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TRIBUNE
Ceylon News Review A Journal of Ceylon and
World Affairs Founded in 1954
Every Saturday
Editor: S.P. Amarasingam
Vol.27 - No.28
APRIL, 9 1983 43, Dawson Street.
Colombo 2. . .
Te: 33172
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR 1 -Pooja to Tourist's
EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK 2 -Ffotels
DELH SUMMT-3 2 -ldeological Head Count
CITRUS PROJECT 5 -Ouarantine
FOR THE RECORD 8 -Energy
SRI LANKA CHRONICLE 9 -March 21 - 27
FOREIGN SCENE 11 --Summit's Economic Declaration
Reagan's Arms Plan Scientists Sceptical Pentagon's Alibi Andropov's Answers
AGRICULTURAL DIGEST 17 -Rice varieties Cattle Food AMushrooms
REVIEWS 21 --Film AFocus
Theatre
APoen
SPORTSCOPE 24 -Spotlight,
Chronicle
letter
CONFIDENTIALLY 28 -Chicanery
ETTER FROM
ON THE COVER We have used thi tendency to glors the present. This political rhetoric, tourism to the W Sands and Fun entitled Come
this approach:
approach to life Cultural tradition is right and anc Past to impinge under foreign ru but natura i that i we had develop their past, of the way of life. W Shar e them With fines that could rewarding. . . . '
the booklet state or a Hindu- plac headgear and fo do otherwise, v dress, this is whi the expected thir hotel, it might dressed in that nudity on the be draw the line the our enviornment, or hard-currency sophistication ) Why not tell the the plaintively
otherwise, woul industry that ser compelled the PI State, Mr. Anand cultural Standards the following : ( approved rooms distributed; (b) resorts, beaches trafficking throug to eradicate it; country of legitin and what gains would suggest t niggardly Step-m It is repprted tha Tourist Board to owners of hotels to enforce minir tourists while sp

THE EDITOR
we have a picture of an ancient Buddhist dagoba in Taxila. picture because in Sri Lanka as in India there is a in the past forgetting much of the difficult realities of harking back to the past was at first used to bolster but in more recent times in has been also used to sell hite Sahibs who love the exotic East and the Sun, available here. A Sri Lanka Tourist Board leaflet Share Our Way of Life most apologetically sets out ". . . . Well, that should give you a clue to our very - an abiding, total interest in people; born out of a that is instinctive, and fashioned out of a past that ent. Forgive us then, if we seem to allow the Time on the Time Present. But as a nation that has been le for over 400 years - as late as until 1948, it is we look back wistfully to 2,000 years to a time when 2d our own great civilisation. Sri Lankans are proud of ir inherited traditions, values and their time-honoured e want you to come, see them for yourselves and us. It is in this spirit that we offer you Some guidehelp you make your stay here, both pleasant and And in the same spirit of genuflecting humility, d. "When entering a Buddhist temple or a monurgent, :e of worship, the votaries themselves remove their otwear as a mark of respect. You would not like to would you?' And so it goes on, On the question of at the leaflet says: "While brevity in dress might be ng on a beach, or while relaxing in the privacy of your pe wanting in prudence to enter a place of worship manner, or even to walk so in public. And as for ach, sea bathing or sun bathing, sorry; we have to re. Please do not do something that is totally alien to Thank you.' This approach to foreign (mostly white ) tourists is no doubt a hangover ( with a little from the pooja paid to the white colonial masters. tourists just what this country expects of them. Why whining plea, '..... You would not like to do a you?' No wonder the foreign tourists and the travel vices them have trod on everybody's toes and even resident Mr. J. R. Jayewardene to ask the Minister of atissa de Alwis, to "review tourism and its impact on the of the country, and also to report and recommend on a) whether where should be a ceiling on the number of and if so, the limit that should be fixed and how the problem of nudity and semi-nudity by tourists in and hotels; (c) whether there is substantial drug sh tourism and is so, what steps that should be taken (d) underpayments by tourists, which deprives the nate revenue and (d) tariffs, what recommendations - to the country from tourists?' Coupled with this we hat the whole question of domestic tourism and the notherly treatment meted out to it should be examined. it Mr. de Alwis will ask the Chairman of the Ceylon immediately summon a meeting of the managers and and resorts to discuss the steps that should be taken num standards or propriety in dress and behaviour of ending their time here in hotels and resorts.

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EDITOR'S NOTE BOOK
Hotels
The euphoria about Tourism has begun to fade. There was a time not so long ago when it was blasphemy to question the benefits Tourism would bring the country. More and more money was poured into the hotel and travel industry and this process is still continuing. Whether the genuine Sri Lankan investor will get anything out of it is doubtful. A cursory examination of the investment in the hotels that have emerged in the current Tourist Bubble shows that loan capital to equity capitalis in the region of 3:1 (we may be a little mistaken in the arithmetic but we believe the trend is correct.). The only inference that can be drawn is that the promoters and entrepreneurs will be lucky to get enough income in the present period (valid for the foreseeable future) of global recession only to pay the interest on the loan capital. In these circumstances we cannot see the shareholders getting any kind of worthwhile dividends.
Even the Ceylon Daily Wews which has backed the Tourist Industry fully and wholeheartedly at all times has begun to have doubts about the whole business. In a recent editorial entitled TOO MANY HOTELS it asked 'Are we over-investing in hotels? The Galadari Meridian is rising fast on Echelon Square, and the Taj Mahal is coming along nicely at a prime site behind the old Samudra Hotel on Galle Face. Trans Asia, the Insurance Corporation's venture into this field is also rising by the Beira Lake although its Singapore collaborator has dropped out. There is high pressure advertising every day by various hotel projects that are already off the ground, or trying to take off in a determined bid to raise funds on the Colombo capital market. The Sheraton is about to begin and Swissotel - which will rise at Kotte - is pushing its attractions. A Hilton is very much in the air, and there are lots of new hotels coming up in the beach resort areas. Most of them have got foreign collaborators and all of them are confident that they are on to a good thing. The Government has underwritten the share issues of some of the big new hotel projects. Last week, the cabinet approved a higher insurance Corporation's investment on its hotel because Orchard of Singapore- who was both to participate and raise some of the needed capitalhad dropped out. The Treasury cannot be happy about this State of affairs, but, considering that the project has gone as far as it has, there is little option but to press on with the Insurance Corporation's own resources. Tourism, certainly, has potential and the trade assisted by a variety of incentives offered by the Government, has demonstrated commendable growth. AS Finance Minister Ronnie de Mel Said in his budget speech recently, trading, tourism and construction were among the leading growth sectors."
2

But he has also drawn pointed attention to the fact that the various tax concessions have encouraged capital intensive investment in low priority areas' Some of these policies - as the ministry rightly pointed out - were necessary at a point of time when an investment-starved economy was struggling to rehabilitate itself. Ouick results were needed then. and some hotels and property development projects demonstrated such results.'
After this preamble, the editorial went to say: "But, today, the country must be discriminating about the areas into which it will channel scarce resources. The right priorities must be determined . . . . . ' There are good reasons why the Treasury and all thinking sections of the public should have second thoughts on the matter of pouring further investments into the Super class Tourist and Hotel industry.
DELH SUMMIT - 3.
Ideological Head Count
By S. P. Amarasingam
WHLST THE MEDA N NEW DELH and in the rest of the world continued to speculate on how far the Kampuchean issue will damage or divide the Seventh Summit (especially if it was successfully linked to the Afghan problem as Singapore hoped to do) the simple fact many overlooked was that the more important items on the agenda, political as well as economic, were processed without any hitch at the Senior Officials' Meeting on March 1 and 2. ' The Officials completed the task assigned to them and had everything ready for the Foreign Ministers' meeting scheduled for March 3 and 4. The officials also set up without delay or difficulty the different regional groups and subject-wise drafting committees and thus prepared the ground not only for the Foreign Ministers but also the Summit.
A little more time than necessary was spent at the Officials' Meeting on Kampuchea because of Singapore's persistent determination to make it the allimportant centre-piece of the entire Conference - at all three stages: at the Official's Meeting, the Foreign Ministers' Conference and finally at the Summit of the Heads of State or Government. But an overwhelming majority in the Movement did not want this. Singapore therefore could not get anything more than an agreeement that the Kampuchean issue would be debated and thrashed out fully and a decision taken at one of the first two stages of the Conference, that is at the officials' Meeting or the Foreign Ministers' Conference. Practically all the member countries were agreed that such asterile issue should not be remitted
TR BUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

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to the Summit as the Heads of State or Government had more important questions to deal with. Singapore as I have mentioned earlier, chose the Foreign Ministers' forum because the plenary sessions were 'open whereas the meetings of the Officials were 'closed. What Singapore wanted was publicity to make a global hullabaloo and it therefore chose to take Up the Kampuchean issue at the Foreign Ministers' level. It was also agreed to accept whatever decision was arrived at (by consensus) at the Foreign Ministers' meeting and that it would not be taken to the Summit. Later when Singapore had wanted to break this undertaking, its two ASEAN partners refused to go along with it.
SNGAPORE, it must be mentioned, was So much out of touch with the sentiments of member-countries that it had persuaded itself that it will receive the backing of an overwhelming majority of the membersin its demand to seat the Sihanouk Coalition of Democratic Kampuchea or at least get a personal invitation sent to Sihanouk. Singapore's calculations were based on the fact that of the 99 countries which had voted for the Sihanouk-Pol Pot setup in the United Nations General Assembly last September, 52 were nonaligned countries. Singapore and its Western patrons fully believed that the 52 would get the support of at least 20 to 30 others - and that India would find herself isolated. The 'radical' group was thus expected to suffer a major defeat. But this did not happen. At New Delhi, Singapore's expectations proved to be wrong. The situation was different from what it was at the UN General Assembly.
it must be pointed out that out of the 52 Nonaligned nations which voted in the UN in favour of the Po Pot clique as many as 22 kept silent in New Delhi. But there was no mystery involved in this. It is easily explained by the voting procedure in the UN Generał Assembly and the consensus approach in the Nonaligned conference. Voting at the UN takes place under the vigilant eye of Mrs. Jeanne Kirkpatrick, the permanent representative of the United States. She has, in a recent testimony to the US Senate, explained how the US aid to a developing country is influenced by the way the country concerned votes in the UN along with or against the US. In 1981, after a statement issued by the Nonatigned, Coordinating Bureau the US Government had asked several developing (especially nonaligned) countries in receipt of US aid to explain their stand on various issues mentioned in the statement which was perceived to have an antiUS Slant. In these circumstances, it was only natural for many nonaligned developing countries to stand up and be counted in voting for Pol Pot in the UN General Assembly to keep US aid-givers happy. At the Nomaligned Conference they suffer from no such inhibitions. Votes are not cast, and the consensus procedure makes it impossible for the US or for the West to know how each country really acted. It is also known that at
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

Nonaligned Conference countries (especially those susceptible to US aid pressures) which make Speeches in the plenary of the Foreign Ministers' Meeting or the Summit about which the US cannot quarrel, but they act differently in the decision-making in the consensus process. This is why Singapore under US prompting wanted the NAM to eliminate consensus and adopt UN type head count voting. This demand by Singapore received little or no support and even Malaysia
and Indonesia wanted the consensus procedure to be Continued.
THE STRATEGSTS of the Singapore-Pol Pot lobby had fondly imagined that the UN Geneal Assembly scenario would be repeated at New Delhi. Singapore also had left nostone unturned in its attempt to mobilise Support against the Soviet Union and its &lleged surrogates ( or satelites) Cuba and Vietnam under Cover of the Kampuchean issue. But, as said, this attempt did not in any way disrupt the work of the Officials Meeting. One of the more ticklish questions it had to tackle was the election (by consensus) of the Chairmen of the Political and Economic Committees. There was no dispute about the choice of the Chairman of the Political Committee. As a Senior member, Yugoslavia's wish that it should head the Political Committee was unanimously agreed upon. But the way the Chairman of the Economic Committee was chosen is an indication not only of the way the NAM works but is also a reflection of the current balance of forces within it.
Belgrade tried hard to secure the election as chairmen the Economic Committee a country regarded as "Moderate", or Right-inclined as Yugoslavia was. For this purpose Yugoslavia had suggested Nigeria - no doubt in the belief that as there were 52 African member countries in the NAM, Nigeria would be chosen without question. The Latin Americans (with radical and some centrist backing) had proposed Nicaragua to head the Economic committee. India as chairman had kept neutral, but it was known that it favoured Nicaragua so as to keep a balance between the Right and the Left. But it was not due to any manvoeuvring by India or other Centrists that Yugoslavia failed to get Nigeria chosen. No sooner Nigeria's name was suggested, all the West (Black) African countries expressed horror and wanted the name withdrawn. Nigeria's expulsion of one to one and a half million Ghanians and other West Africans even without paying them their earned dues was too fresh in their memory. Yugoslavia next switched to Egypt This was an even bigger mistake. Egypt continues to be anathema to all Arab countries including the conservative states like Saudi Arabia and the sheikdoms of the Gulf. There was an all-Arab howl against Egypt and Yugoslavia realised too late that she had committed a blunder of the highest magnitude by proposing Egypt's name. By the time Yugoslavia and other like-minded countries thought of Tunisia as a
3.

Page 6
'compromise' (African) country, the overwhelming majority of member-countries from all regions had opted for Nicaragua. There are many conclusions which can be legitimately drawn. First that Yugoslavia no longer has the prestige or authotity that it had enjoyed during Tito's time. But more than that Yugoslavia seems to be out of touch with the realities and alignments inside the Movement.
THIS BRINGS US to another important question. From the start, mediamen from a countries - West, East, Latin America, Africa, Europe and Asia - were trying to get a classification of NA member countries as left, Right, Centre (Moderate). At the start a Western journalist who has covered many Nonaligned Conferences and Summits (including the Colombo and Havana Summits) told me that the ideological head Count would be roughly as follows: Right 55 Centre 30 and Left 15. He said that this analysis had been prepared by experts who had studied the behaviourial and voting patterns of Nonaligned countries in the UN and othet international organisations and also the Statements made by the respective governments on international issues. By "Right" he said he meant Countries that were consistently pro-US and pro-West; 'Centrist" were those "moderate' countries which were not anti-US nor extremely anti-Soviet and which were not overtly anxious to disturb the international status, quo and "Left” those countries which were consistently pro-Moscow and regarded the Soviet Union as a “natura ally' of the NAM. This analysis he said, was fortified and confirmed by computerised calculations. He had no doubts about this classification and he confidently predicted that the outcome of the Summit and its Final Declarations would reflect this. He said that the Indian draft Declarations were "moderate" but he was sure that they would be further diluted by the Right to make them more than acceptable to the US and the West. He was certain that the Seventh Summit would put the USSR and the Redicals in their place. -
But as the conference proceeded, this Western journalist and a large number of other mediamen including many from India were surprised by the way things were going They had fully believed that Kampuchea and Afghanistan would bring about a total defeat of the Radicals. And they did not bargain for what in fact happened. The Conference had proceeded Snoothly and had concluded on a hopeful and optimistic note without the anticipated explosions over Kampuchea, Afghanistan, the Indian Ocean, the Iraqran war and other issues that they believed hung like the provertial sword of Damocles not only over the entire NAM but also over the other major problems between member countries bilaterally and multilaterally There was even greater disappointment that the draft final communique circulated by the host country was not merely endorsed but was further strengthened by amendments, amplifications and changes with a 4.

strong anti-imperialist, anti-neo-colonialist, antiracist and anti-Zionist Slant that made Western commentators aghast at what they described as
radicalisation which was contrary to "nonalignment' as they understood it.
WESTERN COMMENTATORS, half way through the Conference, changed their method of clasification. They abandoned the Left, Right and Centre head counts. Some countries regarded as Right had gone along with the Left on some issues, and most Centrist countries had not coraperated with the Right as they had been expected to by the US and the West. A new formulation took the place of the Right/ Centre/Left classification: that was whether a country was "pro-US" or not. American publicists pointed out that 38 to 40 countries had regularly criticised the US and the West whilst they did not criticise the Soviet Union, This group they finally regarded as the left or the Radical, or the pro-Soviet or the anti-US element in the NAM.
An Indian commentator K. R. Sunder Rajan Writing in the Sunday Observer of Bombay of 19/3/83, a paper which has a pronounced pro-US bias, said: "According to one estimate, out of the 101 members of the Nonaligned Movement, nearly 60 are pro-American while the rest are pro-Soviet in varying degrees. It is significant that in spite of this, the Soviet Union managed to get away without any open criticism of its occupation of Afghanistan. The final declaration merely calls for the withdrawal of 'foreign troops' from Afghanistan, On the other hand the United States has fared badly at the hands of the nonaligned. st appears that Pakistan and other openly pro-American Muslim members were anxious to demonstrate that even on an issue like Afghanistan which has outraged Islamic sentiment they would not like to be seen as toeing the American line. Predictably, the Communist lobby considers this to be a triumph for the Soviet Union while American diplomats in Delhi are said to be disappointed with the performance of their friends in the Movement. But then this is the diplomacy of the non-aligned, diplomacy which has helped to keep the Movement united though uneasily. Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister Rajaratnam has cautioned members against the danger of the Movement being "hijacked' by the Communists, but such are the compulsions of unity that even a bitter anti-Soviet like him chose to avoid more than mild histrionics. In many case the overwhelming majority of the members found American-bashing much safer. America can stomatch criticism much better than the Russians. Two things mainly helped to hold so many members with varying ideologies together-the Palestinian struggle for a homeland and South Africa's aggressive racialism. Mrs. Gandhi set the tone on these two subjects by describing Israel and South Africa as "notorious outlaws'. The Arabs in particular were delighted at the description.
TR BUNE, APRL 9, 1983

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Said one Arab journalist, in just two words your prime minister Summed up the character of the Israelis...'
The 60/40 head count in favour of the pro-US groups was no doubt to provide a source of consolation to Washington but it did not take into account fundamental realities that the State Department found most embrassing. A Reuter report from the American capital datelined March 15 read: 'The United States on Monday expressed regret at the final declaration of the recent nonaligned summit in New Delhi saying it was in many respects unbalanced and polemical. The State Department spokesman, Mr. Romberg, said unfair attacks on the US and the absence of criticism of the Soviet Union undermined the Declarations' credibility. The five-day Conference of 101 nonaligned countries approved a document attacking the US on several issues, including its policies in West Asia, Southern Africa and Latin America. But the declaration, seen as more moderate than in past conferences also appealed for international action to prevent economic collapse. The declaration is in many' respects an unbalanced and polemical document which does not reflect the principles of Nonalignment which the Movement proclaims", Mr. Romberg said. The United States regrets this. Mr. Romberg said many negative elements in the political part of the declaration overshadowed Some positive elements which he called "more serious and measured'-an apparent reference to the economic section. The unfair attacks on the United States in the political part of the 138-page declaration and the absence of any criticism of the Soviet Union detracts from the credibility of the declaration and reflects the continuing ability of the radical elements within the nonaligned movement to manipulate it,' he said. He said the US respected the true principles of nonalignment on which the movement was founded and would 'continue to look for a more faithful application of those principles within the NAM in future'...'
SIGNIFICANTLY the French News Agency AFP had Summed differently: 'Many observers at the New Delhi conference considered that the final communique took a moderate stand on international issues and pointed out that the Soviet Union was also criticised over Afghanistan.' I will deal with the attitude and role of the Francophone countries in the NAM (still very much under the influence of Paris) in due Course.
But, so far as the ideological breakdown was concerned, most observers in Delhi at the end felt that the countdown should be as follows : Centrist 50 Left 40 and Right 10. Such a division into three groups in no doubt, an oversimplification that can be misleading. Such a breakdown is not even a good indicator of political trends within the NAM. Different countries take different attitudes and follow, different policies not only because of national interests
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

but also because of a number of other reasons. There is also the compelling pressures of the atmosphere in the NA Conference where decision is by consensus and not by head count voting which enables aidgiving countries like the USA can take note of.
To be continued. . . .
XC
A CITRUS PROJECT
in Quarantine
By A Special Correspondent
A FIELD DAY/SEM NAR ON CITRUS CULTIVATON was held on March 26, 1983 by the Janatha Estates Development Board (JEDB) of the Baduila Region. The venue was the Bibile Group in Bibie. The press was invited for this function and Tribune was also represented. For a longtime Tribune has been interested in all things agricultural, and citrus cultivation has been one of its special spheres. This citrus project of the JEDB had been launched after a feasibility study in 1979 by Dr. Robert H. Pratt, a world renowned expert on citrus. The JEDB had arranged for the services of Dr. Pratt as it was anxious to revive citrus cultivation in the Bibile Moneragala areas. The JEDB has a number of estates under its management in this area. Apart from wanting to diversify the crops in its own estates, the JEDB felt it should serve the farmers and cultivators in the area by helping them to re-start citrus cultivation on a commercial Scale. Readers will recal in 1982, in the Tribune of March 20, 27, April 3, 10, 24, May 1 and 5 (Vol. 26, Nos. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33) we had published in instalments the full text of a report by Dr. Robert M. Pratt.
lt would also be pertinent to recal that in the first half of this century, and more especially between the two World Wars the Bibile region was the largest citrus growing area in the country. Vavuniya was another area where citrus cultivation was successful but it came far behind Bibile. By the end of the forties and during the fifties, Bibile and Vavuniya oranges and limes virtually disappeared from the market in the large commercial quantities they were available before. The citrus trees in orchards and home gardens in the Bibie area as well as in Vavuniya had wilted, withered and died. Various reasons were attributed for this, and the most popular was that a disease (virus) was the cause. But this has been contested by many and it has been Suggested that citrus had failed because of neglect, lack of fertilizer, plant sanitation etc. etc. Village level cultivators at that time and many of them even now are under the delusion that perennials like citrus mangoes, papaws etc.,
5

Page 8
look after themselves and keep producing fruit unlike the cash crops like paddy, vegetables etc., which need care, fertilizer, insecticides etc. It is not too late even now to hold a post mortem about why Bibile Oranges went out of production. This must be done to Cnsure that a similar fate does not overtake any future cultivation.
AT THE PRESENT TIME citrus is overwhelmingly, if not entirely, a home garden crop. It will be hard to find an acre or even half an acre of citrus plantation anywhere in the island. The experimental horticultural pilot projects set up by the Government in D. S. Senanayake's time have all disappeared. Some government farms had grown citrus in small areas for experimental purposes and it will be difficult to find traces of them. It is not the citrus alone, but all horticulture has been totally neglected for several decades now. Every official of the Department of Agriculture had rushed into paddy because it offered perks in the form of foreign scholarships, travel fellowships, study tours etc. Horticulture was not even given Step-motherly treatment. It was completely out in the cold. No research was done. Nobody had bothered why the citrus was so badly afflicted or why other Sri Lankan fruits were doing so badly. Some citrus projects set up in the Uda Walawe in the 1966-70 period with Israeli assistance were abandoned when the government changed in 1970.
The result is that today oranges are rare and the Ordinary householder cannot afford to buy the few that are locally produced. Limes fetch fantastic prices. The present home garden production is not enough for the domestic needs Since the demand for fresh orange, lemon and lime in our tourist hotels has increased many fold. The result is that oranges are imported and more especially cordials like Tang, Sunquick etc..etc. Imported orange essences are used in our sweet soft drinks.
IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES, the initiative and enterprise shown by the JEDB to embark on citrus cultivation on scientific lines must be welcomed. It will be useful to go back to what we had published on March 20, 1982: 'In 1979 at the request of the JEDB a leading Cirrus authority (Dr. Robert M. Pratt) visited the Uva region with the intention of reviving the Citrus industry. At the end of his visit he made certain recommendations in a comprehensive report. Basically the aim is to revive the orange groves of lower Uva which over the years have been neglected and diseased. The project intends to Carry out trials on imported rootstocks and seedlings with a view to the eventual distribution of better varieties to local growers. In early 1980 Citrus seed was imported from California and distributed amongst 4 nurseries in JEDB estates - Bibile, Moneragala, Kumarawatte and Adawatte. The seeds were of the rootstock viz., Rough lemon, Rangpur lime, Mexican lime, Ponkan Mandarin and Pinnepple Sweet Orange. Until late 1980 the project had no immediate leader
6

and the nurseries were Supervised by estate Managers. In November 1980, a VSO volunteer arrived and selected Suitable sites for trial plots in and around Badulla Region. Though it had been hoped that the plants would be distributed to growers (garden cultivators) in Lower Uva, quarantine precautions prevented this and consequently the plants of imported origin were kept within the JEDB. Nevertheless, over 30,000 local lime Seedlings were grown and distributed free amongst the model villages. This programme of local Seed raising and distribution continues with a nominal change to cover free fertilizer issue. Five plants per villager were distributed
together with the appropriate amount of JEDB Fertilizer Division citrus mixture.
"As the rootstock growth was satisfactory, application was made to import healthy budwood from Claifornia, as recommended by Dr. Pratt. The Agriculture Department (CAR) however have refused this permit citing their dissatisfaction with USAD photo-sanitary regulations. This has and continues to delay the planned project. The key varieties distributed to estates is PDO and is growing well depending om elevation and soit type. Most trial sites are 13 - 1 hectare. In Bibile there is a 6 ha P. S. O. orchard plus a recently planted furthe. 4 ha of Rough Lemon and Ranpur Lime. It is hoped that these latter will be budded shortly. In Bibile the JEDB built a nursery which eventually will become a central point for growing and distribution. Conser auently the JEDB closed down the earlier nurseries. In March 1982 they had approximately 12,000 orangetrees ready for budding and Seedling beds were being planted with further batches of local varieties for distribution in late 1982. Trials are being carried out on herbicides, pesticides, fungicides, fertiliser etc., and records are kept of the plant growth, disease damage, pruning trauma and intercrop effect. It is envisaged that Bibile will become a model planting to which growers can be invited for demonstrations etc.
"There is a good deal of local interest in the development at Bibile. The local industry is a very poor state and unless a Sustained effort is made in the next five years, Sri Lanka may be forced to increase its import of oranges. There is certainly consumer resistance to the Sour and immature fruits available and consequently growers are discouraged. New varieties of a Sweeter and more appealing appearance are required. A contributing factor to the picking of immature fruit has been the marketing monopoly of the local mudalalis who encourage growers to harvest when prices are high regardless of the crops maturity. The returns to the grower are low in comparision to
retail prices especially during the main season. The
setting up of a grower controlled cooperative for purchase and retailing is being investigated. As there seems to be no national coordination of citrus growing and research, the JEDB citrus trials, carried out as part of JEDB's social development progtamme,
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

Page 9
are in a position to have a major impact on the industry both locally and eventually nationally. The citrus trials are overseen by a V.S.O. Horticulturist and his Lankan counterpart who are guided by the Citrus Committee chaired by Mr. S. V. de Mel, Director, JEDB 111."
That was what we published in March 1982, and it was the same Mr. S. W. de Mel who had organised the Field Day Seminar on March 26. At the Bibile project, Tribune found about 30 acres been planted and that they were at various stages of growth. The imported varieties of oranges and limes were under departmental 'quarantine' and they could not be supplied to other growers.
lf the Department does not life the quarantime or liberalise its control regulations, the JEDB can only extend its own a creage. But neither the growers in the Bibile-Moneragala region nor anyehere else in the island can benefit from this Project. The JEDB citrus project will end in the quarantine of the Department of Agriculture. Aor fifty years and more the Department has not done anything about providing better varieties of orange or lime on their own, and they refuse to get out of their quarantine mentality We will revert to this matter in due course because it. is a subject on which the focus of public attention must be turned until the Department learns the value of liberalising its quarantine mentaility that has resulted in negative inaction - or this Deapartment should be able to produce suitable substitutes of its own.
THE JEDB FIELD DAY/SEMINAR was an excellent effort to show what has been done and what could be done. Only Superintendents of the JEDB estates in the region were invited to the Seminar other than the media, the District Minister of Moneragala, R. M. Abeykoon, the AGA,and perhaps other local MPs (who did not show up). The cultivators interested in growing citrus in the region were not invited because JEDB's nursery was still in quarantine and cultivators cannot obtain planting materials of the good imported varieties now overburdening the JEDB nursery.
The project itself is beautifully sited with the high Madulsima range as a backdrop. The two and half year old plants of the variety known as the Sweet Pineapple Orange, the one year old Rangpur limes and other imported varieties are spread over about 30 acres. This undoubtedly is, at present, the largest citrus plantation in Sri Lanka. This by itself is a tremendous achievement. The trees have not yet come into bearing, but they will produce prolifically as they are being looked after very carefully. And if the quarantine is not lifted, the existing seedlings will require another 50 to 60 acres of the Bibile Group. Such an acreage will turn out to be a gold mine for the JEDB, but other cultivators cannot benefit from this Profrct because of the quarantine.
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

AFTER A FIELD TOUR of the citrus plantation, (still in embryo) and the nursery, the participants were taken to a well constructed cadjan shed where the Seminar was held. In declaring open the Seminar, Mr. E. A. Jayawardene, Chairman of the JEDB (Badulla region) drew attention to the potential held out by the Project to help in the rapid expansion of cirtrus cultivation not only in the Bibile-Moneragela area but in all parts of the country where citrus cultivation was possible. Mr. S. V. de Mel in his keynote address outlined the history of the Project and what had been done so far. This was followed by a talk by Mr. K. D. W. Ratnayake, General Manager of the JEDB. He touched on the wider perspectives of JEDB's citrus project in the context of national needs. Mr. L. S. Ranasinghe, the Superintendent in actual charge of the Project, gave a detailed account of the programme, how the nurseries were started, how the planting was done, the difficulties they had to contend with and the assistance they had received from various quarters. Mr. G. D. Kotagama, an ex-Rate Mahatmaya and an old resident of the Bibile area in his talk on 'Past Cultivations in Bible' went into a lengny history of the Bibile-Moneragala region from the days of the Uva Rebellion right up to the ending of the orange boom early in the fifties.
Then three officials of the Department of Agriculture spoke on the : (1) History of Citrus in Sri Lanka by Mr. Tennekoon, Deputy Director (Farms) (Dr. Eddie Herath, Deputy Director, Department of Agricu.lture, Peradeniya who was down to speak could not as he had suddenly left the island); (2) Cultivation Practices in Citrus by Mr. A. O. C. de Zoysa Research Officer, Horticulture, Regional Agricultura Research Station, Bandarawela and (3) Pests and Diseases in Citrus by Mr. Rufus Pinto, Regional Officer, CARI, Gannoruwa. Mr. J. K. Gnanaratnam, Manager, Crop Diversification Division, HEDB addressed the audience on Interplanting in Citrus This was followed by a lively panel discussion in which the District Minister Mr. R. M. Abeyakoo in made a valuable contibution.
in the concluding part next week we will set out what the Departmental officials had stated and the highlights of the discussion in which the District Manager had played an important part.
To be concluded.
T R B U N E
No issue Next Week
Owing to the Sinhala and Tamil New Year holidays next week, Tribune will not be published on April 16. The next issue of Tribune will be on April 23, 1983.
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FOR THE RECORD
Energy
Inaugural Address by Deputy Minister of power and Energy, Mr. P. Dayaratne, at Seminar on March 8.
AM PLEASED TO NOTE that an attempt is being made at this Seminar to instil an awareness in energy demand management and conservation among executives in energy related institutions in government as wel aS the private Sector. The Oil Crises of 1973 and 1978 have made Sri Lanka to pay an increasing percentage of her foreign exchange earnings to import oil to meet her basic needs. The net oil import bill rose from 5.2 percent of foreign exchange earnings in 1972 to almost 40 percent in 1982. It is expected to rise further to 45% in 1985. The budgetary investments in the power sector will be about Rs. 23 billion in the period 1982 - 86. This amounts to about a fourth of the total public investments during this period. In addition, Sri Lanka has also to bear the increasing costs of other imports from countries who attempt to pass on the increase in oil costs to the buyers of their products. The dual crisis, along with world inflation, has considerably hindered the attempt made by this Government to embart on essentaial development programmes. Whilst every effort has been made to complete the projects already undertaken by this Government, it has become necessary to postpone the implementation of new projects till about 1985.
THE IMPACT OF THE OL PRCES increase on the energy supply sectors - electricity, petroleum and firewood have been carefully studied. We have given priority to the development of the hydro electric resources. We have emphasised the need to preserve the existing forest cover ahd embark on a refroestation programme. The illicit felling of forests for timber has been arrested. The need to use fuel-wood more efficiently has been emphasised. The development of alternative sources of energy like Solar and wind has been encouraged. However these could be introduced only at a future date when they become economically competitive. The Sri Lanka Grid is too small to accommodate economically viable nuclear power plants before the end of this century. Developments are still awaited in sources like Ocean temperature gradients before they can be considered for implementation. The need for going in for coal power generation in the late 1980's to supplement and back up the hydro resources has been identified, Attempts have also been made to reduce losses in electricity generation, transmission and distribution and also in petroleum refining. A loss reduction study is under-way in the Ceylon Electricity Board. Waste heat recovery systems and the kerosene merox treater have already reaped
8

results in energy conservation in the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation. Fuel efficeent stoves are being developed in the Ceylon Institute for Scientific and industrial Research and the Industrial Development Board. Energy Conservation measures are being introduced in the industrial corporations under the Ministry of Industries and Scientific Affairs. ConserVation officers and Energy Managers have been appointed in these institutions. Conservation meaSures in the domestic, agricultural and transport sectors are also under way. Demand management can be introduced through physical controls, technical methods, pricing, education and propaganda. It has been estimated that as much as Rs. 300 - 500 million could be saved per annum in 1983 and 1984 and about Rs. 700 million in 1985 if energy conservation meaSures are introduced properly, The cost of Such an energy conservation programme would be in the region of about Rs. 200 - 300 million.
THE UNDP HAS EARMARKED about half a million U. S. dollars (about Rs. 11 million) for the period 1984 - 1986 on an energy conservation programme. The Ministry of Finance and Planning has contributed Rs. 5 million towards an Energy Conservation Fund. There are many donorageencies willing to assist Sri Lanka on an energy conservation programme. It has been realised for somethime that major savings in oil imports could be effected in the short term by enforcing energy conservation measures. Even the recent World Bank Mission to Sri Lanka ha S identified Energy Conservation Measures as a means of reducing oil imports in the short term. Conservation does not mean doing with or with less energy. it means using less energy for the same output or the same energy for more output.
THE MNSTRY OF POWER & ENERGY has appointed a Task Force on Energy Demand Management and Conservation. The Seminar being conducted today is the first phase of a larger programme on energy conservation that has been envisaged. This Seminar will elucidate demand management and conservation measures that can be introucced in the short term. It will help the participants to develop conservation programmes in their own organizations in the near term. There would be further opportunities to follow specialised courses on energy conservation here as well as abroad, to perform detailed energy audits and to prepare energy conservation projects for financing by donor agencies and banks. This Seminar may be repeated at intervals depending on the demand. All these efforts will lead to the development of a programme on Energy Demand Management and Conser vation. I wish that the deliberations made at this Seminar would lead to a Successful implementation of demand management and energy conservation measures in Sri Lanka.
EC C
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

Page 11
SRI LANKA CHRoNiCLE
March 2 - 27
DIARY OF EVENTS IN SRI LANKA coMP LED FROM DALY NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN COLOMBO
CDN-Ceylon Daily News, CDM -Ceylon Daily Mirror; CO-Ceylon Observer; ST-Sunday Times; So-Sunday Observer; DM-Dinamina; LD-Lankadipa; VK- Virakesari; ATH-Aththa; SM-Silumina; SLDP; Sri Lankadipa; JD-Janadina; SU-Surn; DV-Davasa; DP-Dinapathi; CMChinthamani; WK-Weekend; RR-Riviresa; DK-Dinakara; EN-Eelanadu, IS-Island; Dyl-Divaina; DPR-information Dept. Press Release.
ONDAY, MARCH 21 : President J. R. Jayewardene said yesterday that his government would complete ail the work it had undertaken before it went to the people to ask for their votes at a general election in 1989. Air Lanka and the Airports Authority are devising improved facilities and streamlined operations at Colombo Airport, Katunayake. Rear-Admiral Alfred Perera, Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy denied Indian reports that SLN patrols were looting, prawn catches from Tamil Nadu fishermen-CDN. The Ceylon Electricity Board has found illegally organised bodies taking over the Supply of electricity to individuals and establishments charging Rs. 30 to Rs. 50 a month. A modern telephone System will soon be introduced in areas under the purview of the Greater Colombo Economic Commission-CDM. The leader of the proscribed Liberation Tiger organisation, Velupillai Prabhakaran and his lieutenant Siva Kumaran aias Ragavan have been summoned to appear before the sessions court in Madras this morning where charges will be framed against them. The controversy over the Sinhala film of the life of Jesus Christ has reached a climax; two commissions of the Catholic Bishops' Conference are to request President J. R. Jayewardene to stop the proposed film. The third session of the working group of the international campaign for safegarding the cultural treasures of Sri Lanka will begin today at the Ministry of Cultural Affairs-SU. The Colombo Brokers' Association has recorded over a billion rupees in investment on shares by the public since 1975; the main investment ventures have been hotel and industrial projects-EO. A team of South Korean industrialists are now in the country to discuss joint ventures with their Sri Lankan counterparts. Th Social Services Ministery has directed government agents to provide immediate relief to 133,000 families in five drought-stricken provinces-IS. A ship belong ing to the Panama lines was arrested at Beruwela wher it was unloading very large quantities of contrabanc in mid-sea-DP.
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

TUESDAY, MARCH 22: Trade and Shipping Minister Lalith Athulathmudali yesterday said the government would soon review its policy of liberalised trade with countries that impose quotas and other restrictions on Lankan products. Thousands of Asian workers are haunted by the nightmare of leaving the Gulf in the mear future in the face of the oil crunch - CDN. Fuel is being siphoned off vehicles engaged in the Mahaweli project at Wariyapola and Kadawatta to such an extent that the men handling the operation are nicknamed Arabi Mudalalis because they are operating large oil tanks-CDM. President J. R. Jayewardene Said yesterday that the Port of Trincomalee was being converted into one of the great harbours of the world. The number of tractors in the country has doubled, but the acreage ploughed with tractors has remained static, Agricultural Development and Research Minister Gamini Jayasuriya Said yesterday. The average annual occupancy rate in Sri Lankan hotels has dropped sharply—SU. The question of introdu - cing the Secret batiot to decide on Strikes at Universities, is being actively examined by the Ministry of Higher Education and the University Grants Commission-EO. The Sri Lanka Working Journalists Association has written to the Minister of State, Mr. Anandatissa de Alwis, requesting him to intervene in the incident at Gampola in which journalists were assaulted by policeofficers. Mr. Harsha Abewardene and Dr. M. C. M. Kaleel were unanimously re-elected Secretary and Tresurer of the UNP at the meeting of the party's working committee held at Sri Kotha yesterday-S. The leader of the Opposition and General Secretary of the TULF Mr. A. Amirthalingam said in Parliament yesterday that they were opposed to terrorism in the country and that he was prepared to face any dangerinfighting violence and terrorism-DP.
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 23. A 36-year-old Danish woman and a male companion (also a Dane) are in police custody followung the detection of a quantity of harshish and opium valued at Rs. 250,000; the Central Narcotics Bureau has sought interpol assistance for a dossier on the two suspects. Nine suspects allegedly selling pirated electricity to several Maligawatte shanties were yesterdyy remanded till April 4 by Chief Colombo Magistrate Keerthi Srilal Wijewardene-CDN. Several hundred who were recruited to the Government Clerical Service in 1980 on a casual basis will shortly be confirmed in their posts. The People's Bank of Sri Lanka has signed a joint venture with Guiness Mahon Merchant Bankers of London to inagurate the People's Merchant Bank-CDM. United States assistance to Sri Lanka for the coming year will total 71.45 million dollars; this commitment, the US government has informed Sri Lanka will be valid for the US financial year from October 1983 to September 1984. State authorities are likely to make a fresh attempt to settle the continuing state of agitation and boycott of lectures by the university
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students. CID investigators and officers of the Narcotics Bureau are probing the alleged murder of a youth, who is believed to have been shot by Some ganja cultivators for giving information to the police-SU. President J. R. Jayewardene has ordered a full scale inquiury into last Sunday's police assault on two Journalists of Upali Newspapers Ltd., at Kotmale. British Customs recently detected an expatriate 'Air Lankai' pilot at Gatwick airport attempting to smuggle an unlicensed firearem; the incident also led to the Air Lanka crew of the plane being subjected to a strip search-S.
THURSDAY, MARCH 24. The Reagan Administration
has agreed to a seven percent increase in Sri Lanka's textile exports to the United States this year over the
1982 quota. Sri Lanka's first merchant bank with
foreign participation opens in Colombo today when
the People's Bank goes into partnership with Guinnes Mahon and Company ltd.,, a leading British firm
of merchant bankers. President J. R. Jayewardene
yesterday requested doctors to take a closer look at the
legal Draftsman's Department and diognose the
causes for the delays in legislation approved by the
Cabinet reaching the statute books-CDN. During
January 1983 Airianka recorded an impressive growth in passenger carriage to Sri Lanka; a total of
13,162 passengers were brought in by Air tanka
during this period; of these 4944 arrived on interna
tional flights while 8218 arrived on regional flights reflecting a growth of 44 percent when compared with
the same period last year-CDM. An impartial inquiry into last Sunday's police-press clash soon after the foundation stone laying ceremony for the Kotmale Seya is to be held shortly; President Jayewardene in his capacity as Minister of Defence is expected to
appoint his Principal Assistant, S. M. Samarakoon
to hold this inquiry. The proposed Sinhala film on the life of Christ had been banned on a Presidential directive, Minister of State Anandatissa de Alwis announced yesterday. Police and Army personnel yesterday raided a 'passports Office' in Jaffna and recovered 17 forged passports, forged police letter heads, rubber stamps of MPs and blank birth certificates - SU. The arrival of 93,112 tourists from India to Sri Lanka last year enabled the tourist industry to Swell its earnings to Rs.3,050 million surpassing the previous year's income by Rs. 14 million-EO. The circulation of Lake House newspapapers dropped by 10.4 percent and the company made a net loss of Rs. 5.6 million for the year 1981, according to the Annual Report of the Company which was tabled in Parliament this Week. The Japanese Government has agreed to carry out and finance a study of a submarine cable link between Indonesia and Sri Lanka, a Japanese telecommunication representative said at Singapore yesterday-lS. A scheme to build low cost houses in Sri Lanka with assistance from the Netherlands will be implemented soon; an agreement will be signed by both countries in this respect for which the Cabinet gave its approva yesterday-DP.
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ARIDAY, MARCH 25. The South Korea-Lanka economic cooperation committees which concluded a three day Session in Colombo on Wednesday have identified agriculture, minerals, plantations and shipping here as priority areas for Korean business. Twenty two new political parties and organisations that sought recognition from the Elections Commissioner have been turned down. Colombo Airport, Katunayake will have a new runway and terminal building, so that arrivals and departures can be in different areas of the airport, said General Sepala Attygalle, Chief Co-ordinating Authority, Ministry of Defence-CDN. Loans will be granted to employees of the Local Government Service and Development Councils to settle their debts; this is one of the highlights of the legislation the Prime Minister, Mr. R. Premadasa will introduce in Parliament shortly to set up Credit Councils. The customs raided a house in HultScdorf a few days ago and seized 59 bundles of luxury suiting material neatly wrapped in waterproof ploythene ining in gunny bags valued at nearly Rs. 500,000CDM. New fisheries laws will be introduced shortly to preserve the marine resources around Sri Lanka, Fisheries Minister Festus Perera said yesterday. A top American official in charge of Asian Affairs has told a US House of Representatives Committee that Sri Lanka had in recent years maintained its impressive rate of economic growth, reduced unemployment and increased economic opportunities for its citizens with the help of foreign aid-SU. A grave situation has arisen at Lady Ridgeway Hospital with the laboratory work being sriously affected due to the very poor supply of gas, according to reliable Health Ministry sources. The conditional bail imposed on the five Sri Lankan youths arrested in India last year, which barred them from leaving the boundaries of the particular districts to which they were confined to and also required them to report daily to the main Police station in the area may be relaxed Soon, said informed sources yesterday-S.
SATURDAY, MARCH 26 Lead Pollution has reached dangerous levels in some areas of Colombo which carry heavy vehicle loads, a study by Colombo University chemists has revealed; the chemistry department of the University has an on-going tead monitoring study in the capital city and the results obtained are causing concern. A new series of currency notes depicting historical and archaeological themes will shortly be issued by the Central Bank, the bank announced yesterday-CDN. Are certain Department Stores and super markets charging more for locally manufactured items taking cover under the BTT, which was recently increased to cover imported items only; many customers who called at these department stores have observed that amounts ranging from 25 cents to Rs. 14 were being charged above the pre-BTT price on locally made items-CDM. Industries and Scientific Affairs Minister Cyri. Mathew yeterday spelt out the new national industrial policy that the government is to implement with special emphasis
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

Page 13
on protection of existing local industry. Detectives were yesterday attempting to uncover details of a highly organised "Odessa' style network responsible for providing assistance to northern terrorists on the run from security forces; a significant breakthrough in investigations came after a team of uniformed policemen and CID officers cordoned off a chummery on Armour Street last morning and took in 27 persons for questioning-SU. The leader of the SLFP, Mrs. Sirima Bandaranaike, would be in a position to canvass and speak on behalf of her party's candidates at the proposed by elections in spite of her civic disabilities, according to some legal authorities. Mr. Felix R. Dias Bandaranaike has requested to allow him the fullest rights to be represented before the Parliamentary Select Committee appointed to probe the allegations made by Mr. K. C. E. de Alwis, a former judge of the Court of Apeeal and a member of the Special Presidential Commission against two judges of the Supreme Court-IS. The Deputy Minister of State Plantations said in Parliament yeterday that the President will announce the payment of the Rs. 100/- increment proposed in the Budget to estate workers as well-WK.
SUNDAY, MARCH 27. There is a strong possibility according to political circles that the parliamentary by-elections and elections to local bodies will be held on the same day; President Jayewardene is expected to issue a proclamation this week declaring the vacant Seats and calling for elections-SO. Standing orders will soon be framed by Parliament in terms of the Constitution to provide for the investigation of alleged misbehaviour or incapacity by members of the Judiciary and their removal from office. Nominations for elections to 12 Municipal Councils and 38 Urban Councils will be received from March 31 up to 12 noon on April 20 1983 by Returning Officers-St. The Ministry of State has suggested that press coverage at all important public occasions, particularly where the President or Prime Minister participates should be organised by the information Department. Sri Lanka is to stake fresh claims for the coveted fishing grounds of the Wadge Banks and Pedro Banks which it surrended to India in 1974; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is to initiate immediate talks with the indian government to regain Lanka's rights to harvest these areas which are regarded as highly productive trawler fishing grounds-WK. There had been poor financial planning of the hotel project started by the Insurance Corporation of Sri Lanka in collaboration with OH Holdings Private Ltd., the treasury had alleged, according to informed sources. President Jayawardene has directed Transport Minister M. H. Mohamed to hold an emergency meeting to discuss remedies for combating lead pollution in the city of Colombo which has reached alarming proportions, according to a study by a team of University scientists-S.
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

SEVENTH SUMMIT
Economic Declaration - Introduction
1. The Heads of State or Government reviewed the worsening of the world economic situation since the Sixth Summit Conference. The crisis of the international economic relations and the widening gap between developing and developed Countries have emerged as the most Serious problem and a source of instability threatening world peace and security. For the first time since the Second World War there has been a decline in the per capita GDP of many developing countries. Commodity prices in real terms were the lowest in the last 50 years. Access to developed countries' markets for their manufactured products were being increasingly curtailed. The earnings of developing countries had shown an ominous decline while interest rates on foreign loans had dramatically increased. Medium and long term lending to developing countries had fallen. Their balance of payments deficits and their debt burden had reached crushing levels. Measures at present contemplated and proposed were totally inadequate to deal with these problems. They reiterated that the international economic crisis was not merely a cyclical phenomenon but rather a symptom of stracturs/ maladjustment marked inter alia by increasing imbalances and inequalities to the detri
ment of the developmental prospects of the developing countries.
2. Under the present unjust world economic system the levers of power are firmly in the hands of a few developed countries and are often used to. the detriment of the interests of the developing countries. Developed countries continue to adopt, retrogressive policies and practices which run counter to the goals and objectives of the New Internatioan Economic Order and of the International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade. There can be no hope of anything but at best a short lived revival of the world economy, nor can there be an equitable and viable system of international economic cooperation without a basic and fundamental change in the approaches and policies of the developed countries with respect to the establishment of the New International Economic Order.
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3. The heads of State or Government stressed the interdependent character of the international situation increasing interrelationship of problems, interconnection of their Solutions and growing interdependence among nations as the rationale and incentive for dialogue and cooperation between developing and developed countries. The developing countries were facing extremely bleak prospects. In particular the situation of the least developed countries was desperate and their prospects for development were even bleaker. The developed countries too were facing the problem of record idle productive capacity and mounting unemployment. In addition to the necessity of greater equity in international relations, there were compelling reasons for organizing interdependence on the basis of equity, justice, mutual interests and benefits, while Some of the developed countries favoured the strengthening of international economic cooperation others resisted it. Indeed a few economically powerful Countries have impeded progress towards the restructuring of international economic relations. The developed countries as a whole can no longer, under any pretext, shy away from their share of responsibility for international economic co-operation, nor can they afford to ignore the fundamentally indivisible nature of global prosperity. They decided to act in union in order to influence the course of international economic Co-operation decisively and in the right direction, focussing on points of substance with a view to tackling the immediate and structural problems facing the World economy and to promote the establishment of the New International Economic Order.
4. The Heads of States or Government affirmed that a countries should be committed in a real Sense to peaceful progress world-wide. Progress in the developing countries would help rejuvenate the stagnating economics of developed countries. An improvement in the economies of developed countries would create better development prospects for developing countries. In an increasingly interdependent world, the economic fortunes and political stability of both groups of countries were more and more intertwined.
5. Peace and development are inter-related and the international community cannot be assured of durable peace so long as the economic disparities between nations were widening. Stable global development and viable international order require the halting of the arms race, followed by urgent disarmament measure that will release Sorely needed resources for development. Orderly development and progress can take place only in an atmosphere of peace, harmony and cooperation. Political freedom and economic progress are inseparable.
6. The non-aligned countries are committed to promoting a major restructuring of the world economy through the establishment of the New International
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Economic Order. The Heads of State or Government regard their efforts in this direction as an integral part of the general struggle of their peoples for political, economic, cultural and social liberation. In this context, they stressed that imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, expansionism, apartheid, racism, zionism, exploitation, policy of force and all forms of manifestations of foregin occupation, domination and hegemony had given rise in the past to the evils, the effects of which continue to afflict, many developing countries and were now hindering their present struggle for development. In fact, these factors constituted major obstacles to the economic and social progress of fhese countries and a threat to world peace and security. They were convinced that their eradication was a pre-requisite for achieving development of their economies and effective international economic cooperation. They emphasized that the prevailing international System which ran counter to the basic interests of the developing coun tries, was profoundly unjust and incompatible wifh the accelrated development of the nonaligned and other developing countries and warned that failure to establish the New International Economic Order based on equality and justice will have serious adverse economic and political consequences for all. The Movement of Won aligned countries has played and will continue to play an important role in the struggle for the political and economic independence of all the developing countries and their peoples, for the attainment of full and permanent and sovereignty control over all types of natural resources and economic activities, and for the promotion of a fundamantal restructuring by the establishment of the Wew International Economic Order.
7. The Nonaligned countries have been playing a pivotal and catalytic role in the field of international economic relations. UNCTAD was convened in 1964, following the Belgrade Declaration of 1961. A programme of Peace and international Co-operation was adopted at the Cairo Summit in 1964. The concept of self-reliance received fresh impetus at the Lusaka Summit in 1970 . The Algier's Summit in 1973 appealed for the establishment of the New Enternational Economic Order and the Declaration and Programme of Action for the Establishment of the New International Economic Order was subsequently adopted at the Sixth Special Session of the United Nations General Assembaly in 1974. Important initiatives in the field of international economic relations were taken at the Colombo Summit in 1976. The Havana Summit in 1979 called for the launching of global negotiations and had adopted policy guidelines on the reinforcement of collective Self-reliance among developing countries. At the present time of serious crisis in international economic cooperation, the Heads of State or Government of Won-aligned countries stressed their determination to continue to work for strengthening and promoting international
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

Page 15
cooperation. Special importance was attached to vastly enhanced cooperation among nonaligned and other developing countries as an essential part of the Wew International Economic Order and as an instrument for building it. The Heads of State or Government decided to remain seized individually and collective/y of a/these important tasks.
х: х х EXTRACTS FROM REAGAN'S SPEECH
On U.S. Arms Program
Washington, March 25. Following is the text of President Reagan's March 23 nationally televised address on National Security :
Thank you for sharing your time with me tonight. The subject want to discuss with you, peace and national security, is both timely and important - timely because have reached a decision which offers a new hope for our children in the 21st century - a decision will telyou about in a few minutes - and important because there is a very big decision that you must make for yourselves . . . . . Our efforts to rebuild America's defences and strengthen the peace began 2 years ago, when we requested a major increase in the defence program. Since then, the amount of those increases we first proposed has been reduced by half through improvements in management and procurement and other savings. The budget request that is now before the Congress has been trimmed to the limits of safety. Further, deep cuts cannot be made without seriously endangering the security of the nation. . . . . . . . .
- - - - - - - - The defense policy of the United States is based on a simple premise: the United States does not start fights. We will never be an aggressor. We maintain our strength in order to deter and defend against aggression - to preserve freedom and peace. . . . . . . Since the dawn of the atomic age, we have sought to reduce the risk of war by maintaining a strong deterrent, and by Seeking genuine arms control. 'Deterrence' means simply this: making sure any adversary who thinks about attacking the United States, or our allies, or our vital interests, concludes that the risks to him outweigh any potential gains. Once he understands that, he won't attack. We maintain the peace through our strength; weakness only invites adgression . . . . . .
For 20 years, the Soviet Union has been accumulating enormous military might. They didn't stop when their forces exceeded all requirements of a legitimate defensive capability. And they haven't
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

stopped now. During the past decade and a half, theSoviets have built up a massive arsenal of new Strategic nuclear weapons - weapons that can strike directly at the United States.......
There was a time when we were able to offset Superior Soviet numbers with higher quality. But today they are building weapons as Sophisticated and modern as our own. As the Soviets have increased their military power, they have been emboldened to extend that power. They are spreading their military influence in ways that can directly challenge our vita interests and those of our allies. The following aerial photographs, most of them secret until now, illustrate this point in a crucial area very close to home Central America and the Caribbean basin. They are not dramatic photographs but think they help give you a better understanding of what I'm talking about..
know that all of you want peace and So do . know too that many of you seriously believe that S nuclea freeze would further the cause of peace. But a freeze now would make us less, not more, secure and would raise, not reduce, the risks of war. It would be largely unverifiable and would seriously undercut our negotiations on arms reduction. It would reward the Soviets for their massive military buildup while preventing us from modernizing our aging and increa singly vulnerable forces. With their present margin of Superiority, why should they agree to arms reducttions knowing that we were prohibited from catching up? I know this is a formidable technical task, one that may not be accomplished before the end of this century. Yet, current technology has attained a level of Sophistication where it is reasonable for us to begin this effort. It will take years, probably decades, of efforts on many fronts. There will be failures and setbacks just as there will be successes and breakthroughs. And as we proceed we must remain constant in preserving the nuclear deterrent and maintaining a Solid capability for flexible response. But is it not worth every investment necessary to free the world from the threat of nuclear war? We know it is.
In the meantime, we will continue to pursue real reductions in nuclear arms, negotiating from a position of strength that can be ensured only by podernising our strategic forces. We are engaged right now in several negotiations with the Soviet Union to bring about a mutual reduction of weapons. will report to you a week from tomorrow mythoughts on that score. But let me just say I am totally committed to this course. . . . . . . if the Soviet Union will join with usin our effort to achieve major atms reduction, we will have succeeded in stabilising the nuclear. balance. Nevertheless, it will still be necessary to rely on the specter of retaliation - on mutual threat, and that is a sad commentary on the human condition.. is w Would it not be better to save lives than to
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avenge them ? Are we not capable of demonstrating our peaceful intentions by applying all our abilities and our ingenuity to achieving a truly lasting stability? think we are - indeed, we must After careful consultation with my advisors, including the joint chiefs of staff, I believe there is a way. Let me share with you a vision of the future which offers hope. It is that we embark on a program to counter the awesome Soviet missile threat with measures that are defensive. Let us turn to the very strengths in technology that spawned our great industrial base and that have given us the quality of life we enjoy today . . . . . . .
What if free people could live secure in the knowledge that their security did not rest upon the threat of instant US retaliation to deter a Soviet attack; that we could intercept and destroy strategic ballistic missiles before they reached our own soil or that of our allies 2 America does possess - now - the technologies to attain very significant improvements in the effectiveness of our conventional, non-nuclear forces. Proceeding boldly with these new technologies, we can significantly reduce any incentive that the Soviet Union may have to threaten attack against the United States or its allies. As we pursue our goal of defensive technologies, we recognize that our allies rely upon our strategic offensive power to deter attacks against them. . . . . clearly recognize that defensive Systems have limitations and raise certain problems and ambiguities. If paired with offensive systems, they can be viewed as fostering an aggressive policy and no one wants that, But with these considerations firmly in mind, I call upon the scientific community who gave us nuclear weapons to turn their great talents to the cause of mankind and world peace; to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete. Tonight, consistent with our obligations under the A. B. M. Treaty and recognising the need for close consultation with our allies, I am taking an important first step. I am directing a comprehensive and intensive effort to define a long-term research and development program to begin to achieve our ultimate goal of eliminating the threat posed by strategic nuclear missiles . . . . . My fellow Americans, tonight we are launching an effort which holds the promise of changing the course of human history. There will be risks, and results take time. But with your support, I believe we can do it. --SS.
{g
UNDER FRE
Reagan's New Defence Plan
By R. . Chakrapani
Washington, March 25, The US President, Mr. Reagan's proposal for a new system of futuristic defence by shifting to a nuclear deterrent based on anti-ballistic missiles (ABM) has been criticised at home by
14

Democratic politicians and abroad by Moscow. In any case, the system might take till the end of the century even if assiduously pursed or may never materialise at all as research is a gamble Senior Administration aides conceded. In his televised address, most devoted to the Soviet Union's alleged efforts to build up an 'offensive' military force, Mr. Reagan held out the vision of a revolutionalised technological system of countering enemy nuclear attacks that would change 'the course of human history." Meanwhile, he said, his Administration would continue to seek 'real reductions in nuclear arms' with Moscow.
While calling upon the scientific community who
invented nuclear weapons to turn their talents to the cause of mankind and world peace and discover a method for rendering nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete. Mr. Reagan said, 'I know this is a formidable technical task. Yet current technology has attained alevel of Sophistication where it is reasonable for us to begin this effort. It will take years probably decades of efforts on many fronts." Mr. Reagan's speech, in other respects, disclosed a two-fold aim : He sought to build support for his Central American policies, especially providing increased military assistance to El Salvador by contending thatthe Soviets had extended their military power to the Western Hemisphere with installations in Cuba and Grenada, the island nation in the Caribbean. Mr. Reagan was also seeking to create public opinion in favour of his 1.8 trillions military budget. The President's action of exhibiting photographs purportedly showing Soviet communications intelligence facility in Lourdes, Cuba, Soviet MiGs in Western Cuba and an airfield under construction in Grenada drew strong criticism from some of the Democratic presidential candidates and Senator Edward Kennedy who characterised the speech as "misleading redscare tectics and reckless star war schemes'. In an unusually Speedy response to Mr Reagan's proposal, the Soviet news agency Tass said Washington had embarked upon a new round of the strategic arms race, reports Reuter from MoscowHindu
AMERICAN SCIENTSTS
Sceptical About Reagan's Plan
Washington, March 25. While the US President Mr. Reagan's Democratic opponents are rebuking him for promoting 'irresponsible Star War scenarios' with his call for research for developing a super missile that would like enemy missiles, the American scientific community seems to be deeply divided on the technical feasibility as well as the moral impli
TRIBUNE. APRIL. 9, 1983

Page 17
cations of the President's ideas. Some scientists believe that if even Such a powerful missile was produced, it might prove strategically 'dangerous' to the US. This was explained by Dr. Victor Weisskof of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology'. If the Soviet Union developed a missile defence first, we would be completely defenceless', he said. 'Either side would have to shoot down what the other side had in Space-it would be the beginning of a nuclear war'. He thought Mr. Reagan's goal would prove 'extremely dangerous and destabilising'.
The nuclear physicist and Nobel prize winner Mr. Hans Bethe feared the proposal would start a new race between the US and the USSR. ''What is worse is that it will produce a Star War' in which each side would race to develop better anti-satellite weapons. This would make the US intelligence gathering satellites vulnerable to attack. 'So, we willose our eyes, and, in a crisis of war, we won't know anything,' Dr. Wolfgang Panofsky of Stanford University was 'spiritually troubled' at the President's idea. He doubted if Scientists would join in a collective effort to develop the missile Suggested by Mr. Reagan as they did to produce the first nuclear weapon on in World War I in what was known to be the 'Manhattan project.' Several other Scientists took the view while it might or might not be possible to develop the super missile, its implications could be far-reaching. It might disrupt the current talks between Moscow and Washington om evolving an accord on reduction of strategic arms.
The Democratic response to Mr. Reagan's controversial television address of Thursday was delivered by Senator Daniel K. Inouye of Hawaii who accused the President of 'dishonesty' in presenting the military strength of the Soviet Union and the US. He said that by using 'Star War scenarios' and raising a Scare about the Soviet nuclear superiority, Mr. Reagan was trying to hide from the American people 'the dismal failure' of his economic programmes. He was also attempting to pressure Congressional support for his bloated military budget. On the President's side, the Services of the Vice President Mr. George Bush, and the Defence Secretary Mr. Casper Weinberger, among others, were pressed to defend his proposal. They rejected the argument that the new effort would be a violation of the anti-ballistic missile treaty. They applauded the President's idea and said it was motiwated by peace and elimination of all nuclear weapons from the surface of earth-PT.
x ж. ж.
PENTAGON DATA
An Aibi
Washington, March 23. A private study group has accused the Pentagon of using deceptive data and
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

photographs in a recent report on Soviet military power in an attempt to support 'alarmist speculation' that Moscow was winning the arms race. The Centre for Defence information, which previously has been critical of the Pentagon, says the report entitled 'Soviet military power' released on 9 March, was lacking in integrity and accuracy. The Pentagon document cited what if said was evidence of a major Soviet arms build up with the aim of 'achieving military superiority in all fields.' But retired Rear Admiral Gene Laroque, the Centre's director, said in a statement released with its report today: 'America is not weak or inferior and Soviet military power contains not a whit of evidence of new secret Soviet Wonder weapons. The US military has long since anticipated everything the Soviet are doing today.' The Admiral said the report was obviously designed to ensure Support of the American people for the Pentagon's two trillion dollar spending programme.
Among specific criticisms by the Centre in the 1970s which Defence Secretary Casper Weinberger calls '' a decade of neglect' in US military power, the United States went from 4,000 strategic nuclear warheads to 9,200, exceeding the Soviet increase in the same period. The Pentagon publication wrongly list Soviet badger and blinder medium range bombers as strategic weapons and SS-4, SS-5 and 20 intermediate range missiles as part of Soviet strategic nuclear forces. (1) A photograph in the booklet said to depict a new Soviet T-80 tank actually shows the T-72781 a modification of a tank that has been in production for years; (2) the Pentagon report also a. į ges ‘’a sharp - narrowing of the technology gap", but Richard Delaurem, Under-Secretary of defence for Reasearch and Engineering, told Congress recently the United States leades in 15 of the 20 most important areas of basic technology and the Soviet Union only in one.-Reuter.
жі ж ANDROPOV'S ANSWERS To Pravda
Moscow, March 27: Below are the answers of Yuri Andropov, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, to questions asked by a Pravda correspondent :
Ouestion : On March 23, President Reagan made a lengthy speech on issues of US military policy. How do you evaluate this speech?
Answer : Ouite a spate of speeches devoted to one
and the same topic - military preparations, military programs, and the development of new types of weapons - has been coming out of Washington of
late. The President's speech was no doubt made to 5 ܝ

Page 18
influence public opinion in the United States to calm down the growing alarm there at the bellicose policies of the Administration. Of course, it is up to the Americans how they will evaluate the Peresident's address. However, what the President spoke of concerns not only the Americans. For the message of the speech is that America should hastily arm itself and become the world's dominating military power. At the same time in a bid to justify these hegemonistic claims impudent distortions of the Soviet Union's policy are made, questionable strategms are used, that frankly speaking, the question prompts itself - what is the President's idea of the standards of conducting relations with other states? Hear the President and it would seem that the United States is inferior to the Soviet to the Soviet Union here, there and even in its immediate neighbourhood. And all this because over the past two decades the USSR has been rapidly building up its armed forces, while the United States, allegedly has been sitting cross-handed, as its armed forces declined. True, the Soviet Union did strengthen its defense capability. Faced with a feverish US effort to establish military bases near the Soviet territory, to develop ever new types of nuclear and other weapons, the USSR was compelled to do so in order to set off the US military superiority for whoih Washington is now pining so much. The military-strategic parity attained has deprived the United States of a possibility to blackmail us with the nuclear threat. This parity is a reliabale guarantee of peace, and we will do everything to preserve it.
As to the allegations that the United States has done nothing in the past two decades, only naive people can believe that. For confirmation let us turn to some most important facts. It is known that a qualitative breakthrough was achieved in the US strategic forces precisely during that period. Suffice it to say that the United States installed multiple warhaeds on its balistic missiles. And it did So, despite our repeated calls to renounce the move in order to avoid a new spiral of the race in missile weapons If the President had taken the trouble of looking into the briefs on the talks he would have seen for himself that it was really so. What happened as a result will convincingly be seen from the example that after such re-equipment each missile based on a US submarine acquired the capability of hitting 14targets at a time. And every submarine carries 16 Such missiles. Their total yield is equivalent to that of almost 500 nuclear bombs similar to the one dropped on Hiroshima. On the whole, in the period of ostensible inactivity of the USA, which the President is talking about, the number of nuclear warheads on US strategic armaments grew from four to ten odd thousand. Can an increase in nuclear arsenal be a factor of 2.5 be referred to as inactivity? No, it cannot be called So in any way.
And now about Europe where, according to the head of the White House, the position of the USA
16

and of NATO in general is rather difficult. And if one again turns to facts, one can easily See that the aggregate number of US nuclear munitions there has trebled over the period and is now more than Seven thousand units. Is it also a result of inactivity or what ? The President pretends that almost a thousand medium-range nuclear systems of the USA and of its NATO allies do not ostensibly exist in the zone of Europe, and that it is unknown to him that by an aggregate amount of nuclear warheads on these systems NATO has a 1.5 to 1 advantage over the USSR. The President not only keeps silent about all that. He tells a deliberate lie, asserting that the Soviet Union does not observe its own unilateral moratorium on the deployment of medium-range missiles.
He also passes it over in silence that US mediumrange armements are not somewhere but are literally at our threshold. Meanwhile, from this point of view, to us there is no difference between them and strategic weapons stationed in US territory. And this concerns not only Europe. Many hundreds of US delivery vehicles capable of delivering a nuclear strike at our territory are stationed along the entire preimeter of the USSR. And, according to officially announced plans of the Pentagon, their number is to grow many times over. More than 12,000 long-range cruise missiles alone are to be deployed.
The President displayed a photograph showing a civilairport in a Latin American country, and managed to portray it is a threat to the USA. But he did not show photographs showing hundreds of runways thousands of miles away from the United States, runways on which US aircraft with nuclear weapons on board are stationed ready to take off at any moment. And all this, it turns out, is not enough to the present US administration. Trillions of dollars are being sought in order to have still more land, Sea, air and Speacebaced weapons. It is planed to sharply build up all types of nuclear armaments. The President has also announced large-scale measures to create qualitatively new systems of conventional weapons. Thereby another direction in the arms race is opening up. However much the importune talk that all this is being done in reply to a 'Soviet military threat' is repeared, it should not delude anyone. Everything that the Soviet Union did and does is no evidence of its Seeking military superiority. Treaties and agreements to which we went and are ready to go with the US side are aimed at lowering the level of confrontation without upsetting parity, i.e., without detriment to the Security of both the USSR and the USA. And it does not become those who derailed the SALT Treaty, which clearly recorded preciesly this goal, to try to pose as peace makers now again. While rejecting our proposals which suggest that the Soviet Union and NATO have in Europe in equal number of missiles, an equal number of aircraft, or that there are no nuclear weapons there at all neither medium-range nor tactical ones, they
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Page 19
still speak of USSR's striving for superiority. These strategems which the present Washington leaders resort to in order to denigrate the USSR's policy are inadmissible in relations between states.
Ouestion : President Reagan declared that he had devised a new, defensive conception. What does it boil down to in practice?
Answer: This is something that needs a special mention. After discoursing to his heart's content on a 'Soviet military threat', President Reagan said that it was time a different approach was adopted to ensuring US strategic interests and announced in this connection the commencement of a large-scale effort to develop highly effective antibalistic missile defenses. On the face of it, laymen may find it even attractive as the President Speaks about what seem to be defensive measures. But this may seem to be so only on the face of it and only to those, who are not conversant with these matters. In fact the strategic offensive forces of the United States will continue to be developed and upgraded at full tilk and along quite a definite line at that, namely that of acquiring a first nuclear strike capability. Under these conditions the intensions to secure itself the possibility of destroying with the help of the ABM defences the corresponding strategic systems of the other side, that is of rendering it unable of dealing a relaliatory strike, is a bid to disarm the Soviet Union in the face of the US nuclear threat. One must see this clearly in order to appraise correctly the true purport of this 'new conception'.
When the USSR and the USA began discussing the
problem of strategic arms, they agreed that there is an inseverable inter-relationship between strategic offensive and defensive weapons. And it was not by chance that the treaty on limiting ABM systems and the first agreement on limiting strategic offensive arms were simultaneously between our countries in 1972. In other words, the sides recognized the fact and recorded this in the above document, that it is only mutual restraint in the fields of ABM defences that will allow progress in limiting and reducing strategic systems, that is in checking and reversing the strategic arms race as a whole. Today, however, the United States intends to sever this inter-relationship. Should this conception be converted into reality, this would actually open the floodlight of a runaway race of all types of strategic arms, both offensive and defensive. Such is the real purport, the Seamy side, So to Say of Washington's 'defensive conception'.
Question : What general conclusion should be drawn from the US President's speech?
Answer: My answer will be short and for thright: the incumbent US administration continues to tread ar extremely perilous path. The issues of war and peace must not be treated so flippantly. All attempts a
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

achieving military superiority over the USSR are futile. The Soviet Union wil! never allow them to Succeed. It will never be caught defenceless by any threat. Let there be no mistake about this in Washington it is time they stopped devising one option after another in the Search of best ways of unleashing nuclear war in the hope of winning it. Engaging in this is not just irresponsible, it is insane. Although the President spoke first of all about the Soviet Union, this speech affects the interests of all states and peoples. One should come to realize that the US leaders are trying today to turn the European countries into their nuclear hostages. Washington's actions are putting in jepoardy the entire world. Today all efforts must be directed towards one goal, that of averting nuclear catastrophe. We call vigorously on the United States to take this path. --Tass
EELISE AGRICULTURAL
DIGES
IS THERE A FUTURE
For 4-4E, Months Rice Varieties 2
Rice production, like any other agricultural development, is the product of technological innovation, social and economic circumstances. In olden times when there was only one cultivation season (October to February ) 6 months varieties were the vogue. The other six months of the year were devoted to farmers to cultural and religious observances. The advent of the transport revolution and an upsurge in population brought about a distinct change, enabling farmers to conclude their cultural and religious observances much quicker than before and devote more time for food production. Accordingly, the medium-aged varieties of 4 - 43 months became more popular than 5 - 6 months varieties, as they permitted farmers to adopt a double cropping system and achieve larger outputs.
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Page 20
The 'green' revolution which followed was based on the premise that the 4 - 4 months varieties offered the greatest genetic possibilities for improving the production potential of rice. Consequently, breeders concentrated on developing improved 4 - 43 months cultivators such as H4, H4 Dwarf Mutant (M273), Bg 11-11, Bg 90-2, BW 100, Bg 400-1, Bg 379-2 and Bg 380 in that order. Long-aged varieties were limited to certain parts of the island where only one season's cultivation was possible. In the meantime, however, breeders were able to develop equally good short-aged varieties of 3 - 3 months e.g., Big 34-8, Bg 94-1, Bg 94-2 and Bg 276 -5 for general cultivation and Bg 34-6, BW 272-6B, BW 267-3, BW 262-7 and at 16 for problem areas. These varieties may be broadcast Sown or transplanted in the same manner as the long-aged varieties. They have the advantage of using less water, and fertilizers (two vital inputs) and of better explitation in diversified cropping patterns. They are also by virture of their shorter age less prone to damage by the ubiquitous Brown Plant Hopper and generally have a higher protein content as shown below:
3-3 M % 4-4. M %
Varieties Protein Varieties Protein
Bg 34-8 11.5 Bg 11—11 10.2
Bg 276-5 11.6 Bg 380 9.7 Bg 272—6B 11.0 BW 100 9.1 Bg 34-6 10.6 Bg 400-1 S.O. 62-355 1 O.7 H4 9.7
Short-aged varieties have gained considerable
popularity in recent times, even to the extent of ,
challenging the Supremacy of 4-4 months varieties. Scientists are perturbed about the Shift in cultivation from 4 to 3 months varieties during the Maha season in major irrigation schemes. This trend they consider highly undesirable, in terms of overal production. They presumably base this agrument on the higher inherent production potential or improved 4-4 months varieties. But is this hypothetical difference in production potential practically valid 2 Do 4-4 months varieties like Bg 11-11, Bg 90-2, Bg 400-1, Bg 379-2 and Bg 380 consistently produce higher yields than Big 94-1, Bg 94-2, Bg 276-5 and Bg 34-8 in farmers' fields 2 And even if they do, is this such a significant factor in the context of likely overproduction when the Mahaweli Diversion Project and other irrigation schemes are completed?
A preferred advantage of the longer-aged varieties is that they have a better chance of recovering from a severe pest or disease outbreak. But even this So-called advantage has been greatly watered-down in the light of the continuing Successes of breeders to develop pest and disease resistant short-aged varieties, and the chemical industries to produce
18

effective combative pesticides. In these circumstances, is it likely that the 4-43 months varieties will go the same way as the 5-6 months varieties before them ? The last quarter of the 20th century seems to be heading for a moment of change. We live in a economic climate where inlfation and energy shortage will continue to loom large in the future. How will the 4-43 months varieties fare in these circumstances 2 Will the 3-33 months varieties do better? These are Some of the question we must consider when planning our future rice production strategies. Science cannot produce the answers to all the Social, economic and political problems that will emerge in the years ahead, but it can at least have an indirect influence by acting as a "trigger' for change. Can we provide that trigger ?-Research Highlights 12
EC
PILOT PLANT TURNS
Waste Material into Cattle Food
WITH IN A FEW YEARS cattle and poultry may fatten on feeds that once were the waste materials of forest and agriculture industries as far apart as Canada and South-east Asia. Production of single cell protein (SCP) feed supplement has in fact already begun at a pilot plant, designed and operated by Envirocon Limited, a Vancouverbased firm specializing in environmental management and resource development. The plant takes sludge, saw dust and other wastes trucked in from a pulp and paper mill in Prince George, British Columbia and turns them idto SCP Supplement at the rate of 9 tonnes of waste in, for 45 tonne of supplement out. It is being operated by Envirocon to determine whether animal feed produced this way can compete in price with Soymeal and other natural substances now used by popultry and livestock producers. Envirocon's plant makes use of a biotechnological process originally developed by the University of Waterloo in Ontario, and modified for volume production by the company Earlier this year Envirocon announced it had acquired icensing rights to make use of the process in plants which, if the tests go well, it plans to design and market n a turnkey basis throughout the world. In the SCP process, cellulose waste materials are combined with small quantities of chemical or organic fertilizer nd fed to living fungus organisms under carefully ontrolled conditions of temperature and chemistry. he fungus consumes the wastes and turns them into rotein which is then filtered dry and packaged for ispatch to the farm or feedlot. The final product f the Vancouver plant is a fine brown-green powder ut otherforms can be woven by the process for different
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Page 21
feeding needs-ranging from large granules as string like fibres.
ALTHOUGH ENV ROCON is still studying the economics, there is no doubt about the nutritional value of the product. 'We know, going in, that the protein content of our product is 30 percent,' said company president Richard Buchanan. Other processes have been developed to turn non-food materials into food, but Envirocon's system has characteristics which put it in a class by itself The earlier systems all made use of complicated technology and used costly or scarce substances (petroteum and Starch products for instance) as raw material. 'Ours is a low-technology system,' said Buchanan. 'Conditions have to be carefully controlled but the system is geared for simple, small-scale operation. This means that a relatively inexpensive plant can be set up very close to the source of raw materials'. ... Mr. Buchanan pointed out that although the Vancouver plant is starting with . forest-industry wastes, the SCP system makes good use of a multitude of other cellulose-based crop leftovers including cornstover, bagasse (Sugar cuttings), rice hulls and Straw.
In earlier tests, University of Waterloo researchers used an assortment of materials ranging from Indonesian ramie leaves to peanut shells from Georgia, 'This system can be employed anywhere in the world', said Buchanan. Because of these features, Envirocon expects its plants will interest a wide range of customers including governments of developing countries looking for ways to Stretch Scarce food resources. In these areas the System could be used to replace Soymeal and fish with manufactured SCP supplement, and natural foods turned over to human consumption. in North America, anima feed manufacturers now use more than 1.8 million tonnes of protein supplement a year. On the Supply side, the Canadian forest industry alone generates 270,000 to 360,000 tonnes of wastes a year of the kind used in the process. 'AS things Stand now this material is one huge garbage problem-waste that has to be disposed of, usually in very expensive ways. Our process has a 50 percent conversion rate-one ton (.9 tonnes) of waste in, half a ton (.45 tonnes) of feed supplement out. So operators of our plants could look forward to producing up to 200,000 tons (180,000 tonnes) of supplement a year in total, fro this industry alone,' said Buchanan.
He added that although some forest industry mills might be interested in operating SCP plants themselves because it would be cheaper than waste disposal, he thinks it more likely that costomers for these plants wit be entrepreneurS Specializing in Waste material conversion. Inquiries from this Sector have been numerous along with others from agricultural and forest industry organisations in North America and
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

abroad. As the pilot plant operation goes forward, Envirocon expects to lower operation costs by making the process more efficient. It will also run comparative tests on different raw materials at different volumes. Plant testing-scheduled to last from one year to 18 months-will be accompanied by feed trials on poultry and livestock.-Canada Weekly.
MUSH ROOMS
A Delicacy
By Sadhana Garg
More than two centuries ago Richard Bradley, Professor of Botany at Cambridge and voluminous writer on horticulture remarked, 'who ever has been accustomed to eat mushroom will certainly allow him to be one of the greatest dainties the earth can afford'. This opinion is still held by many today for mushroom eating has not yet become common particularly in India. Despite it being highly nutritive and delitious it could not be included in our diets because of false beliefs attached to it. For long it as associated with the supernatural and Spirits. it was widely held that during rainy season mushrooms sprang up at a place where dogs urinated as their name 'Kukurmutta' by which they are popularly known, amply signifies. With more and more knowedge about this form of fungi we can discount such false beliefs. It is now considered as one of the most valuable vegetable both in terms of its nutritive value and palatability. There is little wonder that mushroom recipes occupy prestigious place on all meals. Mushrooms have fascinated man Since times immemorial. Fungus eating, especially, mushroom was very common in Greek and Roman times. Even in India according to Dr. Gorden Wasson, the famous botanist, mushroom was in use in early times. The 'Soma' referred to in Vedas, according to him, was nothing but 'fly agaric' which is considered one of the intoxicating species of mushroom. Today mushroom-eating is common in many countries such as the US, UK, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Italy etc. many of which grow mushroom on commercial scale. In India mushroom-cultivation is a new experiment and is mainly grown in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Utter Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and in certain parts of Rajasthan, Kerala, and Tamil Naru.
There are over 2,000 known varieties of mushroor in the world. However, the popular edible varieties are only a few such as white button mushroom (Pleurotus), paddy straw mushroom (Volvareilla Velvacca) and Shitake (Lentinus Edodes). White button mushroom is the most tasty and delicious
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species which is white or white cream in colour and has a button like shape. Commercially grown
in the US and Taiwan, oyster mushroom is fanshaped dark-brown when young then slate blue, pale grey or fawn. Paddy straw mushroom is commercially cultivated in China, Malaya, Thailand and Burma. It is called paddy-Straw due to its having been grown on Straw of paddy. It is usually grey slate. Shitake is mainly popular in Japan where it is cultiwated commercially. For growing shiitake, logs of shii (auercus cuspidata) and other trees are soaked in water for a few days and then pounded to Soften the bark. Holes are bored at short distances apart and powdered infected wood is placed in them. The logs are left in the shady parts of the forest and the first crop of the fungus' take" appears in about two years. While grey in colour it has shape like an umbrella.
It is essentially because of immense nutritive value that mushroom growing is widely practicised in several parts of the world, including India where it is also a Source of income for the small and marginal farmers. The nutrition value of a cultivated mushroom can be known from the following table.
Wutrition ۔ Ouantity (ingrams) Vitamin 'A' nOrne Thiamine 0.2 Riboflabin 0.52 Ascorbic acid 8.60 Vitamin 'D' One Vitamin 'K' -- Nicotinic acid 5.8
Pantothenic acid 2.58
Edible mushrooms contain 92 per cent water, while protein make 3.75 per cent, carbohydrates 3.50 and fat only 0.20 in certain species of mushroom there is an appreciable vitamin content (white button and shitake). Vitamins ABC ate apparently rare but vitamin occurs in such mushrooms. A species of mushroom are low in calories but rich in minerals and proteins, and are also easily digestible. Daily use of mushroom helps in ridding of stomach disorders, higher blood pressure heart diseases etc. It is a boon for the diabetic. Due to low caloric value it helps in slashing flesh, yet it is as delicious as meat. However, its digestibility is better than meat. Mushrooms are becoming the most fascinating table delicacies. For a housewife mushroomCooking is a delight as many recipes can be prepared from it including Salaad, soup, curry and stuffed mushroom which are not only delicious but also palabable.
Mushroom Safad : Ingredients: Mushroom 1 lb ; milk 2 cups and cream 1 cup. Boil mushrooms in just enough milk to absorb the whole. Arrange on Salad leaves. Pour over them a mixrure of cream, salt, pepper. Sprinkle with almonds and serve.
2O

Mushroom Soups: Ingredients: Mushroom fresh 1 kg; milk 1 and a half cup, cream half cup; butter 50 gram; flour one tanle spoon and Salt to taste. Boil the peeled mushrooms in just enough water to cook, and dry. Pass mushroom through a wire seive. Heat the butter and the flour and then the milk and the Seved mushroom Do not let the flour get brown.
Mushroom curry. Ingredients: Mushroom fresh 250 gram; peas 250 gram; two onions and two tomatoes of average size; and edible oil. After washing mushrooms peel them into two parts. Then fry the Small peices of onion and mix the spices and fry again. Now mix the mushroom and the peas and cook well until the mushroom and peas become tender Sprinkle gram masala before serving.
Mushroom stuffed : Ingredients: 6 mushroom preferably dried; 3 oz minced meat; one onion; 2 table Spoonful of Soyasauces; 1 and a half teaspoonful of Sherry; teaspoonful of cornflour and salt etc to taste. Soak dried mushrooms in warm water for 15 mts. Rinse and separate the stalk. Keep them upside down. Mix together the meat, chopped onions, Sauce, sherry and salt. Stuff this mixture into mushrooms and . steam for 5 mts in a cooker. Now add the cornflour to the chicken stock and boil. Don't heat it much and keep Stirring till Sauce thickens. Pour it over the muchrooms and Serve.
Mushroom eating is fun but note that all mushrooms
are not edible. Thus do not use wild mushrooms which spring up during the rainy season on putrifying substances as most of them are poisonous. The cultiwated mushrooms have little danger but still the following precautions may be taken into consideration:
1. Use only healthy and fresh mushrooms (Shiitake may be used in dry form).
2. Do not keep them for more than 25 hrs without fridge.
3. Use only one kind at a time so that the real cause may be discovered in case of any complication.
4. Try in smaller quantity when going in for a new variety.
5. Avoid over-indulging.
6. They should be well cooked but do not cook them too much so that the nutrients are not lost.
-Patriot
EC
PIGMENTATION
Of Egg Yolk
CHECKEN eggs with different shades of yellow in the yolk are available now, giving a wide choice for the people to pick the preferred one. The colour of the yolk is primarily due to the Carotenoid and Xantho
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phy pigments available in the feed. The amount of feed ingredieents that are high in these pigments will geratly affect the pigmentation of the egg yolk. Corn, Alfalfa meal, Yellow maize, marigold petals and algae mea are the major ingredients in the poultry rations that contributioute these pigments. Apart from these, there are many factors which influence the pigmentation of the egg yolk. Some of them are discussed here. Even among the same breed of birds, 14% of variation in the density of yolk colour is found due to Strain difference.
Hens of the same strains very with the ability to absorb and deposit the pigments available in the feed in egg yolk. Hens which are easily affected by disease, absorb only minimum quantitiy of these pigments than those which are kept healthy. Stfess factors like hot weather, handling of birds for various operations like vaccinations, debeaking, dipping can also reduce the amount of pigments reaching the ovary. Absorption of Carotenoid and xanthophyll pigments is enhanced by the fat content available in the poultry ration. High yielding hens should get more ration so as to meet the yolk colour with the pigments available, otherwise the bird will lay eggs with lighter colour yolk. Now-a-days many synthetic pigments are added to the poultry rations in order to get the yolk colour deeper. Synthetic caroteoids, Canthaxanthin are available in the market, which when added to the ration will deepen the yolk colour of the hybrid birds and fetch better market.
ADr. K. Gajendrab, Associate Professor and Head Poultry Research and Dev. Center (TNAU)
7iruuchi.
ONIONS
Seed Production
Reports from the recently opened Kalpitiya Research Station augur well for the future of onion production. The vedalam red onion locally referred to as 'Mal loonu' ( probably a natural selection of Vedaranium) produces viable seed which can be used to replace bulbs as planting material. Considering that bulbs i amount to about 40% of the crop budget. This would mean reduced production costs and consumer prices. It has been observed that this variety produces over. 80% flowers and over 90% viable seed when grown in the Kalpitiya peninsula and Vanathawillu region of the Puttalam district, while this does not happen anywhere else.
Harvested vedalam bulbs have a dormancy period of about 45 days in the Kalpitiya-vanathavillu areas.
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

Planted at the correct time, flower emergence takes place in 30-45 days. Experiments conducted so far have proved that seed can be stored for long periods at room temperature without loss of viability. Sundried flowers stored in polythene bags gave 90% germination after 10 months. The seedlings produced healthy bulbs, and when these in turn were planted, they too produced healthy bulbs. In another experiment sub-dried flowers and extraced seed were Stored for 3 months for comparison. 95% germination was achieved in both instances. Studies are now being done to assess the seed yield. This is vital to a seed production program,
It has also been observed that some farmers in the Kalpitiya penisula have achieved similar good results with seed of the Big Onion variety, Poona Red. It is thought that this variety may be the result of a natural cross between Poona Red and Vedalam. Research Officers at Kalpitiya will study this phenomenon too in an attempt to reduce our dependence on the import of Poona Red seed. This seed has to be imported because the plants when grown under local conditions have failed so far to produce adequate quantities of germinable seed to initiate a commercially viable Seed production program.
REVIEWS
FLM FOCUS
Publicity
T DOES SEEM UNFORTUNATE thet many films rated very high by film critics abroad are continuing to flounder at the box office locally. Logically it does seem that inadequate advance publicity may be the cause. Your columnist however did make a cross-sectional study of the relevant advertisements of many films in the secular press after viewing the films in question and it was clearly evident that the blurbs, even on the opening days did not sufficiently surface the story value of a film and the raving references did not run. parallel to the themes that the movie sets out to portray. To go to town with the remarks that a particular film had a few Oscars to its credit, go over the heads of many moviegoers, who would rather expect more salient details to go by. That box offices around the world today are rocked by youth attendance cannot be denied, for their main menu in entertainment appears to be to turn in the direction of cinema houses, and quite naturally they do not risk a visit unless properly fed mediawise of what to expect.
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Films with titles like 'China Syndrome', ''Twilights Last Glean' and 'Pennies from Heaven' need further elucidation for adequate box office response. Even some excellent Sinhalese films titles have the theames more unsaid than said and the producer has to carry the burden of his investment. Readers will reca that Film Focus had to explain via Lester James Peiris, what the relevance to 'Kafi' was in his most recent film.
Tamils film fans however are at a distinct advantage by the numerous film periodicals that flow in across the shores, and the box office ratings of most films in South India. Film Focus however holds fast to theview that the now extinct methods of publicising a film, by hand bills distributed by mobile vehicles - even handcarts - should turn the takings of any film appreciably. In the North and East for example and certain other rural areas, these methods are still in vogue, and hailers in halted vehicles, do provide that little extra that adds appreciably to cinema attendance. In India for example certain gimmicks enhance the popularity of films, even artificially. The names of sarees for example are manipulated after film titles - remember Aashiq' Sarees - black marketing is organized in the race for image building of a film, and previous are carefully planned, to which only those who can make a film click are particularly invited. This pathetic response by the public to excellent movies crossed the thinking of this column at a preview of the Academy Award winner 'Chariots of Fire' and left it with a certain amount of doubt of the film's fate at the box office, if those who are in charge of athletes in our schools, and their training methods, are not kept informed in advance of the connotation to the film's title - which had your columnist guessing too till he sat the film out, at the Regal (Colombo) recently. The story of this film does much to inculcate, the desirable values of mora and physical strength in the field of sport, and does it so brilliantly, that one would have expected to see Principals of schools and coaches of track events in schools to be invited to this preview. The box office pendulum would have swung appreciably had this step been taken. it does not seem late even now if a brief synopsis of the story is circulated to all schools. The title of this film too is misleading however elevated it may sound and its relevance should have been made clear, before it appeared in a random review in the newspapers. To some extent therefore, Exhibitors have themselves to blame when excellent films such as 'Chariots of Fire' fail to click as they should, for it carries tons of lessons in the attitude to sport to the youth of today.
CHARIOTS OF FIRE (Synposis) English: This film is based on a true story. In 1919, four young men arrived in Cambridge as undergraduates. One of hem was Harold Abrahams (Ben Cross), whose
22

life was a personal battle - being the prejudiced victim of anti-Semitism that was spurring him on with a driving ambition to prove himself for personal honour and glory. Eric Liddell (lan Charleston) was a Scotsman born to a different dedication of missionary parents, but also excelling in the field of rugger and athletes. Being committed to Missionary work himself, his added charisma as an outstanding sportsman drew towards him many admirers. During this period, to win an Olympic Gold was the ambition of every athlete, and Abraham and Liddel were on a titanic tussle for their 100 metres crown, at the Paris Olympics in the early twenties. The latter proved a trifle superior at one of the preliminaries, yet the final clash of rheir athletic prowess was looked forward to, but was not to be. This crucial encounter became a cropper as Liddell's steadfast religious Scruples prevented him from taking part in the event, as it was fixed for a Sunday. In a subsequent event however Liddell goaded on by a note that read from the Holy Book, 'He that Honours Me, I will Honour:" and with this message ringing in his ears with every stride, Sweeps to a world record and a Gold.
Thus both the ambitions of Arthur and Liddei are achieved, the former speeded on by prejudice and the latter by a love of his God. The record of Harold Abrahams, as the only Briton to win the 100 metres Olympics record which remained unsurpassed for 56 years, went on to become a leading figure in the athletic world. Eric Liddell however sacrificed his glory for missionary work in China and died in a prisoner of war camp in 1945. The moral of the clash of two deiverse personalities arepresented in the film as the fue that fires the will is not the same for any two men is strongly stressed by title as the film unfolds. it very deservedly collected four Oscars as the Best film, and for the Best Screenplay, Best Costume and Best Music in 1982. Masculine beauty in abundance, glistened by the shore as the film titles poured out amidst the fashing waves, when a team of athletes in training for the Olympics were winging and springing along in the morning air, taking the cool breeze in their sinewy embrace. The two biographies converge with excellent photography, to portray events within the rules of athletics that flow down from a supernatural Source. A slow motion camera took it all as the tapes were breasted with spectacular ease - sequences that seldom adorned a film story in the past, with a parallel musical scores racing alongside with 醬 get your youngsters to the cinema in time, to stead the receding qualities of sportsmanship, so evident in our times. Healthy bodies breed steady and noble minds appears to be the motto of the twin biographies . To principals of schools and coaches of the field. track events and athletes this film is even worth a half holiday if the alternative would be to miss its excell-ence. Need more be suid!
James W. Benedict
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

Page 25
THEATRE
Camelot
By St. Bridget's Convent Drama Club and directed by Yolande Abeywira, opening night 24th March, 1983.
Watching this, I had Richard de Zoysa's Camelot in mind, and like that show I found the speaking articulate, but the singing lacking in volume which was not the case with the other. King Arthur acted by Indulekha Dharmasena was as bearded as Richard and in his casual dress as scuffy, but got up in his finery, true majesty, every inch a king. The tilting Scene was out, but St. Bridget added her own contribution at the end with its long lines of religious, imposing and effective, the more religious themes truly well done. There were times in the show when was moved, and very much so indeed at the end when King Arthur hands on the legacy of all that Camelot stood for, the Knights of the Round Table, to a boy he found on the battle field before the fighting commenced. The boy, played by Sonali Fernando, brief though her part was, was really good. Camelot may not have been as great as St. Bridget's South Pacific but was close enough.
Mordred played by Rizanne Vaz may not have been as expansive and as self-assured as in the earlier productions of Camelot referred to at the start, but he was certainly more vindictive, a much nastier piece of work, as the authors Lerner and Loewe must have intended him to be. There were the other characters, Guenevere, King Pillinore, Merlin, the three knights who ran against Lancelot in the lists. They all played their parts well. Like Arthur in his finery, Lancelot was dressed Superbly, the very acme of virtue, and Sharlene Adams, who played the part, had much the same voice with the heavily accentuated French accent as the girl who took the part of the Frenchman in South Pacific some ten years ago. believe Yolande Abeywira directed that show, too. certainly preferred this version of Lancelot to that of a few years back.
in Camelot the music is finer, the theme perhaps more lofty than that in that other show of St. Bridget's but South Pacific was more gay, more full of fun, and there was towards the end a prolonged period of suspense. That is perhaps why I liked South APacific as done by St. Bridget's better, and preferred, too Richard's Camelot, but the Camelot about which am writing, had its moments which far surpassed that of either of other shows and had my bloodtingling.
TRIBUNE cORRESPONVIDENT TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

POEM
7f/F SEALACA.
the peace /'ve found is transient . like a breath of wayward wind. it's not the lasting kind. it always disappears When greed Grasps at my thoughts, When hatred Makes of me a fiend, When anger Burns a ravaged trait Within my heart, Aeluded as / roam This weary world - Where then do / find This end to 'Suffering?:
The peace I've found is brittle like a blown-glass orb That shatters at a touch. st always drowns When waves of passion Mount within my mind, When need and want Devour me, When death stalks 4t a loved one's door When doubts disturb The even tenor Of my life. Where then do / find, The end to 'Suffering:
What will your answer be, My friend. Adow do / end, My search?
WHO'S JOB IS IT p
This is a story about four people named EVERYBODY, SOMEBODY ANYBODY and WOBODY. There was an important job to be done and EVERYBODY was asked to do it. EVERYBODY was sure SOMEBODY would do it. ANYBODY, could have done it, but WOBODY did it. SOMEBODY got angry about that because it was EVERYBODY's job. EVERYBODY thought AWYBODY could do it but WOBODY realised that EVERYBODY wouldn't do it. It ended up that EVERYBoDy blamed SOMEBODY when WOBODY did what AWYBODY could have done.
CORRA ME*
ANON
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VಡGUE 41 sponrSCOPf
O /A6
S جے گا جی ܕܚܠܦܒܝܐ
o Cricket O Motor O Races
THE ANANDA- NALANDA 54th ”Battle of the Maroons' followed the pattern of the JosephianPeterite encounter, with the game ending in a draw. However the excitement throughout the two days gave the spectators their money's worth. On paper both teams were evenly matched and according to the pundits of the game the side that fielded better, especially grabbing even half chances offered were expected to come out on top. This battle between the two leading Buddhist institutions was marked with high fun and revelry, by both the old and young boys of both vidyalayas and the authorities who organized the match must be congratulated for telecasting the game live on both days, thereby giving those who could not make it to the ground the opportunity to watch the game in armchair comfort.
SPOTLIGHT
On the eve of the game the 'Ouiz the Maroons:: show went the way of the Anandians and indications were that the 'Big match' too, would go the way of the Anandians. But it was not to be so as the Nalandians, too, were equal to the task, ultimately coming out as the more enterprising team. The coaches of the two teams, Anuradha Poonwita of Ananda and Channa Gunasekera of Nalanda, the two captains and the two teams showed a positive approach to the game and always endeavoured to look for a result. Of all the 'Big Matches' played, the one that received massive crowed support is the century old Royalist-Thomian. This match just cannot be surpassed and the crowds that flock to this game year in and year out is the largest at any School match.
The 'Battle of the Maroons' was marked with three declarations, but failed to bring about a decision. However, it must be remembered that winning or losing is not what matters but how one played the game. In this aspect both the Anandians and Nalandians certainly have played the game in the best of traditions. The Nalanda skipper Kushan Weerasinghe winning the toss put his opponents in to bat which move came as a surprise to everyone, especially because the wicket was expected to favour batting, what with not a single drop of rain for weeks and months.
24
 

But then the skipper would have been advised by the coach, after a close look at the wickets before the commencement, to put his opponents in if he wins the toss. Weerasinghe called correcly and had no hesitation in asking Ananda to have first lease.
Weerasinghe's decision seemed to pay dividends as the Anandians lost their first wicket at one and then continued to lose wickets at regular intervals and the board at one stage read a poor 77 runs for six wickets. It was then that vice Captain, Vasantha Fernando partnered Dehigama to charter the course for a good Ananda recovery. Both Fernando and Dehigama batted sensibly treating the bowling on its merits. They quietly got on top of the bowling that was threatening to cutthrough and took the Score along to 132 when Fernando was out in the only way possible - run out - for 28. Dehigama too went at the same Score and they lost another wicket, that of Gunewardene at 134. Dehigama who gave Fernando good Support made a patient 27 runs which went a long to bring the Ananda total to some respectability.
With the Ananda score reading 134 for nine no one expected the last pair, Lasantha Wanigasekera and Manjula Thenuwara, to stall the Nalanda bowlers from a break-through of the tailenders. The pair batted quite courageously and the Nalanda bowling which at one stage looked very penetrative lost its sting and the pair went on to 184 for 8 made in 76.4 overs in 268 minutes of batting before the declaration. Wanigasekera and Thenuwara added exactly 50 runs for the last wicket when the declaration came. They remained unbeaten at 28 and 23 respectively. The wickets for Nalanda were shared between Weerasinghe, Boteju and skipper Weerasinghe. In the batting time left Nalanda rattled up 104 for one of the first day. Openers De Mel and Kapugekiyana who have always given them a sound start from which a winning total can be built again put on 92 runs before de Mel left bowled round his legs for 25. The not out batsmen were Kapugekiyana on 66 and Mahanama on 7.
The Second day, the Nalandians, too kept losing wickets at regular intervals and declared at 178 for 7 wickets in an endeavour to add life into the game which now showed signs of crawling to another draw. With the first five batsmen entering double figures and with Shanta Karunaratne top scoring with 70 the Anandians declared at 173 for 4 leaving Nalanda a target of 184 runs in 35 minutes plus the 20 mandatory overs, Nalanda made an early chase after losing the first innings to scorer Kapugekiyana for nought. Then skipper Weerasinghe and Mahanama treated the crowed to some belligerent batting. Weerasinghe scored 58 and Mahanama 29 and with Sumathipala hitting out with 20, time caught up and the game ended in a draw with Nalanda on 118 for six wickets. Had the Anandians made their decla
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

Page 27
ration earlier, the game may have produced an exciting decision. Scores: Ananda 184 for nine declared and 173 for 4 declared : Nalanda 178 for 7 declared and 118 for six at the close.
it was confusion worse confounded at the GRAND PRIX MOTOR RACES held at the Ratmalana Airstrip after alapse of four years. The Prix was conducted by the Sri Lanka Motor Cycle Club on Sunday March 27. The organisers were at Sixes and sevens as allegations were made that the Grand Prix for Motor Cycles were run one lap less and not the scheduled 35 laps. Then the winner Anoop Hirdaramani was challenged by another rider saying that he had lapped the winner. Then a counter allegation was made against the complainant. Allegations and counter allegations were made but the organisers saw to it that everything ended well.
Mahinda Wickremaratne who has made motor racing his early prayer, after many years of participation, finally Secured what he has been Seeking for years - the Grand Prix for Motor Cars. Anoop Hirdaramani who has improved with each race meet did well to take the Grand Prix for Motor Cycles. The biggest crowd ever to catch Motor racing in Sri Lanka thronged their way to the Ratmalana Airstrip and though not served with the best fare enjoyed a good and Sunny morning's racing. They were a well behaved crowd.
The Grand Prix for Motor Cycles which was worked off first saw riders like Dallas Martenstyn, Upali Dassanayake and Ranjit Chandrasekera all crying off with machine trouble. Anoop astride a Honda 124 RS controlled his bike skillfully and maintained a good speed got the better of all the other riders to make the Grand Prix for Motor Cycles all his own. Mahinda Wickremaratne in a Formula 3 Tohatsu Special 1600 cc was no match to the other drivers and not pushing his car to the maximum won as he liked. Wickremaratne was a popular winner. Other drivers to impress at this meet were Suren Cooke and S.T. Moorthy, Cooke behind a shining Renault Gordini 1397 cc won three events - Motor Cars Standard up to 1500 cc, and Motor cars standard up to 1750cc. Moorthy had victories in the Motor Cars standard up to 1250cc and Motor Cars Standard up to 1000 cc. Dallas Martenstyn on his Yamaha TZ 347 too had a double in the Motor Cycle events. ܫ
One was surprised at the absence of David Pieris from this meet. Peiris who has done wonders behind the wheel of his Arpico Special would certainly have given Wickremaratne a good run for his money. Peiris' absence took away the glamour of the meet and with the expected foreign competitors too, failing to face the starter the meet which promised So much served up mediocre fare. We hope that the organisers when next drawing up the Grand Prix will endeavou
TR BUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

to give the vast crowd that pays good money, their money's worth. A special word to the Police personnel who did a good job to ensure order and for the excellent traffic arrangements. The police team was led by DIG ( Greater Colombo) L. M. P. de Silva and DG Earnest Perera ( Personnel, Training and Traffic) assisted by men of the calibre of Senior S. P. Mount Lavinia W. Samarawickrema, ASP Mount Lavinia., Godfrey Gunasekera ASP Moratu wa M.
Sivendren, ASP Panadura, R. N. Benjamin and T. K.
Miskin of the Mount Lavinia Police who did a grand job.
FOUR OF THE OTHER BG MACHES - St. Anthony's College vs. Trinity College, Prince of Wales vs. St. Sebastians, Maris Stella vs. Holy Cross and Richmond vs. Mahinda as ended in drawn gameS. in the first series of limited over games between traditional rivals Royal beat S. Thomas to win the Mustang Trophy for a record seventh time. Negative tactics by the Anthonians on the second day preven ted what would have been an interesting finish against Trinity at the Asgiriya International Stadium. Trinity were set 117 runs for victory in 40 minutes plus the mandatory 20 overs and Trinity made an
attempt to get the tuns and were strongly placed
at 110 for three when stumps were drawn.
The Anthonian skipper Marlon Von Hagt was not happy in the manner he was given out in the first innings, but came back strongly in the second innings to crack a tidy 57 and then in the one-day game between the two schools he punched a stylish ceni tury to steer his side to victory. SAC 223 for 9 declared and 103 for 6 declared; Trinity 150 for 9 dec. and 110 for 3. The Prince of Wales vs St. Sebas
tians game was again marred by the antics of Some
supporters. In this game much was expected from fiery paceman Ajit Cooray. But he failed to impress: POW 161 and 141 for six. St. Sebastians 196. Holy Cross set 180 to win in 60 minutes plus the mandatory 20 overs made a bold bid for victory in their "Batt'e of the Lagoons: but ran out of time and had to settle for a draw. Maris Stella 125 and 155 : Holy Cross 101 and 158 for 4. Richmond managed to hang on to draw in their 'Big Match: against Mahinda at the Uyanwatta Esplanade: Richmond 136 and 114 for 6 : Mahinda 224.
Royal had no difficulty in winning their one-day game against S. Thomas at the CCC grounds. By this victory Royal won the Mustang Trophy for the seventh time. S. Thomas 142 in 47.1 overs: Royal 143 for
4 in 38.4 overs.
登 ALLFROUWIDER
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Page 28
SPORTS : CHRONICLE
March 21 - 27
MONDAY, MARCH 21. Sparklink Travels beat Bank of America by four wickets in a cricket match played at the Navy Grounds, Welisara, yesterday. Bank of America 109 and Aparklink Travels 110 for 6. SSC led by Ajith Abeygunawardena, clinched the Donovan Andree Trophy when they beat holders, Bloomfield on the first innings in a Final Round game at Maitland Place yesterday. Bloomfield 173 and SSC 255. Daya Sirisena of Moratuwa SC carved a special niche in division cricket by hitting his 200th Six in the Raheman Hathy game against Army at Galle Face yesterday; Moratuwa scored a first innings win Overnight 248 for 7 they declared at 302 for 9 and then dismissed the Army for 201. Defending champions Bloomfield virtually clinched the Lakspray Trophy when they beat their closest challengers, Tamil Union on the first innings at Reid Avenue yesterday; the win saw Bloomfield complete their final round matches with 98,610 points from eight matches.
TUESDAY, MARCH 22: Kaiutara Vidyalaya were 204 for 6 at close of play in their cricket match against Sri Palee, Horana played on the Esplanade yesterday; Kalutara Vidyalaya 204 for 6 at close and the match will be continued at 10 a.m. today. Nalanda Present boys drew the cricket match against their Old Boys team played at the Sara stadium yesterday: Nalanda Present Boys 174 for 7 declared an old Boy XI 105 for 4 at stumps. Arjan Perera won the coverted triple crown at the Otter Aquatic Club Open Tennis Championships which was revived after severel years and played on their courts at Bullers Road on Sunday; this is a ranking tournament of the Sri Lanka Tennis ASSociation. Colombo YMCA and Police with 20 points share the Japanese Ambassador's Trophy in the Judo Tournament held at the YMCA Gymnasium on Saturday; YMBA with 9 points were runners up.
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 23: Metropolitan Sports Club defeated Hotel Lanka Oberoi by 21 runs in a cricket match played at Health Grounds over the week end. Metropolitan Sports Club 182 for 6 wickets in 42 overs and Hotel Lanka Oberoi 16
for 9 wickets in 42 overs. Kochchikade Community Centre annexed the coveted Police and Public Goodwill Shield by emerging champions in the threeday Volleyball tournament conducted by the Playground instructor, Kochchikade Community Centre, Raj Rodrigo and sponsored by Jampettah Police Station Yasodara House with 20 points was placed first at the interhouse athletic meet of Mahamaya Balika Vidyalaya held at the Bogambera Stadium. Sangamitta House with 184 points and Maya House with 181 points finished second and third respectively
26

St. Mary's Maha Vidyalaya trounced Kegalu Maha Vidyalaya 4 - 0 at soccer at Kegalle Public grounds recently.
THURSDAY, MARCH 24. Mohamed Nimaz scored a chanceless unbeaten 70 with a six and 10 fours to help Zahira to 133 for 6 at the close in reply to sipatana's 199 in their cricket match at Maradana yesterday. A sensational bowling spel by skipper C. Ranasinghe saw Ananda trounce Nalanda by 119 runs in their Fifth Annual Limited Over Staff Cricket Match played at Ananda Mawathayesterday. in reply to Ananda's 161 in 38.1 overs; Nalanda were shot out for a paltry 42 in 16.5 overs. The Old Boys of St. Thomas College, Kotte scored an exciting one wicket victory over the Present Boya in their annual cricket match played fast Sunday at Kotte. St. Thomas 200 and Old Boys 201 for 9. L. Amarasinghe hit a century with 16 fours to enable Sri Palee declare at 194 for 5 in their drawn match aginst Kalutara Vidyalaya played at the Kalutara Esplanaede. Kalutara Vidyalaya 206 for 6 continued 220 for 7 declared. Police B beat Old Bens B by 3 goals to nil after leading 1 - 0 at the break in a Pioneer Shield hockey tournament match played at Police Park on Tuesday.
RRIDAY, MARCH 25: Time deprived sipatana of a win against Zahira in their cricket match at Maradana, yesterday, Given the impossible task of scoring 235 runs for victory in 65 minutes and 20 mandatory overs, Zahira were tottering at 138 for 9 wickets when play ended Left Arm leg spinner Samantha de Mel took 5 wickets for 31 runs : sipatana 199 and 213 for 5 declared and Zahira 183 and 138 for 9 at stumps. Ishan Weerakoon the D.S. Senanayake schookboy won the Major Title Tournament of the Chess Nationals conducted by Brooke Bond Ceylon Ltd., and held at Methodist College hall. Dimbula who played in the Upcountry League rugger tournament conducted by the SLRFU last year has made a request to the touringment committee to play in the B Division along with the Colombo clubs this year. Kegalle Youths B held Hyline Sports Club, Dangolla to a five all draw in an exhinition Soccer match played recently at the Kegalle, esplanade after leading 2 - 1 at Half time. Kapilla Fernando controlled the game.
SATURDAY, MARCH 26. Honours were even on the first day of Kurunegala's 'Big Match:" between Maliyadeva and St. Anne's which began at the Weagedera Stadium yesterday. After Maliyadeva declared their first innings at 175 for 6, St. Annes were 95 for 3 at the close. Dharmaraja's star opening batsman Senaka Dissanayake led a run-orgy in the 'Big Match' against Kingswood at the Asgiriya international Stadium yesterday. Dharmaraja first innings 370 and Kingswood first innings 37. Wesley were 54 for 2 after D. S. Senanayake Vidyalaya declared at 233 for
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

Page 29
6 in their cricket match at the Health Grounds yesterday. Thurstan's Present Boys scored 222 and dismissed the Old boys for 171 ar Vihara Maha Devi Park yesterday.
SUWIDAY, MAA?CA/ 27: Tudor Guna ratne turned in a fine allround performance to help St. Sylvesters beat their traditional rivals Vidyartha in the 25th Battle of the Babes by an innings and 43 runs with 13.2 mandatory overs to spare on the Asgiriya Police grounds at Kandy yesterday. St. Sylvesters made 241 in their first innings and dismissed Vidyartha for 122 and 76. Centuries by A. M. Ahamed and Mohamed Nimaz helped Zahira to make 367 for 7 wickets declared in their inter-school cricket match against Carey which began at Maradana yesterday; in reply Carey scored 95 for 4 wickets at close. D. S. Senanayake Vidyalaya beat Wesley by 9 woikets in their match at the Health Grounds at Castle Street yesterday. D.S. Senanayake 233 for 6 wickets and Wesley overnight 51 for 2 wickets) all out 71. St. Anthony's beat Trinity 160 runs in their limited over Cricket match played yesterday at Katugastota and thereby regained the Sir Richard Aluvihara Trophy. St. Anthony's 231 for 9 wickets in 50 overs and Trinity 71 in 25.5 overs.
ETTER
Sports Chronicle
Sir, To those of us who are sports fans living abroad, the Sports Chronicle in the Tribune is, indeed, a valuable Storehouse of information. The first column read, when the Tribune reaches here, is the Sports Chronicle. But occasionally, the compiler frustrates the reader by not maintaining continuity of reports. For example, in the issue of 5th March, the first day's scores in Royal-S. Peters cricket match are given under the events of February 19th but the second day's Scores do not appear under the next day's events. We hope you would endeavour to ensure continuity in future.
S. Manoharan
Post Box 62, Kabarmet,
Kenya. 17th March 1983.
Wote The compiler of Sports Chronicle will endeavour to avoid such shortcomings - Ed.
TRIBUNE, APRIL. 9, 1983

Notice Under Section 9 Of The Land Acquisition Act (Chapter 460) as Amended by the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act No. 28 of 1964.
Reference No: ATH 17/132 (O. K. 132) it is intended to acquire the land described in the schedule below. For further particulars please See the Extraordinary of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Gazette No: 237/15 of 24.03. 1983
S C H E D U L E
D.R.O's Division , : Nugegoda.
Situation : Ward 9, Nugegoda South within he U. C. in its of Kotte.“
Village : Nugegoda.
Name of Land جسے -ست سے۔ -- یـــــــمہ۔
Lot Wos. :2 & 3
Alan Wo. P. P. Co. : 4251
Kachcheri, H. C. Gunawardane, Colombo. District Land Officer, Date:- 18.03,83 Colombo District. E.JP/12/11/10/03
MAKE.
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Page 30
CONFIDENTIALLY
Scientists Chicanery
IST NOT A FACT that certain persons in Sri Lanka, who sport Science degrees and doctorates, never hesitate to rush into making pontifica pronouncements on every imaginable subject which more often than not turn out to be Wrong even before the words are forgotten? That these declarations made with the cocksureness of neo-papal infallibility are not doubt intended to Secure headline publicity for those who make them ? Tha" some of our 'scientists' have promised everything else other than making the moon a colony of Sri Lanka to permit Sri Lankans to enjoy a never-ending and perpetual poya holiday? That we have also had learned Scientists who have proclaimed that electric energy from tides and waves was round the corner ? That it is not difficult to make a list of such promises made by prominent Sri Lankan 'scientists' in the last one or two years that will stretch from Galkissa to Mattakuliya 2 That the sections of the public, who believed in these grandiose promises, are now compelled to hide their faces - because nobody likes to be fooled ? That it is a pity that these 'scientists' still continue to mislead gullible folk with their stories which even modern science fiction will reject out of hand 2 That in a sense it may be wishful thinking but it be correct to characterise them as deliberate prevarication ? That one classic (recent) example of Such a boastful (scientific) skulduggery was the hoax that had earned headlines for Mawatha gama 2 That to warn 'scientists' not to cheat the public in future with such games of bluff ( only to be on the front pages of newspapers and the news bulletins of the SLBC and Rupavahini) Tribune will place on record some of the swindles perpetrated on the public ? That we will start with the Mawathagama shenanigan? That readers will recall that the US in order to further its cold war against the USSR had thought it fit to make a scare-raising hulabaloo about the nuclear powered Soviet Cosmos 1402 which was failing back to earth ? That whilst responsible Scientific opinion in all countries was of the view that the nuclear core would burn itself out on re-entry into the earth's atmosphere, American cold Warriors painted a picture of a nuclear doomsday for that part of the earth on which the remains of CosmoS 1402 would fall That Sri Lankan 'scientists' entrenched in what has been euphemistically termed our Atomic Energy Authority went beserk and thought it necessary to alert the whole nation of the dangers of atomic radiation because there was a 'chance' that pieces of Cosmos 1402 may fall on Sri Lankan Soi 2 That our Atomic Energic Authority 'scientists' did everything they could to create a situation of hysterrical pandemonium? That it was in this situation that the SLBC first announced that something thought to be a
28

fragment of Cosmos 1402 had struck Sri Lanka near Mawathagama? That the daily papers followed this with sensationalised banner headline stories? That the Scare had been built up so much that on January 22 itself the UNI-DPA released a global report datelined Colombo on this event? That the report read A burning object, believed to be part of nuclearpowered Soviet satellite Cosmos, came down on Saturday in Kurunegala, 85 km. north of here, Sri Lanka radio announced. The State-run radio said a team of scientists from the Atomic Energy Authority confirmed after visiting the touch-down spot by helicopter, that radioactive energy was emanating from the soil near the fallen object. The Soviet Union had notified UN General Secretary Javier Peres de Cuellar on Friday, that part of the atomic-powered Cosmos 1402 espionage satellite would fall to earth somewhere in the "region of the Arabian Sea' on Monday (Jan. 24). The fragment, a Soviet announcement said, would not contain the fuel core of the satellite's nuclear reactor. 7ass said the satellite was spnt into Separate parts on command from earth to ensure that the entire satellite would butn upcompletely when it re-entered the earth's atmosphere. The fuel core would remain outside the atmosphere until mid-February, 7ass said. The statement given to Mr. Perez de Cuellar was reiterated today by the Soviet Embassy in Colombo which contacted the Foregin Office to say that the parts of Cosmos were not due to disintegrate before Monday. Meanwhile, Police Inspector Senaratne of Mawathagama, a small hamlet near Kurunegala, said two village boys reported having seen an object at about 3 p.m. local time that resembled a "burnt-out tennis ball as it hurled from the sky. Police immediately cordoned off the area and a team of atomic experts on standby in Colombo was brought to the site, where a mild level of radiation was established. The amount of radioactivity on hand was not enough to be considered dangerous, the group said . . . . . . ' Such was the opening scenario of the Mawathagama Sensation? That in the days following, the Radio, the TV and the daily papers fed the public with weird tales about a Soviet atomic fallout that had hit Sri Lanka? That millions in this country were led to believe that owing to Soviet blundering Sri Lanka had suffered its first atomic attack 2 That even the voice of sanity of Arthur Clarke who questioned the verdict of the head of the Atomic Energy Authority was buried in insignificant corners of the front pages of our papers overwhelhemed by Spine-chilling versions of the bombardment of Mawathagama from outer space 2
To be Continued
TRIBUNE, APRIL 9, 1983

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