamon, will induce many to s of the country. A recent advance in the greater demand for domestic articles, show usiness. better fortified, in the event of war, let the although throughout the last, Great Britain oined fleets of France and Spain had either ports, or were cooped up within their own, e peace, and the naval exertions of France, e in seamanship which has long since made ly of fighting in the same cause, under the none are more ready than our own gallant officers and men of the French navy, by ictions how to support, under whatever be nal honor, and glory of their country.
2 Singhalese, signisying Rock.

Page 385
EXPORTS FROM GALLE-SUPPLIES
The trade of Galle chiefly consists in might be expected from its natural position to ha ve been monopolized by one Englis. maki ng Koir rope to selling the humblest sion f a partner of great commercial knc quali es of a British merchant, the old sy partner despatched to Colombo to super nary medley that ever a Ceylon “store" c rather more in accordance with the comm in the island.
Galle, formerly, exported great quantiti that trade has declined considerably, alt made to re-establish it. There is more Ko exported from this province, than from all a considerable portion of the trade in coffe shell, is carried on here. Exclusively of subjects, the trading part of the native po ties, Arabs, Parsees, and Maldivians.
Ships may obtain better supplies her vegetables, and fruits, are cheap and ab
gardens within and without the fort; -
Ascalonicum, L.).
The very useful medicinal plant, the pri a mere weed, and found in abundance nea The eastern extremity of the fort is l and, owing to the inequality of the inter general complaint is, the total exclusion o fortifications, the Venetian'd doors and forced open by its violence.-Ortolans (He abundant upon the higher grounds and we One can scarcely walk through the stri greatest pity, from the dreadful effects of
to what cause to attribute the disease, whi
mankind, may be ranked as the most distr This disease is all-powerful :-the legs a elephant, and the skin their roughness a
2

FOR SHIPPING-ELEPHANTHASIS. 34
exports, but is by no means equal to what l. For nearly twenty years, it may be said a firm, which dabbled in everything, from rockery utensil; but soon after the acceswledge and tact, combined with all the best stem was by degrees abandoned, the junior intend the retail sale of the most extraordiontained, and the House assumed a footing ercial importance of the head British firm
es of salt fish to the continent of India ; but hough, of late years, endeavours have been r rope, coco-nut oil, arrack, and Choya root the other parts of the island together; and 2, cotton, rice, ivory, cinnamon, and tortoise our own naturalized Dutch and Portuguese pulation includes Moormen, Hindoos, Chit
2 than elsewhere in the island; and fish, undant. Great attention is paid to onion - the sort cultivated is the shalot (Allium
ckly poppy (Argemone Mezricana, L.), is here r the Dutch church and the old salt store. ow; the western, high, and much exposed: mediate ground, whilst, in some houses, the f the sea breeze, owing to the height of the windows of others are every now and then rtulana emberiza, L.) are, at certain seasons, stern ramparts. eets of Galle without meeting objects of the the Elephant leprosy (Elephanthiasis); but ch, amongst the various maladies that afflict 'essful, is at present hypothetical. assume the shape and size of those of a young ind wrinkles; these the patient drags along
x 2

Page 386
348 GOITRE-OBJECTIONS TO THE WAT
with the greatest difficulty, at a very slo' sufferer without a hope of cure, unless t upon its very first appearance: then, inde clever in cutaneous diseases, may succeed satisfactory proof of a cure having been ef resided in the district.
The most intelligent of all the native do cure for the complaint, which he called Al in the incipient state of the disease, wher with Ghee, as an external ointment.
The Swiss complaint “ Goitre" is by no be very different from that to which it is : of snow water. I have never seen a Europe it is not uncommon with native females, v appearance very disgusting.
Nevertheless, almost all Europeans wh prejudiced against the use of the water fro: from the well near the Land Port Gate B more transparent than the fort water, none for culinary purposes, and those who can wants from the spring between the buria may be easily obviated, by first boiling th well supplied with pure water from the W forms the east end of the harbour.
The natives of this district are notorious cruel and very disgusting manner in which cattle, by branding the owners' initials, or n to eighteen inches diameter, a Regulation exis tered, shall be exposed in the bazaar (un food or even water) for twenty four hours, "olen, the proprietor, upon discovering his But, among other institutions of utility st, it is to be lamented that there ex withstanding the torture daily inflicted
* Madung Appo, already repeate

TER OF GALLE-CATTLE STEALING.
w pace. This dreadful disease leaves the he most powerful remedies be resorted to :d, the native doctors, who are extremely in eradicating it, but I could never obtain fected in the course of three years that I
ctors at Galle, informed me that the only ia and Koraah, was arsenic, if resorted to it is exhibited in pills, and applied, mixed
means uncommon here, but the cause must attributed in Switzerland, namely, the use an or native male afflicted with it, although whose guttural protuberance renders their
o reside in the fort of Galle, are greatly m the springs within its walls, except that larracks; and although crystal itself is not
will drink it; but it is seldom objected to afford it, employ a Puckalie to supply their l ground and the Pettah. This expense e water, and then filtering it. Shipping is rell under the hill called Bona Vista, which
s cattle stealers; and, notwithstanding the they scarify the sides of their small lean ames, in Singhalese characters, from twelve sts, that every bullock, before being slaughder a shed it is true, but generally without in order that if the animal may have been loss, may have time to claim it. and charity of which the island may justly ists none for preventing cruelty to animals, upon humanity, at beholding cattle driven
ily noticed in the preceding pages.

Page 387
PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO AN
along the roads, in the heat of the day, wi flies and other insects. I have often wishe tion were transferred to the owners' back cruel wretches apply the upper surface of a able anguish and then, perhaps, but nev will they learn to appreciate the agonies of they may, can neither express them, nor ap Legislative interference is surely desiral and accumulating cruelties; and surely the be equally as effectual as scarification for th of all cattle, and of the marks of proprie the parties selling or transferring cattle, to case of omission, is as easy as the present the animals slaughtered; and, where cattl Ceylon, and the object is to protect prope nor penalties too severe.
The Fort is very extensive, being nearl siderable town within its walls; but is on upon which it is built being rocky and fi commanded by the hills upon which the stand, and from the hill over the burial Land Port into the main Guard-room
The ramparts on the sea face afford deligh the umbrageous Suria trees on the north bread-fruit trees, are numerous in the fort, to the sun throughout the day. In front of of exotic trees (Mimusops elengi, L.), whic The great improvements in the Pettah M. Wilmot, Esq., of the Civil Service, a Wilmot Horton.
In time of peace, the garrison of Point d a proportion of the Ceylon Rifle Regimen fine a corps as can be brought into the fiel under the Crown. The officers of this r soldiers, and are a fine gentlemanly set of
During the liberal administration of Ge

MALS SUGGESTED-FORT BAZAAR. 3-9
h their freshly scarified sides covered with l, that if only for one moment, the inflichow very soon would the cowardly and cool plantain leaf to relieve their intoler2r till some equally effective plan be tried, an animal, which, let its sufferings be what peal for mercy! le in order to prevent these long-standing substitution of a painted brand mark would protection of the owner. But the registry tors, by the Headmen of villages, binding report the same, under a heavy penaltv In plan of registering the names and marks of Io stea ling thruves yo verv ucell as ut does unu rty, Regulations can neither be too strict,
y li mile in circumference, and has a conly strong as a sea defence, the promontory onted by coral islets; for it is completely
Roman Catholic church and Bona Vista ground, a shot might be fired through the
tful walks in the morning and evening, and ramparts, which, as well as some very fine nable one to walk there free from exposure the Government House stands a superb row
were originally introduced from Java. Bazaar do honor to the public spirit of brother of the late lamented Sir Robert
: Galle seldom exceeds 200 men, including , which is composed of Malays, and is as , being scarcely inferior in discipline to any giment are much beloved by their Malay allant fellows.
veral the Honorable Thomas Maitland, the

Page 388
350 ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ENGLIS
Commandant of Galle had a good table all pitality without involving himself. But in arriving from England bound to India, a hospitality from the Military Commandant, as if his table were provided at the public
Very many commandants of Galle have by supporting the hospitality expected from of its trifling emoluments; and the delica of his intimating that “he has notable allou
The establishment of a large hotel upon speculation here, conjointly with a farm ! prove a source of relief to the society of English, with but a solitary exception here table of the Dutch colonists who had sur dependencies, except Ceylon, to the Nethe treaty of Sl 5 had destroyed their long and once again reverting to the Dutch flag.
Of the few remaining families, scarcely wealth by which the Dutch gentry of Point and for a long time subsequently to the ces: these families, which, during the dominion ( lands, lived in the best style, and in a man are, from their sudden privation of emolum a condition of considerable embarassment ; valuables that may remain from the wreck ( To sink at once from opulence to a bar from the latter to poverty, from a conditi all ranks and classes, to that which the wo upon contempt, are circumstances that au the horrors of misfortune.
The climate of Galle is salubrious, but inimical to books, drawing and other papel best preservative of the latter is a coating ( to mercurial ointment, notwithstanding that surgical instruments, swords, and other c mounted with silver, and, occasionally, the

H HOTEL SUGGESTED-SOCIETY
wance, which enabled him to display hosow there is no such thing, and strangers hd vice versa, expect to receive as much who may or may not be a field officer, as xpense.
before now, been seriously unconvenenced their situation, by those who are ignorant cy of an officer so situated will not admit ance." the English plan, would be a very excellent or the supply of shipping with stock, and the place, which is limited and exclusively and there; for the old and most respecrived the restoration of Java and its several Irlands, removed to Batavia as soon as the anxiously entertained hopes of the island
a trace remains of that independence and de Galle were distinguished antecedently, sion of the island to the British arms; for of the East India Company of the Netherner suitable to their opulent circumstances, ents, and consequent changes, reduced to living by the sale of their jewels and other of better days'
2 competence is quite reverse enough; but on that claimed and received respect from ld too often treats with coolness bordering gment the sense of misery, and aggravate
he atmosphere is damp, and consequently s, and to steel and iron instruments :-the f thin bees' wax, which is to be preferred the latter is commonly used for preserving utlery from rust; but keys are generally maller ones with gold.

Page 389
MALDIVAN FLEET AND
Soon after the setting in of the south arrives from the Maldive Islands, which tude ' 6 north to 0° 40' south, and are ca
Some of these islands are altogether quantities of coco-nuts, a species of Scomb blemos by the Maldivians, and Umbella K. shells t Cypraea moneta, L.).
The Sea Coco-nut, the Tavarkaré of peculiar to the Seychelles Islands, is said but, from the great value attached to its m may be doubted, in the absence of more reason, that every specimen which I hav peculiar to the sea coco-nuts picked up in
The dried stuff called Aumblemus, has j longitudinally into several pieces, and is a demand, and, after having been well soak sistency for Sambols, a sort of olla of cho juice, and pepper, as an accompaniment native tables.
Since the increased demand for coco-n quantities of its own produce, has importe and their salt and dried fish, are bartered oranges, and limes, for the Madras and C generally arrive towards the end of the st cargoes for rice and cloths for their return l touching at Galle on the homeward-bound
The Maldive boats are remarkably well at a distance, the sides being painted or pla imitations of ports; and, having a large e stern being alike, they at first sight appear The Head Nakodah of the Maldivian fle to the Commandant of Galle, of which, th serve to convince those who will take the
* Derived from Mal, a the + These small shells pass current for money among t 64 to a pice; and as there are 64 pice to a Sicca rupee, i

TS IMPORTS—TAVARKARE. 35
-west monsoon, the annual fleet of boats extend nearly in a meridian line from latilled Atols by the natives. uninhabited; the others produce immense er, which, in its dried state, is called Kumadda by the natives of Ceylon, and Cowrie
the Maldivians (Cocos Maldivica, L., and to be also a native of the Maldive Islands; edicinal properties, and its high price, this positive information, and for the additional e seen imported, had the coal-black surface certain latitudes. ust the appearance of a ship's block divided almost as hard; nevertheless, it is in great d and beaten, is rasped into an edible conoped cucumber, onion, bilimbi, chillies, lime to rice and curries, both at European and
ut oil, Ceylon, notwithstanding the immense !d coco-nuts from the Maldives. For these, coco-nut oil, Koir rope, shadocks, ananas, alcutta markets, where the Maldivian boats buth-west monsoon, so as to exchange their adings by the north-east monsoon, generally
voyage. built, and have a pretty external appearance stered with white and red streaks, with black ye painted on each bow, and the head and like Spanish or Portuguese fishing boats. et is the bearer of a letter from his Sultan he annexed facsimile from the original, will trouble to compare the characters with the
usand, and Diva, an island. he lower classes, nu various parts of India, at the rate ol takes 4096 cowries to make the value of 2s. 8d. Sterling.

Page 390
252 MALDIVIAN AMBASSADOR-KING O
Singhalese, that, so far from the latter be some Authors have asserted, there really i. The Nakodah is honored by the Ceylo bassador," and is escorted from the Jetty non-commissioned officer's guard of the Ce and bearing on his head his Sovereign's let over which is an envelope of yellow silk, a The Nakodah, having first respectfully presents it kneeling, and with repeated sal presents, consisting of a sort of almond c fish, bags of Cowrie shells, and some ve and the “Ambassador" having been imf answer and presents in return, and told th way of getting rid of him,) respectfully House, with the same escort and native “His Excellency" may be seen upon the oil, and fruit, in his own character of Nak The stench arising from the Royal prese a fish bazaar in the heat of the day: but, scramble for the salt fish, and “ Royal swi together, separated only by a covering of du must have imbibed the offensiveness of th clearance of the nuisance; the mats were friends, and the Cowries, and Sea coco-mut
In 1825, the letter from the Sultan lated by the only one in the district capal *“ memento of the occasion ניו י
Upon the Maldivian fleet's return to answer to the Sultan's letter, and the usual exclusively worn by the Sovereign, whose having on the top a large gold button, cinnamon, some China writing paper, an merating, will be ready at the time fixe with similar ceremonies to those of pres arrival at Galle.
* Se Appendix

F MALDIVI AS LETTER AND PRESENTS
ing also the language of the Malduvians, as
no affinity between them. n Gazette with the title of “ Maldivian Amto the Government House in the Fort by a ylon Rifle Corps, preceded by native music. ter, enclosed in a small bag of crimson silk, nd an outer one of spangled muslin. touched his forehead with the Royal letter. ims, after which are introduced the Royal ake, called sweetmeats, a sea coco-nut, salt ry beautifully made sofa or palankin mats: ormed that he should bear to his Sultan an hat “he may go," (an easy but truly Asiatic takes his departure from the Government band; and almost immediately afterwards beach, bargaining for Koir rope, coco-nut odah. nts, made the Government house smell like upon being ordered to be cleared away, the eetmeats," which, from having been huddled tied plantain leaves that enveloped the latter, he most diffusive of the two, soon caused a distributed by the Commandant to his own t, deposited in the Government stores. of the Maldive lslands, having been transble of doing it, was presented to me as a
Galle, the Ambassador is informed that the presents, consisting of scarlet cloth, sa color cap is of scarlet cloth, laced with gold, and set with a precious jewel, a few pounds of d other minor articles, scarcely worth enud for his departure; when he takes leave. senting the Sultan's letter, upon his original
, fur the translation.

Page 391
CHAP.
Maldivian process for increasing the size of coco-nut the Singhalese for propagating trees-The latter method of Ceylon-Causes of its interruption-Ruinous consequ sponsible officer-Unauthorized and capricious rejection pursued towards him, and upon groundless and false pre Goderich-His Lordship's entire ignorance of the unjus facts and correspondence, and the high character of Hi of the case reach the proper Authority-His Majesty G “Fishes of Ceylon"-Face of the country-Morua KorleDutch mode of burial a public nuisance-James Rowland, catastrophe-Not a life boat nor a single Manby's mort behalf of humanity-Wesleyan Mission-house and Chap service-Roman Catholic Chapel-Crucificion representec rum-Dutch monopolies-Baddegammé, the Church Mis. Indigenus Maranta.
THE Ambassador informed me, through process adopted at Ceylon for propagating t at the Maldive Islands for increasing the building purposes. Hence, perhaps, the su ing vessels, over that of Ceylon, which, ul scarcely fit for anything except fuel, fenc the purpose it is stated to be by a certain A an exclusive patent for the manufacture of reward in the gift of the Society of Arts, specification of his discovery, or of “the Sin matter resembling sago from the heart of th The annular incision is also adopted in C fore be presumed, that the different result the two former countries, and from its tardi The annexed plate will afford some ide by the Singhalese.
Having selected a handsome branch of made, from an inch to two or three inch
2

XLIV.
rees, similar to that of the Chinese for duarfing, and of described-Fishes-Author's Work upon the Ichthyology tnces of the suppression of facts by an officious but irreof the Author's appeal against the tyrannical measures nises, in the name of the Right Honorable Lord iscount t rejection of the appeal to be presumed from subsequent Lordship-Anticipated justice, if ever the plain facts eorge IV. specially patronizes the Author's Work on the -Its first production of the potato-Salubrity of GalleMorgan, Esq. a victim to his own philanthropy-Dreadful ir along the coast, eartending 900 miles-Suggestions in el-Admirable method of cooling the air during Dicine ! bg uvooden figures-Mussulman festival of the Mohurionary Station-Eartensive cultivation of arrow root
the Cutchery Interpreter, that the same rees, viz. by the annular incision, obtained bulk of coco-nut trees intended for boatperiority of their coco-nut wood for buildhless it be above fifty years old at least, is es, and aqueducts; and certainly not for uthor, who would richly deserve, not only :oco-nut-tree sago for life, but the highest if he could but make out a satisfactory ghalese mode of extracting some nutritious e stem.” hina for duvarfing trees; and it may thereis arise from the rapidity of vegetation in less in the latter. a of the simplicity of the process adopted
the required height, an annular incision is es in length, according to the size of the

Page 392
354 SINGHALESE PROCESS OF PROPA
branch, and the proportion of root requi avoiding to cut the wood; and a thick c part, within an envelope of straw or koir,t in figure 3. This part is regularly wate many places, a coco-nut is suspended o' bottom, just large enough to allow one dro more certain tham the former method, bec{ the incipient roots form.
In about three weeks, or a month at far up the supply of water, the roots will a caution is necessary; and therefore, in O moderate notch must first be cut at the thi below the incipient roots; in two or three on gradually, until the radicated part of and breaks down, when it may be sawed to remain. It is, however, necessary to the setting in of the rains, and by waterin keeping the plants shaded during the day, s
Of the varieties of fish, the rock fish is fish, (Tora-malu of the Singhalese) of w. sembling salmon so much, that, were it of the former being white, one would belie spotted, and known as ' General Maitland', rock fish, called Lava Kossah, which at fi trout, is also very firm and wholesome. Gol or red sur-mullet (Mullus barbatus, L.), alt So extensive is the variety of useful a coast, that a long life devoted to their del to effect the object of the Ichthyologist. in 1825, in the hope that, notwithstanding duties during the day, my stay in the isla it to some considerable extent, and that I competent to the task, if not more zealous have completed the Ichthyological branch But although I was originally encoura
* See figure l of the annexed plate.

ATING TREES-CEYLON FISHEs.
ed; the ba k is then carefully removed, ompost of mould laid over the decorticated which is fastened at the top and bottom as 'ed every morning and evening; but, in er the covered part, with a hole in the p of water to pass at a time; and this is use the mould is always kept moist where
thest, by attention being paid to keeping ppear, as in figure 4, at which period every rder not to over check the circulation, a :k end of the branch, at about two inches days, the notch may be increased, and so the branch becomes too heavy for its base, off and planted wherever the future tree is lo all these things about a month before g the roots well morning and evening, and carcely ten in a thousand will fail. superior to every other sort except the Seir hich, the female is the most delicious, renot for the difference of color, the flesh lve it to be salmon. The finest rock fish is ; Fish" by the old fishers; but the smaller 'st sight is thought to resemble the yellow urmands, however, prefer the sea-woodcock, hough, from its abundance, it is no rarity. nd of peculiarly beautiful fishes upon this ineation and description would be too short had commenced the laborious undertaking my very few hours of leisure from official nd would have enabled me to have carried hould have been succeeded by others more in performing it, and who would ultimately of the Natural History of Ceylon. ged by the spontaneous patronage of the
Figure 2.

Page 393
rior -- rior.
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** *xrforn 3:...?
 

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" التي نام
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Page 394


Page 395
RUINOUS CONSEQUENCES OF UN
Government of Ceylon, I had scarcely tri of the fishes of the southern coast for pu bud, by an order to return to England. believe otherwise than that my absence wou found, that the most unparalleled stretch o till then been exercised in the public servi a free Government, had been resorted to, a as a reason for rejecting my appeal against th name, and as if by the authority, of the Hig It may boldly be presumed, from subset that His Lordship was utterly unconscious and that my appeal had never been referred was I, after a faithful and unimpeachable P secret misrepresentations, but without the prospect of Official promotion, (to which my Marines had been originally sacrificed, at t noble predecessor in the Colonial Departmer competent income, until it may be the pleas re-employ my services, or to grant me com Superannuation Fund, under the IXth cla year of the reign of His Majesty King Will and consolidate the Pensions, Compensatic in respect of their having held Civil Offices atter can be considered by Her Majesty's the unmitigated oppressions and relentless the victim, involving deprivation of office sixteen years; whilst the intermediate off use of Lord Goderich's noble name and of appeal should be rejected, on the 20th of Goderich's assumption of the Colonial Seal less premises it was so rejected, the Lon March affords ample proofs,) instead of sub as it was his duty to have done, to His Maj ruinous and irreparable consequences were for many years past, a pension of £1000 a
* See p
2

AUTHORIZED ABUSE OF POWER. 355
ansmitted a selection of the most curious blication, than my object was nipped in its At the time, it was impossible for me to ld be but temporary; but I subsequently f official power and injustice that had ever 2e of this, or of any other country boasting und false and groundless pretexts employed, he atrocious proceeding; and this last, in the gh and Noble Patron of my present Work.
uently admitted facts and correspondence, of the unjust decision given in his name, to His Lordship on the occasion; and thus ublic Service of twenty two years, through 2 slightest cause, suddenly bereft of every half-pay as a First Lieutenant in the Royal he suggestion of Lord Viscount Goderich's ht, in 1827,) and deprived of a comparatively ure of Her Majesty's Government, either to pensation; or, at least, to admit me to the use of the Act passed in the 4th and 5th liam IV., entitled “An Act to alter, amend, ons, and Allowances to be made to Persons in His Majesty's Service; if, after all, the Government an adequate compensation for persecutions to which I have hitherto been , promotion, and emolument, for the last icer by whose unqualified and unauthorized ficial authority, by himself deciding that my f May, 1827, (only twenty days after Lord s; and that it was upon false and grounddon Gazette of the 20th of the preceding mitting it, and the actual facts of the case, esty's Principal Secretary of State, all these entailed upon me, enjoys, as he has done year
age 299.
Y 2

Page 396
356 CEYLON FISHES-FACE OF T.
The MSS. of the Ceylon Fishes having who honored the work with His Royal under His Majesty's most august Patron from life of the Gini-Maha (Scorpaena volit Girawah (Gomphosus fuscus), Ratoo Pahay todon vespertilio), Pookoorowah (Holocentr bundus), Kaha Bartikyah (Chaetodon Brown Ratoopotobarah, or Mol-Kotah (Balistes a thurus hirudo), Mal-Girawah (Sparus Hard Hembili-Girawah (Sparus decussatus), Ank (Labrus formosus), Gal-Handah (Chaetodon maculatus), Kaha-Laweyah (Perca flava-p latus), Jul-Potobarah (Tetrodom ocellatus), S (Scarus guingue-fasciatus), Lena-Girawah ( Tyrwhitti), Inguru-Parawah (Scomber. Het Laboo-Girawah (Scarus Magrathi), Pol-K Girawah (Gomphosus viridis), as specimens ological genera of the Ceylon coasts and ri The face of this part of the Southern Pi tivated with rice and a variety of other the vegetation is luxuriant and verdant t distant hills, adds to the variegated beauty Within a few miles, the most favorabl cultivation of sugar, coffee, cotton, cocoa, planting cotton upon some of the waste la superintendent, and it was left to the casua too much on native Headmen, through who it ended in nothing beneficial. Moreover, of the sea breeze, which was a grand point The Morua Korle, where the originall was made by J. F. Lourenz, Esq., the Sitti healthy climate and delightful country, bei every species of inter-tropical produce. He locate themselves, every material for buildi rice, fruit, and vegetables abundant.
Galle has hitherto escaped the ravages

HE COUNTRY-MORUA KORLE.
been submitted to His Majesty George IV., approbation, the first edition was published age, in 1828. These, contained drawings ams), Seweya (Acanthurus vittatus), Koppra ra (Holocentrus ruber), Kola Handah (Chaeus Argenteus), Gal-Lellah (Chaetodon vagariggi), Ratoo Gini Maha (Scorpaena miles), culeatus ß viridis), Kara-Hamoowah (Acanwickii), Dewe-Boraloowah (Bodian Cuvieri), atilla (Balistes biaculeatus), Ratoo-Girawah arancus), Dewe-Koraleyah (Chaetodon atrourpurea), Tic-Girawah (Labrus aureo-macuepelawah (Perca argentea), Panoo-Girawah Scarus Georgi Quarti), Radeya (Chaetodon eri), Tik Kossah (Gerramus Tankervillae), itchyah (Anthias Clarkii), and Nil Talapatof the more brilliant species of the Ichthyvers. 'ovince is beautiful, and generally well culgrains. Intersected by streams and canals, hroughout the year; and the succession of which the landscape everywhere presents. e situations may be found for an extensive and indigo. The Government commenced nds in 1822, but as there was no regular l inspection of the Collector, who depended pse neglect it was ravaged by the cotton fly, the cotton was planted within the influence against its success. y successful attempt to cultivate the potato ng Magistrate, in 1815, also presents a very ng well watered, and having a rich soil for !re numerous planters might advantageously ng being cheap, and meat, poultry, game,
; of Asiatic Cholera, whilst other parts of

Page 397
DUTCH MODE OF BURIAL A PUI
the island suffered severely from its visitatic to the high road is here a very great nu south-west monsoon, the pestiferous stench of allowing coffins to be laid one over the O the surface, is indescribable. Where putref that the Legislature has not long since enact of all bodies in the earth, unless additional The process of opening one of these tom pant, involves the greatest danger to the pe well, may be attributed to their precautiona and faces, and a due proportion of arrack in Many years ago, I requested the attenti disgusting and dangerous practice; but, wh fere with matters connected with the Dutch have neither,) about which the Dutch inha still continues, although fraught with peri had been within the Fort or Pettah, inst every way calculated to effect an alarming by few, and excelled by none, in India.
This repository of mortality contains a bearing the following inscription :-
Ys SACRED TO TI
Ο
JAME S R O WLAN
ASSISTANT STAFF SURG
WHO DIED AT GALLE TH
AGEO TRTY
The inhabitants of Galle and Matura have erected this h
By profession fitted for the noblest offices of humanit hour of sickness and distress, to all in need of his assista sideration of personal trouble or inconvenience interposed line of duty towards his fellow creatures.
His death-bed afforded the best proof of his real prin cheered by the best hope, he bowed with resignation to th the blessed influence of faith in Christ.
G LOR IA

}LIC AND PERILOUS NUISANCE. 357
n; but the proximity of the burial ground tisance; for, during the prevalence of the that is diffused by the abominable custom ther in the tombs, and considerably above action is so extremely rapid, it is wonderful 2d an Ordinance for enforcing the interment tin or lead coffins be made use of. bs, for the reception of an additional occuople so employed; and that they escape so ry use of vinegar externally to their hands ternally, whilst their occupation continues. on of successive Collectors of Galle to this ether from apathy, or a desire not to interchurch and burial ground, (for the English bitants are extremely jealous, the nuisance l to the living; and, if the burial ground ead of being nearly equi-distant from both, change in the salubrity of a place equalled
tomb remarkable for its architecture, and
HE MEMORY
F
D MOR GAN, ESQ.,
EON TO THE FORCES,
E 16TH SEPTEMBER, 1825,
ONE YEARS.
umble tribute of their grateful respect to departed worth.
y, Mr. Morgan devoted himself to their exercise in the ince, whether rich or poor, white or black. No conbetween him and that which he had marked out as his
ciples. For him, the last enemy had no terrors; and, e will of his Creator, and left this world of trial, under
A D Eo.

Page 398
358 DREADFUL CATASTROPHE
On the 27th of June, 1823, Mr. Morgan and three little children, two of whom w he soon afterwards landed, and having I reception, returned to the wharf, for the but the wind blew dead upon the land, a boat would venture out.
Soon afterwards, two boats were observe midway one was upset, and Mr. Morgan li treaty in his power to urge the native boat creatures; little imagining, that at the time chief sufferers were those most dear to him when the first objects that met his view, w the corpse of the poor child's maid, with of the boat; but the body of his wife had The two children, both girls, survived effect upon Mr. Morgan's mind was so gr dreaded; but his naturally robust constit him to “weather the storm," and he gra for the prosecution of his professional dutie constitution, which had been gratuitously a of weather and a tropical sun, through his creatures, sunk under the intense exertions inhabitants of the districts of Galle and honor of his memory.
Notwithstanding these and numerous oth Roads within the last thirty years, strange belonging to any port of the island; and 1 rope from the shore to a ship in distress, fr ous) coast, extending 900 miles!
Captain Manby's invention is so very che may be hoped attention will ere long be gi the provident foresight of our Colonial . adapted for Ceylon. Moreover, the Gov Stations at the most dangerous points of th retired non-commissioned officers of long salary in addition to their well-earned pensi in a manner more commensurate with past

CAPTAIN MANBY'S MORTAR.
arrived in Colombo Roads, with his wife rere girls, and the other an infant boy :- made the requisite arrangements for their purpose of going on board for his family; it being the south-west monsoon, and not
!d to leave the ship, of which, when about berally offered money and used every inmen to go to the assistance of their fellow he was so zealous in humanity's cause, the self, until the other boat reached the shore, ere his two apparently lifeless children, and the dead infant in her arms, in the bottom disappeared.
the dreadful catastrophe. For a time, the eat, that the very worst consequences were ution, and religious temperament, enabled dually acquired the tranquility so necessary as; but, in little more than two years, that nd constantly exposed to all the vicissitudes zeal for the benefit of his suffering fellow of philantropy; and the gratitude of the Matura was thus publicly acknowledged in
er casualties that have happemed in Colombo to say, there is no such thing as a life boat not even a single apparatus for projecting a om any part of this (in many places danger
lap an apparatus to the Government, that it fen to the general claims of humanity upon Administration, for nothing can be better 'ernment, by establishing Manby's Mortar e coast, and placing them under the care of service and good character, with a small ions, will have the means of rewarding them
valuable and efficient services,

Page 399
PUNKAHS IN CHAPELS
The Wesleyan Mission-house is a most substantial, and commodious; and, howe ceiling may, at first, appear in a place of w ble custom for rendering the air cool an that is worthy of general adoption within
The Roman Catholic chapel is a very splendour. On Good Friday, the Crucifi the high altar, by wooden figures of the particularly impressed on my memory, tha embraced the cross, in order to take dow the crucified Saviour, they fell down wit were parallel with the ankles.
The Mussulmans of Galle celebrate the also do in the Northern Province, during t year, (Hagira, or Flight,) in memory of Mohamed, by Fatima, who, according to t. infant son Asher, who had been mortally wo arms, on the 10th of the 1st month, by th of the Euphrates.
On the first day, the whole history of H tically recited by the Muftis, that the feelin; and every expression of their sorrow and l instead of so very remote a catastrophe. horses are borrowed for the occasion, wh as superbly as the circumstances of the make them. The tenth day is the most slain; and, by way of conclusion, curses an Yuzzed, and all his army and followers, v eulogized as martyrs.
This tragical story, which occupies a possession of an old Lebbe, or Moorman, at in a valuable Cashmere shawl, and was as touch of the hand as if it were the Koran
Cinnamon abounds in this province, a standing the selfishness of the Dutch in and nutmegs, and that they attached the

-MUSSULMAN FESTIVAL. 359
:onvenient building and the Chapel neat, ver peculiar Punikahs suspended from the orship, it is acknowledged to be an admirai delightful during Divine service, and one he tropics. spacious building, but destitute of internal ion is represented upon a stage in front of size of life; one circumstance of which is t upon unclasping the Virgin's arms, which n the wooden representative of the body of h a considerable noise, and, as they hung,
: annual festival of the Mohurrum, as they he first ten days of the first month of their
the death of Hossein, the second son of he records, was killed whilst supporting his unded by an arrow, whilst in his (Hossein's) e army of the Caliph Yuzzed, on the banks
Lossein and his brother Hassan is so emphags of the audience are excited to enthusiasm, amentation is shown, as if it were a recent, The military pageant is well got up, and nich, as wellas their riders, are caparisoned Mussulmans, and gold and silver tinsel, can solemn, being that of the interment of the l imprecations are lavished upon the Caliph whilst Hossein and Hassan are blessed and
large quarto of MS., was formerly in the Galle, called Markair, who kept it enveloped particular to prevent its being defiled by the itself. ind is of excellent quality; but, notwithregard to their own monopolies in cloves penalty of death to the clandestine expor

Page 400
360 BREAD-FRUIT TREE-ARROW
tation of a single plant, and that of the the one or the other, they are not very p hibited plants from the natives of British c against a repetition of conduct so every wa hand, and insulting to a friendly Governme fully practiced at Galle in the year 1825.
Bread-fruit, Jack, and Angelica trees a the former is merely valued for its fruit, old, is superior to that of the jack tree, an (Swietenia mahogani, L.); and there iš scar ful; for excellent and strong ropes may b cannot be a better substitute for pitch or c than may be obtained by tapping the tree, col exudes, and, after hardening it in the sun, of pitch. Cattle are partial to bread-fruitor offsets from the roots, by which the tre protected by thorny bushes, until they ma quadruped pilferers.
At Baddegammé, the Church Missional cea, L.) is extensively cultivated, and the originally set them by the Rev. Messrs. Wa invaluable root into culture in this distric flour at Ceylon, and its comparitively high a profitable article of commerce. It is ma manufactured at Barbadoes and Bermuda, duce of either of these places.
There is a species of indigenous Maran but its root possesses very inferior qualities arundinacea, L. In 1827, I presented a c esteemed, and now lamented friend, the l the Bengal Artillery, which was nine feet in nacea by nearly five feet.
* See pages
| Derived from Baddé, Jur
From Get, a knot,
Class l, Monandria, Order 1, Mor

OOT-INDIGENOUS MARANTA.
torture to the crime of smuggling either articular in their manner of obtaining proolonies; and experience ought to guard us y degrading to national dignity on the one nt on the other, as that which was success
re abundant throughout this district; but notwithstanding that the wood, when very d bears a nearer resemblance to mahogany cely any part of the tree that is not usebe manufactured from its bark, and there ammer, for paying the bottoms of vessels, lecting the thick white juice that abundantly boiling it, when it acquires the property :ree leaves, and therefore all young plants, e is propagated, require to be fenced and y have shot up beyond the reach of the
y Station, arrow root (Maranta arundinanatives are greatly indebted to the example rd and Mayor, for the introduction of this it; and, from the low price of arrow root price in the home markets, it is doubtlessly de from the same plant as the arrow root
and is mot inferior in quality to the pro
ta, called by the Singhalese Get-Oloouca,
to that of the naturalized exotic Maranta lried specimen of this plant to my highly ate Major General Thomas Hardwicke, of height, exceeding that of the M. arundi
133, 134. gle, and gammé, a village. and Oloowa, a head. togynia, Natural order, Cannea.

Page 401
CHAP.
Gallejeuvellers-Cabinet makers-Their objections to l Weneering unknown to the Singhalese-Leaf employed fo Post Office-The high duty upon Arrack above Bengal , Ceylon distiller and the British importer-Representation district contrasted with that of the Mahagampattoothe prosecutor-Samuel Tolfrey, Esq., author of the fi
Colonial Department-Tradition of the origin of the rat--Singhalese pottery-Gindurah river-Gindurah ra of the country.
As regards the native jewellers, the re Trincomalé, are equally applicable to thos
The master cabinet makers are generally these make very durable and beautiful cabi complain greatly of English tools, as bei ebony and satin-wood timber. I would the to study the shape and temper of the nativ struction, and thereby ensure certain and Ceylon markets.
Veneering is unknown, except in the E of the excellent workmanship of the Cey carried with them;-every article of furn calamander side board, is solid, and reasona for polishing wood, the native cabinet make
Welakola or Wellé-kola.it
Galle is famous for calamander and to but the former soon wharp, and the imp scarcely worth the expense of importing th The Agent of Government for the Sou which is called in Horsburgh's Directory, “
* See page 234.

XLV.
British tools-Suggestions to the hardware manufacturerr polishing wood-Revenue and Medical Departmentsrum tantamount to a prohibition, атd inјиrтоиs to the to the late Board of Trade-Moral state of the Galle Witchcraft, and the unizard-Effect of superstition upon rst English and Singhalese Grammar-Liberality of the Singhalese Castes-Insects-Reptiles-Iyyale, or musk ck-Sailing directions-Dodondewe-Rest-houses-Face
marks already made upon their brethren at se of Galle and Colombo. Portuguese, but the workmen Singhalese ;- net furniture of every description, but they ng very badly adapted to the hardness of refore suggest to the British manufacturer 'e tools, which are of the most simple conprofitable returns for their exports to the
Inglish-made furniture, which, in ignorance lon cabinet makers, passengers may have iture, from the camp stool to the splendid ble in price. In lieu of sand or glass paper, rs employ the under surface of a leaf, called
toise-shell writing desks, work boxes, &c.; ort duty at home is so great, that they are
Ee
thern Province resides at the Cutchery, Cook's House;" and he is also a member
† From Wellé, sand, and Kola, leaf. --

Page 402
362 REVENUE AND MEDICAL DEPAR
of the Galle branch of the “Commission tion.” The District Court is superintende a year, with an establishment of Assesso further charge to the public of £308.
The Medical Department consists of a intendent of Vaccination, assisted by two and one Native Vaccinator.
The Post Office is superintended by a C of utility to merchants and individuals g Inland Postage-the Rules established b for the management of the Post Office D Tappal, -and the Table of Warehouse . Governor and Council of Ceylon.*
Arrack, of an excellent quality, is extensi duty being 6s. per gallon more than that against the British importer, that it is tant By way of contrast to the moral state Mahagampattoo district, and making every respective populations, I reluctantly ackno list April, 1826, I had to decide, as Sitt Justices of the Peace, 3074. Civil, and 3 ments for murder (to be tried by the Supre include the Criminal decisions of the Joi the Civil and Criminal cases decided by thi during the same period
A few cases of witchcraft came before m "putting the complainant in fear of his lif Upon one occasion, the wizard was det apparatus, brought to the Court; and if eve considered a demon in appearance, the de prints of Asmodeus, this person is depic contained a hen's egg, enveloped in the
* See A
t See Appendix, for Letter to the late Vice Preside
to be anticipated, may yet be honored with the fav Department.

TMENTS-POST OFFICE--ARRACK.
for the General Superintendence of Educal by a District Judge, at a salary of £1000 , Secretary, Clerks, and Interpreter, at a
Staff Assistant Surgeon, who is also Superdedical Sub-assistants, two Medical Pupils,
utchery Clerk; and, as it may be an object ping to Ceylon, I have added the Rates of 7 the Governor General of India in Council epartment,-Rules for establishing a Parcel Rates, according to the Ordinance of the
vely distilled in this district; but the import charged upon Bengal rum, it is so much amount to a prohibition.t
of the native community of this and the fair allowance for the disproportion of their wledge, that between 26th April, 1823, and ing Magistrate and one of His Majesty's 39 Criminal cases, exclusively of 5 commitme Court) and 5 inquests. These, do not nt Sitting Magistrate for the district, nor 2 inferior Magistrate of Ballepittyé Modera
e at Galle, wherein the general charge was,
ected in his incantations, and, with all his rhuman being approached what is generally fendant did. In some of the old Spanish ted to the life. The Hembili, or basket, glume of the Pandanus odoratissimus, with
ppendix. nt of the Board of Trade upon this subject, which, it is rable consideration of the present noble Head of that

Page 403
WITCHCRAFT-EFFECTS OF SUP
some of the flower of that plant, and an ol of Madugammegay Appo, as fast as the wa a very bad representation of the trembling The egg and its accompaniments were to moon,” in the path by which the intende road. The emaciated appearance of the some degree imagined from Shakspeare's a that is but a faint description of the Singh Argument was in vain to convince the of any mortal's possessing the power of infernal regions,” to do him bodily harm : dissolve” but he subsequently became m assuring himself that it had not yet been s
Upon subsequent conversation between having agreed to pay the value of some which, in the usual language of Singhales “ usurped from the heirs," the emblems of reconciled, without the Diary of the Co depositions in support of the prosecution,
The defendant in this action was of th offerings to devils; and his assistant of by dancing.
In regard to the observances of caste an lese scholar, Samuel Tolfrey, Esq., of th Singhalese Grammar was the first that app Secretary of State for the Colonies, who has given the most distinct account of th the tradition of their first establishment; a cause of castes, but nevertheless, believed According to this account, the present 6 Kalpaya, of which, they have two modes Kalpas make one Mahabadré Kalpée. In in height one finger's breadth. A span, Riyana, (or cubit, lS inches); seven Riy sumba eighty issumbas, one Kosa four Kalpa. Or, there is a stone four cubits st
2

ERSITION-SINGHALESE CASTES. 363
la, invoking the devil “ to dissolve the body }xem effigy, (about a foot in length, and not - g prosecutor,) might melt before the fire." nave been buried, “at a certain time of the 2d victim went to his cottage from the high care-worn and timid prosecutor may be in pothecary in “Romeo and Juliet," but even alese anatomie vivante ! prosecutor of the futility of the supposition influencing spirits “ of air, water, or the for “he had already felt his body begin to ore composed, upon handling the effigy, and ubmitted to the action of fire. Ehe friends of the parties, and the prosecutor twelfth share of a Jack and coco-nut tree, e proctors, he had been charged with having witchcraft were destroyed, and the parties urt being made a record of perhaps fifty and of as many for the defence. e low caste called Pidayné danno, who make the Kustarogyo caste, who worship devils
nong the Singhalese, the well-known Singhahe Ceylon Civil Servicė, (whose English and eared, and was patronized by the then liberal presented its Author a donation of £1000,) heir divisions and subdivisions, together with fabulous narration, fully detailing the original i by the most learned Oonansés. poch is called by the Singhalese Mahabadre of computing the duration ; viz. five Autagh the course of 1000 years, the earth increases Wiyata, or twelve fingers' breadth, make one anas, one Pate; twenty one Fate, one AsKosas, one Gowa ; and 7 Govas, one Anta quare, which a god, habited in white muslin,
z 2

Page 404
364 TRADITIONAL ORIGIN OF .
passes once in a hundred years; the mus stone as it passes; and when, by the attriti reduced to the size of a grain of mustard, C But, previous to the Mahabadré Kalpaya had been consumed by fire. Two only ( Brahma in the highest region, and the wor tures having been destroyed with the Sacv. rated in the uppermost region, and became Some of these Brahmans returned to the their being reproduced, but from avarice steal, which latter crime caused numberle them to decide between the litigants, the wi. could not exist without some form of Gov selected a Brahman eminent for wisdom, th with a right over one tenth of whatever subst him the “JUDGE AND RULER” over them.
This King, from having been chosen by the signification of thosė words, Maha Samn to divide his people into the following classi Rajah Wansaya, or King's caste; Brahm science; Wanja Wansaya, caste of merchan agriculturists, which, in Singhalese general is known by the name of Vellalé; and whicl higher castes in Ceylon, is considered the h The following castes are constituted to se “Damduvaduyo, carpenters; Wiyanno, wea barbers ; Hannali, tailors ; Rata Karayo, ca Malakarayo, planters of flowering shrubs Sittaru, painters; Gahalayo, those who buil sieve makers; Liyana Waduwo, turners; A riers; Vinakarayo, players upon the Vinah, makers; Nalakarayo, players upon wind ins Pupauvéléndo, cake sellers; Raauvéléndo, tc Sukari Kayo, pig butchers ; Magawi Kaya Waguri Kayo, fishermen who use nets on veyors of food; Daasayo, slaves; Chanda la

'HE SINGHALESE CASTES.
lin robe, waved by the wind, touches this on this occasions, the stone shall have been ne Autagh Kalpé will have elapsed.
, a thousand millions of Sacvals, or worlds, if the worlds remained; namely, that of ld of winds in the lowest. All living creatls that were consumed, they were regeneBrahmans without any distinction of caste. Sacvals they had originally inhabited, upon they degenerated.so much as to begin to ss disputes; and, having no Chief among sest of the Brahmans, reflecting that order ernment, assembled a Council, and having ey chose him their King, and invested him Eance the people might acquire, appointing
a great assembly, was called, according to nata ; and, after his elevation, he proceeded fication of castes. tna Wansaya, caste of Brahmins skilled in ts; Gowi Wansaya, caste of cultivators, or parlance, although not a Singhalese word, n, from there now being none of the three ighest. rve the four preceding castes; namely, vers ; Raduda, washermen ; Aymbaythayo, rriage makers; Badalu, workers in metals; and garland makers; Kumbalu, potters; d walls of houses only; Hinnawo, mat and lchari, blacksmiths; Diyaluwo, water cara stringed instrument; Aimaduwo, arrow truments; Ayttalayo, feeders of elephants; ddy sellers; Seppidiu'iji Karayo, wizards; , deer killers; Sakani Kayo, bird killers; ly; Bari Kayo, carriers; Baak-kayo, puryo, inhabitants of forests who make thongs

Page 405
CASTES ESTABLISHED BY THE F
of the skins of animals for the Royal us subsist by the chase. -
This account of castes was extracted fr diram, Don Andrias, of Colombo, a learn generally recognized by Buddhists, there i. the first King of Ceylon, who arrived in t of whose King, Sinhaba, he was the son, Buddha, seven days after he had become N death of the soul; which, according to the it has attained a state of purity. The presel
According to the Nitiyah, a book said guage by Vijiah Rajah himself, he found destroyed with the army of 700 giants whic then made the country a fit residence for hu he established the following castes for the pe and the punishment of criminals.
DURAvos, or Chandoos, the former not a two words it is composed of, come from divisions; namely,
Pati Karayo, cowherds; Porava Kara duravos; Magul Duravo, riders of the Rc four castes, for carrying their talipats, ping sons who offer rice to the images of the ni rice ; Pannayo, elephant feeders ; Nataml of this caste.
KARAwo. Of this caste, commonly called Karawo, a compound word, signifies “Evilis the destruction of animals, which the But Dunuwaayeli, archers; Williya, catchers O Ugulwaydi, trap makers, for animals; Kaym bird catchers; suhududaye wadi, fishers wi and those who fish with hooks and lines onl PAss MEHE KARAYo. Five performers of Danduvaduwo, carpenters; Wiyamao, w barbers; Sommaru, sandal makers.
* Vijiah, whose capital was Tamanha Newa,

IRST KING OF CEYLON, B. C. 543. 365
e only; Wedda or Veddah, wild people who
om Singhalese books, lent by the Mohanled native; but although these castes are s another system, which was established by he island from the kingdom of Laaladesaye, in the 56th year of the era of the last ivani, or a state of happiness, although the Buddhist creed, becomes again mortal after ht year (1843) is the year of Buddha 23S6.
to have been written in the Singhalese lanCeylon inhabited by devils only, which he sh accompanied him from Laaladesaye, and aman beings. During his reign of 3S years, rformance of personal service in his palace,
Singhalese word, and meaning, from the afar of which caste, there are ten sub
yo, timber fellers; Hari Duravo, proper yal elephants; Aynadi, servants to these Os, &c.; Kuttadi, dancers; Balibattu, perhe planets, and who alone may eat of that bu, toddy drawers ; Hiuvattayo, washermen
Fishers' Caste, there are nine subdivisions. doers," because the occupation of the caste iddhist religion forbids; namely, f birds in snares; Wadekayo, executioners; an wadi, catchers of crocodiles ; Paksi ucadi, ith nets in the sea only; Kayurulo, anglers y ; Masuvikunamno, fishmongers.
service. "eavers ; Radda, washermen ; Ambattayo,
ra, B.C. 543, or the lst year of Buddha,

Page 406
366 CASTES ESTABLISHED BY THE F
NAwAYMIYo. The nine services,-Servar Sittaru, painters; Achari, ironsmiths; daries; Ee waduwo, arrow makers; Ra, metals; Oli, mask makers; Hommaru, pe mals, and dress the skins.
ToLIL KARAYo. Particular service. Hannali, tailors; Hakuro, cooks; Hurn beaters; Paduwo, palankin bearers.
L O WW C
Gauraykawalu, village watchmen ; Andi, danno, offeringmakers to devils; Gahalayo sons born blind Koru, persons born lame travelling for amusement !! Yaka duru, d and dumb Koostarogiyo, lepers, and those temple watchmen; Henauvalayo, fine mat Hinnarayo, mat makers; Rodiyo, skinners carry the frame upon which the King's pala washermen to the Gahalayos or scavengers. This arrangement of castes is considered of Buddha, of resemblance to that of Br from one and the same origin.
There are a variety of names of castes such as Pesa Karayam, to Chalias, or cinna “makers of cloth strainers to filter water." their employment in peeling cinnamon fo has given the Chalias such an ascendanc Caste; and, during the Government mc siderable advantages above other castes i were liable.
The Entomologist may collect almost ev “Live in each thread, and feel along the li of Galle; and a great many from the god they abound, as if enjoying peculiar privile Of these, the largest are, the Long-bodi Tarantula or Tarentula (Fabricius of Latr

RST KING OF CEYLON, B.C. 543.
ts to the four highest castes; namely, liyana waduluvo, turners ; Gal uvadu uvo, lapihallo, goldsmiths; Kamanu, solderers ofy sons who remove the dead bodies of ani
a, chunam makers; Berawayo, tam-a-tam
A STE S.
beggars by caste; Wallu, slaves; Pidayni. , scavengers; Horu, thieves ; Kannu, per! Hinganno, paupers; Dés ayravo, strangers 2vil worshippers ; Pilu, persons born deaf : who worship devils by dancing; Kappuwo, makers; Pali, washermen to low castes; , living in woods; Kontayo, persons who nkin is placed when he travels; Hinawah,
| one of the strong features in the religion ahma, and a proof of their being derived
given at the present day to other trades, amon peelers; the former names signifying,
This caste has assumed consequence from r Europeans; which, from its importance, y, that they dispute rank with the Fishers' nopoly in cinnamon, they received conn regard to the jurisdiction to which they
ery variety of the Arachnida family, which he," known to the island, within a few miles owns, &c. of the old Dutch houses, where (es of exemption from the sweeper's broom. ed Spider (Tetraganatha ertensa), and the ille). ·

Page 407
REPTILES-INSECTS-MYGALE, O
Lizards are innumerable. These reptil walls of every house, both within and with disgusting, for it occasionally falls from t cussion, loses its tail, which continues for s tion from the body. The Garden Lizard agilis, L.), but the most beautiful in colc with head and ridge of the back of a brigh Cockroaches (Blatta orientalis), Green Scaratides, enter with the lighting of the la whilst the tiny but most troublesome Mosc can, particularly from the Griffin, below.
Common Rats (Mus decumanus) of large s Rat, as it is vulgarly called, although nei nearly approaching to that of the Shrew (S sional visitor to the godowns, or wine cellar of a mole, being nearly of the same color, a snout; in the shape of the head, numl eyes, and turn of the paws in a vertical direc from the slowness of its motion, compare for water than land. Musked wine and all of these animals over empty bottles, or the A great deal of common earthenware, for but the Singhalese have no knowledge of tremely simple, the principal being a wheel wood (Mesua ferrea, L.) timber, which r oil to prevent friction, and resting within th it is sunk to within a fourth of its length. the centre of the under surface of the whe other tools are, a smooth piece of stone, by our wine coopers. Some of these potters and regarded as valuable heir-looms of the Many of the Singhalese earthen vessels those of Kandyan manufacture; and those Y white stone China, which is preferred to, a imported in considerable quantities by th at Galle, on their homeward-bound voyage

MUSK RAT-NATIVE POTTERY. 367
s abound in every garden, and upon the ut. The smallest or white Lizard is very le ceiling upon the table, and, by the conme time to exhibit motion after its separais that called the Nimble Lizard (Lacerta r is the large Green Lizard of the woods, , orange red. Bugs (Cimer viridis), and a great variety of mps at night, and annoy one above board, uito (Culer molestus) draws all the blood it
ze are numerous; and the Mygale, or Musk her allied to the Rat nor Beaver, but more prer) than to any other family, is an occas. This animal has much the appearance and having a similar, but not so pointed ber of teeth, want of external ears, minute tion, with the soles backward; and appears, l to that of a rat or mouse, better adapted e is very often the consequence of the trail corks of full ones. native use, is manufactured in this district; the art of glazing it. Their tools are ex, made of teak (Tectona grandis) or iron2volves in a stone pivot, well supplied with e hollow of a stone in the ground, in which The top of the pivot is fixed to a hole in l. This is turned by a boy; and the only and a mallet, similar in shape to that used wheels, although very old, are still useful, family.
are beautifully formed, but not equal to ho can afford it, use the common blue and ld cheaper than, British manufacture, and : Portuguese vessels which amnually touch from Macao to Goa.

Page 408
36S GINDURAH RIVIER-DANGEROUS
The next stage from Galle is Hiccode distant 12 miles. The Gindurah river, foi the traveller's observation, for its pretty, will find a great deal to interest him, both “Off this river, there is a dangerous rocl miles to the southward of Ragamma Poi opposite to a Reddish Hummock standing rocky islet contiguous to Ragamma Point one with the northern extreme of the c under 22 fathoms, or 20 fathoms, the la lengths of this dangerous rock.
“About three miles to the eastward of ( are two rocks, covered with 5 or 6 feet wate 15 and 16 fathoms about a cable's length o between them and the shore, from 10 to inside of these rocks, should keep nearer to to be among them in the night. These tw ward of Point de Galle.”
After crossing the Gindurah river, the ne dewé, where there is a Bana Madewa, a lit and a minor custom-house. A whale was c was such a rare occurrence, that people fish which suckled its young.” The anin became the Governor's property, as Vice A
The rest-houses throughout the whole excellent, and there are Postholders at the to travellers at 25 per cent. above the ba for their trouble, fuel, cooking, &c.; and, w cheap, cannot well be objected to, even if it The face of the country is generally flat, roads are excellent. One continued tope line of road, renders travelling delightfu buggy, palankin, or on horseback. The whose banks are covered with verdant tree passage boats at every ferry render travell very trifling at either.

ROCK-FACE OF THE COUNTRY.
, or, as the Singhalese call it, Hiccodeua, ir miles from Galle, will not fail to attract ot magnificent, scenery; and the Botanist on the river and upon its banks.
, called Gindurah Rock, about three or four nt, and two miles distant from the shore, near the sea. In passing this danger, the should not be brought so far out as to be in bast; but the surest guide is not to borrow tter depth being within two or three ship's
Gindurah Rock, and nearer the shore, there r, on which the sea generally breaks, having utside of them, with irregular rocky bottom 5 fathoms. Boats or small craft passing them than the shore; but it is dangerous o rocks are three or four miles to the west
'Xt village is the fishing hamlet of Dodontle out of the high road on the right hand, lriven ashore at this place in 1823, and this came from far and near to see the “great hal yielded a great quantity of oil, which dmiral. line of road from Galle to Colombo are intermediate stations to supply refreshments zaar prices, which profit is allowed them here every necessary article of supply is so ; were not authorized by Government.
but, in certain places, undulating, and the of coco-nut trees, along the sea shore, and , whether by day or night, in carriage, zountry is intersected by beautiful rivers, s and paddee fields; and horse-boats and ing any thing but irksome, the delay being

Page 409
CHAP.
Hiccode rest-house-The resort of pic-nic parties frt blangoddé—Madampé river-Kosgoddé-Bentotte-Face pine apple-Oyster divers-Bentotte oysters-River scene perior indigo-Population of the Southern Province-Bar Imports and earports-Minor Custom-house-Road to K good fortune-Kaltura-Sailing directions-Government school-Fort-The Honorable John Rodney's Patterero-. pions-Vulgar opinion controverted by the results-Vie. Colombo-Kobra Guyon-Lacerta Nilotica-L. Gecko
Carpenter insect-Painted bat.
IT was at Hiccode rest-house, which is m of pic-nic parties from Galle, that, on on mative, who had been swallowed by a cı which, although uncommon, was not a soli is to be anticipated, that with the increa: British capital, and the settlement of some a the number of elephants will be reduced t gether extirpated.
The road, level and good, lies through verdant coco-nut palms, a prominent feature myriads fan the air, whilst they form an agr even a meridian sun.
The next rest-house, after leaving Hiccod crossing the Madampé river by a well-cons through the village of Kosgodde, to Bent house, a strong and extensive Dutch buil most delightfully situate upon a level green, from the sea, from whence the breeze is unusual coolness, when contrasted with its p
* See pages
3

XLVI.
om Galle-Body of a native cut out of a crocodile--Hmof the country-Native farms-Singhalese culture of the y— Vihare and its neighbourhood-Govinda yields a suberyn- Sailing directions-Barberyn village-Bazaaraltura-A double coco-nut tree considered ominous of House-Cutchery-Wesleyan Mission-house, chapel, and Earperiments with the large black, and small brown scorw of the Kalu-Ganga from Mount Layard-Canal to Traffic between Kaltura and Saffregam-Dr. de Hoedt
ost pleasantly situated, and a great resort e of these occasions, I saw the body of a rocodile, cut out of the animal's belly; tary instance of its anthropophagy; but it se of cultivation, through the medium of f its possessors in this incomparable colony, o a certain limit, and crocodiles be alto
an uninterrupted tope of tall and ever2 of the western coast of Ceylon, which in eeable and almost impervious shade from
e, is that of Amblangodde, distant 7 miles, structed wooden bridge; and from thence, otte, the distance is 14 miles. The restding, is one of the best in the island, and at a pleasant but not too remote a distance wafted over the river with a refreshing and assage over the sands.
185, 186.
A.

Page 410
370 FACE OF THE COUNTRY-BENT
The means of irrigation are everywhere is one vast scene of cultivation. Coffee g Juncea) for fishing nets, paddee fields, arun bulbifera, L.), and sweet potato (Convolv a country potato, very small, but in som tuberosum), give an air of plenty and of lux of the island.
A great variety of useful and profitable neglected or unknown in the province, migh at a comparatively small expense; but the old habits to patronize novelties, either tillage, or articles of produce.
The native farms and villages are surro the shadock, orange, lime, and jambo. Pi for, with the Singhalese, to twist off the cro stick it into the ground, or on the top of an fruit in due season. In many places, I l Ananas upon the same stalk; of which, s if trained with mathematical precision.
Sea and fresh-water fish are plentiful an very excellent oyster (Ostrea edulis, L.):-t rocks at the bottom of the river with ma ployed them during my excursions upon the the theory of locomotion in the oyster, ir or substitutes for them, which the pearl oys
The diver descends without any of the Fishery, notwithstanding that sharks have with merely a net, attached to a line from t other. Having reached the bottom, a dept the oysters from the rocks, (an operation whi and having filled his net, jerks the rope, more buoyant, the diver reaches the surfac of air, repeats his labour, till the quantity Upon a cursory view of the Bentotte uneven rock.-Oysters should never be tak in the former case, they are not edible un

DTTE OYSTER-OYSTER DIVERS,
so abundant, that the face of the country rounds, fields of country hemp (Crotalaria I (Arum - Macrorhigon, L.), yam (Dioscorea lus Batat L.) plantations, and also of e respects like that of Europe (Solanum uriance to the general scenery of this part
grains and pulse, that are now altogether it be brought into cultivation in the district natives seem too much attached to their n their agricultural implements, mode of
unded by indigenous fruit trees, including ne apples require neither care nor culture; wn and fling it into the hedge, or carelessly old wall, is sufficient to insure its yielding have observed seven perfectly ripe orange six encircled the centre pine as regularly as
i cheap, and the Bentotte river supplies a his the Singhalese divers detach from the illets; for which purpose I have often em| river.-Here is a strong argument against dependently of its being destitute of feet, ter (Mytilus margaritifera) possesses. precautions or apparatus used at the Pearl occasionally been seen in the river, and he canoe, in one hand, and a mallet in the h of some fathoms, he begins to knock off ich may be plainly heard upon the surface,) as a signal for hauling it up; but, being e first, and having inhaled a fresh supply of oysters required is obtained. oyster, it has the appearance of a lump of an at low water, but at mid tide; because, til after a day or two's purging in very salt

Page 411
BENTOTTE RIVER-SCENERY.
water.-The villagers are entirely ignorant their river supplies Colombo, Galle, and th gether so little esteemed by the natives, w content withal, that they never trouble t extra cost attends their acquirement.
It is here, that persons of small incom tented with inter-tropical productions, may and, with a small additional capital of about rich among the Singhalese.
The scenery up this river is beautiful, th (Rhizophora Mangle, L.), and a variety of innumerable monkies play their destructive plunder the fruit trees of the adjacent farms If the tourist leave Bentotte in a Para the midst of a fine country, abounding ir where there is just room enough for the and underwood, by daylight. Upon one Pardie were quietly eating their dinner, a to the edge of the water, without perceivin of an intervening Mangrove tree.
A few miles above Bentotte, there is an a is approached by a wide avenue of fruit tre steps. In the temple grounds, a variety shade of foliage, some bearing fruits, ot from the ever-noisy variety of Ceylon towns which is interrupted only by the cooing of The priests seem to be most partial to double Pomegranate (Punica granatum, var B. tomentosa, L.), the sorrowful tree (Nyc Jessamins, Arabian Jessamin (Nerium coron Jalapa), African Marigold, and the double p At noon day, the avenue is delightfully water which flow to the right of the road well, almost as cold as if saltpetre were be coolness to wine, render it a charming rend sion in the neighbourhood.
3 A

-TEMPLE AND PRECINCTS. 37
of the method of feeding oysters, although e intermediate places. Oysters are altotho are extremely simple in their diet, and hemselves about luxuries, when the least
e, disposed to retirement, and to be con7 live well upon a very moderate income; ; £500 to begin with, would be considered
e sides covered with the curious Mangrove magnificent timber trees, among which, gambols, every now and then descending to , which they do with perfect impunity.
lie or covered boat overnight, he will be in game, and intersected by small streams, boat to pass clear of the overhanging trees. excursion, and just as the people in my fine Samver (Cervus Aristotelis, L.) came g the boat, and was shot from the branch
ncient and substantially-built Viharé, which !es, and by several flights of granitic stone of palms and other trees, displaying every hers flowers, present a delightful change , and an indescribable tranquility of scene, the turtle dove. the large yellow Bignonia (B. Indica), the dupler), Bauhinias (Bauhinia acuminata, L., tanthes arbor tristis, L.), white and yellow narium, L.), Four o'clock flower (Mirabilis pink and white Oleander.
shaded from the sun, and the rills of pure , where there is also an ancient and sacred ing dissolved in it, and which soon imparts ezvous for the pic-nic, after a day's excur
2

Page 412
372 GOWINDA SHRUB-TERMINATION
Here the botanist, the entomologist, the man, have an ample field to gratify their se tunity being afforded to either of justly cha more liberal to one than to the other; and w foliage, and enjoyment enhanced by good dressed village girls, in all the innocence temple steps, and, with the awe and humilit bearing the choicest of their native odori one of the most fragrant and beautiful. as a
Upon the left bank of this river, a shrub, whose leaf yields a superior indigo; hence called Govinda, and represented of that col
The Bentotte river separates the Wester the superficies is 6,032 square miles, and pc of 1835, making the average number to the
Whites, including Military and their families. Free Blacks, ditto ditto ......... Slaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 a
Aliens and resident strangers ....................
Of these, 71,694 are employed in agric in commerce. The marriages, in the yea deaths, 5123; leaving a surplus in favor of
Having crossed the Bentotte ferry, we revillage is Barberyn, distant 6 miles; road e but well shaded with coco-nut palms, tama other beautiful trees, including the Ficus galensis, L., Strychnos nur vomica, L., Cerb montana altermifolia, T. Citrifolia, Sterculia il infortunatum, L., Bombyar pentandrum, B. hept Sabdarifa, H. tiliaceus, Terminalia Catappa,
“ Barberyn Island, in latitude 6'28" nortl distant eight miles: being small and close to when passing very near. There is said to 6 or 7 fathoms, and a small Bay within it

T OF THE SOUTHERN PROVINCE.
zoologist, the ornithologist, and the sportsveral tastes and pursuits, without an opporirging all-bountiful nature with having been hilst the table is spread under the luxuriant appetite is the order of the day, the neatly of early life, may be seen ascending the y prescribed by their harmless superstition, ferous flowers, of which, the pink Lotos is
votive offering to their deity. called by the Singhalese Govinda, abounds, its name, in honor of Vishnu, who is also
O n from the Southern Province, of which, pulation 268,400, according to the Census square mile, 44.48; viz.
MALES. FEMALES. TOTAL
0 e o O e o a e. 768 678 l,446 a O 1Ꮞ8,882 122,27Ꮾ 265,Ꮾ08
& 0 d 43 342 773
so o o Oe es e a 573
268,400
ulture; 11,366 in manufactures, and 9040 r 1835, were 1796; births, 11,320; and the population of the province, of 6197. enter the Western Province, and the next xcellent, occasionally undulating and hilly, rind (Tamarindus İndica, L.), and various Benjamina, L., F. racemosa, L., F. Benera Manghas, Bignonia Indica, TabernaBalanghas, Morinda citrifolia, Clerodendrum aphyllum, Barringtonia speciosa, L., Hibiscus
and Melia Azadirachta. n, bears about S. by E. E. from Kaltura, ) the coast, it is not easily perceived, unless be anchoring ground to the north of it, in , with 2 or 3 fathoms, sand, where small

Page 413
SOUTHERN PART OF THE WE:
vessels may anchor, but large ships pass come under 17 er 18 fathoms, from 2 to 3 N. W. end of the island, with 17 fathoms w in passing, and the lead constantly kept go. “Point Cocacheira bears from Barbery 5 leagues. The coast between them is gen be approached under 20 fathoms by large sl of Barberyn Island, where there is said to b sand, near the entrance of a small river. not always regular, 20 or 22 fathoms is abc is from 3 to 4 leagues off, nearly on the ed ing about 6", there is a rocky bank, with 30 inside, between it and the land; this bank : ing a considerable distance to the southwar Barberyn is a large fishing village, with here in considerable quantities, but in the u the Kandyan markets; where, spite of it: The trade coastwise is considerable, and a factured, and exported coastwise, as well as
The principal imports consist of cloth, cambays from the Coromandel coast, Jaffna, of cotton. The principal traders are Hindic on a considerable trade with Saffregam by
There being no rest-house at Barberyn tion from the Officer in charge of the mir upon a projecting promontory, there is a s its delightful scite, than for any peculiar n of Mussulman worship.
From Barberyn to Kaltura, distant 5 cut through hills of Kabook clay, and th Nearly equi-distant between the two villa; on the right hand, in a double coco-nut tr sixty feet from the ground, like the letter of two good trees. I have heard of other ever saw, and it is considered by the sup fortune to the family to whom it may belon

TERN PROVINCE-BARBERYN. 373
ng between Kaltura and this island seldom miles off shore. Rocks project from the ater very near them, which must be avoided
Ing. n Island about S. by E. E., distant 4 or 2rally of moderate height, and should not hips, except about 2 or 3 miles to the south : good anchorage in 12 or 13 fathoms, black The depths along this part of the coast are ut 2 miles off shore, and 60 or 65 fathoms ge of soundings. With the Haycock bearand 32 fathomson it, and 37 or 3S fathoms seems to about 5 leagues off shore, extendd.” h a spacious native bazaar. Fish is salted (sual careless manner of the Singhalese, for s inferior preparation, it is ever in demand. great deal of koir cord and rope is manucoco-nuts and areka nuts. and common handkerchiefs, sarongs, and and Chilaw; all of which are manufactured los, Chitties, and Moormen, who also carry he Kalu-Ganga, or Kaltura river. , the tourist will be certain of every attenor custom-house there. Near the village, mall mosque, which is more remarkable for herit it possesses as a specimen of a place
niles, the road is excellent, in some places e country undulating and well cultivated. ges, there is an extraordinary lusus naturae, e, the heads of which branch off at about , and its average produce is equal to that
instances of it, but this is the only one I erstitious natives an omen of great good
努・

Page 414
374 KALTURA-SAILING DIRECTI
“ Kaltura, or Calliture, om the left bank o! is in latitude 6° 36' north, and bears S. by E. The coast between them, fronting the sea, be approached under 15 or 16 fathoms, in la in passing along, by a small Fort close to Ships should not come under 10 or 12 fathc north and south of the Fort, except they to steer in with, is to keep the Fort bet other, and not far from the shore, the north a ship may run in and anchor in 5 or 6 fat in 15 or 16 fathoms. About S. W. ; S. fro 13 feet water: small vessels can pass bet large ships ought not to come nearer it t about two miles off shore."
The Government House is a large an verandah in front and rear; the former s trees, and the latter open to the ever, welco) Ganga, as it winds between the grounds an the river and the sea, to its embouchere to ing Cutchery is also a very substantial bi specimens of the India-rubber tree (Ignatia The Wesleyan Mission has a large and constructed chapel and school, both which
The Fort is large for the place, and w against the Kandyans, and as commandin been dismantled since tranquility was resto has been for very many years a stranger to of the morning and evening Patterero of here at intervals, during the latter years of
Coffee, of a very superior kind, is grow in the island better calculated, from its sh (Ignatia Elastica). Land may be purcha no coco-nut trees, its value being usually growing upon it.
For cotton, the soil is admirably well at chocolate nut (Theobroma Cacao, L.), whic

DNS-GOVERNMENT HOUSE.
the Kalu-Ganga, in the western province, from Pantura, distant about three leagues. is mostly low and woody, and should not rge ships. This place may be easily known he sea, where the land is a little elevated. ms, on account of foul ground both to the intend to anchor in the Road. The mark ween two hummocks, which are near each 2rnmost being the lowest. With this mark, homs, tolerable ground, but it is rocky out m the Fort, is a rock, having on it 12 or ween it and the shore, in 4 fathoms, but han 10 or 11 fathoms, for it is said to lie
d substantial building, having a spacious shaded by several beautifully grown Jambo me cool sea breeze, passing over the Kalud the sandy ridge that intervenes between the westward of the village. The adjoinuilding, and shaded in front by some fine
elastica, L).
commodious house, and a neat and wellare constantly and well attended. as, at one period, important as a defence g the ferry over the Kalu-Ganga. It has red in the Kandyan province, in 1818, and the sound of any other ordnance than that the Honorable John Rodney, who resided his Chief Secretaryship in the island. n in this district; and I know of no place ade and moisture, for growing Caoutchouc ised at moderate prices where there are estimated by the number of these palms
lapted, as well as for the cultivation of the h requires much shade. I would plant all

Page 415
PEPPER-EXPERIMENTS WITH
the rising grounds to a certain extent wi to the vallies.
Pepper too (Piper nigrum) is fond of sh tities, in this province only, to render the i. coast for that spice to fill up the inters exportation to Europe.
The large black scorpion is common he eight inches, and runs remarkably fast, v Its habitat is the coco-nut palm. This s family of Leach) is never met with in h scorpion (Scorpio australis, L.).
From experiments that I made at Kalt Missionary, and several officers, to ascer scorpion, when closely surrounded by fire, otherwise, I can vouch from the results experiments with the black and brown sc insects ran about in a state of the greate attempting to cross the burning charcoal rest were umanimously acquitted of all disp The view from Mount Layard, the cou Esq., on the left bank of the river, is beau two reaches of the river tò admire most over the sandy ridge, make the view do impression given by the areka trees and of the scenery up the river towards Gal-Pat Hill style of beauty, and of course be in h There is a canal from this river to Co tageously avail himself. The extraordina are similar to that of the Lacerta Nilotica, in regard to color nearer to that of the M banks of the canal, wherever there is und a goose when protecting its young from an It subsists upon frogs and insects. The L
The process of ploughing gives one a agriculture. A team of mud-covered bu dark and slimy soil, which the all but n

SCORPIONS-MOUNT LAYARD. 375
sh the former, and the latter is well adapted
ade, and might be grown in sufficient quamland altogether independent of the Malabar tices in the stowage of the cinnamon for
'e. It attains the length of from seven to vith its tail forming an arch over its back. pecies of the genus Scorpio, L. (Scorpionidae houses or places frequented by the brown
ra, in presence of the Collector, Wesleyan tain how far the vulgar opinion, that the would destroy itself, was well founded or that it is groundless, as far as six distinct orpion may be considered a fair trial. The st irritation, and one was much singed by ; but with this the mischief ended, and the osition towards suicidal monomania. Intry residence of Charles Edward Layard, utiful; but one scarcely knows which of the :-the old fort, an island, and the open sea wn the river the finest, but for the Indian coco-nut topes;-but the mellow richness 'a, would, to a Cockney, appear a Richmond is eyes the most interesting. lombo, of which the naturalist may advamry Lizard called Kobra guyon (whose habits or Monitor of the Nile, but its appearance onitor of the Congo) is common upon the erwood. It makes a noise similar to that of imaginary enemy, but is equally harmless. . Gecko is also found in similar places. good idea of the simple state of Singhalese falos dragging the Naguelah through the aked husbandman, his head alone sheltered

Page 416
376 TRADE WITH SAFFREGAM-DR.
by a huge basket hat from the vertical s sprawling matches to which, from the natu often extended at full length, to the amuse On either side the Kalu-Ganga are exten (Panicum Italicum, L., and Tanna-hal of th The trade is carried on by Pardie boats b gam, freighted from hence, chiefly by the white and colored cotton cloths, kerchiefs, c which they barter for areka nuts, bees' wax near the river afford very great accommo to be made there for the collection of th ammonam of 25,000.
The intelligent and most obliging little stationed here as Medical Sub-assistant, M better acquainted with the natural producti island; and he will readily assist the colle The Kaltura, or left bank of the Kalu-Gang at Balgodde there is wild duck, widgeon, the island, or perhaps in India. The roa evening's walk in the village, the insect its whirling and shrill noise, whilst at work nut tree, at a considerable distance off. D. cured for me several specimens of the pa colored and blackish wings; of the black birds, vulgarly called Ceylon Birds of Pa Pili-hora, and Rattoo Pili-hora; and a feet in length.
Terrestrial Molluscs of large size are con Papya, L.), of which, some specimens crimson.
* Anglicé, White and bla

DE HOEDT-CARPENTER INSECT.
un, assays to guide free from the frequent re of the soil, he is continually liable, and ment of the passing traveller. lsive paddee, korakan, mustard, and millet Le Singhalese) fields. etween Kaltura and Ratnapoora in SaffreMoormen from Barberyn, with salt fish, ountry soap, &c., for the Kandyan markets, , and Jaggery. The priests at the Pansalas dation to the traders, by allowing depots e areka nuts, which are purchased by the
gentleman who has for many years been r. Frederick William de Hoedt, is perhaps ons of this district than any other in the ctor of natural specimens to procure them. a abounds with monkies and peafowl; and
and snipe shooting, equal to any place in lds are beautifully shaded; and, during an called the “ Carpenter” may be heard by in drilling a hole into the heart of a cocor. de Hoedt, as he is generally called, prointed bat (Vespertilio picta) with orange
and white, and black and brown widow radise, and by the Singhalese, Sudu-kalu large Pimbera's (Python) skin, seventeen
monly found upon the Papaw tree (Carica are beautifully marked with white and
ck, and red cotton stealers.

Page 417
CHAP.
Rapidity of the Kalu-Ganga-Ellas-Mount Karan priests-Rock temple of Buddha-Gigantic Groundselcaution neglected, and the consequences-Bromelia flaa first European known to have ascended Adam's Peak Lieutenant Malcolm disregards it, and proceeds-Vie glass-Wolley of small arms fired from the Peak-Ase first-Kandyan army passes over the mountain into S of the revolted First Adikar, Eheylepola, who escapes i. resumed-Pantura-River fishes-Fish Kraals-Bird Morotte-Cinnamon plantations-A village of carpent
The stream of the Kalu-Ganga is so el about forty miles in a Pardie, that I namely, from Kaltura to Ratnapoora, and sionally from forty to fifty of the neigh ropes, against the stream, at the falls them, Ellas,
About twenty miles above Kaltura, the tion from Mount Karangodde, a few miles Indeed, the prospect from Table Mounta summit of Gibraltar, is no more to be co of Somerset House to that from the cross
The ascent to the first landing is by solid rock, which is covered with jungle offsets, and crests of the fruit that had whose leaves are from five to six feet in that plant. Upon the first landing is t substantial stone building, having a lar
verandahs, into which the dormitories ope
A similar but less inclined flight of roc where a rock Viharé displays Buddha's re quantum of red and yellow lacker, behin rounded as usual with Hindoo deities, and
f 恩

XLVII.
godde-Eactraordinary Pine-apple leaves-Residence of the - View from the summit of Mount Karangodde-A priest's !-Lieutenant Malcolm, of the First Ceylon Regiment, the :-Description of his tour-Buddhist priest's predictionuc from the Peak-Scarlet Rhododendron-Jewels very like 'cond priestly warning treated with more deference than the afregam, under the Second Adikar, Moligodde, in pursuit nto the British territories-Route from Kaltura to Colombo 's tail grass employed as a bait for the Devé-Koraleyah
ê78.
tremely rapid, that I was five days in going Accomplished in twelve hours in returning, vice versá. In the former case, I had occabouring villagers to drag the boat, by rattan between the rocks, or, as the Singhalese call
2 scenery is beautiful; but it beggars descripbeyond, and to the north-east of, Ratnapoora. in at the Cape of Good Hope, or from the impared to it, than the view from the terrace
of St. Paul’s. some hundreds of broad steps, hewn in the , and pine apple plants, (produced from the been casually thrown there and taken root.) length, a proof of the effect of shade upon he residence of the priests, an extensive and ge interior square, with wide and covered
k steps leads to the second landing place, cumbent image, daubed over with the usual nd an old Palampore by way of curtain, surhaving an oblong table before it, profusely 3B

Page 418
378 ROCK TEMPLE OF BUDDHA-SU.
covered with flowers. But the chief attr purest water, of so very cold a temperature cooled as well as if an experienced Hopdar From hence, the approach to the summit Gigantic Groundsel (Senecio giganteus, L), grass; both well tenanted with snakes and is amply rewarded for toil, trouble, and which, on gaining the crown of the mou lated Ratnapoora, and surrounding country paign, undulating, and hilly lands, inters navigable Kalu-Ganga;-there, the Peak, north-eastward, and the various villages ( its tributary streams, bordered by extensiv occasional patches of intervening jungle, land, as if by way of contrast to the gol their approaching maturity; and everywh plains covered with innumerable herds of with deer and elephants.
Although I had felt it extremely cold in I felt the sun oppressively hot by 9 o'cloc tain's top" to the cool temple of the rock, the good things the country produced that for I had previously given strict injunction food for my use within the temple's precinc opposed to the merciful tenets of the Budd roots, vegetables, fruits, milk, tyre, and we dices of others.
After rising in the morning, I had incaut cow; a worse thing I could not have done, ere I had every symptom of fever. If I h should have followed the kind priest's advi have added brandy to it. As it was, a sever confined me for several days to the Vihar attention, and was accommodated with a
* A indoo, whose sole business is the refrigeratio

MMIT OF MOUNT KARANGODDE.
action to the European, is a well of the , that in five minutes a bottle of claret was
had iced it.
, is extremely rugged, and covered with the 2xceeding twenty feet in height, jungle, and land leeches (Hirudo Zeylanicus); but one even danger, by the magnificent panorama ntain, bursts upon the view. Here, castel, interspersed with every variety of chamected by the meandering and (for boats) it towering high above the clouds to the lispersed upon the banks of the river and e areka, kettule, and coco-nut topes, with scattered among verdant tracts of pasture den glare of paddee and mustard fields in ere, teeming with abundance; the nearest bullocks and buffalos, and the distant ones
ascending from the Viharé before daybreak, k, and gladly descended from the “ Mounwhere I found an excellent breakfast of all had never “breathed the breath of life;" to my servants not to prepare any animal ts, the destruction of life being altogether hist religion, (whose priests live entirely on ter,) it being but just to respect the preju
iously drunk a bowl of milk fresh from the for I had scarcely descended the mountain, ld considered for a moment where I was, I 2e, and either have had the milk boiled, or e attack of intermittent fever ensued, which 3, where I received every possible care and excellent bed, having mosquito curtains,
1 of liquids for the table. + Adam's Peak,

Page 419
HEMBILI WEAVER-BROM
altogether an unexpected comfort, but c usual cool composition of my bedroom fi
Upon my arrival at Ratnapoora, a carp moored, and who was employed in weavin prepared some for me with the pine ap) in the following simple manner:-having the leaf throughout its length very gent the largest end upon her lap, over which a blunt knife upon the leaf with her left ha hand to retain the end of it firmly, she w between the knife and the cloth into most d in water, again passed them under the blunt having immersed them for a few minutes in
This woman wove some of the most be cribed to my cook, who was also my inten kola (or pine apple leaf) used for that pur been shown it by the Portuguese Padre wh kola (leaf of the Pandamus odoratissimus) had just made for me, but that as there v she employed the pine apple leaf for her b
Nambapané rest-house, situate on the bank of the river, and about midway betw such a spot as a Madeira wine grower w being both rich and stony, and water abun
The direct distance from Ratnapoora to A (7 miles,) Pallabadoolla, (5 miles,) and Di The country as magnificent as the most r extremely fertile, and cultivated in the Kal
Ratnapoora, the residence of an Assista east of Colombo, and has a very pretty enough to resist a considerable Kandyan a Ceylon Rifle Regiment, and a Staff Assist
* See page 213. Among other uses for the sacred anin
and plastered over a bruised or sprained
Baskets made of the dried strips of A common expression of the Singhalese ;-anywhere
3

ELIA FLAx—RATNAPOORA. 379
f which I had very little need, from the
OO, enter's wife, near whose hut my Pardie was g Hembilist and boxes with prepared fibre, ble leaves, which my cook had given her, emoved the spines from each side, she beat y with a wooden mallet; and then, laying thickly-folded cloth was laid, and pressing ind, just allowing room enough for her right ithdrew the whole of the leaf quickly from elicate fibres; these she soaked for some time knife, and dried them in the sun; after which, h spring water, she dried them in the shade. autiful Hembilis I ever saw ; and she despreter, that she “ had never seen the Anasi pose by any one except herself, and had first lo had made her a Christian ; that the VVetta produced a very superior fibre to that she was none to be procured “ in that country," asket work.”
scite of an old Kandyan fort, on the right veen Kaltura and Ratnapoora, presents just ould select for a vineyard, the alluvial soil dant. Adam's Peak is 20 miles, through Gillemallé, abetme, (4 miles,) to the Peak, (4 miles.) omantic mind can imagine, and the vallies hdyan manner. it Agent of Government, is 61 miles southfort, with good barracks, and quite strong my. It is commanded by a Captain of the int Surgeon superintends the medical duties
al's ordure, it is mixed with turmeric and coco-nut water, imb, and considered an infalible remedy. various palm leaves and fibrous plants. distant from their immediate home is “another country.'
B 2

Page 420
380 LIEUT. MALCOLM, THE FIRST EURC
of the garrison. Beautifully situate upon th and has an extensive bazaar, where every ne cheap rate. The country abounds with gan The first stage in the direct route fron house, distant 8 miles; the second to Nahal Handipangodde rest-house, 15 miles; the fi fifth to Godagammua rest-house, 10 miles; a miles. The face of the country is alternate paign, but well irrigated, being intersected its rise in the mountainous region of Adan two streams of the Maskellé and Kehelm 43 miles, under the name of the Kalané-( miles from Colombo, where its local name is river by what is called “streaming."
The continuance of the fever prevented m the Portuguese “Pico d'Adam," by the Sing and it was with very great reluctance that I Lieutenant Malcolm, of the First Ceylon peans of ascending the Peak in 1815; and as during the journey, which I had preserved a future opportunity of ascending it, I took to ascend a mountain, and ascending it, are Mr. Malcolm's statement, in the correctnes placed, and in, as nearly as possible, his own “On the morning of 26th April, 1815, sergeant and four Malays, (of the First Ceylc Adam's Peak; for I had been so repeated which the Headman of Batugedera, Dolip to take my chance of obtaining them at G me a few blankets, a quadrant, and meas my party. The route winded with the K two miles from Batugedera, receives the at the confluence. On the left bank, there a the late war to command the ford.
“From the Mugellé river to the rest-hous miles and a half. At this place I procured ty

PEAN TO ASCEND ADAMIS PEAK.
2 right bank of the river, it is very healthy, :cessary article of life can be procured at a he, and the rivers and tanks with fish.
hence to Colombo, is to Kuruwitté restkandella rest-house, 1 miles; the third to purth to Pittipané rest-house, 9 míles ; the ind thence to Colombo, 8 miles:-total 61 ly woody and hilly, undulating and chamby the Kalané-Ganga, which river takes h's Peak; and, from the confluence of the la Gangas, flows to the sea, a distance of Ganga, and debouches at Modera, about 4 the Mutwal rive.-Gems are found in this
he from ascending the mountain called by ghalese Samenella, and by us Adam's Peak, limited my wanderings to Batugedera. Regiment, first set the gxample to Eurohe had given me a transcript of his notes for my guidance, in the event of having it with me into Saffregam; but as wishing widely different things, I have substituted s of which the fullest confidence may be
words. I left Batugedera with a small escort of a n Regiment,) for the purpose of ascending ly disappointed in expectation of guides, Nilamé, had promised, that I determined illemale on my way. I merely took with uring chain, and three days' provisions for alu-Ganga, or Kaltura river, which, about Mugellé-Oya, about two chains in breadth re ruins of a Kandyan fort, erected during
e of Gillemaillé, the distance is about three to guides, after some delay, and leaving the

Page 421
BUDDHIST PRIESTS PREDICTION
Gillemallé rest-house, we immediately cross mile further on, the Maskellé river.
“From the banks of the latter, we enter pines, and from fifty to seventy feet in he Palabadoola, ten miles and eighteen chains able temple of Buddha, and a large rest-ho “About two hundred pilgrims, of both here assembled, some on their way to, and C dance was continued without intermission instruments of Singhalese music, until the mountain, began to prepare their lights; onwards in distinct parties.
“The Head Priest, from whom I rece persuasive rhetoric he could muster, to p the Peak; assuring me, that “no white mountain.” I soon convinced the benevol. be dissuaded from the attempt through an having been well refreshed, and our Chul left Palabadoola about eleven at night.
“After passing three small forts that had to ascend the first mountain, and reached t the Kalu-Ganga descends rapidly; and, abo bordering its stream, and then continued still towering far above our heads;
“ Nil mortalium arduum es
and, after surmounting two other distinct as came to the foot of the Peak itself. The f dicular, and the pilgrims, in advance of my by the assistance of the iron chains whic We halted a few minutes to take breath, an between eight and nine A. M. of the 27th A
“The view from this great elevation far : was so magnificently extensive. On one side paign, and forest scenery, the latter so vari that I could only compare it to an ocean of

DISREGARDED WITH IMPUNITY. 3Sl
2d the Malmelloe river, and about half a
d a forest of magnificent trees, straight as ght; and about four P. M. we arrived at rom Batugedera. Here there is a considerise for pilgrims on their way to the Peak.
exes and of all castes and conditions, were thers on their return from, the Peak. The to the sound of Tam-a-tams and other : pilgrims, who were about to ascend the and at about eight P. M. they proceeded
ved every possible attention, tried all the revent me from proceeding further towards man ever did and never could ascend the ent Oona asé that I was not a white man to y dread of ulteriordanger; and therefore, es ready, we took leave of the priest, and
been thrown up during the war, we began he summit in four hours. From the next, ut five A. M., we breakfasted upon the rocks
our route up the mountain, Adam's Peak
-Caelum ipsum petimus,"
cents, equally steep, but of less height, we ace of the hill here appeared quite perpenparty, were seen climbing up the precipice h are fixed in the rock for that purpose. d after great exertions, we reached the top )ril.
urpassed my most sanguine expectation, it displaying a vast extent of mountain, chamegated in foliage and so irregular un form woods, whose waves had suddenly become

Page 422
382 PROSPECT FROM THE st
fixed in an unalterable position; on the ot fogs, and resembling innumerable islands sea that apparently filled the space belo if almost under our feet, and on the othe interspersed with clouds. -But, alas wh scene, a thick fog arose from the bottom its sublimity.
“The area of the summit of the Peak is by a parapet wall five feet high; this has is covered with scarlet Rhododendrons (Rh sadly out of repair. In the middle of this a upon which is a mark of Adam's left foot, ( requires a great deal of help from imaginati covered over with a small building forme 9 broad, and 4 to the tiles, with which it is by a frame of copper fitted to its shape, a four rows, but not of the best or most pr produce, for to me they looked very like gla “We were not, I regret to say, provided vollies, to the great astonishment of the l British armed party had reached the sumr Palabadoolla. The priest having warned us that warning, as the result of his experienc mountain, which we found far more laboriol “The rain, which fell in torrents, increa: over rocks and fragments of iron-stone, to P and returned to my quarters at Batugedera “Sound lungs and hard feet are indisp for in many places we had to climb barefoot
* Sri Pada, or fancied impression of Buddha's foot trace the toes, and aver that they point to the westwa This alone is an extraordinary coincidence with the Ba Siamese call Prabdit, or the venerated foot. This M. de be derived from the Balic words Pra, venerable, and Bat, further states, that the Siamese call their deity “SoMMC who placed his right foot upon their Prabdit, and his left

MMIT OF ADAMS PEAK
ers, the tops of the hills rising above dense overed with wood and scattered over the
Batugedera was seen on one side, as in the distance, the Kandyan mountains, lst in the full enjoyment of this splendid of the mountain, and drew a curtain over
72 feet long and 54 broad, and is enclosed partly fallen down on the east side, which ododendron arboreum), and the remainder is ea is a large rock of Kabooc or iron-stone, . alled Sri Pada by the Singhalese ;* but it on to trace it out. This sacred footstep is d of the most durable wood, 12 feet long. surmounted. Upon the inside it is enclosed ld ornamented with numerous jewels set in ecious gems the island has been known to SS. with an “Union Jack,” but we fired three Buddhists, as a memorial to them that a nit, spite of the prediction of the priest of of approaching rain, we had some faith in e, and made the best of our way down the is to descend than it had been to climb. ed the difficulties of the abominable roads, alabadoolla, which we reached about 4 P. M. he next morning. nsable to the performance of such a trip, over the iron-stone. As to palankins, they
of which, many wise in their own conceit pretend to d, and moreover that it is the impress of the left foot. c account of Sommona Codom's in Siam, which the a Loubére, in his admirable account of Siam, states to oot, as Pad in Sanscrit ; and the same excellent Author A CodoM, the son of a King of the famous Cevlon, pon Lanka.” ALTHOR,

Page 423
MOLLIGODDE CROSSES THE PE
are quite out of the question. There may heavy rains, but surely not in fine weather. “The summit of the mountain was on did not even allow me time to satisfy m latter circumstance I particularly regret."
The elevation of the Peak is 7420 feet a this mountain that the Second Adikar, N Adikar being reported to the then King o 1814, entered Saffregam at the head of formerly been the Dessave of the province, the safer asylum of the British territories.
This gave rise to the massacre of all hi nature, that, were the facts hypothetical, highest authority, and subsequently procla of Ceylon, would be altogether incredible.
Resuming our route by land from Kaltur the left bank of the river of the same name and well shaded.
“ Pantura, bearing from Colombo about { with two rocks on the north side of the There is anchorage to the south of these ir About half-way between this place and Col kisse, a few houses, to the north of which t occasionally, about.2 and 3 miles off; but f more steep and rocky, making it prudent n it, these depths being from 2 to 3 miles off 23 to 26 fathoms, and from 30 to 35 fathon increases suddenly, on the edge of the bank, There is a very substantial rest-house a verandah is generally so cool, as to afford a
day. The best fish obtained here is a specie
peculiarly hard bone-plates over the eyes, called Kalandah, and the Deuce-Koraleyah
* Since this was written, several Ladies have o f This curious fish is also caught with hook and lin bird's tai

AK WITH A KANDYAN ARMY. . 383
be some risk in ascending Adam's Peak in 崇
ly clear about a quarter of an hour, which y curiosity, or to take any bearings, which
bove the level of the sea; and it was across Molligoddé, upon the defection of the First f Kandy, Sree Wickremé Rajah Singha, in Kandyan army, but Eheylepola, who had
and had many supporters there, preferred
s family in a manner so revolting to human or not founded upon official reports of the aimed as such by the British Government
To this, I shall hereafter advert. a, the next stage is Pantura, situate upon 2, and distant 10 miles; roads level, good,
S. E., distant 4 leagues, is a small river, entrance, near half a mile from the shore. 10 or 12 fathoms, off shore about 2 miles. lombo, there is, in a small Bay called Galhe coast may be approached to 12 fathoms urther to the southward the shore becomes pt to come under 16 or 17 fathoms towards
shore. About 2 leagues off, there is from ns 4 or 5 leagues off, from whence the depth to no ground, in standing to the westward." t Pantura, which faces the ferry, and the leasant reading place during the heat of the s of Gadus, (a Merlingus, or whiting, having , which some people esteem as curiosities,) t (Chaetodon atro-maculatus); the latter of
vercome the difficulties of ascending the Peak. e; the former, baited with a grass, called Pendah, or l grass.

Page 424
384 MOROTTO-CINNAMON PLANTAT
which is figured in my selection of Ceylon Kalandah is superior, both in flavor and fir The native method of catching these fisl name for them) are extremely curious and retreat cut off these Kraals extend dil enough for the Pardie boats to pass and re) A few mats for palankins and sofas may b nor manufactures to recommend it. Like t nut trees; and the principal objects of agr A District Judge resides here, and the ment, in charge of a Supervisor, who, about £40 a year
After crossing the river, the road leads th mear which the Government cinnamon gard 300 to 400 square acres. These have recei acre. The village is inhabited by carpente sawing them into planks, and working the upon the spot, and generally after the r contrive to borrow by way of “muster."
Every Monday morning, and whenevers may be seen in their usual jog-trot, wendin every kind, bedsteads, tripods, wardrobes or library chairs, elbow chairs, book cases, dra water goglets. If this furniture were not n better; but being at first a bright yellow co of Dornatil, or wood oil, in order to give it : substance in the interstices, which although A large house may be completely furnish with Morotto furniture for less than £50 will do well to wait and purchase the be old jack wood furniture at sales, or from the Colonial Service; and that is also the
The Malays of Ceylon are excellent wo chairs so finely as to resemble network, extremely neat and durable.
t Local nan

IONS-VILLAGE OF CARPENTERS.
Fishes, originally published in 1828. The mness, to the whiting of the British seas. n is worth looking at; the Kraals (a Dutch intricate, and the fish once in, find their 'ectly across the river, just leaving space pass. le purchased here, but it has neither scenery he whole of this coast, it abounds with cocoiculture are paddee and sweet potatos. : place has a minor Custom-house establishafter thirty years' service, has a salary of
hrough the village of Morotto, or Morottowa, ens or plantations occupy an extent of from htly been selling for about £3 10s. to £5 an rs only, who may be seen felling Jack trees, m into every article of household furniture most recent English patterns, which they
ships arrive at Colombo, a troop of coolies g their way towards the Fort, with tables of ’almiras, sofas, Cleopatra couches, easy and wers, and even clothes-horses and stands for nade of unseasoned wood, it would be much lor, and the grain not very compact, the use a mahogany color when dry, leaves a whitish 1 at first indistinct, is exposed by age. led (including rattan cane mats throughout) '; but those whose means are not limited, est satin, ebony, calamander, and superior long resident Civilians about to retire from best way to get good wine. rkers in rattan cane : they bottom sofas and and their door tatties and floor mats are
ne for pattern.

Page 425
A Maskeď Dewis dancer of the Koostarogijo Caste from a drawing by a Nosive.
 

Page 426


Page 427
wa
CHAP.
Route from Morotto to Colombo-Galkisse-Road-S courtier-Mount Lavinia-Anecdote of Governor (the l G. C. B., and Samuel Daniel, Esq., known by the soubri pointment-A halt at the Tamarind Tree suggested-Con in Kandy, which resulted in the anneacation of that king derstood-Local improvements in Ceylon date from Sir G Lord Viscount Goderich follows them up by additional a subjects by order of the Kandyan Despot, Sree Wickrem Revolting cruelties upon the family of Eheylepola, and Kandy taken–Geographical position of the former Kan
MoRoTTo is 15 miles from Colombo, ar large but straggling villages of Galkisse a as level as a bowling-green, thickly shade and the sea side bordered by coco-nut palm The former village may be said to be one plied with fish; of which, the Seir is chiefly the most valuable to the fisherman. This whilst the canoes appear to skim the surfa such quantities, that, after supplying the farm sends the surplus, morning and evenir actually bend under the weight of their Pil Galkisse has a very pretty English chape which, the duties are performed by a Sir off than many an English curate, with : of “pickings."
Strangers visiting the Buddha temple nea priest, Vanantenakedana Oonansé, who is s Nature most certainly intended him for a c the Governor to the sun, and the Governor's Alas, poor humanity !
* For sailing directi
3

XLVIII.
vir fishery-English chapel-Buddha temple-A priestly ate General the Right Honorable Sir Thomas) Maitland, quets of King Tom and Sam-How to get a Civil Appletion of the tour round the island-Orig. of the war dom to the British dominions, but partially known or uneorge Murray's accession to the Colonial Seals in 1828lvantages and improvements-Mutilation of ten British é Rajah Singha-Erplanation demanded and refusednative Chiefs-The Governor leads the army in person
lyan kingdom-Scite of Kandy and its origin.
ld the Intermediate road lies through the nd Colpetty; and, throughout the distance, i by a variety of beautiful and useful trees,
S. } continuous bazaar, and is very well supesteemed for the market, and consequently delicious fish is caught with hook and line, ce of the water at a rail-road pace, and in bazaar at Galkisse, the Renter of the fish g, to the Colombo bazaar, by coolies, who ngo loads. l, and there is another at Morotto, of both ghalese Colonial Chaplain, who is better i salary of E130 per annum, exclusively
r this, will meet with every civility from the 1perlatively au fait at flattering Governors. ourtier, for he makes nothing of comparing
wife to the moon, in their full splendour
Ins, see page 383.
C

Page 428
386 GALKISSE-MOUNT LAVINIA
Galkisse is of more importance than it the Governor's country seat, Mount Lav pleasing and extraordinary reminiscence; Palace, but at the former capacious and de Governors were wont to be content with th that the then eccentric Samuel Daniell, Esc himself of the hospitality of his excellent Maitland, and of his own peculiar rights privileged character, and the wag and idol ( pleased, without involving the least risk of Mr. Daniell, celebrated for his beautif known throughout the island by the soul (the late Right Honorable Sir Thomas, C he had been originally recommended for a the general entrée of the King's House, as called, and good dinners, beds, horses, an press His Excellency for an appointment, l. was about to resign the Government. “ Sa be appointed to the Civil Establishment, rid of the complaint in his chest," as he fac
One morning, soon after Gun-fire, the en robe de chambre, with Captain Prager, similar dishabille, observed an unusual tr with “Sam" at their head, on horseback, them towards the eastern verandah of the
These carried so many trunks, chairs, sa fryingpans, gridirons, and camp equipage who immediately despatched Prager to “ that although his company was not wan and then depart for other quarters.”
The A. D. C. delivered the message v “ King Tom (said he) thinks he has taken its no go, Prager, and so I shall tell the Ge as hungry as a Trojan.” By this time, “ toddy tree, under which the Governor was and as stately as Royalty could possibly be.

AN EXTRAORDINARY VISITOR.
would otherwise be, from its proximity to inia;-a name which gives rise to a very for it was at this place, (not at the modern ightful Bungalow of one floor, when Ceylon e cool and delightful native way of building.) , Ranger of the Woods and Forests, availed , friend, Governor the Honorable Thomas and royalties, as a generally acknowledged of the British community, to edo whatever he serious consequences to himself. ul drawings of the animals of Ceylon, was oriquet of “Sam," and Governor Maitland i. C. B.) by that of “ King Tom," to whom civil appointment in the colony; but having the Governor's residence was, at that time, d carriages, always at hand, “Sam" did not until it was bruited about that “ King Tom” m” then became more than ever anxious to and hit upon the following scheme “to get :etiously called an empty purse. く Governor, whilst walking in the compound, at that time one of his Aids-de-camp, in a 'ain of coolies approaching the lodge gates, and his right arm extended, as if directing bungalow. ddles, guns, spears, parrot cages, tiger traps, , that it quite startled the good Governor, command a halt, and to tell Mister Sam, ted at the Mount, he might stay breakfast,
'erbatim, and “Sam" laughed heartily at it. a very cheap way of getting rid of me; but ineral, for I am very hard up, and moreover Sam" and the A. D. C. had approached the seated in a high back'd Dutch elbow chair,
“Well, Mister Sam (said His Excellency)

Page 429
SAM DANIELL-GOVERNOR THE H
here ye are again, and upon the old score, I su an army of black rascals to the Mount Y Sam, or yell tire General Maitland out.”- breakfast, Prager; Sam appears hungry, an Mount” to all which Sam ” bowed asser Governor's hospitality. “I do not doubt ye. yourself decent for the breakfast table, as y As soon as breakfast was served, the Go' San's' if Harlequin had been at his elbow, the and cutlets, pigeon pie, snipe cutlets, sou: all the usual entremets of a Ceylon break under the powerful masticators of the deli amu Sement.
“You may have the run of your teeth he Sam, (said the Governor,) so long as you the black fellows are kept away. We may but at all events we must make the best of a afraid of the Supreme Court:” to all which The dejeuner finished, and the second c His Excellency, pretending to be very seric
mode of coming to the Mount, reco
tion or two."
“ Ten thousand, if Your Excellency ple satis !” of all the good things before us, recently before us.”
“Sam, your impudence will hang ye yet! you upon General Maitland, that you alwa want money, as I know you do now, and at n “The best claims in the world, Your Ex
s
heard you call me “ Your own Sam ; ” vo
soul together;" express your regret that y find some place that would keep my heat smilingly dissented, puffed away more rapidl not quite so fast, Sam, as all that."- Se feel the obligation to be on their side, if descend to allow them to supply cash for h
3 C

IONORABLE THOMAS MAITLAND. 3S7
ppose; but what mean ye maan by bringing e had better mind your Ps and Qs, JIister Then addressing the Aid-de-camp, “Order d it must not be said he was starved at the it, and pledged himself to do honor to the , Sam, I do not doubt ye; so go and make e’ll find some uveemen there.” vernor, forgetful of his assumed anger at mmended him to ' do his best;" and cetes, curry and rice, kabobed prawns, fish balls sed seir fish, cold ham, eggs, muffins, and fast, could not have vanished sooner than ghted Sam, and much to His Excellency's
}re, till ye get tired of the Mount, Mister ur infernal tiger traps and parrot cages and perhaps get rid of you in a month or two, bad bargain, for I dare say you are a little , the self-invited guest bowed assent.
hillum supplied to the Governor's Hookah, ous, “begged to ask Mister Sam a ques
ases, now that I may exclaim, “Ohe jam or, which is nearly the same, that were
but what claims, -what claims I say, have ys quarter upon Mount Lavinia when you lo ather tirle l” cellency-Have I not a thousand times w to others that “Sam kept your life and ou could not make me Vice-Treasurer, or l above water for life?" Here King Tom y than usual at his Hookah, and then said, condly, (continued Sam,) how many would * Your Excellency's own Sam” would conis wants but no, no, Your Excellency, I
2

Page 430
388 NOWEL MODE OF GETTING
always prefer the Head of the Well, and n ercept Your Excellency -Thirdly, can Y marks, that I, “ Your own Sam,” should ha Excellency the Governor motioned a pause fore finger, and referring to the Aids-de-ca himself," they fearlessly and unhesitatingly hypocrites) answered, “repeatedly" and Secretaries of State resembled him in this would soon be at a discount in the colonie “Sam" resumed his interrupted statem or French vagabond with a pretty wife, or
“Stop, Sam! (said His Excellency,) no never mind, you didn't mean it, I suppose world you are at all fit for, except to roam likely to get a place in the Revenue, for y as others have done, swear that the white a to pay the piper. But if you can point out the action to the word,) any place that wil Exchequer, without your interfering with the Moodliars tell me, you appear on such draw their pictures,' you shall have it, to the Mount again, until I send for you.”
“Done done done ! Your Excellency
RANGER of THE WC
“Well, Sam, you are the devil himself and, extending his right hand, said, 'you begin with;” and then directing the Del Gazette the appointment, and order the P. six months' pay, the Ranger of the Woc declared, “his heart up to his throat," at General, observing “Sam" overcome by his took him by the hand, and shook it hea
* This arose from Mr. Daniell's accurate t This appointment was made expressly for the occas.

A COLONIAL APPOINTMENT.
o one shall ever boast of being Sam's banker our Excellency wonder at the constant reve been so long upon the shelf?"-Here His , with his well-known sceptre of Royalty, his mp “if they had ever heard him so express (for King Tom detested China Carriers and if all Her Majesty's Governors and Colonial respect, “toad eating,” lying, and fawning
ent of claims. “Whilst any Italian fiddler,
more you've hit me in a tender part but ; and therefore, let me know what in the the jungles like a wild beast. You are not ou would spend all the rix dollars, and do ants had eaten them, and leave the public , within five minutes by the watch, (suiting l relieve me from being your Chancellor of any body but the wild beasts, with whom, good terms, that they stand still to let you upon your solemn promise never to come
, (exclaimed Sam,) “Dictum factum reddidi,”
boDs AND FoRESTs "t
but General Maitland is a man of his word;" have it, Sam, and 800 rupees a month to puty Secretary (who had just come in) to ymaster General to advance “Mister Sam" ods and Forests, with, as he subsequently tempted to express his thanks. The good : feelings, and the salt spray in his eyes, again rtily. “Well, Sam, (said His Excellency.)
delineations of the quadrupeds of Ceylon. ion, and has been vacant ever since Mr. Daniell's death,

Page 431
RETURN TO COLOMBO-ORIGIN
God bless you! no piping;-mind the el please ;-always welcome; but do not agair you'll be the death of General Maitland if
Throughout the whole line of road bet under coco-nut trees by the sea side, withc right of the high road, where cinnamon pl plantain and anatto trees would be a profita If the tourist sleep at Pantura, and lea fasting at Colombo, a halt at the “Tamar for a glass of the delicious toddy always to b fresh from the flower, (sending on his pala Esplanade, or, as it is locally called, the beautiful avenue of trees which the whole l for the exertion.
Having now completed the tour round palankin coolies, and, for a time, lay up his at his leisure book himself by the mail coa he be desirous of continuing his palankin leisurely seeing and exploring that interesti pocket edition of “ Knox's Ceylon" will (p. that language now, or is supposed to do so. clearer view of the still unchanged customs any other hitherto published.
Notwithstanding that much has been Kandyan war in 1814, and its termination deposed monarch, Sree Wickremé Rajah S which it was belted, in 1815, it appears t the public importance of the acquisition; partial degree.
Nothing great, except in point of negle Authorities, from the time of the conquest orable Sir George Murray's accession to the whatever good has since been extended to C ments, increase of revenue, or rise in th justly be said to date.

OF THE LAST KANDYAN WAR. 389
phants;-come to the Mount when you come in character, or, may the de'il tak ye, you do ."
veen Galkisse and Colombo, one may walk ut the least exposure to the sun. On the ntations do not intervene, plantations of ble speculation.
ve before Gun-fire, with the view of breakind tree,” about three miles from the Fort, e had there from sun-rise till eight o'clock, hkin to wait for him at the entrance of the “ Galle Face,”) and the walk through the ine of road presents, will well reward him
the island, the traveller may discharge his palankin and canteens “in ordinary," and ch for the Central Province. If, however,
travelling, he will have the advantage of ng and romantic country ; and the French resuming that, as almost everybody knows he is able to understand it) give him a , agriculture, &c., of the Kandyans, than
written respecting the origin of the last
by the annexation of the kingdom of the ingha, to the former British territories by be known but to few, in comparison with and to these few, either in an incorrect or
it, had been done for Ceylon by the Home of the interior, in 1815, to the Right HonColonial Seals in 1828; from which period eylon, whether in respect of local improveestimation of the mercantile world, may

Page 432
390 MIUTIILATION OF BRITISH SUBJEC
To these national benefits, the Right Hor the then Lord Viscount Goderich, added O which, whilst the recollection of them sel tration with the Singhalese, have raised rendered the island of Ceylon the choicest
As my official position in the island, soon the whole of the subsequent rebellion, may the best information, the following may be
Early in November, 1814, it was report Brownrigg, the then Governor and Commi Ceylon, that ten Singhalese inhabitants C who had entered the Kandyan province of Province) for the purposes of trade, had b capital; that seven had died of their suff vivors had arrived in a most deplorable and one arm hanging by a cord round his in An explanation was immediately demand awaiting the result, the inhabitants of the enter the dominions of the Kandyan desp same time, notice was given by proclamatio) possessions to pursue their commercial occi selves conformably to the laws; and the Kandyan subjects full security and protectic The Kandyan despot having refused e determined upon by the Governor in Cour an undertaking, discontent being almost and the defection of the First Adikar, Eh gam, gave an impulse to rebellion against t disaffected in supplying the British army du To relate the revolting cruelties exercise dence with the First Adikar, as well as upo fill a volume; but of all the great traged horror the fate of the wife and family ol miscreant determined to be fully revenge
* See page 383. C

'TS BY THE DESPOT OF KANDY.
orable and gallant officer's noble successor, ther public advantages and improvements; rves to immortalize His Lordship's adminishat nation in the scale of humanity, and colonial jewel in the Imperial diadem. after the termination of the war, and during be supposed to have enabled me to collect relied on for its accuracy. ed to His Excellency, Lieutenant General ander-in-chief of the British Settlements at if the village Mahara, in the Sinna Korle, he Seven Korles (now part of the Western een dreadfully mutilated in the Kandyan erings on the spot, and that the three surstate at Colombo, each with his nose, ears, Keck ! ed from the Court of Kandy; and, without British territories were cautioned not to ot, Sree Wickremé Rajah Singha. At the n to all Kandyan subjects within the British upations, so long as they conducted themGovernment further guaranteed to such on for their persons and property. ither explanation or satisfaction, war was cil, the tinhe being most favorable for such general throughout the Kandyan kingdom: eylepola, who was also Dessave of Saffrehe tyrant, and ensured the assistance of the ring its march upon the capital. l upon the Chiefs suspected of corresponn those actually connected with him, would lies of human life, none ever exceeded in Eheylepola, through whom the ferocious l, and immediately sentenced the Adikar's
f these, forty seven were impaled at Kandy.

Page 433
UNPRECEDENTED AND UNPAE
wife and children, and then Eheylepola's minious deaths.
The children were ordered to be decap heads to be pounded in a rice-mortar by th from the most diabolical torture and ignon The eldest boy shrunk from the dread ord safety, but his younger brother stepped fo fate, placing himself at the same time be elder brother an example how to die ! * T an infant at the breast, from which it was b from its mouth, to be sacrificed to the tyra. The Adikar's brother having been also together, and large stones having been tied necks, were drowned in a neighbouring tan for many days a scene of mourning and fast which, upon the approach of General Brow The brave and veteran Governor, instea to delegate his Military command, took th and danger with his gallant little band of his lair.” The whole march was a bloodles the eity of Kandy was taken possession of four days after, the King was captured b place, called Meda-Maha-Neuwara ; but, tree, this monster of depravity was treate from his wife and family, in defiance of Emperor Napoleon, the hero and regenera cent patron of the Arts and Sciences was, a in comfortless despair;" but, with his nu dagger still incrusted with the blood of on having there received every distinguished dictated, the remorseless tyrant was conve (followed by his wives and suite in palanki ship Cornwallis, Captain O’Brien, for Vel Royalty justified not only murder, but e
* This was related to me as a fact by

ALLELED ROYAL ATROCITES. 391
brother and his wife, to the most igno
itated before their mother's face, and their eir mother's hands which, to save herself hinious exposure, she submitted to attempt. eal, and clung to his agonized parent for rward and encouraged him to submit to his fore the executioner, by way of setting his he last of the children to be beheaded was rutally torn away, the mother's milk flowing nt’s rage.
beheaded, the sisters-in-law were bound to their legs, and ropes placed round their k.--All Kandy, except near the palace, was ing; but the people were ripe for that revolt, nrigg's army, effectually broke out. d of availing himself of his Civil privileges e field, determined to share every privation British heroes, and to “seek the tiger in s one, on the part of the British army; and on the 14th of February, 1815. In about y a party of his own subjects, at a lonely instead of being hanged upon the nearest d as a Sovereign Prince, and not separated all làws, both Divine and human, as the tor of his adopted country, and the munifiind sent into solitary exile, “to eat his heart umerous wives, conducted to Colombo, (his 2 wife whom he had murdered) and, after attention that false humanity, not policy, yed to the jetty in the Governor's carriage, ns,) and embarked on board His Majesty's lore, on the 24th of January, 1816; as if very other brutal atrocity, and placed the
Lieutenant Lyttelton, 73rd regiment.

Page 434
392 KANDY-TRADITION OF TH
possessors of it above the laws of God an Vellore some years ago, and left a son, wh The Kandyan kingdom extended from S0° 10 to 81°50' east longitude; of which from 1731 to S280 feet above the level of
Kandy, (the Muragrammum of Ptolemy the Singhalese,) the chief town of this pro of the deposed Malabar despot, Sree Wic 7° 18' north, and in longitude 80° 49' ea valley, surrounded by hills and mountair foliage of every hue, from the very darke the young, and the deep red brown of th consequence of an omen, to which, the soc The tradition is, that the original Malab had been determined by the soothsayers of the ancient Magi, who maintain the doctr good, and the cause of all evil,) took the several miles, and gradually contracting the tam-a-tams, perforated conch shells, cymba smallest possible space, when a pell-mel attendants, accompanied only by a few P considerable cover was afforded to smallerg a large tract of ground, and presenting thr one towards the ferry of Kattogastotté, towards Heywellé.
The Polygars pursued a hare into the co made her fortress, and kept the dogs at l observant Rajah; who, having been rejoin and the former declaring “ that it was an lected,” the intrepid hare was taken and cl having been selected as the scite for the fu a defence by the most timid of all anima palace of the King succeeded the fortress

E ORIGIN OF THE CAPITAL.
d man! This sanguinary miscreant died at
was born in that fortress. latitude 6' lS' to 8° 50' north ; and from the mountainous region varies in elevation (the sea. , and the Maha Neuutara, or Great City, of vince, and late the capital of the dominions kreme Rajah Singha, is situate in latitude st of Greenwich, in a spacious and fertile is, beautifully wooded, and diversified with st to the lightest green and yellow tints of 2 falling leaf; a scite, originally selected in thsayers ascribed great importance. ar conqueror, after a lucky day for hunting the Court, (the soi-disant descendants from ine of only two principles, the cause of all 2 field, and, after surrounding the game for cordon of persons employed with firebrands, als, and pipes, to drive the animals into the l slaughter took place, the King left his olygar dogs, and came to a spot where a ame by a single rattan bush, extending over ee branches pointing in different directions; a second towards Gonaruah, and a third
ver which the rattan bush afforded; this she ay, to the wonder and astonishment of the ned by the soothsayers, and his attendants, omen of too great importance to be negherished by the Royal hand; and the spot ture capital, in memory of so extraordinary ls, Kandy was subsequently built, and the of the hare.

Page 435
CHAP.
Choice of routes to the Central Province-Road to . rocks-A Kandyan Tarpeius Mons-Civil and Militar palace-Henry Pennell, Esq.-Granite slabs sculptured: reaping-Route to Trincomalé-Face of the country-Ro. wellé-Route to the Central Province by land vid Koddo A rattan hawser-Rajah Singha the apostate-Ruins of Balané mountain-Route to the Central Province over th intending settler-Major Kelly's division of the Army difficulties to the traveller-Warm clothing and fires a Balangoddé-Alut Neuwara-Upper Ouva-Successful i quality, grown at Kandy and Badulla-Face of the cc
European vegetables naturalized in the interior in the tin
FROM Colombo, the tourist may procee Westerm Province, to the Central Provil through Kornegalle, (or Kurunegallé,) or b intending settler, either is preferable to the
Having already sketched one route to K from Colombo to Mahara rest-house, (cross distant 8 miles; from thence to Kosrupé I rest-house and barracks, 2 miles; Kelleged goddé rest-house, 3 miles; Walwedenia rest-house, 6 miles; Alawé Bridge over t miles; and to Korneg i0 miles; the of well-irrigated champaiga, undulating, a am eternal spring, and inferior to none othe
The latter very romantic station, in th derives its name from the Kuru-naika Galle rocks, ranging in height from 300 to 600 fe
* See page 160. : Elephant-driver rock. This rock is said to have an neck-breaking system of the ancients, (but its elevation
st rid of princes who had incurred the hatred, and conse
3

XLIX.
Kornegalle, in the Seven Korles-Kornegalle-Stupendous y officers-Cutchery occupies the scite of an ancient royal with the lion, unicorn, and elephant-Time of sowing and ute to Kandy-Kalané-Ganga navigable by boats to RuanNouvellé, Hanguvellé, and Avisahauvellé-Sillauvaka rive) - . a Portuguese fort-Ruanwelle-Route to Kandy over the e Idalgashina mountain more circuitous, but best for the of Kandy crosses the Idalgashina mountain-Anticipated !cessary in crossing the Balane and Idalgashina passes-- introduction of the potato into culture-Wheat, of supernor untry-Limestone-Potters' clay-Brick clay-Hempe of Captain Robert Knoar, 1657-1678. -
'd through the yet unnoticed parts of the nce, either by mail coach to Kandy, or by land or water to Ruanwellé; but, for the
first as a means of seeing the country. Ornegalle, the second is by the direct road ing the Mutwal river by the bridge of boats,) mail coach station, 6 miles; Heneratgoddé déhainé mail coach station, 5 miles; Vainmail coach station, 4 miles; Ambapassé he Maha-Oya, 4 miles; Polgahawellé, 6 2 intermediate country presenting a variety ind hilly lands, covered with the verdure of r upon the surface of the globe. le Seven Korles of the Western Province, í, one of the chain of lofty and stupendous et, at whose base it is situate.
+ See page 18l. Iswered the same purposes as the Tarpeius Mons, un the exceeds by 220 feet the height of the latter,) in order to quently the revenge, of the Pagan priesthood.
D

Page 436
394 KORNEGALLE-ANCIENT ROYAL P
An Assistant Government Agent has ch District Judge of the Judicial. The Garriso and a Staff Assistant Surgeon superintends
The Cutchery is situate om a gentle ac Rock,"* (upon which there is a temple, whe are also a Viharé and Dagobah on the way which is a most appropriate name for it, and back of that animal; and, notwithstar Muscovite than English, it has a very pret which skirts the grounds. The Wesleyan of “ Tusked Elephant Rock," have a peculi and grounds are everywhere well laid out construction, and capable of supplying wat fields, which are chiefly Crown property.
Kornegalle owes much to the indefatigabl of the district, as Agent of Government, (l enlightened of its Civil Servants, whose r may very justly be considered a public loss.- in 1821, I had the satisfaction of seeing sor bell's, (the Commandant of the province) fr originally introduced from the Cape of Goo George Stace, at that time commanding distributed in the interior. From the origin strawberry, both at Colombo and Galle; wi the green pea (Pisum sativum, L.); both wh in the maritime provinces as they now are in This place (said to have been an ancier the scite of a royal palace, of which, many mals, both known and fabulous, sculptured the British lion, the Caledonian unicorn, (e elephant, appear to have formed part of t ments of a Singhalese Malagawa.
Mr. Pennell offered me my choice of the be supposed, there were weighty reasons for
* Ahéta

ALACE-HENRY PENNELL, ESQ.
arge of the Revenue Department, and a h is commanded by a Captain in the army, che Medical and Vaccine Departments. :livity, at the foot of “ Tusked Elephant re the relic was originally kept; and there up the rock, in a very romantic situation,) from the resemblance it bears to the head ding that the style of the building is more ty appearance from the Trincomale road, Mission-house and chapel, also at the base arly neat appearance; and the cantonment Here is a spacious tank of very solid er for the irrigation of numerous paddee
e zeal of one of the first Superintendents Henry Pennell, Esq.) and one of the most 2tirement from the service of the colony -Whilst on a visit to this excellent officer, me very fine strawberries at Colonel Campom plants produced from seeds which I had d Hope, and shared with the late Captain the Ceylon Cavalry, by whom they were al supply, I had successfully cultivated the here, also, I found no difficulty in growing ich might, with care, be made as common
the interior.
it capital) is well ascertained to have been huge slabs of granite, having various aniupon them, lie scattered about ; of these, xtraordinary though it be,) and the Ceylon he Zoological medley of the ancient orna
se ponderous masses; but, as it may well my declining to remove them.
Gallé.

Page 437
ROUTE FROM KORNEGALLE TO TRI
In the Kornegalle district, paddee is : grounds, from July to November, and real Fine grains are sown in the high grounds from December to MIarch. For the Yalla in April and May, and reaped in August an low grounds from April to June, are reaped The route from hence to Trincomalé, 5 miles, over which, there is a curious of Zalacca rattan (Calamus Zalacca, and Ma Oya, 3 miles; Polegala, 3 miles; Amban Omaragolla Ella, 3 miles; Galawalla, 4: Oya, 5 miles; to the Junction Kandy R Damboola rest-house,) 2 miles; from when the line of road from Trincomalé; to whicl 102 miles; the face of the country presenti mantic scenery, of hill and dale, mountain an and tanks, that can possibly be found in a and game of every description known to the From Kornegalle to Kandy, the distanc S. miles; Madawallatenné, 6 miles; Mava (which is 500 feet in length,) 1 mile; excellent, and country very healthy. Here eye in every direction: forests abounding the golden hue of ripening paddee crops, the immense area which it intersects in its
By the Kalané-Gangat in a well-thatc canteens, coolies, and servants, the tourist tiful country which this fine river intersec on both banks of it, as it is also of the Oric The route by land, by way of Ruanwel | north-east from Colombo, and from thence bank of the Kalané-Ganga,) where there alternately flat and undulating, but well delightfully shaded by fruit trees and toddy
* See page 244.
3

ICOMALE-FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 395
own for the Maha harvest, in the lovv led in the following January and February. from September to November, and reaped harvest, paddee is sown in the low grounds d September; and fine grains, sown in the from July to the end of September. - by the new road, is to the Dedroo-Oya, (mative) suspension bridge for pedestrians, hawé-wela of the Singhalese); Ibbagammépola, 3 miles; Himbalwana-Oya, 23 miles ; miles; Tolumbajalla, 2 miles; Damboolaoad, (about three-quarters of a mille from ce, the route has been already described, in port, the total distance from Kornegalle is ng every variety of the wildest and most rod valley, forest and plain, rivers, streamlets, ny part of the habitable globe.-Elephants, 2 island, abound throughout. e is about 26 miles, viz. to Kospotté-Oya. li-Ganga, 8 miles; entrance of the Tunnel, und from thence to Kandy, 1 mile. Road : the most magnificent scenery meets the with game, plains covered with verdure, or and the Mavali-Ganga meandering through :ourse, and fertilizes as it flows. hed Pardie boat, containing his palankin, has every comfort at hand; and the beauts, is worthy of his deliberate investigation ntal antiquarian and the naturalist. lé, is to Koddoowellé, a village 10 miles to Hangwellé, 8 miles, (both on the left is a rest-house. The face of the country cultivated and populated, and the road
topes. •
+ See page 26.
2

Page 438
396 ROUTE TO KANDY BY HANGWELL
Hangwellé is famous for the defeat of who, upon the successful result of the t considering himself invincible, advanced in would prove an easy prey to his invading protected by a field work, garrisoned by rank and file, commanded by the gallant C ment, the Kandyan army, having been ou whilst engaged in attacking the British ri slaughter, the King running away first, an the Kandyans in killed exceeded thrice thi but two or three men were wounded. number of Malays and gun Lascars, wh detachment, and had been compelled to British force.
From Hangwellé to Avisahawellé, the d left bank of the Kalané-Ganga, and, since has assumed a very different appearance to tensive forests and verdant plains contrast the then almost entirely neglected vallies paddee fields, and cottages are no longer,
The village of Avisahawellé is situate a rocks, of from 900 to 1000 feet elevatic rest-house, have been abandoned since the In the immediate neighbourhood, at a the Sittawaka river, which flows into the boat; and occasionally, when the stream Rattan rope (Calamus Rotang, L.), from suspended over the river, and strongly f hauling hand over hand upon this flexil which is about 250 yards from bank to ba This place, famed in Singhalese history put to death in the year 1600, by the the of Sittawaka,) who had abandoned the w scarcely to be distinguished, its ruins, s jungle; and it is more than probable, th whatever may have been the original built

, AVISAHAWELLE, AND SITTAWAKA.
the King of Kandy, (in September, 1803); reacherous butchery of Major Davie's force, to the British territories, imagining that they army. But although the village was only a mere handful of men, not exceeding 110 aptain Pollock, of His Majesty's 51st regitflanked by a detachment from the garrison, 'doubt in front, was defeated with immense d his army following pell-mell. The loss of number of the British garrison, of which,
This defeat afforded an opportunity to a o had survived the fate of Major Davie's serve in the Kandyan army, to rejoin the
istance is 11 miles; this place is also on the the re-establishment of tranquillity in 1 SlS, that which it antecedently bore. Here exwith the most rugged and romantic scenery : are now covered with verdant pasture and like angels' visits, few and far between. it the base of dark and almost perpendicular n, but the former military post, as well as
termination of the rebellion in 1818. about three furlongs distance, the ferry over Kalané-Ganga, is crossed by means of a horse is rapid, transport is facilitated by a stout 40 to 50 fathoms in length; which, being astened at each extremity, the boatmen, by ble hawser, soon efeet the passage across. nk. as the place where numerous Oonansés were n King of Ceylon, (Rajah Singha, surnamed orship of Buddha for that of the Lingam, is uch as they are, being almost covered with at the Portuguese destroyed the Dewalé, or lings, (of which, some square kabook enclo

Page 439
SUGGESTIONS TO THE INTENDING
sures, and a large well of excellent wate constructed the Kotua, whose foundation Sittawaka is now recovering itself, and rest-house upon the scite of the former every attention from the Headmen. In t and wigeon shooting.
If the tourist prefer the route across the hence to Ruanwellé, a fortified post on th fluence with the Gooroogodde-Oya, in the Province, where there is a spacious fort, ing place,) with officers' quarters and bar Several hundred families are now settled Kandyan domination ceased by our takin jungle was to be seen.
From Ruanwellé, the road lies through Hellemoellé, 5 miles; Fort King, comman and from thence, across the Balané moun at the base of the Balané, where there is a racks, and a large village and bazaar, 8. and to Kandy, 8 miles. I would, however more circuitous route through the Three of Adam's Peak, through Batugedera (E mountain into the lofty table land of U for observing the country, in order to fi: may have in view; and if for the purpose a temperate than a tropical climate, the many advantages over every other part of In the beginning of the Kandyan war route to Kandy, through the Saffregam of Idalgashina, and across the fine provii very different from that of the sea coast, to march during the middle of the day, vince at all oppressive.--It was upon th officers and men, they found the common
* Singhalese for Fort.

SETTLER-MAJOR KELLY'S DIVISION. 397
r, show the scite,) and with the materials
and a part of the walls, still remain.
when I last visited it, I found a very good temporary military post, and experienced his neighbourhood there is excellent snipe
Balané mountain, he should proceed from e left bank of the Kalané-Ganga, at its condistrict of the Four Korles of the Western (to which a wide street leads from the landracks, and a large bazaar, distant 9 miles. at Ruanwellé, where, until the period of g possession of that kingdom, nothing but
(damalpané, 11 miles; Arranderré, 2 miles; ding the ferry over the Maha-Oya, 74 miles; taint to Amanapoora, through Gannitenné, substantial fort, and below it excellent barmiles; from thence to Dodonwellé, 5 miles; , suggest to an intending settler to take the Korles into Saffregam, and, skirting the base Bamboo-house) and across the Idalgashina pper Ouva, as affording the greater scope X upon a locality suitable to the object he : of agricultural pursuits, better adapted to high lands of the Central Province present the island. of 1815, Major Kelly's division took this Dessavony, over the tremendous mountain ice of Ouva, where they found the climate or even of Kandy; and they were enabled never finding the heat in that elevated pros march, that, to the great delight of both bramble (Rubus fruticosus, L.), until then
it 3000 feet above the level of the sea,

Page 440
398 BALANE AND IDALGASHINA MOUN”
unknown to be a native of Ceylon, in abu inference, that other British productions m But, in proceeding by this route, althou greater, the tourist must make up his mir extensive a country, in a state of agricultu and to cross the mountain streams by for there are neither canoes nor suspension bri these troubles to the many, will be enjoyed in preference to the oest roads and bridges Both on the Balané and Idalgashina thermometer seldom ranging above 77', anc and March, it varies from 63 to 70'. At mometer is occasionally below 50”; and according to data with which I was favored he was Deputy Secretary to the Ceylon G( and 63 at night.
But very few real difficulties may be antic 1750 feet above the level of the sea. The below it a bazaar, and a large house be Climate delightfully cool and healthy, bl cultivated. The Guava (Psidium pyriferum to the northward of the fort, the scenery p in successive degrees of elevation, and va verdant hue in the foreground to the light After leaving Balangoddé, and crossing which at some seasons may be forded, and a platform raised upon a couple of small c. military post of Alut Neuwara to the ancier miles from Balangoddé,) where there is al of which affords a comfortable halting pla romantic in appearance, is so badly cultiv has hitherto been done by man, where so I Crossing the Idalgashina mountain at th is about 4400 feet above the level of the s 4750, or probably 4800 feet. Here is suffic but very few are to be seen in any directio

TAINS-BALANGODDE-UPPER OU W A
hdance; a circumstance which justified the ight be naturalized there.
gh the facilities for travelling are now much ld to occasional difficulties, in traversing so tral infancy.--To occupy a shed at night, ling, or upon rafts of bamboo canes, where dges, are mere matters of course; but even by the few, who are really lovers of nature,
mountains, warm clothing is necessary, the i in the colder months of January, February,
night, a good fire is requisite, for the therthe mean temperature throughout the year, i by William Herries Ker, Esq., at the time overnment, may be stated at 72" in the day,
ipated, until the tourist reaches Balangodde, 're is here a fort on the top of the hill, and longing to the principal native Headman. at the country very hilly and but partially !, L.) is here as wild as any jungle tree; and resents an amphitheatre of lofty mountains, rying in their form and color from the most est indigo blue in the distance. the Wallewé river about 1 mile beyond it, at others crossed on bamboo rafts, or upon anoes, the route lies through the abandoned it Dewalé of that name, (distant about eight so a small Viharé and Dagobah, the former ace; but the country, though beautiful and ated as to induce the reflection of how little much has been done by his Creator. he pass, Upper Ouva is entered. This pass ea, and the summit of the mountain about ient grass for an indefinite number of cattle, n, except wild buffaloes, and the country is

Page 441
FIRST INTRODUCTION OF THE POTAT
but thinly populated; and yet how easily a capital, might change the present wild bu of cultivation and plenty
The potato, although first introduced into in Upper Ouva, had been cultivated in th with great success by J. F. Lourenz, Esq., a to whom, prior to the conquest of the Ka to be given; and as it was, the greatest Government press, for the production of a
Mr. Lourenz planted the sets on the 1 September, his crop was ripe; each set p. good-sized potatos, of a dryer and more imported from Bombay and Madras.
Then it was that the general cultivation c by the Government as a succedaneum for ric have been a much surer one, and better calc of failure in the crops through excessive and Ceylon continued dependent upon Bom until the potato was so successfully cultiv anticipations of the most sanguine of our m This invaluable root is more extensively g island, and of very good size and quality. the Kandyan Tavelams, at the average pl quantity brought at each time) for 13s. ster as its propagation has increased.
The potato was soon planted with equal and the maritime provinces consequently b and possessed of a surplus for ships touch better, if so well supplied from the Mysore Ceylon are from the interior; nor is the My ties to the Kandyan. This root is cultivate a great favorite with the entire population,
The first attempt to grow wheat in this on a small scale, it completely succeeded, b was great, and when compared with some se was found superior in weight and fineness o

) INTO CULTURE IN THE INTERIOR. 399
few European agriculturists, with moderate it luxuriant face of nature into a paradise
culture in the interior at Fort Mac Donald e Morua Korle of the Southern Province : that time the Resident Sitting Magistrate, ndyan kingdom, Public thanks were about compliments were paid him through the few hundreds of potatos.
st of July, and on the following 21st of roducing an average quantity of fifty two Farinaceous quality than those periodically
if the Solanum tuberosum was recommended e, although the Jatropha Manihot, E. would sulated for the maritime provinces, in cases drought; but it was altogether unheeded, bay and Madras for its periodical supplies, ated at Fort Mac Donald as to exceed the ilitary horticulturalists.
rown in this province than elsewhere in the In 1826-7, I received regular supplies by ice of about 2d. a pound, or 80 lbs. (the ling;-but it is now cheaper, in proportion
success in other high lands of the interior, ecame independent of extraneous produce, ing at the island; and Madras itself is not country, than the maritime provinces of "sore potato equal in its farinaceous properd extensively by the natives, and is become being eaten by every caste and class.
province was made in 1815, and although oth at Kandy and Badulla; for the return ed wheat that had been sent from Colombo, grain. But where bread is already cheap,

Page 442
100 KANDYAN WHEAT-LIMESTONE-P
and the demand for it limited to the Eurc to all classes of the native population,) the of extensive cultivation, or of profit worthy until a more general influx of European se In this beautiful and magnificent cour champaign lands, and watered by numerc dually increase in size and depth from tribu the sea, the settler may choose his own sc may suit his agricultural or horticultural p talists who are bent upon emigrating to net tion and serious consideration, that a coul of temperate and inter-tropical climes thriv tion of European grasses and domestic a years be so much improved, that the H scarcely be known as part of an Indian col Limestone has been found in abundance, localities, of excellent quality. Clay for b consistency as to require none of the artific timber, the builder may pick and choose, frc The cultivation of the Hemp (Cannabis S. tion in the event of war, notwithstanding th provinces, and the abandonment by the Go having been proved of excellent quality) at So far back as Captain Knox's captivit 1678, the European colewort, carrot, radi and spearmint, the two last indigenous, we that the climate was favorable to almost proved to have been a very just one, by fruits and vegetables as have hitherto be adapted to their growth.
For my own part, after having visited globe, I have seen nothing to equal this ardently attached, that, notwithstanding t services have hitherto been rewarded, it welfare inseparable from the best wishes o

OTTERS CLAY-BRICK CLAY-HEMP.
peans, (for rice is the principal staff of life growth of wheat may scarcely be an object the attention of the European agriculturist, ttlers might make it otherwise. try, diversified with hills, undulating and us perennial mountain streams, which gratary waters, in their meanderings towards il and climate, according as either or both ursuits; and surely, to those moderate capiw and unknown lands, it is worthy of attentry is open to them, where the productions 'e luxuriantly: and where, by an introducnimals, the native breed may in a very few Eighlands of the interior of Ceylon would ony, except by name.
and potters' clay (Argilla figuli) in severa brick making is obtained in Ceylon of such 2ial auxiliaries employed at home; and of »m the durable Tectona to the light Dillenia. ativa, L.) would be a most profitable speculae quantity of koir rope made in the maritime vernment of the culture of the former (after , Delft Island in the Northern Province. y in Kandy, between the years 1657 and sh, fennel, and balsam, as well as mustard re common enough there; and his opinion. every European vegetable, experience has the successful cultivation of such European in tried in the various places in the interior
almost all but the northern regions of the incomparable country, to which I am so he unparalleled injustice with which my long is ever present to my recollection, and it.
my heart.

Page 443
CHA
Country between Alut Neuwara and Kalapahane at th Cataracts-Kalapahane-Cattle-Welanghena-Ertens -Andropogon scharnanthus-Hilloya-Passera-Alipool lize the wild Weddahs attended with encouraging success-Badulla-Route to Kandy-Intermediate country int Eliya-Hemblia tewellé-Scenery-Limestone— Eartraora not uncommon, in the very same province where sugar an Governor Sir Edward Barnes at Neuwara Eliya-Desce -Pusselawa rest-house-Mavali-Ganga navigable by boc den-Race course-Satin-wood bridge-Proclamation fo a favorite retreat of Rajah Singha-Splendid avenue of as it was at the time of its capitulation-Delada Malag Pagodas-Asgiri Vihare-Royal cemetery-Malwatté Vi
THE country between the villages of A of the Idalgashina mountain, a distance of of irrigation this part of the island posses: pulated, paddee is extensively cultivated n to supply the growing crops, is conveyed over the terraced sides of hills, and throug and Halgaran Oyas ; the latter, descending Alpine scenery.
Kalapahané was formerly a military pos mination of the rebellion of 1818; but ma deserted it, have since returned, and to thi that intervene between the well-wooded an bourhood of the village (about 2350 feet studded; and the mountain itself is covere woody region commences, with verdure thn infinite variety of grasses for cattle, whi species of black Zebu, chiefly employed in beef, except when European troops may b sents a delightful climate for speculative El
3

P. L.
base of the Idalqashina mountain-Native agricultureive panorama-Rhododendron arboreum-Laurus serratu - Wallassé-Bintenné and Weddah Ratté-Efforts to civ-Anticipations of the result-Mountain of Namini Kool ersected by eight rivers-Route from Passera to Neuuttura inary contrasts-Fires and blankets indispensable, and ice coffee grow luacuriantly-Sanitory station established by rt through the forests to Ramboddé-Chetaks-Cascades tts between Gampola and Paradenia-Royal Botanic gar. r the preservation afroads from inundation-Dodonu’elle iron-wood trees, and magnificent Bogaha-City of Kandy tawa-British improvements-Hall of Audience-Hindoo haré-Lakes-Massive pillars-Buddhist priesthood.
lut Neuwara and Kalapahané, at the base 14 miles, affords proof of the ample means ses; and although it is but inadequately poear the former place. The water necessary with an almost Chinese skill and economy h vallies beneath, chiefly from the Bellahool in cataracts amidst the grandest and truly
t, which was abandoned soon after the terny of the inhabitants who had at that time ese bélong the occasional patches of paddee d grass-covered hills, with which, the neighbelow the top of the Idalgashina pass) is d from its base to about midway, where the oughout the year. The district affords an ch, exclusively of draught buffalos, are a Tavelams, (there being no consumption of stationed in the neighbourhood,) and preIropean agriculturists.
E.

Page 444
402 PANORAMA FROM WELANGHENA-A
About 2 miles beyond the summit o hundred feet, stands the village of Wela overlooks a very deep valley, or rather ra from the steepness of its grass-covered side magnificent as it is extensive.-Park-like covered with verdure, and surrounded by 8280 feet above the level of the sea, on th Apotella pass on the south, the Bamber above Hembliatewellé and Passera on the N fully cool and healthy climate, and presen of from 15 to 30 miles, in all the varied co. and in the immediate foreground, clumps C scarlet corols of the tree Rhododendron, a lands of the interior, afford a striking co shaddock, and Mendya (Laurus serrata, L.) pogon schaemanthus, L.) in wild abundance. able opinion of the agricultural capabilities The route from hence to Alipoot lies th tant about 12 miles from Welanghena, and to Alipoot, the road is due east, and very nearly 800 feet in the distance of about 9 and although scarcely a coco-nut tree is to compensated for by numerous jack, shaddo Alipoot is the residence of an Assistan vince, who has charge of the Revenue of the Eastern Circuit of the Supreme Cou Command, but a dependency of Badulla.
This station is by no means so cool in from its position, but it is nevertheless re strong contrast to the lower country of Wa beginning of October, is unhealthy.
The district of Wallassé is chiefly inhabit and as the land affords abundant pasturage, of cattle and flocks of goats, are in easy cir
* See page.

GRICULTURAL CAPABILITIES OF OUVA.
f the pass, by a gradual descent of several nghena, formerly a military station, which rine, for it has more the appearance of one, es ; and from this place the panorama is as grounds, interspersed with hills and vallies, the immense mountains of Pedrotalagalla, e N.W., the Idalgashina pass on the S. W., agam pass on the east, and the high lands . E.;-the whole range occupying a delightiting a natural amphitheatre, in the distance lors of the most beautiful Italian landscape ; f flowering jungle, among which, the bright common production of many of the high ntrast to the white omes of the wild orange, ; and at one's feet, the Lemon grass (AndroThe view altogether induces a most favorof Upper Ouva. rough Hilloya and Passera, the former disthe latter 15 from Hilloya. From Passera rugged and hilly throughout the descent of miles; the country everywhere beautiful, be- seen, its absence is in a great degree ck, jaggery, and wild talipat trees. t Government Agent for the Southern Prothe district, and is also a District Judge of rt. It is not now, as formerly, a Military
point of temperature as one might expect markably healthy; and, as such, affords a allassé, which, from the end of June to the
ced by Moormen, who are very industrious; , these people, who have considerable herds
'cumstances. Paddee is cultivated in places
8322一324。

Page 445
WALLASSE-MOUNTAIN OF
where the supply of water, by natural or a the coco-nut, talipat, and sugar palms in pri Wallassé adjoins Bintenné and Veddah R it may now be anticipated, that through the (which have already been attended with auspices of Her Majesty's Colonial Governi Assistant Government Agent at Batticaloa, creatures, the day is not far distant, whe through the now dense forests of the Vec relations of the central province with those tivated lands, and populous villages, superse inhabited forests of the wild descendants of But, for the intending colonist, if the gr fail to please him, or fall short of his orig hard to please,) he cannot do better than of Passera, and from thence proceed to further; between which places, the Namini level of the sea, and covered with forest ti Lunagallé, destitute of trees, but covered contrast with each other.
The scite of Badulla is one of the most fort and village are seated in the midst of a highest being from 3500 to 4000 feet above nature and well irrigated by art; for advant: streams to form canals sufficient for supplyi. interspersed with rising grounds, covered wi
The fort of Badulla is said to have been or King of Ouva, an independent sovereign ago, and is now the station of the Comr Ceylon Rifle Regiment, (who is also Assista and of the Native Medical Assistant in cha A Hindoo temple, and a Buddha Vilharé, or tomb of a relic, are the principal native
The country between Badulla and Kandy eight rivers, besides minor streams; and t miles; Vella-Oya, 9 miles; Ooma-Oya, 6 r 3 E

NAMIINI KOOLI-BADULLA. 403
tificial means, admits of it, and they have ofusion. atté, the country of the wild Veddahs; but zealous exertions of the Wesleyan Mission, the most encouraging success,) under the ment, and the cordial co-operation of the to civilize this savage portion of our fellow in a road direct from Kandy to Batticaloa, ldah country, may connect the commercial of the eastern parts of the island; and culde the present hunting grounds and scantily
the Anticthones of ancient Taprobane. een plains and hills of Upper Ouva should inal anticipations, (and if so, he must be retrace his steps from Alipoot to the valley Badulla, in the Central Province, S. miles Kooli mountain, nearly 7000 feet above the ees to the summit, and the basaltic-capp'd with verdant grass, appear in conspicuous
beautiful that imagination can paint. The in amphitheatre of hills and mountains, the : the level of the valley, which is fertile by age has been taken of the several mountain ng the numerous paddee fields, everywhere ith coco-nut and sugar palms. the scite of the residence of a famous Rajah l, who held his court there about 200 years mandant of the district, a Captain of the nt Government Agent and District Judge,) rge of the Hospital duties of the Garrison. with its usual accompaniment, a Dagobah, buildings. , a distance of 52 miles, is intersected by he direct route lies through Taldenné, 9 miles; Kurundu-Oya, 5 miles; Bellahool
2

Page 446
4.04 NEUWARA ELIYA-CAPABILITI
Oya, 4 miles ; Gannegammé, 3 miles ; 2 miles; Talatoo-Oya, 5 miles ; Kondesal whole road good, but gradually descendin; from about the centre of the country, bel to the southward and those beyond Kandy for beauty and extent as the scenery is for
If, however, the higher lands of Ceylon from Alipoot to Badulla, he might take via Hembliatewellé, distant 10 miles, a about 3900 feet above the level of the of verdure with the green and hilly patch the prospect is very extensive from the for the distance is 27 miles, through Attangp lent rest-house, built in 1839); Mahate upon the verge of Wilson's plain, (so ca K. C. B late Lieutenant Governor of Cey and from thence to the rest-house of Neuv an Englishman, 13 miles.
Throughout the whole of this route, itself, that, (in the words of my correspon the information, this sanitory station havi “ Pen can but inadequately describe, -im vince everywhere presenting a fine and and the intending immigrant; and if the of his own country, he may purchase an purposes, at a cheap rate. Limestone than 2000 feet below Neuwara Eliya; wh fires and blankets are indispensable at nig sugar, cotton, indigo, and coffee planter for their culture; and all between the pa and of S0° 30' and S1°20 of east longituc His Excellency the late Lieutenant Gen tory station in 1S2S, and built a substantial than which, nothing could possibly be m island, as the result has proved; and if a incurred for sending invalid soldiers to Eu

ES OF THF 4. 'EN'TIR A , PROVINCE.
Maha-Oya, 3 milies : Harrackgammé-Oya, 3 Ferry, raile; and Kandy, 3 miles; the g from the mountainous to the hilly, and, ween the high mountains of Neuwara Eliya to the northward, the view is as unrivalled richness and magi; ificence. be the tourist's olject, instead of proceeding the road to Neuvvara Eliya, from Passera, military station oil the top of a mountain, sea, and firming 3, strong contrast in point es of the district oi lipper Ouva, of which, t. From Hen bilate wellé to Neuwara Eliya ittyé, 3 ties, (where there is now an excelttilla-Oya. 2 miles; Wilson's Bungalow, |lled after MIrior General Sir John Wilson, flon,) where theie is a rest-house, 9 miles; vara Eliya, the me plus ultra of climate for
such a variety of mountain scenery presents dent, to whom! I am principally indebted for ng been established since I left the island,) nagination but faintly pourtray it ; the proextensive field for the speculative capitalist English settler prefer the agricultural system y quantity of excellent land adapted to his has been discovered in abundance, at less ere, as in other places in the same province, ht, and ice not uncommon;-and yet, the need be at no loss for appropriate localities rallels of 6° 40' and 8° 10' of north latitude, le !*
eral Sir Edward Barnes established this sanimansion, military quarters, and storehouses; ore beneficial to the forces employed in the eference be made to the returns of expenses rope, for ten years prior to the establishment

Page 447
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, RACE CO
of a convalescent station at Neuwara Eliya, ing to the relative proportion of European the result will be the best panegyric in favor provident foresight and regard for the healt From Neuwara * Eliya to Kandy the d road is, to FRamboddé rest-house, l5 mil chetahs, and a gradual descent of nearly 30 on a rather steep acclivity, between two the neighbouring mountains. From Ram and from thence to Gampola, a large villag and salubrious climate, 8 miles. From G but the traveller may proceed by water to which reduces the distance to Kandy from Paradenia (3 miles S. W. of Kandy on Botanic Garden, race course, and bridge of of 205 feet over the Mavali-Ganga. The fi late General Sir Robert Brownrigg's auspic the many memorials of the energy and c which distinguished the administration of later Lieutenant General Sir Edward Barnes That the former almost impenetrable f seded by such excellent roads, and that the to Sir Edward Barnes, under whose constan for having in view the inundations to which allowed their own way, His Excellency iss 1820, to the effect “ that all persons ha should, in cultivating the same, leave as road and the cultivated land; and that it across the road pipes or other machinery over any part of the road, or otherwise enc: ment at hard labour, at the discretion of a might be convicted, in addition to being ob
* The repeated recurrence of the word Neuwara, l a royal residence, whether under a temporary bungalow of Royalty. Wherever a King sojourned, whether wh that place from thenceforth was dignified with the name

'RSE, AND BRIDGE OF PARADENIA, 405
und for asimilar subsequent period, accord|roops, during both periods, in the island, of Neuwara Eliya, and of His Excellency's
of the troops under his command. stance is 52 miles, and the direct carriage s, through a dense forest, abounding with )0 feet. The village is romantically situate of the numerous cascades which flow from boddé to Pusselawa rest-house, 14 miles; e in a delightfully level and fertile country, impola to Kandy, the distance is 15 miles; Paradenia bridge, a distance of 9 miles, l5 to 12 miles. he Colombo road) may justly boast of its satin-wood of a single arch, having a span ormer was commenced under Governor, the es, in 1819; and the two last, are among levotion to the improvement of the colony, His Excellency's immediate successor, the
S. astnesses of this fine country were supery still continue so, may justly be attributed t and zealous supervision they were formed; such works were liable, if the natives were led a Proclamation, on the 7th September, ring paddee land on either side of a road, bace of not less than four feet between the hould not be lawful for any person to lay or conveying water; or to fence across or oach thereon, on pain of fine and imprisonny Agent of Government before whom he iged, at his own cost and labour, to repair
erally city, requires explanation. Neuwara means also of Cajan thatch, or one more appropriate to the dignity in a fugitive from his excited subjects, or other occasion,
Neuwara.

Page 448
406 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST NUNDA
all damage. And it was further declared, by all means in its power to encourage agr the conveyance of water was required from sufficient drains or channels for the same, t the different Headmen to the Agents of G the working parties; and that where such v the Proprietor of the land adjacent, was at same known to the Agent of Government in affording the accommodation required, if but that no person, of his own authority, damage the road, on pain of punishment as After viewing the Botanic Garden at Part wellé, about S miles from Kandy; from w. the approach to it is by a steep and rug construction, but very small and paltry, except by way of contrast to the magnific rea, L., and Naghas of the Singhalese). of a quarter of a mile in length, and from tremity is a circular area containing the tem all its majesty and luxuriance, and venerate the most famed of its species, the Pra si M
The Majoraals or Majoraales of the Districts are ments for the irrigation of lands.-AUTHOR.
t The supposed parent of the tree originally plantec Buddhists to have been miraculously conveyed from Siam
ame of Sassalada, or tremulous leaf,
According to M. de la Loubere's account of Siam, th or tree of the Great Pout, (the Ton-Po of the vulgar Sia Mercury, by his remarks that “ Pout or Poot is the name that Pout is one of the names of Sommona-Codom (or B Wednesday is called the day of Bod or Buddha in (Buddha-da in the latter,) and M. de la Loubere consid near the Bali mode of writing it, Pout, which, among the itself a corruption of the word Buddha, the Mercury of t In this, M. de la Loubere has fallen into the same mi. usual candour, Sir William subsequently acknowledged h
* Asiatic Researches, vol. ii.

IONS OF ROADS-DODONWELLE.
at as it was the intention of Government :ulture, orders had been given, wherever one side of the road to the other, to leave e situations of which to be pointed out by )vernment or other Officers superintending ere found to be wanting, the Headman, or full liberty, and was invited to make the the district, who would take measures for he considered the application reasonable; was to presume to cut across or otherwise above directed." denia, the tourist may as well visit Dodonhence it is a most delightful ride, although ged ascent. The temples are of ancient and present nothing worthy of notice, ent avenue of iron-wood trees (Mesua ferFrom the entrance, the avenue is upwards fifty to sixty feet in width, and at the exples, shaded by an umbrageous Bogaha in d as much from its great size and age as aha Pout of the Siamese. If
the Superintendents of agriculture, tanks, and embank
at Anarajahpoora, to which place it is believed by the -See note to page 56 for the reason of its additional
: Bogaha (Ficus religiosa, L.) is the Pra si Maha Pout, nese,) which he erroneously supposed to mean the God of that planet in the Bali term for Wednesday, and uddha).” the Hindoo, as well as in the Singhalese languages, red that “as the Tamulic has nob the p brings it very Siamese, is another name for Sommona-Codom, and is e Greeks and Latins." take that the late Sir William Jones did; but, with his 3 original error.*
Chronology of the Hindoos.

Page 449
RAJAH SINGHA'S FAWORITE
The analogy of the sacred fig tree with tl by a huge spherical mass of granitic roc but for what purpose these were originally
It was here that the late King, when ten impaling his subjects, was wont to retire to stood at the extremity of the avenue, wher. even to the meridian sun; and when th Neuwara in 1815, the priests of Dodonwell him in his flight.
Kandy originally contained but few tiled belonged to the Chiefs, were elevated from other habitations were built of Waretchie s straw, the whole forming five streets; an and westward towards the north, appear a the city in the shape of a triangle, with its a by the two artificial lakes, of which, that reign of the late Malabar despot, Sree Wic The relatives and connexions of the Roy ing Sovereign had separated from the rest to a part of the city called Malabar Street, the Delada Malagawa, having the hospita But (by the recent information I have rece in Kandy, since the erection of the Pavilion improvements in laying out the grounds b which have Sprung up, as if by magic, und tects, that if the late tyrannous and sangu former despotism upon earth, he would sca for all that remains of it are the Hall of Au much better employed as the Court House and the latter as a military “Black Hole."
Between the Kandyan part of the town a
vening space, which contains the principa a palace of the tooth,) and the Hindoo Pag
former stands to the southward and westwa palace, and between it and the Pagoda o The Maha Vishnu Dewalé is situate nea

RETREAT-CITY OF KANDY. 407
he oak of the Druids is further strengthened k lying near, in which there are two steps, hewn, the priests are themselves ignorant.
nporarily tired of the ferocious pleasure of a decorated summer-house, which formerly e the foliage is so dense as to be impervious at sanguinary despot fled to Meda-Maha& abandoned their temples and accompanied
i houses, in proportion to the rest; these the ground, and approached by steps. The ticks and mud, and thatched with paddee ld, from their inclination from the eastward s if the original intention had been to form pex to the northward, and its base bounded called the new lake was formed during the kremé Rajah Singha.
ral Family, whom the jealousy of the reignof the Kandyan community, were restricted which takes a south-easterly direction from l on its right, and between it and the lake. ived) so great have been the improvements by Sir Edward Barnes, and the subsequent y Sir Wilmot Horton, and the pretty villas ler the skilful management of British archiinary Rajah were to revisit the scene of his rcely recognize the scite of his own palace, dience and the Pateripoa; the former, now on week days, and as a chapel on Sundays,
und Malabar Street, there is a large interll temple of Delada Malagawa, (literally, odas or Dewalés of Pattiné and Nata; the rd, and the latter to the westward, of the f Pattiné, in separate and extensive areas. rly north of the Nata Dewalé, and the

Page 450
408 DEWALES-ASGIRI AND MALWA
Kattregam Dewalé about west of the Patu geous palms and other trees, m
The Asgiri Viharé adjoins the original situate to the north-westward of the princ closure of the Awadanamadewa, or Royal with the former, may be considered the Ox om the south side of the new lake, and ni originally stood the late despot's favorite sequently to our occupation of Kandy, was The lakes are about a mile in length but in width, and are well stocked with fish, caught; so that, whatever may have been his oppressed subjects, he displayed one tr ever known to have possessed, towards improvement to the town, and are 1800 fee In addition to the splendid natural am magnificence of the surrounding scenery, Vihare that is altogether opposed to our no in contemplating the massive pillars of stol tionate circumference, each formed of one College Hall, and contrasting these, and antiquity, with the best architecture of puzzled to believe that they are descended works astound all who behold them, and w tive efforts of worse than Barbarian conque
The principal offices of priesthood in the gift of the Government. The former Oonansé; a First and Second Deputy, call of districts. The latter, one Maha Naya Oonansé, and five Nayakas of districts. T principal Dewalés, are appointed by the the Governor's warrant, the latter by the A
* See :

ITE VIHARES-ROYAL CEMETERY
iné Dewale, and all are shaded by umbra
burial place of the Kandyan Kings, and is pal street from which one enters the encemetery; and the Malwatté Vihare (which, ford and Cambridge of Buddhism) is situate early facing the small artificial island, where pavilion or summer-house; but which, sub
converted into a magazine. vary from a hundred to five hundred yards which the despot would never allow to be the extent of the misery he inflicted upon ait of humanity, and the only one he was the finny tribe. These lakes are a great it above the level of the sea. phitheatre which Kandy presents, and the there is a solemnity about the Malwatté tions of pagan worship, or its temples; and, he, sixteen cubits in height, and of propor} block only, which support the roof of the innumerable other vestiges of the remotest the Singhalese of the present day, one is from the wonderful architects whose gigantic thich have so long set time and the destrucrors (the Christian Portuguese) at defiance. the colleges of Malwatté and Asgiri are in has one Arch Priest, called Maha Nayaka ed Anoo Nayaka Oomansé; and ten Nayakas ka Oonansé, one Deputy, or Anoo Nayaka he Lay Chiefs, or Basnaiké Nilamés of the Government. The former are appointed by Agent of Government for the province.
page 392.

Page 451
CHIAF
Sequel to the possession of Kandy-Person of the d reasons for the war with Kandy-Regalia of Kandy-Ha vant, and the Kandyan Adikar Eheylepola, by His Royal , importance of the relic, or tooth of Gautama Buddha, ceremonial of the restoration of the relic to the temple of from the Royal Artillery of the garrison–The Head Ci and on behalf of the Governor, Lieutenant General Sir relic-Mandelslok's account of certain sacred relics made idol of less importance in its sacred than in its political entrance of the Delada Malagawa-Zealotry-Stipendi and Demon worship in Ceylon-Earpenses of idolatrous f
THE possession of Kandy was followed b Empire, by the unanimous consent of Prie reception in the capital was of the most g native pomp and ingenuity could display, in from the most cruel and galling yoke tha Excellency and nis gallant followers; and, the dethroned despot was wont to issue his mutilation of limbs, the Governor conferre in affording assistance to the troops during
This triumph over a barbarous power, w defiance, and made wanton sport of human excruciating bodily torture upon his subje new pleasures in the invention and exercise days for the Kandyan nation; and the o by the capture of the King's mother and thin with a considerable treasure, by Major Ke 16th of that month, and soon afterwards by took place, and the entire island of Ceyl part of the British Empire.
* See pages 391, 392.

'... L II.
posed King-Bad policy of the Portuguese-Additional nors conferred upon the conquerors, the Head Ciril SerTighness the Prince Regent-Political humbug-Political ontrasted with that of the Trojan Palladium-limposing Delada Malagawa, or palace of the tooth, under a salute il Officer presents an offering to the temple in the name Robert Brownrigg, G. C. B.-Hypothesis respecting the from the tusks of an elephant of the King of Pegu-The 'haracter-Custody of the idol-Military sentinel at the ary priests of Buddha-Kandy the meridian of Buddhist
estivals borne by the Government.
by the formal annexation of it to the British sts, Chiefs, and People. The Governor's ratifying description; and every honor that the welcome of the deliverer of the nation it ever oppressed a people, was paid to His in that same “Hall of Audience” where mandates of death, privation of sight, and d honors and rewards upon the most active their advance upon the capital.
hich had long set every moral obligation at misery, regarding the infliction of the most :ts as mere pastime, and seeking only for of new brutalities, was the dawn of better 2cupation of Kandy having been followed ty seven other ladies of the Royal Zenanah, lly, at Mungallé Doboddagammé, on the that of the tyrant himself, the Convention it on formed, for the first time, an integral
t See Appendix, for the Convention.

Page 452
410 PRINCIPLE OF THE KANDYAN WAR
The judgment and determination of His Brownrigg,) in seizing the proper moment not based upon a solitary principle. So l island being restored to the Dutch, it mi with the Kandyans; but when, through the cils,—the energy of the then illustrious an home, -and the steady valour and transcen eternal admiration of his country and of the glorious a career of victory, this island was have been disgraceful to Sir Robert Brown as he had found it in 1812, in possessio possessions could never have been secure, sessed by a people who had at all times and when our retention of the coast was til enemy occupied the citadel.
In vain had the conquest of the interio by our Portuguese and Dutch predecessors had been repeatedly masters of the capita conquered all except the impregnable posit mountainous region, surrounded by imperv. only one man at a time, to that last refuge tuguese Governors could not have adopte commands in their army to Kandyans. ( conquest, ought surely to have been the s conquered; and it would have required b principal features of the Kandyans were 1 genous leopard-treachery and ferocity, a tunity of profiting by the one, or of gratify The deposed King, Sree Wickremé Rajal with a peculiarly keen and rolling eye, and to some opinions, “ stamped him at first sig others, of “unbridled passions." Of these in the fullest possession, that the colonial p spirit of prophecy in their judgment.
The ancient Royal crown of gold, and S together with the sceptre and throne of F

-THE PORTUGUESE-. KING OF KANI) Y.
Excellency the Governor, (Lieut. General to commence war upon just grounds, were ong as there was the smallest chance of the ght have been bad policy to have interfered wisdom which directed His Majesty's Cound gallant Prince who conducted the army at dant skill of the immortal Chief, who, to the world, had led that army through so long and confirmed to the Imperial Crown, it would rigg as a politician, if he had left Kandy n of the Malabar despot; for our maritime when the whole of the interior was pos
shown themselves unfriendly towards us; he mere possession of a fortress, whilst the
r been attempted for two or three centuries in the maritime provinces, although they l; at one period, indeed, the former had ion called Kandi Udda, in the centre of the ious jungles, and with secret approaches for of Kandyan independence:-but the Por:d a worse policy than they did by giving Dne of their very first considerations, after study of the national characteristics of the but little to have satisfied them, that the merely human imitations of their own indiis circumstances might give them an opporing their vengeance by the other.
h Singha, was a stout good-looking Malabar, a restlessness of manner, which, according ht as a person of irascible temper," and to : qualifications, he was so well known to be hysiognomists did not display any very great
word of state mounted with the same metal, Kandy were sent to His Royal Highness the

Page 453
KANDYAN REGALIA-HONORs con
Prince Regent, and arrived in England o that one of the highest compliments was transmission of the Royal standard of K in company with the Imperial eagles an Governor and Commander of the Forces Most Honorable Military Order of the Bath who was the bearer of his despatches, wit the Chief Singhalese Translator, Mr. D'Oy a few field officers with a step by Brevet; Adikar, although disappointed in his hope with the Prince Regent's portrait set with b pended from a magnificent gold chain.
The Governor's first object, after the C to ensure the fidelity of the Kandyans to that had been so bloodlessly achieved, by th which, being perfectly in accordance with was one of the most likely means to effect in view, although at the risk of future cens of Christian propriety in a British Governc The Kandyans attach as much importan Delada, or tooth of Gautama Buddha, (w specimen of the Homo Sapiens, to have diameter, the reputed size of the Delaa vation, if it be true that its original and n advent of Christ,) as the Trojans of old taining the same belief, that once in an ene
* This is not in accordance with Dr. Davy's account Doctor has given a drawing of its shape and size, the in circumference at the largest part.
t Its fabled fall from heaven before the tent of Ilus, precedence, in point of antiquity, by 631 years, to the the various relations of the original rescue of the latter f Priest, Moodliar George Nadoris de Zilvas's informatio whilst at Ava, and to whom I am obliged for the accoun of the Upasampada order, near Kossidera, in Hindoost to its expulsion by the Brahmins from Dantapoora, or ci
... is staff 1 ibibiroiae までr; 。 3

FERRED BY THE PhiNCE REGENT. 4 l l
h the 12th of October, 1815, the very day ublicly paid to the army in Ceylon, by the andy to be deposited in Whitehall Chapel, | colors taken at Waterloo. The gallant was honored with the Grand Cross of the and a Baronetcy; his son and Aid-de-camp, h the Brevet rank of Lieutenant Colonel ; ley, of the Civil Service, with a Baronetcy; and Eheylepola, the former Chief Kandyan of succeeding to the throne, was honored brilliants, to be worn round his neck, sus
onvention had been formally executed, was the new order of things and the conquest he adoption of a little political humbug; but the superstitious notions of the conquered, the ulterior object that His Excellency had sure for having exceeded the ordinary limits
).
ce to the possession of a sacred relic, called tho must have been a most extraordinary had a tooth two inches in length and one in a; and miraculous also has been its preseratural possessor died 543 years before the did to their statue of Pallas; - and, entermy's power, it involved the dominion of the
of the Delada, which he saw at Kandy in 1817; for the atter being about lit inch in length, and nearly an inch
whilst building the citadel of Ilium, B. C. l 174, gives it Kandyan Palladium, and of fiction also, notwithstanding om the funeral pile, (according to the converted High 1, which he derived from Pali works of great antiquity, : of it,) by one of Gautama Buddha's disciples, a priest n, B.C. 543, and its numerous escapes, subsequently to
y of the tooth, in the fourth ooogers so2 à »
F 2 ai ia sd, ho 9)ale sd, ho asraio9qe e ce

Page 454
412 POSSESSION AND POLITICAL
country, much greater importance was att the capture of the King and Royal Family, to show that we were equally as conscious dyans themselves; and an imposing cerem (which, spite of tradition, is thought by by others who have seen it, artificial) to th from which it had been removed during th
It was favored with the details of the Lyttelton, of the 73rd regiment, who was than which, no public spectacle could have shippers of Gautama Buddha, or, in some but, nevertheless, they may prove interesti “ 1. Eight large elephants with enormc several splendidly-dressed individuals.
2. The Maha Nayaka Oonansé, or Arch their saffron-colored robes.
3. One hundred and fifty priests in saffrc 4. A sacred image, covered with gold canopy over it.
5. Sixty banners, &c. of various colors. 6. Trumpets and tam-a-tams. 7. Devadasi, or dancing girls. 8. Adikar's whips, of great length, wit the thickness of several inches in circum Sensiviera Zeylanica, or bow-string hemp. Adikar's attendants precede him, and ma offenders against the law.
9. First Adikar, (Molligoddé,) but more Chiefs, in full state dress.
10. Two hundred principal Headmen, in ll. Ginjals, or grasshopper guns belong 12. Drums of the Ceylon regiments. 13. Five full-grown elephants, their tu elephant's tusks cased in pure gold, and c.
* A cot, suspended from a bamboo pole, as in t artist, as a specimen of the state of the art in Ceylon,)

MPORTANCE OF THE DELADA.
ached to our possession of it, than even to It was, therefore, considered sound policy of the political value of the relic as the Kannial was ordered for restoring the Palladium many to be an Ourang Outang's tooth, and, Delada Malagawa, or Palace of the Tooth, : army's advance upon the capital. procession, by Lieutenant William Henry present at the ceremonial, in April, 1815; been more gratifying to the idolatrous worrespects, more disgusting to Christians ;- ng to the reader. us tusks, richly covered, and attended by
Priest, supported by two young priests in
on-colored robes. procade and carried in a Muncheel," with a
hout handles, but gradually'tapering from ference to that of whip-cord, made of the - With these emblems of authority, the ke a tremendous cracking, as a warning to
properly Adikaaram, attended by numerous
full state dress. ing to the temples.
sks magnificently ornamented;-the centre arrying the Karandua, composed of several
e annexed plate, (from a colored drawing by a Kandyan
but more splendidly ornamented.

Page 455
PROCESSION OF THE RELEC-GOVER
splendidly ornamented and jewelled cases, tained. The elephants covered with cloth elephants carrying the attendants upon ti fans and umbrellas.
14. The Second Adikar, (Kappuwatté, state dress. . .
15. Six large elephants, magnificently sacred image. f :
16. Eheylepola on horseback, with a nun The procession extended upwards of a n which the temple of Delada Malagawa is sit to the soothsayers, “ the propitious momen of passing the intermediate time, moved rol Upon a second time reaching the temple, and returned by the Royal Artillery of the ga from the elephant's back by two servants c to prevent their breath from contaminating The priests then retired within the templ we were invited to enter.
Mr. D’Oyley, the Chief Commissioner fo to the Maha Nayaka Oonansé that “ h Governor to make an offering to the temple returned, bringing a most beautiful musica offering in the Governor's name -The b minutes, proved their high estimation of the as if by magic, the machinery was put in of Priests, Chiefs, and People, exceeded all The streets through which the processi sition and flowers, emblematic of purity; a plantain trees. The decorations of the te all concluded without the slightest accident
The square in front of the palace was dressed as dancing girls, were exhibiting in Be the relic what it may, traditions an flicting, and in a great degree incredible; (which is extraordinary, when contrasted

IOR'S OFFERING TO THE TEMPLE 413 : ، “ ۰ ، . چي ? '*' : ? ' + ؟ په “ ن . ن . ؤ ## : ;
n the innermost of which the relicis conof gold, and the two first and two last 2 centre elephant, bearing gold-mounted
with some hundreds of followers in full
overed and ornamented, each carrying a
erous and splendid suite. ile in length, and reached the palace in uate, about four P. M., but as, according had not arrived," the procession, by way und the grand square of the palace.
a salute was fired from the temple ginjals, rrison ; after which, the relic was removed if the temple, whose mouths were covered, the object of so much profound veneration. 2, which, after having put of our shoes!!
r the Kandyan Provinces, having intimated e was commissioned by His Ercellency the ," retired for a minute or two, and then | clock, which he formally presented as the irst of applause, which continued for some Governor's offering to the temple, but when, motion, the general expression of delight, belief, and beggars description. 。<演
on passed, were strewed with white compod the houses were ornamented with young mple were most beautifully arranged, and
luminated at night, and groups of boys, ill quarters." . Y:
opinions are as abundant as they are conhd if it were not for its reputed antiquity, with the fact, that the priests admit that

Page 456
414 HYPOTHESIS RESPECTING, AND MII
it was carried in procession for the first t perusal of Mandelsloh's Travels, venture stances, would not have been more remo tion respecting it, (reasoning upon the grou the rites and ceremonies of Buddha's worsh tooth of the God Buddha had been one o tusks of the celebrated elephant, upon wł the sixteenth century, advanced at the hea of Ava, his vassal, who had refused to do h The battle was for the possession of a W the former, who killed his uncle in single c. and the elephant of the King of Pegu, a greatest service during the combat, soon King, as an acknowledgment of the noble be manufactured of its tusks, and placed in The shape of the idols is not stated by m unreasonable to conclude, that some of the called the 'tooth of Buddha," of which, portance in the view of the Buddhist priest been transmitted to Ceylon, with some rig sacred and inestimable to the superstitious
This idol is of less importance in its sac upon the superstitious population; and a m object of the British Government in placing Kandyan Palladium is deposited, under the but as that object is founded on the sound by ambitious Chiefs, or discontented Priests, British dominion, there cannot be a safe under military surveillance, although this motives, such as doing honor to the Delad reign of idolatry.
The Government Agent has the custody or Karanduwa, in which the Delada is depc fied, that as Christianity extends, (and th
Mandelsloh's Tra

ITARY CUSTODY OF, THE DELADA
ime in 1775) ome might, upon a cursory an hypothesis which, under other circumte from the truth than the tales in circulands of the great existing analogy between ip in Ava and Ceylon,) that the supposed f the many articles manufactured from the ich the King of Pegu, about the middle of d of his army against his uncle, the King im homage. hite Elephant, and was decided in favor of ombat, in view of their respective armies: fter having rendered his Royal rider the afterwards fell dead at his feet, when the animal's merits, caused a variety of idols to
various Pagodas or temples. ly authority, but it would not have been m were made in imitation of a sacred relic, the original was of great interest and imhood, and that one of these imitations had marole story respecting it, to accredit it as devotee. red than in its political character and effect istaken notion appears to prevail, as to the the entrance of the Malagawa, where this sharge of a sentinel, from sunset till sunrise; policy of preventing its clandestine removal for the purpose of exciting rebellion against r plan than that now adopted of keeping it caution is erroneously attributed to other a, or tooth of Buddha, and supporting the
of the keys of the room, and of the cases, sited ; but the most sceptical may be satis
at it is on the increase in Ceylon, no one
vels into the Indies.

Page 457
PORTUGUESE PERSECUTION-ST
who will retrograde to the year 1815, and that period with the present, will doubt.) dread of the power of malignant demons gi now idolatrous Kandyans; and that in the c to keep the relic under military safeguard, t because it will cease to be regarded with t and supported, by superstition and ignoranc Nevertheless, we have some zealots wh extirpate Buddhism and the Hindoo worshi exercise of the rites of either within the system of toleration, but limiting the empl those only who may openly become apostat hypocrites, under the profession of Christia capable of assuming the office of “persec either the Dutch or Portuguese model, it w the possession of the Kandyan kingdom, Chiefs, and People, under the falsest and Dutch system had obtained, if general op of apostates, in the one sense, or of hypo under Government.
The Government allows a monthly stipe to two Maha Nayaka Oonansés and to two in money and paddee; and to the remaind oil, or a commutation in money for these art at from £150 to £200 per annum, and the of temple landst to about 25,000 parahs according as the price of the latter may be
Kandy is the meridian of the medley of at Ceylon; but as I have no pretensions Buddhism, or the incarnations of Vishnu, e) copiously afford, I would beg leave to ref elaborate work; and, for the most correct Portuguese and Dutch in Ceylon, to their country who have availed themselves of suc
* See the 4th and 5th Clauses of the Kandyan Con

PENDIARY BUDDHST PRIESTS. 415
contrast the state of the churches there at the native superstition will diminish; the adually cease to overawe the minds of the ourse of time it will be no more expedient han the Druidical remains of Stonehenge, he reverence originally implanted, reared,
e. o would adopt the Portuguese system to p in Ceylon, by absolutely prohibiting the British dominions Others, for the Dutch oyment of natives in the Public Service to es to their own religion, and very probably nity but if the British Government were utor for religion’s sake,” and of adopting "ould merit the charge of having obtained by the full and free consent of Priests, basest pretences; and, as far as the old inion may be credited, there was no lack crites, in the other, for the sake of office
and to forty two Buddhist priests; namely, officiating priests at the Delada Malagawa, 2r in paddee, with a proportion of salt and cles. The total expense may be estimated remission of the tenth part of the produce of paddee, or from £1250 to £1500 more, in the market. Buddhist and Demon worship that obtains to an acquaintance with the dogmas of :cept that which the “Asiatic Researches" er the curious upon such points to that accounts of the original possessions of the national authors; or to those of our own 1 original information, and have long since
rention, in the Appendix. it see page 272.

Page 458
416 GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS FOF
exhausted that subject so far as to leave tracting from their voluminous works: of as I have also done of official and pri Kandyan festivals.'
The chief festival is that of the Perrahe and as this is announced to take place whe favorable time for commencing it, all pe the various articles required for the celebr send in their tenders to the Government to the procession,-For articles for the canopy bearers over the relic-For Walliy raherras at thirteen outstations !!!" But in splendour the restoration of the relic to Everything emanating from the Governi to idolatry, militates against the Gospel O former, with the Pagan part of the popula a source, and could not otherwise contraai heathen festivals, on the part of a Chris of the names and titles of Buddhist and in succession to the Ecclesiastical, Civil, in the Calendar, annually published by , and for ever.
4 See, The expenses of this and of the other festivals Government, without incurring a breach of saith und when the rebellion of 1817 was put down by force of a had not been taken advantage of by the British Go Convention, upon the grounds that a breach of it b abrogate it altogether.
But the Colonial Government did not show any matter, in 1819; for, not satisfied with issuing a Procl an undoubted right to do, upon the grounds of preventi depotic power of preventing proprietors of land from a sanction of the Government. Now, is a power were t tions, or assignments of lands to religious purposes, wit to conceive the excitement so arbitrary a measure woul the result of it.

SUPPLIES TO PAGAN TEMPLES
nothing for others to relate, except by exthese, I have occasionally availed myself, rate accounts of the observances of the
rra, or 'Cutting of the Water ceremonial;" the Royal Astrologers have ascertained the rsons desirous of contracting for supplying tion, are invited by beat of tam-a-tam.' to Agent; "t viz. “ For oil and cloth for lights Delada Malagawa and four Dewalés,-For akun, or devil dancing-and for the Per. none of these processions can possibly excel
the Delada Malagawa in 1815. ment, in the slightest degree complimentary f Christ, whilst it gives importance to the tion, which it ought not to derive from such d; and therefore, all contributions to the tian Government, as well as the insertion Devil Priests, and Lay Chiefs of temples, and Judicial Establishments of the island, Authority, ought to be abandoned at once
Appendix.
may surely be dispensed with on the part of a Christian r the Convention of 1816; and it is to be deplored, that ms in the following year, the then most favorable moment 'ernment either to annul the objectionable clauses in that ad originated with the Kandyan Conventionalists, or to
particular fastidiousness about the Convention in another imation for a registry of the Temple lands, which it had g imposition upon the Public Revenue, it assumed the signing their property to the temples, without the express be assumed in Great Britain or Ireland, to prevent donaout a license from the Government, it is not very difficult create, although it may be beyond one's power to predict

Page 459
CHAP
Eartraordinary facts elicited after taking possession of at the time Major Davie capitulated in 1803-Secret ser tion as to the true state of Kandyan resources-Pilané T British Government his dupe-Prince Mootto Sawmé-P and breaks it-British troops, with few erceptions, massa a much less force, marched from Batticaloa, took Kana first object after the conquest of Kandy in 1815-Road intination of Ekeylepola's intended treachery-His info of S. D. Wilson, Esq., by Veddahs-Rebellion of 1817-7 East India Company's auriliary troops-Recovery of t. Governor's triumphant return to Colombo-Incipient ret origin of the rebellion of 1817-War cry of the 19th : domestie habits and manner-Agriculture-Climate of Minute-Garrison of Kandy-Public Departments-Ci qualification for tenure of lands-Suggestions to capitali Suggestions for a farm for supplying cured and salted pr Province-Conclusion.
The British troops had been but a very s late kingdom of Kandy, ere attention was di been elicited after particular inquiry, and v (Molligoddé,) that at the time Major Dav the Royal store of gunpowder did not exc Kandyan arms were inferior, in point of eff European rabble.
It appears almost a mystery, how the vinces, considering that it displayed no : “secret service money," could have been s state of the Kandyan population, military have proved it to have been.
To what purpose then, was the very natu from 1796 to 1803, been appropriated? reports in the colony, that for the interv island to the melancholy and disgraceful ca. at Wattépolowa, after having ceded Kandy
3

, LIII.
Kandy in 1815, respecting the King's military resources ice money-Deplorable consequences of want of informaalawé, apparently a traitor to his sovereign, makes the lamé Talavé enters into an armistice with Major Davne, cred in detail-Captain Arthur Johnston, in 1804, with y, and reached Trincomalé with little loss-Governors 's-Ekeylepola-Willian Tolfrey, Esq., receives private "mation treated with contempt-Consequences-Murder "he Pretender-Critical position of the army-Honorable ke relic-Military casualties-Fate of the rebel Chiefsellions in 1834 and 1842-Faithless Princes-Supposed regiment-The Kandyans-Kandyan arts and sciences, Kandy-Government Clerks and Headmen-Governor's tadel-Atgaillé-Neuwara Eliya potatos-Caste no dissts-Rest-houses-Indigenous iron, alum, and saltpetrevisions to shipping-Area and population of the Central
hort time in possession of the capital of the lrawn to the extraordinary facts, which had vere fully corroborated by the First Adikar, ie capitulated, on the 24th of June, 1803, eed 750 lbs avoirdupois, and that the best ciency, to those of any temporarily excited
British Government of the maritime prohiggardly economy in the expenditure of o deplorably ignorant, at the time, of the orce, and resources, as subsequent events
ral question, had the secret service money, Are we to believe, or doubt, in 1843, the ening seven years from the cession of the amity that befel Major Davie's detachment by capitulation, the secret service money
G

Page 460
48 PRINCE MOOTTO SAWMIE PRO
was not employed as the public had been very different nature and complexion to Government had so liberally allowed it in t to be regretted want of information, eithe place, or the treacherous breach of it, a Davie's detachment, would not have been between that eventful period and the con endeavours to bring the then reigning desp It may scarcely be necessary to state he acquainted with, that after the cession of war with the French Republic and Empil acquisitions furnished a pretty specimen of war with the King of Kandy, a mere pu (Pilamé Talawé,) who had previously set asi heir to the throne, but whose claim to it w That Prince having fled to the British there was not, for a time, the slightest in crown, nor until the war had commence it was determined to place Mootto Sawn excluded. Kandyvas takea, and the Princi been invested with the title and in possess dowall and the Second Adikar entered into to the position of a pensioner, delivering Government, and investing Pilamé Talaw
The Great Prince. An armistice having been concluded, Ma with the greater part of the British force; be his best policy to adhere to the fugitive the royal favor, broke the armistice, by a gallant defence, hoisted a flag of truce, retaining his small arms and baggage, and polowa, a demand was made for the surre the garrison. This was at first resisted, faith was broken in a dastardly manner, a The British troops were then required to exceptions, were massacred by twos and
** --**** * álké s iš Viks اد ند هف بهi ف فاً به

LAIMED KING-MAJOR DAVIE.
led to believe, but for secret services of a he political purposes for which the Home he Colonial expenditure 2-But for this ever the capitulation might never have taken ld subsequent dreadful massacre of Major so long unrevenged; mor the twelve years, guest of Kandy, have been thrown away in pt to a treaty of amity and commerce. e, what the reader is perhaps already well he Dutch possessions in Ceylon, during the e, the arrangements for governing the new lobbing; the result of which was a disastrous ppet in the hands of a powerful minister, de Prince Mootto Sawmé, the alleged lawful as far from being clearly established.
settlements, was hospitably received; but tention of supporting his pretensions to the d with the King of Kandy;-then, indeed, hé upon the throne from which he had been e became a nominal King; but had scarcely on of the palace, ere Major General Macnegociations for reducing the new sovereign up Rajah Singha to the care of the British é with sovereign power, under the title of
or General Macdowall returned to Colombo but Pilamé Talawé, thinking it, after all, to Rajah, and to further ingratiate himself in tacking Kandy, where Major Davie, after a and then capitulated, upon the condition of etiring unmolested to Colombo. At Watténder of Mootto Sawmé, who accompanied but ultimately complied with; the national nd Mootto Sawmé given up and murdered march back to Kandy; but all, with few hrees, en route to the city, where also 120
:ل ، نه ه هنرپناه با ۴ مه ده ده، به مه ۷ف ما مد نه دادند ده نه فهٔ با
E.

Page 461
CAPTAIN JOHNSTON MARCHES
of their sick comrades, for whose good himself, were murdered in their beds in th In 1804, the gallant Captain Arthur J to none in the annals of Ceylon for the officer, marched from Batticaloa to Trinc detachment, not exceeding, officers incluc ments which the King of Kandy and the table band, reached his destination with a had thus, by his skill and intrepidity, c example, inspired the brave troops unde of sufferings, hardships, and privations, as
in any part of the world.
These are irrefragable facts, and whils conduct of the former Commandant of strong arm of death prevented that office of clearing it to the satisfaction of his c instead of leaving his fame and honor as
To revert to the year 1816:-One of execution of the convention, by His Exc advantages which that treaty had confi Engineers, who were selected from the o lished for the formation of substantial m of the country; the improved state of v fulfilment of the pledges given by the Cor may be more correctly estimated from H 1816, than from any other account of it But whilst so much was being done for arrangements, and for facilitating comme relinquish the merciful government of a sanguinary rule of the Malabar dynasty.; operations upon the line of road from Col side of the island, the connexion of the for establishing the means of transport be north-east or south-west monsoons might
* Of His Majesty's Malay Regiment, See 3

HROUGH KANDY TO TRINCOMALE. 419
treatment the Kandyan minister had pledged he hospital!!! ohnston, of the 19th regiment, who is second bravery and cool determination of a British pmalé, taking Kandy en passant, with a Small led, 150 men; and, spite of all the impedinature of the country opposed to his indomivery inconsiderable loss. Captain Johnston overcome every obstacle; and by his noble r his command with a persevering endurance severe as ever tried the fortitude of a soldier
t they speak volumes against the inexplicable Kandy, it is greatly to be deplored, that the r (Major Davie') from having an opportunity :ountry, before a Court of his military peers, a soldier to the mercy of every historian.
the most important objects, after the formal ellency the Governor, bad been to secure the med; and working parties, under Assistant fficers of the several regiments, were estabilitary roads and bridges through every part which, as regards matters connected with the rvention with the Chiefs, Priests, and People, is Excellency's Address of the 20th of May,
the Kandyan people, by fiscal and judicial :rce, a desire was manifested on their part to , Christian power, in order to revert to the and, for a time, rebellion impeded the chief ombo on the west, to Trincomalé on the east se two ports being of paramount importance, tween them, when interrupted by sea, as the respectively prevail.
now Her Majesty's Ceylon Rifle Regiment. Appendix.
с 2

Page 462
420 EHEYLEPOLA'S TREACHERY-NA
The treacherous Eheylepola, upon whi two Adikars private audiences, on the 18t high and honorable appointment of Madu or Lascoreens who possess lands for the (King's villages,) and who had doubtlessly no sort of encouragement in any such antic but ever professing it his greatest pride to be secretly fomented an extensive rebellion, w specious appearances of loyalty, and of de' So great, indeed, was the Governor's c to the British nation, that when His Exc comalé, Eheylepola and his armed retinue at this very time, when the Governor was if his plans had been a little nearer maturi he would have availed himself of that powe who had succeeded Mr. D'Oyley as Chief daily receiving anonymous but friendly Ole projected rebellion, and the Governor's ( Eheylepola. But although Mr. Tolfrey fort Secretary, and laid before him the anonym mations were treated with the contempt th not equally so in political matters, as fabri himself was thought scarcely less than a light; but his original impression was da the interior; and, fortunately, in the ir timely warnings of the danger that awaite The absolute disregard of Mr. Tolfre the Secret and Political Department, had the Public Service, of which, he was an ol had been for a long time occupied in tra constituticnally of a melancholy turn of 1 driven him to madness, ended in death.
The rebellion soon afterwards broke display of insurrection by armed Weddahs, Douglas Wilson, Esq., with their arrows, to which he had advanced unarmed; and

ROW ESCAPE OF THE GOVERNOR.
m, the Governor, after giving him and the March, 1816, had publicly conferred the é Gankam Lekam, (Chief of regular soldiers r service) with Pali vahala Gabadu Gam, xpected the vacant throne, but had received pations, brooding over his blighted ambition, onsidered the friend of the British Government, hilst he masked his proceedings by the most 'otion to the changes that had taken place. onfidence in this man, and in his gratitude ellency, with Lady Brownrigg, visited Trinformed their principal escort of honor; and, completely in that Chieftain's power, (and cy, there can scarcely exist a doubt but that r) Mr. William Tolfrey of the Civil Service, Singhalese Translator to Government, was is from loyal natives of the interior, of the langer, through the intended treachery of hwith communicated his fears to the Deputy nous grounds for entertaining them, the intiey would have deserved in private life, but cations, by way of a hoax; and Mr. Tolfrey , lunatic for viewing them in a more serious ily strengthened by reiterated cautions from terim, the Governor had himself received
him. f's communications by the official Head of a fatal effect, and involved a serious loss to l, zealous, and efficient officer. Mr. Tolfrey islating the Scriptures into Singhalese, was aind, and the excitement, which had at first
out extensively. It commenced by a partial who murdered my esteemed friend Sylvester whilst stooping to wash his face in a rivulet, from that moment, every day brought intel

Page 463
REBELLION OF 18 7-A PRETEN
ligence of the revolt of province after pro against us, except the Three Korles, Foul of Saffregam, adjoining the Kaltura, Galle, A Pretender, a Malabar, and formerly a brother-in-law of Eheylepola, named Kapp the conspicuous head of the rebellion. T of note, except the First Adikar and a fe Adikar, (Kappuwatté,) were the secret abet At one time, the position of our brave army, exhausted with fatigue, privation, an if His Excellency's official reports of it w show how much suffering and privation undergo for their country's honor.
Fortunately, dissentions among the reb troops from the Honorable East India Com soon altered the complexion of affairs; been taken, and the relic restored to th established in October, 1818.
It is invariably the first object of the F possess themselves of the Delada. In 181 its security, it was clandestinely removed rebellion; and its subsequent recovery by greater importance towards the restorati the capture of the rebel Chiefs; and in 1834, the first object of the disaffected w fortunately for the peace of the interior, til watchful energy of the Agent of Governm appointments he had either himself conferr Medical officers in the field estimated the from disease,) at one fifth of the whole; thousand. Kappitipola and another Chief Talawé banished to the Mauritius. The resorted to every possible mode of haras tact in Guerilla warfare.
* This Chief was the son of the old traitor Pilamé 803, who was subsequently hanged for treason in 1812.

ER-TRANQUILLITY RESTORED. 42
vince, till the whole kingdom was arrayed Korles, Yattineura, Oudineura, and a part Matura, and Hambantotté districts. priest, was acknowledged as king; and the tipola, the Dessave of Ouva, made himself his man was joined by almost every Chief w others; but Eheylepola, and the Second tors of Kappitipola and his colleagues. ind veteran Governor, and his gallant little d sickness, was extremely precarious; and ere now before public review, they would British officers and soldiers can cheerfully
els, and the opportune arrival of auxiliar" pany's Presidencies of Bengal and Madras, and Kappitipola and other Chiefs having e Delada Malagawa, tranquillity was re
(andyans, in their attempts at repellion, to 7, notwithstanding the great care taken for by the priests connected with the incipient our gallant troops was considered of far on and maintenance of tranquillity than the last fruitless attempt at rebellion, in as to possess themselves of the relic; but, ey were defeated, through the active and 2nt, and fidelity of certain priests, whose 2d, or been instrumental in obtaining.
loss of the army, from casualties, (chiefly and that of the rebels from ten to fifteen were beheaded, and the arch rebel Pilamé Kandyans never came to open action, but sing our troops, and showed considerable
Talawé, the chief actor in the massacre of our troops in
سمتمم

Page 464
422 THE GOVERNOR'S TRIUMPH
The Governor, who had never relinquish ing re-established (as the result of 25 year has proved) permanent tranquility in the was received with the highest honors tha Pacificator of Kandy.
Although it is not generally known in th since an attempt was in contemplation to vernment, and indeed every European, a the flooding of the Mavali-Ganga, with a vi such an attempt would have failed in the much injury and bloodshed must have e been disregarded; and, so far, the system good policy, and the same system may hav Roman Catholic priesthood elsewhere.
History has recorded so many instances Princes of India, that it is almost incred observance of it, on their part, for a mom of such a faithless race; and the Kandy worthier of confidence than they were in 1 like nature than the leopard its spots; and to be the Kandyan still, if ever a favorable Various were the grounds assigned for til it had originated in a misunderstanding, the people of the two countries; and that c and to the courtesies due to, and expec. priesthood, (whose saffron-colored robes an and ridicule,) had passed both these high respect to either.
This feeling of offended dignity was in querors towards the conquered; and the
* “The Kandyans again begin to make a disturb Veddah Ratte : in the latter place, more than 4000 Ve the Kandyans have purchased 300 guns from the ba days ago, saying that his brother is sick at Madawaleten direction, supposed to join them; most part of the low c 1842. Ceylon Herald.

ANT RETURN TO COLOMBO.
ed the command during the rebellion, havs' experience, with very trifling exceptions,
interior, returned to Colombo, where he it every class and caste could show to the
is country, scarcely eight years have elapsed murder the Governor, the Agent of Gond to fire the bridge of Paradenia during ew to cut off a retreat from Kandy That grand point, there is scarcely a doubt, but nsued, had the warning of friendly priests of paying a certain number may have been e an equally potent effect, if tried upon the
of the worse than Punic faith of the native ible how any British officer can expect the ent longer than it may suit the convenience an Chiefs of the present day are not at all 803, for they can no more change their catthe Kandyan of that date will prove himself opportunity present itself." he rebellion of 1817; amongst others, that or ignorance, of the ranks and customs of ur soldiers, being strangers to the language, :ed by, the Kandyan Chiefs, and Buddhist d shaven heads they regarded with contempt ranks without deigning to pay the slightest
creased by the general hauteur of the conChiefs failed not to urge this on the people
ance. They intend, I hear, to begin from Badulla and ddahs are collected with bows and arrows; within a week, zaar here; a native proctor in Kandy left his house some ié, but instead of going to his country, he went to another ountry people have left the place."-Kandy, 13th Marck,

Page 465
WATTEPOLOWA-BASIS OF THE F.
until the feeling burst out into absolute reb the former, led to disgust on the part of ti pomp and splendour, which, from time in associate with, and regard as inseparable frc It Was but matural that our gallant soldi. companions in arms, with others of the massacred at Wattépolowa, in 1803, whilst lation entered into by their commanding offi moreover, recollecting that 120 of their com in the hospital, should feel dissatisfied at revenged. The wonder is, that humanity sc allow the life of a single Kandyan to be spa selves by paying respect to Chiefs, known to The basis of the former Government of th and classification of the population, and con in regard to judicial and fiscal matters; an own lands, in return for their services in su in their respective provinces and districts, o
The Kandyans, or Ceylon Highlanders, lands, or maritime districts, are naturally h fatigue, and very independent in their notic tion of personal service in 1832; prior to although the Chiefs themselves were for the thens, the people had had grounds for di services and labour, (occasionally exceedir liable to under the Malabar dynasty,) and v ancient customs of the country, or the claim dyan women, too, surpass in beauty and figu As regards the arts and sciences among t ners, they continue unchanged since the plain-sailing and accurate account of them, agriculture is improving, by the force of
* “WATTEPoLowa" subsequently became their war cr Kandyans, of from 10,000 to l8,000, between the comr in the following year, was some atonement to the manes C regiments, massacred in Kandy in 1803.

DRMER GOVERNMENT OF KANDY. 423
ellion. Infringement upon the honors of he latter, who are naturally fond of official hmemorial, they have been accustomed to im, the possession of authority and power.
2rs, particularly of the 19th, whose brave 23rd and 51st regiments, had been bas.cly in full confidence that the terms of capitucer would have been strictly observed; and, trades had been basely murdered in their beds Kandyan treachery having been so slightly far prevailed with the 19th regiment as to red; not that they could not degrade them
have been actors in that dreadful tragedy.
e Kandyans was the distribution of the lands sequently the Chiefs possessed all the power d these were exempted from taxes for their perintending the public duties of the people ver whom, their influence was unbounded.
a superior race of men to those of the lowardy, capable of long abstinence and great ons, since their chains fell off by the aboliwhich period, it must be confessed, that : most part exempted from the public burscontent, from the incessant calls for their g the duties which they had formerly been which had been enforced, regardless of the is and condition of individuals.--The Kantre, their sisters of the maritime provinces.
nem, and their domestic habits and manperiod that Captain Robert Knox wrote his in the year 1681. In some points, their English example, and the introduction of
y in the execution of ample vengeance. The loss of the hencement of the rebellion in 1817, and its termination f the officers and soldiers of the 19th, 23rd, and 51st

Page 466
424 TEMPERATURE AT KANDY-PU
useful exotics, particularly the potato, in system of sugar planting originally introdu Kandy, on the opposite bank of the river, here that the first arrack still, for supplyin; The mean daily variation of the tempera of Fahrenheit's thermometer from 66 to S healthy as any part of Europe; nevertheles Government Clerks and native Headmen C continued unabated from 1815 to 1820, th issue the Minute of which a copy is subjoin bantotté fever, which generated skulking,
The Garrison of Kandy consists of the Regiment of the Line and of the Ceylon ) and Engineers.
The Ecclesiastical duties are discharget ones by a District Judge. Inferior District principal places in the province; namely, Neuwara Eliya, in the Eastern Circuit of t The Revenue Department of this Provin ment, who has an Assistant at each of the f Madawallatenné, and Neuwara Eliya.
The citadel of Kandy, situate on One-tre military post, about 8 miles from Kandy on on a commanding eminence) by signals; importance. From Atgallé, the mountair
See * ۔
it “Experience having shown, that although during ployed in the interior became, from fatigues and privati the Kandyan Provinces is in general as salubrious as tha no longer admit of any excuses from persons in the emp whom he may promote to situations in the Kandyan Pr than in the offices in the maritime districts, against pri ordered, but such persons will be, in the event of refusin tion or rank they may have held, and be considered disq departments in the maritime provinces will explain thi employed under them, and its rules are to be consid
Government from any one part of the island to another
See

BLIC DEPAR IMENTS-CITADEL.
to general cultivation, and by the regular ced at Kondesalé, about four miles from he scite of an ancient royal palace. It was g the troops, was established in 1816. ture at Kandy is 6', and the annual range 6"; the climate is quite delightful, and as s, so great was the dread entertained by the f being employed in Kandy, and which had at it became expedient for the Governor to 2d,t as the best cure for that species of Hamwhen their services were most in request. Head Quarters, and a few companies of a Rifle Corps, with a proportion of Artillery
i by a Colonial Chaplain, and the Judicial Judges are stationed at each of the other at Madawallatenné, Matellé, Badulla, and he Supreme Court of Judicature.
ce is superintended by an Agent of Governollowing places,–Kandy, Badulla, Maletté,
e Hill, communicates with Atgallé (a strong the Trincomalé road, and beautifully situate
and, during the rebellion, it was of great ls of Hellemoetté are distinctly seen over
page 34. the period of active operations in 1818, the troops emous, naturally subject to disease, yet that the climate of at of the maritime districts, the Lieutenant Governor will ploy of Government, either as Clerks or native Headmen, 'ovinces, of which the pay has been fixed at higher rates oceeding forth with on their appointment to the destination g the office proposed, absolutely dismissed from any situaualified for further service under Government.-Heads of is Minute distinctly to the Clerks and native Headmen ared equally applicable to the removal of the servants of for the public advantage. May 10th, 1820." page 29.

Page 467
ATGALLE-s A STE, NO BA R T
the Balané mountain, and the prospect, the bold and romantic highlands over a b one perpetual spring and harvest, is wort and of a Gaspar Poussin.
Atgalle was the third place where the cu turnip, which had been introduced into k but although the produce exceeded that potatos grown at Neuwara Eliya have provi to all others grown in the island. Exce back as 1816; and, when compared with a was found to excel it both in weight and fil As caste is no disqualification for the acq it is only liable to an assessment of one tent Peninsula are commonly assessed at one th ment for the agricultural classes of the settlers in the island; and capitalists might repair of tanks, by which immense tracts reclaimed and rendered productive. At are rigorously imposed; but the landhold their labour, in the best market that offers In regard to Rest-Houses, the only a few pages devoted to that purpose in the the traveller; and I have myself been mu fit to lodge one's horse, which are thereir ticular, at Kornegalle, where the Agent the Rest-House for travellers into a stable shall have taken this matter into its fa Houses in several places of the Interior, be constantly exposed to destruction by wi Calendar be known only by the site they
The plan I adopted in the Mahagam advantage to the public; and that was, rest-houses, to report their condition every was prevented, at a very trifling cost to th Iron, alum, and saltpetre are found ir twenty two places in the island which are :
3

) PROPRJETORSHIP F LAND. 425
like the generality of Kandyan views, from eautiful and fertile country, where there is hy of the pencil, both of a Salvator Rosa,
ture of the potato, cabbage, cauliflower, and andy and Badulla in 1815, was successful; of the latter places in size and quality, the 2d superior in size and farinaceous properties lent wheat was also grown at Atgallé so far second supply of seed wheat from Bengal,
}ՅՈԹSS .
uisition of landed property in Ceylon, where h of the produce, while those on the Indian ird or one half, surely there is ample induceMalabar and Coromandel coasts to become ; employ their money advantageously in the of excellent but now waste lands would be resent, the high rates of Indian assessment ers are at full liberty to make the most of
ccounts published of the roads being the Ceylon Calendar, are calculated to mislead lch annoyed at finding mere sheds, scarcely styled “ Rest-Houses;" and once in parof Government had actually transformed for his own horses. Until the Government orable consideration, the temporary Restand Northern and Eastern Provinces, will hite ants, and the places mentioned in the reviously occupied. attoo district, might be made general with for the Headmen of the villages adjoining week, and thus, by timely care, dilapidation
public. this province; and Dr. Davy enumerates amous for nitric caves.
H

Page 468
426 BENEFTTS DERIVED FROM
The beneficial effects arising from the K importance, and justified the sacrifices whi of them; and it may be anticipated, that rapidly develope their resources, and amp interior, Ceylon could never have been a c
Having already suggested * the forma farm, by way of a model to Kandyan fa ment of another at Neuwara Eliya, for sa provinces, and for supplying the Royal N. touching at Ceylon.
The superficies of the Central Provinc agreeably to the Census taken in 1835, w the square mille, 54.5l ; viz.
Whites, including Military and their families Free Blacks, ditto ditto ... . . . . Slaves ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aliens and resident strangers ..................
Of these, there were employed in agricu in commerce, 8531. The marriages, in th deaths, 1598; leaving a surplus in favor of
We have now the whole of this magnif as far as human foresight can anticipate, an adequate defensive force. But whilst duplicity, treachery, and stratagem, our ch which is the strongest and firmaest suppo which is founded upon humanity and justic country, or color, may have made our depe with education and religious toleration, the improvement of agriculture, and the great resources of this incomparable elok tuity of the British Government.
* See pag

THE KANDYAN TERRITORY
andyan territories, have already proved their :h were necessarily made to retain possession a vigilant and enlightened Government will ly prove, that without the command of the olony either valuable or safe.
;ion of a central agricultural and grazing rmers, I strongly recommend the establishting and curing provisions for the maritime avy in the Indian seas, and merchant ships
e is 3016 square miles, and the population, is 164,4ll, making the average number to
ALES 72MAL2S. TOTA
to so ee e 900 304 l,204
85,822 72,170 57,992
p q ) : un 49 g e ar e - Y 687 694 38
8 ) a 4 8 9 op ar A. Y ve 8 8 M. 8 P 3834
l644 l
liture, 84,727 in manufactures, 3931; and te year 1835, were 1841; births, 2508; and
the population of the province, of 9F0.
icent country in our possession, and secure, by splendid mihitary roads, and, let us hope, we continue ever watchful against Kandvan ief reliance should be upon that moral power rt of empire; and our soundest policy, that 2 towards all, whom the accident of conquest, ndants. These, co-existing and co-operating he encouragement of the arts and sciences, gradual developement of the natural and my, will insure both the stability and perpe
es 1 l 1, 177.

Page 469
PAST AND PRESENT CONDITION
The rising generation of Kandyans, pro time, lose the treacherous characteristics loses its spines by cultivation; and, upo benign, just, and merciful sovereign, with guinary Malabar despots, with whom, ur trial, the fiat of the sovereign condemned and a bold contempt of every just and mor dispensed with the necessity of accusation, uncharged with the least offence, and in rejoice in the blessings they enjoy and that they are as imperishable as the po exempt from their former precarious ct could only be hoped for at the risk of re. of civil war.

OF THE KANDYANS-(`ONCLUSION 42
fiting by the benefits of education, may, in of their forefathers, as the wild orange tree contrasting their own happy lot, under a that of their ancestors under a race of Sanproved suspicion usurped the place of fair l to death instead of the decision of justice, al principle set at naught every public duty,
and chose helpless and innocent women, ants incapable of crime, for their victims, :an bequeath to their posterity, confident wer which confers them, and are wholly ondition, when even a temporary change bellion, and all the dreadful consequences

Page 470
C O R. R. G
Page 3, line 4, for only could, read could only
45,
S,
t0,
62,
64,
7S,
228,
lo, for is, read include 23, for Gri, read Gre
4, for 815, read l8l4 19, for to belong wo, read or belong to 79, for and deputy unspector at £S4 10s. 2l, for precipitate, read precipitant 17, for lactera, read Cachew 25, for which river separates this part of river intersects the northernmost 32, for during my residence in the island, no European officers were killed 10, for incubation, read laying

&c., read in addition to Qther emoihments of £84 los
the Northern from the Eastern Province, read whici. part of the Eastern Province read; but, although, during my residence in the isjand, , several had very narrow escapes, &c. &c.

Page 471
APPE
THE CHARTEF
Referred to in
WILLIAM the Fourth, by the grace of God, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith Greeting.
Recital of Letters 1. WHEREAS his late r Patent. Charters and Letters Patent Great Britain and Ireland, b teenth day of April in the year of our Lord one of August in the year of our Lord one thousan of October in the year of our Lord one thousan his said late Majesty's Settlements of the island thereof a certain Court called the Supreme Co certain other Court called the High Court of App other provisions for the due And ameration of Territories, and Dependenci the Kandyan Pro- of the said several Charters vinces. in the interior of the said isla
Kandyan Provinces of the is to His Majesty, whereby t And of Power re- has become and now is part served in the former provided by each and every Charters for repeal- that nothing therein respect ing them. under the authority thereo construed to extend to preve from making such further orother provision for t Settlements and Territories in the said island of ( will and pleasure and as circumstances might req fully and absolutely and to all intents and purpc

ND IX.
: o F JUSTICE,
pages 52, 53.
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain , to all to whom these presents shall come,
najesty King George the Third, by three several under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of earing date respectively at Westminster the eighthousand eight hundred and one, the sixth day ld eight hundred and ten, and the thirtieth day d eight hundred and eleven, did establish within of Ceylon and the Territories and Dependencies urt of Judicature in the island of Ceylon, and a eal in the island of Ceylon, and did make certain administratio o justice in the said Settlements, 2s. And whereas since the day on which the last and Letters Patent bears date, a certain Territory ld of Ceylon, called the Kingdom of Kandy, or the land of Ceylon, hath become and now is subject he whole island of Ceylon with its Dependencies of His Majesty's dominions. And whereas it is
of the said several Charters and Letters Patent vely contained, or any Act which should be done respectively, should extend or be deemed or nt his said late Majesty his Heirs and Successors he administration of justice throughout the said Deylon with their Dependencies, at his and their uire, his scid late Majesty meaning and intending ses whatsoever to reserve to Himself his Heirs

Page 472
ii. THE CHARTE)
and Successors such and the same rights and po and Dependencies, and every part thereof, anc therein, and all other matters and things in and provided for, as if the said several Charters a therein contained or any Li Necessity for a new the contrary in anywise no Charter. make more general and m
justice in the said Island upon full consideration of Old Charters re- mere motion, have thought pealed. and annul each and every revocation to take effect a mentioned) this our Charter will come into opere
Recital of subor- 2. And whereas in the se diniate Courts. there now are several Court of Original Jurisdiction to t known respectively by the names and titles of Magistrates, the Court of the Judicial Commissic of the Agents of Government, the Revenue Co the Mahabadde, And whereas such Courts diffe tion, of their rules of procedure, and of the ki exercise within the limits ( Such Courts abol- know ye that We, upon ful ished. to direct ordain and appoin
of the Sitting Magistrates, said Court of the Judicial Agent, the said Courts Courts, and the said Court of the Sitting Magistr hereby respectively abolished, such abolition to hereinafter mentioned) this our Charter will come
Reciting Courts 3. "And whereas the Gove of Appellate Juris- the said Court of the Juc diction. Appellate Jurisdiction for th
in the Kandyan Provinces called the Minor Courts of Appeal, and certain ( Revenue Cases, have hitherto exercised an Appe
in certain cases arising in Uncertainly thence whereas the existence of s. arising. said Island tends to introd

R OF JUSTICE. APPENDIX.
wers in and over the said Settlements, Territories, i especially touching the administration of justice by the said several Charters and Letters Patent nd Letters Patent had not been made, any thing aw Custom Usage matter or thing whatsoever to otwithstanding. And whereas ut is expedient tij lore effectual provision for the administration of and its Dependencies. Now know ye that We,
the premises and of our certain knowledge and fit to revoke and annul, And We hereby revoke
of the said Charters and Letters Patent, such it and from after the time when (as hereinafter tion in our said Island.
veral Districts and Provinces of the said Island s appointed to administer justice by the exercise he inhabitants of the said Districts and Provinces. phe Provincial Courts, the Courts of the Sitting ner, the Court of the Judicial Agent, the Courts urts, and the Court of the Sitting Magistrate of r among themseives in respect of their constituinds and degrees of the jurisdictions which they of their respective Districts or Provinces, Now I consideration of the premises, have thought fit it that the said Provincial Courts, the said Courts the said Court of the Judicial Commissioner, the of the Agents of Government, the said Revenue ate of the Mahabadde, shall be and the same are take effect at and from after the time when (as into operation in our said Island.
rnor of our said Island for the time being and licial Commissioner have hitherto exercised an e administration of justice in certain cases arising of our said Island, And whereas certain Courts Dourts called the Minor Courts of Appeal from late Jurisdiction for the administration of justice the Maritime Provinces of the said Island, And everal independent Appellate Judicatures in the uce uncertainty into the administration of justice

Page 473
APPENDIX. THE CHIARTE
Abolition of such there, Now know ye that Appellgte Courts, thought fit to direct and o
said Appellate Jurisdictions said Court of the Judicial Commissioner respectiv abolished, and that the said Minor Courts of A Revenue Cases, and such their Appellate Jurisdict
The Courts hereby 4. And to provide for th erected, to have an Island, our will and pleast exclusive jurisdiction. Administration of Justice C sively in the Courts erected Saving the Rights other Courts as may be hold of the Court of Vice issued or to be issued in Admiralty and the provided for the trial of offe Piracy Commission diction of our Lord High . Court. office, or under any Commi Admiral, or by the Commis The Governor may And it is our pleasure and V not establish Courts. competent to the Governor be by him made with the ad wise howsoever, to constitute or establish any
case civil or criminal, save Exception. Provided nevertheless and
tained shall extend or be c submitting their differences to the Arbitration of known in our said Island by the name of Gangsal
Supreme Covo : 5. And We do hereby gre established. the said island of Ceylon ( Supreme Court of the islan
To consist of a 6. And We do direct an Chief Justice and island of Ceylon shall cons
two Puisne Judges. Justice and two Puisne Just
Title of Chief Justice, and known by the name an
J. dges how to be ap- Ceylon," And that the said
poisied. to time be nominated and ap
to be issued under the Publi
rants to be from time to time issued by Us, ou
Manual, and shall hold such their offices during t
a.

R OF JUSTICE. iii.
We, upon full consideration of the premises, have rdain and do hereby direct and ordain that the of the Governor of the said Island, and of the aly, shall be and the same are hereby respectively ppeal and the said Minor Courts of Appeal for ion, shall be and the same are hereby abolished.
e administration of justice hereafter in our said ure is, and We do hereby direct, that the entire Sivil and Criminal therein shall be vested excluand constituted by this our Charter. And in such len within the said Island under any Commission pursuance of the Statutes in that case made and inces committed on the seas, or within the jurisAdmiral, or the Commissioners for executing his ssion issued or to be issued by our Lord High sioners for executing his office for the time being, We hereby declare that it is not and shall not be of our said Island, by any Law or Ordinanee to vice of the Legislative Couneil thereof or other
Court for the administration of justice in any as hereinafter is expressly saved and provided, We do hereby declare that nothing herein conkonstrued to extend to prevent any person from certain Assemblies of the inhabitants of villages bes.
int direct and appoint that there shall be within one Supreme Court, which shall be called “The d of Ceylon.”
d appoint that the said Supreme Court of the ist of and be holden by and before one Chief ices, And that the Chief Justice shall be called d style of “The Chief Justice of the island of Chief Justice and Puisne Justices shall from tine pointed to such their offices by Letters Patent c Seal of the said Island in pursuance of Warir Heirs and Successors, under our or their Sign he pleasure of Us, our Heirs and Successors.
2

Page 474
iv. THE CHARTER
7. And We do further direct and appoint that u of the said Chief Justice or any of the said Pui w them from the said Island, The Governor may hereinafter mentioned of any provisionally appoint and may be lawful to and Judges in cases of being by Letters Patent to b death, resignation, the Public Seal of the saic incapacity, absence, proper person or persons t or suspension. Chief Justice or Puisne Ju such sickness or incapacity a the said Colony, or being so suspended, until th death or resignation or sickness or incapacity or a appointment to be made in manner aforesaid, becoming sick or incapable, or being absent or office and enter into the discharge of the duties t
8. And whereas cases may arise in which it in being of our said Island that a Judge of the se of his functions therein provisionally until Our p no such act of suspension should take place e the most mature deliberation, And that in any s should receive the most ea The Governor grounds of such proceeding when authorised to and appoint that it shall a suspend a Judge. Island for the time being, by pose made and issued und advice and consent of the Executive Council of proof of the misconduct or incapacity of any s but not otherwise, to suspen Rules to be observed of the duties thereof, Provi in such case. shall immediately report fo Secretaries of State the gr vided also that a full statement be entered on t grounds of such proceeding and of the eviden copy of which minutes and evidence shall by together with the Order suspending him from Us, our Heirs and Successors, with the advice authority to confirm or to disallow any such s Chief Justice or Puisne Justice.

OF JUSTICE. APPENDIX.
pon the death, resignation, sickness, or incapacity sne Justices, or in case of the absence of any of or in case of any such suspension from office as such Chief Justice or Puisne Justice, It shall for the Governor of our said Island for the time e by him for that purpose made and issued under | Island, to nominate and appoint some fit and o act as and in the place and stead of any such stice so dying or resigning, or labouring under s aforesaid, or being so absent as aforesaid from le vacancy or vacancies so created by any such bsence or suspension shall be supplied by a new or until the Chief Justice or Puisne Justice so suspended as aforesaid, shall resume such his hereof.
nay seem necessary to our Governor for the time id Court should be suspended from the exercise leasure can be known, And it is expedient that xcept upon the most evident necessity and after uch event the Judge who may be so suspended rly, complete, and authentic information of the 's against him, We do therefore declare direct ld may be lawful for the Governor of our said any Order or Orders to be by him for that purer the Public Seal of the said Island, with the the said Island or the major part of them, upon uch Chief Justice or Puisne Justice as aforesaid, d him from such his office and from the discharge ided that in every such case the said Governor r Our information through one of our Principal punds and causes of such suspension, And prohe Minutes of the said Executive Council of the 2e upon which the same may be founded, a full such Governor be transmitted to such Judge, such his office, And We do hereby reserve to of our or their Privy Council, full power and uspension from office as aforesaid of any such

Page 475
APPENDIX. THE CHARTE
Rank of the Chief 9. And We do hereby Justice. − time being rank and prec soever within the said Islan or Lieutenant-Governor for the time being there ill England take place before our Chief Justice (
Rank of the Puisne 10. And We do hereby g Justices. time being rank and prece ever within the said Island, Lieutenant-Governor for the time being thereo time being Commanding our Forces in the said persons as by law or usage in England take King's Bench, And We do hereby declare that t cedence between themselves according to the pri
Supreme Court to ll. And We do further have a Seal. Supreme Court of the islan require a Seal bearing a d Exergue or Label surroundi The custody of the the Supreme Court of the i Seal. be delivered to and shall b
with full liberty to deliver for any temporary purpose, and in case of the Chief Justice, the same shall be delivered ove shall be appointed by the said Governor of the of the Chief Justice.
Judges incapable l?. And We do further d of holding other of Puisne Justice as aforesaid: fices of profit. ing any other office, place C pain that the acceptance of an avoidance of such his office of Chief Justic
Salary thereof shall cease م Erception. any other office or place,
or Puisne Justice shall be r forfeit his Salary by accepting the office of Ju Island, or of Commissioner for the trial and a
questions arising in India.
Appointment of the 13. And We do hereby c Judges by name. Sir Charles Marshall, Hanigh

R OF JUSTICE.
ive and grant to our said Chief Justice for the dence above and before all our subjects whomand its Dependencies, excepting the Governor f, and excepting such persons as by law or usage f our Court of King's Bench.
ive and grant to the said Puisne Justices for the ence above and before all our subjects whomsound its Dependencies, excepting the Governor or f, the said Chief Justice, and the Officer for the sland and its Dependencies, and excepting such place before our Puisne Justices of our Court of he said Puisne Justices shall take rank and preority of their appointments respectively.
grant direct ordain and appoint that the said d of Ceylon shall have and use as occasion may evice and impression of our Royal Arms with an ng the same with this inscription, “The Seal of sland of Ceylon, And that the said Seal shall e kept in the custody of the said Chief Justice, the same to any Puisne Justice of the said Court vacancy of or suspension from the office of the r to and kept in the custody of such person as said Island to act as and in the place and stead
irect and appoint that no such Chief Justice or hall be capable of accepting taking or performf profit, or emolument within the said Island, on such other office as aforesaid shall be ipso facto e or Puisne Justice as the case may be, and the accordingly from the time of such acceptance of Provided nevertheless that no such Chief Justice 'ndered incapable of holding his office or shall dge of the Court of Vice Admiralty in the said judication of Prize Causes and other maritime
onstitute and appoint our trusty and welibeloved , to be the first Chief Justice of the said Supreme

Page 476
vi. THE CHARTE
Court, and our trusty and wellbeloved Willie senior Puisne Justice of the said Supreme Court Esquire, to be the second Puisne Justice of the
Ministerial Officers of the Court: their number hou) to be determined.
14. And We do hereby be attached and belong to
and Keeper of Records o Officers as to our Chief J
time to time appearsto be due execution of the powers and authorities w by these our Letters Patent, Provided neverthele unless the Governor of the said Island for the ti
to the said Chief Justice for the time being in w
Ministerial Officers how to be appointed.
The Judges to appoint their ouvimu Private Secretaries.
Subordinate Oficers to hold during pleasure of the King, but liable to suspension by the Court.
Admission of Ald
vocates and Proctors.
l5. And We do further d
dinate Officers of the said Us, or by the Governor of be for that purpose used u nevertheless that all persc the said Court aș Clerk c shall be appointed to such
person may so serve in any
16. And We do further c said Supreme Court shall of Us, our Heirs and Succe their offices therein by th
CUS$8.
17. And We do hereby a admit and enrol as Advocat persons, being of good rep
the said Justices of the said Supreme Court Provided always that whenever the said Suprem applying to be admitted and enrolled as an Ad
Judges of the said Court s. Nu person not so of refusal. And We do di admitted capable of admitted and enrolled as : acting as suck. in the said Supreme Coul
Suitor in the said Court.

R OF JUSTICE. APPENDIA.
m Rough, Esquire, Serjeant at Law, to be the t, and our trusty and wellbeloved William Norris, said Supreme Court.
direct ordain appoint and declare that there shall the said Court an Officer to be styled tie Register f the said Court, and such and so many other sustice of the said Court for the time being from necessary for the administration of justice and the hich are granted and committed to the said Court 2ss that no office shall be created in the said Court me being shall first signify his approbation thereof riting under the hand of such Governor.
irect and declare our will to be that all the suborCourt shall be appointed to such their offices by the said Island on our behalf by Commissions to nder the Public Seal of the said Island, Provided ns who shall be attached to or hold any office in 'r Private Secretary to any of the Judges thereof office by the Judge for the time being whom such such capacity.
lirect and appoint that the several Officers of the
hold their respective offices during the pleasure ssors, and shall be subject to be suspended from e said Court for misconduct or other sufficient
uthorise and empower the said Supreme Court to es or Proctors in the said Supreme Court all such ute, as shall upon examination by one or more of uppear to be of competent knowledge and ability, Court shall refuse to admit and enrol any person vocate or Proctor in the said Supreme Court, the hall in open Court assign and declare the reasons rect and declare that no person whatsoever not so aforesaid shall be allowed to appear, plead, or act t for or on behalf of any other person being a

Page 477
APPENDIX. THE CHARTEF
The Island to be 18. And We do further d divided into three and appoint, that for the pu Circuits. our Charter, the said islan Colombo, and three Circuits Their limits described. the Southern Circuit, and
Circuit shall comprize the D which are parcel of the Maritime Provinces of th the Kandyan Provinces of the said Island betw Colombo, and that the said Southern Circuit she and all the Districts parcel of the Maritime Pro and southward of the Kandyan Provinces of the si pattoo and the District of Colombo, and that Kandyan Provinces of the said Island and all the said Island lying to the east The Governor on between the District of Jaff application from the nevertheless that it shall be Judges may by Pro- said Island, on any applicati clamution alter such the hands of the Judges fo limits. the major part of them, b mations to be from time to may require the beforementioned division of the division or divisions thereof for that purpose w whole or the major part of such Judges more effective administration of justice in the said Islal
The Governor may 9. And We hereby aut subdivide the Circuits being of our said Island v into Districts. Supreme Court or the maj clamation or Proclamations issued, to subdivide into Districts each of the Ci District of Colombo, is or shall be in manner afic like concurrence but not otherwise to revoke a mations as occasion may require, and which app be made in such a manner E Eristing Divisiuns and effectual administration to remain for the vided always that until t present. divided into Districts in
divisions of our said Islan said Circuits respectively shall for the purposes
as aforesaid.

, OF JUSTICE, vii.
eclare our pleasure to be, and do hereby ordain rpose of the administration of justice under this l of Ceylon shall be divided into the District of
to be called respectively the Northern Circuit. the Eastern Circuit, and that the said Northern strict of Jaffna together with the several Districts e said Island and which lie to the westward of een the said District of Jaffna and the District of ill cot prize the District of the Mahagampattoo vinces of the said Island lying to the westward aid Island between the District of the Mahagamthe said Eastern Circuit shall comprize all the Districts parcel of the Maritime Provinces of the ward of the Kandyan Provinces of the said Island na and the District of Mahagampattoo, Provided lawful for the Governor for the time being of our on to him for that purpose made in writing under r the time being of the said Supreme Court or ut not otherwise, by any Proclamation or Proclatime for that purpose issued, to alter as occasion said Island as aforesaid and to establish any other hich may appear to the said Governor and the conducive to the public convenience and the hd.
horise and require the Governor for the time vith the concurrence of the Judges of the said or part of them, but not otherwise, by any Proto be by him for that purpose from time to time rcuits into which the said Island, exclusive of the fresaid divided, and from time to time with the liter and amend any such Proclamation or Proclaointment of the said Circuits and Districts shall is may best consist with and promote the prompt of justice therein as hereinafter mentioned. Prohe said Circuits shall in manner aforesaid be pursuance of this our Charter, the existing d comprized within the respective limits of the hereof be deemed and taken to be such Districts

Page 478
viii. THE CHARTE
District Courts 20. And We do furthel established. every District of the said
District Court of such Dist
holden by and before one District Judges how to be appointed.
Assessors, And that every office by Letters Patent to of the said Island by the G of Warrants to be for that purpose addressed that such Governor may and he is hereby auth as aforesaid provisionally and subjeet to the fut and Successors, and without any such Warral which it may be necessary to make any such of Us, our Heirs and Succ District Judges to that the said District Judg. hold during pleasure. the pleasure of Us, our H
2. And We do furthe
Assessors shall be selecte
Assessors hoto to
be chosen.
Island, whether natives the the full age of twenty-one years and upwards, time to time be determined by any Rules and after mentioned, and not having been convicte
Right of appointing a permanent Assessor in each District
reserced.
Assessors to be chosen
and summoned as be
fore mentioned.
Appointment of suburdinale Oficers of District Courts.
Admission of Advocautes anud Proctors
in District Courts.
such bodily or mental incal of that office. And Wed cessors, the right of appoin to act as a Permanent Ass appointment shall be mad respect of all Assessors not direct and declare that th
serve in the said office in
and Orders of Court as ar.
22. And We do hereby dinate Officers of the sai appointed to and shall ho manner in every respect as terial and other Officers of and enrolment of persons Courts as Advocates or . such general Rules and O

R OF JUSTICE. APPENDIA.
grant direct and appoint that within each and sland there shall be one Court to be called the rict, and that every such District Court shall be Judge to be called the District Judge and three such District Judge shall be appointed to such his be for that purpose issued under the Public Seal lovernor thereof for the time being in pursuance to him by Us, our Heirs and Successors, Provided prized and required to issue such Letters Patent ure signification of the pleasure of Us, our Heirs ht or Warrants as aforesaid on any occasions on
appointment or appointments before the pleasure essors can be known. And We do hereby declare as respectively shall hold such their offices during eirs and Successors.
r direct and appoint that the before mentioned 'd from amongst our subjects inhabiting the said 2reof or otherwise, and being respectively men of and possessing such qualifications as shall from Orders of Court to be made in the manner herein'd of any infamous crime, nor labouring under any pacity as would render them unfit for the discharge o hereby reserve to Ourselves, our Heirs and Suciting in each of the said District Courts one person essor, but in respect of all Assessors until any such e and after any such appointment shall be made in so appointed, it is our pleasure and We do hereby ey shall be selected, summoned, and required to such manner as shall be provided by such Rules e hereinbefore particularly mentioned.
further direct that the Ministerial and other Subori District Courts respectively shall respectively be ld such their offices therein in such and the like is hereinbefore provided with regard to the Ministhe said Supreme Court, And that the admission to appear, plead, or act in any of the said District Proctors shall be regulated and provided for by 'rders of Court as are hereinafter mentioned.

Page 479
APPENDIX.)
Supreme Court to be held at Colombo. Ercept for Circuits. District Courts to be holden at places to be appointed by the Governor.
Civil Jurisdiction of District Courts.
THE CHARTE)
23. And We do further
shall be holden at Colombo such Circuits as are hereir Court as aforesaid shall be such District as the Governc time to time for that purpos to be by him in manner afo said Island into Districts.
24. And We do further District Courts shall be a ( zance of and full power to
which the party or parties Defendant shall be resi or action shall be brought or in which the act
If the District Judge be a Party, the Court of the nect adjoining District shall have cognizance of the
CollS2
Criminal Jurisdiction of Distrit Courts.
or action shall be brought District, Provided never the be competent to hold Jurist suit or action wherein the Plaintiff or Defendant, but to the provisions aforesaid w if the Judge of such Court be cognizable in the Court o
25. And We do further District Courts shall be a C power and authority to enqu
or in part within the District to which such Court prosecutions which shall be commenced agains such crimes or offences or alleged crimes or offel diction as aforesaid shall not extend to any case iu charged with any crime which according to any said Island shall be punishable with death or t more than twelve calendar months or by whip exceeding ten pounds.
26. And We do further District Courts shall have
District Courts to have the custody of
Persons and Estates of Lunatics within the District.
of all Idiots and Lunatics within such Districts respec Curators of all such Persor

OF JUSTICE, ix.
lirect and appoint that the said Supreme Court in the said Island, Excepting for the purpose of after mentioned, And that every such District holden at such convenient place within every r for the time being of our said Island shall from 2 appoint by any Proclamation or Proclanations esaid issued for such division as aforesaid of the
grant direct and appoint that each of the said Sourt of Civil Jurisdiction and shall have cognihear and determine all pleas suits and actions in dent within the District in which any such suit natter or thing in respect of which any such suit shall have been done or performed within such ess that no such District Court as aforesaid shall liction of or to hear or to determine any cause Judge of such Court shall himself be a party that every cause suit or action which according ould have been cognizable in any District Court had not been a party thereto shall in that case f any District immediately adjoining.
grant direct and appoint that each of the saiti ourt of Criminal Jurisdiction and shall have full ire of all crimes and offences committed wholly
may belong and to hear try and determine all any person or persons for or in respect of any ices, Provided always that such Criminal Juriswhich the person or persons accused shall be Law now or hereafter to be enforced within our ansportation or banishment or imprisonment for bing exceeding one hundred lashes or by fine
grant direct and appoint that each of the said he care and custody of the Persons and Estates und others of insane or nonsane mind resident ively with full power to appoint Guardians and s and their Estates and to make order for the

Page 480
X。
THE CHARTER
maintenance of such Persons and the proper mal
Securities for such management from such Guard
and to charge them with any Balance which may
their Estates and to enforce the payment thereof
any such Balances, and such Guardians and Cure
as occasion may require.
District Courts to appoint Administrators to the Estates of Intestates.
And to adjudicate on the validity of Wills.
And to grant Probate. And to appoint Administrators.
27. And We do further gi tively in their said respectiv Administrators of the Estates respective Districts Intestate tament appointed any Execut tion thereof, And like powe upon the validity of any doc and for the Last Will and Te such Districts respectively : thereof with like power an administration or execution of
as aforesaid in cases where th
not appear and take out Probate thereof or havin
death or otherwise become incapable to carry any
And to take Securities from Erecutors und Administrators.
ind to call then to ассоитt, атd enforce the payment of or take security for Balances. Apud to remove and replace Erecutors & Administrators.
further authorise and empov tive Districts to take proper S of the Last Wills and Testam and Effects of any persons performance of such trusts respectively for what may c the execution thereof with lik and Administrators to aceoun may be due to the Estates of payment thereof and to take Balances, and such Executors and replace as occasion may
28. And whereas doubts might arise whether by
an express authority in that behalf the said Distric
District Courts to tuke cognizanceofall
Revenue Cases.
therein brought for the prot of offences committed again. therefore for the removal of a that all causes affecting our

OF JUSTICE. APPENDIX.
nagement of their Estates and to take proper lians and Curators and to call them to account be due to any such Persons as aforesaid or to and to take order for the secure Investment of tors from time to time to remove and replace
ive and grant to the said District Courts respece Districts full power and authority to appoint and Effects of any persons dying within such or who may not have by any Last Will or Tes:ors or Trustees for the administration or execur and authority to enquire into and determine ument or documents addueed before them as stament of any person who may have died within and to record the same and to grant Probate d authority to appoint Administrators for the the trusts of any such Last Will or Testament e Executors or Trustees thereby appointed shall g appeared and taken out such Probate shall by such trusts fully into execution. And We do ver the said District Courts in their said respececurities from all Executors and Administrators ents of any deceased persons or of the Estates who may have died Intestate for the faithful and for the proper accounting to such Courts :ome to their hands or be by them expended in e power and authority to call all such Executors t and to charge them with any Balances which any such deceased persons and to enforce the 2 order for the secure Investment of any such and Administrators from time to time to remove require.
- virtue of the provisions aforesaid and without t Courts would be competent to entertain Suits ection of our Revenue and for the punishment st the Revenue Laws of our said Island, Now ny such doubts We do hereby expressly declare Revenue arising within our said Island and all

Page 481
APPENDIX. ۔۔۔۔ THE CHARTE
prosecutions for the punishment of offences con
be cognizable within the Saving the rights of same manner as any othe the Courts of Vice reserving to all Courts o. Admiralty. within our said Island all
are by Law vested in them Limitation of Juris- Provided nevertheless that diction in such cases, against the Revenue Laws
in cases where the punishm District Court can under the provisions aforesaic
Jurisdiction of 29. And We do further District Courts to vested as aforesaid in the lhe exclusive. Jurisdiction and shall not
exercised by any other C
Erceptions. Save and except in so far
prosecutions matters and Appeal to the Supreme Court aforesaid or to t except in so far as an Original Jurisdiction in and things is hereinafter vested in the said Supre and except in as far as respects the Jurisdiction
Judgments of Dis- 30. And We do furthe trict Courts how to Judgment of the said Distri be proпоинсеd. Order of the said Courts
and that every Order of an final decision of any cause or prosecution there of any such Court may appear of adequate in open Court, And that such Judge shall in all st Assessors before mentioned what are the Que Adjudication and which are to be decided upon every such Question with Assessors to give their And that every such Asse: opinions and votes. and hearing of the Judge
deliver his Vote upon eacl previously declared to hav In case of a dif shall relate to any matter o ference of opiniom, less that in case of any di that of the Judge to the majority or the whole prevail. of Fact depending before a b

R OF JUSTICE. X1。
Imitted against the Revenue Laws thereof shall said District Courts respectively in such and the suits or prosecutions, Saving nevertheless and Vice Admiralty established or to be established such rights powers jurisdictions and authority as as fully as if this our Charter had not been made, no such prosecution for any offence committed shall be cognizable within any such District Court ent may be of greater degree or amount than such award upon prosecutions for any other offences.
grant and declare that the several Jurisdictions so said District Courts is and shall be an exclusive on any plea or pretext whatsoever be assumed or 'ourt Tribunal or Judge within our said Island, as cognizance of the same suits causes actions things is hereinafter expressly given by way of he respective Judges thereof, And also save and 2ertain suits causes actions prosecutions matters 2me Court or in the Judges thereof, And also save of the Court of Vice Admiralty in the said Island.
r direct and appoint that every final Sentence of ct Courts respectively and that every interlocutory aving the effect of a final Sentence or Judgment y such Court having the effect of postponing the pending and any other Order which to the Judge portance shall by such Judge be pronounced in lch cases state in the presence and hearing of the 'stions of Law and of Fact which have arisen for any such occasion together with his Opinion upon
the grounds and reasons of every such Opinion. isor shall also in open Court and in the presenee and the other Assessors declare his Opinion and and every Question which the Judge shall have e arisen for Adjudication whether such Questions. f Law or any matter of Fact, Provided neverthefference of Opinion between any such Judge and
of such Assessors upon any Question of Law or ny such District Court the Opinion of such Judge
2

Page 482
xii.
But Record to be made of Questions and Woles.
Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court.
THE CHARTER
shall prevail and shall be tal whole Court, But in every s among the Records of the sai to have arisen for Adjudicati such Assessor upon each suc
31. And We do hereby gr Court of the island of Ceylo the correction of all Errors it the said respective District
zance by way of Appeal of all causes suits act such District Courts may in pursuance of the pri
cognizance by way of Orig OriginalJurisdiction the said Supreme Court pow
of Supreme Court.
Jurisdiction for enquiring o. the said Island and for the
which shall be commenced against any person o
offences or alleged crimes or offences.
Civil and Criminal Sessions of the Supreme Court how to be holden.
Such Sessions to be holden twice a year in each Circuit
At times and places to be appointed by the Governor, in consultation with the Judges.
And to authorities and jurisdictions : it is Our further pleasure and Criminal Sessions of the sai of the Judges thereof in ea or shall be so divided as afor
32. And We do further di of the said Supreme Court Northern Southern and Ea
hereinbefore described or re Circuits and at such partic time being of our said Isle Judges of the said Suprem time to time for that purpo that the times and places for
said Supreme Court on such Circuits shall be st Supreme Court shall never at the same time be shall be resident at the same time at Colombo
And We do direct and app Choice of Circuits by shall first choose the Circul the Judges. aforesaid and that the seco
Judge for the time being.

OF JUSTICE. APPENDIX.
ten as the Sentence Judgment or Order of the uch case a Record shall be made and preserved d Court of the Questions declared by the Judge On and of the Vote of such Judge and of every h Question.
ant declare direct and appoint that the Supreme in shall be a Court of Appellate Jurisdiction for n Fact or in Law which shall be committed by Courts and shall have sole and exclusive cogniions prosecutions matters and things of which ovisions of this our Charter or any of them take inal Jurisdiction. And We do further grant to er jurisdiction and authority to hold an Original f all crimes and offences committed throughout hearing trying and determining all prosecutions r persons for or in respect of any such crimes or provide for the due execution of the powers and so vested as aforesaid in the said Supreme Court We do direct ordain and appoint that Civil and d Supreme Court shall be holden by some one ch of the Circuits into which our said Island is "esaid.
rect and appoint that such Sessions as aforesaid
shall be holden twice in each year within the stern Circuits of the said Island respectively ferred to at such places within such respective ular times in each year as the Governor for the nd shall after previous consultation with the e Court by Proclamations to be by him from ise issued direct and appoint, Provided always holding such Civil and Criminal Sessions of the arranged as that all the Judges of the said absent from Colombo, and that all such Judges not less than one month twice in each year. point that the Chief Justice of the said Court it on which he will proceed for the purposes nd choice shall be made by the Senior Puisne

Page 483
APPENDLx.
At Civil Sessions of Supreme Court, Assessors to be associated with the Judge.
At the Criminal Sessions thirteen Jurors.
Appellate & Ori
ginal Jurisdiction of
the Supreme Court huw to be erercised om Circuit.
THE CHARTE
33. And We do further ( sions of the Supreme Col. three Assessors shall be ass Sessions of the Supreine holden before such Judge Jurors shall be selected sun manner and form as shall Court as hereinafter mentio
34. And We do will ords said Circuits respectively E and Authorities hereby vest by the Judge for the time b associated with him as afore Circuits respectively all an
Authorities hereby vested in the said Supreme C being of such Circuit who upon the trial of any cr by way of such Original Jurisdiction as aforesaid
At Civil Sessions the Court to hear all Appeals froт District Courts of the Circuit. With power to remand Causes for further hearing or new Evidence. New Evidence may be admitted or rejected by the Court at such Sessions.
With power to grant Frohibitions, &c. to the District Courts of the Circuit, and to transfer causes from one District Court to another.
35. And We do further di the said Supreme Court so the said Court shall proce be then depending from a District Court within the li correct alter and vary ev according to Law, and if further hearing or for the a or action in which any suc And upon hearing every su Supreme Court to receive a touching the matters at is: Justice may require.
36. And We do further d said at any Civil Sessions to have full power and autho. Writs of Mandamus Proce within the limits of such Ciu cause suit or action depen any other District Court with

OF JUSTICE. xiii.
rect ordain and appoint that at every Civil Sesrt to be holden on any such Circuit as aforesaid ociated with the Judge, And that every Criminal ourt to be holden on any such Circuit shall be nd a Jury of thirteen Men, which Assessors and moned and required to appear and serve in such be provided by such general Rules and Orders of Ied.
in and appoint that within each and every of the ll and every the Appellate Powers Jurisdictions 2d in the said Supreme Court shall be exercised eing of such Circuit and the Assessors so to be said, And that within each and every of the said d every the Original Powers Jurisdictions and ourt shall be exercised by the Judge for the time imes made cognizable by the said Supreme Court shall be associated with such Jurors as aforesaid.
irect and appoint that at every Civil Sessions of to be holden as aforesaid on every such Circuit ed to hear and determine all Appeals which may ny sentence judgment decree or order of any mits of any such Circuit and to afirm reverse :ry such sentence judgment decree or order necessary to remand to the District Court for a dmission of any further Evidence any cause suit h Appeal as aforesaid shall have been brought, ch Appeal it shall also be competent to the said nd admit or to exclude and reject new Evidence ue in any such original cause suit or action as
rect and appoint that the Supreme Court aforebe holden on any such Circuit as aforesaid shall ity to grant and issue Mandates in the nature of endo and Prohibition against any District Court 2uit and to make order for the transfer of any ing in any one District Court in such Circuit to
in the same Circuit if it shall be made to appear

Page 484
Χίν. THE CHARTE
to the satisfaction of the said Supreme Court at is any sufficient cause or reason to conclud Justice would not probably be done in the Distri menced, And in every such case the District Co be so traneferred shall take cognizance thereof trial and decision of the same as fully and effe Court in which the same was originally brought
Form of proceed- 37. And We do further d ing at Civil Sessions Supreme Court holding an of Supreme Court. such Circuit shall in open
ing of the Assessors before of Fact arising for Adjudication upon every App such Sessions and which are then to be decided : such Question with the grounds and reasons of shall thereupon also in open Court and in the pi Assessors declare his Opinion and deliver his Judge shall have previously declared to have ari relate to any matter of Law or to any matter of between any such Judge and the majority or t Law or of Fact depending upon such Appeal th be taken as the Sentenee Judgment or Order Record shall be made and preserved among Questions declared by the Judge to have arisen and of every such Assessor upon every such Qua
At Criminal Ses- 38. And We do further sions the Shprezigne Sessions of the said Supre Coart to hear Ap- aforesaid such Court shall peals from Judg- may be then depending fro cents of the District District Court within the lir Courts in Criminal tion and to affirm reverse Cases. Judgment according to La And to receive or re- also be competent to the ject Reno Evidence, exclude and reject new E original prosecution as Jus the said Supreme Court at any such Criminal Se of any prosecution depending in any one Distric within the same Circuit if it shall be made to Court at any such Criminal Sessions as aforesai

OF SUSTICE. APPENDLx.
any such Civil Sessions as aforesaid that there a that in such particular cause suit or action at Court in which the same had so been comurt to which any such cause suit or action shall und have Power and Jurisdiction for the hearing ctually to all intents and purposes as the District could or might have had.
irect declare and appoint that the Judge of the such Civil Sessions thereof as aforesaid on any ourt state and declare in the presence and hearmentioned what are the Questions of Law and eal brought before the said Supreme Court at and shall then pronounce his Opinion upon every every such Opinion, and that every such Assessor resence and hearing of such Judge and the other Vote upon such and every Question which the sen for Adjudication whether such Question shall Fact, And in case of any difference of Opinion he whole of such Assessors upon any Question of e Opinion of such Judge shall prevail and shall of the whole Court, But in every such case a he Records of the said Supreme Court of the for Adjudication and of the Vote of such Judge estion.
direct ordain and appoint that at every Criminal bene Court to be holdea on any such Circuit as proceed to hear and determine all Appeals which m any Sentence or Judgment pronounced by any mits of any such Circuit in any eriminal prosecucorrect alter and vary every such Sentence and w, And upon hearing every such Appeal it shall said Supreme Court to receive and admit or to vidence touching the matters at issue in any such tice may require, And it shall also be lawful for issions as aforesaid to make Order for the Transfer t Court in such Circuit to any other District Court appear to the satisfaction of the said Supreme i that there is any sufficient cause or reason to

Page 485
APPENDIX.)
THE CHARTER
conclude that in such particular prosecutions Ji
Court in which the same had been so commence
which any such prosecution shall be so transfer Power and Jurisdiction for the hearing trial and all intents and purposes as the District Court
... or might have had,
Appeals in Criminal Cases.
39. And We do further d of Appeal hereby given frol trict Courts upon such Cri
shall have the effect of staying the execution of
such District Court upon any prosecution unless th
of his discretion see fit to make Order for the sta
At Criminal Sessions Supreme Court to erercise its Original Jurisdiction.
40. And We do further Sessions of the said Supre such Circuit the said Supre! committed within the Limits Original Jurisdiction as af.
Supreme Court and which the King's Advocate (
cute before such Supreme Court and shall hea be commenced by the said King's Advocate ol
persons for or in respect of any such crimes or of
Offences to be prosecuted by Informa
tion in the name of
the Advocate Fiscal.
Without a Grand Jurg.
4). And We do further d nizable before any of the
authority from the same sha.
forfeitures recoverable the in the name of our Advoc some Deputy Advocate Fi the previous finding of an vided nevertheless that its
such Rules and Orders of Court as after mentio. vision for the prosecuting before the said Disti
and other minor offences of the like nature.
Questions of Fact
-12. And We do further (
un. Criminal Prosecu- which issue shall be joined
tions at such Sessions how to be decided.
said Supreme Court on a such Jurv of thirteen Men

OF JUSTICE. ΧΑ.
stice would not probably be done in the District , And in every such case the District Court to ed shall take cognizance thereof and shall have decision of the same as fully and effectually to in which the same was originally brought could
:clare and ordain that notwithstanding the right n the Judgments and Sentences of the said Disminal Prosecutions as aforesaid no such Appeal any Sentence or Judgment pronounced by any e Judge of such District Court shall in the exercise of any such execution pending such Appeal.
direct ordain and appoint that at every Criminal me Court so to be holden as aforesaid on every me Court shall inquire of all crimes and offences ; of any such Circuit for the trial of which such resaid is by this our Charter vested in the said or Deputy King's Advocate shall elect to proseir try and determine all prosecutions which shall Deputy King's Advocate against any person or fences or alleged crimes or offences.
irect and ordain that all crimes and offences cogCourts constituted by these Presents or deriving be prosecuted and that all fines penalties and ein to Our use shall be sued for and recovered ate Fiscal of our said Island and by him or by scal by an Information to be exhibited without inquest by any Grand Jury or otherwise, Prohall be competent to the said Supreme Court by led to make any other and more convenient proct Courts breaches of the peace petty assaults
irect and ordain that all Questions of Fact upon at any such Criminal Sessions as aforesaid of the y such Circuit as aforesaid shall be decided by as aforesaid, And that the Verdict of such Jury

Page 486
Xνί.
TRIE CHARTE
shall be pronounced in open Court by the mouth agree upon their Verdict then the Verdict of t taken as the Verdict of the Jury collectively.
All Questions of Law to be decided by the Judge.
Who may reserve them for the decision of the whole Court.
Sentence of death is to be respited till the Case has been reported to the Gover
lor.
43. And We do further c shall arise for Adjudication said Supreme Court on any Judge presiding at such Si upon in open Court and as Saving nevertheless to eve tions for the decision of th at their General Sessions in
44. And We do further where any person shall be Court of our said Island { execution of such Sentence shall have been reported have presided at such tria
time being which report shall be made as soo.
veniently may be.
The Judge at the Criminal Sessions is
to issue a Mandate to all Jailors within the Circuits to return a Calendar of
Prisoners.
The contents of the Calendar.
The Informations on oath against any Prisomer to be attached
ίο εί.
The Jailors to bring Prisoners before the
45. And We do further a
such Circuit as aforesaid Supreme Court shall and m to all and every of the Fisc of his Circuit to certify t there in any of their custoc offences whatsoever, And and are hereby required to Mandate by specifying in a respectively the time and t their custody was or were and on what charge or chal to the said List or Calendar mations upon oath as may be then remaining in the ha true copies thereof attach pectively, And if need b Mandate such Fiscals or k

R OF JUSTICE. APPENDIX.
of the Foreman, and that if such Jury shall not he major part of such jury shall be received and
lirect and ordain that all Questions of Law which at any such Criminal Sessions as aforesaid of the such Circuit as aforesaid shall be decided by the assions, who shall pronounce his Judgment theresign the grounds and reasons of such Judgment, }ry such Judge the right of reserving such Queshe Judges of the said Supreme Court collectively
manner hereinafter mentioned.
appoint declare and direct that in every case adjudged to die by any Sentence of the Supreme at any such Criminal Sessions as aforesaid the shall be respited until the Case of such person by the Chief Justice or Puisne Justice who shall all to the Governor of the said Island for the n after the passing of such Sentence as con
ppoint declare and direct that the Judge on any holding the said Criminal Sessions of the said ay issue his Mandate under his Hand and directed als and other Keepers of Prisons within the Limits o the said Judge the several persons then and ly committed for and Charged with any crimes or the said Fiscals or other Keepers of Prisons shall ) make certify and transmit due Returns to such , Calendar or List to be annexed to such Mandate imes when all and every of the said persons so in
committed and by whose authority particularly rges crime or crimes respectively in writing, And shall also be annexed such Information or Inforhave been taken against them or any of them and ands of the said Fiscals or Keepers of Prisons or d by the said Fiscals or Keepers of Prisons rese according to the tenor and exigency of such eepers of Prisons shall bring the said persons so

Page 487
APPENDIX.
Judge holding such Criminal Sessions. With the Witnesses whose Names may be er dorsed on the
Commitments.
Proviso for the insertion in the Calendar of the Names of Persons committed
during the Sessions.
The Judge at Colombo to hold the Civil and Criminal Sessions of the Supreme Court for that
District.
Judge on Circuit or at Colombo may reserve Questions of Law, &c., for the uchole Court in General Sessions.
THE CHARTE
in their custody or any of Judge shall then be holdin Together with such Witnes to be written or endorsed o such prisoners or prisoner tively in order that such to Law, Provided always making out of any such C holding the Criminal Sessio wherein such Calendar or 1 on any criminal charge it Supreme Court to insert such Calendar or List.
46. And We do further c Supreme Court remaining of Colombo exercise the Civil and Criminal Session by these Presents directed : their respective Circuits wit
47. And We do further of Law Pleading Evidence Civil or Criminal Sessions o aforesaid or within the sai Judge presiding at such it shall be lawful for such Evidence or Practice for t
Court collectively and to report any Question Sessions of the said Supreme Court to be held We do further direct and appoint that the Judg time as occasion may require collectively hold a of any Questions of Law Pleading Evidence o the same according to Law.
Judges to compare the Records of District Courts. If the practice vary, to prepare draft of
48. And We further au said Supreme Court on su be holden for the District of the different District C. dictory or inconsistent decis

R OF JUSTICE. xvii.
them before the said Judge wheresoever the said the Criminal Sessions of the said Supreme Court or Witnesses whose name or names shall appear n the respective Commitments by virtue of which were or was delivered into their custody respecprisoners or prisoner may be dealt with according that wherever any party or parties shall after the alendar or List and while such Judge shall be ns of the said Supreme Court in the town or place list was delivered be apprehended or committed shall and may be lawful for the Officer of such he name or names of such person or persons in
lirect declare and appoint that any Judge of the Lt Colombo shall within the Limits of the District same Jurisdiction and hold such and the same s as the said Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed and ordained to exercise and to hold on hin the Limits of their respective Circuits
ordain and appoint that whenever any Question or Practice shall arise for Adjudication at any f the said Supreme Court at any such Circuit as d District of Colombo which shall appear to the Sessions to be a Question of doubt and difficulty fudge to reserve such Question of Law Pleading he decision of the Judges of the said Supreme so reserved to the said Judges at some General for that purpose as hereinafter mentioned. And res of the said Supreme Court shall from time to General Sessions at Colombo to hear and inquire Practice so reserved as aforesaid and to decide
horize and require the respective Judges of the ch Circuits as aforesaid and at the Sessions so to of Colombo to inspect and examine the Records urts, And if it shall appear to them that contraions have been given by different District Courts

Page 488
Xνiii. THE CHARTEE
Laws on Questions of or by the same District Cou Law or Ecidence, & Law Evidence Pleading or Rules of Court on Judges of the Supreme C Pleading or practice. Court at Colombo at such C tions or inconsistencies, Ar after due consideration of the matters so brougl ratory Law upon any matter of Law or Evidence sistent decisions shall have been given as the oc transmit such draft under the Seal of the said C said Island who shall thereupon lay the draft Council of the said Island for their consideration. Judges of the Supreme Court shall in pursuan due consideration of any Reports so to be ma contradiction or inconsistency as aforesaid in any such General Rules or Orders of Court for the re. as the occasion shall appear to them to require.
Supreme Court, &c. 49. And We do further may issue writs of or any J udge thereof at an Habeas Corpus; such Circuit as aforesaid o Sessions of the Judges of th authorized to grant and issue Mandates in the or refuse such Mandates to bring up the body of part of the said Island or its Dependencies and t or otherwise deal with such and Injunctions; direct and appoint that the
Sessions so to be holden on of Colombo or at any General Sessions of the s are and is hereby authorized to grant and issue
which might ensue before but not to prevent par- could prevent the same by b ties from sueing, de- always that it shall not be fending or appealing. Judge thereof in any case t
suing or prosecuting a suit any suit in any District Court from appealing ol or to prevent any party to any suit in any Court o from insisting upon any Ground of Action Defen
And may order the 50. And whereas it may h Records of cases on Court of Colombo previou

OF JUSTICE, APPENDIX.
rt upon different occasions upon any matters of Practice then and in every such case the said ourt shall report to the Judges of the Supreme eneral Sessions as aforesaid any such contradicd the said Judges of the Supreme Court shall ht before them prepare the draft of such a declain respect to which such contradictory or inconcasion shall appear to them to require and shall ourt to the Governor for the time being of our of such declaratory Law before the Legislative And We further direct and ordain that the said
ce of the Powers hereinafter vested in them after de as aforesaid by any such Judge of any such matter of Pleading or Practice make or establish moval of any doubts respecting any such matters
ordain and appoint that the said Supreme Court y Sessions so to bo holden as aforesaid on any r in the District of Colombo or at any General he said Court collectively shall be and are hereby nature of Writs of Habeas Corpus and to grant any person who shall be imprisoned within any o discharge or remand any person so brought up
person according to Law. And We do further said Supreme Court or any Judge thereof at any any such Circuit as aforesaid or in the District aid Court collectively shall be and they and he : Injunctions to prevent any irremediable mischief the party making application for such Injunction bringing an Action in any District Court, Provided lawful for the said Supreme Court nor for any o grant an Injunction to prevent any person from in any District Court or to prevent any party to prosecuting an appeal to any Court of Appeal f Original Jurisdiction or in any Court of Appeal ce or Appeal.
be expedient that the Judges of the said Supreme s to the commencement of any such Circuits as

Page 489
APPENDIX.) THE CHARTE
appeal to be trans- aforesaid should be enables mitted to Colombo; District Courts in cases up and to decide the may also be convenient tha same, by consent, at ing of such Appeals shoul General Sessions, collectively at their Genera aforesaid, And it may also of the said Supreme Court collectively at such in a summary way and without further argumen do therefore further will direct ordain and ap said Supreme Court by such General Rules an said District Courts to transmit to them at Col cases upon which Appeals may be entered, An the said Supreme Court collectively at any sucl of all the litigant parties but not otherwise (sav in our Privy Council) to hear any such Appeals or Questions arising thereupon in a summary wi such Records with such their final decision th carried into execution.
And may make 51. And whereas for carr Rules of Court, sent Charter and for the m in our said Island it is neces the course and manner of proceeding to be obse prosecutions and other proceedings whatsoever said District Courts and the said Supreme Court made except by the Judges of the said Supren Our pleasure to be and do will ordain direct an the said Supreme Court collectively at any Gen. aforesaid from time to tim as to the time and Rules and Orders of Cou place of Sessions, cerning the time and plac of the said Supreme Cour the said Supreme Court on any such Circuits as a several District Courts as shall not be inconsiste Governor of our said Islan and as to the Proce- and the places to which thi dure, Civil & Crimi- their Circuits together witl inal, of the Supreme seem meet touching and c and District Courts, be observed in the said Su and of Fiscals, Civil and Criminal Sessions C

OF JUSTICE. xix.
to inspect and examine the Records of the said n which Appeals may have been entered, And it
with the consent of the litigant parties the hear
take place before the Judges of the said Court
Sessions at Colombo and not at such Circuits as be convenient that in certain cases the Judges eneral Sessions should be authorized to decide | Questions arising upon any such Appeals, We oint that it shall be lawful for the Judges of the Orders as hereinafter mentioned to require the Ombo the Records of such District Courts in any We do authorize and empower the Judges of General Sessions as aforesaid with the consent e as hereinafter provided in cases Appealed to Us
or to decide the same or any particular Question ly and without further argument and to remit any ereupon to such District Courts to be by them
ying into effect the various Provisions of this preore prompt and effectual administration of Justice sary that Regulations should be made respecting rved and followed in all suits actions and criminal to be brought commenced had or taken within the respectively which Regulations cannot be properly le Court, We do therefore hereby further declare d appoint that it shall be lawful for the Judges of bral Sessions to be by them holden at Colombo as e to frame constitute and establish such General rt as to them shall seem meet touching and cone of holding any General Sessions of the Judges collectively and any Civil or Criminal Sessions of foresaid or in the District of Colombo and the said nt with the authority hereinbefore granted to the respecting the appointing of the times at which Judges of the said Supreme Court shall perform
such General Rules and Orders as to them shall oncerning the form and manner of proceeding to preme Court at any General Sessions and at such as aforesaid on such Circuit as aforesaid or in the
2

Page 490
XX, « THE CHARTE}
District of Colombo and in such District Courts Practice and Pleadings upon all actions suits
therein brought the Proceec 'ind as to Process, of the said Courts respecti Assessors, Jurors, Art of executing the same the c rest, Bail, & Jailors, lenging of Assessors and til Jurors Arrest on Mesne Pro of Jailors and others charged with the custody
Returns to the respective Ju and as to Appeals, in their custody and respe and admission of Ad- aforesaid from the said Distr vocates and Proctors. tors in the said Courts res and Orders as may be nec Provisions of this present Charter, in whatsoever Justice in the several Courts hereby constitute from time to time to revok Not to be repugnant Provided always that no suc to this Charter, nant to this our Charter an as far as may be the discove despatch of the business of the said several Coul in plain succinct and compendious terms avoidi promulgated in the most public and authentic ma shall operate and take effec and to be transmitted convenient, And provided a for H.M.'s approval shall forth with be transmitte or disallowance. of the said Court for our or
Appeal to His 52. And We do further Majesty in Council. lawful for any Person or Per action depending in the said Successors in our or their Privy Council against a any Rule or Order made in any such civil suit or Sentence and which Appeal Cause to be first heard tions following-First, That at General Sessions Judgment Decree Sentence 1 of Supreme Court. before the Judges of the sai Sessions at Colombo at whic shall be present and assisting which Judges shall the form and manner of Proceeding to be observe tence Rule or Order by way of Review before

: OF JUSTICE. APPENDux.
respectively and touching and concerning the and other matters both Civil and Criminal to be lings of the Fiscals and other Ministerial Oficers 'ely the Process of the said Courts and the mode ualifications summoning impannelling and chalhe summoning impannelling and challenging of cess or in Execution the taking of Bail the duties f Prisoners in so far as respects the making due dges of the said Supreme Court of all Prisoners cting the mode of Prosecuting such Appeals as ict Courts the admission of Advocates and Procpectively together with all such General Rules essary for giving full and complete effect to the respects the form and manner of administering l and all such Rules Orders and Regulations e alter amend or renew as occasion may require, h Rules Orders or Regulations shall be repugd that the same shall be so framed as to promote 'ry of Truth and Economy and Expedition in the its respectively and that the same be drawn up ng all unnecessary repetitions and obscurity and inner in the said Island as long before the same st as to such Judges may appear practicable and ways that all such Rules Orders and Regulations l to Us our Heirs and Successors under the Seal their approbation or disallowance.
grant ordain direct and appoint that it shall be sons being a party or parties to any civil suit or
Supreme Court to Appeal to Us our Heirs and ny final Judgment Decree or Sentence or against action and having the effect of a final or definite shall be made subject to the Rules and Limitabefore any such Appeal shall be so brought such Rule or Order shall be brought by way of Review d Supreme Court collectively holding a General h all the said Judges of the said Supreme Court
by such Rules and Orders as aforesaid regulate d in bringing every such Judgment Decree Senhem and shall thereupon pronounce Judgment

Page 491
APPENDIX.)
Amount appealable.
THE CHARTER
according to Law the Judgm and recorded as the Judgmer such Judgment Decree Orde
be admitted to Us our Heirs and Successors as a respect of a sum or matter at issue above the an
Application for leave to appeal to be made within l4 days.
Judgment to be erecuted on securities being given for restitution.
or shall involve directly or Right exceeding the value o Person or Persons feeling a Sentence shall within fourtee nounced made or given ap Sessions as aforesaid by Pe Heirs and Successors in our to Appeal shall be prayed b pay any sum of money or to direct that the Judgment De into execution if the party o!
immediate performance of any Judgment Decree
by Us our Heirs and Successors in our or their P
Court may stay erecution when Justice requires it, Appellant giving Security.
such Security be given the e. tence Appealed from shall b the party or parties Appella Supreme Court that real and Appeals execution should be to order the execution of suc
stayed pending such Appeal if the party or parties performance of any Judgment Decree or Sentenci
Appellant to give Security for prosecution of Appeal and payment of Costs.
Court to determine Security. If title to immoveable properly be subject of Appeal, Security not required, if occupation, how to be determined.
Heirs and Successors in our Sixthly, In all cases Security pellant for the prosecution of Costs as may be awarded parties Respondent-Sevent aforesaid shall be brought s tioned determine the nature so to be taken as aforesaidwhere the subject of litigatic Judgment Decree Order or or relate to the actual occul either from the party or pa Appellant for the performanc or made upon such Appeal b

OF JUSTICE. xxi.
ent of the majority of which Judges shall be taken t of the said Court collectively-Secondly, Every r or Sentence from which such an Appeal shall oresaid shall be given or pronounced for or in ount or value of Five Hundred Pounds sterling indirectly the Title to Property or to some Civil f Five Hundred Pounds sterling-Thirdly, The ggrieved by such Judgment Decree Order or in days next after the same shall have been probly to the said Supreme Court at such General tition for leave to Appeal therefrom to Us our or their Privy Council-Fourthly, If such leave y the party or parties who is or are adjudged to perform any duty the said Supreme Court shall cree or Sentence Appealed from shall be carried r parties Respondent shall give Security for the or Sentence which may be pronounced or made rivy Council upon any such Appeal and until xecution of the Judgment Decree Order or Sene stayed-Fifthly, Provided nevertheless that if at shall establish to the satisfaction of the said substantial Justice requires that pending such stayed it shall be lawful for such Supreme Court h Judgment Decree Order or Sentence to be Appellant shall give Security for the immediate 2 which may be pronounced or made by Us our or their Privy Council upon any such Appealshall also be given by the party or parties Apthe Appeal and for the payment of all such by Us our Heirs and Successors to the party or ily, The Court from which any such Appeal as hall subject to the Conditions hereinafter menmount and sufficiency of the several Securities Eighthly, Provided nevertheless that in any case in shall consist of Immoveable Property and the entence Appealed from shall not change affect lation thereof no Security shall be demanded ties Respondent or from the party or parties of the Judgment or Sentence to be pronounced ut if such Judgment Decree Order or Sentence

Page 492
xxii. THE CHARTEE
shall change affect or relate to the occupation of be of greater amount than may be necessary to s of such Property or of the in ܗܝ
If moveable property
be the subject of Appeal, Bond tobegiven.
may probably accrue from any case where the subjec Chattels or of any personal
either from the party or p Appellant for the performance of the Judgment ( Appeal shall be either a Bond to be entered into tion by one or more sufficient Surety or Sureties gage or voluntary condemnation of or upon som such Island and being of the full value of such
of all mortgages and char Security for prosecu- same-Tenthly, The Secur tion of Appeal never to eaceed f300.
for the prosecution of the case exceed the sum of Thr either by such Surety or Appellant to be al- demnation as aforesaid-Ele lowed three months to or parties Appellant for thi enter into Securities. of such Costs as may be within three months from
and not otherwise the said Supreme Court shall party or parties Appellant shall be at liberty t
Us our Heirs and Successors in our or their Priv
Application may be made to His Majesty in Council against orders on the subject of Securities.
Reservation to His Majesty of the right of admitting Appeals without regard to these Rules.
as are observed in Appeals tations or Colonies-Twell Persons feeling aggrieved proceedings of the said Su upon any such Appeal as his her or their Petition t in the Premises.
53. Provided always an nothing herein contained undoubted Right or Auth receive any Appeal from said Supreme Court on t grieved thereby in any ci
Restrictions upon and under which it may seem
and receive any such Appeal.

OF JUSTICE, APPENDIX.
any such Property then such Security shall not cure the restitution free from all damage or loss ermediate Profit which pending any such Appeal he intermediate occupation thereof.-Ninthly, In t of litigation shall consist of Money or other Debt or Demand the Security to be demanded rties Respondent or from the party or parties r Sentence to be pronounced or made upon such in the amount or value of such subject of litigaor such Security shall be given by way of morte Immoveable Property situate and being within subject of litigation over and above the amount ges of whatever nature upon or affecting the ty to be given by the party or parties Appellant Appeal and for the payment of Costs shall in no ee Hundred Pounds sterling and shall be given Sureties or by such mortgage or voluntary con:venthly, If the Security to be given by the party e prosecution of the Appeal and for the payment awarded shall in manner aforesaid be completed the date of the Petition for leave to Appeal then make an Order allowing such Appeal and the o prefer and prosecute his her or their Appeal to y Council in such manner and under such Rules made to Us in our Privy Council from our Planthly, Provided nevertheless that any Person or by any Order which may be made by or by any preme Court respecting the Security to be taken aforesaid shall be and is hereby authorized by o Us in our Privy Council to apply for redress
We do further ordain direct and declare that loth or shall extend to take away or abridge the rity of Us our Heirs and Successors to admit and any Judgment Decree Sentence or Order of the le humble Petition of any Person or Persons agse in which and subject to any Conditions or meet to Us our Heirs and Successors so to admit

Page 493
APPENDIX.
Transcripts of Records to be transmitted to His Majesty іп Соитсil.
THE CHARTE]
54. And We do further allowed by the said Suprer Court shall on the applica pellant certify and transmit Privy Council a true and ex
Decrees and Orders had or made in such Causes the matter of Appeal such Copies to be certified
Supreme Court to execute Judgments pronounced by His Majesty in Council on Appeals.
Revocation of all Laws repugnant to this Charter.
Definition of the
title “ Governor.”
Governor to fir the time at which the Charter is to come into operation, when all Suits pending are to be transferred to the new limits,
55. And We do further shall in all cases of Appeal cute and carry into immedia Heirs and Successors in ou such manner as any Origina can or may be executed.
56. And We do further Usages now or at any tim Island so far as such Law variance with this present C abrogated rescinded and an
57. And We do further d ing of the present Charter being the Government of th the Governor thereof.
58. And We do further Calendar months next afte sents or at such earlier peric Island shall by a Proclamati Charter shall come into ope forward every suit action ( depending before any Cour Jurisdiction in the said Isle
ceeded upon in the Court in which it ought to been carried up in Appeal if it had been institu the Provisions herein contained shall have com hereafter be had in such suit action complaint m like manner as if such suit action complaint matte Appeal in or to such last mentioned Court an

R OF JUSTICE. xxiii.
direct and ordain that in all cases of Appeal le Court or by Us our Heirs and Successors such bion and at the costs of the party or parties Apto Us our Heirs and Successors in our or their act Copy of all Proceedings Evidence Judgments so Appealed so far as the same have relation to under the Seal of the said Court.
ordain and direct that the said Supreme Court
to Us our Heirs and Successors conform to exete effect such Judgments and Orders as WVe our or their Privy Council shall make thereupon in i Judgment or Decree of the said Supreme Court
ordain and direct that all Law's Customs and e heretofore established or in force in the said 's or Usages ale in any wise repugnant to or at 'harter shall be and the same are hereby revoked nulled.
eclare that for the purpose and within the meanany Person lawfully administering for the time e said Island shall be deemed and taken to be
ordain and direct that at the expiration of two r the arrival within the said Island of these Pred as the Governor for the time being of the said on to be for that purpose issued appoint this our ration within the said Island and from that time }omplaint matter or thing which shall be then t administering Justice by Original or Appellate ind and its Dependencies shall and may be prohave been instituted or to which it ought to have ed or carried up in Appeal after the time when e into operation and all Proceedings which shall atter or thing respectively shall be conducted in ir or thing had been instituted or carried up in 1 all the Records Muniments and Proceedings

Page 494
Xxiv. THE CHARTE
whatsoever belonging or pertaining to any sucl the Provisions herein contained shall have com which such suit action complaint matter or thing which such suit action complaint matter or thin Appeal if it had been instituted or carried up in contained shall have come into operation.
All persons to aid 59. And We do hereby s in the erecution of manders Magistrates Minis the Charter. within and belonging to t execution of the several Po made given or created they be aiding and assist the contrary at their Peril.
Rescrvation of 60. Provided always tha right to revoke and which shall be done under amend the Charter. or construed to extend to p.
Letters Patent to be by Us
under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom f or from making such further or other Provision f said Island and its dependencies at our and their We meaning and intending fully and absolutely to Ourselves our Heirs and Successors such and Island and its Dependencies and especially touc other matters and things in and by these Present made anything in these Presents contained or an to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.
In Witness whereof We have caused these at Westminster the Eighteenth day of February

OF JUSTICE.
APPENDIX.
suit action complaint matter or thing shall when into operation be delivered over by the Court in shall be then depending to the Court in or to fought to have been instituted or carried up in Appeal after the time when the Provisions herein
irictly charge and command all Governors Comers Civil and Military and all our Liege Subjects he said Island and its Dependencies that in the wers Jurisdictions and Authorities hereby granted ing and obedient in all things as they will answer
t nothing in these Presents contained or any Act the Authority thereof shall extend or be deemed revent Us our Heirs and Successors by any other or Them from time to time for that purpose issued "om revolking this our Charter or any part thereof or the administration of Justice throughout the Will and Pleasure as circumstances may require to all intents and purposes whatsoever to reserve the same rights and powers in and over the said 'hing the administration of Justice therein and all ts provided for as if these Presents had not been y Law Custom Usage matter or thing whatsoever
our Letters to be made Patent Witness Ourself in the Third year of our Reign.
By Writ of Privy Seal.
BATHURST.

Page 495
INFORMATION FOR THE USE OF
PROPOSING TO SETTLE I
Referred to
G EN E R A
THE General Commanding-in-Chief announce Military and Naval Officers becoming Settlers in dated Colonial Office, 15th August, 1 S34, which of that month, are now extended by Her Maj Navy who may be desirous of settling in the Is Conditions specified in the said Memorandum, co.
By Command of the Right Honorable
GENERAL LOR
SqSqSLqSqA qAMALSSSMMSSSMSSASSASSAASSSSSL SSLSLSSSSSASASASASLSALS MLALSLSSLL LSSSLSSSMSSSMSASALSLALLSASAASSLAqAAAAAAAqAAAALLLSS S AAAAAALAAAAALALASLSLSSLSSSMSSSS
l. Annexed is a Statement of the Regulation local circumstances may render necessary, Land. several British Colonies in North America, as wel the Australian Colonies.
2. Under these Regulations Military and Na but, in buying land, they are allowed a remis undermentioned scale :-
Field Officers of twenty-five years' servi Field Officers of twenty years' service a Field Officers of fifteen or less years' ser Captains of twenty years' service and up Captains of fifteen years' service or less, Subalterns of twenty years' service and Subalterns of seven years' service or les Regimental Staff Officers and Medical Office come within the benefit of this Rule.
d

MILITARY AND NAVAL OFFICERS F THE BRITISH COLONIES.
in page 80.
SSSAAAASSASSASSASASSS AqAqq AAAA AAAAAAAAqAAA SSqSAqSqALSLSLSMSMMASASASAMLSSSqqSqSq SqqqS
O R D E R.
Horse Grards, 16th April, 1s10. s to the Army, that the advantages provided for he Australian Colonies, under the Memorandum was annexed to the General Order of the 25th sty's Government to Officers of the Army and land of CEYLON, under the Regulations and py of which is likewise hereunto annexed.
D HILL, Commanding-in-Chief.
JOHN MACDONALD,
Adjutant General.
Colonial Office, isth August, lS34. s according to which, with such modifications as s belonging to the Crown are disposed of in the l as a Statement of the Regulations in force in
val Officers cannot receive free grants of land; sion of the purchase money, according to the
ce and upwards, in the whole £300. ld upwards, in the whole £250. vice, in the whole £200. owards, in the whole £200.
in the whole £50. upwards, in the whole £150. , in the whole £l00. rs of the Army and Navy will be deemed to

Page 496
XXνι. COLONIAL DEPARTM
3. Officers of the Army or Navy, who prop advantage of this indulgence, should provide t General Commanding in Chief, or of the Lord their emigration has been sanctioned, and statin, document from the office of the Secretary of Sta 4. Officers on half-pay, residing in the Color to the privileges of Military and Naval Settlers, provided they can satisfy the Governor that there gence, and that their return of their rank and len belong to the Navy, that they produce their lette 5. Military Chaplains, Commissariat Officers connected with the Army, cannot be allowed Chaplains, Midshipmen, Warrant Officers of ev Departments connected with the Navy, must a leges. Although members of these classes m different state of circumstances, they must now 6. Gentlemen who have ceased to belong advantages to which they were entitled while in to affect by this rule Officers who desire to quitt the Colonies: it is only required, that when they a certificate from the General Commanding in Admiralty, that they do so with the view of emig Governor of any Colony, within one year from it. rant for allowing the bearer the same advantag Officers who have sold out within the last twelve will be allowed the usual privileges, notwithst these regulations, if they present themselves to the present date, And all Officers who have manding in Chief will be entitled to their priv might otherwise be offered by the Regulations in 7. Officers cannot be allowed the advantage it be their intention to fix their residence in that rule, it has been determined that the Titles to the peculiar Regulations existing in their favo prove that they have not repaired to the Colony portion of land, and then departing. Two year the Titles shall be kept back. This delay will will not constitute any serious inconvenience to t 8. By the annexed Regulations for the dispos general sales will take place periodically, But

NTS MEMORANDUM. APPENDIX.
pse to proceed to the Colonies in order to take emselves with Certificates from the office of the ; Commissioners of the Admiralty, showing that exactly their rank and length of service. No te is necessary. y where they propose to settle, may be admitted without referring to this country for testimonials, is no objection to their being allowed the indulgth of service is accurate, and provided, if they r of leave of absence from the Admiralty.
and Officers of any of the Civil Departments any privileges on the subject of land-Pursers, ery description, and Officers of any of the Civil lso be considered as not qualified for those priviay have been admitted formerly, and under a pe excluded. w o His Majesty's Service cannot be allowed the the Army or Navy. It is not, however, proposed he service for the express purpose of settling in resign their Commissions, they should apply for Chief, or from the Lords Commissioners of the rating; and such certificate, if produced to the s date, but not otherwise, will be a sufficient warges as Officers still in His Majesty's Servicemonths preceding the date of this Memerandum anding their want of the certificate required by the Governor of the Colony within a year from already been recommended by the General Coms illeges, without regard to any obstruction which ow established,
in the acquisition of land in any Colony, unless Colony. In order to insure the observance of ands obtained by Officers who take advantage of ur, shall be withholden for a period sufficient to for the mere purpose of gaining possession of a is the period for which it has been decided that be suficient for the salutary object in view, and he bond fide Settler, all of Crown lands, it will be observed that the in order to prevent inconvenience to Officers who

Page 497
APPENDIX.) COLONIAL DEPARTM)
may arrive in the intervals between those sales, the Governors of the Colonies are authorized payment of the upset price, lands which have neral sale, and not been bought-Officers wi establishing themselves in the Colony. They will permit them to obtain their land at a fix exactly equivalent to the amount of the remiss. liable to be called upon to pay a balance, wil sale by auction.
9. There being little or no Crown land availa offered any privileges in the acquision of land in the natural inducements for the settlement of C from local circumstances, that there should no Colonies: to such Officers as may wish to settle on the same scale and conditions as before the g Crown Lands, viz. to a Lieutenant-Colonel, lí to a Subaltern, 500.-The same Rule will be ob
REGULATIONs FoR THE DIsPosAL OF LANDs
Nоктн АмEac
The lands are no longer to be given away The Commissioner of the Crown lands will, nor a Report of the land which it may be expedi and the upset price per acre at which he would having been previously surveyed and valued in most adapted for settlement, according to the loc, to the number of deputy-surveyors who can be The lands to be laid out in lots of 100 acres be prepared for public inspection, which plans General, or in that of his deputies in each distric The Commissioner of Crown lands will pro will give public notice in the Gazette, and in st Province, as well as in any other manner that c appointed for the sale of the lands in each dist are proposed to be offered; he will give notice and if no offer be made at the upset price, that similar manner by auction.
d

NTS MEMORANDUM. Χχνίί.
nd be desirous at once to obtain an allotment,
to allow Officers to acquire, at any time, on
previously been offered for sale at some gel thus be relieved from delay at the time of fill also be enabled by this arrangement, which 2d price, to choose such a quantity as shall be on to which they are entitled, instead of being ich must be the case if they bid for lands at a
ble in Prince Edward’s Island, Officers cannot be that Colony. In Cape Breton, an Island in which ficers are not very considerable, it is necessary, t be a remission of purchase money as in other in this Island, allotments of land will be granted eneral introduction of the system of selling the 200 acres; to a Major, 1000; to a Captain, 800; served in Nova Scotia.
BELONGING To THE CRowN IN THE BRITISH :AN Provinces.
by free grants, but are to be sold.
at least once in every year, submit to the Goverent to offer for sale within the then ensuing year, recommend it to be offered; the land so offered one or more contiguous tracts of those which are al peculiarities of the Province, and in proportion imployed. bach, and plans of such parts as are surveyed to may be inspected in the office of the Surveyort, on payment of the fee of 2s. 6d. :eed to the sale in the following manner:-He ch other newspapers as may be circulated in the rcumstances will admit of, of the time and place rict, and of the upset price at which the lands that the lots will be sold to the highest bidder; the lands will be reserved for future sale in a
2

Page 498
XXνiii. COLONIAL DEPARTM
The purchase money will be required to be ments with interest ; the first instalment at the ti instalments at intervals of half a year.
If the instalments are not regularly paid, t again referred to sale.
Public notice will be given in each district, i each district who may be in arrears for the ins' if the arrears are not paid up before the comn lowing years, the lands in respect of which the i exposed to auction at the ensuing sales; and i lot should remain, after satisfying the Crown oft purchasers of the land who made default in pay The patent for the land will not be issued the whole of the instalments are paid. The l chargeable with quit-rents, or any farther paym of the patent.
Persons desirous of buying land in situations previously pay for the expense of survey, and th of the land and its local situation.
The Crown will reserve to itself the right of . is may be necessary for public purposes in all indigenous timber, stone, and other materials, t. making and keeping the said roads and bridges Crown further reserves to itself all mines of prec The regulations for granting licences to cu Surveyor-General's office in the respective Colon
Colonial Office, 7th March, 1831.
TERMs UPoN which THE CRowN LANDs wiLL VAN Dвм
It has been determined by his Majesty's Go posed of in New South Wales or Van Diemen's therefore been deemed expedient to prepare, fi mary of the Rules which it has been thought in those Colonies.
1. A division of the whole territory into co When that division shall be completed, each p square miles,

NTS MEMORANDUM. APPENDIX.
paid down at the time of sale, or by four instalhe of the sale, and the second, third, and fourth
he deposit-money will be forfeited, and the land
every year, stating the names of the persons in alments of their purchases, and announcing that encement of the sales in that district for the follstalments may be due will be the first lots to be any surplus of the produce of the sale of each he sum due, the same will be paid to the original ment.
nor anv transfer of the property allowed, until ands sold under this regulation are not to be ent beyond the purchase money and the expense
not included in the tracts already surveyed, must le price must of course depend upon the quality
making and constructing such roads and bridges lands purchased as above; and also to such he produce of the land, as may be required for in repair, and for any other public works. The ious metals. t timber will be learned by application to the 9S.
warrasaws
BE Disposed of IN NEw SouTH WALEs AND :N’s LAND.
vernment, that no land shall, in future, be disand, otherwise than by public sale, and it has r the information of settlers, the following sumfit to lay down for regulating the sales of land
unties, hundreds, and parishes, is in progress. arish will comprise an area of about twenty-five

Page 499
APPENDIX.) COLONIAL DEPARTM
2. All the lands in the Colony not hitherto gi will be put up to sale. The price will of cou local situation, but no land will be sold below th 3. All persons proposing to purchase lands application to the Governor, in a certain prescrib General's office to all persons applying, on payin 4. Those persons who are desirous of purc defined limits, such portions of land as they may of land will be advertised for sale for three calen bidder, provided that such bidding shall at least
5. A deposit of £10 per cent. upon the wh at the time of sale, and the remainder must be of sale, previous to which the purchaser will no of payment not being made within the prescribe the deposit forfeited.
6. On payment of the money, a grant will b nominal quit-rent of a pepper-corn. Previous tc lings will be payable to the Colonial Secretary shillings to the Registrar of the Supreme Court f 7. The land will generally be put up to se smaller lots than 640 acres may, under particular cation to the Governor, in writing, with full expla to purchase a smaller quantity.
8. The Crown reserves to itself the right of r as may be necessary for public purposes in all indigenous timber, stone, and other materials, th making and keeping the said roads and bridges Crown further reserves to itself all mines of preci
Colonial Office, 20th January, 1831.
TERMs UPoN which THE CRowN LANDs wiLI
IN WESTERN
It has been determined by His Majesty's Gov. of in Western Australia, upon the same princip Land; but the encouragement hitherto given to ; out labouring persons to the Colony, will not be
The following is a summary of the Rules whic dated the 20th of July, 1830.

NTS MEMORANDUM. Xxix.
anted, and not appropriated for public purposes, rse depend upon the quality of the land and its e rate of 5s. per acre.
not advertised for sale, must transmit a written 2d form, which will be delivered at the Surveyorg the requisite fee of 2s. 6d. hasing will be allowed to select, within certain wish to acquire in that manner. These portions dar months, and will then be sold to the highest amount to the price fixed by Article 2. ole value of the purchase must be paid down paid within one calendar month from the day it be put in possession of the land; and in case d period, the sale will be considered void and
e made in fee-simple, to the purchaser, at the the delivery of such grant, a fee of forty shilfor preparing the grant, and another fee of five or enrolling it. tle in lots of one square mile, or 640 acres; but circumstances, be purchased, on making applinations of the reasons for which the parties wish
making anu constructing such roads and bridges lands purchased as above; and also to such le produce of the land, as may be required for in repair, and for any other public works. The ous metals.
BE DIsPoskD of IN THE New SETTLEMENT AUSTRALIA.
ernment, that land shall in future be disposed les as in New South Wales and Van Diemens persons who might incur the expense of taking !ntirely withdrawn at present.
h it has been thought fit to substitute for those

Page 500
XXX. COLONIAL DEPARTM
1. A division of the whole territory into c When that division shall be completed, each square miles.
2. All the lands in the Colony not hitherto g will be put up to sale. The price will of col local situation, but no land will be sold below t 3. All persons proposing to purchase lands application to the Governor, in a certain prescrib General's office to all persons applying, on payn 4. Those persons who are desirous of purc defined limits, such portions of land as they may of land will be advertised for sale for three cale bidder, provided that such bidding shall at least 5. A deposit of £10 per cent, upon the wl at the time of sale, and the remainder must b of sale, previous to which the purchaser will I of payment not being made within the prescribe the deposit forfeited.
6. On payment of the money, a grant will nominal quit-rent of a pepper-corn. Previous lings will be payable to the Colonial Secretal shillings for enrolling it.
7. The land will generally be put up to s smaller lots than 640 acres may, under particula cation to the Governor, in writing, with full wish to purchase a smaller quantity.
8. The Crown reserves to itself the right of as may be necessary for public purposes in indigenous timber, stone, and other materials, for making and keeping the said roads and b The Crown further reserves to itself all mines of 9. Those Settlers who may incur the expen ment, will be entitled to an abatement of the at the rate of £20 for the passage of every mar: 10. Persons claiming such an abatement fror for any expense the Colonial Authorities may b the first year after their arrival) of the labourers
Colonial Office, list. March, 1831.

ENT'S MEMORANDUM. APPENDIX.
ounties, hundreds, and parishes, is in progress. parish will comprise an area of about twenty-five
ranted, and not appropriated for public purposes, urse depend upon the quality of the land and its he rate of 5s. per acre.
not advertised for sale, must transmit a written led form, which will be delivered at the Surveyorent of the requisite fee of 2s. 6d. hasing will be allowed to select, within certain wish to acquire in that manner. These portions hdar months, and will then be sold to the highest , amount to the price fixed in Article 2. hole value of the purchase must be paid down e paid within one calendar month from the day not be put in possession of the land; and in case 2d period, the sale will be considered void, and
be made, in fee-simple, to the purchaser, at the to the delivery of such grant, a fee of forty shily for preparing the grant, and another fee of five
tale in lots of one square mile, or 640 acres; but ir circumstances, be purchased, on making appliexplanations of the reasons for which the parties
making and constructing such roads and bridges all lands purchased as above, and also to such the produce of the land, as may be required bridges in repair, and for any other public works. f precious metals. ise of taking out labouring persons to the settleprice at which the land may have been purchased, ried labourer and his family. n the price paid for land, will be held responsible e compelled to incur for the maintenance (during
in respect of whom it has been allowed.

Page 501
REGULATION O)
(Referred to
For promoting the Growth of certain Articles a
and for the encouragement
WHEREAs it is proper and expedient to afford speculations and pursuits in this Island and mor produce hereafter specified, And whereas it has that some persons have been deterred from eng apprehension that they might be liable to pay a due and payable to Government,
1. For removing therefore all such apprehen Council, that no part of any Coffee, Cotton, Su produce of the Island, or of any part of its Depe or claimed by Government for the period of twel 2. And whereas by Regulation of Governm and Cotton are permitted to be exported from an is made of the other articles of produce hereiner that all Sugar, Opium, Indigo, or Silk, the grow frcm any port of this Island or its Dependencies
3. And it is further enacted, that all Imple poses of Agriculture, or of any kind of Manufa Island free of all duty whatever.
4. And with a view to the further encoura enacted that all Labourers, of whatever nation ol any plantation of Coffee, Cotton, Sugar, Indigo, thereof, shall be exempt from being called ou bond fide employ, except during actual war, and internal commotion. Provided, that in order to liable, a certificate from the Proprietor of such p produced to the Collector of the District. And a certificate which shall be wilfully false in any not exceeding Twenty Pounds; and in default less than Two calendar months, nor more than S
Given at Colombo 21st September, 1829.

F G O V E R N MENT,
a page l35,)
f Agricultural produce in the Island of Ceylon, of Agricultural speculation.
every practicable encouragement to Agricultural e particularly to the growth of certain articles of been represented to His Excellency the Governor aging in such speculations and pursuits by an proportion of the produce thereby raised as a tax
sions, it is hereby enacted by His Excellency in gar, Indigo, Opium, or Silk, of the growth or indencies, has hitherto been, or will be demanded ve years from this date.
ent, No. 9, of 1825, therein referred to, Coffee y port of this Island, free of duty, but no mention numerated, it is therefore hereby further declared rth or produce as before named, may be exported free of all duties whatever. ments, Tools, and Machinery used for the purcture, may from henceforth be imported into this
gement of Agricultural speculations, it is also description, who shall be bond fide employed in Opium, or Silk, or in the manufacture or produce t in the public service during the period of such for the purpose of repelling invasion, or during exempt from such public service those otherwise lantation, or manufacture, or from his Agent, be any Proprietor or Agent issuing to any Labourer articular, shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine of payment, to imprisonment for any term not ix calendar months.
By order of the Council, T. EDEN,
Secretary to Council.

Page 502
PRESENT,
REGULATION
Ο
(Referred to
THE HONORABLE THE LI]
A. D. 1821. R.
For the encouragement of the prepart
Preamble. Expedient to encourage the preparation of Salt Fisk.
From 1st April, 1821, the Duty on Salt Fish imported is raised to 15 per cent. on Invoice price or prime cost.
No Erport Duty
on Salt Fish used
ni Ceylon eriported Coast ways.
1. WHEREAS it is exp within this Island,
2. It is therefore enacte from and after the first da description imported into thi Cent, on the Invoiced value ascertained in the manner Regulation of the year 182
3. And it is further enact shall be levied on any Salt another; and that the rates 6th Regulation of 1820, o repealed.
Given at Colombo this
By orc
By the

? G O V E R N M E N T,
in page 162,)
EUTENANT GoveRNoR IN COUNCIL.
GULATION No. 6.
ution of Salt Fish within this Island.
edient to encourage the preparation of Salt Fish
d, by the Lieutenant Governor in Council, that ly of April next, a duty on Salt Fish of every is Island shall be levied at the rate of Fifteen ဗူer or prime cost thereof; such value or cost to be in and by the 4th and 5th Sections of the 6th 0 laid down.
ed, that from the date aforesaid, no Export duty Fish exported from any port within this Island to of export and import duty assessed by the said n Salt Fish, shall be and the same are hereby
7th day of March, 1821.
ler of the Council,
GEORGE LUSIGNAN,
Secretary to Council.
Lieut. Governor's command,
JOHN RODNEY,
Chief Secretary to Government.

Page 503
ORDINANCE ENACTED BY T
WITH THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF
(Referred to i
qSALASSAALLAAAAALALSLALAMLMLMLqSSLLAAS LSSASSASSASSAqLqq qSqMSqqq qqqS AAS SqS qqq qSqqS
No. 5. An Ordinance to amend the La
Preamble. WHEREAS it is expedier relating to the general Regu toms, and to make other Pr
Former Regula- l. It is therefore hereby tions repealed. advice and consent of the
the eleventh day of October the Regulation No. 9 of 1825, entitled “For rep of Customs, and enacting new Laws, Rules, a Export or Import of Goods, and Landing and St. backs, and also allowing the Warehousing of c. venting the introduction of any pestilential or con No. 2 of 1826, entitled “ For defining the applit of 1825, relating to the registering of Vessels a for amending and altering certain other provisic Act of Parliament intituled an Act for the Regis of 1828, entitled “For the protection and enc Island," the Regulation No. 4 of 1830, entitled “ Export, for permitting the import of Military Cloth to assign to Informers a share of penalties levied Ordinance No. 7 of 1836, entitled “ For establish and imported," shall be and the same are hereby 1 already committed, or any Fines, Penalties, Due or the Repeal of any previous Regulations thereb
Duties payable on 2. And it is further enact Goods. October, one thousand eigl lected on all Goods importe And Drawbacks al- Duties of Customs, and ther lowed same are respectively insert
Tables marked A. and B. to

HE GOVERNOR OF CEY LON,
THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL THEREOF.
in page 240.)
AqSqLMqS SqSAqAMAqAqAALALSqALALMLALALALAqSAALLLLLAAAA AAAqL qAL qLLLL SLLLSLSSLS SASLALSAMqSq
tws Relating to the Ports and Customs.
It to repeal the several Regulations now in force ulation and Management of the Ports and Cusovisions in lieu thereof,
enacted, by the Governor of Ceylon, with the fegislative Council thereof, that from and after , one thousand eight hundred and thirty seven, ealing all former Laws relating to the collection nd Tables for collecting the same, and for the lipping the same, and for granting certain Draw2rtain Goods for re-exportation, and also for pretagious disease into this Island," the Regulation cation of the provisions of the Regulation No. 9 nd the granting of Certificates of Registry, and ons of the said Regulation with reference to the tering of British Vessels," the Regulation No. 1 :ouragement of the growth of Tobacco in this For diminishing the duties on certain articles of hing duty free, and for empowering the Governor
under the Regulation No. 9 of 1825," and the ning a new Tariff of Duties on Goods exported 'epealed, except in so far as respects any Offences , Forfeitures, or Liabilities incurred thereunder,
iу.
ed, that from and after the said eleventh day of it hundred and thirty seven, there shall be col'd into or exported from this Island, the several e shall be allowed the several Drawbacks, as the ed, described, and set forth in Figures in .
this Ordinance annexed.
ም

Page 504
ΧΧΧιν. LAWS RELATING TO TH
Deposit may be 3. And it is further enact made for l)uties. payable under the preced exported from this Island, s the Importer or Exporter the full amount of such Du Conditions. by the Collector of Custom on the said Amount of Du the same may be left unpaid, at the rate of Se that no Grain, Provisions, or other articles of a and if any such Deposit shall not be redeeme lodged in the Custom House, it shall be sold for Duties, Interest, and other Charges deducted fr to the Owner.
Port Dues. 4. And it is further enact any Port of this Island, sa belonging to this Government, Port Dues shall the registered Tonnage of such Vessel: Provide unless such Ship or Vessel shall have remained Vessel shall have discharged ary Goods, or tal Goods landed or shipped shall exceed One Ton f the Baggage of Passengers excepted.
Composition for 5. And it is further enact Dues. of Goods or Passengers be shall be allowed to compou of One Shilling per Ton of the registered Ton Controller of Customs shall grant a Certificate
ployed, from any further Coasting vessel not again stated ; and no Wessel maki
liable within 30 days. Dues within Thirty Days fro
Pilotage. 6. And it is further enac
Ports of Colombo, Trincom
for the use of the Pilots employed in the Pilotag Table C. to this Ordinance annexed.
Ballast mot to be 7. And it is further ena thrown overboard in absence of such Master, th Port. Wessel, shall throw or cau

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS, APPENDIX.
d, that in all cases where the Amount of Duties ng Clause upon any Goods imported into or hall exceed Thirty Pounds, it shall be lawful for of such Goods to lodge Security by Deposit for ies, such Deposit to be valued and approved of ; : Provided always, that Interest shall be levied ties for any period exceeding Three Months that ven per cent. per annum : And provided further, perishable nature, shall be received as Deposit: within Six Months from the time of its being the satisfaction of the Claims of the Crown, the pm the Proceeds, and the Balance, if any. paid
ed, that upon all Ships and Vessels anchoring in ve and except Chartered Transports and Vessels be levied at the rate of Four Pence per Ton of d always, that such Dues shall not be payable. at anchor for Eight Davs, or unless such Ship or ken any Goods on board, when the Quantity of or every Hundred Tons registered of such Wessel.
*d, that any Vessel employed for the Conveyance tween one Port and another of this Island only, nd for Port Dues for Twelve Months, at the rate nage, and on payment thereof the Collector and which shall exempt such Vessel, while so emlemand for Port Dues during the period above ng a Coasting Voyage shall be liable to pay Port m the date of the last payment thereof.
ted, that the rates of Pilotage into the several alé, and Galle, payable to the Master Attendant. e of such Wessels, shall be those specified in the
'ted, that if any Master of a Vessel, or in the e Mate, or other person in principal charge of a se- or permit to be thrown overboard from suck

Page 505
APPENDIX.) LAWS RELATING TO TH
Vessel, being in any Port of this Island, any B. or other person in charge shall be liable to a Fin
I NWA
No Goods to be 8. And whereas it is exp landed nor Bulk full Cognizance of all Ships broken before report ing the Coasts thereof, and and Entry. on board such Ships, and Port or Place in this Island unladen from any Ship arriving from parts beyc nor shall Bulk be broken after the arrival of su respectively, before due Report of such Ship and and Warrant granted, in manner hereinafter diri except as such Times and Places, and in such M of such Officers, as is and are hereinafter directed shall be unladen contrary h Penalty. contrary hereto, the Master dred Pounds; and if, after t Coasts of this Island, any alteration be made in facilitate the unlading of any part of such Carg overboard, or any Package Ercept Coin and broken Bulk: Provided alw
Bullion. Report, and previous to Ent
Report to be made 9. And it is further enac within 24 hours of parts beyond the Seas at an arrival of Ship. shall within Twenty-four Ho
make due Reprrt of such S Particulars of IRe- to the truth of the same, bef port. such Report shall contain a Contents of all the different Ship, and the particulars of such Goods as are s of the Place or Places where such Goods were of such Ship, and of the Country where such Shi and of the Country of the People to whom such the Person who was Master during the Voyage, Ship was navigated, stating how many are subj and how many are of some other Country and ther and in what cases such ship has broken Bulk be unladen from any Ship before such Report be
e

E PORTS AND CUSTOMIS. XXAMW,
allast or Rubbish whatev er, such Master, Mate, e not exceeding Ten Pounds.
R D S.
edient that the Officers of Customs should have coming into any Port in this Island, or approachof all Goods on board, or which may have been also of all Goods unladen from any Ship in any ; It is therefore enacted, that no Goods shall be ind the seas at any Port or Place in this Island, :h Ship within One League of the Coasts thereof due Entry of such Goods shall have been made, ected; and that no Goods shall be so unladen anner, and by such Persons, and under the care ; and that all Goods not duly reported, or which ereto, shall be forfeited ; and if Bulk be broken of such Ship shall forfeit the sum of One Hunhe arrival of any Ship within One League of the the stowage of the Cargo of such Ship, so as to o, or if any part be staved, destroyed, or thrown be opened, such Ship shall be deemed to have ays, that Coin or Bullion may be landed without ry or Varrant. :
ted, that the Master of every Ship arriving from y Port in this Island, whether laden or in ballast, urs after such arrival, and before Bulk be broken, hip, and shall make and subscribe a Declaration ore the Collector or Controller of such Port ; and account of the particular Marks, Numbers, and Packages or Parcels of the Goods on board such towed loose, to the best of his knowledge, and espectively taken on board, and of the Burthen was built, or if British, of the Port of Registry, Ship belongs, and of the Name and Country of ind of the Number of the People by whom such acts of the Country to which such Ship belongs, in such Report it shall be further declared, whein the course of her Voyage; and if any Goods made, or if the Master fail to make such Report,
ад

Page 506
xxxvi. LAWS RELATING TO TH
Penulty. or make an untrue Report,
and if any Goods be not rei
Master lo delicer 10. And it is further ent Manifest. time of making such Repor fest of the Cargo of such Sł And Bill of Lading by the Collector or Control or Сору. ing, or a true Copy thereof And answer questions. board; and shall answer al and Crew and Voyage, as troller; and in case of failure or refusal to prod or to answer them truly, or to produce such Bill of Lading or Copy, shall be false, or if any Bi Goods expressed therein shall not have been Bill of Lading uttered or produced by any Ma such Copy shall not have been received or made the Goods expressed in suc
Or forfeit £100. in every such case such Mas
Officers to board ll. And it is further enac Ships. of the Customs to board
freely to stay on board ur And secure Goods. duly delivered from the sam every part of the Ship, with any Goods before landing, and to lock up, seal such Ship; and if any Place, or any Box or Ch. Officers, if they be of a degree superior to Tide! in the best manner in their power; and if they send for their superior Office Goods concealed for- Piace, Box, or Chest in the seited. found concealed on board a Oficer shall place any loc Penalty on secret such lock, mark, or seal be removal of any such delivery of such Goods, or Goods, etc. if the Hatch ways, after havir the laster of such Ship sha
Importer to deli- 12. And it is further ena ver Bill of Entry of wards, (whether for paymei Goods. or whether such Goods be

E PORTS AND CUSTOMIS. [APPENDIx.
he shall forfeit the sum of One Hundred Pounds; ported, such Goods shall be forfeited.
icted, that the Master of every Ship shall, at the t, deliver to the Collector or Controller the Manilip, where a Manifest is required, and, if required er, shall produce to him any Bill or Bills of Lad, for any and every part of the Cargo laden on l such Questions relating to the Ship and Cargo, shall be put to him by such Collector or Conuce such Manifest, or to answer such Questions, of Lading or Copy, or if such Manifest, or Bill ll of Lading be altered by any Master, and the bond fide shipped on board such Ship, or if any ster shall not have been signed by him, or any by him previously to his leaving the place where h Bill of Lading or Copy were shipped, then and ter shall forfeit the sum of One Hundred Pounds.
ted, that it shall be lawful for the proper Officers iny Ship arriving at any Port in this Island, til all the Goods laden therein shall have been le; and such Officers shall have free access to power to fasten down Hatch ways, and to mark , mark, or otherwise secure any Goods on board est, be locked, and the Keys be withheld, such smen, may open any such Place, Box, or Chest be Tidesmen, or only of that degree, they shall r, who may open or cause to be opened any such best manner in his power; and if any Goods be ny such Ship, they shall be forfeited; and if the k, mark, or seal upon any Goods on board, and ! wilfully opened, altered, or broken before due if any such Goods be secretly conveyed away, or ng been fastened down by the Officer, be opened.
forfeit the sum of One Hundred Pounds.
acted, that the Person entering any Goods linit of Duty, or to be warehoused for Exportation, free of Duty) shall deliver to the Collector ut

Page 507
APPENDIX. LAWS RELATING TO TH
Controller a Bill of the Entry of such Goods, Name of the Ship, and of the Master of the Sh. Place from whence they were brought, and th they are to be warehoused, and the Name of entered, and the Quantity and Description of the Description of the respective Packages contain shall delineate the respective Marks and Num Duties which may be paya Duplicates. and such Person shall also
as the case may require, of be expressed in Figures; and the Particulars to arranged in such Form and Manner, and the . Collector and Controller shall require ; and su Controller, and transmitted to the Landing Wait or Delivery of such Goods.
Entry to agree with l3. And it is further en Manifest, etc. landing of any Goods, or foi shall be deemed valid, unl in such Entry shall correspond with the Particula the same, in the Report of the Ship, and in the the Certificate or other Document, where any i such Goods is authorized, nor unless the Goods by the Denominations and with the Characters an are charged with Duty or may be Imported, eith for Exportation only; and a Goods not duly en- out of any Warehouse, or tered, forfeited. the Delivery of which from not having been duly Enter
Importer to declare l4. And it is further ena the Value of Goods by this Act upon the Imp ad valorem. the Weight, Tale, Gauge,
such Value shall be ascerta Articles, or his known Agent
I, A. B., of (place of abode,) do hereby declar Importer) of the Goods contained in this Entry, only) at the sum of Witness my

E PORTS AND CUSTOAS. XXXvii.
fairly written in Words at length, expressing the ip in which the Goods were imported, and of the 2 description and situation of the Warehu use if the Person in whose name the Goods are to be Goods, and the Number and Denomination or ing line Goods, and in the Margin of such Bill bers of such Packages, and shall pay down any able upon the Goods mentioned in such Entry : ideliver at the same time Two or inore Duplicates, such Bill, in which all Sums and Numbers may be contained in such Bill shall be written and Number of such Duplicates shall be such, as the 2h Bill being duly signed by the Collector and er, shall be the Warrant to him for the Landing
acted, that no Entry, nor any Warrant for the the taking of any Goods out of any Warehouse, less the Particulars of the Goods and Packages rs of the Goods and Packages purporting to be Manifest, where a Manifest is required, and in s required, by which the Importation or Entry of shall have been properly described in such Entry .d Circumstances according to which such Goods er to be used un the Island, or to be warelhoused ny Goods taken or delivered out of any Ship, or for the Delivery of which, or for any Order for any Warehouse, Demand shall have been made,
2d, shall be forfeited.
cted, that in all cases where the Duties imposed ortation of Articles are charged not according to or Measure, but according to the Value thereof. ined by the Declaration of the Importer of such t, in Manner and Form fullowing; (that is to say,)
e that I am (the Importer, or authorized by the and that I enter the same (stating which, if part
hand the day of
A. B.

Page 508
XXXviii. IAWS RELATING TO TH
Goods under ca- 5. And it is further enac lated to be detained, the Officers of the customs
true Value thereof, it shall such Goods, and (within Four Days from the d Goods for the use of the Crown; and the Col Amount of such Valuation, together with an addi
the Duties paid upon such And sold for the be- such Goods, in full Satisfi nefit of the Crown. Goods for the benefit of the
exceed the Sums so paid, Moiety of the Overplus shall be given to the Of Goods; and the Money retained for the benefi the Collector of the Customs, with the knowle as Duties of Customs.
Bill of Sight, if 16. And it is further ena (goods not known. Agent, after full Conferenc Controller that he cannot fo! Entry of such Goods, and shall make and subscri lawful for the Collector and Controller to receive Parcels of such Goods by the best Description w upon, in order that the sam Perfect Entry to be and examined by such Iml made within 3 days. within Three Days after any shall make a full or perse Duties which shall be due and payable upon and in default of such Entry, such Goods shal Importer shall not, within One Month after such pay the Duties due thereon, together with the Goods shall be sold for the payment thereof, Proprietor of the Goods,
Cotton Cloths, mot 17. And it is further en British, to be Stamped. Manufacture of Great Brita the Custom House, be ther with such Mark or Stamp as the Governor may f used for that purpose, and any Cotton Cloths : Place within this Island, except by the writte without being marked or st
Or forfeited. liable to be seized and for

PORTS AND C'USTOMIS. APPENDIX.
ed, that if upon fexamination it shall appear to hat such Goods are not valued according to the be lawful for such Officers to detain and secure ate of such Declaration being made) take such ector and Controller shall thepeupon cause the ion of Ten Pounds per centum thereon, and also intry, to be paid to the Importer or Proprietor of ction for the same, and shall dispose of such Crown ; and if the Produce of such Sale shall and all Charges incurred by the Crown, one icer or Officers who had detained and taken the t of the Crown shall be paid into the hands of dge of the Controller, and carried to Account
cted, that if the Importer of any Goods, or his 2 with him, shall declare before the Collector or want of full Information make a full or perfect be a Declaration to the truth thereof, it shall be : an Entry by Bill of Sight for the Packages or, hich can be given, and to grant a Warrant therea may be provisionally landed, and may be seen porter, in Presence of the proper Officers; and Goods shall have been so landed, the Importer :t Entry thereof, and shall either pay down all such Goods, or shall duly warehouse the same; be taken to the King's Warehouse; and if the landing, make perfect Entry of such Goods, and Charges of Removal and Warehouse Rent, such and the Overplus, if any, shall be paid to the
icted, that all Cotton Cloths, not being of the in, shall, previous to their being passed through e marked and stamped at one end of every Piece rom time to time order or appoint to be made and s aforesaid, which may be found in any House or n Permission of the proper Officer of Customs, amped at one end of every entire Piece, shall be eited, and after Condemnation shall be publicly

Page 509
APPENDIX. LAWS RELATING TO TH
Other Goods may be sold to the highest bidder: Stamped by order of Proclamation to be by him the Governor. and appoint such other Reg any other Goods, as may be the Duties thereon; and any Goods which may such Proclamation as aforesaid, which may be foi being stamped or marked as aforesaid, except b Customs, shall be liable to be forfeited and sol in like manner as is hereby directed in respect to
Abatement of Du- 18. And it is further en ties on Goods damag- Duty according to the Num ed during voyage. Damage during the Voyage in proportion to the Dama, satisfaction of the Collector and Controller of therein under their Directions, that such Dama and provided Claim to such Abatement of Dutie of such Goods.
Proportion of da- 19. And it is further enac mage how to be as- upon examine such Goods certained. ... , the Proportion of Damage received, and may make a Officers be incompetent to estimate such Dam Abatement made by them, the Collector or C experienced in the Nature and Value of such make and subscribe a Declaration, stating in wh Goods are lessened in their Value by reason c Customs may make an Abatement of the Du declared by such Merchants.
Surplus stores sub- 20. And it is further enacte ject as Goods. from parts beyond the Se Duties, and the same Pro like Sorts of Goods shall May be entered for dize; but if it hall appear use of laster, etc. or Description of such Sto or warehoused. Circumstances of the Voya surplus Stores to be ente Owner of such Ship, or o

E PORTS AND CUSTOMIS. XXXix.
And it shall be lawful for the Governor, by any
issued and published in the Gazette, to make
ulations for the properly stamping or marking of
deemed expedient for more effectually securing be required to be stamped or marked under any ind in any House or Place within this Island, not y the written Permission of the proper Officer of d, and the Proceeds thereof shall be disposed of Cotton Cloths.
acted, that if any Goods which are rated to pay ber, Measure, or Weight thereof, shall receive , an Abatement of such Duties shall be allowed ge so received; provided Proof be made to the Customs, or of any Officer of Custons acting ge was received after the Goods were shipped : 's be made at the time of the first Examination
ited, that the Officers of the Customs shall therewith reference to such Damage, and may state which, in their Opinion, such Goods have su proportionate Abatement of Duties; but if the age, or if the Importer be not satisfied with the ontroller shall choose Two indifferent Merchants Goods, who shall examine the same, and shall at Proportion, according to their Judgment, such f such Damage; and thereupon the Officers of
ies according to the Proportion of Damage so
, that the surplus Stores of every Ship arriving is in this Island, shall be subject to the sane hibitions, Restrictions, and Regulations, as the e subject to when imported by way of Merchanto the Collector and Controller that the Quantity res is not excessive or unsuitable, under all the ge, it shall be lawful for them to permit such ed for the private use of the Master, Purser, or any Passenger of such Ship to whom any such

Page 510
xl. LAWS REATING TO TH
surplus Stores may belong, on payment of the p use of such Ship, although the same could not
Certificate ofGoods 21. And it is further en of British Possession. or from any British Posse, unless the Master of the S the Collector or Controller a Certificate, unde where such Goods were taken on board, of containing an Account of such Goods.
Searcher to eran- 22. And it is further en ιιιe Goods, open all Packages, and fu any Place in this Island, a correspond in all respects with the Bill of En at the Charge of such Searcher, who may be a see fit so to do: Provided always, that it shall weigh, measure, or gauge all Goods imported the Amount of Duty paya Goods to be unship- landing of all such Goods, ped, etc. at erpense after landing for Examinatic of Importer. into the Scales, and the tal weighing, shall be perform
Baggage accom- 23. And it is further e panying Owner, free. Baggage of whatever de admitted to importation I on Examination appear to the Collector or Cor pose of Sale.
Public Property 24. And it is further en loree. of a Public Department it are to be passed Duty fre signed delivering to the Collector of Customs a thereof that they are bond fide Public Property.
Prohibitions and 25. And it is further ena
Restrictions. or described in the Table f and Restrictions Inwards,” ported into this Island, or shall be imported onl according as the several Sorts of such Goods ar.

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. APPENDIX.
roper Duties, or to be warehoused for the future elegally imported by way of Merchandize.
icted, that no Goods shall be entered as being of ision (if any Benefit attach to such Distinction) hip importing the same shall have delivered to r the Hand of the proper Officer of the Place the due Clearance of such Ship from thence,
acted, that it shall be lawful for the Searcher to lly to examine all Goods unshipped or landed at ld if any Goods so examined shall be found to try for the same, such Goods shall be re-packed lowed such Charge by the Governor, if he shall be lawful for the Officer of Customs to count, l, when the same shall be necessary to ascertain ble thereon ; and the unshipping, carrying, and and the bringing of the same to the proper Place on or for weighing, and the putting of the same king of the same out of and from the Scales after
2d by or at the Expense of the Importer.
nacted, that all wearing Apparel and personal scription, accompanying the Owner, shall be Duty free, except such portion thereof as shall troller of Customs to be imported for the pur
acted, that all Articles consigned to any Officer n Ceylon, and being the Property of the Crown, :e, on the Public Officer to whom they are con
List of the Articles, and certifying at the foot
cted, that the several Sorts of Goods enumerated ollowing, denominated “A Table of Prohibitions shall either be absolutely prohibited to be imy under the Restrictions mentioned in such Table, e respectively set forth therein; (that is to say.)

Page 511
APPENDIX. JAWS RELATING TO TH
A TABLE of PRohibitions
A List of Goods absolutely
Arms, Amunition, and Utensils of War, by His Majesty for furnishing His Majesty's pub the Governor.
Cinnamon, Cinnamon Oil, Cassia, or Cassia Bu Coin ; viz-False Money, or Counterfeit Ste porting to be such, not being of the established
Gunpowder, except by License from His Majes His Majesty's Stores, or under special Authority
Forfeiture. And if any Goods shall b Prohibitions or Restrictions Goods, the same shall be foi
OU TW
Ship to be entered 26. And whereas it is exp and Goods cleared full Cognizance of all Ships before shipment. for parts beyond the Seas, it is therefore necessary to outwards of all such Ships, and for the entering, therefore enacted, that no Goods shall be ship Ship in any Port or Place in this Island, to be ca outwards of such Ship and due entry of such Goo nor before such Goods shall have been duly clea
Victualling Bill 27. And it is further ena for Stores. depart from any Port in th due Application made by h such Stores as he shall require, and as shall be use of such Ship, according to the Voyage up Articles taken on board any Ship shall be deel upon the Victualling Bill for the same.
Bill of Entry. 28. And it is further ent Goods to be exported to pa shall deliver to the Collector or Controller a Bill length, expressing the Name of the Ship, and of are to be exported, and of the Person in whose n tities and proper Denominations or Descriptions o

PORTS AND CUSTOMS, xlii.
AND RESTRICTIONs INwARDs.
Prohibited to be Imported. way of Merchandize, except by License from c Stores only, or under special Authority of
ls. ling-Silver of the Realm, or any Money purStandard in Weight or Fineness. ty, such License to be granted for the furnishing of the Governor.
: imported into this Island contrary to any of the mentioned in such Table in respect of such feited. ---
A R D S.
edient that the Officers of Customs should have departing from any Port or Place in this Island and of all Goods taken out of this Island; and make Regulations for the entering and clearing clearing, and shipping of all such Goods; It is ped, or waterborne to be shipped on board any rried to parts beyond the Seas, before due entry lds shall have been made, and Warrant granted, 'ed for shipment in manner hereinafter directed.
cted, that the Master of every Ship which is to is Island for parts beyond the Seas, shall, upon im, receive a Victualling Bill for the shipment of
allowed by the Collector or Controller, for the on which she is about to depart; and that no ned to be Stores except such as shall be borne
icted, that the Person entering Outwards any its beyond the Seas, from any Port in this Island, of the Entry thereof, fairly written in Words at the Master, and of the Place to which the Goods ame the Goods are to be entered, and the Quanf the several Sorts of Goods, and shall pay down

Page 512
xlii. LAWS RELATING TO TH
any Duties which may be
Duplicates. and such Person shall also of such Bill, in which all S
and the Particulars to be contained in such Bills
Manner, and the Number of Duplicates shall b
quire; and thereupon the
Warrant. for the shipment of such Gc
Goods for Draw- 29. And it is further ent back. the Exportation of any such Dutց Goods. Exemption from Duty clair Goods under Res- according to some particula triction. ※ or Condition, or for some
shall be entered and cleared tions as are used, mentioned, or referred to in the of such Duty, or granting such Exemption, or i strictions, Conditions, Purp Ad valorem Goods. Entry are charged to pay I Declaration of value, shall be stated in the Entry Exporter or his known Ager his Signature ; and if any Person shall make su Goods, nor his Agent duly authorized by him, su Pounds; and such Declaration shall be in Mar upon the Person making the same; (that is to sa
I, A. B., of (place of abode,) do hereby declare in this Entry, (or, that I am duly authorized of Witness my hand the
Goods under va- 30. And it is further enac luted to be detained the Officers of the Customs and sold for the be- true Value thereof, the sam nefit of the Crown, and disposed of for the bel before provided in respect addition to the Amount of the Valuation and Proprietor of the Goods.
Entry of Foreign 3). And it is further enact Goods for l)raw- any Foreign Goods for Dray back. . Duties Inwards on such G

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. APPENDIX.
due upon the Exportation of any such Goods; deliver at the same time One or more Duplicates uns and Numbers may be expressed in Figures; hall be written and arranged in such Form and e such, as the Collector and Controller shall reCollector and Controller shall grant a Warrant ods.
acted, that if any Drawback be allowable upon
Goods, or any Duty be payable thereon, or any ned, or if any such Goods be exportable only r Rule or Regulation, or under some Restriction particular Purpose or Destination, such Goods
for shipment by such Denominations or Descrip2 granting of such Drawback, or in the levying n the directing of such Rules, Regulations, Reose, or Destination; and if the Goods in such uty according to the Value thereof, such Value , and shall be affirmed by the Declaration of the t, to be made upon the Entry, and attested by ch Declaration, not being the Exporter of such ch Person shall forfeit the Sum of One Hundred ner and Form following, and shall be binding
*己 3 y,)
, that I am the Exporter of the Goods mentioned oy him,) and I do enter the same at the value
day of ...A. B.
ited, that if upon Examination it shall appear to that such Goods are not valued according to the e may be detained and (within Four Days) taken nefit of the Crown, in like manner as is herein of Goods imported, except that no Sum in the Duties paid shall be paid to the Exporter or
ted, that the Person intending to enter Outwards wback, at any other Port than that at which the toods had been paid, shall first deliver to the

Page 513
APPENDIX. LAWS RELATING TO THE
Collector or Controller of the Port where the D Bills, as the case may require, of the Particular Entry Outyards intended to be made; and there Bills to agree with the Ent Certificate. same, and shall issue Certific as shall be necessary for th such Goods, and setting forth in such Certificate in whose name they are to be entered for Expo and such Certificate, together with Two or more which all Sums and Numbers may be expressed Controller of the Port from which the Goods ar of such Goods; and such Collector and Conti delivered for the shipment of such Goods.
Goods not agree- 32. And it is further enac ing with Bill of En- Duty or Restriction in respe try forfeited. be shipped for any Drawbi other Place, to be shipped f Prohibited Goods, with the Bill of Entry, the hibited to be exported be fo Package and every thing coi
* Searcher to er- 33. And it is further enac атіте Goods. open all Packages, and ful shipment at any Place in this found to correspond in all respects with the Bill c packed at the Charge of such Searcher, whom he shall see fit so to do.
Master to deliver 34. And it is further enac Content. wards at any Port in this Is shipped on board the same i of such Ship, setting forth the Name and Tonnag Destination, and the Name of the Master, and a land of the Packages containing such Goods, and C and a like Account of the Goods on board, if any tation in such Ship, so far as any of such Particu the Ship shall make and sign And answer Ques- to the Truth of such Content tions. troller such Questions conc
f :

E PORTS AND CUSTOMIS. xliii.
uties on such Goods were paid, Two or more 's of the Importation of such Goods, and of the upon such Collector or Controller, finding such ry Inwards, shall write off such Goods from the ate of such Entry, with such Particulars thereof e Computation of the Drawback allowable on
the Destination of the Goods, and the Person ortation, and also the Name of such other Port; Bills of the same, as the case may require, in in Figures, being delivered to the Collector or e to be exported, shall be the Entry Outwards roller shall thereupon cause a Warrant to be
ted, that if any Goods which are subject to any ct of Exportation, or if any Goods which are to ck, shall be brought to any Quay, Wharf, or or Exportation, and such Goods shall not agree same shall be forfeited ; and if any Goods pround in any Package brought as aforesaid, such ntained therein shall be forfeited.
ited, that it shall be lawful for the Searcher to ly to examine all Goods shipped or brought for Island; and if any Goods so examined shall be of Entry for the same, such Goods shall be rehay be allowed such Charge by the Governor, if
ited, that before any Ship shall be cleared Outsland for parts beyond the Seas, with any Goods in such Port, the Master shall deliver a Content e of such Ship, and the Place or Places of her so an Account of the Goods shipped on board, if the Marks and Numbers upon such Packages, , which had been reported Inwards for Exporulars can be known by him; and the Master of
a Declaration before the Collector or Controller
, and shall also answer to the Collector or Con
erming the Ship, the Cargo, and the intended D A. .

Page 514
xliv. AWS RELATING TO THE
Certificate Qf Clear- Voyage, as shall be demande ce troller, or other proper Offic
give to the Master a Certifi tended Voyage, containing an Account of the tota therein, or a Certificate of her Clearance in Ball
depart without such Clearance, or if the Master Sum of One Hundred Pounds,
Officers may board 35. And it is further enac Wessels after Clear- the Customs to go on Board C. Limits of any Port in this Isla and to demand the Certificat there be any Goods or Stores on Board not contai Victualling Bill, such Goods or Stores shall be for
D R AW B
Entry by real Ow- 36. And it is further enact ner or Commission Exportation from this Islanc Merchant. been entered in the Name of
the time of Entry and Shippi and shipped the same, in his own Name and at hi cording to the Practice of Merchants, and who w own Right to such Drawback, except in the cases
Declaration to Er- 37. And it is further enac portation and Right. shall make and subscribe a
mentioned therein have bee and are not intended to be relanded in any Port ( thereof at the time of Entry and Shipping, or tha in his own Name and at his own Liability and Risl he was and continued to be entitled to Drawback that if such Owner or Merchant shall not have p declare under his Hand upon the Entry and upon t. and the Name of such Person shall be stated in th of such Person on the Debenture shall be the Dis
Limitation of the 38. And it is further enact Drawback. Exportation of any Parcel, I may not be entire and the sai ision of the Collector and Controller, nor unless

PORTS AND CUSTOMS, (APPENDIx.
2d of him; and thereupon the Collector or Coner, if such Ship be laden, shall make out and cate of the Clearance of such Ship for her inl Quantities of the several Sorts ef Goods laden st, as the Case may be; and if the Ship shall shall deliver a false Content, he shall forfeit the
:ted, that it shall be lawful for the Officers of any Ship after Clearance Outwards, within the nd, or within Two Leagues of the Coast thereof, e of Clearance and the Victualling Bill, and if ned in the Certificate of Clearance nor in the ffeited,
ACKS,
2d, that no Drawback shall be allowed upon the of any Goods unless such Goods shall have the Person who was the real Owner thereof at g, or of the Person who had actually purchased is own Liability and Risk, on Commission, acas and shall have continued to be entitled in his
hereinafter provided for.
ted, that such Owner or Commission Merchant Declaration upon the Debenture that the Goods actually exported, and have not been relanded of this Island, and that he was the real Owner it he had purchased and shipped the said Goods k, on Commission, as the case may be, and that thereon in his own Right: Provided always, urchased the Right to such Drawback, he shall he Debenture the Person who is entitled thereto, e Entry and in the Debenture; and the Receipt charge for such Drawback.
2d, that no Drawback shall be allowed upon the ackage, or other Assortment of Goods which me as imported, except with the special Permissuch Goods be shipped within Two Years after

Page 515
APPENDIX.) LAWS RELATING TO TH)
the payment of the Duties Inward thereon, nor
Value; and that no Drawback shall be allowed Decay shall have become of less Value for the us back, and all Goods so damaged which shall be the Person who caused such Goods to be so clear or Treble the Amount of the Drawback in such c.
Issuing & passing 39. And it is further enact Debenture. ing any Drawback payable exported, a Debenture shal the Collector and Controller, certifying in the fi and so soon as the same shall have been duly exp the Goods shall have been delivered by the Ex tation thereof shall be certified to the Collector Searcher, and the Debenture shall thereupon b patch, and be delivered to the Person entitled to 1
Duty on Drawback 40. And it is further enac Goods relanded. from the Warehouse to be have been cleared to be exp in this Island, such Goods shall be subject to pay
GOODS WAREHOUSED
Goods may be en- 4 l. And it is further enac tered to be Ware- prietor of any Goods, (exce housed, if of the va- Buds,) who may import the lue of El50. Point de Galle, and Jaffna, t in the Aggregate of less V Exportation; and on such Entry, it shall and may house the Goods, Wares, and Merchandize so ent by the Collector of the Customs of any of the abo said Collector and the said Proprietor, without pay the said Goods may remain in the Store or Wareh until the same shall be taken therefrom for Ex Notice being given to the Officers of the Custo
Proprietor importing, or by
Conditions. for the purpose of Exportati vided always, that if the sai for sale or Consumption within this Island, the fi addition thereto a Duty of One per cent, on the Val

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS, lxv.
unless such Goods shall exceed Forty Pounds in upon any Goods which by reason of Damage or e of the Island than the Amount of such Drawleared for any Drawback, shall be forfeited, and 2d shall forfeit the Sum of Two Hundred Pounds, ase, on the decision of the Governor.
ed, that for the purpose of computing and pay
upon any Goods duly entered, shipped, and l, in due time after such Entry, be prepared by rst instance the Entry Outwards of such Goods; orted, and a Notice containing the Particulars of porter to the Searcher, the Shipment and Exporand Controller, upon such Debenture, by the e computed and passed with all convenient dis"eceive the same,
:ted, that if any Goods which have been taken exported from the same, or any Goods which
orted for any Drawback, be relanded at any Port
the same Duties as Goods first entered.
FOR EXPORTATION.
ted, that it shall and may be lawful to the Propt Cinnamon, Cinnamon Oil, Cassia, or Cassia 2 same into the Ports of Colombo, Trincomalé, o enter the same, or any part thereof, not being alue than One Hundred and Fifty Pounds, for be lawful for such Proprietor to store and wareered, in any Store or Warehouse to be approved vementioned Ports, under the joint Keys of the ment at the time of any Custom Duty ; and that puse aforesaid, at the sole Risk of the Proprietor, portation; and the same may be exported (due ms) from the said Ports, either by the original iny other Person to whom he may sell the same n, without payment of any Duty thereon: ProGoods, or any part thereof, shall be taken out ill Import Duties shall be paid thereon, and in ue thereof in this market : Aud provided further,

Page 516
xlvi. LAWS RELATING TO TH
that the Warehouse or Store in which such G tion of the Collector of Customs or other Offic Writing under his Hand, at any time of the acting on his behalf in Charge and Custody of
in such Store, as to admit of easy and prompt A
Goods may be sort- 42. And it is further ena ed and repacked. Controller, under such Re, prietor or other Person hal sort, separate, pack, and repack any such Good or Arrangements and Assortments thereof, as Goods, or in order to the No Delivery under and no single Delivery of G the value of £40. than Forty Pounds, accordi
On removal of 43. And it is further ena Goods, Duty to be dize are intended to be ta paid on deficiency. same shall have been lodg Regulation, for Exportatic examine such Goods, Wares, or Merchandize; a that the Quantity or Contents of any such Goo Quantity or Contents entered at the first Examin for Wastage or Leakage on such Goods as ar. porter or Importers, Proprietor or Proprietors, and Merchandize, shall, before the same are aforesaid, pay the full Duty of Customs on suci
(loods fraudulent- 44. And it is further en ly removed or con- warehoused under the au cealed forfeited. and clandestinely hid or co Place where the same shal able on the Importation or Exportation thereo or clandestinely hid, or concealed, or removed, by any Officer of the Customs; and the Perso the same, or aiding or assisting therein, or to w be subject. to the like Penalties, as if such Gc lently landed, or removed without payment of J
Goods noterport- 45. And it is further el ed within eighteen which may be warehouse

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. [APPENDIx.
pods are deposited, shall be subject to the Visitar of the Customs deputed by such Collector by ay, on Notice to the Proprietor or other Person he Goods; and such Goods shall be so arranged ccess thereto.
2ted, that it shall be lawful for the Collector and gulations as they shall see fit, to permit the Proing Control over any Goods so warehoused, to s, and to make such lawful Alterations therein, may be necessary for the Preservation of such Sale, Shipment, or legal Disposal of the same. oods shall take place for Exportation of less Value ng to the invoiced Value of such Goods.
cted, that when any Goods, Wares, or Merchanken out of any Warehouse or Place in which the red or secured, according to the directions of this n, the proper Officer of the Customs shall reind in case it shall appear on such re-examination is, Wares, or Merchandize is or are less than the lation of such Goods, after a reasonable allowance 2 subject thereto, then and in such case, the ImConsignee or Consignees, of such Goods, Wares, delivered out of the Warehouse for the purpose h deficient Quantity,
acted, that if any Goods, Wares, or Merchandize thority of this Regulation, shall be fraudulently ncealed in, or removed out of, any Warehouse or be lodged, with intent to evade the Duty pay, all such Goods or Merchandize so fraudulently
shall be forfeited, and shall and may be seized In or Persons so hiding, concealing, or removing hose hands the same shall knowingly come, shall ods, Wares, and Merchandize had been fraudu)utγ.
acted, that all Goods, Wares, and Merchandize d for Exportation under the Provisions of this

Page 517
APPENDIX. LAWS RELATING TO TH
months liable to Ordinance, which shall not Duty. date of the first Entry the
Duties imposed on Goods Or to be sold or de- Duties being paid, it shall a struyed. of Customs to cause all suc sold, or exposed to Sale; a to the payment of the Duties thereon, and the Person authorized to receive the same: Provid Months as aforesaid, it shall appear to the Co or Merchandize are so much damaged as to be n for the said Collector and Controller to destroy Goods shall have no Claim, either in Law or thereof destroyed as aforesaid.
No Goods to beim- 46. And it is further ena ported or erported in exported from this Island,
Wessels of less than or Boat of less Burthen thar l5 tons. Goods: Provided always, t Unless by Proclama- by any Proclamation to be tion by Governor. that purpose, to allow any import or export any Goods or Places, and during such Periods or Times, a upon any Pearl Fishery or other occasion appeari
REGULATIONS
Officers of Customs 47. And it is further enact to have Cognizance all Goods imported or export of Ships and Goods nizance of the Customs, and Coastuvise. tions, and Regulations as G
the Seas: Provided always, And appoint such other Regulations, by any Procl the Gazette, for the carrying Coastwise of any Gc
License for Boat 48. And it is further ena under Fifteen Tons Tons Burthen, wholly owne Burthem. Goods Coastwise from one
theless, that such Wessel or District to which the said Wessel or Boat belon, Burthen of the said Boat, the Name of the Owne
for the Year in which the same may be granted:

E PORTS AND CUSTOMs. xlvii.
be Exported within Eighteen Months from the reof, shall be liable to the full rate of Import f a similar Description; and in default of such hd may be lawful for the Collector and Controller Goods, Wares, and Merchandize to be publicly nd after such Sale, the Produce shall be applied Surplus, if any, paid to the Proprietor or other ed always, that if at the Expiration of Eighteen lector and Controller that such Goods, Wares, ) longer in a marketable state, it shall be lawful he same; and the Proprietor or Owner of such Equity, to the Value of the same, or any part
ted, that ao Goods shall be imported into or from or to parts beyond the Seas, in any Vessel Fifteen Tons, on pain of Forfeiture of all such hat it shall and may be lawful for the Governor by him issued and published in the Gazette for Vessels or Boats under Fifteen Tons Burthen to from or to parts beyond the Seas, at such Ports ld in such Manner as may be deemed expedient. yg to require the same.
COAST WISE.
ed, that Ships conveying Goods Coastwise, and ed Coastwise, shall be liable to the like Cog
be subject to the same Prohibitions, Restricpods imported from or exported to parts beyond that it shall be lawful for the Governor to make amation to be by him issued and published in ods, as to him shall appear expedient.
2ted, that all Vessels or Boats under Fifteen i by British subjects, shall be allowed to carry Part of the Island to another: Provided neverBoat shall be licensed by the Collector of the 's; and every such License shall specify the and the Tindal thereof, and shall be in force and any such Wessel or Boat carrying Goods

Page 518
xlviii. LAWS RELATING TO THE
Coastwise as aforesaid, without being duly licens Forfeiture, together with all the Goods so carried
Collector to grant 49. And whereas it is expe Permit for convey- the Coasts of this Island, ance of Goods within Export of Vessels belongin his Province. Boats, Dhonies, or other Wes and duly registered as Britis preceding Clause, may by Permission in writing written Permission on board, in the room of a Pi situate within the Province in which such Cble Description in the said Permission to be mentio of regular Entry and Clearance defined in this O there to be inspected and regularly cleared for E. and having the same on board, such Boats, D. of regular Entry, Goods duly imported and ent in such Permit, to such Part of the Coast, sit is stationed, as in the said Permit shall be mentio
Duty on Goods 50. And it is further ena exported Coastwise ported Coastwise from any to be repaid on Cer- full Amount of Customs Du tificate. the Shipper or his Agent, ol lector or Controller of Cust Collector or Controller is hereby required to g. relanded in the same Packages unopened; provi the same, have entered such Goods to be carri or Places of relanding; and provided such Ce: Three Months from the date of Exportation.
GENERAL RE
Ships to use their 51. And it is further ena own Boats. in landing or taking on boa own Boats, or (excepting at
of any other Boats; and at Or licensed Boats. be Licensed for that purpo and Controller of Customs a
or taken away in case of any
License. Boatmen thereof, at the disc Licenses shall be in force foi

S. PORTS AND CUSTOMS, APPENDIX.
ed as required by this Clause, shall be liable to .
dient to grant Facilities to the Navigation round for the purpose of collecting a Cargo for the g to the same; It is therefore enacted, that all sels belonging to any of the Ports of this Island h Vessels, or licensed in manner required in the from any Collector of Customs, and having such prt Clearance, proceed to any part of the Coast ctor is stationed, and there take in Goods of the ned, which Goods are to be brought to the Port rdinance from which the said Permit is granted, sportation; and also, by such written Permission, honies, or other Vessels may convey from a Port tered, the Description and Quantity being stated late within the Province in which such Collector ned.
cted, that whenever Goods shall have been exone Port to any other Port of this Island, the ty paid on the Export thereof shall be repaid to n production of a Certificate, signed by the Coloms at the Place of relanding, (and which such ive without delay,) that such Goods have been ded such Shipper or Agent shall on so exporting 2d Coastwise, and shall have specified the Place rtificate shall be produced within the period of
GULATIONS.
cted, that Ships and Vessels of all kinds may, rd any Cargo or Goods, either make use of their the Ports of Colombo, Galle, and Trincomalé)
the said excepted Ports, of such Boats as shall se, by Licenses under the Hand of the Collector t such Port respectively, to be issued and recalled Misconduct by the Owner, Tindal, or any of the retion of the Collector and Controller; and such such Period as may be expressed therein, unless

Page 519
APPENDIX. LAWS RELATING TO TH
previous to the expiration thereof, the same s shall specify the Burthen of the said Boat, the
the Number of Seamen to be employed in the st Master Attendant at each Port respectively; a same at the said Offices.
Restriction not to 52. Provided always, tha ertend to Dhonies. the Boats belonging to the
Trincomalé, and Galle, sha Dhoney, but only to square
Governor to fir 53. And it is further ene rate of Boat Hire, be demanded by Boats lic Colombo, Galle, and Trinco to time by the Governor C Tindal demanding ment; and the Tindal or the ሃገ፲0ገ'é. demand any higher Rate, s liable to a Fine of Two Po at hard labour for One Cale
If Boat absent. 54. And it is further ent Boats shall obey the lawfu toms and of the Master Attendant of the Port an Boat shall be absent from the Port without leave Person of any licensed Boat, on any verbal or Attendant of the Port, or any Officer of his Dep any Ship or square-rigged Or Tindal disobey Passenger, or to bring on orders. comply with such Order,
Stress of Weather; or if If Boatmen absent. Seamen on board his Boat t by Permission of the Collec case at their discretion o Penalty. payable for the Hire of su upon proof of such refus liable to a Fine not exceeding Ten Pounds, w such Boat, and of such Tindal's Property, an he may be committed to Hard Labour for the te Boat may be revoked.

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. xlix.
all be recalled or taken away as aforesaid, and Name of the Owner and the Tindal thereof, and me, and shall be registered in the Offices of the nd all Ships requiring Boats shall apply for the
t the Restriction of employing licensed Boats, or Vessel itself, at the Ports aforesaid of Colombo, ll not extend, or be construed to extend, to any -rigged Vessels, Sloops, and Schooners.
cted, that the Charges for Boat Hire which may ensed to ship and land Goods in the Ports of malé, shall be such as shall be fixed from time f this Island, and publicly notified by Advertise: principal Person of any licensed Boat, who shall hall, on Conviction before the District Court, be unds, and, in default of payment, to imprisonment ndar Month, unless the Fine be sooner paid.
acted, that all Tindals and Boatmen of licensed l orders of the Collector and Controller of Cusd the Officers of his Department, and no licensed of the said Officers; and if the Tindal or principal written Notice being given to him by the Master artment, ordering such Boat to proceed on board
Vessel, or to convey to the same any Cargo or
shore any Cargo or Passenger, shall refuse to
not being manifestly prevented therefrom by e shall when so required to proceed have fewer han the Number specified in his License, unless tor or Controller of Customs, who may in such rder a proportionate reduction of the charges ch Boat, such Tindal or principal Person shall, al or deficiency before the District Court, be hich Fine may be levied by seizure and sale of d in default of his having sufficient Property, rm of Three Months; and the License of such

Page 520
l. LAWS RELATING TO TE
Goods removed in 55. And it is further ena unlicensed Boat for to any Ship or Vessel anci feited, with Boat. Galle, and Trincomale, ex
Boats belonging to such in which they may have been landed or shipp having Jurisdiction under this Ordinance, be col
Note of contents 56. And it is further ena of Baat. Masters or Supercargoes o
shall be accompanied by specifying the Quantity, Nature, and Quality ( Marks and Numbers affixed to them: And in D said Master or Supercargo shall be liable to a prisoned till the same is paid.
Power for Gover- 57. And it is further ena norta appoint Ports any Proclamation to be issu and legal Quays, appoint any Port, Haven, the Limits thereof, and to legal Quays for the lading and unlading of been set out as a legal Quay by such Authorit. and unlading of Goods : Provided always, that a Limits thereof, and all legal Quays, appointed an meat of this Ordinance, under any Law till then, Creeks, Limits, and legal Quays respectively, under the Authority of this Ordinance.
Collector and Con- 58. And it is further enac troller to appoint Controller of His Majesty Sufferance Wharfs. under their Hands, to ap lading and unlading of Gc or by the Proper Officers under their Direction shall see fit.
Tinnes for landing 59. And it is further enac and shipping. or shall be put off from any borne in order to be exporte Day, or Good Friday, or before Six o'clock in Afternoon, and in the Presence and with the , Provided always, that Coin, Bullion, and perso

E PORTS AND CUSTUMS. APPENDIX.
:ted, that if any Goods be landed from, or shipped oring or being at anchor in the Port of Colombo, cept in Boats licensed as abovementioned, or in Vessel, the said Goods, and the unlicensed Boat ed, shall, upon proof thereof before any Court fiscated. 3. . .
rted, that in landing the Cargoes of Vessels, (the f which are Europeans,) each separate Boatload Note, addressed to the Collector of Customs, when necessary) of the Goods so sent, and the efault of Compliance with the said Provision, the Fine not exceeding Ten Pounds, and to be im
cted, that it shall be lawful for the Governor, by ed by him for that Purpose from time to time, to or Creek in the Island of Ceylon, and to set out appoint the proper Places within the same, to be Goods, and to declare that any Place that had y, shall be no longer a legal Quay for the lading ill Ports, Havens, and Creeks, and the respective d set out and existing as such at the Commencein force, shall continue to be such Ports, Havens, as if the same had been appointed and set out
ted, that it shall be lawful for the Collector and 's Customs, from time to time, by any Order point Places to be Sufferance Wharfs, for the ods by Sufferance, to be duly issued by them, is, in such Manner and in such Cases as they
:ed, that no Goods shall be unshipped or landed, Wharf, Quay, or other Place, or shall be waterl, but only on Days not being Sunday, Christmas the Morning, or later than Five o'clock in the Authority of the proper, Officer of the Customs: nal Baggage to the extent of Two Trunks and

Page 521
APPENDIX.
LAWS REATING TO TH
Two Parcels, and no more, shall be permitted to by any Officer of the Customs.
Transhipment of
Goods.
60. And it is further ene in Port without the previc Customs, or which shall be
for which they have been passed at the Custom which they are shipped, to Confiscation, which
of Duties, at the Discretion of Government.
No Wessel to be hauled on shore without permission. Boat to be removed from Wharf when directed. Pemalty.
6. And it is further ena Shore at any Wharf, Qua, pose of Repairs or otherwis troller of Customs and th alongside of any Wharf or Charge shall be directed Customs: And any Person
such Permission as aforesa
Boat refusing or neglecting to remove the same Penalty of Five Pounds, and in default of payme
No Tinber, etc. to be les ont Wharf for
more than two days.
62. And it is further ena be left on any public Wha Two Days, so as to interrap for the Collector and Cont
Notice in writing given to the Owner thereof, to liable to a Penalty of Five Pounds: And such thereof until after payment of the said Penalty, t of the same: And if such Goods shall not be cl given as aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the Co Auction, and to deduct from the Proceeds the may have been incurred on account of such Go
the Owner.
| Ballast, etc. to be removed to proper
place within 24 hours.
Penually.
63. And it is further enact any Vessel on any Wharf, prohibited by public Notice, the same shall be landed, to Controller and the Master At same shall be liable to a Pen
8

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. li.
pass at all convenient Hours, on being searched
cted, that all Goods which shall be transhipped us Permission of the Collector or Controller of shipped on board of any other Vessel than that House, shall be liable, as well as the Wessel on Penalty may be reduced to Treble the Amount
cted, that no Vessel or Boat shall be hauled on 7, or Landing Place in this Island, for the Pure, without Permission from the Collector or ConMaster Attendant; and no Boat shall remain Landing Place, after the Owner or Person in o remove the same by the proper Officer of the hauling any Vessel or Boat on Shore without ld, and the Owner or Person in Charge of any when ordered as aforesaid, shall be liable to a :nt, to imprisonment until such Fine be paid.
cted, that if any Timber or other bulky Articles rf or Landing Place in this Island for more thali , or hinder the free use thereof, it shall be lawful roller of Customs, after Twenty Four Hours remove the same; and such Owner shall be Goods shall not be delivered up to the Owner ogether with the charges attending the Removal aimed and removed within Six Days after Notice llector and Controller to sell the same by public
mount of such Penalty, and all Charges which ods, and the Surplus, if any, shall be paid to
ed, that if any Ballast or Rubbish landed from puay, or other Landing Place, or in any Place be not removed within Twenty Four Hours after the Depositories appointed by the Collector and endant, the Master or other Person landing the ilty not exceeding Ten Pounds. سمبر

Page 522
- li. LAWS RELATING TO TH
Power to charge 64. And it is further ent Rent in King's Ware- (save and except such as ar house. are not removed from the C shall and may be lawful for and demand and receive Warehouse Rent for remain in such Warehouse, at such Rate as ma Warehouse Rent payable for Goods lodged in an Warehouse Rent may be due shall be removed u
Power to sell Goods 65. And it is further enact not cleared. House or King's Warehout longer Period than Six Mo other Ordinance, or by the special Permission of Advertisement, sold by Auction to answer the Di Surplus shall be repaid or reserved to be paid touching the same: Provided, that if any such C such Advertisement and Sale may take place at st on a Representation and Consideration of the Cas
Goods warehoused 66. And it is further ena to be at risk of the House or King's Warehous Owner. stolen therefrom, the Owne to Compensation thereof, b Penalty on Officers of any Duties thereon: Pro embezzling, etc. about the Customs, who sl longing to an Individual, c stolen therefrom, shall be liable to make good upon the Fact being proved before a compet One Year from the Date at which such Embe: to have taken place.
Weights and Mea- 67. And it is further ena SN{እ'68. shall be paid and received enumerated, and at the Rat Silver Money, or in such other Description of from time to time be established by Governme Measures of this Island ; and that in all cases w and allowed according to any specific Quantity to apply in the same Proportion to any greater o

, PORTS AND CUSTOMs. APPENDIX.
cted, that in all cases where Goods Imported : in Deposit) or Goods intended for Exportation ustom House within the term of Seven Days, it he Collector or Controller of Customs to charge uch Goods for all such Time as the same shall 7 from time to time be fixed by Government as 7 King's Warehouse; and no Goods upon which ntil the same be paid.
ed, that if any Goods shall be left in any Custom e of this Island without payment of Duty for a nths, unless permitted to remain by this or any Government, such Goods shall be, after public uties and Warehouse Rent due thereon, and any to the Owner, who shall have no further Claim foods shall happen to be of a perishable nature, lch earlier Period as may appear to Government, le, necessary,
cted, that if any Goods lodged in any Custom 2 of this Island, shall be destroyed by fire, or thereof shall not have any Claim on the Crown it shall in that case be exempted from payment ided always, that any officers employed in and hall embezzle any Property lodged therein, ber by whose Negligence such Property may be to the Party injured Double the Value thereof, nt Court, in an Action to be brought within zzlement, or Theft, and Negligence, is alleged
cted, that all Duties and Drawbacks of Customs in the several Descriptions of Money herein s of Exchange specified, viz. in British Gold or Money and at such Rate of Exchange as may ht, and according to the Standard Weights and here such Duties and Drawbacks are imposed r any specific Value, the same shall be deemed
less Quantity or Value.

Page 523
APPENDIX. AWS RELATING TO TH
Bonds to be taken 68. And it is further en: by Collector & Con- required to be given in res troller. Collector and Controller for When void. tion of Three Years from th therein for the Performanc upon which no Prosecution or Suit shall have cancelled and destroyed.
No act invalidated 69. And it is further ena by absence of Con- by any Law at any time in fo troller. Collector and Controller of
at such Ports or Places whe with the Collector or other principal Officer of C Law as if the same had been done and perform of Customs under any Law now in force or herea
Oficermaybe sta- 70. And it is further enac tioned ta Ship within Controller of any Port in th Limass of a Port. while within the Limits of su of which any Officer is so stal Room under the Deck, in some part of the Foreca in case of Neglect or Refusal so to do, shall forfe
Officers may board 7. And it is further enac Ships hovering on the Customs to go on board a Coasts. of the Coast of this Island, Ship for prohibited and uncu And bring them into Ship or Vessel, so long as sh Port. such ship shall be bound el
space of twenty-four Hours part, it shall be lawful for the Officer of the Cus and examine her Cargo, and to examine the Maste be any Goods on board prohibited to be imported Cargo shall be forfeited; and if the Master shall demanded of him on such Examination, he shall f
Writ of Assistance 72. And it is further enac to search for and seize ance, granted by the Suprer Goods. hereby authorized and requ Application made to them f

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. liii.
acted, that all Bonds relating to the Customs pect of Goods or Ships, shall be taken by the the use of His Majesty; and after the Expira: Date thereof, or from the Time, if any, limited e of the Condition thereof, every such Bond been commenced, shall be void, and may be
ted, that every Act, Matter, or Thing required orce to be done or performed by, to, or with the Dustoms, shall and may be done or performed re there is no Controller of Customs, by, to, or ustoms, and shall be as valid and effectual in 2d by, to, or with any Collector and Controller fter to be made.
ted, that it shall be lawful for the Collector and is Island, to station Officers on board any Ship ch Port; and the Master of every Ship on board tioned, shall provide every such Officer sufficient stle or Steerage, for his Bed or dammock; and it the Sum of One Hundred Pounds.
ited, that it shall be lawful for the Officers of ny Ship or Vessel hovering within One League and to rummage and search all parts of such stomed Goods, and freely to stay on board such e shall remain within such Distance; and if any sewhere, and shall continue so hovering for the after the Master shall have been required to detoms to bring such Ship into Port, and to search r touching the Cargo and Voyage; and if there into this Island, such Ship or Vessel and her not truly answer the Questions which shall be orfeit the Sum of One Hundred Pounds.
ted, that under Authority of a Writ of Assistne Court or Court of Vice-Admiralty, (who are ired to grant such Writ of Assistance, upon or that Purpose by the Principal Officers of His

Page 524
liv. AWS RELATING TO TH
Majesty's Customs,) it shall be lawful for any Officer, to enter any Building or other Place in secure any Goods liable to Forfeiture under th any Doors and any Chests or other Packages when issued, shall be deemed to be in force du shall have been granted, and for Twelve Months
Obstruction or 73. And it is further ent bribery of Officer. Goods, or receiving the san sions of this Ordinance, or, Custom House Officer in the Execution of his Officer, or knowingly assisting in any such Acts. be liable to a Fine not exceeding One Hundred exceeding Six Months, according to the nature of to be shipped or landed, shall be liable to Co Person who shall be convicted of giving or offe the Customs, directly or indirectly, any Present, exceeding One Hundred P Penalty on Officer paid; and that any such P receiving Bribe. toms, convicted of receiving punishable by Fine and Imp Discretion of the District Court, such Fine no Imprisonment not exceeding Six Months.
Falsification of 74. And it is further enact Stamp or Document. or wilfully use when counte the Customs to denote tha the Duty been charged thereon, or any Entry, W for the unlading, lading, entering, exporting, or for shipping of any Goods, Stores, Baggage, or procure any Writing or Document to be made for shall for every such Offence forfeit the Sum of this Penalty shall not attach to any particular expressly imposed by any Law in force for the tit
Penalty on false 75. And it is further enac Declaration 8 Answer. by this Ordinance or by any
Declarations to the Value of Ferson required by this Ordinance or by any oth (2 estions put to him by the Officers of the Cu

E PORTS AND CUSTOMIS. APPENDIX.
ficer of the Customs, taking with him a Peace the Daytime, and to search for and seize and s Act, and, in case of Necessity, to break open for that Purpose; and such Writ of Assistance, ing the whole of the Reign in which the same from the Conclusion of such Reign.
cted, that any Person shipping or landing any le on board, or on shore, contrary to the Proviin either situation, obstructing or molesting any Duty, or bribing or offering to bribe any such shall, on Conviction before the District Court, Pounds, and to be imprisoned for any Term not the Misdemeanour; and the Goods so attempted nfiscation. And it is further enacted, that any ing to any Person employed in the Collection of Fee, or Gratuity, shall be liable to a Fine not punds, and to be imprisoned till such Fine be erson so employed in the Collection of the Cusany Bribe, Present, Fee, or Gratuity, shall be risonment, with or without Hard Labour, at the l, exceeding One Hundred Pounds, and such
ed, that if any Person shall counterfeit or falsify. rfeited or falsified, any Stamp or Mark used in t Goods have duly passed through the same and Varrant, Cocket, or Transire, or other Document 'learing of any Ship or Vessel, or for the landing Article whatever, or shall by any false Statement any of such Purposes, every Person so offending Two Hundred Pounds: Provided always, that Offence for which any other Penalty shall be he being.
ed, that if any Declaration required to be made ther Ordinance relating to the Customs, (except Goods,) be untrue in any Particular, or if any er Ordinance relating to the Customs to answer
toms, touching certain Matters, shall not truly

Page 525
APPENDIX.)
LAWS RELATING TO TH
answer such Questions, the Person making st
shall, over and above any other Penalty to whic One Hundred Pounds.
Seizures.
Ship to include Guns, Tackle, etc.
Forfeiture of Goods to include means of renoval.
Return of Duty оverpaid.
had been charged
76. And it is further ena and Boats, which by this C force relating to the Custom be seized by any Officer of Vessel, or Boat, shall be de Furniture of the same; and to include the proper Packa
77. And it is further el
Cattle made use of in the this Act, shall be forfeited.
78. And it is further en have been overpaid, or alth charged and paid, it shall a
under an erroneous Construc
any such Overcharge, after the expiration of Th1
Recovery of Penalties and Forfei
tiltres,
Averment of Of
feтcе.
79. And it is further en shall be incurred under t of Parliament relating to th covered in the respective Revenue Cases therein.
80. And it is further en; ing for any Offence again to the Customs, the Aver
the Limits of any Port, shall be sufficient, wit
be proved.
Proof of payment of Duties to be on
Ouvner.
8l. And it is further ena payment of Duties, or an shall arise whether the Du have been lawfully impo
thereof shall lie on the Owner or Claimer of suc
and stop the same.

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. lv.
ich Deelaration, or answering such Questions, sh he may become subject, forfeit the Sum of
cted, that all Goods, and all Ships, and Vessels. rdinance or any other Ordinance at any time in is, shall be declared to be forfeited, shall and may the Customs; and such Forfeiture of any Ship, 2emed to include the Guns, Tackle, Apparel, and | such Forfeiture of any Goods shall be deemed ges in which the same are contained.
haeted, that all Vessels, Boats, Carriages, and Removal of any Goods liable to Forfeiture under
acted, that although any Duty of Customs shall ough after any Duty of Customs shall have been ppear or be judicially established that the same :tion of the Law, it shall not be lawful to return 'ee Years from the Date of such Payment.
acted, that all Penalties and Forfeitures which his or any other Ordinance, or under any Act e Customs, shall and may be sued for and reCourts of this Island, in like manner as other
acted, that in any Information or other Proceedit any Ordinance made or to be made relating ment that such Offence was committed within hout Proof of such Limits, unless the contrary
cted, that if any Goods shall be seized for Nonother Cause of Forfeiture, and any Dispute ties have been paid for the same, or the same ted, or lawfully laden or exported, the Proof ) Goods, and not on the Officers who shall seize

Page 526
lvi. LAWS RELATING TO TE
Disposal of for- 82. And it is further en feited property. this Act, and returned int shall be admitted, unless s with his Residence and Occupation, nor unless made by the Owner, or by his Attorney or Age best of his Knowledge and Belief; and every J be deemed guilty of a Misdemeanour, and sha Persons are liable for a Misdemeanour.
Claim to Thing 83. And it is further er seized to be entered Things which shall be seiz in name of Owner. relating to the Customs, sh may be dealt with in the Boats, Goods, and other Things seized and con Person from whom such Ships, Boats, Goods, a Owner of them, or some Person authorized by day of seizing the same, give Notice in writing the Collector, Controller, or other chief Officer the Ship, Boat, Goods, or other Things, or inten
Claimant to give 84. And it is further ena Security. a Claim to any Thing seize
Security shall have been cuted, to answer and prosecute without delay su
rity, such Things shall be adjudged to be forfeit.
Restoration of pro- 85. And it is further ena perty seized. Boats shall be seized as fo any other Ordinance relatin lector and Controller of the Customs, with the be restored in such Manner and on such Terms and if the Proprietor of the same shall accept Collector and Controller, he shall not have or n on account of such Seizure or Detention; and tl in any Manner for Condemnation.
Remission of For- 86. And it is further ena feitures & Penalties. Forfeiture on account of an the Master of any Ship shal of any Goods laden in such Ship or unladen ther

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. APPENDIX.
cted, that no Claim to any Thing seized under any of His Majesty's Courts, for Adjudication, lch Claim be entered in the Name of the Owner, a Declaration to the Property in such Thing be t, by whom such Claim shall be entered, to the 'erson making a false Declaration thereto, shall l be liable to the Pains and Penalties to which
acted, that all Ships, Boats, Goods, and other ed as forfeited under this Ordinance or any Law all be deemed and taken to be condemned, and manner directed by Law in respect to Vessels, emned for Breach of any such Laws, unless the nd other Things shall have been seized, or the him, shall, within One Calendar Month from the to the Person or Persons seizing the same, or to of Customs, at the nearest Port, that he claims ds to claim them.
icted, that no Person shall be admitted to enter d in pursuance of this Ordinance, until sufficient given in the Court where such Seizure is proseich Claim ; and in default of giving such Secued, and shall be condemned.
cted, that in case any Goods, Ships, Vessels, or rfeited, or detained as undervalued, under this or g to the Customs, it shall be lawful for the ColSanction of the Governor, to order the same to and Conditions as they shall think fit to direct; the Terms and Conditions prescribed by the said laintain any Action for Recompence or Damage he Person making such Seizure shall not proceed
ted, that if any Ship shall have become liable to * Goods laden therein or unladen therefrom, or if l have become liable to any Penalty on account :from, and such Goods shall be small in Quantity

Page 527
APPENDIX. LAWS REIATING TO TH
or of trifling Value, and it shall be made appear t of His Majesty's Customs that such Goods had of the Owners of such Ship, or without the Priv shall be lawful for the said Collector and Contr Government, to remit such Forfeiture, and also see Reason to acquit such Master of all Blame attribute the Commission of such Offence to Neg and every Forfeiture and every Penalty, or part no Suit or Action shall be brought or maintained
Informers’ share 87. And it is further ena of Penalties. cated under this Ordinance, or Persons who shall give and Conviction of the Offence for which the sa may be more than one Person entitled to share Ordinance, the Court which shall declare the Pro shall also apportion the Shares in the Reward; Customs nor any Assistant Custom Master at the be entitled to share in any part of such Confiscati competent to the Governor to remit the whole of su or any part of any Penalty or Forfeiture which may nance, as he may consider expedient on Represent
Definition of time 88. And it is further enac of an Importation. of any Duty, or upon the f upon the first permitting or whether Inwards, Outwards, or Coast wise in the determine the precise Time at which an Importatic pleted shall be deemed to have had effect, such T to be the Time at which the Ship importing such
the Port at which such Ships And of an Erpor- be discharged; and that such tation. to be the Time at which th which they had been export the Arrival or Departure of a And of an Arrival. upon such Ship, exclusive ol deemed to be the Time at v And of a Departure, or ought to have been mac deemed to be the Time of th and Controller for the Voyag
h

, PORTS AND CSTOMIS. lvii.
the Satisfaction of the Collector and Controller been laden or unladen contrary to the Intention ty of the Master thereof, as the case may be, it lier, having received the previous Sanction of to remit or mitigate such Penalty, as they shall in respect of such Offence, or more or less to ect of Duty on his part as Master of such Ship: hereof, so remitted, shall be null and void, and
by any Person whatever on account thereof.
2ted, that of the Value of any Property confisone-half shall be paid to any among any Person such Information as shall lead to the Discovery d Property is confiscated; and that when there in this or any other Reward assigned under this perty confiscated, or assess the Penalty or Fine, Provided always, that neither the Collector of Port where the Offence may be committed, shall on: And provided further, that it shall be fully ch Confiscation, or any part thereof, or the whole y be incurred under the Enactments of this Ordiation of particular Circumstances in any Case.
ted, that if upon the first levying or repealing irst granting or repealing of any Drawback, or prohibiting of any Importation or Exportation, Island of Ceylon, it shall become necessary to n or Exportation of any Goods made and comme, in respect of Importation, shall be deemed Goods had actually come within the Limits of hall in due course be reported, and such Goods Time, in respect of Exportation, shall be deemed Goods had been shipped on board the Ship in d; and that if such Question shall arise upon y Ship, in respect of any Charge or Allowance any Cargo, the Time of such Arrival shall be hich the Report of such Ship shall have been e; and the Time of such Departure shall be last Clearance of such Ship with the Collector : upon which she had departed.

Page 528
1νiii. LAWS RELATING TO TH
Ships arriving not 89. And it is further ena to communicate with any Ship or Vessel, excep Shore, until visited Island, or any Person on bc by Health Officer, & with any other Ship, or with Certificate of Health or for such Master to allo granted. arriving as aforesaid shall
granted, by the Health Offi at the head of the main or loftiest Mast of the Penalty not exceeding Twenty Pounds for every malignant Disease, of a Contagious or Infectious or other Person so offending, actually prevail on been placed under Quarantine at the time whe cation took place, every such Maste or other P ting in such Communication or Attempt, shall liable, on conviction thereof, to be punished for a
Nor Dhonies or 90. And it is furthe, ena Boats, until after or Boats arriving in any Por Report made and sible delay attend at the Cui Certificate of Health of Health, and obtain a Ce obtained. this Ordinance; and if any able Cause neglect or dela said, or if any other Person on board of such Dho to land or communicate with any Ship or Dhoney from the Shore, until such Certificate of Health or other Person so offending, or aiding, assisting, shall be liable to a Penalty not exceeding Twenty Labour; and if it shall be proved, that at the malignant Disease of a Contagious or Infectious or Tindal, or other Person so offending, actually said Master, Tindal, or other Person so offending in such Communication or Attempt, shall be sub over to be punished, upon conviction thereof, for
Health Officer to 9 l. And it is further ena visit Ships arriving, except Dhonies, at any Por and Master to sign with the least possible Dele Certificate of Health. windward thereof shall han to the Form D. hereunto E feel himself authorized, from the perfect state o

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. APPENDIX.
2ted, that it shall not be lawful for the Master of t Dhonies, arriving at any Port or Place of this ard thereof, to communicate with the Shores, or any Boat from any other Ship or from the Shore, v any Person on board so to do, until such Ship have been visited, and a Certificate of Health cer, and the Health Flag shall have been hoisted Ship, in manner hereinafter mentioned, umder a such Offence: And if it shall be proved that any nature, did within the knowledge of the Master board the said Ship, or if such Ship shall have !n such Communication or Attempt at Communierson so offending, or aiding, assisting, and abetbe subject to perform Quarantine, and shall be Misdemeanour.
cted, that the Masters or Tindals of all Dhonies t or Place in this Island, shall with the least posstom House of such Port, and sign a Declaration rtificate from the Health Officer, as required by Master or Tindal aforesaid shall without reasony to obtain such Certificate of Health as aforeney or Boat shall land or communicate or attempt , or with any Boat from any Ship or Dhoney or shall have been granted, every Master, Tindal, or abetting in such Communication, or Attempt, Pounds, or Imprisonment with or without Hard time of such Communication or Attempt, any nature did within the knowledge of the Master prevail on board the said Dhoney or Boat, the , and every Person aiding, assisting, or abetting ject to perform Quarantine, and be liable morea Misdemeanour.
cted, that on the Arrival of any Ship or Vessel, or Place in this Island, the Health Officer shall y go alongside such Vessel, and keeping to the d up a printed Declaration of Health, according nnexed; and if the Master of such Vessel shall f Health of every Person on board, to sign the

Page 529
APPENDIX. LAWS RELATING TO TH
said Declaration, then and in that case it shall b such Declaration duly signed by the said Mas the Form E. hereunto annexed, when the Capta of the Nation to which the Vessel may belong, Vessel, as the Health Flag.
Additional Pun- 92. And it is further ena ishment on Master Dhoney, or Boat arriving at for false Declaration Declaration of Health as r or Answer. nance, and it shall subseq Contagious or Infectious n Dhoney, or Boat during her Voyage to this Islan Dhoney, or Boat at the time such Declaration we or Tindal, or if it shall appear that any Statemer the Questions therein inserted, whether made ver sented the true Facts of the Case, such Master or " on conviction thereof, besides being subject to the making any false Declarations or Answers, be mor
Where Contagious 93. And it is further enact Disease on board, or Tindal of any Ship, Dhol Health Officer to re- Island, shall, from the ill s fuse Certificate and his Ship, Dhoney, or Boat, Yellow Flag to be mentioned Declaration of He hoisted. Officer that one or more Per labouring under any malign: or where from any reasonable cause of Doubt Officer shall deem it necessary to place the said notify the same to the Master or Tindal thereof Health to the said Ship, Dhoney, or Boat, and Yellow Flag at the head of the main or loftie. should the Master or Tindal of any Ship, Dhon Yellow Flag on board, the Health Officer shall or of the said Master or Tindal, who shall hoist the to be kept up during the Day, so long as the Shi tine, under a Penalty of not exceeding Twenty F Night, the Master or Tindal of any Ship, Dhone of such Yellow Flag, hoist, or cause to be hoiste the said Ship, Dhoney, or Boat, two lighted Lant of not exceeding Twenty Pounds in case of contr
h

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. lix.
e lawful for the said Health Officer on receiving ter, to grant a Certificate of Health according to in or Master shall hoist the Union Jack, or Flag
at the head of the main or loftiest Miast in such
icted, that if any Master or Tindal of any Ship, any Port or Place in this Island, shall sign the equired by the preceding Clauses of this Ordiuently appear that any malignant Disease of a ature had shown itself on board of such Ship, d, or did actually prevail on board the said Ship, ls signed, with the knowledge of the said Master It made in such Declaration, or in the Answers to 'tally or in writing, in any way wilfully misrepreTindal signing such Declaration as aforesaid, shall Penalty imposed by this Ordinance on all Persons eover liable to be punished for a Misdemeanour.
ed, that whenever it shall happen that the Master ney, or Boat arriving at any Port or Place in this state of Health of any of the Persons on board not deem himself authorized to sign the above alth; or whensoever it shall appear to the Health sons on board of any Ship, Dhoney, or Boat are ant Disease of a Contagious or Infectious nature, or Suspicion existing thereon, the said Health Ship, Dhoney, or Boat in Quarantine, he shall by a refusal in writing to grant a Certificate of shall order the said Master or Tindal to hoist a st Mast of the said Ship, Dhoney, or Boat, and ey, or Boat so placed in Quarantine, not have a der one to be furnished forth with at the expense same, or cause it to be hoisted as directed, and p, Dhoney, or Boat may be detained in Quaranounds for neglecting so to do; and during the , or Boat so placed in Quarantine, shall in lieu 2d, at the head of the main or loftiest Mast of erns, one over the other, under a similar Penalty avention.
2

Page 530
lx.
Duty of Health Officer and Collector in regard to Ships placed in Quarentine.
LAWS RELATING TO TE
94. And it is further en placed under Quarantine b Clause, the said Health Ol Colombo, to the Colonial of the Customs of the Dis
mentioned Officer, in concert with the Principal
ized and required, upon any such Report bein to adopt such necessary Measures as the case m said Ship, Dhoney, or Boat for such time as m other Persons duly appointed for furnishing unc Boat with any supplies she may be in want of, a the same forth with to Government for its Orders
Governor to declare time of operation of Quarentine Regulations. And alter or repeal the same.
And give special directions in particular cases.
95. And it is further en; 94th Clauses of this Ordina until after Proclamation by lished in the Gazette : An Governor in like manner to Quarantine provided for b Regulations in lieu thereo necessary and expedient; a any Proclamation being pub Cases with respect to any Sł
in this Island, and having tagious nature on board, or on board of which as of the Voyage, or arriving under any other ala Health, to give Special Directions through the for him, for cutting off all Communication betw and the rest of His Majesty's Subjects or Inh. Dhoney, or Boat, together with their Crews, Merchandize, in Quarantine according to the c wise to give Orders for shortening the Period releasing the said Persons, Goods, Ships, or Vess and as to him shall seem proper.
t Terms used in Or- 96. And in order to avoi dinance. pressions in this Ordinance,
and to prevent any Misconst in, it is further enacted, that whenever the seve this Ordinance or in any other Ordinance relatil

E PORTS AND CUSTOMIS. APPENDIX.
cted, that upon any Ship, Dhoney, or Boat being y the Health Officer as directed by the preceding ficer shall without any delay report the same if at Secretary, and if at Out-stations to the Collector :rict in which the Port is situated, and such last Medical Officer of the Province, is hereby authorg made to him by the Health Officer as aforesaid, ay require to prevent all Communication with the ay be needful, except by the Health Officer, or er proper Precautions the said Ship, Dhoney, or nd for the relief of the sick, and he shall report
acted, that the S9th, 90th, 91st, 92nd, 93rd, and nce shall not take effect within these Settlements , the Governor to that effect, to be by him pubd provided further, that it shall be lawful for the repeal and alter any of the general Provisions of y this Ordinance, or to make any other general f, or in addition thereto, as it shall appear to be nd it shall be lawful for the Governor (without lished as aforesaid) upon any particular Case or hip, Dhoney, or Boat arriving in any Port or Place any malignant Disease of an infectious or conly such Disease may have appeared in the course rming or suspicious circumstances as to Public Health Officer or other Competent Officer acting een any Persons infected with any such Disease, abitants of thils Island, by plaeing the said Ship, Passengers, Letters, Goods, Wares, and other rcumstanees of each particular Case; and likeof Quarantine, or for mitigating it, or for wholly
els from Quarantine, according to circumstances,
I the frequent Use of numerous Terms and Exnd any other Ordinances relating to the Customs, uction of the Terms and Expressions used thereal Terms or Expressions following shall occur in g to the Customs, the same shall be construed

Page 531
APPENDIX.)
Ship.
Master.
Owner or Outners.
Mate.
Seатат.
British Possession,
His Majesty. Oουεrnor,
East India Company.
Charter.
Colector and Con
troller.
LAWS RELATING TO TH
respectively in the Manner Term “Ship" shall be con such Term shall be used to other Classes of Vessels; th strued to mean the Person ha Ship; that the Term “ Own be construed alike to mean o the Owners, if there be mor shall be construed to mean t Master thereof; that the Ter Seaman, Mariner, Sailor, or that the Term “ British Pos Plantation, Island, Territory. the Term “ His Majesty” she and Successors; that the Tel Governor, Lieutenant Govern of these Settlements for the pany” shall be construed to England trading to the East I Company's Charter" shall be of the Cape of Good Hope to lector and Controller” shall l
Collector and Controller of
Health Officer.
Officer.
Warehouse.
King's Warehonse.
tence; that the Term “Health appointed by Government for i of the Persons on board; that the Officer mentioned shall be that the Term “Warehouse'
House, Shed, Yard, Timber to be Warehoused upon Im without payment of Duty or of Ceylon; that the Term “K any Place provided by the Cr of the Customs.

, PORTS AND CUSTOMS. lxii.
hereinafter directed; (that is to say,) that the trued to mean Ship or Vessel generally, unless Listinguish a Ship from Sloops, Brigantines, and it the Term “Master" of any Ship shall be conving or taking the Charge or Command of such }rs" and the Term “Owner” of any Ship shall ne Owner, if there be only one, and any or all : than one; that the Term “Mate" of any Ship e Person next in Command of such Ship to the m “Seaman' shall be construed to mean alike Landsman, being one of the Crew of any Ship; session” shall be construed to mean Colony, or Settlement belonging to His Majesty; that ill be construed to mean His Majesty, his Heirs m “ Governor' shall be construed to mean the or, or the Officer administering the Government time being; that the Term “ East India Commean the United Company of Merchants of indies; that the Term “Limits of the East India 2onstrued to mean all Places and Seas Eastward the Straits of Magellan; that the Terms “ Colbe construed to mean the Collector or Assistant the Customs of the Port intended in the senOfficer' shall be construed to mean the Officer inspecting Vessels, and reporting on the Health whenever mention is made of any public Officer deemed to be such Officer for the time being; shall be construed to mean any place, whether Pound, or other Place in which Goods entered portation may be lodged, kept, and secured although prohibited to be used in the Island ing's Warehouse" shall be construed to mean own for lodging Goods therein for the security

Page 532
lxii. LAWS RELATING TO TI
Table of Duties payable on Goods Imported int Exportation
Ale, Porter, and all other Malt Liquors in C
Ditto, per dozen quarts in bottles .
Opium, per lb.
Paddee, per bushel
Rice, per bushel .
Spirits and Liqueurs, per gallon
Goods, Wares, and Merchandize, not otherwise declared to be Free of Duty, being of the G the United Kingdom, or of any of His Maje, the Possessions of the East India Company, the Value thereof in this Market .
Goods, Wares, and Merchandize, not otherwise declared to be Free of Duty, being of the G any Foreign State, or of the Possessions of One Hundred Pounds of the Value thereof
Books, printed-Bullion, Coin, Pearls, and P Plants-Horses, Mules, Asses, Neat Cattle ments, scientific-Machinery, Implements, ar kind of Manufacture-Maps-Regimental Cl
was
Table of Duties payable on
Cinnamon, per lb.* . . . . . . . . . Ditto, if assorted as the third sort by the Gov
Cinnamon Oil, per oz. . . . . . . . .
Goods, Wares, and Merchandize, of the Grow Island of Ceylon, not being subject to oth empted from Export Duty, for every One Hi
Books, printed-Bullion, Coin, Pearls, and Pre Neat Cattle, and all other Live Stock-Plan Personal Baggage
This has been recently reduced by Her Maj

E PORTS AND CUSTOMS. APPENDIX.
A.
Ceylon, and of the Drawbacks to be allowed on the of such Goods.
£ s. d. sks, per galon . . . . 0 0 2.
0 0 6
O O
0 0 3
0 0 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 6 charged with Duty, and not herein rowth, Produce, or Manufacture of ity's Possessions abroad, other than for every One Hundred Pounds of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 0 charged with Duty, and not herein 'rowth, Produce, or Manufacture of the East India Company, for every in this Market . . . . . . . . 10 0 0
recious Stones-Garden Seeds and , and all other Live Stock-Instruid Tools for Agriculture and for any othing and Accoutrements-Timber . . . FREE.
B. Goods Erported from Ceylon.
£ s d. O 2 6 rnment assorters, per lb. 0 2 0 0 1 0
th, Produce, or Manufacture of the er Export Duty, nor particularly exindred Pounds of the Value thereof 2 O O
ious Stones-Horses, Asses, Mules, ;s and Seeds-Wearing Apparel and
. . . . . . FREE.
sty's present Administration to la, per Ib-AUTHok.

Page 533
APPENDIX.) LAWS RELATING TO THE
C,
Schedule of the rates of Pilotage payable by als
Ports of Colombo, Tri
Соцомво, .
TRINcoMALE, Wessels of 600 Tons and upwards
400 and under 600
200 and under 100
100 and under 200
Under 100
GALLE, Wessels of 600 Tons and upwards
400 and under 600 .
200 and under 400 .
100 and under 200 .
Under 100 .
The above Rates of Pilotage will be chargec Trincomale and the Harbour of Galle, whether Colombo, and the Back Bay at Trincomalé, the the signal, and a Pilot actually repair oh board.
2
3.
4.
5
6
7
e
D,
Form of Declara
Name of Wessel and Commander. From what Port, and whither bound. When sailed. At what intermediate Port or Place touchec With what Wessels communicated during ti Date or dates of such communication. Has any Person on board suffered any illne
are the symptoms of the complaint.
I do hereby declare to the best of my knowledg and Name of Ship or Boat) under my command i the Voyage, neither Measles, Small Pox, Choler contagious or infectious nature, have made their ap
at any Port, excepting as above-mentioned, or beel
having, to my knowledge and belief, any of the a

PORTS AND CUSTOMS. lxiii.
quare-rigged Vessels, Sloops, or Schooners, at the incomalé, and Galle.
£ s. d
A p O 5 U
母 s,d, Back Bay 2 0 0 Inner Harbour 4 0 0 O O 3 O O
e 1 O 2 2 O
a= O O 6 O
sig O 6 O O 5 O
3 O O
2 5 O
10 O
2 6
O 15 O
l to all Vessels going into the Inner Harbour of they may make a signal for a Pilot or not. In charge will only be made, if the Wessel make
tion of Health.
l on the Voyage, and the date of sailing thence. he Voyage.
ss of any kind during the Voyage; if so, what
e and belief, that the (Insert here the Description s in a perfectly healthy state; and that during a Morbus, or any other malignant disease, of a pearance on board; and that I have not touched h boarded by, or communicated with, any Vessel bove diseases on board.
Signed - Master.

Page 534
lxiv. LAWS RELATING TO TH
Form of Cert
I do hereby certify that the (Insert here the have neither Measles, Small Pox, Cholera M tagious or infectious nature on board thereof, b is accordingly allowed to communicate with the
Sig
Given at Colombo, this Twenty-second day of Septe
By His Exci
LITERAL TRANSLATION OF THE LI OF THE MAL
Referred to
“ HAss, Sultan, Mohammed, Mohayedian, Radoon presenting thousand millions of salams
“I beg leave to inform the Chief Officer friendship which has always existed between of the Maldive Islands, and I solicit the prote enemies. In case any boats or vessels belongi I request you will be pleased to afford every as
“I have herewith despatched to you a trivia beg you to excuse him for any error on his part
Interpreted
D
GALLE, 9 November, 1825.

IE PORTS AND CUSTOMS. APPENDIX.
E.
ificate of Health.
Description and Name of Ship or Doat) appears to
orbus, nor any other malignant disease of a con
ut to be in a Healthy state, - and the said Vessel
Shore, and Ships in this Port.
ned Health Officer.
mber One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty Seven.
allency's command,
P. ANSTRUTHER, Colonial Secretary.
ETTER FROM THE SULTAN, OR KING
DIVE ISLANDS,
(L. S.)
) in page 352.
Iskander, Koollesoontoré, Katteribowené Maha and compliments. at Galle of my hope of continuing to enjoy the your predecessors in office and the King or Kings ction of your Government for my Country from all ng to my Country should meet with any accident, sistance in your power. al present, in charge of Mohammedoo Kaiwy, and , and to assist him so as to return in time."
by me, I. P. F. OBEYESEKERE,
Second Attepattoo Moodliar, and Second Interpreter of the Cutchery of Galle,

Page 535
POSTAGE RATES, POST OFFICE REG
Referred to
ബം
Rates of Inland Postage, accordin
For any distance not exceeding 10 miles . .
20 -
35 -
50 –
65 -
سے 80
E
Extract from the Rules for the Managem
by the Governor General of India in
" Receipt of Letters Letters, Papers, and Parc &c. for dispatch by Post Office Writer is statio Land or Sea. or to Ceylon, and by Sea ti Post Office communication ticular Ship, will be sent by the first Vessel that addressed, and if there be no Vessels so proceed be forwarded by such circuitous route as shall a to afford the means of most speedy and secure t
Letters to Ceylon On Letters, Papers, or E to be paid in advance. must be paid in advance to for Ceylon from Ship, whic Ercepting letters re- for Ceylon are received fr ceived from Sea. letters, superscribed “Ship received for transmission t direct from the Ship.
Letters from Ceylon Letters from Ceylon will to be charged Postage. or the place where the sam

ULATIONS, WAREHOUSE RATES, s.c.,
in page 362.
vV rrvov
g to the Ordinance No. 8 of 1836.
i. For any distance not exceeding 95 miles .. 7 , 120 - , , )
Kewang ampum 50 - . . .
ανε -- 180 ---ح . . l (J(
. . . . - 210 ܒܫܘܼ- ܒܩܝܡܗܝ ampa exceeding . . 210 - . . .2
w^r/N, JMJ. Wik%Am was
ent of the Post Office Department, passed Council, on the 30th of August, 1837.
'els shall be received wherever a Post Master or ned, for dispatch by Land to every part of India ) every part of the World with which there is a : the letter, unless superscribed for some par
sails direct to the country to which the letter is ing direct to the place addressed, the letter shall ppear to the Post Master General or Post Master ansmission.
arcels, intended for delivery in Ceylon, Postage Point Calimere, except in case of letters received may be forwarded Bearing Postage. If letters om Ship under cover to residents in India, such Letters,” and Bearing Postage as such, will be
their destination in like manner as if received
be charged Inland Postage from Point Calinhere,
are landed in India." -

Page 536
lxvi. RULES FOR ESTABLISH)
The Right Honorable the Governor is p establishing a Parcel Tappal be published f
Colonial Secretary's Office, Colombo, 24th November, 1837.
IT having been found expedient to establish foi Colombo and the principal Outstations, Notice is such a Tappal shall be established under the however, that the conveyance of parcels through establishment of the same nature shall be set up road between Kandy and Colombo, on which a c
The following Rules will be strictly abided by
l. The Tappal will be despatched twice a Colombo, and arrangements will be made with t brought to Colombo also twice a week, on days
2. All private parcels, not exceeding six po which can be conveniently carried, which may days above-mentioned, will be duly forwarded.
3. In order that the Parcel Tappal may not General, or Government Agent or Assistant Gove to call on any person sending or receiving a parc to open it at the Post Office in his presence,
4. No parcel can be franked; all below on weight, and the following Rates will be levied pound weight, or less than a pound, and two per miles, and an additional charge of ten shillings f
5. The Post Office will be answerable for I additional security, any person sending such pare Office Clerk, and take a receipt in writing, specif

[ING A PARCEL, TAPPAL. APPENDIX.
leased to direct that the following Rules for or general information.
By His Excellency's Command,
P. ANSTRUTHIER,
Colonial Secretary,
: the public convenience a Parcel Tappal between hereby given, that from the list of January next, following Rules and Conditions, with a proviso. the Post Office will be given up as soon as any by private persons, and with the exception of the onveyance of that nature already exists.
week, namely, each Tuesday and Friday, from he Post Offices at Outstations for parcels being to be fixed by the several Government Agents.
unds in weight, and being made up in a form be brought to the Post Office before five on the
interfere with the regular post, the Post Master :rnment Agent at Outstations, will be authorized :l in which he may suspect letters to be enclosed.
2 pound shall be charged as if they were of that :-Double letter postage for every parcel of a ice for every extra pound for each distance of 72
or every single letter found in any parcel.
no parcels containing money or Jewels, but fur els should give notice at the time to the Post ring the weight of the parcel.

Page 537
APPENDIX.) iš a Y, VAREHOU
By virtue of the Powers it: iiii tested by the Right Honorable the Goversor has been ple Warehouse Rent to be charged upon all Gooc house for a longer term than Seven days, and to
TABLE of WAR
For every PER wEEK. Ton butt . . . . . . . . . . . ls. 0d. Leaguer Cask O 9 | Half Leaguer 0 4 Pipe or Puncheon . O 6 Hogshead . 0 -
Barrel L SS S SL SLS S L 0 2 Cask or Keg of smaller size O Case containing one dozen of Liquors 0 1 Crate, Cask, or Case of Hardware,
Earthenware, or Ironmongery . . 0 6
By H
Colonial Secretary's Office, Colombe, llth November, 1837,
EXTRACT FROM A LETTER TO THE RIG
PRESIDENT OF THE BOA)
Referred to 1
“ With reference to your Bill for the “ Equ pardoned for suggesting the insertion of a clause toddy of the coco-nut palm, in the island of Ceyl Duty as may be determined for East and West II Ceylon Arrack is produced from rice, and that encourage the appropriation of the “Natives' s to be a great luxury in this country, but the L it is well known, that, at places of public amu were obtained for supposed Arrack Punch, whic the commonest Ruta, and the other usual mate exclusively of rice."

SE RATES ixv 1.
che 6-4th clause of the Ordnance No. 5 of l'837, Lsed to establish the following to be the Rates of ls imported and remaining in any Queen's Warepublish the same for general information.
EHouse RATEs.
For every PER V EPE K. Bale of Cloth, Indian . . . . . . 0s. 6d. Half Bale ditto . . . . . . 0 3 Quarter Bale ditto . . . . . . 0 2
Bale, Case, or Box, not exceeding
half a Ton measurement . 0 ö Ditto, exceeding half a Ton . . () Bag of Rice, Sugar, or Coffee . . 0 l Small Package not otherwise enumerated 0 Ton of Heavy Goods not otherwise
enumerated . . . . . . . . 3
is Excellency's Command,
P. ANSTRUTHIER,
Colonial Seeretary.
HT HONORABLE HENRY LABOUCHERE,
RD OF TRADE, &c. &c. &c.
'r page 362.
alization of the Run Duties," I hope I may be
for the admission of Arrack, produced from the on, into this country, upon the payment of such hdia Rums-An erroneous notion prevails, that
it would be greatly injurious to the island to taff of life" to such a purpose-Arrack is held uties have been tantamount to prohibition; and sement, Vauxhall for instance, enormous prices 'h was merely an addition of Benzoic acid to ials.--The Arrack of Batavia is manufactured
2

Page 538
THE KANDYAN CO
Referred to
At a Convention held on the second day of M lese year 1736, at the Palace in the city of Kar Robert Brownrigg, Governor and CommanderTerritories in the island of Ceylon, acting in the Third, King, and His Royal Highness George of Great Britain and Ireland on the one part, Chiefs of the Kandyan Provinces, on behalf of th Coraals, Vidaans, and other subordinate Headm then and there assembled on the other part, it is lst. That the cruelties and oppressions of the tion of bodily tortures and the pains of death wit or the possibility of a crime, and in the general co become flagrant, enormous, and intolerable, the a and entirely devoid of that Justice which shou good faith which might obtain a beneficial interco
2nd. That the Rajah, Sree Wickreme Rajah most sacred duties of a Sovereign, has forfeited the same, and is declared fallen and deposed whether in the ascending, descending, or collater for ever excluded from the Throne; and all clai of the Kandyan Provinces is abolished and exting 3rd. That all male persons being or pretending Rajah Singha either by affinity or blood, and wh line, are hereby declared enemies to the Governm prohibited from entering those Provinces on any for that purpose by the authority of the British Martial Law, which is hereby declared to be in fic Malabar caste now expelled from the said Provin' returning except with the permission before men 4th. The Dominion of the Kandyan Provinces and to be exercised through the Governors or Li and their accredited Agents, saving to the Adika all other chief and subordinate native Headmer Government, the Rights, Privileges, and Powers people the safety of their persons and property, to the laws, institutions, and customs established

N VENTION OF 1815,
in page 409,
Iarch, in the year of Christ 815, and the Singhady, between His Excellency Lieutenant General in-Chief in and over the British Settlements and name and on behalf of His Majesty George the Prince of Wales, Regent of the United Kingdom and the Adikars, Dessaves, and other principal e Inhabitants, and in presence of the Mohottales, en from the several provinces, and of the people agreed and established as follows: Malabar Ruler, in the arbitrary and unjust inflichout Trial, and sometimes without an accusation ntempt and contravention of all Civil Rights have cts and maxims of His Government being equally ld secure the safety of his subjects, and of that purse with the neighbouring settlements. Singha, by the habitual violation of the chief and all claims to that title, or the powers annexed to from the office of King; his family and relatives, al line, and whether by affinity or blood, are also m and title of the Malabar race to the dominion guished.
to be relations of the late Rajah, Sree Wickreme ether in the ascending, descending, or collateral ent of the Kandyan Provinces, and excluded and pretence whatever, without a written permission Government, under the pains and penalties of orce for that purpose; and all male persons of the ces, are under the same penalties prohibited from tioned.
is vested in the Sovereign of the British Empire, eutenant Governors of Ceylon for the time being rs, Dessaves, Mohottaies, Coraals, Vidahns, and ), lawfully appointed by authority of the British of their respective offices, and to all classes of the with their Civil rights and immunities, according
and in force amongst them.

Page 539
APPENDIX. THE KANDYAN CO
5th. The Religion of Buddha, professed by is declared inviolable, and its Rites, Ministers, and protected.
6th. Every species of bodily torture, and all hibited and abolished.
7th. No Sentence of Death can be carried inti
written Warrant of the British Governor or Lieu a Report of the case made to him through the resident in the Interior, in whose presence all tria 8th. Subject to these Conditions, the administ over the Kandyan Inhabitants of the said Provin Forms and by the ordinary Authorities, Saving redress grievances and reform abuses in all instar interposition shall become necessary.
9th. Over all other persons, Civil or Military being Kandyans, Civil and Criminal Justice, toge Majesty's Government in England may be otherwi
First. All persons, not being Commissioned or Followers of the Army usually held liable Magistracy of the accredited Agent or Agents charges of Murder, which shall be tried by spe by the Governor for that Purpose: Provided all British Subject may be defendant, who might b Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in force Subjects in Foreign Parts, no such British Subjec to have been perpetrated in the Kandyan Prov of the United Kingdom.
Second. Commissioned or Non Commissioned Army usually held amenable to Military Disciplin they may be defendants, be liable to the laws, the Governor and Commander in Chief in all case right of review over every proceeding, Civil or also full power to make such particular provision Article as may be found necessary to carry its pri 10th. Provided always, that the operation of t vened by the provisions of any temporary or part of the army, which provisions, in so far as incc hereby repealed.
lth. The Royal Dues and Revenues of the lected for His Majesty's use and the support of th

NVENTION OF 85, lxix.
the Chiefs and Inhabitants of these Provinces, and Places of Worship are to be maintained
mutilation of limb, member, or organ, are pro
O execution against any inhabitant, except by the tenant Governor for the time being, founded on accredited Agent or Agents of the Government ls for Capital offences are to take place.
ration of Civil and Criminal Justice and Police ces is to be exercised according to established ; always the Inherent Right of Government to
ces whatever, particular or general, where such
, residing in or resorting to these Provinces, not rther with Police, shall, until the pleasure of His se declared, be administered in manner following, or Non Commissioned Military Officers, Soldiers, to Military Discipline, shall be subject to the
of the British Government in all cases except cial Commissions to be issued from time to time ways as to such charges of Murder wherein any be tried for the same by the Laws of the United
for the Trial of offences committed by British 't shall be tried on any charge of Murder alleged inces, otherwise than by virtue of such Laws
Military Officers, Soldiers, or Followers of the e, shall in all Civil and Criminal Cases wherein Regulations, and Customs of War, reserving to is falling under this Ninth Article, an unlimited
Military, had by virtue thereof, and reserving is conformably to the general spirit of the said hciple into full effect. he several preceding clauses shall not be contraial proclamation published during the advance impatible with the said preceding articles, are
Kandyan Provinces are to be managed and colle Provincial Establishment, according to lawful

Page 540
lxx. THE KANDYAN CC
Custom, and under the direction and superinte British Government.
12th. His Excellency the Governor will adop of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, in Dispositions in favor of the Trade of these Provir and improve the Returns, whether in Money, and desirable to the Inhabitants of the Kandyan
GOD SAVE
By
THE KAND YA
Referred to
qALALALMLSLLLLLLSSASLSALeMLMLSMSMLSSASLSSASSLMLT SLLLLLLS LLLLLLLLS HMMMMLLLLLSLSSLSALALALLSALS LSLLLLLLLS
T H E PER
The word Perraherra means literally a proce any procession, it is used emphatically of a fe commenced this year (1841) on the day of the r
We have tried in vain to obtain an accoul history is lost in the darkness of antiquity. A Gajabahu, who reigned A. D. l 13, and says tha where these processions were in common use. the son of a native prince; but on referring to ti related which may assist us in our researches.
Gajabahu resided at Anarajahpoora. One he saw a widow weeping, whose sons had been Ceylon from the continent, during the previous the house, and returned to his palace. Next m tice had been committed in the city. They repl as a house wharein a festival is celebrated; wil dwelling he had marked, and asked her why said that in the reign of the king's father, th Ceylon, among whum were two of her sons, hearing this, they collected an army, and pro
For the details of these Pagan Festivals, have to e. signature of Philo-veritas, as having been compiled from FRIEND, and the Ceylon Calendar."

NWENTION OF 315. APPENDIX.
hdence of the accredited Agent or Agents of the
provisionally and recommend to the confirmation the name and on behalf of His Majesty, such ces as may facilitate the Export of their products, or in Salt, Cloths, or other Commodities, useful
Country.
THE KING,
His Excellency's Command,
JAMES SUTHERLAND, Deputy Secretary.
N IF EST I VA IL S, *
is page 416.
WMMYWrWWr WM w "~MNM. IwMM...*... .
IR A H ER R A
ssion, and though the epithet may be applied to stival held annually in the city of Kandy, which ew moon in August. -
nt of its origin from the natives; they say that its A Kaparulé of Udanuwara refers it to the time of t this king was a native of some foreign country, This account eannot be correct, as Gajabahu was he history of this monarch, there are circumstances
night, when walking through the city in disguise, taken captive by the Solli king, in an invasion of
reign. The king made a mark upon the door of orning he called his nobles, and asked what injusied, that the whole city was as free from injustice en the king, in anger, sent for the woman whose she was crying upon the previous evening. She e people of Solli had taken 12,000 captives from and that it was on this account she wept. Upon
!eeding to Yapapatuna, (Jaffna,) he informed his
press my obligations to an anonymous contributor, under the Extracts from the columns of a Colombo Periodical, called the
A马午H9R。

Page 541
APPENDIX.) THE KANDY
people, that as the Solli king had taken captive their own homes. With Neela, a giant, he arriv and taking an iron rod he struck the sea, which continent. The Solli king was in great fear ; ai royal elephants, and dashed it against anothel the same manner, the giant devastated the co things from his nobles, asked Gajabahu why h which he replied, that he had brought no army of your father, when my father reigned, he we brought them hither captive, and I have come t with, “Though you go to Dewyalokaya, and be able to overcome me. Gajabahu was greatly and declared that he would not only take his and he threatened to burn the royal city to ashe that the threats were not idle words, he squeez wards out of the iron rod, which frightened the the 24,000 persons demanded, the golden Halan and “ the refection dish" of Buddha; and with Singhalese were sent to their respective home in Alootkoorakorke, a district to the northward ( retain many marks of their coutinental origin.
The sacred vessels here referred to had b B. C. 90, and there can be little doubt that it was originally established, as the carrying of t essential part of the procession; and to the divi be made. It is not clear from the narrative whe though, from other traditions we have heard, w little difference in the intention of the festival, It is upon these relics that the heathen natives s Perraherra is therefore to be dated as far back a In the Ceylon Almanac for 1834, is a “D compiled from materials furnished by a native the reign of king Kirtieree (A. D. 1747-1780) t of the four deities. Nata, Vishnu, Kattregam Buddhism. The sacred delada relic of Buddha insignia of the four gods, in 1775. The circum follows :-The Siamese priests who were invited ing the Upasanapadawa, the highest order of ginjals, &c., enquired the cause, and were info
* Small guns upon grass

N FESTIVALS. lxxi.
his subjects, he must go and bring them back to ed at the sea shore, where he dismissed his army, divided, and he and the giant went over to the ld, to increase his terror, Neela took one of the
with such force, that both the animals died. In untry. The Solli king, when he heard of these had come with an army to destroy his realm; to besides his giant, and proceeded, - In the days nt over to Ceylon and seized 12,000 persons, and demand them." The Solli king answered forthreceive the assistance of the Asoors, you will not enraged at this fusal to deliver up the captives, own subjects, but 12,000 other captives as well; s in case of refusal. To show his great strength, ed water out of a handful of dry sand, and afterSolli king to such a degree, that he delivered up hba of Pattiné, the sacred utensils of four Dewalés, these Gajabahu returned to Ceylon. The 12,000 s, and the 12,000 captives were allowed to reside of Colombo, the inhabitants of which to this day
been taken away in the reign of Walagambahu, was to commemorate their return the Perraherra he Halamba and other relics seems to be the most ling of the waters also a reference will afterwards :ther the Halamba had been previously in Ceylon, e should suppose they had ; but this will make is it may still be held to celebrate their arrival. wear in the courts of justice. The origin of the s the second century of the Christian sera. escription of the four principal Kandyan festivals, 2hief." From this document, we learn that until he Perraherra was celebrated exclusively in honor and Pattine, and altogether uneonnected with was first carried in procession together with the stances which gave rise to this innovation were as here by king Kirtisree, for the purpose of restoruddhist ordination, one day hearing the noise of rmed that preparations were being made for cele
opper carriages.-AUTHoK.

Page 542
lxxii. THE KANDYA
brating a festival in honor of the gods. They to been made to believe that Buddhism was the es never expected to see Hindooism triumphant in them that this festival of the Perraherra was ch and, to convince them of it, the king gave dire most in the procession, dedicating his own howd There can be little doubt that the Perraherr rather from a political than a religious motive, disposition of the reigning king. It was one presented himself to the public gaze. The mos the Pateripoa, an octagan of two stories, the l principal square of the royal city, on one side religious and consecrated places. The process might see it from the balcony; and when the cu was withdrawn, and the assembly did lowly r pipes,-the sight of the prostrate thousands, th in proud array, the countless banners floating i the head of their respective clans, all arranged effect that is not often equaled even in the fe occasions the king joined in the procession, b his majesty being at one time on foot, and at an
right horses.
The Perraherra afforded an excellent opport provinces, the conduct of the governors, and th punished, the loyal rewarded, and new regula carried to the more distant districts of the isla been a time of grateful festivity, especially du was a spectacle of splendour, and the various in the presence of the assembled kingdom.
The Perraherra begins on the day of the n answers to our August. The commencement moon; and at the appointed moment, which I mid-day, the kapuralé of the Vishnu dewalé previously chosen, and is consecrated for the kapuralé must bathe in pure water, anoint his self in clean garments. In ancient times flow were the flowers of the aehaela (Cathantocarpu now bear flowers in the proper season, or bec jack has been substituted in its place, which, h When Knox wrote, the procession was in June;

N FESTIVALS. ..PPENDIX.
ok umbrage at this, and observed that they had tablished religion of the kingdom, and they had andy, To appease then, the king sent to assure iefly intended to glorify the memory of Buddha; ctions that the great relic should be carried foreah for its reception. م ”تنۂ& a received the countenance of the native princes, though these circumstances would vary with the of the few occasions upon which the monarch t imposing edifice connected with the palace was pper story having a balcony that overlooked the of which was a lake, and on the other various ion was collected in the square, that the king rtain which shrouded his majesty at his entrance verence, amidst the clamor of the drums and e elephants richly caparisoned, the royal guard n the breeze, and the Adikars and other chiefs at in due order and degree, must have produced an stive scenes of far mightier kingdoms. On some ut in this there was no uniformity of observance, other, we are told, in a golden chariot drawn by
unity to the king to examine into the state of the le obedience of the people. The refractory were cions were now promulgated, that they might be ind. To the inhabitants generally it must have ring the reigns of the more popular kings, as it
chiefs were able to exhibit their consequence
w moon in the month of aesala, which this year is regulated by the nekata, or situation of the nust be either in the evening or morning, never at cuts down a young jack tree which has been urpose by mysterious rites. The day before, the head with the juice of the lime, and clothe him:rs were used, as mentioned by Knox, and these s fistulata), but either because this tree does not ause another tree is more conveniently found, the wever for the time, receives the name of aehaela.
when Davy wrote, in July; it is now in August:

Page 543
APPENDIX.) TEIE KANDYA
and, like all other eastern festivals, from the i through all the months of the year. The painte to be commemorative of the wonder-working ro innovation. When the tree has been cut down, conveyed to each of the dewalés, under a white is cleaned at the dewalé, and put into a hole, aft Ganabodana. The Gana are an order of inferior the Eloo form of bhojana, food.
The consecrated wood is adorned with leaves the procession simply passes round it, the Kapu After this time they are brought beyond the p principal streets of Kandy. On the night of the magnificently accompanied, which is afterward place, near which are the tombs of the ancient ki Maluwa is encircled by stones, within which, it kind of sanctuary. The relic receives the adorat returned to the temple.
Towards the end of the festival, the process far from the Paradenia bridge, and whilst the enter a boat that has been splendidly decorated tance, when the Kapuralé takes a golden swo brazen vessel is dipped into the river, and whilst which is kept until the vessel can be filled in which had been taken the previous year is at the There is a close analogy between this striking bahu, though what is meant by the dividing ol there was something extraordinary connected wit wards magnified into this miracle. Were we dis blance which the striking of the sea by a rod, the of the king to demand captives, and some ot Israelitish Exodus, but we have seen so many single blow, that we forbear to pursue the parall The general arrangement of the Perraherra grandeur of the spectacle there can be no compe flags, pennons, and banners; several bands of the gods, the sacred utensils; and the chiefs The streets are lighted by vessels of oil, placed of the meshals of the Arab tribes. There are s which they whirl round at intervals with some better described than in the words of Knox, the

N FESTIVALS. lxxiii.
mperfection of the native astronomy, it traverses 'd stick of Knox, adorned with flowers, appears pd of Gajabahu, and the Jack is undoubtedly an it is divided into four sections, one of which is canopy, and accompanied by music. The section er which offerings of cakes are presented, called deities attendant upon the gods, and bodana is
, flowers, and fruit; and during the first five days rallés bearing the sacred vessels and implements. recincts of the dewalé, and paraded through the full moon, the procession is joined by the delada carried to the Adahana Maluwa, a consecrated ngs and other individuals of the royal race. The , is said, the kings had no jurisdiction; it was a ion of the crowd until the morning, when it is
ion approaches the river, at the ancient ferry not multitude remains upon the bank, the Kapuralés for the occasion. The boat is rowed to some dis'd and strikes the water. At the same instant a , the water is yet disparted, a portion is taken up, the same manner at the next festival. The water
same time poured back into the river.
of the river and the striking of the sea by Gajaf the waters we cannot tell. It is probable that h the passage of the king, which tradition afterposed to be fanciful, we might notice the resemsqueezing of water from the dry sand, the errand her circumstances, bear to certain facts in the similar constructions levelled to the ground at a lel.
is the same now as in former times, but in the irison. There are still elephants richly adorned; drums, tam-a-tams, and pipes; the palankins of of the dewalés, &c. with their separate retinues. upon poles, and carried by men, after the manner everal who have a light at each end of the pole, relocity. The din of the tam-a-tams cannot be y make such a great and loud noise, that nothing

Page 544
lXXίν. THE KANDYA
else besides them can be heard.' The chiefs attendants; the stiffness of their gait, as they being in perfect contrast to their usual ease, i long whips were cracked before the adikar until to this office since the death of the old man who is entitled to the honor. The whole procession D only towards its conclusion, as it gradually iner &c. from the commencement. The natives who parison with recent years, and it would seem with many a better remembrance of the olden tir taking its accustomed round, as a man had hur must have passed. The natives are very unwillir of this ceremony, and say that there are many mys The history of the Perraherra is another ev Brahminical superstitions, and would tend to pi upon the continent of India, it must have had and this may account for its almost total destruc splendid temples that yet remain, monuments at is too philosophical, too cold and cheerless, tc alliance with its deadly antagonist of former tim as the national religion of Ceylon.
THE AWURUD
This New-year's day festival is held when (1841) was on the 21st of March. It is both nected with the greatest astrological absurditie chiefs were at this period reinstated in office, on
THE NANAMURA
The ceremonies take place when, according astrologer, it will be fortunate to bathe for the f
THE F IV E VVA H
The Buddhists believe that all events are co Kusala, or pin, is good; akusala, evil.
Wahala signifies “ the royal gate, and thes ceremonies were performed in the palace, and fo
Pin means religious merit, or moral virtue acquired by : charity, or almsgiving. Kama means a manufacture.

N FESTIVALS. Ai'PENDIX.
walk alone, the crowd being kept off by their are wrapped round with manifold layers of cloth, deed we may say gracefulness of manner. The the present year, but no one has been appointed se presence we now miss, and no other individual hay extend about a quarter of a mile, but this is eases in the number of its attendant elephants, attend as spectators are now few even in comthat in a little while its interest will vanish away, ne. The procession was one day prevented from g himself in one of the streets through which it g to enter into conversation respecting the detail teries connected with it which they cannot reveal. idence how tenaciously the people adhere to the ove, that even when Buddhism was predominant very little hold upon the mass of the population . :tion, after it had once the ability to erect the once of its majesty and its weakness. Buddhism be a popular creed, and it is only its present es, that now preserves it in the place it occupies
HA FESTIVAL.
the sun enters Aries, which in the present year state pageant and a religious festival, but cones. Under the Kandyan Government, the inferior the payment of a fine.
(Bathing) FESTIVAL.
to the calculation of the Malabar soothsayer or rst time after their new-year's day (Awurudha).
ALA, PIN KAMAS.*
nsequences of merit or demerit, kusala or akusala.
e festivals were so called, because their principal I the benefit of the king's household.
course of inural action. it is usually applied by the natives fre

Page 545
APPENDIX.) THE KANDYA
TH E KA TIN
Relates to an ordinance of Buddha as to the reside under any other roof than that of leaves, read the life of Buddha in Bana Madewas to the their robes; these are often made from the raw c On some occasions, the Government provides the
THE KART I Y
This festival is celebrated in the month Kartte of the full moon. The people formerly present the triangular niches in the walls of the palace particular moment (nekata) determined by the ast: streets, were also illuminated, and the relic was instituted in honor of the Great Bali, the hero of
THE ALUT S.AL (N
This festival is also determined by the astrol the city from the royal farms. These ceremonies principal, there is such a sameness throughout best ceremony to the poor is that of eating the ri indispensable.
The paddee was put into new earthen pots the Malagawa were conveyed on an elephant; th of white cloth; those for the palace, by the pe and with their mouths covered with white cloth. other honors, under a salute of ginjals, and wer and chiefs, who accompanied them to the great s
At the nekata, a salute was fired fron ginjals to the respective places for which they were de both chiefs and people brought new rice and p the nekata for eating the new rice, the portion for their known morality and religious lives,
THE WA
Yakun signifies demi-gods, or (more Romano devils. The Waliyakun signifies three heroes, from the Nymphaea Nelundo, and the third from g “At this time they have a superstition, which li consists in dancing, singing, and juggling. T k

N FESTIVALS, lxxv.
A PIN KAMA,
timerant life a priest ought to lead, and not to or Pansala, except during the rains, when they people, and receive in return cloth and dye for otton, and dyed within a certain number of hours.
cloth for the robes.
A FEST I W A L .
ka, answering to December, (1841) on the night ed offerings of oil to the king, for illuminating , in which lamps were placed, and lighted at a rologer. The great square, dewalés, and principal carried in grand procession. This festival was
Indian romance.
New Rice) FESTI VA L.
oger, when new rice shall be first brought into are splendidly got up, but having described the , as to render repetition unnecessary; but the ce, and for which an astrologer's nekata is also
, and the rice into clean white bags. Those for lose for the dewalés, by men shaded by canopies ople of the king's villages, in their best apparel, These were attended by tam-a-tams, flags, and e met on the way from the farms by the adikars
quare. , and also when the rice and paddee were carriedstined. At the same nekata, or fortunate hour, addee from their own fields and houses; and at for the gods was eaten by the priests selected
LIYA KU N.
) deified heroes, but regarded by the people as one the offspring of Vishnu, the second sprung rass. The Waliyakun is thus described by Knox: asteth six or seven days, too foolish to write; it he reason of which is, lest the eyes of the people
-۔
ع

Page 546
lxxvi. THE KANDYA
or the power of the Jaccos, or infernal spirits, mi, aforesaid gods in their progress abroad.
During the celebration of this great festival, particular gods, at any privatic sacrifices.
In the month of November, the Light whe solemn feast, called in their language Cawtha E lamps round about the Pagoda ; at which time the woods, at the doors of the Pagodas, and of trivances to set lamps in rows, one above the oth they call Tor-nes. To maintain the charge ther and bring in oil.-In this Poujah, or sacrifice, which may be, because he participates far more it is celebrated; his palace being far more decl the temples are.'
ADDRESS OF HIS EXCELLENCY
to
KANDYAN ADIKARS AND C.
Referred to
ADKARs AND CHIEFs,-Having now gone thl by the Principal Native Officers of His Majesty's express my satisfaction in the opportunity that personal intercourse with you, on a variety of su prosperity of these Provinces.
After listening to every complaint preferred d Audience, justice demands from me the avowa complaints to be reprehended on the part of 1 deserves my commendation.
A general call for all Civil and Criminal Pri of my proceedings here, a measure dictated not it was wholly unexpected, was a fair test of the entrusted with it. The whole number of Prisor long enquiry into the merits of an intricate tra Prisoners were committed. It would be quite
statement,
In the further progress of the business, it we applications came forward, and partly owing to

IN FESTIWA LS. APPENDIX.
glut any ways prove prejudicial or noisome to the
there are no drums allowed to be beaten to any
n the moon is at the full, there is another great oujah, which is celebrated only by lighting of , they stick up the longest poles they can get in the king's palace; upon which, they make coner, even unto the very tops of the poles, which eof, all the country, in general, do contribute, the King seems to take delight; the reason of of the honor than the gods do, in whose names ked and adorned with high poles and lights than
Y THE GOVERNOR OF CEYLON,
歇 B巫
HIEFS, on TEE 20th MAY, 1816,
in page 49,
"ough a long series of Public Audiences, assisted Government in the Kandyan Country, I have to has been afforded me of a close and confidential bjects intimately connected with the welfare and
uring so considerable a period of free and open l, that nothing material has arisen out of these the Chiefs, and that I have found much which
soners to be brought before me was the first step less by duty than by feeling, and one which, as exercise of coercive authority in all Departments hers was six, of whom, one was released, after a nsaction; one case was accommodated, and four superfluous to add any comment to this simple
is found, partly from the casual manner in which the different branches of Judicature not being

Page 547
APPENDIX. GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS
digested into separate Departments, or regula not be possible, without much delay, to adapt Causes were in consequence entered upon as th Amongst them, there were many of consid value of large Estates, involved feelings and in It may not be improper to recapitulate a few lst. The Estate of a deceased Chief, Rattw by the deposed King, on suspicion of treason. Heir of the family, and now Dessave of Matelle of the deceased by the mother's side; and by a testamentary disposition in favor of the deceas 2ndly. The Lands of Matamagoda, enjoye Dessave, for twenty five years antecedent to t Kanatotté Mohottalé during the march of the tr 3rdly. Certain confiscated Lands granted t others overflowed with water in the formation of by the construction of a new dam.
4thly. A portion of the Lands of Asgiri V property, and erroneously included in a Grant in the wall of the building, and dated 60 years 5thly. The Temple of Deguldora and its Lal . Priest, and afterwards granted by the King to ti the Pupils of the deceased, on the ground of loc 6thly. A variety of cases between individuals originating in confiscations by the King, and sub 7thly. Numerous applications to Governme virious periods.
In all these cases, and throughout the Sitting independent opinions, in which natural know obviously sacrificed to justice and public duty.
By such assistance, a number of cases, and posed of, and those which remain in the prog follows, with the exception of a small number not to be put in the proper course.
lst. Such disputes between individuals as investigated by the Resident in presence of the
2ndly. Those which lie entirely between pi to their jurisdiction, namely, to Chiefs of Prov the Adikars in their respective Divisions for t. regal jurisdictions; and to the assembled Chief of great Families.

TO THE KANDYAN CHIEFS, lxxvii.
ted by settled forms of proceeding, that it would the Sittings to any rule of classification, and the
ey arose, erable importance, and some which, besides the erests of the greatest delicacy.
of the principal. fatté, Dessave of Dewimeddé, who was executed This property was claimed by Ratt watté, the male 3; by Kappittipola, Dessave of Ouva, the Cousin Mollegodde, Dessave of the Three Korles, under ed's widow, whom he has since married. :d under a King's Grant by Matamagoda, late he recent troubles, but who was dispossessed by
oops. o the temple of Nata Dewalé, in compensation of the great tank of Kandy, but in part recovered
iharé, supposed to have been originally private to the temple by the King, engraved on a Rock
back. hds, confiscated on the execution of a suspected he High Priest of Kandy, but now reclaimed by :al custom and the rules of the Buddha religion.
respecting Lands; on questions of Title, chiefly sequent grants. :nt for the restitution of Lands confiscated at
gs, I have to acknowledge the aid of candid and in motives of attachment and good-will were
all which were ready for hearing, have been disess of enquiry have been classed and referred as reducible to any class, and left with Mr. D'Oyley
concern also the rights of Government, to be chiefs.
ivate parties, referred to the Chiefs according inces and Districts for matters merely local; to hose which arise in King's Villages and other i for matters of general import, or controversies

Page 548
lxxviii. GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS TO
3rdly. Claims for restitution of forfeited Li of a general Register of such Claims, embracing To these Claimants of Lands formerly confis the principles which will govern my opinion on t In cases of ancient forfeiture, the former Pri recovery of property so long alienated;-any pl. to indefinite changes of property, and the doma standard which is absolutely necessary for its ind sing the means of rewarding faithful Service. .
Grants made by the late Government subset on the part of the new Proprietors, ought to species of impediment fatal to the revival of ant Chiefs, Headmen, and others who have dist Government during the late troubles, cannot b which they may be Heirs, if lost within any reas disposal of Government, free from the Claims c stood, that the people of Oudinura and Yattint the British cause, I am happy to have had an by a favorable consideration of the losses susta period when the Adikar Pilamé Talawé lost his fiscations) a recent period, it may be expected b that unless opposed by adverse Claims of indiv the relinquishment of the Right of Government Many curious and valuable facts concerning at least the principles of Justice acknowledge these proceedings been disclosed and recorded
It is to me a most pleasing discovery, that pl prehensive character, are thus demonstrated to grounds of uniform decision as to Civil rights, The existence of a body of acknowledged other principal branches of Civil Judicature, which these Provinces have laboured for ma inputable to the absence of Legal rule, but t wanton abuse of absolute power, the mercile the rapacious assumption of private property, the real or supposed transgression of a single i ' A very poor tribute indeed would be paid to by my informing you, that such enormities are who surround me, is so unacquainted with th any assurance on that head.

| THE KANDYAN CHIEFS. APPENDIX.
inds have been postponed until the completion * all necessary particulars. 2ated, it is proper to offer some explanation of hat important subject. V prietors can hardly be encouraged to expect the in of that kind would form a dangerous opening ins of Government would be reduced below that ependence and respectability, and to its posses
luent to confiscation, and perfected by possession pe considered as being in almost every instance a ecedent Titles. inguished themselves by adherence to the British be refused the restitution of Family Property to onable period back, and if still remaining at the f intermediate Grantees. As it has been underIra early discovered a friendly disposition towards opportunity of acknowledging their attachment, ined by the inhabitants of those Districts, at the life; which being (comparatively with other cony all parties whose Estates were then confiscated, iduals, their Lands will be restored to them. by
g the institutions, customs, and if not the laws, d in the Kandyan Country, have in the course of on respectable evidence. inciples of that nature, and of a leading and comsubsist in force, as they will happily afford the nd secure the stability of private property. usages, regulating the succession of Estates, and serves also to prove, that the misfortunes under ny years past, are not, as has been supposed, o the total disregard of common Justice, to the ss and precipitate infliction of capital punishment, and the ruin of entire and numerous Families for dividual.
the doninion of our just and merciful Sovereign, no longer to be feared. I believe no one of those e. principles of British Government, as to require

Page 549
APPENDIX.) GOVERNOR's ADDRESS TC
But it is undoubtedly somewhat remarkable, which I have benefitted by your presence as m offered by you to which I have not been able to suggested on my part, but has received your Institutions and Customs on which the rights of
A flattering and happy presage of future cord currence of opinion, and a solid ground is thus of this beautiful and fertile country will place th: of Government, which will most facilitate and be themselves that those measures will be invariably country, and the happiness of the Chiefs and P. native institutions.
The business of the Sittings in Criminal m. light. No Cases of that kind deserving of part a charge of murder against Kerulageddere, MO of Walapané, who having at first disobeyed the ment at Badulla, has since absconded, and ca complaint of a man of Ouva, who being suspect scorched on various parts of the body, and lamec accompany me from Badulla to this place, for stay here, but it has not been possible to assembl In the Civil and Political Branch, I am alsc
portant particulars, in answer to enquiries whicl
on the subject of their Provinces, and to all. He duties, and management of their several Charg was made, it would be unfair to expect methc information is contained in them, which was m that any future queries which may be found nec thus been furnished, will be answered with equa to aid my views for the benefit of this countr experience.
I will now take occasion to notice some m Kandyan Country, and shall also offer a few business best adapted for the present state of af certain objects material to be held in view by entrusted with the Charge of Provinces and Dist improve the condition of the People.
In the public act of Settlement by which the time Provinces, under the dominion of His Britai of His Majesty's Gc vernment to engage, (by e

THE KANDYAN CHIEFS. lхxix.
that in the multiplicity and variety of Cases in y Assessors, there has not been a single opinion field my hearty concurrence, nor any proposition cquiescence, as consonant to those immemorial he Kandyan People depend.
lality may be drawn from so extraordinary a conald for the hope, that the Chiefs and Inhabitants ut confidence in the just and homorable intentions it tend to support the public measures; assuring directed to the benefit and improvement of the }ople, and guided by a strict observance of their
atters has, I am happy to say, been extremely cular notice have appeared, excepting two; one hottale of the village of Vialna, in the province summons of Mr. Wright, the Agent of Governnot at present be discovered. The other is the ed of theft by a relation of his own, was cruelly of one hand. The Complainant was ordered to the purpose of having the Case tried during my le all the witnesses.
indebted to your assistance for a number of imn I took this occasion to address to the Dessaves, -ads of Departments respecting the constitution, es. From the short notice at which this request bdical or complete statements; but a variety of lch wanted and wished for; and I assure myself essary on perusal and consideration of what has l promptitude, and with the same zealous desire y, by the lights of your local knowledge and
easures of Government having reference to the ractical remarks as to the course of the public airs, and finally advert in a summary manner to he Chiefs in general, but more especially those icts, as calculated to secure the happiness and
Kandyan Country became joined with the Marinic Majesty, I thought it consonant to the spirit in article of the Convention,) that an early con

Page 550
lxxx. GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS TO
sideration would be given “to make such dispos as might facilitate the Export of its Products, commodities, such as Salt, Cloths, or other thin object I have been unceasingly anxious to eff accomplished, and that the pledge of Governme The restrictions and Custom Duties heretofo in the Low Country, have been withdrawn as an ready to be published here for abolishing the and the Interior. By these means, the mutu Countries is facilitated and promoted in the wa perity,) a branch hitherto little understood in th in a short time be felt in the ready and cheap increasing wealth of the Trading Classes, wh occupy the Trade and secure the profits at p resulting from the measures just noticed, will th
In the Three Korles a vigorous Trade offers the accession of the present Government, was fic tive monopoly of Areka Nuts; this emolument ment, and the restriction withdrawn, in conse adjoining Province of the Four Korles are rapid A similar restriction, and on the same grounds and Lower Bulatgammé, but will be immediately the purpose. The happy consequences of this fertile Province, closely connected as it is with course by the Kaltura river; it will quickly be d of his Estate is materially increased, and the Ineans of subsisting himself and family improved few and inexperienced, the Traders, will also fin independent subsistence, in the business of ex the sea coast, and bringing back such Articles whether of Produce or Import.
The adjoining but more remote Province these privileges, both in a more advantageou various, and more abundant supply from the Lo During my visit at Badulla, I had an opp ticulars of the state of that Country,) that the supply of Salt, their stock of Grain, for which having in consequence risen in value in the Be favoruble to them. This complaint, I trust, w esterday, directing a sale of Salt from the (

| THE KANDYAN CEFS. APENDIX.
tions in favor of the Trade of the Interior Country and improve the returns, whether in noney or in gs useful and desirable to the inhabitants. This !ct, and trust I may now state that it has been at has been fairly fulfilled. e in force in passing from one district to another impediment to Trade, and a Proclamation is now Gravett Duties between the Maritime Settlements al exchange of Commodities between the two y of Trade, (that rich source of wealth and prosese Provinces; but it will daily extend itself, and supply of all articles desirable here, also in the ), when duly sensible of these advantages, will resent enjoyed by other Merchants: the benefit en fully appear and be properly appreciated. tself both by land and water conveyance; but at und cramped and nearly suppressed by a restricwas early relinquished on the part of Governquence of which, the People of that and the y enriching themselves. , has hitherto existed in the Province of Saffregam removed by a Proclamation already prepared for change will immediately appear in that fine and the sea coast, in the means of commercial interiscovered by every Owner of Land, that the value Cultivator who shares the Produce, will feel his in a considerable degree. Another class, hither to d (in daily increasing numbers) a comfortable and porting the Commodities of their own Province to as are wanted in the Interior from that quarter.
of Ouva will not fail to experience the benefits of s market for its Grain, and in a cheaper, more w Country.
ortunity of informing myself, (amongst other parInhabitants experienced some disadvantage in the Salt was exchanged, being nearly exhausted, and izaar, so that the exchange in kind was rather unill have been relieved, by an order which I issued iovernment Stores for money, at the rate of five

Page 551
APPENDIX.) GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS TO
Doodoes and one Challie, or sixteen Challies, for the price at which Salt is issued by Government t Fanams the Parah, adding only the exact amou has also been intimated to the People of Ouva Hambantotté and Paltoopane, on the same terms
The Province of the Seven Korles, and oth Chilaw and Putlam, will benefit by a similar Provinces will enjoy the same liberty of supp arrangements, His Majesty's Kandyan subjects ar to the necessary article of Salt, on a footing of e Amongst the means of facilitating trade, the money ought not to be forgot, but as it has be it is only necessary at present to notice it in a sun By the effect of that measure, every propriet value of his capital at the date of the Proclamat
The subsequent issues of the same money, p. being freely received by Government either as F no prejudice anywhere; but if the old rate had intrinsic value passed eurrent for the same amou stripped of all their Coin by the more experience again have appeared in the shape of currency, th those inconveniences and disadvantages which ne The measures here enumerated have had the object.
In others, when the Dues of Government have that moderate exaction and a tender consideration The article of Revenue has been very sparin and all classes of the Inhabitants have had a full late troubles.-If the establishment and provision calls for labour, it has not been exacted on the ba of money allowances has been added in almost e the Duty might have been demanded by Governn Connected with this subject, I have to menti branch of Revenue and Public Service. In orde part of the multifarious occupations which engros charge of the Revenue and Public Services to Sin Under the guidance of Mr. D'Oyley's experi Instructions which will be communicated from ( ment will be strictly governed by established R for that Gentleman, that...his intercourse with the

) THE KANDYAN CHIEFS. lxxxi.
the measure. That rate is strictly calculated on o the inhabitants of the sea coast, namely, fifteen nt of the charge of carriage. A free permission to supply themselves with Salt at the Stores of above-mentioned, viz. fifteen Fanams the Parah. er parts of the Interior adjoining the District of )ermission in that direction; and the Northern ly from Batticaloa and Trincomalé. By these ld those of the sea coast are placed, with regard xact equality.
adjustment of the standard of Dutch Challie 'en already fully explained at a former Audience,
nmary manner. or of a sum of money in Challies increased the on by one fourth part. assing in circulation at the appointed rate, and Revenue or in exchange for Bills, could occasion been allowed to prevail, while money of a lower nt, the People of this Country would have been d Traders from the Coast; and as it would never he Kandyan Provinces must have experienced all cessarily arise from a want of specie.
good of this Country for their direct and single
been concerned, I trust it will have been observed,
for the People have never been lost sight of gly pressed in any quarter, so that the Country opportunity of recovering from the effects of the hing of new military stations has led to extensive tre ground of public service, but the inducement ill cases, without any strict inquiry how much of ment as a right, free of any charge. ion a change which is about to take place in the r to relieve the Honorable the Resident of some is his valuable time, it is proposed to transfer the non Sawers, Esq., by the title of Revenue Agent. ence, and by virtue of special and peremptory government, the system of Mr. Sawer's Departules and Usages, and as I undertake to promise Chiefs will be conducted with all that respect,

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lxxxii, GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS TO
politeness, and circumspection so necessary to express my hope, that the Chiefs with whom h municate, will regard him as a Gentleman, whi Rank in His Majesty's Civil Service, and a hi occupies also an eminent place in my good opini I firmly persuade myself that he will receive vinces and Departments, and of the Chiefs of V Government Services to a regular system. It made by the Revenue Agent should be promptl which Mr. Sawers, in the responsible charge thu to judge, and to report for my information, w on, from the respective Provinces and other Esta I shall not trouble the assembly with the ful but must repeat my assurance that none will the direct and immediate motive of public good. Proceeding to offer some practical remarks on (though perhaps not entirely) deduce them fro tions for the last month. Amongst these, the reso of their cases back for decision here, is one whic To prevent the necessity and occasion of sucl be best obviated by establishing, both on the pa by which every Complainant, whenever he preser and be appointed for a certain fixed time to appe receive a distinct answer, and instruction for his be fairly and patiently heard, and fully inform the next appointed time for proceeding in it.
With regard to the references to Colombo or explained at a former Audience that it is an indis the British Agent, to return an answer to the informed of all proceedings in the Case, with the
Mr. D'Oyley will make arrangements for co until the final Report for my information.
Sudden and informal changes of possession i of Produce, have appeared in the course of m and complaint, and one great cause of the difficu of disputed Titles; as the original relative stat reversed, by the Claimant forcing himself into a prove his Title, instead of defending it.
The practice on the part of Dessaves, in gr nary hearing, originated no doubt in the laud

) THE KANDYAN CHIEFs. APPENDIX.
the mantenance of mutual cordiality, I must 2 may from time to tume have occasion to comat the same time that he holds a respectable gh station in the Government of the Interior, on and favor.
the ready aid and support of the Heads of Proillages, in reducing the Public Revenue and the is particularly desirable that all communications y replied to, and every explanation afforded from is committed to his management, may be enabled hat assistance he can from time to time depend blishments. rther notice of any public measures in particular. be adopted as applicable to this Country without
the course of Public Business, I shall principally m. the subjects which have occupied our deliberart of Complainants to Colombo, and the reference h has drawn my particular attention.
n reference, is a most desirable object, and will rt of the Chiefs and of the Resident, some Rules its himself, shall have his name and cause entered, ar again; that whenever he does appear, he may further proceeding; and in all stages of the Case ed of the state and progress of his catase, and of
to the Resident, when once made, I have already pensable part of my Public Duty, and of that of party; first taking proper means to be accurately Decision and the reasons on which it is grounded.
inducting all such Cases in a regular progress,
n Landed Property, and the unauthorized seizure y business here to be a fertile source of litigation ulty and embarassment which attends the disposal e of the parties in the suit is in most instances ctual possession, and obliging the other party to
anting Chittoos or interlocutory orders on a surnlable design of supporting peaceable and lawful

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APPENDIX.) GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS
possession; but it appears that those Documen being founded on slight enquiries, lay the fo confusion. I therefore strongly recommend t their Interlocutory Orders called Chittoos, to sion, and to grant no Document which can after a full hearing of Parties and Witnesses.
Trespasses by Parties themselves, whether b of the Produce without the interposition of Law of Title, and must on all Cases be treated and
In almost all Cases of change of Possessio spoliation of moveable Property; these Compl. many instances entirely falso their existence ho and regulatity in carrying even judicial Proce with such duties, should be seriously admonis business in a peaceable, orderly, and deliber observing to have any moveable Property which first instance in a written List, in presence of W Observations of this nature might be exter. may be more proper as a subject of memorandu. at the present time.
I shall therefore conclude this long address to those duties which attach to Chiefs of Pro authority over any Classes of the Inhabitants.
1st. To make themselves thoroughly acquain under their Jurisdiction, as the necessary grou towards the People, and advantageous to the St. 2ndly. To show every countenance and ent haviour, and mark all contrary instances with thi 3rdly. To promote industrious pursuits, enc protection to commercial dealings and trading in
In these attentions the most effectual means crimes, but where such precautions fail, the co enforced; and the Peace of the Country will be of Offenders, and a strict watch over persons however as to Culprits of every description, the and patient enquiry, and a strict adherence to est Of Revenue and Public Services I have alre as the Chiefs may have remarked a great anxi clearing the principal Roads, it is proper to exp much at heart) is one of those which will host

O THE KANDYAN CHIEFs. lxxxiii.
s have deviated into the nature of \Decrees, which undation of many disputes, and introduce much
all Chiefs of Provinces and Districts to confine he single purpose of maintaining the first Possesy any perversion be considered a Decision, until
y intrusion into possession of Land, or by seizure ful Authority, cannot be justified by any pretence unished as offences against the Public Peace. , there is an allegation of personal violence and tius are no doubt exaggerated, and perhaps in wever suggests the necessity of much precaution is into execution, and that all persons entrusted hed and held strictly responsible to conduct the ite manner, avoiding all violence, and carefully they may be authorized to seize, entered in the itnesses. ided to a considerable length, but perhaps they ms for the Resident, than to be further pursued
with a few remarks of a more general nature, as vinces, and other Chiefs having appointments of
ted with the condition and circumstances of those ind-work of an administration just and humane
te, souragement to moral conduct and orderly becir displeasure, ourage manufactures, and give every facility and
erCOUSe. will be found of suppressing vice and preventing ercion and penalties of Criminal justice must be 'ssentially promoted by the prompt apprehension known to be of dangerous character: observing Decessity of public and regular proceedings, fair ablished rules. dy delivered all that I intend to observe; but ety on my part to have the Country opened by lain, that this operation (which I avow to have of all conduce to secure the general benefits

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lxxxiv. GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS TO
derivable from the intercourse of different Prov make way for the free progress of Trade from th every thing to gain.
I cannot entirely quit the subject of public i. course between the British Government and the F my intention of establishing at this place a Sel cultivation of which by the younger branches Gentlemen to acquire a knowledge of the Singl which must necessarily tend to promote mutual e. It is with much pleasure I have learnt, that th look forward with satisfaction to the intended pla an anxiety to have them thus qualified for Public confidence towards the present Government, it is Claims for service and promotion, according to t of the Country, will meet with due and impartia and opportunities occur.
I have now to express my thanks for the resp of the Country, during my present Tour.
To the Oedagampaha Adikar, Dessave of the S. Country, I have already expressed my obligation mention of the zealous and efficient services of E the Province of Saffregam, being Dessavony Mo Four Korles. The attentions and useful servi Ouva, during my progress through the Meddé demand my approbation and thanks.
It remains only to add, that I shall enjoy til the very favorable Report I have to make of my in England, for the information of his Royal High for the Chiefs and People of this Country, will receive accounts of their well-being, their atte unanimity and good understanding amongst them I shall now conclude with my cordial good w and families, trusting that at my next visit to K I shall meet you in the same feeling of mutual
at the present moment of our parting.
THE

THE KANDYAN CHIEFS. APPENDIX.
nces with each other, but more particularly to e Sea Coast, by which the Interior Country has
nprovements, and that of facilitating the interandyan Chiefs and People, without mentioning ninary for teaching the English Language, the of families here, and the attention of English halese, will furnish those means of acquaintance teem and cordiality.
e Heads of Families, both in and out of Office, (, of education for their young men, and express Employ. In return for such a proof of zeal and my duty to declare, that all fair and reasonable he just pretensions of families, and the Custom l consideration, from time to time, as Vacancies
ectful attentions I have received in various parts
afregam Province, where I entered the Kandyan s; but I must further beg leave to make public kneligodde Nilamé, the second in authority in hottalé there, and also Madigey Dessave for the ces of Mahavellytenné Gonbaddé, Dessave of pattoo, and across the Idalgashina Pass, also
he truest feelings of satisfaction, in transmitting observations here, to His Majesty's Government nness the Prince Regent, whose parental regard excite in His Royal mind an anxious desire to chment to the British Government, and their selves.
ishes for the health and happiness of yourselves indy, which I propose to make in a short period, regard, which I am confident prevails among us
END.

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