கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: மீட்சி 2009.06

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Page 6 ÞìŠ aðò ̃3⁄4èœ... 5‹ ð‚èˆ aî£ì ̃„C ,e;j kf;fis xU rpyH khj;jpuNk kpFe;j rpukj;Jf;fpilapy; re;jpf;f KbfpwJ> ngUk;ghNyhUf;F mDkjp kWf;fg;gLfpwJ. -- ,it ,yq;if murpd; kPJ itf;fg;gLk; Fw;wr; rhl;Lfs;. ,itfnsy;yhk; ntWk; tha;top tje;jpfs;> MjhuG+Htkw;wit vd;why;> muRrhHgw;w mikg;Gfis Ak; Clfq;fisAk; me;j Kfhk; fSf;Fr; nrd;W cz;ik epiyik fis ntspg;gLj;j ,yq;if muR mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhug; gLfpwJ. ,yq;if muR jug;G thjk; ,yq;if muR rhHG jug;gpduhy; $wg;gLtJ:- ,e;j Kfhk;fspy; jq;f itf;fg; gl;bUf;Fk; kf;fis kPs; FbNaw;wk; nra;tjw;F Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gLfpdwd; Gypfisr; rhHe; NjhH kPz;Lk; td;Kiwfis Kd;ndLf;fhj tz;zk; mtHfs; ,dk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;; Gijf;fg; gl;bUf;Fk; epyf;fz;zpfs; mfw;wg; gl;L Gjpa ,Ug;gplq;fs; fl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;, rPHFiye;j cl; fl;likg;Gfisr; nrg;gdpl Ntz; Lk;; vy;upup murpay;;> r%fk;;> kdpj cupik;> Rftho;T Mfpatw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk;. mlf;F Kiwf;Fk; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhLf;Fk;. jkpo; NgRk; kf;fspd; midj;J tplaq;fs; gw;wpa rpe;jidf;fhd fsj;jpid toq;FjYk; fUj;Jg; gupkhwy;fis Cf;Ftpg;gJk; kPl;rpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,J khjnkhU Kiw ntsptUk; ,ytrg; gj;jpupif. ,jidj; jghy; %yk; ngw tpUk;GNthH cq;fs; ngaH tpyhrk; Mfpa tpguq;fSld; mjw;fhFk; jghw; nryit fhNrhiy %yNkh md;wp jghw;fl;lis %yNkh fPo;f; fz;l tpyhrj;jpw;F mDg;gp itf;fTk;. fhNrhiy my;yJ jghw;fl;lis “Tamil information centre” vd;w ngaUf;F vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mDg;g Ntz;ba Kftup Meedchi Tamil information centre Thulasi, Bridge End Close, Kingston, Surrey KT2 6PZ Majq;fisf; ifg;gw;w Ntz;Lk;; ,g;nghOJ xU khj fhyNk Kbe;jp Uf;fpwJjhnddpDk; kPs;FbNaw;wq; fs; XusT eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf; fpd;wd; ,d;Dk; MW khj fhyj;jpy; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd mfjpfs; jkJ nrhe;j ,lq;fspy; kPsf; Fba kHj;jg;gLtH; mJ tiuapy; jq;f itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; kf;fSf;fhd trjpfs; Kbe;jsT nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd> ehsil tpy; mit rPH nra;ag;gLk;; rpy Kfhk;fspYs;s khztHfSf;F jw;NghJ jw;fhypf ghlrhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;L fw;wy; nraw;ghLfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd; nrQ;rpY itr; rq;fk;> fhupl;lh]; kw;Wk; rpy I.eh. kdpjhgg; gzpahsHfs; Kfhk; fspy; nraw;gLfpwhHfs;. 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Page 7 ä f;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspy; 3,y; 2 NgUf;F ,uj;jj;jpy; 'nfhy];uNwhs;| (Cholesterol) vdg;gLk; nfhOg;gpdp msTf;fjpfkhf cs;s njd fzf;nfLg;gpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. ~nfhy];uNwhs;| vkJ vkJ cztpYk; clypYk; nfhy];uNwhs; tfpf;Fk; gq;F vd;d vd;gJ ,d;Dk; Fog;g khfvNktJ c csl;syJpy.; cs;s LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) jPq;F tpisf; ff; $baJ. ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpakhd itNa. Mdhy; $Ljyhd LDL my;yJ nkhj;j nfhyp];uNwhspd; msT ,Uja Neha;f;fhd Mgj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. cq;fsJ HDL cah;e;jpUj;jy; eyk; (HDL High). cq;fsJ LDL Fiwe;jpUj;jy; eyk; (LDL Low). nkhj;j nfhyp];uNwhspd; msT 5 f;Ff; Fiwthf ,Uj;jy; eyk;. LDL nfhyp];uNwhspd; msT 3 f;Ff; Fiwthf ,Uj;jy; eyk;. HDL nfhyp];uNwhspd; msT 1 f;Ff; $Ljyhf ,Uj;jy; eyk;. ehk; cl;nfhs;Sk; cztpy; cs;s nfhyp];uNwhs; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s nfhyp];uNwhis vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ? 1980Mk; Mz;bypUe;J nra;ag; gl;l Muha;r;rpfspd;gb cz;Zk; cztpy; cs;s 'rr;RNwnul;' (Satu rated) nfhOg;G vdg;gLk; xU G+upj nrwpTf; nfhOg;Ng ,uj;jj;jpy; fye; Js;s nfhyp];uNwhspd; msitg; ghjpf;fpwJ vdTk; nfhyp];uNwhs; mlq;fpa czitf; Fiwg;gjdhy; mjpf gyd; fpilf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy nadTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ Kl;il> rpWePh;f;fha;> ,why; Mfpa nfhyp];uNwhs; cs;s czT fis cz;gjdhy; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s nfhyp];uNwhspd; msT mjp fk; ghjpf;fg; gLtjpy;iy. 'rr;RNw nul;' (Saturated) nfhOg;G Fiwe;j czTfis cz;ZtNj ,uj;jj; jpy; cs;s nfhyp];uNwhisf; Fiwg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. 'rr;RNwnul;' (Saturated) nfhOg;G cs;s czTfisj; jtph;j;;jy; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;jy; khj;jpuNk ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s nfhyp];uNwhspd; msitf; Fiwg;gjw;F cjTk;. 'rr;RNwnul;' (Saturated) nfhOg;G cs;s czTfshtd 1. ig];> g];uP]; (Pies/Pasties) 2. 'nrhNr[];' (Sausages) 3. ntz;nza; (Butter), nea; 4. gd;wpf;nfhOg;gpy; (Lard/dripping) jahupf;fg;gLk; czTfs;. 5. Nff;Ffs;> tp];Nfhj;Jf;fs;. (Cakes & Biscuits) 6. fl;b ntz;nza;> fpwPk; (Cheese & Cream) nfhy];uNwhspd; msT $Ltjw;Ff; vd;d fhuzk;? UK tho; kf;fspilNa nfhyp];u Nwhspd; msT $Ljyhff; fhzg; gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; mth;fs; 'rr;RNw nul;' (Saturated) nfhOg;G cs;s czitf; $Ljyhf cz;gjdh yhFk;. aè£Lvó«ø£œ aè£Lvó«ø£œ aè£Lvó«ø£œ (Cholesterol) (Cholesterol) Cô Mðóƒèœ Cô Mðóƒèœ Cô Mðóƒèœ ÄJïÝ Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_ rpyh; cz;lhYk jpy; nfhy yhf ,Uf ay; i` Hyperlipida top Neha;f cq;fS vdf; fz FLk;gj;jpy jpdUf;Fk; mijj; jPh fSf;F c nra;tJ ,th;fSf;F tjw;fhd k jpy;iy. c tUf;F F jhy; cq Nrhjid m gps;isfS FH cs;sj tifapy; , jy; mtr ,Uf;fpwJ gl;lhy>; fSf;F M 7 Î¡ 2009 Öçð©A Öçð©A ÄJïÝ >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_ tsh;e;j gpd; Gifgpbj;jiyj; jtph;g;gJk; mtrpak;. FH Neha; cztpdhy; khj;jpuk; jPh;f;fg;glf;$banjhd;W md;W. MNu h f; f pa kh d czT l d ; aè£Lvó«ø£œ aè£Lvó«ø£œ aè£Lvó«ø£œ nfhyp];uNwhisf; kUe;J mtrpakhFk;. nfhy];uNwhspd; Fiwg;gnjg;gb? tiffis cgNahfpg;gJk; Fiwf;ff;$ba msitf; ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J ngWk; cly; eyf; FiwTfs;> Vw;fdNt cs;s tpahjpfspd; mwpFwpfs;> cq;fsJ taJ Mfpa rpy tplaq;fis Cô Cô Cô Mðóƒèœ Mðóƒèœ Mðóƒèœ khw;Wjy; ,ayhJ. Mdhy; ,Uja tpahjp Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;jpy; cs;sth;fs; nfhyp];uNwhisf; Fiwf;Fk; '];uhupd;' (statin) vdg;gLk; kUe;J tiffis cgNahfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; cq;fsJ clw;gapw;rpAk;> cz;Zk; czTk; cq;fsJ ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s nfhyp];uNwhspd; mstpy; khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L tu KbAk;. cq;fsJ ,uj;jj;jpy; fye;Js;s nfhyp];uNwhspd; msitf; Fiwg;g jw;F ePq;fs; ifahsf;$ba topfs; 1. clw;gUkd; $bajhf ,Ug;gpd; mijf; Fiwf;f KaYq;fs;. ,jw; Fj; Njitahd czT kw;Wk; clw; gapw;rp gw;wpa MNyhridfisg; ngWjy;. 2. rr;RNwnul; (saturated) nfhOg;G epiwe;Js;s czitj; jtpUq;fs;. 3. MNuhf;fpakhd czit cl; nfhs;Sq;fs;. fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwAk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. 1. fiuaf;$ba ehh; cs;s gUg;G tiffs;> gok;> fha;fwp tiffs;. (whole grain and food high in soluble fibre) 2. vz;nza;r; rj;Jf;$ba kPd; tiffshfpa rkd;> kf;fwy;> rhbd; (salmon, mackerel, sardines.) 3. xypt; vz;nza;> wg;rPl; vz;nza; Mfpatw;iw msNthL cgNahfpAq;fs;. (olive oil & rapseed oil). 4. cq;fs; jiyKiwapy; ahUf; fhtJ ,UjaNeha; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; nfhyp];uNwhisf; Fiwf;f cjTk; ;uNwhisf; fpf;fpwJ. nfhOg;G jtph;j;;jy; khj;jpuNk ;uNwhspd; cjTk;. nfhOg;G Cholesterol) Cholesterol) rpyh; MNuhf;fpakhd czT '];uNdhs;' (stanols) my;yJ cz;lhYk; mth;fSila ,uj;jj; '];hPNwhs;' (sterols) fye;Js;s czT jpy; nfhyp];uNwhspd; msT $Lj tiffis cz;Zq;fs;. yhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. ,jw;F '/gkpyp 5. xOq;fhf clw;gapw;rp nra;Aq; ay; i`g;gh;ypgpBkpah' (Familial fs;. Fiwe;jJ 30 epkplq;fSf;F Hyperlipidaemia FH) Nghd;w rpy kuG tpiuthf elTq;fs; my;yJ top Neha;fs; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. irf;fps; tz;b Xl;Lq;fs;. yp/g;l;by; cq;fSf;F FH Neha; cs;sJ (lift) nry;tij tpLj;J gbf;fl;il vdf; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy; cq;fs; cgNahfpAq;fs;. s) FLk;gj;jpy; jpdUf;Fk; ,e;Neha; cs;s kw;iwa ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. mq;fj; KbTiu ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s nfhyp];u ea; /dripping) hj;Jf;fs;. Pk; (Cheese nfhyp];u f; fhzg; s; 'rr;RNw ;G cs;s z;gjdh mijj; jPh;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;s mth; fSf;F cld; ,uj;jg; gupNrhjid nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;. Vnddpy; ,th;fSf;F ,Uja Neha; Vw;gL tjw;fhd kw;iwa mwpFwpfs; ,Ug;g jpy;iy. cq;fsJ cwtpdh; xU tUf;F FH Neha; cs;sJ vd mwpe; jhy; cq;fSf;F ,uj;jg; gup Nrhjid mtrpak;. FH cs;stupd; gps;isfSf;F 5taJ MdTlNdNa FH cs;sjh vd;gij epr;rapf;Fk; tifapy; ,uj;jg; gupNrhjid nra; jy; mtrpak;. mth;fSf;F FH ,Uf;fpwJ vdf; fz;L gpbf;fg; gl;lhy>; ,stajpypUe;Nj mth; fSf;F MNuhf;fpakhd czTk; Nwhspd; mstpw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk;> clw; gUkidAk;> epiw iaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk;> 'rr;RNwnul;' nfhOg;G cs;s czT fisj; Fiwg;gjd; %yKk;> epj;j Kk; clw;gapw;rp nra;tjd; %yKk; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s nfhyp];uNwhspd; Ltjw;Ff; msitf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. epiwa khr;rj;J nfhz;l czT> goq;fs;> fha;fwp tiffs;> nfhOg;Gf; Fiwe;j ghw; nghUl;fs;> nfhOg;gw;w ,iwr;rp tif> kPd;> Kl;il> tpij> gUg;G tiffs; Kjypatw;why; Md czTfisNa ngUk;ghYk; cz;Zjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Page 8 P ¦ØÖ÷|õ ́ uk ̈¦ ̈ o ̈£ ̈ø£ £›÷\õuøÚ ö\oøÁPÀ ìQÕÛ[ & Cervical screening) ( «î rpa MNuhf;fpa Nrit (NHS), khh;G> fh;g;gg;ig> Fly; Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;glf;$ba Gw;WNehia fz;Lgpbf;ff;$ba xU gupNrhjidia mspf; fpwJ. mwpFwpfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;gjhfNt Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Gw;W Nehiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. Vnddpy; Muk;gfhy rpfpr; irNa $ba gydspg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jifa gupNrhjidfspd; gydhf Gw;WNehahy; Vw;gl;l ,wg;Gf;fs; Fiwe;Js;sjhfj; njupate;Js;sJ. fh;gg;ig gupNrhjidia nghJthf 'rpkpah; nu];w;' (smear test) vdf; $Wth;. ,J 'nrh;tpf;];' (cervix) vdg;gLk; fh;g;gg;igf;fOj;jpd; (neck of the womb) MNuhf;fpaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLtjhFk;. gupNrhjidfspy; gj;jpy; xd;gJ NgUf;F Neha; mw;w epiyNa fhzg; gLfpwJ. gj;jpy; xUtUf;F gupNrhjid nra;ag;gl;l caph;f; fyq;fspy; (cells) khw;wk; njupayhk;. mNefkhd khw;wq;fs; Gw;WNehapd; mwpFwpad;W. Mdhy; Muk;g fhyj;jpNyNa Gw;WNehnadf; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy; mjd; tsh;r;rpiaj; jLf;f ,aYk;. fh;g;gg;igapy; Gw;WNehahy; Vw;glf;$ba khw;wq;fs; mNefkhf 30f;Fk; 50jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l tajpy; cz;lhfpwJ. NHS ,d; 'nrh;itfy; ];fpwPdpq;' gupNrhjid 25 tajpw;Fk; 64 tajpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vy;yhg; ngz;fSf;Fk; mspf;fg; gLfpwJ. ePq;fs; 25 tajpw;Fk; 49 tajpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;ltuhf ,Ug;gpd; 3 tUlq;fSf;F xU KiwAk;> 50 tajpw;Fk; 64 tajpw;Fk; ,ilg; gl;ltuhapd; 5 tUlq;fSf;F xU KiwAk; g u p N r h i d f ; F t U k ; g b miof;fg;gLtPh;fs;. 'nrh;itfy; ];fpwPdpq;' (my;yJ 'rpkpah; nu];w;') cq;fsJ FLk;g itj;jpaupd; 'Nrh;[wp' (Surgery) apNyh my;yJ xU FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;L ikaj; jpNyh eilngWk;. ,g; gupNrhj idia xU ngz; NritahsNu nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; Nfl;Fk; cupik cq;fSf;Fz;L. vdpDk; ,g; gupNrhjid nra;ag;gl Ntz;bNahupy; Ie;jpy; xUth; (22 rj tPjkhNdhh;) ,e;jr; re;jh;g;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Kd;tUtjpy;iy. 25-35 tajpw;F ,ilg;gl;lth;fNs kpff; Fiwthf ,ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. jw;rkak; mNdfkhNdhuJ gupNrhjidfspd; KbTfisg; ngWk; fhy tiuaiw 6 fpoikfshf cs;sJ. Mdhy; mLj;j tUlj;jpypUe;J ,f; fhytiuaiwia 2 thuq;fSf;Ff; Fiwg;gjw;F Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. HPV (Human Papillomavirus) type 16 & 14 Mfpa er;Raph; (virus) 70 rj tPjkhd fh;g;gg;igapy; cz;lhFk; Gw;WNeha;f;Ff; fhuzkhf cs;sJ. HPV njhw;wp As;s xUtUld; Vw;gLk; clYwT fhuzkhfNt ,J kw;iwNahUf;Fg; guTfpwJ. ,t;thW guTjiy MZiw my;yJ ngz;Ziw mzptjdhy; Fiwf;fKbAk; Mdhy; jtph;f;f KbahJ. Muha;r;rpfspd;gb 30 rjtPjkhd ngz;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; clYwT nfhs;s Muk;gpj;j ehspypUe;J 2 tUlq;fSf;Fs; HPV 'itu]p'dhy; gPbf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. fh;g;gg;igg; Gw;WNeha;fs; cs;sth;fspy; 99 rjtPjkhd th;fsplk; ,e;j HPV 'itu];' fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. HPV type 16 or 18 'itu];' njhw;wp 10 my;yJ 15 tUlq;fspy; fh;g;gg; igapy; cs;s caph;f; fyq;fspy; khw;wq;fs; njupayhk;. ,it mrhjhuz khd (abnormal) fyq;fspypUe;J Gw;WNeha;f; fyq;fs; tiuahf NtW gLfpd;wd. xOq;fhd gupNrhjidfshy; fyq;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis Muk;gj;jpNyNa fz;Lgpbj;J fh;g;gg;igapy; cz;lhFk; Gw;WNehiaf; Fiwf;f KbAk;. 1974 ,y; ,Ue;J 2004 tiuahd fhyg; gFjpapy; UK apy; fh;g;gg;ig gupNrhjidapd; (cervical screening) fhuzkhf fh;g;gg;ig Gw;W Nehapdhy; ,wg;Nghupd; njhif fpl;lj;jl;l 60 rjtPjk;tiu Fiwe;Js;sJ. NkYk; tpguk; Njitg;gbd; cq;fsJ FLk;g itj;jpaiu mZFq;fs; my;yJ www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk vd;w ,iza jsj;ijg; ghh;f;fTk;. 8 Î¡ 2009 ðó£ñKŠ«ð£1⁄4‚è£ù «î‹v ï¬ì ðó£ñKŠ«ð£1⁄4‚è£ù «î‹v ï¬ì Î¡ 6 êQ‚Aö¬ñ Î¡ 6 êQ‚Aö¬ñ ÄJïÝ Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_ vjph;t $wKba Nfhilf gLfpwJ Neuq;fs mjw;fhd ,jdhy rhjh tpNrlkh guhkupg;G ,Uja Neha;> ntg;gk; kuzj;j Fsph;ik ntg;g $ba k mtrpak nta;apy elTq;fs jLg;Gg; fisg;N mzpAq Vw;wit cz;Z ePupy; ei cq;fS ePq;fs ntg;gkh nfhs;S nra;Aq;f ePq;fs cq;fis ngwf;$b jahh;gL ø£ £›÷\õuøÚ õ ́ creening) ÄJïÝ Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_ patw;wpy; a mspf; py; Gw;W hy rpfpr; ; gydhf J. t) vdf; ck of the a fhzg; yq;fspy; Fwpad;W. y; mjd; 30f;Fk; ;fpwPdpq;' ;fSf;Fk; ;gl;ltuhf f;F xU ;Fk; 64 uhapd; 5 KiwAk; U k ; g b ;fpwPdpq;' nu];w;') j;jpaupd; my;yJ ;L ikaj; ; gupNrhj tahsNu pDk; ,g; khNdhh;) tajpw;F dh;. Wk; fhy e;J ,f; f;fg;gl;L tPjkhd njhw;wp ahUf;Fg; ptjdhy; clYwT u]p'dhy; jtPjkhd ; fh;g;gg; rhjhuz hf NtW ;wq;fis Nehiaf; ; UK apy; ;ig Gw;W s;sJ. GvoÁ ̧® ÷PõøhPõ»zvÀ AvöÁ ̈£® uõUS® \õzv ̄® EÒÍx! Tk;. GvoÁ ̧® GvoÁ ̧® ÷PõøhPõ»zvÀ ÷PõøhPõ»zvÀ AvöÁ ̈£® AvöÁ ̈£® uõUS® uõUS® \õzv ̄® \õzv ̄® EÒÍx! EÒÍx! vjph;tUk; Nfhilehl;fs; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd ,g;NghNj ruptuf; $wKbahJ. NfhilfspYk; vdpDk; ghh;f;f ntg;gk; ,g;NghJs;s mjpfkhdjhfNt mwpFwpfspd;gb ,Uf;Fk; fle;j vd ek;gg; ,U gLfpwJ. Neuq;fspy; yz;ldpy; 187C ghiff;Fk; gfy;Ntisfspy; $bajhfg; ntg;gk; Nghfyhk;. 327C Nfhil ghiff;Fk; tUKd;Ng ,uT mjw;fhd Maj;jq;fisr; nra;tjw;F ,JNt ey;y jUzk; MFk;. ,jdhy; ghjpg;GWNthh; ahh;? rhjhuz ntg;g cah;tpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLNthh;> mNefkhf> KjpNahh;> tpNrlkhf 75 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fs;> jdpikahfNth my;yJ guhkupg;G ,Uja Neha;> tyk; Neha;> ,y;yq;fspy; Fd;wpNahh;> ePupopT> Rthr thOk; Foe;ijfs;> Neha;> KjpNahh;> ghh;fpd;rd; rpWth;fs; cly; (Parkinson's) eyk; Mth;. Fiwe;Njhh;> Neha;> mjpcah; kd ntg;gk; vy;NyhiuAk; ghjpf;Fk;. fLikahd ntg;gj; jhf;fk; (Heat stroke) kuzj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhfyhk;. Fsph;ikahf ,Ug;gnjg;gb? ntg;gk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Neha;fisAk; mjd; fhuzkhf rk;gtpf;ff; $ba kuzj;ijAk; jLg;gjw;F cliyf; Fsph;ikahf itj;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;. nta;apypy; ntg;g elthjPh;fs;. Ntisapy; ntspNa (fhiy 11.00 nry;yNtz;bapUe;jhy; kzp gp.g. 3.00 kzp epoypy; tiu) elTq;fs;. njhg;gp my;yJ xU Jz;bdhy; jiyia %Lq;fs;. #upad; jLg;Gg; gir (Sun-screen) G+rpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. fLikahf clYf;Ff; fisg;Ngw;gLj;jhjPh;fs;. nky;ypa jsh;thd gUj;jp Milfis mzpAq;fs;. epiwaf; Fsph; ghdk; mUe;Jq;fs;. kJTk; Nfhg;gpAk; Vw;witay;y. cz;Zq;fs;. Fspuhd ePh;r;rj;Js;s ePupy; FspAq;fs; gok>; ,iytif my;yJ cliyf; (salad) czTfis fOTq;fs;. ePupy; eidj;j Jzpapdhy; mbf;fb cliyj; Jilj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. cq;fSila #oiyf; Fsph;ikahf itj;jpUq;fs; ePq;fs; thOk; miwapNyh my;yJ gLf;if miwapNyh xU ntg;gkhdpia (thermometer) itj;jpUe;J ntg;gj;ij mbf;fb ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. KbAkhdhy; Fsph;r;rpahd miwnahd;wpy; epj;jpiu nra;Aq;fs;. ePq;fs; jdpikahf tho;gtuhf ,Ue;jhy;> ntg;gj;jpd; jhf;fk; cq;fis tUj;Jk; Ntisapy; mJgw;wpj; njhlh;G nfhz;L cjtp ngwf;$ba tifapy; xU ez;giuNah my;yJ cwtpdiuNah jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

Page 9 ÄJïÝ Aƒvó¡ Aƒvó¡ Aƒvó¡ «ðÏó£†CJ¡ «ðÏó£†CJ¡ «ðÏó£†CJ¡ W› W› W› õ£¿‹ õ£¿‹ õ£¿‹ Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_ 45 45 45 õòFŸ° õòFŸ° õòFŸ° «ñŸð†«ì£ ̃ «ñŸð†«ì£ ̃ «ñŸð†«ì£ ̃ 2Á2ÁŠð£è 2Á2ÁŠð£è 2Á2ÁŠð£è õ£›õîŸè£ù õ£›õîŸè£ù õ£›õîŸè£ù F†ì‹ F†ì‹ F†ì‹ (Active (Active living living for for the the over over 45's 45's living living in in Kingston) Kingston) Þ J fpq;];udpy; thOk; 45 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;Nlhh; RWRWg;ghf tho;tij Cf;Ftpf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;. Muha;r;rpfspd;gb xU thuj;jpy; %d;W jlit fshtJ 30 epkplq;fSf;F xU ruhrup RWRWg;ghd nraypy; (Active living directory) fpq;];udpy; cs;s tpisahl;L> clw;gapw;rp> kw;Wk; fspahl;L ikaq; fspd; tpguq;fisj; jUfpwJ. ,jpy; je;jpUf;Fk; nray;fspy; cq;fSf;F Vw;wnjhd;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;J mjpy; gq;Fgw;w KbAk;. xt;nthUKiwAk; ePq;fs; clYf;Fg; gapw;rpjUk; nray;fspy; kfpo;r;rp As;sth;fshfTk;> GJ el;Gf;fisg; ngw;wth;fshfTk; khwpAs;sjhff; $wpAs;sdh;. ,g; gapw;rpfspy; gq;FngWNthh; elg;gJ> ePe;JtJ> eldkhLjy; Mfpa tw;wpNyNa $Ljy; Mh;tk; nfhz;lth;fshf cs;sdh;. ,th;fSf;F cjTk; tifapy; fpq;];udpy; cs;s eilghijfspd; tiuglq;fisj; jahupj;J ,ytrkhf tpepNahfpj;Js;Nshk;. 60 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;lth; fSf;Fk; 16 tajpw;Ff; Fiwe;jth;fSf;Fk; 'fpq;/gp\h;' (Kingfisher), epA+ Nkhy;ld; nrd;uh; (New Malden Centre) Mfpa ePr;ry; Fsq;fspy; ,ytrkhf ePe;Jtjw;F xOq;Ffs; nra;Js;Nshk;. eld tpUk;gpfSf;fhf vjph;tUk; A+iy khjk; njhlf;fk; nrg;nlk;gh; khjk;tiu ,ytr eldg; gapw;rpfs; elhj;jTs;Nshk;. 'mf;upt; yptpq; ilnwf;uwp' (Active living directory), 'gh];Nghh;l;' (Passport,) eilghij tiuglk; (walking map) Mfpatw;iw Active Kingston Team, Royal Borough of Kingston, Guildhall 2, Kingston on Thames, Surrey, KT1 1EU (Tel: 020 8547 5207) vd;w Kftupapy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. ,e;j jfty; jpul;il (Directory) www.kingston.gov.uk/active_living vd;w ,iza jsj;jpYk; ghh;f;fyhk;. «ñ1⁄2‹ MðóƒèÀ‚° Grace Shorthouse Active Living Project Coordinator, Raleigh House, 14 Nelson Road, New Malden, Surrey KT3 5EA Tel: 020 8942 8256 e-mail grace@ageconcernkingston.org I mZfTk;. (This is a partnership project between RBK, KPCT and Age Concern, Kingston.) £À ÷uøÁ ̄ ÷uøÁ ̄ ÷uøÁ ̄ £À £À ;If;fpa , mq;fj;jt ah;fs; m khdita xOq;fhf mLj;j g ah;fspy; nfhs;sT KT1 Brights 17 Penr Tel : 02 Oasis D Portsmo Kingsto Tel: 020 Oasis D 10 Fairf Tel : 02 Sai Den 59 Cam Tel : 02 Triangl 4 The T Kingsto Tel : 02 KT2 Dr J Ca 206 Ric Tel : 02 Ham D 8 Dukes Tel: 020 KT3 Dr P Si 44 King Tel : 02 Dr M P 92 King Tel : 02 Westbu 75 King New Ma Tel: 020 îŸ Band 1 - gupNrhji jLg;Gg; Band 2 - epuTjy; gy; gpLq Band 3 - gy;Kb epue;ju g 16 ta ta tpguq;f ù F†ì‹ ù F†ì‹ ù F†ì‹ in Kingston) in Kingston) ingston.) ÄJïÝ Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_ ÷uøÁ ̄õP ÷uøÁ ̄õP ÷uøÁ ̄õP £À £À £À EÒÍuõ? EÒÍuõ? EÒÍuõ? øÁzv ̄o øÁzv ̄o øÁzv ̄o ;If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kw;iwa ghfq;fisg; Nghyy;yhJ fpq;];udpy; GJ mq;fj;jth;fisr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Mh;tKila NHS gy; itj;jp ah;fs; mNefh; cs;sdh;. gw;fs;> KuR> tha; Mfpatw;iw MNuhf;fpa khditahf itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Neha; tuhkw; jLg;gjw;Fk; xOq;fhf gw;gupNrhjid nra;J nfhs;sy; mtrpakhFk;. cq;fSila mLj;j gupNrhjidiar; nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F fPo;f;fhZk; gy; itj;jp ah;fspy; xUtUld; njhlh;Gnfhz;L mtiur; re;jpg;gjw;F Vw;ghL nra;J nfhs;sTk.; mJ cq;fSf;F xU mofhd Gd;difiag; ngw;Wj; jUk;. KT1 Dr R Patel Brightsmile Dental Practice 328 Kingston Road, New Malden KT3 3RX. 17 Penrhyn Road, Kingston KT1 2BZ, Tel: 020 8546 4706 Tel : 020 8546 3330 Groves Dental Centre Oasis Dental Practice 72 Coombe Road, New Malden KT3 4QS, Portsmouth Road / Woodbines Avenue, Tel : 020 8949 5252 Kingston KT1 2LY Drs R and P Buttar Tel: 020 8549 3252 309 Malden Road, New Malden KT3 6AH. Oasis Dental Practice 10 Fairfield West, Kingston KT1 2NR, Tel : 020 8942 1465 KT4 ho;tij Tel : 020 8546 5963 Sai Dental Practice Dental Sense 378 Malden Road, Worcester Park KT4 7NL. jlit 59 Cambridge Road, Kingston KT1 3NX, Tel : 020 8337 3496 KT6 ;

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cq;fSf;Ff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tPl;Lj; jsthlq;fs; Njitahf cs;sjh?
cq;fsplk; Njitaw;w tPl;Lj; jsthlq;fs; cs;sdth?
mg;gbahapd;> 'Kingston Community Furniture' cq;fs; Njitia epth;j;jp nra;Ak;.
cq;fsJ Njitaw;w jsthlq;fis ,ytrkhf mg;Gwg; gLj;JNthk;. (,ij efuhl;rp %yk; nra;tjhdhy; £20/- fl;lzk; mwtplg;gLk;). ,jdhy; Fg;ig NkLfspy; nfhl;lg;gLk; tPz; tpuaj;ijj; jLg;gJld; Fiwe;j tUkhdk; cs;Nshh; jkJ tPl;Lj; jsthlq;fisg; ngw cjTfpwJ. vkf;Fj; jUk; jsthlq;fs; Nrjk; mw;wjhfTk;> Rfhjhu kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G (Health and safety) rl;lq;fSf;F cl;gl;ljhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fpq;];ud; tho; kf;fs; kpff;Fiwe;j tpiyapy; fl;by;fs;;> ,Uf;iffs;> czT Nkir Mfpatw;iwg; ngw tpUk;gpd; vkJ fsQ;rpa rhiyf;F te;J mtw;iwj; njupTnra;a KbAk;. cq;fs; tUifia vkf;F Kd;$l;bNa mwpaj; jhUq;fs;.
,j; jpl;lj;jpy; ePq;fs; xU njhz;luhfr; (volunteer) Nruyhk;. cjhuzkhf vkJ tz;b Xl;LduhfNth my;yJ fsQ;rpar;rhiy cjTduhfNth NritGupa KbAk;.
cq;fsJ jsghlq;fisf; ifaspf;fNth my;yJ vkJ fsQ;rpar;rhiyapy; cs;s jsghlq;fisj; njupT nra;aNth njhlh;G nfhs;sNtz;ba tpguk;.: Kingston Community Furniture on 020 8942 5500.
Community Furniture was set up through a partnership between Kingston Voluntary Action and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames.
\‰Pz uÍ Á õh[PÒ (Community Furniture)
,J xU (www.hill `py;f ngz;fs; jUk; fy fy;Y}up 1 ghijia Gjpjhf V nra;J cjtKb [
mEkj mEkjpng ,Ug;gpd; KbAk;. njhlh;G n [ nrYj;jg jdpg;g
Mjutpy; [ OFST epiyaK [ rh;tfy ngz;fS nra;Ak; tFj;Js;N [ rdp-Qhap
RaKd
tFg;Gf;f tpUk;GNt Kaw;rpfs Mq;fpy ESOL
gapw [ ,t;tF nryT> j tpz;zg;g [ ehl;bY Mfpatw fy;Y}up N
,f; fy epyg;gug;g gbg;gjw;F cs;sJ. 'yz;ld; epkpl Neu Nkyjp Tel: 02 Hillcro Charity
ÄJïÝ
Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_

\‰Pz Á
õh[PÒ ,J xU Njrpa ngz;fs; ciwtpl trjpAs;s fy;Y}up. (www.hillcroft.ac.uk)
`py;fpnwh/g;l; fy;Y}up (Hillcroft College) 19 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fs; jq;fpapUe;J fy;tpfw;Fk; trjpAs;s xU Gj;Jzh;r;rp jUk; fy;Y}up. khzth;fSf;F Nky;kl;l taJ fpilahJ. ,f; fy;Y}up 1920k; Mz;bypUe;J fy;tp%yk; ngz;fs; jkJ tho;f;ifg; ghijia khw;wpaikf;f cjtpnra;J tUfpwJ. vdNt ePq;fs; Gjpjhf VjhtJ fw;gjw;Nfh my;yJ cq;fsJ Mw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sNth tpUk;gpdhy; ,f;fy;Y}up cq;fSf;F cjtKbAk;. [
mEkjp ngWtjw;Fj; jfikfs; fpilahJ. ePq;fs; mEkjpngWk; tiuaiwfSf;F (eligibility criteria) cl;gl;ltuhf ,Ug;gpd; ,q;F elhj;jg;gLk; VjhtJ gapw;rpapy; Nrh;e;J nfhs;s KbAk;. Nkw;nfhz;L VjhtJ tpguk; Njitg;gbd; fy;Y}upAld; njhlh;G nfhs;sTk;. [ nrYj;jg;gLk;. jdpg;gl;NlhUila khzth;fSf;F fy;tpj; Njitf;F mspf;ff;$ba cjTtjpy; ngUkstpyhd tpNrl ftdk;
Mjutpy; ehk; ngUikg;gLfpNwhk;. [ OFSTEAD ,dhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l xU rpWth; guhkupg;G epiyaKk; fy;tp ts ikaKk; (learning resources centre) cs;sd. [ rh;tfyhrhiyf;Fj; jahh;nra;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; ngz;fSila jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk; fw;if newpfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; GJikahd ,uz;L ghlj;jpl;lq;fis tFj;Js;Nshk;. [ rdp-QhapW> RaKd;Ndw;wk;> ghlrhiy jpwd;tpUj;jp> tpLKiw Mfpatw;wpw;F Mfpa cjTk; tifapy; ehl;fspy; gapw;rp tFg;Gf;fs; eilngWfpd;wd. ,it Ntiyf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;GNthh;> Ranjhopy; nra;a tpUk;GNthh;> r%ff;$l;L Kaw;rpfspy;  jq;Fkplr;nryT Mfpadtw;wpw;fhf cjtpj; njhiff;F tpz;zg;gpj;jy; ,aYk;. [ ehl;bYs;s kw;iwa gapw;rp epiyaq;fs;> r%ff; FOf;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp rk;ge;jkhd njhlh;Gfis ,f; fy;Y}up Ngzp tUfpwJ.
,f; fy;Y}up kuq;fs; epuk;gpa mofhd 3 Vf;fh; tp];jPuzkhd epyg;gug;gpy; cs;sJ. mikjpahd> xJf;Fg;Gwkhd ,r;#oy; gbg;gjw;Fk; ez;gh;fSld; mstshtp kfpo;tjw;Fk; Vw;w ,lkhf cs;sJ. Mdhy; kj;jpa yz;lDf;Fr; rkPgj;jpNyNa cs;sJ. 'yz;ld; epkpl Neuj;jpy; thl;lh;Y}'
,t;tplj;ij (London Waterloo)
milayhk;.
Gifapuj epiyaj;jpypUe;J 15
Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F: Tel: 020 8399 2688 or e-mail enquiry@hillcroft.ac.uk Hillcroft College, South Bank, Surbiton KT6 6DF. Registered Charity 312825. Funded by LSC.
ÄJïÝ
Öçð©A Öçð©A >ïk_ ÄJïÝ >ïk_
`py;fpnwh/g;l; `py;fpnwh/g;l; `py;fpnwh/g;l; fy;Y}up fy;Y}up fy;Y}up ngz;fSf;fhd ngz;fSf;fhd ngz;fSf;fhd fy;tp fy;tp fy;tp mwf;fl;lisapd; mwf;fl;lisapd; mwf;fl;lisapd; xU xU xU mq;fk; mq;fk; mq;fk;
iture)
tPl;Lj;
lq;fs;
niture'
rkhf %yk; jdhy; j;ijj; jkJ kf;Fj; fhjhu Sf;F
yapy; Nkir Q;rpa bAk;. wpaj;
unteer) hfNth fNth
y;yJ isj; pguk;.: 0.

Page 11
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1325Ýõ¶ H«óó¬í âù
Tamil Women Development Forum Tel : 0208 546 1560 email : twdf.ccd@sangu.org Ü¬ö‚èŠð ́‹ Þˆb ̃ñ£ù‹
Î¡ 2009

Page 12
1212
Î¡ 2009
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Page 13
THE PEOPLES AND CULTURES OF PREHISTO D D
R R
. . S S
IVA IVA
T T
HIAGARAJAH HIAGARAJAH PEOPLING OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINEN
THE T
DRAVIDIANS he and present-day term elsewhere Dravidian South who refer Indian speak to Family the a peoples dialect of languages. of belonging India, Sri The to Lanka term the
Dravidian was first used by Rev. Robert Caldwell in 1856 as a generic name of the major language family next to Indo-Aryan spoken in the Indian subcontinent (Caldwell,R.: 1856, repr. 1956: 3-6).
This name was an adaptation of the Sanskrit term Dravida which was traditionally used to designate the Tamil language and Tamil people in some contexts, and in others to denote the South Indian peoples. Caldwell cited several sources: Manusmriti, Natyasastra, and Mahabharata where the word Dravida is used to denote a people; Kumarilabhatta's Tantravarttika where Dravida is used as the name of a language; and Dravidi as a Prakrit language belonging to the 'Paisasci' group. He also stated that “by the adoption of this term 'Dravidian', the word 'Tamilian' has been left free to signify that which is distinctively Tamil” (Caldwell,R.: 1956: 6).
The Prakrit forms of the Sanskrit Dravida are Damila which occurs in Pali literature, and Demelu in Ardhamagadhi; and the names Damila, Demela, Dameda and Tamira occurs in inscriptions and epigraphic records. They are all cognates of the Tamil name 'Tamil', which refers to the Tamil language, Tamil country and Tamil people.
Languages belonging to the Dravidian family are spoken today mainly in South Asia, but migrant groups from this region have taken these languages to almost all the developed countries of the world. What is of interest to the historical linguists is the presence of some of the minor and less developed Dravidian languages in places outside South India; and the presence of related languages outside India.
The Dravidian languages in India are divided into four major groups.
The Southern Group: 1. Tamil, 2. Malayalam, 3. Irula, 4. Kurumba, 5. Kodagu, 6.Toda, 7. Kota, 8. Badaga, 9. Kannada, 10. Koraga, 11. Tulu.
The South-Central Group: 12. Telugu, 13. Gondi, 14. Konda, 15. Kui, 16. Kuvi, 17. Pengo, 18. Manda.
The Central Group: 19.Kolami. 20.Naiki (Chanda), 21.Parji, 22.Naikri, 23. Gadaba-Ollari, 24. Gadaba-Salur, 25.Gadaba- Pottangi.
The Northern Group: 26. Kurux, 27.Mal The four major Dravidian languages a South India, each dominant in a separate ling has the largest number of speakers, an estimate the language of Andhra Pradesh. Tamil, wh literature among the Dravidian languages sp million people is the language of Tamil N language of the state of Karnataka, has about 5 Malayalam, the language of Kerala has an e speakers (Krishnamurthi,B.: 2003).
Of the minor languages, Gondi, Tulu an spoken by more than a million speakers. Man spoken by tribal people. It is noteworthy t languages are spoken by tribes in North In Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West B Aryan is currently the dominant language.
The only Dravidian language spoken outs Brahui. It is spoken by the Brahui people liv the south west region of Pakistan and the Afghanistan and Iran with Pakistan. The Quetta, Kalat and Sibi which sorrounds Mehr Brahuis. At present there are 2.2 million Brahui. It has been influenced by the especially Balochi. According to a recent Brahui is one of the languages facing danger o
Mehrgarh Culture, belonging to 9000 Neolithic archaeological site in South Asi people who still live around there are the Dra was an early farming village, and its residents houses, stored their grains in granaries, fashio copper ore, and lined their large basket conta This site was discovered in 1974 by the Fr Jean-Francois Jarrige. This culture is believ runner to the later Indus Valley Civilizatio suggested that Brahui might be a remnant of th in the Indus Valley. IRANAMADU FORMATION OF NORTH-WEST SRI LANKA
The distribution of Dravidian languages T
Pakistan is of significance for tracing the histo family in the Indian subcontinent. Although i speakers of the major Dravidian languages a peninsular India, as the historical linguist K pointed out, 'it is however a well-established hypothesis that Dravidian speakers must hav throughout India, including the north-west reg 2005:121; Kamil Zvelebil:2003:698).
THE LINGUISTIC CONNECT CONCEPT OF PROTO-ELAMO-D ELAM
Historically Elam is known to have occup southern Zagros mountains of modern Ira adjacent plains of Khuzistan and the Pe Archaeological excavations conducted durin the twentieth century indicates that in late p BCE) Elam, or its strong influence extended and east, including a large part of the Iranian Karlovsky,: 1978: 114-120).
The pattern of Elamite history is a comple plains of Khuzistan, which face Mesopotam highlands, and both of them with the hinterla and Baluchistan. Khuzistan, the Persian name Elam was known as Susiana in classical times. is an extension of the plains of Mesopotam separated by extensive marshes along the Susiana is watered by two river systems, th Karun originating in the Zagros mountains (Fi The alluvial plain where the rivers leave for long the heart of Susiana. Here the soil w supply adequate, and the gravelly nature o adequate drainage. Furthermore, this land was isohyet limit of rainfall, the absolute limit of under Mesopotamian conditions; Susiana isohyet. Thus, Susiana provided a zone of ea dry to irrigation farming (Adams,R.M.: 1962:
On the banks of Shaur river, a tributary o city of Susa, one of the earliest cities in huma millennia Susa was the largest and most consis in Susiana. During the Elamite period, cultiva been restricted to those areas where rainfall an

1313
D CULTURES D
D
R R
. . S S
IVA IVA
T T
HIAGARAJAH HIAGARAJAH
OF PREHISTORIC SRI LANKA
6 DIAN SUBCONTINENT: THE DRAVIDIANS
roup: 26. Kurux, 27.Malto, 28. Koraga. r Dravidian languages are concentrated in minant in a separate linguistic state. Telugu er of speakers, an estimated 75 million; and is dhra Pradesh. Tamil, which has the oldest e Dravidian languages spoken by about 65 he language of Tamil Nadu. Kannada, the of Karnataka, has about 50 million speakers. uage of Kerala has an estimated 35 million urthi,B.: 2003). nguages, Gondi, Tulu and Kurukh are each n a million speakers. Many of the others are eople. It is noteworthy that some of these en by tribes in North India, in states like rissa, Bihar and West Bengal where Indo- e dominant language. ian language spoken outside modern India is by the Brahui people living in Baluchistan, ion of Pakistan and the border regions of an with Pakistan. The Pakistani cities of ibi which sorrounds Mehrgarh, is peopled by t there are 2.2 million people who speak en influenced by the Iranian languages, According to a recent UNESCO report, languages facing danger of extinction.
re, belonging to 9000 BP, is the earliest gical site in South Asia, and the ancient e around there are the Dravidians. Mehrgarh g village, and its residents lived in mud brick grains in granaries, fashioned tools with local d their large basket containers with bitumen. vered in 1974 by the French archaeologist e. This culture is believed to be the fore- Indus Valley Civilization and it has been ui might be a remnant of the language spoken
of Dravidian languages in North India and cance for tracing the history of the Dravidian subcontinent. Although in modern times the or Dravidian languages are concentrated in the historical linguist Kamil Zvelebil has wever a well-established and well supported vidian speakers must have been widespread cluding the north-west region' (Indrapala,K.: elebil:2003:698).
m is known to have occupied the central and ountains of modern Iran along with the Khuzistan and the Persian Gulf coast. avations conducted during the latter part of ry indicates that in late prehistory (ca.3000 trong influence extended farther to the north a large part of the Iranian plateau (Lamberg-
4-120). lamite history is a complex interaction of the , which face Mesopotamia, with the Zagros of them with the hinterlands of interior Iran uzistan, the Persian name for the lowlands of Susiana in classical times. Physically Susiana he plains of Mesopotamia from which it is sive marshes along the lower Tigris river. by two river systems, the Karkheh and the the Zagros mountains (Fisher,W.B.: 1968). in where the rivers leave the mountains was f Susiana. Here the soil was good, the water nd the gravelly nature of the soil allowed urthermore, this land was within the 300mm fall, the absolute limit of rain-fed agriculture an conditions; Susiana receiving 200mm na provided a zone of early transition from ing (Adams,R.M.: 1962: 110). Shaur river, a tributary of Karkheh rose the the earliest cities in human history. For many he largest and most consistently occupied site he Elamite period, cultivation seems to have ose areas where rainfall and simple irrigation
made it possible. Later in Sassanian times, elaborate irrigation systems were developed extending cultivation far out into the plain. For several centuries Susiana was the breadbasket of Iran (Adams,R.M: 1962: 109-122).
However after the Islamic conquest, a decline in administration began a rapid decline in production that culminated with the disruption of central control. This period was characterised by slave revolts, by encroaching nomads, and by the Mongol invasions. Susa was a thriving city as late as A.D. 1170. Shortly afterward it was abandoned temporarily and was finally destroyed by Tammerlane in the fourteenth century. The irrigation system was abandoned, and Khuzistan became largely deserted. (Fisher,W.B.: 1968).
THE ELAMITE LANGUAGE
Elamite is an extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites. The language was spoken for thousands of years and was the official language of the Persian Empire from the sixth to the fourth centuries BCE. The last written records in the Elamite language appear about the time of the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great.
The oldest known Elamite script is known as Proto-Elamite. It is first attested in Susa, the capital of Elam in 2900 BCE. The Proto-Elamite script is similar to the early Sumerian script but carry completely different sounds and meanings. The Proto- Elamo script consists of about 1000 signs and believed to be partly logographic. This script has not yet been deciphered (Vallat,F.: 1986).
The Old Elamite, also known as Linear Elamite is derived from Proto-Elamite, and known to be used between about 2250 and2220 BCE, although it may have been invented at an earlier date. Old Elamite has only been partially deciphered, mainly by Walther Hinz. This script consisted of about 80 symbols and was written in vertical columns running from top to bottom and left to right (Coulmas, F.: 1996).
The Elamite Cuneiform script was in use for 2,200years from about 2500 BCE to 331 BCE (until Aramaic totally displaced it), and was adapted from the Akkadian Cuneiform. The Elamite Cuneiform consisted of only about 130 symbols, far fewer than most other cuneiform scripts. This script was first deciphered by Danish Orientalist Neils Ludwig Westergaard in 1844. (Walker,C.B.F.: 1990).
INGUISTIC CONNECTION:
F PROTO-ELAMO-DRAVIDIAN
The Elamite migration into India around 9,000 BCE (genetic marker M172) The Elamite migration into India around 9,000 BCE (genetic marker M172), brought with them the Elamo- Dravidian language and a knowledge of agriculture. (Place names not according to time-scale).
The Proto-Elamite script in a tablet from Susa, not yet deciphered. This has a strong resemblance to the Harappan script.
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THE ELAMO-DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES
The Elamo-Dravidian languages are a hypothesised language family which include the living Dravidian languages of India, and Pakistan, in addition to the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam, in what is now south-western Iran.
In 1853, Edwin Norris writing about the Elamite inscription at Behistun made numerous comparisons with Tamil, a Dravidian Language (Norris,E.: 1855: 6-7). In 1856, when Caldwell published his Comparative Grammar of Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages, he incorporated Norris's work, placing it as the first suggested affiliation for Dravidian and discussing the connection at some length (Caldwell,R.: 1856: 43- 45; repr.1974: 65-67).
Over the years several scholars of Elamite studies have noted this connection with the Dravidian. Notable among them were Georg Husing (1901, 1910); Vilhelm Thomsen (1910); Alfredo Trombetti (1913); Ferdinand Bork (1925) and Pedersen (1962:128). Until 1974, the best description of the relationship between Elamite and Dravidian was given by I.M. Diakonoff (1967). After discussing the Elamite language at some length, he presented in six pages all the arguments for a genetic relationship between the two languages, along with a list of seven possible etyma.
It was left to the unstinting efforts of David W. McAlpin, then Assistant Professor of Dravidian Languages and Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, to provide the evidence for this historic connection. He coined the term Proto-Elamo-Dravidian to indicate this connection, and presented his preliminary paper “Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian” which appeared in the journal Language in 1974. This was followed by “Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships” which appeared in Current Anthropology in 1975. His definitive work “Proto-Elamo- Dravidian was published in 1981, in Philadelphia (David McAlpin: 1981).
McAlpin identified several similarities between Elamite and Dravidian. According to McAlpin 32% of the Dravidian and Elamite vocabulary are cognates and possible cognates. Elamite and Dravidian possess similar second person pronouns and parallel case endings. They have identical derivatives, abstract nouns and the same verb stem+tense marker+personal ending structure. The Elamo-Dravidian Hypothesis is based on several other pieces of evidence, notably agriculture developed in the Near East and later spread to the Indus Valley region and then into India; suggesting that Elamo-Dravidian agriculturalists have brought farming from the Near East to the Indus Valley. This was confirmed by genetic studies in recent years (Sengupta,S.et al: 2006). THE GENETIC BACKGROUND
The population of South India-Sri Lanka constitutes several genetic groups who have been living there for thousands of years. Although the majority of the South Indians speak the Dravidian languages at present, they do not belong to a single genetic group. This refutes the possibility of a single 'biological Dravidian race' distinct from the non-Dravidians of the Indian Subcontinent.
The genetic groups of South India could be classified according to their Y-Chromosome Haplogroups, each having a specific genetic marker. The main groups are: Haplogroup M2 (genetic marker M130); Haplogroup F (genetic marker M89); Haplogroup H (genetic marker M69); Haplogroup L (genetic marker M20); Haplogroup J2 (genetic marker M172); and Haplogroup R1a (genetic marker M17).
M2 is widespread throughout the Subcontinent except in the North West, where it is rare. It shows peaks in Bangla Desh, Andhra Pradesh, coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. Although the tribal people of this genetic group still speak the Munda languages, the majority of this group speak the regional languages where they live. In April 2008, Prof. R.M.Pitchappan of Madurai Kamaraj University and his team identified the genetic marker M130 among 11 members of the family of Mr. Virumandi Andithevar of Jothimanickam village in Madurai, which identified them as the direct descendants of the first coastal migrants from Africa 70,000 years ago. The Indian media gave wide coverage to this finding, and this was reported in the BBC Television in the U.K. (The Hindu: April 04, 2008).
The Upper Paleolithic humans reached the Middle East from Africa around 50,000 BP. They carried a genetic mutation marker,M89- identified as the Middle Eastern marker. The presence of M89 in North Eastern Africa, Middle East and the Levant made geneticists to suggest that Eurasia was settled in a single southern coastal emigration from Africa. M89 Y- Chromosomes are not found in Australia or South-East Asia, but are found in India and Sri Lanka (Spencer Wells: 2003; Karafet,T.M.: 2008).
The Haplogroup H (M69) is found in India and Sri Lanka. They are believed to have migrated to South India and Sri Lanka around 35,000 BP from the middle east like their predecessors. This constitutes a very small group.
The group with the genetic marker M20 de wave of migration into India from the Middle ago. It is found at its highest frequency in the South, who speak the Dravidian languages. populations M20 reaches a frequency of over tested, while its presence outside India is onl Wells: 2003: 166).
Researchers have traced the origins of t Haplogroup J2 (genetic marker M172) to Caspian region and the Zagros mountains. Fro all over the Iranian Plateau and with decreasin settled in India. The presence of the Haplogro subclades M410 and M241 in Pakistan, Indu provides an acknowledgement of the propos Elamo-Dravidians from South West Persia to Indus region(Quamar,R.et al.: 2002;Sengupta The idea that the genetic marker M172 ha India with the Proto-Elamo-Dravidians grou the frequency of the presence of M172 among Dravidian speaking ethnic group in the Irani 28% of Bahuis carry the mutation defining M172 acconts for 11.9% of all the Y-Chromoso there. The frequency of M172 is higher am castes at 19%, than among the Indo-European 11% (Sengupta,S.et al.: 2006: 202-221).
In South India, about 10% of the po Haplogroup R1a (genetic marker M17), wh India by the Indo-European people who mig Asia and Iran 3,500 years ago. M17 in India frequency in those groups speaking th languages. Among the Hindi speaking popula of the men have this genetic marker (Spencer W Although the majority of Dravidian speake marker M20 which arrived in India 30,000 ye Dravidian languages seem to be a later ado available evidence shows that the progeni Dravidian languages arrived in India about 10 Mesopotamia in Iran.
It is safe to assume that all the genetic arrived in South India before Sri Lanka got s that is before 5,000 BCE or 7,000 BP would h Lanka as well. Hence, the population of Prehis not a homogenous group as assumed by the hi We do not know all the languages they spok must have spoken the Munda languages, and Dravidian identified as Elu. (Dem-Elu mean later named Tamil, is a daughter of this ancien The Sinhala language is a combination of Prakrits themselves have an Elu substratum. T dealt with in a later chapter). THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGR THE MESOLITHIC AGE
Microlithic stone tools (26,000 BCE) fro
formation The Mesolithic or 'Middle Stone Age' w human development of stone age technolo

he genetic marker M20 defines the first major nto India from the Middle East 30,000 years s highest frequency in the populations of the the Dravidian languages. In some southern aches a frequency of over 50% of the people sence outside India is only sporadic (Spercer
e traced the origins of the Y-Chromosome netic marker M172) to the South Eastern he Zagros mountains. From here it had spread lateau and with decreasing frequency finally presence of the Haplogroup J2, including its d M241 in Pakistan, Indus region and India, ledgement of the proposed spread of Proto- rom South West Persia to India through the r,R.et al.: 2002;Sengupta,S.et al: 2006). genetic marker M172 have been carried into o-Elamo-Dravidians groups is supported by presence of M172 among the only remaining ethnic group in the Iranian Plateau, Brahui. y the mutation defining M172. In Pakistan .9% of all the Y-Chromosomes samples typed cy of M172 is higher among the Dravidian among the Indo-European speaking castes at al.: 2006: 202-221). , about 10% of the population carry the enetic marker M17), which was brought to uropean people who migrated from Central years ago. M17 in India is found at a high se groups speaking the Indo-European he Hindi speaking population of Delhi, 35% genetic marker (Spencer Wells: 2003: 167).
jority of Dravidian speakers carry the genetic arrived in India 30,000 years ago, the Proto- s seem to be a later adoption. The current shows that the progenitors of the Proto- s arrived in India about 10,000 years ago from
. ume that all the genetic groups who have ia before Sri Lanka got separated by the sea CE or 7,000 BP would have walked into Sri e, the population of Prehistoric Sri Lanka was roup as assumed by the historians of the past. the languages they spoke. But surely some e Munda languages, and by some the Proto- as Elu. (Dem-Elu meaning Southern Elu, s a daughter of this ancient mother language. ge is a combination of Elu and Pali. The have an Elu substratum. This subject will be hapter). OLOGICAL BACKGROUND HIC AGE
ools (26,000 BCE) from the Iranamadu
formation or 'Middle Stone Age' was a period in the t of stone age technology in between the
Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age. People of this age continued to be hunter-gatherers, and lived in caves near forests where they could hunt game; or lived along the sea shores or riversides where they could catch their fish.
This stage of development is characterised by small stone implements which were used as arrowheads, spearheads, and fine scraping tools called microliths. In Sri Lanka the occurrence of geometric microliths, comprising small flakes of quartz and occasionally chert, less than 4 cms long, fashioned into stylized lunate, triangular and traprzoidal forms (Deraniyagala,S.U.: 2004: 8).
In Europe these geometric microliths were considered to be the hallmark of their Mesolithic people, and they were dated around 12,000 BP. But in Sri Lanka thermo luminescence dating methods have given dates of 31,000 BP for the Batadomba-lena cave tools, and 30,000 BP for the Beli-lena cave tools.
Apart from stone tools, artefacts of bone and antler were prolific from 31,000 BP onwards. Beads of sea-shells, as well as salt found in the caves along with the stone tools at excavations indicate an extensive network of contacts between the coast and inland (ibid: 9).
With regard to the Teris, the river gravels and shore sands on which people lived, nothing organic has survived due to the ravages of weather. Only inorganic materials have survived. Unlike the caves these deposits go back to very much earlier periods. Stone tools and their by-products belonging to the Palaeolithic are discovered here. The microliths obtained from the coastal sands have been dated around 28,000 BP.
In the other parts of the world, as the human stone age technology gradually evolved, the Mesolithic phase gradually passed on to a Neolithic (New Stone Age) phase, then to a Chalcolithic (Bronze Age) phase, before proceeding to the Iron Age. But in Sri Lanka the evidence for the transition from Mesolithic to the Neolithic was never discovered. This “Neolithic Skip” will be taken up for discussion later.
REFERENCES
1. ROBERT CALDWELL (1856; repr.1956): A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages; University of Madras. 2. KRISHNAMURTHI, BADRIRAJU (2003): Dravidian
Languages; Cambridge University Press. 3. INDRAPALA,K. (2005): The Evolution of an Ethnic
Identity; Sydney. 4. KAMIL ZVELEBIL (2003): Dravidian Languages; New
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 22. 5. LAMBERG-KARLOVSKY,C.C. (1978): The Proto-
Elamite Settlement at Tepe Yahya; Iran 9. 6. FISHER,W.B. ed. (1968): The Cambridge history of Iran;
Vol.I; Cambridge University Press. 7. ADAMS, ROBERT M. (1962): Agriculture and Urban
Life in Early South West Iran; Science 136. 8. VALLAT, FRANCOIS (1986): The most ancient scripts of Iran: The current situation; World Archaeology, Vol.17, No.3, Feb.1986. 9. COULMAS, FLORIAN (1996): The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Writing Systems; Blackwell Publications, Oxford. 10. WALKER,C.B.F. (1990): 'Cuniform', Reading the Past;
University of California Press, Berkley & Los Angeles. 11. DAVID McALPIN (1981): Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications; American Philosophical society, Philadelphiaa. 12. SANGAMITRA SENGUPTA et al. (2006): Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-Chromosome distributions in India; American Journal of Human Genetics, 78: 208-221. 13. SPENCER WELLS (2002, repr. 2003): The Journey of
Man; Random House, New York. 14. KARAFET et al. (2008): New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y- Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree Genome Research: 10. 15. Quamar,R.et al. (2002): Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan; American Journal of Human Genetics, 2002: 1107-1124. 16. DERANIYAGALA,S.U. (2004): Pre-historic basis for the rise of Civilization in Sri Lanka and South India; Chennai
To be continued

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LUTHERAN WORLD RELIEF GRANT FOR DOSPLACED PEOPLE:
Lutheran World Relief (LWR) announced that it had allocated $500,000 grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to support its emergency response to the humanitarian crisis in Sri Lanka. The grant would be used to meet the most The most urgent priority of providing food and clean water to IDPs in the Vavuniya district of Sri Lanka. It would also assist in developing community kitchens in the camps, which would provide nearly 20,000 people with food for at least 45 days through its local partners- the Federation of Social Development Organization (FOSDO) and Social Economical and Environmental Developers (SEED). LWR's partners will also provide cooking supplies, including pots and utensils, to community kitchens in 10 locations. SEED will supply hygiene packs - containing items such as diapers, soap, towels, and toothbrushes - for 4,000 children. HORROR IN SRI LANKA SAYS EX-UN COORDINATOR:
While current UN humanitarian coordinator John Holmes has commended the Sri Lankan government for how they are running the UN-funded camps where they have detained 300,000 Tamil civilians, his predecessor Jan Egeland had told the Press that we can "safely assume... horrors" in the treatment of "women in Sri Lanka, Tamils," due to the continuing denial of access not only to humanitarian review but also "witnesses." INDIA, CHINA TO EXPLORE FOR OIL ALONG SL COAST:
Petroleum Resources Development Minister A.H.M. Fowzie announced that his government would allow India and China to explore two of the six blocks identified for oil exploration off the island nation's northwest coast. Sri Lanka, which now imports all of its oil and gas, might be able to produce oil within three years if exploration efforts were successful, according to the Minister. The Gulf of Mannar, between the southern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka, has been identified for the first phase of oil exploration, which is likely to begin in August 2007. Minister also said that many countries engaged in the oil trade, including Saudi Arabia and Iran, have been told about opportunities in Sri Lanka and have provided technical assistance and expertise for local oil exploration. HEAD OF FORUT DEPORTED:
Ms Ranvei Tvetenes The head of Norwegian NGO, FORUT was deported for her alleged involvement with the LTTE and for indulging in activities inimical to the sovereignty and independence of Sri Lanka. The deportation order came because Ranvei Tvetenes, had ordered the bringing down and removal of the national flag of Sri Lanka that was hoisted by the local staff in the FORUT office premises, to mark the victory in the war with the LTTE by the armed forces on May 20. She had also refused to grant the holiday declared by the President on the occasion. SR I L A N K A N IN TE L L IG E N CE OFFICERS ARRESTED:
Seventeen military intelligence officers reported to have been arrested for assisting the LTTE. Two of those arrested include military Majors. No further details were released because of ongoing investigations. FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION SHOULD BEGIN AT THE TOP SAYS MP: MP Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe said Sri Lanka's fight against corruption would have to begin from the very top, bemoaning the lack of political will to arrest bribery and corruption, while a senior lawyer intimated that the country was a failed State as far as the rule of law was concerned. Rajapakshe said the Committee on Public Enterprises issued a report which highlighted several frauds in 16 public sector institutions, sometimes where the private sector too had been involved, but no tangible result had come since the report was released to Parliament in 2007. According to Rajapakshe, for the first five years since 1994, the Bribery Commission had only investigated one case, that of a teacher accepting a bribe comprising a tea set. He said the Commission, even today, could not function independently and was often lethargic in its approach.President's Counsel K. Kanag-Isvaran suggested the country was a failed State as far the rule of law went. "Some say Sri Lanka is a
failed state, I do not know but unfortunately it has come to that stage," he said. Kanag-Isvaran said there should be laws enacted to protect whistle-blowers in the public and private sectors as the law cannot at this stage protect those who expose corrupt practices of powerful politicians and businessmen.
Sri Lanka gets Chinese finance for bunker facility:Sri Lanka is getting a 65 million US dollars loan from China's Exim Bank to build an oil storage facility, with a capacity of 82,000 cubic meters of fuel storage and connecting pipelines in the Southern coastal town of Hambantota. According to information minister Anura Yapa, "The objective of this project is to supply and store marine fuel, aviation fuel and LP gas and provide bunkering services for vessels passing by Sri Lanka,". The facility will come up at a new port being built in Hambantota, also finance by China. The Exim Bank of China is already financing a large proportion of a coal fired plant in Sri Lanka's Western coast, north of Sri Lanka's capital Colombo. JAPANESE AID FOR AGRICULTURE IN SRI LANKA:
Minister of Agricultural Develop ment & Agrarian Services Development, Maithripala Sirisena held bilateral meetings with the Ambassador for Japan in Sri Lanka Kuniyo Takashi recently. The discussions centred on several issues pertaining to inter- cultural and religious activities drawing special attention to development activities in agriculture sector.Minister announced that both countries have agreed to cooperate towards the development of a Sri Lanka aimed at further strengthening the agriculture ties between the two nations and, the Government of Japan has agreed to provide aid to develop agricultural sector in North and East. MODERN WAREHOUSE COMPLEXES WITH SPANISH AID:
Development Minister Dinesh Gunawardena said Spain has agreed to provide a 47 million Euro (7,285 billion rupee) loan to build a modern warehouse complexes mainly for food storage at Hambantota, Dambulla and Galewela, Chief Government Whip, Urban Development and Sacred Area. The long term loan facility has been made available after talks the Minister had with the BBVA Bank of Spain. The Hambantota warehouse complex will have modern storage and chilling facilities for fish as well as fruits and vegetables and will also have an ice plant that could manufacture 1,200 tons of ice for the fishery industry of the area. Minister also said, another facility that would be built in this complex is a vegetable and fruit de-hydration plant allowing any waste. The warehouse complexes are also expected to have facilities to store excess paddy harvest from areas where extensive paddy cultivation takes place. TRAVELLERS WARNED OF SRI LANKA TERROR ATTACK RISK:
The United States issued a warning for its nationals travelling to or in Sri Lanka about the risk of possible terrorist attacks despite the recent defeat of the LTTE. The state department alleged that rebel remnants still posed a threat and could carry out assaults. It also noted that Sri Lanka itself was maintaining a heightened state of security despite claiming it had ended the conflict. The US state department warned its nationals against travelling to the island's northern province and to much of the east where battles took place till mid-May between government forces and the Tigers. About half a dozen foreign nationals of Sri Lankan origin are held in the camps along with nearly 300,000 Tamil civilians who escaped the fighting. The state department also warned US citizens of Sri Lankan origin that they may be subjected to additional scrutiny upon arrival and while in the country. “In some cases, foreigners of Sri Lankan origin may be detained without their embassy being notified,” the statement said. “The activities of journalists, researchers, aid workers, and volunteers receive particular attention.”
The latest US warning came as Colombo asked other countries, especially western nations, to relax travel advisories which have discouraged tourists to the South Asian island. G8 CONCERNED OVER MASS CIVILIAN LOSSES:
Foreign ministers from the Group of Eight industrialised nations (G8) while welcoming the Sri Lanka's end of war, regretted mass civilian losses and urged the government
to address displaced ci groups, urg reconcilia governmen witness aga strongly c authoritaria Lanka for humanity an SRI LAN POLITICI Lanka had Fund of po the 1.9 billi post-war process in th Sri Lank and Interna in Washing political fac the first time comment c fund officia that "The controversi criteria gov particular t view." Sri L in a bid to b country. T the pressur United Stat the other W into the Sri final stages ASTROLO police an Chandrasiri publicly Rajapaksa's spokesman the arrest source of hi weekly tele a pro-oppo Bandara tol the prime m September become prim UN STAFF OFFERS P UN staff m Lankan go disappeared Project Serv agency For d inquiries, th staff had bee the Indian a included th Kandasamy and N.Char Tamils. M for Sri Lank governmen Vavuniya. VOCATIO NORTH AN Training M his plans on and technic of the reh following th asid, alread colleges in hoped to est in IDP villa like dress m training, mo already bei follow dress paid to the co Eastern Pro train carpen those areas. according to aptitude tr attitudes. T Higher Tech Plans are a institutions SRI LAN COMMITT disband the to form a ne

tunately it ag-Isvaran to protect ate sectors those who politicians
for bunker illion US to build an of 82,000 connecting town of n minister roject is to n fuel and rvices for acility will mbantota, k of China n of a coal st, north of
TURE IN al Develop elopment, meetings Sri Lanka iscussions g to inter- ing special agriculture countries ards the at further tween the Japan has gricultural
PLEXES nt Minister agreed to lion rupee) complexes mbantota, overnment cred Area. een made d with the ambantota rn storage ll as fruits n ice plant ice for the r also said, ilt in this -hydration warehouse acilities to eas where e. I LANKA ited States elling to or le terrorist the LTTE. l remnants assaults. It intaining a claiming it epartment ing to the uch of the mid-May he Tigers. als of Sri along with scaped the arned US ey may be arrival and foreigners ed without statement searchers, particular
Colombo western hich have n island. IVILIAN e Group of 8) while r, regretted overnment
to address the humanitarian situation of the displaced civilians and ensure free access to aid groups, urged further progress on national reconciliation. Noting the Sri Lankan government's conduct of the war without witness against Tamil rebels, the G8 nations strongly condemn the undemocratic and authoritarian action by the government of Sri Lanka for its war crimes, crimes against humanity and the ethnic cleansing. SRI LANKA CHARGES IMF OF POLITICIZING FINANCIAL AID:
Sri Lanka had accused the International Monetary Fund of politicizing financial aid for delaying the 1.9 billion dollar bailout it requested for the post-war resettlement and reconciliation process in the country.
Sri Lanka's Minister of Export Development and International Trade, G.L. Peiris told media in Washington, "Never ever has the IMF taken political factors into account. Now, it seems for the first time they are doing that indirectly”. The comment came ahead of his meeting with the fund officials in Washington. Peiris said further that "The IMF is now going to be embroiled in controversial political issues as part of the criteria governing their judgment in respect of particular transactions. That is very much our view." Sri Lanka asked the IMF for aid in March in a bid to build the war affected economy in the country. The IMF had delayed the loan due to the pressure from its main shareholder, the United States which along with the Britain and the other Western nations insists on an inquiry into the Sri Lanka government's handling of the final stages of war against Tamil Tigers. ASTROLOGER ARRESTED:
Sri Lankan police announced they have arrested Chandrasiri Bandara, a popular astrologer for publicly predicting President Mahinda Rajapaksa's imminent ouster from office. Police spokesman Ranjith Gunasekera confirmed that the arrest was necessary to investigate the source of his prediction. Bandara has a popular weekly television show and writes a column for a pro-opposition newspaper. Gunasekera says Bandara told an opposition meeting last week the prime minister would become president in September and the opposition leader would become prime minister. UN STAFF ARRESTED WHILE UNHCR OFFERS PRAISE TO GOVERNMENT:
Two UN staff members were disappeared by the Sri Lankan government in Vavuniya. Those disappeared served as drivers for the UN Office of Project Services and UNHCR, the UN's refugee agency For days, the UN said nothing. After some inquiries, the UN belatedly announced that two staff had been arrested, leading to short articles in the Indian and Canadian press, neither of which included the staff members' names. They are Kandasamy "Saundi" Saundrarajan of UNOPS and N.Charles Raveendran of UNHCR. They are Tamils. Meanwhile UNHCR's country officer for Sri Lanka Amin Awar continued to praise the government and the internment camps in Vavuniya. VOCATIONAL TRAINING TO THE NORTH AND EAST:
Vocational and Technical Training Minister Piyasena Gamage announced his plans on the developments in the vocational and technical training sector, especially in view of the rehabilitation process taking place following the end of the war against the LTTE. He asid, already his ministry has opened technical colleges in Samanthurei and Akkaraipattu and hoped to establish new technical training centres in IDP villages. Some courses in Manik Farm, like dress making courses, carpentry, plumber training, motor mechanism and IT courses have already being started. Specially girls like to follow dress making courses. Attention need to be paid to the construction sector in the Northern and Eastern Provinces. Prior to that, ministry hopes to train carpenters, plumbers and other artisans in those areas. The main purpose of this program, according to the minister is to provide the youth aptitude training and overcome negative attitudes. There are plans to open the Jaffna Higher Technical College and in the near future. Plans are also afoot to establish new NIBM institutions in Jaffna. SRI LANKA TO DISBAND DONOR COMMITTEE:
Sri Lanka is considering to disband the Sri Lanka's Donor Conference and to form a new committee in order to get aid for
the development activities in the war affected North and East. Informed government sources say that the Donor Committee, which comprised Japan, USA, the European Union, and Norway was formed during the United National Front government regime to provide support for the Sri Lankan peace process. The decision has been taken to disband it, as there is no need of having a Donor Committee now since there is no peace process or a war in Sri Lanka. According to reports, the proposed Committee will comprise India, China and some Middle East countries that are having close links with Sri Lanka. END OF GOVERNMENT COMMISSION ON EARTIME ABUSES:
Sri Lanka has announced that it was ending its special inquiry into conflict-related abuses. The mandate of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry, which was established in 2006 and assigned to investigate 16 incidents of killings enforced disappearances, assassinations and other serious abuses, expired on June 14, 2009 and reportedly was not renewed.
Although the commission's chairman, former Supreme Court chief justice Nissanka Udalagama, said that seven of the 16 cases had been investigated, none of the commission's reports have been released or any other public action taken. Among the cases the commission investigated was the brutal killing of five students in Trincomalee, the summary execution of 17 aid workers in Mutur, and the bomb attack that killed 68 bus passengers in Kebitigollewa.
Human Rights Organisations have expressed concern about the slow pace of the investigations and President Mahinda Rajapaksa's unwillingness to release the investigation reports. The decision to disband the presidential commission also shows that President Rajapaksa has little intention of fulfilling his promise to Secretary-General Ban. It's now up to concerned governments to step in and ensure that justice is done for the victims of abuses in Sri Lanka's long war. RAMAYANA TRAIL CONTINUES TO ATTRACT VISITORS FROM INDIA:
The Ramayana Trail of Sri Lanka revolves round the Ramayana, the great epic of Asia, which has an unshakable hold on the beliefs of a vast multitude of Asia's population. Over 50 sites associated with the Ramayana, are located within Sri Lanka, with around 12 of them being sites with archeological evidence.
A team from the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) and the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Bureau (SLTPB), is handling the promotion and development of the Ramayana sites, and have created interest among local travel agents and hoteliers on the subject. Nearly 30 guides have been trained and a brochure, a DVD, and a travel planner have been published. SRI LANKA AND INDIA TO JOINTLY ATTRACT CHINESE TOURISTS:
For the first time in the history of the Sri Lankan Tourism industry, Sri Lanka and India have decided to launch a joint extensive tourism promotion programme to attract more and more China tourists to Indian sub continent.
Minister of Tourism, Milinda Moragoda and Mc Nirupama Rao, Indian Ambassador in Beijing, had a discussion on this proposal and the Indian Embassy said it would campaign Sri Lanka as a tourist destination and Sri Lankan Tourism will provide special campaign based on "Aubowan Sri Lanka" for developing the destination awareness. GOVERNMENT PLANS SURVEY IN THE NORTH TO SOLVE LAND PROBLEMS:
The government has undertaken a comprehensive and speedy survey of lands in the North to resettle people and sort out problems relating to ownership. Minister of Lands and Land Development Jeevan Kumaratunga told the press that on the advice of President Mahinda Rajapaksa priority will be given to the distribution of agricultural land, among farmers and the promotion of organic farming. The President believed that this would increase economic benefits for the Jaffna farmers by way of lucrative prices for their organic produce, which is easily marketable to health conscious consumers worldwide.
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Significance of Natarajar: The Dancing Shiva
Natarajar, the dancing form of Lord Shiva, is a symbolic synthesis of the most important aspects of Hinduism, and the summary of the central tenets of this Vedic religion. The term 'Natarajar' means 'King of Dancers' (Sanskrit nata = dance; raja = king). The Vital Form & Symbolism:
In a unified and dynamic composition expressing the rhythm and harmony of life, Natarajar is shown with four hands represent the cardinal directions. He is dancing, with his left foot elegantly raised and the right foot on a prostrate figure the personification of illusion and ignorance over whom Shiva triumphs. The upper left hand holds a flame, the lower left hand points down to the dwarf, who is shown holding a cobra. The upper right hand holds an hourglass
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drum that stands for the male-female vital principle, the lower shows the gesture of assertion: "Be without fear."Snakes that stand for egotism, are seen uncoiling from his arms, legs, and hair, which is braided and bejeweled. His matted locks are whirling as he dances within an arch of flames representing the endless cycle of birth and death. On his head is a skull, which symbolizes his conquest over death. Goddess Ganga, the epitome of the holy river Ganges, also sits on his hairdo. His third eye is symbolic of his omniscience, insight, and enlighten ment. The figure of Natrajar is often shown dancing enclosed in a burning
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circle. The burning circle represents the cosmic energy Natraj creates and channels. The whole idol rests on a lotus pedestal, the symbol of the creative forces of the universe.
Brass statues of Natrajar come in many different shapes and sizes, and make an excellent accent piece for any Asian art collection. It is also used as a meditation focal point and an object for you to l ook at as you contemplate the world's many different energies. Many Hindus value statues of Natrajar because they can be placed on a personal altar and used for prayer and contemplation.
In addition, the statue itself is thought to bring some of the life energy of Natrajar into the person's home. The Significance:
This cosmic dance of Shiva is called 'Anandatandavam,' meaning the Dance of Bliss, and symbolizes the cosmic cycles of creation and destruction, as well as the daily rhythm of birth and death. The dance is a pictorial allegory of the five principle manifestations of eternal energy creation, destruction, preservation, salvation, and illusion. According to Coomerswamy, the dance of Shiva also represents his five activities: 'Shrishti' (creation, evolution); 'Sthiti' (preservation, support); 'Samhara' (destruction, evolution); 'Tirobhava' (illusion); and 'Anugraha' (release, emancipation, grace). The overall temper of the image is paradoxical, uniting the inner tranquillity, and outside activity of Shiva. A Scientific Metaphor:
Dr Fritjof Capra, physicist and systems theorist in his article "The Dance of Shiva: The Hindu View of Matter in the Light of Modern Physics," and later in the The Tao of Physics relates Natarajar's dance with modern physics. He says that "every subatomic particle not only performs an energy dance, but also is an energy dance; a pulsating process of creation and destruction...without end...For the modern physicists, then Shiva's dance is the dance of subatomic matter. As in Hindu mythology, it is a continual dance of creation and destruction involving the whole cosmos; the basis of all existence and of all natural phenomena."