Page 1
he
A CEYLON JOURNA
கொழும்புத் து இவ. **7 尊」
கொ
Wol. I
May, 19
 

L IN ENGLISH
மிழ் மைடு
இைை * •
No. 5
One Rupee

Page 2
The T
SOME FURTH
* All Asia is lookir great future from manki contributions. You stal glad.'-
TE FE L'.
"We both think it courageous Venture, and with its aims and especia the various cultures rep is beautifully produced."
** II foul Ind it most j
D. F. Master of Marlbs.
* It is very good o. of this College and to particularly interested || the Reverend Walter Ser
I) R.
Κιοεμεreηί,

Famil
FR OPINIONS
ng away forward to a ld's unity and common ind for that and I am
1. G. FRASER, M.A.
a most interesting and have great sympathy lly its attempt to unite resented in Ceylon. It
RS. A. G. F"FRASER.
interesting to read.'- T. R. GA RIN ETT", νοτιμή Oολεμε, Εημιαγια.
f you to have thought have sent it. I was
EO Tead the article of
11UT."-
A. B. RODGER,
Balliol College, Oaford.

Page 3
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Page 9
SEQUE
mജബ്
Sir P. Arunachalam's Prevision o.
Holy Hill of Lord Muruka
Emerson on Oxford and Cambrid
The Hindu New Year
Reverence
Burgher Associations with Jaffna.
The Prose of Thomas Gray
A Page of Science
Autobiography of a Poet and Sain
Pages for the Young
Book Review

NCE
Page f The Tamil
26
28
33
36
45
47

Page 10


Page 11
SR P. ARU. PREVISON OF
By JAMES
E are deeply indebted I of the few genuine resea
ation that Sir Ponnam Ceylonese of our time, emb communalism of his own day, , Journal on the lines of The temporary triumph of the tri in power, it is no longer is the true Father of Ceylon's dream of a Free, United and for all of its peoples. He wo the coттитalist поtiот so pre of the clique in power for the but a counting of skulls : beca of the population of Lanka. centum of every aspect of t, eacecutive, administrative, ed, or capacity or aptitudeis mot Democracy but omly A. cloak and guise of religion. the founding and perpetuatio will stand forth without fear. motions, which semit Hitler a
perdition. I
IR Pomma mbalam Arum modern Ceylonese renai founded the Ceylon Tan in broad outline the aims an They are well worth repeati extracts from the League's 1923, and read at its general n 1923. Sir Ponnambalam, t was the author of this report. The “ real aim,” Sir Por and is, to keep alive those in such works as the Kural

NACHALAMS
“THE TAMIL’
T. RUTNAM
O the author of this article, one rchers of Ceylon, for the informalam Arunachalam, the greatest ttered by the colonialism and had himself envisaged a monthly Tamil. In these days of the Jalists and individualists today 'emembered that Arawnach allam,
modern liberty. He dreamt a Cultured Lanka, with equality tld hape sритеа иrith cотiетрt valent with the hireling stooges time being, that Democracy is use, forsooth, minety per centum,
is Buddhist then ninety per he country's public activityucational-regardless of merit -should be Buddhist This narchy and Totality under the
Sir Ponnambalam hoped for of a monthly journal which for the negation of these nihilist nd his herrenvolk to deserved
chalam, the father of the sance had occasion when he il League in 1923 to indicate l ideals of the Ceylon Tamils. ng now. I give below some Report, dated list September, eeting on the 15th September, Le President of the League,
nambalam says, “should be, reat Tamil ideals, enshrined of Tiruvalluvar, which have

Page 12
2 THE
helped to make the Tamils w sation going back to the d Babylon and Egypt, they ha vigour and keenness. Their ( Guiana and the West Indies, through Ceylon, the Straits S Malay States to Fiji. In Cey inhabitants. What they have ment, prosperity and civilis millenniums is a matter of influence at the present day in a recent speech at Jaffna Ceylon be witheut the Tam of the Island's prosperity, Tamils in every walk of life life 2
' A British officer who in the recent war wrote to th records adorn any page of n those of the Tamil regiments w won India for England.” Latt to have lost his soldierly qui pended until the war. But in battle in Mesopotamia, si and declares that “they can b British infantry regiments a hold their heads as high tod. the standard of the Madras : Worthy sons these of the T. poem of 1800 years ago went her son reported to have f his dead body on the battlefic rejoiced greatly. *
“The British officer's p devotion sung by the poet of “The heroes, counting up t Each day they no glorious Fearless they rush where' The King's reproof damp
*Lord Wavell, Viceroy and Comma. gave special directions that the farewell sal for the Tamil Regiments, although decim to a man in beating off the valiant and va,

AMIL
hat they are. With a civiliays when they traded with live still some of the ancient olonies extended from British
South Africa and Mauritius, ettlements and the Federated lon, the Tamils are its oldest done for the Island's develoption through more than two history. To their work and His Excellency the Governor ore testimony. What would il labourer, the corner stone
without the Tamil trader, and Tamil leaders of public
commanded Tamil soldiers e Pioneer of Allahabad: “No hilitary history prouder than fith which Clive and Wellesley erly, the Tamil was supposed alities and recruiting was susthis officer, having led them ngs a paean in their honour e put by the side of the best nd stand the test. They can ay as when they blazoned on urmy an imperishable lustre.” amil mother who in a classic forth, sword in hand, to slay ed from battle and, finding ld with wounds on his breast,
raise recalls the heroism and the Kural. eir days, set down as vain.
иvоитd ѕиstaiт. r the tide of battle rolls,
mot the ardour of their souls.
der-in-Chief, when departing from India, ite to him should be fired by Tamil Soldiers, ited by a murderous fire, had stood by him purous Rommel.- Ed.

Page 13
SIR P. A RUINACHAI
THE
Who says they err and vi Who die and faithful gua If monarch's eyes overflo Who would mot beg such bc
“The role of the hero is capable of magnanimity to til
* Fierce mess in hour of stin Its edge is kindness to ou
“These matters are me vain boasting but only to im men, and especially upon o great past, a marked vigour high ideals which should not
“There are men among politanism and with taunts the Tamils lose their indivi fish, flesh, fowl nor red herri man, speaking of the imperial
* There are some people, the only way in which a grea maintained is by suppressing of its component parts, in f regiment in which each nati and to be brought under a and drill. In my opinion, break up an Empire than attempt. Lasting strength secured by any attempt to remould into one type those are the outcome of a nation and social conditions, but ra the fact that these very cha part of a nation's life and th under sympathetic treatmer provide her own contribution in the life of the Empire to w
“The Tamils have seen r rise and fall. Their language, is, in the opinion of compe

AMS PREVISION OF 3 TAMIL
its them with scorn, rd the vow they have sworn ? D with tears for hero slain, on of glorious death togain ?”
deemed fulfilled when he is he fallen enemy . . .
ife heroic greatness shows, r suffering foes.
ntioned here in no spirit of press upon our Tamil countryur youth, tħat they have a of life and individuality, and pe allowed to fade or die.
us who, in the name of cosmoof tribalism, would farin see duality and become neither
ng.” A great British statespolicy of Britain, has said:-
, who seem to believe that ut Empire can be successfully the various distinct elements act by running it as a huge on is to lose its individuality 3ommon system of discipline we are much more likely to to maintain it by any such and loyalty are not to be force into one system or to special characteristics which 3 history and of her religious ther by a full recognition of racteristics form an essential at, under wise guidance and t, they will enable her to and to play her special part hich she belongs.
any empires and civilisations the oldest of living languages, ent Western scholars, one

Page 14
4 TH E M
of the most copious, refin spoken by man (Dr. Taylo. than the Greek, more copious
a wonderful organ of thoug it remains the vigorous sp the world. In our best b Dr. Pope, a strong sense of aspiration, a fervent and un a lofty aim, that are very impl as if there must be a blessil delight so utterly in compo pressive of a hunger and th
“Of the Tamil ideal o * The ideal householder leads not unmindful of any duty to His wife, the glory of his adores her husband; guards of his house's fame. His child their babbling voices are his life of his soul: of all his v The sum and source of the open to every guest, whom h and pleasant word, and wit Courteous in speech, grateft all his dealings, master of him of every assigned duty, pa heart free from envy, modo evil of others, refraining from the touch of evil, diligent in of his position, and liberal whom all unite to praise.
"Surely these are ide: our hearts and cherish and It is because we have done s that the Tamils have not dead and forgotten races : there greater need for these the city of Colombo. It is
materialism, greed of mOne, frippery. Its poisonous influ and is the greatest obstacle 1 is our most urgent need and sion.” - -

"AMIL
ed and polished languages ), more polished and exact than the Latin (Dr. Winslow) ht (Dr. Pope). Old as it is, eech of millions throughout Ooks there is, according to moral obligation, an earnest selfish charity, and generally essive. I have felt sometimes ng in store for a people that ositions thus remarkably exirst after righteousness.” f home life Dr. Pope says: s on earth a consecrated life, the living or to the departed. house, is modest and frugal; herself, and is the guardian diren are his choicest treasures ; music. Affection is the very virtues the first and greatest. m all is love. His house is he welcomes with smiling face h whom he shares his meal. (l for every kindness, just in self, strict in the performance tient and forbearing, with a. 2rate in desires, speaking no unprofitable words, dreading the discharge of all the duties in his benefactions, he is one
ls we should keep fresh in strive to realise in our lives. O in the past in some measure een swept into the limbo of ind civilisations. Never was ideals than now, especially in lominated by a spirit of coarse ', love of ease, vain show of ence has spread far and Wide o that simplicity of life which was our fathers’ prized posses

Page 15
SIR P. AR UNA CHAL
THE M
Sir Ponnambalam had
League “ an effective instrum tendencies and for propagati language adapted to modern stead of a thin veneer of W “ we shall aim at all that is b and make it part of our life and vitalise ourselves.’
Sir Ponnambalam had co of a daily English paper in C in his opinion, and also the pu cal under the name “TAM LA which Would be “a record O Ceylon, South India and the T. of Tamil ideals and sentiments
(1) Tamil language, litera (2) Education; especially cular education in (3) Politics (4) Economics, commerce (5) Tamil labour in Ceylo
(6) Correspondence and from South India,
(7) Proceedings of Tamil: educational, socia
(8) Translations from th and reviews of boo
“Such a periodical,' he touch with what is being done and sisters throughout Tamil medium of inter-communica bond to link them together :
Sir Ponnambalam con following clarion call to his f ourselves worthy of our inheri preserving all those character part of our national life, W(

1MS PREVISION OF 5 ’AMIL
hoped to make the Tamil ent for resisting these deadly ng our ideals and culture and needs and conditions.’ “ Inestern habits, he declared, est in Western life and culture -blood and thus reinvigorate
ntemplated the establishment olombo, “a vital necessity, blication of a monthly periodiAKAM” or “The Tamil Land” f Tamil activities throughout amil colonies and an exponent
99
. It was to include :-
uture, philosophy
higher education and vernaCeylon
2, industry
n and abroad
news from the provinces, and the Colonies
associations, political, literary, l, dramatic, sports, &c.
2 Tamil classics into English, ks.
announced, “will keep us in and thought by our brethren land, and will be not only a tion and knowledge but a ind keep alive Tamil ideals.’
luded his report with the llow Tamils :- Let us make ance . . . Resolutely minded, stics which form an essential lcoming all that is good in

Page 16
6 THE T
Western life and culture . . . ment . . . and make our con sation and happiness.”
It is sincerely hoped the fitting medium to express an chalam. .
“Man must rest, get his breath, wells which keep the freshness of the

AMIL
let us Work out our developtribution to the world’s civili
ut The Tamil, will serve as a di foster the vision of Aruna
refresh himself at the great living terna ”--MICHELET.

Page 17
HOLY HILL OF
I Sir Ponnambalam Ara “ The Worship of Muruka generation of Ceylonese. Ka South India, from the Vindh well fitted to proclaim the un for in those sylvan shades, uv leaping aтd laшghing along duvell Peace and Reverence f equally, атd иvith equality, co1
-s
HERE is on the South-e: hamlet known as Kat forest haunted by bear more deadly malaria. The Kataragamam especially twic have to be made for pilgrims epidemics. Hardly anyone g with the pilgrimage.
Kataragamam is sacred whom it was called Kárthike keya, ) shortened to Kájara gamam. The Tamils, who the shrine, have given the kámam, a city of divine glor glory of light, and kamam, district (from Sk. Grama). I the God Karthikeya is called also Kanda Kumára (Kand Sans. Skanda and Kumâra. Tamils Kumára, Svámi, '' th the Tamils call him by the “ the tender child.'' He is r and painting as a beautiful worship him with elaborat rustic with meal and blood o invokes him also with dance the woods. The philosopher adoring him as the Supreme

LORD MURUKA
таchatат. s. fатои8 еssay от is well known to the older thirkamam, revered throughout (as to Dondra, is a Holy place on and unity of all Ceylonese, th the gleaming Menik Ganga the Temple glades and gates, 2r A L.L the cотитities и hich mpose the Ceylonese Nations
p
ast coast of Ceylon a lonely aragamam in the heart of a s, elephants and leopards and Ceylon Government thinks of e a year, when arrangements and precautions taken against
oes there except in connection
to the God Kárthikeya, from ya Gráma (“ City of Kárthib-gáma and then to Kataraare the chief worshippers at name a Tamil form, Karthiry and love, as if from kathir, love (Sk. k.dima), or town or By Sinhalese and Tamils alike Kandasámi; by the Sinhalese, a being the Tamil form of meaning youth), and by the e youthful god.' More often pure Tamil name Murukan, presented in legend, statuary child or youth. The priests : rites and ceremonies, the ferings, the aboriginal Vedda s in the primitive manner of meditates on him in silence, God, Subrahmanya,—the all

Page 18
8 THE T
pervading spirit of the unive all things are evolved, by w into which they are involve humanity takes form someti Wisdom, God also of war w have to be destroyed, sometir type of perennial tender bea at the service of his devotees.
“In the face of fear,’’ verse, His face of comfort field, with Fear not, His once, twice. He shows, to thos
* A refreshing coolness is Thee, peerless Muruka. My lovingly hastening Muruka, Thee, Giver of gracious he T'irumurukarruppadai Thou wake.
The scene of his birth is birth and exploits are desc ments in the Skanda, Puran; present Sanskrit form dates and in its Tamil version fr cries a Tamil poet of the lst waters of the tarn on great F the beauteous hands of the pe i.e., Agni, god of fire) and wh nourished became one.'
Though born on those d home now and for over twe south, and his worship preva
Wherever Tamil influen eminent honour and dignity the guardian of their race, la bound to him by special ties. in Lanka (Ceylon) in a ren continent,—the Lemuria, stretching from Madagascar ruled by a Titan, the terrol to their prayers, the god wa

AMIL
rse, the Essence from which hich they are sustained and id, -who in gracious pity for mes as the youthful God of yhen wicked Titans (Asuras) mes as the holy child Muruka, uty, always and everywhere
says an ancient and popular shows. In the fierce battle
lance shows. Think of Him
e who chant Muruka.”
in my heart as it thinketh on mouth quivers praising Thee, and with tears calling On alp-hand, O warrior With comest, Thy Lady in Thy
laid in the Himalayas. His ribed with poetic embellisha, an epic poem which in its from about the fifth century om the eighth. “Dearest,' 3entury, “ whom the cool blue Himalaya's crest received from erless one of the five (elements, to in six forms by six (Naiads)
istant northern mountains, his nty centuries has been in the ils chiefly among the Tamils.
ce prevails, he is held in prer. The Tamils regard him as nguage and literature and are He is reputed to have arrived aote age when it was a vast perhaps, of the zoologists, to near Australia,-and was of the celestials. In answer is incarnated as the son of the

Page 19
HOLY HILL OF
Supreme God Mahá deva. o. to Lanka and destroyed the his lance seeking the foe ou The Titan was then granted f changed into a cock and a II the god’s banner and the latt with their moral significance yearly celebrated by festival the month of Aippasi (Octol 6th day of the waxing moon occasions, the Tamil Kandap with solemnity, also at times being deemed efficacious, ap. warding off or alleviating dis good fortune.
The worship of Skanda Ceylon from the introductio ago. The “ Kataragam god shrine in every Buddhist p prominent part in its ceremo great annual perahera of Ka place; Buddha's Tooth, in procession, formed no part O century, when it was introd Sri Rajasinha to humour 1 imported from Siam.
It is possible now to tra by train to Matara and by Tissamaharama. The last si Tissamaharama is over a unbridged river, the Menik g to be swum across, there be of the last century, when go Colombo, my grandmother v to Kataragamam and back recovery from illness of he Coomara Swamy. The har as are yearly borne with che ling on foot along the jur Eastern and Uva provinces are convinced of the god's ( tion and have spiritual expe

LORD MURU KA 9
r Siva. He led their hosts
Titan after mighty battles, t in his hiding in the ocean. Orgiveness for his sins and was beacock, the former becoming er his charger. These events, 2 of the expiation of sin, are s and fasts in Tamil lands in ber-November) ending on the (Skandha Shashthi). On such Jiranam is read and expounded in private houses, such reading art from spiritual benefits, in ease and danger and bringing
has suffered no decline in on of Buddhism 24 centuries (Kataragama Deviyo) has a lace of worship, and plays a nials and processions. In the andy, he had always a leading ow the chief feature of the if it till the middle of the 18th luced by order of King Kirtti the Buddhist monks he had
vel from Colombo comfortably 7 motor to Hambantota and bage of about 11 miles beyond difficult forest-track and an ganga, which in flood time has sing no boats. In the thirties od roads were scarce even in talked barefoot the whole way in fulfilment of a vow for the r child, the future Sir Mutu dships then endured are such 'erfulness by thousands travelgle tracks of the Northern,
and from India. Nearly all bver-present grace and protecriences to tell or other notable

Page 20
O TH E Z
boons, recoveries from illn dangers, warding off of calam woman who had journeyed days and nights if she had r bears. She said she saw m. “ How could they ? The Lo
An old Brahmin hermi Kesopur Swami, was for abo a revered figure at Kataragan boy from a monastery in All twenties of last century. Hindu foundation (next the
yánaiamman temple and
belongs to a section of the founded by the great Sanka (Mysore). The lad after a tim where he lived alone for years restored to human society b Swami by name, whom also
beautiful character, pious and physique. He had been a ca of Cashmere and, being resol poverty, found himself thw pressed him to marry and ass Failing in their efforts, th influence to bear upon him, v
and travelled as a mendican southern shrine of Rameswa and a great resort of pilgri received a divine call to pro Foot (Adam's Peak of Engl revere as sacred to Siva and t Here he was ordered to proce would find a hermit in the
upon and feed with rice. T hermit to the temple. He so food and confined himself to known as Pál Kudi Báwa. A figure he was, revered for his c. spiritual insight and devotior
his blessings.

”AMIL
ess, help under trials and ities. I once asked an elderly alone through the forest for no fear of wild elephants and any, but none molested her. rd was at my side.'
t whom I knew well, Sri ut three quarters of a century nam. He had come there as a ahabad in North India in the Be attached himself to the principal shrine) of the Teyva,
monastery. This institution
Dasanámi order of monks rachárya of Sringeri Matam le betook himselfto the forest, j, until he was sought out and by a young monk, Surajpuri I knew. The latter was a | learned, and with a splendid valry officer of the Maharaja, ved on a life of celibacy and tarted by his relatives who ume the duties of family life. ey brought the Maharaja’s. whereupon he fled from home
t until he reached the great ram, well known to tourists. ms. There (he told me) he reed to Sri Pada, the “ Holy lish maps), which the Hindus he Buddhists to the Buddha. 2d to Kataragamam, where he forest whom he was to wait
his he did and brought the On gave up rice or other solid
a little milk, hence he was very saintly and picturesque hildlike simplicity and purity, l, and much sought after for

Page 21
HOLY HILL OF
Robert Knox, who in t 20 years of captivity in Ceylo of the Island of Ceylon' pu speaking of the Eastern Coas environed with hills on the venient for ships to ride; an impute to the power of a g town near by they call Cott to whom all that go to fetc. must give an offering. The striketh such terror into the are otherwise enemies to the Portuguez and Dutch agains either to make invasion this at Kandy, in Knox's time, t but “ Allout neur dio,* Goc Earth, and Cotteragom De three gods that ride here in the others the greatest a says (p. 228): “Of all the go most feared . . . and such is I was never able to induce a of it. This unwillingness w at Kataragam there is no f worshipped there in any imag never raised, separates the \ Holies, where, according to only a casket containing a engraved on a golden table and grace are believed to re in the great festivals of July procession on the back of an
The history of this ta tradition reported to me b. devotee from N. India. F by the god's prolonged stay gamam to entreat him to re obtain audience of the god severe penances and austeri little Vedda boy and girl at
*Alutnuwara Deiviyyo, represented i painted stick.
The Kataragam God and the Goddes

LORD MURU KA
Le seventeenth century spent n, in his “ Historical Relation blished in 1861 in London, in , says: “It is as I have heard andside and by sea not cond very sickly, which they do reat god which dwelleth in a 2ragon, standing in the road, h salt, both small and great, name and power of this god Chingalayas that those who : King and have served both t him, yet would never assist way.' In the great Perahera here was no Buddha's Tooth, and maker of Heaven and yyo and Pottingi dio, these company are accounted of all hd chiefest.’ Davy himself ds, the Kataragam God is the s the dread of this being that native artist to draw a figure as rather due to the fact that gure of the god. He is not ge or form. A veil or curtain, vorshippers from the Holy of the best information, there is Yantra or mystic diagram t in which the divine power side. It is this casket which r and November is carried in elephant. blet, according to a native Kesopuri Svami, is that a alyánagiri by name, grieved in Ceylon, came to Kataraturn to the North. Failing to he performed for 12 years ies, in the course of which a ached themselves to him and the procession, according to Knox, by a
| Pattini.

Page 22
2 THE 1
served him unremittingly. On by his austerities and depr he fell asleep, the boy woke cried out in anger, “How da you know that this is the first The boy muttered an excuse
an islet in the river was reach himself into the God Skan then realised that his quond God and his consort Valli. them and praying forgiveness to India. The Goddess in ( மங்கிலியப்பிச்சை ) and begged
parted from her. This the abandoned the idea of the settled down at Kataragan mystic diagram (yantra) and in buildings constructed or ruling King of Ceylon. Whenir earthly body, he is believed
image (muthu lingam) and is ing shrine under that name (
The earliest account of t found in an ancient Tamil ly often on the lips of others, To appreciate its significan literary, some idea of the ea necessary.
Ancient Tamil history three successive literary A Pandyan Kings of South Ind literature and art. In thi together (as in the Academie Richelieu in 1635 and copied the leading literati of the included royal authors of no were poets and philosophers. to the Academy for judgme publication received the hal Academy was the jealous gua perfection and showed littl literary coinage.

"AMIL
One occasion when, exhausted 2ssed by his disappointment, him. The disturbed sleeper re you disturb my rest when time I have slept for years ?' and ran pursued by him until ed, when the boy transformed da. The awe-struck hermit am attendants had been the Prostrating himself before , he begged the God to return her turn made her appeal that the god might mot be sage could not refuse. He God's or his own return and ham where he engraved the enshrined it there for worship restored with the help of the 1 duecourse thesage quitted his to have changed into a pearl still worshipped in an adjoinMuthulingasvami).
he worship of Muruka is to be 'ic, the delight of scholars and even if not fully understood. ce, religious, historical and cly literature of the Tamils is
has for its chief landmarks ademies established by the ia, who were great patrons of s institution were gathered Francaise found by Cardinal in other European countries) time. The roll of members 5e and not a few women who New works were submitted nt and criticism, and before |-mark of its approval. The rdian of the standard literary 2 mercy to minters of base

Page 23
HOLY HILL OF .
The first two Academies period and their duration is c Tamils having a good conceit ( love (equalled in modern ti French) of their mother tongu origin and made their Supren the first Academy and his son of the Academy and the tut Both deities are represented time to time to solve litera. Academy. The seats of the (old Madura and Kapadapura of the Pandyan dynasty, submerged by the sea.
The God Muruka has worship. Some of them are padai (a Poem of the third A. its name indicates, as a ' ( The shrines are all in Tami tioned is Tirupparankunram, of Madura.
“ He dwelleth gladly om Towers-gates rid of battle, and the ball and doll defian are still,–faultless marts, palaces.
** He dwelleth on the Hi winged bees sleep on the r broad stretches of muddy fiel the honey-dripping neithall bl sing in the sweet flowers of eyes. (v. v. 67-77).
The other shrines spec (wave mouth, v. 125), now kr on the southern coast abou Avinankudi, v. 176), now k Hills), about the same dis well-known hill station : Tiru Swamimalai, a hill about . Each of the shrines with i associations is the subject (

LOFD MUFUKA 13
go back to an almost mythical ounted by millenniums. The Df themselves and a passionate imes, I think, only by the le have assigned to it a divine me God Siva the president of
Muruka or Skanda, a member elary god of the Tamil race.
as appearing on earth from ry problems that defied the first and second Academies lm) were the two first capitals and are said to have been
many shrines and modes of described in Tirumurukarrupcademy) which thus serves, as Guide to the Holy Muruka. | land. The first shrine mena hill about 5 miles south-west
the Hill west of the Clustered for the foe hath been crushed tly tied to the high flag-staff Lakshmi's seats, streets of
ll where swarms of beauteous ough stalks of lotuses in the lds; they blow at dawn round ooms and with the rising sun
the pool as they open their
ifically named are “Alaivai town as Tiruchendur, a shrine t 36 miles from Tinnevelly; (nown as Palanimalai (Palini tance from Dindigul and a -Erakam (v. 189), now called 4 miles from Kumbakonam. ts appropriate incidents and of a little picture-making a

Page 24
l4 THE T
sort of cameo or gem strung t a perfect whole (v.v. 1-77, Three of the shrines are sit forests, for they are dear to 190-217) describes his “ Spo another (v. 218 ad fin...) de “Fruit-groves' and worshi shrine of Kataragamam is un last. The poet enumerates in which the god manifests hir with goat sacrifices and f woods, rivers and lakes, is meetings, the kadamba tree ( lastly wherever votaries seek recalling Jesus” saying (Matth three are assembled in my na of them.
Muruka would thus appea amalgamated many legends a of religion and modes of wors and to embody the Tamil ic things and manifesting himsel
Muruka means tender a represented as the type of pe quite a child. There is in Tanjore an exquisite figure O worshipped in the form of a s
“ One face spreadeth afar 1 the world's dense darkness; ol beloved and granteth their over the sacrificial rites of th in the way of the Scripture pleasantly expoundeth hidder quarter like the moon; one f equality ceasing, wipeth away battle sacrifice; one face dw waisted Vedda maid, pure-h worshipped as the god of w spiritual enlightenment, as th by ritualists, as the god of giver of all boons, worldly anc

"AMIL
ogether in this poem forming 78-125, 126-176, 177-189). tuated amid mountains and Muruka. One section (v.v. rt on the mountains o' and scribes him as dwelling in pped by forest tribes. The derstood to be included in the many other places and ways mself:-festivals accompanied enzied dancers, grove and lets, road-junctions, villageeugenia racemosa), etc., and him in prayer (v.v. 218-225), l. XVIII, 20) where two or lme, there am I in the midst
ar to be a deity in whom were und traditions, many aspects hip, primitive and advanced, deal of God immanent in all lf wherever sought with love.
ge and beauty and is often }rennial youth, sometimes as Vaithis waran temple near if the child-god. He is also six-faced god.
rays of light, perfectly lighting ne face graciously seeketh his prayers; one face watcheth e peaceful ones who fail not es ; one face searcheth and 1 meanings, illumining every ace, with wrath mind filling, his foes and celebrateth the velleth smiling with slender earted Valli.” He is thus risdom by those who seek e god of sacrifice and ritual learning by scholars, as the l spiritual, to his devotees.

Page 25
EMERSON ON CAMB
I Ralph Waldo Emerson is in the field of letters. He ha all those qualities for which A sincerity, love of liberty, and Body, Mind and Soul. Em the glories of the glorious Un bridge brings home to us, as ideals of true university life women of Sri Lanka who find the portals of the University of There are far, far greater Un be members in spirit, by reac which “ The Tamil will p Peradeniya prove itself by pr great Man /
FBritish universities, Cam names on its list. At th advantage of Oxford, col number of distinguished sch but a single day wherein t the beautiful lawns and gal few of its gownsmen.
But I availed myself of Oxford.
My new friends showed in Library, the Randolph Gallel I saw several faithful highthem in the mood of making a topic, of course, on which II ł affectionate and gregarious v the habits of our Cambridge these English an advantage manners. The halls are rich ceiling. The pictures of t walls; the tables glitter with

OXFORD AND RIDGE
perhaps the greatest American is imbued into English speech пerica is fатоиs : self-reliaтсе, strenuous loyalty to freedom of erson's magnificent Essay on iversities of Oatford and Camonly Newman has done, the Let those yоитg тет ата l it a matter of dis-ease to enter Peradeniya console thетselves. iversities, of which we can all ling this, and similar, essays, ublish from time to time. Let "odисітg отe great Book or оте
bridge has the most illustrious e present day, too, it has the unting in its alumni a greater holars. I regret that I had O see King's College Chapel, dens of the colleges, and a
some repeated invitations to
he their cloisters, the Bodleian y, Merton Hall, and the rest. minded young men, some of sacrifices for peace of mind,- had no counsel to offer. Their ways reminded me at once of e men, though I imputed to in their secure and polished with oaken wain scoting and he founders hang from the plate. A youth came forward
5

Page 26
6 THE T
to the upper table, and pron grace before meals, which, here for ages, Benedictus bene
It is a curious proof of th their good nature, that thes every night at nine o'clock, a required to give the name of admitted after that hour. fact that out of twelve hun the most spirited of the air occurred.
Oxford is old, even in Its foundations date from Al if, as is alleged, the Pheryllt here. In the reign of Edw were thirty thousand studen foundations were then estab firm as if it had always stood rich with great names, the s link of England to the learn Erasmus, with delight, in 1547 was relieved and maintained Alaskie, a noble Polonian, H England to admire the wisd entertained with stage-plays Church, in 1583. Isaac Cas Quatre of France, by invitati to Christ's College, in July, Museum, whither Elias Ashm loads of rarities. Here inde Anthony Wood’s and Aubre every inch of ground has its lu is redolent of age and author selves against modern innov
As many sons, almost usual for a nobleman, or ind student, on quitting college, article of plate; and gifts of fellowship, or a library, dow are continually accruing, in t friend Doctor J. gave me

"AMIL
Lounced the ancient form of I suppose, has been in use dicat ; bemedicitur, bemedicatur.
e English use and wont, or of e young men are locked up und the porter at each hall is any belated student who is Still more descriptive is the dred young men, comprising istocracy, a duel has never
England, and conservative. fred, and even from Arthur, Df the Druids had a seminary ard I., it is pretended, here ts; and nineteen most noble lished. Chaucer found it as ; and it is, in British story, chool of the Island, and the ed of Europe. Hither came Albericus Gentilis, in l580, by the university. Albert Prince of Sirad, who visited om of Queen Elizabeth, was in the Refectory of Christ saubon, coming from Henri Dn of James I., was admitted 1613. I saw the Ashmolean ole, in 1682, sent twelve carted was the Olympia of all y’s games and heroes, and stre. On every side, Oxford ity. Its gates shut of themration.
so many benefactors. It is bed for almost every wealthy
to leave behind him some all values, from a hall, or a in to a picture or a spoon, he course of a century. My the following anecdote. In

Page 27
EMERSON ON OXFOR
Sir Thomas Lawrence's coll cartoons of Raphael and Mich prize was offered to Oxford U pounds. The offer was ac charged with the affair ha pounds, when among other Eldon. Instead of a hundre by putting down his name They told him, they should remainder. 'No,' he said, already contributed all they the rest; and he withdrew h and wrote four thousand collection in April, 1848.
In the Bodleian Librar the manuscript Plato, of th by Dr. Clarke from Egypt; same century; the first Bible in 1450); and a duplicate C deficient in about twenty lea being in Venice, he bough manuscripts, -every scrap a sand louis dors, and had th the consul. On proceeding, purchase, he found the twent Bible, in perfect order; b1 the rest of his purchase, and but has too much awe for in bibliography also, to suf re-bound. The oldest buildi younger than the frail manu from Egypt. No candle or Bodleian. Its catalogue is the desk of every library college, they underscore in titles of books contained in the theory being that the rich library spent during the chase of books E 1,668.
The logical English trai engineer. Oxford is a Gre weave carpet, and Sheffield

D AND OAM BRIDGE, 17
2ction at London, were the nel Angelo. This inestimable Jniversity for seven thousand 3epted, and the committee d collected three thousand friends, they called on Lord d pounds, he surprised them for three thousand pounds. now very easily raise the
" your men have probably can spare; I can as well give is cheque for three thousand, pounds. I saw the whole
y, Dr. Bandinel showed me e date of A.D. 896, brought a manuscript Virgil, of the 2 printed at Mentz, (I believe of the same, which had been ves at the end. But one day, t a room full of books and nd fragment, -for four thoue doors locked and sealed by afterwards, to examine his y deficient pages of his Mentz ought them to Oxford, with placed them in the volume; the Providence that appears fer the reunited parts to be ng here is two hundred years script brought by Dr. Clarke fire is ever lighted in the the standard catalogue on in Oxford. In each several ed ink on this catalogue the the library of that college, - Bodleian has all books. This last year (1847) for the pur
n a scholar as they train an ek factory, as Wilton mills grinds steel. They know the

Page 28
18 . . . . THE T
use of a tutor, as they know
draw the greatest amount o reading men are kept by ha) measured eating and drinking, and two days before the ex lounge, ride, or run, to be fre Seven years' residence is the t degree. In point of fact, it residence, and four years mo) years is about twenty-one m
Oxford is a little aristoc. dignified enough to rank with and where fame and secular study, and in a direction whic of all cultivated nations.
This aristocracy, of cou fills places, as they fall vacant The number of fellowships at C a year, with lodging and diet American, loving learning, an offered a home, a table, the w of these academical palaces, a as long as he chose to remain for joy.
The effect of this drill Greek and Latin, and of ma and taste of English criticism be in this or that award, an longs and shorts, can turn the and it is certain that a Senio from the Corpus Poetarum, in all the humanities. Greek and Cam, whether the Maud I be properly ranked or not; th Greek learning; the whole height, and kills all that grow lian water kills. The English So Milton thought. It refines the Greek mind lifts his stand to think of, and, unless of an ir from writing or speaking, by

AMIL
the use of a horse; and they f benefit out of both. The 'd walking, hard riding, and at the top of their condition, amination, do no work, but 'sh on the college doomsday. heoretic period for a master's has long been three years' e of standing. This “ three onths in all.
racy in itself, numerous and
other estates in the realm; promotion are to be had for h has the unanimous respect
rse, repairs its own losses; , from the body of students. )xford is 540, averaging £200 at the college. If a young d hindered by poverty, were alks, and the library, in one nd a thousand dollars a year
a bachelor, he would dance
is the radical knowledge of thematics, and the solidity Whatever luck there may Eton captain can write Latin Court-Guide into hexameters, C Classic can quote correctly and is critically learned erudition exists on the Isis man or the Brazen Nose main e atmosphere is loaded with iver has reached a certain h of weeds which this Castanature takes culture kindly. the Norseman. Access to bird of taste. He has enough npulsive nature, is indisposed the fulness of his mind, and

Page 29
EMERSON ON OXFO
the new severity of his taste thorough-bred Grecians alwa the English writer cannot igne and point his pen. Hence, 1 journalism. The men have l hension, logic, and pace, or s bottom, endurance, wind. W tutions, they make those
cast-iron men, the dura, ilia, compare with ours, as the st box ;–Cokes, Mansfields, Selo it happens that a superior b mirable horse, we obtain tho combine the highest energy culture.
It is contended by those Harrow, Rugby, and Westm ment within each of those schi that in their playgrounds, co meanness despised, manly fe are encouraged : that an un to the spoiled child of rank, wealth, an even-handed ju: out of both, and does all tha gentlemen.
Again, at the universitie form what England values : life, -a well-educated gentle in describing to his countryme gentleman, frankly admits t nothing of the kind. A gentl character, an independent an the right of assuming it. He either of his own, or in his f bodily activity and strength, life in public offices. The presents an appearance of elsewhere to be found among No other nation produces the has deteriorated. The univer in any man's favor. And s

ED AND CAM BRIDGE, 19
'. The great silent crowd of ys known to be around him, Dre. They prune his orations, he style and tone of English earned accuracy and comprepeed of working. They have When born with good constieupeptic studying-mills, the whose powers of performance eam-hammer with the musicdens, and Bentleys, and when rain puts a rider on this adse masters of the world who
in affairs, with a supreme
who have been bred at Eton, inster, that the public sentiools is high-toned and manly; urage is universally admired, belings and generous conduct written code of honor deals
and to the child of upstart stice, purges their nonsense it can be done to make them
s, it is urged that all goes to as the flower of its national man. The German Huber, in the attributes of an English hat, “ in Germany, we have eman must possess a political d public position, or, at least, must have average opulence, amily. He should also have unattainable by our sedentary race of English gentlemen manly vigor and form, not an equal number of persons. , stock. And, in England, it sity is a decided presumption o eminent are the members

Page 30
20 - THE M
that a glance at the calenda world one cannot be in bette. of one of the larger Oxford o
Oxford sends out yearly men, and three or four hundr
The diet and rough exei of old Norse power. A fo circumstances, will play the youths, I believed I saw all and color and general habit, American colleges.
English wealth, falling o training, makes ar systematic and to the end of a knowle they treat really stand: whi reading for an argument for a at all events, for some byread meanly and fragmentar understood English law as w understand it.
Then they have access collected at every one of ma, an advantage not to be attain when one thinks how much m by a scholar who, immediate consult it, than by one who i reads inferior books because
Again, the great number other up to a high standard. read and knowing men teac selection. --
Universities are, of cour seeing and using ways of the as churches and monasterie Yet we all send our sons to genius, he must take his cha. retrospective. The gale that on all its towers blows out of a and the professors must be soon think of quarrelling wi

"AMIL
rs will show that in all the company than on the books r Cambridge colleges.’
twenty or thirty very able ed well-educated men.
cise secure a certain amount will fight, and, in exigent manly part. In seeing these eady an advantage in vigor over their contemporaries in
n their school and university reading of the best authors, dge how the things whereof lst pamphleteer or journalist party, or reading to write, or, 2nd imposed on them, must ily. Charles I. said that he fell as a gentleman ought to
to books; the rich libraries ny thousands of houses, give ed by a youth in this country, ore and better may be learned ly on hearing of a book, can s on the quest for years, and he cannot find the best.
of cultivated men keep each The habit of meeting wellhes the art of omission and
se, hostile to geniuses, which ir own, discredit the routine : s persecute youthful saints. college, and, though he be a nce. The university must be
gives direction to the vanes ntiquity. Oxford is a library, librarians. And I should as h the janitor for not magni

Page 31
EMERSON ON OXFOR
fying his office by hostile sa Governor of Kerteh of Kinbu professors for not admiring pluck the beards of Euclid an themselves to fill their vacant
It is easy to carp at if we will wait for it, will exists there also, but will not of the House of Commons. It and darkling. England is the and when you have settled moribund, out comes a poeti Oxford, to mould the opinio houses as simply as birds t to art, and charm mankind, always must. But besides best poetry of England of this from two graduates of Cambri
The true University of these days i

D AND CAM BRIDGE, 21
lies into the street like the
rn, as of quarrelling with the the young neologists who
d Aristotle, or for attempting
shelves as original writers.
college, and the college, have its own turn. Genius answer a call of a committee is rare, precarious, eccentric, land of mixture and surprise, it that the universities are 3 influence from the heart of ons of cities, to build their heir nests, to give veracity as an appeal to moral order this restorative genius, the age, in the old forms, comes idge.
s a collection of books '-CARLYLE.

Page 32
THE HINDU
By S. J. GUNASAGA
WHEN Ceylon was a Eur celebrated by the Hinc in Ceylon was known Under independent Ceylon come to be called “ The Sinh While in our little Island th racial significance, in India ti termed and celebrated as the
The Hindu New Year Sun moves into the House based on an astronomical eve of the Zodiacal signs.
Till recently it was su (Sumerians and Babylonians) Zodiac. The decipherment ( tions has brought to light, facts, the revelation that th of this knowledge long befo now patent that the Dravidia of the Zodiac.
One of the inscriptions in Kãl Tirtu Min. Edu M
“The Paravas of the SO the Ram (and) the Fish (v canal '-a poetical construc stated :-that the Southern in the period of time from t Fish. Now since the Fish is of the year and the Ram is one full year (from the Ram in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean
We give below a transli modern Tamil.

NEW YEAR
ARAM, M.A., London
opean colony the New Year dus as well as the Buddhists as the ' Hindu New Year.' today, the New Year has alese and Tamil New Year.” he New Year has assumed a he New Year continues to be “ Hindu New Year.'
begins on the day when the of Aries (The Ram). It is nt and involves a knowledge
pposed that the Chaldaeans
were the originators of the of the Mohenjo-Daro inscripamong other new historical Le Dravidians had made use ore it reached Sumer. It is ns were the original inventors
a Mohenjo-Daro seal reads
in Adu Ten Parava
uth of (the period) the Fish, which period) has finished a :tion under which a fact is Paravas finished one canal he Fish and the Ram to the the last Zodiacal constellation the first, this period covers to the Fish): (Heras-Studies
Culture : (pp. 176-8).
teration of the inscription in
2

Page 33
THE HINDU
Kãl Tirtu Min. Edu M
Tamil
Kāl , , கால் . C Trt. . . தீர்த்து . . C Mīn . . மீன் . F Édu , , எடு . ER Min . . மீன் F Adu . . அது ... O Ten . . தென் . S Para00 . . பறவை . . B
Father Heras goes on to discloses two of the signs of Fish, used as unit of a system ( they were portions of the y full Zodiac. Little by little were found : the Scale, the Cra (for the Virgin). But one research, he adds, a new a store for me (Ibid).
Another seal indicated til was divided into eight parts as showing the ' Houses of of the lists of Zodiacal cons the Tulus showed that “ in t are referred to with a Drav four are mentioned in Sansk months are solar and the Sa to be an evident proof that the eight . . . In Sumer the c as far as we know now, were therefore, the idea of the Zod Daro to Sumer, not from Sum
The original Dravidian of 45 days. Ayurvedic docto that their medical preparatic 45 days.
Referring to the ancient Gilbert Slater (Dravidian Eler 2) states :-

NEW YEAR 23
im Adu Ten Parava
Меатiтg
anal
ompleted ish (constellation) am (constellation) ish (Constellation) f
outh ird (Sinhalese Parawa).
say: “therefore the epigraph he Zodiac, the Ram and the of reckoning time. Evidently 2ar which correspond to the
several other constellations b, the Water-Jar, the Mother
day, in the course of the ind a greater surprise was in
hat the space round the Sun which Fr. Heras interpreted the Sun. The examination tellations of the Tamils and hose lists eight constellations idian word, while the other it. Moreover, the Dravidian nskrit lunar. All this seems constellations were originally Instellations of the Zodiac, already twelve. Evidently, ac was taken from Mohenjoer to Mohenjo-Daro :” (Ibid).
nonths accordingly consisted rs in South India, still order ns be taken for a period of
civil calendar of the Tamils ent in Indian Culture, pp.71

Page 34
24 THE
66 The Civil calendar is Sol and is not like Ours, an Origi to fit the solar year. It is that it does not even concern of so many days. The ecliptic and at Whatever m0 ment in the Sun enters a new divisi month begins. Days began a sunrise for any place in India, of Sunrise at the spot on the meridian of the site of the a do not know whether anyo to the adoption of this unique and that it aims at a degree consistency beyond that of a at the saerifice of some partia ficant. It proves the indepen of Dravidian Science in the non-Dravidian influence.’
That the Ram (Aries) w year is already old in Tamil 150-161, speaks of “the fast horned Ram (adu)-gy(B-to
“In ancient Dravidian In Kannara edu means first constellation of the yea edu. Hence the year was reproduced in the Greek e (Sinhalese elu : Tamil adu).
The Mohenjo-Daro pictogi Harp, Fr. Heras points ou harp described in the Tar “ has still the same shape iu Nagarjunakonda.” The Emp a similar harp, as representec to ancient Tamil tradition '' that could imitate the hun Sumer musical instruments
“The Tamils say even the Yal was sa, which is the note was ri, which is suppo

"AMIL
ar, truly and completely solar, nally lunar calendar modified SO uncompromisingly Solar tself to make a month COnsist is divided into twelve divisions, the morning, noon or night, n, at that moment the new sunrise, not the local time of but at the calculated moment equator which is also in the incient Tamil Observatory. I he has ever assigned a date calendar. That it is unique, of astronomical accuracy and ly other calendar in use, even l inconvenience, is very signidence and continuous activity past by India least exposed to
as the first constellation of the tradition. The Pattupattu. 7, t moving sun going from the he other Houses.’
the Ram was called edu. sheep. Since edu was the r, another year was another 3alled edu, a word which is tos ”—Heras—ibid. 176 n. 4).
aph depicting the constellation , is almost the same as the nil Epic Silapadikaram, and the sculpture of Sanchi and eror Samundra Gupta played in his gold coins. According this was the only instrument an voice to perfection.' In of the same shape were found.
today that the first note of human voice, but the second ked to be the bellowing of the

Page 35
THE HINDU
bull (Galpin). This shows the harp was identified wit replaced by the Bull (Taurus of the Sumerian Zodiac. Bes of the Common Dialect of “ In the modern pictures a Tamils represent the se Gemini, as two female tw the other a lyre, i.e. Yal. called Yal.”
Similarly Sir William second constellation was Yal second constellation. Yal, be with the change of Taurus : Sumerians.”
Enough has been said
origin of the Zodiacal signs.
to have taken over the eigh Mohenjo-Darians and added which together with the orig the twelve signs of the Zodiac It should be a, matter of pri Moslem, Sinhalese or Tamil, t. and Buddhists alike celebrat is the self-same New Year Mohenjo-Darians who spoke to Tamil and not altogether The New Year which was bro and recognised as such in Indi: milleniums, is quite appropri: Year. It has remained as a essential unity of Indo-Ceylo. allowed to continue to be give it a racial significance.

NEW YEAR 25
that even from early times the bull and came to be ) as the second constellation chi in his work “A Grammar he Tamil Language says: ld signs of the Zodiac, the ond Zodiacall Constellation, ins holding one a club and The Constellation besides is
Jones states : “Since their , they also call their present ing practically unacquainted instead of Yal made by the
to vindicate the Dravidian The Sumerians would appear it constellations of the early
On four new constellations inal eight constellations form found in the modern calendar. de to the Ceylonese, be they hat the New Year the Hindus e in India and Ceylon today
established by the ancient
a language so much akin unrelated to old Sinhalese. ught forth by the Dravidians, a and Ceylon through several ately termed the Hindu New
permanent sign-post of the n culture. It deserves to be o without being twisted to

Page 36
hel
REWE
I The Tamil truly belie
ence for God, for ] that is noble, lovely and of all Knowledge. The grows om the stem of R. thereof is true Culture.
لـ
O Lord, how manifo. In wisdom has thou The Earth is full of t So is this great wide
米 来源 Wisdom seeks the truth of : written irrespective of tim Thiruvalluvar (Ku
水 ek Out of death and ruin the wi Thiruvalluvar (Ku
ek g
Life, like a dome of many co
radiance of Eternity.
米、 米
Leave all; take refuge in M thy sins: grieve not, my sc

(DIT)
RENCE
ves that Reverence-reverarents, for Elders, for all true is the only sure basis fine flower of Tolerance 2verence. And the Fruit
I
ld are thy works made them all. hy riches
Տ63),
Psalm, CU IV.
米 米
all things which are heard or 2 and place.
ral) (Translation from Tamil).
§e 米
se fashion things enduring.
ral) (Translation from Tamil).
米 §ද
oloured glass, stains the white
Shelley (Adonais).
米
s:
(e; I will cleanse thee of all Dl.
The Gita.

Page 37
REVE.
Let incense ascend from eve chantry ring with the vo founding on the meadow Kingdom that is to be.
Матта 米 米 Of the fire, thou art the hea
fragrance;
Of the stone, thou art the
the truth.
Por
by Fa
米 米
He who falls a victim to in
strenuously, first meets c
finally have to put up with
by
米 米
Behold, we know I can but trust th; At last-fair offAnd every winter
米 ck Renovate yourself today,
renovate yourself every da.

RENCE 27
cy altar, let every chapel and ice of prayer. You will be s and lawns of this earth a
lvar (Translation from Tamil).
米 米
t; of the flower thou art the
lustre; of the word thou art
ipadal (Translated from Tamil ther Xavier Thaninayagam).
米 米
naction, and does not labour 2nsure from friends, but will Leveryone's contempt.
Kural (Translated from Tamil | C. Rajagopalachariar).
米 米 not anything; at good shall fall at last, to all, change to spring.
Теттysот.
3ද 米
renovate yourself tomorrow,
y.
Етperor Tang.

Page 38
BURGHER AS
WITH
- I has been said that all g go to Paris. Equally, all have gone to Јајfna to be borт the Reminiscences of the late tells of the first-class Burgher
From Lorenz to Lucian de Zi to Ceylon has been very great at all known in the world of and Keyt and Wendt. It is parochial cотитаlisт, изhe into temporary pouver, the ser have been so quickly forgotten have decided, like the Arabs of away. The Burghers forget tha and individualism, under the
last. |
ΙΝ 1867, when I left Jaffr
resident in this town, wh a larger number of the Dutch these names :-
Grenier, Toussaint, Arn Vanderstraaten, Krickenbee Maartensz, Margenout, Strant winde, Heynsberg, Vanzyl, Jobsz, Breckman, de Neise, S Vandergucht, Bartholomeusz Altendorf, Keegel, Boudewyn man, Beekmeyer, Meyer, Fra.
There were others, with who were not regarded as Bu slaves before the British C was a common practice with them. I know of two cases, a of slaves prided themselve I believe some of them are or
2.

SSOCIATIONS JAFFNA
'ood Americans, when they die, good Burghers of the upper jat 1. We publish an eactract from Mr. Joseph Gremier where he families associated with Jaffna. luva-the Burgher contribution indeed. If, today, Ceylon is culture it is because of Collett
a pity that in these days of n halfwits have been pushed pices of this great cотитity that many of the best of them old, to fold their tents and go it the present phase of tribalism.
guise of religiотisт, сат тоi
ear-as
a for Colombo, there were ich was a typical Dutch one, Burgher community bearing
dt, Krause, de Rooy, Koch, k, Leembruggen, Anderson, enberg, Ebell, Modder, SpeldeClaasz, de Hoedt, de Lile, hneider, Wittebron, Lieversz, , Van Hagt, Thiele, Gratiaen, , Mattysz, Janseque, Thiedencke, Rullach, Roelofsz.
Dutch or European names, rghers. The Burghers owned )ccupation and after, and it them to give their names to it least, where the descendants s on having Dutch names.
the Burgher Electorate.
8

Page 39
BURGHER ASSOCIAT
I have already said th of the District Court of Jal numerous family in Jaffna, as early as I can remember, Judge, or Sitting Magistrate, more than once travelling. in carriage drawn by labourers. and I think he administerec Pedro. Punishment for the: and sure. Culprits were gel sentence being passed, which, effect. There were no appeal Courts to reverse findings on interesting conversation I h General, at a dinner at Que the mistake of allowing app He told me that he had to when stationed at a certain the prisoner expressed his sentence of whipping, he wou the sentence had been duly c{
The head of the family Chaplain at Jaffna. His g both entered the Anglicar living in retirement now ; th of St. John's College, Panadur of the Indian Civil Service.
Krause was the Town C a giant in stature. He claim Vanzyl was another giant i. Collector of Customs at Poin married my cousin, Sophia.
There were two de Roc and Edward. The latter b attack of typhoid fever. T of the Minor Courts and w; respected. I believe the faI One of the grandsons of Jo. the legal firm of De Vos and
The Kochs, like the T family. The best known an

IONS WITH JA FFNA 29
at my father was Secretary fna. The Toussaints were a The head of the family, was Peter John, the District of Point Pedro. I saw him to town with his wife, in a He was a portly old gentleman, patriarchal justice in Point its and robberies was simple herally whipped instantly on of course, had a very salutary s, and there were no Appellate fact, which reminds me of an ad with the then Brigadieren's House in 1910, and on eals in petty criminal cases. exercise magisterial powers cantonment, and that when intention to appeal from a uld advise him to do so after arried out.
* of Arndt was the Colonial grandson and great-grandson ministry. The former is Le latter is the Vice-Principal a, and his brother is a member
onstable of Jaffna and was ed to be of Austrian descent. n stature and was the Sub5 Pedro for many years. He
ys in Jaffna-John William ecame blind after a severe he former was the Secretary us very much esteemed and nily was of Belgian descent. hn Williams is a partner in Gratiaen.
pussaints, were a numerous ong them were the brothers

Page 40
30 THE T
Cyrus Koch and John Koch, who was a son of the forme many years, and Edwin Law one of the most eminent su. day. The Kochs were a mus of German descent.
The Leembruggen family Count Van Ranzow. The K a small one but was one of th community equally with th Ebell, Anderson, Maartensz, and Theile families. The onl I saw was the Cofonial Surge local training in medicine an on the prisoners in jail in the in what was known as a pu constructed, with a man in pushing it from behind. In perform post-mortem exam He got on very well before day, unfortunately for him, he before Sir Edward Creasy. . of the trial as to the direc travelled after it had entere The doctor said he had mad particulars. “ What instrum the Chief. “ A pakotes,” r hesitation. “A pakotes ?' what is a pakotes ?' he as and stuttered, and not bein of the instrument, said, “A This put the Chief Justice appealed to the Interpreter, for an explanation of the r word, my Lord,' said the Portuguese or Italian word, and means an arecanut cut sharp scissors.' * It presentl was not provided with surg perform postmortem examina
The word is obviously derived from the

AMIL
who were proctors; Charles, r, was Colonial Chaplain for son, a son of the latter, was rgeons and physicians of his ical family and were, I think,
had for one of their ancestors rickenbeek family was rather e best families in the Burgher e Grenier, Toussaint, Koch, Modder, Gratiaen, Breekman y Beekmeyer in Jaffna, whom son. He had received only a d surgery and had to attend Fort. He used to go about sh-push-a vehicle, curiously front drawing it and another murder cases his duty was to inations as best he could. Mr. Justice Temple, but one 2 was called in to give evidence A question arose in the course tion in which the knife had d the body of the deceased. 2 a careful autopsy, and gave Lent did you use, Sir 2 asked 2plied the Doctor with some
exclaimed the Chief, “ and ked. The doctor stammered g ready with the description
pakotes is a -a, -pakotes.' into a good humour, and he thinking it was a Tamil word, meaning of the word. “The Interpreter, “is, I think, a and is pronounced ' pakotti ” ter, something like a pair of y transpired that the Doctor gical instruments and had to utions with any sharp instru
Tamil word: pakkuvetti.

Page 41
BURGHER ASSOCIAT
ment that came handy. T afterwards known as “Dr.
mind at all. It was remarl him politely on his leaving t and some others thought tha his knowledge of surgery an I am afraid there were many C
In the Speldewinde fam past, a judicial functionary v Judge of the Vanni. His de the distinction and introduc conversation. In the old there are a few deliverances ( Speldewinde on moot points I dowry system, which are they might well form models
The proctors I knew a time I have mentioned wer Tom Anderson, Maartensz, ar proctors were Brown Sinna Drummond Sinnacutty, Clark aisingham, Benjamin Santiag escaped an American name, three others whose names I c{
The leading proctor w. work he used to take a short w the District Court before goin his speaking to me and askin; The other Burgher proctor the Tamil proctors, but livin enough to live upon comforta
Tom Anderson had a larg house in one of the small Tsl or four miles from town. H first-rate cross-examiner, an in the Police Court. He was v and I have often heard him He was a handsome old Du great poverty in his declini Negombo and, I believe, die

IONS WITH JAFFNA 31
e good old Doctor was ever Pakotti,” which he did not (ed that the Chief bowed to he witness box. The Doctor it the Chief was pleased with d his skill as a surgeon, but thers who thought differently.
ily there was, in the remote tho held the office of District scendants were very proud of 2d the fact even in ordinary 2dition of the Thesavalame f Judge Toussaint and Judge elating to inheritance and the not very enlightening, but for terse and crisp judgments.
mongst the Burghers at the e Cyrus Koch, John Koch, hd Strantenberg. The Tamil tamby, Mc Gown Tampoo, Changarapillai, Gabriel Puvargopulle, Sinnacutty (who had l, Ambalavaner and two or annot recall.
as Mr. Cyrus Koch. After alk on the Esplanade opposite g home, and once I remember g my name and other details. 3 shared the practice with g was cheap and they earned Oly.
2 house in town and a country ands, Manditivu, about three 2 was, so I was told, a very d had the largest practice ery popular with the Jaffnese referred to as “Tompulle.' Jch gentleman, but fell into ng years and emigrated to there. He had three sons,

Page 42
32 THE TI
one of whom was Port Surg horror of being assigned to Court in criminal cases, and, the Judge, he would retire to to town when the Supreme back to Colombo. The only the terrors of appearance be Cyrus Koch. I believe Mr. not very complimentary rer in Digby's book, as to the w conducted the defence in sc him.
John Koch excelled mol than in the exercise of his pr large family in comfort, and v
Strantenberg was just know that when I went to he had a large business and b He was never tired of speak who had shown him great kini youth. He was a quiet, well friend.

"AMIL
eon in Colombo. He had a
appear before the Supreme a week before the advent of his country seat, and return Court party was on its way Burgher proctor who faced fore Sir Edward Creasy was
Justice Morgan made some marks in his diary, published ay in which Mr. Cyrus Koch ome sessions cases heard by
ce in the art of photography ofession, but he brought up a vas an accomplished musician.
beginning his practice, but I Jaffna in the early seventies riefed me in several big cases. ing to me about my father, dness when he was a friendless |-mannered man and a good

Page 43
THE PROSE OF
HERE was never a Sw the English Poet. His li in the English Men of Letters a possession of all time. Th always of the greatest interesi they emerge to Poetry. Woul prose ; атd, if yои сат, Prose.
JST beyond Helen Crag, landscapes that art ever bosom of the mountains, spre discovers in the midst Gra: hollowed into small bays wi them rocks, some of soft tur the figure of the little lake shore a low promontory pushe on it stands a white village w. the midst of it; hanging enc dows green as an emerald, cattle, fill up the whole space Just opposite to you is a la of a steep smooth lawn emb climb half-way up the moun them a broken line of crags, a single red tile, no flaring g walls, break in upon the rep paradise ; but all is peace, ru its neatest and most becomin
米 se
In the evening walked a side of Crow Park after sunset of light draw on, the last gle on the hill-tops, the deep sere shadows of the mountains t nearly touched the hithermo the murmur of many waterf time. Wished for the Moon silent, hid in her vacant interl
3.

THOMAS GRAY
eter being tham Thomas Gray, fe, as given by Edmund Gosse,
series, отсе read, иvill becoте e prose writings of Poets are , for it is through prose that you be a Poet 2 Then write
such as ಸಿ]
opens one of the sweetest attempted to imitate. The ading her into a broad basin smere Water ; its margin is th bold eminences, some of f that half conceal and vary they command. From the 's itself far into the water, and ith the parish church rising in losures, corn-fields, and meawith their trees, hedges, and 2 from the edge of the water. ge farmhouse at the bottom Osomed in old woods, which tainside, and discover above that crown the scene. Not 2ntleman's house, or gardenose of this little unsuspected sticity, and happy poverty in g attire. :
k
one down to the Lake by the and saw the solemn colouring am of sunshine fading away ne of the waters, and the long hrown across them, till they st shore. At distance heard alls, not audible in the day
but she was dark to me and ,ᏈᏈᎲᎺᏓᏛ CᎺᎲᏈᎧᎾ.
3

Page 44
34 THE 1
Our path here tends to t rising and covered with a g bushes on the very margin o the most delicious view, that you are the magnificent heig lie the thick hanging woods of Valley, with green and smil dark cliffs; to the left the j. turbulent chaos of mountai: confusion; beneath you, and right, the shining purity o the breeze, enough to show woods, fields, and inverted while buildings of Keswick Skiddaw for a background
米 米
Walked over a spongy to mount this hill through a among the trees, and with s From hence saw the lake ( majestic in its calmness, clear with winding shores and low green enclosures, white far the trees, and cattle feeding. where bordered with cultiva wards till they reach the f rise very rude and awful wit hand. Directly in front, at tance, Place Fell, one of the its bold broad breast into th it to alter its course, formin, and then bending to the righ
米 米
The country is all a ga and from the rainy season h that emerald verdure, which the first fortnight of the sp from every eminence the ey reach of the Thames or Medv in the east, the sea breaks in transient sails and glittering and brighter greens of the w

"AMIL
he left, and the ground gently ilade of scattering trees and f the water, opens both ways my eyes ever beheld. Behind hts of Walla Crag; opposite Lord Egremont, and Newland ing fields embosomed in the bws of Borrowdale, with that n behind mountain rolled in stretching far away to the f the lake, just ruffled with it is alive, reflecting rocks, tops of mountains, with the , Crossthwaite Church, and at a distance.
ck 米
meadow or two, and began broad and straight green alley some toil gained the summit. opening directly at my feet, and smooth as a blue mirror, points of land covered with mhouses looking out among The water is almost everysted lands gently sloping upeet of the mountains, which h their broken tops on either better than three miles disbravest among them, pushes. 2 midst of the lake, and forces. g first a large bay to the left, t.
米 米
rden, gay, rich, and fruitful, ad preserved, till I left it, all commonly one only sees for ring. In the west part of it 'e catches some long winding vay, with all their navigation ; upon you, and mixes its white blue expanse with the deeper oods and the corn.

Page 45
THE PROSE OF
I set out one morning shining through a dark and to the sea-coast time enough saw the clouds and dark val and left, rolling over one anc and the tide (as it flowed ge whitening, then slightly ting all at once a little line of insul I can write these few words and now to a whole one, too It is very odd it makes no remember it as long as the -endure.
Ev’n in our ashes live t

THOMAS GRA Y 35
before five o'clock, the moon misty autumnal air, and got to be at the Sun's levée. I bours open gradually to right ther in great smoky wreaths, ntly in upon the sands) first ed with gold and blue; and ferable brightness that (before ) was grown to half an orb, glorious to be distinctly seen. figure on paper; yet I shall sun, or at least as long as I
heir wonted fires. --GRAY.

Page 46
A PAGE Ol
HIS is to be a thrillin. greenswards and marigo to the cold and bleak have flown clear of the Ea. away up and up and up. W little over two days. As w the geographers were right, aft shape. How small she seems some distant Star, our Earth blue and twinkling piece of tiu
The blue sky, which we colour. We are passing away the Earth. Now the sky ha Now the blue is giving place a lovely deep violet-as thoug Now the violet is growing d it were blood. And sudden getting to be black-and, in a ! cold. We have left the Ea
is now terrible to behold. splendour of his naked glo which we saw him upon Earth vapour-all have fallen aw stabs our eyes. The Moon, is also bright and perfectly cl to scatter the Sun's light as . Stars no longer twinkle. Th the glory of God.

F SCIENCE
g journey-away from the olds of Mother Earth and on domains of the Moon. We rth's pull. We are heading 'e shall get to the Moon in a e look down we find that er all. The Earth is round in If we could see her from would appear in the sky as a ny light.
2 know so well, is changing from the atmosphere around Ls become a very dark blue. to violet. Heavens ! What h it were the robe of a Queen. leeper and deeper as though ly the colour of the sky is à trice, it is all coal black and rth's atmosphere. The Sun He stands forth in all the ory. The clothing through n-the air, the dust, fog, rain, ay. His fiery, steely light on the other side of the sky, ear. There is no atmosphere it falls upon the Moon. The ey are steady lamps lit with

Page 47
AUTOBIOGRAP
AND
WE сопtiтие in this тии biography of the lat of Balliol College, Oaford, a
--a
HE first fives-court at T. generously given by a f spent the Christmas of 190 heard the mission-call to hel Chima. That fives-court, a were a boon to me and to n economical remodelling and some old wood becoming ava carpenter who made of it memory of Kandy. For wil the broad Dutch verandah ( or awhile in the open on th were in the new-built house o verandah of that hill-top the Gibsons, there my hea. many a lad, Sinhalese, Tamil Eurasian, either at my requ prayers sat with me. There youth of Lanka, best fulfill me a schoolmaster and a miss
There we spoke of life, turn that God had a place often seemed vital : and I tr still after years persists.
The Pan-Anglican Cong Fraser, miraculously (we th the effective speakers. So claims of the school and re of the Pan-Anglican collect Ceylon. A friend whose ge has been princely is said t bringing the equipment in

HY OF A POET SAINT
rber, eactracts from the Auto
Rev. Walter Stanley Senior d Trinity College, Kanag/
inity was built with money iend of my wife's, one who 5 in Kandy, and there first 'self, now a Bishop's wife in ld two others added later, hany. In othe course eof such furnishing of class-rooms, ilable, I called in a Sinhalese a bench, my most intimate herever it stood, whether in of the old College Bungalow, he hillside when the Gibsons in the hill-top, or again in the house when we succeeded rt's work was done. There , Dutch descendant, English, est or his own, after evening I think I gave myself to the ng the impulse which made ionary.
and I maintained to each in for him. Those interviews ust that some power of them
ess took place in 1908, and ught) recovered, was among ersuasively did he press the lated enterprises that £5,000 on was assigned to work in nerosity in the mission-field have given an equal sum,
money with which Fraser
7

Page 48
38 THIE Z
returned to Ceylon, two year a dying man, up to £13,000, possible. Better even thar was the equipment in men : him, or just before him, Gib Hall, Cambridge: Kenneth Letters, well-known for his B Campbell, killed on the field from Balliol. Is it wonder life 2
The Prize-giving of 190 for the restoration of Fraser the coming of these fine recr to give away the prizes, of Fraser, on relinquishing the
The first five-year perio Missionary Society ended in we travelled home to Engla boys aged five and three, for t
In the Bay of Biscay
heavy but regular seas, whic liners do : the motion moth cradling, more soothing ev the approach to England af actually painful. As we pas silver haze of the Channel frc I understood again the Psalm me, for the pain in the back,
sometimes attacks me unde was very marked at that m Newbolt's poem, Homewa ford's setting of it, nor Pete it has for long been a cheri Aveu ' brings back Kandy, back Biscay and Ushant, the
Northward she glides, and Faint om the verge he The phantom sky-line of
Whose pale whi Through sunny

"AMIL
after he had left it, supposed which made mighty extension the equipment in money for at his instance came with son, now Principal of Ridley
Saunders, later Doctor of uddhist studies : and Norman of battle, a brilliant scientist the College leaped into wider
9 was a great event, partly himself to Ceylon, partly for uits, and partly for the visit, Fraser's father, Sir Andrew Governorship of Bengal.
d of service with the Church 1911, and early in that year ld, my wife, myself, and two
he first time by Bibby liner.
the Derbyshire encountered h she rode well as all Bibby ering down later to a gentle rem than stillness. Further, ter five years of absence was ised Ushant and slid into the m which Start Point emerged ist’s words, “ My reins chasten like the crack of a whip, which r sudden, excessive emotion, ment. I did not then know d Bound,’ nor Villiers StanDawson's singing of it; but hed record : and as “ Simple o Homeward Bound brings
Devon and Dorset coast.
through the enchanted haze r far hope dawns at last, t shadowy down
e cliffs below mists aglow

Page 49
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF
Like noonday ghosts of su Soft as old sorrow, by There lies the hope of all
米 The first fortnight of t at the hospitable house of a l my wife's on another missic well-known actors, and one time. Evening by evening a book the poems of Rudyar unknown. It was a revelati been thankful. I had alwa aloud, following my father wh I had won reading prizes. at York recite "The Bells : s Ainger of the exquisite voice Form at Marlborough, in co Tennyson used to give (d hollow “o's and “a's) in BI Ainger's reading of Tennyso vellous modulations of tone lyric, lives in my mind as kind of thing. But now I not to be afraid of crude rh voice lifted up to its loudes Side, duly explained beforeh bids it be shouted, is one of pieces: is moreover heroic pc said my new acquaintance, success. I have never know a very inferior performer, I claim.
I gave many readings (k at Kandy and in Colombo, an
What I learned thus a good in experience causes ' poetry speaking of whic which, however, I never hea a judge and an awarder) whic once spoke some poetry every word, certainly every

A PO ET AND SAINTo 39
тетет" тдот.shiте gleaт — ight as old renownrur mortal dream.
k 冰
his first furlough was spent ady whose family had known in field. Two brothers were of them was at home at the ter dinner he recited without Kipling, to me until then on for which I have always ys been zealous in reading to in this way also was gifted. I had heard Canon Fleming till better, I had heard Canon read privately to the Sixth intinuance of readings which oubtless mouthing out his adley's far-off day. Indeed Dn's Brook, with his mar2 where narrative yields to the high-water mark in this
learned something further: ythm: not to be afraid of a it. “The Song of the Men's and, duly shouted as Kipling the most effective of platform etry. “And with Boots,' ' * I have always scored a In it fail. In my measure, think I may make the same
ook in hand-but no matter) d these two always succeeded.
5 Limpsfield and fully made me gravely to doubt of the h one sometimes reads: of 'd but one exponent (but he after dinner in a Swiss Hotel so lamentably, with almost pronoun, incorrectly empha

Page 50
40 THE
sized, that when I was pri return a vote of thanks, Yol a keen jealousy for, the hono nantly silent.
Kipling was a new wo remains, a favourite. I reali it is metallic, lacking in ma wrought to sympathy with not till he taught us. Of cer witness “The Feet of the Y Explorer great ? And the of reading aloud proclaims a from strength, and the end take Toomai of the Eleph: to its close in the chant of M wish to forget dullness, stale to quit England and Europe lost. Live India, India, for
The main part of that Northwood, Middlesex, wher. of a B.D. Oxford, I did a gooi at the same time helping the Church. The little house was new, and the builder : called it “ Nalanda ” afte great tamarind trees between the last stage of the memora Service.
At Northwood occurre epigram too good to be lost. and I was baptizing as einf I think, who being neverth able to stand on their own as at some surgical operati might. In vain I sought to i into interstices of silence: wh child began : and what shot ludicrous. The Parish Nurs could but do the same. At their pushcart, walking with sons, to fetch me home to te

l'AMIL
vately asked as Chaplain to kshire candour coupled with our of English, kept me indig
rld to me. He became, and ze the limitations of his verse : gic. Yet he gets us: we are
hopes and fears we heeded tain moods he is the Master, oung Men.' And is not The
tales These, too, the test s among the finest. They go is ever the best : for sample, ants from its opening words Machua Appa. And when we ness, routine : when we wish , we take up Kim and are ever
first furlough was spent in 2, still dallying with the idea d deal of appropriate reading:
kindly Vicar of Holy Trinity we occupied at Northwood allowed us to name it. We r the Resthouse under the Dambulla and Matale, Ceylon, ble tour with T. of the Civil
an episode ending in an It was a Sunday afternoon ants two children, orphans, eless some years of age and legs, chose to be frightened on, and to cry with all their nsert the words of the service Len one child ceased the other uld have been lovely became e burst out laughing, and I this moment up came with their mother, the two little a. * Mummy, what is daddy

Page 51
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF
doing?' was their question, (who avers she said giving for an explanation of baptisms replied, “ He is pouring wat them names. They thought
Something similar befell of a Students Conference members felt in duty boun clergyman of the town in a Here again the child, perhaps and gave trouble. Whereu excellent English, as so many to read the service, insisted 1 ' renounce the Devil and all mental processess of which our smiles.
At Northwood, having popular astronomy, I read two Lowell, of Flagstaff, Arizon of which he made special study of the proposition that Mars i of the book, and noting, st there is no war among Martial
The idea slept in my mind when it took shape in verses wl may yet be thought, in the message.
Another book read at No was the Life of E. E. Bowen, songs with John Farmer's s knowledge. Byron lay and are surely something very mu
On my various furloughs any good English schools wit been about 1911 that I visite London. I had a brief interv W. G. Rushbrook, the Hea. me on to an assistant. On quired the differentia of the Picture Gallery, and the Hea

A POET AND SAINT 4.
hearing the cries. Mummy not calling) casting round suited to small understandings er on children, and calling daddy very cruel.
in Ceylon. In the course at Negombo the Anglican d to support the Sinhalese baptism then taking place. six years old, was frightened pon the Vicar, who spoke 7 Sinhalese do, in continuing that the child, a girl, should Her works, the (unconscious) seemed plain, and provoked
always had an interest in o books by Professor Percival a, about the planet Mars, : noting of course his defence s inhabited, the main burden ill more, his inference that
S.
until the great war aroused it, hich, metallic as they may be, se uneasy days, to have a
orthwood with much interest the Harrow master, of whose ettings I already had some * Semuel the Bethlehemite ch more than verse.
I tried to see something of hin reach. : and it may have d St. Olave's Tower Bridge, iew with a great Personality, l Master, who then passed our tour of inspection I enschool. He answered, “ The d Master's hymn-book. Of

Page 52
42 THE T
this, the St. Olave's Hymna I was allowed to buy a copy, any good Olavian I have pon pondered. I have used it in Colombo, and England. I h ripeness of comment huge a * God make thee good as th been my prayer for a pupil a beautiful poem by William prayer for myself. These, wit and verse by John Huntly S. first found in the leaves of th
In 1912 I returned to C. service, about three months two boys. I travelled by t and this time saw Toulon, N
We left Toulon just abou terranean Squadron were maki and I have vivid recollection ( that stabbed the dusk from t distant, and the cracks of do air of menace abroad : 1912 c.
Unaided memory retains my second period of mission Gibsons had moved long sir Peradeniya, and the beautiful they had occupied, on the very hill, passed to the Vice-Pril arrival with the two boys we s years of our lives, and there C pair of a well-balanced fan cotton-tree that grew on the glories, and the verandah's v Spring Hill, Ambuluwawa, a I have tried to describe els veriety of it all, the teaching, of catechumens, the public ba the debates, the readings, t planters and their Churches i ments, the visits of distingui

AMIL
l, though privately printed, a possession for ever. Like dered it as it is meant to be many a reading in Kandy, ave found in its range and ddition to mental treasure. ou art beautiful ’o has often ... ' Hold Thou my hands,
Canton, has often been my h Shemuel the Bethlehemite, krine, and very much else, I is book unique.
eylon for a second period of ahead of my wife and our he Orient Line, the Orsova, aples, Otranto.
it sunset. The French Medi-. ng their Autumn manoeuvres, of the swift flashes of artillery he dim war-hulls seven miles.
oom ensuing. There was an alled to 1914.
; little of the earlier part of ary service in Ceylon. The nce to the Training College, two-storeyed bungalow which top of the building-sprinkled ncipal. There on my wife's pent perhaps the two happiest fur two daughters, the second lily, were born. The giant, slope below in all its scarlet. ista of lovely Kandyan hills, nd blue-distant Kabaragala, ewhere. But the colour and the preaching, the instructions ptisms, the masters’ meetings, he expeditions, the visits to n the tea-hills, the entertainshed people, the inauguration

Page 53
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF
of social service, the games, a ships, the multiplicity which as anywhere in the world-al
But I must make mentic from Kandy, for in that reg most marked manner, that
experience which came to me near Sheffield.
The Elkaduwa Church w; from Trinity College, and til occupied by a succession ( common course was to reach afternoon, take service on the six miles over Hunasgiriy noon service at Kellebokke, make Kandy on Monday mor.
Elkaduwa is fourteen m. where a motor would be in mountain-road of magnifice. of such-under Hunasgiriy giriya Falls, up to Elkaduwa to the bungalow. Once, elect almost oppressed, by the intel I passed. Getting clear of t stretches of the mountain-r distance, the mountainous ma sink in, a part of the mind.
Service and breakfast about noon for Kellebokke. screened the sun and made accompanied by a box-cooly, on the further side from th Dumbara Valley, from La We had left the tea-fields bracken in which the old cattle, is framed : and we ha long ascent through the mc unpleasantly steep, to the ( closure of the " Knuckles region.

A POET AND SAINT 43
bove all the individual friendmade life at Trinity as rich l this I can never compass.
pn of Elkaduwa, not very far ion I experienced, once in a
same almost preternatural as a boy, alone on the moors
as mostly served by padres he Elkaduwa, Bungalow was of hospitable planters. The Elkaduwa on the Saturday Sunday forenoon, and walk a mountain in time for afterspend the night there, and ning.
iles from Wattegama Station waiting to take us by the nt prospects-Ceylon is full ra Peak and past Hunasvillage and up beyond that ing to walk, I was impressed, minable miles of rubber-trees nese I had time, on the open pad to sit and let the vast usses of Kandy and Maturata,
over, I started one Sunday Big cloudy shapes of beauty grateful shade. Guided and I climbed over Hunasgiriya at which is seen, across the ly Horton's Drive, Kandy. behind: we had skirted the polo-ground, now grazed by ld addressed ourselves to the runtain-grass that leads, not Galleheria Gap, with its disrange, an entirely separate

Page 54
44 TE E M
Hunasgiriya's Peak wa side, sloping to the polo-gr below me : Matale and the distance below me : Damb Polonna Tuwa, and the morth me: the whispering wind in me : and once again immo: beaded lightning of life.
"If thou indeed derive thy
Then, to the measure of
Shine, Poet l'-WORD

"AM I L
is above me: Humasgiriya's ound, seen little in its lap,
smaller Matale hills at deep ulla and the storied plains, at yet deeper distance beyond the little solitary bush beside rtality came round me-the
light from Heaven,
that heaven-born light,
SWORTH.

Page 55
PAGES FOR
El continue the story Reader, ask Mother to
سمت بسیعتتسس
R.S. GUMMIDGE did
agreeable as she migh fretful disposition. C in a low state of mind. In smoked, she burst into tears. she said, “ and every thing g.
“It will soon leave off, gotty. ' Besides, you know to you tham to us.”
“I feel it more,” said M.
S
Mrs. Gummidge was alSnuggest place in the room. easiest. But it didn't suit l she was seated nearest the f cold. At last she shed tears
tainly very cold, said Pegg it so.’
“I feel it more than ot midge.
S
At dinner, Mrs. Gummi diately after David. David given the first helping. Th The potatoes were a little bu acknowledged that this was ment. But Mrs. Gummidge others did, and shed tears ag.
S
Mr. Peggotty went occ called The Willing Mind. gotty came home that nigh
4

THE YOUNG
of David Copperfield. Little read this to you at bed
up
not always make herself as it have. She was rather of a line day Mrs. Gummidge was the forenoon, when the fire “I am a lone lorn creature, oes contrairy with me.”
” said Peggotty-David’s Pegy, it's not aore disagreeable
rs. Gummidge. 15
ways given the warmest and
Her chair was certainly the ner that day at all. Though ireside she complained of the on the subject. “It is cerotty. " Everybody must feel
her people,' said Mrs. Gum
16
ige was always helped immeas a visitor of distinction was e fish were small and bony. urnt. Every one at the table something of a disappointsaid she felt it more than the 3.
17
:asionally to a public house Accordingly, when Mr. Pegt it was about nine o'clock.
5

Page 56
46 THE M
Mrs. Gummidge was knittin else in the room was occ Gummidge had mot made an sigh. She had never raised h
“ Well, mates,' said Mr. ** and how are you all ?”
Everyone in the room sa Every one except Mrs. Gun head over her knitting.
“ Cheer up, old girl ! ' si of his hands. 'What's aimis:
Mrs. Gummidge did not : She took out an old black eyes. But she did not put kept it out, ready for use.
* What's a miss, dame 2 * Nothing, returned Mrs from The Willing Mind, Dani
"Why? yes. I took a sl to-night,' said Mr. Peggotty.
* I'm sorry I should Gummidge.
* Drive I don't Walt gotty, with an honest laugh.
“ Oh ! Ino,” said Mrs. ( * You go there to be rid of m * Don't you believe a bit
* Yes, yes, it is, cried what I am. I am a lone lor contrairy with me. I go con more than other people do.

"AMIL
in her corner. Every one 1pied cheerfully. But Mrs. * other remark than a forlorn er eyes since dinner.
Peggotty in a cheerful voice,
d something to Welcome him. midge. She only shook her
aid Mr. Peggotty, with a clap יי ? ;
appear to be able to cheer up. handkerchief and wiped her it back in her pocket. She
said Mr. Peggotty.
. Gummidge. You've come | ? ''
hort spell at The Willing Mind
drive you there,' 'said Mrs.
no driving,” said Mr. Peg
* I only go too ready I' ummidge, wiping her eyes. .
of it,' said Mr. Peggotty.
Mrs. Gummidge. “I know he creature. Everything goes trairy with everybody. I feel I show it more.'

Page 57
BOOK R
NATURE IN ANCIENT TAM Thaninayagam, M.A., M.Il (Copies of the Book are av Colombo.)
AUTOE unacquainited V available today to stu Dr. G. U. Pope, nearly study of the Tamil classics kno
* Although the very an Tamil language is inferior to I people as the (probably barba living somewhere in a remote ( !UiliveTיןoveTIlIlleIlt moI do ou+) the value of Tamil literature. lives in the study of the South men seeking for pearls under W
Dr. Winslow, another ima a student of Tamil, declared:-
It is not perhaps extrava form the Tamil is more polishe and in both dialects, with it copious than the Latin.
Their admiration for this would have been many times read the great classics of th known to us in recent years.
Early European scholars i with Sanskrit and found in it Latin and German, and still in it an importance and a recog scholars believe that Indian E sophy were enshrined in that that it was more or less the si and thought. Tamil failed to they had hardly any opportun because of the prejudice for
4了

EVIEW
MIL POETRY by Xavier S. Litt., S.T.D. Price Rs. 5/-. ailable at The Book Centre,
with the Sangam Literature Idents of Tamil literature, forty-five years ago, after a wn in his day wrote:-
cient, copious and refined 1 o Ille, it is Tregarded by most rous ) wernacular of a people istrict. Neithel Our Tidial sities (British) fully recognize
So those who spend their Indiam classics must Tesemble later.
ster of Westerm classics and
gant to say that in its poetic ld and exact than the Greek, is borrowed treasures, more
s great Dravidian language s greater had they lived to ne Sangam Literature made
In India who came in contact a larguage related to Greek, lore ancient than these, gave Inition that made European Religions, Poetry and Philot Indo-Aryan language and Ole Vehicle Of IIndian CultuTë interest them, partly because ity of studying it but mainly med in favour of Sanskrit

Page 58
S THE
due to its affinity with the and its sister Drawidian lal a closed book to the vast m The Tamil people, however, pr tinued in their quiet and confi and to express their deepest less tongue. The enthusiasm English has enabled some of its antiquity and its all perv, life of the peoples of the reveal to the world some tTeasures.
This delightful work by “Nature in Ancient Tamil P most valuable contribution times, dealing with a neglect
The author illustrates Tamil poets from the works
which was probably conte. the Hebrew Prophets and Buddha and Confucius, an of a new World. The work Aling Urur Uru, Kalit togeri, Kary Patirupastu and Purnamur.
It is the learned autho poems in Purant...", for among the best of Nature an opinion he has convincin translated wherever he cou pletely the beauty of the literature, he tells us, will sho sular India a people develope the like of which was never Co by the Ganges or on the bal or on the shores of the Aegeal
In the introductory chap and Puram poetry, a fur poetics, made on the basis experience. “ Agam, ’ deals consists of didactic, elegiac an

TAM IL
European languages. Tamil nguages continued to remain ajority of European scholars. oud of their greatheritage,condent manner to love, to cherish thoughts in their own match
with which the Tamil studied
them to inform the world of asive cultural influence in the Indian sub-Continent and to of its hitherto advertised
Rev. Xavier Thani Nayagam, 'oetry, is, without doubt, the
made in English, in recent led aspect of Tamil literature.
the approach to Nature by of the Second Sangam period imporaneous with the age of the Greek Philosophers, of age which marks the dawn (s referred to are Agananuru, 1ιηίαμαι, Ναγγίηαι, Ραγιφααιαι,
it's opinion that some of the
instance, may be classed Poetry in World literature, gly illustrated by quotations ld * without violating combriginal. A study of Tamil W that in a corner of Penind an interpretation of Nature nceived on the plains watered nks of the Nile, or the Tiber
Se:
ter the author defines “Agama.” damental division in Tamil Of psychological and psychic with lowe, while “ Parama ? d_panegyric poetry.

Page 59
BOOK IF
In the first chapter he di
the geographical features of had a decisive influence on the Tamils and the inspiration chapter the author gives us a Life of the People ; in the t concept of Nature of the S. conventions followed by the Tamils divided the land occup corresponding to the five diff in, and '' ordained that poeti finite geographical district as imagery for each theme Wa belonging to its appropriate 1 It seems impossible, says t two thousand years before Le focussed their attention on nature-occupations which are culture. Each region was in flower that grows in the regio rate study of the flora, fauna on the Tamil poets by poetic Tamil poets Nature was im man and they made man t of one class or society, but u with ancient Tamil poetry, certainly make the studies
the poetic interpretation o and complete.
Chapter four is devoted t interpretation of Nature all Religious Interpretation of the Author gives expression to can be appreciated only by Religion of the Tamils as the Brahmanical interpretat points out that the belief in o Ruler of the Universe, was and once the elements of Bra are separated from Sangam Temain present a very elevat

EVIEW. 4)
Scribes thę background'– the Tamil Nad-which hawe the character and culture of I of their poets. In the second picture of the ' Nature, and hird chapter he explains the angam poets and the poetic m. He points out how the lied by them into five regions, arent landscapes found therec themes were to have a detheir background ; and the s to be taken from objects region and from none other.'
he author, that more than : Play, the Tamils could have natural environment and on the foundations of material amed by the most significant in ; and a complete and accuand the seasons was imposed } tradition and Tule. To the portant only in relation to heir greatest study, not man niversal man ”. A familiarity the author suggests, should Jf even Western scholars om f Nature far more accurate
o the Historical and Ethical ld the fifth chapter to the Nature. In this connection, a profound observation which those who have studied the
separate from Hinduism, ion of the Indo-Aryan. He ne. God, Creator and Supreme
prevalent in Sangam times, hmanism and Puranic religion literatu Te, the elements that ed stage of religious thought.

Page 60
岳0 THE
This high ideal of monotheis Saivaism which is still the di Tamils.
Chapter six illustrates the poetic conventions ass chapter seven we are given the Tamil country as painte chapters, studied with care, v ciate the original outlook of of Nature and in their appr. chapter the author gives us a poetry in Tamil with Europea and incidentally points out t took inspiration from the p. poetry based itself on the II poets, like the greatest of second poetic thought.
This is a remarkable and the reader thrilled to the end. reveals profound scholarship, thought and expression as illt pean and Tamil classical poet work of art which unfolds impartiality of outlook not who touch om aspects of indig
Father Thani Nayagam priest and one steeped in Chu classics. His knowledge of candid appreciation of the rel and the high purpose that in presented by the Tami poet taunt of denationalisation mi. Christians, and Christian Mi belongs to that great * famil as Beschi, Gnanaprakasar aI of their priestly duties, devo to the study of Tamil culture treasures found embedded in :

TAM IL
m is found developed in pure
minant creed of the Hindu
the Five Fold Division and ociated with them, while in a picture of the landscape of d by the Sangam poets. The vill enable the reader to apprethe Tamil poets in their study bach to Nature. In the final comparative study of Nature in and Sanskrit Nature poetry, hat where European poetry ageant of the seasons, Tamil regions and that the Tamil English poets, made Nature
fascinating study which keeps
It is a work which not only and an appreciation of poetic 1strated in the Works of Euro(s, but it is at the same time a a devotion to truth and an often ascribed to Christians enous culture.
, the author, is a Catholic listian lore and the European his mother-tongue and his igious life, the ethical outlook lspires the love of Nature as Es, is a clear rebuttal of the de by non-Christians against ssionaries in particular. He y of Catholic Fathers such ld Heras who, in the midst ited their time and intellect and the religious and literary ancient Tamil poetry.
S. J. G.

Page 61
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Page 64


Page 65
ASPIR
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Page 66

e Times of Ceylon, Ltd.