Page 1
ibar
JoURNAL of THE CEYLON LIBF
Libгагу Development and Proposed Programme for Cey
The Literature Search: Co-op II between R5ärch Wor End Librarian
Retrieval of Medical Litera
Classification of Education U.D.C. (Special)and Bliss Bib graphic Classification Sche
Paris Principles and the Cla fied Catalogue Code
The Red Triangle Library of a Colombo Y. M. C. A.
NThe British Council, Libra
in Ceylon
○○○.5丁| A b Activities of the Regional
St I pra,
tions and Professional Gro
 
 
 

Review
~
ARY ASSOCATION
էին:
Itiր
EkEIT
t
lij
mes
issi
t|1:
τίες
Ips.

Page 2
Editorial Committee
Sl
R
1.
Manil Silva - Publications Of
Margaret Gooneratine Bernadeen Silva
a
(

he Editorial Committee invites the bmission of articles, research reDrts, reviews of books and docuents and communications (in Sinla, Tamil or English) for possible clusion in the next issue.
icer
ddress papers for publication, subsriptions (made payable to the Ceyn Library Association) and all orrespondence to the ublications Officer, eylon Library Association, − 90, Havelock Road, Colombo 6.

Page 3
Librar
JOURNAL OF THE
ASSOCATION - JULY 1.
C O N T
Library Development and t Proposed Programme for C
The Literature Search: Co-ope tion between Research Wor) and Librarian
Retrieval of Medical Literatu
Classification of Education
U. D. C. (Special) and B Bibliographic Classificat Schemes
Paris Principles and the Cla
fied Catalogue Code
The Red Triangle Library of
Colombo Y. M. C. A.
The British Council Libra
in Ceylon
Activities of the Regional
tions and Professional Grol

Ueylon y Review
CEYLON LIBRARY 969.
E N T S
he
ylon... Evelyn.J.A. Evans
a
ker
8 RA Rungkat
re ... M. A. P. Senadhira
in liss ion
... E. D. T. Kularatne.
ssi
... K. Manickavasagar
the
... A. Pinto Jayawardene
ries
... Russell Bowden
Sec
Lups.

Page 4
SOLOMON C
Born: I4th
Died Ioth
““He øyas a
and good
It is with deep sorrow Association records the dea Library Movement in Ceylon
As first Librarian of th as second Librarian of the Un as the first President of the as Adviser to the Ceylon N an architect of the proposed Board, Cecil Blok was uneg profession.
His long experience and available and his colleagues to him for advice and guid
He was totally comin library services in this cour of the Library Movement in

CECIL BLOK
May Igor
July 1969
good man
men are so kare”
that the Ceylon Library th of the pioneer of the SOLOMON CECIL BLOK.
e Public Library, Colombo, versity of Ceylon, Peradeniya; Ceylon Library Association, ational Bibliography and as Ceylon National Library ualled by any other in the
foresight were always readily in the profession often turned
Ce.
witted to the development of try and was indeed the Father
Ceylon.

Page 5
The Late SOLOMO
Presie: Ceylon
1951)
 

IL BLOK
N CEC
550 Citati0 l
brary A.
iت
- 1964

Page 6


Page 7
Library Proposed
EVELYN. J.
Unesco Librar
Ceylon has a multiplicity of nation and no centralised planni ineffective force in the country's ed an obvious need for co-operation ar that the best use is made of the cou raise the very low standards which steps were taken to plan more Meeting of Experts on the Nationa Asia was held in Ceylon in Decem included a model LIBRARY PLAN drawn up by a Unesco Library
Before preparing the plan a stu facilities already available, the educ the difficulties involved in a tri literature in the local languages, th supplied by different Ministries, communications generally, etc.
Ceylon is fortunate in that it h system of roads, and a number librarians. It is unfortunate in th: library co-ordinating body, and ve
The general outline of the CEYLON was to create a unified st an independent statutory body. Ceylon National Library Services B available, promote standards, and but would not take away the auton

Development and the Programme for Ceylon
A. EVANS. C. B. E., F. L. A.
y Adviser
libraries, but, with little co-ording they have, to date, been an ucational development. There is ld planning, not only to ensure ntry's book resources, but also to exist in some libraries. The first efficient services when a Unesco l Planning of Library Services in ber, 1967. The working papers N FOR CEYLON which had been
Expert.
dy had been made of the library :ational background of the country lingual society and the lack of e lack of co-ordination of services
the road and rail system and
as a high literacy level, a good of well-qualified and dedicated at it has no National Library, no :ry little indigenous literature.
Unesco LIBRARY PLAN FOR ervice through the establishment of This body - to be known as the oard-would co-ordinate the services generally develop library services, omy of existing library authorities.

Page 8
The first steptowards the esta when an ad hoc Library Advisory ( the plan and advise the Minister re be taken. The Committee compri: Ministries i.e. Education, Local Gi and such bodies as the National C Ceylon Library Association. The four representatives on the commit based on the Unesco plan, but conditions, have been presented by Cultural Affairs to the Cabinet, an by the Cabinet. Legislation, whic Committee, is now to be considere passed by Parliament before the pr appointed and work begun.
How will the Library Board fi This will perhaps be shown most c the Board. These will be to :
a. plan and assist in of library service
b. establish and mai
c. advise and assist i public library se
d. advise and assisti
school libraries;
e. advise and assisi materials and the
f. advise and assist i ment of university mental libraries;
g. advise and assist minimum academ fications;
h. promote the deve
training;
i, carry out such ot)
for the general
As shown in this list of functi Library Board will be directly res Library. In all other cases it
2

lishment of the Board was taken ommittee was set up to consider ponsible on appropriate steps to ed representatives of the interested vernment, Planning and Finance, uncil of Higher Education and the Ceylon Library Association had ee. The Committee’s suggestions, adjusted slightly to meet local the Minister of Education and have been approved in principle n has been drafted by the Advisory l by the Cabinet and has to be posed Board can be set up, staff
into the overall library pattern? learly by defining the functions of
the organisation and development
in general;
ntain the Ceylon National Library;
in promotion and development of :rvices;
in promotion and development of
t in the publication of reading production of audio-visual aids;
in the co-ordination and develop7, special and government depart
the Government on establishing ic and professional library qyali
lopment of library education and
her functions as may be necessary promotion of library services.
ions the only library for which the sponsible is the Ceylon National will advise and assist.

Page 9
The Library Board w
a. Four ex-officio me1 of Education and C Local Governmen Research and Ho Higher Education;
b. Seven additional n shall be persons of ience in such field science and techn
The Board will be the policy-m its plans will be carried out by t A Director of Library Services - appointed who, in addition to profe: to the Board.
Particular attention will be pa promotion and development cf publ ted by the Government. Each of t committee and a senior librarian ir with local authorities and school : will build up its own book stoc collections to libraries requesting th made at regular intervals, to ensure libraries. Standards will be drawn use is made of the books loaned, a these standards before loans are m items as staff, accommodation and book purchasing and processing wi continue to add to their own collect will be considered, although in the reference works and Ceyloniana. I and international will be the respor
Basic furniture will be designe with library plans, buildings and e. will have premises in each district v on all library matters, from which 1 in-service training will be arranged with the Ceylon Library Associatio) for use in school and public librari books will be prepared and circ

ill consist of
nbers, appointed by the Ministry
'ultural Affairs, the Ministry of
t, the Ministry of Scientific
using, the National Council of
and
embers, at least five of whom eminence who have had expers as library service, education, Ology. s
laking body. Implementation of he professionally qualified staff. or National Librarian - will be ssional duties, will act as Secretary
lid in the first instance to the sic and school libraries, as requeshese sections will have its own charge, who will work closely authorities. The Library Board ks which will be used as loan hem. Exchanges of books will be live stocks in the participating up to ensure that the best possible nd authorities must conform to lade. Standards will cover such minimum budgets. Centralised ll be available, as libraries will tions. Eventually a union catalogue : first case this may only cover inter - library loans, both national isibility of the Library Board.
d and help given in connection quipment. Eventually the Board which will serve as advisory centres books will be distributed and where l. In co-operation, it is hoped, n, simple manuals will be produced es. Regular lists ofrecommended ulated.
B

Page 10
With the help of Unesco a mc village Council library are to be se areas. These will be used to demo and will also be used for in-se
Once the Library Board's worl is well in hand, it will turn its a project - the Ceylon National Lib have to be given to this and to the needs are met in the most effective include the setting up of a bibliogr ment of a Union Catalogue of Ceyl Ceylon National Bibliography will National Library. Later on plans Library building which will suppl Board's services as well as for
All of this will take time to ac is set up Ceylon can, with the co-o
all of its librarians, look forward t ment in its library services.

del school library and a model it up in both Sinhala and Tamil instrate modern library methods,
vice training.
k with public and school libraries ttention to that most important brary. Considerable thought will best ways of ensuring that Ceylon's way. The short-term plan will aphical centre and the commenceoniana and List of Serials. The become the responsibility of the will be prepared for a National y accommodation for all of the the National Library.
hieve, but once the Library Board peration of existing libraries and o continuing progress and develop

Page 11
The Literatuu Between Re Librarian
Paper delivered to Or Industrial Developm by Mrs. R. Rungkat,
Literature searching is a servi to discover information in respons project. Of course, literature sear research worker who wants to sta1 be just as important for answering of time for which a worker can n( on a particular task may be an planning employment and product
Not all questions involving lit same type of response. In fact, on searching by the type of inquiry c Information Centers' 1 the auth requiring literature search into answers they require.
(a) the “single-fact' quest piece of data or infor indicated purpose;
(b) the “initial probe” que lead the inquirer tow series of questions or series of facts from wh
(c) the “review" or “sury is seeking to evaluate W relying on a review of adequate picture of the
(d) the “exhaustive' ques be sure that all rele identified.
II KENT, ALLEN, Specialised Inform
books, 1965. p. 198-9.

e Search: Co-operation search Worker and
entation Course of the ent Board, Ceylon, 18th October, 1968.
e which is carried out basically e to an inquiry about a research ching is not limited only to the t a new research project. It can
single questions, e.g. the period ormally be expected to concentrate essential piece of information in ion in industry.
erature searching will require the 2 can generally categorise literature an made. In his book “Specialized or, Allen Kent divides questions four categories by the types of
tion in response to which a specific mation is required for a clearly
stion in which the searcher has to
ards a more precise question or can present the inquirer with a
ich he can pick the answer;
ey' question in which the inquirer ork done in one or another subject, material available to provide an situation;
tion in which the inquirer needs to vant work in the field has been
lation Centers. Washington, D. G. Spartara

Page 12
Each of these types of ques part of the searcher. The first two provided the resources available last two categories depend much mr the searcher; knowledge of avai planning the search so that all reso
These last two types of “on the spot', but in themselves they represent a “reserch project' hours and expertise which any res
It is also important for the management in particular, to ul about literature searching if the re and usefully incorporated into the
i. in order to give directio inquiry has to be ma instructed by project of inquiries particularly methodology of a proje found;
ii. in order to make the r response, an adequates available at the point of
iii. in order to ensure th organisation must be adequate training anc different levels of quest hours for this to be don is not immediately avai investment in the tra responsible alternative
iv. in order to give author work of an organisation research project, resear acknowledge literature requires some assistanc cal skill-the art of de that it can be immediat
By ensuring that these feature staff, management can ensure that quality of production and standar recognized by other organisations

tions require certain skill on the can propably be answered quickly in the library are adequate. The ore upon the skill and training of lable resources, and training in urces are investigated.
questions cannot be answered require time and energy because
and should be allowed the man earch project requires.
research worker in general and nderstand several basic features sponse is to be both satisfactory
research project:
in to a search, a reasonably clear de. Research workers should be ficers with the necessity to frame
in relation to the aims and ct so that definite answers can be
nost economical and satisfactory ource of library material must be fliterature search;
at the response is reliable the prepared to employ staff of experience to cope with the ions and to allow sufficient man e; where adequately trained staff lable management might consider ining of alert staff members a in terms of later returns;
ity and integrity to the research l, when writing up the results of a ch workers must be prepared to sources fully and clearly; his 2 from a person with bibliographis scribing recorded information so ely and uniquely identified.
s are adhered to in its research the organisation maintains a high I of research work, which will be 2ngaged in similar fields.
5

Page 13
Literature searching is some college-trained persona el have lear in order to Successfully pass exam following quotation from the boo B. E. Noltingk, sums this up rathe1
“In schooldays, a pupil useless to know where
examination purposes, or it is useless. In Col in this, but when earni ex-pupil will find the a It is no use remembi remember where he lea memory with sufficier people will not. It is considerable proficienc he is very lucky, than h him. Familiarity with
over books on fringe s skim through them to whether it is so eleme admit his ignorance or combination with an
revolutionary. Familia of which journals bear how to use abstracting
However with the tremendous in the modern world it has be research worker or even a modest
I use the term “recorded in longer think of “data” as being av it comes in photographs, slides, ( magnetic tapes, micro-film and r “signals' and “symbols' To proc is, in itself, a full-time science, ar should be prepared to recognize th centre, information centre, call it sable to modern industrial manage research unit. Furthermore, with information unit will often requir
21 NOLTINGK, B.E. The art of resear
Elsevier, 1965, p. 28.

thing which most university or led, at least in rudimentary form, nations and produce theses. The k “The Art of Research' / by
well:
is encouraged to think it almost o look up a forgotten fact: for e either has the fact in his memory lege, there is some improvement ng his living by his science, the lmost the exact opposite is true. ring a fact unless he can also "nt it. For he will never trust his ut certainty - or if he does, other therefore, essential to develop a y at librarianship - more, unless is official tutors will have taught published material should range subjects, gaining an idea how to extract the essential information, ntary that he does not want to whether it is so recent that its idea in another field would be rity should include a knowledge on the speciality taken up and services.
explosion of recorded information come virtually impossible for a inquirer to tackle this task alone,
formation' advisedly, for we no tailable to us only in printed formirawings, models, punched cards, microfiche, and a variety of other ess and utilize all this information ld management and research staff his fact. A library, documentation by whatever name, is as indispenment as a laboratory workshop or the advent of "mechanization” this considerable "plant' other than
h; a guide for the graduate. Amsterdam, ,
7

Page 14
the tra litional bookshelves or g envisaged by the experienced as cc require a considerable “service' a able to draw only on its own resou resources of other institutions ava
One other tremendous devel which has gone hand in hand with realisation of the impossibility f single-handed with the needs of i searching and procurement this is such methods as inter-library co material international visits and cation satellites to provide ade inquirer. For it is not enough to p inquiry a list of what has been wri the papers, photographs, formulae
else is required, which will activa -engaged.
Today, there is a wide range C librarians to assist in literature st find out how often, large orgar reviews do not regard it as a 1 library, or properly trained library work. Perhaps it is partly due to have been fairly inarticulate in economic viability of a library ser fear of management that a library which goes on absorbing money value in return. It may be wort library's assets are not only in ma paid for, but also in material whic charge. A well-trained experienc aquire material like this and to r the organisation as that which is
In the course of setting up a the librarian will prepare a list of whom it will be necessary to keep list or directory is invaluable preparing such a list is the fact thi the series of publications for whic is responsible. This material usua research, or survey material and

lass-fronted cupboards so fondly )nstituting a library. It will also ccount, for it will no longer be rces, but will need to make the ilable also to its research staff.
opment in the information field mechanization of resources, is the or an information unit to cater ts organisation and in literature particularly true. Today we use -operation, mutual exchange of seminars and even telecommuniquate response to the literature lace before the person making the itten, but also to obtain for him 2, specifications, etc., or whatever te the project upon which he is
if material which is available to arching. Yet it is surprising to lisations, requiring research and necessity to provide an adequate y staff as a basic element in this the fact that librarians themselves indicating to management the vice and partly due to the vague is an expensive piece of plant while showing little of material n while pointing out that the :terial and plant, which has to be :h has been acquired without any ed librarian will know how to nake it, infact, as important to acquired by purchase.
ibrary for a research organisation organisations and individuals witka in touch. Such a list, - a mailing
and among the advantages in it normally one is able to note also 1 the organisation or the individual illy falls into the category of
is almost certain to be directly

Page 15
relevant to the research work o library is established, Literatures further material which can be obta for material produced by the inqui
This source of research liter, a country like Ceylon where resea come mostly from outside the coul limited. Research workers can help articles are submitted to outsi reprints are obtained in sufficient geable, and by realising that p; conferences are extremely val unobtainable except from a partici research workers often establish people in similar fields in other co unpublished work which is often o would be of far more value in kers may also utilise it, thal research worker. Thus, if research this material, not as personal pro can be shared, it will greatly facili literature searches.
One of the features which a lil adjunct to literature searching is a who can answer relatively straight who have the specialist knowledge literature on the subject. It is ther to the source of information with either the inquirer or the litera released for more exhaustive litera
This paper has not gone grea procedure which a literature search There are in reality two phases of new research project of the “origi wish finding out whether or not th has been carried out in the past; out material which will help with the project itself once it has begu1
The first phase relies particul material: patents, copyrights, star research in progress. Nearly all

f the organisation for which the earches in themselves will un earth ined free of charge or in exchange ring organisation.
ature is particularly important in rch information resources have to try and where hard currency is in this field by ensuring that if de periodicals for publication quantity to make them exchanpers, reports and studies from uable to a library and often pant. Furthermore, at conferences personal contacts with research untries and can obtain from them f considerable value. This materia
the library, where other worn in the private shelves of one workers co-operate in regarding perty, but as information which tate the library's ability to assist in
brary can usefully build up as an
directory of people “on the spot' forward questions directly, and
to do this without reference to the possible to refer inquirers direct out wasting the valuable time of ture searcher, who can then be ture searches.
tly into the subject of the actual ner makes when tackling an inquiry.
literature search connected with a nal kind, one phase is connected he same, or a closely related project, the other is connected with finding gathering relevant information of
.
arly on a study of original source ldards, regulations and surveys of subject fields these days produce
9

Page 16
current awareness' reference tool
of theses completed or under way. Again, it becomes necessary to util
documentalist for this phase since perhaps more easily identifiable b engaged in a specialist field and handle subject indexes, abstracts, 1 skill and discernment. The next ph will be producing for the research wishes to see to support his own pr phase. Here the librarian's skill is
references, make use of docume locations, bring to the attention of which would not normally appear i This type of service will con reached the crystallisation stage - ti is preparing to write up the results librarian's skill can be called upon a well prepared bibliography of the has been found useful by the re
Thus, in literature searching, t rely wholly upon the skill and int. However, there are certain limitat should be remembered. In spite of information and telex and air-mail, acquire material for a research pro. it takes approximately twelve mo bulk of the material required, after which is considered of use to the ré it is possible to produce in twc absolutely urgent literature and ap to full study, before enough li researcher to begin full-time on Ceylon, we are situated so far fi material needed for research. Corre of conditions takes weeks; bulk prohibitively expensive takes the be depending on the country of origin ideal conditions - that is that mate for postage at the source from whi material in two weeks, but in the r to receive a publication by sea-mai four to six months to receive publi

such as periodicals indexes, lists Lnd reviews of research in progress. se the training of a librarian or bibliographical descriptions are y the librarian than the worker he librarian has been trained to ibliographies and so forth with ase is one in which the librarian worker the actual material he oject. This is the “procurement utilised to track down difficult it reproduction units in other the research worker's information in the literature he usually reads. tinu e until the project has hat is, until the research worker of the project. Once again the to produce for a research paper, literature which, after search, searcher.
he researcher should feel he can arest of a trained library staff. ions even on this service which modern methods of mechanized etc., it is no simple matter to ject. This speaker estimates that nths to assemble a considerable a literature search has been made, 'searcher. Given good contacts, months some, or most, of the proximately three months, prior erature can be found for the the project. This is because, in 'om the sources of the original spondence, even under the best mail, even air-mail, which is tter part of one to six months, For instance, it is possible, given rial will actually be on hand ready h it has been requested to receive ormal course it takes two months from England and approximately cations from the United States.

Page 17
Periodicals take three months and s it is extremely difficult to ensure th necessary in some industrial and
workers. It is, therefore, necessa library staff ample notice of projec is to be enlisted in the sea of literature. The best way of doin produce a Work Programme, at the set out each individual project, its a completion date and its project ( including the librarian, advance
required in the nature of literature

ometimes longer to arrive, so that e “current awareness that is so technical fields among research ry for research workers to give ts to be undertaken if their help rch and the eventual provision g this is for the institution to beginning of the year, which will ims and methodology, its expected officer. This then gives all staff notice on what is likely to be searching of a long-term type.

Page 18
Retrieval o
M. A. P. Senadhira Assistant Librarian
Progress in science and techno scientific and technological literatu has been so phenomenal during the and retrieval have become problem -of both the librarian and scientist. problem at the Royal Society Scier in London in 1948, when he re
“The problem is a formidable how anything upto a million or n poured like rain over the scientific the difficulties of ensuring current new publications which may conce research which these publications s and rivers of current literature pou without cease, to what is already th the fact that on the one hand ever whilst on the other hand there m millions of items of literature ava contain the ideas most apposite to means of singling out these out fro and power of attention are preciou banded; and to do this we need tec in supplying his needs.'
The results of research are put may be communicated to the scien essential that the research worker 1 ments in his field of study. In ear correspondence and it proved a sat few and the volume of research sm technology, the periodical became the results of research which enabl number of persons.

f Medical Literature
B.Sc. (Cey.)., Dip.Lib. (London).. A.L.A. (Medical), University of Ceylon, Colombo.
logy has led to a greater flow of re. The output of this literature : last few decades, that its storage s that are receiving the attention
J. E. Holmstrom summed up the tific Information Conference held marked:
one. We have heard estimates of more scientific papers a year are world and of how formidable are awareness, by scientific men, of the rn them in the particular fields of erve to irrigate; ... these torrents r themselves into Libraries adding, nere ... Our problem is founded on y man's reading time is limited ust exist, somewhere among the ilable, the particular ones which his needs if only there was some m the mass. The scientist's time is things which need to be hushniques of controlled selectiveness
plished in order that the information tist as speedily as possible. It is be informed of the latest developly times this was done by personal isfactory method, as scientists were all. With progress in science and the vehicle of communication of ed the information to reach a larger
12

Page 19
With the increase in the numbe and more difficult to keep up with growth of scientific literature can be fact that since the first scientific per the doubling period has been appro. are over 30,000 periodical titles in t mated that in the medical and relate titles are being published every yea)
Published literature can be div literature. Periodical articles, toge an increasing number of semi-publi literature. They constitute the new research, which should reach the sci to help him in his work and also to Deriving from this primary literatu which is made up of books, review the form of indexing and abstracting
It is necessary to store both ty they can be retrieved effectively. F desired clientele early. Digested retrievable and its existence known know how to find both types of lite so, he is not a competent library use methods are employed to store ar important information can easily sl. lead to duplication of what has alre waste of valuable time and mon
The conventional guides to indexing and abstracting publicatio are still very useful today and form information. The need for guides with the increase in the number of and indexing journals were publish their numbers have been increasing guides finally led to the publication ting and indexing services.
The growth of scientific literat proportions that the indexing an become proportionately larger. Thi of papers listed under each index te being subdivided more finely. The user, in labour, and the latter to bo possibly to the user, who may have

r of periodicals, it became more what was being published. The estimated when we consider the iodicals were published in 1665, imately fifteen years. Today there he sciences, and it has been estid sciences alone some 6,000 serial
ided into primary and digested ther with some monographs and shed reports, form the primary information, discovered through entist as early as possible in order avoid any duplication of work. re, we get the digested literature articles and guides to literature in g publications and bibliographies.
pes of literature in a manner that 'rimary literature must reach the literature must also be readily to the user. The library user must rature and until he is able to do r. Unless reliable and effective ld retrieve this literature, some ip the research worker which might ady been done with the consequent 3y. the published literature like the ns, bibliographies, catalogues etc., important sources for retrieval of to the literature was felt very early periodicals. The first abstracting ed in the 1830's and ever since then This increase in the number of of guides to the various abstrac
ure has reached such phenomenal d abstracting services have also s has resulted in either the number rm increasing, or the index entries ; former carries a penalty to the th the compiler of the index and to look under more headings,
3

Page 20
The problem is aggravated by scientific technology. In medical in problem to both indexer and user. of the medical terminology in any are obsolete, many incorrect and o geographical areas. Most disease under different synonyms. The sa different names. For instance, Ca literature under more than 170 syn hampers the effective retrieval of i. vations are lost simply because synonyms.
In spite of the assistance provi abstracting publications, the increa and indexing publications and thei them more and more difficult and and related sciences alone, 433 abs are listed in the N.F.S.A.I.S's “C and Indexing Services in Science ar the broad field of medicine into 33 five major biomedical indexing coverage of the subdivisions, we fir 31 of the subdivisions, “ Biologica Medica ” covers 19, “ Meditsinski and “ Chemical Abstracts' covers ning 428 guides cover one or tv
The existence of so many abst may, at first sight, seem an unnece waste of money, But this is not q and subdivision of subjects to na general indexes are no longer able satisfy the needs of every research also necessary if everything publi covered adequately. If we compare gical Abstracts' we find that not a be found in “Biological Abstracts to be true, even when the sam includes only references of a purely Medicus” does seem to cover n thoroughly and more quickly than
If we examine the smaller abs' find that nearly always they give a which cannot be found in the large

the vast number of synonyms in dexes, synonyms pose a formidable
Synonyms account for nearly half language. Some of the terms used thers little used only in particular s are described in the literature me drug is often listed under many ndida albicans is discussed in the onyms. This situation obviously nformation and important obserthey are indexed under different
ded by the guides to indexing and se in the number of the abstracting growth in volume, are making laborious to use. In the medical tracting and indexing publications guide to the World's Abstracting ld Technology.' The guide divides subdivisions. If we examine the and abstracting publications for nd that “ “ Index Medicus”” covers 1 Abstracts” covers 28, “Excerpta i Referetivnyi Zhurnal' covers 12 5 of the subdivisions. The remaivo subdivisions.
acting and indexing publications ssary duplication of labour and a uite so. With over specialization Irrower and narrower fields, the to be comprehensive enough to worker. The specialists' guides are shed in narrow fields are to be the “ “ Index Medicus” and“ Biololl that is in ‘‘Index Medicus” an ''. The converse will also be found ble from “ Biological Abstracts” medical nature. However 'Index ledical literature somewhat more “Biological Abstracts.'
racting and indexing journals, we cess to some papers in their field r guides. It is no longer enough
4

Page 21
to refer to a general guide like “In everything on a certain subject. If a reference he must look in at least ty more of the minor ones as well.
It will thus be seen that the references by using indexing and : simple. It is true that these guides considerably, in fact enormously, i. them by directly referring to the p but, nevertheless, literature search
The situation was summed up the Second International Congress Washington in 1963:
“From the scientist's point traditional institutions he has coun ation - journals, abstract services a Instead of one or two sources for fifteen, and still not find all he is ic ration, to irritation with the olde traditionally organised scientific kr almost frantic effort to invent in devices which he thinks may sol
The search for a mechanism w information retrieval received the and information officers, but also c library - scientists and engineers. the power of the electronic comp computer searching process offers this “publication explosion.'
The computer is able to do r speed. It can print out index ent1 hupmans (e. g. “ Index Medicus”) complex index and select those pa given combination of headings. T manually when we are concerned out of a group with another t
There are two major comp
systems in operation for the retrie MEDLARS, and the EXCERPT

dex Medicus” and hope to find searcher must find every pertinent vo of the major guides and one or
conventional methods of finding bstracting publications, are not
reduce the time of the searcher comparison to the task of finding eriodicals or other publications, has become a time consuming task.
by Scott Adams, when he said at of Medical Librarianship held in
of view, this means that the ted on to help him organise informnd even libraries, are failing him. his information he must consult oking for.. This has led to frustir established forms, which have owledge by disciplines, and to an ew forms, new institutions, new ve the problem for him.'
hich can provide a rapid method of attention, not only of librarians of those outside the conventional
They have been able to harness uter to solve the problem. The way out of the dilemma, posed by
epetitive clerical tasks at high ies which have been prepared by and it can be made to read a bers to which have been assigned a he latter is almost impossible to do with the combination of one term :rm out of another group.
uter-based information retrieval |al of biomedical literature, namely A MEDICA MARK II SYSTEM.

Page 22
MEDILARS stands for Medica System. It was initiated in 1963b cof Medicine in response to the p computer-based information retrie the published literature of the wor: The input to the MEDLARS sys 2,300 medical journals and some reports.
The papers are initially scanne who study each paper for about fiv assigned subject headings (an av assigned to each paper) from a list Headings) which contains over
The product of the indexing of a unit record' which is keypunche manipulates it to produce two sets tape, which forms the input to the ment which produces the masters f * Index to Dental Literature' and and the Compressed Citation File entry in a condensed, coded form v searching. A reference is printe average of only three headings, wh 10 subject headings attached to its File tape. The records are simply made monthly. To date, over one ssed and stored on the MEDLARS to the present date.
In addition to its principal pu and ‘‘Cumulated Index Medicus”, dozen “recurring bibliographies'. individuals, called Demand Search A Demand Search consists of tra requirements of the computer by t final form is then keypunched on ti computer, which processes the inp the end of this process the comput many papers have been found whic by the computer.
A number of MEDLARS cent States and a few in Europe. Two

l Literature Analysis and Retrieval y the American National Library ressures outlined above. It is a val system which attempts to collect ld in the field of medical science. tem includes articles from about
monographs and semi-published
d by members of a team of indexers 'e to fifteen minutes. Each paper is erage of 10 subject headings are known as MeSH (Medical Subject 7,000 terms.
peration, for each paper covered, is d and fed into the computer, which of magnetic tapes - the “GRACE' Graphic Arts Composing Equipor printing of “ Index Medicus ” “International Nursing Index' tape which is a record of every which is used for computer retrieval d in “ “ Index Medicus” under an ereas, an article has an average of entry on the Compressed Citation in date order and additions are
million articles have been procetape covering the period mid-1963
blications, the “Index Medicus” MEDLARS produces more than a Specially formulated retrieval for es have been and are being produced. nslating a request into the rigid he search editor. The search in its paper tape. This is read into the ut against the dictionary tape. At er prints out a list showing how h are then sorted out and printed
res have been set up in the United centres outside the United States
6

Page 23
are in operation in Sweden and the in the future. The magnetic tapes : where they are used for Demanc A MEDLARS search provides most complex or specialized subjec research worker in any part of the made to the closest MEDLARS ( through the local library. The imp editor understands the request and correct subject headings must be as search is to be done. A librarian r intermediary, by explaining to th transmitting his request lucidly.
The EXCERPTA MARK I SY and retrieval programme of biomed Medica Foundation in Amsterda provides for the permanent storage ture for immediately available futu and publication of 33 monthly abst cessed subject indexes and classi polyhierarchically-linked categorie: important serials in the biomedical rial for the Foundation's data ba The annual input consists of a 80,000 information abstracts. The retrieval of all information from th bibliographies. The total inform magnetic tape or as print-out to su tape service which can be ordered
The computer can be employed of the last five or six years. There literature in computers. For the 1 consult the conventional guides publications and bibliographies.
R E F E R 1. ADAMS, Scott: ' MEDLAF Bull. Med. Libr. Ass. Vo 2. EXCERPTA MEDICA FOU
Automated Storage and Ret Information.” Amsterdam, Ex
3. HARLEY, A.J. : “ U. K. M Service.'' 2nd ed. Boston Spa,
Science and Technology, 196
4. ROYAL SOCIE TY SCIENT RENCE, 21 June - 2 July, 194 London, The Royal Society

U.K. More centres will be opened resent to the MEDLARS centres
Searches. for bibliographies of even the This service is available to any world. The request should be entre and it is best channelled ortant factor is that the search programmes it correctly. The signed to the requestif a successful hay aid this process by acting as a scientist what is required and
STEM is the automated storage ical information of the Excerpta m. The automated programme of the world's biomedical literaure reference and the processing ract journals with computer-profied under approximately 3,000 S. More then 3,000 of the most field constitute the Source matenk and its abstracting journals. pproximately 200,000 citations and system is capable of searches and le data bank and preparation of ation input is now available on bscribers to the Excerpta Medica at any desired frequency intervals. for the retrieval of information are no plans to store retrospective 'etrieval of older material we must , such as indexes, abstracting
E N C E S S and the Library Community.' 1. 52, 1964, pp. 171-177. NDATION : “Excerpta Medica rieval Programme of Biomedical cerpta Medica, 1969 EDLARS Information Retrieval
National Lending Library for 8. IFIC INFORMATION CONFE 8, “Report and papers submitted.' , 1948.
7

Page 24
Classification of U.D.C. (Special) raphic Classificat
E. D. T. KULARATNE, B.A. (Hons.) Lond., Dip. Lib. ( Asst. Librarian, University of (
The subject matter of educatio the relationships and influence of e field of knowledge and experience. be roughly grouped under three b Education, (2) Teaching, and, (3) E
The study of education compr psychology of education, the princ subjects subordinated to these divi means the science of purposes of ec history, biography, geography, soc.
Teaching, or educating, cor psychology, art, methods, practi profession. In short, this can be ni
Educational institutions inclu establishments such as schools, co with these establishments are thei tion, buildings and equipment anc Then there are grades or levels secondary and higher. There are different purposes, vocations and education which is concerned wit activities for adults.
These three branches are eac) those of time, place and vocation. this field is, therefore, very c polydimensional. For instance, '' and Dumb Children in Ceylon, an of Geography in Secondary School nature of subjects encountered in t

Education in and Bliss Bibliog
ion Schemes
Lond.) A.L.A.
ceylon, Colombo.
in being very complex and extensive, :ducation spread over almost every The literature in this class can road divisions: (1) The study of Educational Institutions.
ises the science, philosophy, and ;iples of education and such other sions. Science of education here lucation. The study also includes iology, statistics and surveys.
sists of principles, philosophy, ce, curriculum and the teaching amed as pedagogy.
.de different types of educational illeges and universities. Connected r history, geography, administrai many other subordinate items.
of education such as primary, different types of education for professions, as, for instance, adult h the study of those educational
1 crossed by three other planes: The resulting subject matter in omplex, and as Bliss calls it, Teaching of Handicrafts to Deaf d Project Method in the Teaching s' will show the multidimensional he literature of education.
8

Page 25
A special collection on educ pertaining to the subject, but periodical articles, press cuttings, such as microfilms, micro cards a1 Ranganathan terminology as micro
Further, in a special collection categories of material, such as bio books about a person along with b person initiated, for we are not pr educator as an individual, but as a no place in the general biography example, “Montessori's Life and be placed with books on special sy, of various systems of education ca same problem will, for instance, ar of education.
A special collection should ha If we have books on the medical c psychological factors in child crim that they belong to medicine and not so. They are intended as back courses on the teaching of the ha relate directly and are essential to abnormal or the handicapped and education of the blind, the deaf, a
Another fringe subject is psyc education. It is considered a main scheme like Dewey is separated by special collection, educational psy place. Iní the London Institute of is included as it were a facet.
The problems discussed above schemes for education classificatic
Unless the materials in a libra of their resources cannot be made, library classification, is to organiz them and devising methods to loca This subject classification has be due to the nature of literary outp collections by specialist workers i education itself, the materials p multi-dimensional, or multi-phas

tion will have, not only books also other documents such as pamphlets and non-book material d records, which are known in thought or microdocuments.
, problems as to grouping certain raphies, arise. It is better to place ooks on the system which that marily interested in the life of an n educationist. Such works have section in a special library. For Account of Her System should items. General books on a number n precede the special oncs. The ise in a subject like the philosophy
ve materials on marginal subjects. auses of blindness, deafness and es, superficially we tend to think
criminology respectively. This is ground reading for students taking indicapped children. These works
the subject of education of the are placed in the same section as nd the criminal.
hology, which is closely related to subject outside education and in a
many other subjects, but, in a 'chology will have an important Education Classification Scheme it
are important in considering the '.
ry are properly organized, full use
The primary aim, therefore, in 2 these collections by identifying te their subject-content efficiently. come much more complex today it and the demands made on the in various fields. In the field cf oduced after World War II are ed, whereas the pre-war materia.
9

Page 26
dealt with only straight-cut sub research workers in such circumsta as “classification for informatio 'searching and retrieval of inform specification by subject'.
For efficient retrieval of infor efficient classification. Before w desirable that we should examing scheme.
It is recognised today that a meet the demands made upon it should have a faceted structure. T homogeneous group of isolates (ter subject by one characteristic of isolates within a facet are called subject in this manner is called fact after such analysis is called a facett
Only by applying the principl separate the compounds into facets fully expressive of all the characte
A classification scheme shoul array. This means that it should sub-divisions, sections and sub-sect and co-ordinating manner. If we
will be vertical and horizontal ext in a co-ordinated manner creates a subordinated manner it creates a c achieved through notation. The no as feasible. It is desirable that it b
There must be a citation orde) avoid cross-classification.
It is essential that a scheme sh since we classify not objects, therefore confirm to recorded kno
It should be free from politic bias. This, of course, is a littl classificationist will be influenced
Sometimes more than one bi
e a

jects. Classification, helpful to nces as are found today, is known in retrieval' and is defined as ation from storage according to
mation there should be a similarly e deal with our subject, it is : the salient features of such a
classification scheme which will by classifiers and library users his needs a little elaboration. A ms), formed by the division of a division, is called a facet. The foci. The process of analysis of a it analysis and a scheme produced ed classification.
e of facet analysis can we clearly and make a classification scheme istics in the compound.
d be hospitable in chain and in
accomodate easily the divisions, tions of a subject in subordinating visualize this diagramatically, it ension. A division of a subject in array of classes while in the hain of classes. This is mainly otation should be expressive as far pe syllabic.
r if it is to achieve consistency and
Lould be based on literary warrant but writings about objects, and wledge.
al, social, religious and personal e difficult to achieve since the by environmental concepts.
ook has the same class number.
20

Page 27
Cassification can be more helpful A scheme of classification should, of book numbers.
A good index and a rich er essential because of the single pref search for, or recall, a subject from as far as feasible, it should provide Since complete permutation is i preferred order is desirable.
Before We deal with the indivi appropriate here to dissect the sub. component parts. In education, { round the person being taught or division or facet is the Educand.
The Educand is grouped ac education and we call this facet Gr
The Educand, at different leve subjects in the curriculum and th Subjects taught facet.
These subjects are taught by va to the level of the Educand and this Instruction facet.
There are, of course, the over-r administering the whole structure ( the Problems of Administration (
This is a logical and accepte facets of education.
In this essay, the schemes that Decimal Classification (U. D. C. (FID 374) 1965 and the Bibliograp former is a special scheme, whereas
The question may be asked wh ara spent on special schemes when classification schemes in the Engli been stated that these general st (2) allow cross-classification, by pro same topic without also providi (3) create inconsistencies in the su same or similar subdivisions and, nery for revision which results in l such time as a new edition or : published,

if it individualizes each document. therefore provide for a scheme
try vocabulary in the index is arred order and library users may other points of view. Therefore, for major alternative terminology. mpossible in indexing, a basic,
dual classification schemes, it is ject of education into its various avery related activity is centered . the educand. Therefore our first
cording to his/her age, level of ade or Level.
ls, is engaged in studying various his third facet is known as the
arious methods and ways according s facet is know as the Methods of
iding problems of maintaining and of education and this facet is called or Management facet,
d way of analysing the various
will be discussed are the Universal ) Special Edition for Education. hic Classification of Bliss. The the latter is a general scheme.
ly so much time, energy and money
there are at least six workable sh speaking world today. It has chemes: (1) lack precise detail, oviding more than one place for the ing rules for making the choice, b-dividing of several topics by the (4) do not possess adequate machiack of places for new subjects until additions to the current ones are

Page 28
It is useful to examine the spe to ascertain whether it has remedi
This classification is primar Classification with certain modifi Education is an expansion of the 1000. They comprise the full cla ground outline of the general U. I tables, which cover all other fi
* This revision of class 37, responsible International U.D.C been based on a German draft and West European experts in the ab UNESCO specialists in wider cons from other parts of the world'
It is stated that the selection c consider the very wide implication work of collateral fields such as religion, politics, economics, welf of applications expanding to almos
It was stated earlier that this been based on Dewey's main struc tive position of the former to the 1 dules employing the criterion of fa based on the Dewey Decimal Clas:
Facet D.D. C. Educand 370. 194 (Funda
371.9 (Special 376 (Educatic
Grade 372 373
374
378
Subjects taught 375
373.19
378. 199 Methods of instruction 371.3
Management 379
Foot nota
1. Preface to Universal Decima Edition för Education (F1D 2. Sec also Appendix 1.

cial U. D. C. edition for Education :d the above mentioned defects.
ily based on the Dewey Decimal :ations. The Special Edition for eneral 37 Education Tabies in B.S. is 37 Education, against a back D. C. schedules, auxiliary and main elds of knowledge.
supervised and approved by the committee for Social Sciences has elaborated by a group of East and pove committee with the help of ultation with educational interests '/.
f the background schedules had to s of education with its inner netpsychology, sociology, philosophy, |re and health and its outer fringe t every branch of human knowledge.
special edition for Education has ture. We can understand the relaatter if we compare the two schecet analysis. The comparison is sification (D D.C.) / 17th ed.
U.D.C. Sp,ed. mental education)37,011.32 elass) 376 (Sp. Class) on of women)
373
374 (375 vacant) 376 377 378 372
371.3 378. 147 37.07
ul Classification (U.D.C.) Special
374) 1965.
22

Page 29
We notice here that the overal than that employed by Dewey. N. distributed at two places, at 37 at t by five sub-classes. Grade has be number (375) for future use wherea (374) and Higher Education (378 classes. Subject taught facet is a with the provision for “subject dev, subjects. Methods of Instruction ha 371.3 for all school teaching metho Instruction Methods. The Manage been assigned a new class to take ca has been placed at the beginning of 1most important feature in this sche auxiliaries introduced by various s signs -- and I; relation signs:; langu presentation (O); place (119); race, I period, auxiliaries “......'; alphal A/Z, No. 1 to...... ; point of views naught auxiliaries - 0. In addition specially applicable set of auxillarie
- 05 Persons - 053 according to a according to si 055 -س- - 056 according to p - 056.17 left handed pe -- 057 according to em - 058 according to s These auxiliaries facilitate co, subject and between different sub Universities will be 378:17 or 17:37 secondary importance, “Primary 373.3/.5 where the first and last of : joined. Because 373 is repeated in dropped. Further, “Encyclopaedia ( 37 (03); University Education in C prominence to the geographical asp
•Education' (548.7) 378.
The scheme can cope with { though in a cumbersome way. TI being the sign of relation. It is relations, influence, comparison, c Free education and its effects o be 37.014.543.2:(548.7-202). The
2.

arrangement of divisions is better vertheless, the Educand facet is he beginning and at 376 separated en kept together with a vacant in Dewey, Secondary education were separated by three other efinite improvement on Dewey, ce” at 372.8 for further special s been placed at two places: at ls and at 378. 147 for University ment number in Dewey, 379, has re of Leisure, and Administration U.D.C. Sp. Ed. at 37.07. The me is the provision of common ymbols. There are aggregations age auxiliaries = 1 = 9, form and lationality (= 0/= 9); time, date, betical and numerical auxiliaries Lubdivisions 00... ... and hyphenin the special edition, there is a s known as - 05 auxiliaries:
ge
CX
hysical and mental state
SOS ployment, occupation etc. ocial and family status mbination of concepts with one jects. For example, “Morals in '8, where universities will be of and Secondary Schools' will be series of consecutive number are the second instance also, it is f Education' will have the number 'eylon 378 (548.7) or, if we give 2ct, it may be “Ceylon. University
ven the most complex subjects, he colon is the most used symbol, used to denote all manner of ause and effects. For example, h rural classes in Ceylon' would colon cannot distinguish between

Page 30
the various types of relationships Sometimes leaves out important a basically antiquated and inflexibl prevents the separation of catego the literature requires.
The relation to Dewey is the P. concepts are distributed. repeated a to effect major changes now becaust who now use the U.D.C. may oppos volume of educational literature wit we will have to wait and see whethe to fulfil the purpose for which it ha Long numbers which tend to b back in the scheme. For example, dary Schools in Ceylon” would ha (548.7). It has sixteen digits.
There is also no citation order. -order, although this has its dangers. of a Ganeral Classification Scheme' tency and avoid cross classification a prescribed citation order of the di (essential'. Here, a librarian woulc grade second, but later his successo. curriculum second. In this case, if tained there will be confusion. Ev tendency to classify books with a cross classification. As an examp Schools can be either 372.851:373.5 As stated, even this special edi the order of main classes in relation instance, psychology together to pri in upsetting the whole structure
Above all, it is a semi enumera it has analytico-synthetic features. it is subjected to the weaknesses inl fully faceted ones. Summary 1. Index is detailed and a relative
ting distributed relatives rat the divisions of the classif
2. Combination Order - No com rian, or the classifier, has to going to maintain.
3. Facet Analysis - Content of L as discussed. Facets are dis
pa محے‘

as this example shows, and spects of a subject. U. D. C.'s e structure, adapted from Dewey, ries and their enumeration as
imary defect in this scheme where nd combined, It would be difficult libraries with large collections e such a move. With the growing 1 multidimensional characteristics, r or not this scheme will be able is been designed. e cumbersome are another draw “Teaching of Buddhism in Seconve the notation 372.82943:373.5
The classifier can choose his Barbara Kyle in “Some Problems states that “to achieve consisin a linear order of arrangement fferent facets in a compound is 1 keep curriculum facet first and r might like to have grade first and a proper decision file is not mainen without such changes there is a changed facet order resulting in le, “Mathematics for Secondary
or 373.S:372.851. tion is not in a position to change to education so as to bring, for ecede education. This would result
of U.D.C. tive scheme and, at the same time Because of its enumerative quality herent in such schemes, as against
one that concentrates on colloca her than repeating unnecessarily ication.
bination order is given. The libracarefully think out the order he is
)ewey Education schedules revised tinguished more clearly. Problem
4.

Page 31
facet is now confined to 37
is set apart for Leisure. Cu where it was at 375 in D
4. Main classes - Same drawback i No helpful class order is esta made to relate in order to a subjects like medicine and ps
5. Notation - Notation is basica numerals. The Dewey three is added with special meanin point is more freely used as : base and long numbers. No allocation of its base and th When lengthy numbers are s. class number is very long. times too cumbersome. e.g
The next scheme that is consid scheme, namely, the Bibliographic ( fication scheme is based on fou
1. Comprehensiveness - covering
consensus of scientific anc
2. Subordination - development o called gradation by special
3. Co - ordination - collocation ( helpful to readers. Alternati for some subjects. (This is
4. Composite Specification to bri scheme to cope with comple tables.
Bliss was much concerned with placed under sciences of man, Anth logy, Education Sociology and * considered, is taken to be up to di Although Sociology should have c( placed after the latter in order collocating psychology with edu
The notation is based on the a class J with nine numeral sub-divis

with many subdivisions, and 739 rriculum has been shifted to 372
wey.
in the arrangement as in Dewey. blished and in turn they are not :hieve optimum helpfulness. e.g. ychology.
ly pure and consists of Arabic figure base is dropped. Nought g, e.g. 30 Sociology. The decimal a separating device. It has a short tation is not brief due to poor e maintenance of expressiveness. inthesised by a colon, the resulting Auxiliary devices are also some
Time auxiliary.
ered for our purpose is a general Classification of Bliss. This classir principles i.e.:
knowledge shown by the current
educational thought;
f subjects from general to specific, ity;
of related subjects in a manner ve collocations have been provided he distinguishing feature in Bliss); .
ng together different parts of the k subjects by means of auxiliary
the order of the main classes and ropology and Medicine, Psychoso on. This order, generally te and its terminology modern. me before Education, it has been to achieve a helpful order by ation.
lphabet and Education is assigned ons for bibliographical forms and
5

Page 32
twenty six subject divisions. Alph the three main branches of the sub education, (2) Teaching and teache
In this sche me the Educand fa and students; JQ - Education of w
The Grade or Level is placed fr of institution attached to a particul the grade since they are insepara
Curriculum is given at JJ and Methods of instruction is gi
Management er Administration school.
A combination of aspects, with by means of composite classifical provided in the schedules for comb For example, JUO, JUP, JUQ hav. secondary and higher education of 14 is provided with four sections f kinds or stages of education, kinds institutions. Normal sub-divisio) kind of institution within it, emplo used by Schedule 14. For instanc of secondary schools, while JNASchedule 14. This schedule can all kinds of institutions and provides and also for several aspects which class J such as curriculum, teachin These, in turn, can be subdivided which they relate. e. g. JNO - Cur be divided like JJ-Curriculum.
By means of the common au specification is possible. Geograp
using the lower case letters of sche
using schedule 4 after the numeral
Therefore, in education, it is in the order of preference and usi achieve composite specification of
A library requiring to have E stock by using JG - Pupils and s guidance; JQ - Women and JU - 1

betical divisions are allocated for ct field. They are (1) Study of s and (3) Educational institutions.
st is represented by JG - Pupils men; JU - Adult education. om J L to J N and JR and the kind
rgrade is placed immediately after ple.
he Subjects Taught facet is JK. 'em at JI.
facet is placed with the kind of
economy of notation, is achieved ion. Numerous places have been inations of more than cne aspect. : been set apart for elementary, adults. The Systematic Schedule )r the subdivision of any of the
of institutions, or even individual h of each level of education is by lying the part of the alphabet not :e, JNS - JNZ is available for kinds JNR uses the notation A-R from so be applied to any of the special for their administrative problems are equivalent to other divisions of methods, teachers and students if necessary by the divisions to riculum in secondary schools could
ciliary schedule, further composite hical division can be achieved by lule 2 and historical division by sub-division 3.
ossible, by selecting class marks ng the methods devised by Bliss, to the various aspects of the subject.
ucand placed first can classify the Idents: differences, diagnosis and dults.
6

Page 33
If Subjects Taught is to be plac this also is possible by placing boo jects with the subject, using the con dividing by the whole class J, but wi this is similar to Dewey's divide device' where the whole scheme may Teaching of English in secondary s English.
Further, the special subjects distinct from the relation of subje Taught could be arranged in fou
1. Subjects with regard to tl
classed directly under JK.
2. Subjects can be sub-classifi the system, e.g., Teaching
Combining teaching with c to special subjects as indici is done usually with mnem matics here is JJ W;
3
4. Subjects can be arranged all
of mathematics - JKM. Provision has also been made f cular country to be kept together at whole of class J after the lower case on eaeh country, or under one together. This place has been prov
Taking education into consic scheme, it can be seen that it is wel order of main classes. Bliss was W of education at various places, e.g. and educational institutions by his phical or national or local specifica
ocation and by format. Because of
institutions, he has provided four s 14 d. Education is treated as an er i.c. format, historical p3riods, g kinds of schools and colleges.
These complications, extensio created a composite notation for ec
3. See Appendix III.
2

2d first and Educand subsidiary, ks on education in particular submon form numeral 8 and subthout using the letter J. In short ike” and Ranganathan's “subject t be used. For example, Y8N is chools where Y 8 is Teaching of
or subjects taught class - JK, is cts to curriculum, and Subjects r different ways:
heir educational interest can be e.g. Teaching of mathematics-JKM;
ed with the main classification of
of mathematics - JKAM;
urriculum and subordinating them ated at the end of section J.J. This onic 8. e.g. Teaching of mathe
phabetically under JK. Teaching
or the material relating to a partiJ5. By sub-dividing J5 by the ; letters for the country, material particular country, can be kept ided for comparative education 3.
leration as provided for in the l placed next to psychology in the ell aware of the cross classification by stages or grades in education storical specification; by geogration; by purpose or kind of eduthe various needs of educational pecial schedules: 14 a, 14 b, 14c, tity which has five dimensions, 20graphical relation, grades and
ns and cross classifications have lucation. As a result the notational
7

Page 34
symbols have become lengthy. Bl notation from schedule 14 shows s specification:
JMUbp, NM-—Class managem; J = education
MU = rural schools
bp = Texas NM = class management and again from schedule 14:
JO, Rimi, D - Administration
Norway, where
s: education
= vocational education
R = rural
mi = Norway
D = administration
In the first example the rurals is R. This drawback would not ha fully synthetic. Schedules having many parallels without having thei out this class. Good examples administration.
Although synthesis is achieved flexibility in the concept of co - orc above examples show, this feature to be found at all points.
The trouble with the Bibliogra it has tried to enumerate all possib something which is hard to achieve
Summary
1. Main classes-Arranged b to education. They mod Botany, Zoology, Psycho
3 See Appendix II

iss's own example for composite ome of the drawbacks in such a
ent in rural schools in Texas, wherc
of the rural vocational schools of
chool is MU and in the second it ave crept into the scheme if it was similar subdivisions often have r terms in the same order throughare the schedules for Educational
by subject device with a degree of lination, it is noted that, as the is less systematic. Synthesis is not
phic classification scheme is that le aspects of education. This is or, perhaps, can never be achieved
etter than in U. D. C. in relation ulate from one to the other. e.g. logy, Education.

Page 35
Facet Analysis–There are t in the scheme as Bliss had (e.g. JI-Teaching methods
JK-Subjects taught facet
JL-JU Educand and Grade education.)
Compounds are sometimes analysis throughout. e.g. there is a place for Conduct JGO. Similarly under JLJLR-Methods (Basketry,
Schedule order is similar to secondary education and hi; other classes including that to have the grades togeth
Combination order, unlike it cated. The order of comb country-problem. e.g. Gui New York State - JNW bc,
schools, bc-New York Sta
Notation-The notation is g classification can make it le over, the use of numerals an commas and dashes sometim hensible symbols, e.g. JOH ation of University Women i. feature is that confusion is 1 numerals nought and one (0 case L.
Alternatives provided for su to follow his own arrangem (modes) he chooses. This i it can cater to the requirem it can be harmful also by cri fication work. Just as U.D does not have a definite arr; cases a proper decision f
Although schedule 14 has ta many similar subdivisions (
29

e distinct facets to be discerned analysed. JA-JI-Problem facet
(e.g. JKM Mathematics).
f education facet (JN Secondary
numerated without sustaining nder JG-Pupils and students, problems of unruly children as Elementary education we have Clay modelling etc.)
hat of Dewey in that between gher education there are three f Women. It would be desirable r in an ascending order.
U.D. C., is very often indiination in education is gradedance in evening high school in Mg where JNW-Evening high te and Mg-guidance.
enerally brief, but the composite ngthy, as shown earlier. Mored upper and lower case letters, les result in not easily comprefa, YZA3-History of the Assoeih America. Another undesirable bound to arise through the use of 1) and letters O and I and lower
bjects taught allow the librarian nt in any one of the four ways s advantageous, in one way, for, ints of individual libraries, but ating confusion in actual classi.C. has no citation order, Bliss ngement order so that in both le has to be maintained.
ken out common repetitive topics an be seen in the four sections of

Page 36
14a, 14b, 14c and 14d, ni example earlier. This si
9. Index is relative and is divisions of a subject alr are given. This makes t such enumeration, key w in education there are no Deficient and Handicapp divisions relating to edu
10. Hospitality-Although th meant for complete hos hospitality does not exi systematic schedules dc subjects according to p1 even with four special bers was unsatisfactory devices given by Bliss, erated in our subjects.
11. Mnemonics - A number o this scheme, e.g. Mathem
12. The order of filing is not tion, the order of arrang cross classification. The arrangements.
There is a special scheme adc Institute of Education and it is ca fication'. It is a faceted structure Ranganathan's principles and Cla experiments. Here the notation is and lower case letters. The symbo The order is from general to spec
If a mixed notation is taken expressing compound subjects, th ship signs are given in the amend has not been enumerated.This is culum facet where no provision is a thing does not exist in this sche cannot be specific in classifyin instances. e.g. LUS- The public l goes under general libraries.

t in any order as shown in the ows the defects of enumeration.
exhaustive. Unlike U D.C., the ady collocated in the classification e index difficult to use. Even with rds are sometimes not indexed. e.g. entries under the terms Backward, d. They are also not found as subation under children in the index.
e use of alphabetical notation is pitality to new subjects, complete st because of enumeration and the not facilitate the combination of eferred orders. It was shown that, Schedules, the construction of num
Even with the number building the compounds have been enum
f literal mnemonics can be seen in latics is AM.
indicated. In a subject like educaement must be established to avoid scheme also lacks adequate revision
pted at the University of London's lled the **London Education Classilwith eleven facets and is based on ssification Research Group (British) pure and is composed of capital ls are syllabic and pronounceable. al.
to be better than a pure one in :n this scheme lacks it. The relationments. A sufficient number of terms particularly discernible in the currimade for subject device, for such me. We can show that this scheme g compound subjects in certain brary and thc school library. It
30

Page 37
When we consider the U. D general scheme of Bliss, we find th is better than a special scheme, eve is no doubt, of course, that such a sound principles such as facet anal “The special schemes, so far from are in fact distortions that are b themselves. They are attempting to by brute force, all the contexts in It is evident that in practice any su curriculum of an educationai institl
Any special classification, esp however specific it is in its enume drawn up in relation to the whole scheme will have to draw upon the clearly seen in the UDC special sch the other classes are given.
4 Foskett, D.J.- Classification Washington, Butterworty, 1963 p.

C. special scheme and the it, on the whole, a general scheme for documentation work. There general scheme must be based on sis. Here I agree with Mr. Foskett: being the only possible solution, und to fall short of success by assemble in one context as it were hich a particular entity may exist. bject may be taught as part of the tion.
cially in a subject like education, ration of terms, will have to be of knowledge, and further a special whole field of literature. This is eme where outline schedules of all
and indexing in the social services, 141.

Page 38
373, 1373.2373,3373,4373.5 373.6
Organisation Forms of prePrimaryTransitions SecondarySpecial
as 371school ed.SchoolSchoolInstruction 371. 1371.2{ 371.3371.4371.5371.6371.7371.8 Manugement Organisation• TeachingEducationalOrder &Sites, pre-Health &School & of Teaching ;Methods SystemsDiciplinemises etcMedical care Student life
I
Appendix

EDUCATION IN U. D. C. (Special) Main Classes
Social Sciences
| 3
Education, Training, Teaching, Leisure
Educand Grade Subjects taught Methods
37
הח הם יש 3 פע
- Adminisration
37.0 Fundamentals & types of ed.
E . A
|| |
371372373
Organisation Curriculam
of ed &training . NA . AS
375376377378379 General Ed. Adult ed.VacantSp. School ed. VocationalHigher ed,Leisure training
£rs : く

Page 39
Education in Bliss Bib
Main
JA JB JC JD JE JF JG JH JI JJ JK JL
JM JN JO JP
JQ JR
JS
JT JU JV JW JY J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9
Principles & Philoso Educational Sociology Science of Education Statistics Educational Psycholo, Measurements Pupils & Students Teaching Technique of teaching Curriculam Special subjects Elementary Education Schools of Elementary Secondary Education Vocational Education
Industrial Education Education of Wome Higher Education
Individual Colleges Professional Schools & Adult Education Alternative for Libri Museums Alternative for Radi Reference Books Bibliography History of Educatio) Biography Education by place Periodicals Miscellaneous Study of Education Segregated Books X

Appendix II
iographic Classification classes
phy
gy
Educand
Methods
Subjects taught Grade Education Grade Grade Grade
- Grade Educand Grade Grade Colleges Grade Educand
aries
o Communication
4 auxiliary schedules (special) 14a, b, c, d. Admin.
33

Page 40
Paris
Classif
K. Manicka
Librarian Jaffna Cent Jaffna.
Until 1961, the Anglo-Americ criticisms by Seymour Lubertzky, Anglo-American Library Cataloguil school of cataloguing, which did no porate Authorship, was not highligh In India Dr. S. R. Ranganathan, h cation, concentrated his attention o the “Theory of Library Catalogue Code'. Analogous to the “Five La classification (CC) and the Classif brought out by a quantum of intuit pened by his intelligence. It is inter had been at the back of his mind, w journey from Madras to Calcutta. initiated a new pattern of thinkil. scientific concept.
The celebrated British librarian commendation said: “The “Classi Theory of Library Catalogue' are to bution to the subject. *It is the f catalogue code in print in the Engl made an analytical study of compa canons and principles of cataloguing and Canons' in 1955. The thougl caught the attention of several codi held: the German School accepted ciple, and Codes were revised, inclu
UNESCO took an interest in t International Federation of Library The IFLA which met in Conference principles of cataloguing and appoi
34

Principles and the ed Catalogue Code
vasagar
ral College,
an Catalogue Code and its drastic dominated the deliberations on g. On the other hand, the German t agree with the concept of Corted in the English speaking circles. aving devised his Colon Classifin Library cataloguing and wrote ' and the “Classified Catalogue ws of Library Science', the Colon ed Catalogue Code (CCC) were ion of Dr. Ranganathan and sharesting to note that the CCC, which tas first formulated during a train Unlike other Codes, the CCC ng in cataloguing and gave it a
, W. C. Berwick Sayers in his ified Catalogue Code' and “The gether, by far, the largest contrirst and only complete classified ish language. Ranganathan also rative cataloguing on established g and brought out his “Headings ht provoking studies made it in iers. National conferences were the Corporate Authorship in prinding Ranganathan's own CCC.
his problem and suggested that the
Associations (IFLA) pursue it. : in 1954, attempted to arrive at hted a Working Group. India was

Page 41
not officially represented in the Gr proved ineffective and so the 1957 I international conference. A Prelin in 1959. Fifteen papers were subn nathan, in his paper, emphasised th impracticable, but that cooperation it was decided that the Internation: ciples be held in 1961. The Confere fifty-three countries and twelve int with the members of the Organisin in 1959 and the authors of the wor] -one hundred and five participants.
two countries also attended. Rang was represented by Mr. Ian Goone
Seventeen experts were commi for the Conference. Six papers we of Various Nationalities, one on th Bibliographies and the others were Author, Title, and Main Entries
The influence and impact of I propositions were evident in the w
at times, overlooked during the CC neglect now become apparent.
The author of the working Names quoted Dr. Ranganathan's was the best person to indicate th his name and that the entry eleme
in block letters, while printing the title page.
Dr. A. D. Osborn, in his papi Bibliography (BNB) stating that library usage, the BNB is better, than the other established British the library connections.” The su its Editor, A. J. Wells, is due to and inspiring friendship we have the classified catalogue.'
The working paper of Dr. E. the CCC was clearly in favour o established and arranged accordi cations and that theoretically t

up. The findings of this Group FLA Council decided to hold an inary Meeting was held in London titted at this meeting. Dr. Rangaat an International Code would be was possible. Despite criticism, l Conference on Cataloguing Prinnce was attended by delegates from ernational organisations, together g Committee appointed in London King papers. In all, there were Ninety six observers from twenty;anathan participated and Ceylon cileke of the University of Ceylon.
ssioned to prepare working papers ce to deal with Rendering of Names e Impact of Electronics, another on : said to be on the Principles of
S.
Dr. Ranganathan's innovations and orking papers, though they were, onference. The consequence of this
paper on the Rendering of Indic proposal that the author of a work e most potent, substantial part of ht (starter word) may be indicated full name on the reverse of the
:r, commended the British National “because of its connections with bibliographically and librarywise, national Bibliographies which lack cess of the BNB, in the words of Dr. Ranganathan, by whose works progressed to a new conception of
a Verona of Yugoslavia, noted that
the view that main entries were g to the titles of particular publiis method had been advocated by
35

Page 42
some Austrian authors and by h. those examined remains consistent
author headings on the information cerned. This is CCC, in which a and form of main entries are regul Ascertainability. She, therefore,
We should thus come to a solutior of Ascertainability.'
Mme Suzanne Honore of B. “The distinction proposed by Rang tution appears to offer a basis for ( nomous bodies. Professor Paul S sity discussed in his paper the cata particular reference to what possible. About the former, satisfy both the general user an the device suggested in CCC titles and with each entry tellin serial and giving the library's possible, he favoured the entry u plained “Such an entry would have scheme as set out in CCC but woul each time the serial title changed. under title, we can in the same wa by adding the name of the corpor: what CCC does.
It is claimed that a significant ce was the acceptance by the C Corporate Authorship. On the m porate Authorship V. A. Vasilevsk Cataloguing Commission of Mos nathan's views in her paper to t Ranganathan rightly states that “th or aided financially or approved ol not sufficient reason to deem it to
Some years later, in 1967, Secretary of the Conference eval Paris Principles in the UNESCO E German Code which is in progress the ambiguities which can be det and in some of the older Codes wh The rules are based on the princip
3

erself. “Only one code among all
as far as the dependence of main 1 supplied by the title page is conill questions concerning the choice ated by Ranganathan's “Canon of recommended to the Conference : resembling Ranganathan’s “Canon
ibliotheque Nationale emphasised ganathan between Organ and Instidiscussion of the entry of non-auto . Dunkin of Rutgers State Univerloguing of serial publications with was desirable. and what was he recommended: “We could d the order-librarian-user with -with entry under successive g the complete history of the holdings.' Discussing what was nder first title in general and exall the advantages of Ranganathan's d not require a whole set of cards If we enter corporate body serials y make such an entry “distinctive' ate body after it; this is indeed,
achievement of the Paris ConferenGerman School of the concept of nost controversial duestion of Coraya, President of the Inter Library cow, strongly advocated Rangahe Conference. She quoted: Dr. e mere fact that a work is published authorised by a corporate body is be of corporate authorship.'
M
Mr. A. H. Chaplin, the Executive uating the implementation of the Bulletin for Libraries, wrote: “The of publication has avoided most of ected both in the Paris Principles ich provide for corporate authors. les that, to receive the main entry
6

Page 43
for a work, a corporate body must work its name must also form part understanding of the title.'
Dr. Ranganathan noted such an Principles and, after the Confere Conference did not consider the canons and principles of cataloguing rence was not at all guided by s Conference dealt in detail with cer National and Linguisitic Codes,' T that this was the first international at first, agree with Dr. Ranganathal himself who composed the original “The document entitled “Statement by the Conference was not I think general principles of catalogue cons basis for international unity in cata as an example of the insight and vis
The Classified Catalogue was c has failed to gain ground in...the American librarians favour the L which is not based on effective support of artifically constructed, form a Dictionary Catalogue. Procedure of Dr. Ranganathan has to this problem. Chain procedure operation that has existed at leasts “relative index. The theory of Cha by Ranganathan. It is used in BNE graphy. L. Jolly of Western Austra BNB this way: “The BNB brings all the aspects which are scattered t the same time, by its Chain Proced to their place in the classification, precisely and more economically Decimal Classification is unsatisf Dewey Classification and the Ch satisfactory and economical subject obtained. It must be agreed that index and classification produce is powerful.'
Ranganathan suggested that
3

not only be the originator of the of the title or be necessary to the
hbiguities, and defects in the Paris ince was over, he declared: “The problems on the basis of accepted g. In fact, the work of the Confeuch canons and principles. The :ain problems that are best left to hose who were thrilled by the fact gathering of its kind could not, 1. However Mr. A. H. Chaplin draft for the Paris Principles said; of Principles' which was produced I can safely say, a statement of truction and designed to provide a loguing.' This is given here only ion of Dr. Ranganathan.
riginated by Melvil Dewey, but it country of its origin. Perhaps, library of Congress Clssification principles and therefore needs the alphabetical subject headings to On the other hand, the Chain proved to be the lasting solution is an attempt to systematize an ince Dewey formulated the phrase in Procedure was first propounded and the Indian National Biblioalia described its application in the together, under the topical name, hroughout the classification and, at ure method and by relating entries is able to define each aspect more than the best subject index. The actory but the combination of the lain Procedure index gives a more catalogue than has previously been the union of the Chain Procedure is a combination. as new as it
the elimination of multi-practices
7

Page 44
and uniformity in the composition solution to the several problems in ference will agree with this view. inborn in Dr. Ranganathan. An ye national Standards Organisation, ti formed in 1947 with “Unity in Div the convincing personality of D thoughts, the Documental Section same year under his chairmanship.
This Committee has formulate Indian Standards in Documentatic mity and standards stressed in t documents, library buildings, fitti International Standards Organisat Institution very helpful in the Periodicals, Abbreviations of Tit) Pages of a Book.

of title page was a probable cataloguing. Perhaps another conThe spirit of standardisation is ar after the formation of the Inter he Indian Standards Institute was :rsity' as its motto. Mainly due to r. Ranganathan and his creative il Committee was set up in the
i or undertaken more than twenty in: conventions were held, uniforhe preservation and storage of ngs, etc. It is worthy of note that ion found the Indian Standards
formulation of the Layout of e of Periodicals and Preliminary

Page 45
Th of
Arth Libr
The first Young Men's C was founded in Colombo in 1859 not function for long it had gr st of young men. Nine of these C. A. in 1882 which has an u: vice up to date.
There are records to show t on was in existence from about not have been then known by i probably the oldest existing lib The Colombo Museum library probably the second oldest libr 'situated in the heart of Fort was f in the Fort, with the exception of libraries of the British Council Services were in the Fort. Very r Y.M B.A., has also opened a libra
Our library is not a free pu members of the Colombo Y.M.C. station Y.M.C. As in the Island. at 1,300. At present branches of at Amparai, Badulla, Bandarawela Jaffna, Jaffna College, Matale, M. Paranthan and Trincomalee. An part of the world is also entitled t library and visitors to Ceylon ofte open to any non-member who wis) purpose which does not entail eX ðorrow books are required to mak cover loss or damage. The sum i
The library, which at pres organised according to the well kn System. This system was introdu from the U.S.A. and is in fact t

e Red Triangle Library theColombo Y. M. C. A.
ur Pinto Jayawardena arian, 1. C. A., Colombo.
hristian Association in Ceylon '. Although this organisation did pped the imagination and intere: men founded the Colombo Y. M. mbroken record of work and ser
hat the Library of the Associati
December 1883, although it may ts present name. This library is rary of English books in Ceylon. founded on 1st January 1887 is ary. The Red Triangle Library or a long period the only library the short time during which the
and the United States Cultural ecently our sister Association, the ry in the Fort.
blic library. It is restricted to A. or of any of the fourteen outThe present membership stands the Y.M.C.A. have been opened l, Delhiwella, Mount Lavinia, Galle, oratuwa, Narvally, Pandateruppu, y member of any Y.M.C.A. in any o make use of the facilities of the n do so. The reference library is hes to consult it for any particular tended research. Members who e an initial deposit of Rs. 10/- to s refundable on request.
ent has about 15000 volumes, is own Dewey Decimal Classification ced by the first librarian who was he first library in Ceylon to be
39

Page 46
organised under this system. In a Service in the Formative Years' c Review of July 1967, the late Mr. the Colombo Public Library said 1 a classification scheme or a catal many hours in the Y. M. C. A. liabr
The reference section contains a special section of books on Cey purchased from time to time as fin are also received, notably from t Donors do not always consult the with the result that occasionally v much use. For instance, some tim member sent us about 100 book books were found entirely unsuita text books.
So abiding was the interest ta Secretaries during the earlier ye that one of them, Mr. Murray Brc 1915-1925, bequeathed a sum of tv ment to be used exclusively for th sum was realised on his death a fe the investment is being used in acc
We receive about 100 periodic these are complimentary issues frc notably various foreign Embassies of these periodicals range from th journals like the Ceylon Churchm Review, to Time, Life and Argosy. inclined stand or in cases placed u
When the present librarin too of December 1953, there was no c. librarian had written an author ca library and had collected these ca order. No attempt had been mad an alphabetical index. The prese at the time he took over, merely c the pile! But aftera short course librarian applied a correct, sy After several months of laborious complete the assembly of an alpha
4

n article entitled “Public Library ontributed to the Ceylon Library S. C. Blok, former Librarian of hat the library did not have either ogued book collection. He spent ary studying the DDC system.
about 1,000 books and includes lon. Books for the library are ancial resources permit. Donations 1e Asia Foundation and CARE. librarian before making their gifts we receive books that are not of le ago the widow of a deceased s. On examination all but two ble as they consisted of out-of-date
ken in the library by our foreign ars of the Associations history oks of Canada, General Secretary wo thousand dollars as an endowe library of the Association. This w years ago and the income from cordance with his wishes.
als, mainly in English. Many of om individuals and organisations, in Ceylon. The subject coverage e daily newspapers and religious an and National Christian Council These are displayed on an open, n the Reading Room Table.
k charge of the library at the end atalogue whatsoever. The previous rd for each book acquired by the ards in bundles in chronological e to assemble them in the form of nt librarian, who knew no better ontinued the practice and added to of training in August 1957, the stematic method of catalouging Work, the librarian was able to betical card catalogue of authors,
10

Page 47
titles and subjects. All the cards finish of the catalogues in librarie contains the basic information anc was intended. This was the first
Up to 1963 a register was ma books. Every time a book was showing the number, title and bo had to be initialled by the borrow entering the date of return and the has now been in force for seve librarian's work in charging and di
The library and reading room rooms conveniently placed on the wall space has now been occupied to find further space for new book libraries come up against. Tempc relegating to a “deposit library' in borrowed but must nevertheless b isecuring more space are under con
The librarian operates on a b allocated for each financial year years this amount has been static, Cals have sharply risen. Before us at the rate of 65 cents for a shi 10%; after devaluation the discoun into force of the FEEC Scheme wi Rs. 1-20 for a shilling and no dis been no increase whatever in th penditure, the librarian has been f books and periodicals and our ser suffered.
The books in the library are we do have some Sinhala books demand at present. Fiction is ea alsę a demand for books on Relig Philosophy and Economics. Rea themselves are drawn from Var younger generation are satisfied v students they do very little gener, through popular illustrated peric done by older and more mature m for their wives and daughters an the books for them.

are hand written and lack the like the British Council, but it serves the purpose for which it mportant piece of reorganisation.
intained for recording issues of lent an entry had to be made rower's name. This information :r. There was also provision for : fine paid, if any. The system ral years and has simplified the scharging books.
are at present housed in two ground floor. All the available by book cases and we are hard put ... This is probably a problem all rary relief has been obtained by on-fiction books which are seldom preserved. Ways and means for sideration by the management.
udget for books and periodicals of the Association. For several while prices of books and periodidevaluation, booksellers charged illing and allowed a discount of it was withdrawn. With the coming 2 are now charged at the rate of count is allowed. As there has le sum allocated for library exorced to curtail the purchase of vice to members have inevitable
predominantly in English, although
for which there is hardly any sily the most popular. There is ion, Biography, Travel, Science, .ding habits vary as the members ed backgrounds. Generally, the ith light fiction. If they are not ll reading and are content to skim dicals. More serious reading is en. Patrons often borrow books d call upon the librarian to choose
1.

Page 48
One middle-aged patron read by a woman author of a by-gone a matically borrowed all the works resigned thereafter Yet another library has on cricket and resig dignitary of the Church, who is Theology reads detective fiction fo
When the present librarian toc knowledge or experience whatev depend entirely on his own resourc received from his predecessor, librarian. Then in 1957, he atter library work conducted at the C Donald A. Redmond, Canadian working with the Ceylon Insti Research. The course discussed t including cataloguing, the Dewey periodical circulation and basic re in library science was also provide
The Ceylon Library Associati troduced into the Island publi modelled on similar examinations the British Library Association. by experienced and qualified libr whom were working librarians. Th attended these lectures and Com June 1963. The value of this cour was inestimable.
It may not be inappropriate t some of the remarks made by vari use of the facilities afforded to 1
WTO te:
“I would be failing in my dut management my sincere thanks received by reading the religious b Books like “Peace with God by Light” by Agnes Sangford have ha life.''
A visitor from abroad commented
4.

all the available romantic novels ge and resigned. Another systeof a modern fiction writer and read all the forty old books the ned! A well-known Ceylonese the author of several books on r amusement and relaxation.
bk charge of the library he had no er of library work and had to es and whatever instructions he who was himself not a trained ided a short course in practical eylon Technical College by Mr. Colombo Plan Expert, who was tute of Scientific and Industrial he rudiments of library techniques Classification, book purchasing, ference books. Collateral reading d for study during free hours.
on, founded in August 1960, inc examinations in librarianship held in the United Kingdom by Excellent lectures were delivered arians to the students many of epresent librarian of the Y.M.C.A. pleted the First Examination in 'se, which the librarian underwent,
o conclude this article by quoting ous patrons who have made some Chem. For instance, one patron
y if I do not extend to your for the spiritual benefits I have ooks now available in the library. Billy Graham and the “Healing d a tremendous influence on my
thus on the library. .
2

Page 49
** In company with other sectie plays its part in the general livelin You certainly have one of the best anywhere. I have seen many that of books that I have made a ment time allows. Your philosophical comprehensive. Should I come bá place I know where I can spend a library'.
A Canon of the Church of Cey
“The reference library especi available at the Y.M.C.A. is a gre in general and Christians in partic fact that I am one among the man gratitude to the Y.M.C.A. on this
A patron on the eve of emigra gratitude by saying;
“As I am leaving for Australi: if you will carry out a request o pleasure if you will withdraw my d chase of a suitable book for the li that I have given a little somethin known, which has given me pleasu

ons of Y.M. life here, your library sS and efficiency of the institution. collection of books. I have seen I have read and quite a number all note to read in the future when and theolgical sections are most ck to Ceylon again there is one few pleasant hours or days - the
"lon recounts:
ally in the religious department 'at book to all students of religion ular. I very gladly testify to the y who owe an immense debt of account.'
ting from Ceylon, expressed his
a I shall be exceedingly grateful f mine. It will give me great leposit and utilise it for the purbrary. I shall be glad to know g to the best library that I have re, quietness and efficiency.'

Page 50
The Br in Cey
Russell Bow British Cou
The purposes of the British Co support the general work of the Br the latter is one must return to t Council was formed in 1934 and Relations With Other Countries. ' The British Council. When a RC Council in 1940, the Council's aim a wider knowledge of the United abroad and the development of clo countries. The Council's work va tries to satisfy the specific demand which it works. Its library servic where opportunities to obtain B libraries tend to support the Counc as English Language Teaching, Sci specifically on helping scientists, obtain British material that they re In countries in Asia and Africa, th sophisticated and the Council assis demand for English books and m: available in these countries,
The Colombo Library was op in Kandy, in 1960. In its early y to cater to the needs of the Englis) particularly in supplying fiction a a survey of the Council's librarie Government. It pinpointed the s those countries which were urg facilities particularly in science helping their economic and ind resulted in the establishment of a book collections of multiple co science and technology, in Ceylon the Colombo and Kandy libraries
The Textbook Collection con British Council in Colombo. Tod ship of 7,778 readers are students,

itish Council Libraries lon
den, A. L. A. Librarian incil Libraries - Ceylon.
ouncil's libraries in Ceylon is to itish Council. To discover what he early days when The British called “ The British Council for The title was soon simplified to yal Charter was granted to the s were defined as the promotion of Kingdom, the English Language ser cultural relations with other ries from country to country as it s made on it in the countries in es mirror this pattern. For instance ritish books are unlimited, the cil’s normal fields of operation such ence Teaching and to concentrate researchers and technologists to :quire for their individual research. le level of work tends to be less ts in trying to meet the insatiable aterials which are not so readily
2ned in 1953 and the Branch Library 2ars the Colombo Library tended n-educated middle and upper classes nd recreational reading. In 1960 s was undertaken by the British hortage of books required to help 2ntly expanding their educational and technology, with a view to ustrial development. The survey Branch Library in Kandy and text pies, concentrating on medicine , India and Pakistan being placed in
pletely altered the image of the ay nearly 42% of the total memberwhile in Kandy 55.6% of the total
44

Page 51
membership of 1421 readers are stu Colombo and 16% of the members i the Colombo members are readers i while in Kandy they amount to 10% textbook collections of 1694 volum students. A Quick Reference Secti rates mainly on literature concern
higher education and courses held
In addition to the changed increased: from 54,946 in 1960 to nearly 15% were in the 300's, 17% with only 5% in the 700's and 5% which in the pre - 1960 era were the to note that at any one time, well 31, 184 books is out on loan.
Today, therefore, the Council's force the country's own library serv of English language books to augn which of necessity have to concentr Sinhala and Tamil, rather than ( English.
Approximately 6,000 books are each year and 2,000 to the Branch I the British National Bibliography a catalogued according to the new An by the Dewey 17th edition. The L its card catalogue to accord with th the 17th edition, which is not consi justify the work involved. Authori facilitate easy re-classification of r cards classified on the basis of the membership and the issue of books stock permits. Membership is ava rantor prepared to guarantee the r annual subscription fee to either Ce addition to library facilities lectur
In addition to its book stock, t dical collections. In Colombo the1 in Kandy nearly 100. Many of the -only available on subscription to
available in the University or profe accessible to the general public. M
are for loan and in 1968 over 13,00
4.

idents. 10% of the members in in Kandy are teachers. 16.2% of n technology and the professions, of the total membership. The s of 554 titles are available to on was established which concenting admission to institutions of
in Britain.
emphasis in the stock, the use 298,825 issues in 1968 of which in the 500's and 19% in the 600's in the 800's - the subject fields ; most popular. It is interesting over one-third of the stock of
libraries in Ceylon tend to reinice by offering a strong collection hent the stock in Public Libraries, ate on the purchase of books in on expensive imported books in
added to the Colombo Library library. These are selected from nd are supplied with B.N.B. cards, glo-American Rules and classified ibrary is in the process of altering e new Rules, but will not adopt dered sufficiently satisfactory to ty cards are being prepared to Lew books received with B.N.B. (7th edition. The machinery of is kept as simple as security of the lable to any reader with a guaeplacement of lost books. The ntre is Rs. 5/-. This includes, in es recitals and films shows.
he two libraries maintain perioe are over 200 periodical titles and titles are publications which are learned societies and often only
ssional libraries where they are not fost of the Council's periodicals copies were borrowed by readers.

Page 52
A collection of over 1,000 lon loan to the general public. It cor cularly of British origin or perfor mances of plays, recitals of poetry records are classified by the Dewe the spoken word is based on the p was evolved for the music records performers and the type of instrur the works, which are often mi
As the two British Council lil rary service centred in London, wl in more than 70 countries, they ha or book in Britain through the Library. This service will eventu ment of the Ceylon National Libra there should be no inquiry, howev. wered through a Council library Headquarters. The Headquarters I such as an English Teaching Infor and a Science Library, all with acc eminent men in their profession Libraries and Books, Publishing, Fine Arts, Law, Medicine, Music, Veterinary Science etc.
The library advisory service service which can obtain reprints, micro-fiches of almost any mater through the Council's Library inct ding Library of Science and Techn in Ceylon, this type of material ca
In the libraries' own professio the aid of the Ceylon Library Ass nese candidates for British Library libraries. The Council's libraries librarians. In the past two years nities to 27 Ceylonese librarians. to librarians of the Local Governn the rural areas.
In conclusion one aspect of Ceylon can be thought of in terms supporting with book stocks in th other Ceylonese libraries.

g-playing records is available on centrates on classical music, partinance and contains discs of perforand dramatic literature. Speech 14th edition, on the principle that inted word. A new classification on the principle of the number of ents used, rather than on titles of leading.
braries in Ceylon are part of a libnich administers over 130 libraries ve access to almost any book stock services of the National Central ally be handed over to the managery when it is established. In theory, ær specialised, that cannot be ansand by reference to its London maintain special libraries in London mation Centre, a Medical Library :ess to advisory panels composed of s. There are advisory panels for English Language Teaching, The Science, Agriculture, Engineering,
is supported by a photocopying off-prints, pre-prints, microfilms or ial published in Britain. It operates onjunction with the National LenLology. For bona fide researchers in be obtained free of charge.
nal field assistance is given, with ociation, in the selection of Ceyloy Association internships in public help in the training of Ceylonese they have offered training opportus.
Particular attention has been paid ment Service Commission serving in
the British Council's libraries in
of a small public library service he English language, the work of
6

Page 53
Activi
And
CENTRAL PROVINCE REGION
The Central Province Regiona Membership now stands at 25. Fo committee meetings were held duri
Office Bearers :
President - Mr. Felix Sam Secretary - Mr. D. M. S. Committee - Mr. D. W. Sa Mr. M. Hanif Mr. S. Murug
Programme
At the first meeting of the Ex (1) to collect statistics on libr (2) to hold a seminar for publ
library work. (3) to hold a workshop for lit (4) to sponsor rural library pr (5) to sponsor the building of (6) to sponsor a tour inspectic libraries in the region alo Evans.
Collection of Statistics
Statistics on public libraries h local authorities in the Kandy collected from all the schools in help to plan library services for bo
Seminar
A seminar “Reaching Reac Opportunity', jointly sponsored cil Chairman, Kandy District and February 15th, 1969, at the Queen attended by 850 Village Reading C employees, 50 heads of Local A Kandy, 10 Members of Parliamen Minister of Health and the Hon. N

ties of Regional Sections
Professional Groups
AL SECTION:
l Section was started in July, 1968. Lur special general meetings and six ng the period under review:
a raratne Dissanayake maratunge fa
avel
cutive Committee it was decided: aries. ic librarians and those engaged in
prarians;
'ojects;
libraries by local authorities; on of the public and school ng with the UNESCO Adviser,Miss
ave been collected from all the 50 listrict. Similar statistics will be the province. These statistics will th school and public libraries.
ers: Library's Responsibility and by the Association of Village Counthe Regional Section was held on s Hotel Ball Room, Kandy. It was entre delegates, 125 local authority uthorities headed by the Mayor of representing the District, the Hon. Ainister of Local Government.
47

Page 54
The Hon. Minister of Local G open the conference. Miss E. Ev Adviser, spoke on “Public Librar Programme for Ceylon,' Mr. E. L. Ceylon Library Association on Community,' Mr. E. N. T. A. Sen sity of Ceylon, Peradeniya on the
There was a display of a mode
Two more seminars for the M are planned for November and Dec
Workshop for Libraries
On the second day of the semir
libraries, clerks engaged in library
totalling 102 participants. The foll
“Introduction to Public Libral “Ordering Procedures,' by M “Processing,' in two lectures 1 “Charging Systems' by Mr. M Reference materials, periodic T. A. Senadeera; "Administration,” by Mr. Fel “Personal Qualities and Exten
Dissanayake.
Rural Library Projects :
After the Seminar, the Hon. inaugurated a Mobile Library Exte It caters to 18 outlying villages. Foundation inspected the scheme a books to the value of Rs. 2,000/-. Village Councils have started the process of inaugurating this servic project was organised in the Villag
Library Buildings:
The following local authoriti under our sponsorship:
Teldeniya T. C., Cost Rs. 15,000/-
Gampola U. C., Plans under prepa Nawalapitiya U. C., Plans under allocated;

overnment, R. Premadasa, declared fans, C.B.E., UNESCO Library y Development and its Proposed ). T. Kularatne, Hon. Secretary, “The Public Library and the adeera, Assistant Librarian, UniverCase for a National Library'.
1 Village Council Library.
atale and Nuwara Eliya Districts ember, 1969.
lar a workshop was organised for work, and a few village librarians, owing subjects were covered:
ries” by Mr. D. W. Samaratunge; r. G. Samaratne; by Mr. Felix Samaratne;
M. Haniffa; als and newspapers,' by Mr. E. N.
ix Samaratne; sion Activities,' by Mr. D. M. S.
Minister of Local Government nsion Service at a Village Council The Representative of the Asia nd donated Sinhalese, and English Since this inauguration four other service and 10 others are in the e in their areas. The most recent e Council at Ginigathhena.
es have started library buildings
, opening October 1969;
ration; preparation and Rs. 10,000/- to be

Page 55
Pussellawa T. C., Plans under pre
16 other Village Councils in ti either separate buildings or a large public libraries.
Kandy District Library Project:
In view of the progress mac local authorities, the Ministry o working report. This report has by the Regional Section.
EASTERN PROVINCE REGION
Office Bearers: President
Secretary
The inaugural meeting of tl tion of the Ceylon Library Ass 1969, at the Reading Room of Mr. K. Kanapathipillai, Princip, caloa, presided and Mr. Rubaisi Library Association at that time
Mr. Rubaisingam addressed functions and influence of the cultural activities and the objec the provinces and districts. It v of Regional Sections a large nu active participation in the cultu
Office bearers were elected members, paying their subscript.
The activities of the Region due to lack of funds, but seve1 subjects of interest to teachers,
A course of lectures for the ship is an urgent necessity. Thi at present, as lecturers are very are full-time working librarians. ever, should be considered by t perhaps by providing the course gether with the necessary text b
4

paration
e Kandy District are constructing room adjoining their offices for
e in library services by the various f local Government requested a been submitted to the Ministry
NAL SECTION
; - Mr. K. Kanapathipillai . - Mr. G. N. Ratne
he Eastern Province Regional Secsociation was held on July 23, the Public Library, Batticaloa. al, Shivananda Vidyalaya, Battiingham Secretary of the Ceylon 2 was the chief guest.
the gathering on the purpose, Ceylon Library Association in t of extending such activities to was hoped that by the formation imber of persons may benefit by ral activities of the association.
and fourteen persons enrolled as ions.
al Section have been restricted 'al meetings and discussions on students and other have been held.
First Examination in Librarians may not perhaps be possible
few in number and all of them
Some alternative method, howhe Association in this connection, of lectures in printed form toooks for reference work.
9

Page 56
NORTHERN PROVINCE REGIC
Office bearers: Chairmar Secretary
C Treasure
Publicati Officer c Councillc
Committ
Members
December 1968 - Sponsore Jafna D. Fulbrigh
August, 1969 - Library
and Lor with the
December 1969 - Seminar
collabora cation C
UVA PROVINCE REGIONAL S
Chairman s Mr. H.
Secretary
cun Treasurer- M
Publications
Officer- S T E
Committee Member -M
The inaugural meeting was he Vice-President of the Ceylon Lit library officials from various par The main aims of this sectic (i) Conduct classes in Libra
Intermediate and Final Conducted by the Ceylc alternative to arrange fo these examinations with nities for all those inter
al

)NAL SECTION
1 Mr. V. E. Pakianathan Mr. K. Manickavasagar
OIS um Mr. R. S. Thambiah
ΟΙ
ee Mr. S. F. Santiapillai
Mr. S. J. Manickam d a tour of the libraries in the istrict for Miss. Marion B. Wiese, t Lecturer in Library Science.
Workshop for Schools Colleges, çal Bodies staff in collaboration : Ministry of Education.
on Bibliographic Classification in tion with the Colon Classifiircle of Ceylon.
ECTION
J. Harding
fr. M. A. Peeris
inhalese -Rev. Somaloka Thero amil -Mr. V. Ramasamy nglish -Mr. B. T. Harding
fr. T. Balasubramaniam
d on July 23, 1968. Mr. S.C. Blok, rary Association presided. 24 ts of the province were present. on are as follows: rianship leading to the First, Examination in Librarianship, in Library Association. In then r a course of postal tution for a view to giving equal opportu2sted in Library Science,
50

Page 57
(ii) Adopting of a specified all local government lil nition of the library p receiving the considerati of the Ceylon Library
(iii) Absorption into the L.
in Library Service, wh
of over 5 years service. ded over to the Hon.
(iv) Organising of a distrib to the educational need the Uva Province;
(v) Raising of funds, with Benefit Shows, Sweeps, meet the financial requ schemes;
(vi) Organising of various a tain donations of book
(vii) Raise funds to establis library science could b and library examination wider opportunities to
WESTERN PROVINCE REGIO
President :
Hon. Secretary : --
The first meeting was hel (on the 4th of November, 1968. various towns in the region to problems and objectives. A fili
Another meeting was held ber, 1968.
Two newsletters were pu carried out by the Section.

number of working hours for raries and for a better recog"ofession. These are at present )n of the Executive Committee. Association;
G. S. C. of all Council employees possess an unblemished record This matter has now been hanMinister of Local Government;
|ting centre at Badulla to cater s of the various communities in
necessary authority, by means of Carnivals, Exhibitions, etc., to trements of the proposed library
ctivities to assist libraries to obs, furniture and professional advice;
h a tutory in which lectures on e conducted by approved personnel ls held, with a view of offering
those interested in library science.
NAL SECTION
Miss. V. B. de Silva
Miss. M. A. H. Perera
i at Panadura Balika Vidyalaya It enabled librarians from the
get together and discuss their
m show was followed by tea.
at Moratuwa on the 18th Decem
blished containing the activities

Page 58
SPECIAL LIBRARIES GROUP
The inagural meeting of the Ceylon Library Association was Council. There were 16 persons
Office Bearers
Chaipamer M
stiláryTreasurer M Publications Officero M
Meಖ್ಖpx; M
The date of the next mee: Mrs. Runghat of the A. R. I. S. E a Special Library' was scheduled of adequate notice being given dance at this meeting was only four committee members.
Because of the lack of co group, it was decided to temp member wishing to make an a work of this group is requested Cso. The Research Librarian, C URBAN, TOWN COUNCIL AN COMMITTEE LIBRARIES GRO Several attempts were mac were not feasible as funds were It is extremely difficult to office bearers of this group wo attend committee meetings as tra
them.
The only major item that
join forces with the Municipal the preparation of a report for local Government Service Librar
It is hoped to collect ma translate these into Sinhala and a booklet suitable to the basic of library science. It is hoped funds could be obtained for the
歌

Special Libraries Group of the held on 23-7-68 at the British
present
iss. M. Silva esearch Librarian, Central Bank of eylon. rs. A. V. Fernando ‘ntral Bank of Ceylon. r. P. W. Jayatillake, ate Engineering Corporation. is. S. C. Goonetilleke, dustrial Development Board. r. M. F. Hamid, ntral Bank of Ceylon. ting which was to be a talk by B. R. entitled the Organisation of I for 20 September, 1968. Inspite and personal reminders the atteneight members and this included
operation among members of the orarily suspend activities. Any ctive contribution towards the I to contact the Hony. Secretary, entral Bank of Ceylon. D WILLAGE
UP le to organise activities, but these
not available.
hold committee meetings as rk in distant areas and do not avelling expenses are not paid to
we could take part in was to Libraries Group, with regard te a proposed salary structure of ians.
terial on Reference Works and to to publish them in the form of needs of beginners in the study that by the sale of this book, future activities of this Group.
52

Page 59


Page 60
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19, Wauxhall Street Colob
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