கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: மீட்சி 2009.04

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Mjuit ,oe;JtpLk; epiyia g; Gul;rpapd;NghJ fl;rpapypUe;J l;l jpapy; nlq; gjtpf;F [pahgpq; (Deng kPz;L Xiaoping) te;jJk; 1970 uitf; fl;rp ,of;Fk; epiyia khw;wp la [dehafk; ehd;F tiuaWf;Fs; . mitahtd> rkTlik (Socialism), mjpfhuk; (Dictatorship of the proletariat), fpad. pr-khNth [d tpr ehaf ,izT> khw;wq;fSf;Fj; fl;rpapd; ;J jilfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jilahf r;Rthe;jhh; (Feudal) kugpw;Fg; gof;fg; kf;fNs ahth;. Gul;rpfspdhy; ,r; s khw;wp tpl Kbahnjd;Wk;> xU jpl kapd; hd mwpT+l;lNy topelj;jypy; ,tw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sg; khw;wptpl jiyikf;Fr; rthy; tpLtJNghy; mike;jJ. Kjypy; kf;fs; $lj; ,e;jr; njhlq;fpdh;. Rtnuhl;bfis tpiutpy; thrpg;gjw;fhf ,f;$l;lk; jk;ik rpW tpkh;rdf; FOf;fshf khw;wp ,ufrpa rQ;rpiffis (Undergound Journals) ntspaplTk; jiyg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fs; ehl;by; nghUshjhu rPh; jpUj;jj;ijAk; ,U fl;rp murpaiyAk; nfhz;L tuy; jkJ Nehf;fk; Ntz;Lk; fl;rpapd; vd eph;g;ge;jpf;fj; jiyikf;F njhlq;fpdh;. vjpuhdjy;y Mdhy;> ~goikahd mureph;thfj;ij xopg;gJNt|> vdf; $wpdh;. ,f;$w;W 40 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; ntspaplg;gl;l ,ufrpa rQ;rpiffspd; fUj;Jf; fis epidT gLj;jpd. [dehafj;ij Mjupj;Jk; rPh;jpUj;jk; Ntz;b Ak; xypj;j gy Fuy;fspilNa gP[pq;ifr; Nrh;e;j tP [pq;nrq; (Wei Jingsheng) ,d; FuNy Xq;fp xypj;jJ. ,th; ,UtuJ fl;rpapy; kfDk; mq;fk; Mthh;. tfpj;j ,th; khf;rpa cah; mjpfhupfs; eilKiw fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L fl;rpiaAk; nlq;ifAk; Neub ahfNt jhf;fpdhh;. gpugykhd mtuJ fl;Liu nahd;wpy;> ~ntWg;Gf;Fupa gioa murpay; Kiw ,d;Dk; khwNtapy;iy. kf;fs; Nfl;gJ jkf;F cupikahd jpduplkpUe;J [dehafj;ijNa! rhjhuz kf;fs; mjpfhu mjpfhuj;ijf; th;f;fj; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; vd;d jtW?| vd tpdhntOg;gpdhh;. ypahq; fPrhNthtpd; fhyj;jpd; gpd;> ehl;L eyj;jpw; Fk; jdpkdpj eyj;jpw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L> jdp kdpj mgpyhirfis fhf;Fk; cupik ,ay;ghdJ> mJ ad;W murpd; Mfpa jatpdhy; fUj;Jf;fspd; mspf;fg;gLfpd;w mbg;gilapyhd cupik [d ehafj;ij tP Kd; itj;jhh;. vdpDk; [dehafk; kf;fspilNa gpzf;ifAk; Ntw;WikiaAk; cU thf;Fk; vd;gij ,th; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. jdp kdpjh;fs; jkJ nrhe;j cupikfSf;fhfg; NghuhLk;NghJ rKjhaj;ij cUthf;f mJ vt;thW KbAk; vd;gjw;F xU ,irTgl;l ypahq; fPrhNth Nghd;W ,tuplKk; gjpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. nra;ag;gl;ldh;. 1979-k; Mz;L mth;fsJ tP Ak; mtuJ rQ;rpiffs; rfhf;fSk; ifJ %lg; ; Lj;jp> pay;> Kd;Ndw;wkile;j czh;e;jdh;. nghUshjhu> rPdhit Nkw;Fyf ,tw;iwf; r%f ehlhf rPh;jpUj;jq; ehLfisg; fUj;jpy; khw;W gl;ld. jpw;Fj; ehl;L mth;fsJ jilahdJ ,ufrpaq;fis ,af;fk; vd ntsp gug;Giu ehl;bd; ehl;lth;fSf;F nra;ag;gl;lJ. Kd;Ndw;wj; aw;rpj;jhh;. Ø>V¦ìßE 4gD ÃÂïD z;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; rPdhtpy; murpay; w;gLtjw;F mwpFwpahf upadd;nkd; l;ld. fjhNdhUf;F ,r; nra;if vjpuhd [d Fw;wr;rhl;Lf; ehafj;jpw;F f;fnkhd;iwj; Njhw;W tpj;jJ. nlq; fl;rp eph;thfpfSk; jpl;l kpl;l gbg; ;wq;fis kpQ;Rk; tifapy; ,t; w;gl;lJ. ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; xU mq;f dr; UthdJ. Rth; ,af;fk;| upadd;nkd; (Democracy rJf;fj;ij Wall xU cah;e;j Rtupd; kPJ murpay;> q;fis Mjupj;J gyUk; Rt ãŠóTM 2009

Page 4 4 ãŠóTM 2009 Vl;bd; mwpKf epfo;T tho;Nthk; tho;Nthk; tho;tpg;Nghk; tho;tpg;Nghk; ,e;j Nehf;fq;fis va;Jk; ngh fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; Vw;fdNt Muk;g ,t;tikg;G ntw;wpfukhfj; jd; gzp fpwJ. ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf vkJ jha; kz;zpy; thd ,lg;ngah;TfSk;> ,lk;ngw;WtUk; mz;ikapy; Aj;jKk;> mjd; Mapuf;fzf; tpis fhd caph;fisf; fhTnfhz;l Mopg;NguiyAk; (Tsunami) vkJ kf;fisg; NguopTf;Fs;shf;fpaNjhL ngUe;Jauj;jpDs;Sk; ,l;Lr; nry;tij ehk; fz; $lhff;; fz;L nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,j;jifa #o;epiyapy; kpf Nkhrkhd ghjpg;Gf;fSf;F cs;shNthh; rpWth;fSk; ngz; fSNkahth;. jhiaNah> je;ijiaNah> ,d;W gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd md;Nwy; ,UtiuANkh rpwhh;;fs; ,t;tikg;gpd; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs fisg; fpof;fpd; gyg;gLj;jTk;> midj;J khtl;lq;fSf;Fk Nkw;gb nraw;g Tk>; Njitahd eltbf;iffspy; jtph;j;J ,yf;fhFk;. mth;fs; fy;tp tsKs;s tha;g;Gf;fis epWtd ew;gpui[fshf;F kag;gLj Vw;gLj ngw;Nwhh; capUlDs;s NghjpYk; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; ,aw;ifahfNth> nraw;ifahfNth jLf;fg;gLk; apy; rpf;fpj; fhuzj;jhy; jtpf;Fk; FLk;gq;fisr; tWikapd; Nfhug; Nrh;e;j gpb Foe;ijfs; gyh; rpWth; guhkhpg;G ,y;yq;fspy; tsh;fpd;w nfhLikia ,q;F guf;ff; fhzyhk;. üùï£òè‹ (3gD ÃÂïD Ø>V¦ìßE tpepNahfpj;jhh; vdTk;> rPdg; Gul;rpi Fk; fl;Liufis ntspl;lhh; vdTk; n rhl;lg;gl;L tP f;F 15tUl rpiwj Gs;sp tpguq;fis vLj;J Nehf;FNthkhapd; ngw;Nwhh; capUldpUe;j NghjpYk; jk; gps;is fisg; guhkhpf;f ,ayhikahy; mth;fs; rpWth; guhkhpg;G ,y;yq;fis ehLfpd;;wdh;. ,jd; fhuz khfg; fspy; tho;tJ ngUksT ntspf; rpwhh;fs; nfhzug;gl;Ls;sJ. rpWth; guhkhpg;G ,y;yq; nghUshjhu mz;ikapy; gykpd;ikahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Ma;Tfspd;gb rpwhh;fs; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;Jtpl;L ,iltpyfpAs;sik fz;lwpag; gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; gy rpwhh;fs; ghlrhiyf;Nf nry;y Kbahj epiyikAk; ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Jzpr;riyg; ghuhl;bdhYk; me; ehl;fspy; mtUil gyh fis Vw;f kWj;jdh;. mtUila khh;f;rPa jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; rPdg;nghJTl Fk; vjpuhditahf ,Ue;jd. mj;Jl Kiwfs; rPdg; Gj;jp[PtpfshYk; Vw;W gltpy;iy. ,g;gbahd ePz;lnjhU rpf;fy rupj;jpuj;ijAila [dehafj;jpw;fhd ld; thh;j;ijAk; gy;NtWgl;l 1989-k; fUj;ijj; Mz;lstpy; jUk; Rt Njhd;wpaik mjd; fUj;Jf;fhf ,j;jifa Jh;g;ghf;fpa epiy ePbf;Fkhapd; vkJ r%fk; NguopTf;Fs;shFk; vd;gij vtUk; kWf;ftpayhJ. efug; Gwq;fspy; mike;Js;s rpy ghlrhiy fs; ngah;e;J fy;tp thOk; mikr;R> kf;fs; fy;tpj; MfpNahuhy; jpizf;fsk;> Ngzg; Gyk; gLtjdhy; rpw;rpy trjpfisg; ngw;w NghjpDk; gpd;jq;fpa fpuhkg;Gwg; ghlrhiyfs; ftdpg;Gf; Fs;shfhjJld; mg;gFjp khzth;fsJ vjph;fhyk; Fwpj;Jf; ftiyg;glhj mtyKk; ,y;iynad;W nrhy;tjw;fpy;iy. ngw;whiu ,oe;J Mjutw;Wf; fhzg;gLk; rpwhh; fSk;> fisr; tWikf;Nfhl;bd; Nrh;e;j rpwhh;fSk; fPo; jk;; tho;e;JtUk; ghlrhiyf; FLk;gq; fy;tp iaj; jilapd;wpj; njhluTk; md;Gk; mutizg;Gk; ngw;Wj; jj;jk; FLk;gq;fSlNdh> cw;whh; cw tpdh;fSlNdh FLk;gr; #oypy; jq;fp tsUk; tha;g;ig toq;fTk;> ,g;gps;isfs; epWtdg; gLj;jg;gLtijj; Gwg; gpuNjrg; ghlrhiyfspd; jtph;f;fTk;> gpd;jq;fpa fy;tpj;ju fpuhkg; Nkk; ghl;Lf;F cjTtijAk;> Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhz;L jhgpf;fg;gl;lNj vkJ mikg;G. fle;jfhy vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fis jw;fhy fSld; ,izf;Fk; xU Kaw;rpahf aJ. 1989-,y; Mh;g;ghl;lj;jpy; vd vOjg;gl;l gjhif apUe;j khzth;fs;> tP [pq;nrq; fpd; v thrpj;Js;shh;fs; xg;Gjy; cilath;fnsdNth vdNth mtupd; Vw;Wf fU ahJ. Mdhy; ,th;fSila nray;f $tyhfTk; xU rh;thjpfhu ehl;by; Ng jpd; tpisTfis vjph;nfhs;Sk; fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. [dehafj;jpd; ed;i gw;wpa thh;j;ij thjg; Njhw;Wtpj;j gpujpthjq;fspYk; fw;gidf; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. fw;gidfs; [dehafk; gytpjkhfr; vDk; thf;fpak; nraw;gl;ld Nkw;FehLfspy; fhzg;gLk; n nropg;gpidAk; me;ehLfspd; gyj;i n. åV. çk s¦ åVD ̈oz ØÄ_1⁄4kVD ? n.åV ØÃVmßÄçÃl_ þòüðV çkzÍ>kVÄ[ ¶Â1⁄4¦VÃì 5,1978 ¶[® >tμ ~wÝ>kì Ã|D Ö[a_ïçá ÄçÃ s]ïÓÂz ¶©ÃVuÃâ¦ xçÅl_ ¶O\]l[¤ OçwÍ> çkzÍ>kVÄ[ x>_xçÅBVï Ãþ«oï©Ã|Ý] Äìk1⁄4>Ä \â¦Ý]uz >twì ̧«ßÄça Øk1k« c>saVì. AéD ØÃBì >twì ÄJïD ¶«EB_, ïéVßÄV«D, \M> cöç\ï^, k«éVu®ß ÄDÃkoï^, ÖçáB >çéxçÅïâïVa >ïk_ï^, ÖéÂþBD 1⁄4ÃV[Å ÃB[>ò >ïk_ïÓ¦[ Øk1l¦©Ã|D *âE ̧öÝ>VMB kVμ >tμ \Âï1⁄4áV| \â|D W[® s¦V\_ Äìk1⁄4>Ä Z]BVï AéDØÃBìÍm Ãé ïõ¦oï1_ kV¿D >twìï^ \Ý]lKD Ã«s Ãèï^ ØÄFB1⁄4kõ|Ø\a kVμÝmD çkzÍ>kVÄ[ z|DÃÝ]aì hf;fq;fis va;Jk; nghUl;L kl;lf; j;jpy; Vw;fdNt Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tw;wpfukhfj; jd; gzpiaj; njhlh; g;gpd; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fsJ Nehf;fq; Lj;jTk;> dj;J khtl;lq;fSf;Fk; Nkw;gb nraw;ghLfis tp];jhpf;f tl- hd eltbf;iffspy; V¦ìßE) 十 ØÄ_1⁄4kVD ? Ý]aì Ã \]l[¤ Vï wì VßÄV«D, ï^, ÖçáB D 1⁄4ÃV[Å *âE D W[® Ãé KD ÝmD h; vdTk;> rPdg; Gul;rpia mtkjpf; is ntspl;lhh; vdTk; ngha;f; Fw;wk; tP f;F 15tUl rpiwj; jz;lid . me; ehl;fspy; gyh; mtUila ghuhl;bdhYk; mtUila fUj;Jf; kWj;jdh;. mtUila topKiwfs; tj;jpw;Fk; rPdg;nghJTlikf; fl;rpf; tahf ,Ue;jd. mj;Jld; mt; top g; Gj;jp[PtpfshYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg; ePz;lnjhU rpf;fy; epiwe;j ila [dehafj;jpw;fhd ,af;fj;J gl;l fUj;ijj; jUk; ~kpd;R| vd;w 1989-k; Mz;lstpy; Rtnuhl;bfspy; mjd; fUj;Jf;fhf khj;jpukd;wp> jph;ghh;g;Gf;fis jw;fhy mgpyhir f;Fk; xU Kaw;rpahfTk; Njhd;wp ; Mh;g;ghl;lj;jpy; tP [pq;nrq; fpd; vOj;Jf;fis ;fs; vdNth mtupd; fUj;Jf;fSld; lath;fnsdNth Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kb ; ,th;fSila nray;fs; xU miw U rh;thjpfhu ehl;by; Ngr;R Rje;jpuj; fis vjph;nfhs;Sk; rthyhfTk; . 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Page 6 x]1⁄4BVì åk1⁄4ÛV] 1⁄4ÛVï«âaD ‡ K jpNahh; vdg;gLNthh; jq;fs; FLk;gq;fNshL ,ize;J $l;lhf tho;e;J, jkJ Rf Jf;fq;fis jj;jkJ gps;isfs;, cwtpdh;fNshL gfph;e;j spj;J Rakhf, kfpo;r;rpahf tho;e;j epiyik iaNa ,yq;ifapy; vkJ jkpo; kf;fspilNa ghh;f;f Kbe;jJ. Mdhy;, Gyk;ngah;e;j jkpo; r%fq;fspilNa KjpNahh;fs; FLk;gq;fshy; gphpf;fg;gl;L, r%f ,iofs; rpijf;fg;gl;L Kjp Nahh; ,y;yk; vd;Wk;, jk;ik $l;lhf ,izf;Fk; epfo;Tfspy; jk;ik

Page 7
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1. kdNeha; vd;why; vd;d?
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jhf;fk; Fiwthd kd Neha;fisj; jhf;fk; $ba Neha;fspypUe;J gpupj;J tifg; gLj;jpAs;sdh;. Mdhy; kdr;Nrhu;T Nghd;w Nyrhd kdNeha; $l md;whl tho;f;ifapy; vjph;nfhs;Sk; rhjhuz nray;fisr; nra;a KbahkYk; jd;dk;gpf;ifia Fiwj;Jk; Jd;gk; juyhk;. mjd; tpisthf me; Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhuJ tho;T juk; Fd;wpajhf khwptpLk;.
Mdhy; jhf;fk; $ba kdNeha;fshd ~];fp];NrhgpNwdpah|> ~igNghyh; bNrhlu;| Mfpa Neha;fs; vkJ md;whlr; nray;fshd clw; guhkupg;G> rikay;> gzg; gupkhw;wk;> Nghd;wtw;iwf;$l nra;a Kbahjth;fshf Mf;fptpLfpwJ.
,e; Neha;fspdhy; Jd;gg;gLfpwth;fs; ngha;Azh;T (delusions) ,y;nghUs; fhZjy; (hallucinations) Nghd;wtw;whYk; gpwupd; vz;zq;fs;> fl;lisfs; jk;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLtjhfTk; czh;th;. ,e;j epiyik
十
NehahspiaAk;> mtiur; rhh;e;Js;NshiuAk; tprdj;jpy; Mo;j;Jk;.
xUth; gy tUlq;fshf kdNehapdhy; Jd;gg;glf;$Lk;. Nehapd; ufk;> fLik> fhy msT Mfpait xt;nthUtUf;Fk; NtWgLk;. mjd; mwpFwpfs; vg;NghJ cz;lhFk; vdf; $w ,ayhjthW tUk;; NghFk;.
十
xUth; ,e; Nehapdhy; Jd;gg;glf;$ba fhymsit Kd;$l;bNa $w ,ayhJ.
2. xUth; kdNehapdhy; Jd;gg;gLtij mwpe;J nfhs;tJ vt;thW?
十
kdNehapd; mwpFwpfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdkhdJ. Mdhy; rpy mwpFwpfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ghupa csepiy khw;wk;. (extreme mood swings) mbf;fb gag;gpuikapdhy; mtjpAwy;. (frequently anxious) ,lTzh;T ,y;yhikAk; gaKk;. (disorientation and panic)
十
epj;jKk; jho;e;j csepiy. (constant low mood) Cf;fkw;w epiy (loss of motivation) cz;Zk;> cwq;Fk; tof;fj;jpy; khw;wk;. (change of sleeping and eating
十
pattern) fl;Lg;ghL ,og;G> fl;Lg;ghL kPwy;> rkhspf;f ,ayhik (out of control/loss of control/unable to cope)
Ra harm ✓
nka;A (losi
✓
xUtUlfhy vy;iyapDs; gpupj;jhdpah tho; kf;fspy; 25 rjtPjkhNdhh; kd Nehapdhy; mtjpAWth;. ✓
khw;w czh voice NkNy xU KOi ayd;W. r Fwpfis czuf;$L
3. fyhr;rh
cse tpsf;fKk ,Ug;gjpy;i ,yFthf Nkiy ehl
cjhu voices) M FunydNt
Nkw;F Kiwapy; r%fj;jpd cjtp ngW
4. vt;thwh
,Nyr gpur;ri Vw;gl ez;gU
mwpF cjt fye;j
fpq;] mik kdNe ey;Fk
十
Road info@ 十 十
~fpq;] mtjp 十
Nrit 十
cq;f 十
nra;a msi 十
xU n

V«D
ÄJïÝ
Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_
-njhlf;fk; -njhlf;fk; 18-tiu 18-tiu
hapdhy;
十
tiuAk;
十
十
h;> FLk;g
yiaNa ression), bsessive ; bNrhlh;| ahfTk;
pypUe;J Nyrhd y;fisr; ;. mjd; ;wpajhf
gNghyh; uhkupg;G> th;fshf
lusions) ;zq;fs;> epiyik
十
;.
pd; ufk;> ;. mjd;
十 ;; NghFk;. Na $w
十
dkhdJ.
十
十 d eating
trol/loss
Ra jPq;F (self harming) nka;Azh;T ,og;G (losing sense of reality)
py; 25
khw;whh; Fuy; czh;T. (hearing voices) NkNy fhz;git xU KOikahd gl;b ayd;W. rpyh; gy mwp Fwpfis xNu Neuj;jpy; czuf;$Lk;.
3. fyhr;rhu NtWghLfs;
cseyk; (emotional health), kdeyk; (mental health) Mfpatw;iw gw;wpa tpsf;fKk;> mwpTk; vy;yhf; fyhr;rhuq;fspilNaAk; xNukhjpupahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. mjdhy; kdNeha;f;F cjtp ngWtJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; ,yFthf miktjpy;iy. kdNehapd; mwpFwpfis rpy fyhr;rhuq;fs; Nkiy ehl;Lf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;Lg; ghh;f;fpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf rpy kf;fs; ~khw;whh; Fuy; Nfl;Fk; czh;it| (hearing of voices) Mtpfspd; FuyhfNth my;yJ ,we;JNghd %jhijaupd; FunydNth Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
Nkw;F ehLfspy; ,ij xU Nehahfg; ghh;j;J xU itj;jpa mZF Kiwapy; mijj; jPh;f;fNtz;Lnkd Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. vy;yhr; r%fj;jpdUk; ,e;j mZF Kiwia Vw;Wf; nfhs;shj fhuzj;jpdhy; cjtp ngWtjpy; Fog;gq;fSk; jtwhd Gupe;Jzh;TfSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
4. vt;thwhd cjtpfisg; ngwKbAk;?
,Nyrhd jhf;fk; jUk; Neha;fshd kd mOj;jk; (stress) Nghd;w gpur;ridfis gpwUila cjtpAld; jPh;f;f KaYq;fs;. cq;fSf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s gpur;ridfis cq;fsJ ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhd ez;gUlNdh my;yJ FLk;g mq;fj;jtUlNdh fye;J NgRq;fs;.
mwpFwpfs; njhlUkhdhy; my;yJ fLikahdhy; ePq;fs; ngwf;$ba cjtp gw;wp mwpAk; nghUl;L cq;fs; FLk;g itj;jpaUld; fye;jhNyhrpAq;fs;.
t;thW?
fpq;];udpy; cs;s ~ikd;l; ,d; fpq;];ud;| (Mind in Kingston) Nghd;w mikg;GfsplkpUe;J cjtp ngwyhk;. ~ikd;l; ,d; fpq;];ud;| kdNehahy; mtjpg;gLNthh;f;F MjuTk; MNyhridAk; NritAk; ey;Fk; xU mwf;fl;lisahFk;. tpyhrk;: Siddeley House, 50 Canbury Park Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey. KT2 6LX. Tel: 020 8255 3939. Email: info@mindinkingston.org.uk.
~fpq;];ud; Nuzpq; nghapd;w;| (Kingston Turning Point) kdNehapdhy; mtjpg;gLNthh;f;F Ntz;ba csuPjpahd tpNrlcjtpia mspf;Fk; NritahFk;.
cq;fs; FLk;g itj;jpaNu cq;fSf;F ,e;jr;Nritia xOq;F nra;a KbAk;. mth;fs; Kjypy; cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Mjutpd; msitf; fzpg;gpLth;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; cq;fSf;Fg; gupr;rakpy;yhtpby; xU nkhopngah;g;ghsiu xOq;F nra;J jUth;.
■
7 ãŠóTM 2009 2009

Page 8
8
ãŠóTM 2009
kBmkÍ1⁄4>Vç«Â ( kBmkÍ1⁄4>Vç«Â ( 1⁄4ÄìÍm 1⁄4ÄìÍm kV¿D kV¿D ) ) Adult Placement
(Shared Lives) Scheme z1⁄2lòÝ] ]â¦D z1⁄2lòÝ] ]â¦D
fpq;];ud; Cuhl;rp vy;iyf;Fs; (Royal Borough of Kingston) thOk; xUth; md;whl tho;f;ifiaj; jhdhfNt elj;j KbahjtuhfTk; Mdhy; guhkupg;G epiyaq;fspy; (Residential Homes) tho tpUk;gh jtuhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; mtUf;F ,j; jpl;lj;jpy; gq;FngWk; guhkupg;ghsh; (Shared lives carer) xUtupd; tPl;by; Nrh;e;J tho top nra;Nthk;. ,J xU FWfpa fhy my;yJ ePz;l fhy Vw;ghlhf ,Uf;fyhk;. xU FLk;gr; #oypy; Rje;jpukhd> rhjhuzkhd tho;f;ifiaf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F ,J cjTfpwJ. tNahjpgu; xUtupd; guhkspg;ghsuhf ePq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; cq;fs; Xa;T ,ilntspia (Respite) ,j; jpl;lg; guhkupg;ghsu; xU tUld; fopf;f xOq;F nra;jy; ,aYk;. Mdhy; ,ij Kd;$l;bNa xOq;F nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J ePq;fs; guhkupf;Fk; tNahjpgUila guhkupg;igj; njhluTk;> cq;fsJ Xa;T ,ilntspia xOq;F nra;aTk; cjTk;.
“gPw;wh; jdJ tajhd jhahUld; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; jd;id ahNuh jhf;f Kay;fpwhh;fs; vd;w kdg;gpuikapdhy; Neha;tha;g;gl;lhh;. itj;jparhiyapy; rpyfhyk; guhkupf;fg;gl;L tPL jpUk;gpagpd; kPz;Lk; mNj gpuikapdhy; Jd;Gw;wij mtUila guhkupg;ghsh; ftdpj;jhh;. mtiu ~Nrh;e;J thOk; jpl;lj;jpy;| gq;FngWk; xU guhkupg;ghsh; tPl;by; FbapUj;jpagpd; mth; gytifahd> jpUg;jpjUk; tho;it mEgtpj;jhh;. filfs;> Njhl;lf; fsQ;rpar; rhiyfs;> G+q;fhf;fs;> tpLKiwfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F jdJ guhkupg;ghsUld; Nghdhh;. (,jw;F Kd; mth; ntsp ehLfSf;Fg; Nghdjpy;iy. mtuplk; flTr; rPl;Lj;jhDk; ,Uf;f tpy;iy.) mtUila guhkupg;ghsh; mtUf;Fj; Njitahd ehshe;j cjtpfisr; nra;J nfhLj;jJld; mtUila kdepiyapYk; ftdk; nrYj;jp ahUk; mwpahjthW mth; kPz;Lk; RftPdKW tijj; jtph;g;gjpy; ftdkhftpUe;jhh;.”
è†aô†v è†aô†v (K.U.T.L.E.T.S.) (K.U.T.L.E.T.S.)
~f ~f
l;nyl;];| (Kingston Upon Thames Local Exchange Trading System) mq;f Kiwia xj;j xU r%f eltbf;ifahFk;. ~fl;nyl;];| ,d; mq;fj;jth;fs; jk;kpilN Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,j; njhlh;G mq;fj;jtupilNa nghUl;fisAk; Nrit cjTfpwJ. ~gTz;| fSf;Fk; ~ngd;];| fSf;Fk; gjpyhf jk;kpilNa ~gPf;];| (Beaks) vdg mikg;Gfs; 1991Mk; Mz;by; cyfk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l KOtjpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ~fl;yl;];| ,d;W mtw;wpy; ehL KOtjpYk; rpytw;Wld; fhzg;gLk; ~fl;nyl;];| 200f;Fk; ,w vtUk; ~fl;nyl;];| ,y; mq;fj;jtuhfr; Nruyhk;. Vnddpy; xt;nthUtuplKk; gpw cz;L. mJ tPl;ilj; jpUj;JtJ my;yJ cly;moF gLj;jy; Nghd;w njho filf;Fg;NghtJ> gpuahz cjtp Nghd;w Nrit rk;ge;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jpy; jd Njthyaq;fs;> tpahghumikg;Gf;fs; Nghd;w cs;Shh; mikg;Gf;fSk; mq;fj;jtuhf jpul;L vy;yh mq;fj;jth;fSf;Fk; Ntz;bd; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk;. ,t; tpguq;fs; ,iz rikay;> ,j;jfty;fis Njhl;lNtiy> ,izaj;jsj;jpYk; njhopw;fUtp fhzyhk;. thlif> Mdhy; gps;is njhlh;G guhkupg;G> nfhs;Sk; tPL myq;fupj;jy;
tpguk; mq;fj ePq;fs; xU Nritia toq;fpg; ngWk; ~gPf;];|ir NtnwhU Nritiag; ngW Njhl;lNtiy nra;Njh md;wp rikay; Ntiy nra;Njh cioj;j ~tUkhdj;ij| Ntn ~nryT| nra;ayhk;. mjhtJ ePq;fs; xUtNuhnlhUth; Neubg; ~gz;lkhw;W| nra;aNtz;ba gzk; ,y;yhJ cq;fSf;F Ntz;ba Nritiag; ngw top nra;tJld; gpwUf;F c cq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s r%fj;jpdUld; njhlh;G itj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; cjTfpwJ.
ÄJïÝ
Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_
‘A ‘A
÷¬ ÷¬ 16&24 16&24
Þôõ Þôõ
ñ®ò ñ®ò
gh gh
ypdr ~fpsikba jkf;F , mwpFwpfs kyl;Lj;j mjp\;lt KbAk;.
,is uPjpapy; xU gpiwkwp ~fpsikba Programm ,isQh;f cq;f www.che Nrhjidf my;yJ m fisAk; kUe;J tp Nrhj Ntz;ban gbtj;jpy ePq;fs; t %yNkh m ,Uf;Fk; Ntz;ba
NkYk jsj;ijg Trust ,d ,yf;fj;j

Ý]Ý]
E.T.S.) E.T.S.)
ÄJïÝ
Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_
Scheme
gh
ypdr; Nrh;f;ifapy;  KU19 Nritfs;> FLk;g itj;jpah;fs;> kUe;J tpw;gid epiyaq;fs; gw;wpAk;) mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
Nrhjid ,ytrkhdJ> ,NyrhdJ> ,ufrpakhdJ. ePq;fs; nra;a Ntz;banjy;yhk; rpwpjsT cq;fs; rpWePiu mspg;gJld; xU rpW gbtj;jpy; Nfl;fg;gl;Ls;s tpguq;fis epug;GtNj. gupNrhjid KbTfs; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpagb cq;fsJ njhiyNgrpapy; Ngr;rpd; my;yJ vOj;jpd; %yNkh my;yJ fbj %yNkh mwptpf;fg;gLk;. cq;fSf;Ff; ~fpsikbah| ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; ,ytrkhd> ,ufrpakhd gupfhuj;ijg; ngWtjw;F Ntz;ba tpguk; jug;gLk;.
NkYk; tpguq;fs; mwptjw;F www.checkurself.org.uk vd;w ,iza jsj;ijg; ghh;f;fTk;. my;yJ Kingston Primary Care Trust ,d; 020 8339 8077 vd;w njhiyNgrp ,yf;fj;jpy; njhlh;G nfhs;sTk;.
‚°
16&24
‚°
16&24
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onfid onfid Šð Šð
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ahNuh ;gl;lhh;. Pz;Lk; pj;jhh;. tPl;by; pj;jhh;. wfs; ; ntsp ,Uf;f hshe;j
rading System) mq;fj;jth;fshy; elhj;jg;gLk; gz;lkhw;W q;fj;jth;fs; jk;kpilNa xU tiyj; njhlh;ghlypid (network) nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; 'gz;lkhw;W'r; nra;Jnfhs;s Na ~gPf;];| (Beaks) vdg;gLk; ~ehzaj;ij| cgNahfpf;fpd;whh;fs;. k; fhzg;gLk; 200f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l mikg;Gfspy; xd;W. ,t;thwhd tw;Wld; ~fl;nyl;];| ,w;Fj; njhlh;G cs;sJ.
; xt;nthUtuplKk; gpwUf;Fj; juf;$ba nghUNsh NritNah Lj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy; rk;ge;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk; md;wp f ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jpy; jdpg;gl;lth;fs; khj;jpukd;wp ghlrhiyfs;. ;Gf;fSk; mq;fj;jtuhfyhk;. Nrit tpguq;fs; mlq;fpa jftw;; k;. ,t; tpguq;fs; ,izaj; jsj;jpYk; ntspaplg;gLk;. ,jpy; pg;G> tPL myq;fupj;jy; Nghd;witAk; ,d;Dk; gyTk; mlq;Fk;. nfhs;Sk; tpguk; mq;fj;jth;fSf;F khj;jpuNk mwpaj; jug;gLk;. whU Nritiag; ngWtjw;F cgNahfpf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf> j;j ~tUkhdj;ij| NtnwhU mq;fj;jth; mspf;Fk; Nritf;fhf ;lkhw;W| nra;aNtz;bajpy;iy. ~fl;nyl;];| rpy; mq;fj;jtuhjy; ra;tJld; gpwUf;F cjtp nra;aTk; top nra;fpwJ. mj;Jld; Tk; cjTfpwJ.
KUTLETS KUTLETS c/o c/o LEAH LEAH Siddeley Siddeley House House 50 50 Canbury Canbury Park Park Road Road Kingston Kingston upon upon Thames Thames KT2 KT2 6LX. 6LX.
Email: Email: join@kutlets.org.uk join@kutlets.org.uk Web: Web: www.kutlets.org.uk www.kutlets.org.uk Ans. Ans. Mach.: Mach.: 0845 0845 8072 8072 820 820

Page 9
PALS àì¡ âù‚° PALS âšMî‹ àîõ o®»‹?
Nritapy; mjpUg;jp cs;sJ@ Mdhy;
aî£ì ̃1 aè£œÀƒèœ. â‹ñ£TM W›‚è‡ìõŸ¬ø„ aêŒò o®»‹
•
Kiwg;ghL nra;a tpUk;gtpy;iy?
•
gpur;rid cz;L@ Mdhy; ahiu mZFtJ vd;W njupatpy;iy?
•
$ba rPf;fpuk; cq;fsJ gpur my;yJ ftiyiaj; jPh;f;f cj
•
ftiy cz;L@ Mdhy; vd;d nra;tnjd;W njupatpy;iy?
•
cq;fSf;Fk; FLk;gj;jpd Njitahd MNyhridAk;
•
cq;fsJ fUj;ij my;yJ
mspg;Nghk;. Nahridia ahUldhtJ gfph;e;J nfhs;s tpUk;GfpwPh;fsh?
•
NtW cjtpfSk; tpguq;fS ngwyhk; vd topfhl;LNthk;.
cƒèœ î1⁄4‹ Mðóƒèœ ò£ ÞóèCòñ£èŠ ð£¶è£‚èŠð àƒèœ Ü ̧ñF aðŸø H¡
cƒèœ ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì Mìò «ñ1⁄2‹ ïìõ®‚¬è â ́‚èŠ
ÄJïÝ
Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_
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â‹oì¡ «ð£QTM aî£ì ̃1 àƒèœ Mðóˆ¬î åLŠðFMTM
Ã®ò Y‚Aó‹
aî£ì ̃1 a
E.mail
Phone
By Letter

PALS àì¡ aî£ì ̃1 aè£œÀƒèœ. â‹ñ£TM W›‚è‡ìõŸ¬ø„ aêŒò o®»‹
àƒè÷¶ èõ¬ô¬òˆ b ̃ˆ¶ ¬õŠðî¡ Íô‹ àƒèÀ‚è£ù Þ‰î„ «ê¬õ¬ò õ÷ ̃‚è3⁄4‹ õ÷‹ð ́ˆî3⁄4‹ o®»‹.
î1⁄4‹ Mðóƒèœ ò£3⁄4‹ Còñ£èŠ ð£¶è£‚èŠð ́‹.
Ü ̧ñF aðŸø H¡ù«ó ê‹ð‰îŠð†ì MìòˆFTM ïìõ®‚¬è â ́‚èŠð ́‹.
ÄJïÝ
Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_
ï£‹ Ü1⁄2õôèˆFTM ÞTMô£F1⁄4ŠH¡ ô¶ «õ¬ô «ïó‹ îM ̃‰î «ïóˆFTM ‹oì¡ «ð£QTM aî£ì ̃1 aè£‡ì£TM œ Mðóˆ¬î åLŠðFMTM M ́ƒèœ. Ã®ò Y‚Aó‹ àƒèÀì¡ aî£ì ̃1 aè£œ«õ£‹.
E.mail
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rPf;fpuk; cq;fsJ gpur;rpidia ftiyiaj; jPh;f;f cjTNthk;.
f;Fk; FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; hd MNyhridAk; MjuTk; ghk;. cjtpfSk; tpguq;fSk; vq;F k; vd topfhl;LNthk;.
1. VjhtJ cq;fs; kdjpy; ftiyia Vw;gLj;jpdhy; Kjypy; mr;NritAld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltUld; NgRq;fs;. 2. rk;ge;jg;gl;ltUld; Ngrpa gpd;Gk; mth; fshy; cq;fSf;F cjt KbahJ vd;W fUjpdhNyh my;yJ cq;fsJ mgpg;gp uhaq;fis rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fSld; gfph;e;Jnfhs;s ,ayhJ ,Ue;jhNyh PALS cld; njhlh;G nfhs;Sq;fs;. cq;fs; rhh;gpy; ehk; Ntz;baijr; nra;Nthk;. 3. mjd; gpd;Gk; ePq;fs; jpUg;jpailahJ> mjpfhuG+h;t Kiwg;ghL nra;a tpUk;gpd;> mijr; nra;Ak; topKiw tpguq;fisj; jUNthk;.
«ï£ò£÷ ̃ Ý«ô£ê¬ù‚°‹ aî£ì ̃ð£ì1⁄2‚°ñ£ù «ê¬õ
NHS
Þ¡ Fø¬ñò£ù «ê¬õJ¬ùŠ aðŸÁˆ î1⁄4õ«î âñ¶ «ï£‚è‹
ãŠóTM 2009
9

Page 10
1010
ãŠóTM 2009
ð‚èõ£î‹
(Stroke) î£‚Aù£TM M¬ó‰¶ (F.A.S.T.)
aêòŸð ́ƒèœ
F.A.S.T F ace&oè‹ / A rms&¬èèœ / S peech&«ð„2 / T ime&Üõè£ê‹
ePq;fs; cld; eltbf;if vLf;fNtz;baJ Vd;?
gf;fthjk; cldbahf rpfpr;ir nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba cly;epiy ahFk;. MfNt ,e;Nehapd; mwpFwpfisf; fz;l Tld; 999 vz;Zf;Fg; 'Nghd;| nra;J ~mk;Gyd;];|ir tutioj;jy; Kf;fpak;. Nehahsp ey;yepiyf;F kPs;tJ vt;tsT tpiuthf mth; rpfpr;ir ngWfpwhh; vd; gijg; nghWj;J ,Uf;Fk;. gf;fthjk; (Stroke), 'upIV' (Transient Ischaemic Attack - TIA) vd;git vd;d?
%isf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,uj;j Xl;lk; jilg;gLtjhy; gf;fthjk; cz;lhfpwJ. If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; mNefk; Ngh; tyk; Fd;Wtjw;F (Diability) Kf;fpa fhuzpaha; ,Ug;gJld;> gyupd; kuzj;ij Vw;gLj;J tjpy; Gw;WNeha;> ,Uja Neha; Mfpa tw;wpw;F mLj;j %d;whtJ fhuzpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. gf;fthjk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. xt;nthU tifAk; tpj;jpahrkhd Kiw apy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
njhopyhsh Nehahspia ngw;Ws;shh
tpiuthd Nehapd; tpiuthd apDila fisf; fz
1. fhuz 2. ghjpf;f 3. jhf;fj vt;tsT mtUf;F r kPsypw;Fk; ~,];fPkpf; ];Nwhf;| (Ischaemic stroke) jhd; mNefk; Ngiuj; jhf;FfpwJ. 20,y;17
Neha; T thjkhf kh Ngh; tiu ,jdhy; jhf;fg; gLfpwhh;fs;. ,uj;jf; fl;bNah (Blood clot) my;yJ
rupahd nfhOg;Gg; nghUl;fs; ,uj;j ehsj;ij
tpisTfi milj;J ,uj;jKk; mj;Jld; gpuhz
jpl;lk; (N thATk; %isf;Fr; nry;tijj; jil
cs;sJ. m nra;tjdhy; ,J Vw;gLfpwJ.
1. ~];Nuh ~`PkNw[pf; ];Nwhf;| (Haemorraghic stroke) ,uj;jehsk; ntbj;J ,uj;jk; ntsp Nawp fl;bahfp %isapd; xU gFjpia mOj;Jtjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. Vida gFjpfSf;Fk; ,uj;jk; nry;yhJ jilg; gl;lhy; mg;gFjpfSk; gOjilaf;$Lk;.
~l;whd;rpnad;w; ,];fPkpf; mw;uhf;| (Tansient Ischaemic Attack - TIA) my;yJ
2. tpNrl nry;yy;.
3. %is 4. epGzj 5. fhyk; 6. Neha;f 7. xU jpl ~kpdp ];Nwhf;| (mini-stroke) vd;gJk; gf;f thjj;ijg; Nghd;w mwpFwpfisf;
%isf;F nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,t; mwp
,J ,uj;j Fwpfs; rpykzpNeuq;fspy; kiwe;JtpLk;.
nfhOg;G g Mdhy; ,jw;Fk; mtrukhfr; rpfpr;ir ngw Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. Vnddpy; ,J xU
Fiwtjdh KOikahd gf;fthjkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ~upIV| (TIA) xU fLikahd jhf;fj;ij
Vw;glyhk;. cz;lhf;fhJ tpl;lhYk;> mJ xU KOikahd gf;fthjk; tUtjw;F xU Kd;dwptpg;ghfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. mjdhy; ,f;Fwpfs; Njhd;wpaTld; clNd ~mk;Gyd;];| ir tu tiog;gJ mtrpak;.
cah; , NthUf;F Mdhy; Vw;w gf;fthjj;ij milahsq;fhzy;
xU itj;jparhiyapy; nra;af;$ba gupNrhjidfspdhNyNa gf;fthjnkd epr;rak; nra;J nfhs;sKbAk;. Mdhy; F.A.S.T. Fwpg;gpLk; mwpFwpfs; '];Nwhf;| fpid ,dq;fhz cjTk;. F.A.S.T. tpguk; ~];Nwhf;| epGzh;fspdhy; tiuag;gl;lJ. ,JNt mtruNritf; FOtpdh; gf;fthjj;ij ,dk;fhz cjTfpwJ. ~gh];w;| (F.A.S.T.)
Kfk; (Face): Kfj;jpd; xUgf;fj;jpy; ,wf;fk; Vw;gl;Ls;sjh? mth;fshy; Gd;dif nra;a Kbfpwjh?
iffs; (Arms): ,uz;L iffisAk; cah;j;jp itj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbfpwjh? Ngr;R (Speech): NgRk;NghJ tha; FsWfpwjh?
rpfpr;irAk
gf;fthjk;
fPo;f;fz;Nl
1. tajpy 2. ,e;Neh 3. njd;d fhuzk; ,t gutyhff; f 4. Vw;fd ;gl;Nlhh;.
5. juf;F Mfpa fhuz 999 mtfhrk; vd;w njhiyNgrp (Time): Nkw;fz;l vz;iz mioAq;fs;.
mwpFwpfspy; Vjhtnjhd;W njd;gl;lhy; clNd
mghaj;ij
,it vt
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mwpFwpfspy; Vjhtnjhd;W Njhd;wpdhYk; cldbahf ~mk;Gyd;];|ir tutioj;J Nehahspia itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;Lnrd;W mtru rpfpr;ir nra;jy; mtrpak;. itj;jpa Nritahsh;fSk; ~mk;Gyd;];|
gf;fthjk;
jukhd c kJ mUe;J
ð‚èõ£î‹ Stroke F.A.S.T. ðŸPò «ñôFè MðóƒèÀ‚° nhs.uk/actfas
ÄJïÝ
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rpfpr;ir y ahFk;. f; fz;l ;| nra;J Kf;fpak;. vt;tsT pwhh; vd;
Transient ;d?
Xl;lk; ;lhfpwJ. Ngh; tyk; huzpaha; Vw;gLj;J a; Mfpa huzpahf ifg;gLk;. hd Kiw
c stroke) . 20,y;17 fpwhh;fs;. my;yJ ehsj;ij ; gpuhz j; jil
morraghic ;jk; ntsp gFjpia Vida J jilg;
f;$Lk;.
mw;uhf;| my;yJ Jk; gf;f wpfisf; ,t; mwp e;JtpLk;. ; ,J xU hf;fj;ij w;F xU ; clNd
thjnkd ; '];Nwhf;| ag;gl;lJ.
th;fshy;
jh?
; clNd
ldbahf ;Lnrd;W k;Gyd;];|
èÀ‚° nhs.uk/actfast â¡ø Þ¬íò î÷ˆ¬îŠ ð£ ̃‚è3⁄4‹.
njhopyhsh;fSk; xU NehahspapDila epiyikia kjpg;gplTk;> Njitg;gbd; Nehahspia tpiuthf itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;yTk; gapw;rp ngw;Ws;shh;fs;.
tpiuthd Neha;f;fzpg;G (Rapid diagnosis) Kf;fpak;. Nehapd; fhuzk;> jhf;fmsT> Ntz;ba rpfpr;irfs; ,tw;iwj; jPh;khdpg;gjw;F tpiuthd Neha;f;fzpg;G mtrpak;. gf;fthjk; vdr; re;Njfpj;jhy; Nehahsp apDila %isia ~];fhd;| (scan) nra;jy; mtrpak;. ,J fPo;f;fz;l tpguq; fisf; fz;lwpa cjTk;.
1. fhuzk; vd;d? ehsj;jpy; jilah md;wp ntbg;gh? 2. ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gFjp. 3. jhf;fj;jpd; msT. vt;tsT rPf;fpuk; xU Nehapd; jhf;fk; fzpf;fg; gLfpwNjh mt;tsT rPf;fpukhf mtUf;F rpfpr;ir mspf;f KbAk;. ,J mtuJ caph; tho;tpw;Fk; ey;tho;T kPsypw;Fk; Jiznra;Ak;. vdNt epkplq;fs; Kf;fpakhdit.
Neha; TIA vdf; fzpf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ kPz;LtuhJ ,Uf;fTk; my;yJ gf;f thjkhf khWk; tha;g;igf; Fiwf;fTk; KbAk;. rpfpr;irAk; guhkupg;Gk;
rupahd rpfpr;irAk; ey;y guhkupg;Gk; Nehapdhy; Vw;glf;$ba ePz;lfhyj; jPa tpisTfis Fiwf;fTk;> caph;fisf; fhg;ghw;wTk; cjTk;. Njrpa gf;fthj jpl;lk; (National stroke strategy) xU cah;jukhd guhkupg;gpw;F topfhl;bahf cs;sJ. mit:
1. ~];Nuhf;| vdr; re;Njfk; Vw;gLkplj;J 999 vz;iz miog;gjpy; tpiuT. 2. tpNrl rpfpr;ir ngwf;$ba itj;jparhiyf;F Nehahspiaf; nfhz;L nry;yy;.
3. %isiag; gupNrhjid nra;tjpy; tpiuT. 4. epGzj;Jt rpfpr;irepiyaj;jpd; Nritiag; ngwy;. 5. fhyk; jho;j;jhJ gupNrhjidfisAk; NehiaAk; ,dq;fhzy;. 6. Neha;f;Fg; gpe;jpafhyg; guhkupg;Gf;fhd epGzj;Jt mwpTiufs;. 7. xU jpl;lkplg;gl;l> guhkupg;Gf; ifkhwYk; ePz;lfhy cjtpAk;. gf;fthjk; Vw;gLk; Mgj;Jf;$LjyhAs;s egh;fs;
%isf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,uj;j Xl;lk; jilg;gLtjdhNyNa gf;fthjk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,J ,uj;jehsq;fs; FWFtjdhNyNah> ehsf;Foha;fspy; cl;gf;fq;fspy; nfhOg;G gbtjdhNyNah (furring), ehsq;fs; fbdkiltjhNyNah md;wp tY FiwtjdhNyNah my;yJ ,uj;jk; mlh;r;rp (thickening of blood) ngWtjdhNyNah Vw;glyhk;.
cah; ,uj;j mOj;jk;> ePupopT> rpWePuf Neha;> Mfpaitfspdhy; Jd;GW NthUf;F gf;fthj Nehapdhy; jhf;fg;gLk; rhj;jpaf;$W $Ljyhf cs;sJ. Mdhy; Vw;w rpfpr;irapd; %yk; ,r; rhj;jpaf;$iw Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sKbAk;. fPo;f;fz;NlhUf;F gf;fthjj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gL;k rhj;jpaf;$W mjpfk;
1. tajpy; KjpNahh;. 2. ,e;Nehapdhy; fpl;ba cwtpdh;; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;. 3. njd;dhrpa> njd;dhgpupf;f> ~fupgpad;| (Caribbean) ,d kf;fs;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,t;tpd kf;fs; ngUk;ghNyhupilNa cah; ,uj;j mOj;jKk; ePupopTk; gutyhff; fhzg;gly;.
4. Vw;fdNt gf;fthjk;> ~upIV| (TIA) ,UjaNeha; Mfpatw;why; ghjpf;fg ;gl;Nlhh;.
5. juf;Fiwthd czT> kpjkpQ;rpa kJ> Gifgpbj;jy;> clw;gapw;rp ,y;yhik Mfpa fhuzq;fspdhYk; gf;fthjj;jpdhy; jhf;fg;gLk; mghak; cz;L.
,it vtuhYk; fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $baitahjyhy; gf;fthjj;jpdhy; jhf;fg;gLk; mghaj;ijf; Fiwf;f KbAk;. gf;fthjk; jhf;Fk; mghaj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; topfs;.
jukhd czT> xOq;fhd clw;gapw;rp> Gif gpbj;jiyj; jtph;j;jy;> kpjkpQ;rpa kJ mUe;Jjiyj; jtph;j;jy; Mfpait.

Page 11
>tμ >tμ >tμ >am >am >am mB«Ý]_ mB«Ý]_ mB«Ý]_ 1⁄4>ÄD 1⁄4>ÄD 1⁄4>ÄD zwÍç>ïÓÂïVï zwÍç>ïÓÂïVï zwÍç>ïÓÂïVï gμÍm^ám gμÍm^ám gμÍm^ám
Foe;ijfs; xU ehl;bd; Kf;fpa tUq;fhy tskhff; fUjg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,jdhy;> mth;fsJ cly; cs eyj;Jf;Fk; tho;f;if epiwTf;Fk; Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; tsUk; ehnldf; fUjg;gLk; ,yq;ifapNyh Foe;ijfs; nfhd;W Ftpf;fg;gL fpwhh;fs;> fLk; fhaq;fSf;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. rl;lG+h;tkhd chpikfSf;fhf ,yq;ifapy; cUthd Nghhpy;> ehl;bd; ,iwik> Rje;jpuk;> [dehafk;> tpLjiy vd;w ngaupy; jkpoh;fspd; tUq;fhyr; re;jjp mopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. midj;Jyf hPjpapy; jil nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhYk;> Nghh;fspy; nghJkf;fs; nfhy;yg;gLtJ njhlh;e;J eilngWfpwJ. midj;Jyfr; rl;lj;Jf;F vJtpj kjpg;Gkpd;wp> Mz;> ngz;> rpwhh;> Nghuhspfs;> nghJkf;fs; vd;w Ngjkpd;wp nfhiyfs; njhlh;fpd;wd. nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l Foe;ijfisg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ kdk; Jbf;fpd;wJ. Kbtpy;yh ,r;rk;gtq;fspdhy; jkpo; kf;fs; Mo;e;j ftiy nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;. Mj;jpuk;> Jauk;> cjtpaw;w epiy Mfpait mNefiur; nraypof;f js;spAs;sJ.
“Foe;ijfisAk; itj;Js;sJld; ek;gpf;ifaw;w rpwhh;fisAk;
epiyf;Fk;
ghJfhg;gNj xU ,dj;jpd; Kjy; rthy;.”
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ãŠóTM 2009 “Federal the only Government solution...”
is
Who said so? S.W.R.D.Bandaranaike Where? In Jaffna When? In July 1926 How do you know? It was fully reported in the CEYLON MORNING LEADER of Saturday 17 July 1926. T T
hat TRIBUNE, July report 2, 1977, in Colombo, with the Morning introductory (edited Leader remarks by S.P.Amarasingham) was reproduced by the late scholar in the of
and raconteur James T.Ratnam; who wrote:
“Bandaranaike returned to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in 1925 after a brilliant career in the Oxford Union as a political speaker. He missed the President ship, but he was Junior Treasurer of the Union, the stepping stone to the higher office. Politics was his special study. He was an ambitious man. He shed his loyalties to the feudal society into which he was born.
“His father was a servant of the Crown in the Imperial Court of the Governor. His grandfather S.C.Obeyasekara despised the aspirations of the common man. He had called them “nobody's trying to become somebody's”. But as young Bandaranaike stepped into the island, he became the rising hope of the radical youth of the country. He founded in 1926 the progressive Nationalist Party of which I too was a member ......
“I give below his speech which is not found among his Collected Speeches and which he himself in the course of time chose to side-step with a political pact, purely because of the insatiate appetite of racial chauvinists and the opposition of political opportunists .....
From the CEYLON MORNING LEADER, Saturday July 17. 1926
“FEDERATION IS THE ONLY SOLUTION TO OUR POLITICAL PROBLEMS”
“Under the auspices of the Students' Congress, Mr.S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, B.A. (Oxon), Barrister-at-law, delivered a very interesting lecture on “Federation as the Only Solution to our Political Problems”. Dr. Issac Thambyah presided.
“Mr.Bandaranaike said that it was necessary in the first place to realise the importance of the present time. A revision of the consultation was due in 1928. A satisfactory measure of self- government was expected. It was therefore necessary to thing very clearly and realise in its entirety the whole political question. A false step taken, a false proposal made now would be very difficult to retrieve in the future. They all wanted self- government. The question remained what was the measure of self-government they were aiming at.
“There were briefly two forms of Government met with in Ceylon. One form was the “Nindagama” system of land tenure; the other was the Headman system of provincial administration”.
“The Nindagama system was a feudal form of Government. As long as the feudal dues were paid (they were always paid in hand) no notice was taken of anything else. In the Headmen system, the village was considered as the unit. The king had his various Disawas, Rate Mahatamayas etc. The various provinces were divided and sub-divided till one came to the Gansabawa. The Gansabawa was composed of the head of each family of all those in the village irrespective of wealth.
“The litigants had the right to appeal to the King himself but the Gansabawas' decision was rarely upset. All that meant was
If they considered past history they would see th the Tamils, the Low Country Sinhalese and the Ka for over thousand years in Ceylon and had not sh They reserved their language, their customs, and their rel
who would pin his faith on the gradual disappea
“
that the whole land was a loose federation bou oath to the King. When the British came introduced a centralised form of Governme form of Government had a semblance of a fre to the present day it was nothing else but a b Government.
“The lecturer then referred to the c agitation for larger measure of reforms. It di when the riots took place. The lecture then r part played by Sir Ramanathan, then the E Member, Sir P Arunachalam who started the N was he who fathered the movement for agitatio the Congress was started the articles to whi subscribe themselves was that their aim and Government within the Empire. Beyond the more seats in the legislative Council, nothing e “Those who agitated for reform conce energies on arguing in two directions of fa system was not questioned as to its suitabi aimed at copying the type pf government as e The result was that the Legislative Council at mongrel assembly. It was an assembly of the in realise it was utterly useless.
“Various compromises were made. The members who were not responsible to any b territorial principle was acknowledged, the c acquiesced and when all was said and done, t real power.
“The Legislative Council had a certain over the finances, but that did not amount to m Council was divorced from the Legislative Co like a Schoolboys' Debating Society. That wa price paid for it was the Sinhalese-Tamil Country and the Kandyan Sinhalese split. Th with mistrust, one at the other...
It was wrong to think that the dif fundamental. There were men who thought t created by a few ambitious persons and whe those differences would disappear. A hundr were no such differences. They did not a Englishmen sat on the heads of the Tamil Sinhalese an the Kandyan Sinhalese.
“The moment they began to speak of tak in their hands, then the differences that w smouldered forth.
If they considered past h see that the three communities, the Tamils Sinhalese and the Kandyan Sinhalese h thousand years in Ceylon and had not show merge. They reserved their language, their religion. He would be a very rash man who on the gradual disappearance of those diffe
“The lecture that proceeded to outline th crop up. The Legislative Council would un reformed government, elect their Prime Mini Ministers. Now there was a certain proport present the various communities. If tha maintained in the ministry to the communiti certain proportion.
“A centralised form of the Gover homogenous whole. He knew no part of Government was carried on under such confli as would be experienced in |Ceylon.
“Those would be the troubles if a c government was introduced into coun communal differences.
“In a federal Government, each federa [power over themselves. Yet they united a assemblies to discuss matters affecting the w was the form of Government in the United St
“

“
eral e only Government solution...”
is
was a loose federation bound by one common When the British came to the island they lised form of Government. The centralised t had a semblance of a free instruction. Even t was nothing else but a bureaucratic form of
then referred to the course of political measure of reforms. It did not start till 1915 place. The lecture then referred to the great Ramanathan, then the Educated Ceylonese achalam who started the National Congress. It the movement for agitation for reform. When tarted the articles to which all the members es was that their aim and goal should be self- the Empire. Beyond the securing of a few islative Council, nothing else was done”. gitated for reform concentrated their whole in two directions of fallacious bases. The estioned as to its suitability. Secondly they e type pf government as existing in England. the Legislative Council at present was a most It was an assembly of the people in theory but
ly useless.
the self-governing dominions, Australia, South Africa, Canada, had the same system. Switzerland offered a better example for Ceylon. It was a small country, but three races lived there, French, Germans, and Italians. Yet Switzerland was a country where the Federal form of Government was very successful. Each canton romises were made. They were Government
managed its own affairs. But questions of foreign affairs, not responsible to any body of voters. The
commerce, defence etc. matters affecting the whole country. was acknowledged, the communal principle
Matters about which differences and controversies would be at a n all was said and done, the assembly had no
minimum were dealt with by the Federal Assembly.
“In Ceylon, each Province should have complete ive Council had a certain measure of control
autonomy. There should be one or two assemblies to deal with t that did not amount to much. The Executive
the special revenue of the island. A thousand and one ed from the Legislative Council which looked
objections could be raised against the system, but when the ebating Society. That was the net result. The
objections: were dissipated, he was convinced that some form as the Sinhalese-Tamil split and the Low
of Federal Government would be the only solution. ndyan Sinhalese split. The minorities looked the other...
“He had not dealt with the smaller communities. For such communities temporary arrangements could be made for special g to think that the differences were not
representation. Those temporary arrangement s would exist till were men who thought the differences were
the dear existed about one community trying to overlord the other. bitious persons and when those people died
He would suggest the same for the Colombo Tamil seat. ould disappear. A hundred years ago there erences. They did not appear because the the heads of the Tamil, the Low country dyan Sinhalese.
“The three main divisions in the island were the Kandyan Sinhalese, the Low Country Sinhalese and the Tamils. It was difficult to find a system that would completely satisfy everyone. That was in brief the Federal system. He would they began to speak of taking the Government
be amply satisfied if it was recognised that the problem did exist. n the differences that were lying dormant
IF there were a better form of plan he hoped someone would think about it and place t before the people.
(Several speakers then made comments and asked questions). “Mr. Bandaranaike in reply said that the question of religion was hardly a matter to be dealt with by legislation. The question of financial inequality was a serious objection, so also was the question of education. The common fund could be
at proceeded to outline the difficulties would lative Council would under the anticipated nt, elect their Prime Minister and the various re was a certain proportion of members to us communities. If that proportion was inistry to the communities would demand a
shared among provinces that required help. The subject was full of controversy. The last speaker had hit the nail on the head. Why not remain under the British? Why all that worry and discussion? NO nation deserved the name of a nation if it did not wasn't a measure of self-government. It deserved to be wiped out of the surface of the earth.
“Dr. Issac Thambyah said that the lecture was powerfully
d form of the Government assumed a . He knew no part of the world where a rried on under such conflicting circumstances nced in |Ceylon. f they considered past history they would ommunities, the Tamils, the Low Country Kandyan Sinhalese had lived for over Ceylon and had not shown any tendency to ed their language, their customs, and their be a very rash man who would pin his faith ppearance of those differences.
delivered and reasonably thought out. He hoped that a great deal of interest would be created. The British Malaya was a placed that he knew where Federation was a working and working well too. He suggested that their leaders of thought in Jaffna and Colombo should pay a visit to Malaya and come back and tell them what d be the troubles if a centralised form of
they thought of Federation. introduced into countries with large ces.
“In conclusion, Dr.Thambyah congratulated the Students' Congress for its choice of lectures. Sometime ago a gentleman overnment, each federal unit had complete
spoke of the ideals of education. That night Mr.Bandaranaike had elves. Yet they united and had one or two
spoken of the ideal of Government. He moved a vote of thanks to ss matters affecting the whole country. That
the lecturer. The vote was carried with acclamation. ernment in the United States of America. All
Curtsy- Hot Spring, January 1999
tory they would see that the three communities,
Sinhalese and the Kandyan Sinhalese had lived eylon and had not shown any tendency to merge.
ustoms, and their religion. He would be a very rash man the gradual disappearance of those differences.
S.W.R.D.Bandaranaike
“

Page 13
THE PEOPLES AND CULTURES OF PREHISTO
DR. DR. SIVA SIVA THIAGARAJAH THIAGARAJAH 4 PEOPLING OF THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT: THE PROTO- AUSTRALOID CIVILIZATION
GENETICS OF THE PREHISTORIC PEOPLES OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
Diagram showing the Y-Chromosome genetic markers of the main descendants of anatomically modern humans who occupied the Indian Subcontinent.
W
e have already discussed that while reconstructing ancestry, geneticists use two types of DNA, the complex molecule that carries genetic information. The first mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA is found in mitochondria, a kind of power generator found in the human cell outside the nucleus. This is transmitted only by the mother to her children. The second type Y-DNA is contained in the Y chromosome of the father within the cell nucleus and is transmitted from father to son. For various reasons these genetic material undergoes slight alterations in the course of time called 'mutations', which are passed on to the following generations. These mutations then become the characteristic feature of the line of descendants. If for example the Y-DNA of two men, even though they are living far apart in distant countries exhibit the same mutation, they necessarily share a common ancestor in the paternal line.
Coastal migration of 'Australoids' from Africa to Australia and the Far East 70,000 years ago. South India-Sri Lanka region was one of the few woodlands of that period.
These mutations or genetic markers definitive categories called 'haplotypes' w individual's genetic fingerprint. Similar ha brought together into 'haplogroups', each of identifies a particular ethnic group. Such gene used to establish the relationship between t measuring the 'genetic distance' between genetic distance, more genetically close are the Apart from identifying and making sense markers, dating their mutations remains a ma geneticist. On an average, a marker of Y-D mutation every 500 generations; but sudden exceptional circumstances cannot be rul therefore, needs inputs from archaeolog anthropology, geology, linguistics and ot confirm its historical accuracy.
Genetic samples drawn from modern hu different parts of the world enable scientists to back all the way through an African orig colonisation of the other continents. By tr marker called M168 which is present in the men it was demonstrated how the first bands perhaps not unlike the present day African 'bu of Africa and colonised the Arabian peninsula ago (Spencer Wells: 2002).
From the Arabian peninsula a sub-group marker M130 (Proto Australoid) moved alon coastal fringe of southern Asia, populating So and migrating all the way to Australia with years. Because of the low sea level, the A aligned very differently with far greater c landmasses, facilitating the rapid migration These people were ancestors to the aborigina Australia as well as in south and south-east Asi
Another branch of the African M168 colo genetic marker M89 moved into the middle ea From the middle east this group has spread to

1313 D CULTURES OF PREHISTORIC SRI LANKA
DR. DR. SIVA SIVA THIAGARAJAH THIAGARAJAH 4 SUB-CONTINENT: D CIVILIZATION
ons or genetic markers are organised in s called 'haplotypes' which constitute an fingerprint. Similar haplotypes are then to 'haplogroups', each of which genetically r ethnic group. Such genetic markers are then e relationship between two populations by etic distance' between them. Shorter the re genetically close are the two populations. ntifying and making sense of the right genetic r mutations remains a major challenge to the verage, a marker of Y-DNA undergoes one generations; but sudden changes caused by stances cannot be ruled out. Genetics inputs from archaeology, palaeontology, ogy, linguistics and other disciplines to l accuracy. es drawn from modern human populations in world enable scientists to trace their lineages through an African origin and subsequent other continents. By tracking the genetic which is present in the Y-chromosomes of rated how the first bands of modern humans, he present day African 'bushmen', moved out sed the Arabian peninsula about 70,000 years 2002). ian peninsula a sub-group bearing the genetic o Australoid) moved along the resource-rich thern Asia, populating South India-Sri Lanka he way to Australia within a few thousand the low sea level, the Asian coastline was ently with far greater connectivity among ting the rapid migration of M130 lineage. ancestors to the aboriginal human groups of n south and south-east Asia. h of the African M168 colonisers that bore the moved into the middle east 50,000 years ago. t this group has spread to the southern fringe
ast 70,000 years ago. f that period.
of Eurasia and Oceania. In South India this is a significant group among the present day Dravidian speakers (Pre-Dravidians).
The M89 group gave rise to lineage M9 which moved into southern part of central Asia 40,000 years ago. The M9 lineage subsequently forked out in three directions: M45 penetrated deeper into central Asia 35,000years ago; M175 moved into the Tibet-South China region 30,000 years ago and a population bearing the genetic marker M20 (Proto Dravidians) moved into the Indian subcontinent 30,000 years ago (Spencer Wells: 2002).
This M20 lineage intermixed with the earlier coastal migrant populations of M130. Based on genetic evidence, Wells suggests the encounter between these groups may have been brutal and one-sided, with most men of the M130 lineage being eliminated and their women being interbred with the more aggressive M20 lineage.
About 12,000 years ago, as ice sheets began to retract across Europe and Northern Asia, modern humans bearing genetic marker M172 moved from the 'fertile crescent' towards west into the Mediterranean, and east into Iran and India. They were the Proto-Elamo Dravidians who brought their languages as well as the art of agriculture into Iran and India.
The speakers of Indo-European languages are distinguished by the genetic marker M17 (Haplogroup R1a). This genetic marker has its highest frequency of 65% in Southern Russia/Ukraine. In the Hindi speaking population of Delhi, for example around 35% of men have the M17 genetic marker (Spencer Wells: 2002).
The M17 genetic marker traces the population migration originating in Southern Russia/Ukraine where it is found at its highest frequency. From the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, the distribution age of M17 in Europe and Central Southern Asia is consistent with the movements of these people, who had left behind a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan Culture datable to 3,000 B.C. These people were known for the domestication of the horse, and are believed to have spoken an early Indo-European language (Wells et al: 2001).
The M20 and M172 genetic groups who currently speak the Indo-Aryan languages in North India were previously Dravidian speakers. Similarly 10% of the present day Dravidian speakers of South India carry with them the M17 genetic marker of the Indo- Aryans.
THE FIRST CIVILIZATION: THE PROTO AUSTRALOIDS \
Our forefathers living under extremely simple material conditions have actually developed the social institutions and the religious, philosophical and artistic concepts that form the very foundations of civilizations which we have come to accept as the social norms of our time. The first group of such people who came to South India - Sri Lanka(SISL) to commence this incredible Journey 70,000 years ago were the Proto-Australoids bearing the genetic marker M130.
The term 'Proto-Australoid' was coined in the 1950's to describe the ancient hunter-gatherer people who descended from the first major wave of modern humans to leave sub-saharan Africa 100,000 years ago. They were described as having a gracile body, deep dark brown skin colour and wavy or curly black hair ( Joseph Campbell: 1959 ).
However recent genetic studies show that the first wave of modern humans left Africa about 70,000 years ago. They are believed to have used a simple form of watercraft to cross the
Batadomba-lena cave in SriLanka where the remains of prehistoric humans who lived there 31,000 years have been found. (Photo courtesy: lankalibrary.com)
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narrow span of water across the Red sea, and followed a coastal route to Sri Lanka-South India. From here further progress was again by beach combing into South East Asia. While some made the ocean crossing into Australia 60,000 years ago; others continued their coastal migration into East Asia. Those who settled in Australia gave rise to the Afro-Negrito ancestral component of the Australian Aborigines ( Ruggles Gates, R.:1960 ).
The South Asian and South East Asian populations who have descended from the first wave of Negrito type people to come out of Africa have nothing to do with the Australian Aborigines, apart from sharing a common ancestral gene. Hence some authors claim that it is a misnomer to call all these Asians as Proto-Australoids, and prefer to call them Proto-Asian Negritos. Unfortunately in world literature the term Proto-Australoid has come to stay.
The term 'Australoid' is used as an alternative term to 'Proto- Australoid' to denote the descendants of these ancient people. This term was first used by Thomas Huxley in an essay “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind” published in 1870. More recently the world renowned geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and colleagues in their monumental work “The History and Geography of Human Genes” uses the term Australoid to denote the tribal populations of South India and the Veddhas of Sri Lanka (Luca Cavalli- Sforza,L: 1994).
Some historians and archaeologists ( Romila Thapar: 1966; Allchin,B. &Allchin,F.R.:1968.) prefer to use the term Veddoid to describe the Proto-Australoids of India and Sri Lanka. THE STONE AGE CULTURE
70,000 years ago the South India Sri Lanka region was one of the few places on earth which had an abundant supply of rainforest and woodlands with plenty of game, and was a conducive place for these hunter gatherer people to make it their home. They lived in small groups forming tribes, hunted with stone implements, wore garments made of animal skins and lived in caves and along river banks.
The spread of these people across the vast Indian subcontinent was slow, and for several thousand years these early humans were in the Old Stone Age. As in other parts of the world these people passed through different phases of development , from the Palaeolithic (Old Sone Age), through the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) and the Neolithic (New Stone Age).
The whole of the Indian subcontinent is rich in archaeological sites. Stone Age sites are numerous and obvious in much of the Indian subcontinent, as indeed are the monuments and remains of later periods. The tools of the Early Stone Age were found and recognised in India only shortly after they had received official recognition in Europe (Bridget & Raymond Allchin: 1968: 52).
In Sri Lanka there is evidence of Palaeolithic people (Homo erectus) living there about 300,000 BP and possibly as early as 500,000 BP. By about 125,000 it is certain there were prehistoric settlements in Sri Lanka. The evidence stems from coastal deposits near Bundala. Patirajawela yielded a small-flake stone tool industry from horizons datable to 125,000- 75,000 BP, while Bandala-Wellegangoda had comparable material from ca.80,000 BP (Deraniyagala,S.U.: 1992: 686). These early hominids like in other parts of the world disappeared, probably killed off by the newly emerged modern man who acquired a new skill: speech: and was able to collect his people around him to form tribes.
On 30 May 1863 during a geological survey conducted at Palavaram, a military camp south-west of Madras, Robert Bruce Foote (1834-1912) found a stone of semivitreous quartzite, finely grained and of a cinnamon colour embedded in the gravel. This stone broken at one end was a prehistoric implement- a handaxe, the first of its kind to be discovered. He found several more stone implements at Palavaram and later extended his research into Tirunelveli (Tinnevelly) district at the extreme tip of the peninsula, where he found at the Teri sites a varieties of small stone tools which became known as microliths (Foote: 1868, 1886).
To date more than 460 Paleolithic sites in Pleistocine deposits and over 250 post-Pleistocene sites have been discovered in peninsular India.
The site at Attirampakkam near Madras (Chennai) has been excavated over many years. The deposits cut through by a small stream, the Budida Manu Vanka, yielded a sequence of hand-axes, flake tools and finally on the surface, microliths. Work conducted by R.V.Joshi, K.D.Banerjea and others has shown the tool bearing deposits to be widespread over an area many miles in extent. Excavations near the river bank at Attirampakkam revealed hand- axes, cleavers, chopping discs and other tools of an Early Stone Age industry of the Acheulian type (Allchin,B.& Allchin,F.R.: 1968:60).
At Gudiyam cave, a few miles away from Attirampakkam, a small excavation showed a corresponding sequence of Early,
Middle and Late Stone Age tools, and occupation was almost entirely absent, sugge was not regularly inhabited. Today it contains mother goddess. Another site from which a seq Middle Stone Age assemblages has been obt Hill in the Narbada valley, excavated by R.V.Jo The stone implements in Sri Lanka we and recorded by the Sarasin brothers who v 1907 and by the Seligmans (1911); then by Hartley in 1913-1914; by the researches of Dr. and more recently by his son Dr.Siran Deraniy and Seligmans carried out excavations in occupied by a Veddha family.
They both found quartz microliths to tools, such as pounders and hammers of vari animal bone tools throughout, and pottery in in in the upper layers. The industry has been fo surface sites in southern Sri Lanka, in the mou island, and at one site in the north, near Jaffna earth. This last site is not far removed fro southern India. Both the Sarasins and the Sel the Veddha tribes, who then inhabited the re southern mountains, where many of the caves sites were found, to be the direct descendant Age inhabitants of the caves (Bridget & Raym
The large factory site of Bandarawela w small hillocks in the plateau of southern Sri L excavated by Hartley. In the course of two sh month each in 1913 &1914 a total of 4,768 fi recovered, together with a large quantity of c factory waste. All except three tools were of charcoal found at Bandarawela is suggestive, light of the method of shattering quartz used Andaman Islands. The Andamanese heated p their fires and then struck them with a stone w The result was a quantity of sharp slivers and they used for shaving and general cutting pur further preparation. The adoption of such a m explain the marked preference to quartz seen of South India (Allchin,B.&Allchin,F.R.:196 From about 38,000 BP the prehistoric r Australoid peoples in Sri Lanka, the only grou present there, could be stated with some con for this pioneering work goes to Dr. Siran Dera The evidence stems from a series of conducted in the lowland Wet zone. F Bulathsinhala (38,000- 5,400 BP), Bath Kuruwita (31,000- 11,5000 BP), Beli-lena at 3,5000 BP) and Alu-lena at Attanagala (10,5 were supplemented by those from the oper-air Palassa near Embilipitiya (6,500 TL BP). Th primarily on Radio-Carbon assays on charco against Thermoluminescence dating for Beli- techniques will be discussed in a later chapter)
FaHien-lena has yielded the earliest 38,000 BP of the presence of the anatomi (Homo Sapiens Sapiens) in the entire South Batadomba-lena at 31,00BP; Beli-lena at 30,0 lena again at 18,000 BP; Beli-lena again at 16 lena again at 6,900 BP; Bellan-bandi Palassa a Hien-lena once again at 4,8000 BP ( Deraniyag Recovery of ancient DNA from the h become an important tool in elucidating t populations and their relationships. Unfortu remains from these caves were not subjected
EARL EARL AGE AGE T T
1,2: 1,2: C C
3:Han 3:Han 4:Cle 4:Cle
5:Dis 5:Dis 6:Cho 6:Cho
7:Han 7:Han 8:Cle 8:Cle

Stone Age tools, and other evidence of ost entirely absent, suggesting that the cave habited. Today it contains the shrine of a local other site from which a sequence of Early and ssemblages has been obtainen is Adamgarh alley, excavated by R.V.Joshi in 1964. lements in Sri Lanka were first discovered Sarasin brothers who visited Sri Lanka in ligmans (1911); then by the excavations of 4; by the researches of Dr.P.E.P.Deraniyagala his son Dr.Siran Deraniyagala. The Sarasins ried out excavations in caves, the latter a family. und quartz microliths together with larger ers and hammers of various kinds of stone, roughout, and pottery in increasing quantities The industry has been found in caves and at ern Sri Lanka, in the mountainous part of the te in the north, near Jaffna, under four feet of is not far removed from the teri sites of the Sarasins and the Seligmans considered ho then inhabited the remoter parts of the , where many of the caves and related surface be the direct descendants of the Late Stone e caves (Bridget & Raymond Allchin: 1968).
EARLY EARLY STONE STONE AGE AGE TOOLS TOOLS
1,2: 1,2: Chopping Chopping Tools Tools
3:Hand 3:Hand Axe Axe 4:Cleaver 4:Cleaver
5:Discoidal 5:Discoidal Core Core 6:Chopping 6:Chopping Tool Tool
7:Hand 7:Hand Axe Axe 8:Cleaver 8:Cleaver
ory site of Bandarawela which covered four
plateau of southern Sri Lanka was y. In the course of two short seasons of one &1914 a total of 4,768 finished tools were with a large quantity of charcoal, debris and xcept three tools were of quartz. The andarawela is suggestive, especially in the of shattering quartz used by the natives of he Andamanese heated pieces of quartz in struck them with a stone while still very hot. antity of sharp slivers and fragements which
g and general cutting purposes without The adoption of such a method would preference to quartz seen here and in much hin,B.&Allchin,F.R.:1968:96-99). ,000 BP the prehistoric record of the Proto- n Sri Lanka, the only group of Homo Sapiens be stated with some confidence. The credit ork goes to Dr. Siran Deraniyagala,
stems from a series of cave excavations lowland Wet zone. Fa Hien-lena near 000- 5,400 BP), Bathadomba-lena near 1,5000 BP), Beli-lena at Kitulgala (30,000- -lena at Attanagala (10,500 BP). These data by those from the oper-air site at Belan-bandi pitiya (6,500 TL BP). The dating was based Carbon assays on charcoal, double checked inescence dating for Beli-lena. (These dating
scussed in a later chapter). as yielded the earliest evidence at about presence of the anatomically modern man iens) in the entire South Asia; followed by 1,00BP; Beli-lena at 30,000 BP; Batadomba- BP; Beli-lena again at 16,000 BP; Fa Hien- P; Bellan-bandi Palassa at 6,5000 BP and Fa n at 4,8000 BP ( Deraniyagala,S.U.: 1992).
ncient DNA from the human remains has nt tool in elucidating the origins of past ir relationships. Unfortunately, the human caves were not subjected to DNA analysis.
However these human remains were subjected to detailed physical anthropological study, and it has been affirmed that the genetic continuum from at least as early as 18,000 BP at Batadomba-lena to Beli-lena at 16,000 BP to Bellan-bandi Palassa at 6,500 BP to the recent Veddha is remarkably pronounced (Kennedy et al:1987; Kennedy,K.A.R: 2000).
Two very early photographs of a Veddha man and a woman from Ceylon, courtesey of Saracen Brothers, appeared in Ethnology by Dr Michael Haberlandt, 1900, published at 30 Bedford Street, London.
THE CONCEPT OF THE BALANGODA MAN
These anatomically modern prehistoric humans of the veddoid type- with thick skull bones, prominent brow ridges, depressed wide noses, heavy jaws, short necks and conspicuously large teeth are referred to as the 'Balangoda Man', being responsible for the Balangoda Culture. He is also assumed by many Sri Lankan historians as the common ancestor of the Sri Lankan People.
In making this assumption the entire archaeogenetics of South Asia is totally ignored. The migrants from the Middle East bearing y-chromosome genetic markers M89, M213, and M69; The peoples from the Mediterranean bearing the genetic marker M20; and the Elamo-Dravidians from the Fertile Crescent bearing the genetic marker M172 have all arrived in South India, before Sri Lanka got separated as an island by the sea. These people would have just walked into Sri Lanka and have mingled with the Proto-Australoids as they did in India. Therefore this early Mesolithic population of Sri Lanka cannot be considered to be a homogenous group. Future genetic research will certainly reveal a whole range of genetic clusters in the prehistoric population of this region, similar that in South India.
However as Deraniyagala points out, Balangoda man continues to be a useful working concept until further genetic research throws light into the Sri Lankan Origins. The Balangoda Man appears to have settled in practically every nook and corner of Sri Lanka ranging from the damp and cold High Plains such as Maha-eliya (Horton Plains) to the arid lowlands of Mannar and Vilpattu, to the steamy equatorial rainforests of Sabaragamuwa. Their camps were invariably small, rarely exceeding 50 sq.m. in area, thus suggesting occupation by not more than a couple of nuclear families at most. They would have been moving from place to place on an annual cycle of foraging for food. The well preserved evidence from the caves and Bellan-bandi Palassa indicates that a very wide range of foodplants and were exploited. This life style could not have been too different from that described for the Veddhas of Sri Lanka, the Kadar, Malapantaram, and Chenchus of India, the Andaman Islanders and the Semang of Malaysia (Deraniyagala,S.U.:1992: 351, 412, 451-7)
REFERENCES
1. Spencer Wells (2002): The Journey of Man; Princeton University
Press, Princeton, NJ. 2. Wells,S.et al (2001): The Eurasian Heartland: A Continental perspective on y-chromosome diversity; Proc. National Academy of Science, USA; 98(18). 3. Joseph Campbell (1959): The Masks of God; Oriental Mythology,
Penguin Books. 4. Ruggles Gates,R. (1960): The Australian Aboriginals in a New Setting;
Man April, 1960. 5. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza (1994): The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press. 6. Romila Thaper (1966): A History of India, Harmondsworth, London. 7. Allchin,B. & Allchin,F.R.(1968): The Birth of Indian Civilization,
Harmondsworth, London. 8. Deraniyagala,S.U.(1992): The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: an ecological
perspective, Archaeological Department, Colombo. 9. Foote,R.B.(1968): On the Distribution of Stone Implements in Southern India; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 24: 484-95. 10. Foote,R.B. (1886): Notes on Prehistoric finds in India; Journal of the
Anthropology Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 16: 70-75. 11. Kennedy,K.A.R., Deraniyagala,S.U., Roertjen, W.J.Chiment, J.,Disotell, T. (1987): Upper Pleistocene Fossil Hominids in Sri Lanka; American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72:441-61. 12. Kennedy,K.A.R.(2000): God Apes and Fossil Men;
Paleoanthropology in South Asia, Michigan University Press.
To be continued in the next issue...

Page 15
GOVERNMENT REJECTS CEASE-FIRE CALL: Demanding a full surrender, the Sri Lankan government dismissed a “unilateral cease-fire” declared by the LTTE on 26 April. The LTTE said the LTTE said the cease-fire was in response to calls from the United Nations. The Sri Lankan defense secretary, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, called the cease-fire offer a “joke.” Meanwhile, the Sri Lanka's foreign secretary, Palitha T. B. Kohona, told an Indian television station, NDTV, that the cease- fire offer was a “cynical effort” to gain leverage during Mr. Holmes's visit soon.
PRIYANKA GANDHI SPEAKS OUT:
“I didn't realise (at that time), but was “absolutely furious”. Not with any individual but with the whole world” said Priyanka Gandhi in an interview broadcast on NDTV on 24 April. She described her 'admiration' for the Tamil people for their intelligence and hard work. She said that she understood Tamil nationalism, but didn't agree with with the method. As a human being, she said that she doesn't believe in killing for anything, referring to the LTTE. She said that politically India cannot forgive LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran for her father's assassination in 1991, but she personally does not hate him.
TSUNAMI AID OFTEN BYPASSED CONFLICT VICTIMS:
The report entitled "The Tsunami Legacy: Innovations, Breakthroughs and Change," commissioned by a consortium of five of the hardest-hit countries -- Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka and the Maldiveswas was presented to U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and former U.S. President Bill Clinton, former U.N. special envoy for tsunami recovery, at a conference at U.N. headquarters on 24 April.
The Tsunami Global Lessons Learned project the author of the report, said that distribution of billions of dollars in aid after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami often ignored victims of conflicts raging in Sri Lanka and Indonesia at the time. It also faulted authorities throughout the tsunami-hit area for other forms of discrimination, because it said the need to deliver aid fast outweighed the need for equity. "Many tsunami-affected communities were still unable to adequately access assistance immediately after the disaster because of barriers associated with their gender, ethnicity, age, class, religion or occupation," it said.
CHINA EXTENDS ITS INFLUENCE INTO SOUTH ASIA:
China is steadily extending its reach into South Asia with its growing economic and strategic influence in the region. China's trade volume with all South Asian nations increasing year to year. Its bilateral trade with India alone accounts for $38 billion in 2008, a number set to grow to $65 billion in 2010. Except for New Delhi, Beijing runs trade surpluses with all other partners, including Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Maldives. But China makes up for these trade deficits with massive investment in the infrastructural development, economic needs, and above all energy production of its trade partners. Beijing also showers these nations with low cost financial capital to help their struggling development sector. The largest beneficiaries of this economic aid are Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal.
NO CEAS-FIRE SAYS MILITARY:
Military spokesman Udaya Nanayakkara speaking to the Daily Mirror on 27 April ascertained that the government has not declared a ceasefire. He clarified that only the use of heavy weapons and combat aircraft will be halted. His comment came after some International Media claimed that Sri Lanka has declared a ceasefire with the LTTE.
GADDAFI SUPPORTS THE GOVERNMENT:
The Libyan President Colonel Muammar Gaddafi telephoned President Mahinda Rajapakse on 24 April and expressed his fullest support to bring peace in the Country and also reassured aid for the development of the North.
JOHN HOLMES VIST TO SRI LANKA:
The United Nations dispatched its top humanitarian official, U.N. Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs John Holmes to Sri Lanka on Saturday to push for more protection for civilians trapped in the No-Fire-Zone between the government and the LTTE. “The top priority remains the preservation of the lives of the tens of thousands of civilians still trapped inside the combat zone," Holmes said in a statement. He was expected to travel to the main refugee centers in Vavuniya, and other locations, but was not clear whether he would go to the war zone.
The UN say nearly 6,500 have been killed in fighting since the end of January.
RELIEF FLOWN INTO SRI LANKA:
The U.N. refugee agency said on Aril 24 that it was flying in tents and other relief supplies to Sri Lanka to help with the IDP situation, while France pledged a 500-bed mobile field hospital to help ahead of a visit by Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner.
"They are hiding there in tents and staying in civilian clothes, and the moment troops close in, they start opening up," Nanayakkara said. "So we have to be very careful in making sure we neutralize them without harming civilians."
HUMANITARIAN ASSESSMENT TEAM TO VISIT THE CONFLICT ZONE:
The U.N. Security Council on Friday urged the government to allow a humanitarian assessment team
into the conflict Zone, which Colombo has al LTTE meanwhile warned that thousands of pe war zone faced the possibility of starvat population in the LTTE-controlled Mullitiv faced with serious crisis due to the deliberate other humanitarian supplies by the Sri Lankan the LTTE Political leader Mr Nadasan.
THE US CALL TO END VIOLENCE called upon both sides on 24 April to stop fig "deeply concerned" about the mounting death humanitarian law violations. The United N States and others have accused the military areas and the LTTE of forcibly recruitin and shooting those who try to escape. Bo allegations.
INDIAN COMMUNIST PARTY C CONFLICT:
The Communist Party of India the Union government to impress upon the Sri to immediately stop military operations in a lives of thousands of civilians were at stak secretary Prakash Karat said that his par “maximum pressure” by the Government military operations were concerned.
UNHCR INCREASES ITS BUDG Nations refugee agency has stepped up its ope and airlifting emergency aid to over 100,000 d the North. In a statement released on April 24, is also increasing its budget for Sri La operations by some 35 percent to US$16.6 shelter, protection and other aid for civilians zone while seeking an additional US$4.3 government and private donors.
Sri Lanka meanwhile launched an islan collect donations of essential items for the civilians from the conflict zone.
Addressing the media in Geneva, U Andrej Mahecic said the UNHCR is "worki provide emergency shelter support and the d food aid while carrying out protection moni and IDP sites."
As overcrowding has become a prob Vavuniya and more civilians are expected to a days, UNHCR has requested the Sri Lank allocate more land for the construction of em water and sanitation infrastructure. It has urge make public buildings available for shelter.
UNHCR is also seeking manpower to efforts warning that failure to do so could i which are already stretched thin at the sites.
The agency said it is deeply concerned 50,000 people who are still trapped inside the fighting is intensifying.
"We urge the government to exercise ex military actions and calls upon the LTTE people to leave the area immediately," UNHCR

e, which Colombo has all but ruled out. The arned that thousands of people trapped in the e possibility of starvation. "The civilian TTE-controlled Mullitivu coastal areas are risis due to the deliberate denial of food and upplies by the Sri Lankan Government," said ader Mr Nadasan. L TO END VIOLENCE:
The White House es on 24 April to stop fighting, saying it was about the mounting death toll and reports of iolations. The United Nations, the United ve accused the military of shelling civilian E of forcibly recruiting people to fight who try to escape. Both sides deny the
MMUNIST PARTY CALLS TO END ommunist Party of India (Marxist) called on nt to impress upon the Sri Lanka Government military operations in a situation where the of civilians were at stake. CPI(M) general Karat said that his party had called for e” by the Government of India as far as
ere concerned. REASES ITS BUDGET:
The United ncy has stepped up its operations in Sri Lanka ncy aid to over 100,000 displaced civilians in ent released on April 24, UNHCR said that it its budget for Sri Lanka humanitarian 35 percent to US$16.6 million to provide nd other aid for civilians fleeing the conflict g an additional US$4.3 million from the
ate donors. nwhile launched an island wide program to f essential items for the welfare of fleeing nflict zone. e media in Geneva, UNHCR spokesman d the UNHCR is "working with partners to shelter support and the distribution of non- ying out protection monitoring at the transit
ing has become a problem, especially in civilians are expected to arrive in the coming requested the Sri Lankan government to or the construction of emergency shelter and infrastructure. It has urged the government to gs available for shelter.
o seeking manpower to carry out the relief t failure to do so could impact the services
etched thin at the sites. id it is deeply concerned over the estimated re still trapped inside the conflict zone where ng. overnment to exercise extreme caution in its d calls upon the LTTE to allow displaced rea immediately," UNHCR spokesman said.
COMMUNITIES POLORISED IN SRI LANKA: Journalist Kusal Perera commenting on the recent elections said - “This Western Provincial Council election thus shows a very strong polarisation of the Sri Lankan society along ethno- religious lines. The Sinhala voter has not bothered how it would live in a fast deteriorating economy, with consumer prices flying higher, the rupee gradually losing its buying power, all democratic life brutally suppressed and large lay offs in the private sector due to the financial crunch weighing heavily on their lives, given the promise that the Tamil terrorists would be completely wiped off.
"It's now getting more clearer. We are a stubbornly dividing society with minorities not wanting to have any say in what the Sinhala government does here. The question therefore is, what the future would be, if this trend persists with Colombo governments sticking to their racist politics for Sinhala votes. Not giving the minorities due recognition, but not wanting them to go away either. A dog in the manger no doubt”.
PULEEDEVAN ACCUSED SRI LANKA FOR DECEIVING THE IC:
LTTE's Director of Peace Seceratariat, S. Puleedevan reported that two Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF) fighter bombers continued to bomb civilian targets in Mu'l'li- vaaykkaal at 12.50pm and again at 1.10pm after the announcement by the Sri Lankan forces that it would not deploy heavy weapons or carry out air attacks as pressure mounted from the International Community. He blamed Colombo for “attempting to deceive the International Community, including the people of Tamil Nadu,” with the announcement. The SLA was also continuing to fire shells into the civilian zone while engaging the troops to continue to mount ground operations at Valaignar- madam, he charged.
AIADMK LEADER JAYALALITHA CALLS FOR INDEPENDENT TAMIL EELAM:
An Independent Tamil Eelam is the only solution that will permanently put an end to the plight of the Tamil people in Sri Lanka said Tamil Nadu former Chief Minister and principle Leader of the Opposition, Ms Jayalalitha at a election rally in Salem on April 25. She said that she had come to this conclusion after seeing the CDs and photographs of the atrocities committed by the Sri Lankan government against the Tamil people brought to her by Sri Ravisshankar the founder of the organisation Art of Living.
INDIA STAND ACCUSED BY THE LTTE: Mr P. Nadesan, head of the LTTE's political wing, has lashed out at the Indian government for failing to play a constructive role in the ongoing conflict. In an e-mail interview to The Statesman, he expressed his sadness at the Indian government's continuing “military aid” and “diplomatic support” to the Sri Lankan government for carrying out a virtual genocide against the Tamils. “The current Indian government's position, action, and inaction are very disappointing. Not only have they not identified the true friends and natural allies of their strategic region, but in fact are acting against them ~ the Eelam Tamils. We are also very sad to see, that the current Indian government is providing all kinds of military aid and diplomatic support to the Sri Lankan government in waging this genocidal war against Tamils,” Mr Nadesan said.
ãŠóTM 2009
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Page 16
The April New Year which falls on the beginning of the Tamil month chittirai (April 13 th or 14 th ) is being celebrated as the Tamil new year.
The April new year is followed not only in the Tamil Nadu, but also in Kerala, Andhra, Karnataka, Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Manipur, Nepal, Punjab as well as in Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Sri Lanka. Hence the term `Tamil New Tear' is a mis-normer.
The April new year also known as the Shalivahana Saka uses a calendar which runs in cycles of 60 years. These years are named: 1. Prabhava, 2. Vibhava, 3. Sukla, 4 PrAmodhooda, 5. Prachorpaththi, 6. Aangirasa, 7. Srimukka, 8. Bhava, 9.Yuva, 10.Thaadhu, 11. Eesvara, 12. Vehudhanya, 13. Pramathi, 14. Vickrama, 15. Vishu, 16. Chitrabanu, 17.Subaanu, 18. Thaarana, 19.Parthiba, 20. Viya, 21. Saravajith,22. Saravadhari, 23. Virodhi, 24.Vikruthi, 25. Kara, 26. Nandhana, 27. Vijaya, 28. Jaya, 29 Manmatha, 30. Thunmukki, 31 Hevilambi, 32. Vilambi, 33. Vikari, 34. Saravari, 35. Pilava, 36. Subakrith, 37. Sobakrith, 38. Krodhi, 39. Visuvasuva, 40. Parabava, 41. Plavanga, 42.Keelaka, 43. Saumya, 44. Sadharana, 45. Vrothikrithu, 46. Paridhabi, 47. Pramadhisa, 48. Ananda, 49. Rakshasha, 50. Nala, 51. Pingala, 52. Kalayukthi, 53. Sidharthi, 54. Raudhri, 55. Thunmathi, 56 Thunthubi, 57. Rudrodhgari, 58 Raktadshi, 59. Krodhana, 60. Akshaya.
Not a single year among the above list carries with it a Tamil name. All the names are in Sanskrit. This calendar was formulated by the Brahminic astologers during the reign of king Shalivahana and was accepted by the regions in India and abroad where their influence was most felt.
The Brahminic influence was felt in the Tamil Sangam works as well. Koodaloor Kizhaar refers to Mesha Raasi/Chitterai as the commencement of the year in `Purananooru'. The Brahmin poet Nakkirar in his work `Nedunalvaadai' mentions through the Sun travelling from Chitterai through 11 successive Raasis or signs of the Zodiac.
BACKGROUND
There are varied accounts as to the origin of King Shalivahana. Most authorities claim that he was an Aryan King who ruled the kingdom of Varanasi (Kasi) during the first century A.D.
In `Vickrama Charita', a Sanskrit work of the 11 th Century A.D; King Shalivahana is credited
THE TAMIL NEW YEAR MASQU
1616
ãŠóTM 2009
with the in Vickramadi later date th
A folk Century A.D
ARIYANIS
The so which has o Chola kings
During (907-955 A Mahinda of was a powe Rasenthiran Severa priests were devotees. S Mythologic Tamil mass

IL NEW YEAR MASQUERADE
hich falls il month
with the initiation of the era known as `Shalivahana Shaka' to celebrate his victory against Vickramaditya of Ujjayini in the year 78 A.D. But, historians place the reign of Vickramaditya to a ) is being
later date then the first century. ear.
A folklore of Maharashra identifies King Shalivahana with the Shatvahana dynasty of 1 st -3 rd followed
Century A.D; while some authors claim Shalivahana belongs to a dynasty in the Andhra country. but also in , Bengal, , Nepal, Burma, and Sri amil New
The so-called Tamil New Year is a typical example of the Ariyanisation of the Tamil people which has occurred over the past 2,000 years. This phenomena reached a peak during the reign of the Chola kings.
During the Tenth century A.D. the Chola become a vast empire under the reign of Parantaka (907-955 A.D.). His son Rajaraja Chola (985-1014 A.D.) conquered Rajasimma Pandya and lso known uses a , 3. Sukla, .Thaadhu,
Mahinda of Lanka to become the `Chola of the Triple Crown'. In the Chola Court the Aryan priests was a powerful force and Sanskrit became a dominant language. The Chola kings Rasarasan, and Rasenthiran Sanskritised their names to Rajarajan and Rajendran in their epigraphs.
Several Hindu temples were built by the Cholas all over their empire. In these temples Brahmin .Subaanu,
priests were designated as the agents who obtained 'divine grace' from the Gods to pass it on to the .Vikruthi,
devotees. Sanskrit was made the language with which the priests communicated with the Gods. evilambi, . Krodhi,
Mythological stories in Sanskrit which glorified the Devas (Aryans), were translated into Tamil. The Tamil masses were influenced to follow Aryan traditions. Aryan festivals like Chittirai new year and adharana,
Dipavali were introduced into Tamilian life. With passage . Pingala,
of time these were accepted, and became acclimatised as drodhgari,
Tamilian customs.
Sanskrit. ahana and
The options whether to follow the Chittirai new year or not, is left to the individual's conscience. Anyone who
aar refers hmin poet hrough 11
ARIYANISATION OF THE TAMILS
THE OPTIONS
wishes to strictly follow the Tamilian heritage should accept the Thai-pongal day (January 13 th or 14 th ) as the New Year's Day of the Tamils. Those who wish to be submissive to the Aryan culture which includes the Sinhalese culture as well, can follow the Chittirai new year. im that he
[This note was based on the reply given by Siva Thiagarajah to the enquirers received by the Tamil s credited
Information Centre on when is the Tamil New Year?]
■