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O
Cor.
|ECIUCãi
 

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།
Educational Publicati
 

ons Department

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All rights reserved
First Published - 2009
Second Published - 2010
The Government has spent l
presentec
Published by Educatio Printed by Savinda Graphic Systems Katuwana F

Rs. 251.00 for this book which is
to you free.
nal Publications Department (Pvt) Ltd, No. 145, UDA Industrial Estate, Road, Homagama.

Page 5
National Antil
Sri Lanka Matha
Apa Sri Lanka Namo Namo Namc
Sundara siri barinee, surandi athi s
Dhanya dhanaya neka mal palaturu Apa hata sapa siri Setha sadanajee" Piliganu mana apabhakthi pooja N Apa Sri Lanka Namo Namo Nam( Oba weapavidya Obamayaapasathya
Oba we apa shakthi Apahadathulabhakthi
Oba apa aloke
Apageanuprane
Oba apajeevana we
Apamukthiya oba we Navajeewana demine, nithina apa Gnanaveeryavadawamina ragena Ekamavakage daru kalabavina
Yamuyamu Veenopama
Prema vada Sama bheda durarada
Namo, Namo Matha `p Sri Lanka Namo Namo Nam
 
 

nem of Sri Lanka
) Namo Matha
oba mana Lanka
pirijayabhoomiya ramya
Wanaye matha
famo Namo Matha
) Namo Matha
pubudukaran matha
Lyanu manajayabhoomikara
o Namo Matha

Page 6
අපි වෙමු එක මවකගේ දරුවෝ එක නිවසෙහි වෙසෙන0 එක පාටගැති එක රුධිරය වේ අප කය තුළ දුවන0
එබැවිනි අපි වෙමු සොයුරු සො| එක ලෙස එහි වැඩෙනා ජීවත් වන අප මෙම නිවසේ සොඳින සිටිය යුතු වේ.
සැමට ම මෙත් කරුණා ගුණෙනී වෙළී සමගි දමිනී රන් මිණි මුතු නොව එය මය සැ කිසි කල නොම දිරනා
- ආනන්ද

යුරියෝ
O2)0
සමරකෝන් -
நாய் மக்கள் நாமாவோம்
நாம் வாழுமில்லம் உடலில் ஒடும் நம் குருதி நிறம்.
ால் சகோதரர் நாமாவோம்
ய் வாழும் வளரும் நாம்
ய் இவ் இல்லினிலே
வாழ்தல் வேண்டுமன்றோ.
ம் அன்பு கருணையுடன் ம சிறக்க வாழ்ந்திடுதல் னும் மணியும் முத்துமல்ல - அதுவே
மழியாச் செல்வமன்றோ.
ஆனந்த சமரக்கோன் - கவிதையின் பெயர்ப்பு

Page 7
The Message of His Exc
@, 27 39
@, 23 39
@ 7 9
●シ?す
Beloved Sons and D.
Many countries that la time We gained inde passed us and gone far not be prepared to c or work according t models of those nation no purpose in continu our lost heritage. Wha is to surpass them a overall development til and show new paths the World.
Dear Sons and Dau engaged in building
Mahinda Rajapaksa
President of the D6 Republic of Sri Lank
(An extract from the President Mahinda Ra Water Filling Ceremol Port on 15.08.2010)
●。上。 2/。
= e9م2_2ی e) == 2*Cی
●。2ー●●。
GRussez
 

ellency the President
ബ@
aughters,
gged behind us at the pendence have now ahead. But, We must :opy those countries o the development ns. Similarly, there is ling to lament about it we shall do instead nd reach a stage of hey have not reached,
and possibilities to
ghters, we are now your future
emocratic Socialist
Ka
speech delivered by japaksa at the historic ny of the Magampura
舒
ബെയ്ര

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Page 9
FOREWC
The mission of educortion i and to ensure that the younger g citizens Cuble to foice the choll confidence. The changes institute curriculum with these objectives it 2010. This textbook is a reprint of it.
As the government hos to CamoUnt of its revenUe on free te moake the moaximum Use of this te so that it can be reused. Then ye have added your mite to the natic
| wish to toke this opportun editors, the members of the evolt of the Educotionol Publicotions Others who hove contributed to th
W.M.N.J.Pushpakumara Commissioner Generol C
Educational Publications Deportm “İsUrupaya,"
BouffCarCannUlloa.
13.05.2OTO

DRD
s to provide for the future eneration cangrow Up as enges of the future with d in the grade nine school h mind COme into effect in
D disburse on Unbedroble }xtbooks, it is your duty to xtbook and protect it well ou con be proud thout you Dnol Cassefs.
ity to thank the writers, the Jotion boords, the officers
Department and all the e compilation of this book.
of Educational publications
ent

Page 10
Mrs. W.D.P. Nalika
Mrs. R.A.D.N. Rupasinghe
Mr. I. Ranjith
1.Chairperson
2. Mrs. R.A.D.N.Rupasinghe
3. Mr. R. K.L.M. Dharmasiri
4. Dr. T. M. S. Tennakoon
5. Mrs. K.S. PadminiSenaratine
6. Mrs.Ranjani Dhanawardana
7. Mrs.N.A. Chitralatha
8. Mr. R.A. Chandrasiri
9. Mr.S.W. K.P. Dharmawardena
10. Mr. K.S. Somarathne
11. Mrs. Balasundaram
12. Mrs. R. Skandharajah
13. Mr. Abdul Caffur
14. Mrs. T.S. Rukkahiya
Editor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Commissioner General of Educational Publications Department
Additional Commissioner (Development) Educational Publications Department
Deputy Commissioner Educational Publications Department Assistant Commissioner Educational Publications Department
Professor M.D.C. Abhayaratne (retired) University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Deputy Commissioner
Senior Lecturer (Geography)
University of Kelaniya
Senior Lecturer Geography
University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Teachers' Service (retired)
Chief Project Officer, N.I.E, Maharagama
I.S.A., Zonal Education Office, Matara
I.S.A., Zonal Education Office, Minuwangoda
Teachers' Service,
St. Peter's College, Negombo
Teachers' Service,
Dharmaraja Vidyalaya, Kandy
Deputy Commissioner (retired), Examinations Department
Principals' Service, St Anthony's College, Colombo
Teachers' Service, St. Anthony's College, Kandy Teachers' Service, Babul Hasan M.M.V., Warakapola
M. M. Karunanayake
Emeritus Professor
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Mrs. A.L. Kokila Chathurani
M.M. Karunanayake Emeritus Professor,
Educational Publications Department
Mrs. A.L. Kokila Chathurani
Miss. Melanthi Disanayake

Page 11
Conte
1. The Be Panet
2. The Physical and Human L of the Asian Region ܨ ܢ
3. Spatial Patterns of Develop
4。 Environmental Ethics and
5. Spatial Features seen on a
 
 

ontS
andscape 21
ment in Sri Lanka 61
Development 101.

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Page 13
The Blue
The relative location of the Blue Planet
The objective of this lesson is to identi by examining its nature and processes.
Ingrade 8 you studied in detail about planets around the Sun. Therefore, letus pa Blue Planet.
Fig. 1.1 : Location of the
Uniqueness of the Blue Planet
The earth known as the Blue Planet Oc which comprises eight planets. Solar energ of life are available on the Earth's surface. remarkable as there is no evidence of life in
 
 

Planet
in the solar system
fy the special character of the Blue Planet
the solar system and the revolution of the ly attention to certain facts regarding the
Earth in the solar system
Jupiter
Urans
Neptune
:cupies aspecial place in the solar system y, water and air that support the existence The unique nature of the Blue Planetis other planets.
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Study Fig 12 to identify the specia
Fig 1.2: Th
The location in the solar existence of life.
Solarenergy, waterandairn
T. The atmosphere consists
Thereisa climate favo
There are v There is biodive
According to the investigations dones planet with life, giv.
2. Write 3 characteristics of the Blu
3. Write a speech for the morning as | the Solar systemisourplanet – E
2 For free distribution
 
 
 

1 features of the Blue Planet.
le Blue Planet
is covered by water.
system is conducive to the
eeded for life is found on Earth. re not observed.
fferen landscapes
。蕾 。- ݂ ݂
tiful (Scenic) planet
܂ ܠ .
-
ofar planet Earthis found to be the only ingitaunique nature.
、豹
features of the Blue Planet.
e Planet that help life to survive init.
sembly on the theme "the unique planet in arth”

Page 15
For your attention
The earth is known as the Blue Plal
The clouds around the Earth reflec compared to the other planets. There Because of this the Earthis called th
The Earthis located at a medium dis too far away from the Sun.
The Earth rotates around its axis while
AS a result of the inclination of the II
the tropics the Sun is overhead at d contrasting Seasons Over Southern a
Statistics on the Blue Planet Distance from the Sun
Perihelion
Aphelion
Diameter of the Earth Duration taken for a rotation Duration taken for a revolution (Educational Pulications Department, 199
The importance of the Blue Planet as th
47
Presence of a favourable climate du energy, water and air. The presence of an environment fav
Presence of power resources. Presence of mineral resources for in The constant interaction between the Presence of landfavourable for agri The existence of biodiversity.
Activity Describe the importance of the Blue
Special features of the Atmosphere, Hy
The existence of fauna and flora Over
characteristics. The interrelationship tha Hydrosphere and the Lithosphere is the four Now letus identify the special features ofth

het due to a number of factors. :tback sunlight in a more effective way
fore the Earth has its glittering blue colour. le Blue Planet.
tance from the Sun. It is not too close nor
revolvinground the Suninanelliptical path. Earth's axis by 23 1/2, in regions within ifferent times of the year. This results in nd northern hemispheres.
149.6 million km.
147.2 million km
152.1 million km
12756 million km
23 hris & 56 mts
365.25 days ), Physical Geography - Sinhala.)
Le man's habitat
le to a combination of factors like solar
Ourable for plant growth.
dustries.
: biotic and non-biotic environments. culture.
Planetas a human habitat.
drosphere and the Lithosphere
the Blue Planetis the result of its unique ut exists among the Atmosphere, the dation for the creation of the Biosphere. ese diferentspheres.
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Atmosphere o It is composed of various gases Atmosphere consists of 4 layer It extends up to 900-1200 km. Interactive processes of the atm Nitrogen, is the predominantg Fig 1.3 : Componen
Atmos
Hydrosphere o 71% of the Earth's Surface is
covered by water. O It consists of oceans, seas, lakes
rivers and streams. o The Earth is identified as the Blue
Planet due to these features. o Hydrosphere helps in the existence
of the Biosphere. O Itaffects weather and climate.
Biosphere
o Consists of the layer where life exists
active. Both living and non-living phenome There is a biodiversity. Consists of numerous eco-systems.
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and water particles.
S
from the Earth's surface.
Iosphere resultin rainfall. as in the atmosphere.
its of the biosphere
| Li
thosphere
Lithosphere is the surface layer of the Earth which is composed of different types of rocks. Of the Earth's surface 29% consists of the landarea. Lithosphere is also known as the crust of the Earth. Its thickness varies from 10-70km It is characterized by different landscape features. It consists of different rocks and minerals.
and where various processes are constantly
na are present.

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The Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a thin blanket of air gases. An atmosphere conduciveto the existe Earth. Oxygen which needs for the respiratio is needed for the growth of the plants are i sphere. This is a unique feature of the plane
Fig 1.4: Composition (
Other gases
O
0.95
Nitrogen 78.03%
Nitrogen exceeds 34 of the aircontentic this content. These two components are 99.( for the survival of all living beings. 97% oft 29 km above sea level.
The atmosphere of the Blue Planet consists (
e Troposphere
o Stratosphere
o Mesosphere
Ionosphere
o Thermosphere
 
 
 
 

around the Earth consisting of different 'nce of lifeforms prevail only around the 1 of the living beings and Nitrogen which ncluded among the gases in the atmotEarth.
of the Atmosphere
Carbon dioxide
.03%
of the atmosphere while oxygen is 1/5 of )2% of the total content. Oxygen is vital he atmosphere is restricted to a height of
of four strata/layers.
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Troposphere
It is the most important layer w atmosphericphenomenalike temperature, and precipitation that affect weather and
Depending on altitude for every 0.64°C. It is called the lapse rate.
The distribution oftemperature ov pressure zones. Difference in the pressure the temperature is high, the pressure is perssure goes up. Genearally, wind blow
ZOÍ16:S.
The Troposphere influences th Hydrosphere and in turnitaffects human
Uses of the atmosphere
o Ithelps survival of life.
o Causes the process of
photosynthesis
O Acts as a blanket over the
earth's surface
o Stores water vapour o Generates pressure and winds O Affects rainfall phenomenon.
The ozone layer
The ozone layer which is apart of the stratosphere acts as a blanket to protect life on Earth's surface from the harmful ultra-violetrays.
The ozone layer absort
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which is closest to the earth. Most of the
pressure, winds, humidity, formation of clouds climatic conditions prevail within this layer.
100 metres the temperature decreases by
rer the Earth's surface directly influences the
• patterns influences the wind patterns. When low and when the temperature is low, the vs from high pressure zones to low pressure
e phenomena in the Biosphere and the activities in a variety of ways.
Fig1.5 : Location of the ozone layer
ከላeጫeመም°'ም- "E ..... !
}s the harmful ultra-violetrays.

Page 19
The ozone layer is located in the stra surface of the Earth and it acts as a protect restricted to the stratosphere.
The gases that are destructive to the ozon
o Burning of fossil fuels
o The release of chlorofluorocarbons w
o Release of gases like Methyland Heli
Destruction of the OZone layer has res climatic changes, reduction of crop yields, des biodiversity, causing of skin diseases, eye disea
The contribution of the world community ta layer
Although many harmful results are caused b individual countries alone cannot deal with thi adopted by international Organizations to preve
Various agreements have been formulated on
o 1985 Vienna agreement
o 1987 Montreal agreement
o 1997 Kyoto conference are some of them
Activities
1/ MarktheoZonelayerina diagramoftheatm give three reasons to indicate the importanc
2. Discuss With the teacher three reasons tha and the harmful effects caused thereby.
3. Write threefactors leading to airpollutionin
minimizeit.

tosphere about 17-50 km. above the ive blanket. 90% of the ozone gas is
elayer are produced by
which are used in refrigerators (CFC).
(um.
ulted in many harmful effects such as truction of Sea ecologies, destruction of ises and respiratory problems.
Owards protecting the ozone
y the rapid destruction of the ozone layer, is problem. Hence measures have been ‘nt the destruction of the ozone layer.
a global level for this purpose.
Osphere indicating the differentlayers and 'e of the ozone layer.
tlead to the depletion of the ozone layer
your region and give three suggestions to
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Page 20
the importance of protecting the
II. With the assistance of your tea subject for the people of yourne
Lithosphere
Various landscape features over type of rocks. Mountain ranges, plateau features. These landscape features are t
There is a close interrelationshi human activities. Examples of such land activities are discussed here.
Mountain Ranges
Himalayas, Hindu Kush, Arakan the major mountain ranges of the world Earth's surface are the result of earthmo within the interior of the Earth. On thes most of these mountain ranges there i elevations.
These regions are thinly populat industries due tounfavourable climate al regions for winter sports due to the sn rearing animals in Summer and the meltir help agricultural activities in lower areas
Hydro-electricity is produced in the year.
Plateaus and waterfalls
Plateaus are an important landfo either flator of an undulating nature an slopes. Tibet is the highest plateau in th
8 For free distribution
 
 
 

ing assembly giving information about the |result from therising of global temperature and ; Ozone layer.
cher, plan an awareness programme on this eighbourhood.
愈
the earth's surface are made up of different us, plains and river valleys are some of these he result of diverse factors.
p between these landscape features and the scape features and their influence overhuman
yoma, Andies, Rockies and Alps are some of . Most of these mountain ranges found on the vements that originated due to internal forces urface they appear as mountain ranges. Over is a snow cover during the winter at higher
ed as they are unsuitable for agriculture and nd rugged relief. Tourists are attracted to these ow cover. The hill slopes are important for ng Snow during this season feeds the rivers that
hilly areas where the rivers flow throughout
rm found in mountainous regions. They are dare separated from lower regions by steep e world. Deccan plateau in India and Horton

Page 21
plains in Sri Lanka are other examples. Beau the plateaus. They are significant for the p develop tourism. The plateaus with favourab
Plains
The lowlands are the result of pastanc with poor drainage have resulted in marsh characterized by meanders. When the wate periods. Indus plain and Northern Chinaplain Bangladesh provides a good example for a fre populated regions of the World as they are rich transportation networks.
River valleys
River valleys form another importan (Africa) Hwangho (China) Ganges, Brahma Mahaweli (Sri Lanka) are examples of rive floods are frequent. Dams are constructed a purposes as well as for flood control. Thes development. River valleys are thickly popu regions. As a result of the transport network activities like industries and trade.
Shields
Canadian shield, Russian-Baltic shi plateau and plateau regions of Africa a consisting of ancient rockstrata. They are stal old. Due to the presence of mineral resource human activity.
Activities
Prepare a table including examples of
to human activities.
2. Mark and name these relief features Ol
3. Give two examples for each landscape
for human activities.

iful waterfalls are seen at the margin of roduction of hydro-electricity and to le climates are richagriculturallands.
present sedimentation. The lowlands y lands. In such regions the rivers are r level rises floods occur during rainy are some examples for plains. Southern 'quently flooded area. These are thickly hagricultural lands and suitable to build
tlandscape feature in the world. Nile putra (India) Mississippi (U.S.A.) and valleys. In most of these river valleys cross most of these rivers for irrigation se projects are mainly for agricultural lated and predominantly agricultural is these areas are important for human
eld, Brazilian plateau, West Australian “e also important landscape features ble land masses 600–3500 million years S in these areas mining is important as a
elief features which are strongly related
na map of the Asian Region.
feature to illustrate how they are utilized
3.
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試**
, , , , , , ,
pĮJOAA 3ų. Jo sūLIOJpues JoseW : L’IdeW
For free distribution
10
 
 

シ
!
響 ཞི་
،
; :
s

Page 23
Hydrosphere
The aggregate of areas over the surfac termed the Hydrosphere. The water over the orgas forms alternatively. The distribution
showninFig.1.6. Fig 1.6: Global dis
Glacier
2.15%
2.80%
Source: Educational Publications
Global water
Another noteworthy feature is that m in the oceans. Majorportion of what is lefti. human use. When you examine the following proportion of water on the surface of the Ea
Fig. 1.7: The distribution of wa
 
 
 
 

:e of the Earth covered by water can be earth's surface changes into solid, liquid of water over the surface of the Earth is
ribution of water
Rivers Vapour 0,001%
O.OOO1% ཆེ་དེ་ནས་md
ܓܠ Soil watek 0.005%
Department, 1996, Environmental Geography
ore than 97% of Global wateristrapped S in the frozen state and not available for Fig. you will realize that only avery small rth can be used by man.
ter over the earth's Surface
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Page 24
Asshown in Fig 1.7 the most im saline water, seas, interior water bodies amount of water in solid state in highl. form of ice.
The interrelationship between wate
Among the naturalresources oft life depends on water resources.
“Water is the “Water that flows along the streams sl water. It is the blood of Ourancestors. of my ancestors. The rivers are our bre
This statement shows us the bol Over a long period.
Fig.1.8: The utiliz
12 For free distribution
 

portant features are the ocean surfaces with ike lakes and rivers. In addition, there is some atitudes and trapped on mountain tops in the
rand human activities
he world water is of foremost importance as
foundation of life' hining like diamonds is not just a stream of The thunder of the flow of water is the voice thers. They quench our thirst'.
Seattle-The Red Indian Chief
nd that has existed between water and man
ation of water by man
O Production of hydro power

Page 25
The Earth has abundant water supplies can be utilized for hu
According to the information in Fig. purposes such as drinking and domestic pur electricity, transport and recreation.
Shortage of water
The daily consumption of water has immensely due to the increase in populatio
Shortage of water has a direct effect the diurnal water requirements of man but al other activities as agriculture, industries, devo hydro-electricity and tourism.
According to the estimates of the Uni an acute water shortage is predicted fo countries by year 2050. So many problems due to this factor. When there is a shortag domestic use people will be compelled to co, problems. Shortage of water can also lead to problems related to shortage of water are ind
Fig. 1.10: Problems arising
Social Problems D
Initiation of conflicts
Problems relatir
Climatic changes watershortages
Destruction of ecosystems

yet only 0.03% of this resource man activities.
1.8 man uses surface water for many poses, industries, production of hydro
Fig 1.9: Ajourney in search of drinking water
increased
l.
not only on Soon many slopment of
ted Nations r about 66 would arise e of water for drinking purposes and nsume polluted water leading to health conflicts and social tension. The other icated in the Fig 1.10
due to water shortages
Desertification
Spread of diseases
ng to
Retardation of agricultural activities
Weakening of industrial pursuits
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Page 26
ExceSS Water
reS Our CeS to O Create problems. Bangladesh in the South Asian region is a country where frequent floods cause extensive damage to human life and property. Pakistan in the same region is a nation that faces difficulties due to shortage of water.
Problems are created due to water shortage as well as due topolluted water.
Water pollution
Water is polluted due to a va agricultural purposes as well as for inc
Other major causes of waterpol garbage from houses and hotels and bul Water bodies.
According to information provid the World Health Organization a n factor which would hinder develop projects by year 2020 would relat diseases due to polluted water.
Accordin
Fig 1.12: Pollution reduction Of d
of water
Water reSOurceS be the most : problem that the have to face i future. Henc foremost duty World comm shoul be to consi protect and cor the Water resou
14 For free distribution
 
 

Fig. 1.11 : A region affected by floods
riety of reasons. The chemicals used for lustrial purposes drain into water ways.
lution are the release of water polluted with rnt oil from industrial and other activities into
Fig 1.13 : Release of waste matter 2dby into water hajor ment
te to
gly, a riking could
a C u te people In the »e the Of the unity stantly
1SCTV62
ICC.

Page 27
Water could be the most precious na
Activities Name three occasions where shortag
activities. 2. Copy this activity into your exercise bo
'A' Bangladesh - Lack of Pakistan - Drinkin Health problems - A count Diseases - Shortag Damage to crops - subject Desertification - caused
3. Complete the following table indicati area and the steps that could be taker
Reasons for water pollution Steps that
4. Compile an atlas with maps to covert
o Major mountain ranges o Major rivers o Major seas 5 Group students in the class to prepar
Water in School.
The Biosphere
Living elements of the Blue Planetv the Biosphere. Atmosphere extending frol the availability of air used by the living orga root systems of plants and trees as well a portion of the hydrosphere receiving su process set the limits of the biosphere. There are two factors that influence proce 1. Living components (plants, anima 2. Non-living components (solaren The existence of the Biosphere dept The Biosphere consists of many eco-syst plant and animal components is an impo related to One organism would be favoural

tural resource in the future
e of water directly influences the human
ok and match column 'A' With column 'B'.
'B'
Sufficient Water
gimpure water
ry faced with shortage of water
e of water for agricultural purposes.
to frequent flooding
by shortage of water.
ng the reasons for waterpollution in your
1 to prevent the same.
can be adopted to prevent water pollution
he following themes.
O Major plateaus
O Major plains
O Major lakes eaplan to minimize the wasteful use of
with unceasingly active processes is called m the surface of the earth up to the limit of nisms, region of the lithosphere used by the as the area of bacteria formation and the nlight necessary for the photosynthesis
sses in the Biosphere. ls and decomposers) ergy, Water, Soil and air) 2nds on the interaction of all these factors. ems and the constant interaction between rtant process. Sometimes the processes ble or unfavourable to another organism.
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Page 28
Fig. 1.14: The interactive
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processes of the Biosphere
:
Landscape features

Page 29
The relationship between animals habitats are destroyed due to human activit animals. On the otherhandanimals domes and hides.
As shown in Fig 1.14 climatic factors which creates the soil layer on which plants.g adds organic material making the soil richi
Activity
Study these interrelationships in the E and prepare a note.
Now let us examine how climatic Biosphere.
Temperature is the most importantele energy. Temperature affects all other climati precipitation. Afavourable climate is of mu Distribution ofpopulation, agriculturalactiv the climatic factors.
There is a close relationship betw transference of water between the Atmosp referred to as the water cycle (Fig 1.15).
Hydrological cycle is
Seasonal variations and the diversity in
Ingrade 8 you studied about the occu time over the globe, and the occurrence of s of the Earth respectively.
Seasonal variation which is a result of on living beings as well as on the diverse hum in the economic, social and cultural spheres

and man is one example. The elephant ies leading to conflicts between man and ticated by man provide milk, meat, wool
result in the decomposing of the bedrock grow, while decomposition of plant matter in humus.
Biosphere further by looking at Fig.1.14
factors influence the existence of the
ment of climate. It is the result of the solar cphenomenalike humidity, pressure and Ichusetodetermine plantandanimallife. ities and human settlements are shaped by
ween rainfall and the Biosphere. The here, Hydrosphere and the Biosphere is
a marvel of nature
n human activities
irrence of day and night and difference in easons due to the rotation and revolution
the revolution of the earth has its influence an activities. This influence is specially felt
For free distribution 17

Page 30
Fig 1.15:The hyc
Transpirá
പ! κ.ά. Πρή Pl
Evaporation frch the
{&
ಙ್ಗCe ΟΙ
` , Ground
~~ Water 翡
ܓܔ
Overmidlatitudinaland higherla clearly seen, but such variations are no regions. As a result of the changes in the are Variations inhuman activities.
The construction ofhouses adapte which are constructed to resist very lov activities depending on seasons, ch (transhumance) wearing different garme of seasons, (e.g. in Japan-period in W season) are some of these activities.
Tourists are attracted to different regions by looking at Fig.1.16.
Vegetation as well as the behavio Seasons. During winter the trees show ac their leaves. In winter the birds migrate t original habitats during summer. This co birds in the Bundala and Kumana Sanctu
18 For free distribution
 
 
 
 
 
 

irological cycle
Condensation in clouds
EV 11Ό11 from oceans
|titudinal regions the Seasonal variations are tevident in lower latitudes and equatorial : environment during different seasons there
'd to seasonal variations (Igloos of Eskimos V temperatures), Winter sports, agricultural langing of grazing lands with seasons, nts to suit the seasons, celebrating the arrival hich the Sakura flowers bloom is a festive
depending on the seasons. Getan idea of this
ur patterns of animals change according to laptation to lower temperatures by shedding otropical areas for breeding and return to the uld be observed with reference to migratory aries in Sri Lanka.

Page 31
Activities
1. Name the four seasons with the knowle
2. Compile a Table to show the major cha
3. Identify the ways in which man, plants :
and give two examples for each.
4. Name four human activities which areh
5. Compile a paper containing creative info
that occur within the Biosphere.
Fig.1.16: Different activ
- Seasonal Variation
Nature of hO
You have studied in this lesson about phere and their interrelationships that havec
This clearly shows that the earth know System.
There is a close interrelationship betwee environment of the Blue Planet. Di Sir environmental crises.
As the Blue Planetis the home of all liv to maintain its environmental equilibrium.
 
 

2dge gathered in Grade 8.
racteristics of the four seasons.
and animals adapt to seasonal variations
armful to the Hydrosphere. rmation regarding the inter-relationships
ities during Seasons
இ Variation in crops
the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithos'reated the Biosphere.
'n as the Blue Planetis unique in the solar
in the physical environment and the human uption of this relationship leads to
ing beings, it is Our duty and responsibility
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Page 32
"Our home is the Blue Planet withu
Based on this theme o Prepare one of the following cre
A painting, poem, song or speec
Sources
o Educational Publications Departn O Educational Publications Departn O Educational Publications Depart O Ministry of Environment and N
Magazine, Vol.1, No. -3
Kotalawala A.B., 1994, Environm Ltd, (All of the above publications are www.national geographic.com www.nou sri lanka.org encarta-encyclopedia-2009, G
For free distribution
 
 

inique characteristics'
ations.
ment, 1996, Environmental Geography ment, 1990, Physical Geography ment, 1981, Landscape satural Resources, 2003, "Pasa-Diya’
ental Science, Lake House Investments
in Sinhala)
oogleEarth

Page 33
The Physical and H Regi
Regional identity
The Asian Region which occupies at covers 43.6 million km. This vast regionco climates, vegetations and a variety of hum physical characteristics. The objective of thi the physical and human environment in th characteristics and processes. Now letus se the Asian regionin a world map.
Map 2.1 : Location o
නූ ශී‍්‍රැදී.
།༽ Cone)
'ރޮހީلا " ܗ
سورلRed Se><
.s* و)
ད།།༽
༽ t
Co
The Asian Regionis bordered by,
Arctic Ocean -
Indian Ocean -
Pacific Ocean -
The European Continent and Red Sea -
 
 

uman Landscape of the Asian
OTA
@
bout 1/3 of the totallandarea of the World ntains a multitude oftopographic features, han activities that are a response to these slesson is to explore in detail the nature of his region together with its components, be the location of the vast area covered by
f the Asian Region
كار سره intinent of *V7 Africa
on the North
on the South
on the East and
on the West
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Page 34
Study the map 2.1 and identify this region
Map 2.2 : The Absolute Loc
According to the absolute location, it spr 80' North latitude and 10° South latitude As per longitudinal location, it spreads be
Accordingtothelatitudinaland long over the entire Eastern Hemisphere. Asia. and from the African continent by the Re
22 For free distribution
 
 

"| ܡܠ ܐ
ܕ ܐ ܐ ܘܕܬܐ ܕܪܩܘܙ4°17. 7. جسے
ബ “ oം മീ ടീ ? ' '
eads up to
from the Equator. 2tween longitudes 25°E and 180°E. tudinal locations it is evident that Asia spreads is separated from Europe by Ural mountains 'd sea and Suez Canal.
nd name the boundaries of the Asian Region hal extents, on an Outline map of the world.
1 continent with other continents and make

Page 35
The Asian Region which constitutes o is also the largest continent. It has well mar distinguishing it from the other continents. As civilizations such as Euphrates, Tigris, Indus Such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Christi and Shintoism arose here. Asia also include India where excellentirrigation technologies evolved.
Map 2:3: River valleys, Civil
حبس مربع phrates T
Baghdad Hw
K it.
Wa1 Islamabad
Indus Valley Delhi
ரவி
The highest Summit Everest (8 848 m) and the deepest point on land, the Dead Sea (403 m
below sea level) too are located in this region.
 
 
 
 
 

ne of the oldestlandmasses of the World, ked physical and human characteristics iais the home to the World's most ancient Valley and Hwang Ho. Similarly religions anity and other faiths such as Confucism es within it countries like Sri Lanka and , of the ancient hydrological civilizations
isations and Cities in Asia
2.
-

Page 36
Asian Regionis the eastern part of
Europe and Asia belong. Six Zones can be terrain, climate and cultural features (Ma
1. North Asia
2. South Asia
3. East Asia
4. Central Asia
5. South East Asia and
6. Middle East or South West Asia.
South Asia
Includes India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan
Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan anc
Maldives.
Himalayan range, Sulaiman anc
Hindukush ridges, mountains like
Pidurutalagala, Indus and Horton plain:
and plateaus like Deccan lie within the
region.
RiverS Such as Indus, Ganga, Narmada
Tapti, Brahmaputra, Mahaweli anc
Nilwala drain the region.
There are tropical forests.
CropS Such as paddy, cotton, maize anc
tea as well as different types of industries
are found here.
It is a densely populated Zone.
24 For free distribution

the large land mass called Eurasia to which identified within the region according to the up 2.4). These Zones are,
S
S
South East Asia
o C On Si Sts Of countrie S Such as
Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia,
Cambodia, Vietnam and island
countries, e.g., Indonesia.
o Mekong, Salween and Irrawaddy are
the main rivers.
o There are tropical rain forests and
monsoon forests.
o Paddy and shifting agriculture are
major cultivations.
O ASSembling industries and electronics
predominate.
O A densely populated Zone.


Page 37
Fig. 2.4: Various Zones i
* A、
آئر . South | West Asia
V
Y
!<ܒܢܬܐ \\س
South Asia 鷺 ܓܬ
ܡ
ரா
ன W
North Asia
A Vastplain.
Contains Siberia and Tundra
regions.
Main rivers are Ob, Yenisey, Lena
and Amur.
There are Taiga or Coniferous
forests.
Timber industry and nomadic
herding are found.
A sparsely populated Zone.
 
 
 
 
 
 

the Asian Region
అల
sia
ܐܚܝܢܝܚܬܗܘܝܕ "
臂 Asia ܢ
മം ;-( "
East Asia
Main countries are Japan, Taiwan.
South Korea and China.
o Contains high plateaus and plains.
o Yangtze, Sikiang and Hwang Hoare
the main rivers.
o Constitutes leading industrial COuntries
where motor Vehicles, ships, electronic
equipment etc. are produced.
o Paddy and maize cultivation are
important agricultural activities
o A densely populated Zone.
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Page 38
CentralAsia
• Contains plateaus of Tibet, Mong
Kazakhstanand the western part of C o There are plains and high plat
surrounded by mountains. O DesertS Such as Gobi
Takla-Makan are found.
O Rivers like Tarim, Yangtze, Hwang starthere and there are also rivers W empty into the interior seas of Syr D and Amu Darya.
o Dry desert climate and step
grasslands are found.
o Nomadic herding is in evidence.
Fig. 2.2 : A mour
Activities
1. Complete the following table.
Area Zone belongir
South Asia South East Asia South West Asia Central Asia North Asia East Asia
2. Divide students into six groups
about these Zones.
26 For free distribution
 
 
 
 

olia, o Constitutes countries like Saudi
hina. Arabia, Iran, Iraq and Turkey.
aus o Contains mountains and plateaus. The main mountains are the Zagros
and and Caucasus. Plateaus include the Arabian plateau, Iranian plateau Ho and Anatolian plateau.
nich o Euphrates and Tigris rivers flow in arya South, West Asia.
o There are dry desert characteristics. pes o Main source of income is crude oil. Fruits like dates and grapes are grown in oases.
ntain range and a plateau
s Topographic Economic
Rivers - - - ng to features aCitTV1tleS
and prepare a folder containing information


Page 39
The Physical Landscape of the Asi
The Asian Region displays a diversity of in other regions. Let us find Out about the phy (see Map 2.2).
The Northern plain of the Asian Regio
As this area is snow-clad during most parts oftl is impeded resulting in marshy lands in Some ar
Fig. 2.3 : Cold Climate and
Because of the construction of the Gr
areas show some signs of development. On t
populated. The climate is harsh and Eskimosli
the harsh climate (Fig. 2.3).
Another specific topographic feature i
the Asian region is the ancient mountain range
and plateaus. The mountain ranges which run
the east and West of the Pamir knot are know
as the back bone of Asia. These mountair
spread up to the Anatolian plateau in the We
and to China and Indonesia in the East.
 

an Region @
physical features that cannot be found 'sical landscape of this diverse region
his a well-marked topographic feature.
he year the flow of northflowing rivers eas. This retards agricultural activities.
Igloos of Eskimos
2at Siberian Railway, the surrounding
he whole, the region is very sparsely
ving in the region show adaptations to
KAPor your knowledge
LO The Himalayan ridge is
the geological paradise of n ܓܠ the World.
St
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Page 40
Identify the mountain ranges of F. and Hindukush from Map2.2 showingt
Overall, the mountain areas in AS
O Not Suitable for human habitatic
rugged relief.
o Provide many river catchments.
o Possess Alpine grasslands.
o Not important for agricultural ac
o Provide homes for tribal people
o Important for recreational acti
mountain climbing.
There are many plateaus and d
deserts that consist of infertile grasslands
and Deccan plateaus which enable dry
4. Activities
... i. Draw a map of Asia and sha
atlas. ii. Mark and name a few rivers
Identify the mountains and platea them.
This region has beenhome to anul as Indus, Hwang Ho, Euphrates and Tig
There are many river Valleys with Region and they are given below. Find th
of Maps 2.2 and 2.4.
River Ganges Sikiyang R Hwang Ho Menam E Ob Lena Y
28 For free distribution

Himalayas, Karakoram Fig 2.4: Climber he topography of Asia.
ia are:
n due to the rough and
tivities.
vities like skiing and
eserts surrounded by these mountains. The
and Sandplains are unpopulated. But Iranian
grains to grow have moderate populations.
de the highest area with the help of an
starting from the Himalayas.
aus located in the Asian Region and tabulate
mber of historic civilizations of the World Such ris.
an economic importance located in the Asian elocation of these river valleys, with the help
iver Indus Yangtze Irrawaddy uphrates Mekong Tigris enisey Amur


Page 41
Most of these rivers are often subject 1 Soils have been created. Agricultural lands an floods. Presently, huge dams are built to col populated.
o Paddy cultivation is spread in river valleys like Menam, Meekong, Salvin, Irrawaddy etc. O In addition to paddy, crops such as Sugar cane, maize and barley are
grOWn. o This is a densely populated region.
o Therefore, cultivable land gets
fragmented.
Many cities are located in river Val HongKong city, Yangon (Rangoon), Dhak
Table 2.1 : Lakes and Seas
Lakes Seas Bikal lake Japan Balkhashlake i Arabi
| Chine
Anda
Black
For your information The longest riverin Asia is Yangtzekiang
 
 
 
 

ofloods. Therefore, Valleys with fertile dhuman lives are often destroyed due to trol floods making these areas densely
For your information River Hwang Hois called the
Sorrow of China.
leys in the Asian region. eg: Beijing,
a.
in the Asian Region
eSC Sca
a SCa
SC SCa
ՈԶՈ SCa
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Page 42
These lakes and seas are useful to
Important forf to the Japanes
Important for っ
Seas — Corals and pe Ns. There are old
Sea.
There is comp
Sometimes has
ti
vi
།
|
D
о в о н и G | R || A | M | : c. A lit H W A N T A M u
U D M L E
Z || D | R | M || 1 x y G G. A N G
1. Copy the above chart into your exerc ranges, rivers and lakes hidden amc
Climate of the Asian Region
Following is an article on the 'Clim for the School magazine.
30 For free distribution

man in Various WayS.
isheries. There is a main fishing ground close
CSCa.
Water transport. Main Sea routes are located.
arls are obtained.
*posits near the Bay of Bengaland the Arabian
betition in utilizing marine resources which
led to conflicts.
ise book and find Out the names of mountain ng the letters and shade them.
@
ate of the Asian Region prepared by Situmini


Page 43
Most features of the World climate are reason for this is the latitudinal eXtension of Regions. At one end people travelin sledges back across deserts. However, climatic ext and the coastal areas.
Fig. 2.5 : A Snow desert
Simplified climatic conditions in the A Map shows Monsoon Climate is specific to
Map 2.5 : Climates O.
бо
Tropical climate Temperate climate Dry climate Cold climate Mountain climate Tundra climate
 
 

found spread over the Asian Region. The this region from the Equator to the Polar while at the other end they ride on camel remes do not prevail among the islands
Fig. 2.6 : A dry desert
ܢ .
\sian region are shown on Map2.5. As the Southern and South-East Asian regions.
f the Asian region
صومه مح5 - ح
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Page 44
According to the map, following Region.
1. Tropical climate
2. Dry climate
3. Temperate climate
4. Cold climate
5. Tundra and mountain climate
Fig. 2.7 : Tropical Monsoon Forests Tro]
32 || For free distribution
|-
 
 

main climatic types are found in the Asian
pical Climate
There are a few variations of this type (Hot
Wet climate, Monsoon climate, Tropical Desert climate etc.).
In the first two types of climate, high temperature and heavy rains persist throughout the year.
According to these variations, there are changesin temperature andrainfall.
Areas with Tropical Monsoon climate are suitable for agricultural activities.
Tropical Monsoon climate is found in South and South East parts of the Asian region. Suitability of the physical environment has made these areas very populous. Fig. 2.7 shows a view of the Sinharaja forest in Sri
Lanka thatfalls within the Tropical climate.
Climate
ThiSiS foundin South WeStand CentralAsia.
The temperature in the South Western Asian regionis Very high.
Central Asian regions, are very cold.
Therefore, these areas are sparsely populated.


Page 45
Fig 2.9: Fruit Plantations
 

madic herding predominates among human ivities. Fig. 2.8 shows a herd of animals redby herdsmenin Central Asia. Drygrains has maize and barley and fruits are grown areas where there is a fair amount of rain.
perate Climate
Iere are many Varieties. The main among 2se are the Mediterranean climate and the mperate desert climate. le main characteristic of the Mediterranean mate is Wet Winters and dry Summers. his climate is favourable for human bitation. In Asia, the region close to the editerranean Sea belongs to this climate. nese areas are noted for production and port of fruits such as grapes and apples ig. 2.9). reas with temperate desert climate are arsely populated. People live in places here mineral resources such as iron ore, pper, silver etc. are mined.
d Climate
Found in North Asia, Siberia and North
apan. Excessive cold makes these areas unsuitable or human habitation. Timber industry is carried out in coniferous orests. See Fig. 2.10.
lira and Mountain Climate
Area is covered with Snow during most arts of the year. here is no other vegetation cover except noSS (Fig 2.11) NotSuitable for human habitation.
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Page 46
༼
1.
Natural
V . Attle
Name 3 types of climate found in
Give two characteristics of each (
To which climatic type does the
characteristics.
Resources
Natural resources are those whic earth without the intervention of man. Th Most important among these resources a
OCCIS.
Forest Resources
The forest resource consists of thi
Table 2.2 : Forests in the Asian region a
For free distribution
Forests Areas of location Type Coniferous North Asia Yello - Redp Deciduous Siberia White Doug India
Tropical Malaysia 醬 Indonesia Sand: The Philippines BOXV
Sri Lanka
12:
Collection of firewood for do
 

the Asian Region.
f these climatic types.
area you live in belong? Mention 3 of its
@
hare naturally formed in the crust of the e Asian Region is rich in these resources. eforests, mineral oil, natural gas and the
ree main components.
nd theiruses
s of plant
w pinus All these forest types
pinus provide multiple uses such
e pinus as fuel and timber. They
las fur also contribute to conserve soil, beautify the
"gany -
environment, protect natural balance and
alWOOd round water
VOOd 9. -
mestic uses
In Russia, most of the timber is used for the construction of houses and for domestic consumption. Only 20% is used for export. Fig. 2.12 shows Some people carrying firewood for domestic use.


Page 47
Petroleum
o The Middle E
experienced Owing to the p
There has bee •ހ
Middle East petroleum.
Mineral Oil
O OPECin whic had been esta influences the
O Oilfields are lo as well. Natu fields.
O A main featur oilis in the hau
Eventhough f through the sa distribution of human develo
Activity
With the help of the teacher and
Where the main oilfields and natura
The Marine Resource
The coastline of the Asian Region is 7 the names of Oceans and seas belonging Asian Region are utilized for various purp Sea exploration are Outstanding among the
Important fishing ground close to Ja in the Asian Region. The largest fish brec Japan. At present, there is keen compet
16:SOLITCCS.

@
last (belonging to the Asian Region) has revolutionary change in development resence of mineral oil.
'n an unprecedented development in the because of the income received from
hthere is strong Middle East representation blished to control prices of petroleum. It entire world economy.
Dcated in countries like Indonesia and India cal gas is also found in the vicinity of oil
e of these regions is that the production of nds of the multi-national companies.
oreign exchange flows into the country leofoil, there are vast discrepancies in the income. This has resulted in allow level of
pment.
ising an atlas, mark and name the places
Ilgas fields in the Asian Regionare located.
(...)
about 32,000 km. You have learnt in grade
to this region. The marine resources of the Oses. Transport, fishing, tourism and under
1.
pan in the Northern Pacific is also located 2ding centre of the world too is located in ition among countries to acquire Ocean
For free distribution 35


Page 48
Activity
Prepare a list of uses from marin
Human Landscape
As shown earlier, the physical dive landmass in the World has been instrumei
human landscape. This diversity is clearl cultures as well as the variations in majc industries. Fig. 2.14 and Fig. 2.15 show Asian Region. Their inherent characterist
Fig. 2.14 : Mongoloid
36 For free distribution
 
 
 

es of the ocean
Tourist Industry. Fishing Industry
C TCSOLITCCS.
(3)
sity of the Asian Region which is the largest ntal in bringing about Striking changes in its y shown by different human races, multiple rhuman activities such as agriculture and the two types of human race living in the ics are shown in the following chart.
Fig. 2.15: Caucasoid


Page 49
Mongoloid て Japan
༄། Malaysia
Korea
Arabia کسر
Afganistan Caucasi て
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
Fig. 2. 16: Different Natic
Sri Lankan Arab
By looking at Fig. 2.16, you can unc differs in different zones in Asia. The plausi physical characteristics of human races a factors. Mixed races are found in the regio races mentioned above.
 

* Rough dark black hair * Golden or yellowish skin
* Flat face
* Flat nose
* Very dark slim eyes * Foldedeyelids * Tallas well as short people
* Colour of skin from light red to dark
brown
* Black curly hair or blond coloured
hair
* Sharp nose
* Absence of sharp folding in eyelids
* Protruding jaws and forehead
Dnals in the Asian Region
Indian Chinese
lerstand that even the same human type ble reason for this is the differences in the 2cording to climatic and environmental nowing to interbreeding of the different
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Page 50
Activity
Preparea picture folder to show vau
Asian Region.
Cultural Heritage
Culture can be defined as an aggre food and drink, art and craft, literature, faiths of people living in a society. Cultur activities in Society. There are many defi are given below. Read them and clearly
“Cultureis a complex whole which indi customs and other capabilities and hal society'
"What basically belongs to literature,
"The collective name which can be giv
symbolically owned by the society and culture'
The following chart shows the relations
Beliefs, faiths, habits and customs
Fig. 2.17 : A
Language, literature, education, laws
Arts and crafts, food and drink, clothing
Culture depends on the above generation. The nature of culture differs Study Fig. 2.18 and identify these facto
38 For free distribution
 

rious ethnic groups living in countries of the
@
gate of elements such as language, clothing, , education, laws, norms and customs, and reis the force which provides the basis for all nitions of culture. A few selected definitions understand what is really meant by culture.
uces knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, bits acquired by man as a member of the
E.B. Tylor history and artis culture”
Lord Bertrand Russel ento all the behavioural patterns which are acquired from generation to generation is
Charles.A. Elwood
ship of various aspects relevant to culture.
spects of Culture
Culture
aspects handed down from generation to because of the influence of different factors.
["S.


Page 51
Fig. 2.18: Factors affecting
Geograph locatio
Regional identity
Factors
- affecting Climate differences
in culture
LiVelihOOdS
Ethnic gro
Aspects common to all cultures
Language, clothing, Worship, religion, methods of greeting, marriage, employment, arts and Crafts, industries, habits and customs,
traditions etc.
According to the cultures of Various ethnic groups such as Tamils, Muslims, Sinhalese, Malays, etc. there are differences in clothing, food and religious practices. A country has different cultures, owing to the presence of people belonging to diverse ethnic groups and religions. A person living in a Society has to maintain interrelationships with cultures that differ from his own. Fig. 2.19 shows places of Worship of some religions.
 

differences in culture
tical
Nations مصر
- Languages
Religions
upS
Fig 2.19: ● /
Temple Hindu Kovil
Mosque Church
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Page 52
Activity Construct a conceptual map contai
Of a culture.
World Heritage
Ancient objects specific to a pau considered as world heritage. As you ha of two types, namely,
Tangible heritage - e.g. The Great Wall Intangible heritage - e.g., habits and cus Places of cultural heritage have t places, historical places, natural Scenic respective countries have been able to e places. Further, these cultural heritage si identity to the Asian Region.
Figure 2.20 shows the Sigiriya fortress in Sri Lanka, which has become a World heritage. This is an isolated hill carved by nature. Because of natural protection, it had Subsequently been used as a fortress. It has turned Out to be a world heritage because of its cultural Significance. In the Asian Region there are many other places which belong to world heritage sites. Identify some world heritage sites from Map 2.6.
40 For free distribution
 

ning allelements necessary for the Sustenance
()
ticular culture but of universal Value can be Ive already learnt in Grade 8, heritage can be
of China, Taj Mahal, Fortress of Sigiriya
toms, traditions, languages, dances, literature. been useful to man in Various Ways as Sacred laces and places of strategic importance. The arn an income from tourists attracted to these tes have been instrumental in giving a special
Fig2.20: Sigiriya
----
ASRING


Page 53
Map 2.6: Map of Wo
ܢ ܓ
Masjidul Haram
== Taj Maha o
წჯუჯ3%83%E1% (*
a. . ܐ ܢܝ
Activities
1. Prepare an article with pictures fo heritage sites in the Asian Region.
Name two places in Sri Lanka wh and provide a short description of
Agriculture
The Asian Region with a vast extent significant variations in agricultural activities types of agriculture found in the region (Ma
o Shifting agriculture Nomadic Herding Intensive Subsistence agriculture Plantation Agriculture
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ild Heritage Sites
or the School magazine about the World
ich are declaredas Worldheritage sites
them.
@
of land and a variety of climates show as well. This is clearly seen from different p 2.7).
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Page 54
Map 2.7: Agricultura
shifting agriculture Nomadic Herding
Intensive Subsistence agricul
Plantation Agriculture
Shifting agriculture
Shifting agriculture which is one ( significance today. It is now restricted savanna grasslands are used for shifting existence of this type of agriculture are se otherforms of agriculture on these lanc people.
Map 2.7 shows the distribution ol where jungle areas are cleared by felling for the conservation of soil fertility. W governments have taken several steps ir
to Minimize the destruction of forests
Protect biodiversity and
The land area used for shifting cu demand for land created by an increasing permanent settlements. Among the othe permanent croplands are,
42 For free distribution
 

| types in the Asian Region
d
勒
敬
ܓܕ QFܠ
Iture
()
Df the oldest agricultural types is declining in l to a few areas. Jungles, scrub as well as cultivation. The reasons for the origin and asonality of rainfall, inability to practise any ls and the limited resources available to the
Shifting Agriculture. This type of farming, and burning of trees, needs rotation of lands 'ith a view to protecting the environment,
recent years in order to,
o Prevent soil erosion
o Change these lands into permanent
croplands.
tivation is dwindling mainly because of the population and conversion of these lands to r reasons for the conversion of such lands to


Page 55
Government policies Stabilization due toplanting ofselect crops in between. Introduction of irrigation methods. Usage offertilizer and agro-chemical Application of machinery and equipm
o Attention paid to commercial crops.
Nomadic Herding
Nomadic herding is practised in non-continuous places extending from Steppe grasslands in Central Asia to Pacific coastal areas. This activity takes place in areas bordering dry deserts where rainfall is less than 500 mm. and evaporation is high. In these areas short grasses and Small plants abound. Nomadicherding is practised onhillsides unsuitable for agriculture.
Animals such as goats and sheep are reared agriculture is carried out in oases and places v
In Tundra areas in the Northern Asian F
Caribou reindeer because they are toleranto
Although the herdsmen drove their her the past, environmental change and newly int their mobility. Thereasons for this situationa
o Conversion of areas with adequater
o Uncertainty of rainfall in many areas.
o Planting of forests in areas on eithers nomadic herding existed earlier.
o Cultivation of drought resistant crop.
o Government sponsorship of perman
 

ed trees in rows and cultivating seasonal
ment, and
()
Fig 2.21 : A herd of goats
din these lands (Fig. 2.21). Permanent with similar physical environments.
Region there is the rearing of animals like fexcessive cold.
'ds thousands of kilometres for grazing in roduced human activities have restricted regiven below;
ainfall to permanent cropland.
side of the Great Siberian Railway where
entsettlements.
For free distribution 43


Page 56
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Cultivation of crops and animalhu type. CropS. Such as paddy, grains, Vegeta Presently, several changes are taking pla ing among these are,
O Modernization of farmlands
o Building specializations and
This agricultural system suits the Paddy cultivation is carried out in floody received. During the harvesting season, a cultivation. According to human need farming, provided there is an adequate v.
A Activity
Explain the physical and human
intensive Subsistence agriculture
Plantation Agriculture
Southern and South Eastern ar agriculture. This system introduced by E economies of the respective countries u plantation agriculture in many count Suitability of physical environment forth demand for plantation products from the facing plantation agriculture. They are,
o Presentation of primary product
o Price fluctuations
o Reduced use of agricultural in
increasing costs
o Introduction of substitutes for pr oil, synthetic rubber, fruit drinke
o Decrease of yields due to senilit
44 ΕOγ. free distribution
 

sbandry for consumer needs come under this bles and fruits are important in this category. cein subsistence agriculture. The most strik
o Inclination towards commercialization
O Introduction of new crops
physical environment of the Asian Region. blains and alluvial flats where high rainfallis a temperature of 27C is necessary for paddy ls, hill slopes are used for terraced paddy Vater Supply.
factors which account for the distribution of
@
eas of Asia are important for plantation Europeans Occupies an important place in the Ip to the present. The Europeans introduced ries of the Asian Region because of the is type of agriculture. Another reason was the 'ir own markets. There are several problems
in the Asian Region.
IS to the market
outs due to the drop of foreign revenue and
Oducts such as tea, coconut and rubber (palm etc.)
y of CropS.


Page 57
Fig 2.22 : Some Pla Coconut
Various strategies have been adopte
increase incomes. These are:
Diversification of crops to reduce pro On One crop. e.g., cultivation of bete banana under coconut and rubber Cul
Presenting high Value added produc products. Examples: Tea cubes, Vani
Making use of the results of agricultu Employing special methods of packir
Sending value added products to th Examples-tyres and tubes, foot Wea
Recently, several steps have been taken
agricultural intensification. Many strategiesh
Establishing proper irrigation system Implementing Agricultural Advisory S Introducing insurance Schemes,
Introducing high yielding varieties, Providing of subsidized agricultural in
The role of agricultural research in reg
 

ntation Crops
d to minimize such problems and to
blems emanating from the dependence :l and pepper in cocoa plantations and tivations in Sri Lanka.
rts to the market instead of traditional Illa tea, green tea etc.
ral research (HYVs, Fertilizer)
ng when products are sent to the market.
e market instead of primary products. r, toys etc. instead of rubber.
to increase the yield per unit area through ave been used for this purpose.
s to irrigate crops when necessary,
Services,
puts
ard to the above is very important.
For free distribution 45


Page 58
// Activity
 ി Preparealistof problems andınev
the Asian Region.
Industries
Evidence from ancient civilizati the fact that industries had been at a ve stage in the countries of the Asian regic
o There is evidence to suggest th Valley civilization had bronze, sil industries. examples- the statuett and priest
o The people of the Hwang Ho vall
finely polished Stylish clay pots.
o The peoplein Euphrates and Tigris
knew about the use of bronze.
Fig. 2.24 : A panel inscription showing
These facts make it clear that kn Asian countries. For all these industries, iron Ore, copper, silver, clay etc. had activities are shaped according to the p
46 For free distribution
 

W trends relating to plantation agriculture in
Fig. 2.23 : Statuette of an aCtre SS
ons points to ryadvanced
DIT.
at the Indus Verand clay es ofactreSS
ey had made
civilizations
War and peace
Owledge about industries was nothing new to , resources in the physical environment Such as been used. This also confirms that human hysical environment in an area.


Page 59
Although industrial products were day-to-day needs of the people and over: policy in the Asian Region is to produce ( external markets.
The reasons for this are:
o The existence of natural resources
O Richness in fuel resources such as
o Availability of an abundance of lab
o Establishmentofindustries by the st
At presentall countries are tryingtod Special characteristics of these industries a
o Giving priority to import substitutic
o Special attention given to assemb
Taiwan and Singapore,
o Setting up and development of spe in India, Kobe-Osaka and Tokyo
o Priority given to heavy industriest
Absence of infrastructural and fin development has been a constraint to the d of the Asian Region. Countries with inf established a strong industrial base altl
Fig. 2.26: Garment industry
 

obtained in the past to primarily meet the all requirements of the country, the present )n a commercial basis for local as well as
such as iron ore, gold, silver, tin etc,
petroleum and natural gas,
Our,
ate as well as by local and foreign companies.
evelopindustries by utilizing above factors. ure as follows :
on in developing industries,
bly industries by countries such as Korea,
'cial industrial zones. Examples-Damodar Yokohama in Japan,
oy some countries e.g., Soviet Russia.
ancial facilities necessary for industrial evelopment of industries in some countries rastructural and financial facilities have hough they do not have their own raw
material. e.g., Eventhough Japan is without substantial physical resources it has achieved an industrial developmentthrough financial investment, new technology and improvement of labour efficiency. Multi-national companies have been attracted to the countries of the Asian Region to make use of skillful labour resources and the large market.
For free distribution 47


Page 60
Countries such as China, Sri Lanka production of garments for export. N industries as well. Their markets are ind Germany.
Fig. 2.27: Industries and indust
Taiwan, Malaysia, South Korea.
Japan, South Korea.
Activity
On an outline map, mark and name manufacturing industries are impor
Newly Industrialized Countries
South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kon industrial development in 1980s are calle Many factors have influenced this achieve
48 For free distribution
 
 
 

and Bangladesh have given priority to the Note that China is important for heavy eveloped countries like U.S.A., U.K. and
rial countries in the Asian Region
Russia, Japan China, India. Malaysia, South KOrea
Electronic Industry
- Japan, South
Korea, India, Thailand. Malaysia China
a five countries of the Asian Region where tanti.
@
g and Singapore which acquired a rapid 'd Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs). :ment.


Page 61
o Commencement of industries based
o Use of imported raw materials,
o Heavy investment by multi-national
transfer of new technology.
In these countries, computer and othel important. The production of IBM comput
o Keyboards are from Singapore
o Printers are from Japan
o Software is from U.S.A and assemb
in Taiwan
Apart from the above mentioned co China, Malaysia and India are in this grou Countries such as India, China and Israt started large FreeTrade Zones attracting investors based on open economic trade pc
countries use of lea
For your information are alsol China is called the sleeping generate giant of Asia 7 countries
Emerging Physical and Human Challel due to Physical and Human Forces
Fig. 2.28 shows a few headlines quot show us that there are many challenges that. Region people have to face these challe challenges following are significant:
o Increase in population O
o Poverty O
o Political instability O
o Natural disasters.
 
 
 

on labour and market,
companies on these industries and
electronic assembling industries are most ers can be shown as an example where
bly is For your Knowledge
Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong are /
untries lp now. called the dragons ر el have of Asia foreign
)licies.
A special feature of the newly industrialized s is to maximize on productivity with the stamount of raw material. As the markets ocated in Asia itself more profits could be i. There is a great demand from developed s as well because of low prices.
ed from newspapers. All these news items
Asian societies are faced with. In the Asian nges on a continuing basis. Among the
nges Faced by Asian Countries
Ensuring food Security
Problems relating to land use
Ageing of population
For free distribution 49


Page 62
Fig. 2.28 : Few news ite
Activity
Collectinformation from daily news
countries and setup a poster indica
Th
and phys
for some ܢܠ For your act1 V1 tie HAinformation challeng TWO most in a posi populous Zones in have bec the world belong 7 controls to Asia. 7ܬܐ withstan
COnStru C است .
control fl
50 For free distribution
 

2ms relating to challenges
papers about the challenges faced by Asian
iting Solutions to Such challenges.
ese challenges are the result of human ical processes. Solutions can be found : challenges that are caused by human S. Although we cannot prevent the es caused by physical processes, We are tion to control them. Various methods en tried out by countries by way of ... e.g., In Japan houses are built to ld earthquakes and dams have been :ted across the river Hwang Ho to loods.


Page 63
The challenges faced by the people C are summarized in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 : Challenges fac
Challenges Related
Increase in population Food
Scarci
Health
Social
Envir
Unem
Ensuring food security o Instab o Inequi
o Use O
develo
o Rapid
o Inabil
o Inabi Poverty | produ - • Depri This is the inability to N. educal maintainaminimum ) . Diffic Standard of livin | low le
o Inabil
O Social
o Redu.
fragm
o Persis
Problems relating to land use
● Incre:
O Lack
o PrObl
O Inade
 
 

of Asia have led to many problems. They
ed by Asian Countries
problems
shortages ity of land h problems problems nmental pollution
ployment
ility in food supplies
itable access to food
pf food as a political weapon by ped countries increase of food prices
ity to produce to meet the demand
lity to invest in order to increase Ction vation of opportunities to receive a good tion ulty of obtaining employment owing to vel of education and lack of training ity to adopt new technology
marginalization
ction of the size of farmlands due to
entation of land
tence with traditional methods
ase in price of inputs of facilities to access new technology ems relating to land tenure
quate efforts to make lands productive
For free distribution 51


Page 64
Ageing of population
Political instability
Natural disasters
1.
Activities
List the problems caused by pov
2. What are the results of the increa
3. Write three adverse results of the
52
For free distribution

o Increase in the number of dependents o Increase of expenditure on Welfare
activities o Necessity of maintaining elders' homes o Inadequate attention paid to Social and
legal policies pertaining to elders
o Discourage new investments o Absence of consistent policies O Emergence of religiousand tribalconflicts O Rise of minorities o Retardation of development o Demand for self-government by
separatist groups. o Capture of power by the military o Displacement of sections of the
population
o Damage to property
O LOSS of lives
o Devastation of farmlands and livestock
O Destruction of forests
o Spread of diseases o Loss of production o Disruption of daily activities o Damage to infrastructure
O LOSS of livelihoods
o Displacement of people
erty in any Asian country.
ise in the number of elderly people?
existence of political instability.


Page 65
Steps taken to minimize challenges
It is not possible for any one Asianco handedly. Therefore, countries have to b purpose. A number of organizations have be now consider what Steps organizations su APEC have taken to minimize these proble
South Asian Association for Regional C
Commencement — 1985 in II
Fig. 2.29 : Present Memb
Maldive
As a regional organization, SAARC are some objectives aimed at meeting the ch follows:
o Worktowards strengthening and de
countries
 

@
untry to overcome these challenges single e organized on a regional basis for this een established in the Asian Region. Letus ch as SAARC, ASEAN, BIMSTEC and
IS.
Cooperation (SAARC) @ Dhaka, Bangladesh
ær countries of SAARC
Sri Lanka
i India
Bangladesh
has many objectives. Among these there allenges of the Asian Region. They areas
Veloping mutual trust among South Asian
For free distribution 53


Page 66
o Make representations internationa problems of terrorism and politica
o Ensure food security within the reg
o Establisha SAARC agriculturalcer
o Take decisions for the prevention C
implementing agreements for this I
o Take the following steps to minimi
1. Implementation of South A
2. Establishment of the Sout
O Alleviate poverty in the South Asia
o Provide financial and material aidt
South Asian Development Fund to
growth of the economy.
Fig. 2.30 : Heads of States who represente
SAARC : Partnersh
15" SAARC
27 ULY TO 04 AUGU
2 二国温岛国别
/ Activities
Sri Lanka has obtained from SAA | 2. Prepare for a debate on "The ai
AV have been fulfilled/not fulfilled
N__
54 For free distribution
1. With the assistance of your teach
 
 
 
 

illy on a Zonal basis to Overcome common | instability.
ion
ntreanda securefood reservein Bangladesh
if terrorism at the level of heads of state and
purpose
ize the problems relating to trade:
sian Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA)
h Asian FreeTrade Association (SAFTA)
un Region
hrough Japan’s SAARC Country Fundand
) solve health problems and to promote the
2d SAARC countries in Sri Lanka in 2008
ip ფი our People
SUMMIT
ST 2008 - COLOMBO
}ā 20 Ez
rand library books list the services that ARC.
ms of SAARC economic cooperation


Page 67
Association of South East Asian Nati
Commencement – Augus
Fig. 2.31 : Present Mer
ASEAN
Brunei
Among the objectives of this ASSOC the challenges referred to above:
o Worktowards establishing peace
o Provide mutual assistance at time
o Help economic developmentanc o Take the following steps to establ
- Seekassistance from New Ze
projects and aid from Canada
- Provide pre-natural disaster v
 
 
 

Ons (ASEAN) @
1967 in Bangkok, Thailand
hber Countries of ASEAN
SUMMIT
Malaysia.
lation the following directly relate to meeting
and stability of the region
is of natural disasters
| promote trade ish foodSecurity.
:aland for livestock development and forest
(for fishery development
varning.
For free distribution 55


Page 68
o Establish Disaster Communication
Technology Committee.
o Implement concessionary tariff polic
Activity
Explain the actions taken by ASEAN as
and Social development.
BIMSTEC (Bay of BengalIniti and Economic COOp.
Commencement - This organization
Thailand, Myanm: of Bhutan and Ne
Fig2.32: Member cour
SS ܚܕܝܡܡܐ
56 - For free distribution

Centres and the ASEAN Science and
ies to face challenges relating to trade
a regional Organization for economic
ativeforMulti-SectoralTechnical @ eration)
was originally established in 1997 by ar, Sri Lanka and India. With the joining pal in 2004 it was renamed as.
tries Of BIMSTEC


Page 69
o Preventing terrorism and countering V
o Paying attention to the establishment
the adverse impact of natural disaster
o Improving trade and investmentactivi
o Improving commodity transport and c
o Working towards promotion of touris
o Following commonpolicies collective
o Taking action to protect biodiversity
o Taking action for the management of
At the 2008 convention Iftekhar Aham to Bangladesh government) has commented th Bengal, BIMSTEC is a strong bridge conne
organization has been Successful in Solving billion people of the South and South-East As
Assignment
Prepare a folder giving information ol established, country participation ob
assistance given to Sri Lanka.
Organization for AsiaPacific Economic (
Commencement — APEC was establi
proposal by the til
Hawke.
Member countries - What is special in countries such as, of America and N countries bordering country outside th

olence
of a meteorological centre to minimize
S
ties
Ommunication
m, fisheries and agriculture
:ly to alleviate poverty
2nvironmental and natural disasters.
2d Chowdhury (Foreign Affairs Adviser latforcountries neighbouring the Bay of cting South and South-East Asia. This different problems by taking some 1.3 ian Region within its fold.
n, the year in which BIMSTEC was
jectives and measures adopted and
Cooperation (APEC) (2)
shed in November 1989 according to a
hen Australian Prime Minister, Robert
this case is the inclusion of developed sapan, Australia, Canada, United States 2w Zealand in addition to most Asian the Pacific Ocean. Mexico, a developing : Asian Region, is also included here.
For free distribution 57


Page 70
Fig 2.33: Membe (Asia Pacific Eco
Brunei
ܠ ܐ ܢܚ42 KO
今
South Korea
 
 
 
 

ir Countries of APEC nomics Cooperation)
Russia
Ctnam China


Page 71
As a regional organization APEC too directly contribute to overcome challenges belonging to APEC.
o Promotion of investment and trade V
relating to trade O Working towards economic coopel region (e.g., establishment of a Free o Relieving unemployment through
alleviating poverty, providing subsid
Schemes
o Collective decision-making by the c
the negative effects of globalization o Sharing of experience among coul promoting free trade, providing tech
assistance from the World Bank Sou
As the foreign minister of Australia has cooperation the member countries have beer the gross national product between 198917% to 5% from 1987 to date. Accordi promote economic rather than political proc
Activity
Select six students to represent the S.
discussion so that information about ph expression
Assignment
Prepare an article to the school magazine year of commencement, country participa givento Sri Lanka.

has many objectives. Following actions faced by the people of the Asian Region
within the region to minimize challenges
ration through unity of the Asia Pacific : Trade Zone by 2010) human resource development aimed at
lies to the jobless and initiating insurance
ountries of the regionin orderto prevent
ntries of the region for the purpose of nical assistance and obtaining economic
|TCCS.
declared at the 2007 conference, through nable to reduce poverty by 50%, double 2007 and reduce tariffs on goods from ngly, this organization has helped to
ESSCS.
ix main regions in Asia and present a ysical and human environmentis given
about APEC giving information on the tion, aims and objectives and assistance
//
For free distribution 59 |
fr


Page 72
: Sources
: Educational Publications Department : Educational Publications Department - encarta- encyclopedia-2008
: M.D Gunasena limited, 2003, New Gl : Jayamanne Percy, 2002, Children and Sarasavi Publications, 2008, Sarasavi : Senavirathne, Chaminda, 2002, World : WeathungeN.1972, Basic SriLanka Trewartha, V.N.H. Clendy Arthur M,
1982,
Sinhalatranslation (2nd Edition)
60 For free distribution

1991, Social Studies, Grade 8
1998, Human Geography I (G. C. E. A/L)
Inasena Philips Atlas
youth encylopedia
SchOOliAtlas
| Organizations, i, iii
World and physical geography (G.C.E.O/L
Roinson, Edwin H. Basic geography,


Page 73
Spatial Patterns Sri
"Development is the improvement ( community'. "Improvement of the economic, country could be termed as development”. Yol well. The purpose of this lesson is to examine have influenced the spatial patterns of develop
Human activities adapted to physical fact Human needs satisfaction is planned to match about this aspect by going through the lesson O Lanka.
There are clear differences among th development. Different socio-economic le Colombo Metropolitan Region comprising Districts and Southern Region comprising G. have broadly similar development levels. Never and Monaragala districts and the Eastern Regi and Ampara districts have comparatively lov information about these differences by studyi
Variations in the Spatial patterns of de' caused not only by the differences in the phys disparities in resource distribution. An exan physical and human landscape of the in understanding of the spatial patterns of develo
You have studied the Criteria to differe classes. Some of the criteria are given below:
1. Physical factors such as relief and (central highlands, coastal plain. v. 2. Human activities taking place with (tea, rubber and paddy cultivation 3. Administrative boundaries, and b. helpin facilitating human activities (provinces, districts, city limits, networks, police areas, grama ni
 

Of Development in Lanka
f the living standard of the global Social, political and cultural Sectors of a I have learnt similar ideas in grade 8 as physical and human processes which yment in selected regions of Sri Lanka.
ors are foundin all regions in Sri Lanka. the physical environment. Letus study n spatial patterns of development in Sri
le regions in Sri Lanka in terms of vels are observed in these regions. Colombo, Kalutara and Gampaha alle, Matara and Hambantota districts theless, Uva Region comprising Badulla on comprising Batticaloa, Trincomalee V levels of development. Gather more ng Map3.1.
Velopment in the Selected regions are sical and human landscape but also by mination of the factors relating to the dividual regions will give a better pment.
ntiate a region when you were in lower
climate
Vet Zone)
in physical regions
terraced farming, chena cultivation) Dundaries defining service areas which
communication networks, transport Uladhari divisions,)
For free distribution 61


Page 74
Map 3.1 : Regions selected to identif
Northern Region * Contribution to total Gross National Product 27% Monthly income of a family
unit Rs 1520 Labour force out of total
population 27.1% Employment in agriculture, forestry, fishery and mining 26.8% Literacy out of total population 92.5% Electricity facilities out of total families 63.6%
Colombo Metropolitan R
* Contribution to total GrossA National Product * 49 Monthly income of a family unit Rs Labour force out of total population Employment in agriculture, forestry, fishery and mining Literacy out of total population 96.4%
Electricity facilities out of total families
Data relevant to 2003 are included.
米
Mahaweli D
* Separate data have not been collected in the reg Not included the data in Kilinochchi, Mannar an
Source : Sri Lanka Socio - econo
62
For free distribution
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

y spatial patterns of Sri Lanka's development
- Boundary of the Mahaweli region - Boundaries of other selected regions
Eastern Region
* Contribution to total Gross National Product 5.5% Monthly income of a family
unit Rs 13.395 Labour force out of total
Employment in agriculture,
36.6% orestry, fishery and mining مصر iteracy out of total population 86.6%
Electricity facilities out of total
amilies
65.6%
Uva Region
Contribution to total Gross ཁ། ༼ National Product 4.4%
2ν Σ Monthly income of a family levelopment Region unit Rs. 111.78
V Labour force out of total
population 40.0% Employment in agriculture, Arrestry, fishery and mining 64.1% Literacy out of total population 88.3% ity facilities out of total
56.7%
A
Contribution to total Gross
9.8% National Product گی Monthly income of a family 41-سس
Uda Walawe Region unit Rs. 3733
Labour force out of total population 39.4% Employment in agriculture,
forestry, fishery and mining 40.4% Literacy out of total population 92.7% Electricity facilities out of total
gion. families 78.4%
di Mullathivu districts.
mic data 2007, Central Bank of Sri Lanka


Page 75
Activities
1. With the aid of an atlas name thre
different Regions.
2. Name the Regions into which Sr
Criteria.
When you examine the inter-re processes in the selected regions you can
1. There are similarities among reg unique to particular regions (relief found in the Northern Region).
2. In examining levels of developme given boundaries have to be utiliz
3. When we consider the developme of development of aparticular reg not restricted only to that region electricity produced in the Mahav
4. The spatial patterns of developm not equally distributed within the found within the Colombo city li rurban {between rural and urba Metropolitan Region).
5. Certain regions of the country attı development while in still otherr out. (Western Regionand Uva Re
6. Differences in the distribution of
activities.
Activities
"Mahaweli Development Zone be for this.
Write one reason specific to each
 
 

e criteria used to demarcate Sri Lanka into
i Lanka is divided according to the above
'lationship between physical and human clearly understand the following:
tions as well as physical factors which are and climate found in the Uva Region are not
entamong regions administrative units with edfordata collection (Provinces, Districts).
2nt of the country, it is clear that the benefits gion spill over to other regions as welfare is (entire country benefits from paddy and veli Region).
ent within regions show that the benefits are region (roads and pipe borne waterfacilities mits are not available in distant townships, un} areas and rural areas in the Colombo
ract human resources in a way conducive to egions human resources tend to get pushed *gion respectively).
physical resources result in diverse human
longs to several regions'.Write two reasons
h region shown in Map 3.1.
For free distribution 63


Page 76
Considering all reasons indicated abo of development in selected regions of SriL
Colombo Metropolitan Region
The wide region encompassing all the areas is known as the Metropolitan Regio Colombo Metropolitan Region includ Gampaha, Colombo and Kalutara districts
This regionis administered through,
o Municipalities O Urban councils and o Pradeshiya sabhd
Map 3.2 : Colombo M
Kollupitiya) Màla
Bambalapiti Battish
Welawat AAN Parliam
Dehiwala, NM
Ratmalana A
Moratuwa ܬܐ
蚤 oಿಖ್ಖರು ` PanaduraN -dii ད།
Waddluwa
Kalutar
Districi
Agalawa »Matugama
• Horawala
Morag
64 For free distribution
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ve, letus now examine the spatial patterns
For your information
CSC There are a number On of satellite towns and
les rurbanareas aroundthe rapidly
growing Colombo city. They have grown because of the clos
o TOWns MAA Class Roads
MRailways
District Boundary


Page 77
According to the Census of Populat Region had a population of 5648 000. Density of population was 1572 per kmo (
4. Activities
1. Name the districts in the ColombON
2. Study Map 3.2 and prepare a list of
Colombo.
3. Name the two rivers bordering nort
4. On the basis of what you have he
Metropolitan Region.
On the next day the teacher summari, as follows:
Fig. 3.1 : Special features within th
Rapid chan
pl gC Direct nat Within a short
Internation: period because of Investment Promotion Zones
Opportunities
for Cultural Color and Metrop recreational Regi
activities سمبر
Development over time as a market, a Hu port, a capital, an infrastı international airport facil
anda commercialcity.

on 2001. Colombo Metropolitan The region had an area of 3593 km. central Bank of Sri Lanka - 2007).
Metropolitan Region. Satellite towns around the capital city of
hand south of this region. ard, prepare a report On the Colombo
zed the information brought by the students
e Colombo Metropolitan Region
ional and Vertical
all relations development in the
city centre and Satellite towns
کمر
High diurnal mbo Olitan mobility of OI people
N
Although the area is of comparatively small UICture there is a high ities COncentration Of
people
For free distribution 65


Page 78
Map 3.3 : Distribution of industries in
Metropolitan Region
Source: Prepared from the Sarasavi school At
O Location of the administrative capital,
and airport in the Gampaha district.
More infrastructure facilities are to the Kalutara district e.g. hospitals, Schoc densities are found along road networks densities and facilities are comparatively Villages.
These factors point to the fact th Region there are variations in the spatial
With a view to reducing the traffic conge Overheadbridges, underground pathways a few more have been proposed.
66 For free distribution
 

Colombo
Appared
A. A. ille A O O у ★ ods ★ lark Promotion Zone:
as, 2004
By studying Map 3.2 and Fig. 3.1, you will be able to confirm the following information relating to the spatial patterns of development that have resulted from physical and human processes Within the Colombo Metropolitan Region.
o Concentration of a large number of public sector industries in the Colombo district (tyre, iron andsteel, petroleum refining)
O Location of a large number Of private SeCtOr manufacturing industries around Colombo (biscuits, rubber goods)
o City of Colombo functions as the hub of rail and road networks (railway control room)
main commercial city and port near Colombo
present in the Colombo district as compared ls, banks, insurance offices. High population and in satellite towns while the population less in isolated townships, rurban areas and
at even within the Colombo Metropolitan patterns of development.
stion in the Colombo Metropolitan Region and pavements have already been built while


Page 79
Activity APrepare a folder on the Colombo Me
information you have studied.
Problems faced by the Colombo M solve them are given below.
Irregular disposal Recycling
of waste matter Makingp
disposal
Mobilizin
Urban congestion Preparatic Removal
NEW CONSI Construct Developi
Housingcongestion Establishi Replacen facilities V Making c. the constr
Inaugural - - - و... . . . . . . . به مصر Anti-Social activities drug-add Introducti
children Encourag and trainir
Environmental pollution Making ை COnSerVat
Properim
Impleme
environm flowers in
The aim of development is to creat cultural envir

tropolitan Region on the basis of the
etropolitan Region and steps taken to
gofwaste matter people aware of categorizing waste for
gprivate companies to keep cities clean
on of urban plans and implementing them of illegal constructions and relocating tructions elsewhere tion of overheadbridges ng the peripheral areas
ment of housingschemes ment of houses with least amount of with multi-storied flats with facilities redit and financialfacilities available for uction of houses
tion of rehabilitation programmes for icts On of educational programmes for street
ing self-employment (financialassistance ng)
people aware of environmental ion plementation of environmental laws :nting programmes to beautify the ent (planting trees along roads, growing
limited spaces)
ea good physical, social anda OnmCnt
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Page 80
Activities
1. If you are elected president of Metropoletan Region, prepare a steps that you would take to deve
2. List the reasons why human res.
elsewhere.
Mahaveli Dev
Mahaweli river which is 331 km. the Sea close to Trincomalee. It is estimat this long journey is about 10327 km.
Government of Sri Lanka whichr of water discharged by the river started Polgola and Bowatenna in February 197 was scheduled for completion in 30 year and the construction work on Kotmale, Vi and the right trans-basin canal commence
The Uda Walawe Scheme and administered by the River Valley Devel purview of the Mahaweli Authority in 19
Meeting the set target, 145593 90,450 were farmfamilies while the othe and those engaged in other pursuits. Hydrc to 671 MegaWatts. During this year Ma ha.and produced 707836 metric tonnes total paddy production of the country (M
Moragahakanda Project propo. Scheme was inaugurated on 25" of Janu is nearing completion now.
In view of the above the largest country is the Mahaweli Development Sc
68 For free distribution

a social organization in the Colombo speech that you would make about the 2lop the region.
ources are attracted to this region from
elopment Region
long starts from the Horton Plains and meets ed that the area watered by the Mahaweli in
ealized the importance of tapping the Volume the first phase of the Mahaweli Scheme at 0. Mahaweli Development Programme that s was redesigned to be completed in 6 years ictoria, Randemigala, Maduru Oya reservoirs 'd simultaneously.
Weli Oya region (renamed as System L) opment Board were also brought under the 82 and 1987 respectively.
families were settled by 2005. Out of this rs belonged to the categories of businessmen power generated by the Mahaweli amounted haweli farmers obtained water for 150598 of paddy. This is equivalent to 21% of the sahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka 2005).
sed for the second stage of the Mahaweli ary 2007 to meet the needs of the country. It
multi-purpose development scheme in the cheme.


Page 81
For your information
Mahaweli Developmen watered by the river Mahawelialone. Thi Valleys while contributing to feed others conferred direct benefits to a number of
Letus now consider the benefits t Scheme has gifted the region and the coun benefits.
Fig. 3.2 : National L
Storing sur fishing indu
Hydro-electricity generation
Water supply to existing Cultivatio
and new farmlands CropS(cashe
Cultivation of export crops o Settlement of families
Setting up of new hamlets and new to Improvement of infrastructure Creation of new employment opport
 
 
 
 
 

t Region is not limited to the region
Sproject encompasses a number of river beyond its own catchment. It has also Districts and PrOVinces.
hatthemassive Mahaweli Development try at large. Study Fig. 3.2 and note these
evel Development
Conservation of the upper catchment
plus water,
stry
Conservation of national parks
n of other 2W)
wnships
Inities
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Page 82
Map 3.4: Mahaweli I
la
Mukunueva Reservoir
ジ Malvatu Oy
Reservoir كريه
K
Wwa
/ Puttalam மேத் So Reservol
Pòlon ܓܦ
Fard Ša
Hurului PWebwa Feeder Canal Bakuna
Bowdienna, ף
Resegoiro Moragahakanda Refervoir
(Proposed kaug Rese
Kegalle Pictoria sReservoir orbiaس 6'
armini Dissanay
Reservoir
-
སོ།།༥
படி ', Reserግ
°N,
Embilipitiy
Angunakolapele
Udawalawe Right Bank
ܐܢܝܢ
Source: Mahaweli Dev Sri Lanka Nationa
70
For free distribution
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Development Region
LEGEND
Mahaweli Development = Project Boundary
Afullaittivu Current Achievement
On-going Project
Future Project
Other System
Mahaweli Town
audulla Taka
D. s. naruwa BB
kbaұта,
2.
G
エ V
ܐܲܟ݂ கிட்டு
| / :Reiroir gெ rே 5Tܚܘܝܚܬܐ
",0Іr
BYRaglutinda Project
Randeinigala Reservoir
ake
Badulla
Monaragala
ܨ7 ܗ ܠ
స్టన్లో
s Maa Reservoir
2.
(Under Construction)
صغير جه
Hambantolta ഭര്
elopment Programme,
Atlas (2nd Edition)


Page 83
Activity
Study Map 3.4 and complete the follo
Mahaweli systems Reser
hy
Table 3.1 : Generation of Hydropower TCSI
through Mahaweli Reservoirs
CՈՃ
ger
Reservoir Generating capacity shoC
Mega Watts
KOtmale 2O1 Victoria 210 Randenigala 126 Rantambe 50 BOWatenna 40 Uda WallaWe 6
UkuWela 38
Total 671
Source: Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka, 2005
For your information
Hydro-electricity generated by national grid and distributed throughout the c power stations accounted for 14% of natio estimated that the value of power generate power stations amounted to Rs. 132.4 billic 2005).
Establishment of Settlements in the M differentform from settlement establishmen Walawe. The special feature here was the enable maximum infrastructure facilities to
 
 
 
 

wing Table
Voirs tOWnS
It was aimed to produce dro-electricity from Mahaweli ervoirs as a solution to Sri Lanka's 'rgy problem. Amount of electricity herated from Mahaweli reservoirs is wn in Table 3.1.
Mahaweli reservoirs is added to the
Ountry. Power generated by Mahaweli nalelectricity production. Ithas been d between 1977-2005 by Mahaweli n(Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka.
ahaweli Development Region took a tin schemes such as Gal Oya and Uda introduction of cluster settlements to ) farm families at a lower cost. New
For free distribution 71


Page 84
settlements, new hamlets, new town established under Mahaweli settlements
Following family units have rec Mahaweli region.
o Those displaced because their
o Original settlers of the Mahawe O Families selected from differer
o Non-farmfamilies attracted toth
and business activities)
o Farm families who grow additi
Among the aims of developing prevailing food crisis of the country a world market. Farm families who were tion of rice and otherfield crops. Dow contributed towards 20 -25% of na (Abhayaratina, 2005).
When the following factors ar. Region is of special significance as con
o Covers a number of Districts a o Development aims at achieving o Contributes to resolve power,
Regional variations could be se Region. For example, in downstream al as Secondary economic activities exist and subsequently developed Cand BS regard to road densities and growth o Mahaweli region have been more impo development. Most parts of the upstrear
Activities
With the help of an atlas examine the Districts and Provinces throug
2. Mark and name three new townshi
the Mahaweli Region.
3. Make a list of old tanks presently Prepare an article titled "New Vis
72 For free distribution

S, new markets and new roads have been
'eived priority in the settlement process of the
lands were inundated by the reservoirs >li region
ut parts of the country e region (to engage in manufacturing industries
Onal crops (cashew cultivation)
the Mahaweli Region were to face the then nd reduce the escalating prices of rice in the settled in the region contributed to the producnStream areas of Mahaweli and Uda Walawe tional paddy production in the year 2000
e considered, the Mahaweli Development npared to other regions of Sri Lanka.
nd Provinces
multi-purpose development targets food and unemployment problems.
2en even within the Mahaweli Development reas variations in agricultural patterns as well between the originally established System H systems. Similar differences are observed in f service centres. Downstream areas of the ortant than the upstream areas for settlement mareas are demarcated as conservationareas.
the course of the river Mahaweli and name h which the riverflows.
ps of the Mahaweli Regionina map showing
fed by Mahaweli waters. tas of Mahaweli’ and present it to the class.


Page 85
After work
Prepare a model of a reservoir with the he
ear-end exhibition of the school.
Northern Region
As Map 3.5 shows, the Northern Region of Sri Lanka
consists of the administrative districts မ္ဗ်) of Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu, popul Mannar and Vavuniya together with (Centr
the islands surrounding the Northern Region.
Map 3.5: North Point Pedro -
- یک
ള3ീഠ
༽།
ခွံ့ဖြိုးဒါး ZA Koala
Pokkarvami
Mannar District
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

p of your teacher and present it to the
Leaving out internal water bodies the :overed by the Northern Region is (m. Population is 1146,000 while the tion density is 138 per km.
all Bank of Sri Lanka, 2007 (estimates))
ern Region
Towns MAA Class Roads
MRailways
District Boundary
ource - Prepared from,http://www.rda.gov.lk/
For free distribution 73


Page 86
The teacher organized groups of of development in the Northern Regior for the purpose. The reports that were p material are given below. Report preser Northern Regionis given below.
Let us recognize the physical env, Fig. 3.4 : A palmyra tree
o There is no surface drainage. El
the dry season.
O Mineral Sands and Miocene lim
o Soil fertility is low in most of th around Chunnakamand Chavak Soils and yellow latasols stand ( native to the region.
o Rest of the area is mostly cover o Large proportion of land belong o There are many islands as well. o Fishing grounds are a resource
The other students of the class t physical characteristics of the Norther presented the findings of her group.
74 For free distribution
 

students to collect data on the spatial patterns land provided them with books and journals resented by the students on the basis of such ited by Thilina on the physical features of the
ironment of the Northern Region.
Characteristic features of the Northern Region
o Annual rainfall is between 1000-1500
IIII.
o Most of the rainfall is received during the months of the Northeast monsoon.
o Average annual temperature is about
250C - 27.50C
o There is along dry season
A large proportion of the region belongs to the dry Zone and a small section near Mannar to the semi-arid
ZOIC.
ven the small streams present, dry off during
estones are found in abundance.
e areas of the peninsula. However, locations achcheri and areas with fertile red calcareous but as good agricultural land. Palmyra tree is
ed with forests.
IS to the coastal plain.
O the region.
hanked Thilina's group for the report on the n Region. Later leader of group B, Chaturi,


Page 87
Fig. 3.5: Nature of human activi
Traditional Well
Majoreco irrigation is being activities replaced by modern agriculture an
irrigation methods
Productions ܢܠ are done using
minerals. Such Humar as limestone, - activitieS
the Sands and Norther Region
clay كر
Dry grains, red Onions, chillies, Importan tobacco and bananas Palmyrar are grOWn produc
What they presented is given below.
You may have received an understal human activities of the Northern Region fron grasp the inter-relationship between the phys Northern Region from Dumindu's report.
Fig. 3.6: Products from the Palmyra tree
 

ties in the Northern Region
Cropping is both Idfishing irrigated and rainfed
Fishing
and
in related
activities
n provide
employment
Dry crops, home
utfor garden cultivation/ elated market gardening s are important
inding of the physical environment and nthese group presentations. Now try to sical and the human environment of the
Fig. 3.7: Picturesque coastline Of the North
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Page 88
Fig. 3.8: Industries
Wood based
industries རོ།། Fishing and "
1Sning an
fishery ്
products
Mineral Sand
These industries are found because of S
Cement
Minerals
- Presence of: Region whic
– There are si Jaffna penin and clay dep
Fishing industry - Shallow sea
Touristindustry
Chemicals
Wood industries
the fishing in
Island studd (for bathing Nagadipa, M attractions.
— The only pu located in Pa
This is the C
ZOINE IMOINSC industries.
However, there is no industria because of the prevailing situation in the
76
For free distribution

of the Northern Region
Ourism
t Cement
7 سے
lustries
Salt
Chemicals
pecific physical features of the region.
a Miocene limestone belt in the NorthWestern h provides raw material.
lica deposits along the Eastern coast of the Sula, mineral sands close to Nayaru lagoon Osits near Oddusuddan.
, Pedro Bank and Jaffna lagoon are assets to
dustry.
ed coastline together with the Eastern coast g, diving), Chundikulam bird sanctuary, ladhu church and Nallurkovil serve as tourist
blic sector chemical industry in Sri Lanka is |ranthan.
only area with the largest proportion of dry on forests with potential for wood based
l production for more than two decades 2 region.


Page 89
The teacher who thanked the Students with more details about the Northern Region
Infrastructure facilities
o Harbour - Kankesanturai
e Airports – Palali, Vavuniya (p
Major roads — Road network lin
Railway stations - Northern line is re
(workin Re-establis
- Higher education -Jaffna University,\
In addition to these facilities, th communication networks to access radio and neighbouring India. Fishing industry is fairly
Table 3.2 : Facilities provided for the fish
District Fishlanding centres
MulaitiVu 45
Jaffna 83
Mannar 24
Sourc
Sri
It is possible to recognize problems a patterns of developmentin different regions of to the Northern Region as well.

for their presentations provided them
@
resently used only for defence activities)
ked to Jaffna – Kandy A9road
paired upto Thandikulam hing railway link to Jaffnais in progress)
savuniya University
e residents of Jaffna use electronic
television programmes broadcast from well developed (see Table 3.2).
ing industry in the Northern Region
Ice producing centres
3
12
3
e: Survey Department of Sri Lanka, 1997 Lanka National Atlas (School Edition)
nd constraints when we study the spatial the country. This applies inequal measure
For free distribution


Page 90
In the past farmers who practise produced Small Surpluses forthemarkt present they use modern irrigation met of commercial crops such as chillies, ri
Although there are a few indu sands which have distinct locational a
been no production for nearly two dec
The war situation and the tsuna were instrumental increating many prob are implemented for the development c
o Rehabilitation of the transport I
O Re-construction of railways inc
O Development of industries
O Improvement of infrastructuref
o Provision of facilities for the dis Rehabilitation Project (NEHF been achieved by the end c Infrastructure Development Mi
Accordingly, it is seen that both non-governmental organizations have pa Region. "Uturu Wasanthaya" (North
launched under the present government
78 For free distribution

traditional liftirrigation and rainfedcultivation tin addition to meeting their requirements. At nods and pay more attention to the cultivation donions, vegetables, grapes and fruits.
tries such as cement, chemicals and mineral dvantages in the Northern Region there has ades.
midisaster which occurred in December 2004 lems in the region. Presently different projects if the Northern Region. Among them are,
etwork
luding Vavuniya— Kankesanturai line
acilities
placed people. Under the North-East Housing RP) 31.7% of the target for 2004-2009 had f December 2007 (Nation Building and nistry, 2008).
he government and national and international dattention to the development of the Northern ern Spring) development programme was
in 2008 in order to rehabilitate the region.


Page 91
// Activities
1. Mark and name the distribution of mi
2. Make a list of places of tourist attract
3. Identify a few differences betweentl
the Northern Region.
4. Prepare a folder using media infor programme implemented by the govel of the Northern Region.
Uva R
The Uva Region had attained a hig days of the Kandyan kingdom. This regio) the presence of paddy fields numbering a ranges, passes, Waterfalls and escarpments while the physical environment stood as a other regions.
This region consists of Badulla and Monar Apart from internal water bodies the area Population is 1257 000 while the populati (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2007)
In order to obtain information pe introduced Mr. Sirimal who was born int
staff after completing higher education. T with the help of maps and a CD was summ

neral resources in the Northern Region.
ion in the Northern Region.
he peninsula and the mainland areas of
mation on the "Uturu Wasanthaya' nment of Sri Lanka for the development
egion
h level of agricultural development in the
n had also been called "Wellas Sa ' due to
about one hundred thousand. Mountain
provided natural protection to this region
barrier to maintaining relationships with
agaladistricts. covered by the Uva Regionis 8335 km”. on density is 151 per km.
artaining to the region the class teacher he Badulla Lunugala area and joined the
he discussion that Mr. Sirimal conducted
larized on the blackboard as follows:
-l. For free distribution 79
-


Page 92
Let us recognize the physical environ
A large proportion of the regic Namunukula peak 2036 m high is
Rainfall is received from the North major paddy cultivation season.
Climatically the region belongs types.
Many small and large rivers start range and flow in different directic
Fig. 3.9. Dunhinda falls Fig. 3.10
Features such as mountain passes given natural beauty and protectio
tourism because of the natural Sce
Although large concentrations of m
stones, mica, iron ore and quarts a
During the rainy Season the steep creep, rock slides and landslides
human activities.
For free distribution
 
 

ment of the Uva Region @
n is between 30 - 300 m in elevation. found in this region.
hEast monsoon and it is coincident with the
to dry montane and low country dry zone
from Welimada plateau and Namunukula
DOS.
| : An area where a landslide has occurred
, forests, Waterfalls and escarpments have
into the region. There is much potential for
nic beauty.
inerals are absent, Small deposits of precious
ure distributed.
slopes are subject to disasters such as soil
and there are many areas unsuitable for


Page 93
o Unfavourable climate due to the
Monaragala Region has been instru) of the area rather than attracting it.
o The physical environment has influe
as well as human activities.
After the discussion Mr. Sirimal direct and further elaborated how the physical envir
Map 3.6: The
District
 

occurrence of annual droughts in the
mental inpushing the human resource Out
'nced population distribution of the region
ed the attention of the students to Map 3.6 onment has influenced human activities.
Uva Region
Monaragala District
o Towns *targeman MAA Class Roads
。 | M. Railways
District Boundary
Source - Prepared from http://www.rda.gov.lk/
For free distribution 81
f


Page 94
influence of the physical environmen development of the region
The road density of this region rem other regions mainly because of the reli many. Except for the major roads, most cutting across slopes. Landslides and rock during the rainy season. This has exerte activities of the region. Nevertheless, Mc Remote villages away from Badulla and of population as the infrastructure facilitic
Urban population and the number higher than in the Monaragala district. Th are Badulla, Bandarawela and Haputale. only major town while Passara, Medagar Service centres.
The settlement patternand populat On the whole Uva Region has a low urb and Eastern sectors of the Monaragal population of this district is foundentirely population is equally distributed betweer
There is a notable difference in th Major ethnic group in the Badulla distri Lanka Tamils also constitute fair prop predominantly Sinhalese population. Oth
When you study Fig. 3.11 in de distribution of relief features, climate and it activities.
... "
1. Shade the districts comprising th
2. Write three human activities shap
Region.
3. What are the differences in the
Badulla and Monaragala district
82 For free distribution

ut on human activities and the ()
hains at allow level when compared with the effactor. Deficiencies in infrastructure are of the other roads consist of narrow roads falls cause difficulties in the Badulla district da negative influence on the development onaragala district is free of such difficulties. Monaragala urban areas have low densities 2s are at a minimum level.
of urban centres in the Badulla district are le majorurban centres inthe Badulla district In the Monaragala district Monaragala is the na, Bibile, Hali-Ela and Welimada are Small
ion in the Uva Region also show variations. an population. Population of the Southern a district is very thinly spread. The rural in villages while in the Badulla district rural villages and estates.
e ethnic distribution of population as well. ctis Sinhalese while Indian Tamils and Sri Ortions. Yet the Monaragala district has a er ethnic groups are insignificant.
tail you will further understand how the nfrastructure facilities have influenced human
le Uva Regionina map of Sri Lanka.
edby the physicalenvironmentofthe Uva
spatial patterns of development between


Page 95
Fig. 3.11: Spatial Patterns of Developmer
How disparity in climate, relief
facilities affect the h
Badullaregion
Commerci;
Teacultivation and . . .
related industries
Subsistenc
Terraced paddy farming
is a major activity. Temperate Zone (upcountry) vegetables and fruits are grown in the Welimada plateau and along hill slopes. Bibile regionis famous for the cultivation of oranges.
In addition to food areas are devoted to
N Land abandoned after tea and tobacco cultivation in the past is devoted to forestry. Forest reserves existin higherareas.
Anicuts, Small tanks anc schemes irrigating farml special feature of

ht in Badulla and Monaragala Districts
features and infrastructure uman activities
Monaragala region
alcrops
Rubber cultivation and processing industries
'e CropS
Paddy, dry grains, bananas, Pineapple and sugarcane are the major crops
CrOpS SOme other crops
N
Dry Zone forest reservations have been converted to national parks. Parts of Yala and Lahugala parks belong to this area.
lother irrigation ands constitute a the region
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Page 96
It is important to pay due attenti agriculture. Among the irrigation methoc anicuts, small tanks and Smallanicuts (larg more than 80 ha.). There are differences Region. Smallanicutschemes constructe predominant method of irrigation in the irrigate vegetable cultivation. In the Monar: Yudaganawa, Handapanagala, Mahawew
Varied development programmes decades to solve the problems facing the satisfy community needs have yielded go
Some projects intended to improv region are summarized below under the he and environmental conservation.
Agriculture
、 Streams are blocked by anicuts to irrigate farmlands. (Prades
networks on an annual basis),
O Protection of small holders oft
Societies: 1, NA
tofasugarcaneet
84 For free distribution
 
 
 
 
 

ion to irrigation methods which support is found are large irrigation schemes, large e irrigation schemes are those which irrigate in the use of these methods within the Uva :dby blocking small streams constitute the Badulla district. These are widely used to ngala district, majorschemes such as Etimale, 7a and Hambeganuwa are more important.
have been implemented during the last two Uva Region. Village-centered projects that Od results.
e the living conditions of the people in the eads of agriculture, industries, infrastructure
andWateristaken along the Conto drains hiya Sabhas rehabilitate th rigatioŋ
products of low income receivers
త్రొక్ని *T * 、
tion project to produce Sugar.


Page 97
Fig. 3.12: Cashew Cultivation
Industries
o Help uplift the rural industries whileen at the same time (apparel, textile, W
• Takingstepstoimprove the touristin environment of the region in relatic as Muthiyangana, Mahiyangana, li attraction such as Bandarawela.
o Establishment of sugar factories at
Infrastructure Facilities
o Planned development of Badulla, Mc
stands, hospitals, conference halls, o Implementation of drinking Water a Integrated Rural Development Prog o Implementation of community wat source conservation and water dist projects). Rural roads, irrigation and Supplem o Establishment of rural Hydro-elec Ella Alakolagala, Yativara Arawak o Improvement of facilities for higher and technical colleges for professior
 

Fig. 3.13: Sugarcane
couraging private industrial entrepreneurs VOOd)
dustry based on the physical and historical into places of religious importance such Buduruwagala, Maligawila and sites of
Bibile and Siyambalanduwa.
@
naragala and Mahiyanganatowns (bus post offices) nd animal husbandry projects under the
ramme. er supply and sanitation projects (water ribution are accomplished under these
entary crop development project tricity schemes (e.g., Akiriya Unagolla, umbura. educationin the Uva Wellassa University hal training.
For free distribution 85
ܐܝ


Page 98
Environmental Conservation
o Contribution tO environmental C
Water resource conservation and
The aim of implementing these pro in agricultural, industrial and social secto
Both the class teacher and students presentation as someone familiar with th
Activities
1. Give three reasons for the absen when compared to other regions
2. Prepare a list of vegetables andf
3. Write an article to a wallpaperol
attracts us'.
Souther
Let us now look at the Southern R development.
The Subject teacher gave an opp broadcast titled "Forward Vision of Sol grade media unit of the Sinhapura Maha
m louncer lك
Ayubovan to all of you. I welcome Kulatunga who is the executive directo) Region.
Mr Kulatunga
Ayubovan !
Let us first of all sort Out what th
II 86 For free distribution LL

()
Onservation pogrammes (Soil conservation,
aforestation in river catchments).
jects isto ensure an all inclusive development
TS.
thanked Mr. Sirimal for making an excellent e region.
ce of rapid development in the Uva Region
ruitsgrownin the Uva Region.
n the title "Natural beauty of the Uva Region
'n Region
egion under spatial patterns of Sri Lanka's
ortunity to the students to listen to a CD uthern Sri Lanka'produced by the 12-13 Vidyalaya.
: specially the invited guest to the studio, Mr. rin charge of development in the Southern
e Southern Regionis.


Page 99
V/1- K
Yes, this region consists of Galle, M districts. Except for the internal water bodiest is 5383 km. According to the Socio-econ Lanka the population of the region is 2391 (
per kmo.
Mr. Kulatunga, please give uS Some de of the region as well.
Mr. Kulatunga
According to the climatic division Hambantotato the dry zone while Matarabe
o Rainfall of Galle and Matara is between subject to floods annually. Hambantotal mm. The people have to face a dry seas
o Aspecial feature is the picturesque long
o According to relief the coastal belt is a
interior.
Map 3.7 : The Sou
 
 

atara and Hambantota administrative he area covered by the Southern Region Omic data of the Central Bank of Sri )00 while the population density is 444
'tails about the geographical background
s Galle belongs to the wet Zone, and alongs to both.
1500-4000 mm. and both districts are receives an annual rainfall of 750-1500 on exceeding four months.
coastline.
plain while highlands are found in the
thern Region
ܬܵܐ, فيها
Suriyawewa N
Halafia Disse
Towns /N/AA Class Roads
MRailways
District Boundary
வ
ource - Prepared from http://www.rda.gov.lk/
For free distribution 87


Page 100
o Presently, the region is making I Development Plan. According toth is seen inhuman activities. The co while highlands in the interior reco
What are the physical resource
Graphite, mineral sands along co, and clay suitable fortiles are found in the by rainfed cultivation as well as by provi
Activities
1. Mark and name the districts
showing province and district
2. Name the climatic Zones to W
Mr. Kulatunga who provided b distributed many leaflets among the stud With the help of those leaflets a information about the developmentoft
Major Industries of the Southern F
Fig. 3.14: Major Industries of the Southern Region
Ceremics
Tiles and Bricks
88 For free distribution
 
 
 

new progress under the Southern Sri Lanka ephysical environment of the regionaldiversity lastal plain shows high densities of population ordlow densities.
as of the region?
astal areas, coral and limestone, gems, kaoline region. This is an area which can be developed iding irrigation facilities.
of the Southern Region of Sri Lanka in a map tboundaries. which this region belongs.
basic information about the Southern Region lents for them to gather additional information. und teacher's guidance the Students classified he Southern Region of Sri Lanka.
Region இ
There are a number of rural development projects implemented in the Southern Region:
O "Southern Province Rural Development Project' launched in 1991 with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
o District Integrated Rural Development Programmes with “SIDA” assistance in Matara and with "NORAD" funding in Hambantota.
o Rural electrification projects in the Grama Niladhari Divisions of Lankagama and Varukandeniya and the thermal power station at Nadugala.
ent


Page 101
o Reconstruction of roads
o Repair of existing bridges and new con
o Minor irrigation projects
o Projects to prevent salt water intrutioni
o Establishment of fishing villages and fish
o Rearing of lobsters under the new Casit
In addition to the above, Colombo-M cut across the region while stage I of the Mat is nearing completion up to Dikwella. Alth villages and village infrastructure.
Development of the Southern Regic tsunami disaster which occurred on 26" C philanthropists both local and foreign and material supportas well astechnical and lab steps were taken to demarcate a reservation C Zone and to establish a pre-tsunami war development project named Southern Lanka the government of Sri Lanka. A re-awakenin reconstruction of destroyed road networks a ofagriculture andfisheries which were unde
Try to understand the development C facts organized under different heads.
Fig. 3.15: Building of rain water tanks
 

structions (Matara-Mahanama bridge)
ntolands
ery Societies
a technology.
Matara highway is being constructed to ara — Kataragama proposed railway line lese projects were aimed to develop the
in was greatly retarded because of the f December 2004. In the event many governments gave much financial and Our assistance to Sri Lanka. In addition, fa100 m width and develop the coastal ning system. Further an accelerated Development has been implemented by g of the region was expected through the indharbours as well as the development rtaken with the assistance of this project.
if the Southern Region with the help of
Fig. 3.16: A tank collecting rain water
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Page 102
Improvement of infrastructur
o Rebuilding the destroyed ra
o Reconstruction of destroy
o Hambantotainternational h
o The proposed airportat Tha
standards
o Improvement of the road
Thanamalwila
o Development of the forts o
o Development of fishery har
Social development
o Rehabilitation of the dest
re-settlement of families tsunami
o Improvement of the Ruhur
O Introduction of rain water through Secondary Town Project.
Fig. 3.17: A Bus Stand
ment of Agriculture
o Development of coconut Thangallaand Middeniya for the development of th O Introduction of palmyra a
90 For free distribution
 
 
 

efacilities @
lilway line using local technology and labour
2d roads and bridges
harbour and the new city is under construction
namalwila, Mattala will be upgraded to international
d running through Galle, Matara, Hambantota,
if Galle and Matara
bours at Galle, Welligama, Dondra and Hambantota.
@
itute with the intervention of the government and whose houses and property had been destroyed by
na University
tanks to the drought-stricken people in Hambantota ls and Community Water Supply and Sanitation
Fig. 3.18: Development of the Hambantota Town
t cultivation in the coastal belt and naming Ranna, in the Hambantota district as the minicoconut triangle e cultivation. as a new cultivation in the Hambantotal district.


Page 103
エ
o Supporting smallholders in Gallean advisory services for the cultivation o Extending facilities to farmers throu, as pepper, coffee to be grown unde o Cashew cultivation together with co
Places of Tourist Attraction
Fig. 3.21: Corals at Hikkaduwa
 
 

Fig. 3.20: Sugarcane Cultivation
dMatara districts by providing credit and of tea, rubber and cinnamon. ghagrarian Service centres for CropS. Such r COCOnut. conut in the Hambantotal district.
@
Fig. 3.22 : Hummanaya (Blow Hole)
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Page 104
Human activities have been ad Such sites. Construction of hotels for to Such as trading, driving and guiding cou
These projects also indicate that the hur environment of the region.
Problems faced in implementing dev Region
o Problems relating to obtaining land
roads and new constructions
o Inability to attain the objectives oft
o Salinization of large extents of land
o Lowering of the ground water table
o Fallowing of old farmlands.
The government has already acco
lands and payment of compensa their lands because O
Activity
Mention three reasons which are within the Southern Region.
/ After work
Collect information on more develo Southern Region under the present go
Easte
This region consists of Trincoma Province is the largest province in Sri La covered by the Eastern Region is 93.61 area of the country. Population is 15780. population while the density is 169 per
92 For free distribution

apted to exploit the particular advantage of urists and generation of related employment ld be cited as examples.
nan activities are shaped by the physical
elopment plans in the Southern @
for developmentactivities, widening of
he Nilwala Ganga flood protection scheme
mplished the granting of alternative tion to those who were deprived of fdevelopment projects.
'responsible for variations in development
@
pment projects nearing completion in the Vernment.
'n Region
ee, Batticaloa and Ampara districts. Eastern nka. Except forinternal waterbodies the area km, which represents 26% of the total land )0 and it is equivalent to 7.9% of the country's km (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2007).


Page 105
Fig. 3.8: The Eastern Region
BATTCAILLOA E STRECT
Chenkaladia
Urukami
Maha Oya Ο Ν
A27 Divu - U
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Trincomalee, Valaichchenai and Batticaloa harbours are found on the Eastern coast. Trincomalee is one of the most important natural harbours in the Asian Region. Airports in the Eastern Region such as Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara, are presently used
Wanitivu
for defense purposes only.
s Towns MAA Class Roads
M Railways
District Boundary
Irce - Prepared from http://www.rda.gov.lk/
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Page 106
Possesses a long picturesque co: Sri Lanka. Majority of the coasta
Sinhalese, Tamils and Muslims li
This region possesses the largest of the paddy lands fed by the Gal of Sri Lanka, are found in this reg
As in the Northern region war situ for more than two decades has r
Let us recognize the physical resou
Elevation of the coastal plainist Annual rainfall is between 1500 Thedroughtperiodis from 2to:
Dry Zone monsoon forests and I natural vegetation types.
Clay and mica in the Amparaar area are the main mineral resour the region.
Animal and bird sanctuaries foul region.
Human activities with links to the ph
Paddy cultivation is fed by the S. Mahaweli irrigation in the Trinc tanks in other regions. Some area Highlands withoutirrigation facilit and dry grains. Wood-based industries, paperind the major industrial activities.
In the Eastern Region, as well
no industrial output owing to the wal decades. Similarly, there was no sign tracts to the national paddy Output. T the people worsening their position. to overcome such problems and p regions of Sri Lanka.
94
For free distribution

stline which is about 4 the total coastline of ldwellers are engaged in fishing.
etogetherinthis region.
extent of paddy land in the country. Majority Oya Scheme, the first multi-purpose scheme tion. lation that has prevailed in the Eastern Region starded the development process.
rces of the Eastern Region @
etween 0–30m.
–2000 mm.
5 months.
mangroves near lagoons constitute the main
ea and live and dead corals in the Kalkudah ces. Other minerals are not of importance in
hd in association with forests are assets to the
ysical environment @
2nanayake Reservoir in the Amparadistrict, Omalee region and by Small as well as large is are rainfed.
esare used forcrops such as Sugarcane, cashew
1stry, fishing and related industries are among
is in the Northern Region, there had been situation which prevailed for more than two ificant contribution from the large paddy he tsunami disaster was another blow to The government has taken diverse steps 'omote a development similar to other


Page 107
There are 1 750 000 ha. suitable for pad Eastern Province. This province produces Yet only 50 - 60% of the lands are 17,355 h.a. (42886 acres) of fallow lands Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure
Nagenahira Navodaya (Reawakening
A reawakening of the region is et
Development Programme. The related d different heads.
Rehabilitation of road networks under
Habarana — Kantalai road (44 km.) Allai— Kantalai road (42 km.) Trikkandimadu-Trincomalee road (9 Mavachchenai- Ganeshapuram road at Kinniyai, Oddamavaddi and Arugar
Map 3.9 : Road Developmen
MARADANKADAWALA
KANTALE
HAB
DAMBULLA PO
Source :
 
 

dy and 281 600 ha. of highlands in the 25% of the national paddy requirement. cultivated. It is planned to cultivate | during Maha 2008—2009 (Ministry of Development, 2008)
of the East) @
vident with the Nagenahira Navodaya levelopment can be summarized under
infrastructure development @
9 km.) (33 km.) and construction of new bridges mBay.
it in the Eastern Region
INKOMALEE UPPARU BRIDGE
as GANGEI BRIDGE
RALKULIBRIDGE
SHAPURAM
KAYANIKERNI BRIDGE
THIRUKKODIYAMADU
Ministry of Roads and Road Development
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Page 108
Fig. 3.23. Collecting the harvest of p
It is expected that this production It is also expected to obtain 4 of the na region.
Cashew and Palmyra Cultivation Pro
Cultivation of 25000 plants in the A and about 12000 plants in Kadjuwat in 2007 with the participation oficon organizations.
Growing of palmyra and cashew for of the coastal belt.
(Ministry of Additional Plantation Crop
Sugarcane Cultivation
Commencement of the Hinguranas SectOr.
Popularization of sugarcane cultiva with infrastructure facilities.
Introduction of sugarcane having an water deficiencies for paddy cultiva jaggery making industries.
For free distribution
 

Development of Farmlands
After re-establishing a democratic administrative System in the east, a programme to improve paddy cultivation had been launched covering the entire Eastern Region. This included the distribution of fertilizer and seed paddy. Harvesting of the 2007-2008 | Maha season paddy crop was
done ceremonially.
will continuously add to the national output. tional maize production from the Eastern
Fig. 3.24: A Cashew Plant Nursery
ject
Ampara district ta Army Camp mmunity based
the protection
Development)
ugar factory in partnership with the private
tion among the farmers by providing them
economic importance to lands experiencing tion and establishment of Sugar, treacle and


Page 109
Helping the Fishing Industry
o Construction of new fishery
harbours Improvement of existing harbours Modernization of Valachchenai fishery harbour with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) andpublicinvestment. o Provision of boats and other
equipment to fishermen o Development of eastern fishery harbours under Thotupola Aruna
programme.
Development of the Tourist Industry
e Somawathiya Sanctuary
O Kumanabird paradise
o Diving locations such as, Kalkudah, P. resort; places of archaeological signific Kinniyahot water springs are places C
Historic places of Fig. 3
religious importance like Seruwila and Dighavapi, Hindu places of worship such as Koneshwaram in Trincomalee and Thirukkovil in Ampara have given a cultural significance to the region. It is expected to direct development of the Eastern Region in a way that both the region and the country at large could gain benefits.
 
 

Fig. 3.25: A Fishery Harbour @
assekudah and Batticaloa, Vakarai coastal :ance such as Seruwila and the Dutchfort; if touristattraction.
26: Diving in the Eastern Sea


Page 110
In order to make all development ensure the security of the Eastern Region
Resettlement Programme
Resettlement of people commenc target for 2004–2009 under the North — Ea had been achieved by the end of Decemb Development Ministry, 2008).
Activities
1. Prepare a field book giving
Development Programme.
2. Makealist of products that find the
Region.
3. Describe briefly how cooperation
4. Write a few regional variations in after discussing with your teacher
5. Write five ways in which the tsun
6
I. Make a tour to see One Ormo
II. Prepare afolder about the dev basis Of the information Colle through the media.
Copy the following cross word pu
With the assistance of your teache
the CrOSS words.
98 For free distribution
 
 
 
 

t efforts successful, it is very important to
@
zed with the dawn of peace and 41.3% of the ast Housing Rehabilitation Project (NEHRP) er 2007 (Nation Building and Infrastructure
details of the Nagenahira Navodaya
'irway to different regions from the Eastern
among people influence development.
n development within the Eastern Region
ami affected the Eastern Region.
bre regions shown in Map 3.1
elopment of the regions you visited on the :cted during the tour and details obtained
Zzle into your exercise book and fill it.
r check whether you have been successful


Page 111
A source of water for the villages Husked paddy An urban place Smaller than a city A mode of transport An important crop in the hill countI Cropping Season which coincides Another Word for stream A product obtained from Sea Wate Shortened form for the Colombo N
Name of a bay in the eastern coast One of the climatic Zones in Sri La Opposite of the word "high' One of the provinces in Sri Lanka Raw material for making tiles and One of the major sources of powe A coastal feature Another word for "objective"
 

у with the dry season
r Metropolitan Region
nka
bricks
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Page 112
Sources
ශ්‍රී ලංකා මහ බැංකුව, 2007, සමාජ ආර්ථි
එම් ඩී ගුණසේන සමාගම, 2003, නවීන
අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රකාශන දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, 1
ශ්‍රී ලංකා මහවැලි අධිකාරිය, ප්‍රගති පාල
ජාතික ජලසම්පාදන හා ජලාපවාහන ම වැසිජල රැඳවුම් ටැලකි නඩත්තුව පිළිබඳ
· අතිරේක වැවිලි බෝග සංවර්ධන අමා? තලයට (දිනය සඳහන් නොවන) අත්පති
නාගරික සංවර්ධන අධිකාරිය, 2009, : අමාත්‍යපාරාංශය, අත්පත්‍රිකා
මහා මාර්ග හා මාර්ග සංවර්ධන අමාත්‍ය ජාතික මෙහෙවර අතිරේකය
Abhayaratna, M.D.C., 2005, "Regionall Mahaweli development Project', in M. Regional Development in Sri Lanka: Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
to For free distribution

}ක දත්ත
ගුණසේන පිලිප් ලෝක සිතියම් පොත
998, උසස් පෙළ මානුෂ භූගෝල විද්‍යාව I
න ඒකකය, 2005 සංඛ්‍යාපා ලේඛන
ණඩලය, වැසිදිය රැස්කිරීමේ තාක්ෂණය සහ
(දිනය සඳහන් නොවන) අත්පොත
තාපාංශය, උක් තල් හා කජු තිත්වය ජාතික :ാ
නාගරික සංවර්ධන හා පූජාභූමි සංවර්ධන
සංශය, 2009 පෙබරවාරි 17 දිනමිණ, සියවසක
Development Implications of the Accelerated M. Karunanayake and Anders Narman (Eds) Resetting the Agenda, University of Sri


Page 113
Environmental
Although the interestinenvironmental last few decades, man's understanding of the is as old as the history of humanity. Yet the d a result of the rapid population increast accelerated material development causing ur
The problems created by the rapidly e result of new technology not only disturbedt also were instrumental increating unprece ofenvironmental polution om human standards, decrease in biodiversity, los climate change induced natural dis circumstance, a great interest is seen both responsibility of the humans for maintainingt
conservation of the physical and huma
environmental balance. This chapter also e environmental ethics and shows the nega ethics. Further it emphasizes, on the way disturbing the environmentalbalance.
Ways in which humans use the environ
From the dawn of history the e man needs. However, it is clear that the way differed over time. It is possible to recogniz
a) Using the environment without modify
b) Acting in cooperation with the enviror
c) Using the environment by modifying it
The stages indicated above are show which manuses the environmentare Summa
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Ethics and Development
ethics found today has come about in the
'nvironment and living inharmony with it emand created for goods and services as : in recent years has necessitated an desirable environmental effects.
Xpanding agriculture and industries as a he prevailing environmental balance but ited difficulties to the human race. Effects ith, resource depletion, threat to living
Prest produc medicinal plants and rS can b as examples. In the national and international levels on the
he environmental balance.
» developpositive attitudes towards the idscapesto ensure the prevalence of an mphasizes the necessity of adhering to tive consequences of neglecting such ys of achieving development without
ment
nvironment had been used to satisfy husin which environment was utilized has e three stages in this process. They are,
ingit
ment
n in Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3. The ways in ized below:
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Page 114
Fig. 4.1 : Using the enviro
102 For free distribution
 

pnment without modifying it


Page 115
o Obtaining Water, air and sunlight that
o Utilizing environmental resources forf
o Using natural objects for Worship and
o Establishing irrigation networks requir
o Mining minerals for use as raw materia
o Provisioning of wood and fossil fuels f
o Utilizing rivers for transport
o Making use of natural objects such as S
o Utilizing natural phenomena (mountair
o Making use of natural scenic beauty fo
The above list makes it clear as to how economic, Social, political and cultural activit
Study figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 2. Give a brief description of man using
acting in cooperation with the enviro
modifying it.
Ethics
Accepted rules, customs and tradition or a cultural group can be termed as ethics. C
environmental ethics constitute good and the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere an are related to personal behaviour. According and evaluations of attitudes exhibit a close rel;

are needed for man's existence
Od, housing and clothing
beliefs
dforagriculture
ls in industry
Drenergy
oils, plants and ecosystems for research
ranges, rivers) as political boundaries
r recreational activities.
the environment has been useful for ties of the people.
the environment without modifying it, nment, and using the environment by
s followed by members of a community )n this basis,
meaningful practices required to manage ibiosphere in a suitable fashion. Ethics y, ethical behaviour and related beliefs lationship.
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Page 116
Necessity to Comply with Environ)
From the period man started in queries about the environment. The environment. We can understand this needs without destroying the environi and a knowledge relating to the envir faiths and beliefs. Religions taught m Customs such as respecting trees, pres Small branch of a tree expecting protect forests are still prevalent among some close linkbetween religious life and soci Let us now turn to religions and philos World to see how they extol the value C
Fig. 4.4: Natural phenon Artain-Sun God
104 For free distribution
 

mental Ethics
teracting with the environment he has made : ancients had a fair knowledge about the by the ways in which manused to satisfy his ment. The ancients received an understanding onment as they acted according to religions, anythings in the context of the environment. erving them and Worshiping them, hanging a ion from the gods of the Woods when entering communities. The main reason for this is the allife according to prevailing beliefs and faiths. Ophies that have arisen in different parts of the f the environment.
nena worshiped by the Egyptians
Sen - God of whirlwinds


Page 117
Some beliefs of the Aborigines of Aust Peru and Red Indians of North America regar
All requirements of the humans are pr environment is considered as god and objectso moon, trees, animals as well as bones of the believedthatancestors haveassumedtheformo rock caves, stars, Sun, moon etc. and therefore,
Buddhism
Buddhist religion is deeply ecological. tion with nature. Buddhists believe that all th interrelationship with all other parts of nature. and the natural world is essential. By prac harmony with other creatures and learn to a lives.
Buddha in his preaching has cited examp Advice given by the Buddha to a youth person who collects grain like a bee that flower is able to amass wealth.
Accordingto Buddhist teachings“A per tree which sheltered him is an ungrateful in
Lord Buddha's appreciation of the 1 Province of Uruwel also indicates an app examples show that the message of protect Buddhism. It should also be noted that Pri Buddhahood and the passing away of the Bu This too indicates the link with the environme
induism
All traditions of Hinduism such as Vedic of creation have spoken of harmony with natu

tralia together with those of the Incas of ding the environment are given below.
ovided by the environment. Therefore, fnature are worshipped. The Sun and the dead have all been worshipped. It was f natural objects such as mountains, trees,
need to be venerated.
It strongly expresses human identificahings, including humans, exist by their Lord Buddhataught that respect for life ticing loving kindness one can be in preciate the interconnectedness of all
les from nature on many occasions. named Sigala tells him that a wise gathers nectar without hurting the
son who breaks even a branch of a dividual”.
natural beauty of Senanigama in the reciation of the environment. These ing of nature was given to humans by nce Siddhartha's birth, attainment of iddha took place under shade of a tree.
nt,
and Upanishad which accept the concept re and with the whole creation.
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Page 118
Hindus believe that "Everythingi to both living and inorganic things. The which one is entitled. The rest should b
According to Hinduism acts ofk follows:
They provide fuel to the households
They provide shade and dwellings top
They allow nesting by birds
Their leaves, roots and barks provide medicine.
Environmental worship had be feature inancientVedic religions. Aryans migrated from Central Asia to India Persia (present Iran) made settleme created cultures and bestowed divinit natural objects. One of the basic featur Vedic religions is to worship the Sun Other gods who preside over the earth.
The real meaning of nature ture and the protection of the environ domesticated animals are treated as r understanding of the interrelationship of
As stated by Mahathma Ghan possesses resources to satisfy the needs always question what is that we reall harmony with the environment, it is imp View finds expression in Mahathma Ga
Christianity
Christianity which believes inc man and nature. Christians believe th Everything on earth exists at the discretic Jesus Christ in the Holy Bible religious
ancient times and sermons of the religi environment.
106 For free distribution

in this world belongs to God. His force extends refore, one should possess only the portion to e left to God'.
indness performed by trees are mentioned as
Fig. 4.5 : Trees protecting the environment
eople
C[1 3
who
and
ontS,
y On es of and They also praise the power O
ఫ్లో fnature.
Worship in the Vedas is the prosperity of agriculment. Vedas refer to animal domesticity and man's friends. In the Upanishads there is an everything in nature. di, a renowned Indian philosopher, nature s of all persons but not their greed. We have to y need. This means that if we are to live in ortant to utilize its resources within limits. This ndhi’s philosophy of ‘non-violence”.
:reation also explains the relationship between at both Man and Earth are God's creations. on of the Almighty. As mentioned in the birth of beliefs and faiths that have come down from tous leaders have paid Special attention to the


Page 119
Man's responsibility to the environment is accel Christianity teaches that man is not the owner ( on behalf of God.
Sowing and harvesting, cold and warmth, w continue to exist until such time the earth lasts
This statement also confirms the importance C
Islam Religion
Doctrine of Islam believes that Almight ing the environmental phenomena and they fi wish. Followers of this religion consider it the creations, protect them and utilize them in ap
LordAbubakkar (Rali) who became the leade Muhammad Nabi admonished the Soldiers gC
Do not cut down trees and do not kill animals (
Trees are not to be burnt, nor unjustif the elderly and unoffending priests or monks: As quoted by – Fazlum Khalid, 1992
Shinto religion
The environmental friendly Shinto rel invisible forces of nature. It propagates that ev intimate to man. Therefore, we also should be that declining morals lead to numerous disaste

oted in Christianity as well. Nevertheless f the environment, but only a caretaker
inter and Summer, day and night may
Holy Bible
fconserving the environment.
y Allah created the whole world includunction according to Almighty Allah's ir duty to respect the Almighty Allah's roductive Way.
ir of the Muslim community after Lord bing to War.
in the enemy territory) except for food. Lord Hazrat Abu Bakr (632CE)
iably pulled out and women, children, should not be harmed.
igion of Japan strongly believes in the sery mountain, every river, every tree is : dear to them. Shinto adherents believe
rs and difficulties.
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Environmental Ethics of Red India
Sayings of the Red Indian chief, between man and nature.
"Every part of this earth is sacre every sandy shore, every mist in the dai memory and experience of my people'
- - - - - - this land is sacred to us. This S rivers is not just water but the bloodic is the voice of my father's father'.
"The perfumed flowers are our sistel are Our brothers'.
“The rivers are our brothers, they que
"What is man without the beasts? If a a greatloneliness of the spirit. For wh to man. All things are connected".
Accordingly it is clear that throught religions man has maintained friendly rel; This is particularly evident when in thee without modifying it as well as when ma only slight modification of the environm
// Activities
1. With examples show the rel
explained in your religion.
2. Indicate in this contextafewl
Need for following environmenta engaged in an attempt to Overuse the er
Rapid increase of population anc Excessive use of mineral resourc Technological advancement
Expansion of international trade
108 For free distribution
 

ThS
Seattle, confirm the close and inseparable link
2d to my people. Every shining pine needle, k woods, every humming insectis holy in the
hining water that moves in the streams and four ancestors......... The water's murmur
"s; the deer, the horse, the great eagle, these
'nch Our thirst'.
ll the beasts were gone, man would die from hatever happens to the beasts, soon happens
2nvironmental beliefs, faiths, philosophies and ations with the environment since ancient times. volutionary context manused the environment inacted inharmony with the environment with Cnt.
lationship between man and environment as
essons which could be obtained for the present.
lethics is more in evidence today as man is vironment. dueto,
expansion of human needs
CS
relations.


Page 121
Undesirable waste matteris released to sector manufacturing industries. Because of subject to change. All life forms of the worldh. Such change.
Development process causes change activities such as the construction of facto expansion of farmlands. Therefore, people ha the loss of environmentalbalance. In order to make environmentapart of their lives. Hence, It is necessary to understand that the environi self and there is a live process active within becomes most important as it is necessary to future generations.
Consequences of Destroying the Environ
At the time when the world population harmony with the environment. Therefore,th the environmental balance. But with the rap great demand for housing and other consur extract from the environment much more tha leading to a disturbance of the environmentalb resources and waste have caused many comp them areas follows:
Fig. 4.6: Environ
F. Warming of the atmosphere,
బ్తో icebergs
Thinning of the OZone layer
Waterpollution, water scarcit Destruction of farmlands SOilerosion Desertification, floods and lan
Occurrence of forestfires High intensity and frequency o
Destruction of animal ha
Rise of the Sea level
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

the environment by public and private Such influences natural ecosystems are ave to suffer the unfavourable effects of
S in the natural environment through ries, establishment of reservoirs and ave to face Various disasters because of minimize these effects, people have to the need to follow environmental ethics. ment too is a living object as one's own it. Adhering to environmental ethics O leave behind a safe environment for
mental Balance
was relatively low people could live in ey were able to live without disturbing id increase of population there arose a mer needs. As a result people tried to an it could reasonably provide thereby alance. Excessive use of environmental lex environmental problems. Some of
mental problems '
Sides
fcyclones
bitats
rals
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Page 122
Activities
1. Write three environmental ethics you have gathered from books, m the elders.
2. Explain the need to follow environ
More than six billion people inhab resources at an ever increasing rate. The natural environment. For this reason nat the same time human activities detrime change.
Major cause for most of the envir Warming of the earth's atmosphere. Th together to find collective solutions to the the increase of global temperature throu resources for energy, use of greenhous Waste, use of agro-chemicals and the wa
Activities
Fig. 4.7: Desertification, Ligh
110 For free distribution
 
 
 

on the basis of what you have learnt, what agazines etc. and what you have heard from
umentalethics.
oiting the world today are consuming earth's 2y satisfy their economic needs through the ural resources are facing rapid depletion. At ntal to the environment are causing climate
onmental problems mentioned above is the erefore, people from all countries must get se problems as humans directly contribute to gh activities such as mining of underground e gases, urbanization, improper disposal of ging Of War.
htening, Cyclones and Landslides


Page 123
Study Fig. 4.7 carefully.
Give reasons for these disasters.
Explain what can be done to prevent c
From a student's perspective expla environmental balance.
Environmental Balance and Developme
The negative influences of accelerat
increasing rapidly. This process which comm result of many reasons Such as
Rapid utilization of mineral resources Improvement of road networks and 1 Excessive use of agro-chemicals Establishmentoflarge irrigation proje Spread of large farmlands Damming of rivers Cultivation of highlands and slopes
Photographs of few development Fig. 4.8: Develo
 
 
 
 

brminimize these disasters.
in the significance of maintaining the
ent
ed development on the environment are henced with the industrial revolution is the
modes of transport
2CtS
projects are shown in Fig. 4.8 pment Projects
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Page 124
It is clear that the above activities un disturbs environmental stability. Althoug Successful, it has to be undertaken with du
Development strategies will not caus beneficial long-term results without c development process leads to undesirable e successful, because of the environmental p Director indirect problems caused by
Increase of global temperature Rise of the Sea level
Drought
Strong winds
Soil erosion
Floods
Landslides
Water pollution and Airpollutionfigure predominantly an Acid rain
Man is not the owner of the environme important that steps be taken by mantoma
OIC.
Activities
1. Create a presentation of your ch COntributed toa breakdownin th 2. Prepare slogans pertaining to the display them in the school premis
Sustainable developmentis, development leading to the Satisfaction of anenvironmentensuring the right.offutur
In other words it is a developmen initiation of development processes W. environmentally sustained.
112 For free distribution

ndertaken in the name development often sh development is a necessity, for it to be e care for the environment.
se problems if they are designed to provide :ausing environmental damage. If the affects then development cannot be termed roblems that it entailed. y human activities are given below:
nong them.
int, but only one of its partners. Hence, it is uke the development process a sustainable
oice to show how human activities have e environmental balance. : protection of environmental balance and
SCS.
resent needs while simultaneously Creating egenerations to satisfy their needs.
it which could be sustained. This means hich can be economically, socially and


Page 125
In the past, Sri Lankans performedt with the environment. They built tanks an areas. Therefore, there had been no great d selection of suitable lands for chena cultiv letting the former plot to fallow and allowi before cropping again, helped not to distur of Chena lands after felling and burning off that no damage was caused to Such animals
"No-legged and two-legged animals We are not committingasin. Before the go
Similarly, apart of the cropland was paluwa (portion left to be damaged by birds as they behave as predators and prey on ins time restricting the damage done by the bird. there was no damage to the environment. , catchment immediately above the waterley to allow space for work animals to browse
Fig. 4.9: Atank, an irrigation canal and agr
Building of canals and irrigation net the farmlands and planting of kumbuktrees absorption of salt by the root system of tre natural means. Multiple cropping was cond
 

heir agricultural activities in accordance dirrigation networks suited to particular amage to the environment. Steps such as sation, clearance of a new plot only after ng for the natural regeneration of the soil b the environmental balance. Preparation orest chased away wild animals. The fact sis shown by this statement.
, birds, reptiles, go away from this forest. doffire invades you better leave'
eft open to birds. That was termed kurulu s). The idea was to attractbirds to the field ects harmful to the crop while at the same Sto a minimum. As this is a natural process Another salutary gesture was leaving the vel of the tanks/reservoirs free of cropping
Dup of workers building an irrigation canal
works to convey water from the source to along canals were done. This allowed the ees thus causing purification of water by lucted in order to reduce the insect damage
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Page 126
to a minimum. Adopting crop rotations to citronella oil, resin etc. to control insects, u fertility to the soil and secret methods ( methods used. These methods did not caus information clearly indicates the environm ensured the Sustainability of the environme
Activities / 1. Name few actions that can beta
2. Write some secret methods (Ke,
As large Scale development projec attention to the environment, there exists a numerous steps have been taken both atm the environmental balance.
Some common actions that could b balance are given below:
o Use of strategies to prevent envir
development o Disposal of Waste generated from in o Adopting a proper plan in town ar
disasters
• Use of conservation methods specia o Flood control, conservation of river o Avoiding filling and clearing of wetla o Preparing suitable development pla
and soils of the respective regions o Introduction of irrigation, cropping m o Securing the cooperation of all releva
developmentactivities o Contributing to conserve the env appropriate technology in developm o In the management of developmenta disaster management and planningf
o Taking care to carry Out all develop o Minimizing the use of chemical ferti o Encouraging the production and use
114 For free distribution

retain fertility of soils, use of margosa oil, se oforganic fertilizerincludinghayto add Kem) were among the other traditional e any environmental damage. This type of ent friendly ways with which Ourancestors nt.
ken to protect the environmental balance.
m) followed by the farmers in your area.
ts of the present day do not give adequate threat to the environment balance. Hence, ational and international levels to naintain
e followed to maintain the environmental
onmental pollution caused by industrial
dustries in a regular manner ld village development in order to avoid
lly in the cultivation of slopes
banks and conservation of coasts
nds
nS with due consideration to climate, land
ethods and crops suitable to the environment nt institutions in planning regional and town
ironmental balance through the use of ent pursuits |ctivities creating community awareness on Or disaster management. ment pursuits. On a Sustainable basis. lizer and other agro- chemicals. : Of compost.


Page 127
Environmental Conservation Policies
International Agreements, Decrees, for the purpose of global environment development in order to ensure the surviva them are given below:
— Ramsar ||
Convention Organization
Commencement - In 1971
Member countries - 158 (by
Objectives - o Wet
o Wet
o Inch
Տ1ցn
A Wetland is a natural or artificial, pe fresh water, salt water or mixed water mars going under Water up to 6 m. during tides. M Sri Lanka are examples of wetlands.
International Wetland D annually conducted ur
It is our duty to preserve these wetland
Fig. 4.10: Ecosystem
Elephant habit
 

at International Level
Acts and Conventions have been adopted all conservation to achieve Sustainable lof humanity. Factors relating to some of
convention
in Ramsar city in Iran
2008)
land conservation
land management
usion of at least One internationally ificant Wetland
manent or temporary, stable ordraining, hes, completely inundated areas Orlands uthurajawela, Bundala and Kalametiyain
ay commemorationis ndera special theme.
ls which helptoprotect biodiversity
s Facing Destruction


Page 128
Montreal Convention
Convention/Organization - Montrea
Commencement - In 1987
Member countries - 194 (by
Objectives - O Lin and
o CO.
Oft
Scientists believe that because of actiol
the OZOne layeri
In order to protect the ozone lay Or release harmful mat
Fig. 4.11: Depletio
September 8
September 993
116
For free distribution
 

Il Convention
in Montreal, Canada
2008)
hiting the production of Chlorofluorocarbon Helon which destroy the ozone layer.
mplete cessation of the use and production
hese gases by year 2000.
n based on these international agreements S being replenished
er we mustbe responsible not to burn erials even at domestic level
in of the Ozone Layer
September 1999
on Units


Page 129
Rio Convention
Convention/Organization — Rio Conven
Commencement - On O3.07.1
Member countries - 172 (by 19
Objectives - o Prever and He
o PrOtec
O Abstai
It is our duty to organize our activities
Sri Lanka is also a member of these international level to protect the environme features of universal value are threatened environmental problems. Therefore, specific been passed in Sri Lanka paying attention to
o Coast Conservation Act
o National Heritage Forestland Act
o Marine Pollution Prevention Act
o Forest Conservation Act
Fig. 4.12: Eroded
 

tion
992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
92)
tion of addition of Chlorofluorocarbon alon to the atmosphere
tion of biodiversity
ning from biodiversity destroying acts.
according to the Rio Convention
: conventions which were convened at :nt. In Sri Lanka even lands with natural by human activities causing numerous : environmental regulations and acts have othese problems. Some of them are,
| Coastal Areas
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Page 130
Coast Convention Act
Regulation/Act - Coast C
Commencement - 1981
Objectives - O Sur
o Ex.
o Ma.
o Reg activ
o Col
Observance of the regulations of minimize the damage to the
Fig. 4.13: A Coastal Area
National Heritage Forestland Act
Regulation/Act - Nation
Commencement - 1988
Objectives - O Dec
o PrO Her
-
118 For free distribution
 

onvention Act
veying the coastal Zone
ploring the resources of the coastal Zone
nagement of the coastal Zone.
gularization and control of development rities within the coastal Zone
nservation of the coastal Zone
the Coast Convention Act allows to coastal Zone and to conserve it.
Fig. 4.14: An Urban Settlement Near the Coast
|-
al Heritage Forestland Act
:laration of National Heritage Forestlands
tection and development of National itage Forestlands.


Page 131
Eco
char
National Heritage Forestlands LOC valu
Plar extir
Fig. 4.15: A
This Act has prohibited many activities such as cutting of plants and trees, sawing, removal, collection and sale of forest matter and shooting an animal or abird within the proscribed area
in order to protect National Heritage Forestlands.
It is Our duty to protect National Heritage Forestlands by respecting these laws and regulations.
Activities
An Area Degraded by Mining
 
 

systems with exceptional natural acteristics
ations with gene resources orbiological
CS
it and animal habitats facing threats of nction
girl appreciating the beauty of nature
Rehabilitation of land
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Page 132
Conversion of land to near origina
Status after Rehabilitation
Sources
Educational Publications Departmer
Fazlum Khalid with Joanne O'Brien Fund for Nature.
Ministry of Forest Resources and Implementation for Biodiversity Cor
Ministry of Environment, 2006, Wel Edition.
Ministry of Environment and Naturall to All.
National Institute of Education, 1 Teachers' Guide. (Sinhala).
Sri Lanka Environment Journalists, Vol. 1, July 2008.
Sri Lanka Forest Conservation Dep for Forest Projects.
Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Re
Areas Act No. 3 of 1988.
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
ܕ ܕ ܨܚܝ
120 For free distribution
 

Name five international conventions relating to environmental protection. Suggest three measures that could be adopted for wetland conservation in Sri Lanka. i. Study the photographs well. ii. Write down the facts about
the lands in Srilanka that have faced such situations. iii. Discuss with your teacher and find reasons for degradation of land. Present your Suggestions on how one such land can be rehabilitated.
* 。* - ↔ • - - ↔ - ↔ * ↔ ↔ ↔ * ↔ ↔ ↔
ht, 1998, Human Geography Part I. (Sinhala)
I,(ed.), 1992, Islam and Ecology, Worldwide
Environment, 1999, An Action Plan for Servation in Sri Lanka.
lands, Central Environmental Authority, 2"
Resources, (n.d.), Global Warming: AWarning
993, Conservation of Coastal Resources,
Association, 2008, Environment and Media,
artment, 2008, Notes Used as Lecture Aids
public, 1988, National Heritage Wilderness


Page 133
Any feature on the earth's form. On a flat Surface which is in a two diamensional form with
Spatial Feature
Surface wo used to dr; the help of
various information. On the Surface of the lar
People use different types of maps fo topographical maps as well as thematic m previous years. The purpose of this chapter
features revealed by maps.
Now letus understandth
we see in a map.
A Fig 5.1: The three diame
appearance of landfo
e difference
hsional B
Malithi, tellus about the featur
Teacher -
Malithi - I can see buildings, hills, coco Teacher - Ingrade 8 you learnt the basici about the information you seei
Sathira - There are paddy feilds, garden
Teacher – Himath can you tellus the diff
 
 
 

s Seen on a Map
Juld appeartous in three diamensional aw the map these features are depicted colours, symbols and letters. In this way d can be represented on maps.
r different purposes. You have studied aps in studying geography during the is to give you an idea about the spatial
2 between what We see onland and what
Map 5.1: The two diamensional N
aspect of landforms
es you see in photo -A
huttrees, roads and a Waterfall.
nformation shown in maps. Sathiratellus nMap - B
s, coconutestates and contour lines.
arence between the photo and the map?
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Page 134
Himath - Teacher, in the photo I can are shown by contour lines. I do not see the height of the
Sisitha -What about the buildings? In
Teacher - In grade 8 we learnt that
features due to human act Therefore the most impor projection of the three dime flat sheet of paper.
The basic features of a map
e Scale
e Direction
e Key
In grade 8 you identified the na features and features due to human ac cultural features are drawn on maps bas Today maps are constructed using mode.
Fig 5.2: Ex.
Aerial Photo
122 For free distribution
 
 

ee the height of the hills; but in the map they The heightis written on the contour lines, but shills.
he photo we see their height, similar to trees.
natural features over land areas as well as ivities are included in topographic maps. tant feature regarding a map is that it is a nsional physical and cultural features on to a
tural features Over land areas as physical :tivities as cultural features. Physical and ed on a particular scale using aflat surface. rn technology.
amples of maps
Computer Map


Page 135
Photos taken by aeroplanes using specia photographs. Detailed maps including p constructed during a short period withth
Computer maps are based on a computer many details can be included.
Maps can be based on satellite pictu photographs is that various features over colours (Fig 5.2). As true colours are nots Software should be used to make true col
There are different definitions about M
• A Map is compiled according to a the vast spatial patterns that existo
A map is a conventional picture O
Now let us remind Ourselves of the V human landscape that we studied in Grade 8
Features of the Physical landscape
Ridge Valley
Spur Conical hill
Isolated hill
Steep slope
Gentle slope
Other than these, various other features are represented in maps using conventional

l cameras are used to develop aerial hysical and cultural features can be 2 help of these photos.
ized grid pattern. In a computer map
res. The special feature of these and can be photographed in different hown in satellite photography special Our conversions.
laps.
Scale giving Vital information regarding Ver the earth's Surface.
G.E. James
fpatterns of earth as seen from space'.
Ervin RaiZe
arious features of the physical and the
Features of the Human landscape
Province Boundary District Boundary Divisional Boundary
Grama Niladhari Division Boundary Trignometrical Station
Paddy, Tea, Rubber, Coconut, Gardenlands
Other crops
SS
s that we see three dimensionally on land, symbols, colours and letters.
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Page 136
Interpretation of maps need an un conventional symbols, colours and letter
Then you will gettheability to unde and cultural features that are depicted in
Activity
Compile a handbook consisting C
How would you calculate the from pla
Scale
Maps are constructed based on distance between two places on the may two particular places on the ground. In ev tant to know the scale on which the map
Activity
From your Schoollibrary geta 1: teacher how the Scale is shown Ol
There are various methods of shov
1. Verbal scale 2. Representa
Verbal Scale states what distance o
(Verbal scale is not shown on 1:50
A fractional Scale is the ratio of m ground using the same units for both.
e.g. : 1/50000
This shows that One unit on the m
A linear Scale is a harizontal line W relationship of the map to the ground it ri
In the 1:50000 Topographical m tallines - one showing the scale in kilom
124 For free distribution

derstanding with regard to scale, direction, Sused in them.
arstand the interrelationship between physical maps.
f various types of maps.
area of a region, and the distance ce toplace ?
a definite scale. Scale is the ratio of the p and the comparable distance between the ery map scale should be given as it is imporis constructed.
50,000 Topographical map. Discuss with the n this map.
wing the Scale on a map.
tive Fraction 3. Linear Scale
na mapis equal to what distance on ground.
1,000 topographical sheets).
ap distance to the equivalent distance on the
1:5OOOO
ap is equal to 50000 units on the ground.
hich individed into equal parts to show the 'presents.
ps linear scale is indicated by two horizonetres and the Other in miles.


Page 137
km į O
لأسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسه
| – — – — – — – —
mile O
Fig 5.3
• The linear scale in miles is given for easy the distance in miles.
• For study purposes it is sufficient to use divisions are shown. Two centimetre Sec divided into 1/10(100 m) divisions.
km O 1. 2
Fig 5.4 C Activities
1. Draw a horizontal line 10 centimetres in
Sections.
2. Mark Zero point at 2 centimetres from t
3. Towards the right of the “0” mark the di di VisiOn mark Should be marked 1 and
4. On the two corners write 'km'. Two ce.
ground.
5. The 2 cm divisions from the left shoul
represents 1/10 of a km or 100 m.
2mm = 100m
The most important way of showing 1:50,000 means one unit on the Map represt Therefore any unit of measurement can be ad
This is an internationally recognised me
With the help of the scale we canc between two place

km
1. 2 mile
reference if there is a need to calculate
he linear Scale where kilometre tions to the left of the 0 point should be
3 4 km للا
length and divide it into two centimetre
he left.
ivisions as 1,2,3,4.Towards the left the the markat extreme left as 2.
ntimetres on the map show 1 km on the
d be divided into 2 mm sections. This
scale is by a Representative Fraction. ents 50,000 such units on the ground. apted to this method.
:thod of showing the scale on a map.
alculate the correct distance S on the map.
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Page 138
بصرہ< ص=  ́ဇံ၊ 000 ܓܠ
॥೨೦॥ | 1 cm : 1/2 km
| 2 cm: 1 km
Activities
1. In a map drawn to the scale of
10cm.
What is the actual distance betw.
2. What is the length in centimetres
On this Scale?
When you want to find the dist distance betweenthese two points ince
Then on the 1:50,000 Scale calcu
Map 5.2 : Maps b
f 126 For free distribution
 

On a map drawn to the scale of l:50,000, if the distance between two points S2 cm the actual distance between the two blaces is 1 km.
1:50,000 the distance between A and B is
een these points?
of a road 4km long when constructing a map
ance between two places, first measure the ntimetres.
late the number of kilometres.
ased on different scales
ܠܐ


Page 139
Study map - 5.2. These maps ofth Find out how the information appears wh
When the scale is large the map is v
- Ona smaller scale the interpretatio
is difficult.
Activities
1. Ask for instructions from the teac
2. On the 1:25,000 scale how many
1 km.
Payattenti
• When it is necessary to measure t thread. Similarly use a thread to me
• Another way to find the distance alc on either side of the road.
Map 5.3 : A sectic
 

e same area are drawn to different scales. en the scales of map differ.
ery clear.
h of various features on the map
her to draw linear scales for these maps.
centimetres would representa distance of
on to these factors
he distance along rivers and canals use a asure the distance over roads with bends.
ng roads is to read the km symbols marked
)n of a metric map
*、、
A 徕
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Page 140
4. Activities
Selecta part from a 1:50,000 Map. Il
Write the length of these features ink
2. Measure the length and width of the
(8 cm X6 cm)
3. Using this rectangle draw a grid to S
4. The area of a (2 cm X2 cm) Square is
square is 1 km*
5. By counting the number of (2cm X2 area of a region in square kilometri
2 cm
2 cn 1 km
1 kr 2 cm 11 km
2 c. 1 km?
4 c)
By measuring the length and width
the area of the re.
8. It is possible to calculate the area of a of the map. This measurement shoul 1:50,000 scale (length X width)
8. It is possible to calculate the area of a the area of the map (length X width method is multiplying the length ar number should be multiplied by 4 centimetres.
example:-8 cmX6 cm = 48 cm
4 (Length) 8 cm = 4 km (Width) 6 cm = 3 km 4 km X3 km
128 For free distribution

Measure the length of rivers and canals.
ilometres.
Map 5.3 and draw a rectangle measuring
how 2 cm X2 cm squares
4 cm. The area represented by the 4 cm
cm) squares you would know the
CS.
n x 2 cm = 4 cm”
mX 1 km = 1 km?
m = 1 km
mo = 1 km?
of the map it is possible to calculate 2ion on the map.
region by measuring the length and width
d be converted to kilometres based on the
region in Square kilometres by calculating ) and dividing this number by 4. Another ld width of the region in kilometres. This to find the area of the region in square
= 12 km?
= 12 km X4 = 48cm


Page 141
To calculate the area of a tank Or Se Over the area showing the water surface on calculate the area of the Water Surface.
Activities
. Using appropriate symbols and colo
instructions from your teacher.
Gardenland 1/2 km?
Paddy cultivation 1 km
Coconut cultivation 2km
Teacultivation 4km
2. Find the area of these blocks of land
3. Find the area of given figure in squar
4. Shade the tankbund in brown and th
Ifa map of Sri lankais constructed ac the length and width of this map?
From North to South it is 432 km
From West to East it is 224 km
The map of Srilanka is constructed parts. Therefore there are 92, 1:50,000 To
area of 1000km on land.
Study the map 5.4. Each map divisio name and number of the map where your names and numbers of the maps relevant to
What
method of showing ( You have already learnt in lowerg. In order to interpreta map, knowledge a
Generally, on a map, an arrow hea indicate the Northern direction. Wheny able to know the other directions.

a, draw a grid of One Square kilometre he map. Count the number of squares to
urs draw the following features based on
in square centimetres (cm)
e centimetres and Square kilometres.
e waterlevel in lightblue
cording to the 1:50,000 scale what can be
On the 1:50,000 Scale is divided into 92 pographical Maps. One Map covers an
in is given a name and a number. Find the school/village/town is located. Find the your Province and District.
N S the lirection on a map? adeshow direction is indicated on maps. bout direction is necessary.
dis drawn in the Northeastern corner to ou know the Nothern direction you are
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Page 142
525N
425N
400N
375N
350N
325N
300N
275N
250N
225N
200N
175N
150N
125N
100N
75N
棠 한 李 家
გZr -
s
हत्वप्र CHAVAKACHCHSRRNMULLIAN
༄།།༽
ཐོསྡོས་ཏེ་ཟླ་ K`KILINOCHCH | IRANA MUL
Y
| PALAMPDo I PADAWIYA i--k
صر . . .
- 20 21 SLAM MADHUROAD || VAVONIYA PA
---
24 2s 26 \ဂ်း TANTIRMALE MEDAWACHCHIYAHORK
29 30 #ဖုmw KALA OYA
35 ܢ ܗ GALGAMUWA
66 es
"AVIşSANELLANMARA - ELYA, - - - -
73 t KALUT RATNAPURA || BALANGODA ||Y A
79 80 81
N ALUTHGAMA MATUGAYA BAKWANA IMB - - - - */
sA BALAPTIYA M MORAWAKA I HAM
9. :: 911/ー GALīÈNCL MATARA TA
LL) LL፥
For free distribution
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Lanka Metric Map
爵
525N
NSET or sheets
- s H500N
s
H475N 20 LATTIVE s
-450N
VLAMPL R 54.21
- 425N لميسا : " هي
VN T
N NKULAM Rயவ
PROVINCEBOUNDARY sts THDISTRRICT Boundary ** من جح" WUPOTANATRONCOMALEE
NA 350N 2. །ས་ཅ། UDULLA-KAbrANRI
4 演 39 325N NNARUw A VAkANER YN KALKUDAH
* 300N 43 as AHERA AHALAGANWILAN BANTICALOA
d ܛܛ؟“* بثتN 275 N 4་གྱི།། / , ༤.56| N LEGAMA MAHAOAA PADDRIPP
250N 55 66 MARʼß* YANGANA gu 8. R
KALMUNAI { | 62. 63 * 225N
THRUKKOW - BIBILE 8. Y.
AMPADDAI ? 69 701 a 200N
ಗ್ವWIL DULLA MONARAGALA &
...'" KOMARI 175N
)Fs דד
150N 82 оқEтке KATARAGAMA YALA
125 محصےN 88 85 کے ΒΑΝΤΟΤΑ hsuడని
OON ۔
NGALLA
75N
爵
(Survey Department of Sri Lanka)


Page 143
Copy the diagram and name the other
In 1:50,000 Topographical maps in th with three vertical lines.
True North-TN(G shown by a vertical
Magnetic North- is is shown by a vertici
Grid North – Anarr of the area shown in
There smallangular varia between the l showing the Grid N and the True No The line showing Fig. 5.6 North is drawn ei to the left or to right of the C North line.
Correct interpretation of a map depend orienting the map according to the cor direction.
In the 1:50,000 maps the Grid Nori
shown in the North eastern end.
After Orienting the map it is easy tok the correct location of a place with referenc direction.
 

lirections.
Fig. 5.5
2 lower margin there is a special diagram
eographical North) - True North is line with a star at the top.
he North indicated by the compass. This alline with half an arrow head at the top.
w shows the Northin relation to the grid the map.
: is a ation ines North orth. True ther
the Grid
A
ls on
"reCt
Fig. 5.7 this
ΠOW
Ce tO
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Page 144
Activity
Draw diagrams to show the devia right of the North grid line. Nam
i
Map 5.5: Mar
In this map-identify th
The geographical features found ( looking at the colours, conventional sym the use of contour lines to indicate variati
By studying the distribution and arr, different relief features. You have identi environment due to human activities asth
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tion of the True North to the left and e three maps to illustrate each of the
gins and corners
O
ረረ ETT 12T911 (Y,
g %
e margins and the corners
n the ground can be identified on a map by bols and letters. In grade 8 you learnt about ons of relief on the ground.
angement of contours you will understand the fied all the built up features in the physical e human landscape (cultural environment).


Page 145
Fig. 5.8 Identifying the Topo
::: Physical feateres Settlements)
O Cultura features
A. Activities
1. Study the map.
2. Compile a Table showing the featur
shown on the map.
3. Write five sentences about the regio
Physical features
The physical features of a region are give
Highlands LOwlands Undulating land
Escarpment Plain - Plateau
 

graphical features in a Map
Sub-post office
Railway SO
es of the Physical and Humanlandscape
n shown on the map.
@
'n different names.
Convex slope Concave slope Longitudinal valleys Transverse valleys Gap
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Study the contour arrangements W features on the maps.
Lowland
A lowland is without a variety of re represented by spot heights. In a lowla Therefore the height of the land has to bei
Fig. 5.9: Plain
Undulating land
It is nota lowland as there are small are no specific physical features. The cor
Map 5.7: Ur
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hich are drawn to represent various relief
@
:lief features, but there can be higher areas nd there are few contours or none at all. dentified with reference to spot heights.
Map 5.6: Plain
undulations spread over the area. But there htOurlines are drawn far apart.
ndulating land


Page 147
Concave slope and Convex slope
Map 5.8: Concave slope and Convex slope
Map 5.9 : An Escarpment
No. 岛
slope tow the lowe close tog Such asl
are draw. close tog With the these slo
Escarpn
Al between
COntOurS they ove between
nature of
 
 

()
You musthave seen highlands with a steep yards the summit and agentler slope towards rarea. When the upper contours are drawn gether and the lower contours are far apart ope is called a concave slope.
so show a convex slope the upper contours n far apart and the lower contours are drawn ether. help of the cross section study the nature of
peS.
ment @
n escarpment is a steep slope that lies two surfaces of different heights. The are drawn so close together that at times rlap. In Sri Lanka escarpments are located two peneplains. The cross section shows the
an escarpment.
Map 5.10: Plateau - map and the cross - Section
の。
- Plateau
ഗ്ഗ്
ind
he 1040 1020 1000
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Page 148
Construct a model of this ridge.
A plateau is aflatarea of high elevati steep slopes. A plateau can be easily identi surface while the contours that separate it together.
Map 5.11 : Longitudinal Valley and Transverse Valley
alignn
along
arOSS1
to the
and tr;
Study
M
Gар @
A lowland area between two highlands is called a gap. If a streamflows along this gap it is called a river gap. Agap without a river is a Windgap. These features can
be identified on Map 5.12
In the interpretation of 1:50 000 maps it is possible to identify various drainage
patterns. C
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on. It is separated from the lower area by fied as there are few contour lines on its from the lower region are drawn close
A Valley that is located parallel to the nent of the ridges or mountain range is called itudinal Valley.
A transverse Valley is a feature that cuts the alignment of the ridges.
Atrellis drainage pattern is created due flow of rivers along longitudinal Valleys ansverse Valleys.
Map 5.11 to identify these features.
lap 5.12: River Gap/Wind Gap


Page 149
Denratic drainage
Radial I
Map
Dས་
Annular I
There are various other draina,
features which can be identified from Met
mapS.
A location where a riverjoins the sea called a river mouth. When water stagnates over the lowla near a riveritis called a marsh. Near the river mouth as the gradient Very low meanders are formed overt lowland area. When the river flows Over flat la material brought down by the riverg deposited in the middle of the river form islands. This feature is callec braided river. Study the Metric ma and identify these features. Along the coast around the island the
are Various topographic features.
 
 

rainage
Trellis drainage
so
Map 5.14. Other features relating to drainage patterns
1 Meander ge 2 River mouth ric 3 Marsh
4 Braided River
5 Sand bar
ΣΙΘ.
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Map 5.15: C
Point Pedro
Island ཚེ།།
Mannar island
Puttalam lagoon 3.
Sandbar
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oastal features
Trincomalee
Koddiyarbay
A
Bay
VNA
- صحي
དོ་
Ondra head


Page 151
Islands, bays, lagoons and headlands are 7. In addition to these, Sandbars and cliffs too : result of deposition of material along the coast,
There are steep slopes formed by resis calledcliffs. e.g. Galle, Rumassala, Trincomale
The key is vital in order to interpret map included in a map can be identified easily with
In the 1:50000Topographical maps the key Fig. 5.10)
Activities
1. Study the conventional symbols wellanc
the key.
2. Draw the symbols to show the following Station, Courts, Tourist Hotel, Touristb Office
3. After studyingaMetric Map, tabulateth
ShOW'nin different colourS.
In 1:50000 Metric Maps Blue, Yellow, I and Brown are the colours usec Identify the Symbols used to show the CU
Study the symbols used in Metric symbols and pictures to be exhibited int

features that you have learnt in Grade recoastal features. Sand Bars are the brought by rivers and waves.
Lant rocks along the coast. They are
ls. The physical and cultural features the help of the key.
is organized under eightheadings.(See
iname the eight main topics given in
gfeatures-School, Hospital, Police ungalow, Post office, Sub Post
le physicaland culturalfeatures
Dark yellow, Green, Red, Black
to draw the symbols. ltural features in Metric Maps.
Maps. Prepare afolder using relevant he classroom.
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