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MEMORS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVE VOL. I
ExcAvATIONS
A
S. PARAN
 

OFCEYLON
AVITANA

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Page 3


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MEMOIRS OF TH) ARCHAEOLOGIC
VOL. II
EXCAVA

LSURVEY OF CEYLON
THE TIONS IN THE CITADEL OF ANURADHAPURA

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MEMOIRS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
VOL. III
EXCAVATIONS
OF Al

EYLON
THE INTHE CITADEL NURADHAPURA
S. PARANAVITANA
圈
ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES NEW DELHI MADRAS 1996

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ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
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CABLE: ASIA BOOKS, PH.: 660187, 668594, FAX: O
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| EF AES Price 360
First Published: Colombo, 1936 AES Reprint: New Delhi, 1996 ISBN:81-206-43-8
Published by J. Jetley for ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES C-215, SDA New Delhi-11006 Printed at Nice Printing Press Delhi. 110092

1-6852805

Page 9
Memoirs
Archaeological Su
VOLUM |
The Excavations
of Anura
BY
S. PARANA
PRINTED AT THE CEYLON GOV 1936.

of the
rvey of Ceylon
E .
in the Citadel
dhapura
VITANA
ERNMENT PRESS, COLOMBO.

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Page 11
CONT
A-Introduction B.-Buildings excavated between the Mạhāpāļī ano C.-Excavations at the Daladagé . . D.--The Mahāpāļī 8
Index . . O.

ENTS.
the Gedigs
PAGE
14
24
37

Page 12
LIST OF
Plan of the Citadel of Anuradhapura Plan of the area excavated between the Maha Plan, elevations, and sections of Building A Plan of the Daladagé and the Mahapai Plan and sections of the well at the Mahapai

PLANS.
Facing page
e w d.
bai and the Gedigé . . 3
6
28

Page 13
III
IV
VI
VIII
VIII
IX
X
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
LIST OF
(a) Gedigé, view from west. (b) Remains of the Daladagé, view from n (a) Stone trough of the Mahāpali in the Ci 'b) Site between the Mahâpâli and the Geç (a) A section of the site between the M.
from south. (b) Another section of the site between t
view from south.
(a) Remains of the topmost stratum above (b) Building B, from east.
(a) Steps at the side entrance of Building (b) Moulded stone disana in Building B.
(a) Building A, before excavation, from no (b) Flight of steps at the entrance to Build
(a) Moulded basement of the western side (b) Stone staircase of Building A
(a) Ásana in the sanctum of Building A, b (b) Asana in the sanctum of Building A, ad
(a) Building A, after conservation, view fr (b) Building A, after conservation, view fro
(a) Remains to north of Building A, view f (b) Section of prakara to the east of Buildi
(a) Underground drain pipes near the Gedi. (b) Inscription on the disana in Building A (c) Gold ornament or seal.
(a), (b), de (c) Pottery from the site betwee (d) Earthen crucibles. (e) Potsherds inscribed with Brāhmī letters (f) die (g) Copper objects.
(a) Remains of the Daladage, after excaval (b) Remains of subsidiary building to ther (a) Ruins of the porch at the Daladagé, vie (b) Ruins of the porch at the Daladâge, vie (a) South-west corner of the Daļadāgē Qu
walls. (b) Portion of the retaining wall on the sou
drain.
(a) Drain along the southern side of the DE (b) Remains of cistern at the north-western (a) Limestone figure of a lion found at the (b) Fragment of a moonstone at the Dalada (c) Fragment of a porcelain box. (d) Terra-cotta object,

PLATES.
orth-east,
tadel. ligé, before excavation, from east.
hapali and the Gedige, after excavation, view
he Mahapai and the Gedigé, after excavation,
those of the second.
rth. ing A. of Building A.
efore restoration. fter restoration.
om north.
Dm, east.
rom south. ng A.
ge.
in the Mahapai and the Gedigé.
tion, view from south-east. orth-west of the Daladagé.
bw from west. w from north-west.
adrangle, showing the earliest of the retaining
thern side of the Daladagô Quadrangle, showing
ladagé Quadrangle. corner of the Daladagô Quadrangle. Daļadāgē.
gé.

Page 14
XVIII
XIX
XX
ΧΧΙ
XXIII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
(a) The site of the Mahapali, before (b) The site of the Mahapali, after e. (a) Stone drain and sump at the sou (b) Remains of the lower stratum at (a) Remains of a cistern to the east (b) The well at the Mahapali, excav (a) The well at the Mahapali, after ( (b) The well at the Mahapali, after c (a) The southern wall of the enclosu (b) Covered drain at the Mahapai w (a) Crystal seal found at the Mahap: (b) Impression of crystal seal found (c) Pottery found at the Mahapai. (d) Potsherds with Brāhmī letters fo (a)-(e) Coins from the excavations i (f) Copper rod found at the Mahapa (g) Stone object found at the Mahap
Beads from the excavations in the C

( νi )
excavation, view from south. (cavation, view from south-west. thern side of the Mahapai. the Mahapali. of the Mahapali. tions in progress.
xcavation, view from above. onservation, view from above. ce of the well at the Mahāpāli, ell.
iļī.
at the Mahapai.
und at the Mahäpäli.
n the Citadel. lī.
āļī.
itadel.

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Page 16
PLAN
ԾF CTA DEL ANURA DHAPURA
e5 CHAN S T O A N 1 NC H.
SCAL. E.:
 
 
 

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ートシりトー* z*劑、- ***|-<ų
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•*...---*乡 い、い〜、老|- 、いや、)*---- & いぃ〜、多扫材片!门o!--~~~~* %, ș*メ「「7ーーーQーし %, wop \ \ፄ)0!--力扫并以广 多3I4!--~~~门 Ħolae, 州 W 홍 통改.|;召仔人 ẫ„~~~ị ; F.---- 树__------***Lo”}| 七州L----~~门!------!!! ± 뼈__L----江迁辽书=---!T! | 她把八月)?)0ẠIį į á o!
os yw Y PYr w WWW MASA

Page 17
Memoirs of th Survey O
THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE
A—TINTIR
HE outlines of the Citadel of the al Chronicles as nagara the City Inner City-were first traced by Mr. H. the Archaeological Survey, at the sugg Government Agent of the North-Centra the Royal Palace, which was in the In 'Jetavanarama, ; but was not successfu to locate the Royal Enclosure or Citade of the sacred Bo-tree. In his Annual F says:- Everything now points to its c between the Y road and the Outer Circul the Jetavanarama ruins and the Abhaya brick bamma, easily discernible on the s more or less clearly, and surveyed thr This was doubtless the “Royal Enclosure massive brick structure, once storied, ground.
Subsequent researches have cor Mr. H. Parker, who has discussed thi statements in the chronicle concerning of the City and the Sacred Bo-tree, come The massive brick structure, ref quoted above, and which is known as t in 1886 by Mr. Burrows who says that it transplanted to this capital’. This wa found to be “ a rectangular recessed buil
Ancient Ceylon, London, * Сеylon Governтетt Sessic * A. S. G. Annual Report f

> Archæological f Ceylon.
bH
CTADEL OF ANURADHAPURA.
ODUCTION.
ncient Anuradhapura-referred to in the
and in inscriptions as atnakara ' the C. P. Bell in 1893. Three years earlier, gestion of Mr. R. W. Ievers, the then l Province, searched for the remains of ner City, in the area to the morth of the l in his quest. This failure led Mr. Bell l at a distance of about 1 miles north Report for the year 1893 (p. 5), Mr. Bell lefinite location within areas A B, lying ar Road on the east or broadly between agiriya and Thuparama groups. A high south and south-west, has been followed oughout a circuit of some three miles. ''. Of the palace itself-unless it be the still standing-no traces remain above
firmed this hypothesis of Mr. Bell's. s question on the evidence of certain the distance between the southern gate s to the same conclusion.
erred to by Mr. Bell in the paragraph he Gedige (Plate I, a), was first noticed looks like a bit of Polonnaruva suddenly is cleared in 1897 by Mr. Bell and was lding constructed of brick and mortar'
1909, pp. 272-275. nal Paper X of 1886, p. 6. or 1897, p. 4.

Page 18
( 2
with an upper storey. It has been assi be shown in the sequel, an earlier date is south of this Gedige there are the remain on 40 grand monolithic pillars (see Pla small circular pokuna unfaced. On its b facing was found almost completely burie This inscription, which unfortunat by Dr. Wickremasinghe; but, owing t to him as a few yards to the east of the significance escaped his notice and was with its help, identified the remains near The inscription lays down certain rules palace and also mentions the Shrine of th
Fifty yards to the west of this (Plate II, a) near which a few pillar stu certain statements in the Mahavamsa, trough might have belonged to the Mahi Anuradhapura kings within the precinc trough there are three short records undeciphered when Mr. Ayrton put forwa writer succeeded in deciphering these in referred to the place as “this Maha Mr. Ayrton's conjecture. As has been from the statements in the chronicle, to ha It has also been noticed by Fa-hien who palace. The decipherment of these ins location of the royal palace suggested b therefore, the Archaeological Survey dec. this area, and the work was first started in the next two years, was temporarily work was resumed in 1932 on a small sca following pages give an account of the during these years.
In 1913, Mr. Ayrton conducted tria Citadel; but his tragic death in the fo continued. Mr. Ayrton was also not able of his researches, but such notes and m have been edited and published by his si of the Memoirs of the Archaeological Surve
A. S. C. Memoirs, Vol. I., p. 49 * B. Z., Vol. II., pp. 113-120.
A. S. C. Memoirs, Vol. I., pp. 4 4A. S. C. Memoirs, Vol. I., p. 50 * See E. Z., Vol. III., pp. 131-13 Beal, Buddhist Records of the W

)
gned to the 12th century; but, as will more probable. Some 225 yards to the s of an imposing oblong building resting te I, b). A few yards north of this is a orink a fine inscribed slab with moulded d. ely is partly defaced, has been published O its find spot being wrongly reported > Thūpārāma Dāgāba, its archaeological only realized by Mr. E. R. Ayrton who, by as those of the Temple of the Tooth.
regarding fields belonging to the royal e Tooth Relic. monument there is a large stone trough mps show above the earth. Relying on Mr. Ayrton conjectured that this stone apall, the alms-house maintained by the ts of the royal palace. On the stone of the 10th century which were yet ird his hypothesis. In 1927, the present scriptions and found that two of them păli” (ne Mahapela), thus confirming 1. stated above, the Mahapall appears, ve been a part of the royal establishment. says that it was by the side of the King's criptions established beyond doubt the y Messrs. Bell, Parker, and Ayrton and, ided to undertake some excavations in in 1928. It was continued in 1929, but, suspended owing to lack of funds. The le and continued in the year 1933. The } excavations conducted in the Citadel
all excavations in the northern area of the llowing year prevented the work being to publish the full account of the results emoranda as he has left on the subject uccessor, Mr. A. M. Hocart, in Volume I. y of Ceylon, pp. 48-53.
7-50.
).
7. estern World, Vol. II., p. LXXIV.

Page 19


Page 20
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rvey dept: ceylon.

Page 21
( & B.-BUILDINGS EXCAVATED
AND THE HE site selected for the excavations yards to the north-west of the Maha modern road called the Green Path, wher ground level. Three of these pillars seem above the ground. As stone pillars of average, about 12 feet in height, it was necessary to reach the floor level of the buil and the highest point of the mound was . to the building now marked B. A few depression in the ground near which car A few other stone pillars on the lower recent times and their upper portions rem Excavations at the site were cont. During the first season only about 25 l little over a month and hence very lit labourers and funds were at our disposal from the end of January to the beginning necessity of removing the spoil earth to outside the limits of the ancient citadel dump earth in this area and thereby in in the future. During both these season l40 ft. by 125 ft. was excavated and, a to dig to a depth of 10 feet in order to which the pillar tops were visible before Remains of buildings belonging were laid bare during the operations. C revealed immediately after the subsoil ephemeral mud structures in the found buildings were freely used. In this stra Which enough remained for a ground pla foundations had to be removed in orc substantially built edifices of an earlier a built about 2 feet above the landing slab A copper coin of Lilavati (1197-1200 A.I with this evidence, we may date these flin in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, was still a centre of population before th The occupants of these huts seem to hav several fragments of plumbago-coated cr and one complete specimen about 10 inc mostly made of glass and paste, fragm and several terra-cotta rings for a well,
stratum, besides material from the lower (
2-J. N. 48241 (8.185)

)
BETWEEN THE MAHAPALI
GEIDIGE. of 1928 and 1929 (Plate II, b) was 80 ali and about 100 feet to the east of the e a few stone pillars appeared above the ed intact and their tops were only 3 feet the ruins at Anuradhapura are, on an evident that a good deal of digging was ding. The ground sloped towards the east near the western row of pillars belonging yards to the west of these pillars is a be seen two fragments of a stone lion. area of the mound had been broken in oved elsewhere. nued for two seasons in 1928 and 1929. abourers were available for a period of tle progress was made. In 1929 more and the work at the site was continued of June. Progress was retarded by the a distance of about a quarter of a mile , as it was not considered desirable to crease the labour of possible excavators s, an area (Plate III) roughly measuring t certain places, it was found necessary reach the foundations of the building of 2xcavation. to two different periods of occupation Df these, the upper stratum, which was was removed, consisted of vestiges of ations of which fragments of the older tum there was not a single structure of in to be made; and these fragments of ler to lay bare the remains of more ge. Remains of one of these structures, of Building B, is shown in Plate IV (a). D.) was picked up on this stratum and, sy structures as belonging to some time i.e., the last days when Anuradhapura e place was opened up in modern days. re been workers in metal, for we found ucibles, each about 4 inches in height, hes in height. Beads of various sorts, ents of conch-shell bangles, clay disks were among the finds belonging to this deposits thrown up in diggings. -

Page 22
( 4
The building at which the exca was completely cleared of debris which nearly 10 feet (see Plate IV, b). On was erected on a brick-faced plinth, 2 ft. This structure has suffered greatly at th pillars which originally seem to have su each 12 ft. 3 in. in height above the floor were in position. It cannot now be det embedded into the walls and how man walls separating the ground floor into apa is that the entire space was an open he pillars supported one or more upper sto In the debris round about this building b. the walls must have been constructed of this, as well as in most of the ancient b of construction was of the wattle-and-d to any great depth, the stability of the which were firmly planted in the groun and clay walls. Lumps of plaster with in the debris. Four complete bricks fron
12 in. by 6 in. by 2 in. 12 in. by 6 in. by 13 in. 12 in. by 6 in. by 2 in. ll in. by 5 in. by 2 in.
Of the flight of steps, facing east only the landing slab of polished white li same material, in a crumbling state of original level. This has a band of wel lions. One of the carved risers of the fl from the entrance. In addition to thi of steps (Plate V, a) at the south-west cor in any other building hitherto discovere which, too, is of limestone, is in a bette balustrades and One riser being missing. found, removed from its original positior a rectangular moulded slab (Plate V, t Polonnaruva.
This building was originally rooi Fragments of these tiles were found in building; but, unfortunately, no com great majority of these tiles were of a blu and one specimen red. Thus we have fo
The tiles were of the typical Sin visible when placed on the roof, was glaz

)
rations were first started (Building B) had buried it, at places, to a depth of plan it measured 50 feet square and 2 in. in height above the ground level. e hands of despoilers. Of the 40 stone pported the superstructure, only three, level, and fragments of seventeen others, armined how many of these pillars were y were freestanding. No traces of any rtments could be seen. The probability ll or a mandapa. Doubtless, the stone reys, probably of wooden construction. cicks were found sparsely; consequently, clay as in the Kandyan buildings. In uildings of Anuradhapura, the principle aub type ; foundations were rarely laid structure depending on the stone pillars d, and which supported the woodwork which the walls were coated were found a this building measured:-
, at the main entrance to the building, mestone is in situ. A moonstone, of the decay, was found several feet above its l executed elephants, horses, bulls, and ight of steps is to be seen about 10 feet s main entrance, there is another flight ner of the building-a feature not noticed at Anuradhapura. This flight of steps r state of preservation; only one of the
Near the centre of the hall, there was and with its smoothed face downwards, ), similar to the royal disanas found at
fed with glazed tiles of various colours. large numbers in the debris round the plete specimen was forthcoming. The ish green colour, some white, a few yellow our out of the traditional five colours. halese pattern and only the lower part, ed. Fragments of glazed tiles have been

Page 23
(
found at other buildings in Anuradhap. out by Dr. Paul Pieris at Kantarõdai think that they have been found elsewh colours as at this site. Several lumps found in the debris.
A few fragments of these glazed M.Sc., the Archaeological Chemist in Inc with an analysis of the composition of th
Silica Alumina Ferric Oxide Manganese Oxide .. Lime Magnesia Copper Oxide Alkalies (chiefly Soda)
He further remarks :- The lump identical with the material with which due to the presence of 2.33% oxide of would be obtained such as can be seen lump is a fragment of crude glass or gla their sections due to the presence of fer does not exhibit any close relationship \ or India, and it is therefore highly p independently in Ceylon. It is quite learnt from some foreign traders and th is due to the nature of the materials ( Ceylon.'
The glaze on the tiles discovered examined by Mr. W. N. Rae and found 1 calcium, sodium, copper, and silica.
To the south-west of the buildir building (marked A), of quite a different indication of it that was noticeable bef foot of a stone pillar embedded into the building is of massive brick construction to the level of the window sills, four of w 8 feet from the original ground level.
l See A. S. O. Memo J. R. A. S., C. B., In a letter dated 2

5 )
ural and also in the excavations carried in the Jaffna Peninsula. But I do not ere in such large numbers and in various
of the actual coloured glaze were also
tiles were sent to Mr. Mohd. Sana Uliah, lia, and he has very kindly furnished me e glaze. It is as follows :-
66:26% 12.09% 0'll 9, Nil 2.10% traces
2.33% 17 Il %, (by difference)
Iotal ... 100 00%
of glaze of the same colour is probably the potsherd is coated. The colour is copper; but in its absence a white glaze on some of the specimens. The black ze which has a dark yellowish colour in ric oxide. The composition of this glaze with those found in Egypt, Mesapotamia, robable that the glazes were prepared conceivable that the art was originally Le variation in the chemical composition e.g., sand) which were handy locally in
by Dr. Pieris at Kantarõdai has been to consist of ferric iron, aluminium, lead,
g described above, remains of another t type, were brought to light. The only ore excavations started was about one. wall of the porch (Plate VI, a). This and, at places, the walls are preserved hich are still in situ, at a height of about
The bricks used in its construction
pirs, Vol. II., p. 3.
Vol. XXVI., p. 22. lst August, 1929,

Page 24
{ {
measure, on an average, 12 in. by 6 in. kind of lime mortar. Though the bricks and headers, the resultant bonding is . in this building seem to have been spec been used as in the brick buildings of Po for the different mouldings, and wedgearches. Among the large fragments of the building, we came across a fragment ( bricks, an interesting piece of evidence arch were known to the Sinhalese archi as will be shown later, is about the eightl buildings was, however, not made use ( The walls were covered with lime plaster
On plan, the edifice comprises a projections 20 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. On the projection is lengthened to form a pillars are embedded in the walls of the constructed of timber and covered with to have had a vaulted roof. Entrance t plain stone steps (Plate VI, b) facing nor stones as well as the treads of this flight The moonstone, also plain, is of an elong or two other specimens. The outer was moulded basement (Plate VII, a) 4 feet originally plain and the mouldings were of the buildings are of stone and are not dimensions of the porch are 13 ft. 10 in. of which was in situ, 7 ft. 4 in. broad an circumambulatory passage, 3 ft. 6 in. in This measures 13 ft. square and its walls to the inner room is also from the nortl only the sill was found in position. T windows, two of which, at the centre of are broader than the others. These broa walls were placed in arched niches and a wall there is a stone staircase (Plate VI leading to the upper storey. Eight of til Within the inner room, or sanct moulded slabs of stone, measuring 8 feet
Ten bricks from this building were measurec
(l) 12 in by 6 in. by 2 in. (2) 12 in by 6 in. by 2 in. (3) 12 in. by 6 in by 2 in. (4) 123 in by 6 in by 2 in. (5) 12 in by 6 in. by 2 in.

)
by 2 in. and are laid in a very adhesive are laid in alternate courses of stretchers not quite regular. All the bricks used ally made for it, for no fragments have lonnaruva. Bricks were specially made shaped ones were used for constructing masonry which were scattered outside of an arch constructed with wedge-shaped to show that the principles of the true jects at the date of this building which, century A.D. The arch in old Sinhalese of for spanning any considerable spaces. which is still preserved in many places. cella 33 ft. 6 in. square externally with the west, south, and east. On the north, porch 20 ft. 6 in. by 11 ft. 3 in. Stone porch which seems to have carried a roof
tiles. The main building would appear . to this building is through a flight of five th. The two balustrades and the guardof steps are devoid of any ornamentation. gated type hitherto known from only one ll is 5 feet in thickness and rises from a in height. It appears as if the wall was added at a later date. The foundations laid to a very great depth. The interior by 7 ft. A stone doorway, only the sill d 3 ft. 7 in. high, led from the porch to a breadth, which ran round the inner room. are 2 ft. 10 in. in thickness. The entrance n through a stone doorway of which also he passage was lighted by eleven stone the eastern, southern, and western walls, der windows on the eastern and southern ut the corresponding point on the western I, b), built into the thickness of the wall, ne steps are still in situ. um, is a platform or disana, faced with square and 2 ft. 7 in. high from the floor
and found to be of the following dimensions :-
(6) 12 in by 6 in. by 2 in. (7) 12 in by 6 in by 2 in. (8) 12 in by 6 in. by 2 in. (9) 12 in. by 6 in. by 2 in. (10) 12 in. by 6 in by 2 in.

Page 25
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survey dept: Ceylon. 2, o. 85.

Page 26


Page 27
( 7 level. The moulding consists of an ovol When the room was cleared of debris, t disana were found fallen down (Plate VI and were replaced in their original posit On the vertical slab on the northern sid (Plate XII, b), reading uturudese “north sic mark. The stones, it seems likely, wer position of each was marked on them find out the relative position of each slab. is given in letters. On others, symbols the end and beginning of two consecutive Though constituting only a mas in that they supply us with a date for thi must be ascribed to the eighth century; h too, dates from the same period. This c interest as very few examples of data discovered at Anuradhapura or elsewhe that lime mortar was used as a binding the Polonnaruva period. In Ceylon, t) in which lime mortar was used, are fol generally ascribe similar buildings, whe This building now shows us that it need
On plan, the building just descri called the Gedige, which has already walls standing to a much greater height respects, the latter is better preserved. discernible in this building, whereas the also has its porch and the entrance comp whether it contained an disana in the ir are supplied by the other and both togeth of building of which no other examples island. The Gedigé and the building we on the same level. This fact, coupled w. leads us to the conclusion that both the has hitherto been assumed thato the Ged oentury; but, as our building can be da mentioned before, in the eighth century, assigned to the other building also.
We cannot speak with certainty part of the outer walls, but that they v among the debris, of some fragments of met with in the brick buildings, of a late The conservation of the building excavation was over and has been comple Ambrose who also assisted in superinter

)
and ogee with a vertical face between. Le upper slabs of this stone platform or I, a). But all the slabs were preserved on with little difficulty (Plate VIII, b). of this platform, there were five letters e', which doubtless comprised a masons' fitted together at the quarry and the so that the masons could, at a glance, It is only on this slab that the direction such as crosses, circles, and squares at slabs, indicate their position. ons” mark, these letters are of interest. s building. The letters, from their form, ence we must conclude that this building, iscovery is of considerable archaeological ble stone-work of this type have been 'e in Ceylon. This building also shows material in brick constructions before he great majority of ancient buildings und at Polonnaruva; and archaeologists n found elsewhere, to the same period. not necessarily be so. bed is identical with the structure, now been mentioned. The Gedige has its than the present building; but, in other The details of the mouldings are clearly y are obliterated in the Gedige, which letely demolished; and we do not know ner room. The deficiencies of the one er give usa fairly accurate idea of a type have so far been brought to light in the have described are both, more or less, ith the similarity of plan noticed above, se structures are of the same date. It ge must have been built in the twelfth ted, on the evidence of the inscription the same date, I think, will have to be
about the ornamentation of the upper vere not plain is indicated by the find, a frieze of stucco geese, similar to those
date, at Polonnaruva. was undertaken immediately after its ted under the supervision of Mr. P. Don ding the excavations. The brickwork,

Page 28
(
where necessary, was pointed and such position have been straightened. The has been strengthened. The door-jambs down were replaced in their original pos disana have been put together. Plate I after conservation.
About 35 feet to the north of the there are, on a somewhat higher level, th a gatehouse (Plate X, a). Its ground walls are constructed of bricks laid in mu in the brickwork. The basement of th lime plaster was still visible when it was the buildings described above, there are 1 which enclosed the whole group. The lov of stone placed vertically and the upper
When the main work at the site w excavations to the low lying ground to th In so doing we had to dig below the leve ancient underground drainage system we drain was laid across a street and con a foot in length, socketed to each other. seem to have been covered with brickwor further was without success ; and, for ob after photographs were taken and drawin Mr. Bell has informed the Archae( cotta drain pipes have been met with d They have also been discovered at the the citadel of Polonnaruva. Terra-cott of drainage, have also been found by Mı Kõțțe.” But they were, I presume, ni present instance.
A similar discovery was accidenta The rains had washed away the ground near the footpath from the Northern G to view. We had the place cleared anc distance of about 8 feet. The pipes in the Anuradhapura ones and seven of t drain an old street can definitely be tra pipes embedded in a brick wall so as to storey of the shrine was brought to lig at the so-called Ramsimaligava near thi underground drainage was common in references in Sanskrit literature, and t
A. S. C. Annual Report. J. R. A. S., C. B., Vol.

} )
parts of the walls as were in a slanting plaster which was peeling off in places and the window-posts which had fallen itions and the different members of the X gives the appearance of the building
: flight of steps leading to this building, e vestiges of what appears to have been plan cannot be made out clearly. The d mortar and stone pillars are embedded is structure, too, was moulded and the excavated. To the east and the south of emains of an outer praikdira (Plate X, b) ver part of this prākāra was built of slabs part was of brick construction. as completed, a trench was dug from the 2 north in order to drain away rain water. }l of an old street and the remains of an re brought to light (Plate XI, a). This sisted of terra-cotta pipes, each about The pipes were laid on stone slabs and 'k. Our attempt to trace this drain pipe vious reasons, it was covered with earth gs were made. ological Commissioner that similar terrauring his excavations at Anuradhapura. building known as Rajamaligava, within a pipes, forming an underground system . E. W. Perera at the site of the city of ot found there in position, as in the
lly made a month later at Polonnaruva. to the south-east of the Rankot Vehera late and a terra-cotta pipe was exposed l an underground drain was traced to a this place were longer and broader than hem could be traced in all. Near this ced. An example of vertical terracotta drain the lustral water from the upper ht by Mr. P. Don Ambrose in a vihara e Northern Gate of Polonnaruva. That ancient Indian cities, we know from he excavations at Mohenjo-Daro in the
for 1905, p. 5, foot-note 3. XXIX., pp. 261-264,

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Indus Valley have brought to light the ex in advance of the examples mentioned millennium before Christ.
The excavations yielded very fe of the finds that may be considered to be
00% 1. Copper massa of Līļāvatī, well preserve weight 51 grs.
2. Copper coin (Plate XXIV, a) containing vibhu (Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency, p fully preserved. Found 9 ft. below datum...? Diam specimen of the copper issues of the 'Larinkesva of this type are found in considerable numbers.
3. Copper coin, in, in diameter, very b below datum.
4. Copper coin, in. in diameter. The C undecipherable. The reverse is completely wor 9 ft. below datum.
5. Copper coin, in. in diameter. Too w Nos. 3 and 5, though unidentifiable, appear
Metal O The only gold object found durin plate of gold, ; in. in diameter, with the shown in intaglio (Plate XI, c). It is onl from the gold plating of a seal. As regal the remarks of Mr. H. W. Codrington to
“ The type of an animal or ol uncommon. It appears in the Pal Pandyan Series. In this last, it is precede the introduction of the “ modified form in a coin of the XIIIt
The gold ornament shows a all within the bead circle. The nea or “fishes' type which I attribute in the Xth century. The present dynastic emblem of the Pandyan fish
* Provisionally, I should put period (before Xth century). There XIIIth to XIVth century Pandyan ( From the level in which the ob it is, I think, very improbable that it Mr. Codrington. There is also some 1 on this seal and the seated lion of the Ka
1 Sir John Marshall, Mohenjo-Daro and the Ind The point fixed for the datum is the top of the

)
istence of a drainage system, much more here, in cities dating from the third
w minor antiquities. A classified list of some interest is given below:-
28. l, found in the upper stratum. Diameter 75 in.,
the legend read as Sri Lankesvara or Sri Lanka. . 54). Considerably worn, the legend being not eter 75 in., weight 43 grs. This is the only known
s
ca' or "Lamkavibhu' type, though gold issues
adly corroded and unidentifiable. Found 12 ft.
bverse bears traces of a head and a legend now n. Seems to be an Indo-Roman coin. Found
rorn for identification. Found 8 ft. below datum. to be Indo-Roman coins.
bjects. g these excavations was a thin circular figure of a lion between two lamp stands y a fragment, and appears to be a piece 'ds the device shown on it, I quote below whom it was sent for examination :-
oject between two standing lamps is not lava coins and most commonly in the the type of the coins which apparently Ceylon Type', but it re-appeared in a h or XIVth century. maned lion between two standing lamps, brest type to this is the Pandyan “fish' to the period before the Chola connexion document is identical save that the nes is replaced by the Sinhalese lion. this ornament as belonging to the same is, however, a possibility, in view of the roin, that it is later.” ject was found (9 feet below datum), belonged to the later date suggested by resemblance between the device shown ndyan flag.
us Civilization, London, 1931, p. 280. 2 pillar at the north-west corner of Building B.

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Other metal objects included:-
l. A copper object as shown in Plate l in. by in., two nails of unequal height, C on these another copper sheet, slightly longer, has circular hole between the two nailheads on the u below datum.
2. Copper object as shown in Plate XII (g 10 ft. below datum.
3. The foot and part of the leg of a copp workmanship. Found in the southern passage in 4. Copper nail, lin. in length. Depth 8 5. Copper nail, as above, 12 ft. below datu 6. Copper needle, 1 in. long, 12 ft. belo 7. Rectangular copper piece 3 in. by , of the eastern wall of Building A.
8. A small lump of lead, probably a weig various fragments of iron and steel objects, mostl were found sporadically.
Be
1. Fragment of cylindrical glass bead with 2. Short circular bead of red clay, length 3. A spherical bead of agate, gray in colou 5 ft. below datum.
4. Collared spherical bead made of cl below datum.
5. A spherical bead of glass or clay, in. i 6. One disc bead in. in diameter, one standard beads in. in length, all of red clay, foun 7. Spherical bead of terra-cotta, length ne; 8. Blunt-edged lenticular bead of crystal, 9. Chank-shaped bead of green jade-like g. 10. Dise bead of red clay, 5 in. in diamete 11. Standard circular bead of jasper, in. 12. Long convex bicone bead of quartz witl 13 ft. below datum.
13. Short circular bead of blue glass, i floor level.
14. Elliptical bead of greenish glass, length 15. Long crystal bead with six unequal face 16. Ivory bead of spheroid shape, 3 in. in le 17. Blunt-edged lenticular bead of crystal, 18. Collared tabular circular bead with cc below datum.
19. Chank-shaped bead of jade-like glass, si 20. Lenticular bead of amethyst with hair-li 21. Faceted and collared bead of purple am 22. Fragment of a circular concave bead of 23. Spheroid shaped bead of green glass, len
I am much indebted to Mr. J. S. Coates, th Dirckze, the Acting Mineralogist, for identifying th the Citadel.

0 )
XII (f). On a rectangular sheet of copper ne in. and the other in., have been fixed and been set in a slanting position. There is a small pper sheet of copper. Found at a depth of 7 ft.
. Height lin., diameter at base in. Found
3. 4
er image. Bears traces of gilding. Very clumsy Building A.
ft. below datum.
..
w datum. in., found among the bones of a bull by the side
ht, found 8 ft. below datum. Besides the above, y fittings used in the woodwork of the buildings,
ads.1
tubular perforation. Found 7 ft. below datum. in.., 7 ft. below datum. r with a white band in the middle, in, in length,
halcedony or jaspar, is in. in length, 5 ft.
in length, 9 ft. 4 in. below datum.
long cylindrical bead in. in length, and one il 10 ft. below datum. arly an inch, 12 ft. below datum.
in. in length, 9 ft. below datum. lass, in. in length, 8 ft. below datum. , 8 ft. below datum. in length, 10 ft. below datum. h faint amethyst tinge, unperforated, length in.,
n. in length, found inside Building A, 1 ft. above
in., 11 ft. below datum, its, in. in length, 13 ft. below datum. }ngth, 14 ft. below datum.
in. in length, 14 ft. below datum. onical sides, of blue glass, 3 in. in length, 13 ft.
omewhat smaller than No. 9, 10 ft. below datum. ke incisions, i in. in length, 13 ft. below datum. ethyst, in. in length, 14 ft. below datum.
green jade, lin. in length, 7 ft. below datum. ngth in., 5 ft. below datum.
e late Government Mineralogist, and Mr. P. T. L. L. e material of the beads found in the excavations at

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24. Disc bead of red clay, diameter in.,
25. Short cylindrical bead of greenish glas
26. Spheroid bead of green glass, it in. in
27. Disc bead of red clay, diameter i in.,
28. Thin disc bead of red clay, in. in di
29. Spheroid terra-cotta bead with three i datum.
Potte
1. An earthenware cookingspot (Plate X at mouth, 6 in., belonging to a type of vessel nov 2. Flat earthenware vessel belonging to th Plain outside, inside grooved. These two vessel Building A, about 1 ft. from the ground level of placed there after that building had fallen down, remains were noticed in the upper stratum. Th koraha as will be seen from Plate XII (a).
3. Earthenware crucible, height 6 in., Plate XII, d).
4. Plumbago-coated crucible, slightly dam below datum.
5. Fragment of a gilt earthenware vessel, the rim and is too small to ascertain the shape of t 6. Fragment of bowl-shaped earthen vessel, 7. Thick rim of an earthen vessel containir Building A.
8. Potsherd containing two pre-Christian Plate XII, e).
9. Potsherd containing two pre-Christian Plate XII, e). w
Besides the above, a considerable course of the excavations, particularly il stratum. These, however, are so fragme) for a study of Ceylon ceramics. The g of vessels, the like of which are in daily Fragments of korahas with various types fragments of vessels now known as mutt monest. Scattered among these coarse fr to types of ceramics of a superior order among which mention may be made of brown ware and the other of an egg-sh of ceramics were found sporadically both i though potsherds of any description were r that the better type of potsherds belonge mixed with the earth, when the groun foundations of buildings during the suc This hypothesis will gain further suppo) about the inscribed potsherds. Among
pieces of lampstands, fireplaces, and terra
8-J. N. 48241 (8135)

)
ft, below datum. , length is in., 5 ft. below datum. length, 14 ft. below datum.
14 ft. below datum. meter, found inside Building A. tersecting perforations, length in., 14 ft. below
f. I, c), well preserved, height, 11 in., diameter
called haliya in Sinhalese. 2 type known as koraha at present (Plate XII, b). were found by the side of the eastern wall of hat building. It was evident that they had been probably by the occupants of the houses whose 2 cooking pot, when found, was covered by the
liameter at top 6 in., 8 ft. below datum (see
aged, height, 2 in., diameter at top, 13 in.., 8 ft.
8 ft. below datum. The fragment belonged to he vessel.
gilt, 14ft. below datum. g a double vajra or trisula in relief, found outside
Brahmi letters, liya, ll feet below datum (see
Brahmi letters, pata, 8 feet below datum (see
number of potsherds were found in the h rubbish heaps belonging to the upper ntary that they are not of much interest reat majority belonged to coarse types use among the Sinhalese people to-day. of groove marks both inside and outside, iyas, haliyas, and citiliyas were the comagments of pottery were pieces belonging both as regards shape as well as texture, Two small fragments, the one a polished ell” type. Fragments of the better sort n the upper as well as in the lower strata, arer in the latter. It may be conjectured d to lower deposits and were thrown up, d was dug for purposes of laying the cessive ages of occupation at the site. rt from the remarks, which will follow, earthenware fragments, there were also -cotta rings for facing wells.

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A considerable number of circular broken vessels, were found at the site, disks have been found at Tirukkétisvar; other ancient sites of Ceylon; and the were used as playthings. They were : deposited in the hataras-kotuva of the E thirteenth century. Broken pieces of making these disks. The two fragments of interest as similar finds have not, to in Ceylon.
The two potsherds inscribed wit. century B.C. are of considerable interes The letters have been scratched with a baked. Those on One read liya and on th of a name such as 'Asaliya with the ge be considered as the Sinhalese equiva Both these fragments seem to have bel a flat dish-shaped vessel, red outside anc should be mentioned that these two p of buildings at least ten centuries later t therefore conclude that they were throw lower strata when the ground was dug f ages. They also indicate that this site ha times. Potsherds with Brāhmī letters Tissamaharama.'
Miscellaтеоиs l. Fragment of a limestone slab, measuring a railing pattern.
2. Fragment of grinding stone, ll in. by carvings, in sunk relief, of bo-leaves at the corners. 3. A cubical piece of polished granite, meas Found 4 ft. below the surface.
4. A small granite pestle, 1 ft. below the su 5. The leg of a terra-cotta figurine of a bul 6. A horn, 3 in. long, with cuts in the centr 7. A stilus-shaped piece of bone or ivory, Found 13 ft. below datum.
8. Fragment of a crystal disk, with a hole in 9. A plano-convex crystal pendant of go. in. in thickness, containing perforations at the cen Found 8 ft. below datum.
10. Rectangular piece of crystal, well cut a Found 14 ft. below datum.
J. R. A. S., C. B. * Ibid., Vol. VIII., * Ibid., Vol. XXVII 4 Ibid., Vol. VIII.,
Ibid., Wol. VIIll.,

)
disks, of various sizes, fashioned out of mostly in the upper stratum. Similar vm, 1 Tissamahārāma,o Kantarõdai,o and theory has been put forward that they also recently found among the objects tuvanvalisāya at Anuradhapura in the chinaware have also been utilized for } of gilt earthenware noticed above are my knowledge, been found elsewhere
h Brahmi letters of about the second t for a chronology of Ceylon pottery. sharp point after the vessels had been ne other pata. The first may be the end nitive termination and the second may lent of Skt. påtra, P. patta " vessel ’. onged to the same type of ceramicsl black inside, and of good texture. It otsherds were found among the debris han the age of the letters; and we may Vn up in disturbing the deposits of the or foundations of buildings in successive ld been in occupation from pre-Christian
have also been found by Parker at
Objects. lift. 7 in. by 1 ft. 1 in., with a sculpture showing
10 in. by 3 in., the centre hollowed and containing
uring 2 in. by 1 in. by lg in. Probably a weight.
Irface.
l, 12 ft. below datum. e, probably a handle, 12 ft. below datum.
with a sharp point at the end, 23 in. in length.
the centre, diameter linches, 10 ft. below datum. od workmanship, measuring 8 in. by in. and
tre of the two narrow sides. Probably a pendant.
ind polished, in by in, and it in. in thickness.
, Vol. X., p. lll.
p. 45.
9.
p. 139.
p. 161.

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ll. Fragment of a conch-shell bangle, 12 f
12. Fragment of a glass bangle, 12 ft. belo
13. An object shaped like a chessman, of
14. A small ruby (pale pink corundum) c 12 ft. below datum.
15. Fragment of a carnelian ring, 5 ft. be
The excavations themselves did n purpose the buildings unearthed served remarks, enough evidence has been put f royal enclosure, and therefore we may buildings formed part of the Sinhales Anuradhapura period.
The brick-built structure excavat religious shrine than a building intended f that no cult objects of any sort were fou] that it was one of the religious edifices the royal palace.

8 )
... below datum.
w datum. blue glass, height in., 12 ft. below datum. ut into a semi-spherical shape, i in. in diameter,
low datum.
ot yield any evidence to determine what in their time. But, in the introductory orward to show that this locality was the
not be wrong in concluding that the e royal establishment during the late
ed appears, from its plan, more like a or living purposes, though it is remarkable nd within or near it. It is quite possible which were located within the limits of

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C.-EXCAVATIONS A
HE excavations in the Citadel of Anu an interval of two years, and were was on a small scale as, on an average, C work for two months and twenty-eight labourers was employed daily and the v five days. The work of the field season i of the uppermost stratum at the building while, in the following year, the continua remains of the adjoining building, the Ma The identification of the remains with those of the Temple of the Tooth ha Relic, when it was first brought to Ceylo 362-389), was kept in a shrine named Tissa within the precincts of the royal pa we learn very little from the chronicles, that, in the case of the shrines built for there are numerous references in the histo Dhätusena (circa 516–524) is said to hav decorated it with brightly gleaming preci along with the Mahapali, was burnt by in the reign of Udaya IV (III) (circa 94 (954-970).
The remains of this building (see E excavations near it appear to have been his Annual Report for that year (p. 3) we fi yards east of the canoe must have stood by 45 ft., resting on 40 grand monolithic square. Five pillars alone remain uprigh since gone to provide “raw material' f The building has been rifled to its very bi ogee plinth were traced by digging, but b recessed in outline, nothing further can be as an Audience Hall, for which its hei fit in. Its very entrances are not traceab The excavations of Mr. Bell, at til of what remains of the structure, and its mainly of digging trenches along the exte from these diggings had been dumped q been dug in the centre of the building.
See above p. 2. * Mahiwa sa, Cha * Ibid., Chap. 38, “Ibid., Chap. 42, Ibid., Chap. 54,

)
THE DALADAGE.
radhapura were resumed in 1932, after continued in 1933. The work in 1932 nly 42 labourers were employed for this lays. In 1933, an average of fifty-five ork was continued for six months and n 1932 consisted of clearing the remains identified as the Temple of the Tooth; ion of this work and the clearing of the hapali, were undertaken and carried out. near the inscribed slab in the Citadel s already been dealt with. The Toothin the reign of Sri Meghavarņņa (circa Dhammacakka, built by Devanampiya lace. About the history of the shrine, which is very strange when we consider this relic in the later capitals of Ceylon, rical writings dealing with those periods. e repaired this shrine and Aggabodhi I ous stones. The Temple of the Tooth, the Chola army which invaded Ceylon 2-950) but was rebuilt by Mahinda IV
late I, b) have been cleared, and some carried out, by Mr. Bell in 1897. In nd the following reference to it:- Fifty an imposing oblong building, 76 ft. 6 in. pillars, 15 ft. 6 in. in height by 10 in. it, a few lie about, but most have long or the modern road-maker and builder. use. Here and there portions of a stone yond the fact that the ground plan was gathered. Perhaps the building served ght and spaciousness would admirably le '. his site, were not aimed at the clearing environs. They seem to have consisted rior lines of the building, and the earth uite close to the ruin. A pit had also Some of the trenches opened at that
p. 37, vv. 92 ff. v. 70 f.
v. 33.
v. 45.

Page 35
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time had subsequently got filled in and uncovered by Mr. Bell had been reburie, this spoil earth to a considerable distan building as are still preserved.
As may be gathered from Mr. building as it existed in 1897, even its at the north-western, south-western, an seen a few foundation stones and fragm enough to form an idea even as to the fact that it was recessed. However, fro general dimensions, one may come to the most imposing among the edifices of ol and it may be surmised that they were were given a coating of plaster and på as to the internal arrangements of the seems to have been ofglazed tiles, for sev but mostly of blue, were found among th The general view of the building, after e. The continuation of the excavati building (Plate XIII, b), adjoining the north-west of it. Only one coping sla of this second building was visible bef 51 ft. by 50 ft. on plan; and on the ea. totally been demolished. The stone rev of the platform has been removed entire portions remain. That of the porch ha. plain guard-stone still remains in situ ; a building... If this structure was once pr architectural features are to be seen now The revetting of the platform is C dressed slab, used as the foundation, om long edges surmounted by a third slal is of opinion that this type of stone pla been earlier in date than the more elabo stone work to about the seventh century. belongs to the uppermost stratum at the century. In my opinion, the mouldings | of ancient buildings at Amuradhapura, c: dates of those structures. The old edif of perishable materials; only the pillar of stone. When a building decayed, the s would have been available for use and m. at the site. Therefore, the stonework C Anuradhapura can possibly be much earl See Ceylon J. Sc.,

5 )
parts of the stone basement which were
l. It was therefore necessary to remove 2e in order to lay bare such parts of the
3ell's description of the remains of this foundations have been removed. Only d south-eastern corners are there to be ents of an ogee moulding; these are not ground plan of the structure, beyond the m the tallness of the pillars, and from the conclusion that this shrine was one of the i Anuradhapura. The pillars are rough, 2ither embedded in clay or brick walls or int. Nothing has also been discovered ground floor of the building. The roof 2ral fragments of these, of various colours, e debris in the course of the excavations. Xcavation, is shown in Plate XIII (a).
ons exposed the remains of a subsidiary main shrine described above and to the b of the retaining wall of the platform Ore excavation. This building measures stern side was a porch, which has almost retting of the western and northern sides ly; and of the other two sides also, only s also disappeared; but a fragment of a and marks the site of the entrance to the 'ovided with pillars, no remains of these
if the plainest type. It consists of a flat which is another slab laid upright on its laid flat for the coping. Mr. Hocart jform, owing to its simplicity, must have rately moulded ones, and he assigns such
But this building, as will be shown later, site, which dates from the ninth or tenth of the stone revettings of the platforms an hardly be taken as a criterion for the ices at Anuradhapura were built mostly s and the facing of the basement being tone pillars and the facing of the basement ght have been utilized for other buildings if most of the buildings which we see at ier in date than the buildings themselves.
Go, Vol. II., p. 5, fig. l.

Page 36
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Facing this building, and to the r to have been ancither structure, for a mu in a line with the spot Where the entre have been. The usual arrangement of s the principal edifice in the centre of a r ones at the four corners. This arrangen place to contain only two subsidiary shr to the enclosure is, i.e., the north. To of any subsidiary structures have been the enclosure for any such buildings.
Vestiges of an outer prakara, which at this place, were found 13 ft. to the wes shrine mentioned above. The foundati chiselled oblong slabs of stone, laid vert there was brick masonry, which has alr noticed in detail in the sequel, this outer earlier retaining walls of the quadrangle The ruins of a porch (see Plate side of the outer prikdra, close to the building has been identified as the Tem porch, the western, measuringll ft., is of the northern side, only a portion, l. is preserved of the eastern side. The p consisting of flat foundation stone, an coping stones of which not a single slab height of 3 ft. The western side of this north-west corner of the enclosure; an equidistant from the north-eastern corn restored as 48 ft. by 11 ft. The entranc through this porch; but of the steps, bal are found at the entrances to buildings remains in situ. A number of stone tr and with bevelled edges, were to be seen and it may be surmised that they belor over when the other parts of the porch the fragment of a guardstone were also fo porch, in the outer praikdra, is a stone do posts. This is obviously not in its origi was an entrance through the prakara just In excavating near the remains of the remains of a retaining wall, built of b stratum. Tracing this retaining wall as in those places where it had fallen down, slabs of stone has been covered by it.
Without taking into account the copin

6 )
Orth-east of the main shrine, there seems h weathered moonstone is still in position nce to the first subsidiary shrine would hrines in old Anuradhapura was to have ctangular enclosure with four subsidiary ent seems to have been modified at this nes on the side where the main entrance the south of the main shrine, no traces found, and there is also no room inside
enclosed the whole ensemble of buildings t and 26 ft. to the north of the subsidiary on of this prikara was built of roughly ically on their long edges. Above this, host altogether disappeared. As will be praikdra was built on the remains of the on which the shrine was built. XIV) were discovered on the northern inseribed slab by the help of which the ple of the Tooth. Only one side of this more or less completely preserved; and 3ft. in length, now remains. Nothing orch has a revetment of dressed stones, ovolo, two vertical slabs and moulded is now in position. It now stands to a porch is at a distance of 78 ft. from the d, assuming that the eastern side. was er, the dimensions of the porch can be 2 to the group of shrines must have been ustrades, and guardstones, which usually in Anuradhapura, not a single member 2ads, smoothed by being trodden upon, at this place before excavations started; ged to the entrance and have been left were removed. A plain balustrade and und, but not in situ. To the west of this borsill with sockets for the wooden doornal position as it is unlikely that there
near the porch. the outer prikdira on the western side, rick, were discovered below the topmost far as it is preserved, it was found that, an earlier retaining wall built of dressed The stone slabs of this retaining wall,
g, 9 in high, which has been displaced.

Page 37


Page 38
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Page 40
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Page 41
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on the western side, had almost all falle: where the later brick wall, too, is missin quadrangle of the Daladage. This last and was given a thick coating of ime pl A trench was carried along the retaining different periods, so far as it was possible of each. This revealed that the quad measured, without taking into account 214 ft. east to west by 200 ft. north to quadrangle was, on an average, 4 ft. 8 in on which this shrine was built was muc areas. But it appears that, while the throughout several centuries, that of t of the second retaining wall, built of di that of the earlier one. When the bric side, the ground level here had risen stil the first retaining wall.
The earliest of the three retaining laid in a hard lime mortar and was gi photograph reproduced at Plate XV (a) s end of the western side. It is mot clear age, to encase this by building anothe work, in such places as are exposed, is p later work. At certain places the earli the level of the terrace, but at other pla which measure 19 in. in length and 2. laid as stretchers, it is not possible t Parker’s table, these measurements w( bricks themselves, but it does not neces is as old, for the bricks might have com The second retaining wall is pre: fourths of the length along the south retaining wall, there is a space 3 ft. 7 ir earth. The upper portion of the east sides, almost in their entirety, have con in the debris. The stones used in th roughly dressed pillars and other arch ruined buildings. The slabs were dry the joints. This defective method of of the wall in spite of the fact that it v there is a passage through this retaini surface of the terrace. It is of very sim of a slab laid flat with two other slabs c
! Ancient C'e

7 )
down, thereby disclosing at those places g, the earliest of the retaining walls of the ine was built of rubble laid in lime mortar aster, patches of which are still preserved. ; walls, exposing the remains of the three without demolishing what is still preserved angle on which the Daladage was built, he projection on the north for the porch, south. The original retaining wall of this 1. in height, thus showing that the terrace higher than the level of the surrounding level of the terrace remained the same he surrounding ground rose, for the base ressed slabs, is approximately 1 ft. above k retaining wall was built on the western l higher, for its base is 2 ft. above that of
walls, as has been stated, is built of rubble ren a thick coating of lime plaster. The shows a portion of this wall at the southern why it was thought necessary, at a later r retaining wall outside; for the original reserved quite well, in fact better than the est retaining wall is built of rubble up to ces, the topmost portion is built of bricks, in. in thickness. As all the bricks are o find out their breadth. According to ould indicate a pre-Christian date for the ssarily follow that the retaining wall itself e from the ruins of an earlier building. served in good condition for about threeLern side. Between this and the earlier ... in breadth which has been filled in with tern side and the northern and western ne down, and the slabs were found buried e construction of this retaining wall are itectural fragments collected from earlier laid on edge; no mortar being used for construction accounts for the demolition was built of stone. On the southern side, ng wall to drain out the water from the ple construction (Plate XV, b), consisting on its sides laid on edge.
ylon, pp. 669 ff.


Page 42
( 1
The third and latest retaining wa side; and it has been built when the secc fallen down and the surrounding ground that on the other sides. The rising o proportion with that on the other side existence of another large and import to be noticed in the sequel,-close to th continuous length of 93 ft., and there ar. Its average height is 2 ft. 8 in. The bri 2 in. by 7 in. by 2 in. The outer on the basement of the wall an ovolo mould A stone built drain (see Plate XV and of an equal breadth, runs skirting Daladage quadrangle. It seems to hav of the Mahāpāli; but mo traces of it ha beyond the north-eastern corner of th it seems to have continued further, and result in its being picked up beyond th roughly chiselled blocks of stone, of wh is also paved with smooth slabs of sto) and the sides and the floor seem to hav south-east corner of the retaining wall rounded in order to facilitate the flow of end of its southern side, the retaining w the side wall of the drain, too ; but the dira: wall until, at the north-eastern corner, t the two. It is apparent that the secon built when this drain was already in ex utilized as the base of the retaining wal length of 429 ft.
At the north-west corner of th remains of a brick-built cistern. One o retaining wall of the quadrangle. It is so about its ground plan or elevation; but recessed in plan, that the brick facing o two or more gangways. The photograp the elevation of its sides, so far as they ar. The bricks used in the facing of this cist rubbed. The joints are extraordinarily with some kind of glue. The brick faci originally. The extraordinary care tak necessity of making the cistern water-tig of the lowest tier of the cistern have th by li in. ; l ft. l in.. by 7 in.. by 13 in. ; li ft. tier are remains of another, differently

3 )
l, of brick, is found only on the western ind retaining wall on this side had already level had risen considerably higher than the ground level on this side, out of es, has been due most probably to the ant building, namely, the Mahapali, - e Daladage. This wall is preserved to a 2 portions of it close to the northern end. 2ks used in its construction measure 1 ft. 's have bevelled edges calculated to give ing. T, a), of an average depth of 2 ft. 2 in., the southern and eastern sides of the a been continued from the southern side ve been found there. It is also missing e Daladage quadrangle; but originally the extension of the excavations might is. The sides of the drain are built of ich there are two courses; and the floor ne. The stones are laid in lime mortar re been given a coating of plaster. The of the Daladage quadrangle has been water in this drain. Towards the western all of the Daladage quadrangle serves as in gradually gets apart from the retaining here is a distance of 15 ft. 7 in. between hd retaining wall of the quadrangle was istence and its side wall has been partly l. This drain has been exposed up to a
e Daladage quadrangle, were found the if the sides of this structure abutted on the much damaged that one cannot be definite the remaining portions show that it was f its sides was moulded and that it had h at Plate XVI, b, will give an idea as to e preserved, and the details of mouldungs. 2rn have sharp edges; perhaps they were 7 fine, and seem to have been effected ng was doubtless given a plaster coating en in the joints seems to be due to the ght. The bricks used in the construction e following dimensions :-8 in. by 7 in. in. by 7 in. by lin. Above the lowest moulded, constructed of bricks of smaller


Page 43
( 1
dimensions and of which the joints are The floor of the cistern seems originally but of these only one remains in situ, at the remains of a narrow passage throu drained out when necessary.
No evidence was found, during th us in determining the exact age of the ( The remains of the uppermost stratum a the tenth-century slab inscription, near been noticed earlier. This epigraph da it was set up, the buildings of the up We may therefore date these remains in th praikdira of the uppermost stratum was b the surrounding ground level had risen ab that these two are separated from each in the ground level between the period and that when the earlier one of dresses possibly two centuries may have elapsed b we can also conjecture that the earliest r the second one by about a couple of centu stratum unearthed so far at this site to The drain noticed above must have been the first and second retaining walls; and t before the second retaining wall was built stratification at this site was somewhat as
First stratum from above, nin the pillared structures, the porch, the Second stratum, eighth cent western side.
Third stratum, seventh and six dressed slabs and the stone drain.
Fourth stratum, fifth and fourt and the retaining wall built of rubble
The excavations here were disapp with any fresh evidence to confirm or disp) about the identity of the building. Th the inscribed slab, on the authority of w at the entrance porch to this group of bu damaged, is concerned with rules and re to the royal household and, towards th which seems to say that certain rules shou It is therefore reasonable to assume th
/ خه
Ll. 43-44 of the inscription (E. Z., I, p. 118
does not bring out this meaning.
4-J. N. 4824 (8.35)

9 )
not so neatly done as in the lower one.
to have been paved with stone slabs; present. On the floor can also be seen gh which the water in the cistern was
2 course of the excavation work, to help lifferent strata below the latest in date. t this place can be dated by the help of the porch of the quadrangle, which has tes from the tenth century and when permost stratum were already existing. Le ninth or tenth century. The enclosing uilt on the ruins of an earlier one, when out 2 ft., and we may therefnre conjecture other by a century at least. The rise when the brick wall was constructed l stones was built is much greater, and etween these two. On the same grounds, etaining wall, built of rubble, ante-dates uries. Hence we may assign the earliest about the fifth or the sixth century A.D. built at a period between the dates for he cistern seems to have been in existence We may therefore conjecture that the 3 follows :-
th and tenth centuries. The remains of ! subsidiary shrine and the inscribed slab. lry. The brick retaining wall on the
th centuries. The retaining wall built of
h centuries. The cistern faced with brick
ܠ محبر
jointing in that they did not furnish us cove the hypothesis of the late Mr. Ayrton By have, however, revealed the fact that rhich the identification was made, stood Lildings. The inscription, which is much 2gulations regarding the fields belonging e end, contains a fragmentary sentence ld be written and set up in the Daladage. Lat the rules and regulations embodied
). Dr. Wickremasinghe's translation of this portion


Page 44
( :
in this inscription were themselves set u is to the group of buildings at the ent argument is of course not decisive, but make the identification plausible and it : is forthcoming to disprove his hypothesis The work of conserving the struc undertaken immediately after the exca latest retaining wall has been pointed a wall repaired in places where necessary. retaining wall has been removed and in ensuring the stability of the structure. preserved at places on this wall have bee Among the finds in the area of th may be made of the following:-
A limestone figure, in the round, c the porch. Owing to the fact that limes to the weather, this sculpture is in a ve forepaws is missing and, of the other, of the sculpture are very much worn, b good modelling and, in its execution, it lion figures which are so often found am
Close to the porch was found a fi also carved out of limestone. Unlike Ceylon, which contain figures of lions, ele row or in several rows, each devoted to single row of horses alone. The horses a Though the figures of horses are not anat and full of action.
Outside the western retaining wal at a depth of 3 feet below the ground lev porcelain box (Plate XVII, d), 2 in. in and 3 in. in height. It is glazed and is outside, except at the base, round which On the exterior side of the bottom, the four Chinese characters of which one specimens of this type of chinaware, larg one, have been already found at Anurad Museum, but none of these bears inscr Ceramics in the British Museum, to wh Original, was sent, has very kindly fav and interesting note about the object :- seal-vermilion. It is a well known type. of porcelain known as ying ch'ing, whic to the colour of the glaze. They usually

0 )
p at the Daladage and that the reference 'ance to which the slab is placed. This
, other reasons adduced by Mr. Ayrton hould stand until more decisive evidence
bural remains uncovered in this area was vation was over. The brickwork of the hd the stonework of the second retaining The old decayed mortar of the earliest w mortar was added in the joints, thus The patches of old plaster which are still in edged with cement and strengthened.
le Tooth-Relic temple, particular mention
of a seated lion (Plate XVII, a) found near tone disintegrates very fast when exposed y bad state of preservation. One of the only a fragment remains. The details ut even in its present condition, it shows is much more artistic than most of the ong the sculptures of Ceylon.
agment of a moonstone (Plate XVII, b),
the majority of moonstones found in phants, horses, and bulls, either all in one one animal, this moonstone contains a e shown as if they are racing one another.
omically accurate, the drawing is spirited
l of the Daladage quadrangle was found, el, a fragment of the lower half of a round diameter at the top, l in. at the base, s of a light green colour both inside and there is, in low relief, a saw-edge pattern. re is an inscription, in relief, containing is worn and almost illegible. Several ger and better preserved than the present hapura and are exhibited in the Colombo iptions. Mr. R. L. Hobson, Keeper of om a cast of this box, coloured like the Oured me with the following exhaustive - It is the bottom of a box for holding The boxes are as a rule made of a kind sh is merely a descriptive title referring have an inscription giving the name of the


Page 45
( 2. maker's family (or possibly the owner's) to complete. In this case, the inscripti two last characters cannot be read; b. (family) showing that the box was made f A date in the tenth century is quite con similar boxes. It may also be menti assigned by Mr. Hobson, is also the sar consideration of the stratum in which th Maw Lam, a Chinese scholar who was object was shown, also read the first Mr. Hobson. He also conjectured that the fourth Shau (hand). The third a “handiwork'.
A square copper coin (see Plate XX in Ceylon, was found near the remains o of 9 ft. from the ground level. This co symbols representing a caitya and the r reverse is blank. The coin measures owing to the fact that the sides are waste After cleaning, the coin weighs 140 grs. it was found, from its shape-the Cey circular-and from the symbols depicted date, probably the early centuries of the century B.C.
A number of small copper coins, were also found. Some of these, mos commonly found in Ceylon. There wa corroded to decipher any symbols on it. but at a depth of less than a foot from t Fragments of chinaware and gl although not in considerable numbers. a nature to be of any use. Some of th given below:-
& . . . . - Stone (
1. Fragment of the figure of a gaņa, of gra . Fragment of the foot of a marble image 3. Fragment of a sandstone figure, showin surface.
4. Fragment of a granite grinder, 23 in. in 5. Three-sided conical object of gneiss, de height, with the letter sa of the ninth century S below surface.
6. Lump of chert, 4 ft. below surface. 7. Spherical object of granite, one end f below surface.
Letter dated the

) with the words ho (box) and ayun (seal) On is so blurred that the second and the lt the first is T’uan, and the third chia or, or by, the family of the name of Tuam. sistent with our information about other oned that the date to which the box is me as that which we can arrive at by a e object was found. The late Mr. Wong studying Pali in Ceylon, and to whom this two symbols in the same manner as the third symbol reads kung (work) and ld fourth symbols can therefore mean
&IV, b), of a type not previously noticed f the cistern described above, at a depth in is very worn; but on the obverse are ailed swastika mounted on a staff. The
approximately in each side; but d, they are not absolutely of equal length. From the evidence of the depth in which lon coins of mediaeval times being all on it, the coin can be assigned to an early Christian era, or even possibly the first
too corroded to admit of identification, it probably, are Indo-Roman coins, so is also one coin, of a square type, too A Dutch coin dated 1736 was also found, he surface. ass objects and potsherds were found, These, however, are of too fragmentary e more important among other finds are
Όόήecί8.
inite, 43 in. in height, 1 ft. below surface. , lin. in height, 9 ft. below surface. g one leg with drapery, 5 in. in height, 2 ft. below
length, 7 ft. below surface.
*composed and now covered with kaolin, 2 in. in inhalese script faintly engraved at the base, 2 ft.
attened, diameter 3 in., probably a weight, 3 ft.
2th February, 1933.


Page 46
(
Iron (
1. Two flat circular iron rings, 3 in. in dia . Iron nails, ranging in length from 3 i 3. A knife-blade, 5 in. in length, 1 ft. be
Copper 1. Fragment of a lid of a copper box, w surface.
2 Three fragments of thin copper strip below surface.
3. Two fragments of thin copper sheet wi Copper ring, in. in diameter, 2 ft. be Fragment of copper nail, lin. in lengt. Copper nail, bent, lå in. in length, 2 ft Small copper nail, in. in length, 2 ft. Fragment of copper wire, lin. in leng Brass bell of the type tied to the necks
Bome
1. A piece of horn, shaped like a knife-ha
2. A nail-shaped object of bone, square length, 4 ft. below surface.
3. Fragment of a nail-shaped bone object,
Glass
l. Fragment of a bangle of green glass, w of dark glass bangles, 1 ft. below surface.
2. Three fragments of glass bangles, two o a glass ring in. in diameter, found in spoil earth. 3. A diamond-shaped pendant of green g with hole in the centre, length ; in., breadth ; in 4. A rectangular plano-convex pendant « hole in the centre, 2 ft. below surface.
5. Fragment of a cylindrical glass object, d 6. Semi-spherical object of bluish green g in height, 2 ft. below surface.
Crystal l. Fragment of a rectangular plano-convex 1 ft. below surface.
2. An irregularly shaped crystal object, spoil earth.
3. An oval-shaped plano-convex pendant lift. below surface.
4. A round crystal object, roughly plano-c 5. Semi-spherical object of crystal, i in. in 6. An irregular shaped bit of crystal, u 3 ft. below surface.
Bea
1. Truncated biconical hexagonal faceted 2. Collared elliptical bead of green glass, l 3. Collared barrel-shaped bead of agate,

2 )
jects.
meter. 3 ft. below surface. ... to 2 in., 4 ft. below surface.
)w surface.
Objects. th hole in the centre, l in. in length, 6 ft. below
, in. in breadth, with traces of gilding, 2 ft.
h traces of gilding, 2 ft. below surface. ow surface.
l, 2 ft. below surface.
below surface. below surface. th, 2 ft. below surface. of bulls, lin. in length, surface.
Objects.
ndle, 4 in. long, 7 ft. below surface. at one end, and pointed at the other, 2 in. in
lin. in length, 2 ft. below surface.
Objects.
ith incised spiral cord pattern, and two fragments
f a dark colour, the other purple, and a fragment of
lass, one side flat, the other with bevelled edges. ., 4 ft. below surface.
of green glass, length 1g in..., breadith 3, in..., with
iameter in., length in., 6 ft. below surface. lass with knob at the head, diameter in., in.
Objects. crystal pendant, gin. in breadth, gin. in thickness,
oughly plano-convex, length l in., found in the
of crystal, with hole in the centre, length l in.
onvex, diameter lin., 2 ft. below surface. diameter, 2 ft. below surface. icut, with numerous shallow holes incised on it,
S.
ead of crystal, length in., lift. below surface. ngth 3 in., li ft. bellow surface. in. in length, 3 ft. below surface.


Page 47
surface.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
6.
17.
18.
19.
20.
surface.
2,
surface.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
( 2
Roughly spherical terra-cotta bead, nea Spherical terra-cotta bead, perforated o Roughly spherical crystal bead, gin. lo Circular standard bead of white glas
Bi-conical bead of terra-cotta, in. in l Truncated convex bi-conical bead of ret Spherical bead of shell, in. in length, Long lenticular bead of amethyst, wit. Barrel-shaped bead of carnelian, in. i Standard circular bead of red coral, An elliptical lenticular bead of agate, A spherical bead of agate, in. in leng A spherical bead of amethyst, is in. ii. Long circular bead of red clay, collare Lenticular bead of agate, unperforated Cone-shaped bead of greenish glass, Long ellipsoid bead of terra-cotta w
Lenticular bead with flattened edges
Spherical bead of terra-cotta, in. in l Truncated biconical bead of sardonyx, Long faceted bead of crystal, irregular A spheroid bead of agate, in. long, A lot of 73 beads, of various materials
of quartz, of various shapes and sizes, length ra lump of plaster, along with fragments of steel, and of the earliest retaining wall close to the inscribed
l.
Miscellaтеои
Fragment of a crude terra-cotta figurir
parts of the legs being preserved, lin. in length, 4
2.
Terra-cotta object shown in Plate XVI
below surface.
3.
Cylindrical object, with concave sides,
a chessman, 5 ft. below surface.
4.
5.
Fragment of a ring made of amorphous An oblong object, li in. long, : in. Y
covered with kaolin, 2 ft. below surface.
6.
surface.
7.
An uncut transparent stone, light gre
Plano-convex object made of a transpa.
8. Circular plano-convex object of the sal
2 ft. below surface.
9. Semi-spherical piece of felspar, in. in
10.
11.
12.
13.
вurface.
Circular piece of agate from which piec A hexagonal biconical amethyst penda Thin leaf-shaped piece of gold foil, 2 ft Cylindrical object of moonstone, i

)
ly lin. long, 1 ft. below surface. ly at the ends, length in., 3 ft. below surface. g, 3 ft. below surface. s, with flat ends, is in. in length, 3 ft. below
ngth, 4 ft. below surface. dish clay, in, long, 3 ft. below surface. 4 ft. below surface.
collared ends, in. long, 3 ft. below surface. n length, 8 ft. below surface. in. in length, 1 ft. below surface.
in. in length, 8 ft. below surface. h, 5 ft. below surface.
length, 6 ft. below surface. at one end, in. in length, 5 ft. below surface. , in, in length, 4 ft. below surface.
n, in length, 2 ft. below surface. th spiral incisions, 1 in. in length, 3 ft. below
made of chrysoprase, length ; in., li ft. below
ength, 2 ft, below surface.
in. in length.
ly hexagonal, in. in length.
4 ft. below surface. , mostly glass, shell and clay, one of agate and one nging from 志 in. to in., found embedded in a a glass disk, in. in diameter, below the foundation
slab near the porch of the Daladagé.
Objects. le representing a human being, only the hips and
ft. below surface. I (c), possibly a spindle whorl, length lin., 1 ft.
made of dark terra-cotta, length in., possibly
silica, diameter lin, 1 ft. below surface. vide, and i in. in thickness, of amorphous silica
en in colour, probably quartz, 2 ft. 6 in. below
ent stone, probably quartz, in. in length. me material as the preceding one, diameter in.,
diameter, 4 ft. below surface. es have been chipped off, 7 ft. below surface. nt, damaged, lin. long, 6 in. below surface. , below surface.
... long and of equal diameter, 2 ft. 6 in. below


Page 48
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D.--THE
HE identification of the site of this hist The alms-hall called the Mahapali v Tissa (circa 247-207 B.C.) who also provid seems to have been maintained by Sin Anurādhapura period and there are nun Khujjanäga (Circa 245-247 A.D.) continu a severe famine was raging in the isla. distributed food from the royal table at 1 food than that served at this alms-hal in the chronicle, to have enlarged the M also maintained the custom of alms-giv 590—603), like Upatissa II., distributed, a in the same way as for himself. Aggab bronze to be made at the Mahapall and a canoe for the gifts of rice." In the re owing to civil commotion, even food was served with meals from the Mahapali. the Mahāpāli Hall,o but one of his suci gave the canoes in the alms-hall to his Tam on ascending the throne after having excellent repast in the Mahapall Hall (circa 642-651), unlike his earlier names the monks at this alms-hall and “he ha milk and milk rice distributed there. an offering consisting of ten cart-loads (o enlarged the Mahapall Hall and distribute to his own body.“ Udaya II. (I.) (circa Mahinda IV. (circa 954-970) restored it a which invaded Ceylon in the reign of h Chinese pilgrims Fa-hien and Hieun Tsiar by the Sinhalese kings within the royal p
See above p. 2. * Mah5’ivanih8a, Chap. 20, vv. 23—24.
Ibid., Chap. 36, v. 20, and Chap. 37, vv. 182 Ibid., Chap. 37, v. 211, and Chap. 38, v. 41. Ibid., Chap. 41, v. 28. Ibid., Chap. 42, v. 33. Ibid., Chap. 42, v. 67. Ibid., Chap. 44, v. 12. Ibid., Chap. 44, v. 65. 10 Ibid., Chap. 44, v. 134. Ibid., Chap. 45, v. l. Ibid., Chap. 45, v. 25. 13 Ibid., Chap. 48, v. 34. “Ibid., Chap. 49, v. 78.
Ibid., Chap. 51, v. 132 and Chap. 54, v. 45. 1 Samuel Beal, Buddhist Records of the Wester

4 )
MAHĀPALĪ. ric building has already been dealt with. vas originally founded by Devanampiya 2d for its maintenance. This institution halese sovereigns up to the end of the herous references to it in the chronicles. ed alms-giving at this place even when nd and Upatissa II. (circa 426-468 A.D.) he Mahapali, he himself taking no other l.* Mahānāma (circa 468—490) is said, Lahāpālì and Dhātusena (circa 516-534) ing at this institution“. Silākāla (circa t the Mahapall, delicious meats prepared odhi I. (circa 564-597) caused a canoe of Aggabodhi II. enlarged it and also set up ign of Sanghatissa II. (circa 667), when, scarce in the royal palace, the king was Silameghavanna (circa 672–680) enlarged cessors, Däthopatissa I. (circa 692-695), nil soldiers.1o Kassapa II. (circa 695-703), vanquished his enemies, gave a most to the community ”. 11 Dāțhopatissa II. sake, maintained the custom of feeding d, besides clothing, rice with sour milk,
Mahinda I. (circa 718-721) gave to it f rice). 18 Aggabodhi IX. (circa 823-826) 2d there a quantity of rice equal in weight 880-891) also enlarged the Mahapall and fter it had been burnt by the Chola army is predecessor, Udaya IV. (III.). 15 The ng both refer to the alms-hall maintained alace.
and 203.
World, Vol. I, p. lxxiv f, and Vol. II, p. 250.


Page 49
(
The most conspicuous object at large stone troughs (see Plate III, a), sev Anuradhapura and Mihintale. Popular 'gruel-boats; and the vulgar belief is gruel for feeding the giants who cut an in the buildings of ancient Anuradhapu purpose of these stone troughs was so contains a reference to the boats (ndivayo chronicle, it is mentioned that there v alms-hall. The inscription on the trou boat ”. As this trough and the simila are found in buildings which can be ide clear that they were used as receptacles monks. From the size and the numbel as to the vast quantity of rice necessary f The large figures given in the chronicl pilgrims for the monk population of a seem at all exaggerated. On the stone t century which have already been referred
Mr. Bell, in 1897, did some slight which was then partially buried. The a report for that year is as follows :- Th boat') was removed, and all the vegeta short inscription of the tenth century. down the track and 50 yards to the righ slabs, pitched slightly outwards, the sides the ends 5 ft. 3 in., the bottom being f two are half the width of the others. Circular and the smaller broken one r concave, this has straight sides. The en ment of 27 ft. 6 in. by 5 ft. 3 in. and inside in depth. It lies lengthways, N. and north-west and south-east corners, and O The excavations at this site, car extensive enough to have exposed the g the stone trough was placed. When ti the writer in April, 1933, the only indica of roughly dressed stone pillars to the XVIII, a). No remains of walls or Excavations, which were started toward for about four months, resulted iih the un
1 Mahāvamisa, Cha Ibid., Chap. 42, v See above p. 2.
A. S. C. Annual

:5 )
the site of the Mahapali is one of those eral examples of which are to be seen at y, these troughs are known as kinda-Oru. that they were used as receptacles for id removed the large stone slabs utilized ra. Fantastic as this belief is, the real mething very similar. The Mahdivamsa. at the Mahapall, and in one place in the as a bhatta-individ? food-boat at that gh itself refers to it as a gal-nava stoneones at Mihintale and Anuradhapura ntified as alms-halls for the monks, it is for boiled rice intended for feeding the of these boats we can form an idea or feeding the inmates of the monasteries. es and in the accounts of the Chinese uncient Anuradhapura do not therefore rough are three inscriptions of the tenth
tO.3 2xcavation work round this stone trough, acount of the work given by him in the e ground round this kenda-Oruva ("Canji tion cleared. Its north end slab bears a The “stone canoe lies about 200 yards nt. It is put together with four upright huge single stones, 23 ft. 10 in, in length, ormed of four slabs, of which the centre Unlike the large “canoe on the Outer ear the Abhayagiri, which are slightly tire “canoe gives an outside measureof 23 ft. 10 in. by 3 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft. 3 in. S. Two broken pillar stumps flank the thers may be seen a few yards south.' ried out by Mr. Bell in 1897, were not round plan of the building inside which he clearing of the site was undertaken by tions of any buildings were a few stumps west and south of the trough (see Plate foundations were traceable anywhere. ls the end of April, 1933, and continued earthing of what is left of the foundations
p. 44, v. 134. . 67.
Report for 1897, p. 3.


Page 50
( : of the building belonging to the latests
structures at lower levels on the north well at the north-western corner of the M
Like the neighbouring Daladage, for building materials after it had falle have been removed on two sides, i.e., O. two sides, however, the foundations of (see Plate XVIII, b). On the western s cut oblong slabs of stone, placed vertica. the stones being filled with rubble. Om t. work, there is a facing of well cut stone western side also, the foundation had this removed later. On the other hand, it n on the southern side that this facing v definite that this facing of well-cut slab work which it encased. Either as it was added later, the basement was not mo buildings at Anuradhapura. A row of on the ground for the foundation, and fr average height of about 2 feet, the wa this, of brickwork. The bricks used are ruined buildings and are laid in lime m. entirely disappeared but for a few ves and the brickwork were both originally patches have been preserved at places. other buildings to be seen at Anuradhapul here are rather crude and purely utilita been made to impart any artistic beaut, the wall on the western side have been southern side now measures 107 ft. ; b Thus we are unable to be definite regard the northern side, however, the landing preserved apparently in situ. Assuming the two corners of this side of the building Anuradhapura, we may conjecture that south and 120 ft. east to west. Stump they do not enable us to form any idea hall and the way they were arranged. I space of the building into apartments h as in other ruined alms-halls to be seen nothing more than an open hall. We ca was an upper storey. In other buildings near the Post Office at Anuradhapura, a
See A.S.O.A.R. for 190

)
atum at this site, the remains of earlier in and eastern sides, and a remarkable uhāpāli. he Mahapall has been used as a quarry into decay, and its very foundations the north and the east. On the other walls can be traced almost completely de, the foundations are built of roughly y inside and outside, the space between e southern side, in addition to this crude slabs. It may be possible that, on the facing but that the stone slabs have been ay also be conjectured that it was only as added. In either case, we can be s was later in date than the crude stone originally constructed, or with the facing ulded, as is the case in almost all the narrow stone slabs has been placed flat pm this, the wall rises vertically. To an lls are constructed of stone, and above mainly fragments collected from earlier ortar. The brickwork of the walls has tiges here and there. The stone-work given a coating of lime plaster, of which When compared with the remains of 'a, the methods of construction employed urian, very little or no attempt having to the structure. The foundations of preserved to a length of 97 ft. and the ut neither side is completely preserved. ing the dimensions of the building. On slab at the entrance to the building is that the entrance was equidistant from as is usual in other structures of ancient he Mahāpali measured 128 ft. north to of 33 pillars are still to be seen; but bout the total number of pillars in this so remains of walls dividing the interior ve been found and it is probable that, at Anuradhapura, the ground floor was not also be certain as to whether there of this type, for instance in the alms-hall hd in the one at Mihintale, the centre
p. 2; 1910-11, p. 22.


Page 51
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of the ground floor of the building is occ stone on a lower level than the rest of t. stone slabs. It is round this that the pili At the Mahapali, however, no evidence though it is quite possible that suc existed, but that all traces of it have no stOnes.
On the southern side, close to th there is a passage through the stone-wo for draining the water out from inside th a stone-built drain, 4 ft. in length, to a r stone slabs and with low side walls of ston The slabs of the walls have cuts at the wood-work. There was possibly a woo so that the drainage water when collecte view. There is no outlet, and it is po in the sump was periodically emptied by
It seems probable that the buildi has been given, is contemporary with th inscriptions on it, dates from the tenth style of the building. As it has been earlier buildings, it must have been buil period. The use of lime mortar in brick end of this period.
Owing to the fact that the remains building have disappeared, we were ena expose fragments of structures belonging was also done below the topmost strat From these it became evident that the fo were laid on the ruins, and following foundations have been completely of bric for later structures, only some portions northern side, remains of earlier found 47 ft. The earlier walls seem to have 5 ft. 2 in.-and bricks of a large size hav length varies from 17 in. to 20 in., the brea from 2 in. to 3 in. No lime mortar hi attention has been paid to regular bo complete ones, with fragments in som of the measurements of ancient Ceylon Christian date; but as Parker's tables is the possibility of bricks from an earl safe to assign these remains to such an ea
are separated from these remains by a l
5-J. N. 48241 (8135)

7 )
upied by a rectangular area, paved with he floor, the sides also being retained by ared halls are arranged on the four sides. has been found of such an arrangement, h a rectangular paved area originally w been destroyed by the removal of the
he south-eastern corner of the building, k of the retaining wall of the platform, e building. The water was carried along ectangular sump, 8 ft. square, paved with e, 1 ft. 3 in. in height (see Plate XIX, a). top, as if meant for fitting some sort of oden covering fixed to the stone slabs, 2d in the sump would not be exposed to ssible that the drainage water collected human labour, when it was full.
ng, of the remains of which an account e stone trough which, as is proved by the century. This is also confirmed by the constructed of material collected from t towards the end of the Anuradhapura, (work also came into vogue towards the
3 of the northern and eastern walls of this bled to dig deeper in these areas and to to earlier ages (Plate XIX, b). Digging um along portions of the western wall. undations of the tenth century Mahapali
the lines, of earlier buildings. These k; but as the materials have been taken here and there are preserved. On the ations have been traced to a length of been of extraordinary thickness-about e been used in their construction. Their dth from 8 in. to 10 in., and the thickness as been used in the earlier work and no onding. The bricks used are generally Le places. According to Parker's table bricks, these dimensions indicate a preare not absolutely reliable and as there ier building having been used, it is not rly date. The tenth century foundations ayer of debris varying in thickness from


Page 52
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l to 2 ft., and it is improbable that, if th time, the difference in level between th: have been so small.
On the top of the earlier brickwo of the building, there is a stone slab, i level of the tenth century building. T. slabs placed at the entrance to build conjectured that the earlier building had a section of the building, and at a depth of the remains of a concrete flooring were across a lump of hard lime plaster.
On the eastern side of the Maha wall of the Daladage quadrangle, were steps and some brick walls, at a depth O century (see Plate XX, a). The remains The bricks are neatly joined together wi make the walls water-proof. But the f not permit us to ascertain any further d level of the topmost riser of the flight contemporaneous with the remains of northern side.
Outside the north-western corner C wall, we came across a well, the like of ancient site in Ceylon (see Plate XXI). buried in the debris that, before the exc whatever of its existence. The first sig of stone steps, 4 ft. in breadth at the where the outer wall of the Mahapal sh we came across a narrow passage paved partly of stone and partly of brick, at a Mahapai. At this stage of the progress like an underground passage or a tunne it could not have been guessed, by any were excavating was, in reality, a passa of the fact that no wells of this type hac however, ended at a distance of 25 ft. and from this point another flight of stol southwards, raised doubts as to the or excavation to the south revealed the f nothing more than an ancient well of a till we arrived at the very bottom of the from the tenth century floor level, and 3:
At the top, the well measures 33 but, as the side walls are built with a ba

)
lower stratum dates from such an early , and the tenth century stratum would
, and close to the north-western corner
position, about 2 ft. below the floor is stone is very much like the landing gs at Anuradhapura, and it may be entrance at this place. In the northern ft. below the tenth century floor level, ound. At the same place also we came
all, and abutting the western retaining found the remains of a flight of stone 4 ft. below the floor level of the tenth seem to be those of a rectangular cistern. th a very thin layer of mortar, so as to ragmentary nature of the remains does atails of this structure. Considering the of steps, it seems that this cistern was
walls of the lower stratum on the
if the Mahāpali, and abutting its western which has not been found at any other This was so completely filled in and vations started, there was no indication of it that we came across was a flight top, leading downwards from the place ould have been. Excavating along this with stone flags and with side walls built, lepth of 8 ft. below the floor level of the of the work (Plate XX, b) it appeared of which the roof had fallen down and tretch of the imagination, that what we 'e leading to a well, particularly in view previously been noticed. The passage, in. from the foot of the flight of steps, e steps, leading still further down, facing ginal conjecture. The extension of the ct that what we were excavating was nique design. The work was continued well, which was at a depth of 26 ft. 7 in. ft. from the modern ground level.
... east to west by 23 ft. north to south; er inwards and on account of the flights


Page 53
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Page 56
( : of steps, passages, and platforms to be n reduced as one descends lower and lower. are reduced to 14 ft. by 10 ft.
What distinguishes this from the Anuradhapura, are the flights of steps, p. its eastern, northern, and western sides, and safety right down to the very botto and the outer wall of the Mahāpāli, an a with slabs of stone and from this a flig the eastern side wall of the well and en the eastern and northern walls. From facing westwards, along the northern we abutting the northern wall. This passag runs for a distance of 8 ft. 8 im. when fou the passage is continued, 1 ft. 10 in. belo corner formed by the northern and west which is 2 ft. 7 in. in width, were paved pavement has been demolished of that se left, as one descends, is a low wall built continuation of the side wall, in order t right is the retaining wall holding the passage, another flight of steps, desce ends at a landing, to the south of whic is a platform 5 ft. by 4 ft. 4 in. and 3 f keeping water-pots.
From the last named landing, wh steps leave the side walls and descend gradually reducing its internal dimensio landing, there are two other stone platf and 2 ft. 10 in. by 3 ft. 3 in., respecti taken and which still further diminishe the two landings mentioned above, the of which is placed on the live rock, thro been bored. Narrower steps, in fact no on the rock at this lowest portion of the to the bottom. Of the entire depth C bottom consists of the boring through th the sides are built of roughly dressed slab sides are retained by brickwork which is form an enclosure om all the four sides (s At a depth of 5 ft. from the top leading out of the well on its northern si have been in existence long before the fl to be seen, were constructed; and as t and the topmost step, which was the sur

9 )
oticed later, these dimensions are greatly At the usual water level the dimensions
numerous other ancient wells found at Lssages, and platforms, constructed along which enable one to descend with ease m. Between the eastern side of the well rea roughly 6 ft. square has been paved ht of eight stone steps runs down along is at a landing at the corner formed by this landing there are four more steps, l, which terminate at a narrow passage e, which is 8 ft. below the topmost step, r more steps have to be descended before w the level of the eastern half, up to the 2rn walls. Both sections of this passage, with slabs of well-dressed stone, but the ction which is on a higher level. On the partly of brick and partly of stone as a o make the passage quite safe. To the side of the well. From the end of the lding along the western retaining wall, h, at the south-west corner of the well, t. 2 in. in height, probably intended for
ich is close to the water-level, the stone into the water, facing eastwards, thus ns. At a depth of 3 ft. from the second orms, measuring 2 ft. 7 in. by 3 ft. 5 in. vely, between which the flight of steps is s the internal area. From the lower of 'e are altogether six stone steps, the last ugh which, from this point, the well has }t more than mere footholds, are incised well, enabling one to descend right down if the well, a height of 7 ft. from the e rock. Above this, to a height of 16 ft., s of stone, and the topmostportions of the continued above the ground level so as to ee Plate XXIII, a). most step was found a brick-built drain de (see Plate XXII, b). This drain must ight of steps and passage, which are now he difference in level between the drain face level in the tenth century, is as much


Page 57
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as 5 ft., several centuries must have pass which the well was made in the manner also found to show that the design of th it was first built. Below the pavement which are now covered, suggesting that t started somewhat more to the south tha. passage at the end of the second flight o not stophere originally as it does now, bu the retaining wall to the right of the pass for which there was no necessity if origin it is evident that the well must have und when the original design was considerabl
A stone slab, containing a much century, found in the filling of the well at to throw some light on the date of the record in question is too much weathered in one place, I believe, I have succeed rendered into English, reads “having c make us assign a date in the sixth century features date undoubtedly from the ten seems to have been undertaken at this whilst the well was being cleared, some f found near the uppermost platform ment
A trench, 90 ft. in length and 13 7 ft. from the western side of the well
found in this area except the remains C of the trench at a depth of 7 ft.
The conservation of the remains diately after the excavation was over. in the area of the Mahapali were pointed of brick, were, when exposed, in a very pr gaps here and there, and the old mortal were filled with new additions and the j. by new mortar. The flights of steps and where necessary. The side walls built wall on the southern side has cracked been ensured by a steel girder.
Among the minor antiquities fou small flat piece of crystal, oval in sha thickness, with the edges bevelled and co. (see Plate XXIII, a & b). Most probab in a signet ring. The female figure is attitude,-in the pose called tribhanga in minute size, some of the details of the figu

0 )
ed from the date of this drain to that in in which it now is. Other evidence was Le well has been materially altered since noticed above, were found several stones, he flight of steps leading down originally n it does now. Below the narrow paved steps, evidence was found that this did t was continued further down. Likewise, age goes much lower than the pavement, ally this paved passage was there. Thus 2rgone repairs on more than one occasion, y altered.
weathered inscription of about the sixth , a depth of 10 ft. from the surface, seems original construction of this well. The to make out what its purport was; but, 2d in deciphering a phrase which, when aused a well to be dug. This would 7 for the digging of the well. The present th century, after which no building work site. It might also be mentioned that, ragments of a decayed human skull were Dioned above.
ft. in breadth, was opened to a depth of towards the west. No structures were f a foundation at the extreme west end
at this site was also undertaken immeThe remains of brick foundations exposed The side walls of the well, built partly 2carious condition. There were numerous r was in a decayed condition. The gaps oints of the brickwork were strengthened the pavement of the passage were repaired of stone were also strengthened. The and is thrust forward. Its stability has
nd at the site, the most interesting is a pe, 3 in. in length, less than e in in ntaining a female figure carved in intaglio oly, this crystal was a seal and was set depicted as standing in a very graceful
Indian iconography. Owing to its very ure have not been shown, possibly because


Page 58
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it was impossible to carve them on so sm. the face--the eyes, nose, ears, and mouththe fingers of the two hands and the to of proportion with the rest of the figure well developed breasts being shown in a portrayal of women in Indian art. The fo manner. The head-dress is extraordina at the top, with three hood-like projectic front. One of the arms is bent downward is bent upwards, the hand holding an ob to the face. In this particular, the figur females depicted in the paintings at Sigiri
This seal, as we may call it, was f of 4 ft. 6 in. from the surface. But the le of its date, for a small object like this removed and can be found in a stratun to which it should belong. In determinir mainly by considerations of its style. General of Archaeology in India, to whor very kindly favoured me with his opinio imitation of the Graeco-Roman or Grae to the north-west of India in the early also of opinion that the probable date ( century A.D. The art shown in the rel seal may not be of a very high class, but also with such sure and firm lines, bespe: who executed it. We have no means of in the island, or whether it was imported
Among coins found at the site, me circular copper piece of the 'elephant a described in detail in Mr. H. W. Codringto illustrated at plates 7-9. This coin cont as well as on the reverse, in the order in v type as given by Mr. Codrington. The is l 25 in. and weight l64 grs. It was surface and must be dating from a very ea previously found in considerable numbe come from a site to the E. N. E. of 'A considerably damaged oblong copper plac of a goddess and, on the reverse, a railed Sv. op. cit., p. 27, was also among the finds (see numerous examples have been found else' to have been used as coins. Another c
Letter dated 22

)
all a scale. For instance, the features of -are not delineated. On the other hand, es of the feet are shown, but quite out Above the waist, the figure is nude, n exaggerated form as is common in the olds of the drapery are shown in a flowing ry. It consists of a coiffure, flattened ns above, and a tassel hanging below in is and is resting on the hip while the other ject, which appears to be a flower, close e bears a remarkable resemblance to the
уа. ound in the filling of the well at a depth vel in which it was found is no indication can easily be washed away or otherwise n either much earlier or later than that ng its date, we should therefore be guided Sir John Marshall, the late Directorn a photograph of the seal was sent, has n that it appears to be a very decadent !co-Persian seals which found their way centuries of the Christian era. He is of the seal should be the fourth or fifth presentation of the female figure on the the carving, on such a minute scale and aks a high degree of skill in the lapidary judging whether this seal was produced from outside.
}ntion may be made of a large die-struck nd svastika” type (see Plate XXIV, c), n's Ceylon Coins and Currency, p. 20, and ains the various symbols on the obverse which they appear in normal coins of this coin is considerably worn, its diameter
found at a depth of 7 inches from the urly period. Coins of this type have been }rs at Anuradhapura, over fifty having bhayagiri Dagaba. A badly worn and tue, containing, on the obverse, the figure astika of the type described in Codrington, Plate XXIV, d). These plaques, of which where in Ceylon, are generally considered ircular copper coin, '87 in. in diameter
nd January, 1934.


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and 147 grs. in weight, appears to contai and a three-celled caitya on the reverse (see and one cannot be certain whether there w two. It appears, however, to be differer and no examples resembling it have b Mr. Codrington. A few specimens of Ind but these were too worn to admit of iden was picked up but less than a foot below
Potsherds were found in consideral a nature that no accurate idea was possil to which they belonged. As at the site difference in the nature of the potsherd, that the ground here had been disturbet potsherds might have been mixed toget account for this fact. Two potsherds con of pre-Christian date were found at a de which on other grounds cannot be tak Similar potsherds with Brahmi letters Gedige. All these potsherds with Brah circular platter-shaped vessels with a ve writing is invariably on the rim and instrument after the vessel had been burn black while the outside is glossy and red enable us to restore the diameter of the p as 3 ft. 8 in. One of the potsherds c bi Upatisaya, which may be completed a genitive case termination in ya suggests with which the title or epithet Abi is to the names of princessesin pre-Christian be conjectured that the platter, of which lady named Abi Upatissa who lived so before Christ. The other piece contains pata “vessel. Yet another fragment of into four equal parts, also squares, by This symbol is found in the inscriptions difficult to give a reason for the fact th: on this type of ceramics. Perhaps these the letters, the purpose of which, as we were intended to prevent the use of a ve It is a well-known fact that in India, as it are very particular to keep the vessels i used by others.
See above p. 12. See Parker, Ancie

2 )
n the figure of an elephant on the obverse Plate XXIV, e). This coin is badly worn are any other symbols in addition to these t in type from the coin above described en described in the standard work of O-Roman copper pieces were also found; tification. A Dutch copper coin of 1734 the surface.
ble numbers ; but were of so fragmentary ble as to the form and size of the vessels
near the Gedige, there was no marked s coming from various levels. The fact l repeatedly, in which process the small her in the various levels, must perhaps ntaining Brāhmī letters (Plate XXIII, d) pth of 6 ft. from the surface, a stratum en as dating from such an early date. have been found in the site near the lmi writing seem to have belonged to }rtical rim, about 1 in. in height. The has been incised with a sharp pointed nt. The inside of the vessel is invariably l. The two fragments now under notice latter as lift. 2 in. and the circumference :ontains letters which give the reading vs Abi Upatiśaya “ of Abi Upatiśa”. The that the name is in the feminine gender, in agreement, for this is found prefixed Brāhmī inscriptions.? It may, therefore, we have a fragment here, belonged to a me time in the second or first century only two letters which can be read as the same type contains a square divided two lines at right angles to each other. s to represent the kahdipana coin. It is at Brahmi letters are found incised only : platters were used as eating vessels and } have noticed, is to indicate ownership, 'ssel belonging to one person by another. t was also in Ceylon in olden days, people n which they take their food from being
тt Ceylот, р. 420.


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The following are other specimen any note found at this site :-
l. A cup-shaped earthen vessel, of which 2 in, in diameter at the base, and 2 in. in height, 2. Fragment of pedestalled cup, which mu mouth, and is 3 ft. in height, 4 ft. below the surfac
3. Fragment of a flat-bottomed cup, 6 in. (Plate XXIII, c).
4. Fragment of an ornamental terra-cotta l 5. The lower fragment of a narrow-bottom glaze on the exterior, 5 ft. below surface.
6. Fragment of a small broad-mouthed vess 7. Fragment of a small vessel of terra-cotta
8. Cone-shaped object of terra-cotta, 2 in. 9. Terra-cotta object shaped like a chess-m 10. A small drum-shaped object of terra-c length in.
ll. Thick disc-shaped object of terra-cotta 12. Fragment of a terra-cotta lamp-stand below surface.
13. Terra-cotta object, truncated cone with 14. Roughly hemi-spherical object of terr resembling the mediaeval Sinhalese letterga incised
15. Terra-cotta object, 1; in. in. length, sł wide and in. in depth, round the centre of its axi
Very small fragments of chinaware tiles similar to those noticed at the site ne formed of potsherds, noticed before, have :
A classified list of other finds consi
METAL C
Gold
Tiny fragment of gold foil bent and twisted,
Copр l. A flat copper rod, 1 ft. lin. in length, ends. One side of the rod is flat. On the other si is having the edges bevelled but for four spaces ea. contain in each two five-petalled flowers with dots two ends contain one flower each between straightli No idea can be formed as to what purpose this copp 2. Half-round copper sheet, with rounded below surface.
Y - 3. Four small fragments of a small copper
4. Small bronze or copper bell, of the typ longish in shape, with a ring at one end, length l ir 5. Bronze or copper bell of the same varie 9in. below surface.

)
of pottery and terra-cotta objects of
art is missing, 4 in. in diameter at the mouth, found 1 ft. below the surface. st have originally been 5 ft. in diameter at the
محم
in diameter, 23 in. in height, 3 ft. below surface
amp, 2 ft. below surface. ed vessel of clay with thick walls and a whitish
el, 3 in. in height, 1 ft. below surface. with traces of gilding on the outside, 3 ft. below
in height, 4 ft. below surface. an, lin. in height, 2 ft. below surface. otta, with slightly concave sides, diameter in.,
, diameter 1 in., thickness in. , bottom portion, diameter at base 3 in., l ft.
concave sides, height in., 2 ft. below surface. a-cotta, in. in diameter, containing a symbol on the flat side, 5 ft. below surface. haped like a spheroid, with a deep groove, in. s. Possibly a spindle whorl, depth 5 ft.
of various patterns, fragments of glazed ar the Gedige, and discs of various sizes, also been found in considerable numbers.
dered to be of interest is given below:-
BJECTS.
r
a
6 ft. below surface.
እé?‛.
in. in breadth, and in. in thickness, with rounded de, towards the edge it is convex, whilst the rest ch about in. in length, the middle two of which between the petals. The flat spaces close to the ines, three on the outer sides and two on the inner. er rod served (see Plate XXIV, f).
| ends, 5 in. in length, in. in breadth, 4 ft.
vessel, 3 ft. below surface. e used in tying in strings round the necks of bulls, h., diameter at mouth in., lift. below surface. ty as above, but shaped like a fish, length lin,


Page 61
i
:
surface.
( 3
Copper nail, head on one side only, len Copper nail, head slightly projecting ot Copper nail, with very prominent head A small copper ring, in. in diameter Worn and much corroded fragment of Fragment of a copper plaque, as abov
Iγoγια
A steel or iron katty blade, 6 in. in leng A knife blade of steel or iron, 33 in. lon Large iron nail, 63 in. in length, 1 ft. b Iron nail, headless, 5 in. long, 2 ft. belc Iron nail, 2 in. long, 2 ft. below surfac Iron nail, 3 in. long, 6 ft. below surfac Three iron nails, length 2 in. to 23 in. Iron nail, 2 in. long, 4 ft. below surfac Two iron nails, 3 in. and 2 in. respec
Cylindrical piece of iron, probably a fit
Iron horse-shoe, 2 in. in diameter, l:
Glass
Glass ring, greenish in colour, diameter Fragment of a glass ring, dark blue in Half of a small glass bangle, light gree Fragment of a glass bangle, ornamente
Ivory, Bone an
Fragment of an ivory pin with rounded An oblong piece of smoothly cut ivor
3. Fragment of a handle, roughly shaped, with minerals.
4. A globular object of bone, about 1 in broadest part of the circumference and a large bead, 2 ft. below surface.
5. Fragment of an object made of shell diagonal lines between two horizontal lines, 1 ft. b * Sea-shells of marine snails and cowries, and also found.
surface.
8.
9 surface.
8
Be Double pentagon bead of carnelian, : i. Lenticular bead of crystal, 3 in, in len Circular short bead of yellowish clay or Cornerless cube collared bead of crystal Lenticular bead of crystal, in. in len Lenticular bead of crystal, in. in leng Long barrel-shaped bead of crystal wit
Long ellipsoid bead of crystal, in. in Square faceted bead of blue spinel,
10. Disc bead of red clay or paste, in. in

4 )
gth l k in.
tt, 1 in, lòng, 3 ft., below surface.
length lin., 5 ft. below surface. , 7 ft. below surface.
an oblong copper plaque, 7 ft. below surface. e, 2 ft. below surface.
тd Steel.
th, lin. at the broadest point, 3 ft. below surface. g, 1 ft. below surface.
elow surface.
w surface.
e.
2Ꮎ.
4 ft. below surface.
]Ꮎ.
tively, 1 ft. below surface. oting, bent, 4 in. long, 7 ft. below surface. ft. 6 in. below surface.
Objects.
in., 6 ft. below surface. colour, 3 ft. below surface. h in colour, 4 ft. below surface. d with a pattern in yellow, 5 ft. below surface.
d Shell Objects.
head, measuring lin. in length, 4 ft. below surface. y, in. by in. by 2 in. in length, 2 ft. below
probably of bone, hardened by being impregnated
... in diameter with four linear incisions round the hole running through the axis. Probably a large
ornamented with an incised pattern of crossed elow surface.
animal bones, of sambhur, boar, and tortoise, were
ads.
n. in length, 2 ft. below surface. gth, 2 ft. below surface.
paste, length is in., 2 ft. below surface. , in. in length, 3 ft. below surface. gth, 4 ft. below surface.
th, 3 ft. below surface. h two flattened sides, in. in length, 2 ft. below
ength, 7 ft. below surface. with one end rounded, length in., 8 ft. below
diameter, 2 ft. below surface.


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ll. Barrel-shapetu bead of amethyst, unpen Long ellipsoid bead of chrysoprase, li iu .12 ،܂ ܇xܐ 13. Short circular bead of green glass, in, 14. Irregular pentagonal faceted bead of c found in the drain near the well.
15. Pear-shaped bead, probably of glass, ye 16. Spherical terra-cotta bead, 3 in. long, 2 17. Lenticular bead of carnelian, in. lon 18. Truncated biconical pentagonal faceted 19. Lenticular collared bead of a methyst, 20. Oblate bead of terra-cotta, in. in leng 2l. Lenticular bead of quartz with amethys 22. Three short circular beads of green is in., 4 ft. below surface.
23. Ellipsoid bead of terra-cotta, in. long 24. Collared ellipsoid bead of dark red clay 25. Lenticular bead of amethyst, 3 in. in le 26. Collared ellipsoid bead of yellow glass, material, in. in diameter, 4 ft. below surface.
27. Tabular collared bead of yellow glass, 28. Tabular collared bead, probably of ye. sides, length in., 5 ft. below surface.
29. Biconical bead of terra-cotta, with ba dots and diagonal lines round the circumference, g. 30. Lenticular bead of carnelian, Jin. in le 3. Spherical bead of quartz, in. long, 12 32. Collared ellipsoid bead, probably of am 33. Biconical collared bead of an unident 3 ft. below surface.
34. Spherical bead of carnelian, unperforate 35. Fluted ellipsoid bead of crystal, in. ii 36. Long square faceted bead of amethyst, 37. Roughly cylindrical long bead of chrysc 38. Long barrel-shaped bead of agate, in 39. Collared lenticular bead of amethyst, 40. Short circular bead of corundum, in. 41. Long barrel-shaped circular bead of car. 42. Spherical bead of corundum, in. long 43. Oblate bead of dark glass, with an un the axis, length in., 6 ft. below surface.
44. Long convex biconical bead of blue glas 4 ft. below surface.
45. Eighteen short circular beads of glass, varying from in. to in., 3 ft. to 6 ft. below surf 46. Two disc beads ofred paste, in. in di 47. Two ellipsoid collared beads of green gla 48. Fragment of a hexagonal biconical bead 49. An irregular shaped uncut corundum, 6 ft. below surface.
50. Biconical bead of blue glass, in. in le 51. Three disc beads of red paste, diameter
52. Lenticular bead of crystal, length in., 6-J. N. 48241 (8135)

)
orated, in. in length, 3 ft. below surface. ... long, 3 ft. below surface. in length, 3 ft. below surface. ystal, truncated bicone in shape, in. in length,
lowish in colour, in. long, 1 ft. below surface. ft. below surface.
, 2 ft. below surface. bead of crystal, in. long, 2 ft. below surface. in. in length, 2 ft. below surface. h, 3 ft. below surface. ttinge, in. long, 4 ft. below surface. and blue glass, diameter varying from in. to
3 ft. below surface. or stone, 3 in. long, 6 ft. below surface. gth, 3 ft. below surface.
in. long, and a short circular bead of the same
in, long, 6 ft. below surface. low glass, with circular grooves incised on both
inds of incised designs, horizontal parallel lines, in. long, 3 ft. below surface. ngth, 2 ft. below surface.
ft. below surface. athyst, length in., 2 ft. below surface. ified green substance, possibly glass, is in. long,
:d, in. in length, 6 ft. below surface. n length, 2 ft. below surface.
in. long, 4 ft. below surface. prase, in. in length, 3 ft. below surface. ... long, 6 ft. below surface.
in. long, 6 ft, below surface. long, 5 ft. below surface. nelian, in. in length, 8 ft. below surface. , 5 ft. below surface. inished additional perforation at right angles to
s with a white band in the middle, in. in length,
blue, green, white and purple in colour, length 3ᏓCᎾ.
meter, 5 ft. below surface. iss, in. long, 5 ft. below surface. of glass, iš in. long, 6 ft. below surface.
in. in length, with perforation in the middle,
gth, 2 ft. below surface.
in. and in., 2 ft. below surface. 2 ft. below surface.


Page 63
( 3.
53. A gold or gold-plated spherical bead, 3 54. Collared tabular circular bead of am the stone trough.
55. Circular tabular bead with conical si not been identified, 3 in. long, 7 ft. below surface, 56. Irregularly shaped piece of jasper, pel below surface.
57. Pear-shaped tabular bead of lime-alum
Miscei
Triangular piece of spinel, one side conv Aberyl, cut into spherical shape, about Fragment of a carnelian ring, in. in 4. A rectangular slab of slate-like stone, two surfaces is smoothed and contains a groove : to the groove are incised straight horizontal lines, E in sketch in Plate XXIV (g). The purpose of this 5. A piece of crystal roughly cut into the s. diameter at base lin., height lin., 2 ft. below st 6. A piece of agate roughly fashioned int surface.
7. A fragment of mica, 6 ft. below surface. 8. The upper fragment of a pendant of flu

3 )
ft. below surface. ethyst, in. long, found on the floor level near
les, collared, of a composite substance which has
forated and used as a bead, length in., 6 ft.
inia garnet, in. long, 2 ft. below surface.
laпеои8.
ex, in. long, 4 ft. below surface.
in. in diameter, 4 ft. below surface. diameter, 5 ft., below surface. measuring 2 in. by in. by in. One of the at the centre parallel to the long edges. Parallel und at right angles to it are vertical lines as shown
object has not been ascertained. hape of a stupa, minus the spire and basal cylinder, urface. o spherical shape, in. in diameter, 2 ft. below
orspar, 5 ft. below surface.


Page 64
IN
Abhayagiri (at Anurädhapura), 1, 25, 81. Aggabodhi, I., 14, 24; III., 24; IX., 24. Alms-halls, 24 ff. Anurādhapura, 15, 7, 8, 12-16, 20, 24-29, 31. Arches, 6.
Asamas, 4, 6ff.
Ayrton (E. R.), 2, 19 f.
Bałustrades, 6, 16. Beads, 3, 10 f., 22 f., 34-36. Beal (S.), 2, 24. Bell (H. C. P.), 1, 2, 7, 14.f., 25. Bhatta-indivi, 25. Bonding, 6, 27. Bone objects, 22, 34. Bo-tree (at Anuradhapura), l. Brāhmī, script, ll, l2, 32. Bricks, 4, 5 f., 17 f., 27. Burrows (S. M.), 1.
Oanoes (troughs), bronze, 24. Canoes (troughs), stone, 2, 14, 25 f. Ceylon, 5, 7, llf., 14, 20 f. 24, 27 f., 31 f. Chinaware, 12, 20 f., 33. Cholas, 9, 14, 24. Cisterns, 18 f., 28. Citadel (at Anuradhapura), lif., 14. Codrington (H. W.), 9, 31 f. Coins, 3, 9, 21, 31 f. Conch-shell objects, 3. Concrete, 28. Conservation, 7, 20, 30. Copper objects, 22, 33 f. Copper plaques, 31.
Crucibles, 3. Crystal objects, 22, 30, 36.
Daladage (at Anuradhapura), 14, 17-20, 25, 28.
See also Tooth-Relic Temple. Dāțhopatissa, I., 24; III., 24. IDevänampiya, Tissa, l4, 24. Dhammacakka, shrine, 14.
Dhātusena, l4, 24. Disks, made of potsherds, 3, 12, 33. Drain-pipes, 8.
Drains, l’7-19, 26, 28.
Dutch coins, 21, 32.
Egypt, 5.

54 )
DEX.
Fa-hien, 2, 24. Foundations, 4, 26.
Gedigē (at Anurādhapura), 1-3, 7, 32 f. Glass, 3, 10, 13, 2l f., 34. Glaze, 5, 20 f.
Gold objects, 33, 36. Graeco-Persian seals, 31. Graeco-Roman seals, 3l. Guardstones, 6, 16.
Hieun Tsiang, 24. Hobson (R. L.), 20 f. Hocart (A. M.), 2, 15.
Ievers (R.W.), 1.
India, 5, 8, 3 f. Indo-Roman coins, 9, 21, 32. Inscribed potsherds, llf., 32. Inscriptions, 2, 7, 19-21, 25 f., 30, 32. Iron objects, 22, 34. Ivory objects, 34.
Jafna, 5, 12. Jetavanarama (at Anuradhapura), l.
Kahäрата, symbol for, 32. Kandiyan, 4, 9. Kantarõọdai, 5. Kassapa, II., 24. Khujjanāga, 24. Köţţe, 8.
Lay-out, of shrines, 16. Illaίνειίί, 3, 9. Lime mortar, 7, 17 f., 26 f.
Mahānāma, 24. . Mahapai 2 f. 14 18 24–80. Mahāvarinsa, 14, 24 f. Mahinda, I., 24; IV., 14, 24. Marshall (Sir John), 9, 31. Masons' marks, 7. Mesapotamia, 5. Mihintaļē, 25 f. Mohenjo-Daro, 8 f. Moonstones, 4, 6, 16, 20. Mouldings, 7, 14-16, 18.
Palace (at Anuradhapura), lif., 13f., 24. Pallava, 9.


Page 65
Pāņdyan, 9. Parker (H.), lif., 12, 27, 32. Perera (E. W.), 8. Pieris (P. E.), 5. Plaster, 4, 6, 8, 17 f., 26, 28. Polonnaruva, 1, 4, 6–8. Porcelain boxes, 20. Pottery, 11 f., 32 f. Prākāras, l6, 19.
Rajamaligava (at Polonnaruva), 8. Rarinsimāligāva (at Polonnaruva), 8. Rankot Vehera (at Polonnaruva), 8. Retaining walls, 16-20, 26, 29 f. Roofs, 6.
Rubble masonry, 17, 19, 26. Ruvanvalisaya (at Anuradhapura), 12.
Sana Ullah (M.), 5. Saňghatissa, II., 24. Sanskrit, 8.
Sculpture, 20. Seal, found at Mahapai, 30 f. Shell objects, 34.
PRINTED AT TEE CgYLON G

38
Sigiriya, 31.
Silakala, 24. Silāmeghavaņņa, 24. Sinhalese, 6, 9, 11–13, 24, Śrī Meghavarņņa, l4. Steel objects, 34. Stone objects, 21, 36. Stonework, 15. Stratification, 3, 19, 28. Stucco, 7.
Tamil, 24. Terra-cotta objects, 23, 32. | Thupārāma (at Anurādhapura), il f.
Tiles, glazed, 4 f., 15, 33. Tirukkétişvaram, 12. Tissamahäräma, 12.
Tooth-Relic Temple (at Anuradhapura), 2, 4, 16,
20.
Udaya, II. (I.), 24; IV. (III.), 14, 24. Upatissa, III., 24.
Well, at the Mahāpāļī, 28 ff. Wickremasinghe (D. M. de Z.), 2, 19.
OWERNMENT PREss, COLOMBO,


Page 66
屬 鹰
( || HH MAINS OF THi : In A LA L. Gi
 

Pate.
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F. W. IIow FILIT CITTTT-W"FRT.


Page 67



Page 68
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Page 69



Page 70

Plate III.
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Page 71



Page 72
{e1) RE:MATR5 oF THE ToParosT STHAT!
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Page 73



Page 74
(a) TE's T THE SIDE: EN"
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Page 75



Page 76
下 FELAKIETIEHMAHHAHA
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Page 77



Page 78
盟
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Page 79



Page 80
(l) KSANA, IF THE: SANCTUM OF H UII
 

Plate VIII.
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Page 81



Page 82
渔
(a) BUILDING A, AFTER
(b) BUILDING A, AFTER
CON:
CON
 
 

Plate IX.
SERVATION, VIEW FROM NORTH.
SERVATION, VIEW FROM EAST.


Page 83



Page 84
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Page 85



Page 86
(r) URLEICHILLINI IRATN 1
() INSCFEIETION CN THE SANA IN BLILDIN
 
 

FT FF5 X FEATI, TITTE GEILIGE.
(*) GOLD CITLINA, MENT OIE SEAL


Page 87



Page 88
(f)
(a), (5), AND (c) POTTERY FROM THE STTE BETwFEN (d) E AILTELEIRAS CRUCITALES. (f) AND (7) coPPER OBJECTS.
 

Plate XII.
(}
(g)
THE MAFI KIPAKILİ AND THE TO MILJA DIGÉ.
(e) roTSHETIDS INSCHEIHFED wITH DIRHMLİ LETTEILS.


Page 89



Page 90
(e) 13:IANS OF THE ALA DiG:. AFTET. F.
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THF: XCF: "TH-TH:ST OF THE DIJALA DO GÉ.


Page 91



Page 92
ଖୁଁ遭
WRITTILAH
(E) RUINS OF THE FORCHAT THE DA
 

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LADIGE, WIEW FROM RORTH-WEST.


Page 93



Page 94
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Page 95



Page 96
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Page 97



Page 98
(a) FIGUELE OF A TTON F
c
(*) FRAGMENT o F. A MooxistoNE AT THF DALADÁCé,
 
 

Padė XVIII.
CouHT AT THE TALAT) isl.
] F1 AGMTERT IFA FORCETAT“ (d) TEHTM-coTTA OHJECT.
Fox.


Page 99



Page 100
(b) THE SITE OF THE: MAI LÁri. Lī, AFTET.
 

Plase M'' | ''.
HH LLLS LLLLLLL LLLLLLLLS LLLLLLGHS LHLHG LLLHLS
| | I | W |
FXCA"ATION, WIE“ FT-IIAT ELLT|1-1|'F:5T.


Page 101



Page 102
( b ) REMAINS COF TIL E TOWER, ST.
 

Plate X.
Til 町
JTIKTAN SITTE OF THF. MAE HÅP ikiLi.
版 *
Едтим мл' ти Е млHAPALI.


Page 103



Page 104
(b) THE wELL AT TIF MAH FĂȚi,
 

PE MW.
LGSLL u LLLLLLLSz ELS ELLaLLOS S SS LLLS aaLLaLaL00LS


Page 105



Page 106
THE WELI, AT THE MA. H. Pi Li, AFTE
 

PIE XX,
臀 量
円
喜閒 臀
Fili|||||||||Tii|||||||||||||||
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ଐ: ܬܼܵܐ s
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Page 107



Page 108
'#'], 屁 麒
I
■ 黜
(ra) THE: SUFTHERN WAT.T. () F THIE EN
(5) co"WEB 1en DTRAIN
 
 

Plades XXIII.
closuk: OF THE WEIT, AT THE MAHPII.
I T ா
ஆ ته +Fಠೆ
AT TIE MAHAT Li wrLL,


Page 109



Page 110
SSLS LGLGGLLLLLLLS LLLL KLLS GCLLLGLLLLL LL KSLL KLLKTLLktCS aGHLLLLHHLLL LLLL SSL LLSL SLLLS SLSLLLLLSLLLLLSSS LLLLLSLLLLS
(e) POTTERY FOUND 'r
(rll reoirseIII Fir:Iris wITH I.E.íHMi T. E. I
 
 
 

Ple XXIII.
SKS HHHLHHLLLLLLL0LLLL0LLLL LLL LLLLLLLLu LLLLLL LLL LLTTS HLGLLGLLLLL L
LLLLLL LLL S LLLLL LS0 K LL S LLLLL LL S CLLLS
1 THE BIATATÁLi.
HSLL LLLLLLLK HHHLHHLHHH LS LS HHHH GGLLL LLLLL LLLS


Page 111



Page 112
(d)
(a)-(e) coins FRoM THE
WAN2, 将溶 ŚŠğ
SCALE :- HALF C
(f) copPER RoD Fοτ
5 CAE - Fl
(g) STONE OBJECT F
 

Plate XXIV.
XCAVATIONS IN TEIE CITADEL.
383 園口の
IF ACTUAL si z E.
ND AT THE MAHAPALi.
U L 5 | Z E.
UND AT THE MAHÄPÁLi.


Page 113



Page 114
BEADS FROM TE EXCA
 

Plate XXV.
WATONS IN E CADE


Page 115



Page 116



Page 117



Page 118



Page 119

TITI
6-43-8
圆