Page 1
THE C JOURNAL OF
Al
SOCIAL
NEW SERIES
W III January(Published
CONI
N. BALA KRISHNAN
ER I TIESE WA
W A WISW AWARNAPALA
C.R. DE SELVA AND D. DE SILWA
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EYLON
" HISTORICAL
ND
STUDIES
June 1973
April 1971)
TENTS
N.
BuLeilgetary Refor III in Ceyları: The Intro.
dit lation of Pregl'Illinne Budgeting.
The Ceylon Nation El Cingregin Digarry II: The Triumph of Sir William Münning,
1 1-1 모.
Parliamentary Super visio II of Atlminis
tration in Ceylon, 1917 to 1956:
| ITTIIS ENTLICH ISHTER
Prill
The History of Ceylon (eir 1500-1658). A historiographical thelbibliographical
HlIT"F"
Review
20.00 10.00 usar Singla Copy Ris. quo by the Ceylon Historical B PFLublicatiLJILIH BILJELIT.

Page 2
THE CE
HISTORICAL AND
PUBLICATIO
S. ARASARATNAM, B.A. (Ceylon), Pl University of New England, Armida
R. K. W. GOONESEKERE, LL.B. (Cey
Law College.
H. A. I. GOONETILEKE, B.A., Dip. Lil Librarian, University of Ceylon, P.
H. A. DE S. GUNASEKERA, B.A. ( presently Secretary, Ministry of Pl:
L. S. PERERA, B.A., Ph.D. (Ceylon), form
of Ceylon, Colombo.
RALPH PIERIS, B.A. (Ceylon), B.Sc. fessor of Sociology, University of C
K. M. DE SILVA, B.A. (Ceylon), Ph.D. ( University of Ceylon, Peradeniya. M
A. J. WILSON, B.A. (Ceylon), Ph.D. (I and Chairman, Department of Politi wick, Canada.
The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Soci Ceylon Historical and Social Studies Publicati The months of publication are usually June and to subscribers.
The Journal is intended to cover the enti political science, law, archaeology, history, ge anthropology. The articles will relate mainly,
Articles, books for review, editorial a addressed to K. M. de Silva, Department o Ceylon.
Back numbers, Vols. VI to X and new ser prices. Vols. I, II and V are out of print; a f available.
Remittances should be made payable Social Studies. Rates of subscription (incl teen; 150 pounds sterling; U.S. Three doll seventy five pence sterling; U.S. One dolla allowed to booksellers in Ceylon. All payme International money order, cheques with thirt for collection charges, or direct to the Boards '

YLON SOCIAL STUDIES
NS BOARD
.D. (Lond.), Professor of History, le, N.S.W., Australia.
on), B.C.L. (Oxford), Principal, Ceylon
. (Lond.), Dip. Lib. (Madras), F.L.A. Pradeniya.
Deylon), M.Sc. Econ., Ph.D. (London), unning and Employment.
herly Professor of History, University
Econ., Ph.D. (Lond.), formerly Probylon, Peradeniya. Editor.
Lond.), Professor of Ceylon History, anaging Editor.
ond.), Professor of Political Science cal Science, University of New Bruns
all Studies is published twice a year by The ons Board which was constituted in 1958. December, and copies will be sent post-free
re range of the social sciences-economics, egraphy, sociology, social psychology and but not exclusively, to Ceylon.
nd business communications should be f History, University Park, Peradeniya,
ies Vols. I & II are available at publication ew copies of Wolumes III and IV are still
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THE CI
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NEW SERIES
Vol. III January-Ju
(Published A
Managing K. M. DE
Printed at The Colombo Apothec The Ceylon Historical and Social Stud

3YLON
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C I973 No. I
pril 1974)
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aries' Co., Ltd., Colombo, for ies Publications Board, Peradeniya.

Page 4
THE ( JOURNAL OF HISTORIC
NEW SERIES Wo1. III Januar
C ON
N. BALAKRISHNAN
K. M. DE SILVA
W. A. WISWA-WARNAPALA
C. R. DE SILVA AND D. DE SILVA
Bool
LIST OF C.
N. Balakrishnan, B.A. (Ceylon), M University of Sri Lanka, Perade
K. M. de Silva, B.A. (Ceylon), Ph.D University of Sri Lanka, Perad
W. A. Wiswa-Warnapala, B.A. (Ce Lecturer in Political Science, U
C. R. de Silva, B.A. (Ceylon), Ph.D
sity of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya.
D. de Silva, B.A. (Ceylon,) A.L.A.

EYLON AL AND SOCIAL STUDIES
-June 1973 No. 1
E N T S
Page
Budgetary Reform in Ceylon:
The Introduction of Programme Budgeting. . . ... l
The Ceylon National Congress in Disarray II: The Triumph of Sir William Manning, 1921-1924. ... 16
Parliamentary Supervision of Administration in Ceylon, 1947 to 1956: Problems and Issues ... 40
The History of Ceylon (circa l 500-1658). A historiographical and bibliographical survey. ... 52
: Review
DINTRIBUTORS
...Phil. (Leeds), Lecturer in Economics, niya.
(London), Professor of Ceylon History, niya.
lon), M.A. (Pittsbourgh), Ph.D. (Leeds), niversity of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya.
(London), Lecturer in History, Univer

Page 5
BUDGETARY REFOR INTRODUCTION OF PRC
N. BALAK
In the government Budget for the Conforming to Programme Budget clas ministries and seventy seven departm four ministries and their departments falling within any ministry), which rema classification. The purpose and aims c. budgetary procedure and practice are effort to improve the system of public getary classificatıon aimed at more mea through a Programme Budgeting iral Programme Budgeting format..., seeks are more relevant to present day condi concerned with the evaluation of admi of efficiency and economy in the use c sound management techniques, and development goals'.9 Government bud administration, has to be adapted to me tration. The role of the government buc recent years in many developing cou greater role assigned to public sector a social development; and the tradition have been found to be ineffective and the additional tasks and responsibilities
I. Programme Budget classification was fi
for only three Ministries-Education, departments. See, Programme Budgets Health (Extract from the Estimates of of Ceylon, October 1971 to December I
2. It is expected that the four remaining
Irrigation, Power & Highways; Foreig Local Government and Home Affairs classification by next year.
3. Budget Speech, I97 I-72, Minister of Fir
%-ب-i3856

M IN CEYLON : THE )GRAMME BUDGETING
RISHNAN
year 1973 the estimates of expenditure Sufication covered altogether nineteen ents under them. There are now only (and the Heads of expenditure not into be converted to the new budgetary E this major re-organisation in Ceylon's summed up as follows: "as part of the fiscal administration reforms in budningful allocation of financial resources mework have been introduced...The to present expenditule in terms which Eions. In its full development it will be nistrative performance, the promotion if lesources through the application of the facilitation of the achievement of geting, like any other aspect of public et the changing needs of fiscal adminisget has assumed greatel significance in nties largely due to the increasingly nd development plans in economic and al budgeting procedures and practices nadequate in many ways to cope with This calls for basic reforms in concepts
st introduced in last year's (I971-72) budget Finance and Health-comprising seventeen or the Ministries of Education, Finance and 'evenue and Expenditure of the Government 372) I972.
Ministries-Defence and External Affairs; & Internal Trade; Public Administration, -will be converted to Programme Budget
ince, (I97I), p. 37.

Page 6
2 N. BALA
and procedures 1 elating to governme In this respect Programme Budget str
Traditional Budgeting VS Prog Features
Traditional budgeting process
following main characteristics: (i) ecutive departments and their sub-div of one year, and (iii) expenditureoriented. The primary emphasis in t on inputs or objects of expenditule
plies-rather than on outputs or resl relation to the end product or service this emphasis on inputs or objects of expenditure control, it provides little actually doing and what it gets for ti traditional budgetary process is on m observance of appropriation limits by financial accountability (to the legisla important and necessary in governme recognised that as the government b type of expenditure-budgeting with tation prepa1 ed and plesented annu the requirements of effective planning budget implementation. Given the in ment budget and its complexities in t allocation of public funds, the lin spending plans and the goals or objec and effectiveness in public spending b Programme Budgeting, in cont1ast provides a more systematic and rationa relating to the allocation of funds an results associated with the numerous government.
In Programme Budgeting the go nised primarily on the basis of 'prog than in terms of administrative units tional budgets are usually organised places considerable emphasis on the budgeting, is designed to organise the
4. A Manual for Programme and Perfor
I965), p. I.

AKRISHNAN
2nt budgeting and fiscal administration. ucture has a great deal to offer.
ramme Budgeting: Some General
in government generally embodies the budgets are o1ganised in terms of ex1sions, (ii) budgets usually cover a period budgets are input-oriented or controlhe traditional budget-making piocess is like personnel, materials, and other suplts achieved and/or the cost involved in arising from government outlays. While expenditure serves well the objective of information on "what a government is he money spent'. The main focus of the atters such as expenditure authorisation, departments and their sub-divisions and ture). Such considerations are, no doubt. nt budgeting. Howevel, it is increasingly adget grows in size and complexity this input-orientation and/or control-orienally cannot properly be geared to meet and management in budget making and creasingly significant role of the governhe present day context, the basis for the kage between the functionally-oriented tives and the evaluation of pe) formance ecome matters of most vital importance. to the traditional budgeting structure, approach for decision making in matters di for the evaluation of performance and and varied spending activities of the
vernment (expenditure) budget is orgagrammes' and their sub-divisions rather and objects of expenditure as the tradi1. Programme Budget approach, which planning and management aspects in pudget in terms of functions, programmes
ጎንኔ∂ጎኔ6ፅ Видpeting. (United Nations, New York

Page 7
| BUDGETARYRE
and projects or activities Ielated to S Budget structure generally embodies tics, which have been summarised as f meaningful programmes and operation function or functions associated with showing clearly the work objectives or of government accounting and financ as to conform with the type of budge and their sub-divisions; and (iii) under divisions work measurement and work are established for evaluation of perfor operations directed towards specified nally-oriented programmes with speci tionships between outputs or accomp achieve them, Programme Budgeting to measure or evaluate performance in this basic programme structure it is and sophisticated techniques of budge what has come to be known as 'Plan (PPBS), which has been adopted rece: cularly the United States' and Canac which is an extended and more refi. structure, seeks to integrate long-terr programming of specific activities and teristics of this system centre around t comparisons of various government goals or objectives, (ii) assessment of with minimum expenditure of esource plans over a longer time horizon land til in the light of experience and chang
5. A Manual, op. cit, p. 2. In our discus: -the principal emphasis of which is on measurement, unit cost, and other sta part of Programme Budgeting.
6, Programme Budgeting has found its e. States. Early efforts to introduce new Hoover Commission (I949) which recon Federal Government should be re-orga 'functions, activities and projects'.- second Hoover Commission (I955) reused the phrase "programme budget', i. Planning-Programming-Budgeting sys Defence Department in 196I and later agencies. See, Programme Budgeting: F David Novick (Ed.) Massaschussets, Ig ing System: Progress and Potentials, 1 Government, US (1967).
Arthur Smithies, Conceptual Framewo Budgeting, (Ed.) David Novick, op. ci

igRM IN CEYLON 3
pecified goals or objectives. Programne hree principal inter-related characterisllows: (i) it involves the drawing up of l sub-divisions designed to carry out the a government agency or department, goals wherever possible; ii) the system: al procedures are suitably adapted so : classification in terms of programmes ach programme andits operational Subperformance data and other yardsticks ance and efficiency in relation the work goals. Formulated in telms of functiofic purposes and emphasisirg the relalishments and the inputs necessary to structure also provides a suitable basis physical (and financial) terms. Within possible to incorporate more advanced t analysis and planning conforming to ining-Programming-Budgeting system' ntly in some advanced countries, partida. Planning-Programming-Budgeting. ned version of Programme Budgeting n planning of governmental activities, the budgeting process. The main charache following principles (i) appraisals and work-programmes in relation national how given objectives can be achieved s and (iii) the projection of govcrnment le revision of objectives and programmes ing situations)." A key element in the
sion, what is termed “performa unue budgeting
the use of management tools, such as, work ndards of performance analysis-is treated as
arly and extensive application in the United budgetary techniques began with the first hmended that the budgetary structure of the nised by the adoption of a budget based on -designated as 'Performance budgets'. The emphasised its earlier recommendation and nstead of the earlier one. The more advanced tem came to be first introduced in the in I965, it was extended to cover all federal 'rogramme Analysis and the Federal Budget, 65, and The Planning-Programming-BudgetReport of the Sub-Committee on Economy in
ik for the Programme Budget, in Programme t., p. 26.

Page 8
4. N
Planning-Programming-Budgeting s planning and programme forecasts titative techniques (cost-benefit an tiveness analysis' and 'systems anal quantitative techniques of analysis eourses of action that night be propc and to arrive at an appropriate 'mi available resources. It is obvious tha Programming-Budgeting system wo the executive level, a highly efficient application of refined quantitative te are already in use in developing cou medium term plans, though mot nec budgeting.
Government Budgeting in Ceylor
Ceylon's traditional budgeting control-oriented. The annual estima and authorised (by the legislature) i heads'. The estimates of expenditur are prepared, subject to the overall of each department under a particut purposes of official appropriation rep provision is authorised by the legisl of expenditure. These Wotes have be they are listed below.
Vote 1- Personal emoluments Vote 2- Administiative charge Vote 3- Administrative charg Vote 4- Services provided by
Vote 5- Services provided by
Vote 6- Economic developmen Vote 7- Economic developmen
The above is a very broad econon and 3 cover administrative services; lised services—including social ser
8. Economic-functional classification c. cations, namely, classification intern outlays, and classification in terms such as, administration, defence, { In the budget estimates the functio: gories-Administration, Social serv into capital and recurrent expenditu valuable and comprehensive econ expenditure is regularly undertaker Ceylon and published in its Annual

BALAKRISHNAN
ystem is the development of long-range and the application of analytical or quanalysis', 'cost-utility analysis', 'cost-effecysis' are the various names given to such ) to systematically examine alternative ised to achieve specified goals or objectives x' of programmes and projects given the at the institution of a full scale Planninguld require a high degree of expertise at administrative machinery and extensive chniques. To some extent these techniques intries in the formulation of long-term or essarily fully integrated with government
h: Traditional Budgeting Processs
process is basically input-oriented and :es of expenditure are prepared, presented n terms of standardised "Votes' and 'Sube to be incurred during the financial year priority allocation and control, in respect lar ministry; and each department for the resents a "Head' of expenditure. Financial ature in terms of Votes under each Head en standardised into seven categories and
and other allowances of staff. s-recurrent expenditure es-capital expenditure the department-recurrent expenditure the department-capital expenditure t-recurrent expenditure t-capital expenditure
nic-functionals classification. Votes 1, 2 Votes 4 and 5 make provision for speciavices-provided by various government
'ombines the two types of expenditure classifils of current outlays, transfer outlays and capital of functions performed or services undertaken 2ducation, health and economic development. nal classification is in terms of very broad cateices and Economic development; the division re is incomplete and not very clear-cut. A more omic-functional classification of government (outside the budget) by the Central Bank of Reports). −

Page 9
BUDGETARY REF
departments and Votes 6 and 7 provide expenditure incurred by the relevant d The above classification also provides fo: and recurrent expenditure (Votes 1, 2, 4 divided into, and accounted for in terms detailed cost-components. The number on the activities of different departm heads common to all departments whic and Salaries; allowances; travelling and and requisites; fuel, water, and electric of vehicles and other capital assets, etc. T items' under each) represent the inputs materials and other supplies-for whi different Votes for each department to er take the various activities. The prese authorisation of financial provision or expenditure constitute the outstandin making process that existed for so long, traditional budgeting process has servi limited requirements of fiscal administra tages, especially in the context of a gre Courtry's economic development, have b years. A major disadvantage of this type is that it gives no clear idea as to the authorised funds are to be spent or abou this presentation reveal the cost of suc accomplished. Broadly, the estimates is engaged in providing certain service and purchases materials and other Sup not provide a sound basis for budget pla under this system no proper relations inputs of expenditure and the end-pri of many government spending activitie various departments as to what they are of outlays and results is largely outside information.
The Change-over to Programme Bu The change-over from conventiona Budgeting would basically involve three be the one associated with the re-glou departments or agencies into meaningfu a purpose-oriented or objective-oriente budget. In the case of most operations

ORM IN CEYLON 5
for economic services and development apartments engaged in such activities. capital expenditure (Votes 3, 5 and 7) and 6) separately. Each Vote is further of, numerous sub-heads, consisting of
of sub-heads would vary depending 2nts. There are, however, many subn cover the following categories: cadre transport; stationery; office furniture current; rents and rates; maintenance hese and other sub-heads (and detailed or objects of expenditure-personnel, h financial provision is made under able it to provide the services or underntation of expenditure estimates and l the basis of object-classification of g feature of the traditional budget und still exists, in Ceylon. Although the ed fairly well and met the relatively tion in the past, many of its disadvanater public sectol involvement in the een stressed more frequently in recent budget classification and presentation objectives or purposes for which the it the results to be achieved. Nor does h outlays in relation to what is being show that a particular department is, it employs staff at different levels plies. The input-oriented budget does ning and budget management because hip could be established between the oduct or accomplishments allising out s. Whatever information available on doing and seeking to achieve interms the budget and is mostly post-budget
digeting ina Ceylon
budgeting procedures to Programme important tasks. The initial task would ing of functions and operations of the and identifiable programmes to evolve programme structure for the whole of a department) it should be possible

Page 10
, N., BALAK
to group them under identifiable work would also involve the drawing up of divisions, known, as 'projects' ol 'activit less simultaneous operation is that of in financial procedures with the new budge mes and their sub-divisions. Once the p their sub-divisions) and the accounting a and harmonised, the next important job measurement data to evaluate performa of the agencies or departments. This is per task in Programme Budgeting. The ph of various types depending on the nat different departments. The evaluation measurement of physical output or ei and how it is accomplished, unit cost i The UN Mannual 1 dentifies the following at different levels:10 (i) productivity, rati end product or service at the programm relates work completed to the cost of imp measurement ratios that establish relat employment utilisation for the comple information that identifies the volume c Plished. For each of these above categor should be developed wherever possible t at programme and project-levels. These formance under programmes and their and for comparisons between similar type In addition to the physical measures refel analysis can also be used to evaluate the mising benefits.
In the formulation of Programme B departments in Ceylon, the tradition. re-designed on the basis of a three-tier 'projects' or 'activities' and 'objects'. group of functions or activities of a dep purpose of accomplishing a major purpos have, and indeed it has, several program of functions involved. Each programm
9. Projects or activities as sub-divisions o. rently; the former are treated as part o producing capital goods and the latter ar devoted to the production of goods or serv is ignored here.
Io. A Manual, op. cit., p. 94.

ISHNAN
programmes. Programme formulation the operational components or subes”.o The other important and more or egrating the system of accounting and ary classification in tems of programogramme classification (together with nd financial procedures are integrated would be to evolve appropriate physical nce on efficiency in various operations haps the most difficult and complicated 'sical measures of performance can be ure of work or service undertaken by
of performance might involve the ld product, the volume of work-load h 1elation to inputs and outputs, etc. measures or indicators of performance OS that relate total resource use to the e level; (ii) unit cost information that outs used in carrying it out; (iii) workonships between work completed and Lion of the work, and (iv) work-load f work accomplished or to be accomties appropriate units of measurement o evaluate efficiency and performance measures are useful to evaluate persub-divisions within the department s of operations in several departments. red to above techniques of cost-benefit effectiveness of resource use in maxi
udgets for the relevant ministries and l budgetary classification has been structure consisting of 'programmes Each programme is made to cover a rtment which are undertaken for the 2 or objective. Each department could nes depending on the nature and scope
has been sub-divided into its com . .
a programme are sometimes treated diffe. investment programme for the purpose of taken to mean a sub-division of programme :es of current use. This distinction, however,

Page 11
BUDGETARY REFOR
ponents, known as projects at the oper the accomplishment of the purpose or p Each project is further sub-divided into r which identify the various inputs equil ject level. The cost-components consist ( fied into twenty standardised categori letained, but it is now a secondary c. presentation and the objects or inputs and its sub-divisions. The Programme E as to embody the following pattern and p of main objectives, functions and genera (ii) department summary of expenditu programmes of the department, giving as separately and (iii) each programme is di by project, showing the appropriate operational sub-divisions and the source: showing the cadre assigned by the depal effort of the programme and (e) projec each project the expenditure in terms from the nariative account about ful programmes of departments, in many cas falling under each project have also budget classification the terms such as ' the traditional budget presentation are : piliation requests (as a temporary mea programmes, projects and objects respec
To illustrate the Programme Budg the Dept. of Health (chosen quite arbit Of the total estimated expenditure for th (Rs. 282,526, 262) the biggest share (Rs. of Health. For budgeting pulposes the f Health are grouped under four program sub-divisions. These programmes, which
II. The standardised categories consist of th and other compensation; travelling expe tion services; utility services; rents; oth and maintenance of equipment; repair and other capital, assets; interest and div awards and indemnities; pensions, retirem loan re-payments and sinking fund cont ment outlay; and loans outlay.
2. Explanatory Note on the Form of Es Expenditure of the Government for th December Ig73, (Draft Estimates), Vol. ponds to the calendar year).
3. All the relevant details on programme drawn from the Estimates of Revenue ar.

M IN CEYLON 7
ational level, which will contribute to urposes associated with a programme. :levant objects or the cost components, ed for the work operations at the proof various items and these have classies. 11 The object-classification is still lassification unlike in the traditional are now tailored to each programme Budget structure has been organised so rincipal characteristics: (i) statement lwork programme of the department, re by programme, listing the various well recurrent and capital expenditure vided into (a) programme expenditure breakdown of the programme into its s of finance, (b) employment summaly rtment for carrying out the total work t expenditure by object, showing for of objects or ccst-components. Apart lctions, objectives and general work ses the specific activities and operations been enumerated. In the programme Votes', 'Sub-heads' and "Item' used in still retained for the purposes of approsure) and are made to Correspond to :tively in the new classification.
at structure that has been introduced arily) is taken up foi detailed study. 13 le Ministrv of Health for the year 1973 269,968,605) is allocated to the Dept. unctions and activities of the Dept. of mes with their corresponding project will cover the entire work to be under
e following: Salaries and wages; allowances nses; transportation of things; communicaer services; supplies and materials; repairs and maintenance of structures, facilities ridends; grants subsidies and contributions; entbenefitsandgratuities; equipment outlay; ributions; land, land improvements; invest
~ം.
timates, 1973, Estimates of Revenue and e financial year Ist January 1973 to 3Ist I, I972, p. (i) (Financial year now corres
/project classifications and estimates are d Expenditure, op.cit., Vol. II, pp. S7-SII.

Page 12
8 N. BAL
taken by the Dept. of Health have bee or goals to be achieved. The proglamn sub-divisions (showing as well recurren listed below:
(1) Vote (Programme) 8: Medical S
(recurrent Sub-head (project) 1: Hospital Sub-head (project) 2: Hospital
Sub-head (project) 3: Assistan authoriti
Sub-head (project) 4: Maintena
(capital expenditure)
Sub-head (project) 101: Construct Sub-head (project) 102: Purchase Sub-head (project) 103: Improve
(2) Vote (Programme) 9: Public H
(recurrent expendit Sub-head (project) 1: General
Sanitation Sub-head (project) 2: Family h Sub-head (project) 3: Health ed Sub-head (project) 4: School he Sub-head (pl.oject) 5: Quaranti Sub-head (project) 6: Eradicati Sub-head (project) 7: Eradicati Sub-head (project) 8: Leprosy C Sub-head (project) 9: Wenereal
(capital expenditure
Sub-head (project) 101: Purchase Sub-head (project) 102: Environm
(3) Vote (Programme) 10: Laborato,
(recurrent ex Sub-head (project) 1: Laboratory Sub-head (project) 2: Other diagn Sub-head (project) 3: Maintenance

AKRISHNAN
n drawn up indicating the broad purposes he classification with the relevant project t and capital expenditures separately) are
eγυιοes
expenditure)
services (general) services (tuberculosis)
ce to private organisations and local ies
ince of buildings and facilities
ion of permanent improvements of equipment and vehicles ment of co-operative hospitals
ealth Services
ure) preventive services and environmental
ealth
lucation alth including school dental health
ne
on of malaria
on of filariasis ,
..ontrol
liseases control
)
of equipment and vehicles ental sanitation and facilities
ry Researeh and Specialised Services
penditure)
services ostic and ancillary services 2 of equipment

Page 13
BUDGETARY REI
Sub-head (project) 4: Medical rese production c
(capital expendi Sub-head (project) 101: Purchase c
(4) Wote (Programme) 11: General.
(recurrent exp Sub-head (project) 1: General adm Sub-head (project) 2: Training and Sub-head (project) 3: Transport se (capital expenditut
Sub-head (project) 101: Constructi Sub-head (project) 102: Purchase
The total estimated expenditure (Rs. has been allocated between the differer
Tab
Dept. of Heal
Dept. Summary of Exp.
(Est. 19
Vote (Prog- Vote Ратте) (Programme)
No.
8 Medical Services:
9 Public Health Services;
O Laboratory Research and
Specialised Services:
l General Administration and Staff Services:
For one of the programmes listed a expenditure-wise is the biggest item-t sub-divisions with the relevant estimat

oRM IN CEYLON 9
arch studies, routine investigations and f vaccines
ure)
f equipment and vehicles
Administration and Staff Services
Cwmwlwstwr Nuuawr
nditure)
inistration
scholarships
(vices
re) on of permanent improvements
of equipment and vehicles
269,969,605) for the Dept. of Health it programmes in the following manner:
le 1 : th. (Head 155)
enditure by Programme 73, Rs...)
Recurrent Capital
expenditure expenditure Total
170,652,372 8,087,898 178,740,270 52,681, 185 1260,010 53,941,195
15,598,920 1,645,000 17243,920
19,859,210 185,010 20,044,220
Dove namely Medical Services—which he proposed outlays un terms of project es are shown in the following table:

Page 14
0. N. BALAK
Table Programme Expen Vote (Programme) 8
Sиb-head Sub-head (project) (project)
VO
: a (recurrent Expendit 1. Hospital Services (gene 2 Hospital services (tube 3 Assistance to private o'
local authorities
4 Maintenance of buildin Total recurrent expend (Capital expenditu
101 Construction of perman 102 Purchase of equipment
03 Improvement of co-ope
Total capital expenditu Total expenditure
Finally, the various cost-components ( recurrent expenditure) of one of the proje -under the programme Medical Services
Table Project Expend
Sub-head (project) : Hos (recurrent exp
Item (object code)
O. : Salaries and wages O2 Allowances and other cc Total personal emolume O3 : Travelling expenses O4 Transportation of thing O5 : Communication services 06 : Utility services O7 : Rents 08 : Other services 09 : Supplies and materials
O. : - Repairs and maintenanc : Repairs and maintenanc facilities and other capit 16 : Equipment outlay
Total recurrent expendit

RISHNAN,
2 diture by Project
: Medical Services
(Est. 1973 Rs.)
ure)
eral)
rculosis) rganisations and
gs and facilities iture
re) ent improvements and vehicles rative hospitals
e
160,159,652 8,891,653
1,268,557 332,510 170,652,372
2,453,898 5,559,000 75,000 8,087,898 178,740,270
pr objects of expenditure (limited to cts, namely Hospital Services (general) -are listed in the table below:
3 iture by Object
pital services (general)
benditure)
(Est. 1973, Rs.)
bmpensation Ints
e of equipment : e of structures, all assets
le
96,390,532 14,035,200 110,425,732 2,620,000 337,000 230,000 3,768,000 392,840 1,168,000 37,662,580 160,000
20,000 3,375,000 160,159,652

Page 15
BUDGETARY REFOR)
In the above programme budget cl (giving only selected items) the proposed Specified work-programmes directed tow poses. Although it would appear that th more or less the same types of function: traditional budgetary framework there i in the basic approach to budget making Basically it is designed to enable the pal Systematically the work it undertakes or them more efficiently. The grouping of of Health under different programmes int the division of the programmes into varic Components of such programmes and linki or inputs to the different projects shoul : budget formulation and management. I tives with the different work programme the allocations of funds are accordingly basis the relevant information on the programme budget structure can contr role in relation to the government budg exercise more effective control over govel expenditure control and review by the and meaning in the programme budget which is intimately associated with th budget, finds in the programme budget for sound budgetary planning, for exerci over the operations and activities of t evaluating the efficiency of the perfolmar and achievements whelevel applicable.
The change-over from the convent geting, which may have to be spread ov give rise to many problems during the e shed so far in Ceylon is confined largely structuring of the expenditure budget to fication. As more experience is gained budgetary arrangements many refineme have to be introduced. As it is, the prog of the traditional department-centred C inevitable in the initial phase. In man goals are stated in rather broad terms; th possible. Programme classification sho’ functional tasks and responsibilities in Many departments have programmes rel function and in such cases there should b

M N CEYLON
lassification for the Dept. of Health outlays are shown in terms of fairly vards some common purpose or pure Dept. of Health will be engaged in s and activities as allowed for in the s, however, a fundamental difference in the programme budget structure. rticular department to plan out more the service it provides and to execute the work and functions of the Dept. ended to accomplish major objectives, us projects which are the operational ng the required objects of expenditure d provide a sound basis for a better By relating the purposes and objeces (and their sub-divisions) for which made and by providing on the same Costs of respective programmes, the ibute effectively to the legislature's et. It also enables the legislature to inment activities; and the question of legislature acquires greater relevance framework. The executive branch, Le formulation and execution of the structure an appropriate mechanism sing effective control and Supervision he government departaments and for ce of programmes by comparing costs
ional budgeting to Programme Buder a number of years, will inevitably arly stages. What has been accompli7 to the first phase involving the reconform to the new budgetary classiin the actual operation of the new ints and improvements can and will amme budget structure reflects much lassifications, this is to Some extent y cases the programme objectives or ley have to be more specific as faras uld reflect the more clearly defined the conduct of government business. ated to the same broad governmental 2 effective co-ordination in programme

Page 16
12 N, BAL
formulation without, of course, end It is also important that programme cl or departments should reflect more cli to various fields of governmental activ more fully operational it would be systematic basis pre-budget evaluatic departmental programmes and goals. too much of an annual affair. With structure emphasis should be given t over a longer time period into whic Budgets can be integrated. This will r the national development plans or pro achievement of their goals.
A great deal remains to be done
evaluation in the programme budge In this respect a significant start has a by providing for physical measuremer project level through "project work m for the departments in the ministri where programme budget classificatio project work measurement schedule ha and quantitative data, 14 wherever p project level: (i) units of work measu measurement of the work involved at units chosen will differ as between pro ding on the nature of work operatio beginning of the year and total work work units accomplished (actual/estim units accomplished in the past year
realised during the current period; (iv)
in direct project operations, (v) rate of the relationship between total work years of employment in direct project
work which relates the total project e plished. Such data given in terms of pro at the budget preparation level and s assess efficiency in work operations of p tions at the project level the staff time can be considerable. The projects whi under departmental programmes are On this basis information on administra
I4. Programme Budget; Form of Submis: Ministry of Finance (unpublished) 197

AKRSNAN
angering organisational responsibilities. assification in relationto various agencies early the broad national goals in relation rities. As Programme Budgeting becomes Lseful and necessary to undertake on a on of alternative ways of accomplishing Government budgeting in Ceylon is still the introduction of the new budgetary o the planning of government activities h the operational (annual) Programme to doubt take the budget much closer to grammes, their implementation and the
in relation to performance analysis and t structure that has been introduced, lready been made in the budget structure it of work and work performance at the leasurement' on a highly selective basis es of Finance, Education and Health, ) has been introduced a year earlier. The as been drawn up to furnish information ossible, on the following items at the rement giving suitable units of physical he level of project operations; the work sects and within the same project depenls; (ii) units of unfinished work at the units on hand during the year; (iii) total lated), giving information on total work and total work units estimated to be total man-years of employment engaged production per man year which expresses units accomplished (iii) and total man operations (iv), and (v) cost per unit of xpenditure to total work units accombject work measurement are useful both
ubsequently at the operational level to
articular projects. In many work operautilised for purely administrative work
ch involve purely administrative work
named as "general administration'. tive cost is provided by wav of "general
sion, Annex-8A & 81, General Treasury, 2, p. 64, 72 & 73.

Page 17
BUDGETARY RFC
administrative employment ratio' and ' General administrative employment ra total man years of employment for the man years of employment engaged i department concerned. Administrativ relationship between total expenditure and the total man years of employme ministry). In the two schedules referred is given only in a limited number of case will be extended to most other proje indicators of performance will have to the programme or departmental level i.
Although Programme Budgeting budgets of the government, the latter, r context of the country's development e. Capital budget in Ceylon (under the has changed and become more ration: Since the mid-sixties and largely under development plans or programmes some with regard to both the technical an consequently the allocation of capital came under close scrutiny, and a syste the execution of capital projects was al. In the preparation of the annual budget: Affairs (and later the Ministry of Plann a greater responsibility for the capital government with a view to securing pri better coordination between the govel: programmes. As the management of th began to assume greater importance, domestic budget, development progral
/
IL 5. Immediately after II 965 the governmen following words: "It is not the immedia to devote all its energies at the initia economic plan..... Rather, the objectiv tion of concrete programmes for the cation and preparation of specific pro where relevant, for external financing. comprehensive overall plan would emer ston, Reco anaMone?ndatio?nas o?n Eco?no?3nic FPl During the late 'sixties important step fication of budgetary expenditure and larly those involving developmental classification. These efforts resulted a gramme Budgets (Ig69/70) for depart related developments during the sixt gramme and Performance Budgeting in Colombo I973).

RM IN CEYLON 13
administrative expense perman year
tio expresses the relationship between lepartment (or ministry) and the total general administrative work in the e expense per man-year shows the of the project, general administration, nt for the department as a whole (or to above the quantitative information s; and it is expected that their coverage its. Gradually additional measures or be introduced to evaluate efficiency at n the new budget system.
embraces both current and capital o doubt, have special importance in the forts. The approach to the government :onventional budgetary arrangements) alised to some extent in recent years. influence of 'project-oriented'15 annual : significant improvements were effected d administrative aspects in planning; funds through the government budget m of 'progress control’ or evaluation in so introduced in some key departments. s the Ministry of Planning and Economic ing & Employment) was entrusted with budget (and supporting outlays) of the oper allocation of investment funds and ment capital budget and development Le country's foreign exchange resources the proper co-ordination between the nmes and the foreign exchange budget
approach to planning was summed up in the te objective of the new planning organisation stage towards the preparation of a macro at present is to concentrate on the formulakey sectors of the economy and the identifijects suitable for early implementation and It is expected that the various elements of a e out of this work', quoted in Albert Water‘nning in Ceylon, IBRD, Colombo, 1966, p. I. were taken to improve the functional classito provide estimates of expenditure, particuutlays, on the basis of programme/project so in nan earlier attempt to formulate Prolents in a few Ministries. For such and other es, see, R. M. Withana, Introduction of ProSeylon, (Academy of Administrative Studies,

Page 18
14 N. BALAKE
became all the more important. Neverth government budgeting and developmel great deal to be desired. Programme best remedy to correct this situation as as the "structural integration betwee development plans and Programme Bu and concepts and employ more or less t objectives and their operational units and the evaluation of performance in rel Common to both an operational develop It has been observed quite rightly that " nal orientation make Programme Budge mentation and evaluation of plan progr of government activities within the fran development plan and the integration Programme Budgets and the operatio) the best arrangement. Where public ex and supporting outlays constitute the programme, Programme Budgeting cal programmes and their implementation a cies in budgetary process and arrangen and administered programme budget st of the deficiencies and contribute more lopment goals.
Proper allocation of resources and ef use in government activities are two cf government budget should seek to achie as the size of the government budget be ment activities becomes more diverse. Ge two basic problems at two levels, First resources conforming to broad policy goa questions about basic choices to be mad the total resources available should be d development, etc. Such basic allocativ judgements governed by a number of co and economic considerations. Budgetary of analysis, however sophisticated they relevant information in a systematic m decisions. Once such basic decisions abc
I6. . Gaimani Corea, Planning and Budgetin Audit in a Developing Country, Ceylon E Association, (Colombo, I966), p. 3o.
7. A Manual, op. cit, p. 1 3

ISHNAN
eless, the degree of integration between it plans or programmes still leaves a Budgeting can perhaps provide the it helps to achieve what is referred to n the plan and the budget'.16 Both dgets possess the same basic approach he same terminology. Programmes and (projects), physical inputs and results ation to costs involved, are all features ment plan and Piogramme Budgeting. these similarities in form and operatioting particularly suited fol plan impleess'." In this connection, the planning nework of medium or long term overall within this framewolk) of the annual hal development plan might plovide penditures to finance capital projects hard cole of an overall development be vely useful. When development rehampered seriously by the deficiennents in Ceylon, a properly developed (ucture should be able to correct many efectively to the achievement of deve.
ficiency in the management of resource the most important objectives that a ve. These tasks become more complex comes larger and the scope of governsnerally the allocative decisions involve ly, there is the question of allocating ls at the aggregate level; this involves e-such as, for instance, how much of evoted to education, health, economic e decisions are usually based upon nsiderations, including political, social techniques or quantitative techniques may be, can at best only provide the anner for the authorities to make the but priorities at the broad policy level
g, Proceedings of a Seminar on the Role of Branch of the Commonwealth Parliamentary

Page 19
i BUDGETARY RE
are made then at the lower level the ti resources allocated to, say, education desired goals) is rendered more effec procedures and techniques in operati structure and techniques are particul provide a rational approach to decisio use of resources. The type of progra Ceylon is still a relatively 'simple' and procedures can be introduced a budgetary arrangements and the adva needless to say, on their effective impl ture because of its complexity will req for both its formulation and impleme at all levels should be properly geare and evaluation of progress more syst ments will particularly require an effic that will provide reliable data to facili to programme accomplishments. Ther be made by the new budget system om Will be greater than those of the tradi of the many technical and administr; programme budget structure in Ceylon and/or gradualist approach to this as it is advisable to bring under Program government budget, either those tha associated with economic developmen On a few selected areas. Gradually it However, the present policy seems to 9ver to Programme Budgeting within require during the initial phase itself and organisational aspects so as to ens gement effort at all the key levels of tation.

ORM IN CEYELON 15
sk of decision making (e.g. how best the an be distributed in order to achieve the tive by the kind of budgeting process, n. This is where programme budgeting arly useful; at this level they not only n making but help to secure the efficient mme budgeting structure envisaged in one; but more sophisticated techniques a later stage. The success of the new tages to begained from them will depend, ementation. Programme budgeting struclire a more efficient executive machinery. ntation. The administrative organisation to programme-project implementation ematically, the new budgetary arrangeient system of information and reporting tate the evaluation of progress in relation 2 is no doubt that the demands that will the country's administrative machinery tional budgetary arrangements. In view ative problems involved in setting up a it would be desirable to adopt a selective pect of budgetary reform. To start with, lme Budgeting only certain areas of the t involve large outlays or those closely t, so that all efforts can be concentrated can be extended to cover other areas. favour a more or less complete switcha period of two or three years. This will Considerable changes un both technical ure a high degree of planning and manabudget-making and budget implemen

Page 20
THE CEYLON NATIO DISARRAY III: THE TRIU MANNING
K. M. DI
• Arunachalam's departure from th climacteric event in the disarray in th in the latter half of 1921. Without Al sustain its claim to the status of a natio emergence of the Tamil Mahajana Sal speak on behalf of all communities in clearly alienated. It is at this point th Central-and most controversial figure 1922-24.
The careers of Arunachalam and R as regards their aspirations for the pec the advocate of constructive co-operat as associates in the building up (and ev racial polity; Ramanathan emphasised t Tamils, of a Tamil nationalism to be fos and if necessary in opposition to Sinh vements were much the more remarka two. He stood for harmonious ass Tamils in nationalist politics, and nati ponsive co-ordination of sectional inter of swaraj. But if his achievements wel were also singular and unusual, for he national political leadership (a pre-e nowledged by Sinhalese leaders themse vements and merits. Ironically, howeve because of the elitist political structure C He was the advocate of radicalism a processes which would eventually guar:
*The first part of this article appeared i
97-II7.

DNAL CONGRESS IN JMPH OF SIR WILLIAM , I92 I-I924"
E SILVA
e Ceylon Naticnal Congress was the at organization which became evident unachalam the Congress could hardly inal political organization, and with the pha the Congress had lost its right to the island, for the Tamils were now at Ramanathan emerged as one of the S.-in the island's politics in the years
amanathan afford a study in contrasts ople of this country: Arunachalam was ion between the Sinhalese and Tamils entually in the government) of a multihe virtues of a separate identity for the stered in collaboration with the British, ala nationalism. Arunachalam's achieble, if not the more significant, of the ociation between the Sinhalese and on building, for mutual trust and resests in the struggle for a common goal e noteworthy and distinguished, they attained a towering pre-eminence in minence which was ungudingly ackves) on the basis of his talents, achier, this distinction was possible largely f thereform and nationalist movements. ld democratisation, the twin political intee the permanent Sinhalese domina
in New Series Wol. 2 (2) of this journal, pp.

Page 21
THE CEYLON NATIONAL
tion of the politics of the island, when selves would be inadequate to reach t happened to be a Tamil. Besides, A with the Congress served to under responsive co-operation between the acceptance by the Tamils of an esse merely of their numerical inferiority, a could seldom be anything more than th
Ramanathan, on the other hand, For him, the numerical inferiority of th and on that realistic basis it was im of the Tamils by emphasising their British rule it would mean unabashed in return for the protection of minority if not privileged status as the price o power by the British. G. G. Ponnam reductio ad absurdum of this process pursuit of a federal political structure two basic considerations: the empha essentiallv divergent from, if not pos and second the rejection, tacit or expli mese nationalism (anda Ceylonese poli in all this for events were to demons' the concept of a Ceylonese polity coul pelling attractions of Sinhalese nation
If the crucial weakness of the pc acceptance by the Tamils of a role o Ramanathan's political activities of th fostering a Tamil communal identit willing acceptance of the role of colla interests, and the price of collaboratic Ramanathan despite his decisive rol 1921 and 1924 never achieved anytl pre-eminence which Arunachalam enjo he was subordinate always to that m Manning.
Indeed the prime beneficiary of and scene was Manning, for the init with him and he seized it with amaz comfiture of the Congress. This prese at work in organizing the resistance Ramanathan and the latter's associal systematic application of a policy of
138563--3

CONGRESS IN DISARRAY EE 17
talent, achievement and merit by themhe pinnacle of political leadership if one unachalam's eventual dissenchantment ime the fact that for many Sinhalese Sinhalese and Tamils pre-supposed the ntially subordinate position by virtue nd that their status in a Ceylonese polity at of a junior partner.
was much less visionary and idealistic. le Tamils needed to be accepted as a fact, perative to protect the special interests distinctive communal identity. Under , collaboration with the imperial power interests, and an insistence on a special f acceptance of the eventual tiansfer of balam's 'fifty-fifty' campaign was the of political activity, just as the Tamils' Is its apotheosis. Common to all this were sis on Tamil nationalism as Something itively hostile to, Sinhalese nationalism; cit, of Arunachalam's concept of a Ceylocy). There was a hard-headed pragmatism trate that for the Sinhalese themselves, d hardly hold its own against the Comalism. But this is to anticipate events.
licy of responsive co-operation was the junior partner vis-a-vis the Sinhalese, e 1920's were to demonstrate the fact that y or Tamil nationalism, presumed the orators in the maintenance of imperial n was subordination to British interests. in the politics of the country between ing approaching the status of political yed till his departure from the Congress; aster political manipulator, Sir William
hese shifts and changes in the political tive in politics was now unmistakably ng dexterity to fashion the futher dist essay is a study in depth of Manning political reform with the assistance of s. If affolds a splendid case study in the ivide-et-impera. All the necessary ingre

Page 22
8 K. M.
dients were there in full measure: a de power to maintain its position, withou a transfer of a share of political power ting or potential 'communal' disharmo. groups; and lastly, the failure of the adopt a policy of concession and comp support of the more articulate and num
Manning knew that the next pha island would begin with the discussi reform which the Congress leadersh Ever since their meeting with him on leadership in the Congress had been pre And James Pieris on whom the leaders adopted a policy of keeping Manning they wished to ask for. At the same t dation with the minorities as vital to sought fist of all to reach an understand unofficial member of the Legislative C. ential of the Tamil leaders. In a lett he attached a 'scheme of Reform whi upon by the members of the Council had not yet been submitted to them f posals were still "confidential'. They w sions between the Congress group and We meet at the Finance Committee on mathan, “we can arrange a day for a co
When the conference did take proposals for discussion-he intended e of a resolution in the Legislative Counc were sharp differences of opinion betwe representatives. These differences of opii on the principles of constitutional became patently impossible. One out which Pieris did not anticipate, was th Legislative Council under Ramanathan but with one or two Sinhalese members
r. Ramanathan MSS. Pieris's letter to Ra
2. The reference is to a loyalty pledge ta
of a resolution adopted at the Congress

DE SILVA
termination on the part of the imperial it substantial concessions to demands for , by resorting to the exploitation of exisny; willing collaborators among minority leaders of the majority community to fromise sufficiently flexible to retain the ierous minority groups.
se in the evolving political crisis in the on of firm proposals on Constitutional ip were due to Submit to him soon. 29 November 1920 the constitutionalist paring a scheme of constitutional reform. hip in these matters had devolved, had informed of the nature of the changes ime JamesPierisregarded an accommothe success of his endeavours, and he ling with Ramanathan (then a nominated ouncil) who was by now the most influar to Ramanathan om 15 October 19211 ich has been drawn up on lines agreed who have taken the loyalty pledge but or approval'. He added that these proere intended to form the basis for discusl the minority representatives. "When the 20 October', he informed Ramabnfelence...' va
place, James Pieris presented his ventually to introduce them in the form :il-and it soon became clear that there en the Congress group and the minority hion were so far-reaching that agreement reform--not to mention unanimity— Come of the discussion and something at a gloup of unofficial members of the 's leadership, minority representatives, who had not taken the Congress pledge,
manathan, 15 October 192I.
ken by Congress candidates under the terms sessions of 18 December 1920.

Page 23
TE CEYLON NATIONAL
took up the position that just as a Governor to discuss the question of Selves meet Manning to place thei taken ('unanimously agreed to') in themselves. On 4 November Ramana with Manning and his advisers. It wa Burgher and Indian representatives. ( appeared on this delegation, while Ra Support of two others, the two Ka and Panabokke,
The main theme of discussion at regard to the composition of the Legi of representation on the basis of cor reviewed: James Pieris's scheme set the Legislative Council (Ramanathar him to the conference), and a scheme in accordance with a resolution adopt of that organisation. Both schemes e lative Council to about fifty members but where the guiding principle in Ja territorial principle, that of the Tamil of the territorial principle and an emp on a territorial basis). This latter sc in the Legislative Council in the prop lese, and in addition the reservation the city of Colombo would have no less Sinhalese, Tamils, Indians, Mohamme
One significant point emerged f were dissatisfied with the represent Pieris's proposed scheme. The manne sought to exploit it to the disadvan following extract from the official mi
"His Excellency the Govern. will say they are satisfied with th
3. Minutes of Proceedings of the confer - (hereafter, Minutes, 4 November 1921. under confidential cover to those who for general circulation. - ibid, p. I. 5. The constituencies would be territo
the basis of communal interests.
* Minutes, 4 November 192I, p. 3,

CONGRESS EN DESARRAY 19
roup of Congress members had met the onstitutional reform, they should themviews before him. This decision was the presence of the Congress members than led this delegation to a discussion s composed of Tamil, Muslim, European, )ne Sinhalese member, O. C. Tillekeratne manathan claimed that he had the tacit undyan nominated members, Meedeniya
the conference with Manning was with slative Council and the related question stituencies. Two sets of proposals were out before the unofficial members of brought a copy of this document with prepared by the Tamil Mahajana Sabhai 2d on 15 August 1921 at the inauguration nvisaged the enlargement of the Legisfour-fifths of whom were to be elected, mes Pieris's scheme was election on the Mahajana Sabhai was based on a dilution hasis on communal electorates (although heme envisaged the distribution of seats ortion of two Tamil seats to three Sinhaof seats for important minorities. Thus than six reserved seats, one each for the 2dans, Burghers and Europeans.
rom these discussions, that the Tamils ation accorded to them under James r in which Manning drew this out and tage of the Congress is revealed in the nutes of roceedings of this conference.
r. I do not know whether the Tamils
eir representation.
ence with Manning, held on 4 November 1921 ). These minutes were printed and distributed attended the conference. They were not meant
rial, but the votes would be determined on

Page 24
20
к. м. D
The Hon. Messrs. E. R. Tam mot, Sir.
The Hon. Sir Thomson Brooth? we shall want more members too. not in favour of the Congress prop
The opening provided by this exc
and Manning went om at this stage to from that discussed at the Conference
“You must remember as rega an organised and powerful body; t send home, not only a deputation always said that if you do mot agret take steps to bring your own views
But this hint was not immediately
Cordial enough no firm conclusions w taken to prepare a set of concrete propc important point was that Ramanathan to prepare such proposals in conjuncti tive Council as well, including those wh
immediately Manning responded b.
impossible conditions for such proposal for this illuminating extract.9
8.
9.
"His Excellency the Governor. Ponnambalam Ramanathan, I told you all, without exception, agree which the present Members of th you to put before me as a scheme v forward it to the Secretary of Stat of the Members of the Legislativ regard to the Council should procee but in the circumstances I must a
The Hon. Sir Thomson Broo, mous. The Hon. Sir Pontnambalan, we may be unanimous.
The Hon. the Attorney Genera that is wanted is that there should
European representative. Minutes, 4 November 1921, p. 3. ibid., p. 5.

E SILVA
bimuttu and W. Duraiswamy. We are
If the Tamils are given more members, It is quite obvious that the Tamils are osalls”.
hange of views was too good to miss, suggest a totally different line of action Jp to this point.
rds the Congress', he said, "that it is hat it has funds, and has been able to , but also agents on its behalf. I have } with the views of Congress, you must zo the notice of the Secretary of State'.
taken and though the discussions were ere reached; instead a decision was sals to be set before the Governor. The still hoped that it would be possible on with other members of the Legislao belonged to Congress.
y setting what amounted to practically s. We turn to the official minutes again
In talking over this matter with Sir him: "If you put up a scheme to which and you say that the scheme is one e Legislative Council have authorised which has been accepted by all, I must e and say: "It is the unanimous opinion e Council that the further reforms in d on these lines'.' I may criticise them, ccept them.
n. It is impossible for us to be unaniRamanathan : I am still in hopes that
| Sir Henry Gollan): I think, Sir, all be practical unanimity.

Page 25
HE CEYLON NATION,
His Excelency the Governo agreed, we could say that we ha
The Homi. Sir Thomson Brot we must put forward our views'
Unanimity was, impossible to ac tions between the Sinhalese and Ta Manning. He was merely setting upmaking certain that when, inevitabl attain, the initiative would shift irre
Throughout November 1921 the could leach an accommodation with t of constitutional reform. Two confer (at "Sravasti’, the residence of Dr. V and presided over by St. Nihal Singł were made to reach an understanding For the Tamils the special reserved negotiable demand, while James Piel adamant, in mot conceeding it. Whe finally and unexpectedly supported Tamils an impasse was reached. Nol the principle that no two communit in the Legislative Council. He made Tamil pressure he reduced the num under his projected scheme of reform
To Pieris the failure to reach : was a bitter blow. For he could not his reforms scheme. The proposals November. Apart from spelling out t tional reform, these proposals also claims for the modification of the weightage to the Tamils on a territor Scheme was to be incorporated in a scheduled to introduce for discussion ber. This resolution, as it finally app eighth dealt with the distribution of a breakdown of the constituencies so
It was characteristic of James intention to introduce a formal resol publicity to this, without first ens
Io. For his reforms proposals, see below

L CONGRESS dSARRAY 21
: If the whole of the communities are d practical unanimity.
m . If we are not able to be unanimous,
nieve in the context of the strạimed rela : mils, and nobody knew this better than or the Congress--an insuperable obstacle, y, unanimity would prove impossible to rievably away from it.
re was still a faint hope that Congress he Tamil Mahajana Sabhai on the question ences were held on 16 and 17 November V. A. de Silva) organised by C. E. Corea, an Indian journalist at which attempts , if not a settlement, but without success. seat in the Westen Province was a nonis on behalf of the Congress was equally 2n the Colombo Tamil Association also the demand for a reserved seat for the would Pieris consider the acceptance of les together should command a majority only one minor concession: in response to ber of Legislative Councillors envisaged s from fifty to forty five.
substantial agreement with the Tamils postpone much longer the publication of were published in their entirety on 26 he demands of the Congress on constitusought to meet the substance of Tamil territorial principle by giving special ial basis. It was also announced that this ormal resolution which James Pieris was in the Legislative Council in early Decemared, had thirteen clauses of which the constituencies om a territorial basis; and delimited was provided.
'ieris that he should have announced his tion on constitutional reform, and given uring its endorsement by the executive
Appendix App.39-40.

Page 26
22 K. M. D.
Committee of the Congress. At first it leadership in the Congress would give t Samerawickreme, F. R. Senanayake, an gave it their blessings. But it soon be was both lukewarm and conditional. W the scheme a newspaper campaign The Ceylon Daily News) against the eig tituencies embodied in it. This newspape of opinion among the Congress leadersh
In the first week of December 1921 t Pieris's resolution on constitutional re deleted the original eighth clause of th the following: "(8) That the distributior tions of a commission to be appointed f had personally always been of the opinic be made on the recommendation of a disagreement on this in the Committee view was expressed that the Scheme of c motion might have formed the basis f particular the Tamils. This expectation he had reverted to his original proposal of commission.
Though Pieris himself did not says Congress leadership were critical of th eighth clause, and obvious too that the mission was introduced largely to meet of the substitution was to create Suspici Tamil opinion urged the Tamil members Pieris's motion in its entirety if the eight proposed by him.13 This was a curious S more reason to be perturbed by the alloc original eighth clause, than any Section o
Evidently the Tamil opposition to t On a closer look the leading spokesmen
advantages in the change made by Pieris two points:
I. See, Ceylon Daily News, 28 November I92. 12. Ceylon Daily News, 29 and 3o November Ig
3. See, for instance, a telegram from W. D. December 1921) which read as follows "If not committed by earlier resolution to ex MSS in the possession of Mr. J. T. Rutna
4. Ramanathan MSS. A. Sabapathy's letter Sling a note from Ambalavanar Kanagasal coming Legislative Council debate. This n

SILVA
did appear that the constitutionalist nis resolution their support, and E. J. il A. St. V. Jayawardene among others came evident that their endorsement thin a few days of the publication of was launched (most prominently in nth clause, and the allocation of consr campaign reflected a sharp difference ip on this aspect of the reforms.
he Legislative Council began to debate forms. In introducing his motion he e motion and substituted in its place of seats be made on the recommendaor the purpose'. He explained that he in that the distribution of seats should commission, but that there had been
of the National Congress where the onstituencies embodied in his original or agreement with the minorities, in had not been realised, and therefore of dealing with the matter by means
o, it was obvious that a section of the e allocation of seats embodied in the substitution of a clause about a comtheir criticisms. The immediate effect on among Tamils. Representatives of s of the Legislative Council to oppose h clause were amended in the manner tandi to take for the Tamils had even ation of seats incorporated in Pieris's f the Congress.
he substitution was a tactical move. for the Tamil Mahajana Sabhai saw ... They urged Ramanathan to stress
921.
Niles to Ramanathan (telegram 36I of I Pieris moves Commission please see Tamils clusive territorial electorates'. Ramanathan ΙΙ) ,
to Ramanathan, 7 December Ig2 I, encloohai, on points of discussion for the forthote too bore the date 7 December 92.

Page 27
THE CEYLON NATIONAL
"we are anxious that the principle by the Hon'ble Mr. James Pieris It should be left to the committe
They believed that a committee of of allocating seats than a commission.
"In no case should any single majority as would not require the of other communities for passing
They reckoned that under James Pie twenty two Sinhalese members of the L while there would be seventeen seats fo
Briefly, the Tamils themselves s substitution effected by James Pieris Legislative Council rather than a com proposal in the course of the debate F which the acceptance was made were t
“I am glad that the nominated want a Commission but is conte house. I accept that proposal. Ju to come to am understanding. Tha sion, and after the votes have been then be in a position to underst: members would be on the points ra to which we are looking forward Could in any way lessen the burde altogether'.
One amendment to Pieris's eigh General, Sir Henry Gollan, that the c the distribution of seats, but the alloca were adopted without a division.
James Pieris had not intended th; but merely that there should be a full idea of a vote at the conclusion of th not object when the governor decided voting strength of the government to he was opposed to, and to amend other: vened with decided effect to secure t of the first clause of Pieris's resolution
I5, ibid.

CONGRESS IN OSARRAY. I 23
of twenty eight territorial seats required should not be admitted by the Council. 2 or commission to decide the matter'.
he council was better for the purpose The second point was that:
community be allowed to have such a co-operation of at least a few members I adopting any measure'.
ris's original proposals there would be egislative Council (including Kandyans) or all other communities.
aw great potential advantages in the , but they desired a committee of the mission. When Ramanathan made this 'ieris eagerly accepted it. The terms in o cause difficulties later on. Pieris said:
Tamil member Ramanathan does not nt to leave it to a Committee of this st now proposals have been made to me ut can be done after the present discustaken on my motion. Government would and what the opinion of the different ised in the motion. During the holidays, , it may be possible to see whether we n of the Committee, or dispense with it
h clause was moved by the Attorney ommittee would determine not merely ion of seats as well. These amendments,
this resolutions should be voted upon, discussion and statement of views. The
debate was Manning's, but Pieris did on this. Manning proceeded to use the lelete sections of the resolutions which . Indeed during the debate he had interhe rejection by the Legislative Council
VZ.

Page 28
24 K. M. DE
"That the Legislative Council sho safeguards for minorities, it should six should be officials and twenty-ei
Also rejected in a similar manner was to the first:
“That the non-territorial electorate provided for in the present Constitu Mohammedian communities be repre
The governor had used the 'official Colonial Office, there was some criticis governor's tactics.
'If the Official Vote had not been u Carried by a majority of one, since all voted against it, and the Governor a been clearly entitled to give full \ the Resolution, which effected noth to the Secretary of State'.
But Manning knew that Tamil opinior his own point of view the use of the 'of sound for it demonstrated his commitme
James Pieris, it was clear, had the gress representatives and the minorities ahead when the Legislative Council wa Allocation Committee would be presented of the two groups. But this did not happ expressed by influential Congressmen th accepting the proposal for an Allocatio of the Legislative Council. But more in seat for Tamils in the Western Provinc obstacle to an agreement with the Tamils
On 14 December The Times of Ceylc chalam in which he came out with a str
I6. On Io December 1921 when a vote was Marcus Fernando-voted with the gover and second clauses. There was not a single
I 7, C.O. 54/853. H. R. Cowell's Memorandum

SILVA
Luld be constituted, so that, with due consist of forty-five members, of whom ght elected on a territorial basis'.
the second clause, closely connected
is and the representation of minorities tion be retained; but the Burgher and sented by two members each'.
bloc' to defeat these clauses. At the m (not conveyed to Manning) of the
ised the first section, would have been the Communities except the Sinhalese and the Secretary of State would have weight to this fact when considering ing but was merely a recommendation
was hostile to this clause and from ficial bloc' to defeat it was tactically nt to support the Tamils.
hope that negotiations between Conwould continue during the months s in recess, and that eventually the with a scheme which had the support en. For one thing the view was widely at he had made a tactical blunder in n Committee consisting of members nportant, the question of a reserved e continued to pIove an insuperable
on carried an interview with Arunaong attack on the Congress.
s taken only one Sinhalese member-Dr. lment and the minorities against the first minority member voting for the resolutions.
of 7 August I922.

Page 29
THE CEYLON NATIONAL COì
"My feeling is one of profound dist to the Legislative Council lesolutio of transitory interest, but with regal nal Congress and Ceylon's goal of res see that the goal cannot be reached and Co-operation between the variou
He charged that James Pieris
"and his friends have by their blunc its power and prestige, reduced it resenting mainly a section of the Sinh confidence and co-operation betwee back the attainment of the goal of S
This statement was issued against Council debate on constitutional reform coming sessions of the Ceylon National been made. Among these preparations w Tamils in the hope that an influential de cipate. The failure of the conferences of much hope in this regard, and Arunach Ceylon made it clear that he would not a taken by him would have discouraged a the North, from participating. When til and 23 December one very very striking minent Tamil politicians from the North
As Arunachalam's interview to Th had made clear, one of the crucial fact. was the failure to honour the pledge g in December 1918 about a reserved s Province. It became one of the major t sessions, but the whoke tone of it was one as a body for undertakings given by ind Thus, H. J. C. Pereira as President of Con
'... it may be that for political reaso. honest intentions, with the idea of certain compromises and bargains Congress as Congress knows, nothin for all this....''18
18. Handbook of the Ceylon National Congress
naike, S. W. R. D. (Colombo, 1928) p.

(GRESS IN DISARRAY, 1 w 25
ress', he declared, "not with regard ns, or the reformes debate which are d to the position of the Ceylon Natioponsible government. Everyone must unless there is mutual trust, harmony s sections of our island population...'
lers wrecked the Congress, destroyed rom a National Congress to one reptalese, destroyed the feeling of mutual n the various communities, and put waraj indefinitely'.
the background of the Legislative S, and more important, of the forthCongress for which preparations had ere preliminary negotiaticns with the legation from the North would parti16 and 17 November did not leave halam's statement to the Times of ttend, and it is certain that the stand ny Tamil politicians of influence from. he Congress sessions were held on 22 g feature was the absence of the prol.
e Times of Ceylon on 14 December ols in the breakdown of negotiations given by Pieris and Samerawickreme eat for the Tamils in the Western hemes of discussion at the Congress of denial of responsibility by Congress lividual members at an earlier date. gress argued that
ns, individual members with perfectly maintaining unity have entered into with individuals of the North. The g of all this. We are not responsible
(hereafter, Handbook, CNC) ed, Bandara

Page 30
26 K. M.
And G. A. Wille moving the first resc
"A promise regarding a reserved one or two prominent members for the fears of men of the isolat
implicate the whole of Congress'.
The outcome of this was easil Pieris may have entertained of an ag the Tamils on the allocation and distri Council were now shattered beyond Sinhalese and the Tamils had not only level of a serious political crisis. At t significance out of all proportion to i for the Tamils of the Western Provinc
Though the Legislative Council proposal to appoint an Allocation Com made till the middle of June 1922 b Ceylon had changed unmistakably to now scarcely concealed his hostility referring to it as the "so-called Nation Colonial Office20---and he threw his we
When James Pieris suggested to debate (and votes) in the Legislative 1921 should be sent to the Colonial C with great reluctance. The review was commentary by Manning, and mores negotiations with the minorities on a c. on 4 November but which had mot been in relations between the Sinhalese a viable alternative to any further effort of action decided upon was to prepare views of the minorities on constituti constituencies and representation on consultation with Manning. This men for signature on 21 February 1922 was though it had the endorsement and Manning, had come to the Conclusion fact a superfluity though he was still
I9. ibid.
2o. See particularly, C.O. 54/85 I, Mannin C.O.54/852, Manning's private letter to
2 I. This memorandum is in C.O. 54/852.

DE SILVA
lution at the Congress Sessions said:
seat for the Tamils of Colombo made by of the Congress out of excessive regard
ed North.... had been so distorted as to
9
y predictable-any hopes that James reement with the minorities, especially bution of seats in a reformed Legislative repair. Moreover, the rift between the 7 been made public, but had assumed the he centre of the crisis, and assuming a ts intrinsic worth, was the special seat
MV 0
lad on 10 December 1921 endorsed the Imittee, the actual appointment was not v which time the political situation in the detriment of the Congress. Manning to the Congress-he was constantly al Congress' in his private letters to the ight behind the minorities.
Manning that a detailed review of the Council on his resolutions of December Dffice, Manning acceded to this request eventually sent, with a far from friendly ignificantly, only after he had resumed ourse of action he had suggested to them acceptable to them till the breakdown nd Tamils appeared to indicate it as a s to a search for a consensus. The course a detailed memorandum setting out the onal reform, and drafting a scheme of a communal basis to be prepared in norandum as it finally emerged ready the work, in the main, of Ramanathan, encouragement of Manning. Moreover, that the Allocation Committee was in bublicly committed to its appointment.
g's private letter to Grindle, I March 1922,
Grindle, 1 April 1922.

Page 31
THE CEYLON NATIONAL. C.
The first hint that Manning gave of hi letter of 1 March 1922 to a Colonial Offi he stated that:
'The minorities have succeeded in shortly send you in a separate des will see by the despatch I hope to to a Committees of the Legislativ to the allocation and distribution
"My private opinion, and as of the minority communities which mittee to be appointed if the Secre may possibly be coming to no ag ment that will have eventually to placed before it, and that which II memorandum is certainly a very v
On 1 April when he sent the minorit that
"...the Congress is no longer the bo somewhat discredited though it is st
"There is a complete split bet I doubt very much, as do the si whether the deliberations of the su Council on the subject of the allocat in anything definite being produce settle their differences. I think the Government to endeavour to draw gated they will proceed to tear t dishonest protestations.
'However, we are so inured to feel it deeply, and if we attempt to
He sent the joint-memorandum t his warm approval and strong endorsen memorandum on constitutional reform by a blistering confidential memorandun condemned and reviled.
It was in mid-June 1922? that th Allocation Committee came up for disc this time Congress representatives in thoughts about this committee. Pieris, accepting Ramanathan's proposal for a been more acceptable-and he was not c reason for abandoning the whole thing.
22. I6 and 22 June 1922.

ONGRESs IN DISARRAY ni 27
is new line of policy came in a private relegal expert, Sir G. Grindle in which
settling their differences and I shall atch the results arrived at, but as you send today we are first bound to refer e Council for their proposals in regard of seats for the territorial electorates.
is foreshadowed in the memorandum will scon reach you is that the Comtary of State agrees to the suggestion, reement; and in that case it is Governadjudicate upon the various proposals am about to send you the minorities
vell thought-out scheme...”
lies joint memorandum he told Grindle,
dy that it was, and, as they say, it is ill vocal. -
ween the Sinhalese and the 'rest' and ignatories of the Joint Memorandum, iggested Committee of the Legislative ion and distribution of seats will iesult d, though I hope they may be able to y will not try; since it will be left to up a scheme which, [sic] when promulio shreds with vicious clamour and
that sort of thing that we shall not satisfy all we shall dissatisfy the lot'.
the Colonial Office on 1 April with ent, while simultaneously a Congress sent along with it, was accompanied on the Congress in which it was both
2 question of the appointment of the ussion in the Legislative Council. By the Legislative Council had second in particular, had been criticised for Committee--a commission may have lisinclined to think of some plausible As it was Manning's decision to use

Page 32
28 - K. M.
the official bloc to outvote Pieris's su provided the lattel with the excuse there would be no point in proceedin informed them what was to be the Council. This was a patently pool a committee to make any recommenc One of the Tamil representatives su should contain a majority of territ accepted this proposal, they were de of the force of their argument that the less the Congress representatives wo when Manning proceeded to appoint Legislative Council refused to serve torially elected representatives refu Allocation Committee, Manning proc any Congress members on it.
Both sides were indulging in n supporters were relieved that they w become a political embarrassment to no faith. The Congress committee, 1 the conclusion of the Legislative-Cou endorsed the stand taken by James the Legislative Council on this issue, beyond anything stated by their par It read thus:
"This Committee is of opinic Committee ... can serve no use only delay the Reform of the Co the Legislative Council on the 10 appointment of such a committe members who refused to serve on
As for Manning, the appointment of elaboratepantomime, for he had alrea ment of the scheme of distribution joint memorandum of the minorities its report in July, its recommendati the joint memorandum.
23. The members of the Committee were: J. Thomson Broom, C. E. Corea, All ratne, W. Duraiswamy, N. H. M. Ab
24. Handbook, CNC, pp. 4I4-15. See, also
25. The report of the Allocation Comm Council on 2o July 1922. This repo pp. Io I -I I9.

DE SILVA
pporters on the first clause of his resolution they needed. They now took the view that g with the discussion until the government total composition of the new Legislative gument since it was open to the proposed lations which they thought fit to report. bsequently proposed that the Committee orial members and when the government priving Congress representations of much committee would effect nothing. Nevertheuld not change their minds on this, and the committee, seven members of the on it. Even though the majority of terrised to serve on it or cooperate with an eeded to appoint one nevertheless without
oisy pletension. Pieris and his Congress ere not serving on a committee which had them, and in whose deliberations they had meeting on 24 June, only two days after ncil debate on the Allocation Committee, Pieris and the Congress representatives in but the resolution they adopted went far ty supporters in the course of the debate.
on that the appointment of the Allocation ful purpose and that such proceeding can institution. It deprecates the adoption by th December 1921, of a resolution for the e and approves the action of those elected the Committee'.
the Allocation Committee was a piece of dy Committed himself to a strong endorse
and allocation of seats outlined in the ... When the Allocation Committee made ions bore a striking similarity to those in
F. A. Stockdale an official member Chairman, an Drieberg, E. R. Tambimuttu, O. C. Tillekedul Cader, E. G. Adamally, T. B. Panabokke.
MISS Minutes, CNC, 24 June I922.
ittee was laid on the table of the Legislative It is printed in Handbook CNC, Appendix ID,

Page 33
TE CEYLON NATIONAL
One intriguing feature-for the C Committee, was the reference in it to of 21 February. This provided confirm of Manning's secret negotiations with F representatives led by him, and the di to the Colonial Office. Immediately presentatives for information on the publication of that document, but on it and resisted every attempt to sec a secret for very long, for on 16 Aug Ceylon Daily Neve's achieved a memo of the government, they published th Even at this stage the Governor would ment.
In a strongly worded letter to th members of the Legislative Council pi and expressed their surprise at the fail secret had nevertheless been referred t Committee.
As for Manning's own recommend simply followed both in regard to prin secretjoint-memorandum of the minori Ramanathan in his oral evidence be January 1928) confirmed that Manni 1922 was based on the secret memc him on 21 February 1922 with "one Not only was a 2:1 ratio between Sir tained, but the Tamils also obtained a
It is difficult to discern any distinc reform in Ceylon, except the understar by expediting the further reform of the delay the decision.' Beyond this ther to the man on the spot-the Governo be guided by him.
In March 1922 Manning sent hor in Ceylon which was no more than a ci of December 1921 as it had emerged in lative Council. To this Manning adde was that this despatch should form th

ONGRESS IN DISARRAY DI 29
ngress-in the report of the Allocation he joint-memorandum of the minorities tion of rumours prevalent at this time amanathan and a delegation of minority 2spatch of a secret joint memorandum here were demands from Congress re
joint-memorandum, and requests for amning would divulge no information re its publication. But it did not remain st 1922 enterprising journalists on the able scoop when, to the consternation 2 full text of the secret memorandum. not himself officially publish this docu
e Colonial Office some of the Sinhalese otested against Manning's partisanship ure to publish a document which though o in the official report of the Allocation
ations on constitutional leform, he had ciple and detail suggestions made in the ties. Some years later Sir Ponnambalam fore the Donoughmore Commission (2 ng's own despatch on reforms in April randum of the minorities presented to or two words added here and there'. halese and Tamil representation mainreserved seat in the Western Province.
E Colonial Office policy on constitutional ding that "there is nothing to be gained constitution so long as we do not openly was a tendency to leave the initiative --if he was inclined to take it, and to
e a despatch on constitutional reform tical commentary on Pieris’s resolution its final form in the debate in the Legisa few suggestions of his own. The idea basis of a policy statement from the

Page 34
30 K. M.
Secretary of State to be published in to do, and a despatch (dated 19 Ap bulk of Manning's suggestions, thou with instructions that it be publishe to the Governor's discretion. The St at all on the distribution of territo: allocating a communal Seat to the Te firm decision, not to increase the te about half the number asked for by interests of the minorities in the colo
But there was a change of pol memorandum of the minorities at th of the Colonial Office was not especi, it was conceded that the memorand strong insistence of "all the races i Sinhalese', on the maintenance of ( reluctance of the other communitie: of the Low Country Sinhalese....', '... the demands of the Tamils in excessive...' and that it would be 'a representation for the Tamils who As regards the reserved séat for th Secretary of State would naturally b munal principle of election any furth
Manning however made the shr in the Ceylon government, the Att Colonial Office to put his point of vie effective. The Colonial Office was w reform of the Legislative Council sho secret joint memorandum of the minc
After preliminary discussions Office experton Ceylon came to the C
"It has clearly became necessal Secretary of State's despatch of subsequent receipt of the joint munities and by the explanation Attorney General regarding the The fact that all the communit have for the first time come to drawn up unanimous recommenc
26. C. O. 54/854. H. R. Cowell's memora: 27. C.O. 54/852. H.R. Cowell's minute o:

DE SILVA
Ceylon. This the Colonial Office was willing ril) was sent to Ceylon incorporating the gh some were adopted with modifications, 2d. The date of publication was to be left 2cretary of State did not commit himself rial constituencies, and the possibility of mils. On the other hand he did come to a arritorial seats beyond fifteen which was the Congress, and this was done with the ny in mind.26
icy with the receipt of the secret joint e Colonial Office. The immediate response ally encouraging to Manning. Thus though lum is of great importance as showing the in Ceylon, apart from the Low Country :ommunal representation, "and the great s in Ceylon to submit to the domination it was nevertheless recognised that the this joint memorandum are somewhat a doubtful measure to agree to communal are a numerous and progressive class'. e Tamils, the point was made that "the be somewhat reluctant to extend the Comer than at present if it can be avoided'.
ewd decision to send his closest associate orney-General Sir Henry Gollan, to the w across. And this move was immediately on over completely to the view that the uld follow the principles laid down in the rities.
with Gollan, H. R. Cowell the Colonial onclusion that
ry to modify the views expressed in the the 19th April. This is necessitated by the
memorandum from the Minority Comis furnished both by the Governor and the attitude taken up by those communities. ies in Ceylon, other than Singhalese (sic), ogether for a political purpose, and have lations for the reform of the Constitution
ndum of 16 May 1922. f 3 May 1922. "

Page 35
THE CEYLON NATIONAL CC
is, of course, important, and sufficie: expressed before this fact was kno Governor written before this joint now very desirable that the Secret; his views in favour of a system of that recommended by the joint mir
Cowell went on to add that:29
"... if the Secretary of State should Minorities and take the Congress sic opposition a very large section of support of the Sinhalese, many of missible. We had indeed recognised receipt of the joint memorandum, was intended to leave the door open bution of seats. But the Attorney C that it is essential definitely to ac memorandum as to communal repr nouncement is made....'
Cowell and the Colonial Office had been
"To support the minorities.... will a large and important section of t with the Government, while to meet drive the minorities into opposition: from the Sinhalese'.30
It is also evident that the Colonial treated the Allocation Committee and th with engaging cynicism. Thus Cowell c draft despatch on constitutional refor that sent on 19 April, "pending the r urged that since ... 'seven of the Sin on that committee it may be assumed produce a report, and that report will memorandum. But the report must be be made to it in the despatch'.
By the middle of July 1922 the Colc
"prepare a scheme for the composi based on the principle of the ioint m tise itself as being the same scheme'.
Though Manning's despatches and should have provided strong evidence of a
28. C.O. 54/857. H. R. Cowell's Minute of I2 29, ibid. 3o. C.O. 54/857. H. R. Cowell's minute of 6 J 3 II. 1 ibid.

NGRESS IN DISARRAY II 31
htly justifies the modification of views wn and based on a despatch from the
memorandum had reached him....It is ary of State should definitely express
Communal Representation based on LOrities...’28
ignore the joint memorandum of the le, the effect will be only to drive into the population without ensuring the whose demands are in any case inadI this to some extent even before the and the despatch of the 19th April for future discussion as to the distrieneral argues with considerable force rept the views expressed in the joint esemitation as soon as any public pro
zonvinced by Gollan's argument that:
make for stability since it will mean he population will work in harmony t the demands of the Sinhalese would and would only lead to fresh demands
Office, like the Ceylon Government, he report it was expected to produce, in 12 July 1922 asked to prepare a m which was to be a substitute for sport of the Allocation Committee' halese members have declined to sit that contrary to expectation, it will follow the lines indicated in the joint awaited in order that reference may
nial Office had taken the decision to
ion of the Council which was to be emorial, and which would not adver.
rivate letters to the Colonial Office persistent policy of deliberate exacer
July 1922.
lly I 922.

Page 36
32 K. M.
bation of connaunal rivalries in ord Country Sinhalese, it was only in Septe hers of the Legislative Council, writ Scoop of the secret jolnt-memorandu against the Governor, of collusion wi mation to the Colonial Office, and of rivalry, that the Colonial Office bega This letter did create doubts in the m the line of policy on constitutional Cowell commented that '... I have propriety of extending the communa large enough a community to look af
More important was Cowell's sta
"... it would be very difficult to torially elected members in the the great majority of the unoffici ment cannot sheter themselves joint memorandum, who only re. since it is quite clear that a la such a majority. After all, the
the representatives of the small convert to their views some me
He realised, of corse, that the principle was the Governor who "will to have a practical majority in the Col
When the reforms of 1923 were views had prevailed. For one thin elected membes in the new Legis reforms of 1923 were a decidedly m the latter their major premise was t different and conflicting interests w only by diluting the principle of ter of communal representation. The di so arranged that no two communities in the Council, taking into conside members. Thus the government cou who between them controlled twent other than the Tamils rallied to its s
ፆ,
32. C.O. 54/854, Letter of Sinhalese m Manning to Churchill, 5oz of 5 Sept.
33. C.O. 54/854, H. R. Cowell's minute c
34. They were announced in the Duke o IQ23. For this despatch see, Handbc

DE SILVA
er to thwart the Congress and the lowImber when a letter from Sinhalese memen in the wake of the Ceylon Daily News m of the minorities, made grave charges th the minorities, of distortion of inforgleeful fanning of the flames of communal n to take a fresh look at these problems. inds of the pcrmanent officials as regards reform in Ceylon so far adopted. H. R. several times expressed doubts as to the l principle to the Tamils who should be ter themselves”.
tement that
resist the claim inr a majority of terri: next Council. Nothing less will satisfy als in the present Council, and the governindefinitely behind the signatories of the resent the smaller communities in Ceylon, rge body even of Tamil opinion favours Governor always has his reserve powers, er communities must exert themselves to mbers of the territorial majority....'
great obstacle to the introduction of this l not give up without a struggle his desire incil in addition to his reserve powers....'38
announced 84 it was clear that Manning's g there was no majority of territorially ative Council. But more important the eagre advance on those of 192U and like hattle various communities in Ceylon had hich could be promoted and safeguarded ritoria representation with a strong dose stribution of seats in the Legislature was could between themselves have a majority ration the elected as well as nominated ld still outvote the Sinhalese and Tanuils two seats, provided that the minolities ide. In addition, there was no dimunition
embers of the Legislative Council enclosed in mber I922.
f 28 September 1923.
Devonshire's despatch to Manning, II January ok CNC, pp. I 2o-II 27 of the Appendix.

Page 37
THE CEYLON NATIONAL CO
of the governor's reserve powers. Cong themselves, for an extension of the franc Council continued to be a predominantly nominated by the governor and without a as a link between the executive and the new constitution, and that a relatively mi leaders some satisfaction--in the new Col was to preside over its deliberations, a prevailed since 1833 of the Governor pi Council.
Manning had deftly outmanoeuvred confronted with the very meage concess were too dispirited and dei moralised to means of deronstrating their disatisfact radicals in their midst to adopt inore forc their antipathy to Manning's policy. r mode of agitation which without in any the radicals to despair.87 When A. F. Goc Committee of the Congress held in Dece the Ceylon National Congress do rejec utterly inadequate and formulate a sch boycotting the new Legislative Counc fifteen votes to six.
The Congress leadership preferred tional machinery as an exelcise in polit in his presidential address at the annual urged his audience to
"offer thanks for what had been giv that was not given... Political rights
35. An elected member of the Legislative Col. was required to resign his elected seat a Governor's hands.
36. At the Congress sessions held on 23 Marc in the chair, the following resolution (p E. T. de Silva) was unanimously adopted and reactionary the scheme of Reforms p dated IIth January and reasserts the I majority in the Legislative Council”. TI 20-21 April.
37. At the Congress sessions of 20-21 April
adopted on that occasion see below p. 3
38. Handbook, CNC, p. 605
{385ජ් -∞4

NGRESS IN DISARRAY 33
ress proposals, mild and hesitant in hise were rejected; and the Executive official body, its unofficial members ny pretension or legal claim to serving egislature.8. Only one provision in the nor one, could have given the Congress uncil a member elected by the Council L change from the practice that had esiding at sessions of the Legislative
the Congress leadership. The latter, ions made to them in this constitution devise any but the most conventional ion.86 They rejected the appeal of the 'eful agitational tactics to demonstrate stead they versisted in their normal ' way disturbing Manning only drove nesinha at a meeting of the Executive mber 1923 moved a resolution 'that t the Order in Council of 1923 as eme of non-coperation with a view to il', the committee rejected this by
to help in working the new constituical education. Thus H. J. C. Pereira session of the Congress in April 1923, .
:n, just as much as condemn anything could not be secured in a day or two
ncil, if nominated to the Executive Council, ld (at best) accept a nominated one at the
I923, with the Vice-President, C. E. Corea roposed by C. E. Corea, and seconded by "This Congress condemns as unsatisfactory oposed in the Secretary of States Despatch ecessity for a substantial territorial-elected hereafter the sessions were adjourned for
. J. C. Pereira presided. For the resolutions

Page 38
34 K. M.,
or even im a handred years in
ment was evolved generally int. even now they must realise tha sent up by the Commons in Er able to do here in this country, They must bide their time in they would achieve their ends...'
In a sense they really had no ot in the masses (which concealed an Many thought in terms of A. E. tactics would lead to here. Besides ( of more forceful tactics of opposition have contributed to the irrevocable persisted in their belief, despite conv breach with the minorities could be
Manning in the meantime conti Sinhalese and Tamils. In June 1923 for the purpose of arranging a 'fittin lavanar Kanagasabhai (a nominated chairman of the Committee appointed reception, remarked that the Tamils had actually fought their case for thi what they should do. And it was hew treatment and concessions as outline
Congress leaders complained that Manning amply confirmed Sir A. K.
the proposed scheme of representatio June 1923 published the following to an address of welcome:
"His Excellency replied at length given him and for supporting 1 it would please then to hear tha seat in the Western Province ha of State had further thanked the compliment was paid to Sir Ponr given in drafting the reform p Excellency said, were their birth for them'”. -
Manning's political instincts wer the one point-the reserved seat in
39. Handbook, CNC, p. 502.

DE SILVA
:ertain cases. The present British Parliaits present representative character and the House of Lords, thwarts legislation gland just as Inuch as the Governor was They had progressed to a certain point.
patience and by constitutional agitation '39
her choice, given their total lack of faith inarticulate fear of their potentialities). Goonesinha as revealing what Gandhian Songress leaders feared that the adoption would be self-defeating, in that this would
alienation of the minorities. And they incing eviderce to the contrary, that the healed. •
nued to help widen the rift between the a public meeting was organised in Jaffna g welcome to the Governor'. Sir Ambamember of the Executive Council), as to make arrangements for the governor's were beholden to Govermor Manning 'who em after having shown and advised them tho obtained for the Tamils the preferential d in the Draft Scheme of Reforms'.
in his speeches at Jaffna on this occasion, anagasabhai's "account of the genesis of n'. The Times of Ceylon in its issue of 13 summary of Manning's speech in reply
and thanked the Tamils for the welcome is reforms despatch, and intimated that t all his recommendations, including the been sanctioned, and that the Secretary Tamils for simplifying his task. A high ambalam Ramanathan for the assistance oposals. The seats given to them, His ight, and they were justified in fighting
as sharp as ever, and he had picked on the Western Frovince-which kept the

Page 39
THE CEYLON NATIONAL C
w
Sinhalese and Tamil leadershi apart, t
willing to compromise. As recently as Congress Committee had, in a letter to the point that:
“With regard to the claim f Tamils, a strong feeling prevailsh presentation should be maintained of ultimately attaining responsible
'This Committee feels that agreement is hardly possible... Thi, vation of this one question your A delegates to the coming sessions of rest of the country in regard to ma
In September 1923, H. J. C. Per proposed that "the reserved seat' in th a seat for the Tamils for the whole islan ceptable to the Tamils.
The Congress responded to the ref adopting unanimously at a meeting held
(1) “This Congress condemns as un
of reforms proposed in the January, and re-asserts the r elected majority in the Legis
(2) “This Congress views with g1 reversion to Communal repre scheme, as undemocratic and different communities in the II
It was decided also to send a refor Congress case before The Secretary of Office. The delegation prepared two C tional reform setting out their proposal. Colonial Office.*
Their efforts were not without succ promised for early 1924 after elections held. These modifications did not amo structure, but as a gesture of conciliation
4o. See, The Hindu Organ Io May 1923, Th 4 I. The Ceylon Independent, Io September I 42. Handbook, CNC, p. 522.
43. See, Handbook, CNC, pp. 530-563. The
and D. B. Jayatilaka on behalf of the

CONGRESS IN DISARRAY 35
he one issue on which neither side was 22 October 1922 the Secretary of the
the Tamil Maha Jana Sabhai40 made, ,
or a reserved seat in Colombo for the ere that the integrity of territorial re
and even furthered as the only means
government...'
this is a question... upon which an s Committee trust that with the reserissociation will find it possible to send i the Congress and co-operate with the tters of cominor interest...'
eira as President of the Congress had e Western Province be converted into d. But even this compromise was unac
orms proposals of 11 January 1923 by l on 20 April 1923, two resolutions: that
Satisfactory and reactionary the scheme
Secretary of State's despatch of 11th ecessity for a substantial territoriallylative Council'.
reat misgivings and grave concern the sentation as the basic principle of the calculated to cause disunion among the sland''.42
ms delegation to Whitehall to place the State for the Colonies, and the Colonial om prehensive memoranda on constitus in detail, which they submitted to the
ess for a modification of the scheme was to the new Legislative Council had been unt to any fundamental changes in the two more territorial seats were allowed,
е Сеylon Independent, п6 May 1923. 923, 17 September I923.
| memoranda was presented by James Pieris Reforms Delegation.

Page 40
36 K. M.
one each in the Western and Southe also yielded to the representations of
supported in this by the Ceylon Natio) instead of nomination of the Muslim a the number of elected members to twe had enunciated in September 1922 w Ceylon a representative legislature wit nial Laws Validity Act. This may be of the two resolutions adopted by th nothing done to give satisfaction on th
Under the 1920 constitution the torates, largely because of Manning's i elections to the Legislative Council by the Congress leadership that terri under a reformed Legislative Col. low-country Sinhalese, and these a Communal principle among the Kandy principle. Manning had watched this c letter. to Grindle of 1 March 1922 he rei
'... the Kandyans, I am afraid..., Sinhalese Low-Country friends: 1 attitude, but it is not a pleasing re We shall hope, however, to prote long run'.45
The undertaking given by the Cor never have been honoured for Congres nery or the party discipline which cot Supporters. In the 1924 elections only t to the Legislative Council. To explair the result of their lack of Sophistication of their resistence to the liberalising i at that time, afforded little consolat elections of 1924 the prominent Kandya A. F. Molamure, Dr. T. B. Kobbekad themselves with the agitation for sepa race “...
ί ά.
... in our Legislative Assembly, and distinct community should oth
44. Eventually there was no second seat
assigned to two divisions of the Wester. the town of Colombo.
45. C.O. 54/85 I. Manning to Grindle, lette 46. For example, an editorial in the Ceylon 47. The Ceylon Independent, 28 February I

DE SILVA
rn Provinces, and the Colonial Office the Muslims and the Indians (who were nal Congress) and agreed to the election nd the Indian members, thus increasing nty eight. Thus a principle which Cowell as at last adopted. This change gave hin the meaning of Section I of the Coloregarded as a compromise on the first e Congress in April 1923. But there was e second of the resolutions.
Kandyans were given communal elecinsistence. But within a year or so of the of 1921, the Kandyans were assured torial seats in the Kandyan Provinces ncil would not be contested by the ssurances won the adherents of the lans, over to a support of the territorial levelopment with dismay. In a private maerked that:
have thrown in their lot with their up to a point I can understand their :velation to me of their change of spirit. ct them even against themselves in the
gress leadership to the Kandyans Eould is did not have either the party machild have enforced this decision on their hree Kandyan seats returned Kandyans the defeat of the Kandyans as being in political matters, and a consequence nfluences of western rule, as many did ion to the Kandyans. Indeed after the in members of the Congress most notably luwa, and P. B. Ratnayake associated Irate representation for “the Kandyan
and that our entity as a separate erwise too be recognised'.47
for the Southern Province, but seats were in Province (designated A. and B) and one for,
of I March 1922. Independent, 13 November 1924. 925.

Page 41
THE CEYLoN NATIONAL C
A Kandyan communal organisation, t formed in 1925 in opposition to the Cor the Assembly held in December that y representation was affirmed.
ByNovember 1927 the Kandyan Na for the creation of a federal state in C Kandyans. Ulster was apparently the in federalism as the solution to the Kal their political demands for over a decad his successor Sir Hugh Clifford very syr quite eager to support their claims to a Kandyans as a conservative buffer again reform.
By 1925 the Congress had been re. Sinhalese organization. Manning's tactic Only a small group of radicals who adh illagination and tactical skill to atte: urban working class of Colombo was put and with that came glimpses of a new di of the most striking developments in Ce gence of a radical challenge to the donai; activity could no longer be confined to t pulated by them in their own interest population.
Within the Congress the radicals While they shared with the Congress li as a political objective, they recognise the need for far-reaching social and ec political eform. Besides, the Congress radicalisation of political activity, an techniques which involved the bringing When the radicals eventually broke a sation, already weakened by the defectic ever a conservative organisation out of of the day.50
48. See, The Ceylon Independent, 7 Decembe 49. C.O. 54/886-File 32o2o, A.G.M.Fletc. in Hugh Clifford's confidential despatc Lumpur. - s 50. For discussion of these points see; de
Movements in the Early Twentieth Cen of Ceylon, History of Ceylon, Vol. III. pp. 403-407; and de Silva, K.M. "The His pp. 489-533, especially pp. 489-497, in

ONGRESS IN DISARRAY I 37.
he Kandyan National Assembly was gress, and at the inaugural sessions of 2ar the Kandyan demand for separate
tional Assembly put forward a demand ylon, with regional autonomy for the analogy they had in mind.' The faith dyan problem remained a keynote of e thereal ter. They found Manning and pathetic to their demands and indeed special status, in the hope of using the st the forces of political agitation and
duced to a demonstrably low-country s had proved to be ruthlessly effective. ered to Gooriesinha had the resilience, mpt a new initiative in politics. The shing its way into the political arena, imension in Ceylon politics. Indeed one ylon in the early 1920's was the emer. nation of the island's politics. Political he upper strata of society to be naniwith total disregard of the rest of the
were a small and uninfluential force, :adership a desire for self government l, as the Congress leadership did not, nomic reforms as the concomitant of leadership were totally opposed to a i to the introduction of agitational n of the nasses into political activity. way from the Congress, that organin of the iminolities, became more than une with the emerging political forces
I925, 31 January 1927, 17 November 1927,
er's minute of 18 August 1927, enc9sure of 19 September 1927 sent from Kuala,
ilva, K.M. “The Reform and Nationalist ury,” in ed., de Silva, K.M. The University (Colombo, 1973), pp. 387-407, especialy ory and Politics of the Transfer of Power, he same volume.

Page 42
K. M. DE
Appendix A-JAMES PIE
"That His Excellency the Governor ma Secretary of State for the Colonies the followi tution of Ceylon, and the amendment of the
(Ι)
(2).
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
That the Legislative Council shoul guards for minorities, it should CC should be officials and twentyeighte
That the non-territorial electorates a for in the present Constitution be re' communities be represented by two
That the Legislative Council should itself.
That the Legislative Council should as hitherto.
That residence in an electoral area a candidate for election.
That disqualification for election Service be limited to cases where th of an offence involving moral turpitul of imprisonment, the same provision
Parliament.
As regards the qualification of voters cation after the period of imprison electoral area be reduced from one ye ned by the reduction of the property
That the distribution of seats in the t
Colombo
Colombo District Negombo District Kalutara District Galle Town Nuwara Eliya District Province of Uva Ratnapura District Kegalla District North Central Province Galle District Matara and Hambantota Distric Chilaw District Puttalam District Kurunegala District Kandy Town Kandy and Matale Districts Jaffna Town
Jaffna District Mullaitivu and Vavuniya Distric Mannar District Batticaloa Town Batticaloa District Trincomalee District

SILVA
RIS’S REFORMIS SCHIEME
7 be pleased to forward to His Majesty's ng suggestions for the reform of the ConstiOrder in Council, Ig2o:-
be reconstituted, so that, with due safensist of forty-five members, of whom six ected on a territorial basis.
nd the representation of minorities provided ained; but the Burgher and Mohammadan
members each,
be presided over by a 'Speaker elected by
continue to have control over the Budget
should not be a necessary qualification for
py reason of dismissal from Government e dismissal has taken place in consequence le; and as regards disqualification by reason is do apply as in England for Members of
, that (a) imprisonment be not a disqualifiment; (b) the qualifying residence in an lar to six months; (c) the franchise be wideand the income qualifications.
'erritorial electorates should be as follows:-
- 3 seats -- I seat Seat seat seat seat seat seat Seat seat seat seat Seat seat seat Seat seat Seat Seats Seat seat seat seat - I seat

Page 43
(9)
(το)
(II)
(I2)
(I3)
APPEN
That all persons irrespective of race: fied, be entitled to vote for the elect such electorate.
That the Executive Council should three members, with whom should be portfolios chosen from Members of torial basis.
That sub-section (II) of section 5 of th appointment of Nominated Unofficial
That clause 5I of the Order in Counci
That a proviso be added to clause 52 o. however, any member or members Governor may put in a written statem and such statement be appended to tion'.

DX 39
esident in any electorate, otherwise qualion of a member or members to represent
onsist of the Governor as President and associated three ministers entrusted with he Legislative Council elected on a terri
2 Order in Council making provision for the Members be repealed.
l be repealed.
the Order in Council as follows: 'Provided, dissenting from the certification of the ent of his or their reasons for such dissent the report required in the succeeding sec

Page 44
PARLIAMENTARY SUPI TRATION IN CEY
PROBLEMS
W. A. WISW
Sir Ivor Jennings, reviewing the in its first year, identified a number of with the proper functioning of Cabine related primarily to the question of p. tion. His complaint was that membel great interest in the details of adminis tended, had been reinforced by the fa provide adequate opportunities for de this interest of the ordinary members tinuation of the practice which develop under which the members of the State C tration. This, though quoted often to j tration by members of Parliament, doe The availability of opportunities for pa tion needs to be investigated to see whe mentary instruments of control which taking into consideration the relative factors, the main aim of this essay instruments of control which are at the Parliament.8
Parliament carries the prime respo and expenditure, and therefore, the defender is not obsolete. It is this conce
I. Jennings, Ivor. Constitution of Ceylon. (
Ibid., p. 88. This paper does not seek to discuss Committee and the Select Committees, Committee too have not been discussed the respective Committee, which after cracy for action. Their impact, howev institutions of parliamentary control the discussion in this paper, will be ex:
4.

ERVISION OF ADMINISLON, I947 TO I956: AND ISSUES
A-WARNAPALA
operation of the Soulbury Constitution lefects which he thought would interfere t government in Ceylon. Some of them arliamentary supervision of administrais of Parliament continued to exhibit a stration, and this development, he conilure of the parliamentary machine to bate on general policy. He argued that in details of administration, was a coned during the Donoughmore dispensation ouncil intervened in matters of adminis1stify interference in matters of adminis's not provide an adequate explanation. arliamentary supervision of administra'ther it was the ineffectiveness of parliaencouraged this development. While significance of electoral and political is to examine the effice Cy of those immediate disposal of the members of
nsibility for the control of both taxation concept of the member as taxpayers' pt that strengthens the need to exercise
Oxford, I95 II), pp. I 25-I35.
the Auditor-General, the Public Accounts
The petitions and the role of the Petition . The petitions, when tabled, are referred to
sometime refers them back to the bureau2r, is very negligible. The more important of administration, which do not enter into amined in another paper.
O

Page 45
PARLAMENTARY SUPERVISION O.
that critical function more effectively in of Government activities have increas expressed, in relation to the House of Cc sion of existing devices could meet there in the House of Representatives of Cey that prevails at Westminster, represente of the House of Commons and the previ A number of procedural dificulties hav of procedures, and despite this, such Supplementary Estimates, Questions, A Resolutions have proved effective in exe administration.
Budget Debate
The debates, which provide the l occasions for criticism, take a variety of tary estimates, periodical censure mot priation Bill is presented at the first re occasion on which the Minister of Fin debate immediately after the Budget prior arrangement for 10 to 14 days study the budgetary proposals. The S. the allocation of time for speeches is di the Horse and the Leader of the C amended in 1969, and now 9 days are all have been made to organise the debat has shown that these have had little or the discussion at the debate on the Ap there is a variety of reasons for this.
In Ceylon, unlike in England, the large number of speakers, and the discus: Opposition. In the 1954-55 and 1955-56h made respectively. The general conventi to matters of policy and important i opportunity to review the policy of the implications of the budgetary proposals but the emphasis 1s on the adequacy or of the constituency needs.* But mem policy issues, take up issues which in
4. Hanson, A. H. and Crick, Bernard. Hou
I970), p. 46.
5. Perera, N. M. "Financial Procedure in
Journal of Historical and Social Studies,

ADMINISTRATION IN CEYLoN 41
an epoch when the size and complexity 2d considerably. The view has been mmons, that "the adaptation or extenuirements'. The devices that obtained pn, though pattermed on the procedure da compromise between the procedure us legislative experience of the island. e arisen because of this amalgamation instruments as the Budget Debate, djournment Hour and Private Member rcising a certain degree of control over
House with one of its more effective forms; the annual budget, supplemenions and bills. In Ceylon, the Approading, and the second reading 1s the ance presents the budget. There is no Speech, and the House adjourns by in order to enable the members to econd Reading is allotted 7 days, and one in consultation with the Leader of pposition. The Standing Orders were otted for the Second Reading. Attempts 2 and control speeches but experience no effect. lindeed it could be said that propriation Bill has deteriorated, and
second reading of the budget attracts a sion is mot necessarily dominated by the budget debates, 55 and 69 speeches were on is that this debate shall be confined ssues. It provides members with an Government and examine the financial ... The main policy issues are discussad, inadequacy of the expenditure in terms bers, instead of speaking on general ormally should be dealt under Votes,
se of Commons in Transition (Fontana Books,
the House of Representatives', in Ceylon Vol. I, No. I, I956, p. 25.

Page 46
42 W. A. WISWA
despite reminders from successive Speal that speeches based on specific needs a made at the Comittee Stage. Thus ther the speeches made at the Second Readin The utilisation of this occasiom for th has minimised its effect as an instrume
Committee Stage
As in the Second Reading, the Comm that are peculiar to Ceylon. The Bill is Standing Order 74 (5) provides that "not shall be allotted to the Committee Stage last of such days at 8 p.m. the Chairma been reported, put forthwith the Quest discussion and then successively on ar Head and the Question necessary to dis successively to put forthwith the Quest Heads, that the total amounts of the estimates be inserted in the Schedule for and then that the several Schedules respi House shall not be adjourned until the F procedure adopted in the Committee Stag to the Standing Orders increased the nu sixteen days. Though this has been done ship of the House of Representatives, discussion remains umaltered.8 The proce is that the debates on sub-heads will be and the relevant Standing Order required ments. Mr. Speaker, Sir Francis Molamur ments of this Standing Order. This kind and it interfered with the enthusiasm of
In Ceylon, the Committee Stage is no of the Opposition; in fact, there is equall of the Government Party. They are no wasteful expenditure but only with getti Vances redressed. This, in fact, has becom special difficulties for the Chairman. At th and the members speak for themselves. situations, often reminds the House of th the Committee Stage, and that this could
Hansard (Honse of Representatives) Vo Vide Standing Orders of the House of Rep
The House of Representatives was enlarg from IoI to I5I members, and this requ

WARNAPALA
kers, in an effort to direct the debate, nd parochial grievances could well be e is in practice little difference between g debate and at the Committee Stage. e ventilation of parochial grievances nt of control over the administration.
hittee Stage has certain characteristics committed to the whole House and more than sixteen of the days allotted of the Appropriation Bill, and on the in shall, unless the bill has previously ion om any amendment then under ly Government amendments to that spose of that Head, and then proceed tion with respect to each Ministry's Heads outstanding in the Ministry's the services defined in those estimates 2ctively stand part of the Bill, and the Bill has been reported'. This was the e discussion, and the 1969 amendment mber of allotted days from twelve to to accomodate the enlarged member. the nature of the Committee Stage dure that came into operation in 1947 in respect of Amendments to Votes, that notice should be given for amende, for example, adhered to the requireof procedure was fairly cumbersome, the ordinary member of Parliament.
tentirely an occasion for the members y active participation of the members t concerned with the elimination of ng certain of their constituency griee a procedural problem, and it creates ese debates, there is no party control, The Chairman in order to avoid such he need to draw up a programme for be done by convening a joint meeting
bl. II 8, column 595. resentatives.
ed in 196o and the membership increased illed a revision in the Standing Orders.

Page 47
PARLIAMENTARY SUPERVISION OF
of the Leader of the Opposition, the Leade ment Whip'.9 In 1952, the Leader of th leaders of the parties within the Opposit in the subsequent years. Though this did I into the ranks of the Opposition, was neve
A number of difficulties have arisen a sion. Often members did not take directiv spoken four or five times under the sam generally of a repetitive character, and suc members of the need to avoid "tedious re of interruptions by members, accompa which should normally happen at the Seco are discussed, happens often at the Coml on certain occasions, been compelled to i lines in one column of the Hansard. In 1 of Committees, complained that the stan rated, and this was particularly so in the S
The other defects relate to the order for discussion. The estinates in Ceylon ar Votes of the Governor-General, the Prime could be taken up at the initial stage of th or four Ministries receive the maximum days allotted for the Committee Stage. Chair to the effect that "members cannot ta the estimates of the Prime Minister once explanation is that certain departments, which came under the purview of the Pri practically every member. This type of needs to be saved for the discussion, and a ceiling for the discussion of certain Mi hours for the discussion on the Ministry o attention which certain Ministries receive : last day of the discussion, quite often, the tries are taken up, and consequently no p take place. When the time is limited, men apart from Heads, and examine them, an Supervision is minimised. The most glarir do mot get any attention at all, and, in 1955-56, nearly 24 departments were not ments such as Wild Life, Social Services,
9. Hansard. (H of R.) Vol. 22, 1955-56, colur Io. Ibid., column 1348. I. Ibid., column 547.

ADMNSTRATION IN CEYLON 43
r of the House and the Chief GovernLe Opposition began consulting the on, and this practice was continued esult in a certain degree of discipline rtheless a total success.
t the Committee Stage of the discus"es from the Opposition. Others have e Head of Vote. The speeches were cessive Chairmari have had to remind petition'.10 There is also the practice inled by heated arguments. This, ld Reading where principles of policy mittee Stage, and the Chairman has, ssue warnings running to nearly 50 act, Mr. H. S. Ismail, as Chairman lard of the proceedings had deterioSecond Parliament.
in which the Ministries are taken up e in an order, according to which the Minister and the Minister of Finance e discussion. As a result of this, three amount of discussion within the 16 Despite repeated warnings from the ke too much time over one Minister”, took up as much as 4 hours. The or instance the department of Police me Minister, invited criticisms from conduct results in two things. Time the Chairman is compelled to impose nistries. In 1955-56, he allowed two Home Affairs. The next is the scant ut this stage of the discussion. On the votes of as many as five or six Minisroler examination of their estimates berstake a Ministry's votes together thereby the effect of parliamentary g defect is that certain departments act, no word is spoken on them. In discussed at all. The minor departown and Country Planning, National
in I348.

Page 48
'44 W.A. wiSw,
Housing, Postal and Telecommunicatio Aviation, Ports other than Colombo, M. no attention at all. All this illustrates instruments of parliamentary supervis Ceylon.
espite these criticisms, the gene function. Dr. N. M. Perera, the presen 'Ministers have been at their wit’s end studying all the details of their proposa that might be put to them. It has made and useful. Much wasteful expenditur detailed criticism. Ministers have four vague generalisations, that they could truth of this assessment could be illus procedure is to propose a cut in respect tunity was seized to discuss the departr under the particular item, or amendme Thus, in one instance, a member move in respect of sub-head-Puisne Judges' he needs 'some information with regard If this appears to indicate that the me knowledge of such points, the main
the estimates are presented. Not much to estimates in Ceylon. An explanator figures could reduce the number of que the estimates run to about 800 closely go through each and every item. Min practice of submitting a 'Survey of the Budget. This report, though a useful s special function in the discussion of the lack of information members tend to : has become a source of irritation for M to ask questions on matters of detail i a result, find it difficult to discuss som involved. Successive Speakers have st Committee Stage, by repeatedly remind themselves to matters that are within to no avail for the trend continues, an bureaucracy and examine the perfor detailed criticism at the Coimmittee Sta
12. Perera, N. M. op. cit, p. 26. 13. Hansard (H of R) Vol. 6, column I417. I4. Hansard (H of R.) Vol. 22, column 75:

AleWARNAPALA
ns Services, Meteorology, Broadcasting, otor Traffic, and Coastal Lights received the ineffectiveness with which certain on of administration are employed ir:
سمیہ۔
ral view is that it had served a useful t Minister of Finance, has stated that to go carefully through their estimates ls and be ready to answer any question : the Committee Stage alive, interesting e has been avoided as a result of this ld that they could not get away with be pinned down point by point'. The strated by a number of examples. The of a sub-head, and thereby the oppor. mentor specifically the officer who came ints were moved to obtain information. i that 'the Vote be reduced byRs. 10/- . The same member, in fact, stated that to the remuneration of Puisne Judges'.18 ambers were conscious of their lack of reason for this is the form in which supplementary information is appended y note on the variations in the year's stions that may be asked. In addition, printed pages, and very few members isters of Finance have established the Economy' report along with the Annual ource of information, does not serve a budgetary proposals. As a result of the indulge in detailed Criticism, and this inisters. Again the practice of members s equally irksome to Ministers who, as 2 of the important principles and issues rived to establish the function of the ing the members that they must address the knowledge of the Ministers, 14 but d members still attempt to control the mance of the administration, through
ge...

Page 49
PARLAMENTARY SUPERVISION OF
Supplementary Estimates
Supplementary Estima tes form ye ments and the bureaucracy come und are Supplementary Estimates', stated D become a very useful opportunity for the of Government to any administrative sł ment or policy shortcomings'. It was Estimates, which perhaps encouraged the examination of the performance ( financial year 1953-54, as many as 108 and in addition, 5 such estimates were ou of 53 departments. The increase in sup the adoption of the procedure current i referring to this, stated that "the State ding on the Departments: but this prod plementary Estimate was often propo sub-head although there were savings c mentary Estimate was legally required the number of Supplementary Estimates sary legally'. Though some of these are still a recurring feature in Ceylon. It and Mr. Felix Dias Bandaranaike, as M Budget Speech, argued that "not in the case of every budget in the last severally Estimates have been presented to this on the part of the Government to the r year the true financial position of the cou of the Government's proposed underta stricture on the competence of the bul determination of expenditure, and mc notion that it is possible at any mom approval for supplementary provision. ments from one Ministry to another ha of expenditure.
The resort to Supplementary Estim figures presented at the budget were not In certain cases, the virement power w from one sub-head to another sub-heat
I 5. vide Dr. N. M. Perera's comments in
(Institute of Chartered Accountants of (
I6. Hansard. (H of R) Vol. 20, I953-54. colu I7. Jennings, Ivor. op.cit., p. II6. I8. Quoted in Jayawardane, N. U. Public

ADMINISTRATION IN CEYLON 45
t another stage at which the departer parliamentary supervision. "There r. N. M. Perera, 'which in Ceylon have average menuber to draw the attention hortcomings on the part cf the Governthe large turnover of Supplementary members to utilise the occasion for f departments. For example, in the Supplementary estimates were passed, tstanding. They dealt with the finances plementary estimates has been due to in the Donoughmore period. Jennings, Council regarded the sub-heads as binuced a Judicrous situation that a Supsed to increase the expenditure on a in the other sup-heads and no Supple. The result was to increase enormously , and most of them were quite unnecessuggestions have been adopted, they s undesirability was often emphasised, finister of Finance, in the course of a case of the last budget but also in the ears the scale on which Supplementary House shows a deplorable indifference esponsibility of revealing from year to ntry and the true financial implications kings'.18 This, in effect, represented a reaucracy. Officials have failed in the re particularly, they suffer from the ent to go to the legislature to obtain Also the frequent transfers of departive interfered with correct forecasting
ates is indicative of the fact that the :orrectly drawn up in the first instance. as used, and savings were transferred . In 1954-55, there were about 1,800
Сотstіtutіоп ата Риblic Finance in Ceyloп, eylon, Colombo, I964) p. 22.
mın 4O7.
wawce - in Qeylon (9Apibt, 994)

Page 50
46 W. A. WIS
sub-heads, and the virement power w of Supplementary Estimates came was used to make comments by way always in the form of pointing out t expEnded. The debate om a Supplem concentrate on the subject matter of th pertaining to the particular departi Jennings, was another legacy of th of the Opposition dominated these di it a practice to refer to a variety of ad feature which made this instrument the Ceylonese context.
Private Member Motions
“There are private member moti sort of control for they may be plead assessment by Dr. N. M. Perera need motions exercise a 'definite control'. motions were tabled, and they refl administrative matters. A large num issues, and some of them were su legislation. Of the 116 motions, 36 dea changes or implementation of new pri tion of bus transport, the take-over ment, swabasha policy, and US pla Contained political overtones, but th for the examination of the perform tuency grievances attracted nearly 3 period, and some of them dealt wit Welimada, landless peasants in Kan housing problem of the apothecary motions provided the members with of the department, and at the same t lethargy, negligence and inefficiency motions, often make statements suc the last 2 years by the Department was introduced in order to draw the ness of the pace of village expansion they referred to particular officials. . that “I could mot meet the Director
I9. Hansard (H of R) Vol. I8, 1954-55. c. 2O. Jennings, Ivor. op. cit., p. II7. 2 I. Perera, N. M. Constitution and Publ 22. Hansard (H of R) Vol. 9, column 73

WAWARNAPALA
as exercised in 473 cases. Yet a number before the House, and the opportunity 7 of criticism of the sums asked for, and he methods by which the money is to be entary Estimate, though the rule was to he estimate, dealt with a varietv of matters ment. This, as pointed out by Sir Ivor e Donoughmore system.0 The members iscussions, and one or two of them made lministrative matters. It was perhaps this of parliamentary supervision effective in
ons which incidentally also provide some ling for a particular line of policy'. This S further explanation to see whether such in the period 1948-56, 116 private member ected both constituency-grievances and ber of such resolutions dealt with policy osequently incorporated in Government lt with policy problems; they either sought oposals, on issues such as the nationalisaof foreign owned plantations, unemploynes refuelling in Ceylon. These not only ne discussion also provided opportunities ance of the administration. The Consti9 private member's motions during this h such specific needs as the anicuts in dy, a new Post Office for Dehiwala, the at Maldeniya Rural Hospital etc. Such the opportunity to examine the policy ime to criticise the bureaucracy for their '. The members, when introducing such h as these--"No action has been taken in of Agriculture'. The motion, therefore, attention of the Government to the slowSchemes. There were occasions on which A member, speaking on his motion, said
of Medical and Sanitary Services. The
olumn 4O3.
ic Fiтатce in Ceyiот, ор. cit., p. 22. 5.

Page 51
PARLIAMENTARY SUPERVISION
papers are suppressed by the Deput infrequent at these discussions, and o members' motions kept the bureaucra constituencies.
These motions emanated largely and the Government, in the early y hostile to such motions. They rarely discuss the motions, and even the Mini to be present in the House. The Oppo ciously for the recognition of this par to obtain a certain amount of assist three members from the Oppositional utilisation of this opportunity by ther ment Parliamentary Party to introdu electoral needs. For instance, membe or six motions at a time, and practica tuency matters. Apart from their imp cracy, it helped in the recognition of thi opportunity of the private member.
Votes of No Confidence
The formula of the Vote of No Cc fully utilised to embarass the party im of parliamentary control. There were a party, or by a group of parties or th times divisions within the ranks of th dealt with defects in the Government, i of governmental policy and executive demanded discussion over both specific 18 such motions were tabled in the Ho useful to examine the issues involved
11 out of 18 censure motions expr while the rest was tabled to censure Commission and omission. The Votes primarily with policy issues, the disc for both the Government and the burea of No Confidence in the Government ove ber 1948. At the budget debate, it was had been a leakage of budget secrets, a Committee of investigation.o This Con
23. Hansard. (H of R) Vol. 16, column 23 24. Hansard. (H of R) Vol. 7, column I2. 25. Hansard (H of R) Vol. 5, 1948-49, col

OF ADMNSTRATION IN CEYLON 47
y Director.' Such allegations are not herefore, the instrument of the private y alert and sensitive to the needs of the
from the members of the Opposition, ars of parliamentary Government, was provided the House with a quorum to sters concerned did not take any interest sition, on the other hand, fought tenaliamentary opportunity, and it was able ance from Speaker Molamure. Two or ways spoke on such motions. The effective in influenced the members of the Governce motions, which primarily dealt with rs of the Government Party tabled five lly every one of them dealt with constiact on the Government and the bureauSoccasion as a legitimate parliamentary
nfidence, which the Opposition successpower, formed yet another instrument )eriodical censure motions sponsored by he Opposition as a whole, though somee Opposition imposed limitations. They in the administration and the inadequacy
control, and reference to these aspects and general issues. In the period 1948–70, juse of Representatives, andit Would be l.
essed lack of confidence in Government, individual Ministers for their acts of of No Confidence in Government dealt ussion of which created embarrassment lucracy. The Opposition moved a motion r the issue of a budget leakage in Decempointed out by the Opposition that there nd they demanded the appointment of a hmittee held that a definite leakage had

Page 52
48 w. A. wisv
taken place and the Opposition sei motion on the Ministry of Finan Minister, the Permanent Secretary a Department of Customs were pillor
Such issues as allegations agains of the Government towards members the machinery of Government for Continuation of emergency powers e and the policy of the Government, t and officials came under attack. Th these censure motions, attempted in r Some excuse, constitutional or tacti A point of order was raised when a dissatisfaction of the public servants motion was amended to suit the con Service Commission. There were c certain censure motions because of inherent in them. However, the st been effectively utilised by the Pa impact has been fairly effective in Government sensitive to the needs o been more successful and effective characteristics of an alternative Gov
Questions
Seven Standing Orders govern c in the House of Representatives, and of restrictions on the right to ask ques information; not more than half ar. member is entitled to ask more than day. This is now insufficient because t of this opportunity. In addition to entitled to ask on any one day, each plementary questions to each questior in Ceylon, and the reason is the lack ( however, is overburdened in Ceylon, of admissibility assume a certain deg empowers the Speaker to decide admi could be used to determine admissib the Speaker may be able to allow a one day.
26. Hansard (H of R) Vol. 9, 195o-5I. Co 27. Hansard (H of R) Vol. II, 1951-52, C 28. vide Standing Orders of the House of 29. Perera, N. M. Constitution and Public

AWARNAALA
Led this opportunity to table a censure ce. In the course of the debate, the ind the officials of the Treasury and the ied. s
t a Minister in the Cabinet, the attitude | of the public service, the utilisation of party purposes, the cost of living, the to. became subjects for censure motions, he performance of a particular Minister Le Government, knowing the impact of nany an instance to prevent a discussion. cal, was used to achieve this objective. Vote of No Confidence dealing with the was tabled in the House, and the original stitutional position regarding the Public ccasions when they refused to debate the “nature of political embarassment’ rategy of the Vote of No Confidence has .rliamentary Opposition in Ceylon. Its controlling the bureaucracy and making if the people. This strategy could have : if the Opposition had displayed the ernment.
onditions relating to the Question Time Standing Order No. 36 imposes a number stions. The object of a question is to seek hour is allocated to questions and no three questions for oral answer on any here are 156 members to avail themselves the three questions which a member is member has the right to put three sup1. There are not too many supplementaries of sufficient information.99uestion Time, and it is in this context that conditions ree of importance. Standing Order No. 37 ssibility and there are eleven rules which ility. The advantage of these rules is that manageable number of questions on any
lumn I3.
olumn 376.
Representatives. - Fiтапce in Ceylот, ор. cit., р. 22.

Page 53
PARLAMENTARY SUPERVISON OF A
In Ceylon, all questions appearing and something in the range of 23 quest it is said, has been adopted in order to asking supplementary questions.° Du number of questions increased, and as in in the House of Representatives. 3025 written and supplementary questions The growth of governmental powers a of Government encouraged the members the "pork-barrel' was perhaps the basic of questions. The extension of social an toral interests, which demanded a dialo politicians. The delay in the realisation C members of Parliament to ask questior bureaucracy. The constituency-grievanc to things pertaining to the administratio lised in matters of administrative detail
Questions, as in the House of Com doctrine of individual Ministerial respons Orders of the House of Representatives S affairs may be put to the Prime Ministe Secretary relating to subjects with which The problem of Ministerial responsibil Ministers and Departments, and questi ponsibility help to keep the Minister wit In Ceylon, a great deal of their powers and this assists both the Minister and th areas of authority.
- Number of Oral questions as during the first ty 19 First . Local Government & Health Education Defence & External Affairs Agriculture & Lands Transport Finance Labour Industries Home Affairs Food Justice Posts
Total
3o. Hamsayd (H of R) Vol. 3, column 623. 3I. Standing Orders of the House of Repres
*For the compilation of this data, Hans counted on the basis of their relationshi of subjects in the Cabinets were taken in
13858-5

DMINISTRATION IN CEYLON 49
in the Order Paper are not taken up, ions are put down for answer. This, defend the right of the members in ring the first two Parliaments, the hany as 3944 questions were answered of them were oral questions, and the numbered 718 and 201 respectively. ld the expansion in the organisation to seek information; the need to share eason for this increase in the number l economic welfare affected their elecgue between the bureaucracy and the if this dialogue, in effect, compelled the ls in regard to the performance of the es were more often than not related n, and therefore the members specia
mons, were used as an element in the ibility. In respect of this, the Standing tated that 'ouestions relating to public r or to any Minister or Parliamentary the member questioned is concerned'.8 ity arose from the official actions of ons relating to his authority and reshin the confines of his specific powers. are laid down in Acts of Parliament, he member to remain in the respective
ked in respect of Ministries wo Parliaments.*
47-1952 1952-1956 Parliament Second Parliainent
31 303 03 268 86 93 59 207 58. 129 54 15 52 71 35 39 3. 105 31 101 17 18 12 45 S69 1474
entatives.
rds vere perused, and the questions vere to Ministries. The changes in the allocation o consideration.

Page 54
50 W. А. WISW
It will be seen from the above tabl of Education, Health and Local Gove and Social Services, Defence and Exte received the greatest attention while received very scant attention. This is Education, Health, and Local Govel welfare, and their impact was felt q In such areas of governmental activ oral questions, in fact, came to be exer in the table, question time came to be was the emerging unity in the ranks impact on the use of parliamentary o House displayed the same trend. Such Government, Lands, Agriculture an Also there was the desire of the ordi on matters relating to his constituen issues of policy were not involved at largely to ventilate electoral grievance strategy, functioned as a valuable m administration.
Adjournment Hour
In addition to Questions, the h discuss the affairs of Ministries and de 18, a member could move 'the adjou discussing a definite matter of urgent cular requirement, matters pertaining up for discussion. Though some of th drawing attention of Ministers to min they rarely referred to 'definite' matte routine matters of administration cam and its original function underwent a c
On the Half Hour Adjournment, period 1947-56. These motions conce trative detail, and it was this aspect average of 5 to 10 members competed a Sion on some matter, and the daily a and 10. The interest with which certai shows the political significance of th period 1947-56, after the Prime Minist matters pertaining to his Ministry) fol Minister of Education with 68, the Mi
32. Standing Orders of the House of Repr

AWARNAALA
e that in the years 1947-52, the Ministries rnment, Agriculture and Lands, Labour :rnal Affairs, and Food and Cooperatives Justice, Posts, Finance and Commerce understandable in view of the fact that nment were directly engaged in social uite acutely at the constituency level. ity, parliamentary supervision through cised effectively. In 1952-56, as indicated more widely used, and the basic reason of the Opposition. Though this had an pportunities, the questions asked in the Ministries as Education, Health, Local d Food, etc. invited more questions. nary member to seek information, often cy. This, however, does not meam that Question Time. Questions, though used S and partially as a basic parliamentary lethod of parliamentary supervision of
alf hour adjournment may be used to partments. According to Standing Order rnment of the House for the purpose of public importance’.3o Despite this partito Ministries and Departments are taken ese adjournment motions were useful in Lor deficiencies of various Departments, rs of urgent public importance. In fact, he to be discussed during this half hour, hange to make it another Question Time.
357 issues have been debated during the ntrated heavily on matters of adminiswhich needed to be investigated. An at adjournment hour to initiate a discusverage of issues raised varied between 5 nissues were raised at adjournment hour e Ministries and Departments. In the ter (103 adjournment motions discussed lowed the Minister of Food with 71, the nister of Health and Local Government
esentatives,

Page 55
PARLAMENTARY SUPERVISON O
with 61, the Minister of Agriculture and with 50, the Minister of Labour and Sc Transport with 37, the Minister of Trad tries received only 27 and the Ministry to say that all these adjournment moti tance, and this increase in such motions: hour functioned more in the form of a planation for this is that the conventic imposed certain limitations, and theref in the form of another Question Time." problems could be raised at Question number of constituency-oriented issues characteristics, the fact remains that tion to be obtained and examined with time of the House or om Ministers and th accommodated these motions, were sel Some of them often allowed the discuss adjournment hour, even in the form of a useful function in exercising some fo Ceylon.
All this indicates, that Ceylon, in t has evolved a procedure that is uniquet it difficult to examine the Ceylonese sys of the conventions available at Westm that all these instruments of parliam functioned successfully. The heterogene mised the efficacy of these parliamental
33. Weerawardene, I. D. S. The Senate of C
p. 25.

F ADMINISTRATION IN CEYLON 51
i Lands with 60, the Minister of Finance ocial Services with 38, the Minister of le with 35 whilst the Minister of Indusof Posts only 14. It would be difficult ons discussed matters of public imporsuggests that in Ceylon the adjournment postponed Question Time'.38 The exonal rules pertaining to Question Time ore, this parliamentary device was used There is also the fact that all parochial Time, and this perhaps brought in a at adjournment time. Despite these these debates enabled useful informaout making too heavy a demand on the eir officials. The Ministers, though they dom very enthusiastic about them and sion to be led by his deputy. Yet, the an extended Question Time, has served irm of control over the bureaucracy in
he course of her parliamentary history, io Ceylon. It is this aspect which makes stem exclusively from the point of view inster. The Ceylonese interpretation is 2ntary control of administration have sity of the Opposition, however, miniry opportunities.
eylon. At Work. (University of Ceylon, 1955)

Page 56
THE HISTORY OF CE A historiographical and
C. R. DE SILVA A
Paul E. Pieris in the introduction t published in 1913 stated that the period 'may be 'conveniently, if somewhat inac In a book published two decades later, A (item 283) Fr. S. G. Perera was much l recent history of the island into thre Portuguese period, 1 505-1658. Fr. Pe David Hussey entitled Ceylon and Worl to foster the related concept that 1505 Ceylon, thus establishing a modern pe Coincided with that of Western Europe.
These ideas were, however, by no me swamy writing in 1908 om Sinhalese art had entitled his book Medieval Sinhale, A Short History of Ceylon (London, 19 the crucial date, although a decade late kingdom ending in the early sixteent Series 1960, pp. 93-103). Indeed 1505 h ting point for even the evidence that th year has never been conclusive (See ite
A different view point was also adv. that the modernisation of Ceylon origin of the Maritime Provinces' in 1796. (C Colombo, 1944, p. ix). Nevertheless, o Perera's work ensured his ideas wider His book was reprinted seven times translation, first published in 1948, wa received added impetus by being embc text written by Horace Perera entitled 1954).
A frontal attack on these ideas was i In a series of lectures on Ceylon history
52

YLON (circa I 5 oo-I658)
bibliographical survey
AND D. DE SILVA
o his Ceylon: the Portuguese Era Vol. I 1505-1658 in the history of the island :curately, termed the Portuguese era'. Tistory of Ceylon for Schools, 1505-1911 ess cautious, and he divided the more e periods, of which the first was the rera's work, as well as another book by i History, (Colombo, 1932), also tended also marked the beginning of modern riod of Ceylon history which happily
eans unchallenged. Ananda K. Coomarais and crafts in the eighteenth century se Art. H. W. Codrington in his work, 26) placed little emphasis on 1505 as r he thought of the medieval Sinhalese h century (JCBRAS, Vol. VII, New as always been a rather doubtful stare Portuguese arrived in Ceylon in that 2m 223).
anced by G. C. Mendis who maintained ated only 'with the British occupation S. C. Mendis, Ceylon under the British, the immense popularity of Fr. S. G. currency than those of his opponents. between 1932 and 1955. A Sinhalese is reprinted thrice by 1963. His views died in an extremely readable school Ceylon under Western Rule, (Colombo,
irst delivered by K. W. Goonewardena. delivered at the University of Ceylon,

Page 57
THE HISTOR
Peradeniya between 1954 and 1969, he in the recent history of the island "on
ling the island or a part of it' though could give 'a false idea of the shapil argued that 'for instance, though the the Portuguese did not exercise poli Even then the area they controlled v the day-to-day administration, in e matters, what was indigenous was fai guese during this period'. The above
him entitled Ceylon in The Historiogra, edited by Robin W. Winks, (Durhan Same views had been expressed by hi wardena might possibly have oversta valid. So indeed was his salutary warni sțems from the experience of Europea as yet had rather limited currency. Re show little trace of them. More signif Volume I, Parts I and II, published i with "the arrival of the Portuguese in 1
Mere alteration of terminal dates ( practical value. Nevertheless, for a C the historical evolution of the island, politico-cultural units such as the Kot period 1593-1815 and perhaps an ir might be more meaningful than those b present in the coastlands. It might a Ceylon history from the decks of visit
On the other hand the period circ any study of the western impact on C rature it is also useful for bibliograph the first time in the history of the isl than local ones in the study of the histo
The first group of historians who were of course the chroniclers of th Correa, Lopez de Castanheda, Joao Bocarro and Manoel Faria de Souza. in style, accuracy and attitudes. Only Ceylon. Two never came to the east at his information “consorting with Si Ethiopian Jesuits, learned Brahmins the Sea, 1589-1622, edited by C. R. other hand Bocarro writing his Decada

Y OF CEYLON S3
: argued that the demarcation of periods the basis of the European power controlperhaps convenient for various reasons ng of history during these periods'. He r connection with Ceylon began in 1505, tical authority until from about 1592. was limited and their hold tenuous. In Conomic, social, cultural and religious o more important than what was Portuextracts are derived from an article by bhy of the British Empire-Commonwealth, n, North Carolina, 1966) but much the m a decade before this. Though Gconeted his case, his argument is certainly ing on the “type of periodisation which un history”. These views however have cent secondary school texts in Sinhalese icant, The University History of Ceylon, in 1959-1960 were so designed as to end 505'.
of periods of history is generally of little ylonese student interested primarily in a study of history based on indigenous te period circa 1410-1597, the Kandyan tervening Sitawaka period 1521-1593 ased on the nationality of the Europeans lso help to avoid the tendency to view ing European ships.
a 1500-1658 may be usefully retained in eylon. Due to the nature of extant liteical and historiographical surveys. For and foreign sources became more useful ry of the country.
dealt with this period of Ceylon history } Portuguese Eastern Empire-Gaspar de Barros, Diogo do Couto, Antonio These form a motley crowd-differing one of them is known to have visited all. Couto went to some length to check nhalese princes, Moghul ambassadors, and Banyans'. (The Tragic History of Boxer, Cambridge, 1959. p. 35). On the XIII in Goa in the 1630's did not check

Page 58
54 C. R. DE SILVA AN
on the clauses of the treaty of 1617 be Kandy although a copy was available keeper. Yet, they had one obvious cha concerned primarily, indeed almost whol whether in Ceylon or elsewhere. There provided a summarised and rather gart the Sinhalese chronicles. But generally : Customs, economy and even those politic affect the Portuguese were regretably, information on these Portuguese historia “Three Portuguese historians” in the Bole Macao, 1948 and articles by J. B. Harri Writings on the Peoples of Asia. London
The work of Fr. Fernao de Queyr century was somewhat unlike the previ Centred on Ceylon. Queyroz's book still period 1500-1658, although it is open to against the other Portuguese writers. In 1000 pages on the temporal and spiritual rencesto Buddhism and Hinduism would the author's background, had not there the 1960's on the same period of history the specialized nature of his work, howe and economic conditions found in the C in works of other contemporary Portugues
Ribeiro's work is more a descriptiv ʻ embodies the Portuguese common soldi us, Ribeiro proved to be interested inst west Ceylon with whom he lived for eig that of Robert Knox, the English capt between 1660-1679, re-inforced by Sinh idea of life in seventeenth century Ceylc prone than other Portuguese writers to Portuguese especially in battle fields. H gerated the number of their opponents while nestico, Sinhalese, Indian and Af Portuguese were, as often as not, convenie the Portuguese writers, if often prejudiced point of view, proved ready critics of the to many contemporary chroniclers of mor
The Dutch contribution to investiga period under survey was somewhat meag of Baldeaus. Baldeaus, no friend of the Pol

O D. DE SILVA
ween the Portuguese and the king of in the archives of which he was the acteristic in common. They were all y with the activities of the Portuguese were exceptions. Couto for instance led version of the Rajavaliya, one of spects of Ceylon's literature, life and l developments which did not directly if understandably omitted. Further ns can be obtained from C. R. Boxer, tim de Instituto Portugues de Hongkong son and I. A. MacGregor in Historical , 1960.
z also composed in the seventeenth usly mentioned works being a study Cemains the best single source for the some of the criticism that is levelled act, his ability to write a book of over conquest of Ceylon with so few refehave seemed amazing even considering been textbooks published as late as with much the same attitude. Due to ver, the scattered references to social onquista are of greater use than those e writers save perhaps Joao Ribeiros.
e essay than a historical account and er’s view of Ceylon. Fortunately for he way of life of the people of southhteen years. His work, together with ive who lived in Kandyan territory alese sources help us to form some in. Ribeiro, however, was even more exaggerate the role played by the .e, like his countrymen, often exagto almost unbelievable proportions, rican auxiliaries who fought for the tly forgotten. On the whole, however, and unable to appreciate the opposite ir countrymen in refreshing contrast
modern colonial empires.
cions on the history of Ceylon in the e, the most notable effort being that tuguese, though he had an occasional

Page 59
THE HISTOR
word of praise for their religious org sources for his account. His book, as fa was little improved by Valentyn. In a to be' civilized and Christianised' persis This is well illustrated by the title o 1850-Christianity in Ceylon with a Buddhist superstitions (Item 333).
In the late nineteenth century t Ceylonese stimulated investigations in also brought with it some idea of the in the west. Interest in antiquity is wi Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic So aptly remarked, "generally speaking imbibed and the environment in whic past history of the island from the lon, to be expected from a system of educa only English but even of Latin and G The tendency was thus to go to the Poro accept their priorities if not their poin Scholars did indeed render one great of the relevant extracts of the old P. bringing them before a wider public.
Already, however, another stream the western one. This was composed the events of the sixteenth and seve traditions were incorporated in the Y century. Other traditions no doubt peri preserved a greater variety of document Sannasas or deeds of gifts, seettu or 1 or books of events and kadaim both and provincial boundaries (See item 21 or messenger poems which are useful halese writers also composed a numb eulogistic poems to present their views two well known chronicles, the Rajaval, the latter is the less useful and present Portuguese writers. For instance the Century does not mention either D sponsored King of Kotte, 1551-1597, general of Ceylon 1594-1612. An inc have been published in the last sever sources is a characteristic of twentiet history.

Y OF CEYLON 5S
anizations, utilized Sinhalese and Tamil ras the period up to 1658 was concerned ny case the view of Ceylon as a country ted untilwellinto themineteenth century. Emerson Tennent's book published in vistorical sketch of the Brahmanical and
he growth of English education among into the island's past. English education growth of critical historical scholarship ell in evidence in the Proceedings of the ciety. However, as K. W. Goonewardena
the education which these Sinhalese h they moved led them to look at the gitude of Greenwich'. This was perhaps stion which placed the knowledge of not reek above that of the local languages. tuguese and Dutch sources and generally its of view. Yet, these pioneer Ceylonese lasting service. They translated many ortuguese chronicles into English, thus
of historical tradition was merging with of the Sinhalese and Tamil versions of inteenth centuries. Some of the Tamil ilpana Vaipava Malai in the eighteenth shed with time. The Sinhalese, however, .S of historical value-lithic inscriptions, ecords of judicial decisions, vitti poth or books of local history giving local 2). Apart from these works and sandesa for topographical information, the Siner of hatan kayas or war poems and on history. To these may be added the ya and the Culavamsa. Of the chronicles S as partisan an account as those of the Culavamsa account of the sixteenth m Joao Dharmapala, the Portuguese r Dom Jeronimo de Azevedo, captaineasing number of these local sources decades and the growing use of such century scholarship for this period of

Page 60
56 C. R. DE SILVA A
The two great writers on our per century were Paulus E. Pieris and Sim lonese to make use of the Portuguese : for laying the foundations of the social the attention they paid to land reco differences. Pieris, a brilliant Civil Serva: in the administration by the British col amateur historian with a strong national however, often laid him open for legi Jesuit was perhaps less imaginative but when his religious bias coloured his suasively interpreted the clash in the at tation of a religio-cultural conflict on th 437-447).
By 1950 the efforts of earlier gene substantial portion of the chronicles r The outlines of political history were c work had been done on the impact of C probably be fair to say that systematic st of the island had not been made though been made available by the publication
The efforts during the next two de picture of events and peoples in the islan and the filling of gaps left by the earlier progress was made by the publication o of the Department of History, Universit This group of historians although they f by the nature of the source material perspectives to the history of this perio Meanwhile, the interest in the subjects. Boxer and G. D. Winius also helped to p context and the Jesuit historical trad Queyroz to Fr. S. G. Perera was ably co
Controversies of earlier days did c of Fr. S. G. Perera on religion was publi by C. R. Boxer, though written almost in in print till the late 1960's. However, v versies in present-day Ceylon which ha gradually turned to other aspects-per as fascinating.
Most of the historical writing on th has concentrated on events in the southdue to the relative paucity of source ma.

ND D. DE SILVA
od in the early part of the twentieth on G. Perera. They were the first Ceyarchives and were jointly responsible and economic history of the pericd by 'ds. There were, however, significant ht denied of the most coveted positions nial regime, turned out to be a prolific ist bias. His unorthodox use of sources, timate criticism. Perera, a Ceylonese was certainly a sounder Scholar except niews. K. W. Goonewardena has pertitudes of these two mem as a manifeshe historical front (Winks, ed. op. cit.
sations of scholars had ensured that a elating to this period was published. learly demarcated and a great deal of hristian missions. However, it would udies of social and economic conditions much information on the aspects had of several land records.
:cades were directed at building up a ld by a critical use of primary sources, historians. In this respect considerable f several in-depth studies by members y of Ceylon, Colombo and Peradeniya. ound the scope of their writing limited available generally contributed new d (see items 161, 210, 240 and 330). hown by foreign Scholars such as C. R lace events in the island in their global ition stretching from lor. Fernao de tinued by Fr. W. L. A. Don Peter.
ontinue to have echoes. The last salvo shed as late as 1956 and a reply to it amediately afterwards did not appear vith the defusing of religicus controd occurred by the 1960's historians aps less controversial-but certainly
is period during the present century western lowlands. This was primarily erials for other regions of the island.

Page 61
THE STORY Ol
However, in a recent publication (L. S administrative and social structure of the k Colombo, 1972) it has been argued that explanation of this phenomenon. As I World War II and the beginning of th historians were almost all what might be The kind of history they exulted in wr west and the way western penetration h ging east. Ceylonese historians derivin the west, could not break away from the history in terms of a challenge by the W. tions. Since Kandy could not be found the nineteenth century, it was best to leav fashionable history that was being writt
There is a glimmer of truth in this c. in pre-1948 Ceylon though even thenthere in relation to historical research done though fashionable, seems to be based or ficial examination of data. The works (items 161 and 240) for example are th triumphs of the west. They are attempts a local view point in a balanced and fai they refute the views of foreign chronicle western accounts of events in Ceylon. D the view of the 'unchanging east as post 210). These works also make it clear that much earlier tham the mimeteenth centu. fail to explain why the northern regior western impact since the second quarter attract modern historians any more th
The bibliography which is appended fairly comprehensive list of all primary S. ductions to them provided by modern w select list of published secondary works. I Section only when they make some co period or more rarely when they refle thinking. Unpublished university theses In both sections the entries have been ar of the author in the form most widely use than DE QUEYROZ, Fernao.
Those whose interests are wider tha referred to two key bibliographical wo (Aachen and Friedburg), 1916 +, 25 volu with western trading and missionary a tileke's A bibliography of Ceylon. A sys

CEYLON 57
Dewaraja-A Study of the political, andyan Kingdom of Ceylon 1707-1760, there has been a second and 'deeper' 'ewaraja puts it 'Until the end of e process of decolonization, western called Europe-centric in their writing. iting was about the triumphs of the ad acted as a catalyst to the unchang their intellectual nourishment from compulsive urge to examine Ceylon's est to indigenous Society and institua place within that framework until eit alone and concentrate on the more n'.
hange in relation to historical writing were significant exceptions. However, since then, Dewaraja's explanation, erroneous assumptions and a superof Goomewardena and Abayasinghe e very opposite of panegyrics on the to write the history of the island from r minded way and in many respects 's and those who uncritically accepted bata in these works helped to dispel ulated by earlier historians (see item ... Kandy's response to the west began ry. Dewaraja's argument would also is of Ceylon directly exposed to the of the sixteenth century has failed to an the central highlands of Kandy.
1 consists of two parts. The first is a ources together with guides and introtriters. The second part consists of a tems have been included in the second ntribution to our knowledge of the ct interesting examples of historical have beem included in this section. ranged alphabetically under the name ed: thus QUEYROZ, Fernao de, rather
un the scope of this bibliography, are orks. The first, Biblioteca Missionum, mes is a guide to literature connected ctivity. The second, H. A. I. Gooneitematic guide to the literature, on the

Page 62
58 C. R. DE SILVA
land, people, history and culture pub, teenth century to the present day. Inte 2 vols. (Biblioteca Asiatica 5) pro subject.
It is perhaps relevant to make documents available for the period. ) cripts relating to Ceylon in the archi in Boletim International de Bibliogra 533-552 and 647-675 and Vol. VIII, 1 under separate cover by H. W. provides a comprehensive guide to the of Portugal. Some idea of the Goan Boxer's "A glimpse of the Goan Arch and African Studies (Vol. Xl V, 1952, phies of T. Abeysinghe (161), C. R. will also make it clear that relevant E though in smaller quantities at Madri Similarly, some idea of the Dutch ma obtained from K. W. Goonewardena's piled a catalogue of Sinhalese palm-lea. Museum entitled Sinhala Puskala poi but this work is not annotated and does
List of Pel
Abbreviations
Aloysian (Galle) Arqueologia e Histovia
Arquivo Portugues H Boletim da Sociedade Boletin de la Real So Buddhist (Colombo) Burlington Magazine
CALR Ceylon Antiquary and Ceylon Causerie (Colo: Ceylon Fortnightly Rev
CHJ Ceylon Historical Jon CJHSS Ceylon Journal of Hist
Ceylon Law Recorder ( CLR Ceylon Literary Registe CLR 3 Ser. Ceylon Literary Regist CNR Ceylon National Revie
Ceylon Review (Coloml History Today (Londol
Ilankathir (Peradeniya
DBUJ Journal of the Dutch B Journal of the National
JCBRAS Journal of the Royal A

ANO D. DE SILVA
shed in western languages from the six-Documentation Co. Zug (Switz), 1970, ides a comprehensive coverage of its
ome comments here on the unpublished ). de Silvas “A biblicgraphy of nianusves and libraries of Portugal', published ia Luso-Brasileira (Vol. VIII, 1967, pp. 968, pp. 84-157 and 499-527, also issued Cave & Co., Ltd. Colombo, 1972) material in the more important archives ‘ollections may be obtained from C. R. „ves' in Bulletin of the School of Oriental pp. 299-324). A glance at the bibliograde Silva (210) and G. D. Winius (338) 'ortuguese documents are also available, d, Simancas, Rome, London and Paris. nuscript sources for this period may be book (240). K. D. Somadasa has comf manuscripts in Ceylon and the British h nanavaliya, Colombo, 1959, 3 vols. s not give a complete coverage.
riodicals
Periodicals
(Lisbon)
storico (Lisbon) de Geografia de Lisboa ciedad Geografica (Madrid)
London)
Literary Register (Colombo)
mbo)
iew (Colombo)
Yrnal (Dehiwella) prical and Social Studies (Peradeniya) 2olombo)
r (Colombo) r, Third Series (Colombo
y (Colombo)
)o)
1)
rgher Union of Ceylon (Colombo) Education Society of Ceylon (Peradeniya) siatic Society-Ceylon Branch (Colombo)

Page 63
’TE HISTORY (
JCBRAS NS Journal of the Royal A
(Colombo) Kandyan (Kandy) Mariners Mirror (Londo Modern Ceylon Studies (
MLRC Monthly Literary Regis,
UCR
I
IO.
(Colombo)
Nецy Indian Aпtiqиату Ovientalist (Bombay) The Ratnapura Aloysia Tamil Culture (Madras) Tropical Agriculturist, 'University Mails (Perac University of Ceylon Rev Vidyodaya Vishvavidyal Young Ceylon (Colombo
BIBLOGRAPHY
ALAGIYAWANNA, Kustantin Hatana, Colombo, I932. A pro-Portuguese account of an expeditic by a well known Sinhalese poet. Another Colombo I938. It is one of the earliest ha is perhaps the narrowest in scope and is however, of considerable literary value. I Pieris in his Igo9 edition of Ribeiro's H of the work and its author see 'Alagiyaw: IX, I923, pp. 45-47. Alagiyawanna’s “Ku 3 ser. I 1932, pp. 24 I-246 and ‘Alagiyaw, Kavya' by D. W. Ferguson in JCB RAS,
ALAGIYAWANNA, Savul Sandesa, ed. b sekera. Colombo, 1929.
Gives some idea of Sitawaka in the sixtee literature of the period may be obtainec and P. B. Sannasgala (Items 235 & 319)
ALBUQUERQUE, Afonso de; Cartas I935, 7 volumes. Contain a few references to Ceylon.
ALGUNS documentos do Archivo Naciona e conquistas Portuguesas. Lisbon, I 892. Contains documents giving information ol
ANDRIEZ, Georg, “Ceylon and the Sin J. H. O. Paulusz. JC BRAS, XXXVIII, II
ARCHII VO da Relacao de Goa, I6o I-II 6. Goa, I872. Documents relating to Ceylon are few but
ARCHIVO Storico Italiano. Prima Serie Consists of 96 volumes with 9 volumes of to Ceylon.
ARCHIVO Portuguez-Oriental, ed. by J. H
8 volumes. A selection of documents from the archive
ARQUIVO Portugues Oriental, ed. by A. Parts I and III, Bastora, Goa, I 937.
The volumes cited give Bocarro's accoun a description of the Portuguese Viceroys ar is marred by mis-spellings and omissions
ARTHUS, Gothard, Historia Indiae Orie The sections relating to Ceylon have been XXIX, I922, pp. 75-98.

F CEYLON 59
siatic Society-Ceylon Branch New Series
h) Peradeniya) er and Notes and Quewies for. Ceylon
(Bombay)
2 (Ratnapura)
Literary Register Supplement (Peradeniya) Keniya)
iew (Peradeniya) iya Ithihāsa Sangarawa (Nugegoda)
-PART
ed. by M. E. Fernando and S. G. Perera.
in of Constanino de Sa de Noronha (I6I8) edition was published by Eric Ranawaka, utan kavyas (war poems) in Sinhalese but of limited use as a source of history. It is, t has been translated into English by P. E.
istory of Ceilao (Item I.33). For account
anna Mohottala' by S. G. Perera in CALR stantinu Hatana” by S. G. Perera in CLR, anna Mohottala: the author of Kusajataka XVI, 1899, pp. III 5-12o.
y W. N. Wijewardane and J. R. Weera
2nth century. Further information on the from the works of C. E. Godakumbure
de Affonso de Albuquerque, Lisboa, 1897
l da Torre do Tombo acerca das Navegacoes
nearly sixteenth century Ceylon. halese I646', trans. from the Dutch by 948, pp. 75-83. țo, ed. by J. I. Abranches Garcia. Nova
provide some information on land tenure.
, Firenze, 1842-1857. Appendices and contains stray references
H. da Cunha Rivara. Nova Goa, I857-I877,
s of Goa.
B. Braganca Pereira. Tomo IV, Vol. III
it of Portuguese India in the I63o's and ld Governors of India. The published work
ntalis... Cologne, 16o8. translated by F. H. de Vos in JCBRAS,

Page 64
60
II.
12.
3.
I4.
I5.
I6.
I7.
I8.
19.
20.
C. R. DE SILVA
ASGIRI YE Talpaths, "ed. by Men book for religious and dynastic hist
ASSENTOS do conselho do estado a Bastora, Goa, I953-I96o, 3 volumes. Contain minutes of the Council of S Subsequent volumes have been publ the history of Ceylon. Even for th exhaustive and should be supplement of the Fundo Geral collection of the
BALDAEUS, Philippus, A true and
trans. from the Dutch by Pieter Brol
Colombo, I96O. An invaluable source for Ceylon and S it was first published in Dutch in An red in the same year and an abridge between 17O3 and I752. The I96o e Ceylon Historical Journal and is are Brohier in the 184o's. Parts of this XLII, Ig5I-I952 and XLVII-XLIX giving a translation of a Portuguese by Pieter Brohier was not printed in NS VIII I 962, pp. 29-7o after revis tions of Baldaeus's work have been CLR 3rd. Ser III I 932, and by G. V. C p. 32. On Baldaeus also see CLR 3rd. 435-445 and S. Arasaratnam in CJF 55-59, R. L. Brohier in DBUJ X. Baldaeus and his book was origina I5I-4, I60-I64 and I77-18. He has a pus Baldaeus and his book on Ceylon
BARBOSA, Duarte, The Book of bordering on the Indian Ocean and th M.L. Dames, London, 1918-1921. 2 vr This work was also translated from published as ‘‘A description of the coa of the sixteenth century. London, I866 The latest Portuguese edition is tha que viu e ouviu no Oriente Duarte Barl cript of the Book of Duarte Barbosa BARRADAS, Manoel, Descricao da ed. by Bernado Gomes de Brito, Vol. An English translation by D. W. Fe of Ceylon in the year 16I3 was publis
BARROS, Joao de and COUTO, Di do Couto. Nova Edicao, Lisbon, I777 Several Portuguese editions have bee to Ceylon have been translated by XX, I9o8, p. I -445.
BEHR, Johann von der, Reise nach I65o. The Hague, I93o. Contains 43
BESSE, L. Catalogus Operavium So laboraverunt. Trichnopoly, I 9 I 3.
List of Jesuits who worked in Ceylon
BOCARRO, Antonio, Decada XII Gives some glimpses of the politico
- BOTELHO, Simao, “Tombo do Est:
India Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1868.
An English translation of the relev II I932, pp. I67-I69, 37I -374. It gi Portuguese state fiom Ceylon in th provided some information on Botel

AND D. DE SILVA
lis Rohanadheera. Nugegoda, I969. A source ory.
a India, ed. by Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar.
tate of Goa in the early seventeenth century. ished but they contain little that is of use for 2 period 16oo-I658 however the series is not ed with the unpublished codices I 983 and I 984
Biblioteca o Nacional, Lisbon.
eact description of the Great Island of Ceylon... hier with an introduction by S. D. Saparamadu.
south Indian history in the seventeenth century, lsterdam in 1672. A German translation appead English translation was published four times dition really forms Vol. VIII Nos. I -4 of the vised version of the translation made by Pieter
translation also appeared in the DBUJ XLI, I957-1959. An Appendix to the I672 edition account of the siege of Colombo also translated the Ig6o edition but was published in J CBRAS ion by R. L. Brohier and G. V. Gremier. Portranslated into English by D. W. Ferguson in remier in Ceylon Fortnightly Review, XIII Ig6o, Ser. IV I 936, pp. 3o4-3 Io, 337-345, 386-394 and ISS III I96o, 27-37 and D BUJ, LI, I96I, pp. LI, III 95 I, pp. Io 2-I Io. Fergusonos account of ally published in MLRC III I895, pp. I44-6, lso written a booklet entitled "The Revd. Phillip, Colombo, I895.
Duarte Barbosa : An Account of the countries eir inhabitants, trans, from the Portuguese by plumes. (Hakluyt Society 2nd. series, 44 and 49), a Spanish manuscript by H. E. J. Stanley and sts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning , (Hakluyt Society, Vol. 35). t of 1956 entitled O livro em que da relacao do posa, Lisbon. See also G. Schurhammer, “Manus. L’ in CLR 3rd. Ser. II, I932, pp. 234-237.
idade de Columbo in Historia tragico maritima,
I, Lisbon, 1735.
rguson entitled "A Jesuit father's description.
hed in MLR IV, I 896 pp. I 29-II 35 and I 55-II 59.
go do, Da Asia de Joao de Barros e de Diogo '-I788, 24 volumes.
published subsequently. The extracts relating D. W. Ferguson and published in JCBRAS,
Java, vorder Indien, Persien und Сеуіот, 164тpages on Ceylon.
хietatis /esи фиі іт істsиla Ceylaта аіі диатdo
'a Histovia da India. Lisbon, I 786. military situation in Ceylon I612-16I7.
do da India” in Subsidios para a Historia da
unt extracts was published in CLR 3rd. Ser.
res some idea of the revenues derived by the mid-sixteenth century. S. G. Perera has also
no in CLR 3rd. Ser. II, I 932, pp. 97-Ioo.

Page 65
2.
22.
23.
24.
3O.
3.
32.
33.
34...
35.
36.
THE HISTORY OF
BROECKE Pieter van den, Pieter van Dé The Hague, 1962-I963. 2 volumes.
CACEGAS, Luis de, Primeira Payte da Hi. conquistas de Portugal, revised and expand Ι767. Gives some information on Dominicians i
{CAEN, Antonio), The capture of Trinc Journal of Commander Antonio Caen,
. JCBRAS X, I867, pp. I23-I4o.
CAEN, Antonio, The Dutch designs or Caen to the Director Daren Pietersz, Su:
THE CALEN DE R of State Papers, colo W. N. Sainbury. London, 1862-1992, 6 vc
A CALEN DER of the court minutes ... oj by E. R. Sainsbury. Oxford, 1908-1938.
THE CAPTURE of Ceylon ports by the letter from Batavia to Holland.
CARLETTI, Fransesco, My voyage round Weinstock. London, I 965. Of very marginal value.
CASTANHEDA, Fernao Lopes de, Histo pelos Portugues. 9 vols. Coimbra, I924-19 Provides information on Ceylon in first ha
O CERCO de Columbo: ultimas dias do d das hostilidades pelos Hollandesas ate a M. A. Hedwig Fitzler. Coimbra 1928.
CEYLON in 164o-4I, Eatracts from the Batavia AD I 64o-4 I. trans. by F. H. de
CEYLON sur des konigs Bhuvaneka Ba G. Schurhammer and E. A. Voretzch. Lei S. G. Perera has made a summary of do 3rd. Ser. IV, I 936, pp. 379-385 and 427-4 work have also been translated into En in Ceylon and Portugal: Kings and Chris work has a collection of useful notes. One and Voretzch was published in English t 509-5 Io.
COLLECCAO de tratados e concertos de com os Reis... com que tere relacoes nas pa Judice Bikel. Vols. I and II. Lisboa, I88 IAn extract relating to Ceylon (Vol. I pp. 2 into English and published in CLR 3yd. Se treaty between the Portuguese and Kand pp. 573-577 (Item I2) and Diario pp. 6 of the Treaty of 634 between the same of the Treaty is available in Item. 9o.
THE CONDITION of Ceylon under the C Memorandum on the affairs of the Islar
MILRC IV, I896, pp. 2o9-2 I 4.
From a document published in Document
CONSTANTIN, de, Voyages aux Indes Miss M. Siebel in the Orientalist 4, I892, Spilbergen's visit to Ceylon.
CORREA, Gaspar, Lendas da India. List Gives considerable information on the Po sixteenth century. The positions relating 1 by D. W. Ferguson and published in the

CEYLON 6
on, Broecke in Azie ed.by W. P. Coolhaas.
stovia de S Domingos particular dos Reinos led by Fr. Luis de Souza. Part IV, Lisboa,
in Ceylon.
somalee, A. D. I639. Extracts from the trans. from the Dutch by F. H. de Vos.
! Ceylon in 1 ö39. (Letter from Anthony rat 12. Feb. I 639) CLR II, T 887, p. I8o.
nial series, East Indies I5I3-1634, ed. by
}ls.
f the East India Company, 1635-I679, ed. II vols.
Dutch in I64o. CLR II, III 887, p. I 42. A
the World, trans. from Italian by Herbert
iria do descobrimento e conquista da India
33. alf of the sixteenth century.
ominio Portugues em Ceilao: fompimento rendicao de Columbo (1652-1656) ed. by
Journal (Dag- Registero) kept in the Foyt of Vos. CLR, II, III 888, pp. 334-6, 4 I 3-5.
huu und Franz Xaviews, I 539-II 552, ed. by pzig, 1928.
cument's published in this work in CLR 34. Some of the documents included in this glish by P. E. Pieris and M. A. H. Fitzler stians 1539-1552, Leipzig, 1927. This last of the lettels appearing in Schuhammer ranslation in CLR 3rd. Ser. III, I 934, pp.
pazes que o estado da India Portugueza fez rtes da Asia e Africa Oriental, ed. by J. F. Ι882. 25-228) was translated by D. W. Ferguson 2v, II pp. 547-55o. A translation Of the I6I 7 y found in this work is in item 69. Assentos 6-68 (Item Io5) have Portuguese versions parties. An English translation of the terms
Governorship of Dom Jeronimo de Azevedo. ld of Ceilao-trans. by D. W. Ferguson,
os Remettidos da India (Item 56).
Orientales, translated from the French by pp. 9-II9. Contains an account of Admiral
poа, п868-п874. ortuguese in Ceylon in the first half of the to Ceylon have been translated into English 2LR 3vd. Sev. IV, I935-I936.

Page 66
62
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
ՀO.
C. R. DE SELV,
COSTER, W. J.), The capture of I887, pp. 44-5. A letter to Governor General Antor (COSTER, W. J.), The occupation I887, pp. 52-54. Letter to the Governor General at COUTO, Diogo do, Observacoes sob tuguezes na Asia escrita por Diogo do pratico ed. by A. C. de Amaral. Li Mapa entitled O soldado Pratico was
[CROOCQ, Paulus), The struggle b possession of Ceylon. CLR II, I887,
CULA VA MSA, being the more vec Geiger and trans. from the Germa Reprinted, Colombo, I953. Of very limited use for this period.
DAVIS, John. The voyages and wovi kham. London, I88o. (Hakluyt Soci Also published in earlier works suc grimes (I625). Translated to Dutch . Indie 1598-I6O4. The Hague, I948.
DEVARAKKHITA, Jayabahu, N.
C. M. Fernando, revised and ed. b marginal significance for the period.
(DHARMAPALA, DOM JOAO), Lei CLR 3rd. Ser. IV I 936, pp. 425-6.
DHARMAPALA, Dom Joao, The pandar last king of Kotte. Ceylon Ca
(DHARMAPALA, Dom Joao), Tran to the Portuguese by the King of Ce I888-9, pp. 28-3 I. A Dutch version of this document II, I `88-9, pp. I I I-I I3, I3 I-I33, I93-: in Volume III of Asgavetas da Torre Item 239.
DIAS, Antonio, The Colombo letter and Coimbra, I 5 Dec. I, 552. CLR 3r
[IDIEMEN, Antonio van), The Emb Governor-General in 1638. CLR II I Really the English translation of a let
DIEMAN, Antonio van 3, The recap I887, pp. 84-86.
[DIEMAN, Antonio, CAEN, Antonic alliance against the Portuguese in of India to the Directors of the Dutc CLR III. I 887, pp. II6-I I 7.
[DIEMAN, Antonio, LUCAZOON, Batticaloa by the Dutch in 1638. C. A letter sent to W. J. Coster. THE DISCOVERY of Ceylon by the JC BRAS XIX, Igo7, pp. 32 I-385. Translations of Portuguese source lite DOCUMENTA Indica, ed. by Jos Contains few references to Ceylon. DOCUMENTA CAO para a historia ed. by Antonio da Silva Rego. Lisb
This collection covers most of the six wider than what the title suggests.

AND D. DE SILVA
Batticaloa by the Dutch in 1638, in CLR, II
o Van Dieman dated 4.6. I 638. of Batticaloa by the Dutch in I638. CLR II.
Batavia.
as principales cousas da decadancia dos PorCouto em forma de dialogo com titulo de soldado boa, 179o. Another edition by M. Rodrigues published in Lisbon in 1937. - :tween the Dutch and the Portuguese for the pp. 99-Ioo. nt part of the Mahavamsa, trans. by Wilhelm by C. M. Rickmers. London, I93o. Part II.
s of John Davis, the Navigator, ed. A. H. Marty, Vol. 59).
In as Hakluytus Posthumas or Purchas his Pilin De Oudste Reizen van de Zeeuwen naar Oost
kaya Sangrahaya, trans. from Sinhalese by y W. F. Gunawardhana. Colombo, Igo8. Of
ter of Dom Joao Peria Pandar, 23 Dec. 1561.
letters of an ill-starred king-Dom Joao Periauserie, VI, I935, pp. 5, 7, 29.
slation of a deed of gift of the island of Ceylon ylon trans. by D. W. Ferguson. Orientalist III,
was published with annextures in Orientalist E98. The original Portuguese version is published do Tombo, Lisboa, I96o. For a lawyer's view see
of I552 to the Fathers and Brothers of Goa d. Ser. III, I 934, pp. 5o9-5 I9. assy from the King of Kandy to the Dutch
387, pp. 59-6o. ter sent by Van Dieman to the King of Kandy.
ure of Negombo by the Dutch in 1643. CLR II,
de and LYN, G Van der), The Dutch-Sinhalese 639. From the Governor-General and Council In East India Company, Batavia, I 8 Dec. I 639.
P. & WESTERWOLD The occupation of ..R. III, I887, pp. 76-78.
Portuguese in 15o6, trans. by D. W., Ferguson. ature on Ceylon covering the period I498-1518.
Wicki. Rome, 1948+.
das missoes do padroado Portugues do Oriente on, I942-58. I2 volumes. eenth century. The scope of the documents is

Page 67
55.
56.
57.
Öo.
öL.
62.
ό3.
ό4.
65.
66.
67.
68.
б9.
HE HISTORY
DOCUMENTA CAO para a historia Insulindia ed. by Arthur Basilio de Sa The five volumes so far published cov references to Ceylon.
DOCUMENTOS remettidos da India 5 vols. Covers correspondence between Lisbon
DOCUMENTOS sobre os Portugueses em Documents on the Portuguese in Moca Six volumes covering the period 1497. It references to Ceylon. All documents pull Portuguese original and in English tra
DU JARRIC, Pierre, Historie des ch Orientales que autres pais de la desco progrez de la foy Chrestienne ef Catholiq de la Campagnie de Jesus y ont facit : 3 volumes. See also Ceylon according to Dr. Jar Rev. E. Gaspard, CALR, III, I 9 I 7 and 49-57. EMANUEL, I. Taprobane Insule Ovier See E. Pieris 'The earliest printed accou
(NS) VIII, I963, pp. 2 I 3-233. THE ENGLISH factories in India 1618 A calendar of letters and reports of the pany found in the India office, British M
EPIGRAPHIA Zeylanica being lithic I952 --. ESPERANCA, Manuel da and SOL
Chronologica do ovdem dos frades menovo Lisbon, I656-I72I.
THE EXPEDITION to Uva nade in laid to Colombo by the king of Kandy. tr. The translator has provided a useful i:
EXTRACTS from the Dag-Registers c F. H. de Vos. JCBRAS XXX, 1925-6,
EXTRACTS relating to Ceylon from trans. by F. H. de Vos. CLR, II, I 888,
FALCAO, Luiz de Figuieredo, Livro em monio dos veinos de Portugal, India e il}
Gives information on the resources and 1
seventeenth century.
FARIA E SOUZA, Manuel, Asia Poytu A summarised English translation mac in London in I695. This version was repr Publishers, Farnborough, Hants, U.K I972 pp. 93-94. Extracts of portions o. MILRC III, I 895, pp. 83-84, Io5-Io7, I I5O-2, I 73-6.
FEDERICI, Caeser de, Viaggio ... mell” . The English translation of this work
1588 in London as The voyage and trava the Indies and beyond the Indies'. It has of travel including that of Richard Hak
THE FIRST Treaty of peace betwee trans. by S. G. Perera. C.L.R. 3rd. Sey. .

OF CEYLON 63
das missoes padroado Portugues do Oriente. Lisboa, 1951 -- . 2r the sixteenth century and contain stray
ou Livros das Moncoes. Lisboa, 188o-1935.
and Goa, I6o5-I6I9.
n Mocambigue e na Africa Central, I497-I84o anbique and Central Africa. Lisbon, I962---. 537 have so far appeared. They contain stray blished in this series are printed both in the nslation.
oses plus memorables advenues tantes Inde uverte les Portuguis, en l’ establishment et ue, et principalement de les que les Religieux iusques a l'an I6oo. Bordeaux, I6oo-I614.
ric translated from the original French by -II 8, pp. I 63- I 73. IV, I 9 I 8-I9 I9, pp. 5-I8
talis....? I5o7. nt of the Portuguese in Ceylon' in ICBRAS.
-I669, ed. by W. Foster. London, 19oto-I927. employees of the English East India Comuseum Library and the Public Record Office.
and other inscriptions of Ceylon. Colombo,
EIDADE, Fernando da, Historia Sevafica es de S. Fransisco na Provincia de Portugal.
I68 together with an account of the siege ans. by S. G. Perera. Colombo, I 93o. introduction.
f Batavia relating to Ceylon 1624. trans. by , pp. 92-I3 I, 2 I 5-26.
the Batavian Dag-Register A. D. I653. P. 432.
n que se contem toda a fazenda a real patri
as adjacentes. Lisboa, 1859. *evenues of the king of Portugal in the early
guesa. Lisboa, I666-I675, 3 vols.
le by Captain John Stevens was published inted in offset in I97I by Gregg International ... and reviewed in CJHSS. New Series II f the English translation were published in 98-2oo, 224-7, 279-282, IV, I 896, pp. 55-6,
India Orientale et oltra I"India. Venice, 1587. by Thomas Hickock was first published in sils of M.C. Fredrick ... into the East India, subsequently appeared in many collections luyt (Item II 9).
the Portuguese and the king of Kandy, I, 932, pp. 529-538, III, I 933, pp. I 55-I 66.

Page 68
64
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
8o.
8.
82.
83.
84.
85.
C. R. DE SILVA ,
FITCH, Ralph, The voyages of M. Ral, I583 and ended I59I ... in The Princi veries of the English nation, ed. by Ric editions. Also reprinted in other colle I619, ed. by Williams Foster. Londor ed. J. C. Locks. London, I93o. See als Ceylon, DBUJ, XXIII I 933, pp. Io3ріопеer to India and Виrта : His Corй and C. Tragen-Elizebethan Venture. Lor
GAMA, Vasco da, Journal of the fi by E. G. Ravenstein. London, 1898. ( This work was published in Portuguese translation contain letters referring to passages in the text relating to Ceylon Ferguson in JCB RAS, XIX, 1907, pp.
AS GA VET AS da Toyve do Tombo. L. A few documents in this collection rel
GERRITSZ, VAN ENKHUIZEN, Di China, de eerste Nederlandey die China en
GIEDDE, Ove, Fortegnelse paa alt hr. I 4 Nov. 1618, til 4 Marct I622... with hagen, 177I.
Relevant portions translated by Mary) Pieris. JC BRAS XXXVII, I946, pp., I62I. See also, R. L. Brohier's "Whe year old travalogue of an expedition tot
(GOENS, Ryckloff van), Some Sinhale in I 666 by Gov. Ryckluff Van Goens the
NS. II, III952, pp. 22-3o. GONCALVES, Sebestiao, Primeira pa de Jesus ... mos woynos e provincias da 1
I957. Vol. I. Deals with Jesuit activity in India in t
GRIEVANCES of the Camara of Col das Colonias in Lisbon, CLR 3rd. Sey.
GUERREIRO, Fernao, Relacao Amuc pania de Jesus nae suas Missoes do... C da I6oo-I6o9. Coimbra, 193o-1942. 3 v. First edition was in 5 volumes, I6o3-I6 GUZMAN, Luis de, Historia de las M compania de Jesus para predicar el Sa reynos della China y Japan. Alcala, I6o I HISTORICAL records of the Society I9 I 6, pp. I 3o- I 36, İII, I9 I 7-I9 I 8, pp. 4 JANAWANSA, trans. by Hugh Nevill.
[JOAO IJ, A letter from the king of ]
I 899, pp. 32-35. Text and translation of this letter and
JONGE, W. G. de, The Murder of the in I 64 I. C.L.R. II, I, 887, pp. 37-38. Letter of De Jonge to the Directors at JONGE, W. G. de, The recapture of I887, pp. 67-68. THE KINGDOM OF Jaffnapatam 1645 A summary of a Portuguese revenue
original register have been left out. See in JCBRAS, XXVII, II 9 I 7, pp. Io5-IIo

AND - D DE SILVA
ph Fitch ... begunne un the yeare of Our Lord pal navigations, voyages traffiques and discoharch Hakluyt. Glasgow, Igo4 and in earlier ctions including Early travels in India. I583i, I921, and The First Englishmen in India so L. E. Blaze, Ralph Fitch and his visit to II 2, J. H. Ryley, Ralph Fitch: England's !panions and Contemporaries. London, I899 ldon, I953.
rst voyage of Vasco da Gama, ed. and tran. Hakluyt Society Series, 99). in 1838 and 186I. Appendices to the English Ceylon. Extracts of these letters and also of have been translated into English, by D. W. 32I-324. isboa, IQ6o +. Five volumes published so far, ate to Ceylon.
rck. Dirck Gerritsz Pomp alias Dirck gertsz Japan bezocht 1544-16o4.... The Hague, 1915.
ad paa don. Indianske reise forefalden er fra 1 an Introduction by G. H. Schegel. Kopen
Mackenzie and published with notes by P. E. 46-II8. Gieddie's diary was first published in 1. Sinhalese kings met Danish Admirals: 3oo he Kandyan Court”. DIBUJ, LI I 96r, pp. I-I6.
se royal families: a memorandum compiled a younger, ed. by J. H. O. Paulusz. JCBRAS,
rte da Historia dos veligioses da Compantica 'mdia Oriemital, ed. by Jose Wicki. Coimbra,
he mid-sixteenth century. ombo: Manuscript (India I618) in Archivo
III, I 934, pp. 554-56o.
ul das Coisas que Fizeram os Padres da Comosta da Pescaria, Mana, Ceilao... nos annos ols.
III.
issiones que han hecho los Religiosos de la ncto Evangelico en la India. Oriental y enlos . 3 vols.
of Jesus, trans. by S. G. Perera. CALR III, 9-52, 2I6-2I8, IV, I 92o, pp. 69-73.
, Taprobanian, I I 886 pp. 74-93, Io4-III 4. Portugal to Rajasimha II, JCBRAS, XVII,
two others prepared by D. W. Ferguson. : Dutch Commander Coster by the Sinhalese
Amsterdam.
Negombo by the Dutch in I 644. C.L.R. II,
j, trans. and ed. by P. E. Pieris. Colombo, Ig2o. register. Some documents appended to the e also, P. E. Pieris" O foral de Jaffnapatam,

Page 69
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87.
88.
89.
90.
9.
92.
93.
94.
95.
g6.
97.
98.
99.
THE HISTORY C
KIRIMETIYAWE, Maha Hatana, ed. The conflict with the Portuguese from a S
KNOX, Robert, An historical velation o London, I68I. Editions have appeared in German and D is that entitled A Historical Relation Saparamadu. Dehiwela, I958. comprising This is largely a reprint of the James Ry, 298. Articles on Knox, his book and his fellow UCR, XIX, 1961, pp. 3o-39; J. R. Bla C. R. Boxer, History Today, IV. I 954, I896, pp. 5-2o, 27-28, 28-4o, 57-7o, 78-94 K. W. Goonewardena, UCR, XVI, 1958, 122-3; E. F. C. Ludowyck, UCR, X, I9 I962, pp. I-5; E. Reimers, JC BRAS, X I918, pp. 296-298; and D. Samaraweera, of Ceylon I2, 1963, pp. 45-52; D. W. Ferg Knox: contributions towards a biograph Of the above, the writings of K. W. Goc best introduction to the book.
LAFITAU, R. P. J. F., The Portuguese Fernando. Ceylon Review, New Series I, ) An account of the expeditions of 1549-) descouverts et conquistas des Portugais....
LANKA PURA VRTHA, ed. by V.D. ( A collection of folktales.
THE LAST treaty of Peace between the by S. G. Perera. CLR 3 ser. III, I 934, pp
LETTERS received by the East India C. by F. C. Danvers and W. Foster. London
LIMBERGER, W van Damast, A shorth in the island of Ceylon since... 16o 2... till made for society revised by F. H. de Vo:
LINEAGE of the emperors and kings of 3rd. ser. II I 932, pp. I 45-I52, I 93-8, 256 LINSCHOTEN, John Hoyghen van, Th
to the East Indies from the old English tran P. A. Tiele. 2 vols. London, I885. (Haklu
There are several Dutch editions. This wor products of sixteenth century Ceylon.
LUCENA, T. de, Historia da vida do Paí India os mais religoses da Campanhia de M4DHY4M4 Lanka PuraUrutta, by . Many ola leaf documents relating to Ce MAGA SALAKUNA, ed. by Edmund F Describes the old pilgrims route from Mut of the Tooth in Kandy. See also E. Pie XXXVII., I947, pp. 2o5-22o. MAHU, Jacques and CORIDES, Simon c
Straat Van Magalhaes naav zvid Amerikoe 3 vols.
Only the first volume refers to Ceylon.
INDA RAMPURA PUVATHA, ed I958.
Gives a view of internal conditions in comments by Julius de Lanerolle in JCE
1386-6

E CEYILON 65
by P. S. Hemakumara. Colombo, Ig64. inhalese viewpoint.
f the island Ceylon in the East Indies ...
utch. The latest English edition published of Ceylon, with an introduction by S. D. of Vol. VI, Nos. I-4 of the CHJ, I 956-57. an edition of Glasgow, Igi I. See also Item
captives include those of S. Arasaratnam, ke JCBRAS, IV. I867-7o, pp. I43-I5o. op. 66o-667; D. W. Ferguson, ZMLRC IV, ... Io5-II2; JCB RAS, XIV I896, 155-2Oo; , 39-52; J. P. Lewis, CAL R, X, I 924, pp. 52, pp. 243-252; E. Muller, DB UJ, LII XX, I 925, pp. I 3-36; J. Ryan, CAL R, 3 Journal of the National Education Society Luson has written a booklet Captain Robert y. Colombo and Croydon, 1896.
newardena and C. R. Boxer provide the
and the court of Kandy, trans. by C. M. 896, pp. 224-8. (55o to Kandy from Lafifau's Historic des
I733. ile Lanerolle. Colombo, I96o.
king of Kandy and the Portuguese, trans. . 287-195, 350-354 and 403-405. ompany from its servants in the East, ed. , I896-1902, 6 vols.
istory of the principal events that occurred the year 1757, ed. by P. A. Leupe, trans. s in JCBRAS XI, I889, pp. I-15o.
Ceylon, trans. by D. W. Ferguson in CLR -6o, 308-312, 368-9, 417-8.
e voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten slation of 1598, ed. by A. C. Burnell and uyt Society, Vols 7o and 71).
k gives information on cinnamon and other
be Fransisco do Xavier edo que fizerao na Jesu. Lisboa, I6oo.
Navulle Dhammananda. Colombo, I 969. ntial Ceylon are published in this work.
ieris and M. E. Fernando. Colombo, 1947. hiyangana Vihara, Badulla to the Temple ris' description of the work in JCBRAS
le, De Reis van Mahu en De Cordes doov , Japan, 1598-I6oo. The Hague, 1923-1925.
by Labugama Lankananda. Colombo,
Kandy in the seventeenth century. See "RAS, INS III, I 952, pp. I 53- II6o.

Page 70
66
Od.
Η Ο Ι.
IO2.
IO3.
O4.
το5.
ΙοΟ.
και 1ο7.
το 8.
I oÇ).
O.
II .
2.
II 3.
4.
If I 5.
116.
C. R. DE SIL)
MARTINS Antonio), A Spanish century trans. by D. W. Ferguson.
[MASCARENHAS, Philip and TH has to Jan Thysz, 27 May I64I al
MATALE, Maha Disave Kada Goonetilleka. Moratuwa, I 932. Translated into English in A. C. L. ding Walapane). Colombo, I898.
MAYILVAKANAPPULAVAR, Y Mudaliyar kula Sabanathan. Chuni Republished in Colombo, Ig63. 1 by C. Britto. A Sinhalese transla published at Maharagama in 1956. the CLR VI, J92I, pp. I 35-II 42. (MELLO DE CASTRO Diogo del, 1887, pp. 68-69.
A letter to the Prince of Matale.
NECK, Jacob Cornelisz van and der Nederlanders naar Oost-Indie ord I598-I6oo. Journalen, documenten I949.
NORONHA, Dom Miguel de, D. Lisboa, 1937-1943. 2 vols. Gives information on viceroy's vie the text of the I634 treaty between
NOVAS da India Oriental. Ano contemporanea with notes by C. R pp. (separatum). OF HOW The Kings of Portugal ar. to the Kingdom of Candea, CLR 3r
ORTA, Garcia da, Colloquios dos , e assi de algumas fruvctas achadas n.
PAESI Novamente Retrovati, ed. b Republished five times within tw languages. The documentary extra English by D. W. Ferguson in JCI
PARANI Lipi in Udarata Viti by Io5-2Oo. Includes a poem on King Senerat (I
PARANGI YUGAVE HELADI I969. (Videysheen dutu purana La Selections from foreigner's account PEDRO, Santiogo Maior Ammana A Tamil poem composed in I647 on
plakasar, in CAL R, III, II9 I 8, pp. I
PIIRES, Thome, The Suma Oyienta the Red Sea to Japan written in M Francisco Rodriguesa...., trans. by A Society, 2nd. series, 82 and go). PORCACCHI, Tomaso, L'Isole pi Castaglione. Venice, I59o.
Has a three-page description of the I PORTUGALLA E Monumenta Carto da Mota. Coimbra, 196o-1963. 6 vols Contains several maps, charts and il

A ANb o pe sLVA
captain on Ceylon at the beginning of the 17th MILRC. IV, I 896, pp. I64- I68.
YSZ, Jan), A Letter from Dom Philip Mascarend the reply). CLR II, 1887, pp. 20-21.
Potha, ed. by H. Dom Luis Wijaya Manthri
wrie's A Gazetteey of the Central Province (exclu
alpanna Vaipava Malai; with a commentary by Lakan, I949.
in English translation was published in 1879 ion entitled Yapa Patun Vamsa Kathava was On sources of the Yalpana Vaipava Malai see
The Dutch Embassy to Kandy in 1637. CLR II,
WARWIJCK, Wijbrant, De tweede schipvaart *r Jacob Cornelisz van Neck en Wybrant Warwijck en andre Gescheiden, ed. J. Keuning. The Hague,
ario de 3 Conde de Linhares, Vice-rei da India
w of events in Ceylon I634-1635 and contains
the Portuguese and the King of Kandy.
de 1655. Portugueses a Hollandeses, relacao . Boxer, in Arqueologia e Historia, VI, I928, 12
2 lawful heirs to the realms of Ceylao, principally d. Ser. II, I 932, pp. 547-55o.
simples e drogas e cousas medicinnaes da India ella. 2 ed. Lisboa, I87I.
y Fracanzano da Mantalboddo. Vicenza, I5o7. elve years, it was translated to most western xts relating to Ceylon have been translated into BRAS, XIX, I9o7, pp. 323-328.
P. M. P. Abhayasinghe. Maharagama, I957. pp.
6o4-I635) of Kandy.
A, ed. by D. P. Ponnamperuma. Peradeniya, nika wa II). of Ceylon I5o5-I658 translated into Sinhalese.
i. Jafna, 1894. the shrine of St. James at Kilai, see S. Gnana87-I92. : ' of Thome Pives: an account of the East from
alacca and India in I512-15I5 and the book of Cortesao. London, 1944. 2 volumes. (Hakluyt
! del mondo descritte da Thomaso Porcacchi da
sland of Taprobane. graphica ed. by A. Cortesao and A. C. Teixeira
ustrations of Ceylon,

Page 71
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I 18.
II9.
20.
I2I.
22.
I23.
I24.
I25.
(26.
(28.
29.
I3o.
13ί.
rHE HISTORY c
PORTUGUESE Maps and Plans of C. Published from a manuscript volume foi by P. E. Pieris.
PRIMO volume delle Navigationi et via Africa e del Paese del prete Ianni con va G. B. Ramusio. Venice, 155o.
Extracts relating to Ceylon have been tr im JCBRAS XIX, go7, pp. 327, 376 ar
THE PRINCIPAL. Navigations, Voyage by Richard Hakluyt. London, 1589. This has been printed in offset at the Ca Hakluyt Society. The 1589 edition was Samuel Purchase, as Hakluytus Posthuana,
reprinted London, 1905-7.
PURA VRTHA: a collection of historical
Colombo, 1928.
A book of Sinhalese folk tales and legen
PURCHAS, Samuel, Purchas his Pilgrim Chapter I 7 has a few pages on Ceylon. The
PYRARD, Francois, The voyage of Fran, Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, trans. (Hakluyt Society, 76, 77, 8o.) Pages I4o-I48 of volume two deal with see also D. W. Ferguson, "The voyage o 262-4, 270-2. QUEYROZ, Fernao de, Conquista temp I9 I 6. Translated into English by S. G. Pe; of Ceylon. Colombo, Ig3o. On Queyroz a LI, I96I, pp. 59-63; S. G. Perera in Youm I917. pp. I58-I66 and 263-27I and S. ( the only history of the Portuguese in Ce Association Leaflet, No. I). See also Fr. III I93 I-3, pp. 279-299, 339-347 and 575RAJARA TNA KARAYA, ed. by P. N Contains an account of the chief kings o Of little use for this period. RAJASIHA HA TANA, ed. by H. M. S A useful Sinhalese source for the history [RAJASINIHA III) Cartas de Raja sinha 166o, published by D.W. Ferguson in No dade de Geographia de Lisboa Igo7. Trans
JCBRAS, XVIII, Igo4, pp. 166-276 and I27.
THE RAJA VALI YA or a Historical Na to Vimala Dharma Suriya II ed. by B. The account though of some use, is brief. of the Rajavaliya see G.P.V. Somaratne
(RAVASCO, Miguel Pinheiro), The tomb
Geral Biblioteca Nacional, Lisbon) trans.
(Historical Manuscript Commission Bull REGIMENTOS das fortalazes da India,
, , , , Goa, I95I.
RELACION verdadera del espantoso terre isla de Ceilao ... Lisbon, I6I6. Translated by H. H. St. George in the Orie,
RESOLUTION and sentences of the Col
lation of Volumes I and II of the Dutch in JCBRAS XVIII. Igo2, pp. 259-528.

of CEYLON 67
ylon, 165o, Colombo, 1926. und in the Library of Congress, Washington
gi nel qual si contiene la descrittione del rrii viagii del Mar Mosso a Calicut ed. by
anslated into English by D. W. Ferguson ld 382-383 (Item 52).
is and Discoveries of the English Nation, ed.
mbridge University Press in 1965 for the enlarged and published subsequently by s or Purchas His Pilgrimes, London, 1625,
notes on Ceylon, ed. by D. D. Ranasinghe.
ds.
-age .... London, I63. 2 fourth and last edition was printed in I626.
cois Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies the by A. Grey. London, I889-1890.3 volumes,
Ceylon in the early seventeenth century f Francois Pyrard' in CLR, II, 1888, pp.
oral e espiritual de Ceylao ... Colombo, rera, as The temporal and spiritual conquest nd his work see S. Arasaratnam DBUJ, g Lanka II, I92o. pp. I44-5 in CALR, IIII, G. Perera’s “The “conquista” of Queyroz: ylon. Colombo, 1925, (Ceylon Historical Queyroz on Galle by Gallean in Aloysian, 7 and Item 22I.
. Tissera. Colombo, I929. f Ceylon up to Bhuvanekabahu of Kotte.
omaratna. Kandy, I968. of the seventeenth century. II, Rei de Candia aos Hollandeses I 636s. I, 2, 3, and 5. of the Boletim da Socia lated into English by D. W. Ferguson in XXII Igo9, pp. 259-27o. vrative of the Sinhalese kings from Vijaya Gunasekera. Colombo, 1926. Reprinted. For an assessment of the various versions (Item 33o).
o of the Two Korales (Ms 2637 Fundo and ed. by S. G. Perera. Colombo, 1938, etin-4). VK.
ed. by Panduronga S.S. Pissurlencar.
тоio gие el aпo passado de 615 vio en la
ntalist, III, 1888-1889, pp. 2o-2I.
incil of Galle I640-1644, being the transGalle Records, trans. by R. G. Anthonisz,

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I32.
l33.
34.
I35.
I ვნ.
37.
t. 38.
39.
I4O.
14.
I4.
I43.
年44...
C. R. DE SILVA
RHODES, Alexandre de, Visit of til in I622, trans. by D. W. Ferguson in Divers, voyages et missions du P. Alex
RIBEIRO, Joao, Fatalidade Histori The work was completed in I685. It v alterations by Abbe le Grand as Hi. This version was translated from F of Ceylon by Captain John Ribeiro to An excellent translation by P. E. P. published in Colombo has run into f in 1948. Pieris combined Ribeiro's H do Couto, Antonio Bocarro and DC and Kustantinu Hatana in the 2nd ec common soldier's viewpoint on events article on the book published in version see D. W. Ferguson in ICBR I891, pp. 74-Io8 contains an extract I655-1656, translated by D. W. Fer; account of the capture of Mannar an translation of the Book I of Ribeirc Nanayakkara was published as Sinha goda, I967. See also item 22o.
SAAR, Johann Jacob, Johan 12 Jacob dienst und wahrhafttige Beschreibung u There was a Dutch edition in 167
Saar's account of Ceylon 1647-1657 in
German edition is one published at T
SA DE MENEZES, Joao Rodriguez conquista eu el gobierno de constantino An English translation by H. H. St. pp. 439-6o8. On the author and bool pp. I 4o-I45 and CLR, V, I89o, pp. I SA NORON HA, Constantino del, C. I624- I 628, ed. by E. Reimers. Colom of the Ceylon Government, No. 2). SANSON, D'ABBEVILLE, Nicholas Paris, I652.
One map of Ceylon. SECHSUNDWANSIGSTER, Jahr
Schwaben ed. by B. Grieff, Augsburg, . Relevant extracts have been translates
XIX, I9o7. pp. 324-329. SOME documents of Vikrama. Bahu /CBRAS, XXXII, I 93I. pp. 64-75. SOUSA, Francisco de, Oriente Conqui de Jesus da Provincia de Goa. Lisboa, I of the sixteenth century. SPILBERGEN, Jovis. van, De veis
Bantam I6o I-1604. The Hague, I933, The diary of van Spilbergen. See alsc
· Spilbergen, in the Orientalist, II. I 88
SYAMOPASAMPA DA VATA, ed. Provides a, glimpse of Buddhist activi
TEIXEIRA, Pedro, The travels of Pe
evivacts from his 'Kings of Persia', t
London, Igo2. (Hakluyt Societym. 2nd It has an introduction and further not TENNEKOON, Disaval, Rajasinha trans. by J. H. P. Paulusz. JCBRAS,

AND D. DE SILVA
he Jesuit priest Alexandre de Rhodes to Ceylon MLRC 2, 1894, pp. I47-I48. Translated from andve de Rhodes... Paris, 1853.
a de Ceilao. Lisboa, 1836. was translated into French with additions and storie de L’Isle de Ceyllon, Amsterdam, I 7o I. French to English by George Lee as History the King of Portugal in 1685. Colombo, 1847. ieris entitled The Historical tragedy of Ceilao our editions, the latest of which was printed istory of Ceilao and a summary of de Barros, )cumentos Rennettidos with Parangi Hatana lition Colombo Igo9. Ribeiro's work gives the in Ceylon. It should be read with C. R. Boxer's CHIJ III I 954, p.p. 234-255. On the French RAS X, 1888, pp. 263-3og. The JCBRAS XII of Ribeiro's account of the siege of Colombo guson. Ferguson has also translated Ribeiro's d Jaffna CLR V, I 89 II, pp. 2o 2-4. A Sinhalese » (the work consists of 3 books) by Callistus la dvipaye aithihasika khedavachakaya. Nuge
Saar's Ost-Indianische funfzehn-jahrige kriegsyas fich von.... 1644 ... 1659 ... Nurnberg, 1662. I. P. Freudenberg translated 'Johann Jacob JCB RAS, XI, 1889, pp. 233-3I4. The latest The Hague, Ig3o.
de, Rebellion de Ceylan los progressos de sua de Saa y Norona. Lisboa, I68I.
George was published in JCBRAS XI 1890, k see D. W. Ferguson in JCBRAS XVI I 9oo 3o-I34 and JCBRAS, XI, I89o, pp. 427-439. onstantine de Saa's naps and plans of Ceylon, bo, Ig29. (Selections from the Dutch Records
, I'Asie en plusieus cartes, novelles et exactes...
2S-Bericht des historischen kreisrereins... von
86. l into English by D. W. Ferguson in JCBRAS,
1 of Kandy, trans. by H. W. Codrington.
stado a Jesu Christo pelo padres da Companhia 7Io. 2 vols. Useful forbackground information
Joris van Spilbergen naar Ceylon Atjeh en
l, A. E. Buultjens on The Dutch in Ceylon5-6, pp. 2o I-2o7 and III, I888-9, pp. 9-I 7. S. Buddharakshita. Colombo, 1892. ties during this period. dro Teixeira; with his “kings of Harmuz” and ranslated and annotated by W. F. Sinclair. ... series, 9). h ‘es by D. W. Ferguson. : his military and other resources; a report NS. V, I957, pp. r6o-I72.

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I45.
І46.
47. - Ι48.
I49.
I5o.
I5I.
152.
I53.
54.
55.
I56.
I57.
т58.
159.
6o.
HE STORY
O THESOUROdo rey de Ceilao, ed. by A list of articles seized from the treas Noronha in 1551 as recorded by Simao E THYSEEN, J., (THYSZ, J The capta I 64o, CLR. II, II 887, p. 76. THYSZ, J., Galle in I 64 I. CLR II, I 88: TRANSACTIONS between the Dutch remonstrance of Marcellus de Bochouw Ser. Vols. I-III. TRANSLATION of an historical accou ships under Wybrant van Waerwijck, Ad Orientalist III, I888-II 889, pp. 68-75, 89TRINIDADE, Paulo de, Conquista Esp This work is of great value even for politi which deal with Ceylon have seen tra Achilles Meersman under the title of C, Ceylon..., 2, 1972. Smaller extracts had CLR 3rd. Serv. IV, I 936, pp. 475-9, 528TRI SIMIHAILE Kadaim saha vitti : a geography and history of Ceylon, comp!
TWO LETTERS of the Dutch to Ra
CLR 3rd. Ser. I, I 93 II, pp. 4oo-4, pp. I
TWO old grants of the seventeenth cent JCBRAS, XVIII, Igo3, pp. Io-I6.
VALENTJN, Francois, Oud en nieuw C Gives much information derived from of the Rajavaliya (Item II 27).
VARTHEMA, Ludovici di, The twavels Awabia Deserta and Awabia Feliaw in Pe trans. with a preface by J. W. Jones, e luyt Society, Vol. 32). Sections relating to Ceylon trans. by Purana Lankawa. Kandy, I96I.
(VAZ FREIRE, Antao, THE CEYLON I949. A summarised translation of these port Freire I614-that deal with the seabo; from the value of Pieris’s work. A smalle: translated by P. E. Pieris in JCBRAS Pattuva 1614. On Vaz Freire's tombo, Ceilao da seccao Ultramarino da Biblio "The Portuguese Tombos' Ceylon Laag lvi, lviii-lx, lxiv.-lxvi, and S. G. Perera, I935, pp. 3 I 8-9. VELHO, Diogo, Ovcamento do Estado da Gives information on Ceylon in the I5 pp. 263-264 gives the same information.
ZINUDDIN, Historia dos Portugueses guese by David Lopes. Lisboa, 1898.
See also 174, 2I2, 215, 2I 6, 220, 222, 2 28o, 285, 287, 29I, 293, 294, 298, 299, 3
впвцлоGRAPн
ABHAYASINGHE, P. M. P., Udarata See also iten II 2.
ABEYASINGHE,T., The myth of the M б7-72.

DF CEYLON 69
Viterbo Souza. Lisbon, 1904. ury of Kotte by Viceroy Dom Afonso de otelho.
tre of Negombo and Galle by the Dutch in
7, pp. 6-7.
and the king of Kandy I6og-1617: the er, trans. by D. W. Ferguson in CLR 3rd.
nt of the voyage to the East Indies with 15 miral and Sebaald de Weert, Vice-Admiral, 95. iritual do Oriente. Lisbon, I96o-I967. 3 vols. cal history. The First 56 Chapters of Vol. III inslated into English by Edmund Peiris & hapters on the introduction of Christianity to earlier seen translated by Fr. S. G. Perera in 532.
collection of Io ola works dealing with the led by A. J. W. Marambe. Kandy, 1926.
jasinha [in II 656) trans. by S. G. Perera. ο-Ιό.
tury, trans. by T. B. Pohath-Kehelpannala,
Post Indien. Amsterdam, I 726.
Baldaeus (Item. I3). Also has a rendering
of Ludovici di Varthema in Egypt, Syria. sia, India and Ethiopia, A.D. 15o3-15o8, td. by G. P. Badger. London, I863. (Hak
D. P. Ponnamperuma in Videedsheen dutu
Littoral I593. ed. by P. E. Pieris. Colombo,
ions of the tombo compiled by Antao Vaz ard. A few errors and ommissions detract extract relating to an inland area has been ", XXXVI., I945, pp. I4 I-I85 as "Kiraveli see also M. A. H. Fitzler-Os tombos de eca Nacional. Lisboa, 1927, S. G. Perera, ecorder, New Series, XVII, 1938, pp. livThe Tombos of Ceylon, Young Ceylon, III,
India, ed. by A. de Oliveira. Lisboa, 196o. vo’s. A document published in Studia IV,
no Malabaro por Zimadim trans. into Portu
25, 253, 255, 259, 265, 268, 27I, 272, 275, ጋ5, 3I4› 3I5, 32 I , 323, 332.
-PART II Vitti. Maharagama, I957, reprinted 196o.
alwana Convention, CJHSS, VII, 1964, pp.

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réI.
162.
Ι63.
I64. б5. τ66.
π67.
I68.
I.69.
r7o.
f7I.
I72.
I73.
I74.
I75.
г76.
I77.
I78.
I79.
Ι8ο.
Ι8 Ι.
I82.
I83.
Ι84. T85.
Ι86.
187.
C. R. DE SILVA
ABEYASINGHE, T., Portuguese Ra An extremely readable and scholar thesis presented to the University of 9, 1966, pp. 82-92. Translated into S Ig68.
ABEYASINGHE, T., Pruthugeeseel The best single volume coverage of
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A. C., The conquest of Jaffna, by th ALEXANDER, S., The two queens ANTHONISZ, R. G., Adam Weste
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DIBUJI, IX, I9I6, pp. 83-93.
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XXX, Ig27, pp. 303-325. farms. Tropical Agriculturist, Literary Register
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mural stone at Saman Devale. JCBRAS, XVI
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GOONATILLEKA, Miguel, H., C. XXX-XXXII, I 97o, pp. II3- II6I. GOONETILEKE, H. A. I., A biblio Medieval and Modern, CJHSS, VI, I GOONESEKERA, R. K. W., The I5-34. GOONEWARDENA, K. W., The fo Amsterdam, I 958. S. A perceptive study of Dutch and Ka power in maritime Ceylon. GOONEWARDENA, K. W., The British Occupation. University Mail GRATIEN, L. J., Colombo in the 285-294, and IX, I923, p. III 5. GRENIER, J., The Portuguese and 85-по4. GUNAWARDHANA, W. F., Raja JCBRAS, XVIII, Igo5, pp. 383-38; G. V. G., (GRENIER, G.V. Seven beseiged by the Dutch. DBUJ, LII HETTIARACHCHI, A. S., Mahal 1968, pp. I 23-I 29. HETTIARATCHI, ID. E., Influenc JCBRAS, IX, I965, pp. 229-238.
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THE HISTORY
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PHILALETHES, A history of Ceylon fra a collection of their moval mains and a Know's Historical relation of the island... The material for the sixteenth and st Dutch sources. PIERIS, P. E., Ceylon: the Portuguese e I505-I658. Colombo, I913-1914, 2 vols A work largely based on de Queyroz's it is badly organized and occasionally m PIERIS, P. E., The Danes in Ceylon. PIERIS, P. E., The date of King Bhu 267-302. Including appendices by H. C. P. Bell, PIERIS, P. E., The failure of the Port XXIII, II9 I3, pp. 91-97. PIERIS, P. E., Inscriptions at St. Th I9 I2, pp. 385-4o I. PIERIS. P. E., Portugal in Ceylon, 15c London in March I937. 4th ed. Colomb Pieris, P. E., Portuguese Ceylon at JCBRAS, XXI, Igo8, pp. 89-II 6. PIERIS, P. E., The prince Vijayapala A few relevant documents are also pub PIERIS, P. E., The rebellion of Ediril pp. I 68-I93. PIERIS, P.E., Some documents relating from the transactions at the India Office

DF CEYLON 75
e author previously contributed to CA.L.R.,
−
e earliest Portuguese tombstone in Ceylon.
ese times, Kalutara Urban Council Silver
CLR, 3rd. Ser. III, I 933, pp. 287-8.
I 935-36, pp. I 57-6o. ion. Young Ceylon, I, 1932, pp. 7-8. 1. CLR, 3rd. Ser. II, I932, pp. 36-39. e Sabaragamuwa Maha Saman Devale. The 2-45. 91. Young Ceylon, I, 1932, pp. 5-6. der. Ceylon Causerie, II, 193o, pp. 11. 52, el in the Kalpitiya Fort. JCBRAS, XXX,
; on Sinhalese speech. CALR, VIII, I922,
y methods or the myth of forced conversions. Annual. Colombo, I953, pp. 75-8o.
ne de Sa de Noronha. Colombo, I62g. No. 15).
scription. CALR, VIII, I922, pp. I-5. kings of Ceylon. CHJ, I, I952, pp. 32I-329.
om the earliest period to the year MDCCXV... incient proverbs to which is subjoined Robert London, I817.
aventeenth centuries is taken chiefly from
va, being a history of the island for the period, Conquista (Item II 22). Though voluminous arred by unorthodox use of sources. JCBRAS, XXX, I926, pp. 169-18o. vaneka Bahu. JCBRAS, XXII, Igr2, pp.
Simon de Silva and W. F. Gunawardhana. uguese and the Sinhalese people. JCBRAS.
)mas's Church, Colombo. JCBRAS, XXII.
5-1658: lectures deliveved at King's College, o, I948.
he beginning of the seventeenth Century,
of Ceylon, 1634-1654. Colombo, I927. ished in this booklet. e Rala, "I 594-1596. JCBRAS, XXII, I9II,
to the rise of Dutch power in Ceylon 1602-167o
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PIERIS, P. E., Some seventeenth ce I. Joao da Costa, I 6o5-I 677. JCBR. 2. Don Joao da Costa de Jonge, I64 3. V. Antonio Correa, I6 I 5-I69o. J PIERIS, P. E. and NAISH, R. B. palai, I92o. A readable work intended for the no
PIERIS, Ralph, Sinhalese social org PORTUGUESE East Indian record
A PORTUGUESE monumental Ta CLR, I, I886, 8, 32. RANASINHA, D.D., Kotte That W
Also published in Sinhalese as E Asi
ROHANAIDHEERA, Mendis, As Nugegoda, I969. The author claims to set out a new in the period I45o-I55o. However, in a less scholarly fashion by Abha Senkadagala Sanaya hewath Sinhal RYAN, James, Who was the first P 223. SANNASGALA, P. B., Sinhala Sahi SCHURHAMMER, Georg, Orienta Historici S.I. Vol. XXI) Contains an article on the convers bibliographical information on Por1 collections of Schurhammer's work and Xaveriana. Lisboa/Roma, I964 on Portuguese activity in Ceylon. S.G.P., pseud. (PERERA, S. G.), Th IX, I924, pp. 2o2-2III. S.G.P., pseud., [PERERA, S. G.), P CAILR, VII, I92o, pp. 27-32. SABARATNAM, S., Relics of the F Lewis. CALR, V, I919, pp. I2-I5. SENEVERATNE, J. M., Life and T of Kandy. Colombo, (I936). SENEVERATNE, J. M., Life and Colombo, I937. SENEVIRATNE, J. M., Mulleriyav
SENEVIRATNE, J. M., The Portu An ultra-critical account spiced by
SCRUTATOR, pseud., Dona Cathe Suriya I. Buddhist, II, I93I, pp. 48-{ SCRUTATOR, pseud., Doma Cath Buddhist, II, I93 II, pp. I 22-5. SOMARATNA, G. P. V., A political Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Universi SOUZA, Viterbo, D. Joao, Princip I9O5, pp. 354-364 and 44 I-459. SMITH, Cecil and Noronha, I. F., 1 I889, p. I5.

A AND O. DE SILVA
e translations and their defects have somewhat
ntury notables. AS, XXXVI, I945, pp. II7-I25. o-I695. JCBRAS, XXXVII, 1946. pp. 26-36. CBRAS, XXIX, I948. pp. 24-26.
, Ceylon and the Portuguese, 1.5o5-1658. Telip
h-specialist. 'anisation: the Kandyan period. Colombo, Ig56, Ls. MLRC, I, I 893, pp. 2 I I-3, 233-5. blet, DBUJ, XLIV, I954, pp. 48-51. See also
as. Rajagiriya, I969. rimath Kotte. Colombo, I 97o.
giriye Talpatin Aluthwanu Lanka Ithihasaya.
chronology for the kings of Kotte and Kandy much of it had already been proposed, though
yaratne Bandara Attanayaka Apa Mediwake in z. Ithilhasaye Auasana Kotasa. Maradama, 1947.
'ortuguese in Ceylon. CALR, II, I917, pp. 221.
ya Vamsaya. Colombo, I947.
lia. Lisboa/Roma, 1963. (Biblioteca Instutiti
ion of the Paravas of the Fishery coast and tuguese documents relating to Ceylon. Other
: Vavia. Lisboa/Roma, I965 (B.I.H. XXIII) (B.I.H. XXIII) provides background information
e first Portuguese inscription in Ceylon. CALR,
ope Gregory XIII and Don Juan Dharmapala.
'ortuguese rule in Jaffna with notes, by J. P.
imes of Dona Catherina, the first Catholic Queen
Times of Edirille Bandava (Domingos Correa).
e-vewa. CALR, V, I92o, pp. 2o9-2II.
guese in Ceylon. CNR, III, I9Io. pp. I58-I77. gruesome quotations from Portuguese writers.
rina and her first consort, Wimala Dharma, o, 78-8I.
rina and her second consort and children.
history of the kingdom of Kotte, circa 14io-1521. y of London, I969.
de Candia. Archivo Portuguez Historic, III,
he Portuguese mortuary Inscription. CLR, III,

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333.
334
335. 336.
337.
338.
339.
34O.
THE STOR
TENNENT, J. E., Christianity in Ce nical and Buddhist superstitions. Lon.
Of very little use except for the antic
TILLAKARATNA, Miniwandemi
connected with the domestic life of the Ph.D. Thesis, University of London. TOUSSAINT, R., Major Jan Bande
WICKREMASEKERA, S. B.W., The Kingdom (Ceylon). Unpublished M.A.
WINIUS, G. D., The Fatal history of
Based on a Ph.D. thesis presented to the Luso-Dutch struggle in a global
WOODCOCK. George, The kings of
WOODHOUSE, Edmund, Influence on the Sinhalese and the Tamil. Orient

OF CEYLON 71
on ... with an historical sketch of the Brahmaon, I85o. uarian.
'athiraunehelage, Customs and institutions inhalese in the Kandyan period. Unpublished
т967. haem. DBUJ, XX, I93I, pp. I37-I 46, ewa. CALR, V, 192o, pp. 48-I5I.
social and political organisation of the Kandyan Thesis, University of London, 1961.
Portuguese Ceylon. Transition to Dutch Rule.
Solumbia University in 1963. Useful in placing perspective. andy. History Today, XII, 1963, pp. 852-862. of the Portuguese and the Dutch Languages alist, II, I885-I886, pp. I 55-I 58.

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BOOK
G. KURUKULASURIYA, Co-operation: I the Co-operative Federation of Ceylon, Cc
Ceylon's co-operative movement, which during the early years of the twentieth cent assist small agriculturists and other persons this part of the movement continued and c operative activity also spread to many other despite the many shortcomings and the po movement, its activities are widespread in su of essential commodities, the supply of credit and production and marketing (mainly in : would be no exaggeration to say that there more widespread and diffused as the co-oper
In this book the author, who has been clo ment, provides a comprehensive account of b ment of the co-operative movement in all its v ground dealing as it does with the different ph. activities associated with growth of the co-ope the following: the formation of the early credits during and after the second world war, the e development of co-operative banking institu operatives (after 1957), the re-organisation of r of the Peoples' Bank to serve the co-operativ organisations and the growth of the 'specialty
The author's work is also a study about t two levels, the official or governmental organis; organisation, the relationship that existed bet arose. It is important to note that the relation and the co-operative organisation had not alv into one of equal partnership. The governmen nant partner. As the Royal Commission (I9 observed in its report' the government acting i. has ended up in the firm control over what w Co-operative societies are virtually agencies This became inevitable given the circumstan of the co-operative movement over the year (that became indispensable in the formation o! greater role of the government in regulating ec to the co-operatives in this respect, and the we to the evolution of a co-operative movement b control and direction, making the evolution of co-operative movement more difficult.
78

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s rise and growth in Ceylon, (Published by lombo, I97II)
came to be introduced in its modern form iry, began initially as a credit movement to of limited means'. Gradually not only that eveloped further in the later years, but copheres of the country's economic life. Today, ir image’ that characterise the co-operative h fields as retail (and wholesale) distribution and other agricultural inputs to the farmers griculture, small industry and fishing). It is hardly any other rural institution that is itives.
osely associated with the co-operative moveoth the early beginnings and later developraried aspects. The book covers considerable ases and nearly all the significant events and rative movement, notable among these were ocieties, the growth of Consumer co-operation stablishment of producer co-operatives, the utions, the formation of multi-purpose coural credit in the 6o's and the establishment e sector, the growth of several middle level pes” of co-operative institutions.
he growth of the co-operative movement at tion and the non-official or the co-operative ween the two levels and the problems that hip between the governmental organisation rays been a smooth one; nor did it develop al organisation had always been the domio) on the Ceylon co-operative movement the earlier period as a trustee and guardian as intended to be voluntary movement....; irected to carry out government policy'. :es that largely determined the evolution . Government sponsorship and assistance co-operative institutions), the increasingly nomic activities and the vital role assigned knesses and the malpractices. contributed sed upon a greater degree of governmental a self-governing, self reliant and voluntary

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BOOK R
As a book on the history of the co-oper it is also supported by extensive statistic records, about the growth and numbers, thi types of co-operative institutions during d study is that the author makes it a point operative movement during the different pe socio-economic changes that occured and w basic events and ideas that shaped the prog provide the justification for devoting a secti the "Historical Background' to the growt study of the major socio-economic changes growth of "agrarian capitalism' (or 'the a The growth of the plantation economy, the policy of the colonial government and the ( such changes, it is argued, led to the emer, that speeded, if not contributed to, the e The author suggests that the socio-economi itself at the beginning of the 20th century agrarian capitalism and its ramifications, of the early co-operative movement. Sinc measures were taken directed towards impro peasantry. In this scheme of things the c formed the essential background to the polic of the early credit societies in Ceylon.
The early co-operative movement in pattern. The first Co-operative Societies Or. as the Co-operative Credit Societies Ordina and still exist with regard to the role and p countries particularly relating to its contrib truction of the rural economy. In this respect co-operative movement given in this book This chapter deals with the major landma movement during the early period, the fin Rural Credit Survey (1954)-perhaps the of the co-operative (credit) movement in the context of an underdeveloped economy co-operative sector against the background and sixties.
The period after Ig57 has been, in ma development of the co-operative movemen tion of the book is devoted to a study of th multi-purpose co-operatives, the enlarged ment (which in effect made this into a stat tution), the re-organisation of the co-oper of the People's Bank and the changes initiate made in other directions; the narrative end vations, and a summary of the recommenda co-operative movement. Of all the changes most significant one has been the re-organ towards the formation of multipurpose cowhich is well summarised in this book, gave co-operative movement, particularly regard ment. Within the framework of multi-purp

EVIEW - 9
ative movement, this work is well documented; al information, assembled largely from official membership and capital base, of the different ifferent periods. A noteworthy feature of this to link the important developments in the coIriods with the deeper underlying political and hich are relevant to the understanding of the press of the movement. This approach seems to on of the book (chapter I, part II) to deal with h of the early co-operation. This chapter is a that emerged from what the author calls the grarian revolution') during the 19th century. 2mergence of 'economic dualism', the land sales operation of the Grains Tax and the impact of gence of a set of socio-economic circumstances zonomic deterioration of the rural peasantry. c situation in which the rural peasantry found and which flowed largely from the growth of provided the initial impetus for the formation e the beginning of the 20th century several ving the socio-economic conditions of the rural o-operatives found their rightful place. That ies and measures which governed the formation
Ceylon was largely influenced by the Indian dinance of 1911 was enacted on the same lines nce of India (1904). Many similarities existed roblems of the co-operative movement in both ution to agricultural development and reconsthe author's detailed account about the Indian will be of added interest to many readers. 1ks in the growth of the Indian co-operative dings and recommendations of the All Indian most comprehensive and authoritative study relation to its socio-economic environment in y-and the more recent developments in the of planned development efforts in the fifties
ny ways, the most eventful one as far as the t of Ceylon is concerned. A considerable secese developments, such as, the creation of the role of the Co-operative Wholesale Establish2 corporation rather than a co-operative instiative banking institutions, the establishment 'd in the system of rural credit and the progress s with a reference to some of the main obserations, made by the Royal Commission on the ihat took place during this period, perhaps the isation of the co-operative structure directed operatives. The official policy on this matter, a new meaning, purpose and direction to the ing its role in the country's economic developose co-operatives, the role of the co-operative

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80 Book
movement came to be defined as one of active ment. The proposed re-organisation initially a multipurpose co-operative society replacing purpose societies-combining a multiplicity were to provide the basic needs of the farmers, inputs and marketing services. It was also el be able to initiate and execute schemes of irrigation projects and construction work a multipurpose co-operatives were to embrace a level. Eventhough a greater and more dynamic co-operatives the actual progress and achie much limited largely because of structural again a radical re-structuring of the co-ope present (under the Co-operative Societies Spe the re-organisation of the co-operatives into in line with the recommendations of the Roya nisation also envisages a major role ahead fo1 development, particularly in rural agriculture society is expected to assume the role of a selection and planning of development projec role is assigned it may have to be within the and participation. The bigger and more effec on the one hand, enlarge the scope of their ful may limit their independence, self reliance an mental participation in economic and social d to the co-operatives will inevitably result in as sector. The government will play the role of pened in the past and it is likely to be more so of government's role vis-a-vis the co-operative there should be government control or directio and direction that could make the co-operativ It is doubtful whether the present policy on t will provide the necessary remedies.
It is in dealing with such questions as th co-operatives as well as those relating to in co-operative movement that treatment in this many references are made to these question with them. Another line of criticism that coul at times tends to become merely descriptive in a work of this nature. Despite such shortco contribution to the study of the co-operativ record of the growth of the co-operative mc over a period of nearly seven decades it is comp reader this could serve as a ready source of in the development of the co-operative moveme in more recent periods.

REVIEW
* partnership in the task of national developenvisaged the establishment in each village
of functions in one single organisationsuch as, production credit, other agricultural lvisaged that the multipurpose societies will agricultural development, undertake minor nd promote rural industries. In short, the ill aspects of economic activity at the village role was envisaged through the multipurpose vements in the subsequent years were very weaknesses and other shortcomings. Once ative organisation is already under way at cial Provisions Act No. 35 of I97o) involving arger and economically viable units, mainly l Commission. The present scheme of reorgathe co-operatives in the country's economic and small industry. The primary co-operative 'development agency', particularly in the its in the rural areas. Once such an enlarged framework of greater governmental direction :tive role assigned to the co-operatives will, lctions and responsibilities, and on the other, i even democratic control. Increased governevelopment and the important role assigned state-guided and state-controlled co-operative the dominant partner; already this has hapin the future as well. On this vexed question : sector the issue now is not so much whether n; it is really a question of the type of control es more effective institutions in the country. he form of control and regulation envisaged
he role of the government in relation to the efficiency and malpractices existing in the book is inadequate in some ways. Although s the author does not really come to grips d be made about the book is that treatment ; to some extent this may be unavoidable mings the work on the whole is an important e movement in its long term setting. As a ovement in all its varied aspects extending rehensive and useful. To the more interested formation on several aspects connected with int, whether it be during the early years or
N. Balakrishnan.

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