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ENGLISH SPEECH PRACTICE
 
 

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ENGLISH SPEECH PRACTICE
for
CEYLON SCHOOLS
(gradea)
Hr:A. S. KANAGARATNAM B.A. (LoNo.)
English Master Emeritus, Jaffna Hindu College
Copyright
Available at all Bookshops &
at 6A, Seeniar Lane, Jaffna.
October 1968.

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CONTENTS
Preface
Lessons
I.
5.
O.
II.
2.
I3.
I4.
I5.
Siva and Ranjan Commands and Requests Simple Statements.
Puss and Ben a 8 Commands and Requests Singular and Plural s . مو • • . The Silvas, at Home .. ess .
Imagine and Mime There isn't any there aren't any Figures and Pictures Prepositional Phrases At the Post Office Commands-Board Work be The Continuous Present with Prepositional Phrases Piyadasa and Rosie
The Simple Past
The Bus Journey
Requests with let
The New Year Day The Simple Future Shall I Will Sunethra's Birthday
going to-future ses ܖ
Perera's Bicycle The Simple Present
Ranjan's Hobby
Proverbs
The Motor Mechanic The Adjective Clause with who Meena and her Father ...
The to-infinitive
The Taxi Man More Adjective Clauses with who and that The Boy who Loved to Throw Stones The Present Active Participle
Р
ag
2
2
I3. I5 I5 I7 I8
2.
2
23 24 26
27 29 293I 32 34 34. ვნ 37 39.

iii
I6. The Soccer Match a 8
The Past Perfect and the Simple Past in Time Clauses I 7. Susilla :
The Cont. Past & the Simp. Past in Time Clauses I8. Ceylon *: s, so 48 w w
Tag Questions a - I9. Sheila to Mary
Reflexive Pronouns 2O. A Game of Marbles
The Infinitive of Purpose 2I. The Excursion - a The Continuous Present as Future Substitute ... 22. The Art Master's English Lesson ... a
More Adjective Clauses with who, which and tha 23. The Picnic -
Adjective Clauses with whose «» - 24. Another Letter (from Sheila to Mary)
Enough and the to-infinitive 25. Village Cricket a
or The Indirect Command or Request 26. Nadarajah's Teacher
The Past Passive Participle. 27. Ploughs Old and New
The Indirect Statement 28. Mary to Sheila
Must: Have to : Have got to 29. Bathing in the Village River
The Indirect Question with whether or if 30. The Accident ❖ በ፥ 8 a The Adjective as Complement 3I. Keerimalai - - -
The Causative use of have & get 32. The Sleeping Beauty 8 d. Indirect Questions with Pronouns ... 33. The Crocodile
Time Clauses 8 a 34. The Chimps at the Zoo
Indirect Questions with Adverbs 35. Param Runs away from Home
Result-Clauses 4 36. Teaching Hints · · · 8 9

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P R E F A C E
“Speech is groundwork; all the rest is built up from it'.
F. G. French
Speech comes first in the learning of any living language. To quote Mr. A. W. Frisby, “The foundation of a living language is the spoken, not the written form. The corner stone of our language building must be the speech lesson.'
Any learner, child or adult, has to learn to speak by speaking. The surest and the only way to easy, effortless expression is to practise the correct forms, persistently.
Conversation or speech is made up of questions, commands and the verbal responses to them, mostly statements, between two or among more persons. These forms. or patterns of speech have got to be practised, spoken over and over again, before one can acquire the skill of free and easy speech in a foreign language. In this book I have tried to provide these basic elements of conversation for intensive practice in the classroom.
The late Professor Gaten by has held that “the language being studied should be as far as possible the sole medium of communication in any given environment. This book of speech exercises has been planned to conform to just that approach. For the purposes of this book the forty minute English lesson becomes an English-speaking environment. There are 50 speech units in each lesson : the first 35 are questions based on a particular reading passage. The pupils themselves will ask, answer, command or call for the repetition of the sentences. The 50 units will control the conversation. It is basic to the plan of this book that the pupils only will do the talking and that English will be the sole medium of communication during those 40 minutes. The teacher only organizes the speaking, watches for errors (in patterns or in intonation), and corrects them then and there. This kind of speech activity round a given reading material is a simple device to get the pupils to talk, and this ready-made collection of questions

V
and other speech forms arranged and graded for classroom use will, it is hoped, simplify the English teacher's work.
All practice lessons involving repetition are tiresome. A few game techniques that will minimize the tedium have been suggested in the “Teaching Hints' at the end of the lessons. No doubt, teachers with initiative will themselves work out other games to create more interest.
It must be repeated, this is not a book of exercises on comprehension. This is a book intended for speech practice. Questions, statements and other speech patterns have been compiled here to be spoken by the pupils, not to be asked or repeated by the teacher. Some questions are repeated in more than one lesson; some are quite outside the reading text and some are personal. Only one aim runs through all of them, and that is to encourage the students to talk, and step by step, to extend the scope of their conversation. Confidence will grow from the two-way talking and in time, fluency.
f'/'
None the less, comprehension cannot be divorced from normal human conversation. Speech is much more than just words. Your understanding and your feelings do colour your words, always. The pupil must not only speak but feel it too. It is that, that gives life and tone to speech. The teacher must therefore make sure that the pupil understands what he is saying.
Grammar.
Any introduction of grammar into a speech lesson can only be incidental, its purpose, the avoidance of an error the next time. But if a pupil is young and hasn't had any prior study of grammar, not even that of his own mother tongue, any teaching of grammar will be futile, a waste of time. Better get the pupil to repeat the correct pattern and pass on to the next job. "Imitation and repetition are far more efficacious in forming correct habits than grammatical knowledge'.
Quoted from D. Starch by Mr. i. Morris, The Art of Teaching English as a Living Language.

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Still there is a basic grammatical information which a learner cannot do without, such as parts of speech, accord, word order, the more common tenses, infinitives, auxiliaries, reported speech, passives, etc. So much hangs on the individual capacity and receptivity of the pupils that the teacher alone can decide what is to be taught, to whom and at what stage. But the teacher should never allow himself to forget that grammar is secondary, supplementary to speech. With maturer students comparison with corresponding forms in the mother tongue, wherever possible, will rationalize and consolidate what they have learnt by imitation and repetition. The grammatical and other information given in the Teaching Hints may be used according to the receptive capacity of the pupils.
The English Voice.
Speech is not one but two skills, a dual process covering correct pronunciation and intonation as much as correct structures. The manner of saying it is as important as the grammar. Voicing these patterns involves a waole lot of attributes like accent, rhythm, tone, modulation, etc., all of which may be collectively described as the English voice. Obviously, the cultivation of an English voice will not be practicable in a Ceylon setting. This is a skill that cannot be learnt except by listening and imitating. A phonetic dictionary can help with single words, but English intonation has to do with phrases and sentences as well. They have to be heard first before they can be practised. The only modele available to Ceylon learners are the English broadcasts. How many homes have radios and how many schools can afford pronunciation records? Under these unfavourable conditions it is unfair to expect a high standard of English pronunciation in Ceylon. But that is not to mean that teachers may condone slovenly habits of speech, whether it be in the national or in the second language. There can be a way of speech that avoids loose, careless voicing of sounds, and to that extent teachers should insist on a clear enunciation of words and aim at a more precise and modulated speech than the one that we have today.

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Bad pronunciation is as inexcusable as overdoing the English voice.
Introducing the Book.
A pupil must of course be able to read the passage and understand at least its gist, before he can answer the questions there. These exercises cannot therefore be used with a class that hasn't yet learnt to read.
The first 12 lessons have been graded on the basis of the elementary tenses. I had tried the first six exercises, with two consecutive years' Std. 6 classes, after they had done a half year's work. About two thirds of the 35 boys in those classes could participate without difficulty. But the Std. 6 classes of my school might not be considered the general norm. They were taken in after a selection test and my experience might not apply to all schools. Std. 7 might be a safer and surer starting point.
These exercises have been tried out in the higher classes too. Those who have got used to the wrong patterns for assiger time will naturally take a longer time to get over their wrong habits of speech. Speech as such is seldom practised in the higher forms because it has been crowded out of the time table by other work considered more important. These lessons could be continued right through to the A/L forms.
How many lesson periods will one lesson take P That again must depend on the maturity and general ability of the class and the numbers there. Under a game technique children will not tire too. Soon, but waning interest must be the signal for a move on to the next lesson. It may take six to eight periods to practise one lesson with a Std. 6 or 7 of 35 pupils, and less in the higher forms. With practice smoother and quicker progress could be expected.
When the 50 speech units of each lesson are first spoken, the pupils can have their books open for a few rounds of questions till they get the flow of speech; but after the initial faltering, their questions and answers must become more natural. If it is read out from the book

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every time, it will not be conversation. They should learn to ask their questions, etc. with books shut. Consulting the book may be permitted, but the exercises must be "spoken' face to face. The longer sentences may be kept out of the practice, if the teacher thinks they are too difficult for his class.
I must acknowledge here that I am much indebted to my old friend, Mr. C. Vairamuttu, Vice-Principal Emeritus, Vaidyeshwara Vidyalaya, Jaffna, for his friendly criticism of the general principles discussed in this preface.
A. S. K. 6A, Seeniar Lane, Jafna. 15-10-68.

1. SIVA AND RANJAN
Siva is my friend. He is sitting at my desk. He and I are in the same class. My name is Ranjan.
Siva is wearing blue shorts and a white shirt. His fountain pen is yellow. It is on his desk. He is not writing. He is reading his book.
I am wearing a pink shirt and brown shorts. I am
not reading. I am drawing the picture of a lamp in my drawing book. W
Questions
*1. Is Siva wearing a white shirt?
2. Is Siva drawing a picture ? 3. Is Ranjan reading a book? 4. Is he carrying a bag? 5. Is he riding a bicycle? 6. Is he playing football ? "7. What is Ranjan doing?
8. Vhat is Siva doing ? *9. What is Ranjan wearing ? 10. What are you wearing? 11. What is your teacher wearing ? * 12. Vhere is Sivas pen ? 13. What are we wearing * 14. Who is wearing brown shorts 15. Who is wearing blue shorts "16. Is your shirt pink P.
17. Is your pen on Siva's desk? * 18. Who is Siva's friend ?
The asterisk indicates that either the correct answer or any other relevant infor, nation is given in the Teaching Hints. Refer to the No. of the lesson and the No. of the sentence, The correct answer or answers are given for the first of a typical pattern.

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*19. What colour is Siva's pen *20. Where are the two boys sitting?
21. Where is Ranjan drawing his picture ? "22. What picture is he drawing?
23. What colour is Ranjan's shirt 2 24. What's the colour of Siva's shirt? "25. Are Siva and Ranjan pupils in the same class f
26. Are the two boys wearing shirts 27. Are they wearing sarongs? "28. Is Ranjan reading or drawing? "29. Whose shirt is pink? 30. Whose pen is yellow 31. Whose pen is on Siva's desk? *32. Cán you draw the picture of a lamp ?
33, Can you read an English book 34. What colour are Ranjan's shorts P 35. Are you standing at the blackboard P
Commands and Reguests ("Imperatives)
36. Count from ten to fifteen.
*37. Take that hat and put it on.
38. Hold up your left arm, please. 39. Put your right hand on that boy's head. 40. Draw a circle on the board. Here's a piece of chalk.
* Repetition Exercise (Simple Statements)
41. Ranjan's shirt is pink. 42. Siva's shoes are under his desk. 43. The red pencil is in my bag. 44. Balan is riding his brother's bicycle. 45. Lila is watering her flowers. 46. We cannot play net ball today. 47. There are many elephants in the Ceylon jungles. 48. There's a swimming pool at Keerimalai. 49. That's too much. I cannot eat all that rice. 50. Be careful. The road is wet and your tyres are bad

2. PUSS AND BEN
Puss is our cat. It is sleeping in a corner of the room. Its coat is black.
My father is sitting in a chair. He is smoking a cigarette and reading the newspaper.
My mother is standing at the window. She is looking out into the garden.
The door is open. Our dog, Ben, is coming into the room. Its fur is white. There isn't a single spot or mark in all its body.
Ben is now going to my father. Now he is patting the dog's head, and it is wagging its tail.
Questions
* 1. What colour is the cat?
2. Where's the mother ? *3. " Is the door shut ? 4. Is the window shut, or open ? 5. What is the father doing? 6. Is the mother cooking? 7. Is she listening to the radio ? 8. What is she doing? 9. What is the father reading P 10. What's the name of the cat? 11. What's the dog's name? 12. Where's the father sitting ? 13. Is there a cat in your house ? 14. What's its name 15. Who is patting the dog's head? 16. What's Ben doing? 17. Is the father smoking a cigar ? 18. Where's the mother standing ? 19. Who is looking out into the garden P 20. Is the cat sleeping on the floor ?

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4.
21. 22. 23. 24. *25. 26, 27. 28. 29. *30.,
What colour is the dog's coat? Is Puss sleeping in a chair? Are you reading a newspaper ? What's the colour of a cigarette P How much is a cigaretter How much is an exercise book? Who is standing at the window? Can you bark like a dog? Can you mew like a cat? Do you have a pet at home?
Commands and Requests
31, 32. 33,
34. 35.
Touch that boy's (name him) nose. Will you please point to the north. Please cover your mouth with your handkerchief or your hand. ܖ Shake hands with this girl. (name her.) Please pick up that piece of paper and put it into the dust bin.
Repetition Exercise (to be repeated in the plural)
36. 37. 38. 39: 40. 41. 42.
43. 44.
45.
46.
47.
The cow is grazing in the meadow. The boy is sitting on the floor. The dog is sleeping under the table. A crow is flying over the house. My sister is looking at the picture on the wall He is taking an egg from the basket. She is ficking flowers in Vimala's garden. (To be repeated in the singular) The young people are bathing in the sea. Those women in the kitchen are cooking a good dinner. The two brothers are going away to Malaya in a few days. His daughters are reading in a big college in Colombo. The women are carrying their garden produce to the market.

48. The mothers are singing their babies to sleep.
49. Lovely butterflies are flitting from flower to flower.
50. The three men in the boat are sailing to the desert
island.
3. THE SILVAS AT HOME
This is the sitting room in Mr. Silva's house.
Lila is playing the piano. She is twelve years old. She is wearing a beautiful green frock.
Gamini is her younger brother. He is looking at the pictures in an album. He is nine.
Little Rohan is riding his tricycle round and round in that room. He is only three. They are Mr. Silva's children.
Mr. Silva is not in the room. He is lying in a deck chair on the verandah. He is reading a book.
Mrs. Silva is in the kitchen. She is cooking some nice curries for their dinner.
Οιίesίίons
"1. How many children are there in the room ?
2. Whose children are they ? 3. What is their mother doing? 4. Is Lila playing the piano
*5. How old is Gamini ?
6. How old is his sister ? 7. How old are you ? 8. Who is riding a tricycle? 9. Where is the children's father ?
10. What is he doing ?

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11. What is Gamini doing? 12. What is Mr. Silva reading ? 13. Where is the mother? *14. How many sisters has Rohan 2
15. Is the father sleeping in his deck chair? 16. Can Rohan ride a bicycle ? 17. Can you ride a bicycle 2 18. Is Lila reading an English newspaper ? 19. Can you read an English newspaper ? 20. Is Mr. Silva helping his wife in the kitchen ? 21. Who is Mr. Silva's youngest child? 22. Can you play the piano? 23. How old is Mr. Silva's eldest child? 24. Is Gamini looking at the pictures in the album ? "25. Where can you buy a picture album ?
26. How old is the youngest child? 27. Are you the youngest child in your family? 28. What is Lila wearing ? 29. How many brothers has Lila ? 30. How many sisters have you ?
Imagine and Mime (Imperatives-A game)
31. Imagine you are a goalie. Save a goal.
32. a doctor. Examine your patient. 33. a street sweeper. Sweep the road. 34. a barber. Give your customer a
hair cut or a shave. 35. Imagine you are a fisherman. Throw your net into
the water. 36. Imagine you are a salesman in a textile shop. Measure and cut out three yards for a customer. 37. Imagine you are a tea boutique keeper. Make a
cup of tea and serve it to a customer.

38.
39.
40.
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Imagine you are a priest in a temple. Offer your flowers and coconuts to the god. Imagine you are a farmer. Plough your plot of land. Imagine you are a Member of Parliament. Make a speech.
Repetition Exercise (Negatives) there isn't any 6 there
*41。
42.
43. 44.
*45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
aren't any There is a chair in the middle of the room, but there isn't any (chair) on the verandah. There are some mangoes in this box, but there aren't any (mangoes) in that. There are some pictures in the hall, but there aren't any in the library. There is a tennis ball under the table, but there isn't any upon it. Are there any cinemas in your town No, there aren't any. I want to have some tea with milk, but there isn't any milk in this cafe. May I have some more ice cream, please. I am sorry, there isn't any. Is there any rice and curry left in the kitchen ? No, there isn't any. I want to fill in some petrol. There isn't any in my tank. και There aren't any children in the house now. They are all at school.

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4. FIGURES AND PICTURES
Ouestions: (please refer to page 8.)
1. 2. *3. 4. 5. б. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11. 12. 13.
14.
15. 16. * 17. 18. 19.
20. 21. 22. 23.
*24。
25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
What is there in the centre of the page? What is there inside the circle? What do you find at the top left hand corner ? What do you see at the top centre ? How many palms are there at the top left P Is there a car at the top right hand corner ? What picture do you see at the bottom left What is there on the table at the left centre ? Whose name is there in the square at the right
centre ?
Where are the coconut palms ? Where is the lotus flower ?
Where is the triangle? How will you name the triangle at the top right hand corner ? What do you find in the middle of the page? Where do you find the head with a hat on f Where do you find a vase of flowers ? What is there inside the triangle ABC 2
What is the name inside the square ?
What do you find between the flying birds and the triangle Are there any angles in a square In a circle? What are the pictures at the bottom of the page? What is there between the car and the flying birds? What pictures do you find in the left hand side of the page? With what do you draw a circle? or What do you draw a circle with ?
Where's the circle P
Where are the flowers ?
What picture is there at the bottom centre ?
Is there anything under the table How many angles are there in a triangle P

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30.
31.
32.
33.
34. 35.
What do you have between the triangle ABC and the palms? r What is there inside the square ? Where's the flower vase ?
Where is the hat ? What is there between the cart and the head? What kind of angles are there in a square?
Repetition Exercise-(Prepositional Phrases)
36.
37.
*38。
39. *40. *41。
、*42,
43.
44. 45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
There's a big cherry tree in front of Lila's house. She is shopping at the C.W.E. Textile Stores. The cattle are grazing in the meadow behind the temple.
The birds are flying over the roof.
They were waiting in the queue for a long time.
Workers in red shirts will march with red flags and banners on May Day. Mr. Sundram parked his car near the post office. My uncle and aunt live in a small house down that road. There is a wedding in that house near the post office. Can you ride your bicycle into the middle of your playground P & The police opened fire on the crowd df people in front of the Kachcheri. The boybehindme is Visu. Rajan was standing under the tree between the fence and the wall. Who threw a stone at the lamp on the top of the cupboard ? Mr. Perera put his bag on the table behind the
SC CGI

11 5. AT THE POST OFFICE
The post master is sitting at a big table in the centre of the room. He is an old man with a bald head and spectacles. He is writing in a big book before him. There are many files and books on his table.
There are three counters at this post office; and there is a clerk at each counter. One clerk is speaking into a telephone. Another clerk is selling stamps. A postman is stamping letters at a small table.
This post office is a very busy place. One man is buying stamps at the stamp counter. Another man is writing a telegram at the second counter. A woman is paying some money at the third counter. The other people are queuing at the three counters. ...
Questions
1. How many postal clerks are there in this post office? 2. Where is the post master? 3. Who is sitting at the big table in the middle of the
OOn,
4. What things are there on the post master's table P 5. What are the postal clerks doing? 6. What is the postman doing? 7. What is the post master doing? 8 . 9 1O
... Who is wearing spectacles?
Is there a crowd at the post office P Who is buying stamps? 11. Who is speaking into the telephone? 12. Can you speak into a telephone 13. Why are people queuing at the stamp counter ? 14. Why are the people waiting at the telegram counter? l5. Why is a clerk speaking into the telephone? 16. Can you write a telegram in English 17. To whom is the clerk selling stamps? 18. How many postmen are there?

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19.
*20。
21 O
22.
23.
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
3O. -
*31,
32.
33. 34.
35.
Are there any telegraph messengers in this post office?
Where is the post master writing ? Where's the post master's table? How many counters are there in this post office Whose head is bald? Is there any post box near your home? What is the woman doing at the counter? Is your father a post master? If he is not, what is he? Are the clerks selling any stamps at the post office P. Is the woman paying any money at the third counter? ls the postman doing any work at the post office? At what time does your post office open ? Who wear uniforms in a post office P How long do you have speech practice at home? Do you save any money in the savings bank at your post office Does your post office open on poya days?
Commands - Board Work
36.
37. 38.
39.
40,
Write your friend's name at the bottom of the blackboard. h− Draw a triangle in the centre of the board. Draw a circle round the triangle and rub off the name at the bottom, Draw á line from the left hand top i corner to the circle. Write the name of an animal at the top of the board.
Repetition Exercise (The Continuous Present tense with .
41. 42. 43. 44.
adjective and adverb phrases.)
The girl is singing at the top of her voice. Mary is throwing the ball over the net. The children are playing in front of their house. The wind is blowing from the north to the south.

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45. The aeroplane is flying over the palmyra palms at
Palali. rằ 46. The men are sleeping under the trees behind the
bungalow. ܖ 47. The children are holding hands and dancing round
a bonfire.
48. Vimala and her sister are buying bangles in a shop
in the Main Street of the town.
49. A little girl is putting a letter into the post box at
the end of the lane.
50. A big rat snake is crawling into the poultry house.
It is looking for eggs.
6. PIYADASA AND ROSE
Piyadasa had a beautiful white cat. He called her Rosie. Every day in the morning he gave her some milk in a saucer. By ten o'clock Rosie fell asleep in a chair and did not wake up till three in the afternoon. At night
she hunted the rats in the roof of the house.
One day a big dog came through the gate and began to chase Rosie. She climbed on a tree and sat there on a branch. The dog stood at the foot of the tree and barked up at the cat. Rosie was afraid to come down. She sat still and waited.
Piyadasa came there with a big stick and drove the dog away. Then Rosie climbed down. , Piyadasa took her in his arms and carried her into the house.
Questions
1. What was the name of Piyadasa's cat?
What food did Piyadasa give his cat? What did Rosie do in the day time? What did she do at night P At what time did Rosie fall asleep? When did she hunt

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9. *10, ll. 12, 13. 14. 5. *16, 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. *28, 29. 30,
31.
32.
33.
34. *35。
*36,
*37。
Did Rosie eat fruits?
Does a cat eat bananas ?
What did Rosie hunt
What chased Rosie
Who drove the dog away ? Did Rosie drink milk every day ? From what did she drink her milk? Can you climb up a tree ? Can you climb up a coconut palm ? Why did Rosie climb up a tree? How is a tree different from a palm ? With what did Piyadasa drive.the dog away ? Do you have a pet Is your pet a dog or an animal ?
whiçh of the two animals was . standing under the tree ነ Who was sitting on the branch 2 Was the cat afraid of the dog? Was the dog afraid of the cat P. When did Rosie usually wake up from her sleep? How did Piyadasa save his pet What colour was Rosie's coat? Do you have a dog or a cat as your pet? Does a cat bark?
Do you love cats P
Can a dog climb up a tree ? How did Piyadasa feed his cat? Are cats vegetarians? What other animals hunt rats and eat them P. Where was Rosie waiting while the dog was barking at her ? Where did Rosie sit after she had climbed up the tree ? What did Rosie do when the dog chased her ?

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38. What did the dog do when the cat climbed up the
tree ? Հ.
39. What was Piyadasa carrying in his hand when he
... was going to drive the dog out 40. Where did Piyadasa take Rosie when she came down
from the tree? Repetition. Eacercise (Statements with the Simple Past) 41.x I heard the news only last night. (this morning) 42. Navaratnasa my swam the Palk Strait in 1953. 43. The jug fell down and broke to pieces. 44. Uncle Perera made a kite for little Nimal. 45. Aunt Suji sent me a parcel of cadju from Batticaloa46. Yesterday I waited for one hour to catch a bus.
47. All the children wore their new clothes and came to
school on Theepavali Day.
48. The principal spoke at the school assembly last 3. Friday. 49. The mango grew fast and bore fruit in four years.
50, The ships of Columbus sailed across the Atlantic to
the West Indies in 1492.
7. THE BUS JOURNEY
Rajan was waiting at a bus stop. He had a bottle of gingili oil in his hand. He was taking it to his sister, Mani, in a town ten miles away.
A double decker bus came along. It stopped before him. A man and two women got down. Rajan got in. The bus conductor pressed a button. A bell rang and the bus moved on.
Rajan climbed to the upper deck and sat in a vacant seat there. He gave the conductor thirty cents. The man put the money in the pocket of his khaki uniform and punched out a ticket for him.

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It was nice to sit there and look over the fences into
the gardens on both sides of the road. Men were digging -or watering in their gardens. Women were picking chillies, or cutting grass, or planting onions. Rajan liked to watch people working in gardens and fields.
Questions
1. Where was Rajan standing ?. 2. Why was he standing there? 3. Did the bus stop there? 4. How much did Rajan pay for his journey ? 5. Who gave him a ticket 2 6. How many passengers can a double decker bus
carry P 7. What was Rajan taking with him on his bus journey? 8. How far did he travel on that journey P 9. What was his sister's name? 10. How did he travel to her house? 11. What present did Rajan take to his sister ? 12. How far from his sister's house did Rajan live P 13. For whom did he take that bottle of gingili oil ? 14. ;ü you look over the fences from a single decker
S Տ 15. What did Rajan see from his seat in the upper deck? 16. What did the conductor give Rajan in return for the
.30 cents p 17. What did he give the conductor for the ten *mile
journey ? 18. What work were the women doing in the gardens 19. Why was Rajan waiting at a bus halting place P 20. Where did he want to go ? 21. What did Rajan take with him to his sister ? 22. Where was Rajan waiting to take a bus ? 23. Did Rajan enjoy looking at the men' and women
working in their gardens 24. Who gives the tickets in a bus P

25. 26.
27.
31.
33.
34.
35. 36.
37.
*38,
39.
40.
17
Where do you wait for a bus? How many conductors are there in a double decker bus ? Which bus can go faster, a double decker or a single decker ?
Who collects the fares in a bus? What is the bus fare for ten miles? Who wear khaki uniforms in your school ? What officers wear khaki uniforms ? Do you go to school by bus P
How long do you wait to get your bus What is the bus fare from your home to the nearest town P •ላ What for do the women cut the grass in the gardens? What crops do gardeners cultivate in the dry zone How do you stop a bus when you want to get down at a bus halt What does a conductor do when all the passengers have got in ? How many passengers got down just before Rajan got in ? Where does a bus conductor put the money that he collects
Repetition Exercise-(A polite form of request or sugges
4l.
42.
43.
44.
*45。
46.
tion with let)
Let me have some tea first, please. Let me get out of here. It's too warm inside. Let me go away. I'm tired. Let him not cut classes today. It'll be an interesting lesson • Let's learn some more English songs before we go. Let them travel by bus if they want to.

Page 15
18
47.
48.
49.
50.
Let Mary and Jane forget their quarrel and be friends again. Let your father come and see me this afternoon.
Let us not make him angry. He is a dangerous old
Ilal,
Let these children speak in English all the time.
8. THE NEW YEAR DAY
THEY ARE PLAYING THE RABAN
Tomorrow will be New Year Day. There will be two
public holidays. The people of Ceylon will celebrate this day in all parts of the country. They will sweep their houses in the morning. Then they will bathe and put on new clothes. Then they will go to the temples. There
 

19
they will offer prayers and flowers and coconuts to their gods. .
The women will cook sweet foods and their men and children will feast and enjoy themselves on this happy day.
In the evening many men and women will go to see the pictures. The women will dress their hair beautifully and wear their best saris. Their husbands will also put on their best clothes and take them and their children to the theatres. In the villages far away from the theatres, the women will play the raban.
Every year the people of Ceylon will celebrate the New Year.
Questions
1. How will the people of Ceylon celebrate the New
Year?
2. Who will play the raban on that day ? 3. How many public holidays will there be for the
New Year 2 4. On what other festival days do you have public holi
days? 5. What will the people give to their gods on New
Year day?
6. What will they cook in their homes P
7. How will the people make their homes clean on New
Year day? O
8. How will they make themselves clean P 9. What will they take to the temples on that day ?
10. How will the women in the towns and cities celebrate
the day ?
11. How will the women in the far off villages celebrate
the day ?
12. Will the people celebrate the New Year day next
year ?

Page 16
20
13. 14. 15.
16,
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
و بكکه
23.
24. 25.
26. 27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
When will the New Year fall this year ? (next year?) Where will you spend your next holiday ?
Did you celebrate the New Year in your home last year 2
Why are the children happy on New Year day?
How will the people enjoy themselves in the evening on New Year day ?
Will the men also dress well on New Year day ?
Will you have good things to eat at home on New Year day?
Will you go to the "cinema next Saturday ? Will you go to the temple on the next Wesak day ?
Will you go to the temple with your parents or alone?
Will you go to your temple / church / mosque tomorrow?
Will you go there on the next Poya Day ?
Will the Prime Minister speak over the radio of New Year day ?
Will your cousins visit you on New Year day ?
Will your father buy you a bicycle (a silk dress) on your next birthday ? . Will you invite all your friends to your New Year party? V− How many public holidays do you have for Christmas ? (Wesak ; Ramazan ; Thaipongal.) Where will you spend your next holiday ? What is the date on which New Year fell last year? How will the women deck themselves before they go to the cinema? What will the women wear when they go to the cinema?
Will your father and mother go with you when you go to the cinema?

2
35. What will you do if a mad dog comes into this room
now . Repetition Exercise-(The Simple Future-shall / will)
36. There will be a meeting of the committee at 7 p.m.
today. 37. The bus will not come here before five. 38. How much will they give him for his old car? 39. She will not come to the school before eight in the morning. V 40. I shall attend the meeting on Friday. 4. You will get good marks if you study hard enough. 42. You will miss your train if you delay. 43. They'll be lucky if they get a bus. 44. If it rains I shan’t go out. 45. They'll call the match off if the weather is bad.
46. We shall have little time for the picnic if the bus
comes late.
*47. The man will not work for you unless you pay him. 48. The plane will arrive before you get to the air port. *49. It'll be fine to have our cousins here for the holidays.
50. There won't be a history lesson today. The master
is absent.
9. SUNETHRAS BIRTHDAY
I am Rupa. Sunethra is my sister. She will be fifteen on June 10. That'll be next Sunday. There will be a party in our house to celebrate" her birthday.
Sunethra is going to invite her two school friends, Selvi and Sita. They will bring her some presents. Sunethra will give them tea with cakes and sandwiches and sweets. There will be a lot of eats and jokes and iaughter.
Our cousins will come from their house across the river. There is a bridge over the river. But they are

Page 17
22
going to cross it by boat. It will be more "fun. Their mother, Aunt Hinnihami, will also come with them.
My sister is going to wear her new nylon dress and all her jewels. My mother will do Sunethra's hair nicely and pin some red roses there. She'll look fine in her pink nylon and jewels and the flowers in her hair.
After the party father is going to take us all to the pictures. ... We shall have a very good time.
Questions
1. Who will come to Sunethra's party? 2. How many of her friends will come from her school? 3. How old will she be on her next birthday ? 4. How old are you ? 5. How old will you be on your next birthday? 6. Did you have a party to celebrate your last birthday? 7 熟 you have a party to celebrate your next birth
ay r 8. When will you have your next birthday ? 9. When will Sunethra have her next birthday ? 10. When will Sunethra have her birthday party ? 11. What is she going to wear at the party? 12. What'll she give her guests 2 13. Who are her school friends? 14. Who'll come to the party by boat *15. Is there a bridge over the river ?
16. Isn't there a bridge over the river ? 17. Why do the cousins like to come by boat? 18. Have you ever sailed in a boat? 19. Who will do Sunethra's hair for her party? 20. On what day will Sunethra's fifteenth birthday fall ? 21. What will Sunethra wear in her hair? 22. Who is Rupa ?

23.
24. 25.
26. 27. 28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
23
Whose aunt is Hinnihami? Where will they go after the party ? How many candles will they light bin Sunethra’s birthday cake - Who'll take them to the cinema after the party? Who are Hinnihami's nieces Where does Aunt Hinnihami live? Does your sister celebrate her birthdays Whom does she invite? What does she serve to her guests P Isn’t Sunethra going to invite Selvi and Sita to her party ? Who is going to have a birthday party on June 10 ?
Are we going to play a match with the......... Mahavidyalaya tomorrow
Are you going to buy new books for your new class
ARepetition Exercise ('going to.........' future)
36. 37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44. 45.
46.
He is going to buy a new pair of shoes for himself. We are going to have a party this afternoon. I'm going to write my homework tonight. They are going to invite us for lunch tomorrow. Are you going to buy a car? My father is going to sell his. My brother is going to write home for more money. These children are going to sing at the concert tonight. I am going to have, a bathe in the sea. Would you
care to join
I'm going to dress. I'll be ready in ten minutes. The lights are dimming. The picture is going to Start.
In a few days the men are going to sow. It's going to rain any time now.

Page 18
24
47. She is going to see the dentist this evening. She has
a bad tooth.
48. We are going to stay here till the bus comes.
49. I am going to read for an hour before I go out.
50. Is she going to learn shorthand after she leaves
school
10. PERERA's BICYCLE
Perera has a new bicycle. It is a Raleigh. He can ride it quite well. His brother, Sunil, hasn't a bike. He cannot ride one.
Perera is fourteen and Sunil eight. Perera reads in standard 8, and Sunil in standard 3. Both the brothers attend the same school. They study hard, and do their work well. Their teachers like them.
Perera takes Sunil to school on the bar of his bicycle. Sunil sits on the bar and holds on to the handle. The elder boy rides.
- Their school is not very far from their house. It is only à half mile. After the lunch break at twelve forty five, they can easily get back home for their lunch. After the lunch they can return to school in good time for their afternoon lessons. They are seldom late to school.
Sometimes their mother sends Perera out to buy things, and he rides to the shops to buy them for her. He enjoys doing odd jobs like that, but he doesn't take Suni with him when he goes shopping for his mother.
Questions
1. Which of the brothers has a bicycle? Which of them cannot ride a bicycle? Do you do odd jobs for your mother ? Which of the two boys has a bike, Perera or Sunil ? Who hasn't one?
;

б.
7.
8.
9. 10.
ll.
12. 13.
14. 15.
16. 17.
18.
19.
2O.
21. 22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. 29.
30.
3l.
32.
33. 34.
How does Sunil go to school? Do the two brothers go home for lunch How far is their house from their school ? Whose is the bike? How far is your school from your home How do you get to your school ? Is there a school bus taking children to your school ? What is the make of Perera's bicycle P How old is Sunil P
In which class does Sunil read? In which class do you read Do you walk or ride to school P Where does Perera have his lunch on school days? How do you spell 4, 14 and 40? At what time does your school close for the lunch recess ?
Do the brothers ever go late to school Can Sunil ride a bicycle 2 What odd jobs do you do at home? Do boys enjoy riding a bicycle? At what time is the lunch break at their school ? When does their school break for lunch How does Perera help his mother ? O How does Perera help his little brother? Whom does Perera's mother send out to buy her things at the shop ܗܝ What day of the week is it today? Does your mother send you out sometimes to do some of her shopping? Who teaches you geography Where does Sunil sit when he goes to school What does Sunil hold on to when he rides to school

Page 19
26
35. Does Perera take his brother with him when he goes
to shop for his mother ?
Repetition Exercise (The *Simple Present Tense) 36. Our mails come before twelve. 37. Trincomalie has an excellent harbour. 38. A lorry driver gets about Rs. 150/- a month. 39. Monkeys live in herds on the tops of trees. 40. Mother cooks an extra curry every Poya Day. 41. We have "payasam' at our boarding house every Fri.
day. 42. It snows in winter in all the countries of Northern
Europe. 43. I don't smoke now; it's the doctor's advice.
44. My uncle does not believe in ghosts. He lives in a
haunted house.
45. He draws his pension at the Kachcheri on the fourth
day of the month.
46. You always come late to school, but Ravi seldom
does.
47. My mother prepares breakfast for all of us before
7 o'clock.
48. Sometimes the Kelani overflows and floods the houses
and gardens on its banks.
49. A man comes here to milk our cow. We pay him
twenty five rupees a month.
50. Balu gets up at five, washes, says his prayers and sits
down to do his home work every day.

27
11. RANJAN'S HOBBY
Ranjan collects postage stamps. That is his hobby. He is a stamp collector.
When the postman brings the letters home Ranjan gets them. He takes the stamps off the envelopes and puts them in a cardboard box. When he has collected a hundred stamps, he washes them. He takes out the hundred stamps and puts them in a basin of water. He leaves them there to soak for five minutes. Then he cleans them carefully and puts them on a smooth board to dry.
When all the stamps are quite dry, he selects some of them and mounts them in his album. He puts the other stamps in cardboard boxes. He has different boxes for different countries. Altogether, Ranjan now has over five thousand stamps.
How does Ranjan collect all these stamps? He has pen friends in many countries. He writes to them for stamps. He sends them some Ceylon stamps. They send him stamps of their own countries.
Sometimes Ranjan buys some stamps from the shops that sell old postage stamps. He spends all his pocket money on stamps.
Questions
1. Do you collect postage stamps? 2. How many stamps do you have
3. How does Ranjan dry his stamps after he has washed
them
4. Where does he put his best stamps? 5. Which is the most beautiful stamp that you have seen 6. How many stamps has Ranjan collected 7. Where does he wash his stamps ?
8
8. Does he mount his stamps in his album before or
after he has washed them

Page 20
28
10.
ll.
18.
19.
20. 21. 22.
23. 24.
25. 26. 27.
28. V
29.
30,
31.
32.
When does Ranjan wash his stamps? When the postman brings the letters to Ranjan's home, who receives them What colour is a Ceylon 10 cent stamp ? What picture is there in a Ceylon fifty cent stamp Where does Ranjan get his stamps? Where does one buy postage stamps? In which Ceylon stamp do you find the picture of a woman picking tea leaves? Is there a shop that sellis old stamps in your town What does Ranjan do when he has collected a hundred stamps ? Whose picture do you have on a Ceylon ten cent stamp ? Where does Ranjan get his foreign stamps ? How does Ranjan spend his pocket money? Have you any pen friends abroad What is a single word for a person who collects postage stamps?
How much pocket money does your father give you ? What is your hobby ? On what does Ranjan spend his pocket money? Does Ranjan write to his pen friends abroad? Does he send them any stamps? What is the postage for an aerogramme from Ceylon to the United States ?
What picture do you have on a stamped envelope that we buy at a post office? How much is a Ceylon post card? How much is a stamped envelope? Where does Ranjan dry his stamps after he has washed them ?

29
33. Who send stamps to Ranjan from foreign countries 34. What does Ranjan send to his pen friends abroad? 35. Who is a philatelist?
Repetition Eatercise (*Proverbs) 36. Christmas comes but once a year. 37. One swallow does not make a summer. 38. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 39. A stitch in time saves nine. 40. Dig a well before you are thirsty. 41. Don’t cry over spilt milk. 42. Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. 43. Birds of a feather flock together. 44. All is not gold that glitters. 45. Do not look a gift horse in the mouth. 46. Empty vessels make the most sound. 47. More haste, less speed. 48. Better late than never. 49, Calm oceans run deep. 50. There's many a slip between the cup and the lip.
12. THE MOTOR MECHANIC
Sarath lives in a small house in the town with his wife and two children. He works in a motor repair garage. It is about two miles from their home.
Sarath goes to that garage every day before 7-45 in the morning. His work begins at eight o'clock. There he takes off his sarong and shirt and puts on a pair of shorts. it is oily and dirty with motor grease.
His work is hard. Often he lies on his back under ai car or a lorry and repairs its under side. He takes out the broken or wasted parts and fits new ones on. When he

Page 21
3O
gets tired he drinks some tea and smokes a beedi. Then he works again.
At 12-30 he goes out to have lunch at a shop near the garage. He does not go home for lunch. After lunch he works again till 5. Then he washes all the dirt and grease off his body and changes into his sarong and shirt, before he goes home. Sometimes he works there till 8. If he does, he gets more money for the extra work.
Questions
1. At what time does the garage close for the lunch
break 2 How far is Sarath's lunch shop from his garage 2 How far is your home from your school How far is the garage from Sarath's home? . How does Sarath relax when he gets tired with the
work? What do you call a man who repairs motor cars or lorries ? 7. What wages does a motor mechanic get for a day's
work 2 8. At what time do they begin work at Sarath's garage? 9. What does Sarath do when he is tired 10. When does Sarath go out to have lunch 11. Where does he have lunch 2 12. Does he bring his lunch from home 13. At what time does the garage open for work? 14. What tools does a motor garage man use ? 15. What work does a motor mechanic do? 16. Why does a motor mechanic change his clothes
before he starts his work? 17. What does Sarath wear when he is working in the
garage 18. When does Sarath lie down on his back at the
garage
6.

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. 25.
26. 27.
28.
29,
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. 35.
31
How many children does Sarath have? When does Sarath get more wages? What does Sarath wear when he goes to the garage What do you wear when you go to school At what time does Sarath stop work? What does he do as soon as he stops work
Why does Sarath sometimes lie on his back under a lorry or a car?
What does he do under a car or a lorry ? Why is a motor mechanic's life a hard one? Why must a motor mechanic always bathe at the
end of a day's work?
When does Sarath change into his shirt and sarong? When does he change into his working clothes? What are his working clothes P. What does Sarath smoke P Does he go home in his working clothes How long does he work on a normal working day ? What parts of a motor car engine can you name?
Repetition Exercise (the adjective clause with the relative
36.
37. 38.
39. 40.
41.
42. *43。
44.
pronoun, who) A motor mechanic is a man who repairs motor cars and lorries. A cobbler is a man who makes or mends shoes. A tailor is a man who makes clothes. A baker is a man who makes bread. A carpenter is a man who makes things out of wood. An airman is a man who pilots an aeroplane. A philatelist is a person who collects postage stamps. A man who sells meat is called a butcher. &/፡ A man who serves food in a "cafe or a "restaurant, is called a waiter.

Page 22
32
45. A person who takes a bad tooth out and gives you a
new one is called a dentist.
46. A person who writes a book is called an author.
47. A man who measures land and draws a plan of it on
paper, is called a surveyor.
48. A person who sells fruits and vegetables is called a
greengrocer.
49. A person who makes figures or statues out of wood
stone or metal, is called a sculptor.
50. A man who sweeps the streets of a city is called a
scavenger.
*13. MEENA AND HER FATHER
Meena is Mr. Rasiah's daughter. She teaches in a school near her house. She walks to her school.
Mr. Rasiah is a clerk in the Bank of Ceylon at Jaffha. He takes a bus to go there.
Meena is marking exercise books at a table on the verandah. She has on a blue dressing gown. There is a red pencil in her hand. She is reading over her pupils' exercises. She will mark them with that pencil. She will take those exercise books to school when she goes there after the poya holiday.
Her father is in his room. He is dressing there and getting ready to leave for the bank, He is going to take the bus to Jaffna. He will come out of his room in a few minutes. The bus halt is only twenty yards from his house. His bus leaves at ten past eight. Every day Mr. Rasiah leaves his house at eight and arrives at his office before nine.
It is a pre-poya day. Meena will not go to school today, But Mr. Rasiah will go to his bank. The bank
works a half day on pre-poya days.

33
Ouestions
1. Whose daughter is Meena?
2. Where does she teach ?
3. What is Mr. Rasiah?
4. What is Meena?
5. What is your father ?
6. Where is Meena?
7. Where does she work
8. Where is she working now
9. What is she doing? 10. What does she do? 11. What does Mr. Rasiah do 12. What is he doing now? 13. What is Meena wearing ? 14. What are you wearing ? 15. Where does Mr. Rasiah work? 16. Where's Mr. Rasiah 17. How does he get to the bank 2 18. How does his daughter get to her school ? 19. How do you get to your school? 20. How far is the bus halt from Mr. Rasiah's home? 21. How far is Meena's house from her school? 22. Does Meena go to school by bus 23. Does she wear a dressing gown to school ? 24. With what is she marking her pupils' exercises? 25. From where did she bring those exercise books? 26. At what time does Mr. Rasiah's bus leave the halt
ing place ? 27. How much is an exercise book of 80 pages? *28. How often do you write exercises in English P
29. How often do you have drill at school P 30. What is Mr. Rasiah going to do after he has dressed? 31. What will Meena do with her exercise books after
she has marked them
32.
What do you do when you have written your exercises in class?

Page 23
34
33. What will you do if you miss your bus to school ? 34. Whose exercises is Meena marking? "35. Whose books do you carry to school?
Repetition Exercise (the "to-infinitive after certain verbs)
36. I always try to help my friends. 37. We wish to learn English. 38. They want to have a good time, 39. Jayan likes to have some fun. 40. Our boys hope to win the match today. 41. Mr. Rajah is preparing to build a house here. 42. I forgot to buy the stamps at the post office. 43. He is afraid to go out in the dark. 44. He waited at the queue for hours to get a bus. 45. Will you promise to take me to the pictures with
you ? 46. I shall never forget to wear my hat to school. 47. My uncle was quite pleased to see me there. 48. I wish to draw a picture of the popsicle man and his
Cart, 49. We haven't learnt to work these sums yet. 50. ရှီမျိုး children began to cry when their mother left
then.
14. THE TAXI MAN
That is Banda's taxi cab. It is a light green Morris Minor, Banda is driving it from the taxi stand in front. of the market, to the railway station. There are two ladies. and a child inside. They are going there to take train to their village fifteen miles away.
Banda will stop his taxi at the railway station. The two ladies and the child will get down there, and pay him their taxi fare. Banda will get the money and "take his taxi to the stand at the railway station. He will wait there for some time.

35
If he gets another fare he will leave the railway station stand. When that person gets down, Banda will wait again at another taxi stand. There are taxi stands at all the important places in the city. Sometimes he drives around till somebody hails his taxi. Throughout the day he moves and stops and moves again.
Banda had some exceptional luck yesterday. He was taking "fares all the time from six in the morning till five in the afternoon. He couldn't even take some time off for his lunch. On that day he made over a hundred rupees.
Questions
1. Whose is the taxi cab P 2. Is the taxi cab blue or green P 3. Who is driving it 4. Who drives it every day ? 5. How many fares are there in the cab? 6. Where is Banda taking them ? 7. From where is he taking them ? 8. Where will he put them down 2 9. Where will the two ladies and the child get down? 10. Where do they want to go from the railway station ? 11. How do they want to go to their village 12. How far is their village from the railway station ?
13. What will Banda get from the ladies when he puts
them down at the railway station ?
14. How long does a taxi driver wait at a stand? 15. How did Banda miss his lunch yesterday ? 16. Why are there so many taxi stands in a city ? 17. When will Banda leave the railway station stand?
18. Where will Banda wait after he receives his fare from
the ladies?

Page 24
36
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. 24. 25.
26.
27. 28.
29.
3O.
3.
32.
33.
34.
35.
How many persons can a Morris Minor taxi carry? How much is the taxi fare for the first half mile?
How much do you pay your taxi when you take one from the railway station to your home?
What is Banda’s job ? Why does a taxi man wait at a taxi stand? How long does he wait What does he do when he doesn't get a fare for some time? How are the ladies going to travel home to their village? Why does a taxi man'drive around sometimes P. Do you like to travel by train or by taxi ? Which is cheaper, a journey by train or by taxi ? Whose job is harder, a bus driver's or a taxi driver's 2 What was Banda's exceptional luck yesterday? Why didn't he have his lunch yesterday? Why couldn't he have his lunch yesterday ? How long did he drive yesterday ? How long does he drive on a normal day ?
Repetition Exercise (more adjective clauses with who &
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
that) The ladies who were travelling in Banda's taxi got down at the railway station. The taxi that Banda is driving will not return till midnight. Please return the book that you borrowed two weeks ago. The police have arrested the men who blew up the StOres. The boys who were riding double had a nasty accident at that junction. V

37
41. They will not admit anyone who hasn't a pass. 42. Who will buy an old car that hasn't been out on the
roads for months? 43. Can you enjoy a football game with a team that is
always playing foul ? 44. The man who was driving the taxi promised to wait
for them. - 45. The children who were playing in the park, were not
afraid to climb the ladder to the mat slide. 46. We don't like to scatter scraps of paper in a room
that we have just swept clean. 47. Will you please call that man who was talking to
you just now. 48. Have you spent all the money that your father sent
you ? 49. That is a beautiful rose that you have got in your
garden.
50. How are you going to look for the fountain pen that
you have lost?
15. THE BOY WHO LOVED TO THROW STONES
Jameel loved to throw stones. He was ten and lived with his parents in a big house in Colombo. His father often told him, "Don't throw stones at anything, son. You'll break the windows or hurt other people.'
But Jameel did not obey his father. He threw stones whenever his father was out.
One day he threw a stone at a squirrel running up a tree. His stone did not strike the squirrel. It struck a window upstairs. The glass broke. Jameel's mother heard the crash of falling glass and rushed to the window. She

Page 25
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saw her son down below stooping to pick up another stone The angry woman locked the boy up in a room and ther he remained till lunch time,
The next day Jameel threw a stone at a bunch o mangoes hanging from a tree in their garden. His grand father was dozing in a deck chair in the shade of the tree Jameel's stone hit the mango and the mango fell on thi
old man's head. Poor grandpa he woke up with a star and rubbed his head.
Another day Jameel flung a stone across the road at : crow sitting on the hedge opposite. A police officer was riding past. He caught the stone full on his face............
What happened afterwards is for the creative imagi nation of the pupils to make up. The “conversation' car be continued after the 35 guestions on this lesson. The class will now frame their own questions and bring ou. the answers and make up the rest of the story. They may start with, What happened to the police officer P Did he bleed? Did he crash into the hedge? Was he angry What did he do P, &c. &c.
Questions
1. How old was Jameel at the time of these incidents f 2. What was Jameel's hobby ?
*3. What did his father tell him? 4. Did the boy obey his father? 5. At what things did Jameel throw stones? 6. Whose face did his stone hit 7. On whose head did the mango fall ? 8. What did Jameel bring down with his stone? 9. What did he miss?
10. Was grandpa dozing inside the house when the mangc
hit his head
11. Whom did Jameel's stone hit

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 2O. 21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. 27.
28.
29,
30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
39
Did his stone hit the squirrel ? What did it strike instead? How did the mother punish the boy ? Why did she punish him ? Do you like to throw stones Did Jameel hurt anybody ?
Whom did he hurt? How many people did he hurt? When did the mango fall on grandpa's head? What made the mother rush to the window and look down What advice did the father give his son ? Where was grandpa lying when the martgo fell on his head P What was grandpa doing when the mango fell on his head? What did grandpa do when the mango fell on his head?
Who broke the window glass 2 With what did he break it? What did he break it with? Where was the crow sitting when Jameel threw a stone at it? How did Jameel break the window upstairs? Why did the mother rush to the window? What did she see when she looked down? Whom did she see when she looked down P Was Jameel's father rich What are the three parts of the verb, "fling'; (cling)
Repetition Eatercise-("the present active participle.)
36. 37.
38.
The mango struck the old man dozing in the garden. She saw the servant opening the cupboard and taking out the eggs. ( . . She loves to watch the clouds sailing in the sky.

Page 26
40
39. The men are chasing out all the cattle grazing in
their land.
40. She saw her son stooping to pick up another stone. 41. The stone hit a man passing by the lane. 42. Every day we sit at home listening to our radio. 43. No one must disturb the people reading in the library 44. A coconut falling from a palm can kill a man.
45. Those two boys cycling up the lane do not attendo
school.
46. Those birds rushing over the tree tops are migrating
to warmer countries.
47. The lady sewing in her room heard the crash of falling
glass. −
48. The men working there on the road saw the but
crashing into a lorry.
49. All of us love to watch the elephants dancing in the
ZOO. (
50. The old man sleeping there could not hear the robbers
breaking into the house. -
16. THE SOCCER MATCH
Last Monday our school was playing a friendly match with the Central Maha Vidyalaya. Our field was the venue. Most of the boys in the visiting eleven were big and heavy. They shot two goals in the first half. Oui boys could not shoot even one goal, although they triec *to with all their might. The visiting crowd kept cheering all the time. The score was two to nil when the referee blew the whistle for the half time.
A few minutes after the second half play had begun our captain shot a goal. There was a burst of cheering from the home crowd, and in the next ten minutes our boy shot a second goal. It was the Centre forward who sho that goal.

g
s
4.
Now the excitement mounted and the two teams. fought hard to win, but neither could put in another goal. The spectators cheered like mad.
Once their left wing brought the ball up and passed it to his in. He passed it back to the wing and he hit it straight in. But our goalic was too quick for him. He caught the ball and kicked it back to our halves. That was a "near thing. They missed a corner kick too. The ball went over the bar. When thc referee blew the over neither side had won. It was a draw.
Questions
1. Who were the two teams that played the match? 2. Where did they play ?
3, How many goals did 'our boys' shoot in the second
half?
4. Who shot the first goal 2 (the second P) *5. Who won the match?
6. On whose grounds did they play the match?
7. Which players shot our two goals
8. What does the referee do at the beginning of a
match P (at the end ?)
9. When does a referee blow his whistle while the game
is on ?
10. How did our goalie save a goal? 11. What is another name for "soccer ? 12. How long is a soccer match 13. What is a drawn game 14. How many players make up a soccer team P 15. What was the score at the end of the first half P
16. How did the Central M. V. team lose their corner
kick .ށވެ"

Page 27
42
17.
18,
19.
2O.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
"26.
27.
28,
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Whose playing field was the venue of this match? How did the match end ? How did our boys fare in the first half play?
If another team played a match with you in your grounds, which team would you call the 'visitors' and which the 'home team' P
How long after the first goal did our centre forward shoot the second goal
Do you play football ?
Which game would you perfer to watch, cricket or football ?
Why did the excitement rise at the end of the game When did they play that match What was the "near thing
How many halves are there in a soccer "eleven ?
What do you think is the most difficult place to play in a soccer game? *
What do you call the players at both ends of the forward line
Did our boys shoot any goal during the first half hour P.
When did our team shoot their first goal ?
What do you call a person who keeps the line during a soccer match?
Have you ever played for your school P Who is the captain of your school football XI ?
Which school won the district championship last year?

43 A
t
ARepetition Exercise - (The Past Perfect tense 6 the
36.
37.
38.
39.
140.
41.
42.
-43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
148.
49.
50.
Simple Past in Time-clauses.) They had just had dinner and washed up, when a hungry guest came in. The man had returned home from office, when he, received the telegram. I had gone to bed when the telephone rang. Lila had written her letter when she received her father's message. The cat had drunk all the soup in the plate, when the man went in for his dinner. It started to rain cats and dogs after the children had dressed for school. There wasn't any noise in the hall after the picture had begun. w You had left the room before the fight began. After she had driven half the way a tyre burst, He had fallen many a time before he learnt to ride a bicycle. Our team had shot two goals before the row started. The thief had picked the old gentleman's pocket before the plain clothes man caught him. The plane had almost reached Colombo when the engines began to fail. He had forgotten to take his geography book with him when he went to school last Monday.
We had fenced our land round with barbed wire before we planted vegetables in it.

Page 28
44
17. SUSILA
t
学芸豆エ茂 な子学ーリ安亭ー
云夺 残 A 穴才 妾笠氢疹//// 雳繁Æീഴ്ക്/
2442,724
2
仍*侈*//// Z 魏 A. 4
RWA - -, ZリW淡斉 をー *
It is raining. Susila is going to school in the rain She is carrying her school bag in her left arm, and holding up her open umbrella in her right hand. The rain is fall ing on her umbrella and running off all round her. The water cannot wet her head or her clothes.
She is wearing her white school uniform and a blu and white school tie. She is looking quite smart and tid: in her clean uniform and tie. There is a prefect's badg pinned to her uniform. She has on a white ribbon at th end of her plaited hair. w
She comes to school by bus. Her home is five mile from her school. She travels by bus and walks the fift yards from the bus stop to the school.
Sometimes Susila misses her bus. Then she canno go to school on time. Sometimes the buses don't run The service from her village isn't too good. She had bee:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

:
S
45
late twice last month because her bus had not come on
time.
Today too she is going to be late. Susila hates to
go late to school. She is a prefect and has extra duties to do before the school opens.
Ωτιesίίons
1. Where are Susila’s books ? 2. How does she carry them to school P 3. Why is she holding her umbrella open ? 4. Is Susila getting wet ? 5. What extra duties does a prefect do at school P 6. Where is Susila's school bagi? 7. Why isn't she getting wet 8. How does she wear her hair to school? 9. Is her umbrella open or shut? 10. Is Susila wearing a rain coat?
1. How does she travel to school P 12. How many times had Susila gone late to school last
month ? 13. Why does she want to go early to school every day? 14. How many times did you go late to school last
month ? ሩ '  ̈ 15. What time is it now P 16. Does Susila always go to school on time? 17. Have you ever missed a bus ? 18. How far is the bus stop from Susila's school 19. How far is Susila's village from her school ? 20. Are Susila's books getting wet 2I. Who is walking under the umbrella? 22. Are Susila's shoes getting wet? 23, What has Susila pinned to her uniform ? 24. When does Susila get late to school ?

Page 29
46
25. 26. 27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
How far from her school does Susila live? When do you go late to school ? When did you go late to school last? Do you wear a rain coat to school when it rains ? How do you go to school when it rains ? What is a mackintosh P Is it raining now?
Did it rain yesterday? Is it going to rain now? Is Susila wearing a skirt and blouse ? Whose books are in Susila's bag?
Repetition Exercise-(The Continuous Past 6 the Simple
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Past together in Time-Clauses: Simultaneous
Actions.)
She was drawing water from the well when the rope snapped and she fell in.
He was riding double behind a friend's bike when the cop caught him.
The children were playing and shouting when the teacher came into the class.
The clerk was dozing at his desk when the boss came there. Sri was having breakfast when he heard a crash in the next room. f Simon was carrying a basket of eggs when the cyclist crashed into him. v. I was reading a novel in bed when I heard someone walking on the roof.
The girl was stepping into a bus when a man snatched her purse.

47
44. Kamala was doing her hair when a shot splintered
the mirror in front of her,
45. The priest was doing poojas before the alter when a
sudden gust of wind blew out his lamp.
46. The woman was cutting grass when a snake stung
her.
47. The calf was drinking at the tank when a huge cro
codile dragged it down into the water.
48. He was climbing the coconut palm when he slipped
and fell.
49. The old man was walking down the street when a
car knocked him down.
50. He was digging in his garden when I first met him.
18. CEYLON
Ceylon is an island in the Indian Ocean at the southern tip of India. It is our home and our motherland.
Ceylon has many mountains and rivers. The mountains are in the centre and the rivers flow on all sides to the sea. It is a very beautiful country. Tourists come here from many parts of the world to look at our lovely mountain scenery.
Sripada is a holy mountain peak in the central highlands. We also call it Adam's Peak. There is a big footprint at the top of the peak. Pilgrims come from all parts of Ceylon to climb the peak and worship the footprint there.
Pedurutalagala is our highest mountain, and the Mahaveli Ganga is our longest river. Our capital is Colombo on the western coast. It has a fine harbour. Ships come to Colombo from all parts of the world. They bring rice, milk foods, cloth, petrol, hardware, machinery,

Page 30
48
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S
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S kokATumlayks 藻 raرمpgse کمرچینگهاشمی ح COLOàON ᏱᏓᏃ7 s 外 吊GALA
R 83 9RATRL-ANA
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දර්ft. ‰ዷርÂዛላ
GAL.:\é a.
 
 

49
etc. They take our tea, rubber, coconut products and some other things to foreign countries.
Ceylon has another harbour, Trincomalie, on the eastern coast. It is one of the finest natural harbours in the world. Some of the tea produced in Ceylon goes out through Trincomalie.
Our chief air port is at Katunayake, about twenty miles out north from Colombo. It connects Ceylon with the main air routes of the world for travel abroad. V
Ouestions
1. What is Ceylon ?
2. What is Ceylon's capital ?
3. What was the capital of Ceylon in the days of
Parakrama Bahu, the Great ? Which is our native country? Do we produce all the rice that we need for our food in Ceylon ? From which countries do we get our rice? What are our chief imports? What products do we export 2 ... What products did Ceylon export before the Portu
guese conquered her ? 10. What is Sripada P 11. What is another name for Sripada P 12. Which is our longest river ? 13. What products do we sell to other countries P 14. What goods do we buy from other countries?
15. Where does the Mahaveli rise and where does it
flow into the sea?
16. What are the two air ports connecting Colombo
with the rest of the world?
17. How far is Katunayake from the city of Colombo ?
i

Page 31
50
18.
19.
20.
21. 22.
23.
24. 25.
M 4w Vus
27.
28.
29. 30. 3l. 32. 33.
34.
35.
Where will you take plane if you are flying non-stop to U.K. P.
What do you call a person who travels to other countries to see beauty spots?
Why do rich people come to Ceylon from other
countries
What is the sea that surrounds our island? What other countries are famous for their natura scenery ? Where is Galle ? (Kandy ? Anuradhapura ? Kataragama ?) Have you ever climbed Sripada. ?
What do pilgrims do when they have climbed to the top of Sripada. ? How do we call the people of Ceylon ?
How long does it take to travel non-stop by jet from Katunayake to London ?
Where are the highlands of Ceylon ? What products do we export to England? What does Ceylon import from Japan ? From where do we get our milk products? In which direction does the Kelani flow P Which is Ceylon's highest mountain? Which is the holy mountain of Ceylon ?
Which is the shrine in the south to which pilgrims go from all parts of Ceylon P
Repetition Exercise (Tag questions or Tail guestions)
36.
37. 38.
39. 40.
41.
They have some guests staying here, haven't they We must re-play that match, mustn't we ? You will return that book today, won't you ? He loves to drive fast, doesn't he? Your aunt is out shopping, isn't she? Banda lives somewhere down this street, doesn't her

51
42. They were laughing at me, weren't they ? 43. She is not going back to work, is she 44. She did not telephone from the office, did she 45. It isn't raining much, is it? 46. The meals here aren't bad, are they ? 47. We were not invited to the function, were we ? 48. This man cannot pay your money back, can he 49. ¥၃ü ore not going to put your son into trouble, are
you : 50. Nuwara Eliya is a fine place to live in, isn't it?
19. SHE LA TO MARY
(Sheila has a pen friend, Mary, in the United Kingdom. They write to each other once a month. This is a part of Sheila's letter to Mary.)
Blossom Street,
Kandy.
7-5-'67. Dear Mary,
Our school has re-opened after the April holidays. I attended school yesterday. I go by bus. There is a bus stop in front cf my house. A lot of boys and girls come to school by bus. My brother has a bicycle and he rides it to school. Many other boys also come on bicycles. Only one girl, Saroja, comes by bicycle.
Shamini is my friend. She lives next door. She travels with me every day. We take the same school bus. We don't have to wait long at our bus stop. At 7-40 the bus is always there. It is only five cents to the school. We get there in five minutes. Our school starts at 8-30.
Grown ups cannot, of course, travel by the school bus. Only school children can. Shamini's father goes to his office by another bus. While he is waiting for his bus he smokes or chats with other the people in the queue.

Page 32
52
Some teachers also come by bus, and some by bicycle. Two of them have scooters. One has a car and drives it himself. But our head master comes on his bicycle. He looks old, but he is very active. He does a lot of work at school. This is his last year of work at school. He is 56 and will be retiring in December. Love.
Yours sincerely, SHEILA.
Questions
1. How do the children go to school 2. How does Shamini go to school 3. Who goes with her to school 2 4. At what time do Shamini and Sheila go to school P 5. Does Shamini's father go to school by the same bus? 6. Who has written this letter P 7. To whom has she written it 8. How often do they write to each other ? 9. Can grown ups travel by a school bus
10. When is the head master going to retire ?
11. How old will he be when he retires?
12. What is the age of retirement for а public servant in Ceylon f V
13. Who is Mary's pen friend in Ceylon ?
14. What does Shamini's father do while he is waiting
for a bus?
15. How many teachers go to Sheila's school by car?
(by scooter)
16. Does the head master go by car? 17. Has Shamini's father a car 18. How many girls cycle to that school 19. At what time does the school bus bring the children
to the stop near Sheila's school 20. Where does Sheila's pen friend live?

21. 22. 23. 24.
25.
26. 27.
28.
29.
30,
31.
32. 33.
34. 35.
53
What's her name
Where does Sheila live? Do you have a pen friend abroad How often do you write to your pen friend ? Does Sheila's brother go to school by bus Why doesn't he? Who is the only girl that goes to the school by bicycle? Where does your pen friend live? Can teachers travel to school by the school bus? How does Sheila's brother go to school What is the bus fare from Sheila's bus stop to her school At what time does Sheila's school begin? Why doesn't Shamini's father travel by the same bus as his daughter ? What do you do while you are waiting for a bus
Do you have to wait long to get a bus when you want to go to see a film ?
Repetition Exercise (Reflexive Pronouns.)
36. 37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. ۔
43.
44.
He cut himself while he was shaving. We are going to enjoy ourselves, at the picnic tomorrow. Come on, help yourself to some more rolls. I pinched myself to keep awake.
The boy fell down but he picked himself up and ran again. We shut ourselves up in our room and waited. She loves to put on rich clothes and look at herself in the mirror.
They lay on the beaches and warmed themselves in
the sun. My father has hurt himself. He slipped on a banana peel.

Page 33
54
45. I saw myself in the big looking glass with the barber
behind me cutting my hair.
46. She dressed herself up as a nurse for the fancy dress
parade.
47. Raju gave himself a rub down after the swim in the
S6:3le
48. They washed themselves in the river at the end of
the day's work.
49. At the party all the children filled themselves with
cream and cakes.
50. You can all hear yourselves speaking in the tape
recorder.
20. A GAME OF MARBLES
Hamid and Hussein were friends and studied in the same class at the Maha Vidyalaya. They were playing a game of marbles. Hamid had three marbles and Husséin had five.
Hussein placed one of his marbles on the ground. Hamid stood three feet away and threw his marble at Hussein's. He did not hit it, so Hussein, took back his marble from the ground. Now it was his turn to throw a marble at Hamid’s marble. r
Hamid put a marble on the ground and Hussein threw his marble at it. He did not hit it either. Hamid took his marble back.
Then Hussein put his marble down a second time, and Hamid threw. This time Hamid hit Hussein's marble, so he took Hussein's marble and put it into his own pocket. Now Hamid had four marbles. Hussein also had four.
Then Hamid placed his marble down and Hussein threw a marble at it. He missed again.
Then they played another round. Hamid hit Hussein's marble a second time. He won another marble from

55
Hussein. But Hussein missed a third time also. Now Hussein had three marbles and Hamid five.
They had played only three rounds. Hussein had lost two of his five marbles, and Hamid had won two. Just then the bell rang, and they ran to the hall for their prayers. That was the end of their game.
Questions
1. How many marbles did Hussein have when the game
started ? How many marbles did Iamid have to begin with ? Did either boy hit the marble at his first shy? How many marbles did Hamid win ? How many marbles did Hussein lose ? How many times did Hamid throw? . How many times did he miss? . How many times did Hussein miss?
How many marbles did Hamid have when the gam ended ?
10. Did Hamid hit or miss in the first round 11. Who played better, Hussein or Hamid P 12. Do you play marbles at your school 13. When did you play last? 14. Will you play tomorrow? 15. Whom do you play with ?
16. How far from the marble did the boys stand when
they threw their marble at it?
17. At what did they throw their marbles? 18. Which of them missed a third time too
9. Which of the two did not hit the marble even at the
third shy?
20. What is a marble made of 21. What did the boys do when the school bell rang?

Page 34
56
22. 23. 24. 25.
26. 27. 28. 29.
30,
31.
32.
33.
34. 35.
Where were the boys reading? Do all boys like to play marbles ? When does a boy win a marble? When does he lose one? Can you win two marbles in one round of the game How many rounds did Hamid and Hussein play ? Which of the three rounds was a draw What did Hamid win P Where do you buy a marble P
How much is it?
Whose marbles did Hamid win ? How many marbles did Hussein have at the end of the game P
With whom did Hussein play ? Whom did Hussein play with ?
Repetition Eatercise (The Infinitive of Purpose.)
*36,
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
We go to the temple every day to worship the god at Nallur.
Saroja bought a paper to read as she waited for the bus.
My uncle walks a mile every day to have some exercise,
This young man writes short stories to make a living. The children stood up in their seats to see over our heads.
Aunt Mary will come here tomorrow to keep house for us.
The boy will go to the hospital to have his wound dressed there.
He had worked very hard to learn mathematics but he could not pass.
The young fellow married Malini to get a good dowry.

57
45. He stopped his car to put his son at the school gate, 46. She was waiting to catch a bus to Kotte. 47. The Swami is coming here tomorrow to speak at a
public meeting. 48. His father has spent a lot of money to educate him. .
49. The teachers will hold weekly exams, this term
to make us study harder.
50. Lakshman sits up late to listen to the latest broad
casts from foreign stations.
21. THE EXCURSION
Our class will go on an excursion to Anuradhapura next week end. We shall spend two full days there. Mr. Perera will take us. We shall put up at a school there.
When we get there we shall first see the Ruanweliseya
Dagoba, and then the sacred bo tree. 2500 years ago Princess Sangamitta brought a bo sapling from North India. It was a branch of the bo tree under which the Buddha had meditated. She planted that sapling in Anuradhapura. It has grown and spread out during the last 2500 years. Today this bo tree at Anuradhapura is the oldest historical tree in the world. There is a big temple round that tree. Buddhists come from many parts of the world to worship there. We shall also offere flowers and worship there.
Then we shall go to see the Isurumuniya Vihare. It is a rock temple. The builders have cut the temple out of a big rock. A very big image of the Buddha lies inside sleeping on a long bed.
There are old ruins everywhere in that ancient city. Our old kings built palaces and baths for themselves and temples and tanks for their people. Mr. Perera will take us to see many of them before we leave Anuradhapura.

Page 35
58
Оиestions
1. Who will go on this excursion 2. Who will take the excursionists 3. How will they go? 4. Where will they go? 5. Have you ever gone on an excursion to Anuradha
pura ? 6. What did you see there, 7. What will these school children see there 8. Who built the Ruanweliseya Dagoba P 9, What else did he build? 10. Who brought the bo tree to Ceylon? 11. Whose daughter was Sangamitta? 12. How long ago did she bring the sapling 13. . How old is the sacred bo tree? 14. How will these excursionists go round to see the
places and the ruins at Anuradhapura 15. In which temple is there an image of the recum:
bent Buddha ? 16. What is the name of the rock-cut vihare at Anu
radhapura ? 17. Where else do we have rock-cut temples in Ceylon 18. What places will the children see in Anuradhapura 19. Froms where did Sangamitta bring the bo sapling 20. Who is Mr. Perera 21. Has your class ever gone on an excursion? 22. When did Sangamitta bring the sapling to Ceylon 23. How will the children travel to Anuradhapura 24. When will Mr. Perera hire a bus ? 25. Where will he hire the bus 2 26. Whu sat in meditation under a bo tree in N. India
nearly 2500 years ago ?

27,
28.
29,
30. 31. 32. 33.
34.
35.
59
What will the children do when they go to the bo tree temple?
How many days are they going to spend in the sacred city?
What did the ancient kings build for themselves and their queens &
What did they build for their people? Why do the children want to go to Anuradhapura 2 What tanks are there in Anuradhapura
When is your class going on an excursion to Anuradhapura ?
Where will they put up during their stay at Anuradhapura ?
What places will you see when your class goes on their next excursion
Repetition Eatercise-("The Continuous Present as Future
篮
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
4.
42.
-43.
44。
45.
46.
Substitute.)
She is taking her little son to school tomorrow at 8-30.
We are going to Kandy some time next week. Mary is leaving for Paris shortly. We are moving to a new house in June. The Ratnams are coming over to Keerimalai for the holidays. He is flying tomorrow at 10 a.m. The ship is sailing tonight at ten thirty. The head master is speaking at the morning assembly on Friday.
Our maths. master is giving us extra lessons to morrow and the day after,
The minister is declaring this shop open when visits the town tomorrow.
I am buying a new radio in a few days.

Page 36
60
47. We are meeting the Mahavidyalaya team again
tΟΠΩOfrOW,
48. Next week we are getting a new cook at our hostel.
49. He is giving a party to his friends at the Taprobane
next Monday.
50. The executive committee of the Old Boys Associa
tion is meeting in this office at 5 p.m. on Sunday.
22. THE ART MASTERS ENGLISH LESSON
It was our English lesson. Our English master did not come. The Art master came instead. He brought his box of coloured chalk with him.
He drew the picture of an elephant on the blackboard. With red chalk he drew a howdah on its back. That was the first picture. Under it he wrote, “The elephant is carrying a red howdah on its back.'
Next he drew another picture. It was a ship. It had a tall mast and two swelling sails. He coloured the sails yellow and the ship brown. All round the ship he drew the waves of the sea with blue chalk. Under that picture he wrote, 'A ship is sailing on the sea.'
Then he drew a third picture. That was an aeroplane. It had a long white body that looked like a fish, and two wings. A propeller was spinning at its nose. He drew a few circles round the nose. He coloured the sky a light blue and drew some grey clouds near the aeroplane. Under that picture he wrote, "An aeroplane is flying in the sky.’
We looked at the three pictures with a lot of inter. est. They were beautiful to look at. Then he pointed to the first sentence and read it out. We read the sentence after him. Next he taught us to read the second and the third sentences. We enjoyed that lesson very much.

61
Questions
1. Which teacher was absent from school on that day 2. Who took the English lesson ? 3. What was the first picture that the Art master drew
on the board? w 4. What was the second picture? 5. What did he draw the third time? 6. How many pictures did the Art master draw on the
board P 7. How many sentences did he write under each
picture? 8. What did he write under the third picture ? 9. What colour were the sails? 10. What colour were the clouds 11. What was the elephant carrying on its back 12. With what did the Art master draw the pictures? 13. How did he colour the waves? 14. Are the waves of the sea blue or red 15. Yas the English teacher present at school on that
ау : 16. What did the Art master draw near the aeroplane 17. Can your English master draw pictures 18. Can you draw the picture of a howdah P 19. Can a horse carry a howdah on it back . 20. When does a sailing ship go fast? 21. Which is the fastest, an elephant, a ship or an
aeroplane 22. Which of the three can carry the heaviest load? 23. Whose class did the Art master take on that day ? 24. When did the Art master take the English master's
class P 25.
What is the last sentence that the Art master wrote on the blackboard?

Page 37
бz,
26.
27.
28. 29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
How did the Art master draw the propeller spinning on that plane? What does an aeroplane carry in its nose ? What makes a sailing ship to move on the water Did the children enjoy that lesson ? Why did the children find that lesson so interesting? What colour did the master give the aeroplane P Have you ever travelled by an Air Ceylon plane? At what speed does a jet plane fly?
How many sentences did the Art master teach on that day?
What is your favourite colour?
Repetition Eatercise-(more adjective clauses with who
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44。
which 6 that)
My uncle who returned from Malaya recently, has brought a new Hillman Minx.
Babu's master is a kind-hearted man who gives his servants good wages and meals. These snakes which live in this temple haven't ever hurt anyone. I was able to take a number of pictures with the camera which my brother had sent to me from Japan. Those birds which are now flying in the sky, are teals. Can any of you climb that tree which stands beside our hall ? The woman who comes and sweeps these rooms, gets a rupee a day. Last week I recovered the fountain pen which I had lost two years ago. We were glad to see our sister who had come home for her April holidays.

45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
5O.
63.
Your cousin has married a man who drives a taxi.
This is the letter which my cousin wrote from London last week. १
That is the building which the old boys of the college have put up. The express train that runs to Trinco. leaves this station at nine.
Do you happen to know the gentleman that called today ?
They have given me a bike that has no brakes.
23, THE PICNIC .
It was only a half mile to the beach. We walked.
Father carried our basket of parcels. Mother brought her big vacuum flask filled with coffee.

Page 38
{64
I carried some toffee in a paper bag. My sister took two enamel cups in a cardboard box, and my elder brother carried two grass mats.
As soon as we got there, we spread the mats on the white sand. Father put his basket in the middle and we sat round in a circle. An appetizing smell came from the basket and we waited expectantly for mother to begin. One by one she opened the parcels. The first one contained vadais, still warm. The second was patties. Every parcel had something nice to eat.
We ate happily and the eats disappeared fast. Then mother poured out the coffee and gave the first cup to father. He had two cups.
When we had all had our coffee, we played on the beach. Father smoked and mother sat there with him and they watched us playing. It was lovely on the beach. A full moon was shining over land and sea. . .
Of course, we made a lot of noise. The palm groves echoed to our shouts as we chased one another over the sand. When we had had enough of play and fun we took our things and walked back home.
Questions
1. How many persons took part in that picnic on the
beach
2. Who were they? 3. Where do you usually go when you want to have a
picnic 4. What eats did they take on their picnic P 5. Who carried the mats? 6. What were the parents doing while the children were
playing? 7. How many cups of tea does your father take in the
morning? 8. How much is a vadai at your school canteen ?

10.
l1.
12.
3.
14.
5.
16. 7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22,
23.
24.
რჯ
25.
27.
28.
29.
30, 31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
65
How did the party get to the beach How far was the place from their home? Why did they spread the mats on the beach Who served the eats? Have you ever been out on a picnic 2 Where have you been on a picnic How many of you were there in the party ? When did mother serve coffee? When did the children start to play ? What did the children do after they had eaten ? Why was it so beautiful on the beach Why do people have vacuum flasks in their homes Why did the eats disappear so quickly ? Which do you like better, vadais or patties? Which is cheaper, a vadai, or a patty? Whose was the big vacuum flask?
What for do people have vacuum flasks in their homes 2
Why did the children wait expectantly? Why did they make so much noise ?
What games would you play if you went to the beach with a party of picnickers?
What is the food that gives you the most appetizing smell ?
What is a vadai made of ? Where do you generally hear echoes?
Who carried the heaviest load while they were going to the beach? Who carried the lightest load on the walk to the picnic beach P What things did they carry back home when they were returning?
Did the children enjoy the picnic P

Page 39
66
Repetition Eavercise (Adjective clauses with whose.)
36.
37,
38.
39.
40,
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50,
This is Chinniah whose exhibit won the first prize at the show. m Helen of Troy was the woman whose beauty led to a long war in Asia Minor long long ago. The teachers will not promote any child whose marks are below l5. The little girl whose clothes had caught fire at the festival, died in the hospital this morning. The police have questioned the man in whose garden they found the smuggled goods. * This is not the man in whose car we travelled from Kandy. Can you support any person whose record is that bad? They elected to the Council a man whose father was a notorious thug. One mustn't pay all that money for an old horse whose teeth have all fallen. Senake Senanayake is a young Ceylonese painter whose pictures are famous the world over. My brother has married a woman whose property is worth several lakhs. She is not an actress whose pictures draw big crowds. Appuhamy whose land produced 120 bushels at the last maha crop, is a man from our village. Mr. Pillai whose house I have rented, promises to get all the repairs done in a week. The man whose ticket won the first prize at the National Lotteries, gave us a party at a fashionable hotel.

67
24. ANOTHER LETTER (from Sheila to Mary.)
Dear Mary,
This holiday we are going to Nagadipa to worship at a vihare (a Buddhist temple) there. It is a small island in the north of Ceylon, over 200 miles from here by road. The Buddha came to that island once very long ago. They have built a vihare to mark the place where the Buddha stayed on that visit.
We are flying this time, father, mother and I. It takes just over forty five minutes. Last year we went by train. It was a very crowded journey and took all night. When we got to the town of Jaffna in the morning, we were still twenty five miles from Nagadipa ; and by then we were "too tired to take any interest in our pilgrimage.
Palali is our air port in the north. We will get there by 11 a.m. Then we go by car to a pilgrim's rest in Jaffna. After lunch we shall hire a car and travel to the vihare at Nagadipa. The last lap of our journey is by motor launch. It will be a very pleasant spell of sea; and when we return in the evening the skies will be bright with all the colours. −
A bus at the jetty takes us to the vihare. After the worship we will return to the pilgrims' rest for the night. We will fly back home the next morning. Love.
Yours sincerely,
SHEILA. Questions
1. Have you ever flown? 2. Have you ever been to Nagadipa
. How did Sheila go there last year ?
How will she go this time? Where will she take plane 2 How will she go to the vihare at Nagadipa ? Where will she stay in Jaffna 2

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68
10.
11. 12.
13. 14. 5. 16. 7.
8. 19.
20.
21,
22. 23.
22.
25.
26. 27.
28.
29. 30.
31. 32.
33.
34.
35.
Where is the Jaffna air port 2 How many persons are going in her party? How far is Palali from Jaffna ? How long is Sheila staying in Jaffna P How are they crossing the sea to Nagadipa How long is the flight from Kandy to Jaffna P Will they cross the sea by plane? How many miles is Palali from Kandy? How far is Colombo from Kandy ? At what time does their plane take off from Kandy? When will it land at Palali ? Why do so many pilgrims go to Nagadipa How long is a train journey from Kandy to Jaffna 2 When will Sheila and her parents return to Kandy ? Which part of the journey will Sheila enjoy most? Which is the fastest mode of travel in the present world Where does Sheila intend to go during this holiday? Does Mary know anything about Nagadipa P What is a jetty? What do people do at a vihare? Where is Nagadipa P Why did Sheila's father decide to go by plane? What is a pilgrims' rest ? . Is there a rail road to Nagadipa P What is there to mark the spot that the Lord Buddha had visited in Nagadipa many centuries ago? “ “ Who are going to Nagadipa with Sheila ? How much is a plane ticket from Kandy to Jaffna P
What makes the evening skies so bright and colour
ful in Nagadipa P

69
Repetition Exercise - (adjectives with enough 6 the to
*36。
37.
38.
39,
40.
41.
42.
43,
44.
45.
46.
47,
48.
49.
50.
infinitive: used in affirmative 6 negative sentепces.)
This plane is not fast enough to reach Colombo in half an hour.
Our goalie whs quick enough to save the goal.
We are not rich enough to have a car.
This deck chair is not strong enough to bear my
weight.
My brother is tall enough to reach those mangoes.
Our team will be strong enough to beat yours by innings. This drink is not hot enough to warm you on a cold
That sum wasn't easy enough to work in that half
| hour.
The wind isn't strong enough to fill the sails of the ship. V
This bag is big enough to contain ll2 lbs, of cement.
His house won't be large enough to take in the two families.
Are you strong enough to climb Sripada? That woman is rich enough to buy two Benz cars.
Kamala is brave enough to live alone in that haunted house.
He was good enough to invite me to his daughter's
wedding celebrations,

Page 41
70
25. WILLAGE CRICKET
Ganeshan was batting. Jeyan was bowling and Jeyan's brother, Preman, was fielding. Ganeshan was the boy who lived next door. They were the only three players.
There were three sticks at the batting wicket. The bowling wicket was a stone. When Ganeshan hit a ball he ran up to the stone wicket. That was one run on his score. Then he went back to the batting wicket to face the next ball.
There wasn't any umpire. Whenever the ball struck the batsman's leg, the boys argued and quarrelled. Sometimes the game broke up.
They had only one bat. It was Ganeshan's. He had made it himself from a deal board. The ball belonged to Jeyan. It was an old tennis ball, much wornout and dirty with use.
After Ganeshan had scored seventeen runs Premar caught him out. Then Jeyan batted.
While he was batting his father returned home from the fields with his two bulls. He had gone out early in the morning to plough his field. He was very tired with the morning's work; so were his bulls. He asked his sons to take the bulls to the shed and give them straw and water.
That was the end of their game. Ganeshan took his bat home. The brothers each took a bull from their father and led it to the shed.
Questions
1. What do the umpires do when two elevens are play
ing cricket ? How many boys were playing here? Which of them were brothers ?
What was their father ? What was the bowling wicket?
:

б. -
7.
8.
9.
10.
ill.
2.
13.
14. 15, 16.
17. .
18.
19.
20. 21,
22.
23.
24.
25. 26, 27.
28.
29.
30, 31.
32. 33.
34.
71
When did the three boys argue and quarrel ? Why did they often argue and quarrel ? Whose was the ball P
Whose was the bat? To whom did the bat belong? To whom did the ball belong? In whose land were the boys playing? What is a cricket bat made of P What was Ganeshan's bat made of Of what wood did Ganeshan make his bat? How much is a new cricket bat Who are the farmer's sons here? What did the father ask his sons to do? Where did the father come from What was he doing there before he came home Do all farmers plough with bulls ? How many runs did Ganeshan score? When did Jeyan's father go out to plough his field
In a game of cricket who fields behind the batting wicket?
What do farmers plough with nowadays ? Are you afraid of bulls? Have you ever played cricket with a home-made bat and a tennis ball ? What did the boys give the bulls?
Why did the game stop before Jeyan had batted ?
What is a cricket ball made of How many balls make an over ? How many runs make a century P Why did the father call his two sons trom tineir game?
How did the two boys help their father ?

Page 42
72
35.
In which month do the farmers in your village begin to plough for their Maha cultivation ?
Repetition Exercise ("Indirect Command or Request)
36, 37. 38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. 44. 45. 46.
47. 48.
49,
50,
Tell them to keep off the grass. Ask your friend to come in. They asked me to go with them to the show.
The teacher asked me to write my name on the board. The farmer asked his wife to give him some tea.
My father asked me to post the letter on my way to
school. m They will ask us to play a match with the old boys after their meeting. The lady will order her servants to sweep the floor. The court will order him to pay the money. The principal asked the class to go into the hall. The captain told the half to pass the ball to him. I asked Raman not to read my letter. She told her children never to keep awake after 9-30 at night. - The Prime Minister has asked the people to produce more food. Jeyan asked Ganeshan not to bowl too fast.
26. NADARAJAH'S TEACHER
I am Nadarajah. I read in a Hindu school in my
village. I am now in Standard 7.
Mr. Kandasamy is my teacher. He teaches us Tamil and Hinduism. He is fifty years old. He comes to school by bicycle. He carries his books in a wire basket fixed to the handle of his bike.
He parks his bicycle on the verandah behind the office.
He locks it and puts the key in his pocket. Then he takes his books and goes to the staff room.

73
He wears a verty and a banian when he comes to school. He does not wear a shawl over his banian. He always carries an umbrella. It protects him from the sun and the rain.
Everybody likes him at the school. He has a sense of humour. He cracks jokes and makes us laugh. He also tells us stories of the old Hindu saints.
One day he had an accident. While he was cycling to school, he ran into another cyclist. He fell on the road and broke his arm. After that accident he was absent from school for about three weeks. Some of us went to see him at the hospital while he was there. Even there he joked and laughed with us.
He has now come back to the school again and takes his classes. He rides his old bicycle still, and carries the same umbrella. -
Questions
1. Does Mr. Kandasamy ride or walk to school ? 2. Where does he carry his books while he is riding to
school P
Where does he take his books after he has locked his bicycle? What does he wear (when he goes) to school ? Where does he park his bike What subjects does Mr. Kandasamyteäch at schooi?“ In which class does Nadarajah read? In which class are you ? a. Is Nadarajah's school in a town or in a village 2 How did Mr. Kandasamy break his arm ? How long was he absent from school after the accident? 12. Why does he always carry an umbrella ? 13. When did he meet with an accident ?
3
1

Page 43
74.
14. 15, *16,
17. 18.
9.
20,
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26,
27.
28,
29,
30.
31. 32.
33.
34.
35.
What happened to him at that accident? When did he take a three week leave When does Mr. Kandasamy lock his bicycle 2 When does he put his key in his pocket? When does he go to the staff room ? Has he given up riding his bicycle after he had that accident - Where does he take his books while he is riding to school Why was Mr. Kandasamy absent from school for three weeks? t f Why does he lock his bike before he goes to the staff room ? Do all people lock their bikes when they park them out? What will happen if a person does not lock his bicycle when he parks it out? How old is Mr. Kandasamy ? What will happen if a police constable catches you riding double on a bike P Why is Mr. Kandasamy so popular ? Do all your teachers make you laugh? How many of them make you cry? What are the three parts of the verb, 'read'? How does Mr. Kandasamy make others laugh? Can you tell me a story about a Hindu saint How did Mr. Kandasamy meet with an accident? How is an umbrella useful to a man?
Have you a sense of humour
Repetition Exercise-("Past Passive Participle)
36.
the street.
The servant swept the broken pieces of glass into

37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45,
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
75
I sent him some fruit cake packed in a biscuit tin.
An air letter posted in Colombo reaches the United Kingdom in two or three days.
The groceries bought in this shop are generally of the best quality. My uncle lived in furnished rooms while he was practising in Colombo. Here is a letter written to me by your old head master.
The clothes worn by that lady are very expensive. The Navatkuli Bridge built incarly a hundred and fifty years ago, is still in excellent condition.
Hit by a chance bullet from a sportsman's gun, the young man died before they could get him to a doctor P
Archaeologists sometimes dig up cities and temples buried for years under our jungles.
He did not read the note left on his desk by his friend.
The curries cooked by one's own mother at home,
are always sweeter than those Cooked by any other
WO
The shoes made by the Departmcnt of Industries are cheaper and wear longer.
The plane scheduled to arrive at Katunayake at 12-30, came two hours late.
Pine apple canned by the Marketing Department costs Rs. 1-60 a tin.

Page 44
W6
27. PLOUGHS OLD AND NEW
A farmer is ploughing his field on this side of the roa The sun is rising in the eastern sky. His two bulls art pulling a small wooden plough over the land. The farmel is walking behind the plough, and directing it with his left hand. In his right hand he has a stick to beat the bulls Whenever they slow down, he shouts at them and hit them with that stick.
These bulls are big and strong. But they cannot pull the plough for more than three or four hours at a stretch When the sun rises higher in the sky the farmer will unyok the bulls and take thern home. He and his bulls will be "too tired to work any more.
A tractor is ploughing in the field on the other side of the road. A number of iron ploughs are trailing behind
These ploughs are heavier and bigger and cut the earth deeper than the Wooden ploughs. There are many ploughs
 

77
following the tractor in a row, They can cover many acres in one hour. The tractor CIn pull these heavy iron ploughs for many hours, day and night. Unlike the bulls, a tractor will not get tired,
Today, there are hundred of tractors ploughing in Ceylon. They are quite cominion in every farming district. Tractors and iron plough are necessary for large scale cultivation. This kind of farm in With machines is called
nechanized cultivation.
Οι ιες ιεστις
1. Where is the farmer ploughing
Which field is the tractor plough ing ? What is the farmer ploughing with Can all farmers plough with tractors ? Why are the iron ploughs better than the wooden ones? 6. What will the farmer do after he has ploughed his
field P 7. Which can plough faster and better, a pair of bulls
or a tractor ?
8. In what Ionths do the rains fall in your district 9. Why does a farmer go out to plough before the sun
rises high in the sky? 10. How long can a pair of bulls plough at one stretch? 11. Why does a farmer plough his field? 12. Why is the farmer carrying a stick? 13. How much does a tractor cost?
14. Which plough cuts deeper into the soil, the iron or
the wooden one?
15. When will the farmer unyoke his bulls? 16. When does a farmer usually yoke thern f

Page 45
78
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
3斗。
35.
Repetition Exercise-("Indirect Statement.)
36.
3W.
with buffalo es ?
Does a tractor plough more quickly than a pair of bulls? Do the bulls plough more quickly than a tractor
How many acres can a tractor plough in one hour? Where does the sun rise
Can a farmer plough with his bulls when the sur has risen to the top of the sky?
Does your father have paddy lands?
Where do you get your water for your paddy cultivation?
How many bushels do you get on an acre ? How many crops do you sow in a year?
How much does the government pay the farmer for a bushel of paddy?
Do the farmers of your village plough with bulls of
What does a farmer do to make his bulls ploug faster?
Do we have mechanized farming in Ceylon ?
Can a pair of bulls pull an iron plough over the fields
What are the countries that make tractors ?
What are the large scale paddy production reas ir Ceylon
What is the fuel on which a tractor runs ? Why do tractors have verythick tyres? What fuel does a lorry run on ?
The doctor told the man that his son was very ill. The station master said that the train would be late
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

38.
39.
40.
41.
42,
43.
46.
4.W.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
I said to the teacher that the monitor had gone to the office.
She told me (that) she was not going by that bus. My son told me (that) you had returned from Trinco. My brother said that you had had an accident, He says (that) his bike rides better than Joe's.
The boy says (that) he has returned the book to the library, We told him (that) we hadn't had enough time to answer all the questions in the test paper. They say (that) she has won the first prize in the last SWeep, She told me (that) you were driving very fast. I shall tell Siva (that) you haven't bought the book yet. I told Siva (that) you hadn't bought the book yet. We don't say (that) we are going to send for the police. We didn't say (that) we were going to send for the police, The children said (that) they were afraid of the big bully in the next class room. My sister told the grocer (that) she wasn't going to pay so much money for that stuff.
Rajan told the new boy (that) he could buy some tea at the canteen.
They didn't say (that) the meeting would start late. He told me (that) he had decided not to buy a car,

Page 46
8O
28. MARY TO SHE LA
'Farleigh',
Digbury Avenue,
Lynchester,
Surrey.
12-1-'68 Dear Sheila,
I haven't written to you for over a month. I couldn't
have. I was busy preparing for my December exam, and
couldn't think of anything else. Now I am quite free and can write.
It is winter here. December, January and February "are our winter months. It is very cold at this time of the
SKATING
 

8.
year. We have to wear warm clothes to keep the cold out. Most of our rivers have frozen over. The small pond in our park froze over last week. We go there to skate sometimes.
It is very unpleasant in winter. The hours of daylight are few, The sun does not rise before 8 o'clock. It sets by 4. We have only a third of the day for any work out of doors. We have to keep indoors most of the time. It is cold even inside the houses. People have fires in their rooms to keep themselves warm. We burn coal in a fireplace in my house, but modern houses have electric or steam heating.
Sometimes it snows, mostly at night. We wake up in the morning to see the whole country white with snow. It spreads out over the buildings, the trees and all the earth. There isn't any grass anywhere, nor any green leaves on the trees. A beautiful white blanket covers all the land.
How are you keeping?
Love
Yours sincerely, MARY. Questions
1. Why hasn't Mary written to Sheila for more than a
month ? 2. During what months do they have winter in Eng
land ?
3. When do they have their summer ?
4. When does the snow melt and the grass begin to
come out of the earth
5. How do the people of England keep the cold out of
their houses
6. How do they keep their bodies warm ? 7. What happens to the rivers and ponds in winter? 8. When does the sun rise and set in winter? 9. What happens to the grass during the winter?

Page 47
82
10.
ll.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
2O.
2.
22.
23.
24. 25.
26. 27. 28.
29.
3O.
31.
32.
33.
34.
ప56
When do children skate What do they wear on their feet when they skate? Where in Ceylon do you have very cold weather? How will one feel if one wears woollen clothes at midday in Ceylon ? What do Mary's people burn in their fireplace? How do modern English houses keep the cold out? With what do people heat their homes in England? Have you ever seen snow P Why aren't there any leaves on the trees in winter
How are the modern English homes different from the old ones?
When does snow fall in England P What kind of clothes will keep one warm in winterf
Does Mary enjoy looking at the snow covering all the land ?
What are the four English seasons? What season comes after winter ?
Which is the season that comes before winter? Why is the winter season unpleasant to Mary? Why do the English wear warm clothes in winterr How long is a winter day is England? Does snow fall in Ceylon ? (in India?) Do rivers freeze over in Ceylon ? (in India?) Which parts of the earth are always frozen over ?
Is Mary's exam, over ? In which room do they build their fireplaces in English homes ? What are the modern methods of heating homes? What are the autumn months?

83
Repetition Eatercise-(to express obligation with must;
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
have to ; have got to - affirmative use only.)
The Silvas have to move out of this house in Novem- , ber, (must move out, or have got to move out.) My father had to work hard to earn enough for all of us. You had to study day and night to win that prize last year. I have to buy a bicycle to ride to school. She has to pass her driving test if she wants to drive
a Cae
One has got to get five credits at the O/L Exam. to learn medicine at the University of Ceylon.
We have got to book our seats early, if we want to see the show.
His steno. has got to type all those letters before he
COIeS. This girl has got to wear a hat to protect her head. *One has got to fight for one's freedom even if one has to die. Last year we had to tighten our belts, because my father was unemployed.
In Eskimo land they must wear furs or padded clothes to keep the cold out.
A doctor must help wherever there is an accident.
We must plant all these seedlings before the rains
COIIì62,
It is so warm in Jaffna that people have got to wear light clothes there.

Page 48
84
29. BATHING IN THE VILLAGE RIVER
There is a small stream hardly a hundred yards from Somawathie's cottage. It flows clean and fresh from the hills. All the people of the village bathe in that river.
Somawathie takes her children out to bathe there every day. By seven o'clock in the morning she and the children take their clothes and a bucket and go to the river bank.
The children run into the water at once and swim up and down. They can all swim well and they enjoy their morning bathe. They rub their bodies with soap and wash themselves clean. They splash the water at one another and play and swim happily.
There aren't any crocodiles in that stream. Nor is the water deep. There isn't any danger in the river for the children. The mother need not worry about them while they are bathing there.
Somawathie washes their clothes on a smooth white
stone on the bank. Then she rinses them again and again
in a few buckets of water and wrings the water out. Then she goes into the river and bathes with her children.
After a while all of them come out and dry themselves with their towels. They put on their new clothes and take their washing home. They will hang them out to dry on a line in their garden.
Оиestions
1. Whom does Somawathie take with her when she
goes out to bathe 2. What does she take with her then P 3. Where does she wash her clothes?
4. With what do they rub their bodies while they are
bathing?
Wf
5. At what time do they have their bather 6. Why does the mother beat the clothes on a stone?

1.
12.
13,
14. 15.
16. 17.
18,
مي19
20.
21.
22,
23. 24.
25.
26.
27.
28,
85
Where do your laundry men beat the clothes to wash them?
Can you swin (dive P)
Can cats swin
What do the nother and the children do as soon as they come out of the water?
What does So ) i wat hic do before she bathes ? When does shi () in to bathe Why does she take a bucket to the river ? Do you wash your clothes yourself? Where will they hang their washing to dry when they get home P
Is there a river in your village P Do you have any tanks in your village 2 Are there any ciriles in your village tanks (rivers ?) Do you get your di iking water from a well or a river or a pipe P Do Somawathic's children help their mother to wash? When does the liver Kelani rise and flood the surrounding country P Where does thc Kelani flow into the sea How far from the river is Somawathie's cottage 2 What do the childrcin do while their mother is washing their clothes ? 确 How do the children enjoy themselves while they are bathing in the river ?
What will the children do after they have come out
of the water What will they do after they have rubbed themselves dry ? What will they do after they have put on their clothes?

Page 49
86
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. 35.
What will Somawathie do after she has taken her washing home? What is the distance from Somawathie's cottage to the river ? w
Do you have a bathe every day ? What accidents can happen to swimmers in Ceylon tanks and rivers ? Why is it so easy for Somawathie and her children to bathe every day ?
Why does a person bathe ? Why must every boy and girl learn to swim ?
Repetition Exercise -- ("Indirect questions with whether
36. 37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42,
43,
44.
45. 46.
47.
48.
or if.)
Jill asked Jack if he was hurt. He did not tell me whether he would return tonight. We shall find out if the man's story is true. Please ask your friend if he is going to buy a new car. You mustn't tell Raman whether you have received the money. The priest asked the woman whether she had brought the coconut and the flowers. The boys asked me if I had lost my fountain pen. The girl asked the conductor whether that bus would go to K. K. S. * We asked the manager whether we could have a room at the hotel. I shall ask her whether she will be here on Friday. I did not ask Leela if she would speak at tomorrow's meeting. Don't ask me whether I'm pleased with your work. They asked me whether I had spoken at last Monday's meeting.

87
49. We shall not tell the boys whether there is a match
on on Wednesday.
50. He will not tell me if he needs any money.
30. THE ACCIDENT
It all happened on the last Poya day. Balan and Nades had decided to spend the day at Keerimalai. They *would swim in the sea, have a "snack at a boutique and get back home for lunch. That was their plan.
Nades was pedalling. Balan was riding behind him on the carrier. It was Balan's father's bicycle. The old man had gone to Kataragama on a week end pilgrimage, and wasn't due to return till the second or third day after the poya.
While the boys were overtaking a big straw cart at a bend on the road somewhere beyond the Chunnagam market, they ran into a car. The driver had braked as soon as he saw the cyclists. But the cycle had no brakes and crashed on the radiator. Balan had jumped off as soon as he saw the car. Fortunately Nades was not seriously hurt. He received only a scratch on his knee.
However the front wheel of their bicycle got bent. They couldn't ride it. Neither could they wheel it. They had to carry it back to the market to a repair shop. It took some time for the man to repair it, and they had to pay him all the money that they had.
The poor boys couldn't have that swim which they had planned to have. Balan took the bike home, but didn't tell his mother anything about the accident. When his father returned home a day or two later he didn't notice that there had been any repairs.

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Questions
1. Who was injured in the accident? 2. What injury did the boy receive? 3. Whose bike were the two boys riding? 4. How did Balan escape getting hurt? 5. How did that accident take place? 6. Have you ever had an accident? 7. Where were the two friends going? 8. How did they plan to spend that poya holiday? 9. How many poya days are there in a month? 10. What is a snack? 11. Which of the two boys was riding? 12. Who was sitting behind? l3. Did Balan jump off before or after the crash 14. How serious was that scoident? 15. Where did that accident occur? (take place; happen 16. Where did Balan and Nades repair the damaged
bike? 17. What damage did the bike receive in that accident? 18. Where did the boys meet with an accident? 19. Did Balan's father give them permission to ride his
bicycle to Keerimalai? 20. Where was Balan's father on the day of the accident? 21. Why didn't the father notice the repairs to the wheel
when he returned home after the pilgrimage? 22. What did the two friends plan to do at Keerimalai ? 23. What do people do at Keerimalai when they get
there? V 24. Why didn't the two boys go to Keerimalai as they
had planned? 25. What do you put into the radiator of a car?

26.
27.
28.
29,
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. 35.
89
Why did the boys have to carry the bike to the repair man ? Where do you repair a bike? (a clock; a radio.) Who was to blane for that accident? If you break your arm in an accident who will 'repair' it for you ? ーマ How often do you go to Keerimalai ?
Did Balan's mother hear anything from her son
about the accident ? Why wasn't Balan's father at home during that week end? Did the boys spend their poya holiday as they had planned? How long was Balan's father away on pilgrimage? Why did the bike crash on the car P
Repetition. Eacercise - (the adjective or passive participle
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
’德
to *complete certain verbs like seem, look, appear feel, & c.) The new teacher seems nice and kind. We felt comfortable and cool in the air-conditioned CdT, The children looked amused at his friend's funny stories. Your uncle is getting old, but his car looks grand. The baby escaped unhurt in that accident The man will feel annoyed if all of you crowd into his office. The man appeared very angry when the M. P. made that speech. The principal looked surprised when I told him the results. Raman will come first in his class every term. My old grandfather is growing fiercer day by day.

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46. My throat has gone dry with the cheering and shout.
ing at the match.
47. An old city "lay buried in the jungle for hundreds
of years.
.48. The paddy fields turn yellow as the harvest time
approaches. く
49. My uncle became rich on government contracts and
blackmarket business.
50. Hot vadais smell nice and taste nicer, but your fin
gers feel oily when you eat them.
31. KEERIMALA
Keerimalai is a famous spa on the northern coast of Ceylon. It has been famous from ancient times. Even today people come from other parts of the island to bathe in the tank there. Some people believe that the springs in that tank have some special healing properties.
The word 'Keerimalai' means "the mongoose hill.' There is a traditional story about this name. Thousands of years ago, there lived a holy man who happened to have a pointed and hairy face like a mongoose's. People called him "the Mongoose Saint.' He was of course ashamed of his appearance, One day he came to the springs at Keerimalai and bathed there. When he came out after his bathe, wonderful to say, his mongoose face disappeared and there was a normal human face instead. From that day many, many years ago people have been calling the springs Keerimalai.
The tank is not as clean or as luxurious as a modern swimming pool. But it is a people's tank, common and free to the poor and the rich alike. Hundreds bathe there every day.
The tank is built on the beach. At high tide the sea water "flows in through a sluice. When the tide flows out

9.
the sea water in the tank also flows out. Then the healing waters of the springs fill the tank.
The tank belongs to the Village Committee. They
have it cleaned every day. There are watchers to prevent bathers from dirtying the water.
Questions
1. What is a spa? 2. Where else do we have spas in Ceylon ? 3. Why do people go to Keerimalai in such large num
bers? 4. What kind of a face did the holy man have? 5. Have you ever bathed in a modern swimming pool? 6. Which is cleaner, a modern swimming pool or the
tank at Keerimalai 7. What happened when the holy man bathed in the
Keerimalai springs? 8. When is the water salt in the Keerimalai Tank? 9. Where is the tank built? 10. How far is Keerimalai from your home town or
village? 11. Do you often go there? 12. Why was the holy man ashamed of his face? 13. Have you ever seen a mongoose? t 14. What is Keerimalai famous for? 15. What is the meaning of the name Keerimalai? 16. Where do mongooses live? 17. What is a traditional story? 18. When did you last bathe in the Keerimalai tank? 19. Does the spring water taste salt? 20. When do you get the spring water in the tank 21. What is the difference between a public and a private
bathing pool?

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22.
23.
24. 25. 26,
27. 28.
29.
3O. 31. 32.
33.
34.
35.
Is the tank at Keerimalai a private bathing pool
If it is a private bathing pool can every one bathe there?
How do you go to Keerimalai? What is the sluice for?
What is the difference between the Keerimalai tank. and the tanks built by our ancient kings for irrigation ?
How close to the sea is the tank?
When you go to Keerimalai, do you bathe in the sea or in the tank?
Do you believe that the springs have some healing. properties?
How long has this spa been famous? To whom does the Keerimalai tank belong? How often is the tank cleaned? How does the dirty water flow out of the tank When do they wash the tank 2 What is the watcher's work?
Repetition Exercise-("have or get with the past parti
36. 37,
38.
39.
'40.
41.
42.
οιριe) We have our walls white-washed once a year. She will get her garden planted with different varieties of roses. They have had a road laid from their factory to the harbour V− Mary's father got his car re-painted a light blue last year. They will have their house colour-washed beforeChristmas. As The patient gets the newspapers read to him by a
Se.
I have my meals cooked for me by the driver of my
Cal T.

93
43. Uncle Raman got a house built in Colombo after
he had retired fron service.
44. Did you ever have your hair cut in this saloon? 45. When my dog began to show signs of rabies I got
him shot. 46. He is going to have his book published by a London
firm. 47. Does Banda get his taxi washed and serviced at this
garage
48. He had the in an arrested on suspicion. 49. We can get our fields harvested in three days.
50. Mr. Rajah is going to get all those palmyrahs "felled
to put up a factory on the land.
32. THE SLEEPNG BEAUTY
Raman was a big strong "chap. All the boys at school called him “Sleeping 13 cauty' : not that he was exceptionally good looking, but he slept in the class most of the time. He wasn’t by any means a lazy sort. He played all the games and was the centre half in the school soccer eleven. There was only one thing that Raman was unable to do; and that was to kee) awake while a teacher was teaching in his class. All his teachers had tried to keep him awake. But finally all of them had given up.
In his last year at school Raman had applied for a job in the navy, and got it. It was quite easy for one with his athletic record. l l is friends gave him a send off. They took him to a hotel, and there they ate all sorts of sweet and nice things, and cracked jokes and laughed. Every one enjoyed that feed.
Then one fellow suggested that they should round off the evening with a picture. A fine comedy was on at the Regal. But Raman hated to see a film show. However they persuaded him to go with them.

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When the lights came on after the shorts they found Raman hunched up in his seat fast asleep. They did not put him up. Then half way through the picture they heard a light snoring. It came from Raman's seat. One of his friends had to pinch him awake whenever he started to SOre.
When finally they put him up at the end of the show, Raman rubbed his eyes and said, "Nice picture, wasn't it?’
Ouestions
1. What place did Raman play in the school soccer
team 2. What is the game that you like best ?
3. What is the picture now on at the (name of the
theatre ?)
4. What did Raman do when his friends took him to
see a picture ?
5. How often do you see a picture ? 6. What was Raman's nickname at school 7. Why did they call him that? 8. What kind of films do you like to see? 9. Whose singing do you like to listen to ? 10. Who is your favourite comedian? 11, Do you enjoy watching an English film ? 12. Did his friends awake Raman in the interval ? 13. What was Raman doing while the film was showing? 14. Who gave Raman a send off party? 15. Where did they meet to give him a party ? 16. Which did Raman enjoy more, the party or the
picture? 17. Do you sleep in your class while your lessons are on? 18. Who in your class does? 19. What is a send off?

95.
20. What are shorts at a film show? 21. What do people usually do at a send off? 22. Where did Raman get a job? 23. How did he get it? 24. Why did Raman rub his eyes at the end of the show? 25, Did he like the picture? s 26. If he didn't like to see a picture, why did he go? 27. Did any of Raman's teachers succeed in keeping
Raman awake in his class? 28. Was Raman popular with his school-mates ? 29, Why did he got a job so easily in the navy ? 30. What is the work of the Ceylon Navy ? 31. What was that one thing that Raman was unable to do? (could not ) j 32. Why did his friends pinch him while the show was on? 33. How did his friends stop him from snoring during
the show? *34. What would you do if the man next to you snored
at a picture? 35. What word means the opposite of the word *lazy? Repetition Exercise - (Indirect questions introduced by interrogative pronouns like who, which, what, whom, whose.) 36. Tell me who you are. 37. Ask that woman what she wants. 38. The police will never find out who has stolen your
bicycle. 39. I won't tell you whom I am going to vote for. 40. He will never understand what you are going to tell
him. 41. Do you know whom that girl has married? 42. Can you guess whose bicycle that boy has stolen?

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43. The mother doesn't seem to know which baby is hers.
44. You have not heard what your son told his classmates.
45. He did not tell me what the principal had said to
them.
46. They won't tell me whose brithday they are going to
celebrate. s
47. The people won't know till Monday whom they have
elected as their M. P.
48. The man didn't want to tell anyone which country
he was flying to.
49. Have you asked her which church she goes to on
Sundays?
50. The father can never find out in whose house the son
stays when he cuts school.
33. THE CROCODILE
There are crocodiles in many of our tanks and rivers in Ceylon. If a croc. finds you bathing in one, it will try to drag you down into the mud at the bottom. If it succeeds, it will have a nice dinner below with all its friends. You will be the menu.
On land you can.easily escape a crocodile. Its long body, short legs and heavy weight prevent it from moving fast. You can easily run away if it attacks you. But in the water you will have very little chance. The crocodile is quite at home in the water, and can swim and dive much faster than you can.
Crocodiles have long snouts, big jaws and frightful rows of teeth. A croc. can snap your legs in two if it happens to get them between those terrible jaws. But sometimes they open their mouths wide and lie still, while little birds walk inside and look for leeches. It is strange, isn't it, that they never hurt those small birds?

97.
The crocodile has a very tough hide. You cannot pierce it even with the sharpest spear, or cut it open with an axe. To kill a croc. you must attack the animal on its soft under side, or shoot it with a powerful rifle.
Baby crocs, hatch from eggs. The mother crocodile buries her eggs in the sand and digs them out when they are about to hatch. The new-born baby is about a foot long and can hunt and swim as soon as it comes out of its egg. The young crocs, keep out of the way of the big ones. The adults would eat the young ones if they found them anywhere near them.
Questions
1. Have you ever seen a crocodile?
Where do crocodiles usually live? What do they live on ? Why are crocs, so terrible to look at 2 Do crocs, attack people on land? Why don't they? Why are the young crocs. afraid of their grown ups? If a croc. finds you swimming in a jungle tank, what will he do? 9. What is another word having the same meaning as:
(l) little; (2) quickly. 10. Why can’t a crocodile move quickly on land? 11. What do little birds do inside the mouth of a cro
| codile ? 12. Why do leeches get into a croc's. mouth 13. How do little birds help crocodiles?
14. Have you ever seen leeches? 15. In which part of Ceylon do we have leeches ?
16. What will a leech do if it happens to touch any part
of your body ?
17. How can *one kill a crocodile?

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18. *19。
20.
21.
22.
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
29.
30. 31. 32, 33.
34.
35.
Why is it so difficult to hurt a crocodile? What do we use the crocodile's hide for What makes the croc. so terrible-looking? (so terrible to look at ?)
Where is a crocodile more dangerous, in the water or on the land
How big is a newly-hatched crocodile ? What is a reptile?
What is a mammal ? Is the crocodile a mammal or a reptile? Which is the softest part of a crocodile's skin P Can any other animal hunt as soon as it is born ? Is the croc. a vegetarian What other animals have long snouts? Can a croc. dive
Are you afraid of crocodiles? Where have you seen crocodiles?
What help does the mother crocodile give before the young ones come out of their eggs? What will an adult crocodile do if it meets a young one , 资料 * Why can't you cut a crocodile's back open, even with an axe ?
Repetition Exercise ("Time clauses)
36. Jane waited at the railway station until her brother
37.
38.
39.
40.
came to take her home. W。 While you were having tea in the canteen we were playing football. As soon as we got the news, we took bus to come and meet you. Whenever I feel ill I take a couple of dispirin tablets. I Our teacher will have little time for tuition till the: temple festivals are over.

99
41. As long as one has a car, one can move about with
out bus delays.
42. They have to buy their son new books whenever he
loses then at school.
"43. Do not count your chickens till they are hatched.
44. His son will scnd him a cable as soon as he lands in
London.
45. Let us make hay whilc the sun shines. 46. You cannot go away from here till I give you leave.
47. Whenever little children want to buy anything they
ask their parents.
48. While he was climbing a palm, the tapper slipped
and fell.
49. She felt sleepy as she listened to the learned lecture.
50. While the inmates were having a party in the dining room, robbers biokc into the bedroom and took their jewels.
34. THE CHMPS AT THE ZOO
A big crowd collects daily to watch the two chimpanzees at the zoo, doing their acrobatic feats. Whenever a few people gather before their cage the two chimps. are ready to perform. They climb up and down the iron railings or swing nimbly from ring to ring with their long arms. Sometimes one plays with a ball while the other rides a tricycle: or they chase each other up the railings and down the rings. It is good to watch their swift and lively movements. For a change they even rush to the railings and make angry gestures at the spectators. Though they look very fierce, the people only laugh at their anger.
By about half past four their keeper comes there to feed them. He brings some sandwiches and bananas and some drink in a big jug. As soon as the chimps. see him, they stop their gambols and seat themselves at their table for dinner. The keeper puts a plate before each animal

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and serves the food. The chimps. have learnt some table manners, and you watch them amused as they eat their meal like gentlemen at a formal dinner. They peel the skin off the bananas and eat the flesh just like any one of us. Then the keeper pours out their drink into two enamel cans, and they drink and look quite pleased and full.
fhen comes the most interesting part of the performance. The keeper lights a cigarette and passes it on to one of the chimpanzees. It gets it and smokes it with obvious enjoyment to the last glowing stump.
The two chimps are now overcome with their food and drink and feel too sleepy to perform any more.
Οιestionς
1. Have you ever been to the zoo 2. What peculiar animals have you seen there? 3. Have you ever seen a chimpanzee?
 

8.
10.
ll.
12.
13.
14. ,
15. 16. a 17.
18.
19.
20.
21. 22. 23.
24.
25.
26.
27. 28.
101.
In which parts of the world do you have chimpanzees? Can the chimps, at the zoo light their cigarettes? Do animals smoke At what time does the keeper come to feed the chimps. ? What do the chimps. do with the plantains? What is the feeding time at the Dehiwela Zoo ? What do chimps. feed on ? What do the monkeys in the Ceylon jungles feed on ? Do all chimps. have their dinner at a table?
How do the chimpanzees entertain the visitors to the zoop
What tricks do they do in front of the visitors ? Why do so many people come to watch the chimps.? What is the habitat of a chimpanzee ?
What playthings do the chimps, have in their cage at the zoo ?
Are the people afraid of the chimps. ? Are there chimpanzees in the Ceylon jungles? What do you think is the most interesting part of the performance by the chimps. ? Who is an acrobat? ܗܝ
Who are spectators? What are the rings in the cage for ? What difference do you find in the way the chimps. dine at the zoo, and the way they would dine in their home jungles? Why are the chimps, unable to perform after their dinner? What signs of civilization do you see in the two chimps. ? When do the chimps. stop entertaining the visitors? When do they start performing?

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29.
30. 3.
32. 33.
34. 35.
What do chimpanzees eat and drink in their wild state? What have the zoo men trained the chimps. to do? What do the spectators do when the chimps, try to . frighten them?
Does a chimp. love to smoke Which are more popular at the zoo, the performing chimps. or the dancing elephants? What is the biggest animal that you see at the zoo? What other animals can we train to do tricks?
Repetition Exercise (Indirect questions introduced by in
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. 43.
44. 45. *46. 47.
48. 49,
50,
terrogative adverbs like where, when, how why, ởc.) I wanted to know why he hadn't come to the meet1ng She asked them how she could get her luggage carried from the railway station. The policeman asked the shopkeeper when he would lock up his shop. My father asked me how many credits I had got in my G.C.E. results. The teacher asked him where he had left his exercise books. No one seems to know why any one wanted to assassinate President Kennedy. Do you know how much I paid for this car?
He asked me how often I could give English lessons
to his children.
Ask him how long his holidays are. We'll not tell you where we buy these saris. You "mustn't ask a lady how old she is.
I do not know when my son's school will be reopenling.
They won't tell you how sorry they are. He cannot say now how often he has to do night duty. He refused to tell his father where he had gone that even1ng.

103
35. PARAM RUNS AWAY FROM HOME
Param's school was to re-open on a Monday. He was a boarder and had to be at the hostel before 5-30 p.m. on Sunday. He had already packed his school trunk, but he hated school.
He went to his father and said to hish, “Father, I do not want to go to school.' I'm tired of reading and writing. I don't care for books.'
'Then what do you want to do, my son?' the father asked Param.
"I want to do some work, not just read or write or learn some poems by heart. I can roll cigars in your workshop, or drive your car, or plough your fields at Morungan with your new tractor, or dig and plant and water your garden lands at Chunnagam. Books don't interest me. Please father, let me learn a trade.'
'No, Param', said the old man. 'you are too young for any of these jobs. Boys of your age must attend school; and I've put you in one of the best colleges in
Jafna.'
It was then that Param decided to run away from home. At 5-00 that afternoon his father's car put him down with his trunk at the school hostel. His father had given him Rs. 75/- for his expenses: Rs. 45/- for his boarding fees for the month; Rs. 20/- for a term's facilities fees, and the balance of Rs. 10/- for his pocket expenses.
Param put the trunk in the hostel and told the warden, 'Sir, I have left my hostel fees at home. I must go now and get it. There won't be any bus for me to return tonight. Sir, may I stay the night at home and come back tomorrow morning'
The warden allowed him to go. Param took a taxi to the Jaffna Station and bought a ticket for Colombo Fort. He was sure now that they would not miss him either at school or at home.

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The next morning Param was one among the crowd of all-night passengers that flowed out of the 3rd class exit at the Fort Station. He was quite happy to the in the city. He had never been there before. He crossed the road to one of the restaurants opposite and had a rich breakfast for Rs. 4-65. Then he inquired of the cashier at the counter and caught the zoo bus at a Pettah bus stop. “
When he got down at the zoo he put his hand into his pocket to get his purse out to buy his ticket. But his purse wasn’t there. He felt in his other pockets. It wasn't in any of them either. He remembered that he had taken his purse out to give -25 cts. to the bus conductor, and that he had put it back. Somebody in the bus had picked his pocket while he was looking at the sights along Galle Road.
Param now found himself all alone without a cent in a strange city. e was a little alarmed at first. But he was a brave little fellow, and didn't get panicky. He induired his way to the Police Station and told them he was stranded there without any money and gave them his father's address. The officer at the desk laughed heartily at Param's story before he took down his statement. They informed the father immediately. They kept the boy there and gave him his meals and a bed for the night.
The old gentleman came there the next morning and took Param home.
Questions
1. When did Param decide to run away from home 2. What did he tell his father? 3. Why did his father refuse to teach him a trade? 4. Do you care for books? 5. How did Param's father send him to school after the
holidays? 6. How much money did his father give him to take to
school?

7.
10.
ll.
2.
13.
14.
15.
16. 17.
18. 19.
20.
2l.
22.
23.
24.
25. 26. 27. 28.
29.
30.
105
How much did l'aram receive as pocket money? How do you spend the pocket money that you
receive?
Why didn't they miss him either at home or at the hostel ?
Was this Parain's first journey to Colombo P At what time di's the Jaffna night mail leave the Jaffna Station? - Why did the police officer laugh at Param's story? How did Param lose his purse? When did he first discover the loss of his purse? What would you do if you lost your purse while you. were in a strange country? What jobs can a boy of fourteen do? Why did Param want to learn a trade? How rich was Parm's father? How much do they charge for admission to the Dehiwela zoo
How did Param deceive the warden? How did Param's father first learn that his son had bolted from the hostcl? How much is a third class railway ticket from Jaffna. to Colombo Fort? How much did Param pay for his breakfast in Colombo ? How much did he pay for his next meal in Colombo? From where did he take bus to the zoo ? What is the bus fare from the Pettah to the zoo ? Where is the zoo situated? When did Param last pay out of his pocket in Colombo ? Who came to the police station to take Param back. home?
How do you spell the word 'restaurant'

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31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Have you ever had your pocket picked? What does a cashier do in a restaurant? What did Param take with him to the hostel? What did he tell the warden of the hostel ?
What does a police officer do when a man goes to a police station and makes a complaint?
Repetition Exercise (Result clauses.)
36. 37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44. 45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
They are so poor that they cannot get enough to eat.
The land in this village is so fertile that an acre yields a hundred bushels.
The cyclist was riding so fast that he knocked down a little boy going to school. She talks so loud that one cannot read in the next room. The girl can sing so sweetly that one forgets everything except her song. - The man was so rich that he could buy up the whole village. Your father will be so angry with you that he will surely punish you. People nowadays eat so many sweet foods that they get wery fat. i The young people danced the baila so long that they fell to the ground dead tired. My brother spends so little money that all his neighbours call him a miser. He is so fond of his children that he is going to spoil them. Our mountain scenery is so beautiful that tourists come here in large numbers to see them. The sea was so rough yesterday that no fisherman sailed out to fish last night. This novel is so interesting that I cannot close the book even to have my lunch. He can act so well that he hopes to become a film star some day.

i
TEACHING HINTS
Speech Game No. 1.
MR. CHAIRMAN
Pupil A sits in the teacher's chair. It is the place of honour and we will call the pupil, Mr. Chairman, or Mr. President. The game is to dislodge him from the place of honour by firing questions or commands or repetitions from the 5o speech units in the lesson. If he misses an answer, he is out and the pupil who gets him out, himself takes the chair; and now all the rest, including A, try to get the new chairman out : and so on right to the end of the period.
A better variant of the same game is to keep to a regular order both in the questioning and in the succession to the chair, so that every pupil has his turn to ask a question, and the next in the line takes the chair, not the one who questioned the sitting chairman out. This will ensure that the shy and the timid ones also participate equally in the game.
The pupil who keeps the chair when the bell rings for the end of the period, is declared the winner and will receive an honourable mention, or a small prize, or a bow from the rest of the class, or any other similar mark of distinction. It is not the grown ups only who love these little tributes.
After two or three games, the brighter pupils will be able to respond correctly to all the 5o units in the lesson, so that it will not be possible to get any of them off the chair. The game will then become as discouraging as fielding a bat who cannot be bowled or caught or stumped out. At that stage the teacher should intervene and pension of such perfect pupils out of the game. He might honour them by raising them to the peerage.
This method of eliminating the expert enables, the teacher to concentrate on the pupils who require more practice and more of his attention. It also serves as a fine gauge on the collective progress of the class. But such experts must also be kept occupied if they haven't anything to study by themselves. They may undertake the coaching of the very weak pupils who cannot keep up with the class.
Speech Game No. 2.
THE JUDGE
Pupil B who takes the chair as the Juဒီge, calls out the 5o units in the order in which they are given in the book, and

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the other pupils answer. It is the judge's responsibility to spot any wrong answer, and impose a penalty on the pupil who gave it He will say, 'No, (name the pupil), that's wrong. Will you please stand at your desk', or any other penalty on a list prepared earlier for this game, by the teacher in consultation with the pupils.
If the Judge fails to spot the wrong answer, and passes on to the next question, he has to vacate the chair, (the bench) and to take his place at the end of the line. The next in the queue mounts the bench, and the game moves round with the new judge calling out the questions and judging the answers.
It is the Judge's prerogative to select a suitable punishment from a list of light penalties already agreed upon before the game starts. He might even pardon an offender by saying, 'Well this time I'll excuse you, (name). But I warn you. Don't make the same mistake again. Sit down, will you'.
The following list of penalties is suggested:
(a) “Will you go down and take the last place in the
queue'. W (b) “Will you please come up here and bow to the
class'. (c) “Will you please repeat the correct answer three
times'. . r
(d) “Will you please apologize to the class.'-a formal apology is given. The pupil rises in his place and says, "I'm sorry I was wrong. I won't make that mistake again.' (e) "Walk up to that wall, touch it with your fore
finger, and get back to your seat '. In this game also, as in the first game, the expert will have to be promoted out of the game to give the others a chance.
Speech Game No. 3.
A MATCH
The teacher will divide the class into two teams. Each team elects their captain. The teams will question each other by turns on the 5o units. They need not follow the order in the book; they may pick their questions at random. The teacher will be the referee. He will also be the scorer and record the misses on each side. The side that has the less number of misses, wins.

iii
If the same teams play matches for the whole term and keep
the record of their scores and total up for their final win, that will be an inducement for the better pupils to coach up the weaker ones on their side. That will call for more team work too.
2.
I4. Ι6. Ι8.
I9.
2O.
22.
. Yes, they are. 28.
29. 32.
Lesson 1. Yes, he is.
. No, he is not. No, he isn't. In a writing lesson pupils
should not miss the commas or apostrophes, nor even the full stops.
. He is drawing. He is drawing the picture of a lamp. The
phrase in his drawing book may or may not be added.
He is wearing a pink shirt and brown shorts. (or...... a shirt and shorts.) a shirt, but shorts. A countable noun in the singular must always have an article, a or an or the, except in certain common, expressions like to school, at night, &c. There is no such thing in English as shirt or pen or book. It
is always a shirt, a pen, a book. Shorts is also a countable
noun, but being plural, it cannot have a or an : the is the definite article and may be used with the singular or the plural of countable or uncountable nouns, but only in the case of a particular or special reference.
It is on his desk. (It's...) Pupils should learn to speak (and read) a prepositional phrase, as if all the words in it make up
one single word. The trilling of the rought to be noted and
practised from the earliest speech lesson. In this question,
the r sound immediately before a vowel sound, (where--is),
must be pronounced (trilled.) In Q. Io, the r sound coming
before a consonant sound, (are:+you), must not be pro
nounced. Where are they P Here the first r is trilled, the second is silent.
Ranjan is. Yes, it is. No, it is not. No, it isn't. Ranjan is. He is Ranjan.
It is yellow. It's yellow.
They are sitting at a desk. He is drawing a lamp. (a picture of a lamp.) It is a lamp.
He is drawing. He's drawing. Ranjan's (shirt) is. Yes, I can. No, I cannot. No, I can't.

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Imperatives: pupils may make up their own imperatives; the
37.
I.
3. 25.
teacher may disallow any that he thinks too difficult for the class. This section can be only partly speech. When the other pupil does what he is asked to do, it is really comprehension. The imperatives are not continued beyond lesson 6.
Note the difference in the pronunciation of the preposition, on, and of the adverbial particle, on. In Std. 7, it may not be possible, nor even necessary, to teach the difference between prepositions and adverbial particles in verb combinations : but in speech the stress cannot be overlooked. The preposition is seldom stressed, but the particle always is. Teachers.
interested in reading up on the relevant grammar are referred
to Living English Structure, W. Stannard Allen, Section 56, and I or A Guide to to Patterns and Usage in English; A. S. Hornby, Section Io6.
Repetition Exercise : one pupil calls out another by name and tells him, "... ... . . . please repeat this sentence,' and then reads out one of the sentences given in these exercises. The other must repeat it. In time, he must be able to call for the repetition after just a look, not read it. This type of exercise has been included to give additional practice in statement patterns. A few question patterns have also strayed in here and there. The brackets at the head of the section indicate the special structure or grammar topic. introduced in the exercise.
Lesson 2.
its & it's : its is the possessive of the pronoun it. In writing the possessive of a pronoun, one mustn't write the apostrophe. e.g. he - his ; you - yours; they - theirs. It's is only it is written as one word: the i disappears in the process (elision) and an apostrophe takes its place.
Note the trilled r in I., and the silent r in 2. If the apostrophe is removed in 2. and the replaced, the will be trilled. Similarly the process can be reversed in I. What colour's the cat P
Yes, there is. No, there is not. (isn't.)
It is ten cents. It's ten cents. It costs Io cts. It sells at Io cts.

V
3o. Yes, I have. No, I have not. (haven't.) Yes, I do. No, I do not. (don't.) The answers with have are preferred to the answers with do. The simple present tense appears here
for the first time.
Lesson 3. I. There are three.
He is nine. (nine years.) (nine years old.) I4. He has only one. (only one sister.) 25. You is both singular and plural. The answer can therefore begin with I or We. We (I) can buy one at a bookshop. We can, at a bookshop. Imagine & Mime: one pupil orders and another mimes. The pupils themselves may think out other forms of work for miming and use them in this exercise. 4I & 42. Better omit the nouns in brackets. They are under
stood and seldom repeated. 45. The question and the answer are to be repeated by the same pupil with the proper intonation and pause at the end of the question mark.
Lesson 4.
The conversation in this lesson is based on figures and pictures, instead of a passage. Teachers can themselves draw some pictures on the board and engage the class in similar positional conversation. Another such lesson may cover objects placed in different positions in the classroom. Again, any geographical map hung in front can serve as a base' for “directional conversation' such as Where is Colombo P, What city is in the centre of Ceylon P, What towns are there in the northern coast P, &c.
3. There are three coconut palms. In 3 & 4 there isn't any need to repeat the I find...... I see... ..., 3 & 4 are only other ways of asking What is there at...... P I7. There isn't anything is preferable to There is nothing. 24. One draws a circle with a pair of compasses; but a compass is an instrument for finding the direction. There is general confusion over this difference among pupils of all levels. Prepositional Phrases : may qualify a noun or a verb. When a prep. phrase qualifies a noun we call it an adjective phrase ;

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40.
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when it qualifies a verb, an adverbial phrase, or simply an
adverbial. In the I5 sentences given for repetetive practice
here, the bold letters indicate adjective phrases and the italics, adverbials. grazing : the pupils may be interested if the teacher points out that graze' comes from “grass'': and similar derivations in the course of these exercises.
The Continuous Past tense appears here for the first time; and
the Simple Future in 4I.; and the Simple Past in 42.
I3.
2O.
3I.
O.
Ι6.
Lesson 5.
They want to buy stamps. They are (queuing) to buy stamps. They are, because they want to buy stamps. These are three possible answers. It is a wise convention that we get beginners to speak in full sentences, even where in everyday speech people use single words or phrases. The answer to a why-question will generally be a because-clause or just the infinitive of purpose. But teachers have to discourage beginners using clauses or phrases or single words in place of full sentences. The because-clause can be made a full sentence by the deletion of the word because. The meaning will not change in that particular context.
He is writing in a book. He is writing at his desk.
! It does at nine. (9 o'clock.) It opens at 9 o'clock. 9 of clock
loses its f and gets an apostrophe instead.
Lesson 6.
her, she in the text. Sometimes we speak of animals as though they are human beings, and use the personal pronoun to refer to them: especially domestic animals, because of their close and friendly association with man, are often referred to as he or she, as if they are persons. The pupils in the class may be asked if there is a similar convention in their national languages too.
A dog did. A dog chased her.
She was afraid of the dog. (Note the passive form was afraid and the preposition of) A dog was chasing her. She did, because she was afraid of the dog. (Refer back to L. 5,

28.
vii
No. 13.) Also note Qs. 23 & 24 for the use of was (is) afraid of .
If a pupil doesn't have either of these pets he will say I have neither, or I haven't either. either and neither refer to each
ole of two only,
35-40. have subordinate clauses, all of them time-clauses, and
36.
may be postponed if they are found to be too difficult at any stage. But if and when these sentences are taken on, it should be pointed out to the class that a verb following another verb in the past tense, must itself be in the past tense. This is a general rule. There are some exceptions. Past after Past is the tabloid form of this rule.
The Past Perfect tense appears here for the first time.
37ー4o. have when - clauses. The when introducing a time - clause
I7.
is not the same as the when introducing a specific question. The former is a conjunction, connecting a subordinate clause to the main clause: the latter is an interrogative adverb, which asks a specific question or introduces an indirect question.
The Simple Past tense is the commonest tense in English. it is also the easiest. Stories, novels, histories, biographies, accounts of travel and adventure, etc. are all written in this tense. This is the narrative tense. One must learn the three parts of a verb to know what the simple past form is. It is the second of the three parts. (go - WENT - gone.) Most verbs get their 2nd & 3rd parts by adding - ed. (Some add - t.) e.g. laugh - laughed - laughed. Such verbs are called weak (or regular) verbs. The verbs that do not add - ed or - t are called strong (or irregular) verbs. In a grammar lesson pupils must learn the three parts : the simple present, the simple past and the past passive participle. They may begin with the I3 verbs in this lesson. Because of the paucity of general reading material and of the non - English speech background a teacher has to consider other ways of having the three parts of verbs learnt well memorizing, for instance.
Lesson 7. Ten miles, but a ten mile journey. The words ten and mile together act as an adjective to qualify the noun journey. In English adjectives do not have plurals : only nouns do. There are many common examples of plural nouns dropping the s to form adjective combinations: a five rupee note :
8A

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a ten cent stamp : the seven year plan a three hundred acre far т.
38. The Present Perfect tense appears here for the first time. have or has is the auxiliary and combines with the past participle, (the 3rd part of the verb), got, to form the present perfect tense, have got. Perfect means completed or finished.
There are two tenses combined in the present perfect tense, the past and the present. A completed action is past action, but when the completed action is expressed in relation to thep resent, i. e. to now, the two tenses mix in the present perfect.
In Balan has bought his book, he might have bought it any time in the past (certainly not Now), but as long as the past is not mentioned, it is the buying not the time of buying that is of importance to the speaker at the time of speaking, i. e. the present. If the time is expressed, the sentence can no longer have a present perfect verb, as in Balan bought his book yesterday.
The present perfect is a very common tense frequently used in English writing and every day speech. But our students find it very hard to grasp the mixing of the two tenses in it. Translating it into the corresponding expressions in the mother tongue. may help to some extent, but the learning of the tense may well wait if the class is not able to follow. But the recognition of the tense is not beyond the capacity of a pupil in Std. 7.
45. Let's is let & us spoken together as one word.
Lesson 8.
20. the cinema: the pictures: the theatre: these words seldom ap
pear without the (the definite article.)
shall I will future is the normal future tense in English. It isn't worth trying to teach all the niceties in the pure and the coloured futures. With the expanding use of English throughout the world, these niceties are tending to disappear, even in the English - speaking countries : and some of the grammatical rules and conventions of twenty years ago are gradually going out of use. I will & II would, and their colloquial forms 'II & I'd have more or less displaced I shall & I should, except for some common expressions still in use. Only 3 of the I5 statements in this repn. ex. have the shallfuture: will may be used as well. Teachers interested in further reading on the future tense and future substitutes are referred to Section 28 of Living English Structure, W. Stannard Allen.

ix
41-46. are sentences with conditional clauses. Refer also to
47.
49.
Q. 35 which also has a conditional clause. The main clause has the simple future tense and the if - clause has the simple present tense. This is the simplest and the easiest pattern of the three kinds of conditional clauses we have in English. Unless (if + not) introduces a negative condition. The man will mot work if you do mot pay him.
It'll be the future tense of is (to be) is will be.
Lesson 9.
June 10: this is read as June the tenth. It may also be written and read as the Ioth (or the tenth ) of June.
Fun & a good time in the last line, both mean the same.
I5 & 16. Yes, there is is the answer to both the questions, even
27.
though one question is asked in the affirmative and the other in the negative. Again in 9. 32, the answer is Yes, she is or Yes, she is going to. If the reply is affirmative, begin with yes: it negative, with no.
, goin' to ... future : there are a number of ways in which the
future is expressed. The going to......form is one of them and is quite common. The I5 sentences in the repn. ex. will show that this future substitute signifies intention, certainty or probability.
Lesson 10.
He buys things for her : he shops for her: he does odd jobs for her: he does her shopping sometimes: etc.
... to shop is the to - infinitive of the verb, shop. The word,
shop is a noun, but it is being used here as a verb. Most nouns can be, and are frequently, used as verbs. Then they havejali tie three parts and the different tenses that a verb has. e.g shop, shopped, shopped. Conversely, a great number of verbs can be used as nouns, e.g. a walk : a dance : a bache This interchangeability makes English a flexible language. It is easy to learn it quickly through speech. to shop is the to-infinitive, but to the shop is a prepositional phrase, with the preposition, to, governing the noun, shop, These two shouldn't get mixed up. Also note the participle, shopping, in the last line of the passage.
The Simple Present tense ; the time distinction between the simple present and the continuous present must be illus

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trated with corresponding expressions in the mother tongue. Most pupils will understand the difference, but unless there is sufficient practice in the use of the two tenses they are likely to miss it.
Lesson ll.
an envelope : look up the pronunciation : there is a verb envelop with a different accent. a hundred or one hundred, or with the definite article the : similarly for all numbers based on one hundred: e.g. one hundred and forty seven or a hundred and seventy five. The same rule applies to a thousand, a lakh, &c.
one here is the indefinite pronoun : it refers to anyone-man, woman or child.
Proverbs are generallv expressed in the simple present tense and those given here are easy to understand.
Lesson 12. garage for your pronunciation dictionary. relaw: the meaning of the word may be given in the mother tongue, as also of other new words in the book. It is safer to fix new words by writing them on the board as they come into a lesson, and pronouncing the word and getting the class to repeat it after the teacher. They must hear, see and feel as they speak and of course understand the meaning. . ܕ܂ ” -50, the pattern of the sentences has been changed to the
passive, but the who - clauses have been retained.
cafe & restaurant : note the unusual pronunciation, accent and spelling of the words.
Lesson 13.
Three different tenses come into this passage: the simple present, the continuous present and the simple future. a pupil's : pupils: The position of the apostrophe after singular and plural nouns should be carefully noted in all written exercises.
We do once a week. I write once a week. I carry my books. I do, mine.
The to - infinitive is so called to differentiate it from the infinitive where the to does not appear, or is understood, (some

xi
times called the bare infinitive): e.g. the polite requests with let in L. 7. The to-infinitive is a verb form very common in English usage. It will be noted that four of the repn. ex. sections to follow, are on other uses of the to - infinitive; and these five do not exhaust all possible uses of this kind of
infinitive.
Lesson 14.
take his taxi : take a tawi : What is the difference in meaning? fare : means the passengers in the taxi, as also the money due for the taxi ride.
45. to - infinitive with the verb is afraid.
Lesson 15.
3. The answer may be in the direct reported speech: he told him, “............': he said to him, “............' : or the indirect : he told him mot to throuøy stomes.
the participle is the adjectival form of a verb: the present active participle is formed by the addition of -ing to the first part of the verb. The continuous tenses are formed by the addition of this participle to the proper auxiliaries: is walk"ing : was eating: am writing. The participle being an adjective, may substitute for an adjective clause, and vice versa. e.g. No. 36 can also be re-written with an adjective clause in place of the participial phrase, dozing in the garden : The inango struck the old man who was dozing in the"garden : (the relative pronoun who & the continuous past). An adverb clause, while he was dozing in the garden can also express the
same idea.
Lesson 16.
to (shoot) is the infinitive with the verb understood: could shoot in the same sentence illustrates the (bare) infinitive, without the to : can takes an infinitive to complete its meaning, like the verb, try but can takes an infinitive without to : is able, meaning the same as can, takes the to-infinitive.
a near thing : an idiomatic expression meaning a narrow escape ; this is supposed to be the English expression, while a narrow shave and a close call are supposed to be the American forms of the same expression.
5. Neither did. Refer back to the hints in L. 6, No. 28.
27. eleven : the first e is pronounced, the second accented and
the third not pronounced.
8B

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Repn. Ex. These sentences illustrate the use of the past perfect tense to distinguish the earlier of two past actions or events; or to indicate the prior completion of one event
in relation to another, both of which took place in the past.
All perfect tenses, it must be remembered, indicate some completed action, or action imagined as completed (refer back to L. 7, No. 38). The simple past may also replace the past perfect in some of these sentences, especially where the
time-clause is introduced by before. row : this noun has two different meanings and two different pronunciations. When it rhymes with how, it has a colloquial use and means: a noise or a small fight. When it rhymes with no, it has a different meaning as in: a row of chairs.
Lesson 1.
a mackintosh: a waterproof coat made of rubber and cotton material, first manufactured by a man named Mackintosh.
Lesson 18.
The Tag Question (or the Question Tag), is a statement that ends up us a question. The auxiliary is repeated in the tag with the same subject, but the affirmative statement takes a negative tag, and the negative statement, an affirmative tag.
e.g. You are going to school today, aren't you ?
She won't come today, will she?
Lesson 20.
Young learners are likely to confuse the to in the infinitive, to worship, with the preposition to in the phrase to the temple. The two words to worship are actually one single word making up the infinitive: but the prepositional phrase to the temple is made up of three different words. Refer back to the hints on to shop in L. Io.
Lesson 21.
recumbent : lying, reclining; as a vocabulary exercise pupils may be asked where else in Ceylon there are recumbent Buddhas, and led on to the famous sedent and Standing Buddha sculptures in Ceylon.

ვნ.
4.
xiii
Repin. Ex. It is only the adverbials in these sentences that make the continuous present stand for the future. If the adverbial is removed the future sense is generally lost.
Lesson 23.
Whose is the possessive form of who.
Lesson 24.
Too tired to take : another use of the to-infinitive, with too. It has a negative colouring, and means : We were so tired that тwe could поt ... etc.
go: the use of the simple present as a future substitute.
The negative sentences in this section can also be expressed by too with the to-infinitive, if the antonym (word of opposite meaning) is used. e. g. (No. 36). This plane is too slow to reach Colombo in half an hour. Refer to too with the toinfinitive at the head of the notes to this lesson.
Lesson 25.
Indirect Command: another use of the to-infinitive. It will be noted from these sentences that the verbs ask & tell that introduce the indirect command or request, always take a personal object before they introduce the to-infinitive : asked him to ... ; told the farmer to ...; never without the personal object unless in the passive.
Lesson 26.
An alternative form with the adverb clause is given in the brackets. The three words can be omitted without any change in the meaning. (
I6. I7. & I8. will require a time clause introduced by when or
after, with a present perfect verb.
The Past Passive Participle is as common as the present active participle (refer back to the hints in L. I5.) They come generally as participial phrases. Here again, the passive participle can mostly be interchanged with an adjective clause. e. g. No. 38 may be rewritten with an adjective clause in place of the past passive participle : An air letter which is pasted in Ceylon reaches the U. K. in two or three days.

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xiv
Lesson 27.
too tired: refer back to the hints on too, L. 24.
a year: pupils generally mix up a year with an ear. They in year is a consonant and is pronounced, and cannot therefore take the article, an.
The Indirect Statement: Past after Past is the most important rule to remember in indirect statements, (and in indirect questions.) Refer back to the hints on L. 6, Nos. 35-4o. A past tense must always follow a past tense. Few exceptions are permitted. Whatever may be the tense of the verb within the quotation marks, i. e. the direct statement, that verb must change to the past tense, if the reporting verb (said, told, 6 c.) is in the past tense. This is the rule. e. g. She told her mother, “I am reading.' She told her mother that she was reading.
The teacher said, ' Raman plays well.' The teacher said that Raman played well.
You said, "I will go.' (I'll go.) You said that you would go. (you” di go.) I told him, ''The train has gone.' I told him that the train had gone.
2O sentences have been given here to stress the importance of indirect statements in English. In this connection it may also be noted that some of the auxiliaries like will, shall, can 6 may have past tenses of their own, and that they and not the finite verbs, change : the past of will go is would go but pupils will naturally expect go to change to went. By now they must be familiar with the past tenses of the auxiliaries do & have:
Pupils should also note the differences in the use of the two verbs, said és told:
He said (to him) that ... to him may or may not be used with said if used, the preposition to mustn't be omitted. He told me that ... a personal object (me, him, them, the men & c.) always follows told, but without the preposition, to. that: as the brackets in this repn. ex. would suggest, the connecting (conjunction) that may or may not be expressed.

XV
The omission may make the sentence more conversational and informal.
Lesson 28.
must: have to: have got to: express obligation, necessity or compulsion.
e.g. must today. I have to return my library book {
have got to tomorrow.
All the three forms are interchangeable in the present and future tenses. There is also a separate future form I shall (will) have (got) to return the book tomorrow. Must hasn't a past form, except in reported speech. had to is the common past form ; had got to is not so common. I had to return the book yesterday.
All these are affirmative forms. A concurrent study of the negative forms will be confusing. Better that be postponed. Further details may be read up in Section I6 of Living English Structure : Allen.
45. one: the indefinite one does not specifically refer to any man,
woman or child. It is supposed to be more grammatical to repeat the one in the answer rather than to refer to an indefinite person as he. Refer to L. III. No. I4.
Lesson 29.
bathe: as verb in the first paragraph: in the second para. as infinitive, to bathe: in the third para. as noun in their morning bathe,
indirect questions: refer back to the hints on past after past in L. 27. Also note that the verb ask, in an indirect question, behaves just like the verb tell, in so far as it has to have a personal object after it. e. g. ask or tell someone.
Lesson 30.
would: is the past tense of the future auxiliary, will. Refer back to hints on the past tense of auxiliaries in L. 27. snack: a short, hurried meal. 会 complements: the verbs in this repn ex. are not complete
by themselves : they require a noun, or an adjective or some other word to give them their full meaning : e. g. Kamala.

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seems ... is not complete till we add some other word like lucky, or a lucky girl, & c. It is as if this verb is waiting to have some other word added to give it its full meaning: i. e. to complete it. We call the completing word or words its complement. Lucky is an adjective being used as a complement, and a lucky girl a noun phrase so used. Besides nouns and adjectives, infinitives, participles, (an adjective formed from a verb), prepositional phrases, even clauses, can complete such verbs.
lie & lay are two verbs that cause some confusion : it is safe to have the three parts of the two verbs repeated every time either comes up in a lesson: lie lay lain: lay laid laid. In the present perfect tense No. 47 will read ; The city has lain
buried... . . . ... etc.
Lesson 31.
flow & fly ; also cause confusion and should have their three parts well drilled in: flow flowed flowed: fly flew flown. The errors usually occur in the perfect tenses. Drill the correct forms: The water has flowed: The bird has flown. A third similar verb is : flee fled fied. The thieves have fled. Rep.m. Ex. This is called the causative use of has gr got. fell & fall: a third confusing pair i fell felled felled: fall fell fallen: a third one may be feel felt felt.
Lesson 32.
chap: means man, boy, or young fellow ; the word is what we call a colloquialism; i.e. a word used in every day informal conversation. This is the second type of conditional clause. The first type is given in L. 8, Nos. 4 I-47. The three types are illustrated bere, but there are also conditional sentences that do not conform to these three patterns. I. Open or simple conditions: If he studies hard, he will
pass his exam. 2. Unreal or doubtful conditions: If he studied hard, he
would pass his exam.
3. Contrary to Jf he had studied he would have passed
fact conditions Had he s
Note the changes in the tenses in the if- clauses and the main clauses. In No. I the speaker does not express any doubt; but in No. 2, he expresses doubt; that doubt is ex

I9.
s
xvii
pressed by the verb in the simple past in the if-clause, which changes the tense of the main clause also to the past, will pass changing to would pass. In No. 3, the speaker states a condition that he knows isn't true : this is expresssed by the past perfect tense in the if-clause, and the future perfect with the auxiliary will in the past in the main clause. Note also the alternative form in 3, where the if is omitted and the verb inverted.
lazy : a word of opposite meaning is called an antonym.
Lesson 33.
'We make shoes from it', is a better answer than, “We make use of it for making shoes.'
Temporal Clauses is another name for time - clauses; they are generally introduced by when, while, before, after, until, till, etc. The past after past rule applies to time-clauses also. Six of the exercises here have both the verbs in the past tense for that reason.
1. & 45. are proverbs. Pupils may be asked to give the cor
responding proverbs, if any, in their mother tongue.
Lesson 34. Chimps : the croc., the hippo., & the rhino, are other zoo animals whose names have been cut to avoid a mguthful.
must not or mustn't expresses prohibition i.e. a negative command, an order not to ... ... eg. You mustn't bite your nails, children. People mustn't smoke in a petrol station. Refer back to L. 28, Repn. Ex. on the affirmative use of must.
Lesson 35. ()
Was to...... : is or was with the to -infinitive as a complement, is another future s'ubstitute : ut also indicates certainty or necessity.
Result Clauses generally have this pattern :
Main Clause Result Clause The car fied so fast --> that I couldn't read its number. (Subject -- Predicate--so-adjective or adverb) —> (that--Subj. --Pred.) The Past after Past rule applies here too. The car fled too fast for me to read the number is an alternative way of saying the same thing with too & a to - infinitive.

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ട്(യു.ജ
& &as-AK
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