Page 1
AV FAUNA O
 
 

Page 2


Page 3


Page 4


Page 5
THE
AVIFAUNA OF T
OF
CEYL(

HE ISLAND
DN

Page 6


Page 7
TH
AVIFAUNA OF
O
CEY
A SYSTEMAT
WITH DESCRIPTIONS SPECIES OF BRDS INHAB OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR H
AND TABLES OF THE
DISTRIBUTION THF
JAMES A.
VQ
ASIAN EDUCATI NEW DELH C
 

E
THE ISLAND
F
LON
C ACCOUNT,
OF ALL THE KNOWN
ITING THE ISLAND, A LSO
HABITS, NI DIFICATION, &c,
I R GEOGRAPH ICAL
ROUGHOUT INDIA.
MURRAY
ONAL SERVICES CHENNA År 2005

Page 8
ASIAN EDUCATIONA
* 31, HAUZ KHAS VILLAGE, NE
el : 2656-0187, 2656-8594 e-mail : asian jQvs.nl.com I
t 5, SRPURAM FIRST STREE
e 2811-5040 Fax O44-28 e-mail. asianedsGmd3. vsni.
ww.asianeds.com
Printed and Hand-bord in Ilr
Y
Price : Rs.995
SL. Rs. 1495 (Special price First Published : ondon / Bomba AES Reprint: New Delhi, 2005 ISBN 81-206-1974-9
Published by J. Jetley
for ASAN EDUCATIONA SERVI 31, Hauz Khas Village, New Delhi Processed by AES Publications P Printed at Chaudhary Offset Proc

L SERVICES
EWOEHI-110016
ax: 011-2649-4946, 2685-5499 aes publications@yahoo.co.in
, CHENNA - 600 014 11-1291 iet.in
dia
for Sri Lanka only) y, 1890
GES
- 110 016. wt. Ltd., New Delhi-110016 ess, DELHI) - 110 051

Page 9
T.
AWIFA UN A OF C CEY
صحسنستہ
A SYSTEMAT WITH DESCRIPTIONS SPECIES OF BIRDS INHAE OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR AND TABLES OF T
DISTRIBUTION TH
JAM E S A M U
MEM OF THE NATURAL HIST. A
MANAGER, vICT. NAT. HIST. INSTITUTE
LIBRARY AND MUSEUM ; AUTHOR O) BOTANY AND zooL GY OF SIND sIND;o “KURR HEE To KA zooLOGY oF SIND ; '' “THE AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDI AND 'THE EDIBLE ND
NIDA AN
LONDON:-KEGAN, PA BOMBAY:-EDUCATION
 

THE ISLAND
LON.
SN--
TIC ACCOUNT,
OF ALL THE KNOWN BITING THE ISLAND, ALSO HABITS, NIDIFICATION, &c., HEIR GEOGRAPHICAL
ROUGHOUT INDIA.
BY
JR RAY, F. S. A. L.,
ND ANTHROP. SOC. OF BOMBAY ; ; LATE CURATOR, KURRACHEE MUNIeIPAL
"A HAND-Book TO THE GEOLOGY, ; ' ' THE PLANTS AND DRUGs of NDAHAR; ' ' THE VERTEBRATE RRPTILEs of SND; '' “THE A AND ITs DEPENDENCIES;'
GAME BIRDS OF BRITISH
) cKYLoN.'
L, TRENCH, TRt BNER & Co SocIETY's PRESs, Byculla.

Page 10


Page 11
PREE
SHOULD it be asked whether ar. Island of Ceylon was required in the reply shortly is that it was und Colonial Government of Ceylon, wil presumed to be acquainted with t student, the enquirer, and workers systematic to study, with material present time, furnishing also in ab ledge of the habits, resorts, nidifica of the species of birds inhabiting information in sufficient detail for tion of such species as may be m necessity of having to consult published above a decade ago. It that, being a subject of special e the 'Avifauna of British India an Governments in India as well as several distinguished Independent extend to it a liberal share of pati respectfully seeks.
His attention was first particula the work by several Ornithologi whether the Colonial Government and so render them less depende publication of whose works, -as new species with much additiona brought to light and require being 1 has the gratification to find that 1 strewn with perplexities and heavy much the knowledge of the geogral to be of some service to Naturalists task he had undertaken, though he insufficient support up to the com possible to carry out the plan origi graphs and coloured illustrations, 8
A word in regard to the Introd request transcribed from my “A argued as a reason, that, in short, as he would wish to cutow of the ex and gives a sufficiently succinct Ornithology.

ACE.
other work on the Avifauna of the addition to such as already exist, artaken under the patronage of the ich Government, no doubt, maybe he public wants, in so far that the in Ornithology required something s collated and brought up to the ief compass more extended knowtion and geographical distribution the Island, as well as all available the discrimination and identificaet, without being reduced to the periodical literature and works was also undertakoh in the hope nquiry, and not one included in d its Dependencies,” the severa
the Home Government, and the Princes and Chiefs in India, would *onage; and this the author very
irly directed to the publication of sts, with a request to ascertain might not sanction such a work, ht on the older authors, since the valuable as they are-numerous I scattered information have been blended into a whole. The author he has been enabled, with a path clouds over head, to increase very phic distribution of many birds, and in general, as well to complete the regrets very much that owing to pletion of the work it has not been nally designed in regard to Litho
(C. iction. This has been by special ifauna of British India,' it being it affords to the student as much ternal and internal parts of a bird, account of the History of Indian

Page 12


Page 13
INTROD
BIRDS form one of the most ma brated animals, as well as the mo are oviparous, red and warm-blood lungs which are bound by cellular the sides of the dorsal vertebra thoracic cavity, nor free muscular C from the bronchial trunks and, th with the cells of the lungs of quadr by communicating with the cells o which communicate circuitously v are continued from the lungs into to the interior of the trunk, appea the region of the pelvis. In fact, air in which they are destined to ever, have the interior of their bor marrow; but this is soon displace lungs, which gains access at the necessary for the various species a of life. Being intended for flight, generally visible are specially orga covered with feathe's, instead of h mammals are transformed into wing structure of the body and all its va fications which these parts assume enable the Ornithologist to form c. liarities. The primary parts of birc body and limbs, under which sub The head is composed of the bill ed to the body by a neck. The sk phanous and continuous plate of bo

UCTION.
ked and grand divisions of vertet lovely group in creation. They ed, feathered bipeds, breathing by issue to the inside of the ribs and : ; there is therefore no distinct iaphragm. The cells open directly ough minute, are large compared upeds. The interior of the bones, the lungs, are respiratory organs, fith the trachea. The cells which the cavity of the abdomen, extend r in the axillae, in the neck, and in every part is impregnated with the move. The young of birds, howhes filled with a thin serous fluid or !d by air from the air-cells of the roximal extremities, to the extent ccording to their habits and modes their external anatomy or those parts nized for the purpose. The body is air or wool, and the two forefeet of s. As in other classes, the form of rious members as well as the modiare discriminating characters which nceptions of their respective pecu-, s, as of all vertebrates, are the head. ordinate members may be classed. and the skull. The latter is joinull is formed of a thin, nearly diae above, with all the cranial bones

Page 14
ii INTRO
anchylosed. The occipital is not by a lambdoidal suture, nor is the parietals from the frontal. All the period. The first cranial vertebrae short. The sphenoid bone and the are lengthened, while the pterygoid The basilar part of the occipital bol position at the lower margin of th afford mobility to the connection slender circular atlas and the verte being composed of numerous bone enables a bird to preen its feath surface of the body and to sleep wit under the wing. The face of a bi skull,-whether articulated as in p bones being elastic to a certain exte are large, the former being separat or membrane, while the latter are l; extent, to the want of the sense of freely and widens the gape very much developed in length and them a large fissure. The nost shape, and size, and the upper an and suited to their habits. In sc and lengthened, and terminate nate in a point as in woodpecke pointed, hooked, rounded and hal shaped and toothed; while birds with the edges sharp, strong, and bill is composed of two piece quadrupeds; the upper portion which is either continued far dilated as to form a casque or he at the base as in rapacious bi lower portion (b) is the lower m

}UCTION.
separated from the parietal bones e a sagittal suture to separate the se have anchylosed at a very early at the base of the occipital bone is parts in front which form the face portions of the former are detached. he ends in a single condyle, and its e foramen as wel as its rotundity of the occipital (A) bone with the bral column generally. The neck s (K) is rendered flexible, and this ers both on the upper and lower h its head turned round and placed td is movable upon the rest of the arrots or not, -the thin nasal (F) nt. The orbits and organs of vision ed only by a thin translucent plate argely developed in lieu, to a great touch. The lower jaw (P) moves sensibly. The palatine bones are readth, and these have between rils are very various in position, i lower jaws are also very variable me the mandibles are compressed in a hook; in others they termi:rs; others again are broad, sharpd, or as in ducks long, fiat, spoonof prey have a dense horny bill cutting, and the tip hooked. The s corresponding to the jaws of (a) is called the upper mandible, back on the forehead and there lmet, or there is a soft naked skin rds, which is the cere (8); the andible. At the base of the upper

Page 15
INTROD
mandible, concealed or not, and
(c), while the high medial keel of corresponding keel of the lower margins of both mandibles (f), c either arched, straight, curved, or lower; the forehead (g) is the reg body commences with or joins the length of the sterium or breast-bon (g) and terminated by the vent (r
On the upper part of the body : or back (t), lower back (v), the rur (w2) are situated, and last the tail composed of the thigh (gg), tarsus
It is scarcely necessary to give anatomy of birds, since a knowled almost sufficient to determine or cla allied groups-though it would no ornithologist to know the various p in order that comparisons may b groups and species. Professor C. Wings of Birds,' translated for the F.L.S., considers the feather cov of the greatest significance in th says, “It is a truth that every ext equally certain indications of affi as an internal part of the body, a precedence can be established à pr logical point of view, indeed, the more important than the external, the external parts as possessing an the characters derived from the examined.
Birds have much in common denied that there are striking res

JCTION iii
of various shapes, are the nostrils the bill is the culmen (d) and the
mandible is the gonys (e). The ommonly called the commissure, is estooned, or the upper overlaps the ion lying close to the nostrils. The breast. (o) and extends the whole e. It is succeeded by the abdomen
and the under-tail coverts (s).
are the wings, the interscapularies np (w), where the upper tail coverts (a) The leg, as in quadrupeds, is (hh), the toes (ii), and the claws.
a detailed sketch of the internal ge of what is visible to the eye is issify them generally, or even closely doubt be of much service to the arts or rather the osteology of birds e made of the bones of different J. Sundevall, in an article “On the “Ibis' of 1886, by W. S. Dallas, ering of the wings of birds to be eir systematic arrangement. He ernal part of an animal can furnish lity or distinction between species nd that in this respect no order of ori * * * *.” From a physiointernal parts may be regarded as but zoographically we must regard equal, if not greater value, because m can be easily recognized and
with mammals, and it cannot be emblances between individuals oi

Page 16
1ν 1NTRO
both classes, especially in their ha be said to represent the feline tr Hawk, the Fox; the Parrots, the M the Camel; the Cassowary, the Ll, character are concerned. With a creatures of the air, and their ol purpose; the larger birds, as th organized for carrying their weigl besides the bones in their body them more buoyant, and facilitate of the atmosphere.
Just as is the hair or fur of a ma feather is a horny production of the Huxley, it is devolved within sacs of the dermis. The external surf. feather is to be developed, is prov median groove which becomes s papilla. From this median groove angle, and passing round upon become shallower until, in the median groove, they become right angles to the lateral furrows has the character of the kind of dipped in such a substance as a to cool until its whole surface v that substance, it is clear that the basal or anterior end of th ends of the lateral furrows, and which open into them; whilst it of the median and lateral groo minor grooves. If, therefore, th from its mould, were stretched f became weak by drying, it would median line opposite the rod-lik between the ends of the casts

DUCTION.
its. The Eagle and the Owl may pe; the Vulture, the Hyæna ; the nkeys feeding on fruit; the Ostrich, ma; and so on, so far as habits and few exceptions, they are essentially ganization has been fitted for the
Pelican and others, are specially t by air sacs under their breasts, being filled with air, which make respiration under various pressures
mmal or the scales of a snake, the epidermis. According to Professor from the surface of a conical papilla ice of the dermal papilla, whence a ided upon its dorsal surface with a hallower towards the apex of the lateral furrows proceed at an open the under surface of the papilla, middle line opposite the dorsal obsolete. Mincr grooves run at Hence the surface of the papilla mould, and if it were repeatedly solution of gelatine and withdrawn tas covered with an even coat of he gelatine would be thickest at 2 median groove, at the median those ends of the minor grooves would be very thin at the apices es and between the ends of the hollow cone of gelatine, removed om within, or if its thinnest part :end to give way along the inferior casts of the median groove and of the lateral furrows as well as

Page 17
INTROD
between each of the minor groo expand into a flat feather-like a vane' formed of barbs and t development of a feather, such a c though not in gelatine, but in the upon the mould, and as this is th manner just described. After a ce of the feather ceases to be grooved is formed which constitutes the qui to consist of a tube or quill (calam tube or quill is horny and transpar the species, and is fixed in the skin above the quill which is filled with pith-like substance which bears th outer or generally convex side wi tube, and on the inner or pithy sid a well-defined groove along its l small opening into the interior of dry membrane. On the side of tube, are vane rays or webs. Thes and nearly cylindrical in the sr the larger ones, as the quills. barbs, barbules and barbicels, wh entire web.
Then there are the plumules or a like the larger feathers, issue from the opening into the interior of appendage checked in its growth naceous birds, as pheasants. The the vane rays very delicate and f from them and from the barbs bar united, and loose. In the Cassc accessoria is as large as the outer and Falcons, about three-fourths th the most well-developed feathers,

JCTION • W
tes, and the hollow cone would structure with a median shaft as arbules. In point of fact, in the ast of the dermal papilla is formed, horny epidermic layer developed rust outwards it opens out in the rtain period of growth, the papilla and a continuous horny cylinder ll. Shortly, a feather may be said us), a shaft, and two webs. The int, varies in length according to The shaft or rhach is is that part an elastic, corky, white buoyant vane or web. It is coated on the th a horny lamella not unlike the e (also coated, though slightly) is ength up to the umbilicus or the the tube, which is closed inside by the shaft, from above the quill or e latterare, in general, fine, filiform, naller feathers, and flattened in These, again, are furnished with ich help to give coherency to the
ccessory plumes which, constructed the margin of the quill tube below the tube, which is regarded as an
This is inconspicuous in gallilumules, unlike other feathers, have ibre-like; two series of barbs issue bicels, extremely fine, entirely diswary and the Emu this plumula shaft and vane; in others as Grouse : length, downy and incoherent. In as the quill feathers, the plumule is

Page 18
vi INTROD
not present, and in others altogetl their plumage, as in Strix, Colum it is very minute and downy.
Feathers may be divided into extreme cold, and those spec which are next the body, and analogous to the under fur of quad an equal temperature, and may Birds which lead an aquatic life h developed than in others, for t additional warmth.
The feathers intended for flight be divided into primaries (4), seco primaries may be distinguished fr size and stiffness. These arise number they are usually Io; the fi Joint, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th upon th upon the metacarpus. In some sor 9, and the first feather is either ri the longest. Secondaries are tho and are inserted in the skin on th are not so stiff and strong as the more curved and more mobile. the proximal end of the forearm, humerus and scapula.
The feathers on the upper surf loped on the cubitus and commor greater series (3) cover the base O resemble the quill feathers or prin of plumules. The second series. seated in the fold of the skin behi behind this series are the lesser c
Next is the tail, the feathers of 2 in number, but there are o

UCTION.
her wanting throughcut the whole of ba, and Anas, while in song-birds
those which protect the bird from ially intended for flight. Those
commonly known as down, are rupeds. These keep the body in
be said to resist cold or wet. ave these feathers generally more he manifest intention of affording
are, first, the wing quills, which may hdaries (5), and tertiaries (6). The om all the others by their greater from the bones of the hand. In rst of which is on the second finger he first finger joint, and the other 6 gbirds, however, the number is only udimentary or wanting, but never se which arise from the forearm, 2 posterior side of the ulna. They primaries, usually shorter than them, The tertiaries are those attached to while the scapulars lie over the
ace of the wing are mostly devely designated wing coverts. The r root of the quills, and in general laries, and, like them, are destitute or median coverts (2), are also nd the arm. The smaller feathers overts (I).
which in the majority of birds are thers with as many as 14 to 18;

Page 19
A. CDc B Par
Balearica pavons
 

cipital. ietall. intal. mpanum or os quadrata. al.
1uf.
nerS.
vicles vical Vertebrae. ius.
a.
acarpuз. er jaw.
imb,
ile singer. ternum.
na (L.).
o. Endosternum. l. Episternum. r. Coracoid. e. Dorsal Weltebrae. f. Sacruma A. Coccygeal Vertebrae. a, Scapula. a. b. Metatarsus.
pe. Tibia. a Felvis.

Page 20


Page 21
INTRODU(
these act in unison with the wing, c act as a rudder. The tail is lor shortest in the natatorial and gra covered at the base by the uppe tail, as the wing, in its structur specially adapted for various p uncommon; rounded tails are the tail is exhibited in 2 or 3 groups on Adisseneuroides, and the lyre-shape order.
Of the osteology of birds muc position of the frame of the body ribs anterior and posterior to th the whole short body or trunk, terr lation with the sternal ribs and sternal appendices on the midd do not at all touch the sternum (T respiration the sternum un birds pla, of the most remarkable and charac for its great development; next, fc trunk, enveloping, as it does, all median carina in front, giving i power to the pectoral muscles, the are marked on the external surfac sternum or breast-bone bears the the humerus; the trunk is solid, along the side of the vertebral powerful muscles of flight, whil resistance is the coracoid-bone (c) or form throughout the class, but habits of the different orders, and varieties of appearance len and systematist in working out geese the posterior margin is repla birds it terminates in narrow, se

YTION, vii
|uring flight, and when expanded gest in the Rasorial types and llatorials. The tail feathers are
er and under tail coverts. The 'e shows a peculiar organization urposes. An even tail is very most prevalent, while the racket ly as Edolius, or Dissem urus and di tail exclusively in the Rasorial
h will not be said. In the com, birds may be said to have false e true ribs. These cover nearly minate anteriorly in a single articupass forwards to be fixed on the le of the trunk. The false ribs T) or breast bone. In the act of ys a very important part. It is one :teristic bones of the skeleton-first, r the extent to which it covers the the internal organs, and by the t solidity, as well as strength and limits of attachment of which latter e. The surface presented by the permanent and powerful muscles of and the scapula, situated as it is column, gives attachment to the 2 the chief support and means of The sternum is not of one shape t is variable in consonance with the and these different shapes, forms d considerable aid to the anatomist perplexed affinities. In ducks and Lced by membrane. In gallinaceous parate bones this is on account of

Page 22
viii NTRC
their habit of running and feet flying rapacious birds have it soli are no parts of animals which ture as the atlantal and sacral
from the centre of the skeleton
the organs of progressive moti which animals reside. These p, of animals, that we might alm organs so different as the huma or the wing of the bat, or the fore sition was lost; and in passing to
expect to find the same element
of a fish or the foot of a turtle metal But these very diversities of for examined, present the best proc plan upon which all organic forms
Anterior to the sternum are form the furcula or merry-thought sternum by ligament or cartilag keep apart the shoulders, in oppo muscles of the wing in flight.
In most birds-arboreal birds ( as light as the wings. These hav extensors continued to the foot. E over the knee and behind the hee
them to grasp mechanically the br
The leg bones consist of a sho fect fibula anchylosed to it; a pat bone (the tarsus) and the toes. tudinally, and being anchylosed large surface for the attachment trunk upon the thighs. The lon and receive the kidneys. The is develope in their cavity the eggs,

DUCTION.
ling on the ground; while the highily anchylosed and ossified. There vary so much in form and struc(f) extremities; the parts remotest are the most mutable in form; and on conform most to the medium in arts vary so much in the same class ost be induced to imagine that in n hand, and the fin of the porpoise foot of the mole, all unity of compodifferent classes we should scarcely of structure which compose the fin morphosed into the wing of the bird. n of the same organ, when carefully fs of the unity and simplicity of the
are constructed.
the clavicles which unite below and
bone. These are joined to the re-and the width of these serve to sition to the strong exertions of the
specially-the legs are slender and e the long tendons of the flexors and By the long flexor of the toes passing l, the bending of these joints forces anches on which they are perched.
1 rt femur, long tibia with an impertella ; an anchylosed tarso-metarsal The pelvis is much extended longiwith the vertebral column, affords a of the muscles which support the g iliac bones are excavated below chia and pubic bones are wide and trom which they are also expelled.

Page 23
INTRO
The muscular system of this life and to carry them through th fessor Grant, of the Edinburgh C. contraction is the greatest in the l lost aster death, its tenacity af inverse ratio of the degree of activ muscles are generally more firm a of a darker colour than in the properties are most exhibited in t less so in granivorous birds. This in birds in order that they may their prey through the air, as w latitude to latitude, and to perfor chains, continents, or the trackles the extremities of birds are genera longer and slender, dense, and of ments of birds being nearly the sa the disposition of their muscles. priated for flight, their progressive chiefly on the action of the pectora surpassing in magnitude all the re. the whole of the forepart of the tru forearm, and the hand are inserted confined to near their orifice, so t down to the points which are ti motion in the phalanges of the fing
It is not within the scope of th tive or detailed classification of t system or the organs of support tegumentary organs and those of connexion, sensibility and ser generation, would go far beyond duction, while the proper treat competent writer. En passant, h out of place, especially in refe
B

UCTION. ix
ass is also adapted for their aerial atmosphere. According to Prolege their irritability or power of ving state, and is the most quickly er death being generally in the ty of that power during life. The d vascular, tougher, stronger, and cold-blooded vertebrates. These e high-flying rapacious birds, and muscular force becomes necessary ly, either for safety or to pursue ll as to follow the seasons from m their migrations över mountain s ocean. Though the muscles of ly short and thick, the tendons are en ossified. The form and move. me, there is a great uniformity in Their arms and hands being appro: motion through the air depends lis mafor or the humerus, a muscle st in the body and covering nearly nk. The muscles of the arm, the high up, and their fleshy portions hat only the long tendons are sent be moved. There is very little
ers.
is introduction to give an exhaushe organs of birds. The osseous has been touched upon, also the f motion. To detail the organs sation, as well as of nutrition and
the intended limits of this introhent of these would need a more wever, a few remarks may not be ence to those organs which the

Page 24
Χ 1 NTROL)
ornithologist and the student instance, the testes. These, it is in close proximity to, the kidne external characters which would sex of a bird, yet nothing wou examination of this organ of ge the question beyond doubt. Durir the testes of all male birds are sex exhibit in the same situat at other times, though present, sexual differences are more mal and other vertebrates; but these a in the case of birds, the young the plumage of the female, or v the year. The males, with som and more highly coloured.
The voice organs are placed i the end of the wind-pipe, which is and the call of each bird is prod called the larynx. It is here that voice of birds, is formed, and thi tinguishes the class from all others contained in the cells of the lungs pipe and the larynx with their con ments in the gullet, contribute to t of the voice. By their song one life, and by it the male woos its not even known whether belongi intelligible among the class.
The nervous system in birds rapidly to high development.
The sense of sight is also very class and each family and sub-fam organs developed to the extent living condition. The eagle and

JCTION
must necessarily examine-for enerally known, lie in front of, and vs, and although there are certain
enable the determination of the ld be more satisfactory than an eration-testes or ovaries decide g the breeding or pairing season
much developed while the female on well-developed ovaries which are small and granular. External “ked in birds than in mammals re not always reliable, especially i and the males of which assume
ice versd, at different seasons of e exceptions, are as a rule larger
n a glottis, at the bifurcation at formed of entire rings of cartilage, uced by peculiar sets of muscles that peculiar gift of Nature, the s one of all other attributes disin the animal kingdom. The air is the force used, while the windtractions, or expansion or movehe modulations and modifications nows of their happy and cheerful mate. It is a language which is ng to one family only, or generally
ind the organs of the senses run
ighly developed in birds, and each ly will be found to be fitted with of their wants and to suit their le raptores generally soar out of

Page 25
ÎNTRODU
human sight, and yet they can s immense distance. The owl is co its organs of sight are so adapted with greater facility in the dusk an repose. It is, however, compensat loped sense of hearing. The sens keen and piercing, and this f factor in the solution of the qu thousands of miles are traversed b. This must assist them.
It is doubtful whether there is sense of taste in birds; while that reliable data, may be said to be, if : in carrion feeders.
Like quadrupeds, birds may be cla and mixed feeders, or those that pe are furnished with larger and pro carnivorous species, Their food f entire, but soon undergoes part secreted from the glands-thence e tually the gizzard or true stomach, muscles, thick and powerful mem and becomes fit for the action of ti
In their habits birds are either latter exists generally among the R live a solitary life till the breeding courtship and live in pairs, whilst in forming their temporary habitat There are also some, as the cuck care of a foster parent. Birds ge their young, and do not leave then great number or the majority c and its dependencies quit the co Each species associate in flocks together with the advantage they

CT1ON, xi
ee their prey notwithstanding the hsigned as a night watchman, and that it can only distinguish objects d when all nature is desirous of ed by a larger or more highly devee of sight is certainly extremely act no doubt is an important estion of the manner in which y birds in their annual migrations.
any special development of the of smell, in the absence of any at all, very little developed, except
ssified as granivorous, carnivorous, rtake of both. Granivorous birds portionally longer intestines than rst enters a craw where it reaches ial dilution by a peculiar liquor inters another stomach, and evenwhere, with the aid of powerful brane and stones it is triturated le gastric juices. monogamous or polygamous, the asores or Gallinacea. Some again season, when they begin their their united efforts are necessary ion and in rearing their offsprings. oo, which leave their eggs to the nerally evince great affection for till they can feed themselves. A f those known to inhabit India untry for the purpose of breeding. and aided by their keen sight, possess of flying at considerable

Page 26
xii INTROD
heights in the air, they are enabled discover the route they are to take
guide, the appearance of the atm so that without recourse to impr form an idea of the speed at which
to far countries by crossing vast oc conveying themselves from one pl subsist for the reason that climatic
This may also be said to be one of th the want of food, other causes of m temperature of air and a convenie breeding and rearing their offsprin country or climate to another-or forest regions, or to sequestered ri vast sandy plains far removed fro river. And all this is conducted the same may be said of their r It is also a noteworthy fact, proved affect a certain station or district u The question as to how they subsis solved, when we consider the veloc considerable length of time the m we estimate the speed of a bird's f would need but 24 hours to carry i without taking into consideration would probably nearly double the dis winged birds pass by gradual and sl their appearance in different countr but these seldom go further than tain ranges. Many journey during daylight or tor the purpose of ta' currents. What the true reason for We see their punctuality of depart very carefully, the time of their ni various structures they build for th

UCTION,
with their instinctive knowledge to to migrate-taking, probably, as a osphere, direction of winds, &c.; bable modes it is not difficult to they go in transporting themselves ean tracts. Without thc means of ace to another they could scarcely influences affect their food-supply. he reasons for migrating. Besides igration are the want of a proper int situation for the great work of g. They either remove from one from the inland districts to hills, ocks or inlands in the sea, or to m, or in the vicinity of, the sea or the with greatest punctuality, and eappearance a few months later. by experiments, that birds which sually return to it year after year. t during their migrations is readily ity of their flight together with the ajority continue on the wing. If light at a mile in two minutes, it : as many as seven hundred miles
favourable wind currents which
tance. Red-starts and other shortow movement-as is evidenced by ies at different times of the yearthe inaccessible heights of mounthe night to avoid the dangers of cing advantage of favourable air migrating is has yet to be learnt. 1re and return, we note the dates dification, the composition of the 2 rearing of their young, also the

Page 27
INTİRÖİ3U
number of eggs they lay, their col changes of their plumage during th and conjecture we have not gone
very various, but in consonance w rapacious birds have their eyries c the most inaccessible parts or on th ones, including the Vulturinae, lay b lesser ones, as the Accipitrinae, bui tops, and lay 2-4 eggs and seldo annually. All true vultures lay b as those of eagles, are built entire hollow receptacle lined with coars material. Bones also form a part c in society-occupying trees, mount roofs-as sparrows, crows, herons, of their eggs lay others very shortly too, are quite in consonance with
holesin wels, caverns, and in ol holes in trees; Kingfishers in the b build nests composed of mud plaste wall, or under a roof or bridge, w Weaver-bird, Honeysuckers, &c.,
sters nearly, of the Timeliinae gro shrubs; and with an instinctive ki nests by various artifices, as covet plaster to give them the appearanc
Of the Avian inhabitants of In breed in the country. A great Himalayan range, while the rest in and to breed on the plains.
It is not necessary to refer tc species, nor to divide the country table at the end of the volume wil text the latter, while it is patent t

:TION, xiii
our, size and shape, as well as the a breeding season, but beyond this, The nidification of birds is indiced ith their habits. The high-flying in the ledges of high mountains in le tops of high trees; the larger ut one, and seldom two eggs. The ld generally on trees or on steeple m do more than repair their nests ut a single egg and their nests, ly of stout sticks and twigs with a e grass or fine twigs and any soft if the structure. Many birds build ain ledges, plains, and the eaves of gulls, terns; and some when robbed after. The situation of the nests, their habits of life. Owls build in d decayed trees; Woodpeckers in anks of streams; the Swallow tribe :r and feathers against the face of a hile others again, as the Byah or build pensile nests, and all songup, make small nests in bushes or nowledge endeavour to hide their *ing them with cobwebs, lichen, or :e of the surroundings of the nest.
dia nearly one-half are known to number go no further than the hay be said to be resident members,
the geographical distribution of into geographical regions, as the sufficiently show the first, and the o all that humid countries comprise

Page 28
κίν INTRC
birds of bright plumage and those and in consonance with the nature phical distribution of species ha materials available.
As a short resumé of the history haps be not uninteresting, what ha British India is transcribed here, p
It is above half a century sin first writer on Indian Ornitholog thology of India. This paper a Zoological Society of London. Co lishing in the Asiatic Society's Jou and Dholbum. Another equally el who in 1832 began his Catalogue continued his studies and publica birds but of the mammals and fish nated, while Mr. Brian Hodgso at the Court of Nepaul, added of the avian inhabitants of the H spread both in the Indian and Hic valuable MSS. and drawings, so thological work, are zealously wa British Museum. Assam was na and his papers--also published in ings in t839-are full of interest geographical distribution of the Hi
Dr. Adam collected in Cashme Provinces of India; Colonel Tytler the names of Hutton and numerou prominent in the earlier journals a on habits, nidification, &c., of spec
Mr. Blyth, who is rightly calle logy," was by far the most import of the Birds of India." Seated, as

DUC's 1ON
of the plains of duller plumage, of the surroundings. The geogras been worked out from all the
of Indian Ornithology would pers been written in my Avifauna of efatory to that of the Island.
ce Major Frankin, who was the y, published a paper on the Ornippeared in the Proceedings of the lonel Tickell soon followed by pub"nal a list of the Birds of Bhorabum hergetic naturalist was Col. Sykes, of the Birds of the Deccan, and tions for some years, not only of of the Mahratta Country so design, who was attached as Resident argely to the store of knowledge imalayas. His contributions are ome scientific periodicals, and his largely referred to in every Ornitohed over and consulted at the 2xt worked out by MacClelland, the Zoological Society's Proceed, and particularly as showing the malayan birds. :re, as well as in the North-West in Barrackpore and Dacca; while s other observers and collectors are Ls contributors of interesting notes ties in various parts of India.
d the Father of Indian Ornithoant contributor to our knowledge the head of the Asiatic Society's

Page 29
INTRODU
Museum, he, by intercourse and formed a large collection for th pages of the Society's Journal v thus did more for the extensio of India than all previous write Indian Ornithology without ref butions. The most recent authori C.B., who, like Blyth and Je workers, and did so much for Journal-' Stray Feathers'-no a of the distribution of Indian birds made over to the nation, is ample to which he worked. Ever saddle time for carrying out a most noble “Scrap Book,' and numerous of India, the Andamans and th monuments of his fame througho civilized world. His writings ar contributors and collectors are t Birds, and his vast collection is Naturalists must work. Thougl points, yet the palm is his as an to the Ornis of India. Amongst to the Science in the pages some who may be ranked as sp their labors need a record. These the Geological Survey, an ever of some eminence. Mr. Theobal Mr. Ball of the same Department, worked in Northern India, while must stand the names of Majo. Mr. W. F. Sinclair, Collector of Co Bombay, Mr J. Davidson, Collectic each one having respectively w Concan, the Deccan and Khandei,

CTION. XV
through correspondents, not only e Society, but also enriched the with the results of his study, and in of the study of the Avifauna
•rs. There can be no work on erence to his voluminous contriity, however, is Mr. Allen O Hume, rdon, got around him numerous
Ornithology, that without his ccurate knowledge could be gained i. His large museum, so liberally evidence of his zeal and the purpose d with his official work, he yet found object. His “ Nests and Eggs,' articles on birds of various parts e Malay Peninsula, are standing ut the length and breadth of the ld the field notes of his curator, he pith of every book om Indian the ground upon which all Indian differing from him on some authority above the rest in regard the hundred and one contributors of “Stray Feathers,' there are ecialists in this department, and 2 are Mr. W. T. Blanford, late of watchful and zealous Naturalist ld, also of the Geological Survey, and Mr. W. E. Brooks. All these for work in the Western portion r Butler, of the 66th Regiment, laba, Mr. G. Vidal, the Collector of or of Khandeish, and Mr. Fairbank,
orked the Avifauna of Sind, the sh. s

Page 30
χνι INTROl
The country referred to in the the whole of India, including thos (now British) Burmah. Of this l; of the Indian Empire, Mr. Eug Department, has written a c and it is from the pages of h able to add much to the kno Indian Empire as it now stands. resumé of the Ornithological explc Tickell, whose contributions in t Asiatic Society's Journal are of m Ornithologist who attempted to v was in Tenasserim, chiefly among the east of Moulmein, culminating rises about 6,ooo feet above sea assuming charge of the Asiatic contributors in Captain (now Sir A Berdmore, Dr. Mason, and others. birds of this country also swell the Journal,' as well as those of the of Burmese Birds was his last con in 1875 by the late Lord Tweed latter, recently known as Lord Wa Ornithology of Burmah, and his published as a posthumous work, e Ramsay, who explored a considera
The following are other paicu work done in Pegu. He says: '' are engaged in active work in con I come to a small band of hardy O. Hume in his study and Mr. many years past, actively worked Naturalists enrich the pages of Oa from both sources.

)UCTION.
Avifauna of British India embraces 2 recently acquired possessions in tter and most interesting portion ene Oates, of the Public Works onnected and detailed account, is valuable work I have been wledge of the Avifauna of the In his Introduction he gives a rations in that country. Colonel he early numbers (1833) of the uch interest, is said to be the first vork Burmah. His field of work the higher hills and mountains to g in the peak of Mooleyit, which level. The late Mr. Blyth, after Society's Museum, found willing rthur) Phayre, also the late Major Mr. Blyth’s contributions of the 2. pages of the "Asiatic Society's ' bis.' His valuable Catalogue tribution, and this was published dale as a posthumous work. The lden, also interested himself in the valuable papers have also been dited by Captain R. G. Wardlawble portion of Pegu.
lars given by Mr. Oates of the Turning now (1883) to those who lection with Burmese Ornithology, working field naturalists. Mr. A. W. Davison in the field have, for Tennaserim.' The notes of these tes" work, as welas of this, culled

Page 31
INTROD
Other workers in the field of T. Blanford, Captain Fielden, 1 the late Colonel Lloyd, the late Mr. DeWet; also Mr. Hough and of all these gentlemen are to b Feathers.'
British Burmah, according to maritime country, hardly any po from the sea. It lies entirely wit portion of Arrakan being at a tropic, and the most Southern pc oth degree of North Latitude. country may be said to be mountai strips of land along the banks of areas at the mouths of these rivers
The whole of British Burmah
with dense growth cf vegetatior vegetation is composed of large
the low alluvial plains, elephant gi owing to a heavy rain-fall, is saic cause the plumage of birds to b may be said of that portion of the the Himalayas, also Eastern Beng
Ceylon is an island which, thoi has always attracted the attenti .. antiquities, archaeology, ethnolog subjects, its zoology, until very r hence very little has been know scenery and climate, as well as ol but of its zoology there were no c important communications publish Journal by Drs. Davy, Kinnis and the late Mr. Edward Blyth, whos
Ornithology still stands as a m

UCTION, xvii
Burmese Ornithology are Mr. W. or, Armstrong, Captain Bingham, Captain Beavan, Mr. Oliver and Mr. Shopland. The contributions be found in the pages of “Stray
Oates, is an irregular, narrow, rtion being more than 200 miles hin the tropics, the most Northern short distance from the Northern bint of Tennasserim lying on the The general character of the nous, the only flat portions being the larger rivers, and considerable
where not cultivated is covered . On the elevated portions, the forest trees and bamboos, and on ass of great height. The climate i to be humid, and its effects, to e of great brilliancy. The same Zoological region which comprises al, and Malabar.
ugh from almost time immemorial on of those interested either in gy, geology, and other kindred ecently, was not investigated, and wn. Bibliography, in regard to its f sporting tours, was not wanting, onnected accounts, beyond some ned in the Bengal Asiatic Society's i Templeton, which were edited by se name in connection with Indian onument in the annals of Natural

Page 32
xviii INTRODU
History. These papers excited : immediately followed by others fro I852 sufficient materials were colle write his “Prodomus Faunae Zeylani in the zoology of the Island, Drs. fessor Harvey, worked up the man
With the united results of the o domus” of Dr. Kelaart, Major Le much as a decade ago wrote his illustrated work. Though it was a useful in being descriptive of the A classification adopted by him was g nomenclature was more or less ob pletely worked up.
Since Major Legge's publication, the country has increased ten-fold Messrs. E. E. Green, H. Parker, F. much valuable information in rega many valuable and important dis various periodicals, and one of t them together, and to present a sy, habitants of the Island according t accepted classification, as adopted and its Dependencies.o It compris and specific Descriptions of all t habits, &c., with also a table show This last is considered the most showing what species belonging to as permitting inferences as to the p distribution from the Himalayas : ditions are (configural, climatic ( species from having a place in the
With the Table of Contents o topography of the country is easily

CTION,
o much interest that they were m the pen of Mr. E. Layard, and in ted by Dr. Kelaart to enable him to ca.' While continuing their interest Davy and Templeton, also Proimals, reptiles, fish, molluscs, &c.
fficers abovenamed, and the “ Progge began his researches, and as Birds of Ceylon,' an excellently ill that could then be desired, and vian inhabitants of the Island, the generally inappreciable, while the solete, and the synonyms incom
the interest in the Ornithology of , and numerous field-workers, as Armstrong and others, have added rd to nidification, as well as made overies. These are scattered in he objects of this work is to bring stematic account of the Avian ino the most modern and generally in my “ Avifaunia of British India es, like that work, ordinal, generic he birds, as well as notices of their ng their geographical distribution. important portion of the work, as the Indian Fauna occur there, and otential factor in determining their o far south, and what the conr nutritive) which preclude other Fauna.
this work before one, the whole read. The absence of Vultures

Page 33
INTRO1
in the Island points to an animal a place to in some numbers, as a inferred that the Jackal (Canis a especially in the low country, do ti parts of the world have been assi Harriers, the number of species of of other Falconidae, shows that the land, over which these species soa it, while from the Pandiones whic kite, as well as the number of spe occur of the Accipitrinae, it cannot in great part a large undulating system of no great extent; and marshes exist, and that the countr form extensive tanks in the no number of species of the Palaeorn of songsters among the Passerine formed by the mountain system beir vegetation; and the species of the to the belief that rice is the chief C European forms occur, as the stc but these are chiefly seasonal visi lakes and marshy plains, also the the Island, especially in the Ea between the mainland and the with aquatic birds and waders; i simply in myriads. Though in nu not number high, but the individua said to be innumerable. The Gal are not many, and it is, scarcely e latter, as well as the Laridae, oc of sea coast and suitable marshy are averse to the Anseres affecting tainly outnumber both the Grallae two-thirds of the whole Avifauna (

DUCTION, xix
of another class having been given compensation, and it may be rightly ureus) which hunt in large packs, he work which the Vultures in other gned. Then come the Buzzards or which in comparison to the number : country is generally a heavy grass ur for rats, snakes, &c., which infest h occur, also the Brahminy or Fishcies of Terns and the species which : but be inferred that the Island is plain, diversified by a mountain that from this configuration large y is seasonally inundated, and so rthern and central regions. The inae and Gecininae, also the paucity birds, point to the hills and valleys ng clothed with large trees and dense Fringillidae which occur lead one fr only cereal cultivation. orks, curlews, and waders generally, tants. The large tanks, marshes, shallow lagoons om either side of stern Provinces along the coast sand formations of the shore, teem in fact, in such situations they are mber of species the Grallatores do il members of each species may be linae and Anseres, as will be seen, :xplainable why only so few of the cur, considering the vast extent ground, unless climatal conditions g the Island. The Passeres cerand the Anseres, and form nearly of the Island.

Page 34
XX INTROD
Of the 375 species known to occ moist regions of Bengal; 226 in Br and hilly regions of the Conca rainfall is about the same as in India as Sind, Kutch, Guzerat and birds of Ceylon is very small, the species belonging to the Ceylon A can only be counted 16o-I64, re along the Malabar Coast as mi are found, while the Island has to itself.
Southern India has been practi Jerdon. His admirable manual sh to perfection a system of clas practically good though not ve for the past quarter of a century of India; and if there are any w it is because they live in later t those who base their classificati
structure.
Classification-according to grouping of objects according to ment into divisions of various is to bring together those bein and to separate those that diffe simply as a convenient method labour of the naturalist, who, b the characters which each specir its general position, to confine details of structure. His labou. one group of all the animals wh essential characters. The Phi higher aim, and his object is t other words, to endeavour to c

JCTION,
ur, as many as 232 are found in the itish Burmah; 197-199 in themoist n and Deccan, where the average
Ceylon. In the drier regions of the Punjab, the distribution of the atter country containing only 197 vifauna, while in Guzerat and Kutch :spectively. In Southern India and any as 3ol of the Ceylon forms no less than 4 species peculiar
cally worked out by the late Dr. ows the energy he spent in bringing sification to this day admitted as ry natural, but yet the foundation y of every work on the Avifauna ho differ from him in certain views, imes, and follow, though not quite, ons on internal as well as external
Jerdon-may be said to be the ) their affinities, and their arrangedegrees of magnitude. Its object gs that most resemble each other, r. By some it has been regarded of arrangement for shortening the y its means, instead of studying all hen presents, is enabled, by knowing his attention to a few of the minor is thus simplified by the union into ich agree in the most important and osophic naturalist has, however, a discover the natural system, or, in evelope the general plan on which

Page 35
INTROD
the Creator has formed and ar natural objects.
On comparing certain species v of resemblance of structure and g are nearest and most close, are resemblances, analogies; and the or remoteness. The affinities of their order of succession in natu appreciable. Not so, however, species and groups to others, perl may be resemblances of structure. naturalists explain them by exp: group, great or small, there are ( fixed characteristic marks, and th: sentation in one group of a certail other words, that analogous group; sponding place in their respe This theory of representation h too great an extent by certain wri to be founded on nature; and th pected analogies between dista manifests the unity of the plan ol to Mr. Darwin's views, such ana supposition that the resemblances origin. The colours and markings in other groups; and, in most of form of bills, and also of othe several distinct types; and, in so analogy is shown by habits, by t change of plumage, &c, &c. M pointed out in the present work.
On beginning at any point in an by step, the scale of affinities, we is interrupted, and that branche

CTON, xxi
inged the numberless species of
th others, we find various degrees :neral appearance. Those, which called affinities, and more distant e are of every degree of nearness species may be said to point out 'e, and are easily understood and the analogies exhibited by many aps very distantly related. These
or of colour, or of habits. Some essing their belief that in every ertain types of structure, offering at analogies are, simply, the reprel type in another, or, to put it in s or species simply occupy a corrective classes, orders, or families. as, perhaps, been carried out to ters, but, nevertheless, it appears e existence of these, often unexa nt groups and species, clearly the animal creation. According logies might be explained on the were due to some remote ancestral of some birds appear to be repeated
natural divisions, great variety r parts is exhibited, representing ne more distantly related groups, e colour of the eggs, by seasonal any examples of analogy will be
series of beings, and tracing, step soon find that the supposed chain strike off in various directions.

Page 36
xxii INTRO
That a linear arrangement is quit universally; but what directions on; nor, indeed, have Zoologist there is a fixed plan for any one extends through all. Strickland attempted to show the affinites o by means of diagrams.
Certain English Naturalists, and
Botanists, have maintained that, beings, according to their affiniti point whence they set out, not in series of circles, Thus the circul has been strained, perhaps, too fe doubt that in many instances arrangement appears to exist in ni show this. It appears, however, of the species of any group are va figures, every natural group and two only, but with several; and it if we possessed all the forms whic of transition towards all the other Many examples might be given t arrangement, but I shall content in this supposed feature, to verify, o be studying. Many gaps of coul affinities, some very great, othe course are stumbling blocks in the plete chain or circle; and the fo covered, have not been sufficientl
much less.
That a special design is exhibit but little doubt. It is admitted unequivocally, in the best knowr the Vertebrata; in all the class

JCTION
impossible has long been conceded e divergencies take, is not agreed of the present day decided that ass, still less that the same system ind, quite recently, Wallace have some families and orders of birds
imultaneously, one or more German arranging any series of animated is, the tendency is to revert to the leed in an unbroken line, but in a ar system, as it has been termed, r by its exponents, but there is no his tendency to a quasi-circular ture, and even Wallace's diagrams according to some, that the affinities rious, and cannot be expressed by species being connected not with is possible that any natural group, h it comprised, would present links groups of the same family or order. o show the tendency to a circular lyself by pointing out to the student otherwise, in any group he may se occur in following the chain of s easily bridged over. These of way of such as believe in a comsil remains of birds, hitherto disnumerous to make these intervals
in Creation there can, I think, be by almost all, and most fully and and most highly organized group of which a certain archetype of

Page 37
INTROD
form is preserved, marked and re special ends. It is surely more C to believe that He formed His num tions to each other, than to conce independently. Indeed, a followe that the evidence of design is as transmutation of species, as by tha but Darwin himself, perhaps, lays fortuitous circumstances as produ the inherent power of change, whi then exhibited by various organic
That species were created at ha others, either of the same group C so opposed to all the affinities and animated world, that the mind re acknowledges the evidence of desi
That a certain system has been must be admitted, but the exponen Gadow, Seebohm and others too standing-has yet to appear, “ Til accumulate facts and not to genera
of facts, and want our Lyell to exp
By the consent of most naturali into kingdoms, sub-kingdoms, clas and, in some cases, where the f families, and sub-genera are adde kingdom Vertebrata, of the Anima are founded chiefly on the form o the feet. Families are characters the bill and feet, together with cha and certain habits, more or less co one or many species closely resen of bill, feet, wings and tail, and in colour, size or some minute diff

JCTION, xxiii
cognizable, however disguised for onsonant to our ideas of a Creator berless creatures with certain relaive that each was brought to life :r of Darwin might fairly argue clearly shown by the theory of the it of separate individual creation;
too much stress on external and cing varieties, and not enough on ch, as he clearly shows, is now and
podies.
p-hazard, without any reference to ir more distant ones, is a doctrine analogies observed throughout the fuses to accept it, and intuitively gn.
followed, if we allow design at all, t of the natural system-Sharpe,
numerous to mention notwithhe tendency of the present age is to lize, but we have now a sufficiency lain them.”
sts, all object of nature are divided ses, orders, families, and genera, milies are numerous, tribes, subd. Birds are a class of the subls kingdom. The Orders of birds f the bill, and more especially of ed by more minute distinctions of racters drawn from the wings, tail, mmon to all. A genus comprises bling one another in the structure habits, yet differing, it may be, in 2rences of structure. To give a

Page 38
Χχίν NTROID
familiar example, the European are species of the same genus, M and the little Indian Kingfisher
genus Alcedo, each of these g Of late years genera have been gr of them being classed as sub-gener realm of Ornithology is presided tion can be satisfactorily pointe families of any order are very nur and when the genera of any fa several distinct forms, they are grc
In every natural assemblage of or order, there is some one form v are common to all, in a more rema the rest; and this is called the genus has its typical specie; each on; the type being, in each instan naturally revert as best exhibiting entire group. Some are very close to such a degree that we might has tion, were it not for the presence
called aberrant forms.
It may be asked, are the divi natural, i.e., marked out by natu That some of them are so, we example already quoted of the V four, some say five, great divisions that the distinctions are in most ca and, in each of these classes so cle
divisions apparent even to the among birds, are the Birds of P
Ducks, &c, &c. Many genera, natural and clearly defined, and c clude that Nature herself (could

CTION.
te and the Common Kite of India vus and the English Kingfisher re separate species of the same nera containing several species. atly divided and multiplied, some .; but in practice, and till the whole ver by a master-hand, no distincd out, or actel on. When the erous, they are classed in tribes; mily are numerous, or comprise uped into sub-families.
orms, whether it be genus, family which presents the characters that (rkable and complete manner than type of the group. Thus each family its typical genus, and so ce, that form to which our minds the characters that belong to the ... to the type, others differ from it re failed to recognise the connec of intermediate links. These are
sions, which are here indicated, le, or, in other words, designed ? may, I think, safely infer from the rtebrata. Here we have at least marked out by nature so broadly ses recognizable and patent to all; arly marked, that there are certain
ininstructed; such, for example, ey, Owls, Finches, Game birds,
oo, are undoubtedly exceedingly n the whole, I think, we may conre but correctly read her lessons)

Page 39
INTROD
has pointed out most of the divisio each group, small as well as great, Many natural divisions, however, ap have no definite limits; yet, for limits and characters; and the affi must be judged of by as many and derived from all parts; but cer assigned.
There are at present above 8, described, though much of the civi When this has been done, what til conjecture, but this large number into six large orders, founded enti and prehension. These are:-
I.-Raptores, or II.-Insessores, o III.-Gemitores, o IV.-Rassores, or V.— Grallatores, VI.-Natatores, ol
Though this is the basis of c the present day to split and divi
arrangement, owing to structural being made the basis, hence we
viz., “ Oates’ Catalogue of Indian
crows aking the lead in the N Raptores are placed after the Parr place, as in the following rather
I. Passeres; III. Macrochires; III VI. Striges ; VII. Accipitres; VIII. S Anseres; XI. Columbae; XII. Gal Limicolæ; XV. Gaviæ; XVI. Tu needless to defend these systems
system must survive.

UCTION. XXγ
ins; or, in other words, has varied
in a certain and definite method. pear to grade into each other, and 2urpose of study, we must assign nities, by which they are grouped, as constant characters as possible tain typical characters must be
Doo species of birds known and lized world has yet to be explored. he number may be it is difficult to has been arranged by Naturalists rely on the organs of manducation
birds of prey. r perching birds. r pigeons.
game birds. or waders. r swimming birds.
lassification, there is a tendency in de these, and to upset the order of
and external characters combined : see in a very recent classification,
Birds in the British Museum,' atural System In another the ots, and the Passeres hold the first mixed arrangement:-
. Pici; IV. Coccyges; V. Psittaci; Steganopodes; IX. Herodiones; X. linae; XIII. Geranomorphae ; XIV. binares; XVII. Pygopodes. It is ; it cannot be done; the oldest

Page 40
xxvi INTRODU
Raptores, or birds of prey, are and claws, by means of which the the order of nature to prey upon, to keep that necessary balances rank among birds as the Carnivora divided into two families, the diur. the owls, which issue at dusk. . vultures, kites, falcons, hawks, &c by having their nostrils placed feet bearing three toes before anc laterally; while the Strages, or nc covered with stiff hairs, the out directed forwards. The Passeri They are all very nearly alike in st to the position of their exterior to to the middle by one or two joints toe united to the middle one as fa next order is that of the Climbers and great toe directed backward naceous birds, or Rasores of so rounded wings, heavy flight, s cock, &c. The Waders or Gralla distinguished by the naked tarsus their long legs, which they lay flight. The last are the web-fo terized by their webbed feet, an A more detailed account of the sub-families into which these h under the respective headings in t
from its nature have much preten:
It is only as a descriptive handb Ceylon that this work should be re not originate wholly with myself. venience experienccdby me in lo

JCTION.
distinguished by their crooked bill y are enabled to overcome, and in other birds and small quadrupeds, o needful. They hold the same among the quadrupeds. They are nal and nocturnal, the latter being The diurnal species are the eagles, . They are readily distinguished in a naked skin or cere, and their one behind and their eyes placed octurnal species, have their nostrils er toe reversible; eyes large and ne birds form the largest class. ructure, and are divided according e, those having the midtoe united only; and those with the exterior r as the last joint but one. The or Scansores, with both the outer s. Following this are the GalliIme: birds of heavy gait, short, uch as peafowls, game jungle tores, comprising the 5th order, are and a portion of their thighs also, back under the tail feathers in oted birds, as the ducks, characi generally broad, spathulate bills. orders, sub-orders, families and ave been divided will be found he body of the work; which cannot ions to originality. ook of the birds of the Island of garded. The idea of writing it did but besides the trouble and inconoking up literature for determining

Page 41
INTROL
species received from the Island,
among all my correspondents anc field naturalists that a work of
would be welcomed as supplying a knowledge extant of the birds o One consecutive serial number. N laid under contribution in prepa Seebohm and Gadow's Catalogues
Birds of British Burmah; Stray Fe Eggs, &c. &c., all of which have nyms of species, and thus avoic wherever they may have been requ crave the indulgence of all author this way, of so largely adding from ing knowledge of the distribution
trust that this small effort will find as complete as possible, so that in pretending manual to guide them in of facts much of what is at presen.
In concluding this Introduction nowledge the valuable assistance re scattered information regarding the into a systematic account, and, as according to the most modern anc Among those to whom I am unders Mr. W. H. Parker who very kindly fication and distribution of the Armstrong who, besides his notes, for examination. To Mr. W. F. I am especially indebted for spec of the order Steganopodes which ledge of the distribution of the not only rare but of a roving disposi other very material assistance from

DUCTION, xxvii
there was a general conviction i numerous working cabinet and this kind in a moderate compass desideratum, especially if all the f Ceylon were put together under umerous valuable works have been ring the work, especially Sharpe, ; Jerdon's valuable Manual; Oates' 2athers; Ibis; Hume's Nests and been referred to under the synoling the use of inverted commas ired. In doing this latter I would 's for the privilege I have taken, in their valuable works, to the existof the Avifauna of Ceylon. I only public favour. It has been made aturalists will find it to be an unadding to the present accumulation thidden and unknown to science.
, it only remains for me to ack2ceived in this attempt to collate the 2 Avifauna of the Island of Ceylon stated in the Prospectus, arranged i generally accepted classification. special obligation I would mention sent me valuable notes of the nidiBirds in the Island; also Mr. F. furnished me with numerous skins
Sinclair, the Collector of Kolaba, imens from the Kolaba district, added to the existing knowspecies of this order which are tion. Besides this I have received him, which has in a great measure

Page 42
xxviii INTROl
enabled me to complete the as this work. To Lieutenant He indebted for many valuable notes the kindness of Mr. Mahon Da India and also eggs has helped m table.
I have also to tender my acknc for assistance given in precisely t in furnishing me with the opportu works which would have been Edgar Thurston of the Central Mu assisted me in sending such refere Public Library under his charge.
VICTORIA NATURAL HISTORY IN RIPON ROAD BYCULLA

DUCTION.
Avifauna of British India as well nry E. Barnes, D.A.C., I am also in regard to nidification, &c., while ly in sending me birds from South e considerably with the distribution
wledgments to Mr. H. M. Phipson he most important direction, vis., nity of consulting several important otherwise inaccessible to me, Mı. seum, Madras, has also very kindly nces as I required from books in the
STTUTE,
, BомвAү.
J. A. M.

Page 43
SYSTEMATIO TA)
PAGE
ORDER-ACCIPITRES.
SUB-ORDER-FALC ONES. Family-VULTURIDAE. Sub-Family-NEOPHRONINAE. Neophron ginginianus, Lath................
Family-FALCONIDAE. Sub-Family- ACCIPITRINAE. Circus cyaneus, Linn. ..................... ---- melanoleucos, Forst................ ---- pygargus, Linn................... ,, macrurus, S. G. Gmel. . . . . . . . . • • • æruginosus, Linn. ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • Astur trivirgatus, Tem........................
badius, Kaub. ........... Accipiter nisus, Linn.
virgatus, Tem. .................. Sub-Family-BUTEONINAE, Buteo plumipes, Hodgs. ......................
Sub-Family-AguILINAE Nisætus fasciatus, Vieill. .................. pen natus, Gm. ....................
Lophotriorchis kieneri, Geoff............... Neópus malayensis, Tem. ................. Spizaetus nipalensis, Hodgs. .............. cirrhatus, Giams... ...... Spilornis melanotis, Ferd. ..., * 8 de se e Haliaetus leucogaster, Gn. Haliastur Indus, Bodd...... Milvus govinda, Sykes. ... Elanus caeruleus, Desf...... Pernis ptilorhynchus, Tem...................
Sub-Family-FALCON INAE, Baza lophotes, Cea. ................... - Ceylonensis, Legge. a & Falco communis, Gm. ..................... - Peregrinator, Sun dev. ............... *** severus, Horsf. ....................... - chiquera, Daud......................... Cerchneis tinnuncula Linn................... amurensis, Radde. . ........... Sub-Order-PANDONES. Pandion haliætus, Linn, ....................
 
 
 
 

BLE OF CONTENTS.
PAG亚 Polioætus ichthyætus, Horsf. ............ 39
Sub-Order-STRGES Family-BUBONIDAE.
Sub-Family-BUBONINAE. Ketupa ceylonensis, Gm. ................. 40
Bubo nipalensis, Hodgs. ....... 4. Scops sunia, Hodgs. .......... 42 malabaricus, Ferd. ... 44 minutus, Legge. ...... 46 Ninox scutulata, Rafi. ....... ... 46 Glaucidium radiatum, Tick. ............... 47
castanonotum, Blyth. ...... 48 Sub-Family-SYRN1 INAE. Syrnium indranee, Sykes .................. 49 Family-STRIGIDAE. Strix flammea, Linn. ........................ 5o Phodilus badius, Horsf. .................... 5
Order II.-PASSERI FORMES. Sub-Order- PASSERES. Division-ACROMYODI. Group-COLIOMORPHAE.
Family-CORVIDAE. Sub-family-CORVINAE. Corone splendens, Vieill. .................. 53 macrorhynchus, Wagl. ...... 54 Cissa ornata, Wagl. ........................ 55 Family-ORIOLIDAE. Oriolus diffusus, Sharpe....... .............. 56 -- melanocephalus, Linn............ 56
Family-DICRURIDAE. Buchanga atra, Herm......................... 58 longicaudata, Hasy. ............ Sg caerulescens, Linn. ........... 59 Dissemuroides edoliformis, Blyth.......... 6o
Dissemurus paradiseus, Linn........... • ... б Irena puella, Latik. ... ....................... 63 Family-PRIONOPIDAE. Sub-family-PRIONOPNAE. Tephrodorn is pondicerianus, Gmail ...... б4
-- afinis, Blytik.............. 6 Hemipus Picatus, Sykes .................. 65

Page 44
XXX SYSTEMACC TABLE
PAGE Group-CICH LOMORPHAE. Family-CAMPOPHAGIDAE. Artamus fuscus, Vieill........................ 66 Graucalus Macii, Less ........................ 67 Pericrocotus flammeus, Forst. ............ 69
sammad peregrinus, Linn, .......... .., б9 Lalage sykesi, Strickl , ........ ............... 7o Family-MUSCICAPIDAE.
Hemichilledon ferruginea, Hodgs ... ... ... 72 Alseonax latirostris, Rafftes ............... 73
muttui, Layard... . . . . Muscicapa albicilla, Pall......
hyperythra, Cab. ... Pratincola caprata, Linn ..................... 76 Hypothymis ceylonensis..................... 76 Rhipidura albifrontata, Sharpe ............ 77 Terpsiphone paradisi, Lin.................. 78 Culicicapa ceylonensis, Sws. ......... Stoparola sordida .................... Siphia rubeculoides, Vig. ... ...... ... 8 -- tickelliæ, Blyth. .. - nigrorufa, Ferd . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • 8ვ Family-TURDIDAE. Sub-Family-SYLVIINAE.
Sylvia affinis, Blyth. ........................ 84 Phylloscopus nitidus, Blyth ........ ... 84 viridanus, Blyth ............ 85 ---- magnirostris, Blyth. • • • • • • • • • 86 Acrocephalus stentoreus, Hemp. ......... 86 -- dumetorum, Blyth. • • • • • • • • • Locustela certhiola, Pall. . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • Schoenicola platyura, 3řerd. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Group-CISTICOLAE.
Prinia inornata, Sykes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 sylvatica, Ferd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 92 Burnesia socialis, Sykes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Sutoria sutoria, AForst......................... 94 Cisticola gracilis, Frank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 - cisticola, Tem. ......." . ":" " 9°
Sub-Family-TURDINAE. Geocichla citrina, Blyth.............. ... 97 -- wardi, Ferd............. . . . . . . . . . 98 ---- spiloptera, Blyth. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 -- imbricata, Lay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Merula Kinnisi, Blyth. ... ..... • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ioo Monticola cyanus, Linn..................... o Erithacus brunneus, Ferd. . . . . . . ••• O2 -- caeruleculus, ferd... • • • • • • • • • • • • • Io2
swarwao
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

E
OF CON ENS.
PAGE Family-TIMELIIDAE. Sub-Family-BRACHYPOD.INAE. Aegithina tiphia, Linn ............ Chloropsis malabarica, Gm, .. ----- jerdoni, Blyth. ...... ........... IO6. Sub-Family-PYCNONOTINAE. Hypsipetes ganeesa, Sykes ................. Io8 Xenocichla icterica, Strickl. ............ ... IC8 Pycnonotus hæmorrhous, Blyth. ......... I og luteolus, Less. .................. I Io Kelaartia penicillata, Blyth ............... I I I Rubigula melanicitera, Gmel. ................. i 2
Sub-Family-TROGLODYTINAE. Myiophoneus Blighi, Holds av. ............ I 12 Thamnobia fulicata, Linn................... I 4 Copsychus saularis, Limm. .................. I I 5
Cittocinclatricolor, Vieill............... ». 6 Group-CRATEROPODES.
Argya rufescens, Blyth. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I I3
Pomatorhinus melanurus, Blyth ..... ... 118
Garrulax cinereifrons, Blyth..... ......... I 19 Crateropus striatus, Savs. ......... 2o Group-TIMELAE. Pyctorhis nasalis, Legge.................... 121 Dumetia albigularis, Blyth... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . I 22 Elaphrornis palliseri, Blyth ............... I 23 Scotocichla fuscicapillum, Blyth ......... I24 Group-LIOTRICHES. & Alcippe nigrifrons, Byth. ............... ... I 25 Family-PARIDAE,
Sub-Family - PARINAE. Parus cinereus,-- Bonn. et. Vieill. • • • • • • • • • 26 Family--LANIIDAE. sub-Family-LANIINAE. Lanius erythronotus, Vig. ......... . . . . . . . 29.
, 29 3O
- cristatus, Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . ---- lucionensis, Linn....... . . . . . . . . . . .
Group-CERTHIOMORPHAE. Family-CERTHIIDAE, sub.Family—SITTINAE. Sitta frontalis, Savs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .
Group-CINNYRIMORPHAE. Family-NECTARINIIDAE. Cinnyris asiatica, Lath. ... ... 133 — lotenia, Linn. ... . . . . . .34 --- minima, Sykes ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 -- zeylonica, Lint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
... 3

Page 45
SYSTEMATIC TA
PAGE Family-MELIPHAGIDAE.
Sub-Family—ZOSTEROPHNAE.
Zosterops palpebrosa, Tem ............... 36 ceylonensis, Holdsay............. 138
Section-FR!NGILLIFORMES.
Family-DICAEIDAE. Diceum erythrorhynchum, Lath . I38 Prionochilus squalidus, Burt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . I39
awangs
vincens, Legge.......... . . I40
Family-HIRUNDANIDAE.
3ub-Family-HIRUNDININAE.
Cotile obsoleta, Calb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Hirundo rustica, Linn. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . I42 ---- hyperythra, Blyth. ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • I43 - Javanica, Sparrm . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44 - erythropygia, Sykes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Family-MOTACILLIDAE.
Motacilla personata, Gould. ............... I47 madraspatensis, Gms. ............ I48 melanope, Pall. ... ... ... ... ... I49 borealis, Sundev......... . ISI Limonidromus indicus, Gould. . . . . . • • • • • • • 152 Anthus Richardi, Vieil... ... ... ' ' 53 rufullus, Vieill.... ... • • • • • ... I 54 strioiatus, Blyth. ................. I 54
Family-FRINGILLIDAE. Sub-Family-FRINGIIll NAE.
Petronia flavicollis, Frankil...... ••• • • • • • • • • • 156 Passer domesticus, Linn, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 157
Sub-Family- PLOCEINAE.
Ploceus phillipinus, Linn. .................. -- manyar, Horsf. ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Sub-Family-ESTRELDINAE, Amadina malacca, Linn... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 159 atricapilla, Vieill. ............... 6o punctulata, Linn. ..... ... 6 striata, Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . . ΙόI malabarica, Linn. ............... 162 Kelaarti, Blyth................... 63
Family-ALAUDIDAE.
Mirafra afinis, Ferd. ........................ 63 Pyrrhulauda grisea, Scoé. ...... : Alauda gulgula, Frankl. . . . . . .
158 59
.-ത്ത
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

BLE OF CONTENTS xxxi
PAGE
SECTON-OSCINES CULTIROSTRES.
Family-STURNIDAE. Sub-Family-STURNINAE. i Acridotheres melanosternus, Legge....... 166 Sturnia pagodarum, Gmel................... 67 Sturnornis senex, Bonap..... ... ...... 167 Pastor roseus, Linn.......... ... 68 Eulabes religiosa, Linn..................... 169 -- ptilogenys, Blyth. ........... • • • 69 Family-PITTIDAE. Pitta brachyura, Linn..................... ORDER-MACROCHIRES. Family-CYPSE LIDAE. Sub-Family-CYPSELINAE.
Cypselus affinis, Gray.......... . . . . . . ...... • • • 71
. ... To
-- melba, Linn. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 --- battassiensis, Gray............... 172
sub-Family- CHAETURINAE. Hirundinapus indicus, Hume. ............ 172 Collocalia Linchi, Horsf. and Moore,..., 173 Dendrochelidon coronatus, Tick. ......... I73
Family-CAPRIMULGIDAE. Sub-Family-CAPRIMULGINAE. Batrachostomus moniliger, Blyth... ...... I 75 Caprimulgus asiaticus, Lath.............. 75 - atripennis, Ferd. ........... 76 -- Kelaarti, Blyth ........ .. 7
SU.B.ORDER-COCCYGES HETERODACTYLAE.
Family-TROGONIDAE. Harpactes fasciatus, Gmel................... 177 sub-Family-ZYGODACTYLI. Family-CUCULIDAE. Sub-Family -CUCULINAE.
Cuculus canorus, Linn. .................... 178 poliocephalus, Lath............... I9 Sonneratii, Latik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 8o Hierococcyx varius, Vahl. .................. 18I Cacomantis nigra, Vahl. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Surniculus lugubris, Horsf......... ... ... 182 Chrysococcyı maculatus, Gm. ........... 183 Coccystes jacobinus, Bodd........ - coromandus, Linn.... • • • • • • • •
"micropterus, Gould. .
84
Eudynamys honorata, Linn. ................ 84

Page 46
xxxii SYSTEMATIC TABLE
PAGE sub-Family-PHOEN)COPHAEINAE. Rhopodytes viridirostris, Gerd. ............ 85 Phoenicophaes pyrrhocephalus, Forst ... 86 Sub-Family-CENTROPODINAE. Centrococcyx rufipennis, Illiger........... , I86 ------ chlororhynchus, Blyth. 87 Taccocua Leschenaulti, Less............... 87 Family-CAPITONIDAE. Megalaema Zeylanica, Gmel. ............... 183 flavifrons, Cuv. ... ... ... 189 Xantholaema haemacephala, P. L.S. Müll. 189 rubricapilla, Gmel. ... ...... 9o Sub-Family-GECIN INAE. Brachypternus aurantias, Linn............. 9
ceylonus, Forst. ..... 92 chrysonotus, Linn. ... 92 Micropternus gularis, Ferd. ................ 92 Chrysophlegma chlorigaster, Ferd. ... 193 Gecinus striolatus, Blyth. .......... ... 93 Chrysocolaptes festivus, Bodd ............ I94 recorawlererrorth Stricklandi, Layard....... 95
sub-Family-CAMPEPHILlNAE. Picus mahrattensis, Lath. .................. (95 Iyngipicus gymnopthalmus, Blyth. ... ... I 96 Family-PSITTACIDAE. Sub-Family-PSITTACINAE. Loricului, indicus, Gmeli ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 97 ||
Sub-Family—PALAEORNINAE.
Palaeornis columboides, Vigors. ... . . . . . . . . 197 ----- indo-burmannicus, Hume. 98 -- torquatus, Bodd. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 199 -- cyanocephalus, Linne. . . . . ... I99
as-s-s
-- rosa, Bodd ..... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2oo -- calthropae, Layard.. . . . . . . . . . . 2oo
Sub-Order-COCCYGES ANISODACTYLIAE.
Family-UPUPIDAE. Sub-Family-UPUPINAE.
Upupa ceylonensis, Reich.................., 20
Family-MEROPIDAE.
Merops viridis, Linn. ..................... ... 202 philipinus, Linn................... 2o3 Leschenaulti, Vieill. ............ 203 Family-CORACIADAE.
Coracias indica, Linn. ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2o4 Eurystomus orientalis, Link ft. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 205
 
 
 

OF CONTENTS,
PAGE
Family-ALCEDINIDAE. Sub-Family-ALCEDININAE. Alcedo bengalensis, Gm2. .................. Ceryle rudis, Linn. ....................... Sub-amily-HALCYONINAE. | Halcyon smyrnensis, Linn. ............ } ----- pilleata, Bodd.................... i Ceyx tridactyla, Pallas. ...................
Pelargopsis gurial. Pearson. ...............
Family-BUCEROTIDAE. Anthracoceros coronatus, Bodd. ......... Tockus gingalensis, Shaw. ..................
Order-GEMITORES, Family-TRERONIDAE.
| Crocopus chlorigaster, Blyth............... | Osmotreron bicincta, 3erd. ............... msems pompadoura, Gmel. .........
Sub.Family-CARPOPHAGINAE.
Carpophaga aenea..............................
Family-COLUMBIDAE. Sub-Family-PALUMBINAE. Palumbus Elphinstonei, Sykes. ............
Columba intermedia, Strickil...... Alsocomus puniceus, Tickell................
sub-Family-TURTURINAE. Turtur meena, Sykes. ........................ - suratensis, Gmel. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
risorius, Linne.......... humilis, Temsm. ........
Sub-Family-PHAPI DINAE. Chalcophaps indica, Linn. .......
Order-RASORES.
Family-PHASIANIDAE. Sub-Family-PAVONINAE.
Pavo cristatus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
sub-Family-GALLINAE. Gallus Stanleyi, Gray.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Galloperdix bicalcaratus, Forst......
Family-TETRAONIDAE. Sub-Family-PERDICINAE.
Francolinus pictus, Gard. and Selby...... Ortygornis ponticeriana, Gmel....... . . . . . . Perdicula asiatica, Lath... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
2O3
... 208
209
2
2魔2
2夏2
213 23 24
25
25 26
27
217 28
... 29
29
220
22
223 228
2ვo 23 232

Page 47
SYSTEMATIC TAB)
PAGE sub-Family-COTURNICINAE.
Coturnix communis, Linn. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 133 Excalfactoria chinensis, Linn. • • • • • • • • • • • • 235 Sub-Family-TINAMIDAE. Turnix plumbipes, Hodgs. ................. 236 Order--GRALLATORES. Tribe-PRESSIROSTRES. Family-CURSORIDAE, Cursorius coromandelicus, Gmel. ......... 237 Family- GLA REOLIDAE. Glareola orientalis, Leach................ 238 lactea, Tem....................o o 239 Family-CHARADRINAE. Squatarola helvetica, Linn. . . . . . . . . • • • • • • 239 Charadrius fulvus, Gm..................... . . . 240 AEgialitis Geoffroyi, Wagl. ................... 24 I cantiana, Lath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 - mongolica, Pall. • • • • •
- dubia, Scof. • • • • • • • • 8
Jerdoni, Legge... ........ . . . . 244 Sub-Family-VANELLINAE. Chettusia gregaria, Pal. ... , ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' 245 Lobivanellus indicus, Bodd. ............... 245 Sarciophorus bilobus, Gmel. ............... 246 Sub-Family-ESACINAE. AEsacus recurvirostris, Cuv. ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • 247 CEdicnemus, crepitans Temm...... ... ... ... ... 248 Family-HAEMATOPODIDAE.
Sub-Family-STREPSILINAE.
Strepsillas interpres, Linn. .................. 249 Dromas ardeola, Paykl. ..................... 25I Hæmatopus ostralegus, Linen. . . . . . . • • • • • • 252
Tribe-LONGROSTRES.
Family-SCOLOPACIDAE. Scolopax rusticola, Linn .................. 253 Gallinago nemoricola, Hodgs. ... · · 254 —+———— stenura, Kuhl ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 255
scolopacina, Bonafo . gallinula, Linn......... • • • • • • • • • • 257 Rhynchæa capensis, Linn ... . . . . . . ..... 258 Limicola platyrhyneha, Temm ................ 259
Sub-Family-TRINGINAE. Tringa minuta, Leis ..................... . . 26. – subminuta, Midd... • •
- subarquata, Goeld. . . . . . . . .''' 262
---- Temmincki, Leisl. • • • • • • • • • • • • ** *** *oo
Machetes pugnax, Linn ........... . . . . . . . . . . 26:
Calidris arenaria, Linn • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • *** 26
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

LE OF : CONTENTS. XXXίiι
oAGE
Sub-Family-TOTANINAE.
Actitis hypoleucos, Linn....................
ochropus, Linn... . . . . . . . . Totanus glareola, Gmel. ... ... . . . . .
canescens, Gmel .............. ... 266 calidris, Linn.............................. 267 stagnatilis, Bechst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
fuscus, Linn ........................ 268 Terekia cinerea, Gould. ......... •••••• • • • • • • 269 Sub-Family-LIMOSINAE. Limosa ægocephala, Linen.................
Sub-Family-NUMENINAE. Numenius phæopus, Linné................... 27o
- arquatus, Linn. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Sub-Family—RECURVIROSTRINAE. Recurvirostra avocetta, Linn • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 272 Himantopus candidus, Lin n ................ . . . 273 Family-PARRIDAE. Sub-Family-PARRINAE. Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Scop. ... 274
Family-RALLIDAE. Sub-Family-GALLINULINAE. Porphyrio poliocephalus, Lath. ..........., 275 Fulica atra, Linn .............................. 276 Hypotænidia striata, Linn... • • • • • • • • • • • • • 277 Rallus indicus, Blyth ........ ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • 278 Rallina euryzonoides, Lafr. ............... 278 Sub-Family-RAILLENAE. Porzana Bailloni, Vieill. . . . . . . . . • • • ... • • • 279 fusca, Lin ni • • • ••• ••• • • • • • • •................. 28o Gallinula chloropus, Linn .................. 28I phoenicura, Penns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
. 269
и на
| Gallicrex cinereus, Gm. ..................... 283
Order-HERODIONES. Family-CICONIDAE Leptoptilus Javanicus, Horsf ............ 284. Xenorhynchus asiaticus, Bath. ............ 284. Ciconia alba, Belon ......... •••••••••••••••••• 285 - leucocephala, Gm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Family-ARDEIDAE. Ardea goliath, Temm ................ 286 Ardea cinerea, Linn. . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • 287 purpurea, Linn.r. . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 288 Herodias alba, Linn ........... ... . . . . . . . . . . 290 garzetta, Linn ............... • • • • • • 290 intermedia, Has ....... ... 290 Demi-egretta gularis, Bosc. ... . . . . . 29. Bubulcus coromandus, Bodd... . . . . . . . . . . 29

Page 48
xxxiv SYSTEMATIC TABL
PAGE Ardeola grayi, Sykes ........................ 292 Butorides javanica, Horsf. ................... 293 Ardetta flavicollis, Lath....................... 294 cinnamomea, Gmel. ...... . . . . 294 sinensis, Gmel........................ 295 Botaurus stellaris, Linn ...... , 296 Nycticorax griseus, Linn. ......... . . . . . . . . 297 Gorsachius melanolophus, Raffi. ......... 297 Family-TANTALIDAE. Sub-Family-TANTALINAE. Tantalus leucocephalus, Penn............. 298 Sub-Family-PLATALAEINE. Platalea leucorodia, Linn. .................. Sub-Family- ANASTOMINAE. Anastomus oscitans, Bodd. .............. 30I Sub-Family-IBIDINAE. Threskiornis melanocephalus, Lath........ 3o I Falcinellus igneus, Linn........ . . . 9 to 8 so 3O3
Order-NATATORES. Family-PHOENICOPTERIDAE.
3оо
Phaenicopterus antiquorum, Tem. ......... 3O4.
Family-ANATIDAE. Sub-Family-PLECTROPTERINAE. Sarkidiornis melanonotus, Penn. ......... 305 Nettapus coromandelianus, Gmel ......... 305
Sub-Family—TADORNINAE. Dendrocygna Javanica, Horsf ............ 3o6 waraewoperans fulva, Gmel................ 3o7 Casarca rutila, Pall............................ 308 Sub-Family-ANATINAE. Spatula clypeata, Linn. ..................... 309 A nas paecilorhyncha, Forst.................. 3o Dafila acuta, Linn. ........................... 3I2 Querquedula crecca, Lin n..... ... 33 circia, Linn. .................. 314 Sub-Family-FU LIGULINAE. Fuligula rufina, Pall. ....................... 35 Family-PODICEPIDAE. Podiceps minor, Linn......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 3I7 Family-PROCELLARIDAE.
Sub-Family–PROCELLARINÆ. Daption capensis, Linn...................... 317 Puffinus chlororhynchus, Less ............ 38
 
 
 
 
 

.E OF CONTENTS.
PAGE Order-GAVIAE.
Family-LARIDAE. Sub-Family-STERCORARINAE. Stercorarius antarcticus, Less . . . . . . . . , 39 Sub-Family-LARINAE,
Larus brunneicephalus, 9erd.......... ee . . . 32I
ichthyætus, Pall ..................... 32 Sub-Family-STERNINAE, Hydrochellidon hybrida, Pall. ............ 322 ------— leucoptera, M. &. S. ... 322 Gelochelidon anglica, Mont. ............... 323 Sterna caspia, Pall ........................... 324 Bergii, Licht...... . . . . 324 - media, Horsf. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 - seena, Sykes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 melanogastra, Temm.................... 326 -- Dougalli, Mont. .................... 327 hirundo, Linn ........................ 327 Saundersii, Hume. .................. 328 ---- sinensis, Gmel ....................... 329 anaesthetus, Scof................... 329 fuliginosa, Gm........................ 33o Anous stolida, Linn........................... 33I Order-STEGANO PODES. Family-PHAETONTIDAE. Phæton flavirostris, Brand. ............... 331 indicus, Hume. .................. 332 Family-FREGATIDAE. Fregata aquila, Linn. ......................... 333 333 ۰۰۰،...، ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grn و minor محس-س- Family-PELECANIDAE.
Sub-Family-SULIDAE. Sula cyanops, Sunde) ....................... 336 australis, Steph ........................ 337 Sub-Family-PELECANINAE. Pelecanus manillensis, Gm. ..... 34.
Sub-Family-GRACULINAE,
Phalacrocorax carbo, Linn, ............... 342 ------- fuscicollis, Steph. ...... 343 ---- pygmæus, Pall ......... 343
Sub-Family-PLOTINAE. Plotus melanogaster, .......................
3.
4.
s

Page 49
| | | | | |
W W.
W
/
W
骷 15:1
7: l'ullocalin Limchi, F. 171 llii Thntnri bis
:Վի Amadinili striata, T., lill : Im FILIH
1空置 :15
7 Stripiralii Sorlids, P. 5l ; sa Amalina R
lf 15 . . IZoslerup! Ceylonesis, p. 15: l År:iPPĖ Inig
l 1山 _.
Parius PatrixIns, p. 125; 1:jש Hirund I juli
lb. , | GH, , , ,
'itin Fris: rEylanica, Jr., 13 ; | goi Pirinia inor
|1:1 ins I'monutus lutem.OTELLIS, pi, i , i 器 Anthus Fu
 

上 IJN
W W W W W W
W
W
蠱
W
W
W
W W 叶 W W W
W
W W
W
W
fulicati, p. 114 ; CiEftirlin, cistiral, p. ;
sis, 35 |器 Pyliuotuis lutylus, I, lll); EelLILrti, p. 1či 器 Mr Lln Hirns, - 1}{, Frifragm, P. 125 ; 監 HaleyoT siT Tin ETL-is, P, 273 ;
器 Topsychus Hauliris, p. 115.
o corone Fllendena, P, f3.
HilitaI 1;
La Baita. Ip. 90 :
'ılık, Pı. 154 :

Page 50


Page 51
LIST OF I. L. LU
Osteology of Balearica pavonina Eggs of Collocalia Linchi; Amadir Alcippe nigrifrons; Stoparola sordic ceylonensis; Prinia inornata; Pa Cinnyris zeylanica; Cisticola cisti Pycnonotus luteolus; Thamnobia 1 factoria chinensis; Halcyon smy Corvus splendens Circus cyaneus (Bill of ) Circus pygargus Accipiter nisus Buteo plumipes ... to -- - Lophotriorchis Kieneri (Head of) Haliætus albicillus (Head of) Haliastur Indus, (Head of) Baza lophotes (Head of) Falco communis Strix flammea... w » e e Dissemurus paradiseus (Head and le Irena puella (Head and leg of) Hemichelidon ferruginea (Head of) Pycnonotus haemorrhous (Head of) Copsychus Saularis (Head and leg of Cinnyris minima Sturnus vulgaris a e e Pastor roseus Anthracoceros Coturnix communis CEdicinemus crepitans ... Strepsilas interpres Scolopax rusticola Gallinago scolopacina ... Gallinago gallinula Numenius arquatus Porphyrio poliocephalus Fulica atra Gallinula chloropus Ardea cinerea Falcinellus igneus Spatula clypeata Dafila acuta ... Querquedula circia ... O Mergus merganser Plotus melanogaster ...

T R A T II 0 N S .
PAGE
(Plate) vi. Kelaarti ; Amadina striata ; L; Hirundo Javanica; Zosterops ls atriceps ; Anthus rufulus; ola ; Pycnonotus hæmorrhous; ulicata; Merula Kinnisi ; Excalnensis ; Copsychus saularis ;
- (Plate) ... I
... (Woodcut) ... 3
sy ... б
99 ... I3
e O a 99 ... I5
s a o e a y9 ... I9
y ... 27
,, . . . 30
es to us 9 ... 32
- - ve 9 ) A ... 50 g of) ... a s ... бі d a * pp w y ... 63 99 ... 72
8 ». ... I 09 ) - ear 99 ... I I5
(Plate) ... 134 ... (Woodcut) ... 166
a 8 w a yy ... 2 I I ... . . . . . . . 233 248 g a b ܖ
s ... 249
... 253
ps ... 256
y ... 257
y ... 27 I
99. ... 275 9 ... 276
s s a s s ... 28. I 99 ... 287 9 ... 3O2 9 ... 309 92 ... 3 II 314 . . . له وو
- s ... 316 a o ... 344

Page 52


Page 53
T
AW I FAUNA 0 F
O
CEY
-ets.
ORDER-A
Bill short, strong, stout, covered at t strongly curved; the tip perpendicular; and strong, the latter armed with pov capable of being bent under the feel behind.
The Accipitres or Raptores vary gree comprise some of the largest of the feath The order comprising these is analogo a distinct and primary one in the class by their strong hooked bill, the upper lower. The edges in some are festoor of tearing their prey. They are notori The muscles of their legs and feet ar. strike down or hold their prey. The flight and live on prey got by thei Vultures, however, are slothful, large b upon carrion and act the part of scave
The males are always smaller than t in size of the sexes, and the almost to stages of growth of the members, difficult to determine, even with large species they are not many-taking Insessores or perching birds. For sp they are not prolific, but propagate s two, and none of the order are know more than once a year.
The order is divided by Sharpe (Ca, zviz., Falcones, Pandiones, and Stri Falconidæ, Bubonidæ and Strigidæ,
G

IE
THE ISLAND
F
LON.
2イー
CCIPITRES.
he base with a cere or naked skin and nostrils open. Legs and feet muscular verful curved, sharp, elongated talons
Toes four, three in front and one
tly in size. The Vultures and Eagles ered tribes, while the Falcons are small. us to the feline quadrupeds, and forms of birds. They are readily recognized mandible of which is longer than the led or toothed to assist in the operation ously the most muscular and powerful. e of great strength to enable them to greater number are suited for rapid r own courage and exertions. The died, and, not unlike the Hyaena, feed ngers. ۸ ،۶ ربی he females, and owing to this difference tally different plumage of the various rom the young to the adult, they are series of specimens. In number and hem world-wide-compared with the 2cial reasons in the economy of nature owly. Many lay but one egg, others to lay more than four, nor to breed
. Acc. Br. Mus.) into three sub-orders, res; four families, viz. :—Vulturidæ, and these again into nine sub-families

Page 54
2 VULT
The members of 7 (seven) only occ Polyborinæ and Sarcoramphinæ.
The following is the division of the .
SUB-ORDER
Family-V
Sub-fan
Family-F
Sub-Fan
SUB-ORDER-P
SUB-ORDER
Family-B
Sub-Aam:
Family-St.
These comprise the Vultures, the F
are diurnal, and the latter nocturnal bir
SUB-ORDER
Toes without feathers; outer toe not fleshy, generally not hidden by bristles.
Family-VULTU Upper mandible not toothed, someti less bare or clothed only with short dow
Members of the Sub-Family-Vulturi of all tropical countries, are not represe
Sub-Family-NEOPH
Bill lengthened, slender; nostrils lon bill, perforated, and without bony septu
Gen. Neophr Characters, same as those of the fam
l. Neophron ginginianus, 1866; 2/ferd., B. of Ind. i. p. I2, No. 6 Hume, Str. F. vol. i. p. I 5O; Rough sic. Sind, p. 1O5; id, Vert. Zool., Sir Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i p. 9, No. or PHARAoH's HEN of BRUCE.

URIDAE
r in Ceylon, the exceptions being the
Accipitres :- Falcones. ulturidae. ily-Vulturinae. alconiidae. lily-Accipitrinae.
Buteoninæ. Aquilinæ. Falconinae. andiones. Striges. bonidae. ly-Buboninae.
Syrniinæ. 'igidæ. alcons, and the Owls, the two former ds of prey.
-FALCONES.
reversible; eyes lateral; cere soft and Facial disc none. Plumage compact.
RIDAE-WULTURES.
mes sinuate. Head and neck more or n. No true feathers on crown of head.
nae-or Vultures Proper, the scavengers nted in Ceylon. w
(RONINAE-ScAvENGERS.
gitudinal, nearly in the middle of the
OI1.- Savigny.
ily.
Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 7 ; Blyth, Ióis, i ; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus. p. I8; Notes i. p. 39 ; Murray, Hadlbk. Zool., d, p. 64; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 64; 3.-The WHITE SCAvENGER VULTURE,

Page 55
CIR (
4àult.-Yellowish or creamy whì banceolate, tinged somewhat rusty ; ; quills, internally ashy white at base. tdowns a few white feathers in front of and face turmeric yellow; bill pale hor
Length.-2i to 22 inches; wing 15 tail 9'5 ; tarsus 3' 4 ; culmen 2r9.
Hab.-In Ceylon this species is v permanent resident and breeds from E &c., seldom on trees, making a rude n variously coloured, the ground coloul srneared with reddish brown, or mark at the larger end.
Family-FALC
Bill usually short and compresse Commissure of upper mandible distin covered with truke feathers.
Sub-Family
Bill small and moderate, with t generally short; tarsus with scutæ i tarsus. Outer toe connected to midd
Gen. CirC
Upper mandible slightly festoone with no bony excrescence. Tarsi lon first quill not so long as the fifth, surrounded with a ruff of setaceous cu
-N
缀
ابر
づ石
2 Circus cyaneus, Linn., p. 94; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. p. 52; Boi. Jerd, B. Ind. i p. 95 ; Gould, B. p.93, No. 5o; Str. F. i. pp. I6o, 4 I and Oudh; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i
Adult Male.- Upper parts, chin, th neck, and breast bluish ashy, paler on

CUS. S
te. Quills black, neck hackles long, econdaries dark brown, and like the Head bare, throat with a little scanty the eye. Irides reddish brown; cere ly brown ; feet and legs yellowish white.
5 (not reaching the tip of the tail);
ry rare, but throughout India it is a 'ebruary to April on cliffs, old mosques, est of twigs, lined with rags, &c. Eggs usually a dirty white, blotched and ed all over with deep red, with blotches
ONIDAE-FALCONs.
d; tip elongated, curved and sharp." :tly toothed or festooned. Head always
-BUTEONINAE.
he tip hooked. Wings moderate; tail a front and behind; tibia longer than le toe by interdigital membrane.
us-Lacep.
d; lower emarginate. Nostrils round, g and slender, naked; wings long; the he third and fourth longest; cere large, rved plumes.
Sys. Nail. i. p. 126; Parrell, Br. B. i. o, Isis, I 822 ; Gould, B. Eur.. i. pl. 33 ; Gl. Bt. 1867; Hume, Rough Wotes ii. 8; Reid, Cat. B. Prov. Mus. N.-W. P. . p. Io, No. 9.-The HEN HARRIER.
roat, cheeks, ear coverts, and 'sides of the the Wing coverts and tail, the former also

Page 56
4. FALCO)
slightly margined with whitish and the Frontal plumes and lores whitish; feath and supercilium whitish. Ist 6 primari outer webs, towards the tips, more or les webs white at the bases. Secondaries s with black shafts and an indistinct subte with white, the middle tail feathers er shafted, the lateral ones becoming less 8 from 6 to 8 imperfect, and sometimes : Upper tail coverts white. Under surfac thighs, the axillary plumes, and under stage slightly suffused with very paleb black; irides yellow; legs and feet brig Length.-17 to 19 inches; wing 12'. to 2'9; bill from gape II* I6.
Poung Male.--Above brown; bright tail coverts white with rufous brown me fulvous at tip, with four broad black cro. cross bars on the tail.
Adult Female-Crown of the head, h pale tawny fulvous, the feathers broadly Forehead, a narrow supercilium, lores, coverts fulvous white; basal two-thirds coverts and cheeks rufous, streaked wit whitish, and with 3 to 5 dark brown 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th primaries emarg interscapulary region, lower back and ru with large oval tawny buff marks. Upp times lanceolate rufous brown spots on t base, the central feathers grey brown, in white, and crossed with 4 to 5 broad tra] tail feathers similar but with broader w outer webs creamy buff, the outermost ti under surface of body yellowish white, conspicuous ovate rufous-brown spots.
Iength.-19'S to 2 I-6 inches; wing 31 to 3' 17.
Hab.-Ceylon, where it is uncommo also in all countries bordering the Medi N. India. (Sharpe.) In India the He ranges of the Himalayas; from Abbottab N.-W. Provinces, and Oudh, also th

FIDAE.
capulars slightly tinged with fuscous. rs of the nape pure white. Forehead es blackish both above and below, the s suffused with silvery grey; the inner lvery grey on the outer webs and tips, rminal band. Tail ashy grey, tipped tirely uniform pale ashy grey, whiterey and white on the inner webs, with lmost obsolete transverse ashy bars. e from below the breast, including the wing coverts white (in the adolescent luish grey). Cere yellow; bill bluish ht yellow; claws black.
2 to I, 38; tail 8‘’ I to 9"o; tarsus 2'5
rufous on the head and neck. Upper !sial lanceolate streaks. Tail tawny, ss bands. Young females with rufous
ind neck, and nape reddish fawn or streaked mesially with dark brown. and cheeks, and a streak over the ear of feathers of the nape white; ear h brown. Quills brown, tipped with transverse bars on the inner webs inated on the outer web. Scapulars, Imp, also wing coverts brown, spotted er tail coverts pure white with somehe shafts. Tail white at the extreme arrowly tipped with white or rufescent nsverse bars of darker brown; lateral hite tips, and the interspaces on the nged with rufous; sides of neck and brown-shafted, and with more or less Irides reddish brown.
I45 to 15"6; tail Io to II o'9; tarsus
n, and throughout Europe. Occurs terranean and extending in winter to n Harrier is common about the outer iad to Kumaon in the Punjab ; Sind, e Central Provinces. It has been

Page 57
CRC
obtained in Meerut, Bareilly, Etawah, (Hume); also in Beloochistan, S. Af and Gilgit.
This species is not known to breed i to the Ornithology of Eastern Turkest: plains of Kashgaria and breeds there grass jungle; and adds that he often c grown marshes and bare fields with never seems to tire and always appears every now and then suddenly droppi soon rising again to resume its hunt particulars of its nidification, except as it is said to be placed on the ground a and coarse grass. Eggs 4-5; in c. 167 X I'33 inches.
3. Circus melanoleucos, F Dict, d" Hist. Nat, vi. p. 465; jerd, Acc. B. M. p. 6 I ; Stray F. i. p. 98; 1 Hume, Rough AVotes ii. p. 3o7; Hola Ceylon, p. 9; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. I 2, No. o.-The PvED HARRIER.
Adult Male.-The whole head, chir nearly two-thirds of the back, scapu primaries, and a broad band across th often broadly tipped with brown. P grey, except the innermost, which are and upper tail coverts wnite, the latt black or ashy grey. Tail pale silvery tipped with white; below and the i white. Under surface from lower bre pure white. Bill and cere black. Ir. Length.-I6 to 1715 inches; wing 2'98 to 3' I 3 ; culmen I.
The young male as described by M back of neck clove brown, each feat Upper back and scapulars uniform cli slightly lighter shade. Some of the lon terminal, rufous spots, one on each w many of the lesser coverts faintly or b Upper tail coverts pure white, dark rufous brown subterminal spot. Tail narrowly tipped with fulvous white an

US, 5
Saugor, Nagpore, Chanda, and Goona ghanistan, Nepaul, Eastern Turkestan,
n India. Dr. Scully, in his contribution n, says it is a permanent resident in the
The mest, he says, is placed in long bserved the bird sailing low over rusha wonderfully long sustained flight. It keenly intent on looking for its prey, ng down among the reeds as if shot, but ing. He does not, however, give any to the position of the nest. In Europe nd the materials used are small sticks plour pale white or skimmed milk-blue ;
prst., Ind. Zool. p. 12, pl. II; Vieill., M. B. Ind. i p. 99, No. 53 ; Sharpe, Cat. d., iii. p. 33; vi. p. II ; id., vii. p. 25o; szu., P. Z. S. 1872, P. 4I4 Legge, AB. ii. p. I 72 ; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. i.
, throat, neck all round, upper breast, lars (except the undermost one or two), e wing black. Wing coverts silvery grey, rimary coverts and secondaries silvery black. Lower portion of back, rump, er with two or three broad cross bars of dove colour or silvery grey, narrowly nner webs also broadly margined with :ast, including wing lining and axillaries, ides and feet yellow.
{ I3'7o to I4'4; tail- 875 to Io ; tarsus
r. Hume has the whole head, neck, and her broadly margined with pale rufous, ove brown; lower back and wings of a gest feathers of the back with two obscure, b; edge of the wings rufous white and oldly margined with fulvous or rufescent. shafted, and with a conspicuous oval, feathers a somewhat greyish pale-brown, d with broad, rather dark brigyllyfrans

Page 58
6 FALCC
verse bars. Lower parts buffy or ruf stripes, broad on the lower breast and : and the thigh coverts. Inner webs of darker brown, the bars wider and mc Wing lining rufous buff; axillaries the more broad, irregular transverse red coverts, and bases of the outer webs of transverse brown bars.
The adult female is larger than the I back. Wing I5'4; tail IO; tarsus 3' I
Hab.-Ceylon, and Mr. Sharpe gives Peninsula and Burma, northwards to China. It occurs in Nepal, Burma, (extending westward to Mirzapoor), from the valley of the Burhampooter to Bengal, Rajputana, Central India, the South India, British Burma, and Nepa
Nothing is known of the nidification remarks in his Appendix, that he has Northern India.
4. Circus pygarglls (Linn), cineraceus, Cuv., Regne. An. i. p. 338
 

N. DABE,
bus white, with central rufous brown abdomen, almost obsolete on the chin primaries pale rufous white, barred with ore conspicuous on the under surface. same, with darker shafts and two or brown bars. Winglet, greater primary the later primaries grey, with broad
male, and has a slaty grey wash on the 3 inches.
Eastern Asia, eastern side of the Indian Mongolia, Amoor land and Northern Assam, and Eastern Bengal generally, also almost throughout the Himalayas; Afghanistan. It has been noted from Central Provinces, the Concan, Deccan ul.
of this species. Dr. Jerdon, however, every reason to believe it breeds in
Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. p. 64. Circus ; verdon, B. of India i. p. 97, No. 52;

Page 59
CIRC
Hume, Rough NVotes ii. p. 3o3 ; Shelle Zool., grc., Sind; id., Vert. Zool. Sind B. Br. Burm. ii. p. I, 73; Murray, A pygargus, S. A. i. p. 48.-MoNTAGUE'
Adult Male-Above blue grey; thro latter slightly mottled, and with a termi coverts and secondaries silvery grey, ti black, one of which is hidden by the g the inner ones greyish at the tips and with a black band. Tail grey or greyis on their inner webs with rufous, the oth Upper tail coverts white, shading into flanks, thighs, and under wing coverts ve with spots of the same colour. Cere g
Length.-18 inches; wing I4 to IS; The adult female differs from the ma scarcely any fulvous margins to the fe streaked with fulvous, as also the side under the eye whitish. Outer margin primary an inch or more distant/rom til tail brown, tipped with pler brown and Under surface of body buffy white, t yellow; irides hazel.
Zength.-19 to 195 inches; wing I. "2.
Hab.-Ceylon; in India it has been f Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Central Behar, Guzerat, the Concans, Deccan, S also in Beloochistan, Afghanistan, arid as Europe generally, ranging in winter to Abyssinia South Africa, and India.
It is, like the last, a winter visitant tc low, skimming along the surface of the open jungle and cultivated fields, prey has not been known to breed in India. on the ground, generally among furze. sometimes faintly spotted with reddish. seldom above feur in number.
5. Circus macrurus (S. G. Murray, Hdök. Zool., 3.c., Sind, p. B. Br. Buran. ii. p. 75; Murrgy, a

US. 7
', B. Egypt p. 184; Murray, Habk. . 88; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 12; Oates, is. Br. Ind. i. p. 13, No. 11. Falco S HARRIER.
it, breast, and wing coverts darker, the hal spot of a dark ash colour. Primary oped with white, and with two bands of reater wing coverts. Primaries black, on the inner web. Secondaries grey h white, the two outer feathers banded ers dusky, with fine ashy black bands. ashy grey. Lores whitish. Abdomen, hite, streaked with fawn ; the axillaries reenish yellow. Feet and irides yellow. tail 9“ 5 ; tarsus 23. le in being nearly uniform brown with athers. The hind head and neck are s of the neck and facial ruff. Feathers of 5th primary entire; notch in second ) of coverts. Upper tail coverts white; banded with five bars of darker brown. he feathers with rufous centres; legs
5'3; tail 8'7; tarsus II '4; culmen I“ I to
ound in Sind, Punjab, N-W. Provinces, India, the Central (Provinces, Kutch, outh India, and British Burmah. Occurs
Nepaul. Sharpe gives its distribution through Palestine and along the Nile
) India generally. Like the last, it flies ground in search of prey. It frequents ing on birds, reptiles, insects, &c. It In England it is said to make its nest The eggs are white, or greenish white, brown. Size I'58 X I'33 inches, and
Gmel.), Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. p. 67; I 15; Legge, B. Ceylon p. I7; Oates, lvis. Br. Ind i.P. F4, No. 12. Circus

Page 60
y
8 FALCO
swainsonii, Smith, S. A/or. Q. ỹourn. i.
Birds óf Ind. p. 96, No. 5 I ; Hume, Ron Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 8o; Shelley, 16o; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind p. 88 Oudh. Accipitur macrourus, S. G. G. The PALE HARRIER.
Adult Male.-Above pale bluish gre and sides of face white; under surface brown; the secondaries ashy grey, tipped with ashy grey, white at base of inne Upper tail coverts white, banded with a two middle ones, which are uniform as tips and under surface of all the feather yellow.
Length.--175 to r8's inches; culn 9 5 ; tarsus 2”75.
Adult Female.-Above brown, the streaked, and of the upper surface and with rufous. Forehead, supercilium, ar and ear coverts dark brown, slightly str the primaries externally shaded with obsoletely barred darker and tipped with primary entire; notch in second primary: tail coverts white, banded or spotted w centre feathers ashy brown and with four bands, those on the outer feathers rufescent. Under wing coverts buffy v Cere greenish yellow ; feet yellow ; irid
The young, in the livery of which Mr mens, is shortly described by Mr. Shar but not so much variegated above, with surface entirely pale fawn colour (rufous colour, and therefore contrasting in ma: cheeks and ear coverts, the flank feath central streaks; frontal feathers, superc whitish; upper tail coverts white, spotte female, but the dark bars only five in n
Length.-18 to 20'S inches; wing I4 to 3.
Hab.-Ceylon, Europe, Africa, and t Has been noted from the N.-W. a

NIDAE.
p. 384; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32; ferd., gh Notes ii. p. 298. Circus pallidus, B. Egypt p. I83; Hume, Str. F. i. p. }; Reid, Cat. B. Mus. W.- W.P. and mel., AV. Cumm, Petrop. xv. p. 439.-
, scapulars slightly darker; eyebrow of body greyish white. Quills blackish with white, and the primaries washed er web; other quills white underneath. shy grey, Tail feathers-except the hy grey-banded grey and white; the s white. Bill black; feet and irides
nen I' IS; wing I3's to 4 ; tail 8“8 to
feathers of the head and hind neck esser wing coverts margined and tipped ld a spot below the eye white. Cheeks 2aked with tawny. Quills dusky brown, ashy grey, and like the secondaries h buffy white. Outer margin of 5th nearly or guite hidden by coverts; upper ith dark brown. Tail with the two six blackish brown bands, the rest with being pale rufous. Under tail coverts white, spotted and streaked with brown. es brownish.
. Hume says he has numerous specipe as being brown, like the old female,” tawny margins to the feathers; under buff-lume), the facial ruff of this same rked prominence with the dark brown ers and axillaries with indistinct brown iliary streak and spot under the eye d with pale rufous; tail much as in the umber.
to I 4'5 ; tail Io to IO'5; tarsus 2'8
hroughout India, China, and Burmah. nd Central Provinces, Punjab, Sind,

Page 61
CR
Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Persia, Concans and Deccan, Kattiawar, Beł Burmese Countries it is a winter v September and leaving again in March
Nothing is known of its nidification been seen in India after March or the
6. Circus aeruginosus (Lin. Aume, Aough Notes p. 3I4; id., Nests p. 181 ; 7erd, Birds of Ind. p. 99 p. 69 ; Murray, Hdik. Zool, &rc, Si Murray, Vert. Zool, Sind, p. 89; D Ceylon p. 5; Oates, B. Br. Burm. . p. 16, No. 13; Reid, Cat. B. Mus. W Linn., S. INV. i. p. I 3o.--The MARS.
Adult Male.--Above dark brown, t with rufous; the smaller wing cove coverts and secondaries bluish ashy, Primaries blackish brown, paler at Upper tail coverts greyish white anc or uniform grey, slightlv fulvescent rufous or creamy buff, with dark brov or pale rufous, as also are the thigh margined with white ; under wing brown shaft stripes. Cere greenish black.
Alength.-I9 to 22'S inches; wing I'55.
Adult Aemale-Larger; length 23 38.
The young bird is uniform reddish
some stages being yellowish, rufous crown; upper tail coverts rufous btow
Hab.-Ceylon, Europe generally, C throughout India, and Burmah. In numbers, frequenting the maritime inundated fields, feeding on rats, mi N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, RE North Guzerat, Central and Southern fact throughout India; also in Belooch Eastern Turkestan, Gilgit, Nepaul, times to remain and breed in India.
2. с.

CUS. 9
Mesopotamia, S. India, Kutch, the har, Nepaul. In India and the Indoisitant, arriving about the middle of 1. Generally found along rivers.
anywhere in India, no birds having ever middle of April.
n.), Savigny, Syst. Ois. Egypt p. 9o; and Eggs p. 5 I; Shelley, Birds Egypt l, No. 54; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. nd, p. I6; Hume, Str. F. i. p. Ioo; resser, B. Eur. v. p. 415; Legge, B. i. p. 176; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. ".-W. P. and Oudh. Falco æruginosus, H HARRIER.
he feathers of the upper surface edged rts buffy and centred brown; primary tipped very slightly with pale white. the tips, whitish at base of inner web. i tinged with rufous. Tail bluish ash beneath. Head, neck, and breast pale wn streaks; under parts reddish brown coverts, the latter in some spotted or coverts buffy white, the axillaries with yellow; legs and irides yellow; claws
16; tail 9 to Io; tarsus 3'25; culmen
inches; wing I7; tail IO to II; tarsus
brown, the head, neck, and cheeks in
white, or white with brown stripes on the P,
hina, Japan, N.-E. and S. Africa, and Sind and the Punjab it occurs in great districts, rivers, marshes, lakes, and ce, frogs, fish, &c. It occurs also in the jроotana, Kutch, Kattiаwar, Jodhpore, India, the Deccan and Concans, and in nistan, Persia, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, Malacca,and Upper Pegu. Said some
Eggs, 3-6, pale bluish green.

Page 62
10 FALCO
Gen. As
Bill broad at base, compressed to ti oval, situated anteriorly in the cere. longest. Tarsi long, scutate.
7. Astur trivirgatus, 7em., p. 332 ; ferd., B. Ind. i. p. 47, No. 2: Cat. Acc. B. M. p. Io5; Legge, B. p. 177; Murray, Aus. Brit. Ind. i. p. Madras journal, p. 85. Lophospizia p. 65; Hume, Rough Wotes p. II6; GosHAwK.
Aduli Male.--Above slaty grey, the u with white. Head and neck cleare: occipital crest, the sides of the neck
browner than the back; primaries wit dark brown, much plainer underneath w of the inner web. Tail ashy brown, p. dark brown; throat white with a disti side and a broad medial line; chest cle: white, broadly banded with pale rufous,
terminous brown bar; the thighs thickly rufous tinge. Under tail coverts white with brown or rufous brown; axillaries ous at base. Cere orange yellow. Che irides orange yellow.
Length.-I4 to I6 inches; wing 78
Adult Female.-Much larger. Leng tail 8oo; tarsus 2'5 to 2" 7.
Poung.-Brown above, with a fully coverts banded with darker brown and bands of darker brown. Under surface breast broadly streaked with pale rufous and abdomen barred with pale rufous, white, with a few narrow rather indistin spotted and barred with dark brown.
Hab.-Ceylon and Southern India Sumatra, and the Phillipine Islands. N India. In Ceylon Mr. F. B. Armstron the Bogawantalawa district at 4.ooo fe placed in a tree in heavy jungle about 3

DAE.
I.-Gm.
festooned in the middle, Nostrils Wings long; 3rd, 4th, and 5th quills
Pl. Col. i. pl. 3o3 ; Cuv., Regne Am. ; Wallace, Ibis, 1868, p. 6; Sharpe, ylon p. 2o ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. 7, No. I 5. Astur palumbarius, řerd., ivirgatus, Kaup., Contr. Orn. 185o, tray F. v. pp. 8,502.-The CRESTED
pper tail coverts blackish and tipped
slaty grey, including a conspicuous somewhat tinged with rufous; quills rufescent shafts, barred above with here the quills are white at the base aler at tip, crossed with four bands of |ct black moustachial streak on each ir tawny rufous; rest of under surface each bar of his colour having a conbarred with ashy brown without any ; under wing coverts white, spotted similarly barred. Bill black, plumbeseks and orbits orange ; feet yellow ;
:o 8° 5 ; tail 6'3 to 7; tarsus 2" I to 2*2.
h 175 to 18 inches; wing 95 to 97;
developed occipital crest. Upper tail ipped with white. Tail with five cross of body white; throat as in the adult; or dark brown; lower breast, thighs, arker on the thighs; under tail coverts t cross bars; under wing coverts buff,
also Assam, Burmah, Java, Borneo, thing is known of its nidification in took a nest in the middle of May in elevation. The nest, he says, was feet from the ground and made of

Page 63
A
small stricks lined with dead leave white ground, with spots and blotches of any markings. The larger Nepau Mr. Sharpe as A. indicus.
8. Astur badius, Kaup, 1õi p. IO9 (Sub-sp. A.); Legge, B. Cey, p. 8, No. I6. Micronisus badius, p. 48, No. 23 ; Blyth, Ibis, I863; . Hdibik. Zool., grc., Sitd ; id., Vert. Strickl, Ann. Mag. W. H. xiii. p. 33.
Koung-Héad, nape, neck behind coverts ashy, dusky, or pale earthy b darker, and all edged with pale rufous bases showing through. Lores and e) coverts pale brown, tinged with rufesc chin and throat white, with a mesial abdomen whitish with large longitudin a pale rufous colour. Vent and unde buff, streaked and barred with dark b. maries brown, their inner websbuffy, a brown, barred darker on ooth webs an ashy brown, with 5-6 broad dark bro the outermost feathers, the interspace yellow; bill dusky with a bluish tinge.
In the adult plumage the upper par with white, and the white bases of the specimens; the primaries are dusky colour and barred darker brown, near and also barred. The tail is ashy gre the lateral tail feathers 9 to II in numl throat stripe is less distinct than in the barred with white and rufescent bro tail coverts unspotted white; rest as in the male but larger.
Length.--Adult male, I35 inches; Length.--Adult female, i4's; wing
Hab.--Ceylon, and the Indian Per and Burmah, and also to Beloochistan, Oudh, Bengal, Central Provinces, Rajp Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, and Southe Sind, Punjab, and the N.-W. Province

STUR
. He got one egg with a pale bluish of rich brown; the other egg was devoid ese race is provisionally separated by
s, 1847 ; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus. on p. 23 ; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. Bø. Consp. i. p. 33; Jerd, B. Ind. i. Hume, Rough Notes p. II7; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. Io8. Accipiter badius, -The SHIKRA or BROWN HAWK.
back, scapulars, wing and upper tail rown, the feathers on the head slightly , the feathers of the neck with their white rebrow white; sides of the face and ear ent and mesially streaked with darker;
dark brown throat stripe; breast and al drops-oval on the upper breast-of tail coverts white; under wing coverts rown; thigh coverts also barred. Prind barred with dark brown; secondaries d margined and tipped with buffy; tail wn bands, narrower and about nine on as and tips of all buffy white. Cere
Iris pale yellow; feet yellow,
ts are bluish grey; the nape is mottled scapular feathers show through in some black, with their inner webs of a buff ly black; the secondaries are bluish grey y, and tipped with white, the bars on per, and of a dark brown colour. The young, and the entire lower surface is wn. The abdomen, thighs, and under the young. The adult female is like
wing 79; tail 6'3; tarsus 2.
83 ; tail 64; tarsus 2" I 5. insula generally, extending to Assam Persia, and Afghanistan, Occurs in utana, Central India, Kutch, Kattiawar, rn India. Breeds in April and May in s on large lofty trees on the edges of

Page 64
12 FALCON
streams prlakes, laying usually three or smooth, fine, glossless shells of a pure, de markings, or at most thinly sprinkled all and spots. In size the eggs vary from I*2 to II '26 in breadth. It is commonly t claimed and expert in striking a quarry.
Gen. Accipit
Bill short, much compressed, festoo situated on the forepart of the cere, and
derate, rounded, and with the 4th and St
9. Accipiter nisus, Zinn., Sy, As. i. p. 37o; Grav, Gen. B. i. p. 29; Aough Votes i. p. 124; id., Nests an Acc. Br. Mus. p. I 32; Murray, Hadbk. Sind; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 27; Oates, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 2 I, No. 19. (A Hind.)-The EUROPEAN SPARRow-HAw:
Young-Head, nape, neck behind, b: brown, darker on the upper back, th occiput and nape with white mottlings, feathers showing through, Lores and sides of the neck white, the feathers v the same. Rump and upper tail cover shafts and tipped rufous. Primaries : rufescent white on their inner webs and the secondaries rufous or rufescent whi minally white, and margined at the tip above, greyish white on the under sur
 

DAE.
four eggs, oval or pyriform in shape, :licate bluish white, as a rule without
over with very faint greyish specks I'5 to I'63 inches in length and from |rained by natives, being easily re
ter.-Briss.
ned. Nostrils oval, rather oblique, partly hidden by setae. Wings moh quills longest. Tarsi long.
st. AVat. i. p. I3o; Pall., Zoogr. Rosso. Jerd, B. Ind. i p. 5 I, No. 24; Hume, id Eggs Ind. B. p 25 ; Sharpe, Cat. Zool., 8rc., Sind, p. I Io; id., Vert. Zool. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. I8I ; Murray, asha, the female; Bashin, the male,
ack, scapulars, and wing coverts dusky e feathers margined with rufous, the caused by the broad white bases of the
eyebrow white; chin and throat and vitin mesial dark streaks. Ear coverts is like the back, the feathers with dark irid secondaries dusky brown, basally barred with dark brown. The tips of te; inner web of the tertiaries subters with pale rufous. Tail ashy brown ace, tipped whitish and with five dark

Page 65
ACCPl'
brown bands; breast, abdomen, flanks, brown and white. Under tail coverts spots and transverse dark brown bars.
Adult Male.-Head, nape, hind ne slaty, with a bluish tinge, the nape m basally white. Upper tail coverts and Tail, like the back, tipped white, and w dark brown, their inner webs rufescent nearly black bars ; secondaries slaty, a and barred across with dark brown, tinge; breast, flanks, and abdomen barre coverts the same. Under tail coverts w rufous and dark brown. Bill horny or mandible, and legs yellow; iris orange
Alength.-13 inches; wing 8 IS; tai of a duller tint. Length 15'5; wing 93
Hab.-Ceylon, the whole of Europ winter into Algeria, N.-E. Africa, the II Occurs throughout Sind, Punjab, N.-W throughout the Western Presidency, in zerat, Concan, Deccan, Southern India tamia and Afghanistan; also British B Nepaul. Affects gardens and cultivatio said to be easily tamed, and owing to it. for the quarry. Breeds during May a valleys, laying four bluish white eggs,
Mr, Hume in his 'Rough Notes," p. (Accipiter melaschistos) from Simla as a is only a dark race of this species.
10. Accipiter virgatus, Rein Zool. ỹourn. i. p. 338 ; Gray, Gen. 1 B 25; Hume, Rough Notes i. p. 32; 9 Acc. Br. Mus. vol. i. p. I 5o; Legge, B. p. 182; id, Str. F. x. p. 182 ; Murri Stray F. vol. ii. p. 14.I.—The BESRA
Adult Male-Head and neck dusky rufous, nape mottled with white; ear co white; wing coverts blackish slate colour under surface ashy, pale rufous near 1 with blackish. Tail ashy grey above, in bands of slaty black. Abdomen and

"ER. 13
and thigh coverts barred with rufous white. Under wing lining buff, with
:k, wing coverts, back, and scapulars |ttled white, and some of the tertials scapulars with indistinct dark shafts. ith four dark brown bands. Primaries white, and crossed with darker brown, so rufescent white on their inner webs
Chin and throat white, with a rufous d with bright rufous and white. Thigh hite. Under wing coverts barred with
dark horn blue; cere, base of lower
| 6*3; tarsus 23. Females larger and
to 9"5 ; tail 7; tarsus 2'5.
e and Northern Asia, extending in ndian Peninsula, and China. (Sharpe) W. Provinces, Oudh, and Bengal; also Rajputana, Central India, Kutch, Gu. , and in Beluchistan, Persia, Mesopourmah, Upper Pegu, Tennaserim, and in. It is much used for hawking, and is s courage a better bird than the Shikra nd June in the Himalayas in wooded blotched with red.
28, describes in detail the Dove-Hawk , new species, which Mr. Sharpe thinks
mw., 7'emm. Pl. Col. i. pl. I o9 ; Vig.,
'. i p. 29; Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 52, No.
erd., Ibis, 1871, p. 243; Sharpe, Cat.
Ceylon p. 26; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
zy, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 22, No. 2O;
SPARRow-HAWK.
black, sides of the neck washed with verts and face light dusky; throat buffy , Quills dark brown, unbarred above; he base of the inner web and barred nuch paler below, with three transverse inder tail coverts white, rest of under

Page 66
14. FALCC
surface bright ferruginous or vinous ch coverts yellowish ochry; axillaries b; yellow; bill black, plumbeous at bas Irides yellow.
Zength.- I to II"25 inches; wing to 2'2.
Adult Female-A little larger than Zength.-13 inches; wing 74 to 8
The plumage of the various stages variable, that it is not possible to giv the following from Arough Wotes is the from the Punjab, in the Kurrachee Mu upper tail coverts dusky cyaneous, with white. Tail slaty grey, browni. narrow transverse bars on the inner wel webs of the other ten feathers. Sides with traces of rufous striae. Chin an stripe; a streak of white over the eye. the central portion having the feathe nous and white. Sides, flanks, and up barred with white; lower abdomen Tibial plumes white, closely barred wit
Hab.–Ceylon and throughout the the Concan and Deccan, Rajputana, i. Punjab, N.-W. and Central Provinces, Wallace gives it from Malacca, Timor, to Assam, Burmah, and Malayana. M fident that it breeds in the forests of Gl certain is known. In Ceylon, however the usual breeding season is from generally built in large trees, and are about 3o feet off the ground. Eggs blu In parts of India it is caught where falconers for the quarry. It is said, ht but when trained fetches a consider especially at partridges, quails, doves a
Sub-Family
Bill small and moderate, with t generally short; tarsi with scutae in tarsus. Outer toe connected to middl

NIDAE.
estnut, paler on the thighs; under wing rred with brownish. Cere pale lemon Legs and feet pale orange yellow.
65 to 66; tail 5’’75 to 66; tarsus I"g
he male.
tarsus I*9 to 2'2.
of the young of this species is so very e a description which would suit, but usual type of coloration of specimens seum. Head, nape, back, mantle, and darkest on the head. Nape mottled sh on lateral feathers, and with seven ps and four broad blackish bars on both of neck and coverts dusky, the latter d throat white with one central blackish Breast deep ferruginous at the sides, rs a mixture of blackish, deep ferrugiper abdomen ferruginous, imperfectly white, barred with pale ferruginous. h rusty grey; under tail coverts white.
Indian Peninsula nearly. Occurs in n South and Central India ; also in the the Himalayas, and S. Andamans. Mr. and Java, and Dr. Jerdon says extends Ir. Thompson (Rough Notes) is conrhwal from March to May, but nothing , according to Mr. H. Parker, F.Z.S., Way to July. The nests, he says, are : shapeless structures of small sticks, fish white, blotched with reddish brown.
fairly numerous and much used by owever, to be a difficult bird to train, able price, being speedy and active, nd snipe.
-BUTEONINAE.
he tip hooked. Wings moderate; tail front and behind; tibia longer than e toe by interdigital membrane. :

Page 67
BUT
Gen. IBU
Bill short with hooked tip; margin nostrils oval. Lores clothed with brist) and 5th quills sub-equal and longest; notched. Tarsus bare or feathered or
lll. Buteo plumipes, Hodgs. Z. S. 1845, p. 37; Jerd, B. Ind, p.g yerd, Ibis, I871, p. 34o; Str. F. iv. I i. p. 18o, pl. vii.; Legge, B. Ceylon p Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 25, No. p. 18; 7erd, Ibis, 1871, p. 337. But The HARRIER BUzzARD.
Adult-Above dark purplish brown, gins; sides of face and neck rufous, th lores whitish. Upper margin of ear forming a strongly pronounced mous streaked with blackish on the chin an almost uniform rufous with a black sh
 

EO 15
seo.-- Cuv.
of upper mandible slightly festooned;
e-like feathers. Wings long; 3rd, 4th, inner webs of Ist four quills strongly the upper third only.
in Gray's Zool, Misc. p. 81; id., P. I, No.; Hume, Rough Notes p. 285; p. 358-37 I; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. 3 I ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. I84; 23. Buteo japonicus, Bp. Consp. i. eo vulgaris, Blyth, Ibis, I863, p. 2o.--
the feathers rufescent on their mar2 feathers mesially streaked with brown; coverts dark brown; cheeks blackish, tache. Under surface of body rufous, d less distinctly on the throat; chest aft stripe; lower breast fulvous white,

Page 68
16 FALCC
irregularly barred with rufous brown the feathers; lower abdomen, vent,
Primaries blackish; secondaries paler v or barred with brown; tail brown w band, a white tip, and 3 to 4 other disti
Length.-215 inches; wing 157;
Aged specimens are everywhere dull scapulars lighter; primaries dark brow, tips; the inner web buffy white, barre daries like the back; tail uniform smc whity brown tips with obsolete rema: neck and entire under parts uniform si
Length.-20 inches; wing IS4; tai
Hab.-Ceylon; the Travancore Hill Northern portions of the Tenasserimp Sikkim and eastwards to China and Ja
Mr. Bourdillon in Str. F. states that during December, January, and Febru two or three may be seen steadily q pouncing on some mouse or lizard. plumipes there is still a set controversy the Buzzard in all their different sta Dresser, and Gurney have workedh between the Indian species of Buzzard. been come to. Mr. Sharpe has, howe key to seventeen species of Buteo whether anything could be made of th
Sub-Family-A
Bill strong, more or less lengthe reticulate behind, more than half t connected to middle toe by membra longest.
Gen. IN
Bill much hooked at tip; cere large festoomed; tarsus feathered to the toe
12. Nisaetus fasciatus, Vieil Cat. Acc. p. 25o; Strickl, Orn. Syn. Legge, B. Ceylon p. 36; Murray, A

NIIDAE.
thighs rufous with fulvous margins to and under tail coverts creamy buff. 'ith whitish tips and irregularly mottled th an indistinct purplish subterminal nguishable bars of darker brown.
cail 9 ; tarsus 3 ; culmen I'35.
smoky brown, the wing coverts and l, inclining to purplish brown near the il with brown; shafts whitish ; seconky brown with whitish shafts and pale ns of cross bars. Sides of face and noky brown.
l 9 ; tarsus 3.
s of Southern India, the Himalayas, the rovince of British Burmah, Nepaul and pan.
this is a winter visitor in Travancore ary, preferring high open country, where uartering the ground and occasionally As to the identity of this species with owing to the very variable plumage of ges. Messrs. Hume, Blyth, Sharpe, ard to find out the points of distinction s, but no satisfactory conclusion has yet ver, in his Catalogue, fairly well given a rom all parts of the world, I doubt : Indian or Ceylonese species.
QUILINAE-EAGLEs.
ned, festooned but not toothed ; tarsus he length of the tibia. Outer toe only Ie. Wings moderate. 4th quill usually
isetus.-Hodgs.
; nostrils large, elliptic; upper mandible s. No elongated occipital crest.
l., Mem. Lin. Soc. Paris, p. I 52 ; Sharpe, p. 61 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind p. 77; if Brit. Ind.i., p. 36, No. 32. Falco

Page 69
NIS
bonelli, 7'em., Pl. Col. i, pl. 288. A Gould, B. Elur, i. p. 7; Sheller, Bira Blyth, ỹ, A. S. B. xix. p. I 74 ; Hur bonelli, Bp., Cat. Ois. Eur. Parzud. Nisætus bonelli, ferd, B. of Ind, : 'ç., Sind, p. 1Oo.–The CRESTLEss F
Adulf Female.--Above deep brown, paler margined; eyebrow and sides of face white; cheeks streaked with b Under surface white with dark shaft marked with dark brown arrow-head or less pale brown, varied with dark b under wing coverts white, streaked wi with white tips; axillaries white, barr deep brown, mottled on the inner web to grey, with 5 to 6 indistinct bars of terminal band of dark brown; the tips dingy yellow, bluish about the nostrils, tinged with yellow. Iris yellow.
Length.-26 inches; culmen 25 ; w
Adulf Male.-Length 27-29 inche (Sharpe, Cat. Acc.)
Hab.-Found in Ceylon, Southern E nearly throughout India. In Sind a January, and in the Himalayas accordi occurs in the N.-W. Provinces, also i Afghanistan, Kutch, Guzerat, the Decc Kattiawar, the Carnatic, Nepaul, A Peninsula.
This Eagle breeds on trees, or on le nest is from 4 to 6 feet in diameter, ma sion, except in the middle for the rece nest is usually of green twigs and leave but three have occasionally been found in colouring; generally they are oval, u and blotched with pale yellowish or re 2'56 to 3 inches in length and from I'g
13. Nisaetus pennatus, Gm.
pl. 33 ; Sharpe, Cat. Adcc. i. p. 253; u
Burm. ii. p. I89; Murray, Avif 1
3 с

AETUS. 17
(uilla bonelli, Less, Man. Orn, i. p. 83; of Egypt p. 206. Eutolmaetus bonelli, e, Rough Notes i. p. I8g. Pseudaetus p. I; Hume, Stray Feathers i. p. 158.
p. 67, No. 33 ; Murray, Hdblk. Zool., AWK EAGLE.
the feathers white at base, some of them neck streaked with white. Sides of the own; ear coverts inclining to rufous. stripes; flanks irregularly barred and
markings. Feathers of the tarsus more own and irregularly spotted with white; th black; the lower ones entirely black :d and streaked with blackish. Quills with white. Tail ashy brown, inclining brown near the base, and a broad subof the feathers fulvous; cere and gape
Bill horn black. Feet whitish brown,
ing 21 ; tail I ’5 ; tarsus 4.
:s; wing 18-196; tail II; tarsus 35.
Curope and the Mediterranean. Breeds nd the Punjab during December and ng to Hume in April and May. It in Persia, Beloochistan, and Southern 'an, Concan, and Southern India; also ssam, and in fact the entire Indian
:dges of precipitous rocky cliffs. The .de of sticks, with scarcely any depresption of the eggs. The lining of the s. The number of eggs is usually two, They vary in shape and size, also nspotted pale greyish or faintly streaked ddish brown. In size they vary from 5 to 222 in breadth.
Sys... AWat. i. p. 272 ; 7"em., Pl. Col... i. Legge, B. Ceylon p. 4o; Oates, B. Br. 3r. Ind. i. p. 37, No. 33 ; id., Vert.

Page 70
18 FALCON
Zool., Sind, p. 78. Aquila pennata, I4; Jerdon, B. of Ind. p. 63, No. 31; Hdbk. Zool, c., Sind. Hieratus pen Blyth, Gř. A. S. B. xv. p. 7; Hume, Il pp. 74, 198 ; viii. p. I 62.-The DwAR.
Head and neck behind, and on the s feathers lanceolate and streaked me lengthened feathers entirely dark brow A narrow superciliary stripe; a band fi ear coverts, and a central chin strip brown; back, scapulars, and wing c coverts and some of the scapulars bro a conspicuous wing band; rump and latter shading from dull fawn brown t Tail dull sepia brown, shaded with ash 4-5 indistinct bars of darker brow Primaries dark brown, inclining to ash secondaries indistinctly barred with body rufous, buffy, or fulvous white, d. dark brown, the streaks disappearing ( coverts, which are white. Under win streaks, Cere and gape bright wax y base; feet pale wax yellow; iris pale
Length.-Female 19 to 24 inches; 2°8. The young bird is paler bene a white shoulder spot, and white lor are whitish, and the tail distinctly bar
Adult Male.--Smaller than the fen tarSus 2*4.
AHab.–Sind, the Punjab, N.-W. F Persia, and Afghanistan; also the Co. Peninsula and Ceylon. Hume says that Mr. Theobald found a nest in th were two in number; one which rea ground colour dead white, devoid of throughout with reddish brown. Siz
Gen. Lop.
Nostrils visible ; no chin tuft; cr high at the base, with a prominent fe

IDAE.
Vig., Zool. ỹourn. ; Gray, Gen. B. Loyard, B. S. Afr. p. Jo; Murray, latus, Kaup., Mus. Senck. iii. p. 26o; 'ough Notes i. p. I82; Str. P. vol. vii.
or Booted EAGLE.
ides, rufous or pale orange brown, the sially with dark brown; some of the n and forming a not very apparent crest. om the angle of the mouth below the e dark brown. Ear coverts rufescent overts sepia brown; the median wing adly edged with fulvous white, forming
upper tail coverts like the back, the o buffy white on their margins and tips. ly, tipped with fulvous white, and with n more distinct on the under surface. ly white basally on their inner webs; lull brownish white. Under surface of eeper on the breast, and streaked with on the abdomen, thighs, and under tail g coverts white, with a few narrow shaft allow; bill bluish black, pale blue at the brown.
wing 155 to 16; tail 9 to 925; tarsus bath, the breast rufous or fulvous with es and forehead. The upper tail coverts led on both webs.
hale. Length 19 inches; wings' I37;
'rovinces, Oudh, Beloochistan (Quetta), ncan, Deccan, and throughout the Indian it breeds in Spain in April and May, and e Salem district at Huroor. The eggs ched him, he says, was a very broad oval, gloss, and thickly blotched and streaked e 2' 13 x I'78 inches,
hotriorchis.
est long and wedge-shaped; bill short, stoon; tarsi feathered to the base.

Page 71
LOPHOT
Head of Lophot
4. LophotriOrchiis kiener 35 ; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus. i. p. 2 4 vis. Brit. Ind. i.p. 38, No. 34. Spi Aume, Rough Notes i. p. 216; id., S Slirickl., Ann. Wat. Hist. xiii. p. 33 ; RUFoUS-BELLIED HAWK EAGLE,
Above black, slightly shaded with b1 long; feathers of the nape white at the and rufous; cheeks, throat and breast lines; rest of under surface including streaked with black shaft stripes, broac of the feathers externally brownish, with a few blackish bars on the inner rowly tipped with white; tail black, ver with 6-7 indistinct bars of dark brow a subterminal brown bar. Cere an brown.
Length.-21 to 25 inches; wing I4 culmen II ‘5.
Hab.–Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula Borneo and Sumatra. Not uncomm Himalayas. Mr. Inglis gives it from Philippines. Nothing is known of its and elegant flight and to mount and
Gen. Neo
Bill moderate, bending from the ba; festoon in the upper mandible; cer exceeding the tail, which is long and claws nearly straight
15. Neopus malayensis, Ten Cat. B. M. E. I. Co. i. p. 381; Jerd, Motes i. p. 187; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. 470, App. 1289; Hume and Dav, St.
 

RI ORCHIS. 19
iorch is kienteri.
i, Geoff. St. Hil, Rev. Zool, r845, pl. 55; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 43; Murray, zaetus kieneri, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. I4 ; 'tr. F. i. p. 3F I. Limnaetus kieneri, Jerd, B. Ind i. p. 74, No. 37–The
own. Occipital crest 24 to 25 inches
base. Ear coverts mixed white, black. pure white with a few narrow black shaft under wing and tail coverts tawny rufous, ler on the flanks; wings black, some the inner lining of quills whitish ashy webs of the primaries; secondaries nary narrowly tipped with whity brown and in ; lower surface of tail ashy white with d feet yellow; bill plumbeous; irides
to I6; tail 85 to 9"5 ; tarsus 2*9 to 3;
Travancore and Burma, extending to in in Lower Bengal, extending to the
N.-E. Cachar, and Wallace from the nidification. It is said to have a rapid oar well.
bus-Hodgs.
e, much hooked at the tip, with a slight large; nostrils ovoid oblique; wings lightly rounded; primaries emarginate;
:, Pl. Col. i. pl. I I7; Horf.and Moore, B. Ind. i.p.65, No. 32; Hume, Rough B. M. p. 257; Legge, B. Ceylon p.
F. vi.p. ii.; viii.p.82;. Oates, B. En.

Page 72
20 FALCO
Burm. ii. p. 9o; Murray, Avif. Brn malayensis, Hume, Mest and Eggs Ind
Uniform brown black, somewhat dar with white, feathers of the tail more or mottled with white or greyish white ne inner webs. Cere, gape, and feet dee the tip; iris dark brown.
Length.-Male.-275 to 295 inch culmen 2oo5 ; tarsus 3'4.
Female.-3O'S to 3I'S; wing 23 t to 375.
Hab.–Ceylon, the Indian Penins Peninsula to Java and Sumátra. It oc the Western Ghats, Travancore, Centr throughout the Himalayas, and Nepal.
Jerdon says it is a bird of easy, grac and circling about at no great height, It lives chiefly on eggs of birds and in the face of cliffs and lays from 2 to : few brown specks and spots. One eg richly blotched and mottled all over with somewhat brownish red. In leng and in breadth from I'88 to 2'o2 inch were from Bussahir and Koolo, and w
Gen. Spizae
Form aquiline; bill short, high at the mandible with a festoon; wing short; feathered to the base; inner toe witho
16. Spizaetus nipalensis, i Gray, Cat. Acc. p. 8; Blyth, ởř. A. S. i. p. 21 o; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. p. No. 36. Limnaetus nipalensis, ỹoerd., S. 1872, p. 4 I 1.-The SPoTTED or Ho
Adult Male-Crown of the head, o of the neck and nape blackish brown from 25 to 4 inches in length, is tipp nape, cheeks, and sides of neck edged fulvous white with a broad streak of bl wing coverts and secondaries deep bro

NIIDAE.
t. Ind i. p. 38, No. 35. Heteropus
B. p. 33.-The BLACK EAGLE.
ker beneath. Upper tail coverts barred less distinctly barred with ashy; quills 'ar the base and faintly barred on their ) yellow; bill greenish horny, black at
es; wing 22 to 227; tail I28 to 14;
o 25’ 5 ; tail 14 to I4"75; tarsus 3"62
ula generally, Burmah, the Malayan urs in Malabar, in the Wynaad, Coorg, al India, the Punjab, N.-W Provinces,
‘eful, and elegant flight, always soaring with hardly any flapping of its wings. estlings. It nests on the ledges or on 3 eggs, a pale yellowish white, with a g in Mr. Hume's possession is said to be (most densely towards the small end) sh the eggs vary from 25 to 268 inches, es. Hume's collection of these eggs are obtained in January.
etus- Vieil.
base, curved, hooked at the tip; upper tail long and square; tarsi moderate, Lut the claw shorter than the outer.
THodgs., ỹo. A. S. B. v. p. 229, pl. 7 ; , B. xix. p. 333; Hume, Rough Wotes 267 ; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind, i. p, 39, B. Ind. i. p. 73, No. 36; Holdsw, P. Z. DGsoN's HAWK EAGLE
ccipital crest, ear coverts, cheeks, sides ; the occipital crest, which is usually 2d with white, and the feathers on the ! with tawny; chin and throat white or lack down the centre; back, scapulars, wn, the feathers with darker transverse

Page 73
SPZAE
bars; upper tail coverts a lighter brow white, and with broad transverse white with white, and with 4-5 broad transver than the interspaces; neck in front and fulvous white, the feathers broadly cent surface, including tarsal feathers which toes, brown, barred transversely with wh white or fulvous white, also barred or s feet dirty yellowish white; iris yellow.
length.-28 to 29 inches; wing 13's culmen I‘9.
The adult female is larger than the m I85 to I8*7; tail 12"6 to I, 3; tarsus 4"
Mr. Hume in Rough Wotes describe the head, back, and sides of the neck a with a narrow dark brown central stri black and narrowly tipped with white hair brown, the feathers paling at the pale wood brown; rump and upper tai brown; central tail feathers a sort of ( white with a one inch subterminal anc dark brown bands; wing coverts, exce, pale wood brown with dark brown cent greater coverts almost wholly white or coverts umber brown; 2nd to 5th prin and obscurely barred with dingy buff base of neck in front, breast and abdic buff and black shafted near the tip; low pale rufous brown, barred obscurely wit forming imperfect bars; under wing cc brown.
Aab.-Ceylon, Southern India gener N.-W. Provinces, the Himalayas, and K
This species as far as is at present k March, April, and May. Its nest, not and is said to be either hidden in a den some inaccessible cliff. The normal ni regular oval, almost symmetrical at bot less; the ground colour a slightly gree brown and with numerous large blotche Size 378 by 2'23 inches. (Hume.) )

TUS 2.
n than the back, narrowly tipped with bars; tail pale brown, narrowly tipped Se, deep brown bands which are broader upper breast a mixture of brownish and red with blackish brown; rest of under reach to between the inner and middle ite or fulvous white; under wing coverts potted with brown; cere and bill black;
; to 19; tail I 3 to I 32; tarsus 39 to 4;
ale. Length 29'25 to 32 inches; wing 2 to 4'4.
s a young male as having the whole of ind ear coverts rufous buff, each feather pe, a long conspicuous occipital crest ; scapulars and interscapulary region margins and towards their bases to a coverts dingy, somewhat rufous wood live brown, very narrowly tipped with four other half inch broad transverse pt the greater primary coverts, a rather res, paling into the margins; Secondary their inner webs; quills and primary maries emarginate on their outer webs ; chin and throat pure white, also the men-the feathers tipped with rufous er tail coverts, flanks, and tibial plumes h white; axillaries the same, with spots overts barred with dingy rufous or hair
ally, and Travancore; also the Punjab, Khasia.
(nown breeds in the Himalayas during : unlike other eagles, is made of Sticks, lse forest or projecting from the face of umber of eggs is two, in shape a broad h ends. Shell coarse, dull, and glossnish white spotted thinly with reddish 'S and streaks of very pale inky Purple. Hodgson's Hawk Eagle is a shy forest

Page 74
22 FALCO
bird and confines itself to deep wooded the Himalayas, where it feeds on pheas:
17. Spizaetus cirrhatus, Gm 29; Hume, Rough Notes i. p. 206; Sha Avis. Br. Ind i. p. 4o, No. 37. Falcc Limnaetus cristatellus (Temm.), ferd., , P. Z. S. I 872, p. 4 I I ; Stray F., vol. iv Ceylonensis, Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 55,
Adult Male-Head, nape, and upper dark brown shaft streak; occipital cre without white tips, and with white bases, the feathers with a very narrow mesial d broad white central streak and with a di breast and upper abdomen pure white i broad dark brown central stripe on the under tail coverts, and tibial plumes uni and upper tail coverts. Under wing c stripes; the lower series white, centred laries a paler brown. Quills brown, bal tipped with buff or buffy white, the ir barrings very conspicuous. Wing cove. gined paler. Tail pale brown with thre band, broader than the interspace betwe feet and iris yellow.
Length.-Male-25 to 26 inches; wi
Length.-Female-29 to 32 inches I2'57 ; tarsus 4" I.
Hab.-Ceylon, Central and Southern and Nepal. It has been found in Trav; the Neilgherries, Seoni, Raepoor, Etawi Central Provinces; also at Mount Aboo,
Mr. Bourdillon in Stray Feathers, iv. frequently making a dash amongst chi some neighbouring tree to concert a fre well-wooded tracts and feeds generally and at times on snakes and lizards; and p. 31, adds that he had heard of one ha Mr. Vidal has taken the eggs of this E says it breeds during December and Jar he says are large and comparatively dee with the twigs hanging down untidily, b

NIDAE.
hills ascending far into the interior of ants, hares, and partridges.
el., S. NV. i. p. 274 ; Bp., Consp. i. p. rpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. p. 269;" Murray, | Ceylonensis, Gmel, S. N. i. p. 275. B. Ind. i p. 71, No. 35 ; Holdsworth, . p 356 ; id., vol. vii. p. 33. Spizaetus
I 209.-The CRESTED HAwK EAGLE.
back brown, the feathers with a mesial st 39 to 49 inches, black, with or
Cheeks and ear coverts pale brown, ark brown stripe; throat white, witn a stinct moustachial stripe on each side; inclining to rufous, the feathers with a 2 terminal half; lower abdomen, vent, form brown, also the lower back, rump, overts rufous brown, with dark shaft or barred with blackish brown. Axilrred with darker brown. Secondaries inermost paler than the back, and the rts dark brown, the greater series mare and a broad sub-terminal dark brown en it and the next. Cere pale yellow;
ng 6; tail i ; tarsus 3'g to 4. ; wing I75 to 178; tail 12'5r to
India, the Central Provinces, Gu2erat,
ancore, the Western Ghauts, Madras,
ah, Mundla and other localities in the
in Guzerat and South Concan.
356, says of it, that it is very daring, ckens, when, if it misses, it retires to sh plan of attack. It usually keeps to upon small birds as quail and pigeons, | Mr. Vidal in Stray Feathers, vol. vii, ving been seen attacking a mongoose. Hawk Eagle in the South Concan. He nuary and as late as April. The nests p stick structures loosely put together uilt very high up, as a rule, in forks of

Page 75
SPILO
rees. They are always profusely lined birds make no attempt to defend thei Mr. Vidal, none contained more than or egg measured 3 inches X 2' I and the vary greatly, but the usual type is a mc Colour a dull greenish white, someti streaked at the larger end with reddis pale green lining.
Gen. Spillornis.--Gray,
Bill straightened at the base; wing rounded ; tarsi plumed; toes scutellate
18. Spillornis melanotis, ỹer Cat. Acc. B. M. p. z89, Sub-sp. a; De sp. 74; Ball, td. p. 299; Vidal, Stray Murray, Avif. Br. India i.p. 46, No. ởř. A. S. B. xvi. p. 35 I. Spilornis spilog Spilornis davisoni, Hume, Stray F. i. lornis rutherfordi, Swinh., Ibis, 187o, I I87o, p. 298. Spilornis bacha, Holds. Spilornis spilogaster, Legge, B. Ceyle HARRIER EAGLE.
Poung.-Above brown, with large sp feather, which is slightly tipped with f the upper tail coverts tipped and barre wing coverts blackish brown, the least greater series whity brown, more or le streaked with dark brown, widening int brown, tipped with white; the second blackish brown, very distinct underne most part white. Tail ashy brown, tip broad bands of darker brown. Hea. narrow shaft stripe and a diamond-sh coverts and cheeks nearly uniform b with broad streaks of brown on the b) on the flanks; thighs narrowly barred v with large oval spots of rufous brown brown on the lower series.
Adult Female.-Head much crest bases to the feathers, those of the na upper surface of body purplish brown,

RNIS. 23
with green mango leaves. The old r nests. Out of 32 nests examined by e egg or one young bird. The largest smallest 22'S X 1 35. In shape they derate oval pointed at the smaller end. mes unspotted and sometimes faintly h brown. It is unglossed and has a
Hæmatornis.- Vigors.
s short; head crested; crest feathers
at base of claw.
i., Madras yourn. xiii. p. 165; Sharpe, zvison and Wenden, Stray F. vol. vii. F. ix. p. 33 ; Butler, id. ix. p. 373 ; 42. Hæmatornis spilogaster, Bly.., aster, Blanf., ỹ. 4. S. B. 187 I, p. 27o. pp. 305, 422 ; id., iv. pp. 28 I 358. Spi). 85; d., P. Z. S. 1871 ; Wald., Ibis, (non Le Veill.), P. Z.S. 1872, p. 412. n, p. 6I.-The SouTHERN or LEssER,
bots of dark brown near the end of each ulvous, the bases of the feathers white, d on the outer web with the same; ones apically margined with white; the ss entirely white on inner web, mesially o a spatulate apical spot. Quills dark aries more broadly barred across with ath, where the inner webs are for the ped with white, and crossed with three d and neck all round white, with a aped apical spot of dark brown. Ear rown. Under surface of body white, feast, becoming very narrow and linear with brown. Under wing coverts white, on the innermost, and having bars of
ed, jet black, with conspicuous white pe tipped with dull ochraceous; rest of paler on the interscapulary region; the

Page 76
24 FALC
wing coverts blacker, with remains of scapulars, but very broad on the upper white and mottled slightly on the oute same; all the quills dark brown at base of blackish brown, the primaries show base; the inner web of the quills belov tinctly. Tail black, narrowly tipped
broad median band of pale whity brow) a distinct greyish band, the latter show rest of under surface pale ochraceo transverse lines of dark brown; the res spots, rather 'oblong in shape, mostly
changing to bars on the thighs and u and axillaries light rufous with very dis
Adult Male.--Smaller. Length 26 Chest perfectly uniform brown with no surface; breast and lower parts very la cere, loral skin, and gape bright yellow
black at tip and on culmen ; feet pa (Sharpe.)
Cere, orbital skin, and legs yellow; tip. The following are comparative m. in inches :-
S. cheela.
Adult. Length ......... 28 to 30 Wing .........., 185 20'5 Tail ............ 2 I3
Tarsus .................. 4' I5, 4°5
Hab.-Central and Southern India. Occurs in both the Northern and Sout Raipur, and other localities in the Cen Godavery, Orissa, and also in Lower E
The Lesser Harrier Eagle affects m where there are rice and other cereal mice, and small birds. The only rec Sir. F. by Mr. Vidal on the Birds of t building, according to Mr. H. Parker, laid at the end of that month or early rally hatched out. Two nests were ta the eggs in his possession measured

ONDE.
white tips, which are less distinct on the tail coverts. Quills brown, tipped with er web, but more on the inner with the 2 and having a broad subterminal band ing a second dark brown band near the v whitish, showing the bands very diswith whitish and crossed with a very n; sides of face and chin blackish with ing slight tips of fulvous to the feathers; us brown, with distinct but irregular t of the under surface with large white margined above and below with black, inder tail coverts. Under wing coverts tinct oval spots of white.
inches; wing 165; tail I2; tarsus 35. traces of cross barrings on the under rgely and distinctly spotted with white; ; bill slaty plumbeous at base, bluish le dingy yellow ; iris intense yellow.
irides orange; bill bluish, black at the easurements of this species and S. cheela
S. mela motis.
Adult. 24 to 26.
I5 , 168 το 8 , I 25
3“б5, 375
, the Andamans to Ceylon and China. hern Concans, the Deccan, Travancore, tral Provinces from the Ganges to the dengal.
harshy and hilly forest tracts, especially cultivations. It feeds chiefly on frogs, 2Ord of its nidification is in a paper in he South Concan. In Ceylon the nest is in progress in March, and the egg is in April. In May the young are geneken by Mr. Vidal during March, and respectively 275 X 2'25 inches and

Page 77
HALl
265 x 2' 12 inches. They are said smaller end, white, streaked all over w cap of the same shade at the large en
Gen. Ealiae'
Bill stright at the base, longish, con is much hooked; margin of upper mai
quills sub-equal, longest; tarsus plum of tarsus scutellate.
Head of Halia
19. Halilætus leucogaster, i. p. 336; ferd, B. Ind. i. p. 85; Shai I 49 ; iii. 324-335 ; iv. 422-46 I ; vi. I 7; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 82; Oates, B. Bh Ind. i. p. 53, No. 48. Cuncuma leugo id., Wests and Egg Ind. A. p. 48; Wa Jo... iv. pp. 422-46 I.--The WHITE-BELI
Adult.-Head, neck all round, breas white, the outermost of the latter sha grey with white bases; body above asl cinereous black; also the secondarie black, broadly tipped with white. C with green; legs and feet yellowish.
Length.-28 to 3o inches; wing 2 bill from gape 2'25.
The adult female is larger. They Acc.) Head and neck dark brown, buff, the feathers paler centred; rest distinct buffy shaft streaks widening t the most part white, irregularly mottled feathers margined paler, and with du rump rather darker than the rest of the quills deep brown; secondaries paler with more or less distinct darker brov for the greater part of its length; tai
(, с
 

ETUS 25
o be broad ovals, slightly pointed at the
th reddish brown, and with a confluent l.
us-Savigny.
pressed, curved towards the tip, which Idible sinuate; wings long; 4th and 5th ed for nearly half its length ; lower hal
etus albicillus.
3m., S. W. i. p. 257; Vig, Zool. 7 ourn. rpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. p. 3o7; Str. F. ii. vii. I99; iX, 32; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 67; r. Burm. ii. p. I99; Murray, Avif. Br. gaster, Hume, Rough Notes i. p. 259; ll, Ibis, 1868, p. I, 5; Armstrong, Str. LIED SEA EAGLE.
t, abdomen under tail and wing coverts ded with grey; the greater series ashy by grey shaded with brown. Primaries , but tipped narrowly with white; tail re and orbital ridge bluish lead tinged rides olive brown.
2 to 24; tail 9 to 9"5 ; tarsus 3“ I to 4 ;
bung is described by Mr. Sharpe (Cat. treaked with buffy white; throat sandy of under surface rufescent brown with wards the apex; under tail coverts for with reddish brown. Above brown, the |l whitish shaft stripes; lower back and back, and with distinct white streaks; and tipped with buffy white; the quills n bars; tip of inner web whitish below dark brown, tipped with whitish and

Page 78
26 FALCO
crossed with three ill-defined bars of p. brown and shaded with whitish.
Hab.–Ceylon, and the whole of Ind Tennaserim province, also Assam and t and Nicobars. Occurs in the Conc Southern India, Punjab, N. W. P. ar most parts, breeding on lofty trees.
Mr. Vidal has taken the eggs in Oct Southern Concan. The nests are gig sticks, and are fully 5 feet in diameter. and sometimes two have been found; glossless, from 27 X 2'O4 to 3' x 2"( that the same nests are used year after they build on large trees in cocoanut a implies, it feeds chiefly upon fish.
Gen. Halia
Bill stout, curved and hooked. N round. Wings very long, the 4th qui plumed at the knee, and covered with
இத
تمتی2 ട്ടു. 家多名 އިލިއަހަ>
20, Baliastur Indus, Bodd., i. p. 18; Jerdon, B. of Ind. i p. 1ol, l S. F. vii. 251 ; i. p. 16o; Murray, H. Cat. Acc. B. M. i. p. 3 I 3 ; Hume, Str. Oates, Str.F.v.p. 42; Legge, B. Ceylo; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 25I ; Hume, St. 227; Oates, Str. F. x. p. I8I ; id, B. Brit. Ind. i. p. 56. No. 5o. Haliætus i MARooN-BACKED or BRAHMINY KITE.
Adult.-Head, neck, throat, entire b abdomen white, with dark brown shaft or rufous chestnut, paler on the seconda at the tip. Quills black, rufescent at
 

IIDAE.
ler brown, much mottled with darker
ia, including British Burmah and the he Malay Archipelago, the Andamans an, Deccan, Central, Northern and d Bengal. A permanent resident in
ober, November, and December in the antic platforms, built of strong, thick
The normal number of eggs is one, hey are greenish white, unspotted and 6 inches. Mr. Vidal's experience is year after being repaired, and that they ld other gardens. As its English name
stur-Selby.
ostrils circular with bony margin all ll longest; tail slightly rounded; tarsi SCutae.
Tabl. Pl. Enl. 25 ; Gray, Gen. Birds No. 55 ; Hume, Rough NVotes ii. p. 316 ; dbk. Zool., c., Sind, p. 116; Gray, F. iii. p. 35 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 64 ; n, p. 76; Hume ở Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 22; “. F. viii. p. 82; Scully. Str. F. viii. p Br. Burm. ii. p. 2o II ; Murray, Avis. ndus, Sch. Mus. P. B. p. 19.-The
reast, and as far as the middle of the stripes; rest of the plumage maroon, ries, the tail paling into a fulvous white the base of inner web; under wing

Page 79
M
coverts deep maroon, with dark sha yellow; irides brown.
Length.-20 to 2 I inches; wing 1 The young bird is a rather deep rufous. Head, neck, and lower part
Aab.--Ceylon and India generally. Provinces, Kutch, Kattiawar, Ajmere Pegu, Nepal. Generally affects trees in Breeds wherever it occurs from the April. The nest is always on a tree
Milvus gowinda. The normal numbe to find three. In shape they vary m moderately broad ovals, slightly co greyish white, speckled or spotted w Size II '89 to 2'28 x * 5 to 1’79.
Gen. Mi
Bill short, straight at the base, w mandible with a rounded festoon. Tail forked or emarginate. Tarsi sho in front below.
2. Milvus govinda, Sykes, p. IO4, No. 56; Hume, Åough, AVo p. 325; Stray Feathers, i. p. 16o; M. Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 9o; Legge, B. C. p. 57, No. 5.-The CoMMoN PARIA
Adult Male.-Above brown or ruf with dark central stripes. Scapular wing coverts with dark central stripes. the quills albescent near the base and tipped with buffy white and barred w or whitish, and also mottled and bar stripes. Under parts dull rufous b) coverts, and with brown shaft strip fulvescent. Under wing coverts rufol feathers. Cere and gape"yellow, Bi yellowish.
Length.-20 to 23 inches; wing 18 Hab.-Throughout India. In Ce
to Mr. Parker rare in the Hamban inland tanks in the north. A residen

LVUS 27
t stripes; cere brownish; feet greenish
"75 to 16; tail 7 to 8. brown above, the feathers tipped with
pale rufous, streaked paler.
Recorded from Sind, the Punjab, N.-W. Concan, Deccan, Tranvancore, Upper ear waterin parties of from six to a dozen. middle of February to the beginning of hear by water, and is not unlike that of r of eggs is two, but it is not uncommon ich ; but typically they are very perfect, mpressed towards one end; in colour ith pale dingy brown or reddish brown.
Wus.-Cuv.
'ell curved and hooked at tip, Upper Nostrils oval, oblique. Wings long. rt, plumed at the knees, and with scutae
P. Z. S. I832, p. 8I ; 27yerd., B. of Ind. tes ii. p. 32o ; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. urray, Halbk. Zool., &c., Sind, p. 116; id, ylon, p. 8o; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind.i.
KITE.
ous brown, the head and neck rufescent s and wing coverts edged with buff, the Quills and greater coverts dark brown, mottled with brown. Tail ashy brown, ith brown ; the under surface pale brown, ed. Throat albescent with brown shaftown, buffy on the vent and under tail s; the feathers of the breast somewhat is brown, with dark brown centres to the l horny black. Feet yellowish, Irides
'S to I9; tail I,3; tarsus 2'25.
ylon it is not numerous, and according totta districts, visiting occasionally the ; scavenger. Breeds on house tops, old

Page 80
28 FALCO
mosques, and flat-roofed buildings,- February, and March. It occurs al. Nepal.
Gen. Elanu
Bill small, ridge (without cere) gre claw; tip much hooked and lengthen sinuate. Cere small; nostrils oval. L to end of tail, pointed; 2nd quill lon Taill short. Tarsi short, plumed abo Middle claw keeled.
22. Elanus caeruleus, Desf. . I 5 ; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. Mus. i. p. Str. P. viii. p. 83; Oates Str. F. x.p. Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 59, 7"raite, ii. i. p. I 52; Bree, Birds Eur. i Zool. Misc. p. 5; ferd, Birds of Ind.i. p. 57o; Hume, Rough NVotes ii. p. 2 I. i F. i. pp. 2I, 63; Murray, Zool., grc., p.92.-The BLAck-WINGED KITE.
Adult.-Entire upper parts ashy gre brow, lores and sides of face white; ea brown or black; lesser and median w: greater coverts concolourous with the b: white; inner lining of wing dark grey the latter white at the base and blac feathers greyish; entire under parts wh black; irides crimson.
Length.-13 inches; wing IO'6 to I
Hab.--Ceylon and South India gen Africa. Very widely distributed. Rec. South Africa, and the Mediterranean; a Sambhur, North Guzerat, the Concan : Breeds almost throughout Upper Ind twigs and sticks, and lined with fine gr or creamy, streaked and blotched with
As to the habits of this species there low, skimming above the surface of the a kestrel, but dropping suddenly to thi it perch on telegraph wires, on the bar

NIDAE
-seldom on trees,-during January, so in Beioochistan, Afghanistan, and
S.-Savigny.
ater than half of middle toe without ed; edge of upper mandible slightly oreal space feathered. Wings reaching gest; the 1st emarginate near the tip. ve, covered with Small round scales.
Mem. Acad. R, des Science, p. 5o3, pl. 336; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 85; Hume, I8I ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 205; No. 55. Falco melanopterus, Daud. ... p. Io8. Elanus melanopterus, Leach, p. I I2, No. 59; Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1869, d, Wesis and Eggs Ind. B. p. 56; Str. Sind, p. 117; id, Wert. Zool. Sind,
y, lighter on the head; forehead, eyeLir coverts ashy grey ; supercillium dark ing coverts and winglet glossy black ; ack. Axillaries and under wing coverts ; primary coverts and quills ashy grey, ck-shafted. Tail ashy, the two centre ite. Cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill
I ; tail 5°6; tarsus T. ’4. arally; also South-Eastern Europe and orded from Egypt, Gambia, Transvaal, lso from Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, und Deccan, Pegu, Burmah and Nepal. ia. Nest circular, composed of small iss roots and fibres. Eggs bluish white pale yellowish brown or brownish red.
is not much recorded; it usually flies ground, or hovers in the air much like ground. It is not uncommon to see 2 end of a bough, or on some dry tree

Page 81
PER
in the vicinity of water. It feeds chie and other insects.
It is a resident in Ceylon and affect tricts from May to August. In India
Gen. Pe
Bill curved from the base; the mar feathers; tarsi short, reticulate, half pl wings and tail long.
23. Pernis ptilonorhynch Holudszv., P. Z. S. I872, p. 4 I4; Sha, Ceylon, p. 89; Murray, Avis. Br. Ina Regne An. i. p. 335; ỹerd., B. Ind. i. p. 33o; Stray F., vol. iii. p. 448; vol. Ucc. Born. p. 9; Hume, Nest and Eg i. p. 2o7.-The HoNEY BUzzARD.
Adult.-General colour above and tinct black shaft stripes; the crown a ashy grey; the lower throat blackish; with 3 dark bands, the uppermost hidd one tipped with greyish white; crest v towards commissure and nostrils; gal bees'-wax-yellow; irides yellow.
Length.-24 to 25'S inches; wing 21 to 22. The female is larger. T Honey Buzzard are so very variable, them. Mr. Sharpe says: “Great vari stages, the . colour varying from tawr black stripes on the throat is also a ve under “ Obs.” “that the young of P. crestless, are undistinguishable in plur and I have seen young birds from ) European examples. A natural infere hynchus, but P. apivorus, the young c winter.' Mr. A. O. Hume's remarks
Hab–Ceylon, the whole of India the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and
Breeds in May and June, on trees, and twigs lined with leaves or grass

RNIS 29
ly on rats, mice, beetles, grasshoppers,
s forests. Breeds in the Kurnegalla disit breeds from November to January.
Inis-Cuv.
gin straight; lores clothed with scale-like umed in front; scales on toes transverse;
nus, Steph., Gen. Zool. xiii. pl. 35 ; rpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. p. 347; Legge, B. .i. p. 6I, No. 57. Pernis cristata, Cuv, p. Io8, No. 57; Hume, Rough MVotes ii. ix. p. 375. Pernis ptilorhynchus, Salvad, gs Ind. B. P. 55 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
below rich chocolate brown, with indishd sides of head, as well at the throat, quills and tail brownish ashy, the latter en by the upper tail coverts, the terminal ariably developed; cere black, greenish pe and lower mandible pale blue feet
I 5'5 to I65 ; tail II ’5 to I2*75 ; tarsus he intermediate and young stages of the that it is scarcely necessary to describe ations exist in the tone of the intervening ly to fulvous brown, while the extent of ry variable character." Again, he adds, ptilonorhynchus, if they happen to be nage from the immature of P. apiuorus, India which I could not separate from nce is that these may not be P. ptilonorof which may migrate to India in the are also to nearly the same effect.
except Sind; the Himalayas, Burmah, Java, also Nepaul.
making a moderate-sized nest of sticks ; eggs normally 2 in number, spherical

Page 82
30 FALC
nearly, or a very broad oval, white or b red markings and varying in size from I*9 in breadth. The food of the Hon bees, and reptiles generally. It has a fully, and glides through the air with bears confinement well and does not sh Another species, Pernis brachypterus, Feathers, vol. iii., p. 36, as having been is certainly very curt, and I have seen and the Deccan The extremely vari intermediate and crested stages of validity.
Sub-Family-FAL
Bill short, suddenly curved from toothed; nostrils either round, obliq slender, naked; hinder aspect reticula toe by interdigital membrane ; tibia lon
Gen. Baz
Bill small, much hooked, grooved sharp teeth on each side, lower with 3transverse, narrow; head crested; wing 1st three slightly emarginate towards th hexagonal scales; claws small, subequ
അ്
ペづ
محستےکےسبسےبس۔
24. Baza lophottes, 7em. Pl. C. Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. Soc. Beng. p. I Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. i. 1; Wall, Ibis, 337; Holdsw, P. Z. S. 1872; Sharpe, C vi, p. 24; viii. p. 19 I. Legge, B. Ce p. 208; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 6;

ON DABE,
uffy with red, reddish brown, or blood I'82 to 22 in length and from 5 to ey Buzzard is young birds, frogs, mice, rapid flight, soars very, high and graceout apparent effort. It is easily tamed, low the fierceness of other birds of prey.
Blyth, has been mentioned in Struy found in Upper Pegu. The description birds answering it from the Punjab able character of the plumage of the the species leaves room to doubt its
CONINAE-FALCONS
the base; upper mandible distinctly Įue, or linear oval; cere short; tarsi te. Outer toe only connected to midger than tarsus.
a-Hodgs.
on its side; upper mandible with two ; lores covered with feathers; nostrils is moderate; the 3rd quill longest, the e tip; tarsi covered with small smooth al.
pl. i. pl. Io ; Gray, List, Gen. B. p. 4; 7; Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 111, No. 58 ; (868, p. 19; Hume, Rough Wotes p. Zat. Acc. B. M. p. 352; Hume, Str. F. y llon ; p. 98; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. 2, No. 58.-The BLACK CRESTED KITE.

Page 83
BA
Above glossy greenish black with a under tail and under wing coverts al. greyish underneath; outer webs of th towards the tip which is greenish black; some of the coverts next them white in conspicuous interrupted white wing ba beneath; entire sides of the face and with brown; foreneck and chest white, an indistinct line of blackish feather covering the upper breast; lower b chestnut, narrow on the lower part anc tail coverts and underwing coverts gre ashy grey; bill and legs plumbeous;
Length.-13 to 14 inches; wing 9t
Hab.--Southern India, Ceylon, til Assam, Tipperah and the Tennaserim
Of the nidification of this-species no thick forests and fin be more or less gr
25. Baza Ceylonensis, Leg p; 247; viii. p. 444.--The CEYLON CF
Lores blackish ; head brownish taw edged with rufous; occipital crest I tipped with white; the feathers of ti tawny, the centreparts being black; b primary and lesser wing coverts bla with a cinerous tinge; upper tail co greater wing coverts pale or fulvous b smoky grey bars, the corresponding tertials and secondaries tipped with greyish white and with four blackish b depth; cheeks and ear coverts slaty of the occiput passing round to meet with a broad mesial black streak; sic upper edge of the pectoral region taw shafts; below this, the under surface, white, with broad rufescent brown edg bill blackish leaden; lower mandible
Length.-To front of cere 165; cul tail 7° 5 ; tarsus I’5; bill to gape II*2.
Hab.-Southern India (The Wynaa, thing is known of its habits, &c.

ZA 31
very long occipital crest; thigh coverts io glossy greenish black; quills black, secondaries deep chestnut at base and rest of the feathers white; scapulars and ternally and tipped chestnut, forming a nd; tail greenish black above, ashy grey neck as well as the throat black, tinged forming a very broad band followed by , and another broad band of chestnut reast creamy white and banded with flanks; thighs, lower abdomen, under :enish black, the lower ones of the latter irides dark brown.
o 9"85; tail 5° to 57 ; tarsus I“3 to I" 5
ne Malayan Peninsula, Lower Bengal, provinces of British Burma,
thing is known. It is said to frequent egarious.
ge, Birds of Ceylon; Stray A. iv. RESTED KITE.
y; centre of forehead and crown black, inches in length, black, conspicuously he hind neck deeply edged with rufous ack, scapulars, rump, upper tạil coverts, kish brown, the latter the deepest and verts paler than the back; median and rown; quills black, the outer webs with band on the inner web being brown; white; tail dark smoky grey, tipped ars, the terminal one about I inches in grey with dark shafts, the dark feathers the latter region; chin and throut buff les and lower part of foreneck with the ny cinerous, the feathers with brownish under tail and under wing coverts are ges; iris yellow, also the tarsi and feet ; pale at base; cere dusky plumbeous.
men o'r Io; total length I 75 ; wing I I"7;
d), and Ceylon (Kandy district). No

Page 84
32 FALC
Gen. Fall
ostrils round with a central tuberc
internally, second quill longest; tarsu scutellated.
26. Falco communis, Gm., pl. 16 ; Sharpe, Ann. AW. H. xi. p. 222 Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 68. Falcoperegrinu Birds of India vol. i. p 2; Ibis, 1871 Rough Motes vol. i. p. 49; Sharpe, Cat, Zool., 3.c., Sind, p. 106; Legge, B. Cey, 214. Bhyri (the female), Bhyri Bacha ( Ibis, 1869, p. 356; td., Rough Notes i. Ibis, 1872, p. 2. Falco Brookii, Sh, 1873-The PEREGRINE FAlcon.
Adult Male.-Above bluish grey, pa and barred with blackish. Head, neck blackish, with grey barring, more or less coverts and a short moustachial band bl throat, under surface of body and breas fawn, as also the lower abdomen; the stripes almost disappearing in old in
 

NIDAE.
D.-Linn.
e. First one or two quills notched feathered at the knee; toes long,
S. M. p. 27o ; Less, Traite, p. 88, ; id., Cat. Acc. B. M. p. 376; Murray, s, Gmel., S. AV. vol. i. p. 272 ; ỹerdon, ; Grey, Cat. Br. Mus. p. II ; Hume, Acc. Br. M. p. 376 ; Murray, Hadbk., 'on p. Io II ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. he male). Hind. Falco atriceps, Hume, p. 58 ; id., Ibis, I 87 I, p. 24; ferd, arpe, Ann. N. H. (4) ii. pp. 2o, 222
er on the rump and upper tail coverts, upper part of mantle and wing coverts indistinct on the latter. Cheeks, earackish. Forehead, sides of neck, chin, t white, the latter with a tinge of pale chest with a few narrow black shaft lividuals; abdomen with some small

Page 85
FAL
heart-shaped spots, some similar mark transversely barred with narrow black slightly shaded with greyish, the sec blackish bars, the smaller median quil broadly barred with black and tipped w cere, legs and feet:yellow ; claws black Length.-- I 5 to 16 inches; culmen I female similar to the adult male, but lar 35; wing I4'5; tail 7.5; tarsus 23.)
The young bird is brown, all the fea whitish; under surface of the body w of the feathers dark brown in the ce edged with whitish; cheek stripe bro inner webs spotted or barred with rufou with white; the outer web spotted and more or less distinct
Hab.–Ceylon. A very widely dis India. Occurs in Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Kutch, Central and South India, C Beloochistan, Persia and S. Afghanis Has also been found in Nepaul.
The Peregrine is believed to breed b Indus, but nothing certain is known. M tions having had a nestling shot by a sl not far from Kotegarh. In Europe it or 4, of a light russet-red colour, mar and streaks of the same. Nest compos such materials. The flight of the p repeated beatings of its wings. ISO m rate of flight. It is much prized in f; spirit and fearlessness. The food of th such as seagulls, partridges, plovers, gr hares, rats, &c. It has frequently been game from before the sportsman.
27. Falco peregrinator, Sun pl. 4 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 19 ; id., Ca Blyth, J. A. S. B. xix, p. 32 I; verd., i. p. 557; td., Nests and Eggs p. I4; 5 and Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 223, 1873 ; v. p. 5OO; id., vii. p. 428; Legge, B. C Gurney, Ibis, 1882, p. 29I ; Murray, A shaheen, ferd., Madr. ỹourn. x. p. xxvii.--The SHAHEEN FALcoN, or INDI.

CO. 33
s on the under tail coverts also. Thighs ines. Quills brownish black, primaries ondaries clearer grey, crossed by dull s tipped white. Tail feathers greyish, ith white. Bill bluish, black at the tip; ; iris hazel-brown.
"2; wing 12'2 to I27; tail 6.5. (Adult ger. Length, I 7 to 19 inches; culmen
thers edged with pale buff shading into hitish, the throat unspotted, all the rest ntre, lower flanks barred; head more wn. Wing darker than the back; the s. Tail feathers brown, broadly tipped
the inner one barred with pale rufous
tributed species. A winter visitant to
Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajpootana, Guzerat, Concans and Deccan ; also tan. Rare in Pegu and Tennaserim.
elow Ferozepoor along the banks of the (r. Hume, in his “Rough Notes,' menhikaree in the interior of the Himalayas builds on rocks and cliffs. Eggs 2, 3 bled over with darker shades, patches, ed of sticks, seaweed, hair, and other eregrine is extremely rapid, and by illes an hour has been calculated as its alconry on account of its courageous e species consists principally of birds, ouse and ducks; but it also feeds on n known to stoop upon and carry off
dev., Phys, Tidskr. Lund. 1837, p. 177, zt. Mam. and B. Vepal Hodgs. p. 44 ; B. Ind. i. p. 25; Hume, Rough Notes erd., Ibis, 1878, p. 237; Sharpe, Ann. d, Cat. Acc. B. M. i. p. 382; Sdr. F. eylon p. Io6 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. I 78; vif. Br. Ind. i. p. 69, No. 65. Falco 81; 1d, Ill. Ind. Orn, pls. xii. and AN PEREGRINE.

Page 86
34 FALCO
Adult.-Head, nape, neck, intersce coverts deep black, the latter shaded v upper tail coverts slaty or bright blu without obsolete blackish cross mark with greyish, the inner web with a few 1 tipped with fulvous; tail bluish grey, where distinct; chin, throat and upperb or tawny ferruginous; flanks, thighs a bars; under wing coverts rufous wit blue black at tip; feet yellow; iris dee
Length.--16 to 165 inches; wing 22 to 225.
Hab.–Ceylon and the whole of I and Afghanistan, extending into Weste
The Shaheen Falcon, like the Pereg peculiarities which are sought for in t species, which is considered a better studied much. It however affects both much game. It has been found bre during March and April, building o Parker says it frequents a precipice at Vilankalam.
28. Falco severus, Horsf., 7 1863, p. 8; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. p B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 2I6; Murray, A. triorchis severus, Gray, G. B. i. p. Hume, Rough Motes i. p. 87; Stray INDIAN HoBBY.
Adult.-Dark slaty blue above, blac unspotted rusty red. Cere, orbital sk beous.
Length.-Male, IO'5 inches; wing
Mr. Sharpe (Cat. Acc.) describes
with a slight slaty grey shade, more di with the bars on the latter obsolete; he surface of body bright chestnut; thro: latter with a slight wash of chestnut; u of the lower ones barred with black. near the base. Cere, orbits and fe base; iris dark brown.
Length.-I35 inches; wing 85 to 8

} NIIDAE,
pulary region, cheek-stripe and wing rith bluish grey; lower back, rump and sh grey, the latter with remains of or ings; quills black, externally washed early obsolete rufous bars; secondaries the tips tawny, the blackish bars noreast white; rest of under surface rufous, ld under tail coverts with a few spots or n black bars. Cere yellow; bill slaty, p brown.
I2*25 to I 2“77 ; tail 6°5 to 6*8; tarsus
ndia to Nepaul ; also British Burmah
rn Asia.
rine, is much prized in falconry. All the he Peregrine are also exhibited in this bird. Its native habits have not been rocky hills and forest land, and destroys 'eding in Central and Southern India n inaccessible cliffs. In Ceylon Mr. Periya Puliyankulam, 9 miles N.-E. of
r. Lan. Socy. xiii. p. 135; Blyth, Ibis, ).397; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 1 Io; Oates, i/. Br. Ind. i. p. 74, No. 7o. Hypo2o ; ferd., B. Ind. i. p. 34, No. I, 4; v IF. iv. p. 354 ; and pp. 533-5.-The
k on the cheeks and ears; beneath deep in, and legs reddish yellow; bill plum
9; tail 4'5. an adult female as being black above, stinct on the lower back, rump and tail, ad, cheeks and ear coverts black; under at and sides of neck creamy white, the under wing coverts bright chestnut, some Primaries black with a few rufous bars et yellow; bill bluish black, yellow at
375 ; tail 4'5 to 4"62 ; tarsus I* 5.
å

Page 87
FA"
Hab.-Ceylon, Northern and So Hills,) Barrackpore; also the lower rai Himalayas generally, Out of India pro sub-region and Nepaul. It is suppos Gurhwal.
29. Falco chiquera, Daud, 7 Socy. Beng. p. 14; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. p. I 1O. ; Murray, Av/. Br. Ind. i. p. 74, Gen. B. i. p. 2o ; ỹerdon, B. Ind. i. p. Sind, p. Io8. Chiquera typus, Bp., ÄR Str. F. i. p. I57. Lithofalco chiquera derson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 681. Th MERLIN.
Adult Male.--Crown, nape, back, a white ; sides of the face, chin, throat a moustachial stripe; eyebrow and a nar. scapulars, tertiaries, wing and primary feathers with dark shafts and barred blackish brown, their inner webs ba white, barred with blackish brown; b. dark shaft-streaks; rest of under surfac Tail like the back, the feathers barre. broad subterminal black band. Cere, bill greenish, yellow at base, black at th
Length.-II'S to I2 inches ; wing culmen o’85.
The adult female is similar to the m wing 9; tail 6'5; tarsus I5 to I'55.
Hab.-Ceylon and throughout the Ir Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, Nep N. Guzerat; also Beloochistan, Persia a
Affects open country in the vicinity reclaimed and flown at partridges and ( ingly. Like the European Sparrow-h: the propensity for attacking larger bird developed. Jerdon says it even drives from the vicinity of its nest or perch. April and May, nearly everywhere on t Eggs 3-4 in number, variable in shap brown, with from a few reddish bro brownish red, obscurely mottled and darker. Size “6 to I’75 in length, anc

CO. 35
uthern India (Nilghiris, Travancore ges of Kumaon and Gurhwal and the er, Mr. Sharpe gives the Indo-Malayan ed to breed in the dense forests of
'raite ii. p. I 2 I ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. As Br. Mus. p. 4O3; Legge, B. Ceylon No. 7 I. Hypotriorchis chiquera, Gray, 36, No. 6 ; Murray, Hadók. Zool., &c., ev. Mag, de Zool. p. 536, 1854; Hume, , Hume, Rough Aotes i. p. 91; An: Turrumitti, Hind. --The RED-HEADED
nd sides of the neck chestnut; forehead und neck white, except a faint, short, row streak below the eye black; back, coverts and secondaries slaty blue, the with dark brown. Primaries dark or arred with white; under wing coverts east white, some of the feathers with e white, barred transversely with black. il with black, tipped white and with a orbits and feet yellow; claws black; e tip; irides light brown.
8'25 ; tail 4"75 to 6; tarsus II '5 ;
ale, but larger. Length.-13 inches;
ndian Peninsula. Recorded from Sind, aul, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, and and Afghanistan. of cultivation. It is said to be easily Juails, which it pursues very perseverawk, it is a very courageous bird, and ls of prey than itself seems to be more away the Wokhab (Aguila fulvescens) In India it breeds in February, March, rees; nest fixed in a fork near the top. pe ; in colour, they are pale yellowish wn specks to a nearly uniform dark blotched with a somewhat purer and i I.25 to I32 in breadth.

Page 88
36 FALCO
30. Cerchneis timnuncula Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. p. 425; Legg p. 8 I ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 223 ; M Falco tinaunculus, Linn., Syst. AWat. i. Gen. Bird i. p. 2 I ; ỹerd., B. Ind. i. p Rough Wotes p. 96; Murray, Adbk. . ABurm. i., p, 27. Cerchneis satura (Warai, the female; AVarzanak, the ma
Adult Male.-Forehead buffy white and on the sides, blue grey, the f Eyebrow buffy white; sides of the f silvery white; chin and throat, also Upper back, scapulars, tertiaries and v feathers with a subterminal heart-sha Primaries and their coverts, and seco margined with rufous; outer second fulvous or buffy white, and the prim white; the inner primaries with bars c upper tail coverts and tail blue grey, band and tipped with white; breast feathers on the breast and flanks with shape lower down. Thigh coverts coverts white, with a buffy tinge, and at the tip and yellowish at the base. brown.
Length.-12'5 to I3 inches; wing tarsus II “6.
The adult female is less rufous in spots wider and forming bands. The tail rufous, banded with dark brown, minal black band as in the male.
Hab.-Ceylon and throughout l arriving in India in August and leavil from Afghanistan to Sikkim, also il divide Sind from Khelat, and in the N layas it lays in April, May and June, week in February, and in March and . on trees, or in holes of cliffs. Hume the Kestrel's nest being taken in r Kumaon. Eggs 3 to 6 in number, b. pressed towards one end, ground c blotched with darker red; size I' I6 to

NIDAE.
, (Linn.), Boie, Isis, I 828, p. 34; e, B. Ceylon p. I4; Hume, Str. F. viii. urray, Avi/. Br. Ind. i. p. 77, No. 74. p. I27. Tinnunculus alaudarius, Gray, . 38, No. I 7 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863; Hume, Zool., ýc., Sind, p. 1O8; Oates, B. Br. a, Hume and Dazv., Str. F. vi. p. 3. le, Hind.)-The KESTREL.
; crown of the head, nape, neck behind athers with narrow dark shaft stripes. ace, except a dark moustachial stripe, the under tail coverts, unspotted buff. ving coverts brick-red or vinaceous, the ped black spot, larger on the tertiaries. daries dark brown, the primary coverts tries narrowly edged and tipped with aries barred on their inner webs with of a rufescent hue. Lower back, rump, the tail with a broad subterminal black , abdomen and flanks rufous fawn, the mesial dark streaks, which take an oval unspotted rufous fawn. Under wing
spotted black. Bill bluish-horn, black Cere, orbits and legs yellow. Irides
)'5 to Io; tail 6'5 to 6"7; culmen I'75 ;
colour above, and with the subterminal head is rufous with longitudinal streaks; tipped with white and with a subter
ndią to Nepaul. A winter visitant, ng in April. Breeds in the Himalayas, the Suliman range and the hills that Tilghiris. Hume says, that in the Himaand in the Nilghiris as early as the last April. It nests either in rocky ledges or adds that he has authentic accounts of lined buildings both in Cashmere and 'oad ovals, more or less pointed or comlour brick or blood red, speckled and
п“б5 х п“ І3 to п"3о.

Page 89
PAND
31. Cerchneis amurensis (.. Sharpe, Cat. Acc, B. M. p. 445; id., p. 362; td., B. Ceylon p. I I9; Hume, p. I 78 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 2 I 9; Il Erythropus amurensis, Gurney, Ihis, 18 Suvinh., Ibis, I861, pp. 253, 327; ỹer Rough Notes i. p. 16o; Jerd, Ibis, I Gurney, Ibis, 1866, p. 127. Falco ves Amurl Vog. p. 23O, pl. i., sig. 2, a, b,
Adult Male-Above leaden black, pa greater wing coverts and primaries w. greyish black above, paler below; un abdomen, thighs, vent and under tail coverts and axillaries pure white. Ce whitish; bill yellowish horn colour, blac Length.-9’5 inches ; culmen o'75 ; The adult female is dull leaden gre region, clearer on the scapulars, lower l by indistinct bars of black; tail bluish g other narrow bars of black; quills br grey and barred with white about half head, lores, feathers round the eye, and ish; sides of the face, neck and throat u the latter with mesial streaks of black on { and under tail coverts pale rufous; und.
Length.-Io’5 inches; culmen o 75 Hab.–Mr. Sharpe gives Amoor Land and Natal. It migrates during winte found in the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and also in N.-E. Cachar and British B Its habits are quite like those of the l and hunting in company for grasshoppe
SUB-ORDER
Outer toe reversible; toes devoid of plumage close and compact. Nostrils
Gen. Pandid
Bill short, rounded above and curved a slight festoon. Nostrils small, oblique quill longest; distance between tips of length of tarsus; legs naked; tarsi with

ON 37
Radde), Homey, jf. F. O. 1868, p. 25 I ; Str. F. iii. p. 3o3; Legge, Str. F. iii. Str. P. viii. p. 8I ; Oates, Str. F. x. furray, Avis. Br. Ind.i.p. 79, No. 77. 68, p. 251. Erythropus vespertinus, , B. Ind. i. p. 4O, No. 19; Hume, 37 I, p. 243. Hypotriorchis concolor, pertinus, var. amurensis, Radde, Reis ..-The RED LEGGED HOBBY.
ler on the lower back and secondaries; shed externally with silvery grey; tail iler surface of body pale grey; lower coverts bright chestnut; under wing re, orbits and feet dark orange; claws kish at tip; iris hazel. wing 9; tail S3; tarsus 1'15. y above, darker on the interscapulary back and rump, all the feathers crossed grey crossed by a broad subterminal and ownish black, externally washed with way up the inner web; crown of the a slight moustachial streak dull blacknspotted creamy white, also the breast; each feather; flanks barred; thighs, vent er wing coverts white with black spots. wing 9'5; tail 5'3; tarsus 1'. l, N. China, Nepaul, E. Coast of Africa r to India and Ceylon. It has been , Central India, the Concan, Deccan, ırmah. Lesser Kestrel, building in communities :rs and other insects.
-PANDIONES.
feathers; eyes lateral; no facial disc; not concealed by bristles.
on-Savigny.
from the cere. Upper mandible with ly transverse; wing lengthened; second primaries and secondaries greater than
reticulate scales. w

Page 90
38 FALCO
32. Pandion haliaetus, Lin., . B. M. i. p. 45o; Less., Man. d’Ornith Bor. Am. Birds p. 2o; Gould, Birds of B. Ind. i. p. 8O, No. 40; Hume, Roug i. p. 159; Blanford, Easin. Persia, p. p. I IO; id, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 81 ; Ceylon p. I 22; Oates, Str. F. X. p. I 79; Iibis, 1882, p. 594; Murray, Azuf Br. Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81. Z Hind.--The OsPREY.
Head and nape white, the feathers brown stripes; a dark brown streak fron rich hair brown; quills blackish; tail pa inner web; beneath pure white with sc dinal in youth, broader in advancing a adult; irides bright yellow; legs and fee
Length.-Female-26 inches; wing
Hab.–Ceylon and nearly through localities. Recorded from Sind, Beloo N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, British Burm and Deccan, and occurs also all over China and Japan. Very widely distribi large rivers and lakes. In Ceylon Mr tanks in the interior of Northern and N perch is the stump of some dead tree st
Mr. Sharpe (Cat. Acc. p. 45O) remark the head with age; the mottling on t birds, and that the tail becomes more ur barred tail is a sure sign of immaturity,
It is believed the Osprey breeds in th says he saw the nest of one. Mr. Thon above Hurdwar. Nothing certain is ho said to make a large nest either on tri large pieces of water, and to lay 2 or 3 a white ground, here and there clou blotched and streaked, most densely becoming in its intensity almost black.
Gen. Polioa
Tarsus feathered in front for one Distance between tips of primaries and

ONIDAE.
Syst. Wat. i. p. 129; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. ology i. p. 86; Sw, and Rich, Faun. " Eur... pl. 12 ; Bp., Consp. i. I6; ferdo, h (Votes i. p. 234; id, Stray Feathers, I I4; Murray, Halbk. Zool., &c., Sind,
Shelley, B. Egypt p. 203 ; Legge, B. ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 22o; Gurney, Ind. i p. 8O, No. 78. Pandion indicus, Wuchee-Mar, Sind; Much Murrung,
of the forehead and crown with dark n the eyes over the ears; upper plumage le brown with dark bars, whitish on the me brown spots on the breast, longituge, and tending to coalesce in the fully it plumbeous yellow; bill black.
2O ; tail 9; tarsus 2"4. out the Indian Peninsula in suitable chistan, and Persia; also the Punjab, nah, Nepaul, Kutch, Kattiawar, Concan Europe and Africa, N. and S. America, uted. Most abundant along the coasts, . H. Parker says it visits the larger orth-West Provinces, where its favourite anding in the water.
is that “ Ospreys seem to get whiter on he breast is strongly marked in all old liform brown with age, so that a strongly
he Valley of Kumaon, where Mr. Hume npson believes it breeds on the Ganges wever known. In the British Isles it is ees, on rocks, or about old ruins near eggs, oval in form, and typically have ded with pale purple and very richly towards the large end with deep red, --Size 2'52 X I '89 to II '93.
etus-kaup.
-third its length, scutellate in front. secondaries less than length of tarsus.

Page 91
POLIO
33. Polioaetus ichthyaetus Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M. i. p.453; Kau, Índ. i. p. 8 I ; Hume, Rough Notes ii. p. Str. F. iii. p. 363; td., B. Ceylon p. 7 AMurray, Avis. Brit. Ind i. p. 81, No. S. B. vi. p. 367.-The EASTERN WHIT)
Adult Male-Head and neck all I brown than the back; wings darker; wing leaden brown with a whitish spot: with a terminal bar of brown ; abdomer tail coverts white; under wing coverts a dirty yellowish white; iris brown.
Length.-26 inches; wing 18; tail I
Adulf female-Similar but larger. and tarsus 3*9.
The young bird is lighter brown abc with whitish; feathers beneath pale red thighs white, mottled with reddish brov white basal patch below; tail fulvous uniform dark brown, forming a distinct
Hab.-Ceylon, and India generall Bengal, Rajputana, Central India, the Central Provinces, Kutch, the Conca Nepaul and Assam. Breeds in Ceylor January to as late, as April chiefly in Bengal (although it may be found bre ing a nest of stout sticks on high trees proximity of some considerable piece with some soft material as grass, we generally the uppermost layer on whic three in number, a broad and perfect o' and with a slight gloss, and unspotted v from 2'I to 2' 15 in breadth.
sUB-ORDE
O
NocturnAL Bl
Head large, eyes surrounded with a
facial disc and directed forwards; ear
stiff bristles; feet generally feathered t more than double the length of tarsus;

AETUS, 39
| Hors/., Tr. Linn. Socy. xiii. p. 136; b., Contr. Orn. 185o, p. 73; Jerd, B. 239; id., Nests and Eggs p. 43; Zegge, "2; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 22I ; 79. Haliaetus plumbeus, Hodgs, Gf. A. E or BAR-TAILED FISHING EAGLE.
ound ashy grey; breast a little lighter primaries blackish; under surface of at the base of the primaries; tail white l, vent, thighs, lower flanks and under hy brown. Cere and bill blackish; feet
o ; tarsus 3"75 ; culmen 2'3.
Length.-29 inches, with a wing of 20'4
ve, all the feathers edged and tipped dish brown, with mesial pale streaks; wn; quills as in the male with a larger brown, mottled with dark brown: tip
band.
y; Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Southern Mahratta Country (Dharwar), n and British Burmah, extending to in December and January, and from
the N.-W. Provinces of India and 2eding in other parts or India), buildon the bank of some river or in the
of water. The nest is usually lined eds and green leaves; this latter is h the eggs are laid. Eggs normally val in shape; texture rough and pitted, hite-2'72 to 28 inches in length, and
R-STRIGES
r
RDs oF PREY.
circle of radiating feathers forming a 's large. Nostrils generally hidden by o the toes; outer toe reversible; tibia plumage soft and fluffy.

Page 92
40 BUBON
Family-Bl Hinder margin of sternum with two
furcula free, not attached to keel of ster toe not serrated; mid toe longer than th
Sub-Fam-BUBONINAE,
Ear conch not larger than the eye, an
Gen. Ketup
Bill long, strong, straight at base, Wings do not reach the end of the tail with tiny prickles; ear tufts large.
34. Ketupa ceylonensis, Gn Birds i. p. 38; Jerd, Birds o/ Ind. i. ii. p. 379; id., Wests and Eggs Ind. É Sharpe, Cal. Striges, p. 4; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 92; Legge, B. Ceyl Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. I49; /Murra The BRowN FISH-OWL.
Adult.-Above fawn-brown, the feath brown and fulvous on both webs; feat with brown; the ear tufts with dark ce brown, the primaries tipped and spot the same spots on the inner webs, brown, with less distinct spots and bars brown with a fulvous tip, and 3 or 4 white streaked with dark brown; lor body fulvous-fawn or vinaceous-rusty, broad black centres and with wavy bars cere greenish grey; bill pale horny irides bright yellow.
Length.-2I to 24 inches; wing I6'2 Hab.-Ceylon, India, Assam and Te and Poona in the Deccan. At Mac Nepaul and Behar, Sind, Beloochistan, Bengal, Punjab; also Rajpootana (scarc Concan, Deccan, South India, Britis record of its occurrence in Kutch and
Breeds throughout Ceylon and Indi making its nest on a shelf of rock, seldom or never on trees. In the Mana young bird on a tamarind tree. Nori

NIDAE
UBONIDAE.
or more distinct fissures or clefts; num; inner margin of claw of middle e inner one.
--EAGLE AND ScoPS OWIL
d without an operculum.
a-Alesson.
moderately compressed and hooked. ; tarsi naked, reticulate; soles of feet
nel., Syst. Mat. i. p. 287; Gray, Gen.
p. I33, No. 72; Hume, Rough Wotes P. p. 64; Str. F. i. p. 34 I ; ii. p. 469; | Habk, Zool., 8.c., Sind, p. 119; id, on p. I27; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 83 ; zy, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 83, No. 81.–
ers broadly centred black and mottled hers of the hund neck thinly barred ntral longitudinal streaks; quills dark ited on their outer web with creamy,
dull fawn-brown; secondaries dark , and more mottled with brown; tail pale fulvous bands; chin and throat sal plumes whitish; under surface of all the feathers mesially streaked with ; disc rusty with dark brown stripes; yellow; legs and feet dusky yellow ;
25 ; tail 8 ; tarsus 2’65. nasserim. I have had it at Khandalla iras it is not uncommon, as also in
Afghanistan, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, 'e), Central India, the Central Provinces, sh Burma and Nepaul. There is no
Guzerat,
a from December to March or April, clay cliffs, or high banks near water; ar district in Ceylon, Mr. Parker found a mally this species lays two eggs, very

Page 93
B
perfect broad ovals, white, with in mo, tinge. The shell is close-grained and but more or less glossy. In size the from I-84 to II '94 in breadth. In Si also breeds in holes of decayed trees, young birds, quails and partridges, it
Gen. Bu
Nostrils oval, situated in the anteri Ear tufts distinct; tarsi never naked.
35. Bubo nipalensis, Hodgs, p. 37, Legge, B. Ceylon p. I3I; Hu Str. F. viii. p. 83; Oates, B. Br. Bur p. i. 86, No. 85. Huhua nipalensis, i. Ind.i. p. I 3 I, No. 7 I ; Blyth, Ibis, I8 id., Str. F. i p. 431. Bubo orientali Huhua pectoralis, Holds, P. Z. S. I8 Adult.-Above brown, narrowly tip over the whole of the upper surface, th broader and deeper coloured on the and spotted with yellowish buff on th patch; primary coverts nearly uniforn lighter brown bars; quills dark br broadly tipped with whitish and crosse dusky brown with whitish shaft streak tufts 3' I inches long, dark brown, no on the inner web; cheeks with whi brown; chin whitish; rest of unders there with fulvous and barred across v same, also the under wing coverts
Length.-23 to 25 inches; wing It gape 25, horny yellow; irides brown. Hab.-Ceylon, also Southern India into Tennaserim; found also in Malab I have nothing to record in regardt hares and pheasants. Mr. Gurney i an excellent figure of this large owl, f, Society's Garden, captured as a nestlin, tain in the Karenne Country to the N. since 1878, at which time a note was (P. Z. S. 1878, p. 790), under th Mr. Gurney now has no doubt that it
6 с

UBO. 41
t specimens the faintest possible creamy compact, freely pitted over its surface, y vary from 2'29 to 2'44 in length, and hd it affects the forests and apparently Of its food it is not particular. Fish, is quite partial to.
bo.-Auct.
or margin of the cere; cere mot inflated.
As. Aes. xix.p. I72; Sharpe, Cat. Striges, me and Dav., Str. Fo' vi. p. 3o; Hume, m. ii. p. 152; Murray, Avif, Brit, Jind. odgs., jf. A. S. B. vi. p. 362; ỹerd., B. 66, p. 254; Aume, Rough Avotes, p. 378; s, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. S. B. p. 34. 72, p. 416.-The FoREST EAGLE Owl. ped and banded across with tawny buff nese bars less distinct on the crown, but hind neck; outermost scapulars tipped e outer web, forming a distinct shoulder in dark brown, with faint indications of own, barred darker; tail dark brown, d with six other bands of fulvous; face s; feathers above the eye blackish; ear tohed and barred with fulvous or white te stiff feathers mesially streaked with surface of body white, washed here and with dark brown ; under tuil coverts the
55 to IS" I ; tail II ; tarsus 3" 2 ; bill at
and the Himalayas, ranging eastward
a.
O its nidification. It preys on rats, snakes, h P. Z. S. 1884, p. 558, plate 52, gives om a living specimen in the Zoological g on a precipitous ledge of a lofty moun-E. of Pegu. It has lived in the Gardens made of the circumstances of its capture, e name of Bubo (Huhua) orientalis. is really an example (now fully adult)

Page 94
42 BUBO
of H. nipalensis. Mr. Gurney says “t example of Huhua nipalensis, of which ed, as there appears to be considerable Col. Tickell on the Mooleyit Mountain i or to its congener, H. orientalis.
(Ibis, 1872, p. 89), and Mr. Hume adv p. 31. Capt. R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay immature dress, which was shot at Ton as that from which the bird now in Rege Austen has recorded a much more nort in the Darrang District of Assam (5. A. W. T. Blanford records its occurrence ( Tista Valley in Sikkim, and Hodgson in says it is found in all parts of the kingdom the young of this species in the Darjeeli that though not a common bird, it is m in the more temperate valleys. The pi bird being identical with H. nipalensi species being an inhabitant of Ceylon."
Gen. Sco.
Ear tufts large, ear orifice moderate curved; cere not inflated; nostrils ova the cere. Wings long, reaching nearly and 4th quills longest; tail short; toes g
I quite agree with Messrs. Sharpe an understand the owls, especially the sp in every way the most difficult to identif
Mr. Sharpe has, however, done sc various species, and had necessarily fro make “races" or “sub-species.” He sa they may be called by whatever name N 'sub-species,' 'climatic forms,' &c., but forms distinct from one another, than to thus to obliterate all records of natural practised eye of the Ornithologist thougl
36. Scops sunia, Hodgs., As. „ journ. p. 82; Blyth, f. A. S. B. xiv. Sharpe, 'Cat. Striges vol. ii. p. 67; Leg Br. Ind, i. p. 93, Vo. 9. Ephiates su Coll. Hodgs, p. 5I ; Holdsze), P. Z. S. Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 255. Scops penna p. 65. Ephialtes pennatus, Hume, R. ScoPs Ow L,

NIDAE.
he present is probably the most eastern the locality has as yet been ascertainoubt whether a young owl obtained by n Tennaserim belonged to this species Mr. Blyth held the former opinion ocated the latter in Stray F. vol. vi. lossesses a specimen of H. nipalensis in ghoo, a locality nearly as far eastward int's Park was obtained. Col. Godwinhern specimen of this species obtained S. B, vol. xiv, pt. 2, p.68); while Mr. Gř. A. S. B. vol. xli. pt. 2, p. 54) in the Asiatic Researches, vol. xix., p. I 73, of Nepaul. Major Fitzgerald obtained ng District, and says (Ibis, I878, p. Ig), at with in most parts of the Himalayas esumption in favour of the Malabar s is strengthened by the fact of this
ps.— Sav. 2. Lateral margin of bill somewhat l, situated in the anterior margin of or quite to the tip of the tail; 3rd enerally feathered ; tarsi never naked. d Hume, that it is most difficult to ecies of the Genus Scops, which are y. pmething towards characterizing the m want of a large series of skins to ys, “these races do exist in nature, and Taturalists please. Varieties,' 'races, it has seemed to me better to keep these merge them all in one species and facts which are plain enough to the n difficult to describe in words.' Res. xix. p. I 75 ; id. in Gray’s Zool. p. 182; Jerd, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. xli.; ge, B. Ceylon p. I, 39; Murray, Avyf. nia, Gray, Cat . Mamm., &rc., Nepaul, I872, p, 418. Ephialtes Bakkamaena, tus, Hume, Nest and Eggs Ind. B. i. ough Notes ii. p. 386,-HoDGsoN’s

Page 95
SCC
Adult.-Above clear cinnamon ruf with a narrow central shaft line of ble scapulars externally yellowish buff or wing coverts rufous like the back broader on the greater series, which ar the spurious quills externally whitish mary coverts cinnamon, with a spot outer web, the inner web blackish faint cross-bars of brown, almost obsol distinct on the outer ones, but plainer ( spaces on the outer webs of the latte centre feathers nearly uniform, with or cross-bars, these are broader and the exterior ones having slight indica spaces ; lores white, the elongated brist patch of white feathers narrowly marg face cinnamon with silvery white sha coverts a distinct ruff of deep cinn black; plumes on the chin whitish; buffy white at the tips, with broad surface of body for the most part whit black, barred with cinnamon and fr of blackish; under tail coverts whit tips, and with few indications of a coverts yellowish, those near the edge edge of wing white; bill dusky horn; f
Length.-67 to 75 inches; wing (Sharpe).
The above description is by Mr. Sh by Mr. Hodgson.
Mr. Sharpe observes that some s) principally on the breast and abdom mens having the central black streaks they vary inter se in the mottling of t answers exactly to a specimen of Kurrachee Museum, collected at Ku plumes are unspotted white, also the the tibial and tarsal plumes rufous fa spots; the primaries too have the out white and dark brown.
Hab.–India generally, ranging do as far as Penang. Recorded from Ml

PS. 43
ls, nearly uniform, most of the feathers k, a little broader than on the crown; ure white, with a black subterminal bar; ith the same dusky black shaft lines, white at the tips of their external webs; broadly barred with dark brown; prif yellowish white near the tip of the rown; quills dull cinnamon rufous with te on the innermost secondaries, less n the primaries, many of the light interinclining to whitish; tail cinnamon, the ly faint indications of narrow blackish more distinct on the outer feathers, ions of whitish spots on the light interly shafts blackish at tip; over the eye a ned with black at their tips; sides of ft lines to the feathers; behind the ear amon feathers broadly terminated with chest cinnamon, some of the feathers mesial streaks of black; rest of under e, broadly streaked down the centre with 'eckled and grizzled with zigzag lines 2, slightly washed with cinnamon at the central dark brown streak; under wing of the wing rufous mottled with brown; eet fleshy brown; iris bright yellow.
'3 to 5'7 ; tail 25 ; tarsus o’9 to I"o
arpe, taken from a Nepaul skin collected
ecimens show considerable differences, en, both the Penang and Madras specivery indistinct on the under parts, while he abdomen. Mr. Sharpe's description Scops very near pennatus, now in the rrachee, except that the tibial and tarsal inder tail coverts; another specimen has rn, with faint indications of small brown r webs broadly barred with yellowish
wn to Ceylon and the Malayan Peninsula, adras, Penang, and Nepaul; also Sind, the

Page 96
44. BUBON1
Punjab, and the lower ranges of the Hir where pennatus occurs. I cannot fron sufficiently separate them.
In my opinion it bears the same re. Himalayas does to S. lettia.
37. Scops malabaricus, 57erd Striges, p. 94, Sub-Sp, B.; Str. P. vol, core, Str. F. vol. vii. p. 34; Hume, Str Ceylon p. I39; Murray, Avis. Brit. yerd, Madr. Yourn. xiii. pt. 2, p. Ig. xiv. pl. i. p. I82 (ex. Ởřerd. Ms.). Ephi ii. p. 4O2 ; řerd., Ibis, J87 I, p. 348. v. p. 135; vii. pp. 359,5 O6. Scops b Eggs Ind. B. p. 69; Legge, B. Ceyl Hume, Rough Notes, p. 398; Murray, MALABAR ScoPs Ow|L.
A prominent tuft of disunited-webb
naked tips to the shafts, and traces or bars) on each side of the upper mandibl at the anterior angle of the eye; rest of the eyes, including ear coverts, loose-v traces of faint minute transverse brown extreme tip somewhat bristly and curvin across the throat and upwards, immed: the base of the aigrettes, a band of crean minute, transverse, wavy brown pencillii to the sides of the throat with conspicuo the defining line of the disc, and a f with similarly coloured spots at the tips running up the inside webs of the aigret back of the head, extending from the pc other, a silvery grey or greyish white, th numerous minute transverse pencillings terminal spots; centre of forehead, top c by this grey band, a rich dark brown, with small twin spots or imperfect transv or less extent, of pale buff; the outside are the feathers of the band outside and which latter seems continuous with the aigrette, while the former seems to start eye; below the dark band at the base O similarly marked feathers, but whereas th former, the buff much predominates in

DAE,
halayas to Darjeeling, and everywhere the series I possess of these Scops
ation to pennatus as plumipes of the
., Madr, yourn. x. p. 89; Sharpe, Cat. v. p. I 35 ; Bourdillon, B. S. 7'ravan. F. vol. vii, p. 361. Descr; Legge, B. ind. i. p. 98, AVo. 95. Scops griseus, Scops lettoides, Blyth, 7. A. S. B. altes malabaricus, Hume, Rough Wotes Scops indicus, Gmel, Stray Feathers akkamaena, Forst, Hume, Nest and on, pp. 135-12 IO. Ephialtes griseus, Halbk. Zool., c., Sind, p. 221-The
ed, bristly white feathers (with dark those nearest the eye of dark cross eat its base; a faint tinge of buffy the lores, feathers below and behind webbed, silky and greyish white with bars; chin white; the feathers of the g upwards round the lower mandible; iately behind the ear orifice, as far as ny or pale buff feathers, with numerous ngs and bars; those from the aigrettes us dark brown tippings, which form ew of those in the centre of the throat ; forehead and a broad supercilium te feathers, and a curved band at the bint of one aigrette to the point of the e feathers with dark brown shafts and of that colour, and some of them with of head, a triangular space surrounded purest on the centre of the forehead erse bars and mottlings, to a greater webs of the aigrettes are similar, as
contiguous to the curved grey band,
dark line of the outer webs of the immediately above the centre of the if the neck is another band of very he dark brown predominates in the the latter. The back, rump, upper

Page 97
SCC
tail coverts, scapulars, wing coverts, ex mixture of pale brownish grey and pal and numerous transverse wavy brown
side line of the scapulars the buff is spicuous, and while the rump, upper t and greyer, the centre of the upper ba coverts show more of a pale buff; the brown with broad transverse buffy mot with numerous broad transverse greyis more conspicuous on the outer webs;
upper portion of the outer web of the
and slightly tinged with creamy, all the and pencilled with brown; the secon perceptibly emarginate on the outer we spicuously notched on the inner webs; line, the breast, sides, abdomen and very soft and silky, the feathers with numerous minute irregular, wavy, tra wing lining, vent feathers and lower ta. some of them, with dark central streak greyish white, with a faint buffy ting narrow, somewhat irregular transverse with imperfect transverse mottled bar interspaces, too, more or less mottled pale greyish brown. Soles creamy wh and soft; irides brownish yellow c dusky grey.
Length.-788 to 9 inches; wing 5' 19.
The above is Mr. Hume's descripti (on page 506, vol. vii. Str. F) is iden Sharpe, Cat. Striges, B. M.) and Sct ever, does not in his references to th names given by Gmelin and Forster.
Hab.-Ceylon, and Southern India Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central In Eastern and Western Ghauts, North Like the preceding species, it occur wooded districts only.
Breeds in holes of trees ; mest com and spherical. Nests have been ta. Central Provinces (Etawah), and near

PS. 45
rept the greater ones of the primaries, a
buffy, with dark brown central streaks, pencillings and mottlings. In the out
very pure, and in some positions conlil and lesser wing coverts, are dingier ck and the median and secondary wing
primary greater coverts are very dark tled bars; the quills are darkish brown, h more or less dingy white bars, much with the exception of a few bars on the earlier primaries, which are unmottled rest of these bars are closely mottled d, third and fourth primaries are just bs, and the first to the fourth are cothe sides of the neck behind the dark
thigh coverts, a sort of creamy grey, narrow rich brown central streaks and insverse pencillings; greater portion of il coverts silky greyish white, the latter, s towards the tips; tarsal feathers silky 'e towards the joint, and with several brown bars; tail feathers greyish brown, s of very pale dingy buff, and with the with the same colour. Toes and claws ite; pads and papillae much developed r dark brown; bill dark brown ; cere
6 to 6"75 ; tail 2° 5 to 3'37 ; tarsus I'o6 to
on of Scops indicus, Gm., which, he says tical with Scops griseus (malabaricus of ps bakkamaena of Forster. Sharpe, howe literature of this species allude to the
Recorded from the Punjab, N.-W. dia, Madras, Malabar Coast, Travancore, Guzerat, and Ratnagiri (S. Concan). s in Sind, but is uncommon, and affects
nonly lined with leaves; eggs white, glossy sen during March and April in Sind,
Hansi.

Page 98
46 1B U1
38. Scops minutus, Legge, A id., B. Ceylon p. 42; Hume, Str. F General hue above dark brown; he: wing coverts crossed with transverse s closely vermiculated on the rest of th grey, surrounding transverse irregular 1 with white and margined with buffish; with terminal spots and bars of blac secondaries brownish rufous, mottled banded broadly with the same; outer v 5 white dark margined bars; tail brc white. Loreal plumes black, their b rufous, feathers edged and centred with the body white, stippled with iron gr olivaceous brown ; feet fleshy brown ; ce Length.-6 inches; culmen o' 55 ; wi Hab.-Ceylon.
Gen. Ninc
Head small; disc obsolete; bill short, distance between it and the tip of the te distance between tip of first primary anc than, the length of tarsus. Tarsus not feathered toes clad with bristles.
39. Ninox: scutulata, Rafi, ind. i. p. I47; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ii. p. I, 56; / Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 84; Kelham, Ibis Murray, Avi/. Br. Ind. ii. p. Io8, Vo. i. p. 35 ; Wald., Ibis, 1868, p. 22. Nin p. 4O; id., I874, pp. I 4 I. 469, et I875, } F. iv. p. 285 ; Hume and Davison, S. F. v innominata, Hume, Str. P. iv. p. 286;
Head, sides of the face and also of lores and chin whitish with mesial dark ing wing coverts and tertiaries dark cho concealed white spots; primaries and se on the inner webs; a few of the primari streaked with brown ; breast rufous choc rest of under surface rufous chocolate paler at tip and with 5-6 dark bars coverts pure white; under wing coverts : edge of the wing whitish.

ONDAE.
n. and Mag Wat. Hist. 1878, i. p. 175 ; vii. p. 145.-The CEYLON ScoPs Owl. d, back, rump, scapulars, tertials and ots of ochraceous, spotted finely, and ir surfaces with grey and ochraceous harkings of blackish ; hind neck barred outer scapulars white on the outer web, k, edged with rufous; primaries and with blackish brown, their inner webs 'eb of first five primaries banded with wnish, crossed with 5-6 bars of buffy ases white; facial disc grey; ruff pale brown; foreneck and under surface of y ; chin whitish ; irides yellow; bill regreenish. ng 485 ; tail 2' I ; tarsus o'8.
)x.-Hodgs.
cere large; wings long and pointed, the il equal to, or less than the tarsus; l that of the third equal to, or greater
twice the length of the middle toe,
7r. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 28o; ỹerd., B. p. 373; Hume, Rough Votes p. 420; Bl. and Walden, B. Burmah, p. 67 ; I88 I, p. 37; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 145; [O4. Athene scutulata, Gray, Gen. B. ox hirsutus, (7em.), Hume Str. F. iii. p. 44 I. Ninox Burmanica, Hume, Str. i. p. 40 ; viii. p. 84; ix. p. 245. Ninox "... p. 16.-The BROWN HAWK-OwL. the neck chocolate brown; forehead, streaks; whole upper surface, includcolate brown, the scapulars with large ondaries dark brown, barred with white as edged with rufous; throat rufous olate, each feather edged with white; barred with white; tail ashy brown, the basal one concealed; under tail nd axillaries rufous, barred with white;

Page 99
GLAU
Irides bright yellow; cere dull gree lower mandible yellowish green; feet
Length. -I I to 125 inches; wing to II 5.
Hab.–Ceylon. Rare in the Punjab, and the Deccan. All the more woode and Rutnagherry coasts and also in Himalayas, extending through Assam China and Japan. The Brown HawkIt is nocturnal in its habits, issuing fo stumps of dead trees, whence it swoop the ground or water in search of inse says, occasionally mice or reptiles. I utters at night, resembling, as Tick Buchanan likens it to the cry of a hau “the cries of a child.' Oates says it repeated several times.
Nothing is known of its nidification.
Gen. Glauc
Nostrils tubular in the middle of a the distance between it and the tip of tarsus, which is feathered and is as lor the next four, emarginated; 4th and S
40. Glaucidium radiatum Ibis, 1876, p. 259; Walden, Ibis, vol. B. M., p. 217; Legge, B. Ceylon p. xv. p. 28 I ; Ợřerd., B. Ind. i. p. I 43, Nc p. 373; vi. p. 36; Hume, Rough Notes i. p. 7o; Vidal, B. South Concan, St. Above dusky brown, barred with t broader on the hind neck; outer w spots or bars; wing coverts rufescent edge of the wing white; some of th large white spots; primaries and brown, banded with rufous, the bands on the primaries; tail dark brown, nar narroze) zewhite bands ; chin, throat, an barred, except the centre of the body, and whitish, the bars on the sides C coverts white, with brown spots, Bil yellow; claws dusky.

CIDIUM 4.
n; bill bluish black; culmen and tip of pale yellow.
8 to 8'75 ; tail 4 to 5'5 ; tarsus I“ I
und N.-W. Provinces, also in Rajputana l countries, as the Carnatic, the Malabar Central India, Lower Bengal and the , Burmah, Malaya to Nepaul, and to Owl frequents the skirts of dense forests. rth at dusk. It seats itself generally on s, or rather skims along the surface of its, which are its chief food, and Jerdon has a peculiar call which it frequently el says, the cries of a strangling cat; te when caught by hounds, and Elliot, s note resembles the word Whoo-zuuk,
idium- Boie.
swollen cere; wing short and rounded, tail much greater than the length of the ig as the mid toe; Ist quill shorter than th about equal. Tail rounded. h, Zick, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 572; Sharpe, vi. 1876, p. 343; Sharpe, Cat. Strages I 52. Athene radiata, Blv., f. A. S. B. ).77; Ball, Str. P. ii. p. 383; Str. F. iv. ii. p. 4O9; id., NVests and Eggs, Ind. B. 1. F. p. 39.-The JUNGLE'OWLET. ufous buff or rufescent whitish, rather 2b of scapulars whitish with a few dusky the bars broader than on the back; outer webs of the greater coverts with their coverts and secondaries dark on the secondaries narrower than those rowly tipped with whitish and with eight i cheeks whitish ; rest of under surface which is barred transversely with dusky f the breast rather fulvous; under tail l and feet greenish horny; iris golden

Page 100
48 BU!BOM
Length.-8 to 85 inches; wing 49
Hab.–Ceylon and India generally, the Peninsula, but not extending far the N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, the Centr Travancore, also Ritnagherry, South In and Nepaul. Whether this species is has not been quite settled. Much has plumage of both these species, and it influence. Sharpe, however, keeps the calling malabaricum a sub-species of number of specimens of the two form I follow Sharpe in keeping both separa will decide the points raised.
The Jungle Owlet breeds in the early during April, May and June.
The eggs are pure white, round an generally fully fledged by the end of Ju ment will eat readily of raw or cooked and young are excessively noisy, and chattering tremulous noise. The cry, a too-roo-roo-roo, &c., drawn out to a con the Common Guana or Monitor Lizard.
41. Glaucidium castanono 39; Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. p. 27: Legge, B. Ceylon, p. I49. Taenioglau Zool. I854, p. 544. Noctua castanor Athene castaneonota, Gray, Handl. p. 412; Holdsw., P. Z. S. I872, OwLET
Head and neck dark brown, narrowly banded and spotted with white; ear c. barred similarly; lores brown, barred wi white; cheeks white, forming a triangul: with a band of dark brown feathers and of the neck, with which it is continuous chestnut, with remains of blackish cros: and greater wing coverts; some of the with fulvous, the rest uniform chestnu brown, with a few rufous bands externe rufous brown on the inner web, the out rufous on the outermost primaries; seco rufous on the outer and with fulvous on

IDAE.
o 5 ; tail 285 to 3; tarsus II "o.
om the Himalayas southwards through below the Nilghiris. Recorded from al Provinces, the Concan, Malabar and dia on the Nilghiris, British Burmah (?)
distinct from malabaricum or not, been written on the various phases of s argued that this is due to climatic northern and southern forms distinct, radiafa. I have not had a sufficient S, and hence cannot give an opinion, e till some one with enough materials
part of the summer in holes of trees
d measure I2 by I'o. The young are ne. It is easily tamed, and in confinemeat, insects, frogs, &c. Both adults l when teased make a peculiar hissing according to Mr. R. Thompson, is a siderable length, and resembles that of
tum, Blyth, Cat. B AMus. A. S. B. p. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ii. p. 2 I 5 ; x castanonotus, Bp, Rev. et Mag. de Lota, Schil., Mus. P. B. Striges, p. 34. B. i. p. 39 ; Hume, Rough AVotes ii. p. 418.-The RUFOUs-BACKED JUNGLE
banded with ochraceous; hind neck overts rather darker than the head and ith ochraceous, the bases of the feathers ar patch; chin whitish; throat crossed barred with ochraceous, like the sides ; upper surface of the body deep rufous S bars more or less visible on the back puter median coverts slightly notched ut like the back; primary coverts dull illy; primaries dull brown, barred with er web having a corresponding spot of ndaries also dark brown, banded with the inner web, these bands much less

Page 101
SY:
distinct on the inner secondaries; up banded with fulvous, exactly resemblin bands, including the terminal ones; si barred with ochracedus; rest of the ur down the centre with brown, with under tail covetts whitish; leg feathers coverts whitish, with a few brown spot greater series whitish at base, brow and slightly rufous brown, spotted on with pale rufous inclining to fulvous brown.
Alength.-87 inches; wing 5'5; tai Hab.–Ceylon, to which island the “
Sub-Family II.-SY.
Wings moderate, somewhat roundet in the last; ear conch larger than the the ear facial disc distinct; wings lor
Gen. Syririi
Head not so large as in the Strig. with hair-like bristles ör entirely bare; operculate.
42. Syrnium indranee, Sy Moore, Cat. B. M. E. I. Co. i., p, Holdsw., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 415; Hun 1874, p. 349; td., B. Ceylon, p. 155; I 17; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. : Rough NVotes ii. p. 347.-The SoUTHE
Above hair brown, darkest on the scapulars, and tertiaries banded with white with brown bars; rump and fulvous; quills brown, barred with pal whitish bars and a white tip; disc b upper edge or supercilium, rufous e. markings; beneath pale fulvous wh brown; quills and tail beneath du: greenish; irides deep brown; claws
Length.-19 to 21 inches; wing 13 claw 25; toes feathered three-quar wings reach nearly to the end of tail. He gives the habitat as throughout Sol Peninsula, not yet in Burmah.
7 c

NIUM 49
er tail coverts blackish brown, narrowly the tail, which has eight narrow fulvous es of the breastblackush brown, narrowly der surface of the body white, streaked hich colour the flanks are also barred; fulvous, barred with brown; under wing near the outer edge of the wing, the at tip; inner lining of the wing dull he outer and barred on the inner web 3.n the latter; bill yellow; feet greenish
1 2 "7; tarsus O'9. pecies is peculiar:
RNIINAE.-Hooting Owls
d; tarsus feathered. Head larger than eye, with large operculum shutting in g; 2nd and 3rd quills longest.
cum-Savigny.
is. No ear-tufts; toes thickly feathered feet stout. Ears moderately large and
kes; P. Z. S. 1832, p. 82; Hors/, and 33; 7erd, B. Ind. i. p. 121, No. 6ვ ; ne, Str. F. 1873, p. 429; Legge, Str. F. Afurray, Avis. Br. Ind i. p. 121, No. 282. Bullaca indranee (Kaup), Hume, RN WooD-Owl.
: head and neck; the greater coverts, white, the outer scapulars being almost pper tail coverts also faintly barred with a fulvous on both webs, and with narrow ack round the eye, with a pale whitish (ternally; ruff brown with some white ite, narrowly and closely barred with sky brown, with white bars; bill pale ormy reddish.
to 14; tail 8 to 9; tarsus 2'5; mid toe and ers of their length, with strong scuta; The above is Dr. Jerdon's description. thern India, in Ceylon and the Malayan

Page 102
50 STRIC
FamilyHinder margin of sternum entire, v middle claw serrated. Head large, de a circle of radiating feathers; between frontal patch of small stiff feathers alwa bristles. Feet feathered to the toes.
Gen. StrixK.-
Nasal fossae large; nostrils lunate. short, slightly rounded; 2nd quill long
43. Strix flammea, Lin., S. , Gould, B. JEur. i. pl., 36; Murray, Ven Gm., S. W. i. p. 295; Serd, Mad, fou No. 6o; Hume, Nests and Eggs Indi Sind, p. 119; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1 No. I 18. Strix indica, Blyth, Ibis, p. 342; id, Str. F. I873, p. I63, et 18
Head pale buff, mottled with light gΤε and edged darker; neck silky white, small brown spots; the ruff the same breast, and the under parts white, the f small black specks; scapulars and ba feather with a terminal dark-edged wi web and paler on the inner, edged with
 

IDAE.
STRIGIDAE.
fith no distinct cleft; inner margin of nsely feathered. Eyes surrounded with the anterior portion of the facial area a ys present. Bill short, covered by stiff
— Linn. (in pt.)
Wings reaching far beyond the tail; tail est; tarsi scantily feathered.
NV. i. p. I, 33; 7em., Man. d'Orn. i. 91 ; t. Zool., Sind, p. IOI. Strix Javanica, rn, x. p. 85; id., Birds of Ind. i. p. I 17, an Birds ; Murray, Hadbk. Zool., &c., 64; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 122, 186o, p. 25; Hume, Rough Notes ii. 75, p. 37.-The INDIAN SCREECH OwL.
y, each feather tipped with a white spot sometimestinged yellowish and with , with darker tips; chin, throat, and 2athers of the breast and abdomen with ck pale buff, mottled with grey, each hite spot; primaries buff on the outer white and barred with brown, the outer

Page 103
PHO
web finely speckled; tail pale buff, with inner web of the lateral feathers pu plumes white; under wing and thigh facialdisc pure white with a rufous spo ish white; irides black; cere flesh colo
Length-13 to 4 inches; wing II
Hab.-Ceylon, and throughout Eu and extending through Burmah. Oa Arrakan, and Capt. Bingham records is found chiefly in woods. It breed Eggs S. in number.
Gen. Phodillus-l
Facial disc irregular, the area above it. Wings rounded, reaching to nearly oth; tarsus feathered, inner toe longer
44. Phodilus badius, Horsf. Research. ĵava, pl. 37 ; Isid. G. St. l red. i. p. I 19 No. 62; Wall., Ibis, 1: Gould, B. Asia, pl.xxii.; Walden, Ibis p. 346; id, Str. F. I873, p. 429; I Str. P. viii. p. 83 ; Oates, S. F. x. p. Cat. B. Br. M. ii. p. 3og. Phodilus a F. v. pp. 137, 353; Legge, B. Ce Research. fava, pl. 37; Tem. Pi. Col.
Forehead and anterior half of the cr of the crown and nape very deep ches and tail lighter chestnut quills band or three on the outen web also ; the fiu well as the winglet with their outer we bars as on the quills; tail with more feathes of the other parts each with greater wing coverts, scapulars and feathers round the eye deep chestnut uonder surface fulvous pink, sparingly and under tail coverts; bill fleshy whit
Length.-II to 12 inches; wing 7 I'9. Females slightly larger.
Hab.--Ceylon and nearly all India ti Pegu, Jawa, Borneo, and the Eastern Bi Dehra Dhoon, and Jerdon obtained spi Hills. In Burmah Captain Feilden (

LUS. S1
4-5 dark bars, the tip whitish, and the 'e white; under tail coverts and tarsal coverts white with small dark spots; in the corner of each eye. Billyellowred. tail 2'5; tarsus 25 to 2’75. ope, India, Beluchiştan, Afghanistan es says it is abundant in Pegu and it from near Moulmein. In Burmah it s in holes of trees or in the ground.
sid. Geos. St. Hilaire.
the eye being not equal to that below the tip of the tail; 1st quill equal to the than midtoe; outer toe reversible.
7r. Lin. Soc. xiii. p. I 39; id., Zool. Hilaire, An. Sc. xxi. p. 2oI ; ferd., B. 368, p. 26; Gray, Handl. B. i. p. 52; ; 872, p. 365 ; Hume, Rough Notes ii. Hume and Dav., S. F. vi. p. 27; Hume, 181; id., B. Burm, ii. p. 166; Sharpe, ssimilis Hume, Sr. F. p. 429; id. Str. vlon, p. 561. Strix badia, Horsf, Zool. i. p. 318.--The BAY ScREECH Owl. own delicate pinkish white; remainder tnut; the whole upper plumage, wings, d black on the inner web; the first two 'st primary and first primary-covert as bs white and with broad transverse dark or less perfect bars on both webs; the a small black mark, and those of the tertiaries with some white shaft spots; : disc whitish, marked with chestnut; spotted with brown, except on the tarsi e; toes pale livid; irides brown.
3. to 7"5; tail 33 to 3’5 ; tarsus. I'7 to
the North, ranging through Burmah, malayas. Mr. Thompson records it from ecimens at Darjeeling and on the Khasia btained it at Thayetmyo, and Captain

Page 104
52 STRI
Wardlaw-Ramsay at Toonghoo and or The Ceylonese race is somewhat sm series of both, this is not very appare: tint. These, however, are not sufficie standing the dark brown, instead of cl first two or three primaries on the unde
Nothing is known of the habits oft nidification. The natives assert that familiarity as Pastor Valla, Horsf, alight on the tiger's back.
In beginning the second Order, viz., I follow Mr. Bowdler Sharpe in the arra as well as the various divisions and sectio not but contain. Mr. Sharpe explains higher groups of Passerine birds followe Garrod, who, after an exhaustive consid has established his classification om sev tion to the characters given by Professo the lower groups he follows as far : Sundevall’s “Tentamen ” without adol ornithologists have been consulted, and Mr. Wallace, Professors Baird and Ridg which cannot but be of the greatest assi logists.
ORDER. I.-P1
Perching birds, with a nude oil gland 1874, p. 119 (Sharpe, Cat. Pass, B.
SUB-ORDER
Anomalogonatous birds with the secc wards and the hallux backwards; the file of the flexor perforans digitorum, the c characteristic shape; oil gland nude; brevis, specialized and quite peculiar.
DIVISION I.
Sub-Division I. Passeres Normales
Section A.-Zurdiformes. Typical maries, the first more or less markedly

SIDAE.
the Kharen Hills, east of Toonghoo. aller in measurements, but taking a it. The back too is slightly darker in it to constitute a new species, notwithestnut brown, patch at the base of the
wing lining. he Bay Screeh-Owl, nor anything of its it approaches the tiger with the same loes the buffalo, and does not fear to
the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, ngement of the orders and sub-orders, ns which this most extensive group canthat the system of classification for the d in his work is that of Professor A. H. eration of many points in their anatomy, 2ral characters after devoting his attenr Sundevali and Dr. Elliott Coues. For as possible the divisions of Professor pting their exact order. All the great such authorities as Professor Garrod, eway have helped him in his great work, stance to students and working ornitho
ASSERIFORMES.
and colic caeca. Cf. Garrad, P. Z. S., B, Mus.)
I-PASSERES,
ond, third, and fourth toes directed for
avor longus hallucis muscle independent
aeca coli short but at the same time of palate aegithognathous; tensor patagi
(Garr.)
-ACROMYODI.
or Thrush-like Passeres, with Io pri
reduced in size. (Cf. Wallace.)

Page 105
COR
GROUP I.-C Bill stout, generally of large size, not angle produced before the line of the dible simple; tongue thick and fleshy, in various ways; feet in most strong a oblique. (Cf. Sund, Av. Tent.); Sha
Pamily
Bill without a distinct sub-terminal strong its claw not as long as the mid
Many of the birds which constitute plumage and habits, It includes th Crows, the Jackdaw, the Chough, and found in almost every part of the know worms, insects as well as reptiles, othe on putrid flesh and removing noxious 1 crows especially-they are active and s for thieving. In general the family co and taught to talk or articulate words. could testify to their voracious habits, havoc in some countries, that it beca heads. They are monogamous, and li only once a year,
Gen, CQrO
First primary longer than the forer the inner. Nasal bristles direçted ho Scutate.
45. Corone splendens, Viei 7em., Pl. Col. ii. pl. 425 ; Gray, Gen. Hume, Sr. F. vol. viii. Murray, Hadb Ceylon, p. 349; Murray, Ausf. Br. In Gray, Handlist B. ii. p. I4 ; Hume, 493; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 1 insolens, Hume, 'Str. F. 1875, p. 14 p. 34; Oates, B. Burma vol. i. p. 399.
Nasal bristles, crown of head, lores, and tail glossy black with purplish, or flanks, vent, under tail and thigh cove of the neck, and part of the upper back of the abdomen dark ashy; under wing and legs black; irides deep brown.
Length.-16 to 17 inches; wing

oNe. 53
OLIOMORPHÆ.
deflected at all or very little so. Chin nostrils; cutting edge of lower manthe tip horny, slight, divided or split nd large with the claw of the midtoe rpe, Cat. Pass. B. B. Mus.
-CORVIDAE,
notch in the upper mandible; hallux toe and claw. Toes normal.
this family are nearly alike in their e Rook, the Raven, the Magpie, the others. Members of this family are in world. While some feed on earthrs act the part of scavengers by feeding matter, Though restless and noisy-the agacious, and have strong propensities nstitutes many which are readily tamed As for the Corvus genus, every one They have been known to commit much me necessary to set a price on their ve in a kind of society, They moult
ne-Kaup
nost secondaries, but not longer than rizontally over the nostrils; tarsi stout,
lll., NW. Dict. d' Hist. Nat, viii. p. 44; B. ii. p. 315 ; ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. 298; k. Zaol., c., Sind, p. 173; Legge, B. d. p. I, 3o, No, I 27, Corvus impudicus, Str. P. i. p. 206; Str. F. ii. pp. 4 I8, 76; Oates, B. Burma p. 398. Corone 4; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. iii. -The CoMMON INDIAN CRow.
sides of face, chin, throat, back, wings steel-blue reflections; lower abdomen, rts dull black; nape, hind neck, sides : a greyish drab; breast and upper part g coverts and axillaries dull black; bill
to II“25 ; taill 7; bill at front I” I 2.

Page 106
54 COR
Hab,–Ceylon, and throughout Ind B. Burmah, Tennaserim and Malacca
The Indian House Crow like its c about towns feeding on almost anyt putrid flesh, fruit, &c., in fact, is a gen of March to the beginning of June, la colour, marked with various shades lined with grass, hair, rags, or any oth
I do not separate splendens and ins series of insolens sent to me by Mr. Cal parts of Burmah and Tennaserim, I ha not be specifically separated from splen grey and brown, are to constitute spec of confusion, from which it will never sound well, but both help to make wha
46. Corone macrorhynch Hume, S. F v. p. 46I; Legge, Birds C Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 131, Nc p. 328; Hume, Nests and Eggs p 4 Yunnan Exped. p. 589. Corvus culm Corvus Vaillantii (Less.), Bl. B. Burm macrorhynchus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. iii. p. 39 ; Oates, B. Br. Burmah i. p.
Whole upper plumage deep black g legs, and feet black; irides dark brow
Length.-19 to 2 I inches; tail 76t from gape 23.
Hab.–Ceylon, and the whole Conti the Indo-Burmese countries and Southerly it extends down the Malay and Timor. In India. it is found in Rajputana, Central India, the Central India, also in British Burmah and Nel
It will be seen that Leva illanti has b Sharpe, makes the former a sub-species worked out the Crows to some purpos these two caminot be specifically separa I have had specimens of this species and not less than 13 from various p though in a few the pale bases to the absent (though from one locality) or c parts of the body. This may be a sig

VIIDAE.
a to the foot of the Himalayas, Assam,
ngeners, is extremely social, and lives ing and everything; dead mice, rats, 'ral scavenger. Breeds from the middle ing generally four eggs of a greenish of brown. The nest is made of twigs,
r soft material. plens. Frọm an examination of a large hrop from Tonghoo, Karenne, and other ve come to the conclusion that it candens. If shades of colour, especially of ies, Ornithology will soon reach a state be extricated. Races and sub-species it never should be.
us, Wagl., Syst. Av. Corvus, sp. 3 ; eylon p. 346; Hume, S. F. viii. p. Io5 ; ». 129. Corvus Levaillantii, Les traite, I I ; id, Str. F. ii. p. 295; Anderson, inatus (Sykes), Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 295. .p.86; Oates, S. F. v. p. 159. Corone Mus. iii. p. 38; id., Cat. B. Br. Mus.
397.-The INDIAN Jung.LE CRow. lossed with purple, blue and green; bill, n.
o 92; wing 12'2 to 14; tarsus 23; bill
hent of India, also the Andaman Islánds, china, extending to Eastern Siberia. an Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, Borneo Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Provinces, Concan, Deccan and South paul. een made a synonym of macrorhynchus. but it must not stand thus. Hume has !, and, like him, I am of opinion, that ted. Except from Kutch and Guzerat, from all parts of India for examination, arts of Burmah and Tennaserim, and eathers are apparent, in others it is either istributed here and there over different h of nonage.

Page 107
CSS
The Jungle Crow does not affect fo and villages, associated with the Ho after inundations, and generally in ri Ceylon, also notices this fact, and says Province, where they were catching th they fly over the water and fish like a t same; also the eggs, though slightly la
Gen, Ci
Bill strong, robust, moderately lo surrounded by a fleshy ring. Head tail long; hind toe and claw large.
47. Cissa ornata (Wagl.), Bl p. 69; Gray, Handl. B. ii. p. 7 ; Ha Cat. B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 87. Pica ornata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. B. p. 93 xiii. p. 213. Cissa pyrocyanea, Gould Kitta ornata, Bp., Consp, i.p. 166. Ki Citta ornata, Licht, AVomencl. Av. p. 9 General colour deep blue, shading upper tail coverts; head and neck all the rest of the under surface deep t the abdomen and flanks; thighs ultrat rest of the wing chestnut on the oute innermost secondaries shaded with black, washed with blue externally; cobalt, and broadly tipped with white of black; under wing coverts blue, sha inner lining of the quills blackish, ext ing to rufous near the base of the ir eye crimson; feet coral red; iris light Length.-I7 inches; wing 65; tail Hab.-Ceylon, where it breeds from green, spotted and streaked with umbe
Fam-C Bill long, strong, moderately broa
notched at the tip; nostrils in front o tail rather short; tarsi short; feet small
Gen. Orji
Characters those of the family; the very short, second shorter than the t

A. 55
rests only, but it also frequents towns use Crow; also shallow pools of water :e fields. Mr. H. Parker of Kturnegalla, that he saw them at this in the Southern a fry and devouring them. To do this ern. Nesting and breeding season the
rger. -
}sа.—-Boie.
ng, slightly curved and hooked. Eye crested; nostrils basal; wings rounded;
yth, Ibis, 1867, p. 299; Schl., Coraces, ldszv., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 46I ; Sharpe, Wagl., Isis, 1829, p. 749. Cissa puella, ; Layard, Ann, and Mag. Wat. Hist (2) , B. Asia part. I. (Elx. Licht. MSS.). tta speciosa, Bp. t. c. p. 37o (lapsu). -The CEYLoN MAGPIE.
off into bright cobalt on the rump and round as well as the chest chestnut; blue, shading off into brilliant cobalt on marine; wing coverts rich ultramarine, r web, blackish on the inner one, the blue on the inner web, the first primary tail deep blue, more or less shaded with , before which is a tolerably broad bar ding of into grey on the innermost, the arnally edged with chestnut and inclinner web ; bill red; bare skin round the brown
Io"5; tarsus 1:8; culmen I"6. (Sharpe.) December to February. Eggs bluish r brown and blue grey. Size 13 x 1'i.
)RIOLIDAE,
ud at the base, hooked, and distinctly f the base of the bill and quite bare;
; claws curved.
Olus-Lin, culmen keeled; wings with the st quill hird, which is the longest; upper tail

Page 108
56 h− ORI
coverts long. Lores feathered, but ge the eye. Outer toe syndactyle. Nostr
48. Oriolus diffusus, Sharpe, B. Ceylon, p. 355; Murray, Avif, indicus, Verd., Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. I 5 ; ia ČVcc. Born p. 275 ; Hume, Str. F. vii p. I, 39; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p.
B. Br. Burm, i. p. 21 1. Oriolus coch Chine, p. 132. –The BLACK-NAPED OR Above and below bright yellow; lo eye continued to the nape, on each s black, tipped and edged narrowly broadly, outer webs of tertiaries and a yellow; primary coverts black, tipped greater coverts black, also the wingle central pair narrowly and the others p feathers.
The young have the feathers of a g breast and abdomen, the band on th yellowish tips; irides and eyelids pinkis ish red.
Zength.-96 to Io inches; wing S I’o5 ; culmen I "25 to I '4.
Hab.-Ceylon and the Indian Penir golia. Oates says it appears to be Blyth records it from Arrakan. It is goon, and in the Irrawady delta. Davi Thatone to Malewoon during winter. jungles, and mentions it as having b found also near Calcutta.
The Black-naped Oriole affects fores om fruit and insects, and is strictly arbc
49. Oriolus melanocephall Ind. ii. p. i Io, No. 472; Hume, NVests Burm. p. 139; Sharpe, Cat, A, Br, , Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 99; Anderson, vii. p. 99; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 35 Murray, Avis. Br, Ind. i, p. 149, N Consp. i. p. 347; ởřerd., B. Ind. ii. p. : Himalayanus, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 358
Above and below bright golden yello black; scapulars and wing coverts brig

DLIDAE
nerally with a small bare space behind ls lateral.
Cat. B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 97 ; Legge, Brit, Ind., p. 147, No. ISI. Oriolus ., B. Ind. ii. p. Iog, No. 47 I ; Salvad, . p. i 32 ; Bl. and Walden, B. Burm. 329; Hume, Str. P. viii. p, gg; Oates, inchinensis, apud David et Oust. Ois. IOÍLE. res, and a band through and above the ide black; primaries and secondaries with yellowish white, the latter more portion of the inner webs next the shaft
broadly with yellow; inner webs of it; tail black, tipped with yellow; the rogressively broader towards the outer
reenish tinge, and dark shafted on the e nape indistinct; tail greenish with h; legs and feet plumbeous; bill pink
"85 to 6; tail 3'85 to 4 ; tarsus I to
Insula to Tennaiserim, China, and Mona winter visitant to British Burmah. said to be common about Pegu, Ransom met with it in Tennaserim from
Jerdon procured it in the Malabar een procured at Dharwar, and to be
its, large groves and gardens. It feeds real in its habits.
Luis, Linn., S. AV. i. p. I 6o; Goerd., B. and Eggs Ind. B. p. 30 ; Blyth, B. sus. iii. p. 2 I 5 ; Oates, S. F. vii. p. 48; Punnan Exped. p. 66o; Hume, Str. F. 8; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 2I4; o, 155. Oriolus Ceylonensis, Bonap., 3 ( I ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 439. Oriolus
-The BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE. w; head, chin, throat and upper breast ht yellow; winglet and primary coverts

Page 109
ORC
black, the latter yellow for their termin upper wing coverts yellow; first primi yellow, which increases in extent tow which have the entire outer web yellow the two central feathers with a broad either side with a patch of black.
The female is not unlike the male, olivaceous or a greenish tinge. They forehead is streaked with black, the fe: yellowish; throat white, streaked with legs plumbeous.
Length of adult male and female34 to 4 ; tarsus * to I "O5 ; culmen II* Hab.–Ceylon, and throughout the the Malay Peninsula. Occurs through Siam. It is found in the Punjab, N. tral India, the Concan, Deccan, South Pegu, Tennaserim, the Andamans a separating O. ceylonensis, either as Captain Legge in calling the larger fc B. Br. Mus.) observes, that O. cey Himalayan examples, has the alar s form, and he looks upon it as intermed birds. O. ceylonensis is not at all a series would be found to be insepa melanocephalus."
The Black-headed Oriole affects bo also orchards and gardens. Oates notes is one of the most charming sou be uttered at all hours of the day a chiefly on fruit. Jerdon says the figs also mulberry, blossoms, and buds. at a considerable height from the gri two twigs, and in shape is like a cu twigs and vegetable fibres. Eggs 2 t they are often white and unspotted; t II 4 x 77 inch. --
Family-DICRURI Bill rather large, wide at base, thick, rictal bristles moderately developed; in tail usually long and furcate; outerfe mage generally black or steel blue.
S c

OLUS. 57
hal half, forming a large alar speculum; ary black; the others black, tipped with yards the secondaries, the innermost of ; base of primaries yellow; tail yellow, subterminal bar of black; the next on
but the yellow is less bright and has an oung is duller in colour everywhere, the athers of the crown and nape edged with
black. Bill lake red; irides rich red;
95 to IO inches; wing 54 to S55; tail I5 to I3.
Peninsula of India, extending down out Burmah; also in Cochin-China and -W. Provinces, Bengal, Rajputana, CenIndia, the Malabar Coast, the Carnatic, hd Nepaul. I do not follow Sharpe in a distinct species or sub-species, nor orm O. himalayanus. Mr. Sharpe (Cat. onensis “although rather smaller than peculum larger than in the Cingalese iate between the continental and insular good species, and perhaps in a large trable, -zwhich if certainly is from O
th the densest forests and open jungles, says, its exquisite call of five whistling inds heard in the jungle, and it seems to nd almost all the year round. It feeds of the Banian, peepul and other Fict, It nests from March to June, generally pund. The nest is suspended between up. The materials used are leaves, fine o 3, pinkish white, spotted with black; he average of Io might be said to be
DAE-DRONGo SHRIKES.
, culmen curved and keeled, tip notched; Lostrils basal, concealed by short plumes; athers generally much lengthened. Plu

Page 110
58 DCR
Gen. Butch
Bill moderate, despressed at base a notched at tip; rictal bristles strong; to form a crest. Plumage black; tail
50. Buchanga atra, Herm., Sind, p. 126; Sharpe, Cat Passer/. p. 386; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i p Viell., N. Dict. ix. p. 588; ỹerd., 1 Ind. i. p, 427, No. 278; Gray, Ge p. 2 I3; vii. p. 272; Murray, Hall albirictus, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. p. 326; F., 1874, p. 4o2. Dicrurus balicassi L.).-The CoMMON DRONGo SHRIKE
Head, hind neck, back, upper tail glossy blue-black; a white spot at the face, and under surface of the body b and with a greenish cast; greater and also the secondaries and tertiaries; pri webs of the primaries and under surfac lunules on the under surface of the boo Length.-I. 2 inches; wing 575; tai Aab-The whole of India and Ceylo region, China, Formosa and Burmah China, the N.-W. Himalayas, Nepal, B. throughout the Punjab, N.-W. Provin India, Kutch, Guzerat, Konkan, Decca According to Oates, it is a common b it is common from October to January the Irrawaddy delta; Davison found mein to Malewoon, and Captain Bing) The King Crow is chiefly found i forests. It is a conspicuous bird ever readily known simply by its cheerful ar. wire, wall, or on a bare branch, its sw and again its rather harsh cry. A cou make their chattering, as if one to a disagreeable. Its loquacity is unsurpa is often seen on the backs of cattle, sh pany with Acridothera tristis or gingi, frequently Neophrons.
The food of the King Crow is ch mantises, bees, wasps, ants, dragon fli

RIDAE.
nga.--Hodgs.
nd slightly hooked ; culmen keeled and frontal plumes dense, but not elongated forked. ܥ ܀
Obs. Zool. p. 2o8 ; Murray, Vert. Zool, Bo Br. Mus. p. 246; Legge, B. Ceylon . 386, No. 6 I. Dicrurus macrocercus, ad. ỹourn. xiii. pt. ii. p. I 2 I ; id., B. of a. B. i. p. 286; Str. F. iv. p. 278; vi. !, Zool., c., Sind, p. 137. Buchanga EHume, Str. F, 1873, p. I78; Ball, Str. us, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 86 (nec. or KING CRow.
coverts, lesser and median wing coverts gape; chin, throat, lores, sides of the lack, less glossy than the upper surface, primary coverts black, glossed greenish, maries and tail duller black; the inner ze of the tail dusky. Young with whitish ily. Bill and legs black; irides red.
l 625 to tip of outer feather; tarsus o'9.
n, extending to Assam, the Indo-Chinese Occurs also in Java, Siam, Cochineluchistan and Afghanistan. It is found ces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Central n, Travancore and South India generally. ird in Burmah and Pegu. In the latter 7. Dr. Armstrong found it common in it common in Tennaserim from Moulnam met with it at Tounghoo. n open jungle, and seldom or never in ywhere about a station. Its presence is ld pretty notes. Perched on a telegraph eet notes are uttered, not forgetting now ple of pairs within one's grounds often nother, for half an hour at a time, sound issed, especially in the early morn. It eep and goats when out grazing in comianus, the common crow, and not un
iefly insects of sorts, as grasshoppers, es, moths and butterflies. I don't know

Page 111
BUCH
that it has a predilection for any thin brates. During the breeding season, April, and August and September, acc pugnacious. It pursues and drives av kites, and crows, especially when the f its nest generally in the fork of the ou an Acacia. The nest is cup-shaped a grass; in some instances lined outsic hair or feathers. Eggs generally 4
prettily streaked, spotted and blotched
51. Buchanga longicaudal p. 121; Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 430, No. 2 Nests and Aggs p. 189; Aume, Str. p. I 3o; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 213; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 39o; 7'u viii. p. 9 I ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 27 Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. I 55, No. 162. L p. 2oo. Buchanga Waldeni, Beavan i. p. 22O.-The DARK-ASHY or LoNG
Whole upper plumage including th greenishgloss; sides of the face, front dark ashy, paler towards the vent; un and nearly white at the tips; under w fully adult birds, these whitish tippin red.
Length.-II to II"5 inches; wing 6'5 to 67 ; tarsus oo8 ; culmen .
Hab.-India generally, the Indo-Bu layas to Nepaul and Ladakh. Foi generally; also on the Malabar c Bengal, Punjab, N.-W. and Centre Western India, it is a permanent resic in Tennaiserim, from Moulmein to M replaced by B. leucophaea.
Its habits are quite those of B. a affects forests, and has a pleasant son similar to that of B. atra. Eggs, 3red spots.
52. Bućhanga caerulescei Cait. B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 252. Dicru NWat. ix. p. 587; ỹerd., Madras ỹa Wat. Hist. xiv. p. 47; ferd., B. Ina

ANGA. 59
higher than members of the Invertewhich lasts from May to July, March to ording to locality, the King Crow is very 'ay every bird it suspects, even hawks, male is sitting for incubation. It places er branches of a tree, selecting generally ld shallow, and made of fine twigs and e with cobwebs and inside with a little in number, reddish or pinkish white,
with brick red or brown.
a (A. Hay), yerd., Mad. *ourn. xiii. o; Wald., P. Z. S. 1866, p. 549; Hume, F. iii. p. 97 ; Walld., in Bl. B. Burm. p 249; Hume and Dazyison, Str. F. vi. reedd., Ibis, I 878, p. 74; Hume, Str. F. o; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 2o2; Murray, icrurushimalayanus, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, Ibis, 1868, p. 497; Oates, B. Burm. AILED DRON Go.
e wings and tail blackish ashy, with a all plumes, and under surface of the body der tail coverts dull greyish white, paler ving coverts similarly tipped; in old or s are absent. Bill and legs black; iris
55 to 56; tail, including outer feathers,
rmese countries, Ceylon, N.-W. Himaund in Travancore and Southern India oast, Wynaad, Coorg, the Nilghiris, ill Provinces. In Southern and parts of lent, also in S. Pegu. Davison found it ergui. In Upper Pegu it is said to be
tra, but unlike it, it inhabits or rather g. Breeds during April and May. Nest -4 in number, typically white with brick
ns, Linn., Syst. AWat. i. p. 134 ; Sharpe, rus caerulescens, Vieill., N. Diet. d' Act. urn. x. p. 239; Bly., Ann. and Mag. ... i. p. 432, No. 28; Murray, Avy. Br.

Page 112
60 DICRUR
Ind. i. p. 157, No. 165. Buchanga ins caerulescens, Holdsw., P. Z. S. I872, Ceylon. Buchạnga leucopygialis, Bli P. Z. S. I872, p. 439. --The WHITE-B" Whole upper plumage, including wi steel blue gloss; chin, throat and breas on the sides of the neck and sides of t tail coverts white; under wing coverts : glossy black; bill and feet black; iris la
Length.-95 to 96 inches; wing feathers 5; tarsus o 8; culmen o‘95.
Hab.–Ceylon, and India generally. the Nilghiris, Madras, Nellore, Centr: Behar, Kattyawar, N.-W. Himalayas to
The White-bellied Drongo affects seldom seen in clearings, groves, or ne Buchanga, it seizes its prey on the win. harsh cry of the family. I do not spe Among my series of skins from Southe and the N.-W. Provinces, numbering descriptions of the sub-species made by into typical carulescens. B. insularis : under tail coverts white, and the form vent and under tail coverts white, shadi
Gen. Dissemu:
Outer tail feathers produced and bristles.
53. Dissemuroides edolifo1 iii. p. 256. Dicrurus edoliformis, ABl. lophorinus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 285 Z. S. I872, p. 439; Legge, B. Ceylon, DRoNGO.
Female.-General colour above bla more purplish on the head and on t green; inner secondaries the same; nally with steel green; tail feathers blac webs; forehead crested; plumes deep sides of the face; under surface of the more metallic on the tips of the feather

RIDAE.
jularis (Sharpe, Sub.-sp. a.) Buchanga p. 439 (nec. L.) Eastern Districts of /th, Gř. A. S. B. xv. p. 298; Holdsv., ELLIED DRON Go. ngs and tail, slaty grey, with a metallic tashy brown, glossed with steel blue he upper breast; abdomen and lower ashy brown and slightly glossed; thighs ke-red.
475 to 5'O5; tail 365, to tip of outer
Recorded from Malabar, the slopes of al India, Calcutta, Central Provinces, Nepaul. well-wooded districts generally. It is ar habitations. Like other species of g, and has the usual sweet song and ecifically separate the Ceylonese races. rn India, the Himalayas, Central India,
62, are a number which answer the Mr. Sharpe, and which gradually merge and carulescens have the abdomen and characterized as leucopygialis have the ng into brownish on the abdomen.
roides.- Hume.
recurved at tip; forehead with a few
*mis (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B.Br. Mus. yth, j°. A. S. „B. XV. p. 2g97. IDicrurus
Dissemurus lophorinus, Holdszy., P. p. 396.-The CEYLON RACKET-TAILED
ck with a metallic green shade, rather he neck hackles; wings metallic steel rest of the quills black, glossed exterk, glossed with steel green on the outer black, as also those of the lores and body black, glossed with steel green, s of the breast and producing a slightly

Page 113
LOISS
spangled appearance; under wing co
bill and legs black; iris dull brownish Length.- 123 inches; wing 5"6; ta
o'95 ; culmen i 25.
The adult male is similar but large Hab.–Ceylon in the Southern Pro
Gen. Disse
Crest more full and developed, forked, the outermost pair with the ( bare for some distance, and terminal
Claw and head of L
54. Dissemurus paradiseu. in JWaldi. B. Burm., p. I28; Armstro Br. Mus. iii. p. 258; 7 zeveedd., Ióis, I vi. p. 219; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 399; Str. F. ix. p. I74; Oates, Str. F. x Àsurray, Av/. Brit. Ind.i. p. 160, N Dict. d" Hist. Nat. i. p. 588. Edolius p. 5o. Edolius grandis, Gould, P. Z. Ind. Rev. i p. 325. Dicrurus retifer, cristatellus, Blyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xi. p. Bomap., Con.sp. Az". i. p. 35 I. Edolius 435. Edolius malabaricus (Scop.), malabaroides (Hodgs.), Hume, Avests iii. p. Io II. Dissemurus grandis (Ga Str. F. viii. p. I66; id, B. Br. Burm. DRION Go.
 

EMURUS 6.
erts black, glossed with metallic green;
red. (Legge.) l 5'2; to tip of outer feather 72; tarsus
, the, wing measuring 6 inches.
’ince.
murus.-- Gloger.
ind falling back on the forehead; tail uter web gradually thinning off; shaft ing in a racket.
issemuraes paradiseus,
Ls, Linn., Syst. Wat. i. p. I 72 ; Bl. ng, Str. F. iv. p. 32 I ; Sharpe, Cat. B. 878, p. 8o ; Hume and Davison, Str. F. Hume, Stir. F. viii, p. I92 ; Bingham, . p. 203; id., B. Br. Burm. i. p. 225; No. I68. Dicrurus platurus, Vieill., N. s Rangoonensis, Gould, P. Z. S., 1836,
S., 1836, Chibia malabaroides, Aodgs, Уerd, Mad. 7ourn. X. p. 24 I. Edоlius
I7 I , Edolius brachyphorus (7'emm.), ; paradiseus (Linn.), Gřerd., B. Ind, i. p. 7 erd, B. Ind. i p. 437. Dissemurus and Eggs Ind. B. p. I 23; id, Str. P. puld), Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 92; Oates, i. p. 225-The GREAT RACKET-TAILED

Page 114
62 DJCR
Whole plumage black, glossed with the quills, the throat, lower abdomen a both sexes lengthened and furnished less developed, and the under wing and feet black; irides red (brown in th
Length.-I4 inches; wing 66; tail culmen II "3.
Hab.-Ceylon and the Indian Peni and Indo-Burmese Countries, the Mal Sumatra, Cochin-China and Nepaul. Himalayas to the Eastern Ghats as f Goomsoor, Central and S. India, N.-W buns, Assam, Sylhet, Burmah and Ten gone into the question, whether all the were so or not. Brachyphorus from B but there was not sufficient ground up rated. The specific characters held to tail, the size of the rackets on the oute crest. These Mr. Sharpe has carefully united all under one species (Dissemu careful study of what has been writt Drongos, and after comparison of the s he has arrived at the conclusion that betw form) of the Eastern Himalayas and D chain of races exists. Blyth came to Sharpe adds that he does not see that th to upset this conclusion. His review ( remarks :-' Finding it however, quit characters for these supposed species, I merely keep the specimens arranged ul lieve that a larger series will only show be found more and more impossible to entiated under the various titles mentic
The Large Racket-tailed Drongo af Like the Drongos in general it selects t for its perch, which it now and again passing insect. It always returns to th rich and mellow, especially during th in a fork on the very tip of a bough on inaccessible. In structure it does not eggs, usually three in number, are wl brown.

URIDAE,
steel blue, except on the inner webs of nd vent. The outer pair of feathers in with a racket; in the young the gloss is coverts are tipped with white; bill, legs e young).
7; outer feathers 13 to 5; tarsus I" 15;
insula, Andaman Islands, Indo-Chinese ayan Peninsula, Java andBorneo ; also It is recorded as occurring from the ar South as N. L. I5; also at Nellore, Provinces, Lower Bengal, the Sundernaserim. Mr. Sharpe has very carefully species hitherto described as distinct, orneo, appeared to be a distinct form, pon which it could be specifically sepaconstitute a species were the length of r feathers, and the development of the studied, and the outcome is that he has 'rus paradiseus). He says that after a en on the subject of these racket-tailed eries in the British Museum collection, veen D. malabaroides (a very full-crested . brachyphorus of Borneo, an "unbroken the same conclusion in 1849. Mr. he labours of ornithologists have tended of these species ends with the following e impossible to define exact specific
have united them under one name, and hder different headings; for I fully bemore connecting links, and that it will give spectific characters for those differ)med."
fects forests, and well-wooded districts. he extreme end of a bough or branch leaves for the purpose of capturing a e same perch. Its song is said to be e breeding season. The nest is built the highest tree in the place, and almost differ from that of its congeners. The nite or pinkish, marked with reddish

Page 115
R
Gen. Tre,
Bill stout, of moderate length; culi from the base, tip notched; nostrils co the 4th quill longest; tarsus short.
Head and clau
55. Irena puella, Lath., Ina p. Io5 ; Stol., ř. A. S. B. xxxix. p. i Aume, Nests and Eggs p. 298; Hua and Wald, B. Burm. p. 138; Arm Str. F. iv. p. 4oo; Wardlaw-Ramsa Str. F. vi. p. 328 ; Hume, Slır. F. vii Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. Mus. vi. p. I 77 Str. F. x. p. 2 I I ; Oa/es, B. Br. Bu, p. I6, No. 16g -The FAIRY BLUE BI
Whole upper plumage, including the cobalt blue. Sides of the head, quill and central tail feathers with a shade sides of neck and entire under surface, black; under tail coverts purplish blac
The female has the whole of the upp on the rump and upper and under t dark brown, also the greater wing cov these with a bluish tinge on their outer
Bill and legs black; iris crimson. Length.- Io to 1o'3 inches; wing 5 O'95 to I.
Hab.-Ceylon, the Malabar Coast, St also Assam, Arrakan, and British Burr China, in the Khasia Hills, Cachar, an
The Fairy Blue. Bird affects everg abundant in the hilly tracts than in th down to Rangoon; in the Irrawaddy
 

CNA. 63
ha-Horsy.
hen rather elevated and slightly arching vered with short plumes. Wings with
of Irene puella.
". Orn. i. p. 17 I ; řerd., IIB. Ind. ii. i. p. 318; Wald, Ibis, 1871, p. 17o; ne, Str. F. ii. p. 226; iii. p. I 3o; Bl. trong, Sr.. A”. iv. p. 326; Bourdillon, 1, 15is, 1877, p. 467; Hume and Dav., i, p. 99; Legge, Birds Ceylon p. 466; 7; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 184; Oater, rm. p. 209; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. RD.
lesser wing coverts, brilliant glistening s and tail deep black; the secondaries : of blue; lores, feathers over the eye, also the thighs and under wing coverts, :k, er plumage dull prussian blue, brighter ail coverts ; primaries and secondaries erts, primary coverts, and tertiaries, but
webs.
; tail 4*2 to 4'4; tarsus o'85; culmen
uthern India generally, and Travancore; hah. It also occurs in Siam and Cochind the Andamans.
een, dense, woody forests, and is more e plains. It is found in the Pegu Hills delta, and according to Davison, in all

Page 116
64 PRION {
the evergreen forests of Tennaserim.
parties of 6 or 7 are not uncommon. C serim. It was cup-shaped in form, a Eggs, two, greenish white, marked with
Family.-Pl
Bill with a notch in the upper mandit plumes. Tail moderate, rounded or sc
Sub-Family
Bill higher than broad, wings short, I
Gen. Tephrodic
Bill moderately hooked and notches covered with procumbent plumes; wil Outer toe longest and slightly syndacty.
56. Tephrodornis pondi Bly., f. A. S. B., 1846, p. 3o5; Gřera Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 123; Hume, Str. Sind, p. 134; Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. i. p. I 62, No I 7o. Tephrodornis indi Br. M. p. go. Tentheca leucura, Hoc WooD-SHRIKE.
Head, hind neck, scapulars, back ar rump edged white; superciliary streal from the nostrils to the ear coverts; dusky brown; tail dark brown, the dusky on the outer web at the tip; ba throat white; breast and upper abdom and under tail coverts white; bill greenish yellow.
Length.-65 to 7 inches; wing 3't
Hab.-Ceylon and India generall of the Himalayas. Occurs in the De and the Carnatic; also Assam and Bel seasonal visitant, arriving in April, bre September. I obtained nestlings in August. Of the eight specimens colle seen in September. Its presence is ea kable little song, quite unlike that of a with fine fibre and hair. According t

O EPIDAE.
It is generally found in pairs, but 'apt. Bingham found the nest in Tenasnd in structure like that of a Drongo.
brown.
RIONOPIDAE.
le. Nostrils more of less covered with uare, and of I2 feathers.
-PRIONOPINAE,
not reaching the tip of the tail.
brnis.-Swainson.
i at tip; a few rictal bristles; nostrils ngs moderate; tarsus and toes short. le.
cerianus, Gmel., S. N. i. p. 939 ; ", B. Ind. i p. 4 IO, No. 265 ; Murray, F. i. p. 435 ; Murray, Hadók., Zool., ýc, 372, 1214 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. ca, G. R. Gray, Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. gs, Ind. Rev. i. p. 447.–The CoMMON
ld rump ashy brown; the feathers of the k fulvous white; a dark brown streak upper tail coverts dark brown wings two outer feathers white, and margined asally they are dark brown; chin and en greyish brown; lower abdomen, vent dusky horn; legs plumbeous; irides
;; tail 275; bill at front O'62.
y, also Burmah, extending to the foot ccan, North. Guzerat, Kutch, Kattiawar ngal, in Small flocks. In Sind it is a eding and leaving the Province early in May and June, and during July and cted, five were young birds. None were sily known by a very pretty, unmistany of the Laniinae. It is generally lined o Mr. H. Parker, the nest is glued on

Page 117
HEM
to a lateral branch of some small tree o breed from March to July. The eggs large brown blotches, or pale rust colo they vary from o 6g to o'8 inch; and in
57. Tephrodòrnis affinis, . B. Mus. A.S.B. p. 153; Bp, Consp Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iii. p 2 Aolds w, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 437-Th Adult (Male).-Above slaty grey, wi wing coverts grey like the back; the g which are externally washed with grey black; tail feathers blackish; the two ( a black spot at the tip of the feather; the feathers above and below the eye a and chin white; rest of the tinder surf becoming white on the abdomen an cinerous; the edge of the wing white; dull yellow. (Holdsworth.)
Length.-64 inches; culmen o'8;w Adult Female (Colombo; Legge).- described, but dullet in cotout, brown brown, extending well into the thfo: distinct.
Length -6 inches; culmen o '75 ; wi AHab.–Ceylon, neat Newara Eliya a similar to those of 7 pondiceriana.
Gen. Hemi
Characters as in 7 ephrodornis, bill 1 quill nearly equal to 4th.
58. Hemipus picatus, Syke, B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 3o7; ởerd.,, B I p. I78; id, Str. P. i. p.435; iii. p. 93 Str. F, viii. p. 91; Legge, B, Ceylor p. 164, No. 174.-SYKEs's PIED SHRIK
Whole upper plumage, with the lore feathers broadly tipped with white; chif the remainder of the lower plumage sides of the neck white, produced so round the neck; lesser wing coverts tipped with white, the outer greater cov
9 c

PUS, 65
r low bush, and usually in a fork. They are 2-3 in number, greenish white, with ur confined to the larger end. In length
breadth from O'57 to O'65 inch.
Blyth, ŷ A. S. B. xvi. p. 473; id., Cat. i. p. 358; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 434; 76. Tephrodornis pondiceriana, apud.
ALLIED Woop-SHRIKE.
th only a slight trace of a paler eyebrow reater sefies ashy brown like the quills, ; lower fump white; upper tail coverts otitermost white with blackish bases and nasal bristles and lores greyish brown ; ind the ear coverts deeper black; cheeks ace ashy with a pinkish shade, gradually i under tail coverts; under wing coverts bill dusky feet dusky lead colour iris
iing 3o35 ; tail 2'45 ; tarsus o'65.
-Similar to the supposed male above er above ahd below washed with ashy at, the eyebrow rather whiter or more
nig 33; tail 2'5; tarsus o'65. (Sharpe.) nd Colombo. Habits and nidification
pus- Hodgs.
more depressed, and wider at base; 3rd
, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 25; Sharpe, Cat. nd. i. p. 4 I2; fume, Nests and Eggs, ; Hume and Davison, vi. p. 207; Hume, , p. 375; Murray, Avif. Brit. Ind.i.
E.
is and ear coverts glossy black; rump l, vent, and upper tail coverts pure white; : pale vinaceous; the cheeks and the as to form an indistinct white collar black; median coverts black, broadly ferts black primary coverts and quills

Page 118
66 ARTA
black, the later secondaries broadly ed central feathers tipped with white, whic the outermost feathers; bill black; iris beous brown.
Length.-54 inches; wing 25; tail
Hab.-Ceylon, South India, Trava India, Concan, Deccan, British Burmal
The Little Pied Shrike is generall wandering about from tree to tree, ev the air. It has a pleasant song, w frequents thick forests, and like the Dr tree. According to Davison it also st A nest taken by Mr. Davison at Ootaca grass and roots, covered with cobwebs placed on a branch of a tall tree and greenish marked with umber-brown. he obtained at Darjeeling were a few r
GROUP-CICHLOMOR
Wings with Io primaries, the first ma rictal bristles generally present. Bill nostrils nearer the cutting edge of ma
Family ARTAMID
Bill moderate wide at the base, deep, curved; nostrils basal, with a minute t and strong; claws well curved, acut longest; tail short. (Serd.) Plumage owing to their feeding like the swallow
Gen. Arta Characters those of the Family.
59. Artamus fuscus, Vieil p. 297; Jerd., B. Ind. i. 441, No. p. I94 ; Blyth, B. Burm... p. 27; Ada F. iv. p. 32 I ; Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chı Sharpe in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. Str. P. viii. p. 92; Oates, Str. F. x. The AsHY SwALLow SHRIKE.
Lores black; head and neck ashy shorter upper tail coverts, but these upper tail coverts white; tail dark gr

IIDAE,
2d with white; tail black, all but the extends over the whole outer web of azel; eyelids plumbeous; legs plum
"4; tarsus 45; culmen 7.
core N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Central
and Tennaserim.
seen in small parties of five or six, :ry now and then darting on insects in nich, however, is not often heard. It bngo, perches on the outer branches of a arches the leaves like a Wood Shrike. mund, was a small shallow cup made of and lichens and sparingly lined. It was
contained three eggs, which were pale
Jerdon says the markings of the eggs Lusty red spots.
PHAE-THRUSH-LIKE PAssEREs.
rkedly smaller; angle of chin shortened; notched, cu: ved at the tip, acuminate; ndible than the culmen.
AE.-SwALLow SHRIKES.
and slightly curved; commissure slightly uft of bristles at their base; tarsus short e; wings long; 1st quill minute, 2nd grey. They are called Swallow Shrikes, s in the air.
mus- Vieill.
l, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist, Wai. xvii. 287; Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. me, Str. F. iii. p. IO2; Armstrong, Str. ne, p. IoI; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 273; 19; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 666; Hume, p. 203; id., B. Br. Burm, i. p. 396
rey, also the back, scapulars, rump and ith a rufescent or vinous tinge ; longer ly, tipped with whitish; wings and their

Page 119
GRAU
coverts deep grey; quills narrowly m portions of the inner webs; breast, abd pale purplish brown, the latter finely b. at the tip; legs slaty; irides dark brow Aength,-7 to 73 inches; wing 52 O'95.
The young are barred above, the qu and the under wing coverts tipped with
Hab-Throughout nearly the whol Ceylon. Jerdon says it is more abun where palm trees abound, more part them most abundant in the Carnatic, and Bengal; rare in the Deccan and ling, and spread throughout Assam found at Arracan, Tenasserim and Peg on palm trees, and are made of grass, whitish, marked at the larger end with Artamus leucorhynchus, a species the body white and the back and w: Andamans.
Family.-CAN Bill moderate, vertically deep, broad
feeble; tail long, rounded; feathers o genera; tarsus short.
Gen. Grauc
Bill of moderate length, strong and and slightly notched; rictal bristles r pointed; tail moderate, slightly rounde(
60. Graucalus Macii, Less., No. 27O; Wald., Iöis, 1872, p. 3: 1; Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 181; id., p. 4oo; Bl., B. Burm. p. I 23; Anders Ceylon pp. 36O, 214; Sharpe, Cat. B. . p. 9 I ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 267 ; Mun Graucalus layardi, Bl, Ibis, 1866, p. Ibis, 1875, p. 287 ; Murray, Vert. Zoo SHRIKE.
Head, neck, back, rump, upper ta primaries and their coverts black, exte french-grey on the outer webs, and m webs dusky; tail with the two centre

CALUS, w 67
irgined with white near the tips and on Omen, under wing and under tail coverts arred with ashy, Bill pale blue, darker
l
; tail 2'5; tarsus O'65; bill from gape
ills are broadly. margined with whitish, in rufous.
e of the moist regions in India and dant in the wooded districts, especially icularly the Palmyra palm. He found he Madras Coast, the Northern Circars, Central India. Occurs also at Darjeeand British Burmah. It has been fu in large flocks. The nests are built twigs and fibres. Eggs, 4 in number, yellowish brown and lilac. with the rump and lower surface of ings chocolate brown, is found in the
MIPOPHAGIDAE,
at base; culmen arched; rictal bristles f lower back and rump rigid in most
alus.–Cuv.
vide at base, the culmen curved, hooked lot much developed; wings long and i.
7raite p. 349; Jerd, B. Ind. i p. 417, Blanf, Fř. A. S. B. xli. pt. ii. p. I 56; Str. F. i. p. 2O4; Ball, Str. P. ii. n, Yunnan Exped. p. 647; Legge, B. Br. Mus. iv. p. 34; Hume, Str. F. viii. ray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 17o, No. 182. 35; Jerd, Ibis, 1872, p. I 17; Legge, l, Sind, p. 124.-The INDIAN CUCKoo
il coverts and scapulars french-grey; inally edged with whitish ; secondaries argined and tipped whitish; the inner feathers grey, tipped with white; the

Page 120
68 CAMPOPE
rest black, broadly tipped with white, eye, and at the gape black. Sides beneath; the neck and breast frenc numerous dull white transverse lines coverts white; under wing coverts and of grey at the edge of the wings; plumbeous,
The female is paler in colour through generally there are present nearly obs The young have the upper plumage tipp and the under surface nearly pure whit
Length.-II'8 to 12 inches wings 6 bill at front I.
Hall.--The Indian Cuckoo-Shrike Himalayas to the extreme South. It S.-E, Ceylon (Parker), spread over the Nepaul, Pegu, Assam, and Port Blair; a Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Kathiawar, core, Blyth records it from Arrakai according to Dr, Tiraud it is found jungles, gardens, orchards, avenues an chiefly on insects as caterpillars, ma probably also small fruit, Jerdon says from tree to tree uttering as it alightstw but it has also a very harsh rattlings manner, with but few flappings of its the natives. Breeds almost everywhere usually placed in the fork of a lofty br; and grass, cup-shaped in form. Eggs spots and blotches of brown and pale
Gen, Pericer
Bill short, rather broad at base, a long, 4th and 5th quills longest; tail lo feet short and feeble,
Mr, Sharpe has properly, like mos coloured birds next to the Campopha species very similar to each other; t in black and red (vermilion red), They associate in small flocks and are from branch to branch in search of ins

AGIDAE.
A narrow frontal line, lores, below the of face and ear coverts darkish grey h-grey; upper abdomen lighter, with ; lower abdomen, vent and under tail axillaries white, with a few cross lines bill blackish; irides rich lake; legs
*
hout and has not the black on the face; solete barrings on the under surface. bed and margined with pale ferruginous,
w
i’5 to 7; tail 5 to 6; tarsus I to I "o5;
is found over all India, from the . is abundant in Southern India and whole of British Burmah, recorded from lso the N.-W. Provinces, Punjab, Oudh,
Jodhpoor, North Guzerat and Travann, Mr. Davison from Tennaserim, and in Cochin-China. It affects thin forest, d thick growths of high bushes, Feeds intides, locusts, and grasshoppers, and it is rather a shy bird, flying before you o or three rather sweet and mellow notes, cream. It flies in an easy undulating wing, Its flesh is said to be eaten by about the beginning of the rains, Nest anch of a tree, constructed of fine twigs three, of a greenish colour, marked with purple.
OCotus-Boie,
ld high; culmen slightly curved; wing ing, lateral feathers graduated; tarsi and
authors, placed this group of brightly gina. The Minivets form a group of he males being for the most part clothed and the females in dusky and yellow. always found on trees, actively hopping ects, upon which they feed,

Page 121
PERICR
61. Pericrocotus flammet Tem, Pl. Col. 263; Boie, Isis 1828, p. f; id., B. Ind. i. p. 42o, No. 272; Hola F. iii. p. 95; iv. pp. 207, 394; y. pp. I p. 75; Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind. . Murray, Avis' Br. Ind. i p. 775, No.
Whole head, nape, neck, upper b shining blue black; lower back, rum fifth primary, tips of some of the co crimson; lateral tail feathers the same,
The female has the forehead tinged the rump, wing spots, lateral tail fe: wings and tail dusky, the pair next the yellow. Bill and legs black; irides dal
Length.-7's to 8 inches; 35 to 37
Hab.-Ceylon, Southern India, in th Malabar Coasts to Travancore; also in
The Orange Minivet is abundant in tat, and generally keeps to the topmo continually flying from branch to br catching insects. It breeds on the N nest is a comparatively massive little cu over with lichen-like cobwebs. It is bough. Eggs a palish green, thickly s end with pale yellowish brown and din
632. Pericrocotus peregrin B. Ind, i, p. 432 ; Hume, A/ests and Ég p. I24 ; Hume, Str. F. i. I77; iii. p. 9 Str. F. v, p. I79 ; viii. p. 9I ; Oates, St p. 366; Sharpe, Cat, B. Br. Mus. p. 125 ; Murray, 4 v/ Br. Ind. i, p. 17 (Gm.), Hume, Str. F. v. p. 82; Oa SMALL MINIVET.
Upper surface of body ashy grey; throat and ear coverts blackish; wing with dull grey, and the greater with duller toward the tips; the bases of orange red, forming a conspicuous w bright vermilion; tail black, the four o with orange; the breast vermilion, fading on the lower abdomen, vent a

)COTUS. 69
s (Forst.), Sws, Zool. Ill. p. 52; 32 I ; ỹerd., Ill. Ind. Orn.pl ii. m. and sv., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 438 ; Sharpe, Str. 75, 197 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. 3. p. 182; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 363; 9I.-The ORANGE MINIVET. ack, wings, and central tail feathers , upper tail coverts, wing spot to the verts, and entire under surface deep but with black bases. with yellow, the head and back grey; thers and entire under surface yellow ; middle feathers edged narrowly with k brown.
; tail 3’9 to 4; culmen O'37; tarsus o’6.
Le Circars, along the Coromandel and the Concan.
all the more wooded parts of its habist branches of high trees. It keeps anch, and is incessantly on the move, ilghiris during June and July. The 1p composed of fine twigs and plastered usually placed in the fork of a slender streaked and spotted chiefly at the large
gy purple.
us, Lin., Syst. Nat, i. p. 342; 7oerd., rs p. 184; Bl. and Wald. B. Burmah 6; Sharpe, Str F. iv. p. 2og; Hume, r. Fo. viii, p. 166; Legge, Birds Ceylon iv. p. 76; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, 6, No. 194. Pericrocotus malabaricus, tes, B. Br. Burmah i. p. 245-The
a narrow frontal band, lores, chin, coverts black, the lesser series edged narrow orange tip; quills dusky black, the primaries, except the first three, ing patch; rump and upper tail coverts uter feathers on each side widely tipped also the upper abdomen and flanks, ad under tail coverts to yellowish; under

Page 122
70 CAMPO
wing coverts and edge of the wing y and legs black; irides brown.
Length.-6 inches; wing 255; tail : The female is light grey above, the of forehead and lower parts whitish, tin men, and under tail coverts; the fl yellow; quills light brown; the primari spot yellow ; rump vermilion; colour of Length.-6'25 inches; wing 275; b Hab.-Ceylon, India, Burmese count the N.-W. Himalayas, South and Ce Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, and N. Guzerat. In Sind it is a winter ing till about the end of December.
The Small Minivet is most abundant
species of the genus is a restless bird Breeds from about the end of April neat cup, made of very fine twigs, and are attached dead leaves, &c. The cob which build on trees an almost ciri Minivet lines the outside, making th excrescences growing on it. The ne fork at the end of a bough. Eggs thre reddish brown.
Gen. Lala
Shrike-like birds of soft plumage; rather stiff; bill stout and moderately h wings, longer than the tail; under tail c
63. Lalage sykesi, Strickl., . Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. p. 89 ; 1 AMurray, Avis. Br. Ind, i. p. 181, No. i. p. 414, No. 268; Hume, Nests and Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 9I, Campoph 234.-The BLACK-HEADED CUCKoo-SH
Head, neck, upper back, chin, throa and abdomen pale grey, gradually pas coverts; lower back, scapulars, lesser w grey, the latter margined paler; m broadly margined for their terminal h wing coverts black, narrowly margin black, the primaries with a narrow w

AGIDAE.
low; thigh coverts dusky black. Bill
; bill at front O'45. throat white, also the eye streak; sides 'ed with yellow on the breast, abdonks and under wing coverts brighter s with narrow white edgings; the wing bill and legs as in the male. ll O'45; tail 3'I. ries, Andamans and Java. Occurs in tral India, Nepaul, the Punjab, N.-W. Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, isitant, arriving in August and remain
wherever it is found, and like the other It is usually found in small parties. o the end of June. The nest is a very coated thickly with cobwebs, to which webs are the nests of a species of spider cular papery covering; with these this he nest appear as if there were knotty st is usually placed high up and in a e in number, pale green, marked with
ge.-Boie,
feathers cf the lower back and rump ooked; rictal bristles almost wanting; overts long.
4nn. NWat. Hist. Ser. i., xiii. p. 36; legge, Birds of Ceylon pp. 369, 1214; 202. Volvocivora sykesi, Jerd, B. Ind. ggs p. I 79; Bl., B. Burm... p. I 23 ; ga sykesi, Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p.
IKE,
, and upper breast black; lower breast ing to white on the vent and lower tail ing coverts, rump and upper tail coverts edian wing coverts black, tipped and alf on the outer webs with grey; greater 2d greyish; primaries and secondaries ite margin on their outer webs and a

Page 123
HEMICH
large white patch on their inner webs, t and tipped with white; tail with the cent tipped with white.
The female has the head and the and upper tail coverts, the latter barrec and the whole of the lower plumage wh barred transversely with black, the ba vent and under tail coverts white; qui feather margined with greyish white; ea the feathers white shafted; tail with the tipped with white, the rest blackish or c the outermost with the white tippings, I The young are similar to the adult f the legs and feet; iris brownish red.
Length.--75 inches; wing 4; tail 3; Hab.–Ceylon, and the whole Pen India, Bengal, the Concan and Deccan. It hunts usually in small parties, and oc or in pairs, flying from tree to tree, an foliage, prying searchingly all around suitable morsel. It continues its search branch till the tree has been well ins to another tree. Caterpillars and other Jerdon adds that it is usually a silent bi having in June heard a male giving ou from tree to tree. It affects wooded tre found the nest of this species in Bun end of two small out-shooting branches of thin twigs and roots, and partially co’ in number, were green, mottled with d
Family.-MU
Passerine birds of very varied form, e connecting the woodshrikes with the wide, depressed or shallow bills. The wings are moderate and not adapted capable of rapid and powerful sallies.
Gen. Iemich
Bill much depressed and shallow, wi which is faintly hooked; gape wide;

EL HIDON. ། 71.
he secondaries rather broadly margined al feathers grey, the rest black, broadly
pper plumage grey, paler on the rump with dusky; cheeks, sides of the neck itish or albescent, closely and narrowly rs becoming obsolete on the abdomen; lls and wing coverts dark brown, each ir coverts greyish, mottled with brown; central pair of feathers grey, narrowly lark brown, broadly tipped with white, nottled with brown.
amale; adults have the bill black, also
tarsus o'8; bill from gape oo85.
insula of India, Central and Sputhern , and, according to Blyth, Upper Pegu. casionally, according to Jerdon, singly d slowly and carefully examining the and under the leaves to discover a l, hopping and flying, from branch to pected, when the flock flies off together soft insects are its favourite food. Dr. ird but has a harsh call, and mentions t a clear whistling call as it was flying Lcts, but not deep forests. Mr. Blewitt delcund in July. It was placed at the of a Mowa tree, and was slightly made vered with spider's web. The eggs, two urk brown.
USCICAPIDAE.
mbracing a large number of Genera, thrushes, with ample rictal bristles, y are all chiefly insectivorous. Their
for long and speedy flight, but are
elidon-Hodgs.
deat base, slender and narrowed at tip, rictal bristles moderate; wings long

Page 124
72 MUSCf(
3rd and 4th quills stub-equal and lo lateral toes unequal.
Head of Hemiche
634. Bemichelidon ferrugi Aume, Nests and Eggs p. 207; Sh Murray, Avi/. Brit. Indi. i. p. 184, Burm. p. Io4; David et Oust. Ois. Ch B." Ind. I. p. 46o, No. 299; Hume an Str. F. ix, p, t75; Oates, Str. P. x. 276.-The FERRUGINous FLYCA, CHER.
Forehead and crown of head dark b and ear coverts rufescent brown; bac and upper tail coverts, rusty or reddish the latter and on the rump; median tipped with chestnut; quills dark brow edged with rusty brown; under surfa lower throat with a patch of white, the throat rufescent brown; bill dusky, yel pale fleshy; irides dark brown.
Length.-S inches; wing 275; tail a
Hab.--Ceylon, the Carnatic, N.-W. Sikkim. The Ferruginous Flycatcher Jerdon says he did not hear of its He records it from Ceylon, and I havi identification by Mr. William Mayberr January 1888. It is common in the n to 8,000 feet. In Burmah it is a winte soon in Tenasserim ; Oates procured si ham secured a specimen in the Thou through the Malay Peninsula, and is according to Jerdon, dark, open forests from a low branch, or the stump of a f.
It breeds in the Himalayas. The number, size, and shape of the eggs, is colour a sort of buff, minutely and fe о“б4 X о*5.
 

CAPIDAE.
1gest; ist quill minute; tarsus feebles
lidon ferrugined.
nea, Hodgs, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 32; arpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. p. 122 ; No. 2o6. Butalis ferruginea, Bl., B. ine p. 121. Alseonax ferruginea, y erd, d Day, Str. P. vi. p. 277; Bingham, , p. 2O4; Oates, B. Br. Burm. I p.
rown; orbital feathers pale buf; lores k, scapulars, lesser wing coverts, rump brown, becoming deeper (chestnut) on
and greater coverts brown, edged and n, the later econdaries and tertiaries ce of quills buffy; tail reddish brown; rest of the under starface chestnut; the lowish at base of lower mandible; legs
"o; tarsus o‘5; bill from gape o'65. Provinces, British Burmah, Nepaul, and is a rare visitant to the plains of India. occurrence away from the Himalayas. had three specimens sent to me for 7 of Kuduganava, obtained by him in ighbourhood of Darjeeling, from 4,000 r visitor. It is recorded from Bankaecimens hear Pegu, and Captain Bing. gyeen Valley. It extends southwards found in Cochin-China. It frequents, without underwood, and pursues insects illen tree.
structure of the mest, as well as the the same as in the preceding speciesbly freckled with brownish red; size

Page 125
ALSE (
Gen. Alseon
Bill more lengthened than in Henich in front and deeper vertically; 3rd and
65. Alseomax. latirostris, l ferd., B, Ind, i. p. 459, No. 297; Hun pl. v.; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 2 (9; Bro p. 47o; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus, i Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 4 I, 5; Hume, St. p. 225 ; Murray, Av/. Brit. Ind p. 13 A. S. B. xvi. p. i2O. Muscicapa cine Aves, p. 42, pl. I 5. Alseonax terricolc ABrooks, Str. F. iii. p. 234. Butalis lat A. Br. Burm. i. p. 277.-The BRowN
Above greyish brown or dark brow darker; lores and orbital ring white; dark brown; wing coverts the same, all tail dark brown, the outermost feathers surface of body white, tinged with pa of the throat.
Immature birds have broad fulvous plumage. Bill, legs and claws black the immature, except the tip, which yellow.
Length.-5 to S2 inches; wing 275 bill from gape o'7.
Hab.-Ceylon, Malabar Coast, South India, the Concan, Deccam. British Bu China.
The Brown Fly-Catcher is a winter resident of Southern India and Ceylo its nidification. Oates says that in Peg the year round, or to nest close by, hav It is abundant, according to him, in thes Ramsay got it at Tounghoo. Mr. Blyt says he observed it in the southern half Malay Peninsula to the Archipelago, a Its habits are quite those of the o sedentary, sitting motionless on a br capture an insect on the wing.
66. Alseonax muttui (Layan Butalis muttui, Layard, Ann, and Mag
10 o

) NAX. 73
ax.a-Cabanis,
elidon, less swallow like, being narrower 4th quills subequal.
Baffles, 7rans... Lin. Soc. xiii. p. 312 3 e and Henders., Lahore to Park. p. 185, oks, Str. F. iii. p. 276; iv. p. 273; v. 7. p. i 27; Scully, Str. F. viii p. 276 ; r. P. viii. p. 92; Brooks, Str. F. ix. 35, No. 2o7. Butalis terricolor, Bl., f. reoalba, 7em. and Schleg., Faun. Ởřap. r, Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 460, No. 298i irostris, Bl., B. Burm... p. IO4; Oates, FLY-CATCHER.
n, the feathers of the crown centred scapulars, tertiaries, and secondaries but the primaries edged with rusty; narrowly tipped with whitish; under le ashy on the breast, flanks, and sides
margins to all the feathers of the upper : ; base of lower mandible yellow; in is dusky, the whole lower mandible is
to 2'85 ; tail 2'5 to 2°35; tarsus o' 5;
India, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Central rmah, and Nepaul. Extends to Cochin
visitor to Burmah. It is said to be a n, but nothing appears to be known of gu some birds would appear to stay all ring shot both adult and young in July. outhern half of Pegu. Captain Wardlawh received it from Arrakan, and Davison of Tenasserim. It extends down the hd is found spread over China in winter. ther species. Jerdon says it is very anch and darting out occasionally to
"d), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. p. 32, , W. H. 1854. xiii. p. I27; Legge, B.

Page 126
74. MUSCC
Ceylon, p. 417. Alseonax terricolor p. 44 I ; Legge, Str. F. I875, p. 366. p. 367-The EARTHY Brown FLY-CA)
Above ochraceous brown, shaded wi tail coverts rufous; tail brown, narrow web and with fulvous on the inner one nally with ochreous brown; greater cov externally with rufous; primary covertss round the eye dull white; ear coverts a light ochreous brown, the fore part mo and abdomen white; foreneck and sid flanks and thighs pale fawn buff; und at their tips; under wing coverts and blackish brown, the lower mandible fi iris reddish brown.
Length.-52 inches; wing 2'85; tai Hab.–Ceylon.
Gen. Muscicapa, Linn., B.
Wings pointed and long; bill rathe except at tip; second primary longe) length of the third; nasal bristles scant
67. Muscicapa albicilla, Alves, tab. i.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. u p. 278; Murray, 4uif. Bri. Ind. i. p. (Gm.), Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 481, No. 32 albicilla (Pall), Anders, Yunnan Ær vi. p. 233; David et Oust. Ois Chine, Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 93-The WHIT
Male in Summer plumage.-Upper latter margined paler; upper tail cov pairs of feathers white for about two, lores mixed ashy and white; chin anc a band passing round the orange of th upper breast in some; rest of lower pl
In winter the male loses the orange on the under surface of the body is tin
The female is like the male in sumr gape; iris hazel brown; legs black.
Length.-5 to 5' inches; wing 2 from gape O'6.

APEDAE).
(nec. Hodgs.), Holdsw, P. Z. S. 1872, Alseonax flavipes, Legge, Str. F. 1875,
CHER h olive on the head and neck; upper y edged with rufescent on the outer | wing coverts dark brown, edged extererts and quills dark sepia brown, edged 2pia brown; lores, feathers in front of and nd sides of the head olive brown; cheeks ttled with white; throat, centre of breast es of the breast light ochreous brown; er tail coverts whitish, rather fulvescent axillaries orange buff. (Sharpe.) Bill eshy yellow; legs and feet pale yellow;
1 2*25; tarsus o’55, culmen O'6. (Legge.)
utalis, Boie. Erythrosterna, Bp.
r long, depressed, wide throughout, r than the secondaries and nearly the y. Pall, Zoogr. Rosso.-Asiat. i. p. 462; Mus. iv. p. 162; Oates, B. Burm. i. 188, No. 2 I I. Erythrosterna leucura, 3 ; Bl., B. Burm..., p. Io3. Erythrosterna ped. p. 62 1 ; Hume and Dat, Str. F.
p. I2O ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 28o; E-TAILED RoBIN FLY-CATCHER.
plumage and wings olive brown, the "erts black ; tail black, the four outer thirds of their length from the base; I throat orange; ear coverts, cheeks and e throat pure ashy, extending on to the Image ashy white.
on the chin and throat and the plumage ged with buff; orbital ring white.
ner; bill dark brown, yellowish at thę
'75; tail 2"o to 21 tarsus o'65; bill
ii جور

Page 127
MU
Hab.-Ceylon; also the N.-W. I perhaps, the Deccan, as well as Bri is found “throughout the whole of Ind It is not known from South India, thou Central India it is not uncommon, bu winter visitant. According to Oates : the whole division from November and Mr. Shopland got specimens at A Ramsay obtained specimens. It is s is said to summer in Eastern Siberia :
The White-tailed Robin Fly-Catch low jungle chiefly. It appears to b branches of trees searching for insects
68. Muscicapa hyperythr p. 163; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 427; Mu Erythrosterna hyperythra, Holdsw., P. and Éggs Ind. B. p. 2 I 7. Siphia hy p. 39 I ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 376.- BREASTED FLY-CATcHER.
Upper surface brownish grey, turı upper tail coverts; tail black, with th white, the upper tail coverts, especiall cially on the outer webs; lower surfac on the middle of the abdomen, whic is most intense on the throat and b) on the sides of the abdomen and li loreal region somewhat dotted with grey, separated from the red-brown blackish line; under wing coverts t mandible brown, the lower yellow; third, 2nd about equal to the 8th.
Length.-533 inches; wing 2'88 distinguishing characters of this speci and breast, and the black stripe ru: neck to the breast and terminating dusky above, yellow beneath; irides (
Hab.-Ceylon, Central India and
The Rufous-breasted Fly-Catcher other species, According to Brook 7,000 feet elevation. There is no India.

I CAPA. 75
ovinces, Oudh, Bengal, Concan, and, h Burmah and Nepaul. Jerdon says it ...' This statement is certainly incorrect. hit occurs in Ceylon. In Northern and everywhere, even in British Burmah, as a is common in Pegu, and spread over p March. It is recorded from Arrakan, yab. At Tounghoo Captain Wardlaw" read over the whole of Tenasserim. It nd North China.
r affects gardens, orchards, groves and strictly arboreal, playing about on the and never descending to the ground.
a (Cab.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. rray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 188, No. 212. Z. S. 1872, p. 442, pl. I 7 ; Hume, AVests erythra, Cab., fourn, F. Ornith. I866, The WHITE-TAILED RoBIN or RUFous
ning to a purer grey on the rump and e basal halves of the lateral rectrices y the longest, are blackish in parts, espee a bright red-brown or rusty-red, except h is pure white; the red-brown colour east, lighter and mingled with albescent wer tail coverts; tibial plumes grey; white; sides of the head and neck pure of the throat and breast by an irregular nged with rusty yellow; feet and upper 4th quill longest, fifth longer than the
; tail 33; tarsus O'8. (Cabanis.) The s are the rich orange-brown of the throat ning from the bill down the sides of the below the bend of the closed wing; bill ark brown. (Holdsworth.)
he N.-W. Provinces; also Cashmere.
appears to have the usual habits of the it breeds in Cashmere at from 6,Ooo to record of its nest having been found in

Page 128
76 M USC1(
Gen. Pratincola, Koch.
Bill short, straight, wider at the nostr primary longer than the secondaries, th
69. Pratincola, caprata (Li Bp'Consp, i. p. 305 ; Jerd, B. Ind. i pp. I82, 379; I874, pp. 4 I 3, 477 ; 187 Str. F. I 875, p. 238; Murray, Vert Burm. i. p. 281 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. Murray, Halbk. Zool., Soc., Sind, p. 145 Motacilla caprata, Linn., S. Nat. i. N. Dicf. xxi. p. 433. Saxicola bicolor cola atrata, Blyth, ỹo A. S. B. xx. p. I Pratincola bicolor, Hume, Nests and wINGED BLACK RoBIN.
Adult Male.-Head, neck all round wings, tail and entire under surface b under tail coverts, rump, upper tail c. the feathers of the lower abdomen very male is dark brown, the feathers of the edgings; the quills dark brown with wh and upper tail coverts, as well as the wi brown, the feathers edged pale, and v head, scapulars and back; rump and brown, as also are the wing coverts brown; beneath pale reddish or ochrac and under tail coverts white, with a s irides dark brown.
Length.-5 to 54 inches; wing 275 Hab.–Ceylon, India generally (S Philippines. In the Indian region it extremely common throughout Sind, th S. Afghanistan, at Chaman, Gulistan, I along the Western Coast, Kutch, K Deccan and Concan. Breeds in Sind : and April. Eggs usually three, pale gre
Gen. Hypoth Bill of moderate length, broad, triang hooked, and with a distinct notch; ric few hairs above it; 4th and 5th quills short ; head with scale-like velvety plun
70. Hypothymis ceylonent 277; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 4o8. Myiag

CAPIDAE,
Syst. d. Baier. Zool. p. I 9o.
ils than high ; nostrils hidden ; second e first not half the length of the second. in.), Blyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xvi. p. 29; p. 123, No. 48I ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, 5, p. 134; 1877, p. 229; 1876, p. 259;" . Zool., Sind, p. 14 ; Oates, B. Br. 43O; Blanfid., Eastern Persia. p. I44; ; id, Avi/. Brit. Ind, p 194, No 2 17. p. 325. OEnanthe caprata, Vieill., , Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 92. Pratin77 ; ferd., L. Ind. ii, p. I 24, No 482. Eggs Ind. B. p. 31.4.-The WHITE
throat, breast, sides of the face, back, lack; under wing coverts black; vent, overts and wing patch white; some of slightly edged with white. The young upper and lower surface with brownish itish tips, and the lower abdomen, vent ng patch, white. The female is dusky with dark centres to the feathers of the upper tail coverts rufescent; tail dark
and quills, but margined with lighter eous brown, whitish on the throat; vent light rufous tinge; bill and legs black;
; tail 21; tarsus O'8; bill at fronto'45. outhern India), Burmah, Java, and extends to the Himalayas, and is 2 Punjab, Beloochistan, S.-E. Persia and Dubrai and Kandahar; also occurs all attiawar Jodhpore, North Guzerat, the and the plains generally during March enish white, speckled finely with brown.
lymis.- Boie. gular, suddenly narrowed, straight, tip tal bristles numerous; nostrils with a of wing subequal and longest; tarsus
]ᎾᏚ. sis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. p. ra azurea, Holdsw., P. Z. S, 1872, p,

Page 129
RIP)
44o (nec. Bodd). Hypothymis azurea, No. 228, pt.-The CEYLoNESE BLUE F Adult Male.--An indistinct patch a black; sides of the face, throat and fo surface white, washed with bluish; t lesser wing coverts blue; greater wir blue; wings brown, narrowly edged wi on the central pair of feathers and on either a very narrow nearly obsolete w or plumbeous; inside of mouth yellow eyelids blue.
Length.-58 to 64 inches; wing to o 75.
The female. has the head above azur throat duller; breast greyish brown; a white, tinged with grey; wings black; tail darker brown, the outer edges was feathers tipped with white.
Zength.-6'5 inches ; wing 2'95 ; ta Hab.-Ceylon. This species is barel in India generally, and ranging through serim, and the Malay Peninsula; als Burmese countries; also occurs in Bengal, Central India, the Concan, De generally, and Nepaul. It affects ev orchards, and bamboo groves. It is darting on insects and capturing them well-wooded valleys of the sub-Himala to August, and in Ceylon during June made of green grass and coated with fork of a tree, or a bamboo, not far f number, are white, or white with a si pale red and purple, or reddish pink; to Mr. Parker, sits very close.
Gen. Rhipidur Plumage of the head full, no elon wide, except at tip, which is slightly hot long nareal bristles ; rictal bristles l
quills unequally graduated; tail len moderate; lateral toes unequal.
7. Rhipidura albifrontat Oatus, B. Br. Burm.i. p. 268; Murri

DURA. 7
Murray, Avif. Brit. Ind. i. p. 2O1, LY-CATCHER. n the nape, and a narrow frontal line eneck light azure blue; rest of under he whole remaining plumage with the g coverts black, externally edged with th blue; tail brown, suffused with blue the outer webs of the others; and with lite tip, or this is wanting; bill pale blue ; legs blue; iris dark brown; edges of
}'8; tail 2' 5 ; tarsus o'7; culmen O' 55
e blue, the sides of the head, chin and bdomen flanks and under tail coverts
rump and upper tail coverts brown; shed with blue and all but the central
il 3 ; tarsus o*7. y separable from H. azurea, a race found the Burmese countries to Pegu, Tenaso China, Cochin-China, and the Indothe Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, ccan, South India, Pegu, British Burmah ery description of jungle, also gardens, an active bird and ever on the move, on the wing. It breeds in the low, warm, yan ranges up to 3,OOO feet, from May and July. The nest is a delicate cup, obwebs, and is generally placed in the om the ground. The eggs, 3 to 4 in lmon tinge, speckled and spotted with size O'69 x o'53. The bird, according
a.- Vig. and Horsf.
gated crest; bill rather long, depressed, ked and notched; nostrils overhung by ng and slender ; wings with the first 4 thened, rounded or graduated tarsus
a, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. p. 338; y, Vert. Zool. Sind. p. I 29 ; Legge, B.

Page 130
78 MUSCC
Ceylon p. 412; Murray, Avif Brit, albofrontata, Frankl, P. Z. S., 1831, p. Leucocerca albofrontata, Verd, Madras Hume, NVests and Eggs p. 2o II ; Blyth aureola, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 436; iii. p mannica, Hume, Str. F. ix, p. 175 (foot Head, neck, lores, and sides of the fa extending over the eyes to the nape, whi their bases; lower throat black, slightl coverts ashy brown, the latter, including gular spots of white; axillaries dark bro men, under tail and thigh coverts whi bases; tail dark brown, all except the c and legs black; irides deep brown.
Length.—6 to 67 inches; bill at fron sus O'75.
Hab.-Ceylon and India generally, to Common in the Punjab, N.-W. Provin Kutch, Kattiawar and Jodhpore; also Deccan, especially in gardens. Breeds a very neat cup, made of fine fibres, & with cobwebs, and usually attached tow 2 to 3 in number, not unlike those of th
Gen. Terpsipi Bill long, wide, depressed at base, na the culmen keeled; rictal bristles num beyond half the length of the bill; wings tail long, cuneate, with the central fe Head crested.
72. Terpsiphone paradisi, L Cab. Passerif. p. 347; Cat. Mus. Hein Cuz). Regne, Anim. I817, i. p. 344 ; Sy Ind. Orn. pl. 7. Tchitrea paradisi, Le p. 259; Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 9; ởře, I873, pp. 4O3, 474; I875, p; IO2; /Mur The PARADISE FLY-CATCHER.
Adult Male.--Head with a long occ entire throat glossy steel green; abov feathers more or less black shafted; qu of the innermost quills white, with a long tail feathers elongated, 12-13 inches in Adult Female.--Crown of head and Cl of face, sides of neck, and throat greyish

APIDAE,
ind. i. p. 2 Io, No. 237. Rhipidura 1 16; Blyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xii. p. 935. fourn. xi p. I 2; id., B. Ind. i. p. 452 ; and Wald., B. Burm. Leucocerca . I O4 ; viii. p. 92. Leucocerca burnote).--The WHITE BRow ED FANTAIL ce slaty black; a broad frontal band, te; throat white, the feathers black at y edged with white; back and wing the primary coverts, tipped with trianwn, edged with whitish ; breast, abdote, the feathers of the latter with black entre ones broadly tipped white; bill
to 5; wing 33 to 3' 15; tail 36; tar
Burmah, Pegu and N.-W. Himalayas. ces, Oudh, Central India, Rajputana, ) in Southern India, the Concan and from March - to August. The mest is c., covered on the outside and inside ards the end of a low branch. Eggs e preceding.
lone.-Gloger.
arrowing at tip, hooked and notched, erous, long and stout, not reaching rather long and somewhat pointed; cathers greatly elongated in the males.
inn, Syst. Nat, i. p. 224; Sharpe, e. 7 h. i. p. 58. Muscicapa paradisi, kes, P. Z. S. 832, p. 84; erd, Ill. s.s., 7"raité, p. 386; Gray, Gen. B. i. rd, B. Ind. p. 444, No. 288; Str. F. ray, Habk. Zool. 3.c., Sind, p. 138–
ipital crest; sides of face, neck, and e and below pure white, some of the ills black, externally white; the edges itudinal dark mark down the centre; length. rest glossy greenish black; lores, sides rest of under surface of body white

Page 131
CU LC
the flanks greyish and tinged with rufo aries bay; tail light chestnut; bill blui. brown.
Length of Male.-Including elonga wing 365; tail 5'5; middle feathers 13. Hab.-Ceylon and India to Nepa Malabar Coast and in Southern Indi vinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Cem and N. Guzerat. In Sind it is a winte The Paradise Fly-Catcher is more o wooded districts of India, and althoug Rajpučana, it is only a winter visitant ir has been found at is about 5,500 feet. jungle. In its habits it is restless an branch to branch and tree to tree, and capturing them on the wing, sometime breeds throughout the outer ranges of up to 5,5oo feet, also in the Dhoon TI The season lasts from May to July. T of moss, fibres, and grass, orname cocoons. Eggs 3 to 4 in number, lc white, speckled with brownish red; size In regard to the change of plumage agree with Mr. Sharpe's views, viz., th: to age.
The nestlings in their first dress has surface of the body (abdomen) white, of the first year, except that the sides year the chestnut becomes duller, a which also have the steel green cro stage the long red tail is acquired, th with white, and the inner secondaries back. This is certainly the breeding It is during the third year that the m during autumn. Once the white p change, either by moult or other mea live throughout the rest of their lives i
Gen. Culicic
Head subcrested; bill moderate towards the tip; nareal bristles long a wing rather pointed; 1st quill shorter longer than the third; tarsus short, fel

CAPA 79
s; back, wing coverts and inner secondh; legs and feet pale blue , irides dark
2d tail feathers, 17 inches; bill o'85; Female, length, 75; wing 345; tail 4. ul and Cashmere. Abundant on the Occurs in the Punjab, N.-W. Proral India, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, * visitant, arriving in September.
less a permanent resident of forest and it occurs in open districts as Sind and those parts. The highest elevation it Jerdon says it is very partial to bamboo d wandering, fitting continually from feeds on flies and other insects, always s picking them of a leaf or bough. It the Himalayas, in the warmer valleys, erai, Oudh, and the Central Provinces. he nest is cup-shaped, and composed hted on the outside with white silky ongish oval in shape; in colour pinkish
o'81 X o6. of the Paradise Fly-Catcher, I entirely at the changes are not seasonal but due
a dull chestnut plumage, with the under and this is the plumage of the females of the breast are greyish. In the second ind this is the first stage of the males, wn, crest and throat. In the following he quills and primary coverts are edged only retain some of the rufous of the plumage of the male in the second year. ale changes to the full white plumage lumage is assumed there is no further ls, and the birds are said to breed and n their white plumage.
apa-Swinhoe.
ly broad, flattened, outline bowed in hd strong; rictal bristles slightly shorter; than the second; 4th and 5th very little ble ; tail nearly even.

Page 132
80 MUSC 1{
73, Culicicapa cêylonensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. p. 36 Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 92; Scully, p. 4 IO ; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. capilla, Hutton, 7. A. S. B. xvii. p. 6 Myiolestes cinereocapilla (Vieill.), H Ball, Str. F. 1874, pp.404, 406; Wal reocapilla, Hume, Sur. F. iii. p. IO4.—
Head, neck and breast ashy, darker dark centred under surface bright paler; lores and edges of the eyelids wh tail coverts greenish yellow; wings a webs of all the feathers, except the greenish yellow; the lesser wing covert both webs; tail dark brown, the outer with greenish yellow; bill brown, pa hazel; legs yellowish brown,
Aab.-Ceylon, and the greater po Burmese countries down the Malay Philippines, and Celebes, (Sharpe.) Fly-Catcher is dispersed from the Hi on the other side of the Bay through As serim. In South India, om the summi Towards the north and in Central ) is not rare in Lower Bengal. Oates as a winter visitor, both in the hills an distributed throughout the whole of Ter the Thoungyeen Valley, and Captain V It prefers rather dense jungle in genera is tolerably active and lively, making fr often seen in small parties, occasionally but feeble, chirping song. It breeds i at considerable elevations, Hutton ol placed against the trunk of a tree. It is shape the nest is like a watch-pocket, n the tree by spider's web and lined with May. The eggs, 4 in number, are d with pale greenish brown, or purplis near the large end ; size O'62 X O'48.
Gen. Stopar Bill short, depressed; the culmen no
tip hooked; rictal bristles numerous; quills subequal; tail moderate; tarsus :

APIDAE.
Suvainson, Zool. I'll Ser. i. pl. xiii.; ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i, p. 274; Str. F. viii, p. 275; Legge, B. Ceylon, 214, No. 242. Cryptolopha cinereo9; ferd. B. Ind. i. p. 455, No. 295. ume, Mests and fggs Ind. B. p. 205; l., B. Burm. p. 32. Culicicapa cineThe GREY-HEADED Fily-CATCHER.
on the crown, where the feathers are fellow; the under wing coverts slightly itish ; back, rump, scapulars and üpper nd their coverts dark brown; the outer irst two primaries, edged with bright more broadly edged with the same on webs of all except the outer pair edged er at gape; mouth yellow; irs dark
rtion of India, extending through the Peninsula to the islands of Java, the According to Jerdon the Grey-headed malayas to the Nilghiris, and spreads sam, into Arrakan, Burmah, and Tenasit of the Nilghiris, it is very common. India it is occasionally met with, and found it spread over the whole of Pegu d plains. Davison states it is generally asserim. Captain Bingham found it in Wardlaw-Ramsay in the hills in Karin. l, or shady groves and tangled thickets, 2quent sallies after small insects. It is singly or in pairs, and has a pleasant, 1 the Himalayas and in the Nilghiris tained a nest at Mussoorie. It was
sometimes placed against a rock. In ade of moss, and fixed to the moss of fine fibres. It breeds during April and ngy yellowish white, minutely spotted b grey, with a broad ring of the same
Ola-Blyth.
equal to twice its breadth at the gape; wing rather long; 3rd, 4th and 5th hort.

Page 133
S
74. Stoparola, sordida, ( W p 449. Glaucomyia sordida, Wald, . p, 2 Ι8, ÄIume, Str. F. 1875, P. 4C and Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. [ 27 (ne Z. S. 1872, p. 44I; Legge, Ibis, 18 New Series, i. p. 326.-The CEYLoN
Above dusky grey, washed with the eye cobalt; wing coverts like the outer ones with brighter cobalt; externally edged with greyish blue; wash of greyish blue; sides of the cobalt; breast and sides of the bod coverts whitish; thighs dusky grey, line, feathers in front of and below the of chin, black; under wing coverts black; legs and feet blackish lead col
Zength.-5"8 inches; wing 3'O9; ta Hab.-Ceylon, on the Kandy hills.
Gen. Siphi
Bill moderately wide; length of cul base at gape, slightly hooked at tip and frontal plumes; wings pointed and lo tail; 4th quill longest; hind claw moc toe; toes scutate at base of claws; tars
75. Siphia rubeculoides p. 445 : Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 28 Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 225, No. 258. 1831, p. 35 ; Gould, Cent. Him. B. Blyth, 7. A S. B. xii. p. 94; Verd, Waid., B. Burm p. 1o3; Hume, Nes iii. p. 2o4; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 92.—The BLUE
Male.- Forehead and streak over t at the base of the bill black; ear cove fhroat and chin dusky blue-black; wh shafted, the feathers brown on their in narrowly edged with darkblue ; les coverts brown, edged with dark blue; running up to a point on the throa white; under wing coverts pale ferrug
lc

HA. 8.
alden), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, v. I. Stoparola melanops, Layard, Ann. c V.) Eumyias sordida, Holdsw., P. 74, p. I 8; Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc.
VERDITER FLY-CATCHER.
greenish; forehead and feathers over the back, the lesser series tinged on uills, and greater coverts dusky brown, ail brown, the feathers edged with a face and throat dusky grey, washed with dusky grey; abdomen and under tail the feathers tipped with white; frontal : eye, also at angle of mouth and base white; edge of wing light bluish; bill pur; iris dull reddish brown.
il 2°6; tarsus o'75 ; culmen oo 5.
lia-Hodgs.
men equal to twice the breadth of the notched; nostrils covered by bristles and ong, but not reaching to the tip of the lerate and curved, not as long as the hind us as long as hind toe and claw.
(Vigors), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. 7; Legge, B. Ceyloni. p. 424; Murray, Phoenicura rubeculoides, Vig., P. Z. S. pl. 25, fig. , Cyornis rubeculoides, B. Ind. i. p. 466, No. 3o4; Blyth and fs and Eggs Ind. B. p. 211; id., Str. F. . p. 227; Anders. Kunnan Ep. p. 6 I9; -тнRoATED REDвREAST.
he eye glistening blue; lores and feathers rts dusky blue; cheeks, sides of the neck, ole upper plumage dark blue; tail blackner webs; wings dark brown, the feathers ser wing coverts bright blue; the larger breast and abdomen bright ferruginous, t; lower abdomen and under tail coverts inous; bill black; iris brown,

Page 134
S2 MUSCI
The female has the upper plumage strongly so on the forehead, feathers rou albescent; chin, throat and breast ruda coverts white.
Length.-57 inches; tail 2'4; wing
Hab.-Ceylon and India generally Nepal, Sikkim, and the Burmese count
The blue-throated Redbreast visits months. It is rare in the south of and Western Coasts. In the Punjab, is tolerably common. At Darjeeling it elevation. In British Burmah it is als Arrakan, and is found both in the hill October to April. Mr. Davison says and is a permanent resident. It bree found two nests at Mussoorie; they w The eggs, four in number, were dull p with clay colour and marked with dull
76. Siphia tickelliae (Blyth p. 448 ; Oates, B. Burm. i. p. 289; Z Brit. Ind. i. p. 225, No. 259. Cyd xi. p. 491 ; Jerd, B. Ind. i, p. 367, N id, Str. F. i. p. 436; Ball, Str. F. ii Wald. in Bl. B. Burm. p. 1o3. Cyor Ind. i. p. 466, No. 305–TICKELL's BL Above light blue; forehead cobalt; a of the eye blue black; cheeks, ear cove the base of the bill dark blue; the ear coverts cobalt blue; quills and tail ligh the inner webs; two centre feathers and entire throat and breast orange rufous; the lower abdomen and under tail cove of the wing and thighs blue.
Length.-53 to 5'8 inches; wing 2" bill from gape O'75.
The female is similar to the male, bu and face; the frontal line and lores are with whitish shaft streaks.
Hab.–Ceylon and India generally,
Tickell's Redbreast is recorded from Bengal, KattiaWar, Rajputana, Central I:

APIDAE.
olive brown, tinged with ferruginous, ld the eye and upper tail coverts; lores y ferruginous; abdomen and under tail
2'75 ; tarsus o'75 ; bill from gape O’7.
extending to the N.-W. Himalayas, ies. he plains of India during the winter ndia, and occurs both on the Eastern N.-W. Provinces, Oudh and Bengal it is found at from 4,OOO to 6,OOO feet a winter visitor. It is recorded from s and plains of the Pegu District from it is common throughout Tenasserim ds in holes in banks. Captain Hutton ere made of moss and hair-like fibres. le olive, or olive green faintly clouded rufous. Size O'72 x o'52.
2), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. egge, B. Ceylon p. 42 ; Murray, Avi/. rnis tickelliae, Blyth, j. A. S. B. o, 306; Hume, Wests and Eggs p. 2 I2; . p. 4o5 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 468 ; his banyumas (nec. Horsf.), verd, B. UE REDBREAST.
narrow frontal line and space in front rts and a narrow line across the chin at coverts washed with lighter blue; wing : blue externally and dusky brown on inner secondaries nearly entirely blue; under wing coverts and axillaries, also rts, white; sides of the breast and edge
8 to 2'9; tail 2'3 to 25 ; tarsus o'7 ;
t paler, and has no black on the chin dull white; the ear coverts greyish blue,
anging to British Burmah.
the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, also dia, the Central Provinces, the Carnatic,

Page 135
SYV
Malabar Coast, Guzerat, Concan, Dec It breeds during May and June throug the Western Ghauts, nesting in the hol of moss and dry leaves, rather a clum outwardly a mere heap of soft dead lea moss in or out. The eggs are greyis speckled with dull reddish brown; size groves, and gardens.
77. Siphia nigrorufa (7řerd.), Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 425; Murray, Saxicola nigrorufa, Jerd, Madras fa Blyth, ř. A. S. B. xvi. p. I 29; ỹerd Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 207; id., S 1877, p. 4o I.—The BLACK AND ORAN
Head, nape and back of neck dusk body orange-rufous; wings black, the inner web; tail orange; thighs dusky, of under surface of body orange-rufo abdomen; bill black; legs dirty reddis
Length.-47 to 49 inches; wing 2 The female is dusky on the head, all with orange.
Hab.-Ceylon and Southern India.
Jerdon says it has only been foun in Ceylon. It frequents the dense fore places. Breeds on the Nighiris. E o'7 x o' 53; nest a large ball of dry se
Family.- Bill slender but rather wide and dep
small bastard primary not more than h generally longer than the secondaries.
Sub-Family.-SYLV
The young in first plumage differ ve being unspotted above and below. parts are spotted in the adult the sp (Seebohm.)
Gen. Syl
Bill Sylviinae, generally with more groove. Tail nearly even, generally v

lA, 83
an, South India and British Burmah. hout Central India, the Nilghiris, and e of a tree or wall. The nest is made sy structure ; according to Mr. Parker, ves and fine fibres, with almost always h white (dull brownish pink? Hume), : o' 61 x o'48. It affects open forests,
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iv. p. 455 ;
Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 227, No. 261. rurne, x. p. 266. Ochromela nigrorufa, ., B. Ind. i. p. 492, No. 3OO; Hume, 'tr. P. I876, p. 396; Fairbank, Str. P. GE FLY-CATCHER. y black; cheeks and upper surface of quills browner, white edged along the under wing coverts pale orange; rest us, rather buffy on the middle of the sh; irides hazel brown.
'4; tail I '9; tarsus O'8. so on the wings; wing coverts washed
d on the summit of the Nilghiris and sts, preferring shady, damp and swampy ggs, 2 to 3, pale salmon in colour, dges placed in a bush.
-TURDIDAE.
ressed; wings long and flat, with a very als the length of the second, the latter Composed of birds generally migratory.
IINAE-GREY WARBLERS.
ly slightly in colour from the adult, both In rare instances in which the upper ots are less conspicuous in the young.
via-Scop. or less dark underneath; nostrils in a ith white on the outermost tail feathers,

Page 136
84. T“URD)
bastard primary not extending beyond t o'3; 2nd primary generally shorter thai latter scutellated in front. The males C
78. Sylvia affinis, Blyth, Ca Str. P. vii. p. 6o; i. p. I97; ii. p. 332 No. 582; Murray, Hadbk. Zool., &c., Sin v. p, 19; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 538, Mu Sylvia curruca, apud ferd., B. Ind. i p. 175; Murray, Wert. Zool, Sind, p.
General colour pale slaty or brownis and tail brownish; outermost tail feath webs; chin, throat, belly, and under wing coverts, white, tinged greyish bro legs brown; irides light brown.
Length.-6 inches; wing 2'5; tail 2
Hab.-Ceylon and nearly all India; Deccan, Kutch, Guzerat, Kattiawar, Jo tan, Persia, S. Afghanistan and Turkest out Siberia, extending northwards almo
Gen. Phylloscopus.--
Bill Acrocephaline, pale underneatl short rictal bristles; wings long, flat, an those which inhabit the plains and bre primary small; greater wing coverts v a villaries and under wing coverts yello
This genus comprises a group of known as Willow or Tree Warblers, during winter-a very few only of wh layas. They are exclusively fly-catche insects and flies, which they pick off le: and may be said to be strictly arboreal. dence in Europe or Western Asia, and Seebohm says: “In their breeding ral from the Atlantic to the Pacific, or Behring's Straits into Alaska.' Those till they reach a palaearctic climate.
Wo mesial line on the crown
79. Phylloscopus mitidus, p 59 1 ; ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. I 93, N Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 22; Seebohm, Mus. v. p. 43 ; Murray, Hadbk, Zool.

O
be primary coverts, or not more than the 3rd and 4th; feet and tarsus stout, f many have dark heads.
1. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 187 ; Hume, ; iii. p 272; 7řerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 2o9, d, p. 163; Seebøhm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ray, Avis. Br. Ind. i p. 236, No. 277. . p. 2O9; apud. Bolf, AEast. Persia ii.
6.-The ALLIED GREY WARBLER.
h grey; supercilium indistinct; wings er om each side white on theire outer tail coverts, also axillaries and inder wn on the breast and flanks; bill and
25; bill at front OS 1.
Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Behar, ihpore and Sambhur; also Beloochisan. Seebohm says it breeds throughst to the limit of forest growth.
Boie...—WILLuw.WARBLERS.
n, slender, small, straight, with a few ld pointed, or short and rounded as in 2ed in the mountains near by ; bastard vith pale tips in the spring plumage;
birds, mostly of small size, familiarly tolerably abundant throughout India ich are known to breed in the Himars, or insectivorous, feeding on minute aves and branches or capture in the air, The majority have their summer resimigrate thousands of miles in winter. nge these birds are palaearctic, ranging he species being known even to cross which breed in the Himalayas ascend
Blyth, Y. A. S. B. xii. p. 965 ; xiv. b. 559; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 197
Ibis, 1877, p. 72; id., Cat. B. Br. , &c., Sind, p. 162; id. Wert. Zool,

Page 137
PHYLL
Stad, p. 159.; id, Av/. Brit. Ind. i. p (Blyth), Adam, Str. F. I873, p.°382.-
Head, nape, back, scapulars, rump : supercilium extending to the nape y edges of the median ones like the bat with yellowish green and tipped yellc primaries, their coverts and secondarie yellowish green; 2nd primary interm exposed Ist primary O'55 to O'6; edg entire under surface yellow or yellowis, on the chin ; bill dusky brown; the lo irides dark brown.
Length.-4'S to 475 inches; wing 2 Hab.–Ceylon; also Southern India,
Bengal, Concan, Deccan and Nepaul, b in the plains.
80. Phylloscopus viridan.' Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 193, No. 56o; B iv. p. I 48 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 73 Ceylon p. 555; Murray, Avis. Brit. viridanus, Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. Str. F. v. p. 355.-The INDIAN WILLo
Similar to Phylloscopus nitidus, exc with dull olive green, and the quills that the greater coverts only are tipped ing only one wing bar; 3rd, 4th and 5t in length between 7th and 8th, sometin o'5 to O'65.
Length.-4 inches; wing 23 to 2'5
Hab.–Ceylon and the Himalayas winter it is found all over India nearly. in Tenasserim at Thatone, Moulmein, Indo-Burmese countries (?) to Cochinas having occurred in the N.-W. Provi and Southern India; also from Nepaul, at an elevation of II,OOO feet. It was bank side of a ravine full of birch trees
81. Phylloscopus magnitro Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 19I, No. 55b; Br 1877, p. 77; Hume and Dav., Str. p. 1o2; Seebohm, Cat, B. Br. Mus. v.

OSCOPUS 85
. 240, No. 283, Phyllopneuste initida The GREEN WILLow-WARBLER.
und upper tail coverts yellowish green; :llow; lesser wing coverts and tips and k; greater wing coverts brown, edged w, forming a conspicuous wing band ; s brown, edged on their outer webs with ediate in length between 6th and 7th ; : of the wing, under wing coverts and a green; in some specimens albescent wer mandible pale; legs light brown ;
'5; bill at front o'5.
Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, breeding in the Himalayas and wintering
us, Blyth, ŷ“. A. S. B. xii. p. 967 ; rooks, Ibis, I 872, p. 3 I ; Scully, Str. F’. ; Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 356; Legge, B. Ind, p. 241, No. 284. Phyllopneuste p. lo5. Phylloscopusseebohmi, Hume, w-WARBLER.
:ept that the upper plumage is tinged narrowly tipped with pale white also, with pale yellowish white, and so formh primaries longest; 2nd intermediate nes between 6th and 7th; 2nd primary
; tarsus O'75 ; culmen o'45 to O’ 5.
up to Cashmere, where it breeds. In It has been recorded from Arrakan, and Tavoy, and extends through the China. In India proper it is recorded nces, Oudh and Bengal, also Rajputana Mr. Brooks found its nest in Cashmere a domed structure, placed on the steep , but it did not contain eggs.
stris, Blyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xii. p. 966; ooks, Str. F. iii. p. 243; Seebohm, Ibis,
P. vi. p. 355; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 47; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 82;

Page 138
S6 -- » U KR
Legge, B. Ceylon p. 553; Murray, A Phyllopneuste magnirostris, ABl., B. WILLow-WARBLER.
Above dark olive green, slightly dark on the rump; eye stripe pale yellowish v eye brown ; ear coverts yellowish white and wings brown, edged with olive, the greater coverts with large yellowish w bars; tail brown, edged with olive green beneath; the inner webs, except those narrow greyish white margin. Under greyest on the breast and flanks; axilla greyish yellow. Bill much decurved at upper mandible dark brown; under ma legs, feet and claws bluish brown; 4th a mediate between 7th and 8th; ist primal legs carneous, bill horny.
Length.-54 inches; wing 27; tail 2 Hab.–Ceylon; also South India, the P Central India, the Central Provinces, and Nepal. It has been recorded from have procured it in Tenasserim, and M Peninsula. It is generally spread over and the Andamans. It summers in the breeds, and extends to Sikkim.
Mr. Brooks, who met with this species tions this bird require are wooded cliffs cable for man, and plenty of flowing wa is in its element and sings most vigorous
Gen. Acroceph
Bill large, depressed and broad at the bristles in two species only; the bill i moderately long; 3rd and 4th quills gene in one or two species only, extending in tail more rounded than in Hypolais.
82. Acrocephalus stentorel Aves fol. b.b. ; Heugl., Orn. NV. Afr. i. Blf, East Persia ii. p. 194; Legge, B. Ind. i. p. 257, No. 309. Agrobates b p. 269. Acrocephalus brunnescens (ŷe, p. 181; Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 154, No.

DO AE,
vi/. Brit. Ind i. p. 242, No. 287. Aurm. p. 105.-The LARGE-BILLED
2r on the head and somewhat greener white; lores and feathers behind the , suffused with brown; wing coverts median coverts with small and the hite tips, forming two distinct wing on the outer webs and tipped paler
of the central tail feathers, with a surface of body pale greyish yellow, ries, under wing coverts and thighs tip, the rictal bristles well developed; ndible pale, darker towards the tip; nd 5th primaries longest; 2nd interyo'6 to O'75. Irides earthy brown;
"2; bill from gape O'65.
unjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Deccan, British Burmah, Cashmere Arrakan by Blyth. Davison is said to Ir. Hume records it from the Malay Ceylon, the whole Peninsula of India, Himalayas up to Cashmere, where it
; in the Himalayas, says: “The condior very steep rocky banks impractiter below. Above a roaring torrent it
sly.
alus-Avaum.
base, with moderately developed rictal is as slender as in Locastella wings 2rally longest; bastard primary minute length beyond the primary coverts;
us, Hemp. et. Ehr. Symbi. Phys. , p. 287 ; Shelley, B. Egypt p. 95; Ceylon p. 541 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. runnescens, Verd, Madr. Yourn. x. rd.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 5 I5; Hume and Henderson, Lahore to

Page 139
ACROC
Yarkand, p. 2 I4, pl. xvi. ; Murray, vol. ii. p. 33o; iii. p. 369. -The INDIA)
Above light olive brown, with a very rump; wings and tail dark brown; 1 edged; supercilium buffy white, chi the breast, but with a fulvous tinge; re. white; bill dark brown, fleshy at ba legs slaty brown.
Length.-75 to 85 inches; wing 3
Hab. –Ceylon and India generally,
Parker says he met with this species a adds that it is a permanent resident a there in July, in which month he found season visitor in the northern provinces and April, all the birds that are depen. Reed Warbler among them. His obse tion depends probably upon local circu quarters when the reeds are bent or when the food supply and the shelter t is certainly not a regular migrant in th has been procured there by him in Je The eggs are 5-6 in number, and bea tella certhiola-rosy white, speckled w cup attached to the reed stems near the v grass stems exteriorly interspersed with grass stems. The bird is a great skulk one must step well into them, crouch few minutes. It soon overcomes its fe noiselessly working its way up to anoth may be seen perched with head high ar branches of low trees, uttering its stran in the reeds below. Appears to be a r and the highlands of Persia; also in Ca it breeds in August. It is probably Afghanistan, where it occurs in some North Guzerat and Kutch.
83. Acrocephalus dumetc p. 8 I 5 ; ởerd., B. Ind. ii. p. I 55, Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. v. p. 96 Avis. Brit. Ind. p. 258, No. 31o. C: Handlist B. p. 2o7. Salicaria eurhyn 128; id, Str. F. 1875, p. 425.-BLYT

EPHA).US. 87
Idbk. Zool, §c., Sind, p. 152; Str. F.
GREAT REED-WARBLER.
slight ferruginous tinge, paler on the he quills and lateral tail feathers pale h white; throat greyish white, as also is t of under surface yellowish or fulvous se of lower mandible; irides yellowish;
to 3’ 35; tail 3 ; tarsus I to I° I. extending to Nepal. In Ceylon, Mr. t one tank in the Manaar district. He Tissa, southern provinces, and breeds a nest containing two eggs. It is a cool As the village tanks dry up in March lent on them leave the district, and this vations are to the effect that its distribu, mstances in this manner. It vacates its lie down, and returns to the same spots hat it requires are renewed; but that it le N.-W. Province of the island, since it nuary, March, May, July and August. r a close resemblance to those of Locusith reddish brown. The nest is a deep rater level, and consists entirely of rough feathers. Inside it is lined with finer , and to observe it in a clump of reeds down, and remain perfectly quiet for a eling of prudence, and will then be seen er among the rushes. Occasionally it ld tail depressed on nearly vertical dead ge harsh note in reply to some comrade esident in Egypt; breeds in Turkestan shmere and Nepal. (Seebohm.) In Sind also a resident of Beloochistan and : numbers. Recorded from Rajputana,
brum, Blyth, jf. A. S. B. xviii. No. 5 16; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. liii. ; ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 545; Murray, lamodyta dumetorum (Blyth), Gray, cha, Severtz., 7’urkest. Yevotn. pp. 66, H's REED-WARBLER.

Page 140
38 - TURC
Upper parts olive brown; supercili and tail 'slightly darker brown, narr beneath brownish buff, paler on the buffy white; bill dusky, fleshy at b. brown; irides yellowish.
Length.-6 inches; wing 2'5; tail 2
Haö.–Ceylon; also South India, in T Europe; breeds in the Himalayas, and wi Deccan, the Carnatic, Central India, Be the Himalayas at altitudes up to 7, similar to that of the last. Eggs, 4 i Size about o'62 x 95.
Gen. Locus
Bill slender, about half as long as head without hairs; Ist primaries very of the wing; tail rounded.
84. Locustella certhiola ( A. p. I4; Hume, Str F. viii. p. Ioo; B. Ceylon p. 548; Murray, Auif. Bri certhiola, Pall., 2oogr. Rosso-Asiat. i.
ợ. A. S. B. xiv. p. 582; 7 erd., B. In ỹerd., B. Ind. ii., p. I 6o. Calamodyta p. 53 I ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 4I, pl. ii WARBLER.
Upper parts russet brown, greyer rump and upper tail coverts, and paler feathers blackish brown, irregularly mat terminated with whitish; stripe over the the cheeks and ear coverts yellowish bu coverts whitish; primaries and seconda rufous brown; under surface buff, pale and the whole breast are spotted with throat and breast are unspotted, and the are brighter yellow; the rump is also u are not so broadly tipped white, and the lower plumage are yellowish buff. In blackish brown, each feather narrowly unmarked reddish brown collar is prese wing coverts dark blackish brown, rath the rump is also reddish brown; the up central spot of black; outer tail feathe

IDAE,
um very pale, nearly obsolete; wings owly edged paler on the outer webs;
chin and throat; under wing coverts se of lower mandible; legs pale horn
3; bill o'7.
ravancore and the Nilghiris. Occurs in nters in Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, ngal to Assam, and Nepal. Breeds in oOO feet. Nest a globular structure, n number, white, speckled with rufous.
tella.--Kaup.
the head; rictal bristles weak; foref small; 2nd reaches nearly to the tip
Pall.), Seebohm., Cat. B. Br. Mus. Oates, B. Br. Burm.i., p. 1o2; Legge, t. Ind. i. p. 259, No. 3 I 2. Motacilla p. 5o9. Locustella rubescens, Blyth, d. iii. p. I 6o. Locustella temporalis, doriae, Sallu., Atti. R. Ac. Sc... 7or. iii. ., fig 2.- The LESSER or RUDDY REED
on the head, more tawny on the on the edges of the wing coverts; tail gined with rufous brown, and broadly eye and a streak from the bill under f; ear coverts hair brown; under wing ries dark brown, narrowly edged with r on the throat and upper breast, which black brown. In the next stage the : whole under surface, including these, instreaked or almost so; the rectrices eye streak, chin, throat, and the whole spring the adult birds have the head edged with pale reddish brown. An nt in some; the back, scapulars, and er broadly edged with reddish brown; per tail coverts reddish brown with a rs nearly all black, with scarcely any

Page 141
SCHCEl
rufous margins; towards the middle th margined with rufous, the central pair all the feathers are tipped with white whitish; rest of the under parts delicate irides sepia brown.
Length.-55 inches; wing 23; tail Hab.-Central and Eastern Siberi China on migration, and winters in Ce: the Islands of the Malay Archipelago Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, and Central from the Khasia Hills. In Burmah probably also in Arrakan and Tenasser sionally straggles into Europe, when it accident. Oates says that in Burmah i an incredible extent. After the 16th I Quoting Dybowsky, Oates has it that it to the ground, and lays five or six egg reddish brown.
GROUP-B
Aberrant Reed Warblers with Io-I; Warblers.
Gen. Schoer Bill moderate, rather deep, much rictal bristles moderate, few; wings longest, 3rd equal to the 5th; tail mc coverts long, reaching to more than h plumage lax.
85. Schoenicola platyura p. 374; ởřerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 73, No. , Str. F. I87g, p. 97; Brooks, Str. F. Birds Ceylon p. 532; Murray, 4. Str. F. I88o, pp. 234-26o; Butler, C S. 1881, p. 920; id., Cal. AB. Br. AM Madr. yourn. xiii. p. 17O.-The BRO
Upper surface russet or rufous borov quills dusky, externally margined wi aries the same on both webs; tail russ brown under certain lights; the outer lores whitish; supercilium fulvous, a throat, centre of breast, and abdome
12 c

NICOLA. 89
e feathers become less black and more being rufous with only a black shaft; : ; chin, throat and centre of abdomen : buff; bill dark brown; legs whitish ;
| 2*2; tarsus o'85; bill from gape oo7.
a, where it breeds. It passes through ylon, India, the Burmah Peninsula, and ). In India it is found in the N.-W.
India, also Assam. It also recorded n Oates says it occurs in Pegu, and im. It summers in Siberia and occais shy, and is seldom seen except by it swarms in inundated paddy fields to December the bird disappears entirely. E makes its nest in a tuft of grass close s, which are rosy white, speckled with
RADYPTERI,
2 tail feathers, and allied to the Grass
icola-Blyth.
compressed; culmen slightly curved; moderate, slightly rounded; 4th quill
bderate, the feathers broad; under tail
alf the length of the tail; tarsus long;
(jerd), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. 42; Hume, Str. F. I 878, p. 37; id., 88 I, p. 209; Hume, t.c.p. 21 I; Legge, . Brit. Ind. i. p. 27O, No. 330; Hume, ut. B. Bom. Pres. p. 43; Sharpe, P. Z. s. vii. p. I IO, Timalia platyura, Verd, AD-TAILED REED-BIRD.
n, including the ear and wing coverts; h russet-brown, the innermost secondst-brown, obscurely banded with dusky feathers darker and tipped with ashy; so the cheeks and sides of the neck; whitish, the former washed with fulvous

Page 142
90 TUR
on the lower parts, also the sides of th coverts-the latter washed with ashy axillaries buffish white. Bill horny y yellowish brown.
Length. -58 to 6'3 inches; wing O'8 to O'85.
Hab.–Ceylon and Southern India (H foot of the Nilghiris). According t affects reeds in swampy places. In thi says: “These birds resemble Chatorn is constantly into the air, chirruping like in the same way on to some low bush o to the telegraph wires. They are fea pursue them, at once they disappear i impossible to flush them again unless y in September. The food of the Broa insects.' Captain Butler's notes, in Sl in regard to the nidification of this spec composed of coarse grass, with an entra and about a foot from the ground; the ( ground, sprinkled all over with numero brown and purple (brownish red, almos same at the large end. They are mode Size oo73 x об.
Gen. EPrin
Bill of moderate length, stoutish, culmen moderately curving, and not claw; rictal bristles well developed, rounded, the first three primaries nearly tail graduated, long, and of Io feath curved.
86. Prinia inornata, Sykes, fourn. xi. p. 4; Blyth, Gř. A. S. B. xi vii. p. 195; Oates, B. Brit. Burm, i.p.) No. 34.O. Sylvia longicaudata, Tick, Hodgs., Gray's Zool, Misc. p. 82; id., ởřerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 7o, No. 533 ; Ha F. viii. p. 1 O 1. Drymoipus inornatus, Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 346; Hum, pl. xvii. fig. I ; Brooks, Str F. iii. p. 49 datus, ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. 8o, No. 54. Str. F. iv. p. 229; Hume, Str. F. iv, P.

) LO AE.
body, flanks, thighs, and under tail at the tips; under wing coverts and allow, O'4; legs fleshy yellow; irides
25 to 2*65 ; tail 2'6 to 2*8; tarsus
elgaum, Travancore, Wynaad, at the Jerdon the Broad-tailed Reed-Bird ir actions and habits, Captain Butler striata, and in the breeding season rise hat species, and descending afterwards r tussock ot grass, sometimes even on rful little skulks. If you attempt to nto the grass, from whence it is almost ou all but tread on them. Theybreed i-tailed Reed-Bird consists chiefly of r. F. ix., p. 262, quoted by Mr. Hume, ies are to the effect that the nest is ance on one side, built in long grass, :ggs, he says, have a purplish white us small specks and spots of purplish it black in some), with a cap of the rately broad ovals, with but little gloss.
ia-Hory.
slightly deeper than broad at nostrils; exceeding the length of hind toe and 2 to 3 on each side; wings short and equal ; 4th and 5th generally longest; hers; tarsus long; claws moderately
P. Z. S. I 837, p. 89; 7erd., Mad. ii. p. 376 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. I 14; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 279, F. A. S. B. ii. p. 576. Prinia fusca, P. Z. S. I845, p. 29. Prinia adamsi, me, Wests and Eggs p. 335 ; id, Str. ỹerd., B. In d. ii, p. 178, No. 543; 2 and Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand, 15; vii. p. 468. Drymoipus longicau4; Butler, Sır. F. iii.p. 483; Brooks, 4o7, Drymoipus fuscus, Hume, NVests

Page 143
PR
and Eggs p. 348. Drymoipus terric Brooks, Str. F. iv. p. 229; Hume, St. dus, Hume, Wests and Eggsp. 350. p. 18; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. IOI p. 1o I. Drymoeca insularis, Legge, fig. 2. Prinia blanfordi, Wald. in Bl. i. p. I 12. Drymoipus extensicauda p. 34o, Drymoica blanfordi, Hume INDIAN WREN-WARBLER.
Winter.--Upper plumage and tail ru dark centred, the tail feathers tipped p more distinct when seen from below ; under surface of body fulvous, rather tail coverts; thighs dark rufous. The In breeding plumage the upper s indications of dark centres to the feath brown, edged with ashy white or bro quills with narrow rufous brown edges brown; tail pale brown with dusky cro the centre feathers, white at the tip, ar. bar of blackish; lores, supercilium, ch tinged with fulvous; under surface ol on the throat; thighs tawny rufous ; si under wing coverts yellowish white; bi fleshy; iris hazel brown (Brooks), oran Length.--In summer 525; in wi summer 225; winter 3 inches; culme Hab.-Ceylon; South India from whole of India, ranging westward ir Burmese countries, Southern China, F out Sind, parts of Beloochistan and Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, the Conc: desh, Cachar, all Burmah and Nepau bird. Perched on the summit of a s monotonous song, consisting of ol then, with its ample tail held at away to the bottom of the next tuft c its persistent little song. These bir, flight. They seldom fly more than tw appear in imminent perill of turning s occasions points to the ground, while horizontal. The Indian Wren-Warble is cylindrical or oval in shape, made

NLA. 9.
lor, Hume, Wests and Eggs p. 349; , F. iv. p. 4O7. Drymoipus longicauDrymoeca longicaudata, ABl., B. Burmi. Drymoica fusca, Hume, Str. F. viii. irds of Ceylon, pp. 529, 12I 6, pl.xxv. B. Burm. p. 1 I8; Oates, B. Br. Burm. (Szvinh.), apud Oates, Str. F. iii. and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 349.-The
fous brown, the feathers on the crown ale ashy, with a black subterminal spot wings brown, edged with bright rufous; larker on the breast, flanks, and under young in first plumage are very rufous. urface is ashy or greyish brown, with ers, especially of the head; wings dark ownish ashy; the primary coverts and and the inner secondaries with fulvous ss bars under certain lights; all, except ud a tolerably well defined subterminal eeks and ear coverts white, the latter f the body pale yellowish buff, whiter des of upper breast ashy; axillaries and ll black; legs and feet pale yellowish ge yellow (Oates). hter 6 inches; wing "g to 2; tail in in o*4; tarsus o*8.
Mysore to Cape Comorin, and the to Sind, eastward through Assam, the ormosa, and Hainan. Occurs throughSouthern Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W Lin, Deccan, South India, Behar, Khanl. Oates says it is an amusing little talk of elephant grass, it gives out its e note repeated some twenty times; right angles to the back, it skips nly to reappear on the summit with ls seem hardly able to regulate their enty yards, and in this short space they tndry somersaults, for the bill on these he tail bent well over the back is nearly r breeds wherever it is found. The nest entirely of fine grasses most strongly

Page 144
92 TURD,
woven together; although the walls can ordinary efforts to tear them asunder specimen of bird architecture. The eg marked with spots and scrawls of purpl
87. Prinia sylvatica, ỹerd., S. B. xiii. p. 376; Murray, Azif. Brit. yerd, Madr. Yourn. xiii. p. I3O. Beng. xvi. p. 458; id., Cat. B. Mus. Blyth, ř. A. S. B. xvi. p. 459. Drym Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 2 I8. Drymoipus valid sylvaticus, ỹerd. t. c. p. 18I, No. 545 ; Drymoipus jerdoni, t. c. p. 18o; Hume Drymoeca valida, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 3 B. Ceylon p. 525. Suya gangetica, Bly 1877, p. 138, 1878, p. 6, 1879, p. Io and Eggs Ind. B. p 35 ; Butler, Str. Brooks, Str. F. I 876, p. 229. Drym Ind. B. p. 351. Drymoeca rufescens, H neglecta, Hume, t. c. p. Io II , Dav. an 1880, p. 48o.-The JUNGLE WREN-WAF
Breeding Plumage.--Above dark bro and rump; head and hindneck dusky a cilium present; ear coverts dusky bro cheeks and under surface of body yellos sides of breast ashy; flanks fulvescer coverts pale yellowish white; upper tail reddish brown, crossed with obscure du feathers brown along the outer web a less with pale sooty brown; external tai and median wing coverts, also scapulars coverts margined with reddish brown, the tail feathers have no white on t are tipped with white, and have a toler: brown black; irides hazel; legs and fee Length.-63 to 65 inches; wing 2" plumage; tarsus o'9 ; culmem o'55.
Hab.-Ceylon, and the whole of In from the N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, Southern India, Malabar Coast, Travar Habits same as the last. Mr. Hum refers to the nidification of this species Generally it may be said that the nest is

DAE.
be seen through, yet they resist any Altogether the nest is a beautiful
gs, usually 4 in number, are pale blue, sh brown.
Madr. ỹourn. xi. p. 4; Blyth, ỹ. A. Ind. p. 28o, No. 34 I. Prinia neglecta, Drymoica sylvatica, Blyth, ỹ. A. S. As. Soc., p. I 42. Drymoica jerdoni, bica neglecta, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164; us, řerd., B. Ind. ii. p. I 82. Drymoipus Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 35 I. Str. F. I873, p. 437; I874, p. 453. )2; Hume, Str. P. I879, p. o ; Legge, th, Ibis, 1867, p. 23; Hume, Str. P. I. Drymoipus rufescens, Hume, NVests
F. I 875, p. 484; Hume, t. c. p. 484 ; bipus insignis, Hume, AVests and Eggs Iume, Str. F. 1879, p. Io I. Drymoeca d Wenden, t. c. p. 4O7; Vidal, Str. F. BLER.
wn, slightly paler on the lower back sh brown; lores dull white; no superwn, with obscure yellowish shaft lines; wish white; the abdomen pure white; t; thighs tawny brown; under tail
coverts and centre tail feathers pale sky bars under certain lights, the near ind white on the inner, shaded more or l feathers almost entirely white; lesser , dark brown with ashy margins; greater also the quills. In the winter plumage he inner web, but the external feathers bly distinct subterminal black bar ; bill t yellowish.
55 to 2'6; tail 285 to 33 in winter
iia south of the Himalayas. Recorded Assam, Concan, Deccan, Central and core, Nepaul and Cashmere.
in his Nests and Eggs, Indian Birds, under all the synonyms quoted above. a deep cup, made of grass, well woven

Page 145
BURN
and neat, usually fixed in a thorny sh Eggs, 2 to 4, pale blue, with larger pu
Gen. Burn
Bill longer and more slender than i: of hind toe and claw; rictal setae fine a plumage streaked; tail of ten feathers.
88. Burnesia socialis (Sy, p. 208; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p I 832, p. 89; ferd., Madr. Jřourn xi. p. Blanfi, Ibis, I867, p. 464; Butler, S. I 876, p. 259 ; id., 1877, p. 4O6; Via Blyth, f. A. S. B. xvi. p. 455 ; Ợřerd., F. I875, p. 48o; id, Str. F. I876, p Prinia brevicauda, Legge, B. Ceylon, p Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 257.
Crown of the head and back, also u and a streak above the eye buffy whi coverts and cheeks light tawny buff, sl former; rump with a few tawny buff f coverts like the back; greater coverts brown; tail feathers light brown, with tipped white; throat whitish, slightl foreneck, chest, breast, sides of the bc tawny buff, paler on the latter; abd axillaries light tawny buff; upper mar yellowish brown; iris brown.
Length.-4'6 to 5 inches; wing 18 The young bird is rufous brown a rump and upper tail coverts brighter
fulvous white, and with a subterminal streak present.
Hab.-Ceylon to Nepaul, Assam Western India generally). Recorded Provinces, at Agra, Cashmere, Punja gor, the Nilghiris, Khandeish, and De
Its habits are those of Burnesia flat it also frequents gardens, hedges, and white or brick red, with numerous d similar to that of faviventris,

ESIA. 93
ub, and lined with a little soft down. rplish brown blotches, or unmarked.
esia.-Verd.
n Prinia. Culmen exceeding the length ld minute, not reaching beyond nostrils;
strongly graduated.
kes), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. . 282. Prinia socialis, Sykes, P. Z. S. . 3; id., Birds Ind. ii. p. I 7O, No. 534 ; 'r. F. I875, p. 479; Fairbank, Str. F. lal, Str. F. I88o, p. 67. Prinia stewarti, B. Ind. ii. p. I7I, No. 535 ; Hume, Str. ). 497; 1878, p. 319; 1879, p. IoI. . 521. Cisticola poliocephala (Anders.), - The DARK-AsHY WREN-WARBLER.
pper tail coverts, dark slaty grey; lores te, a dark spot in front of the eye; ear aty grey along the upper margin of the eathers on each side; lesser and median dusky brown, externally edged with light a subterminal broad bar of black and y washed with fulvous; lower throat, bdy, flanks, thighs and under tail coverts omen white; under wing coverts and dible black; lower pale horny; legs dull
; tail II-8; tarsus o’8. bove, a little more dusky on the head;
rufous; tail rufous brown, tipped with black bar ; an ochraceous superciliary
, (Northern, Southern, Central and from north of the Godavery, the N.-W. b, the Deccan, Concan, Kattiawar, Sauhra Doon.
riven tris, except that, unlike flaviven tris, | vegetable crops. Eggs usually reddish arker red spots at the large end. Nest

Page 146
94 TUR
Gen. Sutori
Bill long and slender, rather wide exceeding the hind toe and claw in len equal; tail of 12 feathers, strongly grac feathers elongated beyond the rest and of Orthotomus, are remarkable for the
89. Sutoria sutoria (Forst.), Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 107; Murray Motacilla sutoria, Forst., Ind. Zool. O. Nat. i. p. 954. Orthotomus longicauda B. Ind. i. p. 165, No. 530; Hume, W, p. 135; Bl. and Wald, B. Burm. p. 1. Orthotomus edele (T'em.) apud. Bl. and sutorius, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 109; Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 345 ; Hume, Str. 3o5; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 517.-The I Forehead and crown rufous; back of rufous tinge; sides of nape with da scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts primaries and secondaries brown, edges secondaries ; all, for two-thirds their ler inner webs with whitish; under wing c the central feathers greenish, and the l the same and tipped with white; chin, coverts white; the flanks cinereous; a c bill horny brown, paler on the under n yellow.
Length.-6 to 65 inches; wing 19t Hab.-Ceylon, and throughout India Burmah, Common in the Deccan, C Guzerat, also the Punjab, N.-W. Provir In Sind it is common in all the open cc the acacias chiefly. Breeds in July an with reddish brown, thicker and closer stitched with cotton or fibre, and lined
Gen. Cistic
Bill shorter and slightly more slendel rictal bristles two on each side and w short, 2nd generally equal to 7th and sh shorter than in Prina, broader than

DIDAE,
-Wicholson.
at base; rictal bristles few ; culmen gth; 5th and 6th quills longest and uated or rounded, with the middle tail pointed. The birds of this genus, also beautiful nests they make.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 2 I 5 ; Av/. Brit. Ind. i p. 285, No. 346. I 7. Motacilla longicauda, G.m., Syst. , Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 81; verd. sts and Eggs p. 33 I ; Hume, Sir F. iii. o; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 151. Wald., B. Burm.p. 12O. Orthotomus Oates, Str. F. v. p. I, 58; Hume and F. viii. p. Io II ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. NDIAN TAILOR BIRD.
head and neck ashy, with a very faint rk brown setae on each side; back, yellowish green; edge of wing white; il with olive green, more distinct on the gth, narrowly margined basally on the soverts buffy white; tail light brown, ateral ones edged on the outer web with throat, breast, belly and under tail lark spot on each side of the throat; nandible; legs brown; irides reddish
o 2; tail 3'5; bill at front O'5.
to Nepaul and Cashmere, also British oncan, Kutch, Kattiawar and North ces, Oudh, Bengal, and Central India. untry studded with trees, and affects d August. Eggs, 2 to 4, white, spotted at the larger end. Nest made of leaves, with wool and cotton.
ola.-Kaup.
than that of Phyllergates and Prinia, ell developed; wings short; 1st quill orter than the 6th; tail of 2 feathers, in both Prinia and Phyllergates and

Page 147
CSTC
somewhat rounded; tarsus long; fee toes nearly equal and the claws not so
The genus Cisticola forms a small g length 3 to 45 inches, nearly all posse ing chiefly grass and reeds. In resp group, after examining all the availabl the collections of Naturalists, Mr. Sh of the Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 235. He more or less different in the breedin male to have a uniform coloured he The female's winter plumage resemble mealy and the tail is longer. (3) In a winter plumage, when he resemb plumage of the young bird resembles have longer tails. (5) The male is a are,” he adds, “probably some excepti The range is given as the whole of Afr countries bordering the Mediterranean, countries and China, as well as Japan, the whole of the Indo-Malayan sub-reg
Nest a roundish ball of dry grass, wi the top. Eggs, 3 to 4, white, speckled lavender, rather densely at the larger e always seen in flocks of half-a-dozen or ever leaving a bush without having stalks.
90. Cisticola gracilis (Fra p. 253; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. I83 , p. I I9; ĵoerd., Madr. joourn. No. 536; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. p. I Ig; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 36; vii hodgsoni, Blyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xiii No. 538; Hume, Wests and Eggs p. 34 Hume, Str. F. iii, p. I36; Legge, Str, Oates, Str. F. vii. p. 48o. Prinia Series 4, vol. v. p. 2 19. Drymoeca grac rufula, Goduv.-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874 r65; Hume, Str. P. iii. p. 397; id. 1 WARBLER.
Above, including the wings and ta rufous; tail with a subterminal patch whitish, and obsoletely across with c whitish in front, greyish behind; lores au

OLA. 95 ܐ
t proportionally large, with the lateral much curved as in Prinia. roup of small birds averaging in total sing a streaked plumage, and frequentect to the changes of plumage of this material in different Museums and in rpe gives his conclusions in Vol. vii. says:-"(I) The male and female are g plumage, the tendency being in the ld, while the female's is striped. (2) s her summer dress, but is rather more the autumn moult the male passes into les the female. (4) The first winter that of the old female, and that they lways larger than the female.” “There ons among the plain backed species.” ica and Madagascar, South Europe and eastwards to India, Ceylon, the Burmese the Malayan Peninsula, and throughout ion, th a circular entrance on one side near all over with reddish brown and pale ind. It is like the Malacocerci, nearly more flying from bush to bush, scarcely examined it from the top to the root
nklin), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. I9. Prinia gracilis, Frankl., P. Z. S. xi. p. 3 ; id., Birds Ind. ii. p. I 72. B. p. 341 ; Wald in Blyth, B. Burm. i. p. 101; Brooks, t. c. p. 476. Prinia . p. 376; ởerd., B. Ind. ii. p. I 73, 12; Wald. in Blyth B. Burm. p. 119; , F. iii. p. 203; id., B. Ceylon. p. 523 ; albogularis, Wald, Ann. AWat. Hist., ilis, Dresser, B. Eur. iii p. I 3. Prinia , p. 47; id., jf. A. S. B. xliii. pt. ii. p. . c. viii. p. IoI.-FRANKLIN’s GRAss
il, ashy grey, the wings edged with pale of brown on each feather tipped with lusky under certain lights; ear coverts nd feathers above the eye dusky; cheeks,

Page 148
96 TUR
chin, throat, abdomen, vent and unde breast ashy, forming a band across, un yellowish white; sides of the body a black; legs and and feet yellowish fles) In winter plumage the upper parts, i wings brown, broadly edged with rufou and white tips; lower plumage white, t Length.-37 to 42 inches; wing 17 O'5; from gape O'55.
Hab-Nepaul to Bhootan and throu and Ceylon, ranging eastwards into Pegu. It is also recorded from Mal Deccan, and Bengal. In Central and hills near Mhow and at Saugor, it is s Nepaul Terai and lower bills. In S Malabar Coast, the Wynaad, the slop Ghauts, while in British Burmah it c It has been met with in Tenasserim Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay,
Franklin's Wren-Warbler affects bru where there is a plentiful undergrowth dant. It breeds throughout the rains Tailor Bird but smaller, sewing the le same material, as wool and soft vegeta 3 to 4 in number, are pale blue with sc
91. Cisticola cisticola ( 7'e Oates, B. Br, ABurm.. i. p. I 15 ; Murra Sylvia cisticola, Tem, Man. do Orn. i. cursitans, Frankl., P. Z. S. 183 I, Comp. List. B. Eur, and N. Am. p. : PHume, Nests and Eggs p. 343; id, Sin Burm. p. I9; Oates, Str. F. v. p. I58 AFaun. ỹap. Aves. p. I 34, pl. 2o. ( P. Z. S. 1874, p. 47; id., Y. A. S. B. Str. F. iii. p. 397; viii. p. IOI, Cistic 3; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 9o; Hume ar F. viii, p. 1o I; Legge, B. Ceylon p. F. v. pp. 93, 35o ; viii. p. Io I.--The F
Forehead rufescent; crown, hind feathers margined and edged with rufo primaries and secondaries dusky brown rufous; tertiaries dark brown, edged near the tips and the tips whitish; tail

DDAE.
tail coverts white or yellowish white; ler wing coverts and axilaries white or ld flanks slightly tinged with ashy; bill y; irides reddish yellow.
ncluding the tail, are rufous brown; the ; the tail with subterminal dark patches nged with fulvous ; supercilium whitish.
5 ; tail I° 55 to 2° I 5 ; tarsus o 7 ; culmen
ghout the more moist regions of India he Burmese countries as far south as ayana. It occurs also in the Concan, Northern India, and on the Vindhian id to be not uncommon, also in the uthern India it is recorded from the es of the Nilghiris and on the Eastern ccurs throughout Pegu and Arrakan. also, and has been got in Karin by
shwood and the outskirts of tree forest, of grass. In such localities it is abun, making a nest very like that of the aves together with cotton, and with the ble fibres lining the nest. The eggs, me brown or reddish spots.
m.), Sharpe, Caf. B. vii. p. 259; y, Avi/. Brit. Ind. i. p. 292, No. 356. p. 228; id., pl. col. 6, fig. 3. Prinia . I I 8. Cisticola schoenicola, Bonap., 2; ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. I 74, No. 539 ; . F. i. p. 439; iii. p. I 37; Blyth, B. Salicaria brunniceps, 7em. e Schleg. Cisticola munipurensis, Goduv.-Austen, xiii. pt. ii. p. 165, pl. ix. fig. 2 ; Hume, ola cursitans, Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. d Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 349; Hume, Str. 53 I. Cisticola homalura, Hume, Str. UFoUs GRASs-WARBLER. eck and back dark brown, all the s; rump and upper tail coverts rufous; , edged on their outer webs with pale ind tipped with pale rufous; edging iusky brown above, pale brown below,

Page 149
GEOC
the feathers with a broad subterminal b dark spots and white tips more distinct whitish or rufescent white; breast and coverts paler; bill dusky brown; the ur Length.-45 to 475 inches; wings : Ό25.
Hab.-Ceylon and India generall Europe, Africa, Egypt, Arabia, Deccan and N. Guzerat; also Bengal and Cent Affects the tamarisk jungles along generally, and breeds in July and Aug made of vegetable down, and placed five, white, speckled with reddish.
Sub-Family
Gen. Geoci This genus, as now revised, includ familiar genera, such as Zoothera, Chamaetylus and Psophocichla, and for birds commonly known as Ground-T as given by Seebohm in the Vth Vol. briefly these: “ Basal portion of the out many of the primaries white, occasi defined from the brown of the rest of th basal half white, the terminal half bl coverts the same, the basal portion, ho white. Young generally spotted on ti stout, somewhat wide at base, gentl hooked at the tip; rictal bristles more rounded; tail of I2 to 14 feathers ( plumage generally soft and silky, usual and dull blue and ferruginous in coloul
Zail twelve feathers,
92. Geocichla, citrina (Lath Turdus citrinus, Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. B. Ind. i p. 517, No. 355; Hume, Mes Burm. p. 99 ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. I S Hume, Str. Fo, viii. p. 94; Legge, E p. 283; Hume, Str. F. ix. p. IoI; ( Azvi/, Brit. Indi i, p. 298, No. 365. Gec Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 56. Geocichl p. I 46. Geocichla innotata, Blyth, HEADED GROUND-THRUSH.
3 c

CH.A. − 97
and of black tipped with white; the on the under surface; chin and throat belly rufescent; vent and under tail
der mandible paler; irides brownish.
to 225; tail I'75 to 2 ; bill at front
7 to Nepaul; British Burmah, S.-W. , Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, ral India.
the banks of rivers and thin jungle gust. Nest a deep purse, beautifully in a tuft of soft grass. Eggs, usually
-TURDINAE.
3hla-Kuhl.
es a number of well-known and very Oreocincla, Turdulus, Cichlopasser, ms a well-defined group of a number of hrushes. The characters of this group of the British Museum Catalogue are side web of all the secondaries and of onally tinted with buff, but abruptly e quills. Axillaries parti-coloured, the ack, slaty grey or brown; under wing wever, being black and the terminal half he back and breast. Bill moderately y arched throughout, and moderately or less developed; wing more or less 14 in three species only); toes long; ly mottled above and spotted beneath, , Peculiar to the Indian region."
.), Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. v. p. I 72. 35O. Geocichla citrina (Lath.), Verd., ‘ts and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 229; Blyth, B. t ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 25o. 3. Ceylon p. 457 ; Scully, Str. F. viii. 2ates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 3; Murray, cichla andamanensis, Wald., Ann. and a albogularis, Blyth, f. A. S. B. xvi. 7. A. S. B. xv. p. 37o.--The ORANGE

Page 150
98 TURD
Whole head, neck, breast, belly and and albescent on the chin and throat; white; back, rump, upper tail covert dark bluish grey; some of the wing co white, the larger wing coverts, prima exteriorly edged with ashy; inner webs wing coverts dark slaty grey basall the secondaries and some of the prin centre tail feathers and most of the o grey, the rest dark brown; outermo frequently tipped with white; bill dark legs and feet fleshy.
Aength.-85. to 88 inches; wing 4" Young birds differ in having the fea yellowish instead of ashy.
Hab.–Throughout the whole range up to about 5,OOO feet elevation, desce then found in Northern, Central and also as far south as Ceylon. Jerdons and well-wooded districts of Norther as low as N. lat. 16°. In the neighbou also at Darjeeling and in the warmer according to Oates, it is a constant re It keeps to woods and shady gard jungle. Like others of its kind, it fee and does not retreat far from villages. the breeding season, but otherwise is forks of high trees, made of grasses pale greenish, freckled with rufous, f o'3 to I inch in length by O'7 to O'8 93. Geocichla, Wardi (řerd. Turdus wardi, ỹoerd., ỹo. A. S. B. Merula wardi (ỹerd.), Blyth, ŷ“. A. (ferd.), Bp., Compt. Rend. xxviii. Turdulus wardi (jerd.), Serd. B (Cichloselys) wardi, Brooks, Str. F. Legge, Str. F. 1876, p. 244; Hume GROUND-THRUSH.
Upper parts black; whole head, 1 coverts black; wing coverts, innerm most of the tail feathers more or less dark brown, their outer webs black : where they cease to be emarginatec

IDAE.
flanks orange buff, darkest on the head vent, thighs and under tail coverts pure s, scapulars and smaller wing coverts verts near the edge of the wing tipped ries and primary coverts dark brown, of primaries white at their bases; under 7 and white terminally; the bases of naries white on their inner webs; two utside web of the remainder dark slate st feathers generally paler at tip and brown or horny black; iris dark hazel;
6; tail 3; tarsus I’3 ; bill from gape I * 1. thers of the upper parts edged with pale
of the Himalayas from Nepaul to Assam inding to the plains during winter, being Southern India, and Burmah, straying says it is found in most of the forests n and Central India, extending rarely 1rhood of Calcutta it is not uncommon, valleys in Sikkim. In British Burmah, esident. ens, and, like the last, prefers bamboo ds on the ground. It is not a shy bird, It is said to have a pretty song during silent. The nest is usually built in the , moss, stalks, and roots. Eggs, 3 to 4, orming a patch at the large end. Size 2 in breadth. ), Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. v. p. I 78. xi. p. 882; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 453. S. B. xvi. p. 46. Cichloselys wardi p. 5 ; Hume, AVests and Eggs, p. 23 II. . Ind. i. p. 52O, No. 357. Turdus 1875, p. 237. Oreocincla pectoralis, , Str. F. I877, p. 2O2.-WARD's PIED
neck, lores, chin, throat, breast and ear ost secondaries, upper tail coverts and conspicuously tipped with white; quills and edged with white for some distance, i; under surface white, the flanks with

Page 151
GEOt
broad, subterminal, irregular crescent terminally black; bill and legs yellow Length -8 to 9'6inches; wing 4'6 The female is olive brown above; coverts are fulvous white; throat brow ÀHab.—The Himalayas, wintering il as Ceylon. Occurs in Southern Indi and Nepaul, the Punjab, and N.-W. Mussoorie Captain Hutton found the and July, making a pretty nest of gree The eggs are usually 4 in number, pa Size I'o6 inches in length by o'76 in elongated, oval, only slightly compress
94. Geocichla spilloptera p. 167. Oreocincla spiloptera, Blyth, Soc. p. II6o ; Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p p. 27o ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 3o3 ; il Jbis, I874, p. I8; id, Str. P. I87 Gray, Handl. B. і. р. 254 No. 36 xix.--The SPoTTED GRoUND THRUSH. Above russet brown, paling into oli no eye stripe; median and most of the with white; quills brown, margined brown, the two lateral feathers obscure with transverse bands; under surfac the breast tinged with brownish; ear c fan-shaped terminal spots; basal half ( bill dark brown, paler at base of lowe equal and longest; 2nd about equal tc
Length.-Wing 36 to 4'o inches; O'8 to O'95. (Seebohm.)
Hab.–Ceylon, where it is said to about Newara Eliya.
95. Geocichla imbricata ( p. 159. Zoothera imbricata, Layard, Jerd, B. Ind. i.p. 5o9 (note). Oreoc Ibis, 1872, p. I, 39; apud Holdsv., P. cata (Layard), Hume, Str. F. I873, xix., fig. 2. Oreocincla gregoriana, AW GRoUND THRUSH.
Above dark olive brown, the feather band; those of the head with also

ICHLA 99
ic black bands; base of axillaries white,
irides brown ; supercilium white.
tail 3'6; bill at front o'75 ; culmen I“ I. the supercilium and spots on the wing nish white.
the plains of India; southwards as far on the Nilghiris, also in the Carnatic Provinces (Mussoorie, Nynee Tal). At nest early in April. It breeds in June in mosses and fibres in the fork of trees. le verditer, spotted with sanguine brown. a breadth. It is very regular, somewhat ed at one end.
(Blyth), Seebhom, Cat. B. Br. Mus. v. f. A. S. B. xvi. p. 42 ; Blyth, Cat. . 122 ; Layard, Ann. Wat. Hist. 1853, Holds zw., P. Z. S I 872, p. 446; Legge, '5, p. 367. Turdus spilopterus (Blyth), 93; Legge, Birds Ceylon p. 45 I, pl.
ve brown on the head; lores pale grey, greater wing coverts dark brown, tipped externally with russet brown; tail russet ly tipped pale, and all obscurely barred e of the body white; flanks and sides of overts, cheeks and breast with blackish of axillaries white, terminal half brown; r mandible; 4th and 5th primaries sub
the 8th; legs greyish brown.
zail 3'' to 3°4; tarsus II *3 to I'4 ; culmen
be confined to the central hill country
Ilayard), Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. v. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 2 I2; incla nilgherriensis, Blyth apud řerdon, Z. S. 1872, p. 446. Oreocincla imbri). 437; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 455, pl. vil, Str. F. i. p. 437.-The CEYLONIESE
s with a terminal crescent-shaped dark a faint indication of an ochreous subter

Page 152
O() TUI
minal one; wing coverts and secondar and ochraceous on the outer ; lores p edged externally with ochraceous; fou tail olive brown, remaining three oft olive brown; lateral feathers tipped wit barred; under parts ochraceous buff, terminal crescent-shaped black band, belly and under tail coverts; axillaries minally ; under wing coverts black on t dark brown, paler at base of under m nearly equal and longest, 2nd betweel greyish brown,
Alength.-Wing 4'5 to 49 inches; culmen I° I 5 to II '28.
A{ab.–Ceylon, to which island it i forests and descending into the jungle
Gen. Merl
Bill slightly more lengthened gener and notched. Nostrils plumed at base strong. Distributed in greater number lian, oriental, or palaearctic regions.
96. Merula Kinnisi, Blyth, Cat. p. I 22 ; Blyth, Ihis, I 867, p. 3 Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. v. p. 25 Ceylon, p. 449.-The CEYLoNESE OUZE
Above sooty black, obscurely edged wings and tail blackish brown, mar under surface of the body, axillarie or dusky blackish, the feathers obscu bill orange yellow; 4th and 5th prima mediate between 8th and 9th; bastard claws, yellow.
Length.-Wing 4'O to 45 inches; culmen o'89 to I "o.
Hab,-Ceylon. Breeds on the hill. the cold season. Has been found at ,
Gen, Mont
This genus is placed by Seebohm i There are certainly links which Mr. S to establish its position, but, taking bo the group, there can be little doubt til

DIDAE.
es dark olive brown on their inner webs le grey; no eye stripe; quills brown, central and two outside feathers of the e lateral feathers on each side darker n white, and all more or less obscurely each feather with narrow transverse, nearly obsolete on the chin, centre of white on the basal half, and black terLe basal half and white terminally; bill andible; 3rd, 4th and 5th primaries the 5th and 6th or 6th and 7th legs
tail 2'75 to 3’3; tarsus I“ I to I° I 5 ;
confined, breeding in the mountain during the cold season. (Sharpe)
ula.-Aeach.
ally than in Turdus, compressed at tip
: ; rictal bristles short and strong; feet in the neotropical than in the Austra
57°. A. S. B. xx, p. I 77 ; Kelaar", Frodr. O4; Holdsw, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 446; 2. Turdus kinnisi (Blyth), Legge, B.
همl
with dark slaty grey; no eye stripe; gined externally with dark slaty grey; s and under wing coverts dull black rely margined with dark slaty grey; ries subequal and longest ; 2nd interrimary O'85 to I. I5; legs and feet, also
tail 3'25 to 3"7; tarsus I*2 to "39;
and descends into the villages during OOO feet at Newara Eliya,
icola-Boie,
his Cat, B. Br, Mus. after Erithacus. eebohm may have considered sufficient th the external and internal structure of at its systematic position is between

Page 153
ER
the Ouzels and the Chats, instead of : shortly characterized as having, like the face; the bill, too, is long, and the tail c puts it, “never as many as four times long, slender, straight, and moderatel faintly notched; nostrils apert, plume numerous; wings long, the third quill even; tarsus moderate, I to I2 inches blue chins and throats and chestnut b a barred under surface,
97. Monticola cyanus, Lit Nat. i. p. 834, Lath, Ind. Orn. i p. 312, No. 385. Monticola cyana (L. Birds of Egypt, p. 7o, Blf, East. cyaneus (Linn.), Boie, Isis, I 828; Gřen Ind. Orn. p. 2O ; Hume and Henders Syst. Uebers. p. 29; Sharpe and Dres Sind. Cyanocincla cyanus (Linn.), St iii. p. I 2.-The BLUE RocK THRUSH Male-Head, neck, and back indig the head ; lores dusky greyish ; wings, outer webs of the feathers indigo blue the abdomen and the under tail cover Female-Of a dingy brown, scarc blue; some of the feathers edged wl transverse bars, including the under irides brown,
Length,-85 to 9 inches; wing 45 one inch.
Hab.-Southern Europe, North A wintering throughout the peninsula of India, Tenasserim, Cashmere, Nepaul, common in the Concan and Deccan, and North Guzerat; also in South In Breeds in the Himalayas, laying 4 eg fine gloss; size I'o X o'73 inches.
Gen, Erit In this genus, as revised, there are being found in India. The bill is sm above and paler on the under ma obsolete; wings moderate; tail short, 1 tarsus long, slender, and not scutellat

THACUS. 10
fter the latter. The genus Monticola is : Ouzels (males), an unspotted under suromparatively short; and, as Mr. Seebohm the length of the culmen,” The bill is y hooked at the tip, and either entire or i at the base; rictal bristles small and
generally the longest; tail short and in length. All the Indian species have reasts and abdomen. The females have
n., Syst. Wat. i. p. 296 ; Gmel., Syst, p345 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind, i. inn.), Boie, Ibis, I 822, p. 552 ; Shelley, rn Persia ii. p. I 55. Petrocossyphus rd., B. Ind. i. p. 5 I, I, No. 35 II; id., Ill. ., Lahore to Parkand, p. 190; Heugl, ser, B. Eur.; Murray, Hadbk., Zool., ý c., r. F. 1874, p. 407; vol. vi. p. 247; id,
o blue, with a faint metallic lustre on their coverts and tail dark brown; the ; under surface of body cobalt blue; s with faint streaks and spots of whitish. ly tinged above with indigo or cobalt hitish; under parts fulvous with dusky
tail coverts; bill black; legs black;
to 5; tail 375 to 4; bill at front nearly
frica, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, India and Ceylon. Recorded from all and North-West Himalayas. Extremely Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Sambhur, dia. Frequents gardens, pagodas, &c, is, pale blue, spotted with brown; has a
hacus-Cuv.
only sixteen known species, six only all or of mean length, generally black ndible; rictal bristles small or nearly hore or less rounded, and of I2 feathers; d, except occasionally in young birds,

Page 154
8ר
102 TURD
Three species of the six which occur ir the Himalayas. In habits they closelj mostly on the ground, insects generally
99. Erithaceus brunneus ( p. 302, Larvivora brunnea, Hodgs, * Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 446. Larvivora c vi. p. o2, 1837 (male); apud. ?řerd Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 324 Ibis, 1867, p. I 6 ; Brooks, Str F. I87 p. 259.-The INDIAN BLUE RoBIN or
Upper surface dull dark blue; lores, ear coverts black, shading into dull d supercilium white; wings and their cov less suffused with dull dark blue; tail the outer webs of the others more under surface of body orange chestnu of the abdomen and under tail coverts; more or less suffused with pale blue; bi mandible; rictal bristles nearly obsolete The female has the upper surface oli nut on the upper tail coverts; the unde the chin and throat and white on the c coverts. Birds of the year resemble th
Length.-6 to 62 inches; wing 28 o"6; tarsus I' to I' I.
Hab.–Ceylon, the Himalayas from Travancore. Jerdon records it from said to be common; also about Mad hills, perching low and descending to t on the Himalayas and the Nilghiris says the nest was in a hole in the trul the ground, and was composed chiefly twigs. The egg taken by Mr. Davisor oval, the ground colour a pale slightly streaked with pale brownish red; size (
99, Erithacus caerulecului v. p. 3o8; Murray, Avif, Brit. p. Pall., Zoogr. Kosso Asiat. i. p. 48o. ( p. 336; (Partim), Brehm., Vogt. Deu Heugl, Orn. N. O. Afr. i. 336; Shelly, Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 337 ; I Str. F. vii. p. 112; id, Hdbk, Zool, Str. P. jx. p. 330; viii, p. 304. Cyan

DAE
British India are known to breed in resemble the Redstarts. They feed being their chief food.
Чodgs.), Seeboћт, Cat. B. Br. Mus. v. A. S. B. vi. p. Io2, 1837 (female); yana (APall.), aptud. H7odgs., jf. A. S. B. , B. Ind. ii. p. I 45, No. 5O7; apud , Larvivora superciliaris (ỹerd.), Blyth, S, p. 240; Fairbank, Str. P. I876, WooD-CHAT. forehead at base of bill, cheeks, and ark blue on the sides of the neck; 'erts brown, their outer webs more or brown; the two centre feathers and or less suffused with dull dark blue; t, shading into white on the centre axillaries and under wing coverts grey, ll dark brown, paler at base of under
ive brown, slightly suffused with chestr surface is schestnut brown, paler on entre of the abdomen and under tail e female.
to 3; tail I "7 to I "95 ; culmen o’5 to
Cashmere to Sikkim, the Nilghiris, and near Calcutta. At Darjeeling it is ras. It frequents open forests in the he ground to pick up insects. Breeds Mr. Davison in Wests and Eggs nk of a small tree about 5 feet from of moss, but mixed with dry leaves and was an elongated, slightly pyriform greyish green, thickly mottled and pr9 X orб7. s (Pall.), Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. 3 I 7, No. 393. Motacilla cærulecula, Cyanecula suecica, Linn, Sys. NVat. i. schl. p. 35o ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 82 ; B. Egypt; Bl/, East. Persia ii. p. I 69; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 433 ; Murray, öc., Sind, p. 152; Shelley, Ibis, 1881; ecula caeruleculus (Pall.), Bp. Consp. i.

Page 155
ÄEG
p. 206; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 223; The INDIAN BLUE-THROAT.
Head, neck, back, wings and wing
head slightly centred, darker, and the lores dark brown; supercilium buffy cobalt blue, with a large ferruginous or and breast; below the blue of the brea one; rest of under surface buffy white centre feathers and the terminal third outermost; ear coverts silky rufescent dusky brown; irides dark brown.
Length.-55 to 65 inches; wing 3 male, but without the pectoral gorget with a line of dusky brown from the ba continued to, and across the breast; re
Hab.–Ceylon, also Europe, Asia, a. the plains of India. Common in Sind the whole of India to Nepaul and Cashi Afghanistan, and E. Turkistan. It ha found nearly throughout British Bur congeners, frequenting thick brushwoc of water.
Family.--
Sub-Family.-l
Rictal bristles scanty or numerous, than the length of the bill measured fi short; wings moderate; bill variable,
Gen. AEgit
Bill moderate; culmen shorter tha slightly curved and hooked at the beyond the hind edge of the nostrils, w 4th, 5th, and 6th quills generally subtarsi short, scutellate.
This genus contains three good sp nigrolutea, and twice as many races. p. 423, and Mr Sharpe, in B. M. Ca subject; and so far Mr. Sharpe, the la clusions with regard to ž. tiphia and series of specimens he has examined.

HINA . 103
ởřerd., Birds Ind. ii. p. I 52, No. 5 I 4.--
soverts pale brown; the feathers of the wing coverts and quills edged paler; white; chin, cheek, throat, and breast chestnut spot in the centre of the throat st a black band, followed by a chestnut tail rufous or pale ferruginous, the two of the others dark brown, lighter on the brown; bill dusky; gape yellow; legs
tail 2 to 2'25. The female is like the ; the throat, chin, and neck buffy white, se of the side of the lower mandible st ofunder surface buffy white.
nd North Africa generally. Winters in , Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, and mere; also in Beloochistan, S.-E. Persia, as been recorded from Arrakan, and is mah. Its habits are quite those of its ld and long grass jungle in the vicinity
TIMELIIDAE.
BRACHYPODINAE.
generally strong; tarsi short, not longer "om the gape ; legs and feet strong and more or less wide and depressed at base.
lina.-Vieill.
In the tarsus, somewhat compressed, tip; rictal bristles scanty, not extending hich are apert; wing short and rounded; equal and longest; tail even and short;
iecies, i. e., AF2. viridissima, tiphia and Mr. Hume, in Stray Feathers, 877, t., have both exhaustively treated the test writer, says that Mr. Hume's conits races are thoroughly borne out by the It is scarcely necessary to say that the

Page 156
104. TME
changes of plumage in “tiphia " and i Mr. Sharpe's account of the results obt says :-
“ I. Ž. viridissima and 4E, nigi tiphia is the most widely spread form, which cannot be infallibly recognized. 2. The females of all the races of from the other.
3. In Southern India and Ceylon th head and back. Birds with more or le Indian Peninsula and the Burmese rather the exception than the rule. black-backed birds again occur, not specimens.
4. In East Central India there is a but easily distinguished by its paler col Hume in Str. F, 1877, p. 439.
5. AžE. scapularis from Java nevel appear to resemble the females, exce wings.
6. AžE. zviridis from Sumatra and from the abovementioned Islands. individuals, I am certain that it nev might be considered a distinct species matched by others from Ceylon in t before getting the black head and b below with black wings and tail the also brilliant yellow, This is peculiar
100. ZEgithina tiphia (Linn. Oates, Str. F. v. p. I, 57; Sharpe, Cau Burm. i. p. 202; Murray, Avis. By tiphia, Linn., Syst. NVat. i. p. 33I. p: 964. Iora zeylonica, Verd, B. 7 erd, B. Ind, i. p. Io3, No. 468; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 428; Anders., KY p, 4go; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 99-T
Adult Male in Summer plumagethe feathers of the mantle yellowish rump greenish yellow; upper tail cove coverts; the greater coverts black, tipp the white tippings forming a double primaries narrowly edged with yellow, at the tips; sides of the head and neck

,II DAE,
s races are still not quite understood. aimed by him are given as follows. He
olutea are both distinct species. 2. and embraces five races, or stib-species,
AE. tiphia cannot be recognized one
e full-plumaged birds are black on the ss black are found in other parts of the countries; but black-backed birds are In the Malayan Peninsula, however, to be distinguished from South indian
black-backed form like AžE. zeylonica, ouration. This race is noticed by Mr
has any black on the males, which pting in being a little darker on the
Borneo is the AE. scapularis of authors From an examination of numerous er has a black-backed plumage; and it were it not that the adult males can be he stage of p..mage which they assume ack, but when they are brilliant yellow lores and forehead of Z. viridis is to the adult Bornean birds.'
), Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 295; ". B. Br. Mus. vi., p. 7; Oates, B. Br, rit. Ind. ii. p. 9, No 416. Motacilla Motacilla. zeylonica, Gm., Syst. Wat. i. nd. ii. p. Io, No. 467. Iora typhia, Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. p. 137 unnan Exped. p. 66o; Legge, B. Ceyl. he CoMMON DWARF BULBUL.
Lores, forehead, crown and back black, white at base and showing through rts and tail black, also the lesser wing ed with white; the median coverts white, bar across the wing; quills black; the and the secondaries fringed with whitish :, lores and eyelids glossy black; lower

Page 157
AG
edge of eyelids, cheeks, ear coverts, c body deep intense, or bright yellow, f on the lower abdomen, vent, under tai white plumes on either flank; thig bases; under wing coverts white, was
The female is yellowish green above mantle, long and silky; tail green, with two bars across; median coverts dusk. coverts blackish, tipped with white; with pale yellowish ; lores, sides of t under surface of the body bright y axillaries and under wing coverts as in the black of the upper parts except on have not the black even on the wings iris yellowish, olive grey, or hazel; bil
Length.-5' I to 54 inches; wing bill from gape o'7 ; culmen o‘6,
Hab.–Ceylon, South India, the Pu Rajputana, Central India, the Centri Deccan, British Burmah, Nepaul, and
The Dwarf or White-winged Green mentioned above. Jerdon mentions localities. It is a very widely sprea of its plumaĝe, is difict.it to ident Assam, Arrakan, Pegu, and Tenasser Ramsay met with it in Karenne. Cochin-China, and the Malay Penins with. It frequents orchards, low treet searching the twigs, leaves, and si its chief food. It does not, according ground, but is also a denizen of the o formed by a succession of quick vibre ring sound, When searching for foo or a peculiar querulous note.
The breeding season of this Bulb usually on the upper surface of a hor feet from the ground. The nest is ni shaped, but not very compact, with a average, and lined with fine grass ster and grass, coated on the outside wit number, are greyish white, or with a long pale brown, brown or reddish
14C

THINA, 105
in, throat, breast and under surface of ding off into paler or greenish yellow coverts and sides; a large tuft of silky as yellowish green, with dark brown led with yellowish; axillaries white,
with rather more yellow on the head; a narrow yellowish edge; wings with green, with broad white tips; greater quills dusky blackish, narrowly edged e head and face, also round the eye and llow, the sides washed with greenish; the male. In winter the male loses all the tail and wings, while the immature and tail. Feet and claws plumbeous; | bluish, darker on the culmen.
24 to 2*6 ; tail I'85 to. 2'o; tarsus o'7 ;
njab (?), N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, al Provinces, Kutch, Concan, Guzerat,
Sikkim.
h Bulbul is common in all the places Nagpore, Saugor, and Jaulnah as some d species, and, owing to the changes ify with "any degree of certainty. In im, it is abundant. Captain WardlawIn the Indo-Burmese countries, Siam, ula to Singapore, it is abundantly met and brushwood, actively and restlessly maller branches for insects, which are g to Jerdon, confine itself to cultivated pen spaces of jungles. Its flight is pertions of the wing, and causes a loud whiri it keeps up a continuous loud warble
ul is from May to September, building zontal bough at a height of from Io to 25 st unlike that of a Leucocirca. It is cupegg cavity of 2 inches diameter on an ls. The general structure is of fine fibres n cobwebs. The eggs, usually three in creamy or salmon tinge, streaked with prown markings, confined chiefly to the

Page 158
106 time
large end. In shape they are moderate one end. In size the average may be :
Gen. Chloropsi
Bill moderate, longer than the tarsu more or less curved; tip bent down an bristles scanty; wing rounded, moder equal; tail moderate, even.
This genus comprises birds of bright or varied with blue and yellow marking
101. Chloropsis malabaric vi. p. 22; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. Gmel, Syst. Nat. i. p. 837. Phyllor xiv. p. 566; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xiii.; 5 bank, Str. F. I876, p. 258; Bourdillon p. 99; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 488.-The
Adult Male-Bright grass green; series bright greenish cobalt, formir externally green, and edged with brig webs blackish; forehead bright orange like the breast, is green; lores, a circle it, under part of the cheeks as well as and sides of neck green; moustachial light green; edge of the wing blue; bi irides light yellow brown.
Length.-73 to 7'S inches; wing 3 culmen o’9.
The female is smaller and has the fic moustachial stripe smaller.
Hab.-Ceylon, the forests of Malaba in Travancore, on the Eastern Ghauts, out the northern half of Ceylon. Jerd and on the sides of the Nilghiris up t also been reported from the Deccan. Ir not differ from those of C. aurifrons. male bird, he says, frequently sits on th to a series of notes, which at times bec a good deal on fruit too and the nect and may be met with in gardens and c forests.
102. Chloropsis jerdoni (i p. 26; ferd., Madr. ỹourn. xiii. pt. 2,

DAE,
ly broad ovals and slightly pointed at aid to be o'6 to o'76 X c'51 to o'57.
.-yard. and Selby.
', and variable; the culmen keeled and d notched; nostrils basal, long; rictal itely long; the 4th and 5th quills sub
grass green plumage. All are marked is about the head, neck, or wings.
a (Gmel), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 14, No. 42 I. Turdus malabaricus, nis malabaricus, Blyth, ŷ. A. S. B. ferd, B. And. ii. p. 99, No. 464; Fairm, t. c. p. 4oo; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
MALABAR GREEN BULBUL. wing coverts like the back, the lesser ng a shoulder patch : quills blackish, hter green; tail dull green, the inner ; no orange across the foreneck, which, of feathers round the eye and below the entire thorax black; ear coverts streak cobalt; under surface of body ll blackish; legs and feet plumbeous;
'5 to 375 ; tail 2"7 to 3; tarsus o’8;
prehead green, and the throat patch and
ir and Southern India, occurring also forests of Central India, and throughon mentions it from Wynaad, Coorg, o, about 4,OOO feet elevation. It has its habits the Malabar Green Bulbul does
Their food consists of insects. The e summit of a tree, and gives utterance omes a rather sweet song. They feed ir of flowers. They are not at all shy, ompounds just as frequently as in deep
Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 124. Phyllornis jerdoni, Blyth, ŷ

Page 159
CHLO
A S. B. xiii. p. 392 ; 7 erd., B. Ina I872, p. 45 I : Ball, Str. F. I874, p. p. 294, Fairbank, Str. F. I876, p 25 Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99; Legge, Ind. ii. p. 15, No. 423.-JERDoN’s or
Above light grass green; the head green of the occiput and nape; anter the feathers below the eye, the cheeks : rated from the black throat by a simi eye down the sides of the neck on to t moustachial streak violet cobalt; si blackish brown, edged externally wit the tips of the outer webs; inner secon emerald green, deeper on the sides; i. with greyish bases ; edge of wingeme plumbeous or pale lavender; iris brow
Zength.-7-8 inches; wing 3'45; ta
The female has not the black thro; much smaller.
Hab-The greater part of the Cor Lower Bengal or the sub-Himalayan also, according to Jerdon, in the Weste of the Eastern Ghauts. In the ope Mysore, and Hydrabad it is said to Mhow, Saugor, &c., and through the pore.
Its habits are quite those of the oth
Tickell says it is an excellent mock small bird of the country.
The Common Green Bulbul breeds taken in different parts during April, shallow cup composed entirely of ve stems. The eggs are rather elongate and sparingly marked, chiefly at the l blotches, lines, &c., of blackish and vary from O'8 to o'92 x o'56 to o'63
Sub-Family
Head generally crested or sub-c) hairs or bristles arising in many instal usually alike and plain in colour. and groves. Food-fruit and insect

OPSIS 07
ii. p. 97, No. 463 ; Holdsw., P. Z. S, Io; Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind. B.
; id., 1877, p. 406; Ball, t. c. p. 2 IS; '. Ceylon, p. 485; Murray, Ausf. Brit. he CoMMON GREEN BULBUL. dull yellow, shading into the emerald or edge of eyelid and lores black, also nd throat; ear coverts dull yellow, sepair band which extends from behind the e lower throat, where it forms a gorget; oulder patch turquoise blue ; quills green, the primaries yellow towards laries green; tail green; under plumage nder wing coverts and axillaries green, rald green; bill blackish; legs and feet n or pale brown. (Legge.) il 3; tarsus o'75 ; culmen oo8. ut, which is pale turquoise blue, and is
tinent of India, but does not extend to districts. It is common in Ceylon; :rn Provinces of India and in the jungles n country of the Carnatic, Travancore. pe rare, bput not so in Central India, at jungles of Chota Nagpore up to Midna
r species. r, and imitates the notes of almost every
in July and August, but eggs have been May, and June also. The nest is a getable fibres worked over fine roots or ovals, white or creamy white in colour, rge end, with specks, spots and minute reddish or purplish brown; in size they
PYCNONOTINAE.
sted. Plumage usually full, and with es from either the head or mape. Sexes habitants of forests, jungles, orchards

Page 160
108 TIME
Gen. Hypsip
Bill moderately long, nearly straight long, with a few scanty hairs at base; and 5th quills generally the longest, ginate; legs and feet short; tarsi not sc
103. Hypsipetes gameesa, Selb., Ill. Orm., 2nd Ser. iv. pl. 2 ; Bly ind. ii. p. 78; Fairbank, Sir. P. 1876, o. I879, p. 598; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. No. 428. Hypsipetes nilgherriensis, j B. Ind. ii. p. 78, No. 446; Hume, ZVe F. I873, p. 438; Fairbank, Str. F. I8 Above dark slaty grey or grey brown head sub-crested, metallic black; sides cheek; bill coral red or orange vermili Length.-85 to 9 inches; wing 4'5; culmen I to I” I.
Hab.-Hill ranges of Southern Indi the Western Ghauts to the Mahableshw Sykes' Bulbul breeds from March and , some dense clump of leaves or paras covers nearly every acacia and other tri and firmly made of green moss, gras; those of psaroides, I'o to 17 x o'7 to
Gen. Xenoc:
General characters like those of springing from the nape. Nostrils ova
04. Xenocichla, icterica ( vi. p. 96; Murray, Avi/. Brit. Ind. Strickl, Ann. Nat. Hist. I844, xiii. p. Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 282; Boura F. 1877, p. 4o5 ; Hume, Str. F. I 87 v. A. S. B. 1844, xiv. p. 57o.-The
Above bright olive yellow or olive dark brown, their outer webs edged dusky along the inner webs and towa and feathers round the eye bright y olive; cheeks and under surface of bo washed with olive; under wing cov black; legs and feet dusky slatish; iris

LIDAE.
etes.- Vigors.
; culmen very slightly arched; nostrils wings longer than in Chloropsis; 4th rd sub-equal; tail long, square, emarutellate in front.
Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 86; Vard, and th, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 574; verd, A. p. 258; Hume, t. c. p. 4Oo; id., Str. 469); Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 19, ird., Madr. Journ. I839, p. 245 ; 5erd., is and Eggs Ind. B. p. 28o; id., Str. 77, p. 405.-SYKEs BLACK BULBUL.
paler beneath; wings and tail brown; of face slate grey, no black stripe on on in skin; feet orange yellow.
tail 4 to 4° I 5 ; tarsus o'7 to or5:
a, extending on the western side along 'ar Hills and to Matheran and Ceylon. April to June. The nest is placed in itic plant (in Southern India), which ee. It builds a cup-shaped nest, neatly s, stalks and fibres, Eggs similar to Ο 8.
ichla.-Aartl.
Criniger, but with conspicuous hairs l, bare, and with a posterior membrane.
Strickl), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ii. p. 33, No. 448. Criniger ictericus, , 4 I ; řerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 82 ; Hume, l, Str. F, I876, p. 8oo; Fairbank, Str. 9, p. 6I. Pycnonotus ictericus, Blyth, YELLoW-BROWED BULBUL.
green; wing coverts the same ; quills
with olive yellow; tail dull olive yellow,
irds the tips; lores, a narrow eyebrow
ellow; ear coverts yellow, shaded with
ody bright yellow; the sides and breast erts and axillaries bright yellow; bill
red or blood red.

Page 161
PYCNO
Length.-74 to 8 inches; wing 34
Hab.–Ceylon and Southern India, n Recorded also from Malabar, Coorg prefers mountainous regions, and tha Nilghiris, living in small flocks and when flying from tree to tree. Breed shallow cup hung between two twigs, & It is lined with hair-like grasses, and a in number, of a pinkish salmon coloul speckled more or less thickly over th brownish red or pink. Size o'9 to I C
Gen. Pycno
Bill rather long, thin and slightly cl feet stoutish ; tarsi with a single scute head more or less crested, but not cont
105. Pycnonotus haemorr. id., xv. p. 5o; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 2. Str. F. I875, p. 292; Sharpe, Cat, l Zool, 8., Sind; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. No. 449. Hæmatornis hæmorrhous, Pycnonotus pusillus, Gray, Gen. B. i. t, c. p.456; Str. F, I877, p. 246. N 1879, p. 98.-The CoMMON MADRAs I
Head crested, black; chin and thr brown, more or less pale edged; uppe tipped with white; breast brown, all lower abdomen and vent white; flank tail coverts crimson; under wing cov or slaty gren; irides deep brown.
 

NOTUSε 109
to 37 ; tail 3 ; tarsus o'8 ; culmen o'75.
otranging higher than Bombay. (Sh.) and Travancore. Jerdon says it t it is abundant on the slopes of the keeping up a continual mellow warble s from March to May. Nest a small ind composed of excessively fine twigs. tached by cobwebs. Eggs two to three , with a dark ring at the thickend, and e whole surface of the egg with pale 3 x об4 to o*7.
notus.-Boie,
urved; rictal bristles strong; legs and at insertion of feet; toes scutellate; spicuously so.
hous, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 566; 37; ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. 94, No. 462; 3. Br. Mus. vol. vi. ; Murray, Handbk., 482 ; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 34, Suvains., Faun. Bor. Amer. B. p. 485. p. 237; Str. F. 1878, p. 258; Hume, Molpastes haemorrhous, Hume, Sir. F. 3ULBUL.
pat black; neck, back and wing coverts r tails coverts white; tail brownish black, the feathers edged with white or ashy; s and thigh coverts light brown; under terts whitish. Bill black; legs greenish

Page 162
110 TIME
Length.-775 to 8 inches; wing 34
Hab.-Ceylon, Southern and Centri Concan, Malabar, Kutch, Kattiawar, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Bengal and manent resident, breeding from June te with lake red or deep claret.
This is the common Bulbul of all In Babool groves, and wherever there a forests, either associating in small fam from tree to tree in search of fruit ar. gardens, where it picks of blossoms of monly caged throughout India, or kept pugnacious they are made to fight for for this purpose are fed on minced mea flour, sugar and milk boiled together, o Breeds chiefly in June and July-many the middle of August. Nest generall delicate stems, dry leaves and grass, wi Eggs 3-4 in number. In shape the e, pressed or pointed towards the small and as Mr. Hume says, take almost eve fined specks, spots, blotches, streaks, st are as varied as their colours, which and purplish red. In length the eggs v from o'6 to o 72,
l06. Pycnonotus luteolus ( Avif. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 39, No. 457. Hæ 354. Pycnonotus flavirictes, Strickl., luteolus, řerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 84, No. 4 283 Ball, Str. F. I874, p. 4 Io; 1876, t, c. p. 4 I5; Fairbank, Str. F, I877, p F. 1879, p. 98; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. BuLBUL.
Above olive brown, more olivaceous there is a perceptible tinge of greenish a streak under the eye dull white; ear c and with narrow whitish shaft streaks; short moustachial streak; foreneck, for ashy brown, washed with olive; chin y and quills brown, externally olive yell gined with olive; under tail coverts

„DAE.
; tail 34; tarsus O'8; bill at front O'9.
l India (Mhow), Travancore, Deccan, 'odhpore and North Guzerat; also the Dudh. In Sind it appears to be a per
August. Eggs 2-4, white, speckled.
dia. It is found in gardens, orchards, 'e any clumps of trees, but never in ilies or in pairs restlessly flying about d insects. It does much damage in cherries and flower buds. It is comcied by a cord round the waist. Seing. small prizes, and when being trained t and a compound made of wheat, therwise dates and other seasonal fruit.
often as early as April and as late as y a compact structure composed of th a little lining of any soft material. ggs are rather long ovals, slightly comend. The markings are very various, ry conceivable form defined and undenudges and clouds; their combinations mbrace every shade of red, brownish rary from O'7 to O'89 and in breadth
Less.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Murray, matornis luteolus, Less., Rev. Zool. p. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p.4 13. Ixos S2; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. p. 235; Fairbank, t. C. p. 258; Hume, .405 ; Ball, t, c. p. 417; Hume, Str. 475.-The WHITE EYE-Bowen Bush
on the lower back and rump, where rellow; lores, eyelids, supercilium, also overts light brown, washed with olive forepart of cheeks yellow, forming a part of cheeks, breast, and flanks pale low; throat dingy white; wing coverts w; tail light brown, the feathers mar
yellow; under surface of body pale

Page 163
KELA
yellowish white, rather deeper yelltowo bill blackish; legs dark plumbeous; iri Length.-65 to 7 inches; wing 33. FHab.-Ceylon, also Central and Sou Malabar and Trevandrum. Jerdon say parts of the south of India; rare in oth Malabar and in the bushy jungle and g out the Northern Circars to Goomsoc It is usually seen alone and avoids ob with a fine, loud, clear, thrush-like It breeds about Bombay. According rather loose structure of twigs lined wi wool being used to tie it firmly to reddish white, with darker lake red measure Oʻ92 X o‘62.
Gen. Kelaartia (Bly,
Bill short, somewhat stout and wide, st not so long as the mid toe; gonys nearly rounded ; rictal bristles feeble; tarsus lı
107. Kelaartia penicillata ( Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. I 62 ; Holdszuv, I874, p. 20; id, Str. F. I876, p. 245; Pycnonotus penicillatus, Blyth, ŷ. A. , Cat. p. 123; Lavard, Ann. and Mag YELLoW-EARED BULBUL.
Upper surface of the body olive externally with olive green innermost olive brown, margined with yellowish narrowly edged yellow; head sub-cr feathers of the nape dusky brown, Wasl olive yellow; a streak of white from the distinct supercilium; lores and sides of yellow over the ear coverts and a spot ear coverts; cheeks, chin and throat whi breast, and sides of the body olive yello the breast; abdomen and under tail co axillaries and edge of wing yellow; b leaden blue; iris red.
Length.-75 to 8 inches; wing 3') culmen o‘65. The female is slightly s

ART1A. 11
the axillaries and under wing coverts; blood red.
; ; tail 3; tarsus o'85; culmen o‘7. th. India. It is recorded from Madras, 's it is a tolerably common bird in many ers. Common in the low jungles of ardens in the Carnatic, also throughr. Common in Midnapore. (Hume.) ervation. It flies from bush to bush warble, and feeds entirely on fruit. to Mr. Hume it builds in a bush a h fine grass roots, &c., cobwebs and its support. Eggs 2-4 in number, spots. They are elongated ovals and
th), Sỹerd., B. Ind. ii. 86
rongly notched; the culmen curved and straight; head fully crested, the feathers onger than in the genus Pycnonotus.
Blyth), verd, B. Indii. p.86; Sharpe, , P. Z. S. 1872, p. 45o; Legge, Ibis, td., Birds Ceylon, p. 480, pl. 23, fig. 1. S. B. xx. 185 I, p. 1 78; Kelaart, Prodr. '. Wat. Hist. I854. xiii. p. 125. --The
greenish; quills dusky brown, edged secondaries dark olive green; tail dark externally, the tips of the outer feathers ested; forehead and crown brown, the led with olive and faintly edged with nostrils and forming behind a tolerably the face dusky brown, a line of bright of the same colour in the middle of the te; lower throat bright yellow; foreneck, w tinged with greenish on the sides of verts bright yellow; underwing coverts, bill black (Sharpe); tarsi and feet dark
to 34; tail 3' I to 3'2; tarsus o 9; maller.

Page 164
112 TIME
Hab.--Ceylon, from 35oo to 4,000
Gen, Rubi
Bill as in Otocompsa, but broader til tail slightly rounded or nearly even. the back lax and decomposed.
l08. Rubigula melamicter Blyth Ibis, 1867, p. 3o4; Holdsw., P. „ p. 368; id., Birds of Ceylon p. 477; Sh capa melanictera, Gmel., List. Nat. I, AVouv. Dict. d'Hist. Wat, I. p. 176. F xv. p. 288. Pycnonotus atricapillus, Layard, Ann. and Mag. NV. H. xiii. p., I Prodr. Cat, p. 123. Rubigula gular Bp. Consp. I. p. 264 (nec Gould).-Th BuLBUL.
Upper surface of the body dull quills brown, externally edged with oliv olive near the base, all except the two crown of head and nape, also the sid entire under surface of the body brig flanks washed with olive; under wing c Bill black; legs and feet blackish; iris
Length-63 to 65 inches; wing 2 Peculiar to Ceylon, inhabiting forest
Gen. Myioph Bill large, strong, compressed, of much higher than broad at nostrils; nares round with some frontal plumes rather pointed; 4th and 5th quills near tail moderate; tarsus large, stout, entir These birds are generally known as fairly large size, black plumage, gloss bills are either yellow or black. Th Afghanistan and the whole of India countries and China. According to S Peninsula, but re-occurs in Java and S
109. Myiophoneus Blighi vii. p. 13. Arrenga Blighi, Holdswort B, Asia pt. xxviii., 1876. Myiophone pl. 2o, figs. I, 2.-BLIGH's WHISTLING

LIIDAE,
feet elevation.
igula, Blyth.
han it is high ; rictal bristles moderate; Head more or less crested; feathers of
a (Gmel), Walden, Ibis, 1866, p. 321; Z. S. 1872, p. 45; Legge, Str. F. 1875, arpe, Cat, B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 168, Muscip. 94 I. AEgithina atricapilla, Vieill., Rubigula aberrans, Blyth, ř. A. S. B. Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. Soc. p. 2 I II ; 25. Pycnomotus nigricapillus, Aelaart, is, t. C. p. I23. Brachypus gularis, e YELLOW BREASTED or BLACK-HEADED
olive yellow, paler on the rump; fe yellow; tail dusky brown, edged with central feathers with a white spot at tip; es of the face, glossy black; throat and hit golden yellow; sides of breast and overts and axillaries yellow. (Sharpe.)
dull red;
"7; tail 2"6; tarsus o' 6; culmen o‘8.
tracts to 5,OOO feet.
oneus.- 7'emm,
moderate length, hooked at tip, and rictal bristles few or almost wanting; and hairs at their base; wings long, ly equal, the 5th generally the longest, 2, or with a subterminal scute. Whistling Thrushes. They are birds of sed or enamelled with blue, and their ey have a range from Turkestan to and Ceylon, throughout the Burmese larpe apparently absent in the Malayan
III atra, (Holdsworth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. h, P. Z. S, 1872, p. 444, pl. I9; Gould, us blighi, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 463, THRUsH.

Page 165
THAM
Head, throat and hind neck coal wing coverts and breast cerulean blue, black; lesser wing coverts bright smal the quills obscurely edged with blu rectrices edged with chocolate br including the under tail coverts, the se bill, legs and feet black; irides brown.
Length.-8 to 85 inches; wing 42 I'5; bill from gape II"25.
The female is of a brighter tint than in colour. The young is dark brown of the forehead, throat, foreneck and b
Hah.-The hills of Ceylon, affectin Mr. F. B. Armstrong very kindly se “Mr. E. E. Green discovered a ne 7'aprobanian to the following effect:- “ On the Ist instant (March), I four phoneus Blighi-Bligh’s Whistling Thr ledge of rock by the side of a water It was a very compact, solid structure a level platform, in which a small and The platform exceeded in area the hol body of a small fish was lying upon it devoured. The fish was a stone loac which were swimming in the pool im nest was a single egg, bluntly oval, colour dull greenish white, stained wit
“I was unable to get a sight of the close by uttering the complaining no I have on many former occasions seen blight frequenting this stream.
“On the 8th instant I revisited the l eggs would have been deposited, and identification; but the nest was desert Is it possible that the egg can have b place of safety The mest was situa small animals could not have reached and entirely concealed, it is improba have robbed it.
“Upon taking down the abandone have been rebuilt upon the same spo
Gen. Ilham!
Bill slender, as wide as high at
wings shortand rounded, the 4th an
15 с

NOBIA. 13
lack; interscapulars black; scapulars, the bases of the feathers of these parts blue; wings and tail brownish black, ; upper tail coverts and bases of the wnish; under surface of the body, me, the bases of the feathers brown;
tO 4'4; tail 3’ I tor 3'5 ; tarsus II"4 to
the male, but the wing spot is lighter above and rufous below, the feathers reast are centred with yellow brown. g dense jungles. nds me the following extract :- st in March of 1888, and wrote to the
ld what I believe to be the nest of Myioush, The nest was placed on a sheltered fall, and hidden by surrounding ferns. of moss and fern roots, the top forming rather deep cavity was sunk for the eggs. low space, and when first found the fresh , its head having apparently been just h (about three inches long), many of mediately below. In the hollow of the with a smaller and larger extremity; h pale-reddish at the larger end.
birds, though I heard them in the bushes bte common to many of the thrushes. specimens of what I believe to be M.
nest, thinking that the full complement of hoping to shoot one of the birds for ed and the single egg had disappeared. een transported by the parent birds to a ited in such a position that rats or other
it; and, being in an unfrequented corner ble that any of the estate coolies could
d nest, its construction showed that it must ; for many seasons.'
hobia-Swains.
the nostrils, slightly arched throughout; | 5th quills longest, the primaries hardly

Page 166
114 TIMEL
exceeding in length the secondaries an rounded, the outer feather on each side of the tarsus.
10. Thamnobia fulicata (1 Blyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xvi. p. 39; Layara ỹerd., B. Ind. ii. p. I 2 I, No. 49; III Fairbank, Str. F. I 876, p. 459; Hume, ii. p. 55; Ball t.c. p. 216; Legge, B Ind. ii. p. 64, No. 493.-The BRowN-B.
Above glossy blue-black; wings with wing coverts; median and greater co black; primary coverts and quills brow lores, sides of the face and under su abdomen and under tail coverts brigh irides brown.
Length.-6 to 68 inches; wings 2's O'SS.
The female is larger and dusky bro the white shoulder patch is wanting, an under tail coverts chestnut; feathers rol surface of the body ashy brown, darker flanks.
The young are entirely sooty brown w tail coverts ferruginous.
Hab.-Ceylon, also Central, Souther The Indian Robin affects villages, an old houses and mud-walls; also rocky a in pairs, briskly hopping about on the ground, or vice versi, or from one large its tail upwards on to the back of its hea to May, building its mest among rocks, under tussocks of grass, but in Ceylon S. Provinces, and April to September in
The nest is a neat structure of grass, ovals, moderately glossed, and of a grey thinly sprinkled here and there, and in pale yellowish brown. Size o'68 to o'7
Gen. Copsyc Bill moderately long and strong; cu tip; nostrils basal, large; rictal bristles

DAE,
tertiaries; tail moderate, broad and shorter than the longest by the length
in.), ferd., Mad. ỹourn. x. p. 264 ; Ann. and Mag. Wat. Hist. xii. p. 226; ume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 307; Str. F. I877, p. 406; id, Str. F. I878, Ceylon, p. 440; Murray, Ausf. Er. CKED INDIAN RoBIN. a large white spot formed by the lesser "erts white, tipped with glossy blue, margined externally with blue-black; rface of body glossy blue-black; lower t chestnut; bill, legs and feet black;
to 2"7; tail 2'75; tarsus I’o; culmen
wn, more sooty on the back and rump, d the upper tail coverts are blue-black; und the eye fulvous; cheeks and under on the abdomen, sides of the body and
ith paler margins to the feathers; under
in and Western India.
d their neighbourhood, chiefly ruins of nd stony situations. It is usually seen ground or fitting from a branch to the boulder to another, continually jerking d. In India it breeds from February in mud walls, in roofs of houses, or Ar. Parker says May to August in the
the Northern. roots and hair. The eggs are round ish white or pale bluish white ground, some all over with spots and specks of 5 inch X o’55 to O'56.
hus.-- Wagl,
lmen slightly curving and bent at the rery scanty; wings with the 4th and 5th

Page 167
COP
quills longest, the 3rd sub-equal; ta ately long and short ; mid toe long; cl
Head and leg of C.
lll. Copsychus saularis (L. ỹ. A. S. B. xi. p. 889; Ferd., B. Ind. Eggs Ind. B. p. 303; Hume and H Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 23o; ii. p. I33; l v. p. I 57; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 99; Sharpe, Cat Burm. i. p. 2 I; Murray, Aviv. Brit. I Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. I 65. Copsychu A. S. B. þxvi. p. I 39; Hume, Str. F. p. 254. Copsychus ceylonensis, Sclai musicus, Wald, Ibis, 1872, p. 203; Z Dav., Str. F. 1878, i. p. 33; Hume, S, manensis, Hume, Str. F. I873, p. 23 I, Zool. 184o, p. 354.-The INDIAN MAGP
Head, neck all round, back, wings, upper abdomen, and edge of the wing tail coverts, also the shoulder of the secondaries and also the outer tail feath ' The female is dark grey where the I upper surface; under surface white; w dark brown; outer feathers white; axillaries white; bill and legs black; i. Alength.-8 to 85 inches; wing 38t Aab.-Ceylon and all over India, e Pegu. It is recorded from Centra
 

YCHUS, 15
graduated; tarsus scutellated, moderWs curved.
psychus sa ularis.
in.), Wagler, Syst. A v. 1827; Blyth, ii. p. I I4, No. 475; Hume, Wests and 'nderson, Lahore to Parkand, p. 202; Bl., B. Burm. p. Ioo; Oates, Str. F. . p. 332; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 433; . B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 62; Oates, B. Br. nd. ii. p. 65, No. 495. Gracula saularis, us mindanensis (non. Gm.), Blyth, ŷ. I 873, p. 459; Salvad., Ucc. Borneo, er, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 186. Copsychus zueed, Ibis, 1877, p. 3O2; Aume and 'r. F. I879, p. 99. Copsychus andaKittacincla melanoleuca, Less., Rev.
IE RoBIN or the INDIAN DHAYAL BIRD. chin, throat, breast, central tail feathers, black; lower abdomen, vent and under wing, some of the outer webs of the hers white; under wing coverts white. male is black, with a slight gloss on the ings as in the male; central tail feathers hroat grey; under wing coverts and ides brown.
o 4°2; tail 3'6; tarsus I ‘o5; culmen oy8. astward to Assam and as far south as and South India, also from Nepal,

Page 168
16 TIME
Darjeeling, Kumaon, Pegu and the . Malacca, Penang, Siam and Java.
The geographical distribution of the interest; so gradual is the transition and so uncertain are the characters for deemed it best to recognize but a singl especially when hybrids have to be giv generally seen alone or in pairs, usually hops a few steps to pick up insects, wh
It breeds, according to Hume, but S India; also in the N.-W. Provinces of Dhoons and Terais that skirt the Him: to the end of July, building their nests under the eaves of huts. The nest is intermixed with fine roots and dry tend number, of a pale bluish green, thicl brown, and showing an imperfect rii larger end.
Gen. CittÒCej
Bill more slender than in Copycs rounded; tarsus slender.
112. Cittocinclatricolor (V (5) x. p. 49; id., Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi p. 68, No. 498. Turdustricolor, Viei Copsychus macrurus, Wagl., Syst. macrurus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; H Ball, Str. F. I 874, p. 4 I2 ; Hume t. 1875, p. 13; Ball, t. c. p. 293; Fairb 1877, p. 36; Oates, f. c. p. 157; Hum Ball, Str. F. 1878, p. 216; Hume, S Bom. Pres, p. 47; Vidal, Sr. F. 188 P. Z. S., 1836, p. 7; Blyth, ŷ. A. S. No. 476; Walden, P. Z. S., 1866, p. p. I 42. Cittocincla macrura, Sclaten p. 445; Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 396; id. i. p. 22.-~—The SHAMA.
Head, neck, upper breast, back, glossy black; rurp and upper tail sides, flanks, and under tail coverts, thighs white; edge of the wing black seéondaries; central pair of tali eath
white tips.

LIIDAE.
Andamans, and as a race (musicus),
Dhayal bird, Sharpe says, is of great of one supposed species to the other,
their specific separation, that he has e actual species, and in this I agree, en consideration to. Jerdon says it is seeks its prey from a low perch or ich are its chief food. paringly throughout the plains of Upper Ceylon. The majority resort to the alayas. They lay from the end of March
in holes in trees, banks or walls, or composed of coarse grass of flower-stalks trils of climbing plants. Eggs 5-6 in kly spotted and blotched with purplish ng of nearly confluent blotches at the
incla- Sclater.
hus; tail very long, graduated; wings
ieill.), Sharpe, Ann. and Mag. NWat. Hist. i. p. 85 ; Murray, Avif. Brit. Ind. i. lll., AV. Dict. d’Hist. AVat. pt. xx. p. 29I. Av. Art. Copsychus, Sp. Cercotrichas ume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 306;
c. p. 477; Hume and Oates, Str. F. k, Str. F. I876, p. 259; Inglis, Str. F. e and Davison, Str. F. 1878, i.p. 333; tr. F. 1879, pp. 64, 99; Butler, Caf. A. 3o, p. 66. Kittacincla macrura, Gould, B. xvi. p. I 39; ỹerd., B. Ind. ii. p. I I6, SSO; Godwin-Ausf., v. A. S. B. xii. , Ibis, 1886, p. IO9; Beazan, Ibis, 1867, , B. Ceylon, p. 437; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
scapulars, wing coverts and tertiaries coverts white; lowerbreast, abdomen, also the under wing coverts, chestnut; ; also the primaries, their coverts, and lers black, the others black with broad

Page 169
CITTO
The female is olive brown, where th quills are edged with ferruginous, a whitish on the abdomen; tail much s white; irides dark brown.
Length-Male-1 I to II I'8 inches; I ro5 ; culmen o'r 7. Length.--Female
Hab.-Ceylon, Southern and Central from the Ganges to Assam, throught China, and Hainan, down the Malayan it is common in the dense and lofty jul districts, also in the Wynaad; more ra the hill tracts of Assam, Sylhet, Burm where, according to Mr. Parker, it is . North Central and Northern Provinces, a eggs. The nest Mr. Parker found in : a thin structure, formed, he says, of fin Burmah it is spread abundantly wher. be almost always solitary, to perch low off the ground. It is a charming song is chiefly heard in the evening, just bel most gushing melody of great power caught and caged, and in confinement Shama breeds in April and May. Mr. finds of two nests in April and M to Meeta Myo in Tenasserim. The n of trees. The eggs, four in number, good deal compressed towards the sma tendency; the shell is fine and compa colour is a dull greenish stone colour, raw sienna brown and dull purplish to o"б2.
Group.-CR The Crateropodes are characterized and a short and rounded wing as well in form and length. Including non-I known from various parts, it presents : and varied aspect of plain, sombre plumage. In it are comprised the thick-billed finch thrushes, the jay t scimitar, spiny and other true bab gregarious in their habits, feed on the fruit, &c. Some affect open spots through interlaced hedges and thic

CINCLA. 17
male is black; the wing coverts and ld the lower surface is dull chéstnut, Lorter. Bill black; legs and feet fleshy,
wing 345 to 365; tail 7 to 74; tarsus -7 to 72 inches; tail 4'4 to 46. India; sub-Himalayan region, westward he Burmese countries to Siam, CochinPeninsula to Java. According to Jerdon, gles of Malabar, especially in the upland re in the Eastern Ghauts. It extends to ah and Malacca, and also to Ceylon, ound all through the North Western, nd breeds from April to July, laying 3-4 hole in a dead stump of a tree. It was 2 fibre and a little fine grass. In British lver there is thick jungle. It is said to on branches, and to secure prey from 'ster, and its song, according to Jerdon, fore and after sunset. He says it is a , surpassed by no Indian bird. It is imitates the song of other birds. The Hume gives an account of Mr. Davison's Iay at Shymootee, and on the road ests were found in holes of old stumps are said to be moderately broad ovals, a ill end, and exhibiting a slight pyriform Ct, and has a slight gloss. The ground everywhere densely freckled with a rich markings. Size O'87 to o89 x o'6
ATEROPODES.
by their strong and stout legs and feet, as a compressed bill, which is various ndian species, and all those at present
large assemblage of birds of diverse and in some varied and generally lax aughing thrushes, shrike thrushes, the rush, the tit thrushes, as well as the bling thrushes. They are social and ground either on insects, grain, seeds, or groves, others delight in climbing kets, in which also they build. The

Page 170
118 TIMEL
majority lay eggs of a blue colour. Ty Indian, and the rest are either African China, and the Malayan Peninsula. Th belong to the great Himalayan mountai a few only are residents of the plains, a hill ranges of Bengal extending to Tena the hills and plains.
Gen. Argy Bill shorter than the tarsus, much c base, and barely hooked at the tip; apert; its operculum stout and swollen short, not so much rounded as in G nearly equal and longest; tail moder scutellate; claws curved.
113. Argya rufescens (Blyth) Malacocercus rufescens, Blyth, ởř. A. S Soc. p. 4; Ap. Consp. i. p. 373; Kel and Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 27 I ; Leg Layardia rufescens, ỹerd., B. Ind. ii. p. Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 300; Legge, op. p. 368; Hume, Str. F. I 879, p. 97.--T Above, including the wing coverts brown; quills reddish brown, margined tail the same, but more rufous, and wi in certain lights; head and nape light rufous, the latter rather darker and pal sides and under surface of the body, a rufous brown; under wing coverts a yellow; legs and feet dull chrome yell irides greenish white.
Length.-93 to Io'8 inches; wing 4 from gape I‘o to II o I.
AHab.–Ceylon, to which island it is and damp portions of the island and t main range. (Sharpe.) Breeds durin,
PomatOrihi
Billi long, the culmen longer than the curved throughout; nostrils barely ap only; wing equal to or longer than longest; tail long or moderate; tarsi st
114. Pomatorhinus melan Bp. Consp.i. p. 22O; Kelaart, Prodr.

IDAE.
ro-thirds of the recognized genera are or peculiar to Australia, New Guinea, e majority of the Indian representatives ns ranging east, west and north-west, nd a smaller number are found in the sserim, from north to south, alike in
a-Lesson.
ompressed, slightly curving from the commissure slightly curved; nostrils ; a few pale short rictal setae; wings empsorhynchus; 4th, 5th and 6th quills ately long and broad; tarsus stout and
, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 389. F. B. xvi. p. 453; id., Cat. B. Mus. As. zart, Prodr. Cat. p. 122; Layard, Ann. ge, B. Ceylon, p. 497, pl. xxi. fig. 2. 67; Holdszv., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 449; cit. I874, p. I8; id, Str. P. 1875, he CEYLoN FUFEscENT BABBLER. and inner secondaries, warm earthy on their outer webs with olive brown; th indistinct transverse bars, only seen ashy; lores, cheeks and ear coverts er-shafted; throat and breast rufous; so the thighs and under tail coverts, nd axillaries light tawny; bill orange ow; orbital skin pale greenish yellow;
'O to 4'2; tail 4'85; tarsus I'4; bill
confined. Extends over the western hrough the western highlands to the ; May and June.
nus --Horsf. tarsus, compressed, pointed, and much rt; rictal bristles minute and a few he tail, rounded; 5th and 6th quills out, shorter than the culmen.
rus, Blyth, f. A. S. B. xvi. p. 457; Cat. p. 22; Layard, Ann, and Mag.

Page 171
GAR
Nat. Hist. xii. p. 27 I ; Blyth, Ibis, 18 Branch, . I 87o-7 II, p. 4 I ; Holdsw., P. Z p. 437; id, Str. P. I876, p. 245; Why 1878, p. 383; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 5o BABBLER.
Above dark olive brown; wing cover the edge of the wing and the primary co dark olive brown; tail blackish brown, gins and barred indistinctly with dusky darker olive brown than the back; base the crown, eyelids, lores and ear covert eyelid, cheeks, throat and under surface ed with rufous; flanks, thighs and und sides of the breast faintly streaked with dish brown; orbital skin and eyelids yellow, more or less blackish at the bas Young birds are ferruginous above a
Hab.-Ceylon, where it is distribute hills. It is recorded from Newara E. Breeds from December to February.
Gen. Garril
Bill nearly straight, rather long, moc the tarsus, gently curved towards the ti ed; nostrils rounded, pierced in the an or less impended by nareal tufts; rictal much beyond the nostrils; the feet outs tail; wings moderate, 5th and 6th quil rounded; legs and feet strong; claws l
Birds of moderately large size, the lax and disunited; coloration plain; h
115. Garrulax cinereifron Kelaart, Prod. Cat. p. 122; Layard, Blyth, Ibis, 867, p. 3oo; Holdsv., P p. xx.; id, B. Ceylon, p. I 199, pls. 2 vii. p. 447.-The GREY-FRoNTED GARR
Adult.-General colour above rufou the one near the carpel bend of the brown, externally rufous brown, the pr almost externally rufous brown; tail fe brown near the base; head and nape and ear coverts; cheeks, throat and un paler on the abdomen, the cheeks and

RULAX. 119
67, p. 3o; Legge, J. A. S. B. Ceylon .S. 1872, p. 447; Legge, Str. F. 1873, te, Str. F. 1877, p. 202; Hume, Str. F. -The CEYLoN BLACK-TAILED SCIMITAR
ts the same, but washed with ashy on verts ; quills dusky brown, washed with washed with olive brown on the marunder certain lights; crown of head of forehead, a line along the sides of s black; supercilium, upper edge of the of the body white; sides of neck washer tail coverts dark olive brown, the white; irides brownish red, dull or reddull blue. (Sharpe.) Bill gamboge se; legs and feet plumbeous. (Legge) nd on the sides of the body.
:d throughout the central and southern liya and Suffragam ; also Buddyarna.
Lullax.-Less.
lerately stout, the culmen shorter than p, which is slightly hooked and notchterior part of the nasal depression, more bristles long and strong, not reaching stretched does not reach the end of the ls generally the longest; tail long, much Ong. largest averaging 12 inches; plumage ead crested or not. s, Blyth, ŷ. A. S. B. xx. p. I 76 (185 1); Ann, and Mag. Wat. Hist, xii. p. 27o: . Z. S. 1872, p. 448; Legge, Ibis, 1874, I-22, fig. 2 ; Sharpe, Cat. AB. Br. Mus.
JULAX s brown, the wing coverts like the back, wing edged with ashy grey; quills dark imaries paler, the innermost secondaries athers dark brown, washed with rufous grey, as also the lores, sides of the face, der surface of body light rufous buff, | chin slightly washed with grey; sides

Page 172
120 TIME
of body darker rufous brown, also the brown, with fulvous bases to the feathe light rufous buff; quills dusky brown b inner web; bill black, the inside of the plumbeous brown; the claws dusky h eyelid plumbeous; iris white. (W. V.
Length.-- Io inches; culmen I'o5; Young.-Iris dull grey, with a dark o of lower mandible yellowish; eyelids g. brown, soles yellowish fleshy, claws yell the adult, the nasal plumes and the back; the back is deeper rufous tha likewise are more intense; chin not surface more fulvescent. In the first breast are fluffy. This dress appears or yearling plumage the iris is pearly reddish ; gape and eyelid yellow ; li scarcely any perceptible difference in t is paler and more fulvescent. (W. W. Hab.--Peculiar to the island of Cey of 3,6OO feet in humid and inaccessible the central provinces; as, according to of the south-eastern, eastern, or northel
Gen. Cratero
Bill short or moderate, much compri base; nostrils apert; a few short rictal and 6th quills nearly equal and lon. tarsus stout; frontal plumes rigid; gen or less with rufescent, and the feathers
16. Crateropus striatus (, p. 481. Małacocercus striatus, Swain B. Ind. i. p. 59; Alyth, Ibis, 1867, p. Hume, Str. F. I 878, p. 385 ; id., Str p. 494. Malacocercus bengalensis (ne Layard, Ann. and Mag. AWat. Hist. (2
Above earthy brown, tinged with gre back, the latter with central obscure str coverts uniform light earthy brown, the brown with pale shaft lines, the greater quills brown, the outer webs of the secc the secondaries obscurely barred with middle feathers for some way ashy,

LIIDAE.
thighs; under tail coverts light rufous rs; under wing coverts and axillaries elow, fulvescent along the edge of the mouth greenish yellow; legs and feet orny ; posterior part of tarsus bluish;
Legge) wing 4'2; tail 4; tarsus I'5. uter circle; bill black, the gape and base "eenish yellow; legs and feet olivaceous owish brown ; forehead and head as in grey of the crown not continued so far n in the adult, and the wing coverts so white, and the throat and under plumage the feathers of the chest and to be quickly put off; and in the next grey, or in some white, with a tinge of ags and feet bluish brown. There is he grey of the occiput, but the foreneck
Legge) lon, where it occurs up to an elevation jungles. It seems only to be found in Legge, it is not known from the jungles in division of the island.
pus.-Swainson.
assed, rather deep, and curving from the bristles; wings short, rounded, 4th, 5th gest; tail moderately long and broad; eral colour sombre grey, mixed more mesially striated with dusky.
Szevains.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. s., Zool. Illustr. AV. S., pl. I27; 5yerd, 3oo; Holds uv., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 449; . F. 1879, p. 97; Legge, B. Ceylon an Blyth), Kelaart, Prod. Cat. p. 122; ) xii. p. 27. I.-The STRIATED BABBLER. yish brown on the head, mantle and eaks; lower back, rump and upper tail atter slightly fulvous; wing coverts ashy series narrowly edged with pale ashy; ondaries and primaries edged with ashy, dusky; tail dark brown, the base of the all barred with dusky under certain

Page 173
PYCT
lights; lores and feathers round the e light ashy, with narrow pale shaft Jine washed with fulvous brown on the ch men, under tail coverts and thighs fawl brown; under wing coverts and axilla eyelid yellowish; irides white.
Zength.-98 to lo inches; wing 39 Aab.-Ceylon and Ramesvarum Is Breeds in the southern provinces in Juli Eggs, 4 in number only.
GROUP.-
This group contains chiefly the Wre blers, which are considered to be them affined by their general appearance to the form of their bill, some having it lo at the tip, others more arched and notic tip but slightly bent downwards. The sombre tint; the head is either crested, The wing is either equal to, or longer t than it, which again is in most of the f are various.
Gen. Pycto
Bill rather short, strong and deep; 5th quills longest.
117. Pyctor his nasalis, Legg id., Birds Ceylon p. 5 I2 ; Hume, Str.
Mus. vii. p. 5 I 2. Chrysomma sinensis App, p. 58; Layard, Ann, and Mag. sis (non Gm.), Holdszu., P. Z. S, 18 The BLACK-BILLED GRAss BABBLER.
Above reddish brown, darker on the webs of primaries and secondaries du or nearly obsolete dusky cross bands eye; chin, throat, and entire under operculum; legs and feet dull yellow, yellow; irides golden yellow.
Length.-6'25 to 6'5 inches; wing Aab.-Ceylon, where it is generally nesting of this species is exactly sim from a series of specimens in Capt. species as distinct from the Indian ract
16 c

}RHIS. 12
e dull white; cheeks and ear coverts : to the latter; throat and chest ashy, *st, breast and flanks ; centre of abdo
buff, the latter slightly washed with les fawn colour; billyellowish white;
5 ; tail 4'25 ; tarsus II "25 ; culmen o'95. and. In Ceylon in low country only. y; in the northern from January to July,
—TIMIELIAE.
n, Grass, Tree, Ground and Thrush Babost typical of the Zimelina, and closely he Muscicapina. They vary much in ng, slender, and much bent downward hed; others again broader and with the plumage of the group is generally of a or sub-crested, and in some not crested, han the tail, and very seldom shorter amilies graduated, Their habits, too
rhis.-Hodgs.
rictus bristled; orbits nude; 4th and
e, Ann. and Mag. Wat. Hist. iii. p. r69 ; F, 1879, p. 95; Sharpe, Cat, B. Br. (non Gm.), Kelaart and Layard, Prodr. Wat, Hist, xii. p. 272, Pyctorhis sinen72, p. 448; Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 29o
head, and rufous on the wings; inner sky; tail dull brown, with very indistinct
a stripe from the nostrils through the surface white; bill black, also the nasal xtremites of toes dusky; eyelids chrome
275; tail 3'5; bill at front O'5. distributed in the southern parts. The lar to •that of P. sinensis. Mr. Sharpe Wardlaw-Ramsay's collection holds this . The nest is typically cone-shaped (apex

Page 174
122 TME
downwards), from 5 to 6 inches in de with the cone sometimes or rather often
nest. The base of the cone is upper whole structure is compactly woven wi bark, and more or less coated exteriorl from 2 to 3. They vary a good deal in Eggs usually two, and sometimes th dusky or pinkish ground with streaks, brown colour. Affects chiefly the low its nest. Oates says that in Burmah i and is much more common in such
grass without very perceptibly moving are sufficient to show its whereabouts.
Gen. Dum
Bill moderate, rather compressed, p( culmen slightly curving from the b short and rounded; 4th, 5th and 6th tarsus stout. Frontal feathers staff wi.
ll8. Dumetia, albigularis, Cat. B. Alsus. As. Soc. p. I4O; I. p. 272; Gould, B. Asia, part 2; Verd, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. ii. p. 247 Str. P. I876, pp. 258, 265; Bourdil p. 94; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 5O5; Hu F. 1880, p. 63; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Ind. ii. p. , I 32, No. 6o II.--The WHITE Above ashy olive brown, slightly mc of the back, also of the lesser and mec greater coverts and quills light brown, darker on the outer webs of the prima distinctly cross-rayed under certain lig narrow edging of whity brown; feat rufescent, with blackish shafts; lores a ceous ashy; cheeks and under surfac centre of breast and abdomen white; buff with white bases; under wing cos white or white; upper mandible dusky lower mandible fleshy, the tip dusky;
Allength.-57 to 59 inches; wing 2". Hab —The peninsula of India, ran, coast as high as Khandeish, and occu

lll DAE.
pth and 3 or 4 in diameter at the base, runcated according to the situation of the most, and in it is the egg cavity. The h blades of grass and strips of fibrous 7 with cobwebs. The number of eggs is shape and size, as well as in colouring. ree in number, prettily marked on a spots and blotches of a brick red and tamarisk jungle, in which it also builds affects grass jungle of all descriptions, situations. Though creeps through it, its pleasant and oft-repeated notes
etia.-Blyth.
inted, and zeith a subterm anal notch; lase ; rictal bristles small and few; wing quills nearly equal; tail moderate; th rigid shafts.
Blyth, ŷ. A. S. B. xvi. p. 453; id., ayard, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, xii. , B. Ind. ii. p. 26, No. 398 ; Hume, ; Butler, Str. F. I 875, p. 47 I ; Fairb., on, t. c. p. 399; Butler, Str. F. I 878, me, Str. F. I 879, p. 96 ; Vidal, Str. Mus. vii. p. 5 14; Murray, Avif. Brit. -THROATED WREN-BABBLER. refulvescent on the rump, the feathers lian wing coverts, with pale shaft lines; edged with ashy olive brown, a little ries; tail light brown, the feathers inhts, shaded with ashy, and tipped with a hers of the crown stiffened; forehead und eyelids whitish; ear coverts olivae of body bright sienna buff; throat, thighs more fulvous; axillaries sienna 'erts bright sienna buff; irides greenishor pinkish brown with fleshy margins; egs and feet reddish dusky.
:S ; tail 2°45 ; tarsus O'8; culmen o’6.
ging from Travancore along the West rring again on Mount Abu.

Page 175
ELAPI
in Ceylon it is said to be found all island. It affects bushy jungle, ravine found in small parties skulking along from bush to bush, not unlike species insects. Breeds from February to Sep has an account of its nesting from M was constructed on a coffee-tree and c and profusely covered with reddish spo nearly globular, and constructed of bro admixture of other material. In shape rately elongated ovals. The shell is v a rather bright gloss. In length the eg breadth from O'5 to O'53.
Gen. Elaphrornis, u
Bill moderate, about the length o curving gently to the tip and with a sul of nareal bristles at the base; gape smo 5th and 6th quills the longest; tail sho feathers; tarsus long and strong; mid plumelets trifid and distinct.
I 19. Elaphrornis palliseri xxiv. fig. 2; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. M Blyth, ŷ. A. S. B. xx. p. I, 78; Kelaa and Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 269; Hol. PALLISERS WREN BABBLER.
Above dark brown, olivaceous on the washed externally with olivaceous brow webs edged with olive brown; upper t. feathers with double dusky transverse lores and a faint supercilium ashy whi brown, with ashy shaft lines; cheeks a surface ashy olive with a tinge of grec under wing coverts and axillaries dark at the base beneath; legs and feet bro
Length.—6' 2 inches; wing 2'45 ; ta AHab.-Ceylon, in the higher mounta
Gen. Scotocichla.--Shar1
Bill moderate, straight, compressed, the tip; rictal bristles feeble; wings r longest, and sub-equal ; tail less gra tdistance between the tip of the outer

[RORN IS . 123
ver the low country in all parts of the s, thick hedge-rows, &c., and is usually one after the other, under and through
of Malacocercus. It feeds on small tember. Hume in his Nests and Eggs ss Cockburn of Kotagherry. The nest intained three eggs, which were white ts of all sizes. The nest was small and ad flaggy grass, without any lining or , Mr. Hume says, the eggs are mode:ry fine and smooth, and has, in some, gs vary from O'7 to O'75 inches and in
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 5 I4.
f the middle toe and claw, straight, )-terminal notch; nostrils with a tuft both; wings short and rounded, the 4th, rt and graduated, with soft and flexible toe nearly as long as the bill. Nuchal
(Blyth), Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 54, pl. us. vii. p. 5 I7. Brachypteryx palliseri, urt, Prodr. Cat. p. Io2 ; /Layard, Ann. dsw., P. Z. S. I 872, p. 443, pl. xviii.-
head and neck; wing coverts brown, n; quills dark sepia brown, their outer ail coverts ruddy brown; tail brown, the pars, only visible under certain lights ; e; sides of face and ear coverts ashy nd throat pale fawn-colour; rest of under :n, centre of abdomen pale yellowish; olive brown; (Sharpe) bill black, slaty wn, or purplish brown. il 27 ; tarsus II “O5; culmen O'65.
in ranges of the Island to above 5,OOO feet.
e, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 522.
gently curved, notched and hooked at nuch rounded, 5th 6th, and 7th quills luated than in Dumelia, moderate, the and the tip of the central feathers, less

Page 176
124 TIME
than the length of the hind toe without more than half the length of the hind in the anterior portion of which the rol
20. Scotocichla fuscicapill vii p. 523. Drymocataphus fuscicapi Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 122; Zayard, Pellorneum fuscicapillum, Blyth, Ibis, 96. Drymocataphus fuscicapillus, Hoi Str. F. 1873, p. 299 (note); Legge, Ibi Pellorneum fuscicapillum, Legge, B. CEYLoN or BROWN-cAPPED BABBLER.
Above brown, the feathers of the ma fulvous streaks; lower back and run margined on their outer webs with rede ries; upper tail coverts and tail olive head blackish brown, the feathers with sides of face and neck vinous brow brown, the flanks, abdomen and under cent; under wing coverts and axillaric dark red; eyelids olivaceous; upper m Length.-64 to 68 inches; wing 2" Io I; mid toe o’75.
Hab.–Ceylon. Widely distributed In S.-E. Ceylon it is one of the commc Kandian Hills to 6,OOO feet.
Mr. Parker says a party of five or s the ground under the bushes, and turni He adds that during the breeding seaso. ready to accept any challenge. Its con meet-you,' appears to be merely a callbut even a poor attempt at imitating its fails, according to his experience, to ca. to one, provided that one remains perfe but unhesitatingly, sometimes flitting fr walking along the ground. He notice in parts of the Northern Province. Ceylon belonging to this species.
Gen. Alci
Bill short, moderately stout and col notched; a few rictal setae; wings in generally equal; tail moderate or rat stout; head sub-crested Birds of sma

IIDAE.
claw; tarsus uniform; hind claw not oe; nostrils shut in with a membrane, nded nasal aperture is pierced.
Lum (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. us, Blyth, ŷ. A. S. B. xviii. p. 815; Ann. and Mag. Wat. Hist. xii. p. 269: 1867, p. 3or ; Hume, Str. F. I879, p. dsw., P. Z. S. I 873, p. 447; Hume, , 1874, p. 19; 1875, pp. 393, 4 Io.
Ceylon, p. 5o9, pi. xxiii. fig. i.--The
itle, wing coverts and back, with mesial p uniform brown; quills pale brown, lish brown, more fulvous on the primabrown, the latter tipped with rufous; ufous shaftstreaks; lores, supercilium, h; entire under surface of body sienna ail coverts rather paler and more fulvesis like the breast; irides from light to landible deep brown, lower flesh-color. 5 to 2'8 ; tail 2'4 to 26 ; tarsus I" to
in the north, central and south-west. nest birds; also all Ceylon north of the
ix may often be seen walking about on ng over the leaves in search of insects. n this Babbler is very pugnacious, and is himon and loudly reiterated note, " to . such as the caw of a crow, for instance; more prolonged series of notes never use the bird to make its way straight up ctly still. The bird approaches silently om twig to twig, but quite as commonly d that it was silent in May and June
A nest is said to have been found in
pe. — Blyth.
npressed; culmen curved, hooked and oderate, rounded, 4th and 5th quills her short, very slightly rounded; tarsus Il size and plain sombre plumage rang

Page 177
ALC
ing through the hills of Southermi anc Himalayas and the hills of N.-E. Beng
12l. Alèippe nigrifrons, B5 Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. I 22 ; Layard, Blyth, Ihis, 1867, p. 302; Holdsw., P p. I8; id, Str. F. I875, pp. 57, 367 Str. F. 1879, p. 95.; Legge, B. Ceylo Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 625. Malac p. 317.-The BLACK-FRONTED QUAKE
Above fulvous brown, also the fla coverts the same; quills dusky, edged tail brown, margined with fulvous bro visible only under certain lights; crow black with stiff glossy feathers; lores, o and under surface of the body white; base; bill dark brown; margins of the yellowish white.
Zength.-4'7 inches ; wing 2'O5 ; ta
Hab.-Ceylon. According to Legg species varies accordingly to locality, rusty brown, and those inhabiting the are said to be intermediate between th in the N. W. and N. Central Provinces Bogawantalawa and Pundaloya district nest is said to be a shapeless ball shrub about 3 to 4 ft. from the groun spotted with brownish red and bluis Parker says some eggs are almost elongated and compressed to a very s elliptical in outline. The average size too 73 x or 54. The length, he adds, var from O'52 to o'60.
Family.
Tarsus generally short or moderate; moderate; bill various, strong, some are arboreal in their habits,
Sub-Famil Bill typically rather short, less that stout, and without a notch; nostrils la moderate, rounded, 3rd to Sth prim varying in length and shape, long in

PPE. 25
Western India and Ceylon, also the al. 'lyth, 7. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 815; Ann. and Mag. Mat. Hist. xii. p. 269; . Z. S. 1872, p. 446; Legge, Ibis, 1874, ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 383; id, n, p. 5o7, pl. xxvii. figs. 2-3; Sharpe, opteron nigrifrons, Gray, Hand-t. B. i. R THRUSH. nks, thighs and under tail coverts; wing on their outer webs with fulvous brown; wn, and crossed transversely with dusky n of the head fulvous brown; forehead rbital ring and ear coverts black; cheeks axillaries light tawny buff, whitish at upper and lower mandibles fleshy; irides
il I '95 ; tarsus oo85 ; culmen or6. re, the tint of the upper surface of this southern and western examples being 2 hills olivaceous; northern examples e two. Breeds from March to October s. Mr. Armstrong notes its nesting in s, 4,5oo feet, from April to June. The of leaves, and is generally placed in a d. The eggs, 3 in number, are white, sh grey, and measure O'74 x O'56. Mr. unspotted. The shape varies from an tumpy blunt oval, some being almost of 20 eggs is given by Mr. Parker as ies from O'7o to O'77, and the breadth
—PARIDAE.
feet fitted for perching; wings and tail what conic; plumage variegated. All
y-PARINAE.
the head in length, somewhat conic, iteral or basal, the nares tufted; wings aries longest, the first very short; tail a few only; tarsi and feet short and

Page 178
26 PA
stout; hind toe long; claws curved; pl they are mostly sober compared with th however are white, black, yellow and crested. All the species are non-migra Himalayas; a few only extend to the India. In their habits they are strictly clinging to the twigs and flowering brai from spray to spray, and suspending the are noted for the peculiarly elegant con posed of the softest materials; and mai end of a small branch that projects ove trees or even in walls, and occasionally nests. Their principal food consists of buds or in flower cups, but they also fe fatigably industrious,
Gen, Par
Bill short, subulate, more or less con nostrils round, hidden by recumbent fr tarsus scutate; head often crested Cyanistes, Melanochlora, and Machlo Gadow, become synonyms of Parus,
22. Parus einereus, Bonn, (1823), ex Levanlil; Blyth, ř. A. S. B Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. I2 (; Gould, p. 278; Walden, Ibis, I869, p. 31.5; H and Aenders., Lahore to Parkand, p. 1 p. 384 ; Ball, Str. F. I874, p. 417; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. I 6; . No. 668. Parus atriceps, Horsf, Tra? S. 1832, p. 92; McLell, P. Z. S. 183 P. Z. S. I 832, p. 92; ỹerd., Madr. Fř p. 557; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. I 25. p. 3 I ; Blyth, jf. A. S. B. xi. p. 459 ; Scully, Str. F. 1879, pp. 329-367"; Bl Parus caesius, Tick., 5. A. S. B. (fide a Aume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. ii. p.
Butler, ibid, 1875, p. 49 I; Elume, ibid, 1878, p. 376; Dav. and Wenden, ibid, I Ibis, 1868, p. 63, Blyth and Wald, B i. p. 376.-The GREY INDIAN TITMoUs
Forehead and crown to the nape, als on the breast, continued as a mesial abd the neck black, connecting the black of

RIDAE,
umage soft, Woolly and lax. În colour e Liotrich inae ; the principal colours blue; crown of the head generally tory, and are chiefly confined to the hill regions of Central and Southern arboreal, actively climbing about and nches of trees and continually fitting mselves in all kinds of attitudes. They struction of their nests, which are comly of them are fastened to the extreme r water; they also nidificate in holes of on the ground. A few build pendulous insects, which they find in the opening ed on seeds and fruits. They are inde
us.-Ain.
ical, blunt at tip and without a notch; ontal feathers; tail rounded or square; The well-known genera, Lophophanes, lophus, have all, at the hands of Dr.
et Vieill, 7abl. Cont. Meth. p. 506, ". Xvi, p, 46O; ABp., Con.sp. Av. p. 229; 3. Asia, pt. x. pl. ; ỹoerd., B. Ind. ii. oldszv., P. Z. S. I 872, p. 46o; Hume 67; Cock, and Marsh., Str. F. I 873, Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 188o, p. 62; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 182, us. Lin. Soc. xiii. p. I6O; Sykes, P. Z. 9 ; 7"emm., Pl. Col. 2O7, fig. 2 ; Sykes, ourn: 184o, p. 7; Legge, B. Ceylon,
Parus nipalensis, Hodgs., Ind. ARev. Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. p. 112; anf., G. A. S. B. 1869, ii. p. I8I. ructt.); Swinhoe, P. Z. S. I87 I, p. 36 I ; 4o5; Brooks, Str. F. I875, p. 253; | 876, p. 4o2; Hume and Dav., ibid, 879, p. 95. Paruš commixtus, Svinh, ". Burm. p. I I ; Hume, Str. F. 1878,
E. o the chin, throat, and a large patch lominal line to the vent, black; sides of the nape and breast; under surface of

Page 179
PA
the body pale rufescent ashy; uppert coverts ashy blue; greater coverts blac and quills blackish, edged externally v brown at the base; the next pair bluis the inner webs blackish with a whites white tip; the remainder blackish on 1 Bill black; iris brown; legs and feet
Length.-55 inches; wing 26; tai Hab.—Nearly all over India from tl istan. Extends to the southern half of It is found in Nepal, Bhootan, As Nilghiris. It extends all along the Khandeish. Occurs also in the hilly re Cashmere, Peshawur, Mussoorie, Simli Madras, Travancore, Bhootan, Uppe localities. Oates says it is irregularly Thayetmyo, and again met with it wes the Arrakan hills. In Tenasserim it i found. It is known to breed in the H. the Northern and Southern Provinces April. Hume says it breeds throughc Empire, wherever these attain an altitu the Nilghiris the breeding season is fri layas from March to June. The nests buildings or of terraced fields, in outh houses, and in holes in trees, and, very peckers and Barbets. The eggs are a pointed towards the smaller end. Co purplish, thickly so towards the large red blotches, spots and streaks Size from o'S to O'58.
The North-Western race (Afghanis riensis. It is said to be a larger anc above.
Family. Bill strong, short, or, of moderate gape wide, with rather rigid rictal bris with large scutes on both sides; no with ten primaries, the first small; largest.
This large family, including the has been divided by Dr. Gadow

US. 127
il coverts, and lesser and median wing k, tipped with whitish; primary coverts ith ashy blue; outer tail feathers white, on the outer web and white terminally, ripe, the third outer pair with a small he inner and bluish on the outer webs. lumbeous.
2-6 to 2'8 ; tarsus o’65 ; culmen o'46. e Himalayas to Ceylon, also in AfghanChina as well as to Java and Lombock. am and through Central India to the range of the western ghauts north to gions of Nagpore and at Saugor. Gilgit, u, Kumaon, Nepaul, Behar, Khandeish, ' Assam and Bhamo, are also given as distributed over Pegu. He found it at t of the Irrawaddy, towards the foot of s rare. It is a familiar bird wherever (imalayas, also on the Nilghiri hills and of Ceylon, where Mr. Parker took nests in out the more wooded mountains of the ude of 5,OOO feet to even 9,000 feet. In om February to May, and in the Himaare placed in holes in banks, in walls of ouses of dwellings or deserted huts and f frequently, in deserted nests of Woodbroad oval, but somewhat elongated and lour pinkish white, sprinkled with pale end, where they form a heavy zone of o'65 to O'7 in length, and in breadth
tan and Turkestan) is named P. bocchapaler race, being pale or french grey
-LANIIDAE.
length, notched or toothed at the tip; les; tarsus short and strong, and covered strils basal and of various forms; wings tail of twelve feathers; toes four; midtoe
genera found outside of India Proper, into 5 sub-families, viz., Gymnorhina,

Page 180
128 LAN
comprising genera in the Australian comprising genera found in Africa, (Ptererythrius) being found in the h Indian region. The next is Laniinae,
genus Lanius only being Colonial, but into the Palæarctic and African regi are Pachycephalinae and Vireoninae, b Dr. Gadow, however, places, Tephrodo family, but this cannot stand there, no Niltavas without tarsal scutes,
Sub-Family.-LAN
Bill stout, strong, deep, laterally sli ending in a hook with a well-develop feathers and bristles and non-opercu moderate, the first primary variable primaries the longest; tarsus short a plumage, which is either black, grey. blue; found throughout the Palaearctic They feed on insects and small birds, p invariably returning with their victim to are barred across.
123. Lanius erythronotus Blyth, ŷ. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 3O2 ; ởer Hdbk. Zool., öc., Sind, p. 134; id, Ve chistan and Southern Afghanistan, p. Ibis, 1884, p. IO4; Gadow, Cat. B. B. notus, Vigors, P. Z. S. I 83 I, p. 42 ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 174; id., Nest caniceps, Blyth, f. A. S. Beng. xv. p sp. a. viii. p. 265; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 205, No. 702.-The RUFous-BACKEL
A black frontal band continued thro coverts; head, neck and upper back pa tail coverts, lower scapulars, flanks, l lighter on the vent; chin, throat and up primaries dusky with a small white spo white; secondaries dusky, faintly mar some specimens, in others absent; terti blackish, edged and margined on the e central feathers, black or dark brown, and tipped whitish. Bill and legs dark
Length.-975 to Io inches; wing 3

DAE.
region and Borneo; Malacomotina,
Madras and India, one genera only illy and mountainous districts of the in which are comprised four genera, the the species, however, extend their range Ons in the old world; and following this oth unrepresented in India and Ceylon. rnis grisola in the Pachycephalinae subcan P, cyanea, both of which are true
IINAE-TRUE SHIRIKEs,
ghtly compressed; culmen bent, and ed notch; nostrils partially covered with lated; tail graduated or square; wings
in length; the third, fourth (fifth) ind stout. Birds of sombre and lax rufous or white, never red, green or , Indian, Colonial and African regions. ouncing on their prey from their perch, the same spot to feed, The young
(Vigors), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29o; i., B. Ind. i. p. 402, No. 257; Murray, rt. Zool. Sind, p. 121;id, Zool. Beloo32; Swinhoe, Birds of South A/gh, r. Mus. viii. p. 263. Collurio erythroGould, Cent, Him. B. pl. xii, fig. 2 ; s and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 167. Lanius . 3O2 ; Gadoziv, Cat. B. Br. Mus. Subp. 383 ; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii.
SHRIKE. ugh the eyes to the back of the ear tle ashy grey; lower back, rump, upper ower abdomen and vent rufous, a little per breast white, in some a buffy tinge; t at the base, and the edge of the wing gined whitish on the external webs in aries and wing coverts dark brown or xternal web with whitish; tail, with the lateral feathers greyish brown, edged brown; irides dark brown.
5 to 375; tail 4'S to 5.

Page 181
LA
The young has the head, neck and upper tail coverts pale orange rufou paler at tip, and barred with dusky brc rufous; tail ashy brown, marked with
Hab.–Ceylon, and India generally.
N.-W. Provinces, Cashmere and the N India nearly to Ceylon. Common in Nilghiris, and the better portion of the Lower Bengal. It is recorded from al Cashmere, Rajkote, Kamptee, and the the majority of the birds, in N-W. Hi hills. the Rajmahal hills and in Ceylo year from a nest in his compound. March and April. March to July, and 4 to 6 eggs is the usual number, and th tephronotus. In length the eggs vary o 7 to o'72.
It will be seen that I do not admit a paler species, and the amount of r Malabar Coast, the Deccan and th a line of 40 or more specimens from C character can be obtained. Caniceps
124. Lanius cristatus, Linn, i. p. 4O6, No. 261; Wald., /bis, 18 Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 436; p. 65; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. p. I2 I ; Fairbank, Str. F. I876, p. Str. F. 1877, p. 29; Butler, Str. F. AHume, Str. P. viii. p. 91 ; Bingham, Mus. viii. p. 27 I ; Oates, B. Br. Bu &c., Sind, p. 134: id., Vert. Zool. S p. 207, No. 704. Lanius phoenicurus, Ibis, 1867, pl. 5, fig. 2, p. 216; I871,
A broad band from the lores thro brown; head, tail and upper tail cove over the eye white; throat, white; res the tertiaries margined rufous brown; and females have the feathers of the l brown and whitish. Bill horny above
JLength.-8"9 inches ; wing 3“So; ti
Hab.-Colombo, Kandy, Souther N.-W. Provinces, Sind, Punjab, Nep
7 c

US. 29
nantle ashy brown; the back, rump and ; ; all the feathers of the upper surface wn; the wing feathers edged with dull ndistinct wavy lines across.
It is found also in Afghanistan, Punjab, .-W. Himalayas, extending throughout Sind and the Malabar Coast, also the Carnatic and Central India, as well as parts of Sind, from Murree, Kotegurh, concan and Deccan. It breeds, at least nalayas, the Nilghiris, Pulneys, Arrakan , where Mr. Parker got two broods in a They breed early in February, also in often very late in August, is the period. e colouring is not unlike that of Lanius from O'93 to Io inch, and in breadth
L. can iceps to specific rank. It is only ufous varies so much in birds from the e Nilghiris, that placed alongside in lifferent parts of India, no very distinct is in my estimation only a climatic race.
., Syst. Nat. i. p. 134; Jerd, B. Ind. 67, p. 2 I 2; Beavan, 7bis, I87O, p. 3 I 2 ; Ball, Str. F. I 873, p. 65 ; Hume, t. c. 3. p. 175; Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. 256; Armstrong, t. c. p. 316; Hume, 877, p. 228; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 377; Str. F. ix.p. I72; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. rm. i. p. 252 ; Murray, Hadlbk. Zool., ind, p. 1, 22; Murray, Avif Br. Ind. ii. Pall, Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 405 : Wald.,
p. 173-The BRowN SHRIKE. ugh the eyes to the ear coverts dusky rts rufous; back rufous brown; streak of under surface fulvous; wings dusky; tail rufous brown. The young birds ead, wing and lower parts edged with
below pinkish white; irides brown. il 392; bill at front O'So.
India generally, the Deccan, Bengal, ul, Mussooie, Bhootan, Assam, Pegu

Page 182
130 LAN
and Tenasserim ; also from Lake Bai Yarkand to the east coast of Chin only, throughout India, the Andama
125. Lanius lucionensis, L I867, p. I25; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. I9g pl. xxix., fig. I ; David et Oust. Ois. C AHume, Str. F. viii. p. 9I ; Gadow, ( Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 207, No. 7o5, p. 223.-The PHILLIPINE SHRIKE.
Forehead and a distinct supercilium at the base of the upper mandible, through the eye and covering the ear c. and scapulars liver brown, tinged tail coverts; tail brown, tinged with and sides of neck white; remainder of white, the remaining coverts and all the more broadly so on the tertiaries t upper plumage brown, closely barre yellowish or buffy white; all the feat centre of breast and abdomen barr dull leaden blue; the upper mandibl gape, the terminal third of the lower m thirds bluish or fleshy white; irides br
Length.-8 inches; tail 38; wing (Oates.)
Hab.-Tenasserim, in the extreme s straggler. In winter It is said to be Andaman Islands, and the Philipine migration, and is said to have occurred i from that Island however exactly fits more would be found.
The adult female differs from the m: more brownish, and the under parts p above, brighter on the upper tail cover and a supercilium dingy white or creal upper tail coverts showing faint da secondaries brown, broadly edged with submarginal line; ear coverts and a brown; chin, throat, middle of abdo white; rest of under surface strong rufous, and marked with numerous dal

IIDAE.
cal to the Malay peninsula, and from . Occurs during the winter months is and British Burmah.
nn., Syst. Wat. i. p. I 35 ; Wauld., Ibis, ; Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 17 I, hine, p. 99 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 378; at. B. Br. Burm. i. p. 25. I; Murray, Lanius Schwaneri, Wald, Ibis, 1867,
greyish white; the feathers immediately he lores, and a broad streak passing overts, black; the whole upper plumage with rufous on the rump and upper rufous and tipped paler; chin, throat ower plumage pale buff; lesser coverts wing dark brown, edged with rufescent, han elsewhere. The young have the d with black, and the lower plumage hers, except those on the chin, throat, ed with dark brown; legs and feet e horny brown, edged whitish near the handible horny brown, the basal twoown. (Davison)
g 35 ; tarsus II ; bill from gape o'9.
south, where Oates says it is only a rare found in the Malay peninsula, the Islands. It passes through China on in Ceylon. A specimen in my possession the description, and there is no doubt
ale in having the ear coverts and lores aler. The young are brownish rufous is; no grey on the head; loral region m colour; head, hind neck, mantle and rk vermiculations; wing coverts and rufous, each feather with a dark brown small spot in front of the eye dark men and under wing coverts creamy ly washed with creamy or even with k brown cross vermiculations.

Page 183
ST
Group.-CER Bill entire, and not notched.
Family
Bill either straight and subulate, or s curved; culmen keeled; tarsi compa transverse scutae, except in 7'ichodroma together; sides of the tarsus with one often syndactyle; hind toe and claw la structure, the wing with ten primaries.
This family of Tenuirostral or slend known as Creepers. They are for the and branches of trees, and to feed upo form of the bill is either long or short, trating very hard substances. They cl surface of trees, resting upon the stiff c base to the summit of the stem, with sh crevice as they ascend. They are divi and Sittina, or Nuthatches, the latter
Sub-Famil Bill slightly longer than the head, ne at the tip; nostrils in a coriaceous gro plumes; wings long and pointed; first square; tarsi short, anteriorly covered Nuthatches, like woodpeckers, climb the trunks and branches of trees, but u them; usually they alight on trees with they sleep in that position. They f build in holes of trees, and others on t case of S. syriaca, which is common in the Bolan Pass, the nests are made form of a projecting cone with the ent the walls, within a radius of 2 or 3 feet in small chinks, or plastered on to the the holes are cemented till a small ent
126. Sitta frontalis (Swain Vig., Mem. Raffl., p. 67o ; Tick, ĵo. A 1839, p. I65; Oates, B. Br. Burm.i. p 358; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 2 Suvains., Zool. Ill. I st Ser., pl. 2. B. ii. p. 38; verd, Mad. Yourn.

TA. 13
[THIOMORPHAE.
CERTHILIDAE.
tender, long, acute, entire and much ratively short, covered anteriorly with , in which genus.they are nearly fused
long scutum ; feet large; toes more ge; wing and tail variable in size and
ir-billed Passerine birds are commonly most part adapted to live upon the trunks n insects which infest the bark. The slender or stout, and capable of peneing with their feet to the perpendicular uills of their tail, and creep from the ort jerking movements, searching every ded into Certhiinae, or true Creepers, having affinities for the Woodpeckers.
y—SITTINAE.
arly straight, subulate and compressed ove, exposed or hidden by the frontal ; primary short; tail short, rounded or
with transverse scutae.
with great facility up, down and around nlike them do not use their tail to assist their head downwards, and it is said 2ed on insects and nuts of kinds, some he face of perpendicular cliffs. In the both in Afghanistan and Beloochistan
of mud plasters and cowdung in the rance inclined downwards. All about , pieces of rag, feathers, &c., are placed wall. When breeding in holes of trees, rance is formed.
s.), Hors/o, 7or. Lin. Soc. xii. p. 162 ; I. S. Beng. ii. p. 579; McLell., P. Z. S. p. I, 34; Gadow, Cat. JB. Br. Mus. viii. 28, No. 723. Orthorhynchus frontalis, Dendrophila frontalis,, Szvans., Class.si/ xi. p. 2 18; Blyth, ŷ. l. S. Aeng.8xvi.

Page 184
132 NECTAF
p. 58o; Mason, Burmah, p. 28o; 7e Ibis, 1872, p. 21; Holdsworth, P. Z. S Ind. B. i p. I6I; Legge, Ibis, 187 Bourdillon, Str. F. I876, p. 393; Fair Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 2o I; Legge, B. p. 459. Dendrophila corallina (Rich p. 89; Sharpe, Str. F. I876, p. 436; 633-The WELVET-FRONTED BLUE-NU
A broad band on the forehead and : lilac ; chin and throat whitish ; rest of coverts, fine coerulean blue, with a slig coverts deepblack, edged with blue ; c black, largely tipped and margined black; under surface of the body pale legs sienna yellow; orbital skin lemon Length.-45 to 5 inches; wing 29; Hab.—From the Himalayas to Ceyl Java, Borneo and the Phillipines. Ac greater part of India in suitable localitic on the summit of the Neilgherries, in C the Himalayas. In Ceylon as well as not uncommon. Oates says it occurs is thick forest, but is commoner on th it throughout Tenasserim, and Captai The species is generally found in sma and brushwood. They nest during F of a whitish colour, spotted with red at
Group-CINN
Bill long, always pointed and curved Colours metallic.
Family-NE Bill of various lengths, generally lo less curved. Nostrils basal, rounded, c. bristles wanting, wings moderate, first form the tip of the wing; tongue long, is divided anteriorly; tarsus anteriorly and claws stout.
The Honeysuckers, or Sunbirds brilliant and metallic splendour of the the place in India of the humming bir colours are yellow and green, with t

RI NIDAE.
rd, B. Ind. i p. 388, No. 253; d., . I872, p. 435; Hume, Nests and Eggs 4, p. I6; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 397 ; bank, Str. F. I877, p. 399; Hume and
Ceylon, p. 56o; Hume, Str. F. 1879, ), Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 473 ; 1875,
Anders., Zool. Exped. Yunnan, p.
HATCH w a long supercilium black; ear coverts the upper plumage, including the wing ht purplish shade; quills and primary 2ntral pair of tail feathers blue, the rest with blue; under wing coverts deep vinous brown. Bill bright cobalt blue; yellow; iris light straw yellow tail I "7 ; tarsus O'7 ; culmen o‘65. on, throughout the Burmese countries, :cording to Jerdon, it is found over the es. He found it on the Malabar Coast, entral India, in Goomsoor, and also on in Assam, Burmah and Malayana, it is over every portion of Pegu where there e hills than elsewhere. Davison found n Bingham in the Thoungyeen valley. ill companies of 5 or 6, affecting trees abrinary and March, and lay 3-4 eggs ld purple.
NYRIMORPHAE.
tongue extensile. No rictal bristles.
CTARINIIDAE.
ng, always much pointed, and more or overed by membrane. Rictal and nasal primary small; third to fifth primaries protractile, and ending in a tube, which 7 covered with transverse scales; hallux
as they are called, are noted for the air plumage, and may be said to take ds of America. The principal ground he addition of other ornamental and

Page 185
CIN
metallic colours, which are generall of the male bird. The central tail fea differ much in colour, the females
yellow, or pale fawn yellow. They l nectar of flowers. Nests pensile; eg
Gen. Cin
Bill longer than the head, strongl keeled; no rictal bristles; first primary tail shorter than the wing; tarsus cove 127. Cinnyris asiatica (Z Vieill, W. Dict, d'Hist. Mat, xxxi. p. 57; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 566; Gadoz Avy. Br. Ind. ii. p. 228, No. 733. I 83 I, p. I 22. Cinnyris currucaria, mahrattensis, yard, Monogr. Sun-B tarinia asiatica, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A pl. 2. Arachnethra asiatica, Reichb., 579; Jerd, B. Ind. i p. 37o, No. 23 Ibis, 1870, p. 20; Hume, Nests dnd E. p. 3g6; Hume, Str. F. I 875, p. 87; A: Wald., Cat. B. Ar. Burmah; Aufl. Str. F. ii. p. 19O; Murray, Hdbk. Sind, p. 119. Arachnethra intermed Ibis, 1872, p. 18; Hume, Nests and HoNEYs UcKER.
Summer plumage.-Head, neck, th purple; abdomen purplish black; ta dull black; a tuft of crimson and axil. In the winter garb, or non-bree olive green, beneath yellow; should glossy violet; wings and tail dusky olive yellow beneath; the breast an black. Bill and legs black; irides re. Length.-4'S inches; wings 225; t Hab.-Ceylon; throughout India Pegu. Occurs in Beloochistan, S. Travancore, the Deccan, Kutch, Katt everywhere extremely common, and eggs, which are greenish white, spec nest is pendulous usually suspended and composed of wool, fibres, leaves, bottom for an entrance.

YRIS. l33
, with the pectoral tufts, characteristic hers of many are elongated. The sexes being dressed in plain yellow, greenish ve chiefly on minute insects, and on the s generally two, white.
yris.— Cuv.
curved, and much pointed; culmen
short; third, fourth and fifth longest; red with transverse scales.
ath.), Less., Man. do Orn. ii. p. 36; 493 ; Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 181, pl. y, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 57 ; Murray,
Cinnyris orientalis, Frankl., P. Z. S. Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 98. Nectarinia irdš, pp. 222, 264, pl. 24 (1843). Necs. Soc. B. p. 224; Gould, B. Asia, pt. 8, Handb. Scansoriae, p. 295, No. 69I, pl. 4; Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 4I4; Walden, ggs Ind. B p. I 5 I ; Ball, Str. F. 874, Armstrong, tom. cit. p. 313; Blyth and er, Str. F. iii. p. 492 ; Hume and Dav., Zool., c., Sind, p. 132; id, Vert. Zool., ilia, Hume, Ióis, I87o, p. 436 ; joerd., Æggs, Ind. B. p. 154–The PURPLE
roat, breast, and back glossy greenish il dull black, faintly white-tipped; wings fellow feathers on the flanks behind the ding plumage, the upper parts are dull er and stripe from chin to vent brilliant The female is olive grey above and l throat deep yellow; wings dusky; tail ddish brown. ail * I'5 ; bill at front o’75.
to Burmah; also Nepal and Upper Persia, S. Afghanistan, South India, iawar, Jodhpore, and N. Guzerat. It is breeds during June and July, laying two tled and marked with deep grey. The from the end of the branch of a tree grasses, &c., with a hole at nearly the

Page 186
134 NECTA
l28. Cinnyris lotenia (Linn, C. A. i. p. 4o8 ; Shelley, Monogr. AWec, Mus. ix. p. 6o; Murray, Avif. Br. In Vieill, N. Dict. d” Hist. Nat. xxxi. po. Nectarinia lotenia, yard, Monogr. Su A. S. B. xii. p. 978; Gould, B. As, p. Cab. Mus. Hein, i. p. Io5; Reichenb, verd, B. Ind. i. p. 372; Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 434; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 563 Above brilliantly glossed with metall rich purple; a narrow bright maroon ( brown abdomen; flanks and under win pure yellow. Bill and legs black; iride Length.-5'S inches; wing 2' 15 to 2 to I3. The female like that of C. asic under surface.
Hab.-Southern India and Ceylon. the Malabar Coast, and the more wo Madras and other large towns.
29. Cinnyris minima, Syke S. B. iii. p. 543; řerd, Madr. Ợřourn. Shelley, Monogr. AVect. p. 143, pl. 46; Murray, Alvif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 23o, No, S. B. i. p. 277. Nectarinia minuta, 7 Leptocoma minima, Hors/. and Moore, 7erd. B. Ind. i.p. 369; Hume, Str. i And. B. i. p. ISo; Fairbk, Str. F iv.
PLA Entire crown metallic green; thr loral region black; hind neck and sid the foreneck and chest, also the back a or blood-red; rump and upper tail cov distinct pectoral tufts; under surface winter plumage the male resembles t amethystine rump, and usually a little (Hume.) The female is olive brown at parts are pale yellowish buff.
Length.-3'S inches; wing I'9; tail Hab.-South-Western India and C India, also on the Nilghiris to abo Coast and Travancore.
130. Cinnyris zeylonica (1 xxxi. p. So7; Hahne, Vogt. pt. 7, pl. 4

RI NIDAE.
), Cuv. Regn. Anim. i, p. 42; Bp. ". p. I 77, pl. 56; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. l. ii. p. 229, No 735. Cinnyris politus, Soo; yerd, Madr. Journ. xi. p. 22.S. n-birds, pp. 22o-263, pl. 23 ; Blyth, ŷ. t. viii. pl. I I I. Arachnethra lotenia, Handb. Scansoriae, p. 294, pl. 579; I87o, p. 23 ; Holdsworth, P. Z. S. -The LARGE PURPLE HONEYs UCKER. ic green and purple; throat and breast :ollar or band below this and the sooty g coverts sooty brown; pectoral tufts s dark brown. *3 ; tail II ‘5 ; tarsus o'65 ; culmen I o I tica is silky or greyish white on the
According to Jerdon common along oded parts of the Carnatic as about
is, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 99; Sykes, V. A. xi, p. 226; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 572; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 62 ; | 736. Nectarinia minima, 7ick., ř. A. ard., Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 224-265. Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 742 ; 7, 1877, p. 42 : id., Nests and Aggs, p. 392.-The TINY HoNEYSUCKER. TE. oat metallic violet; ear coverts and es of neck and a broad collar across nd wing coverts, rich bright sanguine erts metallic amethystine purple; no of the body pale lemon yellow. In he female, but retains invariably the red about the shoulder of the wing. pove, has a red rump, and the under
1*2 ; tarsus o’52 ; culmen o'58. ‘eylon. Found on the west coast of ut 3,ooo feet elevation, the Malabar
Linn.), Vieill, N. Dict. do Hirt. Nat. ; Vieill, Ene. Meth. ii. p. 594; Hume,

Page 187
תעTתCh
 

13 MITILITILIS
HE

Page 188


Page 189
CINNY
Str. A. v. p. 27O; Cripps, tom. cit. p. 26 Alfonogr.'' AVect. p. 137, pl. 45 ; Murray Certhia zeylonica, Linn., Syst. NVat. i. ởard., Monog. Sun-birds, pp. 2 I 3, 2 p. 976; Gould, B. Asia, pt. I9, pl. Hein. i. p. 1O4; Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 3 232 ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 232; tid., S. A. S. B. I:87o, p. 267 ; Hume, Wests phila zeylonica, Reichb., Handl. Scans. AMETHYST-RUMPED HoNEY SUCKER.
Head above and lesser wing coverts upper back, Scapulars and“ median wir and upper tail coverts metallic lilac, the outer feathers paler at the tips metallic violet; remainder of the wing quills edged with rufous brown; cheeks shading into dull brown behind the ( sulphur yellow; chin and throat metallic toral collar maroon brown like the b coverts white. Bill and legs black; iric Length.-4"I to 45 inches; wing 22 The adult female is ashy olive brown white; crown ashy grey; foreneck sil streak through the eye; chest and cent tail coverts paler yellow.
Length.-36 to 39; wing 2"I: Hab.-Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula the N.-W. Provinces of India, otherwise from the extreme south to Bengal, Abundant in Madras, Malabar, Myso: Deccan, Singbhoom, Maunbhoon, Kar Seen in every garden flying from flowel of a note; Blyth describes it as hav quent low chirps analogous to that of ( as in Madras, many are taken daily witl least twice a year, in February and Aug breeding season, Hume says, is varia to the terminal twigs of branches, from shape they are purse-like, with the ap Morgan, the bird often selects a cobwel so ingeniously built, that it is impossib unless the cobweb is examined. An a length and about 3 in diameter. It

RIS. 35
7; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 569; Shelley, , Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 23o, No. 737. p. I88, No. 23. Nectarinia zeylonica, 5I, pl. 2o; Blyth, ŷ. A. S. B. xii. 4o. Leptocoma zeylonica, Cab. Mus. 8, No. 232 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. r. F. vii. p. 2o8 ; Goduv.-Austen, f. and Eggs Ind. B. p. 147. Nectarop. 282, pl. 57o, figs. 3885-87.--The
bright metallic glossy purplish green; g coverts maroon brown; lower back haded with blue; tail brownish black, , the rest very slightly edged with
dark brown; the greater coverts and and ear coverts deep coppery brown, :ar coverts; under surface of the body lilac; sides of the neck and a pecck; sides of the body and under wing les reddish brown.
5 ; tail I '45 ; tarsus O’75 ; culmen o‘65. above; tail black, broadly tipped with ky white; a white eyebrow and a dark re of abdomen sulphur yellow; under
and Assam ; not found in Sind and : it is generally spread throughout India, extends through Dacca into Assam. re, Coorg, Pondicherry, the Carnatic, mptee, Sumbulpoor and Khasia hills. : to flower. The species has not much ring a week shrill chant followed by freXerthia familiaris. In Calcutta, as well h birdlime for sale. It is said to lay at ust, and sometimes in December. The ble. The mests are generally attached
Io to 3o feet from the ground. In erture near the top. According to Mr. in which to build its nest, and this is ble to detect the existence of the nest verage-sized nest is about 5'6 inches in is composed of very fine grass or vege

Page 190
36 MIELIPF
table fibre, and the inner or egg cham down, while the exterior is ornamentec in number ; in shape and size quite lik them as moderately broad ovals, a go towards one end; the shell is delicate gloss; the ground colour varies consid but generally it is a dingy greenish or and streaked with minute greyish brow form an irregular zone round the large In others the whole surface is finely conceal the ground colour.
f Family-M Bill variable in length, but always out at the base, curved, and almo; serrated, Nostrils basal, situated in a soft and membranous, either longitud ous operculum, or oval, and situated it entirely covered with feathers. Tongu into numerous stiff horny fibres, so as variable in shape and length, pluma Myzomelinae red, generally nude wattle eye. (Gadow.)
This family is divided by Dr. Gado melinae; 2, Zosteroplinae; and 3, Meli which only are known in India.
Sub-FamilyBill shorter or equal to the length o round the eye; 1st primary absent or
Gen Zoste
Bill of about the same length as the acute at the tip and slightly but distinc rictus smooth; eyes surrounded by cl longitudinal, exposed; wings modera times absent; 3rd and 4th primaries l tail short, even; tarsus moderate, cov strong; outer syndactyle.
13l. Zosterops palpebrosa p. 563 ; Bp, Consp. Av. i.p. 398; B. Ind. i. p. 265, No. 63 I ; Stol., 7. 1868, p. 82; Broaks, Ibis, 1869, p. 5 Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. p. 356; Adams, f. c. p. 384; Hayes

AGIDAE.
per is lined with feathers or vegetable with flower buds, lichen, &c. Eggs, two e those of C. asiatica. Hume describes bd deal elongated and usually pointed and close-grained and almost devoid of erably; in some it is nearly pure white, brownish white, much freckled, clouded n or brown markings, which commonly r end, and sometimes a confluent cap. and closely speckled so as to entirely
ELIPHAGIDAE.
with a prominent culmen, broadenei st always with a slight notch; maxilla large unossified groove which is quite inal and with a well-developed coriacen front of a coriaceous groove; never e protractile, bifid, each half broken up to form a brush; wings, tail and tarsus ge greenish or greenish yellow; in the es on the earr or cheeks or round the
w into three sub-families, viz., I, Myzohagine; three species of the second of
ZOSTEROPINAE.
f the head; a ring of whitish feathers very short.
rops. – Vig.
head, wide at base, somewhat conic, tly notched; culmen slightly curved; ose-set minute white feathers; nostrils te; Ist primary extremely short; someongest and forming the tip of the wing; ered in front with a few scales; toes
(Temm.), Blyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xiv. Kelaart, Prod. Cat. p. I2 I; Jerd, . A. S. B. xxxvii. p. 5 ( ; Aeazan, Ibis, 7 ; HoldszuJ., AP. Z. S, 1872, p. 458; 397; Cock. and Marsh, Str. F. 1873, Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 412; Legge, Ibis,

Page 191
ZOSTE
1874, p. 22; Ball, Str. P. 1874, p.
Arooks, t. c. p. 252 ; Butler, t. c. p. 4 Pairbk., Str. F. I876, p. 26o; id, I8 1878, p. 84; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, Str. F. 1879, p. Io4; Vidal, Str. F. I f. c.; p. 413 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mi p. 174; Murray Avis. Brit. Ind. i.
7emm, Pl. Col. 293, fig. 3 (I 824), 2 37ourn... xi. p. 7. Zosterops nicobari Zosterops simplex, Swinh, Ibis, I86 Hume, Str. F. I878, vol. ii. p. 403 ; nicobariensis, Hume, Str. F. I 874, p brosa-nicobariensis, Hume, Str. F. I
Head, nape back, scapulars, rum yellowish on the upper tail coverts; yellow; eyes with a circle of white fea white with a bluish tinge; vent, under secondaries and tertiaries brown, edge all margined white on their inner web of wing and under wing coverts yello on their outer webs with greenish, and blackish brown; legs hornly brown.
Alength.-4's inches; wing 2'3; tail Ο 75.
Hab.–Ceylon; Indiagenerally to As (probably Kutch), Rajputana, Deccan, ( the Burmese countries eastwards in Nicobars. Found wherever it occurs in a low twitter, searching for insects am India, sparingly in the hotter parts other ranges of the Peninsula to their an elevation of SOOO or 6,OOO feet. . to September; sometimes they have t little cup, sometimes very shallow and pended between two twigs. The rhat fine grasses, grass roots, fibres, thread usually two in number, and pale b o'53 to O'7 and in breadth from O'42
Mr. A. G. Cardew's experience
nests or more at least five-sixths were
The eggs, always two, are a delicz
February-April. It is known as Pa
18 c

ROPS, . 187
417; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p 143; 1; Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. p. 11o; 77, p. 4o7; David and Walden, Str. P. . 42; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 582; Hume, 88o, p. 69; Butler, t. c. p. 4 I 3; Hume, s. ix. p. 165; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind p. 242, No. 748. Sylvia palpebrosa osterops Madraspatensis, 7erd, Madr. ca, Blyth, jf. A. S. B. xiv. p. 563. 1., p, 33 I ; Gould, B. Asia, part xxiii.., td., Str. F. I879, p. IO4. Zosterops . 242 ; I 879, p. Io4. Zosterops palpe376, p. 291.–The WHITE-EyED TIT. ) and upper tail coverts siskin green, chin, throat and upper breast canary thers; lower breast, abdomen and flanks tail and thigh coverts yellow; primaries, d externally with the colour of the back, is, except the innermost tertiaries; edge wish; tail brown, the feathers margined | on their inner webs with whitish. Bill
Í“7; bill at front o'33 to o'4; tarsus
sam, Arracan, and Nepaul, and also Sind Concan, Central and Southern India, also to South China, Andaman Islands, and small flocks moving from tree to tree with ong the leaves. It breeds throughout , and abundantly in the Nilgiris and very summit, and in the Himalayas to the breeding season lasts from January wo broods. The nest is a soft delicate at other times deep, and, as a rule, sus s rials of which it is made are various, as floss-silk and cobwebs. The eggs are lue in colour, and vary in length from to o'58.
in the Nilgiris is that out of a dozen built in the common Berberts aristata. te blue with a greenish tinge. Breeds Chit-Tam or Flower-Small-Bird.

Page 192
138 DICA
132. Zosterops ceylonensis pl. 20, fig. 2; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1873, p. ; Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 22; Holdszy., t.c Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 1o4; Legge, B Museum, ix. p. I 73. Zosterops annulc p. 12 (; Layard, Ann. and Mag. Wat. I EyED TIT.
Above, including the wing and prima dull olive green; median and greater c yellowish; quills and tail dusky; edge the outer with olive green; the edges of crown of the head a shade more dusky ante-ocular spot dusky; ear coverts a neck and chest bright olive yellow, gree light ashy grey; under tail coverts brigh coverts white tinged with yellow; bill bl pale leaden; irides variable, from yellov Length-45 inches; wing 225; tail Hab.-Ceylon. Habits same as the
Section.-FRIN Wings with generally nine primaries except in Prionochilus and Pardalotus.
FamilyBill moderate, broad at the base, the nine primaries; habits nearly similar to
Gen. Dicae
Bill creeper-like, broad at the base, t the first three primaries sub-equal, the s exceeding the wing in length. Birds o
133. Dicaeum erythrorhyn B. Burm. p. 143; Fairbk., Str. F. 18 1878, p. 196; Hume, Str. F. I 879, p. 9 t. c. p. 39O; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 249, No. 757. Certhia erythrorhyncho minimum, Blyth, Ann. and Mag. Wat. p. 373 ; Bp., Consp. Av. i. p. 374; řer Ibis, 1865, p. 416; Hume, Nests and 1878, p. 2o8; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 5 The SMALL FLow ER-PECKER.
The whole upper plumage ashy o centred; tail dark brown, wing and

DAE,
Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 459, ! 28; Zayard, P. 2. S. 1873, p. 2o5; p. I23; Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 41o; Ceylon, p. 585; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br sus (nec Suws.), Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. tist. xii. p. 267.-The CEYLoN WHITE
ry coverts, rump and upper tail coverts, overts the same, but edged slightly with on the inner web with white and on the primaries tinged with yellowish; than the back; orbital ring white; nd cheeks, olive green; throat, forener on the sides of the breast, which is it yellow; axillaries and under wing ackish, slaty at the base beneath: legs vish brown to reddish brown.
I“8; tarsus o'65; culmen o’55.
last.
'GILLIFORMES,
the first well developed and long,
DICAEIDAE.
:ulmen curved; tip entire; wings with those of the Sun-birds.
um.-Cu v.
ip entire, culmen curved; wings with 2cond slightly the longest; tail short,
small size. chum (Lath.), Blyth and Wald, 77, p. 399; Hume and Dav., Str. F. ɔ ; Vidal, Str. F. I 88o, p. 57 ; Butler, 334; Murray, Avis Brit Ind. i. p. , Lath, Ind. Orn. i p. 299. Dicæum Hist. xx. p. 316; Tytler, op. cit. xiii. , B. Ind. i. p. 374, No. 238; Beavan, 2ggs Ind. B. p. I55; Ball, Str. F. 4. Butler, Cat A. B. Pres. p. 30.-
ive, the feathers of the crown darker -overts brown, edged with ashvi olive :

Page 193
PRIONC
lores, sides of the head and face pale as narrow whitish shaft lines; under surf tinge; under tail coverts buffy white; Bill pale fleshy with a dusky tip; legs
length.-32 inches ; wing 1“8 ; ta Hab.–Ceylon, Lower Bengal and ( Eastern Himalayas and Assam, exter. Tenasserim. Recorded from Nepal, in the Deccan, Poona and Bombay, giris; nesting habits same as thos Eggs, 2-3, pure white.
Gen. PrionO
Bill stout and finch-like, occasionall high at nostrils, gape without wattles; wing by as much as the length of primary; nostrils only a narrow slit; ta Outer.
134. Prionochilus squalid Mus. X. p. 73; Murray, Avis. Brit. In Burton, P. Z. S, 1836, p. 113. Fring 578. Piprisoma agile, Blyth, ỹ. A. S 376, No. 240; Hume, Nests and Agg p. 43o, pl. x. ; Hume, Str. Fo... i. p. 4; p. 579; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 26o; Burm, i. p. 338.-The THICK-BILLED Whole upper plumage and lesser w olive tinge on the rump and upper tail with olive; median and greater series edged with green on the outer webs o two outermost; sides of face and ear c surface of the body greyish white v and breast with indistinct dusky stripe indistinct or obscure line runs down ei the lower mandible to the breast; side with ashy brown; under tail coverts laries white. Bill plumbeous, blacki plumbeous,
Length.-36 to 4 inches; wing 2: culmen o’35.
Hab-Ceylon, and the whole of Ir Himalayas, occurring in the N.-W. extending to Tenasserim. Jerdon fou

CHILUS. 139
ly brown; the ear coverts streaked with Lice of the body pale ashy with a buffish under wing coverts and axillaries white, lumbeous; iris brown. į II ; tarsus o’5 ; culmen o'4. entral and Southern India as far as the ding through Arracan to Moulmein in Madras, Belgaum, Dacca, Khandalla Breeds in the Deccan and the Nil2 of the other species of the genus.
ehilus, Strickl.
r with tomical serrations, broader than
tail short, not exceeding the tip of the he tarsus; wing with a distinct bastard rsus large ; inner toe shorter than the
us (Burton), Sharpe, Cat. C. Br. d. ii. p. 25 I, No. 76 I. Pipra squalidus gilla agilis, Tick., J. A. S. B. ii. p. ". B. xiii. p. 395; ferd., B. Ind. i. p. rs Ind. B. p. 158; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, 34; id, viii. p. 9o; Legge, B. Ceylon, Oates, Str. F. x. p. I98; id., B. Br. FLOWER-PECKER,
ing coverts ashy brown with a slight coverts; quills brown, externally edged of coverts the same; tail blackish, f the feathers and a bar of white on the overts ashy brown; cheeks and under with a faintinge of yellowish; foreneck s; chin and throat yellowish white; an ther side of the throat from the base of s of the body, flanks and thighs washed white; under wing coverts and axilsh at tip; iris orange yellow; legs dark
to 2'4; tail I"25 to I"3; tarsus o‘6;
dia, except the drier parts up to the
portion of the range, and in Nepal, nd it on the Malabar Coast and Ceylon,

Page 194
140 HIRUN
most commonly in jungly districts. Eastern Ghauts and in the Deccan. ) while in Pegu and Tenasserim and common. It has been recorded fr Manbhoom, Madras, Jhansi (Bundelk muggur.
It breeds from the middle of Febru locality, making a nest of various size; a full-bottomed purse-like bag and has the aperture near to the top. in size and shape, elongated ovals, wh brown.
85. Prionochilus Vincens, t. c. p. 483; Legge, 7. A. S. (Ceyl 1874, p. 2, pl. I, figs. I, 2,; Legge, t. Str. F. I876, p. 493; id, Str. F. I 1879. Pachyglossa vincens, Legge, B CEYLONIESE FLowER-PECKER.
Above glossy leaden blue-black, als the wing coverts, lores, sides of the f and sides of the chest; quills blac coverts black, edged with plumbeous tral feathers, with a white terminal w the body yellow, the flanks behind wa tail coverts white, slightly washed with laries white, mottled with black on the mandible paler at base; legs and feet
Length.-3'8 inches; wing 2'35; ta'
The adult female has the head and the olivaceous brown of the back, green on the lower back and rump; te only on three outer pairs of feather 2'3.
Hab.-Ceylon,
Family.-H
Broad-billed Passeres, with nine p
pressed at the tip, more or less curve pointed; tarsi short; feet feeble.
Sub-Family.-HIRUN
Bill short, flat, nearly triangular, c gination; gape large; rictal bristles w

DIINIDAE.
He procured it at Goomsoor, on the Blyth got it in the Midnapoor jungles, the hill tracts of Bengal it is said to be m Darjeeling, the N.-W. Himalayas, und), Bangalore, Mirzapore and Ram
try to the end of May, according to
materials, but small in shape and which is hung from a small twig, The number of eggs is 2-3, varying ite in colour, and marked with reddish
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 729; Holdsw., Branch), 1873, p. 13; Sclater, Ibis, c. p. 23; Holds zU., t. c. p, [26; Hume, 879, p, go ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. 3i, . Ceylon, p. 577, pl. 26, figs. I, 2-The
) the rump, which is slightly greyer, ace, ear coverts, cheeks, throat, chest k, edged with leaden blue; upper tail grey; tail black, all but the four cenhite spot; breast and under surface of shed with ashy olive; thighs and under yellow; under wing coverts and axiledge of the wing; bill black, lower blackish brown; irides reddish. il “I, 5; tarsus oo55, culmen o'45, hind neck bluish ashy, changing into which is overcome with dark olivaceous vil brownish black, the terminal spots s; length 39 to 4 inches; wing 2' 15 to
IRUNDINIDAE.
rimaries. Bill short, depressed, com:d; gape very wide; wings long and
DININAE or SWALLOWS.
ompressed at the tips with a slight emaranting: two first quilis generally equal;

Page 195
CO
tail various, even, slightly emargina feathered in some; plumage dense an made of mud or intermixed with h; against rocks, walls, or under roof of t
Gen. CO
Bill smaller than in Hirundo, weak, hooked at the tip; nostrils with an ov aperture being longitudinal ; wings lor konger than the tail, which is even anc inner web of the outer tail feathers; toes smaller and weaker; some speci hind toe.
136. Cotile obsoleta, Cab. N. O. Afr. i. p. 163; Sharpe, P., Z. S 214; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. III. Ptyonoprogne pallida, Hume, S 1873, p. 214. Cotyle obsoleta, Bla, Ceylon, pp. 598, 1217; Murray, Avif progne obsoleta, Hume, Str. F, 8 I 3-The PALE CRAG MARTIN.
The whole upper surface a very pal than the same parts in either P, rupe, slightly darker, yet sufficiently so to c lars, back, rump and upper tail cover the external feather on each side with as in rupestris, and with dark shafts, shaft, as in that latter species. Lowe the whole of the chin, throat, breast a faint fulvous or rufous tinge; wing lil earthy grey brown as the upper su brown; irides dark brown, (Hume, Male, Length.-535 to 6 inches; Female, Length-5'25 to S's; exp: event I’8 to 2 ; tarsus O’4.
Hab.-N.-E. Africa; Ceylon, four Guzerat. In Sind it arrives during preceding species, and generally af
Gen. Birundo, Il
Bill broad at the base, triangular a tail long, furcate or subfurcate, the Q

LE. 141
or deeply forked; tarsus and toes soft, and always glossy. Nests usually r, feathers, grass, &c., and plastered uildings, culverts, bridges, &c,
ille.-Boie.
lepressed, broad at the base, and barely rhanging superior membrane, the nasal g, lst primary generally the longest and
without any indentation or fork on the arsus slightly longer than in Chelidon; as with a small tuft of feathers above the
Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 5o; Heugl, B. . 1870, p. 301; Blans, Ibis, 1875, p. o4 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. tr. F. 1873, pp. 1, 417; Blans, Ibis, /, East Pers, ii. p. 217; Legge, B. Brit. Ind, i. p. 258, No. 771. Ptyono79, p. 84; Butler, Cat. B. Sind. p.
e greyish earthy brown, very much paler stris or Cotyle sinensis, the quills only ontrast pretty markedly with the scaputs; the lateral tail feathers and all but a large oval white spot on the inner web and a darker tint on the web, near the r surface as in rupestris, but much paler, nd abdomen being white, with only a ling and lower tail coverts the same pale rface. Bill black; legs and feet horny Str. P. vol. I, p, 417) xpanse 12'25 to I3; wing 44 to 47. Inse 2'3; wing 45 to 4"75; tail from
d also in Beloochistan, Kutch and N. winter, but is less common than the ects hilly situations.
inn.--TRUE, SwALLows.
nd.compressed at the tip; wingsaving, 1ter feathers on each side emârginate on

Page 196
42 HIRUN
the inner web, and generally elongated a distinct superior membrane; tarsus m
137. Hirundo rustica, Žlinn. ii. pl. 54; Karrell, Br. B. ii. p. 2 I 3; 1 pl. 8; Bp., Consp, Av. i. p. 338; řerd Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 94; Hu F. 1874, p. I, 55; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. (pt.); Blany, East. Pers. ii. p. 2I5; L. F. 1879, p. 84; Vidal, Str. F. 188o, Davidson, Str. F. I882, p. 292; id, S Br. B. ii. p. 171 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. 259, No. 772.-The CoMMON SwALLow
Before giving a description of this sp have not access to the works issued by Mr. Sharpe's observations in regard to every working Ornithologist will agree v Swallows are by no means easy to de been the subject of much discussion “Mr. Dresser,' he says in his Birds Eastern Chimney Swallow (H. guttura latter merges gradually into H. erythrog, certainly was my belief, but Mr. Sha the latter sub-specific rank. He goes lity of hybridization taking place betw for at present we have no positive evic would draw attention to the fact that alt does not occur in Palestine, the examp permanently more rufous than those fro to be accounted for? According to “it may be due to a strain of H. Savi, are, however, always to be distinguished are to be matched by specimens from ( difficulties attend the determination of where many specimens occur which a may be hybrids between the various rac continued study by field naturalists ca. seems to me that a case of hybridizatio would result in offspring very difficult t More recently Mr. Seebohm has reviewe races. H. rustica, according to this a Europe, extending to the valley of the “Sind and West India.o Mr. Sharp
The italic;

DINIDAE.
to a great extent; nostrils lateral, with oderate, nude; feet moderate.
Syst, Nat. i. p. 343; Gould, 5. Eur, łodgs., Icon. ined Br. Mus. Passeres. , B. End, i. p. I 57, No. 82 ; Godwinme, Nests and Eggs, p. 72; id., St. p. 477 , Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 45 I gge, B. Ceylon, p. 587; Hume, Str.; p. 43; Reid, Str. F. 188I, p. I6; tr. F. 883, p. 346; Seebohm, Hist. Sind, p. 1O2; id, Avs. Brit. Ind. i. p.
2cies it is due to Ornithologists, who the British Museum, to transcribe here Hirundo, rustica and its allies,' and vith him, that “the races of Chimney cipher, notwithstanding that they have ..' He recognizes only five species. of Europe, “does not distinguish the lis) from H. rustica, and says that the astra, as it proceeds eastwards.' This Fpe thinks otherwise, and has given on, “I say nothing about the probabieen the various forms of H. rustica, lence of such being the case; but I hough, in my opinion, A. Savagni kes of H. rustica from that country are m any part of Europe.' How is this Mr. Sharpe-and it is possible toognit from adjoining localities. They i even from young H. Savagni, and lifferent parts of Europe.' The same the swallows which winter in Burmah, “e puzzling to the Naturalist. They es of H. rustica ; and nothing but in solve these points in question. It n between H. rustica and H. tytleri distinguish from H. erythrogastra. :d the question. He recognizes five uthor, has a wide summer range in Yen-e-say, but it is said to winter in : continues and adds his experience
are mine,

Page 197
HR
'that it shares to a great extent the w Swallow, called by Mr. Seebohm it is quite possible it accompanies the home. There are many places where and the Burmese countries appear to of the Chimney Swallows-H. rustica H. tytleri. Speaking of H. rustica v: it winters in Burmah, “where it has b strictly correct, for although specimen the North-American bird, and undoubt from Burmah; yet they cannot be said is a distinct race leading on to H. Sa chestnut under surface, while it retail gutturalis and H. horreorum type.”
Male.--Forehead light chestnut; b maries and secondaries black; tail feath the inner webs of all except the mesi band across the upper part of the ches white. Bill, legs, and feet black.
Length.--To end of outer tail feathe middle tail feathers 2 inches; wing 4 smaller chestnut patch on the forehead and the narrowness of the band across
Hab.—Europe, Palestine, Africa, Burmah, Sumatra, Borneo, China an Afghanistan, Eastern Turkestan, Nep and Ceylon. Other recorded locali Travancore, Nicobar Islands, Assam a of India, it is a winter visitant. Said ti 4,OOO to 8,OOO feet in the months of A breed along the whole line of the H nests are made of pellets of clay mi. are 3-4 in number, thickly spotted In size the eggs vary from O'7 to O'84 breadth.
138. Hirundo hyperythra Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. I 18; Layard, . Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 3o6; Holdsw., P. p. 592 ; Hume, Str. F. I 879, p. 84; S Cecropis hyperythra, Gould, B. Asia Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 266.—The RU
Above purplish blue or deep steel bli neck; wing coverts like the back; ba:

N)O, 43
inter quarters of the Eastern Chimney 7. rustica var. gutturalis, and that atter occasionally back to its summer
both races occur together in winter; be the winter residence of at least four H. gutturalis, H. erythrogastra and ar. horreorum, Mr. Seebohm says that 2en re-named H. fyllert.” This is not s from Lake Baical are identical with ed examples are in the British Museum to be identical with H. tytleri, which zignii, which it resembles in its deep ls the broken breast band of the H.
ody and wings glossy steel-blue; pri-o hers black, with a large white spot on al ones throat chestnut; a dark blue t; rest of under parts white or rufescent
rs 75 inches, of which the tail is 45, 8. The female is distinguished by the , less intense tints, whiter under parts,
the chest.
Natal, Malacca, Penang, Tenasserim, d Celebes; also Persia, Beloochistan, al and the whole Continent of India ies are Behar, Darjeeling, Quilon in nd Pegu. In Sind, as in other parts o breed in Persia at heights from about April and May. Hume says they also imalayas from Cabul to Assam. The ngled with fur, straw, &c. The eggs | with brownish red and inky purple. inch in length and from o' 5 to or 55 in
, Blyth, 5. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 814; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 17o ; Z. S. 1872, p. 4 I9; Legge, B. Ceylon, Mharpe, Cat. B. Br. Museum, x.p. 167. i. pl. 3O; Serd, Ibis, 1871, p. 352; Fous-streAKED SwALLow.
ue, streaked with fulvous on the hind stard wing, primary coverts, and quills

Page 198
144 HIRUN
blackish, externally glossed with ste upper tail coverts steel-blue, tipped with with steel blue. Crown of the head liki a narrow line of rufous from the base
eye and forming a scarcely perceptible coverts, cheeks, sides of neck and entir very plainly marked with narrow blad ear coverts and throat; thighs and ur under tail coverts tipped or subterminal blue ; the under wing coverts and axi shaft lines near the edge of the wing
specimens blackish, the base of the vinous b'town ; iris sepia brown. (Legge
Length.-64 inches; wing 4'55; tail Hab.-Ceylon. Breeds in the N. June,
139. Eirundo Javanica, Sp N. Dict, d Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 523; 7e B. i. p. 57; Temm... and Schleg..., Faun Th. i. p. 46; Wall, Ibis, 1860, p. 147 Str. F. 1876, p. 374, Fairi, Str. P. I Zool. xiii. p. 498; Hume and Dav., Str Soc. N. S. Wales iii. p. 275 ; Hume, Ceylon, p. 597 ; Hume, Str. F. I 88o, p, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p, 142 , . No. 776, Hirundo frontalis, Quoy et G pl. I 2, fig. I. Hirundo domicola, joera Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 98; Kelaart and Mag. NV. Hist. xii. p. 7o; ỹerd, 1872, p. 418 , ),ενα, Πόε, I87 Ι, p. 35 Asia i. pl. 32; Hume, Nests and Eggs . I 55. Hypurolepis Javanica, Oates, E GHIRI oR TRoPICAL House SWALLow,
Above glossy black or dull steel-blue hind neck showing through abroad bar upper breast, cheeks, and ear coverts d and tail dark brown, slightly glossed v white spot on all the tail feathers, exc surface of the body pale ashy, albescent shaft streaks; sides of the upper breast and flanks dul smoky brown; unde white tips and subterminal patches of b

ON DABE,
el-blue; feathers of lower rump and ufous; tail blackish; the feathers glossed e the back : lores dusky, surmounted by of the forehead, extending over the eyebrow; sides of hinder crown, ear 2 under surface of body deep chestnut, kish shaft lines, a little broader on the 1der tail coverts chestnut, the longer ly spotted with blue, the longest entirely llaries chestnut with distinct blackish (Sharpe.) “Bill deep brown, in some lower mandible reddish legs and feet ..)
2"95; tarsus o':55; culmien o:4. and N.-W. Provinces from April to
arrm., Mus. Carls. ii. pl. too; Vieill, mm., Pl. Col. iv. pl. 83; Gray, Gen. jap. Aves, p. 32 ; Cabi, Mus. Hein. Salvad, Ucc, Born. p. I 26; Bourd., 877, p. 392, Sharpe, joourn, Lin. Soc. .. F. 1878, p. 43; Ramsay, Proc. Lin. Str. F. I879, pp. 47, 84; Legge, B. . 12O; Duvison, Str. F. 1883, p. 345; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 263, ain, Voy. del Astrol, Zool, i. p. 204, !, Madr. ỹourn. xiii. p. 173 ; Blyth, Prod. Cat, p. I 18; Layard, Ann. B. Ind. i p. 158; Holdsw, P. Z. S. I. Hypurolepis domicola, Gould, B. Ind. B. p 73; id, Str. F. 1874, p. 3. Br. Burm. i. p. 3e8.-The NIL
, the white bases of the feathers of the hdon the forehead; also the chin, throat, eep ferruginous, lores dusky; Wings vith steel-blue; the tail with an oval !ept those of the central pair; under on the abdomen; breast with dusky with a bluish patch; sides of the body r tail coverts ashy, the feathers with lack.

Page 199
HIRU
Length.-5 inches; wing 4'2; tail bill from gape O'65.
Hab.-Ceylon and Southern India, a Java, Sumatra, Borneo, the Phillipine ther islands. It is recorded from Ootacamund (Nilghiris) and Bangalc cured by Mr. Davison at Mergui ir breeding in Tenasserim during April. of bungalows and in verandahs of hous which are unused. The nests are mad lined with feathers. The eggs, normal with reddish.
l40. Hirundo erythropyg Madr... fourn... xi. p. 237 (I84o) ; B Hand-l. B. i. p. 69, No. 806 (1869); Ibis, 870, p. 16; Cock. and Mars p. 37o; Aitken, Str. P. I875, p. 2 I2; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 338; Butler, Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii p. 76; A p. 594 (1879); Hume, Str. F. 1879, (1879); id, Cat. B. S. Bom. Pres. p. Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 48; p. 377 ; Reid, Str. F. 188 II, p. I 8 ; Da Str. F. I883, p. 345 ; Seebohm, Ibis, ii. p. 266, No. 78o. Hirundo daurica ( p. Ig8 (1849, pt.); Layard, Ann. and and Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. App, p. 58 ( Acad. p. 4 (1853) ; Hors/. and Moore, pt.); Ferd., B. Ind. i. p. 16o ( 1862, p Holdsw., P. Z. S. I874, p. 419; Mu Cecropis erythropygia, Gould, B. Asi p. 352; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I 27 (I 87 erythropygia, Hume, Mests and Eggs . p. 255-The RED- RUMPED SWALLow
Adult.-General colour above dee where the bases of the feathers show th quills blackish externally, glossed with deep ferruginous, the longer coverts de glossed with dull blue; crown of head separated by a nuchal collar of deep fel and sides of the neck being of the latte the nuchal collar being only interrupte of spots; a narrow frontal line and a st
19.c

NDO, w 145
2' i ; depth of fork O'3; tarsus O'4;
so British Burmah, Malay Peninsula, slands, Celebes and some of the furlynall in Travancore, from Coonoor, re. In British Burmah it was pro
Tenasserim. Theobald found them
They not only build under the roofs es, but also in caves and under boats e of mud, cup-like in shape, and are ly three in number, are white, speckled
ia, Sykes, P. Z. S. I 832, p. 83; 2Ferd., lyth, Ibis, I866, pp. 237, 357; Gray, Brooks, Ibis, 1869, pp. 46, 47; Blyth, h, Str. F. 1873, p. 35o; Adam, t, c. Hume, t. c. p. 3 I8; Butler t. c. p. 45 I ; Str. F. I877, p. 226; Davidson and Murray, t.c.p. I 13; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 84; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, soc., p. 13 I4 (1880); id., Sir. F. (188o), p. 377; Vidal, Str. F. I 882, p. 43; Butler. t. c. rvison, Sır. F. 1882, p. 292; Davison, t883, p. 169; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. non Pall.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 17o (I873); id. I 53); Cass., Cat. Hirund Mus. Philad. Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. i. p. 92 (1854, t.); Boulger, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 568; rray, Vert. Faun. Sind, p. 1O3 (1884). a i. pl. 29 (1868); Jerd, Ibis, 1871, 5); Fairi, Str. F. I876, p. 254, Lillia Ind. B. p. 76 (1873); id, Str. F. 1877,
p purplish blue with white striations rough; the wing coverts like the back; dull blue; rump and upper tail coverts ep purplish blue; tail feathers blackish, like the back, from which it is almost ruginous, the sides of the hinder crown, r colour and converging on to the nape, i by a few dark blue plumes in the form eak over the eye deep ferruginous; lores

Page 200
146 MOTAC
whitish, tipped with dusky; ear coverts cheeks, throat, and under surface of bo on the breast and flanks; the whole of dusky blackish shaft lines, disappearin ones of which are deep blue-black with axillaries rather deeper fulvous than t shaft lines, which are, however, more coverts near the edge of the wing; quill the inner web. (Sharpe.) to Bill, legs
Total length.-6' 2 inches ; culmen o Hab.-All over India, to Nepal, H Beluchistan and Afghanistan. In Cey can, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana and Provinces and Oudh, Bengal, Central, a resident of the plains of India, and bre according to Hume, is usually fixed to rock or the roof of some cave or buildin mud or clay, making up a tubular passa some 4 to 7 inches in diameter. The e in number. The nest chamber is line thinly with feathers only as a rule, but ot fine grass. During the breeding season fly round about their nest morning anc rather pretty somewhat musical notes. one of them generally in the nest, or t stone below the nest sitting for an hour male every now and then singing a few
Family.-MC Nine-quilled Passeres with bill ge straight, and more or less deflected at long and pointed; tertiaries lengthened tail long; tarsus long and slender; toes curved. No bastard primary; plumag white with a good deal of yellow.
The family Motacillidae comprises tw. bear a very close resemblance one to ground, though some do perch on tree river side, on the margins of lakes, irrigated fields; some of the Anthinae plains and perch on trees. Their he Living as they do on the ground the movements, and when still, wag their t

LLIDAE.
pale rufous with dusky shaft streaks; ily whitish, slightly marked with rufous the under parts narrowly streaked with g on the under tail coverts, the long whitish bases; under wing coverts and he breast, with nearly obsolete dusky lainly developed on the small wing s dusky below, paler along the edge of and feet black; iris brown. (Legge.) 35 ; wing 4'45 ; tail 3” I i ; tarsus 3'5. imalaya, Siberia, N.-E. Asia, Pèrsia, lon rarely. Occurs in Sind, the DecN. Gujerat; also the Punjab, N.-W. nd Southern India. It is a permanent :ds from April to August. The nest, ) the under surface of some ledge of g, and is constructed of fine pellets of ge terminating in a bulb-like chamber ggs are pure white, and generally four !d sometimes thickly and sometimes ccasionally with a mixture of these and the old birds, like all the other species, evening, uttering quite a variety of During the day they remain near, and he pair may be seen perched on some at a time, preening their feathels, the
OteS.
TACILLIDAE.
:nerally of moderate length, slender, the tip; rictus nearly smooth; wings and nearly as long as the primaries; moderate; hind claw long and slightly e either black and white, or grey and
) groups of birds, the species of each another. They live almost on the s, and their natural habitat is by the damp ground, meadows, marshes and
or Pipits, however, affect bare stony bits are peculiar and characteristic. y run at a great speed by short jerky ails up and down continually. Their

Page 201
MOXTA
food is chiefly insects, but some eat gr on the ground or on the ledges of roc A few species only breed in India pro and Cashmere, the rest (a considerabl only during winter.
Gen. Mot
Bill moderate, slender and comp straight from the base of the bill to nine long primary quills, the first tw to the primaries in length, or nearly short with slightly curved claw.
Owing to the many stages of plum family of birds are met with m India, comparison aird study, I consider it t possible in the description and key ti admirable manner in which he has wo of materials at his hand, leaves nothin
14. Motacilla personata, ( I865, p. 49; Blanf., Ibis, I873, p. 2 I r39; Hume and Henders, Lahore to pp. 29-3o; Ball. Str. F I874, p. . p. 259; Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. I 5o; f. c. p. 246; Hume, t. c. p. 329 ; Seeba 1878, ii.p. I4o; Legge, B. Ceylon, p, Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 188o, p. бо ; Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 274, No. 784. ii. p. 218 (nec Sykes). Motacilla Cash 87, p. 289; id, 5. A. S. Beng. xli. BLAcK-FACED WAGTAIL.
Adult male.- A broad frontal band forming a narrow supercilium, white; throat, lower parts from below the crown and nape black; breast black; the upper tail coverts darker; primarie secondaries and tertiaries darker brow tipped with white; the secondaries mai webs with white; tail black, the two oute a dark brown margin on their inner we
Length.-75 to 8 inches; wing 36 front of 5.
Hab.–Ceylon, also Sind, Punjab, N. Beloochistan, Persia, South Afghanist A winter visitant throughout India i br

CILLA. 47
un and seeds also. They breed mostly , and lay whitish or clay-coloured eggs per, and those chiefly in the Himalayas 2 number) are migratory, and visit India
Cilla-linn. ressed at the tip, profile of culmen the tip; nostrils apert; wings, with ) subequal and longest; tertiaries equal so; tarsus long and slender; hind toe
age in which the species of this large and also to the insufficient materials for est to follow Mr. Sharpe as closely as the plumage of each species, as the rked them out, with the immense mass g to be added or desired. Gould, B. Asia. iv. pl. 63 ; Blyth, Ibis, 9 ; Sezueritz, 7urkest. Joeurotin... pp. 66, Yark., p. 224; Hume, Str. F. 1873, 440; Brooks, t, c. p. 456; td., 1875, Brooks, Str. F. 1877, p. 472; Blanf., 2ìm, Iöỉr, 1878, p. 344 ; Zorooks, Sr. F. , 2 I 9; Hume, Str. F. I 879, p. Io3; Reid, Str. F. I88I, p. 48; Murray, Motacilla dukhunensis, ỹoerd., B. Ind. meriensis, Brooks, Pr. As. Socy. Beng. p. 82; id, Str. F. I874, p. 456.-The
extending to the front of the eye and
sides of the face, ear coverts, chin, breast and under wing coverts white; back, rump and upper tail coverts grey, is dusky brown, the outer webs darker; n, margined on their outer webs. and gined for the basal half on their inner rmost feathers on each side white, except bs. Bill and legs black; irides brown. to 37 inches; tail 45 to 475; bill at
W. Provinces, Oudh, Central Provinces, an East Turkistan; also in Rajputana. eeds in Persia and Cashmere.

Page 202
148 MOTACI I
The Wagtails of India have been fully and II. of Stray Feathers, in respect to occurring in India, and the outcome present species under the name it b says, “both M. personata and dukhenen the black of the head, which is rep female by a light, grey. The black reduced in dukhemensis = alba to a mod pectoral band with two ill-defined bro side of the neck, as it were from the never, he thinks, entirely disappear, thou almost obsolete; the broad white front: or nearly so in the adult male, thoug female it is greatly diminished in width almost obsolete; while in all specimens grey. In personata, on the other ha black, and though the chin and upper p part of the throat is still more or less winter plumage of both species, the am of the neck and throat at once serv specimens of alba changing into winter of black on the throat is concerned plumage of personata, and the only reac species is that in both seves, and at all s are un personata black, blackish or dark orgreyish or sordid white."
Sharpe (Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 48) are remarkably like the summer pluma the chin, however, is white, as well as a of the cheeks, so that a narrow black st white cheeks, running from the base ( certain, he adds, that old birds have thi for December specimens have nearly g(
The female in breeding plumage ( male. Length.-65 inches; culmen (
142. Motacilla madraspat Gould, B. Asia, pl 6I ; Holds uvorth, l yeotin. pp. 66, I3g; Murray, Str p. 1O7; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 1o3; ibid, I 88 II, p. 3 Io; Murray, Alvi/ Bru madraspatana, Blyth, 7. A. S. B. , 25 I ; ỹoerd., B. Ina. ii. p. 2 I 7; Hun Str. F. I873, p. 28; Fairbank, Str. F

LLIDAE o
treated of by Mr. Hume, in Wols. 1. the distinctness of the several species of his investigations has placed the ears here. “In winter,' Mr. Hume sis Fallba entirely lose in both sexes laced in the male by a dark, in the : of the chin, throat, and breast, is erately broad more or less crescentic ken blackish stripes running up the points of the crescent, which stripes ugh in some specimens they become al band remains unchanged in width gh its colour is less pure; but in the
So as in some specimens to become it is more or less overlaid with sordid and, the whole breast alaea's remains bart of the throat are white, the lower speckled with black. In the perfect punt of the black on the breast, sides e to distinguish the two species, but plumage often (so far as the amount ) exactly resemble the perfect winter ly and unfailing diagnosis of the two easons, the ear coverts and aural region grey; in dukhenensis=alba pure white
says that old birds in winter plumage ge, and have the same black ear coverts, good deal of the throat and the forepart ripe is left between the white lores and if the bill to the ear coverts. It seems white chin spot for a short time only, it the full black chin. Gilgit, Scully,) exactly resembles the '5; wing 35; tail 3'3; tarsus O'9. 2nsis, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 961 ; o. Z. S. I872, p. 458 ; Severtiz, Turkest. F: 1878, p. I 13; Legge, B. Ceylon, Reid, Str. F. 1881, p. 47; Davison, f. Ind. ii. p. 277, No. 787. Motacilla Beng. xvi. p. 429 ; ABp. Con.sp. Av. i. p. le, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 377; id., 1876, p. 2Oo; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p.

Page 203
MOT,
I77; Brooks, Str. F. I 877, p. 472 ; M id, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 164; Davi, Seebohm, Ibis, I883, p. 92. Motacilla I I9.—The PIED WAGTAIL.
Head, lores, sides of the face, nape, rump and upper tail coverts black; a t the eye as a supercilium and extend coverts, secondaries, tertiaries and inne the primaries and their coverts narrc and greater coverts tipped, and broadl white, forming a conspicuous wing p and secondaries white on the inner webs of the innermost narrowly ma outermost feathers on each side white, inner webs, which is broader on the ne tail and wing coverts white; edge of th few dark spots. Bill and legs black;
Length.-825 to 9 inches; wing 3'
Hab.-Ceylon and nearly through Himalayas; westward to Cashmere, and Kutch, Rajputana, Guze, at, Concan a and Southern India, and Sikkim. Nepal, Behar, Mihow, Salugor, Kamp Ootacamund.
According to Hume, the Pied Wag to south only, avoiding the low cou mountains of Southern India, and bre generally March, April and May. Th in holes in banks, also crevices in rock and in fact anywhere. The normal nu in size and shape, and vary from a lo towards the small end. The ground C brownish to greenish white, and the m spots and specks of earthy brown, da brown.
143. Motacilla melanope, p. 696; Gm., Syst NWat. i. p. 997 ; Dre As. Ceylon, p. 6 Io; Murray, Aviv. Br boarula, Linn., Mant. p. 517; Gm., S. 147; Bp., Comp. List. B. Eur, and N Burm. p. 97. Motacilla sulphurea, B ABlanf, East. Pers. ii. p. 233 ; Seebh

ACILLA. 149
urray, Halbk., Zool. c., Sind. p. 165; on and Wenden, Str. F. 1878, p. 348; , picata, Frankl., P. Z. S. 83 I, p.
ear coverts, chin, throat, breast, back, road white stripe from the nostrils over ing to the nape ; primaries and their r webs of greater coverts dark brown; wly, the secondaries, tertiaries, median y margined on their outer webs with atch; the basal half of all the primaries webs, and tipped with white; the inner rgined with white; tail black, the two except a margin of dark brown on their xt outermost; breast, belly, vent, under le wing and thigh coverts white, with a irides dark brown.
75 to 4; tail 4 ; bill at front o’5 ; tarsi I “o.
out India, extending into the Eastern lthence to Turkestan. Occurs in Sind, nd Deccan, Khandeish, Berars, Central The localities quoted are, -Kumaon, otee, Deccan, Madras, Travancore and
tail breeds throughout India from north ntry of Bengal Proper. It ascends to eds at Ootacamund. The months are ey nest in the neighbourhood of water s, under stones, in drains, holes in walls, imber of eggs is four. They differ much ing to a broad oval more or less pointed olour of the eggs varies from the pale harkings are clouds, smudges, streaks, k olive brown and sometimes purplish
Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs. iii. App. osser, B. Eur. iii. p. 25I, pl. 128; Legge, "it. Ind. ii. p. 278, No. 788. Motacilla wst. Nat. i. p. 997; Gould, B. Eur... ii. pl. . Amer. p. 19; Blyth and Wald., B. echst., AWaturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 459 ; om, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 263. Calobates

Page 204
150. MOTACI
sulphurea, Kaub., Vaturl. Syst. p. 33; Butler and Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 489 bates boarula, Swinh, Ibis, 1870, p. 34t AVests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 381 ; Mur id, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 166. Calobate 364; Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli. p. 82; Fan p. 4OI; 7tweed, Ibis, 1877, p. 3 Io; Hu Davison and Wenden, Str. F. 1878, ii. IO3, 161; Scully, t. c. p. 315; Vidal, I88I, p. 48; Davison, Str. F. I882, p. B. Br. Burm. i. p. 159.-The GREY A Head, nape, sides of the face andbac and upper tail coverts pale greenish white, rest of under surface yellow, p under tail coverts and flanks; primaries of their inner webs, and darker on the O on both webs at their bases, forming dark brown, also white at their bases, a narrow on the outer, and broad on the i basal white patch; tail dark brown, nea yellow edging, the outermost feathers white, both the shaft and outer web for Bill black; legs pale brown; irides brov Length-7'25 to 75 inches; wing 2 of the first three primaries; tail 38; bill mage the chin and throat are black, upper surface is clear blue grey, with back and crown; rump and upper tail olive; a short streak from the eye over white; three middle pairs of tail feather the outer webs; the next two pairs blacl inner; the outer pair all white; wing cc dark brown; the tertiaries edged broadly in India during winter with a buff-colou Hab.-Central and Southern Europ Minor. Occurs throughout India to Ne also in Sind, Punjab, and N.-W. Provir istan ; Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jey and Central and Southern India ; also the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java au cording to Brooks, along the mountain feet during the month of May. Eggs shape and size, broad ovals at the l

LIDAE.
Jerd, B. Ind i. p. 22O, No. 592; ; Butler, Str. F. I 877, p. 23o. Calo5; Hume, Str. F. I873, p. 2oI ; id, ray, Hdbk Zool, sc. Sind, p. 167; s melanope, Swinh., P. Z. S. 1861, p. rb, Str. P. I876, p. 26o; Bourd, t, c. me, and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 362; p. 84; Hume, Sir F. I829, pp. 63, Str. F. 188o, p. 69; Reid, Str. F. 3 Io; id., Str. F. I 883, p. 395 ; Oates, ND YELLow WAGITAIL. k pale grey, with an olive tinge; rump yellow; chin, supercilium and throat urest on the middle of the abdomen,
dusky brown, lighter on the margin uter; secondaries dusky brown, white a conspicuous wing band; tertiaries nd edged on both webs with yellowish, nner webs, being a continuation of the rly black, the feathers with greenish whiter and dark shafted; the next also three-fourths their length dark brown
VIl,
25 to 2'5; longest tertiaries the length at front nearly O'5. In summer plu
and the under parts dark yellow; the a slight wash of olive yellow on the coverts sulphur yellow, tinged with che ear coverts and a moustacial stripe s black, slightly edged with yellow on k on the outer webs and white on the overts dark brown, edged paler; quills 7 with yellowish white. The birds found ired throat and eyebrow are immature. pe, N.-E, Africa, Australia and Asia paul and Ceylon as a winter visitant; ces; Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanpore, North Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, the Indo-Burmese countries, China, hd Borneo. Breeds in Cashmere, ac
streams at elevations of above 6,ooo , 4-5 in number, nearly uniform in urger end and much compressed and

Page 205
MOTA
pointed at the smaller end. Typic brownish white, closely mottled and brown or brownish yellow. In length breadth from o'S3 to o'55.
144. Motacilla borealis, S Stockh; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. 281, No. 792. Budytes flava mela Belg. p. 88. Motacilla viridis, Gray, G Madr. ỹourn. xiii. p. 32 ; Blyth, ŷ. i. p. 25o ; ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. 222, Nc 458; Wald. and Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. Seebe him and Harute-Brown, Ibis, 18 Legge, B. Ceylon p. 617; Oates, B. B capillus (nec, Savi) Hume, Ibis, 186g p. 82; Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 384; H. id, Oates, t c. p. 142 ; Fairb., Str. F. 1 I878, pp. 363, SI8; Ball, Str. P. I878 p. 84 ; Brooks, f. c. p. 139 ; Hume, Str. F. 188o, p. 69; Davison, Str. F. 1882 The GREY-HEADED WAGTAIL.
Male and female in breeding pluma deep slaty; lores and ear coverts nearly the lores ; a short streak of white absent; uppet plumage dull greenis margined with yellowish; median and and margined with yellowish white ; qu margined with yellowish white on the ( feathers black; the two outer pairs b portion, the junction being oblique; along the dark suborbital and loreal pa yellow, slightly blotched and pencilled with dusky; a little dusky on the lower In winter the head becomes greer coverts also become yellowish; the eye of the body duller yellow. The young and there are spots on the throat and b the lower mandible yellowish; iris br colour. (Oates.)
Length.-7 inches; wing 32; tail culmen Oo 5.
Hab.--From Northern Scandinavia occurring on migration throughout Sou

CILLA. 5.
illy the ground colour is yellowish or clouded all over with pale yellowish he eggs vary from O'68 to o'73 and in
undev, CE/v, k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. p. 522; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i.p. Locephala, DeSelys-Longchamps, Faun. 'en. B. i. p. 203. Budytes viridis, ỹoerd, A. S. B. xvi. p. 43O; ABAb., Consp. Av. . 593 ; Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 97; Blyth and Wald, B. Burm, p. 96; 76, p. 22; Brooks, Ibis, 1877, p. 208; rit. Burm. i. p. 16I. Budytes cinereo), p. 35.7; Brooks, 7. A. S. Beng. xli. ime, Str. P. I.874, p. 237; 1875, p. 489; 876, p. 26o; Hume and Dav., Str. F. , ii. p. 219; Davison and Wenden, t. c. F. 1879, pp. 65, Io3, I6 I ; Vidal, Str. , p. 3 Io; id., Str. F. I 883, p. 396.-
ge.-Whole head from bill to the nape 7 black; a narrow indistinct line over occasionally behind the eye, frequently sh yellow; upper tail coverts brown, greater coverts brownish black, edged ills brown, the secondaries and tertiaries puter webs; four central pair of tail lack at base and white on the terminal
chin white, also a line from the gape itch; the whole lower plumage bright here and there on the throat and breast
throat. hish yellow like the back, and the ear streak is distinct, and the under surface are more or less fulvous or white below, reast. Bill blackish brown; the base of own; legs, feet and claws dark horn
3'I ; tarsus o'9; bill from gape o'7;
, across Northern Europe and Siberia, thern Europe downto South Africa, and

Page 206
52 MOTAC
being met with in winter throughout th and the Malay Peninsula. (Sharpe.) S. Afghanistan; also in the N.-W. Prov from Nepal, Behar, Mhow, Calcutta, Madras, Assam, Pegu, Tenasserim and abundantly distributed over the plai Northern and Central portions of Te Peninsula. Its breeding habitat is Eur the ground under cover of a tussock or of fine roots and fibres, and lined with number, white, spotted with grey. I India during winter, being then found and paddy fields.
Gen. Limonid
General form and characters of Mo feet pale; bill long and exceeding in le mediate between the Wagtails and Pipi
l45. Limoniidromus indic Holdszeyor/h, P. Z. S. I 872 ; VVulden, . p. 26 I ; Hume, Str. F. I 874, p. 2.39; : Burm. p. 16; Bourd, Str. F. 1876, p. 364; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 6I4 ; Vidal, Str. F. 188o, p. 69; Bingham i. p. 164; Dazison, Str. F. IS83, p. p. 532; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 962; Gray, G Blyth, ỹ. Al. S. B. Beng. xvi. p. 429; i. p. 226, No. 595; Hume, Str. F, I8 p. 329.--The BLACK-BREASTED WAGTA
Above dull olive brown, the upper t. with whitish margins; ear coverts an cheeks, chin, throat, lores, eyelids, and the nape, and whole under surface of th across the breast, the upper one entire middle; median and greater series of yellowish white tips forming two bands 2nd to the 7th primaries with a patc near their bases; all the primaries and yellowish white near their tips on the tipped with olive green; tail with two back, and washed externally with olive obsoletely tipped with white; outerm where it is brown; penultimate feather

LLIDAE.
e plains of India, the Burmese countries It occurs at Kandahar and throughout inces, Punjab, and Sind. It is recorded Poona and Sholapore in the Deccan, Ceylon. In Burmah Oates says it is ns of Arrakan and Pegu, and in the nasserim as far south of the Malay ope, where it is said to place its nest on the side of a ditch. The nest is made horsehair and wool. Eggs, 4-5 in n fact it has a very wide distribution in in swampy lands, grass fields, meadows
romus-Gould. facilla, but with the plumage uniform; 2ngth the outer toe and claw. Interts both in structure and habits. us, Gould, B. Asia, iv. " pl. 67 Ibis, 1874, p. 239; Salvad., Ucc. Born. 1875, p. 142 ; Blyth and Wald., B. p. 4OI ; Hume and Dav, Str. F. 1878, ; Hume, Str. H”. I87g, pp. 65, Io3; , t. c. p. 189; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. 397; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 283, No. 794. Motacilla indica, en. B. i. p. 2o3. Nemoricola indica, Bp., Consp. i. p. 25 I ; ferd., B. Ind. 73, p. 45o; Armstrong, Sr. F., 1876,
IL. ail coverts dark brown, the lateral ones d lesser wing coverts like the back; supercilium extending from the bill to ebody yellowish white; two black bands and the lower one interrupted in the wing coverts dark brown with broad across the coverts; quills brown, the h of yellowish white on the outer webs secondaries with an abrupt margin of outer webs; tertiaries brown, broadly central feathers olive brown like the : ; remainder of the feathers blackish, lost feathers white except at the base, dark brown, with the terminal third of

Page 207
ANT
the inner web white; under wing axillaries white, washed with olive yellc brown; lower mandible fleshy white;
Aength.-63 to 66 inches; wing 3
Hab.-Eastern Siberia and N. Chi Peninsula and Ceylon, the Andaman Isla It also occurs in Cochin-China, the M In Burmah, Oates says, it is uncommo. by Armstrong in the Irrawaddy delta to be tolerably abundant. In Ceylor common on the Nilghiris and in Co Jerdon procured it at Nellore, and it Calcutta, also in Assam. It is quite well-wooded localities and in shady ( feeding on insects.
Gen. Anth
Plumage sombre, generally mottled with dark centres and pale edges; fe than in Motacilla; profile of culmen s scutellations on upper nart of back reach beyond the tail; 1st to 3rd quills
146. Anthus Richardi, N. 1
Pl. Col. iii. pl. Io II ; Mc Gill., Br. B Blanf, East Persia ii. p. 236; Seeboh Br. Mus. x. p. 564 ; Murray, Alv/. Il Vigors, Zool. ỹourn ii. p. 397; Bp. Faun. Zeyl. Cat. p. I 2 I ; řerd., B. 187o, p. 466; Holdsw., P. Z. S. 1871 Ball, t. c. pp. 416, 479, 496; Blyth a Str, F. 1876, p. 33o; Hume and Da F. I878, ii. p. 220; Cripps, f. c. p. Str. F. 1879, p. 1o3; Oates, B. Br. -
! Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. P, sinensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 247, Davi or the LARGE MARSH PIPIT.
Upper surface of the body, inc brown, the feathers edged with fulvo the feathers centred with dusky; pri the primaries narrowly, and the seco fulvous ; the first primary ashy white fulvous margins, the outermost pair with a large triangular patch of wi
20 c

JS. 53
verts dull white, washed with olive; ; irides black; upper mandible dusky is and feet purplish white. ; tail 2'7 ; tarsus o'85 ; culmen o’ 55. , ranging in winter into the Indian sand the Burmese countries. (Sharpe.) lay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. in Pegu ; it was only once met with in the Tenasserim division it appears as well as in South India it is fairly noor, also in Malabar on the Coast. s said to be not very uncommon about a forest-loving species, being found in rchards. It is usually seen solitary,
s-Bechst.
and lark-like, the feathers of the back 2t pale; bill straight, stout and shorter wollen from the centre to the tip. No of tarsus; the outstretched feet do not longest; tertials long.
2ict. d'Hist. Nat. XXvi. p. 49 I ; 7 emm., ii. p. I 99 ; Hume, Ióis, 1869, p. I 2o; m, Ibis, :878, p. 343; Sharpe, Cat. B. rit. Ind. ii. p. 289. Corydalla Richardi, Donsp., Av. i. p. 247 ; Kelaart, Prod. Ind. i. p. 23 I, No. 599; Blans, Ibis,
p. 458; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 239; nd Wald, B. Burm.p. 95; Armstrong, ison, Str. F. 1878, p. 365 ; Ball, Str. 88; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 62 I; Blume, urmah i. p. I 66. Cichlops monticolus, seres, pls. I 2 I, I 24, fig. I. Corydalla et Oust. Ois Chine, p. 3II.-RICHARDs'
ding the scapulars and wing coverts, ; lower back and rump more uniform, ries, secondaries and tertiaries brown, aries and tertiaries broadly edged with xternally; tail dark brown, with ashy feathers nearly entirely white, the next on the inner web; supercilium, chin,

Page 208
154 MOTAC
cheeks, throat and axillaries fulvous wh brown; under surface of the body pale vent, and striated on the breast, lower Bill brown, yellowish at the base of th flesh colour.
Length.-7 to 8 inches; wing 36 to Hab.-Central and Eastern Asia wh Ceylon in winter, also into Southern countries; occurring also in parts of the Himalayas to the extreme South; and the Carnatic. Jerdon adds that it Ceylon and countries to the eastward common in all the vast plains in the so Tonghoo and in Karenne, also throug Valley, It is common in the Malay It abounds in all the rice-fields and s numbers are generally found together; being called gregarious. Nothing of it
147. Anthus striolatus, B. Consp i. p. 248; Layard, Ann. and ř. 4. S. Beng. xii. p. 6 I ; Skarpe, Cat. Brit. Ind. i.p. 290, No. 8ol. Corydal Cat. p. I 2 I ; řerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 2; p. 453; Brooks, Sir F. I873, p. 369; 1874, p. 417; Hume and Dazison, , p. 628; Hume, Str. F. I 879, p. Io3 Oates, B. Br. Burmah i. p. I 67. Cic Passeres, pl. I 22A.-BLYTH’s PIPIT.
Like Anthus Richardi, except that th web of the penultimate tail feathers in length, or never less than an inch and-2 an inch; the tarsus is also shorter, a III.16'OlS.
Length.-7 to 8 inches; wing 35; it
Hab.-Throughout India and Ceylo) also been met with in Burmah and the from Saugor in Central India, Nellore found in South India generally (M Sultanpoor (Punjab), Sikkim and Ne leaves again by the 15th April.
148. Anthus rufulus, Vieil, Blyth, ởř. 4. S. B. xvi. p. 437; Bp.,

LLIDAE.
te ; ear coverts sandy rufous or fulvous ulvous, darker on the flanks, thighs and throat and foreneck with dusky brown.
lower mandible; irides brown; legs
39; tail 3'4; tarsus I*2 ; culmen o‘6. are it breeds, migrating to India and hina, the Moluccas and the Burmese Europe. It is found from Nepaul and more rare, however, in Southern India. is tolerably abundant in Lower Bengal, According to Oates it is excessively uth of Pegu. It has been procured in hout Tenasserim and the Thoungyeen Peninsula, and has been got in Siam. wampy lands covered wifth grass, and but this fact would not admit of their is nidification in India is yet known.
lyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xvi. p. 435 ; Bp. Mag. Wat. Hist. xii. p. 268; Blany, B. Br. Mus. x. p. 568; Murray, Avy, la striolata, Kelacort, Prodr. Fauna Zeyl. 32, No. 6O1 ; Holds v., P. Z. S. 1872,
Walden, Ibis, 1874, p. I4o ; Ball, Str. Str. F. 1878, p. 366; Legge, B. Ceylon, ; Butler, Cat. B. Bom. Pres. p. 56; hlops thermophilus, Hodgs, icon. ined.
e triangular patch of white on the inner Anthus Richardt is about two inches in -half, but in this species it is never quite nd the markings on the breast more
ail 3 ; tarsus I'o5; culmen o*6. l, occurring as far west as Sind. It has Andaman Islands. Jerdon records it and Darjeeling. It is also stated to be adras, Travancore), also in Dinapoor, paul. Visits India in September, and
AV. LŪict. d’Hist. AWat. xxvi. p. 494; Consp. Av. i. p. 248; Layard, Ann.

Page 209
AN
and Mag. Wat. Hist. xii. p. 268; No. 8o3. Anthus cinnamomeus, Ru, B. Br. Mus. x. p. 574. Anthus mal Blyth, V. A. S. B. vi. p. 797; Hum 1877, p. 3 Io; Hume and Davison, St. 1879, pp. 65, Io3. Agrodroma agilis, lops ubiquitarius, Hodgs., Icon. ined. caffer, Sunderv., CE/v. K. Vet. Akad. 368. Anthus raalteni, Bp. Consp . Av Prodr. Fauna, Zeyl. Cat.p. 12 ; 3 1880, p. 469; Holdszv., P. Z. S. 187. B. p. 384; Brooks, Sir. F. 1873, p. 3 t. c. p. 497; Blyth and Walden, B. E 26o; Armstrong, t. c. p. 33o; Bour p. 407; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 625; Hu, 188o, p. 69; Reid, Str. F. I881, p. Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 168; Da Str. P. viii. p. 3I 7. Corydala ruful p. 16o; id, Wert. Zool. Sind, p. 172 Head, nape, back, scapulars and up with dark mesial streaks ; rump unst white; chin white; throat, breast and under wing coverts, fulvous white, deel the feathers of which are centred dark wing coverts brown; the primaries sli with fulvous white; the secondaries ec whitish; the tertiaries broadly edged 6 all, except the innermost tertiaries, ful webs; tail dark brown, the two cent brown and margined narrowly with pa side white, except a narrow margin on feather also white, with a dark shaft, web. Bill dusky, yellowish at base of yellowish brown.
Alength.-65 to 7 inches; wing 3 O 4.
Hab.--The whole of Southern AfI that continent to N.-E. Africa, and oc India and Ceylon, the Burmese coun to Java, Sumatra, Borneo and the Ph in Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Nepaul; also Beloochistan, Afghanist the Concan and Deccan; breeds in S

HUS. 155
Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 291,
b., AWeue Wirb. p. 1o3; Sharpe, Cat.
yensis, Eyton, P. Z. S. I839, p. I 04;
Str. F. I874, p. 497; 7'weed., Ibis,
, F. 1878, p. 366; Hume, Str. F.
Verd, Madr. 7ourn... xi. p. 33. Cich
• Br. Mus. Passeres, pl. 122A. Anthus orh. Stockh; Layard, Ibis, 1869, p.
i. p. 248. Corydalla rufula, Kelaart, erd, B. Ind. i. p. 232 ; Blans, Ibis,
, p. 458; Hume, Mests and Eggs, Ind. 9; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 416; Hume, urm. p. 96; Fairb., Str. F. I 876, p. l, t. c. p. 4or ; Fairi, Str. F. I877, ne, Str. F. I 879, p. Io3 ; Vidal, Str. F. 49; Davidson, Str. F. I882, p. 3IO ; vison, Str. F. 1883, p. 397; Scully, us, Murray, H’dbk, Zool., Sc., Sind, -The INDIAN TITLARK. per tail coverts olive brown, the feathers reaked pale olive; supercilium fulvous rest of under surface, including the ber on the breast and sides of the throat, er ; primaries, secondaries, tertiaries and ghtly paler brown and edged externally lged with light olive brown and tipped xternally with pale olive or fawn brown, vous and basally whitish on their inner e feathers shorter than the others, pale e olive; the outermost feathers on each the inner web, which is brown; the next and a wider brown margin on the inner lower mandible; irides brown; legs pale
to 3'25 ; tail 2'5 ; tarsus II ; bill at front
ca, extending up the eastern side of zurring even in Egypt; also throughout ries and Malayan Peninsula, extending lipines. (Sharpe.) In India it is found Bengal, Assam, British Burmah and un and Eastern Turkestan. Common in ind during April and May. Eggs 3-4,

Page 210
156 FRING
of a greenish colour, with numerous bri larger end. It is one of the most com over all India, except in the higher ele partial to open grass plains and dry pa
Family.-FR Birds with conical bill, usually entir rally of the same proportions as the upp not toothed or indented; wings modera ed or emarginate; feet fitted for walk ground-feeders, and while some may b almost exclusively on grain. They banks of nullahs and river-beds. Pl sandy. They are usually possessed ( among them some of the most familiar songsters. The gizzard of many is th the birds swallow stone, or gravel, to a feed on.
Sub-Family.- Bill variable in size and form, more bulged in some or thick and elongate.
Gen. Petro
General characters of the sub-family; the depth at base nearly equal to the l nostrils exposed.
149. Petronia fiavicollis, (.. Soc. p. I 2o: Irby, Ibis, I 86 I, p. 23 I ; S Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 308, No. Z. S. I831, p. 2o. Gymnoris flavicoll Adam, Str. F. I 873, p. 388; Hume, NV Str. F. 1874, p. 42 I ; Blanf, East. Pe Vidal, Str. F. 188o, p. 72 ; Reid, St yerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 368 ; Butler, Str. Sind, p. 184; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 4 YELLow-throATED SPARRow.
Male.--Head, neck, back, rump, s earthy brown; a pale or fulvous super white; throat-spot yellow; the rest of scent on the vent and under tail cove brown, the primaries edged paler and daries; tertiaries broadly edged and til chestnut ; median and greater coverts (

ILLIDAE.
own mottlings all over, chiefly at the amon birds, and is abundantly spread vations. In Burmah as elsewhere it is ddy fields.
[INGILLIDAE.
e at the tip, the lower mandible geneer, but in some deeper; margin of bill te; tail moderate or short, even, rounding on the ground. They are chiefly e said to be omnivorous, others feed hidificate on trees, holes in rocks, or umage generally plain, in some only of much intelligence, and there are
birds, which are the most appreciable ck and muscular, and in such cases ssist the trituration of the seeds they
FRINGILLINAE.
or less conical and thick, short and
nia.-Kaup.
culmen and gonys slightly curved, ength; commissure scarcely sinuated;
Frankl.), Blyth, Cat. B. Br. Mus. As. Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 293 ; 83o. Fringilla flavicollis, Frankl, P. is, Blyth, jf. A. S. B. xiii. p. 948; estis and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 46 ; Ball, rs. ii. p. 256; id, Str. F. I877, p. 24g; r. F. 1881, p. 56. Passer flavicollis, F. 1875, p. 497; Murray, Vert. Zool. 86; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 6o5.-The
capulars and under tail coverts pale cilium, more distinct in females; chin the under surface whity brown, alberts; primaries and secondaries dull tipped whitish, as are also the seconpped with fulvous; lesser wing coverts iull brown, tipped with fulvous white,

Page 211
PAS
forming two conspicuous wing bars; the outermost feathers on each side The female wants the chestnut on beneath; the throat-spot, too, is less yellowish at the base; irides brown;
Length. - 5' 5 inches ; wing 3'4; ta AHab.–Ceylon, the Malabar countr Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Beloochista Jodhpore), N. Guzerat, Deccan an Bushire, Fao, all over Sind, Kutch, Sal Mhow, Indore, Saugor, Mahableshwa Breeds throughout India nearly du in June, in holes in trees in which a with feathers, hair, tow, or any suitab dull and glossless, moderately elong white, thickly streaked, smudged and
Gen. Pas
Bill broad at base, slightly scoope nostrils partly covered by plumes.
150. Passer domesticus p. 29; McGill, Brit. B. i. p. 340; S Pers. ii. p. 254 ; Hume, Str. F. I878, Murray, Avif. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 31 Syst. Nat. i. p. 323. Pyrgita domesti indicus, yerd and Selby, Ill. Or, Aume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 4 Oates, B. Br. Burm. I. p. 346; M. CoMMON House-SPARRow.
Male.-Head and nape dark grey the lower mandible, chin, throat chestnut with dark mesial streaks; r. lesser wing coverts chestnut, the last the base and tipped with white; t rufescent and tipped with fulvous wil dusky brown, edged with rufous, are darkish brown on the middle of fulvous white; sides of the face and flanks cinereous; tail dusky or pale brown.
The female is pale earthy or light ing to the nape and the lower parts ! dusky; irides light brown.

SER 157
dge of the wing white; tail dull brown, paler. he wing, and is more brown in colour bright; upper mandible black, lower egs pale brown, il 2 ; tarsus “7.. es, Travancore and Mysore, also Sind, n, Persia, Rajputana, Kutch, (Kattiawar, il Concan. Other localities are Shiraz, arunpore, Lucknow, Etawah, Allahabad,
. ing the months of April and May, also ittle grass is placed, but thickly lined e fibrous material. Eggs, three to four, ited ovals, greenish white or glossless blotched with brownish.
ser.- Briss. i at tip; 2nd and 3rd quills longest;
(Linn.), Pall. Zoogr. Rosso. Asiat. ii. helley, B. Egypt, p. 148; Blans, East.
ii. p, 64; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 6oo; o, No. 832. Fringilla domestica, Linn., ca, Cuv. Regne. Anim. i. p. 385. Passer I. iii. p. II 8; ởřerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 362 ; 57 ; Blanf, East. Persia, ii. p. 254; urray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 183–The
; lores, feathers below the eye, sides of and breast black; mantle and scapulars ump and upper tail coverts ashy brown; row or series of feathers dark brown at he greater series dark brown, edged with hite; primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries aler and narrow on the primaries, which their outer webs; tertiaries tipped with neck and entire under surface white, the brown, the feathers edged with fulvous
brown, with a fulvous supercilium extendess pure white; bill horny brown; legs

Page 212
158 FRINGI
Length,-5'25 to 6 inches; wing 3; Hab-Ceylon, and throughout India Pegu ; also Beluchistan, Persia, and A. known to need description.
Sub-Family.–PLOC Bill thick at base, with the keel pro the tip, wings rounded; 1st quill very hind toe long and strong. -
Gen. Ploce
General characters of the sub-family
15l. Ploceus phillipinus, Li Y35, 2; Reich.-Sing. t, 36, p. 283; Ma 873. Ploceus phillipensis, Briss, Orn. P. L. S. Mull. Suppl. So; ex P. E baya (Blyth), apud řerd., B. Ind. ii. yc., Sind, p. 176–The CoMMoN WEAv Adult Male in Breeding Plumage.-- breast bright yellow; lores, sides of the brown, paler on the chin; back brown, t paler brown, edged lighter; upper tail white; wing coverts dull brown, the narrowly edged with greyish white; pri brown, the primaries with a narrow edgi also on the secondaries; tertiaries bro: brown, the feathers faintly and narrowly vent and under tail coverts dull white, the abdomen and thigh coverts tinged white. Bill black; irides brown; legs
Zength.–55 inches ; extent 8'5; wir The female is like the male, but wants chin and throat are whitish or rufous wh
Hab-Throughout India to Ceylon, mon everywhere in Sind with the two n. N.-W. Provinces and Bengal, also Ce and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodh in company with manyar. Nest nonstalks of reeds, with the leaves interwove or manyar, less large in the body, an tubular entrance. In Ceylon it is s throughout the Northern Province; m breeding from December to March in to July in the North-West. They res

LLIDAE
tail 2'25 ; tarsus o‘65; culmen o'4.
to the Himalayas, Assam and Upper fghanistan. Its nidification is too well
EINAE-WEAvER BIRDs.
jecting on the forehead and arched to short ; tarsi and toes strong, scutate ;
2us,-Lin.
n, Syst. Nat, i. 305; D' Aub. P. E rray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p, 338, No. iii.232, pl. xii. f. i. Ploceus maculata, '. ; Hume, Str. F. vi. 399. . Ploceus 343, No. 694 ; Murray, Hadlök., Zool. ER BIRD. Forehead, crown, sides of the neck and face, ear coverts, chin, and throat dull he feathers with yellow edgings; rump coverts a dirty buff colour or rufous greater series and the primary coverts maries, secondaries and tertiaries dull ng of pale yellow on their outer webs, adly edged yellowish white; tail dull edged with yellowish green; abdomen, also the thigh coverts; the middle of yellowish; edge of the wing fulvous yellowish brown. ng 275; tail I'75; bill at front o'6.
the yellow crown and breast, and the ite. Assam, Burmah and Nepaul. Comext species, as well as in the Punjab, ntral and Southern India, the Concan pore and N. Guzerat. Breeds freely pensile, being attached to the upper n, and smaller than that of bengalensis d generally with a long and narrow aid by Parker to be thinly scattered ost numerous in the Manaar district, the Northern Province and from May rt to their breeding quarters early in

Page 213
AMA
October. The unfinished-like nests wherever found from April to June. the species of this genus are taken y the hands and to perform various feat 52. Ploceus manyar, H Hume Str. F. vi. p. 399; ỹoerd., B. 1 Ind. B. p. 44o; Blyth, B. Burm. p. Str. F. viii. p. 1o6; Legge, B. Ceylon p.18 I ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 36. No. 875. Euplectes striatus, Blyth, G WEAvER BIRD.
Adult Male in Breeding Plumage yellow; lores, cheeks, chin and throat brown; back, rump and upper tail fulvous white; wing coverts, primaries with the back, the primaries edged coverts and tertiaries whitish or fulvo greenish; breast and flanks fulvous wh and under tail coverts white, tinged f pale brown.
Length.--58 inches ; v. ing 2'75 ; Females and males in non-breeding p a pale supercilium, and the chin and
•Hab. — Northern and Central India Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Kutch, Kattiawar and N. Guzerat... ) nest is generally suspended from the t or elephant grass, which are also inc tube is not as long as that of P. baya.
Sub-Family. Bill large, conic, more or less bul the Ist primary minute as in Ploceus.
Gen. Ama
Bill thick, as long as deep; culme head; tarsi stout, moderate. These cultivation generally, feeding on rice,
153. Amadina malacca 697. Loxia malacca, Lin., Syst. / fig. 2; Murray, Avif. British, Ind. MUNIA.
Head, neck and breast rich black red, the upper tail coverts brighter,

DNA, 59
are inhabited by the males. Breeds Eggs white, 3, 4 or 5 in number. All bung by natives, and taught to perch on
2rsfo, 7rans, Lin. Socy.. xiii. p. I6o; 'nd. ii. p. 348 ; AHume, Vests and Eggs 92 ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. I 6o; Hume, , p. 646; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, ; Murray, Azvijf. Br. Ind. ii. p. 339, f. A. S. B. xi. p. 873.-The STRIATED
-Forehead and crown bright golden and sides of the neck blackish or sooty coverts brown, the feathers edged with , secondaries and tertiaries concolorous yellowish, and the secondaries, wing us white; tail brown, the feathers edged ite, with mesial dark streaks ; abdomen ulvous; bill black; irides brown; legs
extent 9; tail I'75; bill at front O'56. lumage want the yellow head, and have throat are whitish. to Assam and Burmah. Occurs in Sind, Bengal, Deccan, Concan, Travancore, Breeding season same as the last. The op of four or five leaves of high bulrush orporated into the nest. The entrance
--ESTRELDINAE.
ged or slender; wings short, rounded;
dina-Savais. n arched, prolonged behind on the forebirds inhabit grassy or reedy ground and
grain and other seeds. (Lin.), Verd, B. Ind. ii. p. 352, No, Vat. i. p. 3OO; Elduvard, Birds, pl. 356, ii. p. 341, No. 878.--The BLACK-HEADED
; back, wings and tail pure cinnamon tinged with a glistening lustre; under

Page 214
160 FRING
surface of the body from below the bre; black. Bill bluish, the tip yellowish; i.
Length-4'5 inches; wing 26; tail
The young is pale cinnamon brown the head and neck.
Hab.-Southern India and Ceylon, being found in Central India and eve it is extremely abundant, frequenting tanks; also grain and cane-fields. Th rather large or nearly round or oval stri on one side. The eggs, according to colour pure white, Hume says he had Coimbatore district, also from the Bhu somewhat elongated ovals, from O'6 to O'S in breadth.
154. Amadina atricapilla ( Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 342 Ois. Chant. p. 53. Coccothraustes si rubronigra, Hodgs, As. Res. xix. p. I5 Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 625 ; Blyth, B. I Hume, and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 4o I Nests and Eggs Ind. B. ii. p. 444 ; Sa Zool. Soc. ix, p. 2O8. Munia sinensis Amadina rubronigra, Hume, Str. P. vi The CHEsTNUT-BELLIED MUNIA.
Head, neck and breast black; rema to glistening fulvous on the rump, uppe the tail feathers; centre of abdomen, and feet plumbeous; iris dark brown.
Aength.-45 inches; wing 2" I; tar The young are pale fulvous through Hab.–Ceylon and Northern India; along the foot of the Himalayas as f: Provinces. It has also been procured in the latter country, but is much r throughout the Malay Peninsula, the I West China, and the Indo-Burmese col of the province. It everywhere affects I2; breeds from June to August in Bu elephant grass. Eggs generally five, this bird is very often tenanted by a not to insert the hand without previou

LLIDAE.
st white; middle of abdomen and vent
ides dark brown; legs plumbeous.
("S.
above, whitish below, and dusky about
a few stragglers, according to Jerdon, n in Bengal. On the Malabar Coast long grass by the sides of rivers and e nest is placed among reeds, and is a icture made of grass with the entrance Jerdon, are 4-6 in number, and in notes of eggs sent to him from the ndara district, and describes them as O'75 inch in length, and from O'44 to
Vieill.), Oates, B. Br. Burm, i. p. 366; , No. 879. Loxia atricapilla, Vieill., nensis, Briss, Orn.iii. p. 235. Munia 6; Jerd, B. Ind. i p. 353, No. 698; Burm. p. 92; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 16O ; (footnote). Munia atricapilla, Hume, lv., Uce. Born.p. 265; Wald, Trans. , Daud. et Oust, Ois Chine p. 324. ii. p. Io7; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 32
inder of the plumage chestnut turning r tail coverts and the outer edges of vent and under tail coverts black. Bill
sus o 55 ; bill from gape o'45. out; lighter below than above.
found throughout Lower Bengal and ur as Dehra Dhoon ; also in the N.-W. in Southern India, also in Ceylon; rare more common in Assam and Burmah, slands of Sumatra and Borneo, Southuntries. In Burmah it occurs in all parts s grassy land in flocks of from 6 to rmah, placing the nest in a clump of pure white. Oates says that the nest of snake, and great care should be taken is examination.

Page 215
AMA I
155. Amadina punctulata i Murray, Avis. Br. Ind i. p. 342, No AVat. i. p. 3O2. Loxia undulata, Lath., 7erd., B. Ind. ii. p. 354, No. 699. Eggs Ind. B. p. 444; Legge, B. Ceylo, Aust., P. Z. S. I874, p. 48; Hume p. I62. Munia superstriata, Hume, S Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 4O2. Munia pu p. 93. Lonchura punctulata, Hume, St. Str. F, v. p. 39. Amadina punctul and A. Inglisi, Hume, Str. P. viii. p. Hume, Str. F. x. p. 232.-The BAR
Back as far as the rump chocolate b feathers of the rump barred with whi fulvous; chin, throat, ear coverts ar and neck behind ruddy brown; tail bri yellow or fulvous; primaries and seco the same chocolate brown as the up under surface of the body white with lower abdomen, vent and under tail co plumbeous; iris deep reddish brown.
Length.-47 inches; wing 2" I ; ta
Hab.-Throughout India and Ceylo into Assam and Burmah. It is foun tries, and is recorded from Arrakan, in the Himalayas and the south of also in various parts of the Carnatic, C jab, Sind, N.-W. Provinces, and R. gardens, groves and orchards, and is C bushes, chiefly about fields. Acacias unlike that of other species of Munia,
156. Amadina striata, Lin; viii. p. Io7 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 344, No. 884. Fringilla leuconota striata, ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. 356; H Vald., Ibis, 1874, p. 144; Legge, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 93.-The WHIT
Upper surface of the body rich dar the feathers, except those on the for coverts and sides of the neck the sam upper breast, dark blackish brown; brown; middle tail feathers exceed th
2

INA. 161
Linn.), Oates, B. ABr. Burm. i.p. 368; 88o. Loxia punctulata, Linn., Syst. Ind. Orn. i. p. 387. Munia undulata, Mumia punctulata, Hume, NVests and , p. 656. Muniä subundulata, Goduu Str. F. iii. p. 398; Oates, Str. P. v. r.F. i. p. 481 (footnote); Hume and nctularia, Blythand Wald, B. Burm. . F. iii. p. I56. Munia Inglisi, Hume, ata, A. subundulata, A. superstriata, IO7. Amadina superstriata, Oates and RED MUNIA. rown, the shafts slightly paler and the ish; upper tail.coverts glistening yellow d sides of the neck chestnut ; heads own, the edges of the feathers glistening ndaries brown, the edges and tertiaries per surface; under wing coverts buff; zigzag markings of brownish fulvous; verts unmarked whitish. Bill and legs
il I*7; tarsus oo6; bill from gape o 45 n. Common in the North, spreading d throughout the Indo-Burmese counPegu, Tavoy and Tenasserim. Occurs India on the edges of the Nilghiris; Central India and Bengal. In the Punjputana it is rarely seen. It frequents uite a familiar bird. It builds in thorny are generally selected. The nest is not and the eggs glossless white.
m., Syst. Wat. i. p. 3o6; Hume, Str. F. ... p. 365 ; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. , Temm., Pl. Col. 5oo, fig, 2. Munia ume, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 448; B. Ceylon, p. 6OO. Munia leuconota, E-BACKED MuNIA. k brown, darkest on the forehead; all head, conspicuously white-shafted; ear e as the back; cheeks, chin, throat, and wings and tail dark, nearly blackish e outermost by O'5 inch; lower breast,

Page 216
62 FRINGI
abdomen, and vent white; flanks brown darker brown with less conspicuous shal lower one bluish; iris reddish brown; l. Length.-45 inches; wing 2; tail l' Hab.-Peninsular India. Abundant other parts of India, in the Northern Ceylon. In the Andamans and Nicobal and A. semistriata, Hume. Its habits d ing species. Breeds throughout the p of the Central Provinces, Orissa, Lowe The breeding season, according to H the Nilghiris, he says, they appear to a nest was taken in the last week of somewhat elongated ovals, pure white, vary in length from o'S5 to O'65 inch, a l57. Amadina malabarica (- Ser. pl. 34 ; Reich., Sing. t. I 5o; ferd. Hdbk., Zool, &c, Sind, p. I77 ; Muj B. Ceylon, p. 662; Murray, Avis. Br. BRowN MUNIA.
Head, back and scapulars pale eal centred darker, giving it a rufescent brown; upper tail coverts white, barret and tertiaries dusky brown; the second their outer webs and tipped very sligh back, the first three or four from the ( breast, belly, and under tail coverts gr. breast in some specimens with transvers white; tail dark brown, edged with d. broadly so, and prolonged O'75 beyond brown; irides deep brown,
Length.-5 inches; tail 2; wing 2"I ab.-Ceylon, Southern and Centra Provinces, Deccan, Concan, Kutch, Kat and in fact nearly throughout India, but the east. Breeds everywhere it is fou and nearly throughout the year if the re. of the country has been properly asce generally making a large globular nest The eggs are pure glossless white.
Padda (Amadina) Oryzivora, the w now in various parts of India, and is about Colombo. It is not, however, i.

LIDAE.
with white shafts. Under tail coverts lines; upper mandible blackish, the gs greenish horny. 5 ; tarsus o'5 ; bill o*4.
on the Malabar Coast, sparingly in 2ircars, Lower Bengal, Arrakan, and s it is replaced by A. fumigata, Wald. ) not differ from those of the precedninsula of India, the eastern portions r and Eastern Bengal, and Arrakan' time, varies according to locality. In lay in July and August. In Yercaud September. The eggs are regular, and perfectly devoid of gloss. They hd in breadth from O'42 to O'47.
Linn.), yard. and Selby, Ill. Orn. 2nd B. Ind. ii. p. 357, No. 7o3; Murray, ray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 182; Legge, Ind ii., p. 345, No. 885. -The PLAIN
thy brown, the feathers of the head brown appearance; rump pale earthy l with dusky; primaries, secondaries aries and tertiaries rufescent brown on tly with whitish; wing coverts like the :dge of the wing whitish; chin, throat, ayish white, the flanks and sides of the e bars of rufescent; under tail coverts ark reddish brown, the central feathers the others. Bill plumbeous; legs pale
; bill at front o'4.
India, Malabar, Sind, Punjab, N.-W. iawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, N. Guzerat, not extending to the countries towards hd, but chiefly in the more arid tracts :ord of its nidification in different parts tained. They build in thorny bushes, of fine grass and loosely put together.
ll-known Java Sparrow, is naturalized also occasionally found as a straggler the proper sense, a native of India

Page 217
MR
or Ceylon, but the following chara Cheeks and ear coverts white; chin, the forehead, and whole top of head and upper abdomen bluish grey; ab under tail coverts white; rump, upper
158. Amadina Kelaarti, E Z. S. 1872, p. 464; Legge, B. Ceylo Amadina pectoralis, Blyth, ř. A. S. . Cat. p. 126.-The CEYLoN or KELAAF Above brown, the feathers with pale tail, throat, foreneck and cheeks deep broy, ), white and fulvous; breast brow the latter with white mesial streaks, re and black; bill livid; feet dark plumb Length.-4 inches; wing 2 I to 22 longer,
Hab.-Ceylon, to which island it is c Armstrong, on high trees (as the m Eggs unspotted white.
Family, A
Bill typically longer and more slend thick in many; wings broad; tertiarie long, the latter curved; plumage brow
Gen. Mira
Bill thick, much compressed, the cu upper mandible wide above and inflex scarcely longer than the secondaries : length of the second, which is shorter
159. Mirafra, affinis, yerd., u Ind. ii. p. 417, No. 755; Hume, We Str. F. ii. p. 422; Blyth and Wald., p. Io8; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 634; Mu Mirafra microptera, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 475; id, Str. F. iii. p. I59; Oates, p. Io8; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 376
Entire upper surface of the body du rufous; wing coverts brown, edged wil with bright rufous on the outer webs ( pale rufescent on both webs of the ter. rufous at the base; tail brown, edged

\FRA. 163
ters will suffice for its identification. hroat, a line bordering the ear coverts, black; above, also the neck, breast, domen, sides, thighs and vent vinous; tail coverts and tail black.
lyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 299: Holdsw, P. , p. 65o; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 4 Io. 3. 85 I, xx. p. 178; Kelaart, Prod. T's MUNIA. shafts, forehead blackish; wings, rump, prown black; thipper tail coverts mixed n; abdomen and under tail coverts black, st of under surface barred with white
ԹOԱՏ
; tail 15; central tail feathers o'4 inch
onfined. Breeds, according to Mr. F. B. ingo), about 15 feet from the ground.
LAUDIDAE.
er than in most Fringillidæ short and is elongated, pointed; hind toe and claw n, more or less striated. (Yerd.).
fra. -Horsf.
lmen curved and convex, the tip of the ed; wings short, rounded; primaries and tertials; Ist quills short, half the han the third; tail short, even,
Madr. ỹourn. xiii. pt. ii. p. I 36 ; id., B. sts and Eggs Ind. B. p. 474; Ball, B. Burm. p. 95 ; Hume, Str. P. viii. rray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 349, No. 89 I. p. 483; id, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. Str. F. v. p. I63; Hume, Str. P. viii. i.-The MADRAs BUSH Lark.
sky brown, each feather edged with pale h rufous; quills dusky brown, edged if the primaries and secondaries, and iaries; inner webs of the primaries pale with pale rufous, more conspicuous on

Page 218
64 A LA
the outermost feathers; lores and chee throat white; superciliary streak pale white, faintly tinged with fulvous, the t dusky, fleshy beneath; legs fleshy; iric Length.-55 to 6 inches; wing 2" culmen, O'5; hind claw O'45.
Hab.-Ceylon and Southern India g bar Coast, Carnatic, Mysore and the S. ing, according to Jerdon, to Goomsoo1 also in Burmah and Cochin-China. I dant at Thayetmyo and its immediate pounds as well as on road-sides ar. found a nest in July, which is said to h like the last species, and placed in a h hung by a small bush. The eggs, tw. with rusty brown. Hume says it lays
Gen. Pyrrhul
Bill short, very stout, sides com straight; wings long; tertiaries lengthe toes small.
I60. Pyrrhulauda grisea, lInd. ii. p. 424, No. 76o; Hume, Str. Handlist B. No. 7834; Murray, Hal Ceylon, p. 637; Murray, Avis. Br. crucigera, 7em., Pl. Col. 269, I.—Th Male.--Forehead and cheeks white. back, scapulars, rump and upper tai of rufescent on the back, the fea primaries, secondaries, and wing cov chin, throat, breast, sides of the neck a sides of breast and abdomen greyish irides dark brown.
Zength.-475 to 5 inches; wing 3 is readily distinguishable by the abs more rufescent tinge on the upper,
Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, Punjab, N-W. war, Rajputana (Jeypore and Jodhport and South India. Affects open pl over the plains of India from Jan hatched in February and March and have also been taken in April and M. and placed in some small depression

JD DAE.
ks mixed rufous and brown; chin and fulvous; under surface of the body reast streaked with dark brown. Bill des hazel. 9 to 3" 25; tail I "75 to 2 ; tarsus 1 ;
2nerally. It is recorded from the Malaouthern portion of the tableland, extend: and Midnapore in Bengal. It is found n Burmah, Oates says it is very abunneighbourhood. In gardens and comld patches of jungle it is common. He ave been made of grass partially domed, oof mark under a tuft of grass and overo in number, were white, thickly spotted 3-4 eggs, O'81 X o'56 in size.
auda.--Smith.
pressed; culmen arched; commissure ned; Ist primary Small; tail moderate;
Scop., Son. Voy. t. II3, 2; Jerd, B. F. i. p. 212; id., vol. vii. p. 66; Gray, k, Zool., 3.c., Sind, p. 186; Legge, B. Ind. ii. p. 352, No. 896. Pyrrhulauda e BLACK-BELLIED FINCH-LARK. , or fulvous white; crown of the head, | coverts grey brown, with a slight tinge thers centred dusky; cheeks whitish; erts brown, the feathers edged paler; ld entire lower surface black; the flanks, white; bill pale brown; legs fleshy;
; tail 2; bill at front o'37. The female ence of the black under surface and a
Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch, Kattia2), N. Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, Central ains and ploughed lands. Breeds all uary to August-the first brood being the second in July and August. Eggs ty. The nest is always on the ground,
on open fallow plains. The eggs are

Page 219
ALA
moderately elongated ovals, having a gr mottled, speckled and spotted, or fi yellowish and earthy brown. Hume ad of Alauda raytal, these are the smallest o:8 by or 5 x o'62.
Gen. Allau
Bill cylindrical, conical or subulate; no spurious quill; 1st, 2nd and 3rd pril marginate; tail forked, short or moder
16. Alauda gulgula, Frankl, Ind. ii. p. 434 ; Hume and Dav., La Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 486; Blyth, iv, p. 337; Oates, Str. P. v. p. I63; An and Dav., Str. F. vi, p. 4O9; Legge, E p. Io9; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 338 ; . F. x. p. 234; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 342. Alauda arv Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 373.-The I Head, nape, back, scapulars, and rul crest moderately long; eye streak pale brown spots; upper tail coverts like t wing coverts brown, edged with greyis with rufous or fulvous margins on the most feather on each side fulvescent the inner margin of the inner web, the scent; chin, throat, breast and rest of u on the breast and streaked with dusky fleshy brown; irides dark brown.
Length.-6 to 65 inches; wing 325 to O'S.
Hab.-Throughout India to Cashm putana, N. Guzerat, Concan, Deccar N.-W. Provinces and Cashmere. It is Oates found it abundant in Southern P it is said to be spread over the whole Ir the plains between the Sittang and S. neighbourhbod of Moulmein. It rar Burmese countries, and Ceylon. Freq December. The nest is not unlike that sions in the ground under the shelter of white, or greyish-white mottled with

JDA. 1.65
2enish or greyish white ground, densely nely streaked with various shades of lds that with the exception of the eggs of all our Indian Lark's eggs, o'65 x
da-Zinn.
nostrils concealed; wings very long, maries longest, tips of the lesser quills ate; head crested.
, P. Z. S. 1831, p. II9; Ferd, B. hore to Parkand, p. 269, pl. xxxix.; B. Burm. p. 95; Armstrong, Str. F. derson, Yunnan Exped. p. 6o5 ; Hume B. Ceylon, p. 63o ; Hume, Str. P. viii. Hume, Str. F. ix. p. 355; Oates, Str. ii. p. 359, No. 9O4. Alauda peguensis, ensis (L.), David et Oust. Ois. Chine; NDIAN SKY LARK. mp dark brown, margined with fulvous, fulvous; ear coverts dusky with a few he back, tinged slightly with rufous; h; primaries and secondaries brown, ir outer webs; tail dark brown, outerwhite, except a faint dusky margin on next with the outer web only fulveinder surface fulvescent white, deeper ; bill horny brown, pale beneath; legs
to 375; tail 225; bill at front o'37
nere and Nepaul ; Sind, Kutch, Raj, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Punjab, said by Blyth to occur in Arracan. egu, and according to Dr. Armstrong rawaddy delta, Davison observed it in alween rivers and in the immediate ges throughout India, also the Indouents cultivated lands. Breeds during t of other larks, and is made in depres
a stone or tuft of grass. Eggs 3-4, prown. Eggs have been taken in the

Page 220
166 STURN
Nilghiris, in the Central Provinces, C vinces.
SECTION.-OSCIN
Family-STURN
Bill straight or very slightly curved, often angulated at the base, the tip e and pointed; tail moderate; tarsus str feathers. They walk freely on the g live on fruit, insects, grain, and some O under the eaves of roofs or in holes caged, and taught to utter long and an may be said to be divided into Stal Grackles.
Sturnus vul
Sub-Family
Bill with the sides compressed, tip ra and pointed; tail rather short ; tarsi s
strong.
Gen. Acridiotheres
Bill stouter and shorter than in Stur concealed by the frontal plumes; tail usually behind the eye; head crested O
62. Acridotheres, melanc Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 72 ; id, Sir. F 83-The CoMMON CEYLON MYNA.
 

IDAE.
'entral India, Punjab, and N.-W. Pro
ES CULTIROSTRES,
NIDAE.-STARLINGs.
rather long pointed and compressed, ntire or slightly notched; wings long ong; nostrils on each side covered with round, fly well, are gregarious, and in the ordure of cattle. They nidificate of trees. Some are intelligent and are using sentences. The Indian species lings and Mynahs; Glossy Mynahs or
garis, Linn.
-STURNINAE.
ther blunt and flattened; wings long trọng, scutate in front; t0es long and
- Vieill; Gracula, Cuv.
nus. Culmen deflected at tip ; nostrils rounded; tarsi stout; a naked space r sub-crested; its quill rudimentary.
sternus, Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 67o; ix. p. 295; Sharpe, Cat. B, xiii. p.

Page 221
STUR
Head sub-crested ; nape, neck behin the latter extending down on to the a upper tail coverts brown; sides of the t ries and secondaries black; outer webs edge of the wing and the base of the pr wing patch; tail black, the feathers tipp under tail coverts white. Bill and orbit reddish,
Length.-95 to Io inches; wing 52
Hab.-Ceylon, where it is a reside trees, roofs of houses and almost any February to May. Eggs.4, of a gloss green colour. Size I 3 x o'88.
Gen. Stur
General characters same as those of deflected at tip; 1st and 2nd primaries
163. Sturnia pagodarum (G Alume, Avests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 432 pagodarum, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 9o; Z F. viii. p. I O6. Temenuchus pagodaru Oates, B. Br. Burm. i, p. 382. Tu p. 8I6.-The BLACK-HEADED MYNAH.
Head, with the long crest, nape and neck and behind, breast and abdomen, with mesial whitish streaks; back, scap tertiaries grey, the innermost tertiaries E edged with black on their outer webs; e coverts and the vent white; tail dark br the centre feathers grey like the back. whitish; legs bright yellow.
Alength.-35 to 9 inches; wing 4'2; Afab.-Ceylon, India, Cashmere, AS: India and in the Carnatic; also Travanc to Afghanistan; occurs also in Sind, Pu Concan, but not in any numbers; breet
Gen. SturnO]
Bill stouter than in Sturnia; a triang
164. SturnOrnis senex (Bon, muchus senex (Zemm.), Gray, Handl. . p. 462; Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 23. Het Mag. AV. H. xiii, 1854, p. 2.17. Temel 1867, p. 299.-The WHITE-HEADED My

NA. 167
l, chin, throat and breast glossy black, bdomen ; back, scapulars, rump and ody dark vinous; wing coverts, primaof the earlier primary coverts black; imaries white, forming a conspicuous led white; lower abdomen, vent and s deep yellow; legs dul yellow; irides
5; tail 3'5; bill at front o'8 to O'9.
:nt everywhere breeding in holes of rwhere, except on the ground, from y pale green, greenish or deep bluish
hia-Less.
Acridotheres. Bill less stout, barely sub-equal; head usually crested.
mel.), ởřerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 329, No. 687; ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 4I9. Sturnia egge, B. Ceylon, p. 677; Hume, Str. m, Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 179; urdus pagodarum, Gmel, Syst. Wat. i.
ores black; ear coverts, sides of the fulvous or pale orange buff, the feathers ulars, outer webs of secondaries and 2ntirely grey; primaries dark brown, dge of wing, under wing, and under tail own, the feathers broadly tipped white; Bill bluish at base, rest yellow; irides
tail 3; bill at front o'37. sam, Burmah. Common in Southern ore and the Northern Circars. Extends injab, N.-W. Provinces, Deccan, and is from May to August.
(nis-Legge.
Fular patch of bare skin behind the eye ap), Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 679. TemeB. ii. p. 20; Holdsw., P. Z. S. 1872, (erornis albofrontatus, Lay, Ann, and
huchus albofrontatus (Lay.), Bly, Ibis, "NA, W

Page 222
168 STUR
Forehead, forecrown, face, chin, thr latter; centre of crown, nape, hind ne greenish lustre; some of the intersca hind neck with whitish shafts, more breast and flanks dusky lavender grey, a mesial stripe; under wing coverts d blue; the legs and feet bluish plumbec inner circle.
Length.-83 to 85 inches; wing 4 bill from gape I'O5 to 15.
Hab-The mountain forests of Cey
Gen. Pas
Bill short, 'compressed, curving from groove of nostril clothed with short plu tarsus scutate; tail even; head with an
165. Pastor roseus (Lin.), ( vogt. t. 63; ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. 333, l Str. F. i. p. 2o8; iii. pp. 2O8, 495 B. 176; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 673; Mu -The Rose-coLQURED PASTOR.
Head, crest, crown, neck on the ba purple; chin and throat black; entire pale salmon or delicate rose colour; margined with grey, and the greater st primaries dark brown, tinged with gr black, also with green reflections, and
 

DAE,
at and tail coverts white, duller on the k, back, wings and tail black, with a ulars tipped ashy, and those of the or less conspicuous; foreneck, chest, paling towards the abdomen, each with ll blackish; bill and gape plumbeous us; iris dull white, with a narrow brown
25 to 4'4; tail 3 to 3' I; tarsus 1 to Io I;
on. Habits arboreal; rare.
tor.- 7em.
the base, slightly defleeted at the tip; mes; 2nd quill longest; Ist spurious; occiptal Crest.
Fould, Birds of Eur... pl. 2I2 ; Naum. No. 6go; Blf, East. Persia ii. p. 267 ; ; Murray, Hidbk., Zool., &c., Sind. trray, Avif. B. Ind, i.p. 372, No. 925.
ck and nape black, glossed with bluish back, breast, rump and upper tail coverts wing coverts black, the lesser series ries glossy black with purple reflections; eenish; some of the secondaries glossy others only so on the outer web; tail

Page 223
EUL
greenish black; under tail coverts bla brown; irides deep brown.
Length.-9 to 95 inches; wing 52 Hab. -S.-E. Europe, Asia Minor, Ir and the Carnatic they come about No. in throughout Western India. They great havoc among the jowaree and ba flower buds, and small fruits, as mulbe most parts of India; arrives in Sind flocks; in the Punjab and N.-W. P. migrant in Beloochistan, Persia, Afgha
Sub-Family.-LAMPROTORN
Bill stouter than in the Sturninae; ci tip notched; nostrils more or less hidd or moderate and pointed; tarsi short Sturnina, all the species live on fruit trees or in rocks, and like them associ
Gen. Eula
General characters of the sub-family givorous; the species hop instead of w.
l68. Eulabes religiosa (Lin Hume, Avests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 435 F. vii. p. 22 I; Legge, B. Cyelon, p. 6 Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiii. p. 99 Gracul Blyth, Cat. p. Io8; Murray, Avif. SouTHERN HILL MYNAH or GRAKLE. Whole plumage glossy purplish blac back and upper tail coverts; under s black; 1st seven primaries with a v band; wattles begin from behind the e large loose lappet and again extend u small nude space under the eye. dark brown.
Legth.-Io inches; wing 56; tail Hab.-Ceylon to 1,5oo feet elevatio and the Northern Circars. Found in the large forests. Breedsfrom Marc dotheres, 2 in number, I'3 Xo'88.
167. Eulalbes ptilogenys, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. Io8 Ann, and Mag. Wat. Hist. 1854, xiii.
22 Ο

ABES. 169
k; bill yellowish rose; legs yellowish
;; tail 3; bill at front o'8. dia, Ceylon and Assam. In the Deccan ember, and this is the time they come are very voracious feeders, and commit ree crops, and in fact corn of any kind, rries, capers, &c. A winter visitant in about the beginning of April in large 'ovinces in August. Occurs also as a nistan and Eastern Turkistan.
INAE.-GRACKLEs or HILL MYNAHs.
lmen more or less curved and hooked, en by the frontal plumes; wings long and stout; plumage glossy. Like the , and insects, and nidificate in holes of ate with cattle.
bes.--Linn.
"; head with naked wattles; habits frualk on the ground.
in.), ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. 337, No. 692; ; Fairbank, Str. P. v. p.4o7; Ball, Str. 32. Mainatus religiosa (Linn), Sharpe, a religiosa, Linn., Syst. Wat, i. p. I64; Brit. Ind. i. p. 373, No. 927.–The
k, with green reflections on the lower urface less bright; wings and tail deep white spot, forming a conspicuous wing ye, and over the auricular region, form a pward to the side of the hind crown. A Bill orange; wattles deep yellow; irides
2°8 ; culmen I.
l, the forests of Malabar, Wynaad, Coorg, parties of 5-6. Generally confined to In to October. Eggs like those of Acri
3 lyth, ŷ. A. S. B. 1846, xv. p. 285 ; id., ; Kelaart, Prod. Cat. p. 1 25; Layard, ; Holdsu). P. Z. S. 1872, p. 463; Legge,

Page 224
70 ΡΙΤΤ,
Ibis, 1874, p. 25; id., B. Ceylon, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiii. p. 5 I 3 Entire plumage glossy black, with the head, hind neck, breast and thigh also the wings and abdomen; a white on each of the first 6-7 quills; yellow bill orange red, the base of upper mand mandible black for one-half its lengt.
Length.-IO'75 to I inches; wing I'4; bill from gape II*4.
Hab.-Ceylon, where it is a reside August. Eggs of the usual type, 2 in
Family.- Bill strong, moderately long or near slightly curved; nasal aperture basal, long, seldom equal or longer than the cate in open nests and lay spotted eggs
168. Pitta brachyura (Linn Verd, Madras yourn, X. p. 25; Kelac Ibis, I874, p. I8; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 423; Murray, A vi/. Br. Ind. ii. Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. I 58. Pitta bei jerd, B. Ind. i., p. 5o3. Pitta coro p. 224; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 406; id, v, p. 47o; Fairbank, Str. P. iv. p. 257; u PJTTA or GRoUND THRUSH.
Upper surface of the body green; v. bordered on each side with pale yellov white; lores and cheeks black, also the band and white tips to the feathers; ri coverts bright light blue; back, scapu under surface of the body fawn colour the abdomen and under tail coverts sc broad white patch; bill black; culmen
Length.-7 inches; tail I'5; wing Hab–Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula lon. Recorded localities in India are S Sikkim, Mysore, Travancore, Coor Khandalla, Belgaum, Calicut, Ootacan Valley and Mount Abu. This specie to August. The nest is a globulars composed of dry leaves, twigs, and

DAE,
p. 685. Mainatus ptilogenys (Blyth), -The CEYLON GRACKLE. trong metallic reflection of purple on s; back tinged with greenish bronze, bar across the wing formed by a patch lappets on each side of the nape only; ible as far as the nostrils black; lower h; irides greyish white. 5 to il 6°25, tail 25 to 3 ; tarsus I 3 to
nt and breeds during June, July, and lumber, I'3 x o'97.
PITTIIDAE.
ly as long as the head, culmen convex, oblong, covered by membrane; tarsus tail. Plumage brilliant. They midifi
t.), Royle, Ill. Bot. Him. pl. 7, fig. 3 ; art, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. p. 122; Legge, p. 2 I 3 ; Sclater, Cat. B. Br. M. xiv.
p. 38o, No. 938. Corvus brachyurus, ngalensis, Vieill, Enc. Meth. p. 685; nata, Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 416; Butler and Hume, Str. F. iii. Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 687-The INDIAN
artical stripe on top of the head black, vish or buffy brown; supercilium buffy : wings, which have a broad white basal imp, lesser wing coverts' and upper tail lars and greater wing coverts green; the throat white, but the middle of rlet; under wing coverts, black with a paler; feet yellowish. ko , Assam, Arracan, Tenasserim and Ceyimla, Bareilly, Behar, Assam, Kattywar, , Raipur, Mallegaum, Ahmedmuggur, und, Madras, Malabar, the Godavery breeds wherever it is found from May ructure with an aperture on one side roots. The eggs are irregular ovals,

Page 225
CYPS
glossy, china-white, speckled and spotte ish purple. In size they vary from o to O'9 inches in breadth.
ORDER-M Gape wide; bill short, broad at bas forked.
Family-C Bill short, broad at base, depressed, long and pointed; tarsi short.
Sub-Family-CY Wings very long and curved, scimital
direuted forwards; claws curved and rictal bristles absent; keel of sternum
Gen. Cypse
Bill with the sides gradually comp) thered; second quill longest; tail gene toes; toes ali directed forward.
169. Cypselus melba (Linn i. ; Gould, ABo.. Eur... pl. 53, 2 ; joerd., B Zool., c., Sind, p. 124; id, Wert. p. 3 I 7; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. Above wood-brown, glossy purple on surface white, except a broad duskyba. under tail coverts and tarsal plumes b toes brown with an orange tinge.
Length.-8 to 9 inches; wing 85t tail, which is forked, and 3 inches in le Aab.-S.-W. Europe, Palestine, W Afghanistan and Persia are other coun as a migrant, passing through the Pu Kattiawar, Guzerat, and the Deccan d to Jerdon, it is not rare in South Indi Honore to Cape Comorin, extending Coast, and occasionally eastwards to Sa dant on the Nilghiris and on the, Malal 170. Cypsellus affinis, Gray Ind. i. p. 177, No. IOO ; Str. F. i. p. id., Vert. Zool, Sind p. Io5; Legge, B. SWIFT.
Upper surface brown-black, darker head brownish ; forehead paler; unde and rump white; bill black; feet brow

LUS. 171
with maroon, dark purple and brown5 to Io inches in length and by O'8I
CROCHIRES. ; keel curved to the tip; tail generally
YPSELIDAE. compressed at tip; gape wide; wings
PSELINAE-SWIFTS. like; toes short, hinder one generally sharp; tail short, of IO feathers only; arge ; posteriorly entire.
lus-Illiger.
essed to the tip; nostrils partially fearally forked; tarsi. short, plumed to the
..), Eduv., AB. pl. 27; Naum, vogt. I47 . Ind. p. 175, No. 98 ; Murray, Hdbk. Zool., Sind, p. 1O5, Zegge, B. Ceylon 388, No. 95o.-The ALPINE SWIFT.
the back; wings darker brown; under r across the breast; rump, on the sides, rown; bill black; irides deep brown;
875, 25 inches beyond the tip of the ‘ngth; outer feathers 375. . Asia, Africa, Greece, Beloochistan, tries where it is found. It also occurs njab, N.-W. Provinces, Sind, Kutch, uring winter. Ceylon, and, according a all along the Western Ghats from its daily flight often to the Western lem, Madura, and even Madras; abunar Coast.
Ill. Ind. Zool, pl. 35, 2; Jerd, B. 66; Murray, Zool., 3.c., Sind, p. 125; Ceylon, p. 319.-The CoMMoN INDIAN
and glossed greenish on the back; surface brownish black; chin, throat nish ; irides deep brown.

Page 226
72 ΟYPS
Length.-5'S to 6 inches; wing 5, is II '75.
Hab.--Ceylon, Beloochistan, Persia In India very generally distributed. Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore a it breeds in large colonies under the ings. Mr. Parker records the most no dan, i 5 miles east of Mullaitiva, whe Eggs 2-4 in number, pure white.
l7l. Cypsellus batassiensi Hardw, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. p. 35, fig. Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 322; Murray, A The PALM SwiFT.
Entire plumage glossy ashy brown ( and more albescent on the under S dusky reddish; tail much forked, the shorter than the outer; primaries dark and much pointed at the tip.
Length.-5 to 5'5 inches; tail 2's ( Hab.-Ceylon and throughout India bar Coast, Carnatic, the Northern C the North-West Provinces; in fact, wh Hume says they nest solely on the “T Borassus flabelliformis, on the under su eggs are long ovals, slightly compresse
Sub-Family.-
Characters same as those of Cypseli tip; the species comprised in it are mc
Gen. Hirundil Toes three in front ; hind toe or hal able and reversible to the front; tarsus shaped; the naked shafts of the feath
172. Hirundinapus indic Str. P. ii. p. I55 ; iv. p. 286 ; Inglis, i. p. 5 ; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. (Temm.), apud ỹerd, B. Ind. i. p. 17. Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 459. Ceylon p. 314.-The INDIAN GIANT SE
Not unlike H. giganteus, but di whity brown; a white spot between the

LIDAE.
:xtends I's beyond tip of tail, which
Afghanistan, Nepaul and Abyssinia. Occurs in Sind, the Punjab, Deccan, hd N. Guzerat. Wherever it is found, eaves of roofs and in untenanted buildthern colony in Ceylon as at Oddisude they breed from May to November.
(Gray). C. palmarum, Gray and i. ; Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 18O, No. IO2 ; vi/. British Ind. i. p. 39o, No. 97
ir fuscous, darker on the wings and tail, urface. Bill black irides brown; feet,
inner feathers of the fork I"25 inch brown, the 1st shorter than the second,
outer feathers); wing 4'5.
in the more moist regions as the Malaoncan, Bengal, the central tableland and erever palms grow. Extends to Assam. ar' (or toddy tree ?), which he calls rface of which it builds its nests. The d towards one end and pure white.
-CHAETURINAE.
1a; tail feathers ending in a spinous stly of large size, and pale colours.
lapus.-Aodgs.
ux shorter than the front toes, opposnaked; tail short, even or wedgers ending in a spinous tip. is, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 47 ; id., Str. F. v. p. 17; Oates, B. Br. Burm. 392, No. 96o. Acanthylis giganteat ; Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. p. 84; Chætura gigantea, apud Legge, Birds NE-TAIL. 'ers in having the chin and throa eye and base of the bill, and the back

Page 227
COLLOCA
and rump much paler brown; bill bla pale purplish or plumbeous.
Length.-9 to 925 inches; tail 28; gape II* I.
Hab.--Ceylon and Southern India, Á Peninsula. It has been obtained in Ma at Tellicherry. They occur in large fl the early morning and the dusk of th crossing and recrossing one another, wi their glossy plumage. It is said they or on rocks in the sea.
Gen. Collocalia, Gray.--ED
General characters as in Cypselus ; h longest; tail moderate, even, or slightly feet small. (ferd.)
173. Collocalia Linchi, Hors Ioo; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 384; . Eggs Ind. B. p. 89; Salvad, Ucc. Bor p. 49; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 85; (uat fuciphaga, apud Hors/, Trans. Linn. apud Bl. and Wald., B. Burm. p. 85 B. Ceylon, p. 324-HoRSFIELD's SwiF Above glossy bronze-black ; chin, th ashy-brown, each feather margined pal with brown under tail coverts dark br tail glossy black; bill black; irides bro Alength.-4 inches; tail 175; wing 4 Hab.–Ceylon, Java, Borneo, the Ma also the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. has not yet been ascertained. Mr. Da they are very familiar birds, coming e quarters in it, day after day. It breeds Nicobars. Eggs pure white, devoid C O'45 inch.
Gen. Dendrochelidon
Hallux not reversible; tarsus short, e first two primaries sub-equal; tail long
174. Dendrochelidon Coro) p. 617; ferd., B. Ind. i. p. I85, No d, Str. F. iii. p. 45 ; Hume and Ceylon, p. 328; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 8

LlA. . . 73
k; irides dark brown; legs and feet
wing 78 to 8; tarsus O'75; bill from
ndamans, Tenasserim and the Malay abar and the Wymaad, also on the coast cks, wherever they are located, and in e evening are seen in scattered flocks, tile the setting sun now and again show build upon rocks jutting out in the sea
BLE-NEST-BUILDING SwALLows.
ind toe pointing backwards; 2nd quill forked; bill very small, much hooked;
f. and Moore, Cat. B. E. J. Co. i. p. Hume, Str. F. ii. p. I57; id, Wes/s and n. p. II2I ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. 's, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. io. Hirundo Socy. xiii. p. 143. Colocalia fuciphaga, Collocalia francica apud B. Legge,
TLET, roat, sides of the head and of the body er ; abdomen and vent white, streaked own margined with white; wings and wn; feet brownish black.
; tarsus o'3; bill from gape o’4. lay Peninsula, Tenasserim and Arracan; The correct distribution of this Swiftlet vison's experience of the species is that ven into the house, and taking up their abundantly in both the Andamans and f gloss, long ovals, and average o'7 x
, Boie. (Macropteryx, Sws.)
ither naked or feathered; wings long,
and forked; head sub-crested.
natus (Tick.), Sclater, P. Z. S., 1865, . IO4; Aume, Wests and Eggs, p. 92; Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 5; Legge, B. 35; Parker, Str. P.ix.p. 476; Murray,

Page 228
174 CAPRIM
Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p, 395, No. 968. F p. 58o; xv. p. 2. Macropteryx corona Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 458; Oates, A. CREsTFD TREE-SwIFT.
Upper plumage and sides of the nec the forehead, crown, and the longer ul space round the eye black; a narrow v ear coverts ferruginous; under surface abdomen, vent and under tail covert brown, suffused with bluish green; tail The female differs in having the ear the chin and moustache ashy like the
irides brown.
Length.-9 to 95 inches; tail 52 to gape o‘8.
Hab.-Ceylon, Central and Souther Mysore, Southern Ghauts of Nellore a the sub-Himalayan tract, below Gurhw of the Central Provinces, and in Darjee and to breed. At Tissa, in the south prior to the beginning of the rains, thes before dark, perhaps, as Mr. Parker Arundo rustica. He adds that in March and July, in the N.-W. in Apr July, September and October. The ne flakes of thin bark agglutinated with sal almost cylindrical oval, O'85 by O'55. to June.
Family.-CAPRIMULGII
Bill short, flat, and broad, weak below the eyes, and with numerous st moderate, often feathers; tarsi short; base; eyes large; plumage mottled an
Sub-Family. - STE
Bill large, wide, depressed, slightly c wide; base of bill covered with feath partially reversible in some. (Serd.)
Gen. Batrachos
Bill very large, strong, broad and hc covered by plumes; no rictal bristles tarsi feathered.

PLG DAE.
irundo coronata, 7ick., ỹ. A. S. B. ii. us, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 86; WardlawBritish Burmah ii. p. 12.--The INDIAN
c ashy, tinged with metallic green on per tail coverts; lores and a narrow hite supercilium ; chin, moustache and of the body pale ashy, whitish on the s; wing coverts metallic blue ; quills metallic greenish-brown. coverts black instead of chestnut, and throat. Bill black; legs blue-black;
55; wing 6'3; tarsus O'3; bill from
India, the Malabar Coast, Wynaad, nd the whole of British Burmah. In al and Kumaon, the Mandla districts :ling, it is said to be extremely common 2rn provinces of Ceylon, some weeks 2 Swifts collect in parties of 200 or more surmises, to sleep in the rushes like the Southern Province they breed in il, and in the Northern in April, June, st is a shallow half-saucer, composed of iva. Egg one only, pure white, a long The breeding season lasts from April
DAE, Vigors.--GoATSUcKERs.
and curved; gape wide, extending to song bristles; wings long or short; tail toes long, hind toe joined to inner at i pencilled; habits nocturnal.
ATORNINAE,-Gray.
urved and strongly hooked; gape very irs and bipectinated bristles. Hallux
stomus,— Gould.
Ioked at tip; nostrils narrow, lateral, ; wings short and rounded; tail long;

Page 229
CAPRM
175. Batracehostomus moni Jerd, B. Ind. i p. I 19, No. 1O5; Podargus Javensis, Žerd, 2nd Suppl. (Hors/), Str. F. vii.p. 147.-The Wy Above with the throat and breast of white spots edged black on the below it; bely and lower tailcoverts på spots; flanks mottled with dusky; cor tipped white and edged black, forming pectoral collar; supercillium pale rufes white; wing coverts tipped white and dusky, with a minute terminal black pulars like the tertiaries; tail mottled a in a series of white spots, successively 1 the lateral halves of the tail separated black; irides hazel.
Length.-IO inches; tail 4'25; wing width at gape II.
Aab.-Ceylon, the Malabar Coast, Central Provinces. Very little is know other species of the genus, being a noc says that, if he is not mistaken, the retiring, for it never appears to ventul calling in the breeding season some entirely in dense jungle. He adds tha
Sub-Family.-( Bill small and weak, with bristles at tarsi short, scaled or plumed ; middle ed. Found in most parts of the world ture on the wing,
Gen. Caprir
General characters as in the sub-fam at base, compressed and bent at the tip
176. Caprimulgus asiatic Jerd, B. Ind i, p. 197, No. 112 i
F. iii. p. 46; Blyth, B. Br. Burm. : 59; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 343; Broo viii. p. 85 ; Murray, Hadlbk., Zool., p. Io6; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 15o; ray, Avis. Br. Ind. i p. 399, No. 973
Plumage remarkably soft and lax, p pencilled and mottled with dusky;

MULGUS, 75
iger, Blyth, 7. A. S. B. xvi.p.8o6; ir. F. ii. p. 35o; iv. p. 376; vi. p. 55. Cat. 253. Batrachostomus Javensis, 'NAAD FRoGMOUTH.
bright bay or chestnut; a torque upper part of the breast and another le isabelline with similar but smaller onal feathers long; occipital feathers g a nuchal ring continuous with the cent ; loral plumes tipped black and edged black; tertiaries pale, mottled and white spot primaries black; scaind obscurely banded, each band ending more developed on each outer feather, into two distinct lobes. (verd.) Bill
4"75 ; tarsus o' 7 ; bill from gape II*2 ;
Wynaad, Coorg, Travancore, and the n of its habits or of that of any of the turnal bird. Mr. Bourdillon, however, habits of this species is very shy and 'e into the open, and only commences zonsiderable time after dark, and lives t it is a very difficult bird to secure.
CAPRIMULGINAE
the base; wings long; tail rather long; toe longest; its claw long and serrat; all live on insects, which they cap
nulgus.--Lin.
ily. Bill very short, flexible and broad ); rictal bristles strong and numerous. us, Lath., Ind. Orn. iii. p. 588; Hume, Wests and Eggs p. 97; id, Str. p. 46; Hume and Dav., Str. F. v. p. es, Str. F. vii. p. 169; Hume, Str. F. c., Sind, p. 126; id, Vert. Zool. Sind, Oales, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. I 7 ; Mur-The CoMMON INDIAN NIGHT-JAR. ale rufescent ashy; the feathers finely top of head with narrow longitudinal

Page 230
176 CAPRM
blackish streaks; neck with a white sp scapulars edged with buffy or tawny; first four feathers, and mottled at the white patch near the tips of the inner throat. Lower parts and tail irregular in the male, with white spots on the ot Length.-9 inches; extent 18 to 18 Hab.–Very widely spread in Ceyl Concan and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawa from Upper Pegu and Amherst. Br. the lower ranges of the Himalayas in spring and summer. The eggs ar May is the month in which they bre April. In Ceylon Mr. Parker has taker Province, and in June and September ir number, long, cylindrical ovals, of a p spotted and streaked with different sha. Average size I'O4 X O'77.
C. mahrattensis may be looked for from Mr. Hall of Caltura is not unl preservation to correctly identify it with 177. Caprimulgus atripenn B. Ind. i. p. 196, No. 1 II ; Murray Caprimulgus spilocircus (Gray), Hun Legge, B. Ceylon p. 34o-The GHAUT Crown and tertiaries cineraceous, in with a broad black mesial longitudina coverts and scapulars black, with a ri rufescent white; nape feathers tinged white patch; first primary with a white with a white patch extending across b at the tip; outer tail feathers with a bi base and tipped black.
The female is like the male, except rufous and is much contracted, and t ill-defined and rufescent. Bill pinkish brown. The nestling is covered with ri Length.-IO'S inches against I2 to 9 inches. In colour it has a russet t not mottled at the tip; ear coverts ferru, Hab.–Nearly throughout Ceylon a India, and the Malabar Coast. Accordi in Ceylon, in the N.-W. Provinces fron

ULGIDAE.
ot; collar rufescent; wing coverts and quills with a white spot on each of the tip, the exterior feathers with a large webs; a central patch of white on the ly barred and mottled lightly; the tail, ter tail feathers; tarsi bare,
'5; wing 55 to 6; tail 4'5.
on and India. Occurs in Sind, the ir, and North Guzerat; recorded also eeds wherever it is found, ascending to the height of 5,OOO or 6,OOO feet e laid in a depression on the ground. 2d, but eggs have also been taken in eggs in June and July in the Northern the S. E. of the Island. Eggs, two in inkish stone colour, blotched, clouded, les of pale reddish and purplish brown.
in Ceylon. A skin in my possession ike it but it is in too bad a state of 1 that species.
nis, 7 erd, Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 24 ; id., , Avf. Br. Ind. ii. p. 4OI, No. 977. ne," Wests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 97;
NIGHT-AR.
minutely mottled with black; the crown streak; ear coverts ferruginous; wing ussettinge, and bordered broadly with with russet; neck in front with a broad spot on the inner web; the next three oth webs; none of the quills mottled oad white tip; rictal bristles white at
that the white on the tail is tinged with he marks on the primaries are narrow, brown; irides brown; feet and legs eddish brown down.
I3 inches; wing 65 against 85 to inge about the nape, breast and back, ginous. nd the Eastern ghauts; also Southern ng to Hume, it breeds on the Nilghiris; n March to May, laying two eggs under

Page 231
HARP
a bush or at the foot of a tree. The eg of the species, and a pale somewhat c. mottled all over with pale reddish a I 16 x o'84; the length varies from I O'79 to O'89 inch.
178. Caprimulgus Kelaart. id., 7. A. S. B. xiv. p. 2o8 ; ferd., i p. 38I; Legge, B. Celyon, p. 337; No. 98o.--The NEILGHERRY NIGHT-JA.
Plumage above and below light cin under surface with pale fawn; head, n tail coverts mottled and pencilled wi edged with light rufous; a line from b the throat white; first four primaries w except the middle feathers mottled at t and margined with dusky. Bill dusky
Length.-II's inches; tail S75 wi
Hab.-Ceylon, the Nilghiris, Cent Ghauts. Hume says it breeds throug Provinces from February to August; the are laid in a depression in the ground are two in number, and resemble exact
SUB-ORDER-COCCY
Family-T.
Bill short, stout, somewhat triangula tip and sometimes the margin toothed concealed by long tufts of bristles; partially feathered; toes short, two turned backwards; tail long and bi tender and thin.
Gen. Harpac
Bill strong, broad and deep, coni covered by hairs; tarsus half-featherec plumage, living in dense forests, and fe mulgidae, they capture in the air.
179. Harpactes fasciatus No. 1 I5; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. So7. pl. 31. Legge, B. Ceylon P. 269; Mur, -The MALABAR TROGON.
23 с

ACTES. 177
gs have the usual gloss peculiar to those reamy pink ground, faintly streaked and nd purple. The average of 6 eggs is "I inch to I'25, and the breadth from
i, Blyth, ở“. A. S. B. xx. p. I 75 ; Tl. Ind, Orn, pl. 24 ; Hume, Str. F. iv. Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 403,
R. ereous, tinged on the scapulars and Leck, back, scapulars, rump and upper th black and dusky; ear coverts black, elow the ear coverts to the gape, also ith a white spot on the under web, all he tips; tail feathers tipped with white brown; irides brown.
ing 7" to 7*2. tral Provinces, and on the Eastern ghout Southern India and the Central : eggs, not unlike those of other species, under a bush or tuft of grass. They ly those of C. indicus and asiaticus.
GES HETERODACTYLAE.
ROGONIDAE.
t, strong and curved from the base, the ; gape wide; nostrils and base of bill wings moderate or short; tarsus short, before and two behind, inner toe being oad, of 12 feathers; plumage soft; skin
'tes, Swainson.
2 and much curved; nostrils partially i; orbital region nude. Birds of rich eding on insects, which, like the Capri
(Gmel.), 7'erd, B. Ind i p. 2ol, Trogon Malabaricus, Gould, Monog.
ray, Avis. Br. Ind. i p. 405, No. 983.

Page 232
178 CU CULI
Entire head and neck black; rest of t brown; lesser wing coverts, tertiaries streaked with black and white; breast, b tail with the centre feathers more chestn The female has the head and neck of the coverts and tertiaries are finely band ochreous yellow. Bill deep blue; orbita feet light lavender-blue. (Jerd.)
Length.-I2 inches; tail 6; wing gape I “O.
Hab.-Ceylon and Malabar; also ( Malabar from the extreme south to about hill ranges to at least 3,OOO feet. Jerdo situations, and keeps to the thickest par and sometimes in pairs. Layard says i four, and feeds on various insects.
SUB-ORDER.-
Bill various, more or less arched, before and two behind; outer hind toe
Family-CUCULID
Bill rather slender and compressed, nostrils in a membranous groove; wing:
Sub-familyTarsi short, feathered and scaled; bil
Gen. Cucu
3rd quill longest; two outer feathers
the knee; outer front toe longest, reversible.
l80. Cuculus canorus, Linn. p. 322, No. 199; Hume, Nests and Egg Soc. viii. p. I 15; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. Str. F. iv. p. 288; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Chine, p. 65; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 22 Dresser, B. Europe, v. p. 199, pl... ; Hu; Str. F. viii. p. 88; Scully, Str. F. viii id., B. Br. Burm., ii. p. 1o3; Murr Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 116; id, 1vy/ EURoPEAN CUcKoo.
Head and upper parts dark ashy, ash elegantly crossed with wavy bars of bla

DAE.
he upper plumage castaneous oliveand some of the secondaries finely ally and lower parts fine crimson red; it than the back; rest black and white. same colour as the body, and the wing 'd black and brown; lower plumage l skin smalt blue; irides dark brown ;
5 ; tarsus o*6; billi at front O*5; at
entral India. Found in the forests of N. lat. 17, reaching up the ghauts and n adds that it prefers the more elevated is of the woods. It is usually solitary, is found in small parties of three or
-ZY GODACTYLI.
often straight and angular; toes two often reversible.
AE, Leach. -CUCKoos.
curved above, tip hooked; gape wide; s long; tail rounded.
- CUCULINAE.
l broad, flattened at base.
lus-Zin.
of tail shortest; tarsi feathered below united at base to the inner toe and
Syst. Mat. i. p. 168; Jerd, B. Ind. i. s, Ind. B. p. 133; Wald, Trans. Zool. 78; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 79; Hume, Ibis, 1877, p. 458; David et Oust. Ois. I ; Anders., Yunnan Exped. p. 589; me and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. I 56; Hume, . p. 253 ; Oates, Str. F. X. p. 192; ay, Halbk, Zool., 8.c., Sind. p. 131; id., Brit. Ind. i, p. 408, No. 987. –The
y, or pale blue; breast and belly white, ck; the quills are dusky, their inner

Page 233
CUC
webs marked with large oval white spot black with white tips, the others dusky, side of the shafts; legs short, yellow ; orbits and irides deep yellow. The yo; wings and tail barred with ferruginous plumage, white, barred with brown.
Alength.-I4 inches; wing 875 to 9 Hab.-Europe, N. Africa, China, Fo istan, Eastern Turkistan, and India Upper Pegu, and throughout Westerr migrant. It arrives in Sind during A Himalayas, round Almorah, Kumaon, ; May, selecting the nests of Pipits and eggs are variable in size and colouring, thinly freckled and streaked with brown O'88 to O'95 inch, breadth o'68 to O'73.
181. Cuculus poliocephalu B. Ind, i. p. 324, No. 2OI; id., 2nd Su Suppl. List; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 231 No. 989. Cuculus Himalayanus, Gou and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 35.-The SMAL
Upper surface of the body ashy, t slightly glossed with green on the back glossed greenish, with numerous clos blackish brown, with large white spots the edge of the inner webs, also at the tinged with rusty; under surface of the of dark brown or buff; under tail co reddish brown.
Length.-IO to IO'6 inches; tail 5 tarsus o*6.
Hab.–Ceylon; also the Himalayas, Jerdon says it has been found as far SC Darjeeling it is said to be tolerably co is known of the eggs of this species. May and June. Mr. Brooks, when ir belong to this species from the nest of on 2nd June; “It was an elongated cy size at both ends, which are obtuse, pu inch.
182. Cuculus Sonneratii, . Ind. i p. 325, No. 220 ; Wald, 7ra

ULUS. 179
is; tail long, the two middle feathers with alternate spots of white on each bill black, yellowish at base beneath; ung. bird has the whole upper plumage, and the feathers tippid white; lower
; tail 7; bill at front o'75. rmosa, Beloochistan, Persia, S.Afghangenerally; Nepaul, Burmah, Ceylon, , Central, and Southern India, as a ugust and September. Breeds in the and Kotegurh during the latter half of Stone-Chats, also Malacoctrict. The but the general colour is pure white, ish red and pale purple. Length from
s, Latham, Ind. Orn. i. p. 2 I3 ; ferd., ppl. Cat. No. 223 bis ; id., Ióis, I 872, ; Murray, Avi/. Bor. Ind. ii. p. 409 lad, Cento. Him. B. pl. 54 ; Hume, AVestis L or HoARY-HEADED CUcKoo. inged sometimes with rufous, and by and upper tail coverts; quills brown, 2 large white spots; tail deep ashy or on the middle of each feather and on tip; chin and throat pale ashy; breast body white, with narrow distant bars verts white; bill dusky horny; irides
to 52 - wing 56; bill at front of ;
migrating to the plains during winter. uth as Nellore on the East Coast; at immon. Nothing certain, Hume says, Mr. Thomson, he adds, says it lays in h Cashmere, took an egg supposed to Reguloides superciliosus at Goolmerg, lindrically ovate egg, nearly the same
re white and glossy; size o'81 by O'57
Lath., - Ind. Urn. i. p. 2 I 5 ; Goerd., B. ns. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 55 ; Blyth, B.

Page 234
180 CUCU
Burm., p. 8o; Anderson, Yunnan Erpe vi. p. 156; Legge, B, Ceylon, p. 233; E F. ix. p. 54; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 41 O, No. 990.-The BANDED CUCKoo.
General colour above dusky, tinged w rufous; the wing coverts barred with quills rufescent; tail rufous, the feathers webs narrowly barred, the tip white and beneath, from throat, white, tinged wit with numerous narrow dusky cross bars barred with dusky; ear coverts dusky.
The young are more coarsely barred blackish ground; breast white, banded nearly black, the edges scolloped with Bill dusky; irides brown; legs greenish
Length.-95 inches; tail 4'5; wing Alab.-Ceylon, and Peninsular In Burmese countries. Jerdon records it core, where he says it is tolerably comm ris and in the Wynaad, and more rare latitude of Madras. In Burmah it has
183. Cuculus micropterus, B. Ind. i. p. 326, No. 203 ; Swinhoe, Wald., B. Burm. p. 79; David et Ous Str. F. vi, p. 156; Legge, B. Ceylon, Oates, Str. P. X. p. I93; Oates, B. Br. Ind. ii. p. 4 Io, No. 99 I. Cuculus affin p. 18 ; Blyth, B. Burm... p. 76; Wara Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 8. Cuculus stri No. 2o4.-The INDIAN CUcKoo.
Upper parts, including the wings, da nape, sides of the head and neck, also breast grey; inner webs of quills barre with whitish, and with a subterminal bi white shaft spots, which become bars the centre feathers scolloped with ru: body white, banded broadly throughou tinged with ashy; under tail coverts w The young are dark brown ; the uppe and the head barred with rufous white. irides brown.
Length.-12'S to 13 inches; tail 6'4 bill from gape I'3.

|DAE.
, p. 587 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. ime, Str. F. viii. p. 88; Vidal, Str. IQ7 ; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p.
th greenish and closely barred with aler rufous or white; Outer web of dusky on the outer webs; the inner with a subterminal broad, dusky bar;
fulvous on the flanks and marked sides of the head and neck white,
than adults, with pale rufescent nn a with dusky; central feathers of tail ufous; outer feathers dusky. (ferd.) grey. 4:8; tarsus o'7; bill from gape II“ I. dia also Tenasserim and the Indorom the forests of Malabar and Travanon; also from the sides of the Nilghily on the Eastern Ghauts about the )een procured at Thayetmyo.
Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 137; 5erd, P. Z. S. I 87 I, p. 395 ; Blyth and ". Ois. Chine, p. 64 ; Hume and Dav., p. 228 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 88; Burm. ii. p. IO4 ; Murray, Avif, Br. is (A. Hay), Blyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xv. Plazey-Ramsay, T'zveedad. Mem. p. 67 II ; atus (Drap.) apud. ĵerd. i. p. 328,
k ashy, purer on the forehead; crown, the cheeks, ashy; chin, throat and | with white; tail ashy brown, tipped oad dark band; all the feathers with on the outermost ones; the edges of ous ; abdomen, vent and sides of the with black; upper tail coverts brown, hite, with a few nearly obsolete bars. r surface broadly tipped with rufous, Bill dark horny black; legs yellow;
to 6'8; wing 75 to 85; jarsus o'85;

Page 235
HIEROC
Hab.–Ceylon, and the greater part China, Cochin-China, the Malay Peni
Oates says it is distributed over Peg It extends also to Assam. Jerdon sa common in the North; rare on the it is also rare in Ceylon, but tolerab India, as at Nagpore, Chanda, Mhow, in Lower Bengal and on the Himalay, of the genus.
Gen. Eieroci
Bill as in Cuculus but stouter, wider the 4th quill longest, the 5th subequa and barred; plumage barred.
84. Hierococcyx varius 329; Legge, B. Ceylon, ii. p. 249; M 993.-The CoMMON HAWK Cuckoo.
Upper parts uniform ash grey, dark neck and breast pale rufous, the fea flanks white, barred with grey and rufo tail grey, tipped with hite, crossed and a broad dusky subterminal one ; q webs; chin white; throat greyish; bi irides gamboge yellow.
Zength.-I3 to I35 inches; tail 6
Hab.-Ceylon, Bengal and Norther groves, avenues, &c. Lives like it insects.
Gen. Cacom
Cuckoos of small size and variab plumage not barred in the normal Cuculus.
l85. Cacomantis nigra, (Vo Polyphasia nigra, 7erd., B. Ind., ii. p, 4I 4. CaComantis pasSerinus (Vah INDIAN PLAINTIVE CUcKoo. .
Adult uniform dark ashy above, gl vent and under tail coverts white; quil the inner web of each feather; tail ble feathers banded and tipped with white at the gape; feet reddish yellow; iric
Aength.-9 inches; tail 4'5; wing

DCCYX. 181
f Peninsular India; also Central Asia, Isula, and the Indo-Burmese countries.
l, both on the hills and in the plains. s it is rare in the South of India, but Malabar Coast and in the Carnatic; y common in the jungles of Central and Saugor, and moderately common s. Habits the same as other members
ccyX, Müller.
at gape and much deeper; wings with with the 2nd; tail nearly even, broad
(Vahl), Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 329, No. urray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 4 I2, No.
:r on the wings and their coverts; forethers greyish mesially; abdomen and us; vent and under tail coverts white; with 5-6 narrow undulating bands, (uills barred with white on their inner Il dusky; lower mandible yellowish;
75; wing 7; bill at front o8. n and Southern, India ; affects gardens, s congeners on caterpillars and other
ntis, Müller.
le plumage, generally grey or dusky; adult state ; tarsi less plumed than in
ahl.), verd, Ibis, ii. 1872, Plate I. 333; Murray, Avy/. Brit. Ind. ii. p. !), Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 235-The
ossed with green, beneath pale ashy; ls dusky, with a broad white band on ckish, except the middle pair, all the ; bill blackish, red at base beneath and es ruby red or brownish red. (Goerd.)
“5 ; bill at front o*6; tarsus o*6.

Page 236
82 CUC
Hab.--Nearly all over India in moi the Malabar Coast, in the Wynaad, an rare in the Carnatic; uncommon on th India, and Lower Bengal, up to the fo in Ceylon. Breeds on the Nilghiris in Common Wren Warbler, during Septe are elongated ovals, occasionally more and smooth. The ground colour is a and spotted towards the large end with reddish purple. Size o'78 to o'8I X
Gen. Strnic Plumage black; tail even or forked mate slightly the longest, and each lat tip; otherwise as in Cacomantis. (5e,
186. Surniculus lugubris p. 63; Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. p. I59; Anders, Kunnan Erped. p. 587 F. viii. p. 86; Oates, B. Br. Burm, ii, p. 4I 4, No. 998. Cuculus lugubris, I Pseudormis dicruroides, Hodgs, J. A. roides, Jerd, B. Ind. i.p. 336, No. 2) Upper parts glossy black, glossed gri a few white feathers on the nape; tail feathers barred and tipped with white spots near the shaft and very narro all except the second with a white spot with white; upper tail coverts with surface of the body dull black; inner v specks. The young are black, and the spotted with white. Bill black; irides Length.- Io inches; tail 53 to 5'7. gape II” I.
Hab.–Ceylon, the Indo-Curmese ( into China, Siam and Cochin-China, a to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. It i Wynaad, Central India, and at D Burmah, and Tenasserim, it is said to found over the whole of British Burma
Gen. Chryso Bill as in Cuculus, but a little more wings pointed; 2nd quill longer than
feathers of the rump and upper tail cov

JILIDAE.
st and woody countries. Abundant on i the warmer slopes of the Nilghiris; e eastern ghauts, but plentiful in Central Ot of the N.-W. Himalayas. Common the nests of Drymopus inormat us, the mber. The eggs, according to Hume, or less cylindrical. The shell is fine delicate pale greenish blue, blotched reddish or purplish brown and pale o'53 to O'57.
ulus-ALesson. ; outermost feathers short, the penultieral half curling outwards towards the rd.)
(Hory), Salvad, Ucc. Born. 179, p. 8o; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 243; Hume, Str. , p. 112. Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. I 79. S. B. viii. p. I 36. Surniculus dicruo.--The BLACK FoRK-TAILED CUCKoo. een and blue; head sub-crested and with glossy blue-black, the outermost pair of ; the next pair with only a few white wly tipped with white; primaries black, on the inner web; tibial plumes spotted some white specks occasionally; lower ving coverts the same, with minute white 2 plumage above and below is much
brown; legs plumbeous. 5; wing 5'5; tarsus O'65; bill from
:ountries, and India generally. Ranges nd extends down the Malay Peninsula, s common on the Malabar Coast, in the arjeeling. In the Himalayas, Ceylon,
be not uncommon. Oates says it is h and Karenne.
coccyx.-Aoie. depressed at the base and entire at tip; the 4th; 3rd Subequal with the 4th; verts soft, tarsi short, feathered.

Page 237
COCCY
187. Chrysococcyx macula Wald, Ibis, 1876, p. 345; Wardlau Str. F. viii. p. 89; Bingham, Str. F. id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. II, 3; Murr Trogon maculatus, Gan, Syst. Nat. Chrysococcyx smaragdinus, Blyth, 9 Hodgsoni, Moore, in Hors/ and Moor 7os; verd. B. Intl. i. p. 338, No. 2 II Chrysococcyx Schomburgki, Gould, maculatus, Hume and Dazv., Str. F. vi. Head, neck, and entire upper pluma the breast, emerald green, with a golc with white, and the outer tail feathers w rest of the lower plumage white, cro green. Bill yellow, tipped dusky or irides red brown. The young are varic crown, and nape are rufous, or barred
Length.-7 inches; tail 3; wing 4'4 Hab.-The Himalayas to Ceylon. F and Tenasserim ; also Arracan. Jerdo ing and also in Central India.
Gen. Coccys
Head crested; nostrils basal, ovate; equal; tail long, graduated; tarsi not
188. Coccystes jacobinus, , t. 208; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. A p. I I7; Oates, B. Br. Burmah ii. p. 1 Str. P. viii. p. 8g; Murray, Aarif. Br. jacobinus, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 8I. C and Moore, Cat. B. ii. p. 694 ; Gřerd., Halbk, Zool., 3'e, Sind, p. 131. Lep I83 I, p. I2 I. Oxylophus serratus, Gr CRESTED CUCKoo.
Entire upper surface black with a gr and under tail coverts white or fulvesce forming a conspicuous wing patch; tai middle narrowly; shoulders white; unc black; legs bluish; irides red brown.
Length.-13 inches; wing 5'5 to 5, Ha6.--Throughout India to Nepal Southern India, Bengal, Upper Pegu a February in the Kurnegala district. M

STES. 183
tus (Gm.), Blyth, B. Burm. p. 8o j-Ramsay, Ibis, I877, p. 438; Hume, ix.p, I67; Oates, Str. F. x. p. I93 ; ay, Awif. Br. Ind. p. 4 I5, No. 999. i, p. 4O4; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 238. "... A. S. B. XV. p. 53. Chrysococcyx e, Cat. Birds, Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 62. P. Z. S. I864, p. 73. Lamprococcyx pp. 161,5O2.-The EMERALD CUCKoo. ge, including the wings and tail, also len gloss; inner webs of quills marked ith large white spots; lower breast and ssed with bars of shining or metallic black; legs and feet brownish green; usly marked; generally the forehead, with rufous. ; tarsus o’5; bill from gape o’85. Found in the greater portion of Burmah n says it has been procured at Darjeel
stes-Gloger.
4th quill longest; 3rd and 4th subplumed.
Bodd., Pl. Enl. 872; Levail O. A. '. p. 137; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, I8; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 216; Hume, Ind. ii. p. 4 I 7, No. IOO2. Oxylophus occystes melanoleucos (Gmel.), Horsf. B. Ind. i. p. 339, No. 2 Io ; Murray, tosomus afer, Frankl., Proc. Zool. Soc. av, Gen. B. ii. p. 464.-The PIED
'eenish gloss; chin, throat, belly, vent, int white; bases of the primaries white, l feathers broadly tipped white, the two ler wing coverts fulvescent white. Bill
75; tail 675 to 7; bill at front o'75.
ll. Common in Ceylon, Central and nd rare on the Malabar Coast. Lays in (r. Parker says they are scarce in the

Page 238
184 CUCI
N.-W. Province and the interior of No soon, but in S -E. Ceylon more nur Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana and No. found, it lays according to the breedi whose nests it deposits its eggs, from of the Malacocirci, are a spotless sky varying in length from O'9 to O'98 inc inch. -
189. Coccystes coromandı Hume, Wests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 13 Str. P. viii. p.82; Blyth, B. Burm, p Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 249; Hume ana F. viii. p. 89; Scully, t. c. p. 257; lih Ioo3. Cuculurs coromandus, Linn., CRESTED Cuckoo.
Whole head and neck black; the ch round the neck white; upper parts of tail and lesser wing coverts black, ting with fulvous white, increasing in exten secondaries, and greater wing coverts ( dusky; tertiaries brown; under surfac to smoky brown on the vent, and dusk wing coverts pale ferruginous; flanks tinge. The young have the upper part edged with rufous.
Bill black; legs plumbeous; irides Length.-13 to 18 inches; tail Io; v
Hab.-Generally spread throughout ana. Recorded from Siam, China, anc and the Phillippine Islands. Occurs a is found in Malabar, the Carnatic, a obtained in Bengal. It is seen general utters a loud call note, which rings thr
Gen. Eudynamy
Bill strong, thick, vertically deep, an not plumed below the joint, flattened ir
190. Eudynamys honorata 586; Lev. O.A. t. 214; Legge, B. Ce ii. p. 418, No. IoO4. Eudynamys orier No. 214; Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. p. 132; id. Wert. Zool. Sind, p. 17

JILIDAE.
rthern Ceylon during the S.-W. monnerous than at other times. In Sind, th. Guzerat, and in fact wherever it is ng season of the various Babblers, in January to July. The eggs, like those blue, and highly glossy, round ovals. h, and in breadth from o'72 to O'82
as (Linn.), ỹoerd. B. Ind. i. p. 34; 8; Salvad., ČVcc. Born. p. 67 ; Hume, , 81 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 61 ; l Dev, Str. P. vi. p. I62; Hume, Str. urray Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 417, No. yst. IVat.i. p. 17.-The RED-wINGED
in, throat, and foreneck fulvous; collar
the body black, glossed with green; ed with greenish blue, the tail tipped t towards the outer feathers; primaries, leep ferruginous or chestnut, the tips e of the body fulvous white, changing y black on the under tail coverts; under greyish brown, with a slight rufescent Is glossed brown and the feathers are
red brown. ving 64; tarsus II ; bill from gape I'4. India, Ceylon, Burmah, and Malayi Cochin-China, Sumatra, Jawa, Borneo, bundantly in Pegu ard Tenasserim. It und Central India. It has also been ly singly, flying from tree to tree. It ough the forest or topes of trees.
s-Vig. and Horsf
d hooked at tip; 4th quill longest; tarsi
front.
(Linn.), Bodd. 7abil. Pl. Enl. 294, yilon, p. 25 I ; Murray, Avif. Br. Indi. talis (Linn.), ỹerd., B. Ind. i. p. 342, 119; Murray, Halbk. Zool, &c., Sind. -The INDIAN KoEL.

Page 239
RHOPC
Male. -Entirely black with a green crimson; legs slaity blue.
Length.-I5'5; wing 7'5; bill at fri Female.--Dusky brown with a gree head, scapulars, and wing coverts; including the under wing and thigh co Length.-17 to 175 inches; wing 7 Alab.-Throughout India, extending and the Phillippines; common in the Kattiawar. In Sind it is rare, and occ in the nest of the common crow, Coru experience is that it is more numerous their eggs in June and July, consequ those of the crows in some cases. Th in one instance where one nest contain evidently were the laying of three bir eggs. Koels evidently lay concurrentl
Sub-Family.-P
Bill moderate or longish; ridge c generally naked; wings short; tail long and hair-like. Food, chiefly insects.
Gen. Rhopody
Bill much compressed throughout a slight depression in the horny subst: 5th, and 6th quills nearly equal and lo hallux short claws sharp.
19l. Rhopodytes viridiro ỹerd., B. Ind. i. p. 346. Phoenicoph Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 163. Zanclo p. 258, 12-13; Murray, Avis. Brit. GREEN -BILLF.D MALKoHA.
Upper parts dusky cinereous, gloss glossed with greenish, the tail feather. body greyish, tinged with fawn, paler a few black feathers. Bill bright app irides blood red; legs blackish green Length.- 15 inches; tail IO; wing Habi.--South India and Ceylon ; fr also groves and avenues, where the s grasshoppers, &c. Breeds, according The nest he says is from 7 to about 2
24. с.

)Y TES, 185
h gloss; bill pale greenish; irides fine
it . ish tinge, spotted with white on the quills, tail, and entire under parts, erts, barred with white. 75 to 8; tail 8. to Nepaul, Ceylon, Burmah, Malayana 'eccan and Concan, Kutch, Guzerat and 1rs only during the rains, laying its eggs is splendens. In Ceylon, Mr. Parker's than the crows, in whose nests they lay :ntly, he says, their eggs outnumber great disparity, he adds, was noticeable 2d 3 fresh crows' eggs and 8 koels', which ds. In another 2 crows' and 6 koels' y with the crow.
HICENICOPHAEINAE.
urved; nostrils linear; orbital region g and graduated; plumage decomposed
tes-Cab. et Hein.
and curved; nostrils basal, pierced in ince; wing short, rounded, with the 4th, ngest; tail much lengthened, graduated;
stris, ĵerd., Ill. Ind. Orn. Pl. 3; aus Jerdoni, Blyth, 7. A. S. B. p. 3; tomus viridirostris, Legge, B. Ceylon, 'nd. iii. p. 42I, No. IoIo.--The SMALL
d with greenish; wings and tail black,
tipped with white; under surface of the on the abdomen; chin and throat with egreen; nude orbital space cobalt blue;
5' 25 : bill at front II ; tarsus II '3.
quents thick bamboo and bushy jungles, ecies feeds on various large insects, as to Mr. Parker, in March, April and May. feet above the ground, in a thick thorny

Page 240
S6 CU CUL
bush or a young leafy tree. It resem sometimes made entirely of twigs; occa Eggs generally two in number, sometim in length. The nestling has a dark skir
Gen. Phoenico
Bill stout, wide at base, and sudden Rhopodytes, the tip bent down. Facen
192. Phoenicophaes pyrrho ix. i. p. 59; Blyth, Ợ“. A. S. B. I 842, p Phoenicophaus pyrrhocephala, Blyth, Prod. Cat. ; Layard, Ann. and Mag. AV p. 255.–The CRIMSoN-HEADED MALKo
Crown of the head and the forecheek of white; hind head and neck black, s black; back and wings black; tail long, with white; breast and under parts white
Length.-16 inches; tail Io, wing 5.
Hab.–Ceylon. Rather plentiful at Found sparingly through the forests of t Pass. (Parker.)
Sub-Family CENTROPOD)
PHEASA
Bill strong, deep, compressed; wings long and scaled; hallux lengthened in s
Gen. CentrOCO
Bill well curved, high at base; cl straight.
193. Centrococcyx rufiper p, 348, No. 2 17; Sr. Ấ”. i. p. 453; Hu: Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 26o, I 2o 3; Mur, IOI4.-The CoMMON CoucAL or Crow
Whole head, neck, lower back, upper body rich black, with a purplish gloss; and wings deep chestnut; bill black; iri Length.-19 to 20 inches; tail IO; wi claw I. The young vary much in plu barred with black and rufous, and the lo tail is also banded with greyish.
Hab.-Ceylon, and India generally, fre ties, especially along the banks of rivers

DAE,
tes much that of a pigeon's. It is ionally a few leaves are intermingled. s one only, white, I 3 x o'96 inches covered with light hairs.
haes —Steph.
y compressed; more arched than in de, papillose.
ephalus (Forst.), Steph, Gen. Zool. 927 ; Bp., Consp. Gen. Azv. i. p. 98. . A. S. B. I845, p, 199; Kelaart at. Hist. Ser. (5) ; Legge, Bo Ceylon, A. oright crimson, surrounded by a band Dotted with white; foreneck entirely black on the lower part, and tipped
Legs pale blue,
25 ; "bill at front I" I ; tarsus I* 3. Rambharawihara in the S. Province. he Northern Province up to Elephant
[NAE, Bp.-CoUCALs or Crow
„NTS.
: rounded; tail long, graduated; tars ᎤIInᎾ.
ccyx-Illiger. aw of the hallux lengthened, nearly
Linis (Illiger), 7 erd., B. Ind. i. ne, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 142 ; ay, Awi/ Br. Ind. ii. p. 423, No. "HEASANT. tail coverts and under surface of the tail glossed with green; upper back es crimson; legs black. ng 7 ; bill at front I'3; tarsus 2 ; hind nage, generally the upper parts are ver with dusky and fulvous white; the
luenting wooded and cultivated localiand on the edges of cultivation, where

Page 241
TACC
it captures mice, snakes, worms, rats, li feeds. This is the diet of all the memb All the species build a large, globula of thick thorny bushes or trees. The twigs lined with a few green leaves. T on one side. June to August are the In Ceylon February in the Manaar dist The eggs are from 2 to 5 in number, o' in length, and from II 2 to I 25 inch in and chalky, and of a dull white colour,
194. Centrococcyx chloror Str. F vii. p. 372; Legge, B. Ceylon, Co"JCAL.
Like C. rufipennis, but has a larger bil back and wings dark maroon; head, I ruddy, glossed with amethystine; tail p Alength.-18 inches; tail 9; wing 6'5 Aab.-Ceylon, in the upland country Mr. Parker says the nests are quite simi and are built in varying sites. Three is of a creamy white colour with a slightg
Gen. TaCCOC
Bill short, or of moderate length. gonys straight or slightly concave; nosti a tuft of bristly feathers; 3rd and 4th long, graduated; plumage of the head : body stiffish.
195. TaccOcua eschenault Hume, Str. F. v. p. 2 8; Legge, B. Cey p. 425, No. IO I7. Zanclostomus sirke Caf. 230; Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind., Upper surface of the body pale ea inclining to ashy, the shafts of the feath glistening black; upper tail coverts I nd broadly tipped with white throat tinged with ferruginous; abdomen dark at tip; feet plumbeous; irides reddish b Alength.-15 to 155 inches; wing 55 AHab.–Ceylon and Southern India o Ghauts and in the Deccan, frequentin, 5,OOO to 6,OOO feet elevation. Feeds c that of a crow-pheasant. Breeds in Ma

}CUA. 187
zards, and other insects, upon which it
)efS. r, opem, or domed nést in the middle nest is usually made of dry sticks or he hole for entrance and exit is made months in which they lay in India. ict and May in the N.-W. provinces. al, and measure from I-3 to 155 inch 1 breadth. In texture they are coarse sometimes with a pale yellowish glaze. hynchus, IBlyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 702; ). 263-The CEYLON or GREEN-BILLED
l, of an uniform greenish yellow colour; neck, and under surface of the body urplish black; irides red.
; bill to gape II*75 ; tarsus 2. , where they breed in April and May. lar in structure to those of C. rufipennis s the usual number of eggs, which are loss. - - - -
ua.-Lesson.
much compressed; culmen arched ; ils bordered on their upper edge with
quills nearly equal and longest; tail and superciliary region bristly, of the
i (Less.), Verd., B, Ind. i. p. 352; lon, p. 266; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. ii. er, ỹerd., Cat. 23O; id., 2nd Suppl. D. p. 45-The SouTHERN SRKEER. rthy-brown, the feathers of the head ters, also those of the neck and breast, ong; lateral tail feathers dark-brown whitish; foreneck and breast ashy, ferruginous. Bill cherry red, yellowish I'OWI). | to 5'75; tail 8'o. n the Nilghiris, also on the Eastern g grassy slopes near jungle at from chiefly on the ground. Nest similar to rch. Eggs 2-3, white.

Page 242
188 CAPITC
Family CAPITC
Bill stout, somewhat conic, inflated a wide at the base and more or less comp dible continued backward to the ga bristles, which project forward. Som denticulated and grooved at the sides; nearly so; tail feathers Io in number; nearly all the species green is the predo of trees, and lay from two to four white Gen. Megalaem Bill nearly as long or slightly longe the base and compressed at the tip; cu somewhat overlapping the lower one; arboreal, frequenting forests, groves, ar
196. Megalaema zeylanica ( p. 181; Aelaart, Prod. Caf. p. I 27; Z p. 46; 7'erå, B. Ind. i. p. 3 II ; //old Ceylon, p. 2O8. Megalæma caniceps, Layard, Ann. and Mag. Nai. Hist. I Gmel, Syst. Nat. i. p. 408-The CEY Head and neck dark earthy brown, t dinal pale yellowish shaft streaks; upp the former narrowly centred and the la quills dark brown, the edge of the oute: and secondaries cream colour; rest of breast dark brown, the feathers centre tinge; tail dark green above, black s brown tinged with orange; rictal brist forehead and chin stiff-shafted; facial yellow; iris brown.
Length.-92 to 95 inches; wing 4 Hab.–Ceylon. Breeds throughout effect that its nests have been taken in August, and October. He notes an i birds simultaneously endeavoured to which a pair of these Barbets were i These were, he says, Common Mynah. Rollers. Daily fights occurred, but o precaution to sit inside the hole, and of vantage, there being no means of gi back,--a favourite mode of assault am sistence in stopping at home and pec birds approached, she became the vict

} NIIDAE.
NIDAE.--BAR BETS.
t the sides, moderately long or short, ressed at the tip; base of upper manpe and furnished with numerous stiff : African species have the mandibles wings and tail short, the latter even, or toes in pairs. Plumage gay, and in minant colour. They breed in holes eggs. Food, fruits and berries. (Serd.) .a,- G. R. Gray. r than the head, more or less wide at men slightly arched; upper mandible gape wide; feet Zygodactyle. Habits ld tree jungle. Gmel.), Blyth, ỹ. Al. S B. 1858, xx. ayard, Ann. and Mog. Wat. Hist. xiii. zy, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 429; Legge, B. G. R. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 429, 1846 ; 854, p. 446 (xiii.) Bucco Zeylanicus, LoN BARBF,T. he feathers of the latter with longituer back and wing coverts dark green, tter finely tipped with yellowish white; r webs and inner edge of the primaries upper plumage rich green; throat and i paler; abdomen green, with a bluish hafted, below greenish blue ; bill pale les strongly developed; feathers of the nude skin yellow; legs and feet dull
5; tail 29.
the year. Mr. Parker's notes are to the January, March, April, May, June, July, hcident when no less than three other obtain possession of an existing hole mproving with a view to nesting in it, s (A. melanosternus), Pied Robins and he of the wise Barbets always took the he could not be ousted from that point ving her an unexpected “dab” in the ongbirds. Eventually, by a steady perking at her enemies' eyes when the other orious owner of the coveted dwelling.

Page 243
XANTH(
197. Megalaema flavifrons, Blyth, ŷ. A. S. B. I 852, p. I 79; Mar, Cat. p. 127; Layurd, A. M. AW. H/m Cyanops flavifrons, 7'erd, B. Ind. i p. Bucco flavifrons, Cuv. Regne. Anim, CEYLON BARBET.
Forehead and a spot at gape brightg eye, ear coverts, chin, and throat bright neck bright green, the feathers with yell surface grass green, tinged with bluish base of inner web; outer webs of sec under surface of body bright green, ligi margined lunately with darker green; under surface. Bill brownish black, p. Allength.-9 inches; wing 4; tail 27 Hab.–Ceylon.
Gen. Xantho]
Bill shorter than in Cyanops, wider a longest and sub-equal to the next three
298. Xantholaema haemac{ Monog. Capit. pl. xliii.; Wald., Trans, Eggs, p. I3 I ; id, Str. F. iii. p. 77; Str. F. v. p. I 44; Hume and Dav., Sind, p. 117; Legge, A. Ceylon, p. 2 Str. P. viii. p. 253 ; Bingham, Str. P. Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. I 36. E Naturgyst. Suppl. p. 88. Bucco indic laema indica, 7erd, B. Ind. i. p. 315, Megalaema hæmacephala, Blyth, B. . BARBET.
Forehead and forecrown bright crim sulphur yellow ; pectoral gorget glisteni of rich golden yellow; moustachial str the crimson pectoral gorget and on t wing coverts green, more or less margi aries greenish, the inner webs dusky l tail greenish, tinged with blue; beneat coverts fulvous or greenish white, st hazel ; orbitar skin dull crimson; legs
Hab.-Ceylon, and India generally, serim and Upper Pegu ; Punjab, N.-W. Kattiawar and Jodhpore, and probably

) AEMIA 189
(Cuv.), Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 143; h., Mon. Capit. pl. 30; Kelaart, Prod. st. p. 447; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 2o2. 3 I4 (note); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 297.
i. p. 428.-The YELLow-FRONTED
olden yellow ; eyebrow, lores, below the verditer blue; head and sides of the owish white shaft streaks; rest of upper on the coverts; quills brown, yellow at ondaries margined with grass green; hter on the breast, where the tips are
tail deep green above, bluish on the aller at base of lower mandible.
5 ; tarsus “ I O,
Laema,—Bonap. indless compressed; 2nd quill of wing
ephala (P. L. S. Müll), Marsh, Zool. Soc. ix. p. I 56; Hume, NVests and
Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 3 I I ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 155; Murray, Vert. Zool. | 18; Hume, Str F. viii. p. 88; Scully, іх. р. б7; Kel/їат, Лbis, 1881, p. 39o; ucco haemacephalus, P. L. S. Müll., us, Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 205. XanthoNo. 197; Wald, Ibis, 1871, p. 162. Burm. p, 74.-The CRIMsoN-BREASTED
son; throat and round the eyes pale ng crimson, edged below with an arrow eak continued round the throat, above he crown of the head, black; back and ned yellowish ; primaries and secondprown and margined with dull white; h, the abdomen, vent, and under tail reaked with green; bill black; irides
coral red.
also Burmah, Malayana, Nepaul, Tenas
Provinces and Oudh. Occurs in Kutch, in North Guzerat also. In Sind it is

Page 244
190 CAPITO
rare, and occurs as a visitor in Septemb forests.
In Burmah it is found in every portic and wherever it occurs it frequents o groves of trees. Its presence is readily like the hammering of a piece of metal but in Central and Southern India a littl a tree, excavated by itself at no great white, from O'87 to I 'o7 un length X o’ 199. Xantholæma rubrical B. Mus. E. I. C. p. 646; Legge, B C G. R. Gray, Gen. B. p. 429; Kelaart, Mag. Wat. Hist. xiii. p. 448 ; Hume, FRONTED BARBET.
A narrow frontal streak and a band ac eye black; intermediate space scarlet; nostrils; superciliary streak golden yellc chin and throat; ear coverts and cheeks eye with black; occiput and nape gre neck verditer blue; upper breast with a plumage dark green, edged with palerg base of inner webs, externally edged wi shading into blue green; tail greenish bl black and longer than the bill; bill plum
Length.-6:25 inches; wing 32; tail Hab.–Ceylon, where it is the represe India. Mr. Parker has taken its eggs in It probably breeds throughout the year.
ORDER
Zygodactylous birds, characterized by which their whole structure is adapted with the point sharp and wedge-shaped the bark of trees in search of insect food short and furnished with strong muscles force as to be heard at a distance. The end of which is a horny barbed probe-lil insects from the crevices. Tail of I2 pointed at the ends and bent inwards to *(together with their sharp clawed feet) cular branches of trees. They breed in eggs. They are divided into several length, and strength of their bill, feet, a

NIDAE.
er and October, affecting the acacia
n of the province, also in Karenne, )en country, gardens, compounds, and known by the note it utters, which is It breeds in March, April and May, e earlier, laying 2-3. eggs in a hole of height from the ground. Eggs pure 52 to O'72 in breadth. pilla (Gmel.), Hory and Moore, Cat. ylon, p. 25. Megalaema rubricapilla, Prod. Caf. p. I27; Layard, Ann. and Str. F. vii. p. 37o-The ScAKLrt
:ross the top of the head from eye to a spot of golden yellow at base of )w, also the lores, cheeks, ear coverts, edged from the gape to behind the 2n, washed with verditer; sides of the scarlet spot edged with yellow; upper reen ; quills brown, pale yellowish at ith green; brenst light yellowish green, ue on the under surface; rictal bristles beous; legs olive brown; irides brown.
I'5; bill at front o'6; tarsus o'7. ntative of X. malabarica of Southern January, March, May and November.
-PICI.
their striking and singular habits, to They have large and strong bills, for the purpose of penetrating through in the decayed parts. The neck is to enable them to strike with such tongue is long and extensile, at the ke stubstance, with which it extracts the feathers, ten of them stiff-shafted, enable them to support themselves in the act of climbing the perpendiholes of trees, and lay shining white sub-families, according to the form, ud coloration.

Page 245
BRACHY
Family.-PICID
Bill moderate or long, straight, ang 4th and 5th quills usually longest; tail thick and stiff shafts; feet zygodactyle: varied, black and white, or green, crim with generally a cheek stripe and a c concealed by bristles.
Gen. Brachyp
Bill distinctly curved; lateral ridg Hind toe and claw minute.
200. Brachypternus aura p. 69, figs. 5–6; Jerd, B. Ind. i p. Ind. B. p I 26; Str. F. i. p. 171; M id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 114. Brachyp p. 55o; Jerd, B Ind. i. p 297, No. I Zool, Stc., Sind, p. 13 ; id, Vert. Zo WooDPECKER.
Adult Male.-Head and crest brig upper tail coverts and tail black; m greenish yellow; upper back and scapi black, changing to greenish yellow, dusky brown, spotted white on their and tertiaries greenish yellow on their ( and also spotted white. Cheeks, side nostrils to the eyes, white; a dusky str the ear coverts; chin, throat, sides of t neck and entire under parts striated bl: on the lower abdomen, vent and under white, the feathers with black bars. small white spots on the crown, and a irides reddish brown feet dusky green
Length.-IO'S to I2 inches; wing Hab.-Throughout the greater part Cashmere, Nepaul, and Northern Ceyl Provinces, Khelat and Afghanistan. I April, May, June and July, in holes in which they excavate themselves. Th which fall in the act of boring, on whic are laid. The eggs are a lengthened In length they vary from I'o to I2 inc inch. I agree with Mr. Hume, who v. p. 171) that the Sind species, B. dilut,

TERNUS. 191
E.-WooDPECKERS.
ar, wedge-shaped; wings moderate; f 2 small outer feathers and ten with one toe sometimes absent; plumage on, yellow, and rufous mixed. Males imson tuft or crest; nostrils apert or
ernus-Strickl.
absent; nostrils apert; tail cuneate.
Intias (Linn ), Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. 295, No. 18o; Hume, Nests and Eggs urray, Halbk. Zool., öc., Sind, p. 131; ternus dilutus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. iv. 82; Str. F. i. p. I 7 I ; Murray, Hadbk. pl. Sind p. 114.–The GOLDEN-BACKED
ht crimson; hind neck, lower back, iddle of the back black, mixed with ulars rich golden yellow; wing coverts the feathers white-spotted; primaries outer and inner webs; the secondaries puter webs, dusky on their inner webs, s of the neck, and a stripe from the ipe through the eyes to and including he face below the white cheek patch, ck and white, the striations less distinct tail coverts. Flanks and tibial plumes
The female has the head black with small tuft of crimson behind; bill black;
55 to 575; tail 4; bill at front I'25. of India to the foot of the Himalayas, on. Occurs also in the Punjab, N.-W. 3reeds all over the plains of India during mango, siris, or other soft-wooded trees, ere is no nest except the fine chips, h the eggs, generally three in number, pyriform oval, milk-white, and glossy. h, and in breadth from O'77 to o'85 2ry properly points out (Str. F. vol. i. us, is not specifically separable.

Page 246
92 PC
201. Brachypternus chrys p. 296, No. 181; Murray, Avis. Abrit. puncticollis, Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. pl. ; , Ceylon, pp. 205, 12 2 -The LESSER ( Similar to the last, but smaller; the black in the male; the black of the nap contrasting strongly with the golden ora golden. Eyestreak narrower, but dark white spots are smaller; the white marl also smaller and consist of round oval by unspotted black; lastly, the white m. giving a generally dark hue to the b legs plumbeous green; irides crimson.
Length.–115 inches; tail 3'25; wir Hab.–Ceylon, in the northern provir
and Malabar. Said to occur also on the June and July in holes in trees excavate
202. Brachypternus ceylo p. 282; id, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Be Layard, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 85. Holdsw., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 428; Leg ceylonus, Forst.. AWatur/o. xiii. pl. 4.--T
Similar to B. chrysonotus, except that and the scapulars are a rich golden ye almost oval spots.
Length.-About IO inches; wing 5; Hajj.-Ceylon. Breeds throughout
Gen. Micropt
Bill broad at base ; culmen arched ; feet small; inner hind toe and claw mi
203. Micropternus gulari Hume, Str. F. v. p. 477 et, seq.; id., S pp. 200, 12 I2; Murray, Avis. Br. Jerdoni, Malherbe, Rev. Zool. 1849, WooDPECKER.
Whole upper plumage rufous-bay w dusky brown; chin, throat and part of mottled with white; cheek stripe cri under tail coverts faintly barred with di
Allength.-75 to 9 inches; tail 25 to

DAE.
onuuus (Zésson.), ferd, B. Ind. i. ind. ii. 44o, No. IO44. Brachypternus Zume, Str. F iv. p. 242; Legge, B. foLDEN-BAcKED WooDPECKER.
frontal feathers are more mixed with e is continued lower upon the shoulders, nge of the back; wings are of a duller r and more strongly defined, and the ings of the throat and foreneck are oints, edged on the sides of the neck rkings of the under parts are narrower, east and abdomen. Bill dark slaty;
(jerd)
g 5, 25; bill at front I“ í. ices; Southern India, in the Carnatic slopes of the Nilghiris. Breeds during ld by themselves.
nus (Forst.), Blyth, j.A.S.B. 1846, 1g. p. 56; Kelaart, Prod. Cal. p. 128; 1, xiii. p. 449; Cab. et Aeine v. p. 17 I; ge, B. Ceylvin, pp. 2O2, I 2 I 2. Picus he RED WooDPECKER.
t it is a brighter crimson on the head; llow; the under surface is striated by
tail 3'25. the year.
ernus.- Blyth.
no lateral ridge; wings and tail short; nute; plumage chestnut bay.
s, Jerd, B. Ind. i p. 294, No. 179; tr. F. vii. p. 47o; Legge, B. Ceylon, nd. ii. p. 44 , No. 1 O47. Phaiopicus
p. 538.-The South INDIAN RUFous
fth cross bands of dusky black; head cheeks olivaceous brown, the feathers mson; under plumage unspotted bay; sky. Bill black; irides brown.
3; wing 48; bill at front o'9.

Page 247
CHRYSOE
Hab.–Ceylon and the forests of Ma Affects forest jungle. It has also b Country, where Mr. Elliot obtained it a other species of Woodpeckers, the h smeared with a gummy substance. B year, nesting in the pendant nests o. November.
Gen. Chrysopl
General characters of Callolophus, tl ridge traceable only close to the bast Cuineate.
2804. Chrysophlegma chlo. p. 2 I I ; Hume, Str. Ao vii. p. 5 I 7. Chrys i. p. 29O. Picus chlorophanes, Vieill., The SouTHERN YELLow-NAPED WooDP Whole head and cheek-stripe red; c yellow; back, scapulars, rump and upp brownish green; wings greenish, tinge quills orange red, the inner webs ( under surface of the body dull gre with white. Bill slaty green; under m reddish brown.
Length.-9 to 97 inches; tail 39 to Hab.–South India, in Malabal, Tra the N.-W. Provinces. It is not known also descends to the ground to feed.
Gen Geci
Bill slightly widened in its whole ler dible with one or more lateral ridges ne anterior and versatile toes nearly equal
205. Gi: ecinus striolatus (AB Hume, Aests and Aggs Ind. B. p. Wald, B. Burm. p. 76; Anderson, Ku p. I94 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. v Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 247 ; Hume, St ii. p. 49; Murray, Avi/. Br. Ind. i Blyth, jf. A. S. B. xii. p. IoOo; Suí picus striolatus, Mal., Mon. Pic, ii. p STRIATED GREEN WooDPECKER.
Forehead with a narrow black line; back, scapulars, sides of the neck, wir cilium, lores and a stripe under the
9.

HLEGMA • 93
abar both above and below the Ghauts. een found in the Southern Mahratta Dharwar. He remarks that like many ead, Scapulars, and tail are generally eeds in Ceylon nearly throughout the black ants in February, April, and
legma–Gould.
he bill slightly more curved; the lateral : of the bill culmen blunt; tail long,
cigaster, Verd, 2nd Suppl. Cat, iophlegma chlorophanes, Verd, B. Ind. AVouiv. Dict. do Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 79.- ECKER.
rest red, the feathers terminating with er tail coverts bright green; ear coverts !d with orange, the outer webs of the lusky and with white spots; tail black; en; lower abdomen barred and spotted landible yellow; legs dull green irides
4; wing 47 to 4'8; bill at front O'9.
vancore, and Ceylon in the interior of whether like chlorolophus this species
Nothing is known of its nidification.
nus. --Boie.
gth, compressed at the tıp ; upper manar the culmen, which is slightly arched ; ; head crested; tail long, cuneate.
lyth), Jerd, B. Ind. i.p. 287, No. 171; (25; id, Str. F. iii. p. 68; Blyth and nnan Erped. p. 585; Legge, B. Ceylon i. p. I, 36; Crupps, Str. F. vii. p. 262 ; r. F. viii. p. 87; Oates, B. Br. Burm. . p. 447, No. 1057. Picus striolatus, dev., Consp. Av. Aic. p. 6o. Chloro. i 34, pl. lxxvii. flg. I-3. —BLYTH’s
rest of the head and upper parts scarlet; g coverts and tertiaries green; supereye and ear coverts whitish ; rump

Page 248
194 - PIC
and upper tail coverts golden yellow : middle feathers barred with white, I and their coverts dark brown, spotted the same, but broadly margined with the head and ear coverts greyish bro the body dull green, the edges of thef meeting at the tip; under wing covel female has the red on che head re mandible horn colour, lower mandil irides red, surrounded by a white circl Length.- I I 5 inches; tail 4; wing Hab.-The Himalayas, especially from Kumaon to Cashmere, and in th Oudh and the Punjab. It is also reco extends throughout the Indo-Burme Bengal, South India, and nearly the wil Breeds in the Dhoons, and almost eve 5-6 in number, varying in size from
Sub-Family.- Bill strong and wide at base, ne wanting.
Gen. Chrysoc General characters of the last; latera and nearer the margin; head crestec feathers, equal; feet strong; hind toe
206. Chrysocola ptes festi Supplement, No. I67 ; Hume. Str. F. pp. I91, I2 I2; Murray, Aviv. Br. In melanotus, Blyth, Gř. A. S. B. xii. p. p. 282, No. 167.-The BLACK-BACKED
Forehead black, speckled with whi streak behind the eye to the nape, hin black streak from the eye down the sic and tail black, tinged with aureous on aries bright golden yellow; primarie primaries with large roundish spots; stripes; rest of under surface of the b black, which disappear on the abdon dusky blackish; legs and feet horny p
Aength-I 2'5 to 13 inches; tail 35
Hab.–Ceylon, Southern and Cent Country, Jerdon says he found it in

DAE,
tail dusky black, the basal half of the early obsolete on the others; primaries
with white on both webs; secondaries greenish on the outer webs; sides of wn streaked darker; under surface of athers paler and with two black streaks its white, barred with blackish. The placed by black. Bill with the upper le yellow, except the horn-colour tip; e; legs olive green. 5' 5 ; tarsus II ; bill from gape I'4. abundant in the sub-Himalayan region le low jungles of the N.-W. Provinces, rded from Mount Aboo in Guzerat. It se countries, the hill tracts of Eastern hole continent of India down to Ceylon. ywhere it is found. Eggs glossy white,
I4 to I-35 inch X O'9 to Io inch.
CAMPEPHILINAE.
arly straight; lateral ridge sometimes
olaptes -- Blyth.
ll ridge medial at first, then parallel to l; tail short and square; four central longer than the anterior one.
vius (Bodd.), ỹoerd., B. Ind. i. p. xiv. i, p. 373; vii, p. 206; Legge, B. Ceylon d. ii. p, 452, No. Io66. Chrysocolaptes 1 OO5. Picus goensis, ferd., B. Ind. i. WooDPECKER. te; crown and occiput crimson; lores, dneck and interscapulars white; another les of the neck; back, scapulars, rump the scapulars; wing coverts ald seconds and their coverts dusky black, the hin and throat white, with three black lody white, more or less streaked with hen, vent, and under tail coverts. Bill lumbeous; irides crimson. ; wing 625; bill at front I '9 to 2. ral India, and the Southern Mahratta he juugles of the eastern ghouts, in parts

Page 249
P
of Mysore, between Bangalore and tains near Mhow, and in the hilly and and the Nerbudda; also in the Midnap it occurs in the southern part of the M and feeds generally in low jungle on and bushes. The eggs are laid in larg to 20 feet high. Eggs only one, pure 207. Chrysocolaptes Stric Hein. v. p. 16o; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 15; id., Str. Fo. I 212. Brachypternus Stricklandi, Lay xiii. p. 449; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p.298 (
Above scarlet maroon, or maroon, coverts brown, the filamentous feather; outer webs margined with scarlet; inr circular white spots; the inner primar two and the first one only; breast bul and edged with dark brown; sides al five lines of dark brown running down Aength.-Io8 to II inches; wing 5 The female has the head brown with forms an eyebrow. (Alayard.) Breeds Eggs, 2 in number, narrow ovals, mc in colour.
Hab.-Ceylon.
Gen. PiC
Bill moderate, compressed, culmen about midway between the culmen rid middle of the length of the bill; gor anterior; plumage black, sometimes s
208. Picus mahrattensis, Mfalh., Mon. Pic. II. p. IO 5, pl. xxvi p. 31 ; ferd, B. Ind. i. p. 274, No. p. 122 ; Ball, Str. Ao. ii. p. 39o; Hur p. I84; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 87; O. Wert. Zool. Sind. p. 114; Murray, Picus aurocristatus, Tick., J. A. S. i Blyth, B. Burm. p. 78.-The YELLov
Forehead and crown of head pale yellow in the female; lores, ear cov throat and upper breast white; a di sides of the breast; back, wings, and breast and abdomen brown, with pale

CUS. 195
the Nilghiris, in the Vindhyan moun ungly districts of Nagpore, between that ore jungles. In Ceylon Mr. Parker says anaar district. It breeds during March, he lower part of the stems of small trees e holes in the trunks of trees at from 6 white. klandi (Layard), Čab. et Heine, Mus. 297 ; Holdsw:, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 427 ; 875, p. 20o; Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. I94, ard, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, note).-STRICKLAND's RED WooDPECKER. !dged with scarlet; lower back and tail brilliant scarlet; primaries.brown, their ter webs of secondaries with four large es with only three of these, the middle fish, the feathers albescent in the centre nd abdomen mottled; chin white, with
it; bill light corneous; legs bluish. "25; tail 4' 25 ; bill I "75 ; tarsus I.
white ocelli, and a pale streak of brown during February in the trunks of trees. bre pointed at the large end; dull white
us-Linn. straight and sharp, lateral ridge distinct ge and margin, which it joins about the 1ys long; versatile toe longer than the potted or banded with white.
Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxxi. ; ii. figs. I-3; Sundev., Consp. Azv. Pic. 16o; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. ne, Str. F. iii. p. 58; Legge, B. Ceylon, ates, B. Br. Burm. iii. p. 37 ; Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 458, No. IO77. *. xxxii... p. 75. Liopipo mahrattensis, v-FRoNTED PIED WooDPECKER. yellow; occiput crimson in the male, erts, round the eyes, sides of neck, chin, isky line from the nape extending to the tail black, banded with white; loy&iy edges to the feathers; centre of abao

Page 250
196 PSTT
men and vent crimson; under tail cov brown. Bill bluish plumbeous, dark or eyelids dark brown; irides deep red;
Length.-75 to 775; wing 4 to 4's Hab.–Ceylon and throughout Ind Provinces, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajpu North Guzerat and the Deccan. H Although nothing is on record of its ni that it breeds in June and July, as you collected in September. In other part February to July. Eggs glossy white,
Gen. Iyingip Woodpeckers of small size, with plumage; lateral ridge coluspicuous ne with two middle feathers elongated; on 209. Iyingipicus gymnopt. p. 128; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 279 (n Legge, Str. Fo. I873, p. 433, id., B. C Blyth, 7. A S. B. xviii. p. 8o4; Malh Azv. Picin. p. 8. Iyngipicus gymriop Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 183-The CRY Above black, banded with white or and a streak down the back of the ne post orbital streak running down the black one, under surface uniform fulv Length.-5 to 525 inches; wing 3: Hab.-Ceylon, where it is diffused : country at Tissa (February to July). a slight gloss and pure white. Size o
ORDER. Toes in pairs; bill, wings and tails
Family.-l Bill large and powerful, thick and times notched, the hooked tip overhan and obtusely rounded in front with a naked skin, in which are situated generally rounded and moderately lo various, either short and graduated, tarsi short, scutate ; toes zygodactyle (i prised in this family are noted for the sub-divided chiefly according to the groups-(1) Psittacinae, or true Parrot

A CIDAE.
erts whitish, marginally streaked dusky , the culmen and tip of both mandibles; legs and feet plumbeous. ; tail 25 ; bill at front II". ia. Occurs in Sind, Punjab, N.-W. tana (Jodhpore and Sambhur Lake). as also been recorded from North Pegu. dification in Sind, it is not improbable ng birds not fully fledged have been of India and also Ceylon it breeds from two in number.
icus.-Bonap.
spotted or banded white and black ar the culmen; bill barely straight; tail uter feathers soft and rounded.
halmus (Blyth), Kelaart, Prod. Cat. ote); Holdsv., P. Z. S. I872, p. 427; eylon, p. i 86. Picus gymnopthalmus, ., Mon. Pici. i. p. 153; Sundev., Consp. thalmus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 47; LoN PIGMY WooDPECKER. fulvous whitu; forehead, top of head 2ck black; supercilium red; a broad sides of the neck white, followed by a '0'llS
tail IS; bill at front o'4; tarsus O 4. all over the low country. Breeds in the Eggs 2-3 in number, blunt ovals, with 62 x O'53.
-PSITTACI.
tarious.
PSITTACIDAE.
strong, much arched or curved, someging the lower mandible, which is short cutting edge; base of bill covered with a the small round nasal orifices; wings ong; 2nd quill usually the longest; tail or with 2-3 elongated middle feathers; in pairs); claws curved. The birds com
beauty of their plumage. They are e form of the bill and tail into several s, with a notched or crenate bill and short

Page 251
LUKIC
tails; head not crested. (2) Loriinae and of small size. (3) Palaeorninae o wedge-shaped. (4) Platycerninæ, Au Arainae; and (5) The Cockatuas
Sub-Family.- Bill moderately long, arched, and st out crest; tail short.
Sub-Family.-L. Bill small and compressed, slightly c times sinuated; lower mandible slende
Gen. Loricu Bill small, nearly O'S in length, c much longer than the lower, sinuated a tapering to a fine point; lower mandi tail; 1st and 2nd quills longest; tail sh
20. Loriculus indicus (Gm Hume, Str. F. ii. p I86; iii. p. 57; B vii. p. 368; Legge, B Ceylon, pp. 18o Whole head deep red; nape pale sai coverts crimson; back green, tinged w yellowish, pale verditer; scapulars, wing brown, their outer webs green, tinged has a patch of verdigris blue; the low tinge on the breast, and the under side coverts shining green. The female has red, yellowish at tip; cere red; irides p Length.-55 inches; tail I'9; wing Hab.-Ceylon, to which island it is
Sub-Family.-PAI Bill moderate, upper mandible hook dible; tail long, the feathers narrow ar
Gen. Palaeo
Bill large, under mandible small ; ce two middle feathers of tail very long a 2. Palaeornis columboidi Peitt, pl. 31; Jerd, Ill. Ind. Orn. pl Hume, Str. F. ii, p. 21 ; Legge, B. Ce ii. p. 465, No. 1o9o.--The BLUE-wING Head, back of neck and interscal and below the eye verdigris green; a b continued round and meeting at the c

JLUS 97
or Lories, species with gaudy plumage Parrakeets, with long tails. generally stralian Parrots. (4) The Macaw or
PSITTACINAE. ong, the edge crenated. Head with.
ORIINAE--LoRIES.
rved, margin of upper mandible somer, conic, longer tham high,
llus. - Blyth.
urving from the base; upper mandible t the margin, moderately hooked and ble small; wings nearly as long as the ort, even, or barely rounded. (Verd.)
el.), ỹerd., B. Ind. i. p. 265 (note) : lyth, B. Burm. p. 58; Hume, Str. F. , I2 I2.-The CEYLoN LoRIQUET. fron; foreneck, rump and upper tail rith saffron; tail bluish green, tipped coverts and tertiaries dark green; quills oluish; on the lower surface the throat 2r plumage is green, with a yellowish of the wing is blue; the under wing s not the blue throat patch. Bill coral ale yellowish; legs pale orange. * 3'5 ; tarsus o 4 ; bill from gape o'45.
onfined. ÆORNINAE.- Vigors.
ed, the tip overhanging the under man|d pointed. "nis.- Vigors. re narrow; 2nd quill of wing longest; nd slender; culmen rounded, toothed. 2s, Vigors, P. Z. S. I 83o; Lear, Mon. 18; id, B. Ind. i. p. 261, No. 151 ; ylon, p. I 2 I II ; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ED PARoqUET. ulars pale dove grey; forehead, lores, lack collar edged with verdigris green hin; lower back, rump and upper tail

Page 252
98 PSITT,
coverts bluegreen; wing coverts and edged paler; primary coverts and quill inner webs; centre feathers of the tail next pair blue on the outer web, greeni rest green externally and yellow interna front and breast pale dove grey; rest of The female either wants the collar or h In the male it is the same before t Bill cherry red above, dusky beneath; ) Length.- 145 to II, 5 unches; tail 87 nearly O'9.
Hab.–Ceylon ; Southern India, in th Travancore up to N. L. 17 or so from upwards on the slopes of the Nilgh only available for identification, and thi is not one of a feral bird.
212. Palaeornis indo-burma viii. p. 86; Bingham, Str. P. ix. p. IS Br. Burm. ii. p. 139. Palæornis Alex: No. 147; Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. Finsch, Die Papageien ii. p. I II (p Hume, Str. P. iii. p. 55; Armstrong, S p. I43; Wardlaze-Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. I I7. Palaeornis sivalensis (Hutton), The LARGE BURMESE PARoquer.
General colour green, duller and ti: brilliant on the forehead, crown, lores, sides of head green, tinged with yellow feathers, the base of the latter yellowish throat produced upwards on each side c coloured collar; primaries and seconda webs brown; wing coverts green; media red wing spot; middle tail feathers yello two-thirds and greenish at the base; ot yellowish on their inner webs. The fe stripe on each side of the neck is wanti Irides and cere yellow; bill yellow at yellow.
Length.-22 to 24 inches; tail (2-1 gape II*2.
Hab.-Lower Himalayas to Sikkim, South India, Ceylon, Northern Circa

ACIDAE.
scapulars the same, but the feathers s dark blue externally and dusky on the blue, tipped with yellowish white; the sh near the base and tipped with yellow; lly; lower tail feathers yellow; neck in the under surface pale verdigris green. as only some slight indication of it. he adolescent or adult stage is reached. egs greenish plumbeous,
5; wing 6; bill at gape oys: height
he jungles of the Malabar Coast from the level of the sea to 5,000 feet and iris. A single specimen from Ceylon s is questionable as to whether the skin
Linnicus, Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 458; g; Oates, Str. P. x. p. I89; id., B. andri (Linn.), ỷerd., B. Ind. i. p. 257, , p. 54. Palæornis eupatrius (Linn.), art). Palaeornis magnirostris (Ball), Str. F. iv. p. 307; Oates, Str. P. v.
p. 453; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. Hume, Wests andÆggs Ind. B. p. I 15.–
nged with yellow beneath, and most eathers round the eyes, back and wings; ; chin and throat with some small black ; a black stripe from the base of the of the neck; round the neck a peach-rose ries green, the inner edges of the inner in wing coverts forming a conspicuous wish at tip, blue-green subterminally for her tail feathers green externally and male has not the rose collar, and the ng; the red wing spot is much smaller. tip, the remainder red; legs orange
3; wings 8 to 84; tarsus O'7; bill from
the forests of Malabar, Central and rs, Carnatic, Deccan, Punjab, British

Page 253
PALAE
Burmah, and Cochin-China. Breeds of trees which the birds excavate for th ovals, pointed towards one end, and f Generally found in small colonies.
213. Palaeornis torquatus No. 48; Finsch, Die Papageien ii. id, Str. F. ii. p. 13; Wald., Ibis, 1. AHume, Str. P. iii. p. 56; Wardlan Str. F: v. p. 144; Legge, B. Ceylon p. I I8; Hume, Str. F viii. p. 86; S F. x. p. 89 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 1 Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 183; Murray Psittacus torquatus, Bodd., 7ab/. Enl |
Adult Male.-Head and face emera to the front of the eye, indistinct round and nape glaucous or light ashy, succ black demicollar meeting under the ch rose colour; back, scapulars, and te emerald green; entire under surface p primaries, their coverts, and secondar under surface dusky; tail feathers dar surface yellowish; the two centre feath the remaining two-thirds, and tipped y coverts greenish-yellow. The female collar. Bill coral red; irides pale yell
Length.- 155 to (6'5 inches; wing
Hab.-Throughout India, part of extends to the Lower Himalayas, Up dantly in the Concan and Deccan, Guzerat. Breeds throughout India a from January to April. February and months in which they lay in colonies.
! 214. Palæornis cyanoceph ii. p. 4O (part); Wald, Ibis, 1874, p þ. 55 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. I, Str. F. ix.p. 16I ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 468, No. Io94; Parker, Ibis, 1876, Syst. Nat. i. p. 14. Psittacus rosa, bengalensis, Gmel., Syst. AVlat. i. p i. p. 259 (part). Palæornis bengalens Oates Str. P. vii. p. 46; id, B. Br. PARoQUET.

IRNS, 199
during January and February in holes imselves, and lay 3-4 white eggs, long om I " 5 to I "52 X o'95 inch in size.
(Bodd.), ỹerd., B. Ind. I. p. 257, ... I 7; Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 1 16; 74, p. 282 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 55 ; - Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 453; Oates, p. 17 I ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. tully, Str. P. viii. p. 24o; Oates, Str. 4 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 112; Avif. Ir. Ind ii. p. 467, No. 1o93. pl. p. 32.-The RosE-RINGED PARoQUET. d green; a dark line from the nostrils the base of the narrow cere; hind neck eeded on the sides of the neck by a in and followed by another of a peachrtiaries dull green; upper tail coverts ale green, yellowish towards the vent; ies, dark green, their inner webs and k green, their inner webs and under hers dark green at their base, bluish for 'ellowish, all black shafted; under wing is entirely green, and wants the rose ow; feet cinereous. 65 to 7; tail 9'5; bill at gape I.
Burmah, Ceylon, Punjab and Sind; per Pegu, and Nepaul. Occurs abunKutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, and N. nd Ceylon. The breeding season lasts March, however, appear to be the chief
Eggs, pure white, 4 in number.
alus (Linn), Finsch., Die Papagein . 284; Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. I8; Hume Str. P. viii. p. 86; Bingham, pp. I 74, I2 I II ; Murray, Avi/. Br. Ind. p. 183. Psittacus cyanocephalus, Linn., Bodd., Tabl. Pl. Col. p. 53. Psittacus . 325. Palæornis rosa, 7'erd, B. Ind. sis, Hume, Str F. ii. p. I6; iii. p. 56; Burm. ii. p. I45--The BLUE-HEADED

Page 254
200 PSTT
Head, including the ear coverts, ros) and nape; a black stripe from each sid throat and continued as a collar roun wings green; lower plumage tinged w the median wing coverts; primaries webs and the outer web of the first pri outer webs; under wing coverts bright with yellow, others green on the outer tipped with bright yellow. The female the throat and collar are absent, and th mandible orange yellow; lower black;
Aength.-l35 inches; tail 8; wing
Hab.–In British Burmah, it ranges India, where it occurs in Bengal and a as far as Nepaul. Ceylon, where, acco least as far north as a line west of Mull
of Manaar. Breeding season same as number.
25. Palaeornis rosa (Bodd.) Palæornis purpureus (P. L. S. Mull), u Æggs Ind. B. p. I 16. Psittacus rosa, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 468, No, io95.-'l Very similar to P. cyanocephalus, exc bluish; also the under wing coverts a feathers to the central pair the outer w are narrowly edged with pale yellow an are white and not yellow; the crown an and the under surface of the body a pa
Length.-I4 to I5 inches; tail 85; Hab --Ceylon and throughout Indi Assam. On the Malabar Coast it is ex Ghauts, the Carnatic, Northern Circ Lower Bengal. Breeds, according to nental India, high up on Mount Aboo, lower ranges of the Himalayas, up to from Murree to the Ganges. They for themselves, and lay from 4 to 6, p eggs, varying in length from O'9 to I'O O'86 inch.
216. Palæornis calthropæ xiii. p. 462; Hume, Str. P. ii. p. 18; vi
2II.--The CEYLoN PAROQUET.

ACIDAE.
pink, changing to bluish on the crown 2 of the lower mandible, covering the d the neck; upper back, scapulars and th yellow; a patch of deep maroon on and secondaries dusky on their inner mary; rest of the quills green on their reen, Central tail feathers blue, tipped webs, yellowish on the inner, and all : has the head plum-blue, the black on e wing spot is less conspicuous. Upper irides yellow; legs grey. 5'5 ; tarsus o’5; bill from gape o'65. hrough the Indo-Burmese countries into long the lower ranges of the Himalayas rding to Mr. H. Parker, it extends at aittiva, and is also found in the island the last. Eggs, pure white, four in
, ferd., B. Ind i. p. 259, No. 49. Hume, Str. P. ii. p. I ; id, AWests and Bodd., pl. E'ul. I 92 et 888 ; Murray, he WESTERN Rose-HEADED PARoQUET.
cept that the rump and lower back are nd the outer webs of the next pair of ebs of the first and second primaries d the tips of the central tail feathers d nape too are more lilac than bluish, le yellowish green.
wing 5' 25.
a, extending into the Himalayas and tremely common; also on the Eastern ars, Central India, Midnapoor, and lume, throughout the plains of Conti also throughout the salt range and the heights of from 4,OOO to 5,OOO feet, commonly lay in April, excavate holes ure white, but rather soiled, glossless 5 inches, and in breadth from o'75 to
Zayard), Ann, and Mag. Ayat. Hist. i. p. 367; Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 177,

Page 255
Up'
Crown and back plumbeous grey, p. dark indigo blue on the middle tail fea yellow beneath and at the tips, sullied above; forehead and cheeks, broad nu liant green; wings deeper green, pale throat intense black, with a tendency to half surrounds it; upper mandible bri mandible reddish ; irides white; in th the tail is mingled green and indigo b
Length.-14 to I5 inches; tail 86;
Hab.–Ceylon, to which island it Mr. Parker however mentions in MS. young in the nest in July in the Kurne
SUB-ORDER-COCC Family, UPUPI)
Bill long, sides compressed to tip; and rounded; tail long; outer toe unit
Sub-Family.- Bill with prominent keel, tip sharp Gen. Up
Bill slender and curved throughou scale; tarsi broadly scaled; head cres
217. Upupa ceylonensis ( Str. F. iii. p. go ; vii. p. 517 ; Murra Upupa nigripennis (Gould), Serd, B. and Eggs Ind. B. p. 163; Legge, B HooPoE.
Whole head and neck cinnamontipped with black; lesser wing cov black, tipped with white, and the great primaries black, with a bar of whit white spot on the inner web; primary and edged with rufous; back dull vi rufous; rump the same, followed by a black; tail black, with a white bar acr upper abdomen rufous-fawn; lower vent and under tail coverts white, in s Bill dark brown ; irides red brown ; le
Length.-IO'5; tail 4; wing 3 to 3' nor are there any white spots on the
26 c

PA. 201
sing to bluish on the rump and rich hers and outer webs of the others; tail along the inner webs of the rectrices chal ring and entire under-parts briland yellowish towards the scapulars; form a ring round the neck, but only ht coral red, with a white tip; lower female the rump is brighter blue, and ue ; bill blackish. wing 5’3; tarsus o"6. s peculiar. Breeds during February. that he observed the species feeding gala district.
YGES ANISOIDACTYLAE. DÆ, Bp.--HooPoEs.
nostrils small and at base; wings long ed to middle; hind toe long.
UPUPINAE-Bp.
; claws long, curved, sharp and strong.
upa-Linn. ut; nostrils covered with membranous ted.
Reich.), Jerd, Suppl. vol. ii.; Hume, y, Alvif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 47o, No. Iog8.
Ind. ii. p. 392, No. 255 ; Hume, Wests Ceylon, pp.278, 12 I3-The INDIAN
ufous, the feathers of the crest broadly rts cinnamon-rufous, the median series er series black, barred across with white; 2 near the tip, the first with or without a
coverts black; tertiaries brown, tinged hous; scapulars barred with black. and ransverse white band; upper tail coverts oss the feathers; chin, throat, breast and abdomen whitish, streaked with brown; ome a few feathers are tipped with black. gs plumbeous.
; bill from gape 2'2, No white on crest, rst primary.

Page 256
202 MER
Hab.–Ceylon, and Southern India, and N.-W. Provinces. Breeds from . May and June in the Northern Provinc
According to Jerdon it frequents grov the neighbourhood of villages and species of the genus, it feeds on the g usually has its crest depressed when fee erects it. It has an undulatory but vigo
Family, MEROP Bill long; both mandibles curved ant bristles; wings long and pointed ; tail lo rally elongated; tarsi short ; toes long, t with a pad beneath.
Gen. Mero Second quill longest; tail with the scaled; outer toe longer than inner; wir tail.
218. Merops viridis, Zinn., S i. p. 2O5; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ina p. 49; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 73 ; Armstri Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 67; Anders., Yunna p. 3og; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 85; Ba Vert. Zool., Sind., p. Io; id., Avis. ferrugiceps, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc BEE-EATER.
Above bright grass green; below brig abdomen and under tail coverts slightly nape, and hind neck burnished with g rufous, wanting in many specimens fro from base of bill through the eye to ea breast, black; quills reddish, tipped du their inner webs dusky; elongated pol brown. Bill black; irides blood red.
Āengh.-9'75 inches to tip of centra front II.
Hall.--Ceylon and the, whole of Ind also at Quetta in Beloochistan Persia (Travancore), Nepaul and Cashmere. Burmah. Breeds almost all over Indi to 5 eggs, during March and April, banks. The eggs are little polished al shape, milky white in hue, and brilliant o'68 to o'82 inch and in breadth from

PIDAE,
to a part of Central India, the Punjab, :bruary to May, in India; in Ceylon,
s of trees, thin forest jungle, gardens, d deserted buildings. Like other und on insects, grubs, and larvae. It ing, and on the slightest disturbance, ous flight.
DAE-BEE-EATERs.
sharp; nostrils partly hidden by short ng and broad; central feathers genevo exterior united to middle; hird toe
ps.-Linn. two middle feathers elongated; tarsi gs reaching to two-thirds the length of
yst. Vat. i. p. I82 ; jerd, B. Ind. . B. p. 99; Str. F. i. p. I67; iii. ong, Str. F. iv. p. 3O4; Hume and n Erped. p. 582; Legge, B. Ceylon, 'nghan, Str. F. ix. p. I52 ; Murray, 3r. Ind. i. p. 471, No. IO99. Merops ... p. 82.-The CoMMON INDIAN GREEN
ht green, mixed with verdigris; lower paler and with a bluish tinge; head, olden forehead and fore crown deep n Northern India, as Sind; eye streak coverts, and a collar on top of the ky; tail very dull green, the edges of tion of the two central feathers dark
tail feathers; wing 35 to 375; bill at
a, extending to Indo-China. Occurs and Egypt; also in Southern India Abundant, nearly throughout British , Burmah and Ceylon, laying from 3 ften also in May, in holes in sandy baster-like balls, nearly spherical in 'glossy. They vary in length from 54 to O'73 inch.

Page 257
MERO
29. Merops phillipinus, L Haume, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. p. Io II ; Aarh, p. 72; Oates, Str. P. v. p. I4: Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 3o6; Hume and viii. p. 85 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. I Murray, Vert, Zool, Sind, p. 108; id Merops Phillipensis (Linn.), Ferd, i Yunnan Exped. p. 58 I. --The BLUE-TA Forehead, crown, nape, and back di and upper tail coverts bright blue; cer elongation black ; other tail feathers bl bluish green; primaries and secondarie threir inner webs, all tipped with black and a line through the eye black; a na bluish white one below ; chin yellow ; body green, with a rufescent tinge; unc coverts bright buff. Bill black; irides Length.-12 to I25 inches; tail 55 bill from gape 2. The female is very : Hab.--Ceylon, and the whole pe Islands, and the whole of British Burmah and Pegu ; somewhat rare in Tenasse partially migratory, and is found als Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borr. Wherever this Bee-Eater is found it oc very partial to resting on telegraph about the banks of large streams and r long tunnel 3 to 5 feet deep, with a cha than those of viridis, 4 to 5 in numbe
220. - Merops Leschenault: xuv. p. 17 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. yerd, B. Ind. i. p. 2O8, No. 1 I9. Mel 1871, p. 348. Merops Swinhoei, Hun Str. P. ii. p. 163; iii. p. 5o ; Armstron of Ceylon, p. 312 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. ] p. 478; Murray, Avi/. Br. Ind. ii. p. 4 (Gm.), Blyth and Wald, B. Burm. p
EATER.
Top of the head, ear coverts, nape black, extending as a band under the coverts, and tertiaries green, the latter coverts pale azure or shining blue ; qui all tipped with dusky black; tail even or

PS. 203
inn, Syst. Nat. Ed. 3, I, p. 183; Salvad, Urc. Born. p. 89; Blyth, B. ;; Dav, et Oust, CPis. Chine, p. 72 ; Pav., Str. F. vi, p. 67; Hume, Str. F. ;2; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 66; Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 471, No. I Ioo. 3. Intd. i., p. 2O7, No. I II 8; Anders., ILED BEE-EATER.” ill green, tinged with coppery; rump tral tail feathers blue, the projecting ue; their inner webs dusky; tertiaries 's green externally, and rufescent on wing coverts green ; lores, ear coverts row blue line above this and a pale throat chestnut; under surface of the ler tail coverts pale blue; under wing bright red; legs plumbeous. to 57; wing 53 to 5'5; tarsus O'S slightly smaller. ninsula of India, also the Andaman l, being especially abundant in Arrakan rim, where, according to Oates, it is o in China, Cochin-China, Siam, the eo, Celebes, and the Phillipine Islands. curs in large flocks, and like viridis are wires. They are especially numerous ivers, where they nest like viridis, in a amber at the end. Eggs slightly larger r, and of the same colour and gloss.
i, Vieill., NVouzw. Dict. do Hist. Wat', vi. p. 68. Merops quinticolor (V.), rops Daudini (Cuv.), Surinhoe, P. Z. S. e, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. p. IO2; id, g, Str. Fiv. p. 3O5; Legge, Birds p. 455 ; viii. p. 85; Parker, Str. Af. ix. 172, No. 1 IOI. Merops erythrocephalus . 274.-The CHESTNUT-HEADED BEE
and upper back, rich chestnut; lores :ye and ear coverts; lower back, wing tinged with bluish ; rump and upper tail ills green, rufous on the inner webs, and slightly emarginate, the centre feathers

Page 258
204 CORA
not elongated, bluish on the outer and margined with brown on the inner webs face, chin and throat yellow, followed b which extends up the sides of the necl plumage green, tinged with blue, whic inner tail coverts. Bill black; irides c
Length.-85 inches; tail 33 to gape II*7.
Hab.-Ceylon; Malabar forests; N Mysore, Wynaad, and Southern Ind sparingly distributed throughout the wh Cochin-China and China. Occurs in country in small flocks. Breeds during Nilghiris. A favourite locality in Ce in dense forests, especially where t immediate vicinity where insects can the sandy parts of the banks to a depth which is a circular chamber about 6 in nest or lining, they lay from 4 to 6 spherical, varying in length from o'8 o'72 to o8 inch.
Family, CORAC
Bill long and broad at the base, tip linear, apert; gape with strong rictal br and quill longest; tarsi short.
Gen. UCora Characters same as those of the Fam
22. Coracias indica (Linn.), B Ind. p. 214, No. 123; Hume, Str. &c., Sind, p. 128; id., Vert. Zool., Si Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. i. p. 476, No.
Forehead rufescent brown; head light blue ; hind neck, scapulars, upp brown, tinged on the hind neck with vi upper tail coverts, lesser coverts, and s thers of the upper tail coverts tipped blue, the latter with a broad band of vi blue; secondaries violet blue, the mar, basal half of their outer ones dark gre margins; tail with the middle feathers pale sky blue band; chin light fulvous with light fulvous shaft-stripes, passing

CIA DAE.
reen on the inner webs; rest green, and all tipped with dusky; sides of the y a collar of chestnut, edged with black, ; breast bright green; rest of lower n is most conspicuous on the vent and inison ; legs dusky black.
'5; wing 4'2; tarsus O'4; bill from
ilghiris up to 5,5Co feet elevation; a generally. It is said to be found ole province of Burmah, also in Siam, forests and well-wooded parts of the March and April on the slopes of the ylon is in sloping sandy river banks here is a little open ground in the be caught. They bore holes in of from 3 to 6 feet, at the bottom of ches in diameter, where, without any eggs, pure and glossy white, almost 2 to O'92 inch, and in breadth from
2IADAE-RuLLERs.
hooked; nostrils at the base oblique, istles; wings and tail moderately long;
Cias-Linn. ily.
Eduv. B. pl. 326; P. E. 285 ; ?řerd., F. vii. p. 259; Murray, Hadbk., Zool., id, p. 109; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 281 ; I IO7.-The INDIAN RolleR. and nape greenish blue; supercilium dr back and tertiaries ashy or earthy nous; lower backgreenish blue; rump, houlders cobalt blue, some of the feagreenish; winglet and primaries pale olet blue in the middle and tipped dark ins of their inner webs dusky, and the :n, shading into light blue on their outer dull green, the rest violet blue with a ; throat and breast of a vinous colour, into isabelline on the upper abdomen,

Page 259
EURYSTO
where the fulvous streaks are indistin coverts, and under wing coverts pale irides red brown; eyelids yellow.
Length -- I 3'5 inches; wing 7°25 ; ta Hab.-Ceylon; and the whole of Provinces, the Punjab, Sind, S. Persia ( war, Jodhpore, Jeypore, North Guzerat,
In parts of India it is a resident and sometimes in the deep forks of acacia t number, round, pure white.
Gen. Eurystc Bill shorter and much broader than culmen curved; nostrils narrow ; ricta long; 2nd quill longest; 1st sub-eq syndactyle.
222. Eurystomus oriental No. 126; Hume, Nests and Eggs In Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. Ios; Blyth, Ois Chine, p. 73; Wardlaze)-Ramsay, . Str. F. vi p. 72; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. Str. P. X. p. I86; id, B. Br. Burm i. p. 477, No... I Io9. Coracias orienta
BROAD-BILLED ROLEER.
Whole head, including lores, cheeks tinged with greenish blue, which is scapulars; back, rump, upper tail cov primaries, secondaries and their coverts patch at their bases; tail uniform dark broad violet blue shaft stripes; rest brighter on the vent, under tail coverts vermilioh; eyelids red; irides dark br Length.-I2 to I2'S inches; tail 44 from gape II*7.
'Alab.-From Ceylon to the base of thi Burmese countries, extending to China Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, an rare, though locally distributed over th got in Pegu, in the hills north of the gheen. Capt. W. Ramsay got it on t Bassein, and Davison's experience is th of Tenasserim. Oates adds that it is breeds in the Terai during May in hol Nothing appears to be known of its eg

MUS 205
ct; lower abdomen, vent, under tail blue. Bill dusky brown; legs orange;
il 5 ; bill at front I" 12; tarsus I. India, the Himalayas, Nepaul, N.-W. (Bushire), Beloochistan, Kutch, Kattia
the Concans and the Deccan. breeds in holes of decayed trees, and rees, in April and May. Eggs two in
)mus.- Vieillot.
in Coracias; base wide, the tip of | bristles absent; gape wide; wings ual; tarsus short; outer toe slightly
is (Linn.), ỹoerd., B. Ind. i. p. 2 19, d. B. p. Io5; id., Str. F. ii. p. I64;
B. Burm. p. 72; David et. Oust. Albis, 1877, p. 457 ; Hume and Dav, 285; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 85; Oates, . ii. p. 7o; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. lis, Linn., Syst. AWat. i. p. I 59. -The
', ear coverts and nape dark brown, more conspicuous and decided on the arts, tertiaries and wing coverts, also the ; black, the first 6 or 7, with a light blue c violet; throat and upper breast with of lower plumage dingy greenish blue, and under wing coverts. Bill and legs own; gape yellowish.
to 4'5; wing 76 to 8; tarsus O'7; bill
e Himalayas; Lower Bengal, Assam, the , Siam, Cochin-China, and down the d Borneo. According to Oates, it is a greater part of Burmah. It has been it town, also at Tonghoo and at Shwayhe Karin hills, and Mr. Blanford at at it is confined to the southern portion almost crepuscular in its habits. It as of the higher branches of lofty trees. gs, but they also are probably white.

Page 260
206 ALCE
Family.-ALEDIN
Bill long, straight, thick, quadrangul: fleshy nostrils lateral, oblique; tail sho short; plumage thick, of singular brillia are the prevailing colours, Habits s streams or stagnant waters, from which kingfishers agree in their manners. T other elevated object overhanging wat hours watching till some fish comes ur down perpendicularly and bring up thei are thrown up in small pellets,
Sub Family.-~ Bill long, slender, compressed, acu the greater part of its lengths gonys in
Gen Alced
Bill long, slender, straight, compress carinated ; commissure straight; 2nd a the longest, I st very little shorter; latera
223, Alcedo bengalensis, G ind. i. p. 234, No. 134; Sharpe, Mon. Eggs Ind. B. p. 1O7; Salvad, Wee. Bo, 69; iii, p, $2; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 71 Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 292; Anders,  ́unar Ibis, 1877, p. 457; flume and ADav. p. 86 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 155; Little INDIAN KING FISHER
Head and hind neck dusky, each fe: from the nostrils to the ear coverts ru both upper and lower mandibles. Sid a streak of dusky feathers edged with mandible dividing the white of the ch quills dusky on theirinner webs; the ou dull bluish green; back, rump and tinged with greenish; breast and entire ruginous. Bill blackish above, horny b orange red.
Length-62 to 7 inches; wing 275 Hab.–Ceylon and throughout India chistan and S Afghanistan, but is rare. can and the Deccan, it is the common In Sind it appears to be a seasonal visit

Dt N1bAE,
iDAE-KINGFISHERs.
ar, and pointed; tongue short, flat and rt; wings moderate and rounded; tarsi ncy, in which blue, green and orange olitary. Found near rivers, brooks, they capture fish for subsistence. All hey generally perchi on some tree or ter, and there remain motionless for der their view, when they will dive r prey. The scales of the fish they eat
-ALCEONINAE.
te and grooved near the culmen for 2arly straight,
O.--Linn.
sed, the tip acute; culmen sharp and and third quills sub-equal, 3rd slightly l toes syndactyle; inner toe short.
m., Sysl. Nat. i. p. 45o ; ferd, B.
Alced, p, ii, pl. 2; EHume, Nests and rn, p, 92; Hume, Str. F. i. pp. I68, ; Armstrong, Str. F iv. p. 307 ; nan Eleped. p. 58o; Wardlawy-Ramsay, Str. P. vi, p. 8I ; Hume, Str. P. viii. Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 72.--The
ther tipped with pale blue; a band fous; a dark patch at the gape on es of the neck, chin and throat white; blue from each corner of the lower in and throat and sides of the neck; ter webs dull greenish blue; scapulars upper tail coverts pale blue; tail blue, under surface orange brown or ferrown below; irides dark brown; legs
; tail I'1; bill at front I'4. ; also China. Occurs also in BelooIn Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, Conform where A. ispida does not occur. ant.

Page 261
CER
In Burmah it affects all the low-lyin as East Africa; in the north to Siberia Siam, Cochin-China, and the Malay May, making a narrow hole about 2 f the water, generally about five or six f. Parker says December, January and F. spondents in the Nilghiris, Deccan, the Ootacamund, Caltura in Ceylon, Ahm regard to the lining of the nest, being probably undigested food thrown up i laid. The eggs are glossy white, sc O8 x o'7 inch.
Gen. Cer Bill long, straight, compressed, and flattened and margined on each side lengthened, rounded; wings long; 2r. longer than the hinder.
224. Ceryle rudis (Linn.),ỹ AMon... Alced. p. 6I, pl. I9; Houme, AWe F. iii. p. 52; Dresser, B. Eur. v. p. I et Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 77 ; Legge, p. 43; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. ham, Str. F. ix. p. I, 57; Murray, Ha Zool., Sind, p. 112; Oates, B. Br. Bu Head, hind neck, and a broad strea sides of neck black, finely streaked throat, sides of the neck, and upper feathers tipped black in some specim band of black, and a narrower one al in some specimens a few dark spot black; edge of the outer web of the f white, forming a conspicuous white rump, upper tail coverts and scapula black, the feathers basally and at the t irides dark brown.
Length.-Io's to II inches; wing Hab.-S.-E. Europe, N.-E. Afric Malayana. Found all over India to breeds in holes along the banks of the Eggs 2-4 in number, oval, white.
Sub-Family.- Kingfishers of larger size than th straight bills, broad at the base, with t

RYLE 207
g parts near the sea. It extends as far and Japan, and ranges thence to China, Peninsula, and breeds from March to eet in depth in some bank overlooking eet above water level. In Ceylon Mr. ebruary in the Manaar districts. CorreDhoon, Darjeeling, Cashmere, Kumaon, ednuggur, and other places all agree in
composed of small filamentous bones, n the chamber, on which the eggs are ome oval, and others spherical, about
'yle.-Boie.
acute at tip; culmen obtuse, somewhat by an indented groove; tail slightly ld and 3rd quills sub-equal; inner toe
'erd., B. Ind. i. p. 232, No. 136; Sharpe, sts and Eggs Ind. B. p. 1O9; id, Str. 25, pl. ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 71 ; David B. Ceylon, p. 288 ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 85; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 86; Bingdbk. Zool., &c., Sind, p. 129; d., Vert. 'rmah, ii. p. 77.-The PIED KINGFISHER. k behind the eye extending down the with white; supercilium white; chin, preast white; the latter with a few of the ens ; lower parts white, , with a broad so, in males, across the lower breast, and s on the abdomen and flanks; primaries irst primary and the bases of the others band; primary coverts black; back, rs black, tipped broadly with white; tail ips white. Bill black; legs dusky brown;
55; tail 3; bill at front 23.
a, Western Asia, Ceylon, Burmah and ) Nepaul. In Sind it is a resident, and Indus and canals from March to May.
-HALCYONINAE.
he Alcedinidae, with strong, thick and he culmen flattened and slightly inclin

Page 262
208 ALCED,
ing upwards to the tip, groove or upper and broad ; tarsus and toes small and rictus smooth.
Gen. Halcyo
Bill long and straight, somewhat qua nostrils hidden by plumes; 3rd quill lo rounded or even; outer toe nearly as lo
225. Halcyon smyrnensis pl. 59 ; AHume, Wests and Eggs Ind. I pl. ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 7o; Armst F. v. p. I, 43; Hume and Dav., Str . F Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 85 ; Bingham, S ii. p. 82; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. NWat. i. p. I8 I. Alcedo fuscus, Bodd., . Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 224, No. 129.–The
Whole head, neck, abdomen, under nut; scapulars, tertiaries, back, rump coverts and winglet blue; the scapu wing coverts black; quills blue, broadly bar of white on the inner webs of the and breast white; tail blue, the margin except the centre feathers, which are feet vermilion red; eyes brown.
Length.-IO'5 inches; wing 4"5 to 4' Hab.-Ceylon and the Peninsula of extending to the Indo-Burmese countr from the Concans and Deccan, Kutc Guzerat, Travancore and Nepaul. Bre to July (in Ceylon June to August), lay itself in banks of tanks and canals or stre cliffs overlooking rivers. Eggs spherica of its congeners, they are pure white. I inch and in breadth from O'97 to II2
226. Halcyon pilleata (Bodd. Afume, Str. F. iii. p. 5 I ; Blyth, B. p. 3o6; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 3o II ; Hun Str. F. viii. p. 85; Bingham, Str. F F. x. p. I87; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. Enl. p. 4 I. Alcedo atricapilla, Gm, pillus, Jerd, B. Ind. i p. 226, No. 13 Born, p. IO2-The BLACK-cAPPED PUR
Whole head black, also the moustach purple, brighter on the rump; tail rich

NIDAE.
mandible strongly marked; wings short feeble, the latter nearly syndactyle;
n-Swainson.
drangular; lower mandible angulated; ngest, 4th and 5th sub-equal; tail short, ng as the middle one. (Linn.), Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. 16, 3. p. IOS; Dresser, B. Europe, v. I 33, rong, Str. F. Iv. p. 3o6; Oates, Str. , vi. p.74; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 298; tr. F. ix. p. II, 54; Oates, B. Br. Burm. I Io. Alcedo smyrnensis, Linn., Syst. Zabl. Pl. Enl. p. 54. Halcyon fuscus, : WHITE-BREASTED KINGFISHER. tail and lesser wing coverts rich chestand upper tail coverts, also the greater lars and tertiaries more dull; median tipped with black, with a broad oblique primaries; chin, throat, neck in front s of their inner webs dusky brown, wholly greenish blue. Bill coral red;
75; tail 3; bill at front 225.
India to the base of the Himalayas, les, Singapore and China. Recorded ch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Sambur, N. eds all over India nearly, from March ing 4-7 eggs in a hole excavated by ams, also in the interior of wells, or on l; some are slightly oval. Like those n length they vary from I'O5 to I'27 inch. ), Sharpe, Mon... Alced. p. I 69, pl. 62 ; ABurm. p. 7o; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. ne and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 74 ; Hume, viii. p. I93; ix. p. I54; Oates, Str. 83. Alcedo pilleata, Bodd., 7abl. Pl. Syst. Wat. i. p. 453. Halcyon atricao. Entomobia pileata, Salvad. Ücc. PLE KINGFISHER. e; whole upper parts glossy rich violet violet purple; all except the central

Page 263
pair of feathers margined with b narrowly with whitish; lesser and me blue; primaries white, tinged with bl shafts of the first six black; seconda all tipped black; wing bar white an white, tinged with fulvous; breast pa ings; abdomen white, rest of lower su rich fulvous; bill dark red; irides br Zength-1 I'5 to iż inches; tail; bill from gape 28.
Hab.--Ceylon, the Malabar Coas man Islands, China, Siam, Cochin-( British Burmah, in which last provin the maritime portions and up the small reptiles, also insects of sorts.
Gen.
Bill comparatively large, wide, bar culmen flattish; tail short; feet wit behind.
227. Ceyx tridactyla (Pal Sharpe, Mon... Alced. p. : I9, pl. 4C Burm. p. 7I; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 86; Binghan Str. F. x. p. 187 ; Murray, Alvif. Br ToED KING FISHER.
Lores and base of upper mandible rufous, glossed with black; cheeks yellow, tinged with rufescent on th black spot and below it a patch of lustrous blue; lower back, rump , lilac gloss; scapulars and lesser win; blue; greater coverts and quills blac with blue; tail chestnut, tipped narr rufous. Bill coral red; irides dark
Length.-54 inches; tail II; wi Hab.-Ceylon, and the greater Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java and the Deccan; also from Arra streams and dense forests. Breeds
Gen. Pela)
Kingfishers with large, stout bills ing upwards towards the tip; ri
27 c

CEY X 209
ck on the outer webs and tipped very ian wing coverts black; primary coverts e on the outer webs, black at the ends; es and tertiaries blue on the outer webs, | conspicuous; chin, throat and neck 2 fulvous, with crescentic brown markface, including the under wing coverts, wn; legs coral red.
5 to 3'7; wing 4'7 to 5*3 ; tarsus o'7 ;
, Bengal, in the Sunderbuns, the Andahina, Philippines, Sumatra, Borneo, and e it is said by Oates to be abundant in all arger rivers. It feeds both on fish and
Ceyx.-Lacep. ely grooved; gonys inclined upwards; h only three toes, two in front and one
las), Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 229, No. 133; y; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 5 I ; Blyth, B.
3o3 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 8o; n, Str. F viii. p. 193; ix. p. I55; Oates, . Ind. ii. p. 486, No. I 123.---The THREE
blue-black; forehead, crown and nape , ear coverts and lower plumage buffy e breast; behind the ear coverts a bluishhite ; upper back black, streaked with ind upper tail coverts rich rufous with a coverts black, tipped and margined with k; the secondaries and tertiaries edged wly with brown; under wing coverts pale rown; legs red. ig 2' 2; tarsus O'3; bill from gape II '55. art of India; also British Burmah, the
It has been recorded from South India an, Bengal, and Pegu. Affects rocky n Ceylon.
gopsis.-- Gloger. broad at the base, and the culmen inclin Jus smooth; margin of culme? slightly

Page 264
210 BUCER
sinuated; lower mandible angulated; g mandible strongly marked for about tw.
228. Pelargopsis gurial ( pl. 29; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 295; Mu Halcyon leucocephalus, 7erd, A. Ind. Eggs Ind. B. p. I o5; Oates, B. Br. - HEADED or the INDIAN STORK-BILLED K
Head, lores, cheeks and nape olive b above the scapulars and scapulars ding back, upper tail coverts and tail dull bl black; the inner webs of all also dusky azure blue; chin and throat yellowish the neck, with which it joins; resto blood red; legs coral red; irides light
Length.-16 inches; tail 4; wing 6
Hab.-Southern India and Ceylon to well-wooded forests. In Malabar Jer Carnatic; found occasionally in Cen Breeds in the lower Himalayas during Colonel Legge and Mr. Parker, nearly two or three months. Eggs, 4 in num I'O2 inch.
Family.-BUCERO
A group of large birds distinguished which are arched or curved, and have in placed above the culmen from the bas mandible, or is as large as the bill itsel nally, and in one or two species solid. or less dilated; the tip is acute and the small at first and is developed by age. sides of the face and the orbital re. wings short and ample, the 4th and 5th nearly equal to the primaries; tail of t pair of feathers generally elongated; t front, reticulated behind; outer toe jo apex; inner toe less so. They live in which they swallow whole, first tossin the tree, and catching it again. They white eggs. The male bird is said to time of incubation until the young are for this, Mr. Hume quotes an acci

TIDAE.
onys ascending; groove of the upper -third its length.
earson), Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. 97, rray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. 487, No. I 24. i. p. 222, No. 127; Hume, Nests and Purm. ii. p. 79 (note).--The BRowNNGFISHER
rown or dark olive brown; hind neck brownish green; quills, sides of lower lish green, the quills tipped with dusky ; middle of back to rump light bright white, becoming buffy like the sidec of lower plumage orange buff; bill dark }TOWLl.
; bill at gape 4 inches.
Bengal and the Himalayas, affecting don says it is common; rare in the tral India and the Northern Circars. June, and in Ceylon, according to throughout the year, except the last ber, round, pure white; size I'o9 X
TIDAE.-HoRN BILLS.
by the enormous size of their bill; n most species an appendage or casque e to about the middle of the upper f. This is hollow and cellular interThe bill is wide at the base and more margins denticulated. The casque is The throat is usually naked, also the gion; eyelids protected by eyelashes; quills longest; secondaries long and en feathers, long, rounded, the centre irsi short, stout, transversely scutate in ned to the middle one nearly to the
pairs, and subsist entirely on fruit, g it up in the air after breaking it off breed in holes of trees, and lay 2-4 plaster up the female during the whole edged In fact Mr. Wallace vouches unt of his nesting experience of D.

Page 265
ANTHRAC
bicornis in Sumatra to the same effe strange facts in Natural History which
Gen. Anthracc
Bill with a long, sharp, acute casque, over two-thirds its length.
 

OCEROS. 211
ct. It is, as he says, “one of those are stranger than fiction.”
cerOS.-Reich.
extending from the base of the bill

Page 266
212 BUCERO'
229. Anthracoceros corol p. 245, No. I 4 I ; Hume, Str. F ii. p. 38 Enl. 873. Hydrocissa coronata, Ellio, p. 272 ; Murray, Avi/. Brit. Ind. I
HoRN BILL.
Plumage entirely black, except be primaries and secondaries, the three ol next pair which are white; bill and pa of both mandibles black, also the hin patch of black on the anterior thre pressed laterally, protruding back over Length.-3 feet; wing 13 inches; tai of bill with casque 4 inches; naked ski crimson.
Hab.–Ceylon and Southern India; India. It is said to have different Ceylon. In the Manaar district Mr. ber, the eggs being probably laid ir taken in October. In the N.-E. the and May, and in the south March and large societies, and like other Hornbills
Gen. Ock
Bill short, rounded and solid; no ca. central tail feathers produced beyond t
230. Tockus gingalensis ( gingalensis, Jerd, B. Ind. i p. 25 I224.-The JUNGLE GREY HoRNBILL.
Upper part of head and back blacki wings bluish grey, the lesser coverts breast, belly, and thighs greyish white; rest tipped with white; bill pale yellow mandible; legs dusky; irides reddish. Length.-22 inches; wing 85; tail Hab.-Ceylon, in the N.-W. Provinc March to July in natural holes in trunk
5o feet. Eggs, generally 2 in numbel elongated ovals.
ORDER, GEMITOR)
Bill short, straight, compressed, fron at the tip, the base with a soft fleshy

IDAE.
atus (Bodd.), ỹerd., B. Ind. i 3. Buceros coronata, Bodd., 7’abl. Pi Mon. Bucer. pl. xii.; legge, B. Ceylon 49O, No. II28.–The MALABAR PIED
2ath from the breast, the tips of the er tail feathers on each side and the t of the casque yellowish white; base margin of the casque of the male; a -fourths in adults; casque large, comthe crown and ridge.
14; bill from gape 7 inches; height on the throat pale, livid fleshy; irides
also Malabar, Goomsoor and Central breeding seasons in different parts of Parker shot young birds in SeptemJune or July. Eggs have also been breeding season is said to be April April. They roost on large trees in immure the females in the nest holes.
us-Gloger.
sque; ridge elevated and much curved; he rest.
Shaw), Cuv. vii... pl. p. 435. Tockus o; Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 275, 1213,
sh brown, with a cast of bluish grey; edged with black; cheeks, foreneck, middle feathers of tail bluish grey, the sh white, the tip dusky, also the lower
35; bill to gape 4'25.
es, affecting deep forests. Breeds from s of living trees at heights of from 4o to variable in shape, typical ovals or
S-PIGEONS AND DovES.
half of mandible vaulted and curved membrane, in which are the nostrils;

Page 267
CROC
wings moderate or long; tail variabl rounded; tarsi strong. Habits monc the nest, incubating the eggs, and fe structed of twigs, straw, and almost an and built on trees, roof of buildings C in number, white. They feed on fru disgorge the food from their craw.
Gen. Croco
Characters those of the Sub-Family protuberance occupying one-half its l sinuated on its inner web.
23. Crocopus chlorigaste yerd, iii. p. 448, No. 773; Str. P. i Sind, p. 193; Tem. Pig. t. 2; Murra C. jerdoni, Strickl.-The SouTHERN C Forehead, crown and nape ashy gre and ear coverts; neck behind yellowis a narrow band of ashy grey; back, green, slightly tinged with yellowish o margined on their outer web with margined with the same colour, form wing lilac ; tail above greenish at base under tail coverts dull maroon, the fe and throat greenish yellow; neck in fr tinged greenish on the flanks; vent m and feet yellow; irides carmine.
Length.-II '75 to 12'S inches; wi Hab.-Ceylon, and nearly throug Malabar Coast, Madras and Southern Central Provinces, Khandeish, the De in Sind, and has only been found on March to June, nesting on trees. glossy, I' I 2 to II ’3 in length by o'9 to
Gen. Os mot
General characters as in Crocopus much in plumage.
232. Osmotreron bicinct Avests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 493; Bly strong, Str. F. iv. p. 337; Oates, Str. vi. p.4 II ; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. IO.

OPUS. 213
e, of 12, 14, or 16 feathers, even or gamous. Both sexes assist in making eding the young. Nests loosely cony material which could be readily got, ir ledges and holes in rocks; eggs two it and grain, and in feeding the young
pus-Bonap.
'; basal portion of bill with the fleshy ength or nearly as much; third primary
r, Blyth, ŷ. A. S. B. xvii p. 167 ; i. p. 423; Murray, Hadbk., Zool. &c., y, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 498, No. I 142. GREEN PIGEON.
y, as also are the lores, sides of the face h green, followed on the upper back by scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts n the scapulars; primaries dusky brown, pale yellow; the wing coverts broadly ing an oblique wing bar; shoulder of and ashy grey for the terminal half; athers broadly tipped with white; chin ont, breast and abdomen bright yellow, ixed green and white; bill whitish; legs
ng 7 ; tail S; bill at front o'75.
hout the Peninsula of India (jferd.), India generally; Lower Bengal, Oudh,
ccan, Sind, and North Guzerat. Rare
the frontier, at Jacobabad. Breeds from
Eggs two in number, pure white and
Io in breadth.
reron.-Asonap.
bill more slender; legs red; sexes differ
a, ỹerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 449; Hume, th and Wald, B. Burm. p. 144; ArmF. vi. p. 163 ; Hume, and Dav., Str. F. ); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 725; Oates, Str.

Page 268
214 BUCER
F. X. p. 235 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p 499, No. 1 I44.-The ORANGE-BREASTE Upper surface of the body, includin greater wing coverts green, the two la with yellow; winglet, primaries, and t also black, narrowly margined with yel under wing coverts, axillaries, sides of other tail feathers dark ashy, all tippec crown, sides of the head and neck, chi green; flanks yellow, streaked with dari the neck by a lilac band across, formin The female has not the lilac and orang pale ashy white, dashed with dull gree red; irides blue, with an outer circle of Length-12 inches; tail 4'2; wing 6 Hab.-The more moist and wooded in the greater part of British Burmah. tries to the eastward. Recorded from west of India. Occurs abundantly in N also the Sub-Himalayan terais of Beha regions of the Central Provinces. Bree June, making a nest generally on the number, oval, and pure white.
233. Osmotreron pompado No. 777; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. I62; vi p. 5o2, No. I I49. Osmotreron flav p. 225-The YELLow-FRONTED GREEN Forehead yellowish; throat pure yello and wing coverts maroon; rest of uppe and ear coverts; wing coverts edged w green with a broad mesial dark band a green in both sexes, with broad whitish with an outer blue circle.
Length.-IO inches; tail 4; wing 5 Hab.--Ceylon and South India. Ge
Sub-Family CARPOPH
Bill longer than in Treroninae, more terminal third corneous; wings long; Teroninae; feet with broad soles; mandible feathered to nearly the tip.
One egg. - - - - -

TIDAE.
3o8 ; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. ) GREEN PIGEoN.
the lesser wing coverts, tertiaries and er broadly edged on the external web e primary coverts black; secondaries ow; occipital region, nape, hind neck, he body, and central tail feathers ashy; with greyish white; forehead, front of , throat, abdomen, and vent yellowish green; breast orange, separated from a collar; under tail coverts cinnamon. breast, and the under tail coverts are ish; bill glaucous green; legs pinkish red. 3; tarsus O'8; bill from gape II. portions of India and Ceylon, and also Extends to Assam, Cachar, and counLower Bengal and the coasts east and Nepaul, Sylhet, Tipperah, and Arrakan; r and Oudh, and the Eastern forest 'ds in the Nepaul terai from April to puter branch of a tree. Eggs two in
ura (Gmel), jerd, B, Ind. iii. p. 452, . p. 4 I4 ; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. ogularis, Blyth, jf. A. S. B. xxvi.
PIGEON. w; no buff patch on the breast; mantle parts green, including the lores, face ith bright yellow, also the quillş; tail nd tipped with ashy; under tail coverts tips; bill glaucous green; irides red,
5. neral habits as the last.
AGINAE-FRUIT PIGEONS.
slender and depressed at the base; the ail even or rounded, longer than in the arsus short and well feathered; under Breeds at high altitudes, and lays but

Page 269
CARP
Gen. Carpo
General characters of the sub-family or coppery brown.
234. Carpophaga aenea (L. p. 496; id, Str. F. ii. p. 26O; iii. p. It 7"rans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 2 I 5 ; Armstro v. p, 39; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. Legge, B. Ceylon, p.718; Bingham, p. 48 I ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 3o 1 No. I I 52. Columba, ænea, Linn., Sy 7ick, 7. A. S. B. iii. p. 581. Carpo ii. p. 455, No. 78o.—The IMPERIAL G Whole head and neck and entire un vinaceous; under tail coverts deep mar chin whitish; back, rump, upper tail cc tail shining coppery green; axillaries bi brown, tinged with ashy on the outer w eyelids, legs, and feet lake red.
Length.-I7 inches; tail 6'5; wing Hab.–Ceylon and the whole of In North-West Provinces and the Himala extends through the Malay Peninsulat well-wooded parts of the country. Abu and Southern India, Midnapore and th Breeds in the Andamans and in Te: India, laying only a single egg in a nes bushes. March and April are the mor Family-COLUMBIDAE
Bill horny at apex only; tail genera ened ; plumage sombre ; feet more fit in holes of rocks, buildings or well.
Sub-Family-PALU General characters of the family.
Gen. Palul
Characters those of the sub-family on each side of the neck.
235. Palumbus Elphinstc No. 786; id, Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 48 ; Str. P. vi. pp. 95, 424 ; Murray, Palumbus torringtoni (Kelaart), B p. 424; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 693-1

PHAGA. 215
haga-Selby.
plumage above glossy metallic green
nn), Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. 3; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 144; Wald, ng, Str. F. iv. p. 337; Inglis, Str. F. ), 4 I6; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. Io9; tr. F. ix. p. Ig4 ; Parker, Str. P. ix. ; Murray, Avi/. Br. Ind. ii. p. 5o3, st. AWat. i. p. 283. Columba sylvatica, phaga sylvatica (Tick.), Verd., B. Ind. REEN PIGEoN.
ler parts pearl grey, tinged with ruddy pon; orbital feathers, base of bill and verts, tertiaries, upper wing coverts and uff; primaries and secondaries greenish ebs. Bill greyish, the base dull red;
9; tarsus II" I ; bill from gape II ‘5.
dia, to Assam and Sylhet, except the yas. It is also found in Burmah, and Sumatra and Java. Affects forests and ndant in the Malabar forests, in Central e countries to the north-east generally. hasserim, also in the forests of Central it made of twigs in thickets and bamboo ths in which it breeds.
, Bib.--PGEONS AND Dov Es.
lly of 12 feathers only; tarsus lengthed for walking om the ground. Breeds
MBINAE.-WooD PIGEONs.
bus-Linn. the distinguishing feature is the patch
nei (Sykes), ởerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 465, Gould, B. Asia pt. vi. pl. I2; A7ume, Avis. B. Ind. i p. 5o7, No. I 158. lyth, Ibis, I 867 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. he NILGHIRI WooD PIGEON.

Page 270
216 COLU
Head and neck ashy; nuchal patch neck and interscapulars cupreous rudd upper surface of body ruddy brown, coverts; wings, including the quills, du cupreous; outer primaries pale edged; body ashy, albescent on the throat; ne and lower abdomen albescent; bill dei feet dull red.
Length.-I5 to 16 inches; tail 57
Alab.-The Nilghiris and the dense w Deccan. Breeds from March to July, l. on high trees in dense woods. Egg sp
Gen. Colun
Characters same as those of Palum
236. Columba intermedia, p. 39; ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. 469, No. p. 499; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 38 Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Io9; Scully, S p. 698; Blyf, East Pers. p. 268 ; Mur ray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 508, No. I Burmi. p. 145.-The INDIAN BLUE Roc Head, nape, chin, abdomen, vent ar. slaty grey; back, 'scapulars, secondari rump pale ashy, paler on the rump ; th grey, as are also their tips; secondarie tertials and greater wing coverts with a webs only, forming two black wing ban changeable green and amethystine, ia tinged with glossy green; under wing coverts, or a little paler for two-thirds i very narrow terminal ashy tip; the bas of the outermost feather white. Bill bl legs pinkish red.
Length.-12 to 13 inches; wing 87 Hab.–Ceylon, and throughout Indi Persia, Beluchistan and Afghanistan large flocks. Breeds throughout India white and glossy, I'2 X 125. Nesting and in holes in rocks and caverns.
Gen. Alsocc
Bill small, much compressed; wings longest and sinuate on the outer web.

MBDAE.
black, with small white tips; back of l, slightly glossed with greenish; rest of dark ashy on the rump and upper tail sky black, narrowly edged with ruddy
tail dull black; under surface of the k and breast glossed with green; vent p red, tipped with yellow; legs and
to 6; wing 8 to 825. oods above the Khandalla ghauts in the aying only a single egg. Nests placed otless glossy white, oval, I'46 x I*2. hba-Linn.
όμε.
Strick.l., Ann NWat. Hist. Ser. I. xiii. 788; Hume, Mests and Eggs Ind. B. 4 Hume and Dav., Str. F. vii. p. 449 ; tr, F. viii. p. 339; Legge, B. Ceylon ray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 202 ; Mur[ I60. Columba livia, apud. Bl. B. K PIGEON. ld upper and under tail coverts dark 2s, tertials, inner webs of primaries and e outer webs of the primaries dusky s broadly tipped dusky, the innermost subterminal black patch on the outer ds; neck all round and breast glossy, n varying lights; throat also slightly coverts white; tail like the upper tail Es length, then broadly black, with a ial two-thirds or more of the outer web ack; cere whitish; irides dull orange;
5 to 9; tail 5; bill at front o'75.
a to the Himalayas, Assam, Burmah, in great abundance, congregating in and Ceylon. Eggs, 2 in number, in mosques, tombs, old buildings, wells,
mus.--Tick. long, 2nd quill equal to 4th, the 3rd

Page 271
TUF
237. Alsocomus puniceus Jerd, B. Ind, i. p. 462, No. 782; Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 147; Hume an B. Ceylon, p. 6g8; Hume, Str. P. vii Bingham, ibid. p. Ig6; Oates, Str. l р. 289; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii.
PIGEON.
Whole plumage vinaceous ruddy, i. wings, the feathers more or less glosse especially on the neck; head greyish with ashy; rump and upper tail cov coverts brown; bill livid at base, yello drange; orbital skin purplish pink.
Length.-I48 to 15 inches; tail 6;
Hab.-Ceylon, also Tenasserim an Central India, extending to near the s eastwards towards Cuttack. To the Arrakan, Singbhoom and Tenasserin sparingly distributed over many parts ( near Kyakpadien than elsewhere. It Tonka, where Hume records it from, an point of its distribution. Eggs similar only.
Sub-Family.-
Habits terrestrial and arboreal; t
outer feathers; neck usually adorned
Sub-Family, Ti
Bill lengthened, slender, the base feathers of the rump rather rigid.
Gen. :
Bill slender; wings long, 2nd and or graduated; tarsi scutellated in fi inner.
238. Turtur meena (Sykes Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 5O I; it p. I, 46; Hume and Dav., Str. F. v Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 34o; Oates p. 292 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 14o. T p. 476, No. 792. Turtur pulchr. pp, 7 I I, 1218.-The RUFoUs Tu RTL
28 с

UR. 217
Tickell, 7. A. S. B. xi. p. 462 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I 45 ; Wardlazcyd Davison, Str. Io vi. p. 418; Legge, p. Io9 ; Oates, Str. P. viii. p. I67; . x. p. 235 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 5o9, No. I 154.-The PURPLE Woon
clining to chestnut on the back and with metallic green and amethystine, white; quills blackish, edged slightly erts dark ashy ; tail black ; under tail at tip; legs and feet lake pink; irides
wing 85; tarsus I; bill from gape I" i. di Pegu, and the Eastern portions of ea coast in Midnapoor, and probably east of the Bay of Bengal, in Assam, it is more common. Oates says it is of Pegu, and that it is more abundant nas also been procured at Tounghoo and d which appears to be the southernmost to those of pigeons, and onc in number
TURTURINAE.-Bp.
ail somewhat long, with pale tips to the with a ring or spot.
URTURINAE.—Bonap.
soft and tumid; wings long; feet short;
tur.-Selby.
ird quills longest; tail moderatic, rounded ont, maked; outer toe shorter than the
, ferd, B. Ind. ii. p. 476, No. 793 ; ., Str. F. iii. p. I63; Bl., B. Burm. i. p. 42O ; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 1 Io; Str. F. X. p. 235; id, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 5 I 3, No. 1 I 69. Columba meena, rtur rupicolus (Pall.), ỹerd.,, B Ind. ii. tus, Hodgs, apud Legge, B. Ceylon, : DovE,

Page 272
28 COLU
Forehead, crown, nape, hind neck vinous, and the feathers indistinctly edg black with greyish tips; lower back an tail coverts brown, edged with pale ruf median coverts brown, broadly edged w daries edged with ashy, the innermo dark brown edged with rufous; lower plish in some, paler on the chin and th coverts, vent and under tail coverts ashy others ashy brown tipped with grey (Oa on the basal half; iris orange-red; legs
Length.-13 inches; tail 5; wing 7;
Hab.-The Himalayas to Nepalul anc the hilly portions of Southern India, an across the continent of lndia from the I. to Cuttack; thence it extends into E Assam, and along the bases of the Him Nepaul Terais, and again southward Tenasserim. (Hume.) Breeds from I in March, April and May. The numbe pure glossy white.
239. Turtur Suratensis, Gn iii. p. 479, No. 795; Str. P. v., pp. 2 Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. Legge, B Ceylon, p. 7O5; Murray, Az The SPOTTED DovE.
Forehead greyish white ; crown, na vinaceous, darker on the breast, paling albescent on the under tail coverts; chil black with narrow rufous tips; back and brown, the feathers with dark shaft-strip spot at the tip, on each side of which, coverts, is a pale rufous or vinaceous si but with this colour edging the feather: series of wing coverts near it greyish primaries and secondaries dusky brown secondaries edged with pale or greyis tail with the central feathers brown, the white for the terminal half, and the othe extent; bill blackish; irides hazel, surr brane; legs reddish.
Length.-12 inches; wing 5'5 to 57

M BIDAE.
and back ashy brown, suffused with ed with rufous; a patch on the neck ! rump dark ashy, edged paler; upper ous ; scapulars, tertiaries, lesser and ith rufous; greater coverts and seconit ones edged with rufous; primaries plumage vinous red, tinged with purroat; sides of the body, under wing ; central tail feathers ashy brown, the tes); bill brown, with a tinge of ashy
vinous red. tarsus I“ I ; bill from gape I.
Ceylon. It is a permanent resident of of the broken belt of hills that stretch orthern portions of the Western Ghauts astern Bengal, Khasia hills, Cachar, alayas as far west as the Sikkim and s into Arrakan, Pegu and Northern December to April, but the majority lay :r of eggs is two, and like all doves,
n., Zem. Pig. t. 43; Jerd, B. Ind. 3 I, 409; Gray, Handlist No. 93 15 ; 194; id, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 2O3; rif. Brit. In d. ii. p. 5 I 4, No. I I7 I.-
pe, breast and upper abdomen pale on the lower abdomen and flanks, and h and throat white; patch on the neck scapulars isabelline brown, or rufous pes, broadening into a nearly triangular aspecially on the scapulars and wing bot; in some specimens scarcely a spot, s; edge of the wing, and the lower
white, with faint dark shaft-stripes; , the first three quills, and some of the n white; primary coverts dark brown; outermost black at the base, and tipped :rs with the white tips decreasing in bunded by a reddish sclerotic mem
1; tail 5'5, graduated.

Page 273
T
Hab.-Ceylon and throughout India senegalensis on the Malabar Coast and i: in the bare Carnatic land, the Deccan, ; Upper Sind, but less so in Lower Sin and in Ceylon from January to August, is II "o X o'79. It occurs, but less ab
240. Turtur risorius (Linn. and Eggs Ind. B. p. 506; id, Str. F. p. 146; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 5 I ; LO Str. F. vii. p. 297; Legge, B. Ceylon, Oates. Str. F. x. p. 235; Oates, B. Br. p. 27o; Murray, Hadbk. Zool. ýc., Sinc Murray, Avis. Br. Ind. ii. p. 5 I 5, No. Mat. i. p. 285-The INDIAN RING DC
Head pale greyish brown, with a nape and neck pale vinaceous; collar behind it; back, scapulars and innerm rump and upper tail coverts; primar primaries margined narrowly with whit ish ; edge of the wing, lower series of 1 also pale grey; under wing coverts gr breast and upper abdomen, also the ceous flanks, lower abdomen, vent, thi latter with whitish tips; tail with the ce feathers on each side narrowly margine with a broad black band about the mid nated with white, which on the other crimson; orbital skin whitish; legs pi
Length.- 12 to 13 inches; wing 6:
Hab.-Ceylon and India generally, Malabar Coast; abundant in Sind, P Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Beluchistan and Southern Afghanista out the year, and in Ceylon from Feb Commonly the eggs are a broad ellip pointed at one or both ends. Colour
241. Turtur humilis (Ťiemm. and Eggs Ind. B. p. 5O7; id. Str. F Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 338; Wald. Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 388 ; Hume and viii. p. I Io; Oates, Str. F. X. p. 235;

RTUR 219
nearly to the Himalayas. Replaces Lower Bengal. Jerdon says it is rare and N.-W. Provinces. Uncommon in l. Breeds in India in April and May, but chiefly in May. The average size undantly, in Rajputana and N. Guzerat.
i, ferd., B.. Ind. ii. p. 48i ; Hume, NVests iii. p, I65; Wald. in Blyth’s B. Burm. av. et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 387 ; Cripps, p. 7o2; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. I Io; Burmah ii. p. 293; Blan/, East. Pers. l, p. 194; '., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 2O4; I I 73. Columba risoria, Linn., Syst,
WE rinous tinge; the forehead albescent; black, a narrow line of white before and ost tertiaries grey brown, as also are the ies and their coverts dusky brown; the ish, and their coverts tinged with greyhe median coverts and greater series eyish white; chin and throat albescent; sides of the neck and breast, pale vinaghs and under tail coverts ashy grey, the entral feathers like the back; outermost d with greyish white on their outer web, ldle, greyish at base, and broadly termis increase in extent. Bill black; irides nkish.
;; tail 5; bill at front O'8I.
except the more moist regions, as the unjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Deccan, Central and South India, also n. Rare in Burmah. Breeds throughruary to July in the Manaar districts. sis in outline, but a few are somewhat cream white.
), ỹerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 482 ; Hume, Wests . ii. p. 269; iii. p. I65 ; iv. p. 292; | 7'rans. Zool. Soc. ix, p. 2 I9; David et Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 423; Hume, Str. F.
id., B. Br. Burm ii. p. 294; Murray,

Page 274
220 GOUF
Hdbk, Zool., c., Sind, p. 194; id, V Ind. ii.' p. 516, No. I I 74. Turtur tranq Bly., B. Burm. p. I, 45; Legge, B. Ceyu Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 241; id., Str. F. ii
Male.-Read and nape ashy grey, slightly paler on the forehead; collar behind it; back, scapulars and wing the black collar; chin whitish; throat, vinous red, white on the vent and low coverts deep slaty; primaries, their cov margin of the primaries, as also the whitish ; primary coverts slightly ting edge of the wing greyish, some of the d through; tail with the middle feathers a the base, and broadly tipped with white on the exterior web; bill black; irides
Alength.-9 inches; wing 55 to 575 in colour on the back, being more of an
Hab.-Ceylon and the drier regions Common in the Punjab, N.-W. Provir Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, but less Northern Burmah. In Sind it affect: seen below Sukkur.
Family, GOURID
Wings moderate; tarsus longer than toes; wing shorter and less pointed family belong to the Phapidina.
Sub-Family,
General characters as of the family; 16 feathers.
Gen. Chalcop
Bill slender; wings moderately long longest; tail rather short and rounde( glossy metallic green.
242. Chalcophaps indica No. 798; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. p. 165; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 299;
B. Burm. p. I 47; Dav. et Oust. Ois. F, wi. p. 424; Hume, Str. P. viii. p.

ll)AE.
r/. Zool., Sind. p. 2O4; id., Av/. Br. Lebaricus, Herm., Obs. Zool. p. 2oo; on, p. 7o8. Turtur humilior, Proc. As. i. p. 279.-The RED TURTILE DovE. also the lores and sides of the face, black, set off by whitish before and coverts brick red, slightly paler behind breast and entire lower surface pale er tail coverts; rump and upper tail erts and secondaries dusky brown; the margins and tips of the secondaries, ed with vinous red on their outer webs; ark bases of the median coverts showing shy brown, the others greyish black at ; outermost feathers on each side white dark brown; legs purplish red. ; tail 3 to 3'25. The female is duller earthy brown and much paler below.
in India, to the foot of the Himalayas. nces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, so in Sind. Occurs also in Assam and s the northern districts chiefly; seldom
AE.-GROUND-Doves.
in the Turturinae, as are also all the The Colonial representatives of the
PHAPIDINAE.
tarsus not feathered; tail of I2, I 4 or
haps-Gould.
; 2nd and 3rd quills nearly equal and | ; tarsus not feathered; plumage rich
(Linn.), ỹoerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 484, B. p. 509; id, Str. F. ii. p. 269; iii. Bourdillon, Str. F. iv. p. 404 ; Blyth, Chine, p. 384 ; Hume and Dav., Str. I 1o; Legge, B, Ceylon p. 714; Oates,

Page 275
CHALC
Str. F. x. p. 235, Relham, Ibis, I p. 297 ; Murray, Avi/. Br. Ind. ii. p.
Forehead white, continued as a sup narrow band down the hind neck ar grey; back and wings shining dark er secondaries metallic green on the green; smaller coverts near the edge narrow band of ashy, followed by a brc and lastly a broad band, which with th tipped darker; sides of the head and in body deep vinaceous, rather duller on three central pairs of tail feathers dark With black and ashy; under wing cover eyelids plumbeous; legs dusky red.
Length.-IO'S inches; tail 4; wing
Hab.--Ceylon and throughout Indi, districts; not in the drier regions, as abundant in Lower Bengal; extends east of the Bay of Bengal as far as Tenas Nicobars, the Indo-Burmese Countries sula, and all the islands nearly down and is met with in small parties or ir suitable localities. The nests, accordi bush or low thick-foliaged tree. The of other doves, composed of roots, gra: with a central depression. In Ceylon, more than 15 feet of the ground. Th two in number, pure white, from I to o'86 in breadth.
ORDER, RASORES,-(
Bill usually short, vaulted, more or nostrils situated in a membraine at the tail variable in length and form ; tarsi toe short and elevated from the ground
Family-P Bill moderate, strong, vaulted, the the lower; nostrils apert. Wings mc feathers, long and broad; tarsus mode long; hind toe raised. This family and Spur fowls and Pheasants,

OPHAPS. 22
88 II, p. 528 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. 57, No. I I7S.-The EMERALD Dov E.
ercilium over the eye; crown, nape, a ld another across the upper back ashy nerald green; quills dark brown, the xternal web; tertiaries bright metallic of the wing white; on the lower back a bad black one, then a second ashy one, e upper tail coverts is dark ashy brown, ck and the whole under surface of the he abdomen; under tail coverts ashy; brown, tipped paler, the others banded ts chestnut; bill red; irides dark brown;
5'8; tarsus I; bill from gape o‘9.
a in forest countries and well wooded Sind, Rajputana, Kattyawar, &c. It is to Assam and all the countries on the serim. It also occurs in the Andamans, , South China, Siam, the Malay Penini to Australia, Frequents thick forests pairs. Breeds from March to July in ng to Hume, are placed in some dense y are more regular saucers than those ss, or twigs, but comparatively neat and according to Mr. Parker, they are rarely By breed there in June and July. Eggs II inch in length and from O'82 to
GALLINACEoUs oR GAME BIRDs.
less arched and bent down at the tip; base of the bill; wings usually short; ong and strong, often spurred; hinder
HASIANIDAE.
tip of the upper mandible hooked over derate or short; tail of from 12 to 18 rate or long, spurred in the males; toes includes the Peafowls, also the Jungle

Page 276
222 PHAS
Sub-Family.-PA
Plumage brilliant green, shot with go
243. Pavo cristatus, Linn., Phas. i. pl. v.; ferd, B. Ind. iii. p. 5 p. 83 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 2 Avi/. Br. Ind. ii. p. 529, No. 1 86.-T
Feathers of the crest with bare shaft and breast rich purplish blue with g( tertiaries and lesser wing coverts rufes greyish white; back green, the feathers edges; median coverts deep blue; p and under surface black; train green, dark brown.
Length.-Without train, 42 to 48 inc length of head to true tail; wing 18.
The pea hen is chestnut brown on the with whitish brown; upper surface of t quills brown; tail deep brown, tipped w greenish, like the neck; abdomen whit
Length.-38 to 4o inches; wing shafts except at the tip.
Hab.—Throughout India proper, ext lovely bird is so well known that any ac They generally roost at night on high
except perhaps when disturbed at night pair in the early part of the hot weath train of upper tail coverts to display August. Eggs, pure white, or a rich c. glossy shells pitted all over with minute inches.
Sub-Family
Head generally furnished with fleshy more or less divaricate, and held de elongated and pendant.
Gen. Gall
Head furnished with a fleshy crest; spurred; other characters as in the sub

ANIDAE.
WONINAE-PEAFowl.
ld, and ocellated.
Syst. Wat. i. p. 267; Elliot, Mon. o6; Aume and Marsh, Game IBirds I2; Legge, B. Ceylon p.73; Murray, he CoMMON PEAcock.
s, except at the tip. Whole head, neck, ld and green reflections; scapulars, scent, barred with black; facial skin Scale-like in appearance with coppery rimaries and tail chestnut ; abdomen ocellated. Bill horny brown; irides
hes; with train, more than double the
head and nape; neck greenish, edged he body hair brown with undulations; 'ith white; chin and throat white; breast e; under tail coverts brown.
6; tail I4. Crest feathers with bare
ending into Ceylon and Assam. This count of its habits would be superfluous. trees, seldom, if ever, on the ground, and are forced to fly down. They er, when the peacock has then his full to his wives. They lay in July and afé au lait or reddish buff, with strong pores. Size 2'55 to 3 X 1 '92 to 22
-GALLINAE.
crests and wattles; tail of 14 feathers, mi-erect; upper tail coverts of males
lus-Linn,
face and wattles nude; tarsus in males -family.

Page 277
GAI
244. Gallus Stanleyi, Gray i Gould, B. Asia, Pl. wi. pl. ; Layard, A Verd., B. Ind. iii. p. 54o; Blyth, Ibis, p. 468; Hume and Marsh., Game Bi p. 4O3. Gallus Lafayetti, Legge, B. JUNGLE CoCK.
Male.--Back of head reddish: neck streaked with black; rump feathers de minations of deep metallic blue with p the sides of the rump purplish black r secondaries blue-black; primaries brov reddish chestnut with reddish brown c. glossy red with mesial deep chestnut under tail coverts black, also the thighs green and purple reflections; central ta of a black colour with deep blue re. black. Bill brown; lower mandible p and nude skin on the facial region comb with a large yellow spot about th
Allength.-I9 to 25 inches; wing 85 elongated feathers; tarst's 275 to 3'2;
The female is smaller, and has the h of the latter with irregular black lines parts of the body yellowish brown vern brown; secondaries dark buff, barred i lines; upper breast like the back; fea black basally and yellowish white at th black.
Hab.–Ceylon (Bigawantalawa Distri the Southern districts. Major Legge as more or less scattered through the and diffused throughout the hills of the says it is rather rare in the jungles of Province and south-western district, an the interior. It is occasionally brough but very seldom indeed into the form jungles of the Hewagam and Rayigant further inland, in the three and four K. Korale, he has listened to its well-kno' of the south-western district. He has seen it about Oodogamma, and further more plentiful. On the eastern slope

„LUS, 223
and Aardv., Ill. Ind. Zool. 3, pl. 43; 'nn. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, p. 62; 867, p. 3O7; Holdszo., P. Z. S., 1872, rds i. p. 323, pl.; Legge, Ibis, 1875,
Ceylon, p. 736, I2 I8.-The CEYLON
with long yellowish red hacklesmesially rep red baśally, with heart-shaped terurple reflections; feathers falling over nesially and margined with deep red; inish black; greater wing coverts deep ontres ; under surface of the body rich ; longitudinal streaks ; abdomen and ; upper tail coverts metallic blue, with il feathers long and curving outwards, lections; rest of tail feathers brownish ale yellow; irides buff; comb, wattles and head yellowish or purplish red, the e middle. Legs and feet pale yellow.
to go; tail 8 to 14 to end of central
bill from gape II*25 to I "5. ead and neck brown, the upper parts externally and mesially yellow; upper niculated with black; primaries dark rregularly with black, with broad black thers of the under surface of the body he tip; tail reddish brown, mottled with
ct, Armstrong). Pundaloya and chiefly gives the distribution of the Jungle-fowl dry jungly districts of the low country, 2 Southern and Central Provinces. He the maritime portions of the Western d is not common even in the forests of nt into Colombo and Galle by natives, er town. During his rambles in the Korales he never heard its note; but orales, in Saffragam, and in the Pasdum wn cry; likewise in the hilly jungles
not met with it near the sea; but has up at the base of the ranges it becomes s of the Morowak Korale, where a drier

Page 278
224 PHAS)
climate prevails, it finds a more conge river and from that eastward it is nume south-east it. abounds, delighting in tl sea-coast. From this section of countil the island it is very numerous, and inh down the west side as far south as the resident and breeds commonly up to ab plateau and up on the Horjon Plains it monsoon, coming up from lower down from the low country, to feed on the be probable many remain throughout t Horton Plains were only visited in
whether it is found in that locality to
February and March, they breed on th
This handsome bird, although so no means easy to shoot. It dwells fond of frequenting the vicinity of pa of hearing is so acute that it remove approaching footsteps; and though it v “George Joyce,” it gradually makes its Or rise in the ground which shuts out north-eastern forests are well suited to with dry leaves, which do not decay so south; and among these, harbouring a it scratches exactly after the manner may often be heard on a still morning be behind a mound or little eminence is cautious and makes no noise.
The Jungle-fowl roosts at a conside a good-sized branch to perch upon, an in the evening; for the jungle swarm teaches it to leave terra firma before through the thick forest. At daybre their roost, and while the cocks ch “George Joyce, George Joyce,” every they walk slowly about, the hens, if the them out into open places or into roa their family, precisely after the manne they in thus seeking food for their you within shot before disturbing them. the breeding season; and when the another cock within hcaring, hic replie:

[ANIDAE.
2nial home, and along the Wellaway irous. In the maritime portions of the he dense Euphorbia scrubs along the y round the east coast to the north of abits all the northern forests, extending Kuronegala district. In the hills it is out 5,OOO feet. On the Nuwara-Elliya is very abundant during the north-east the hills, and probably, to some extent, rries of the niloo. He adds that it is he year in these uplands; but as the the cool season, he is unable to say any extent during the wet season. In e Horton Plains in great numbers.
very abundant in many parts, is by entirely in cover, and, though it is ths and tracks through forest, its sense is to a safe distance at the sound of vill continue to utter its challenge cry of ; way off behind someprotecting hillock the road or path from its view. The its habits, the ground being covered soon as in the humid jungles of the multitude of seeds, insects, and grubs, of its domestic race. This scratching at some distance away; and it the bird it can be approached if the sportsman
'able height from the ground, choosing d up to which it flies at an early hour s with hostile vermin, and its instinct the shades of evening spread a gloom uk in the morning they sy down from allenge each other with loud calls of
now and then flapping their wings as y have a brood of chicks to tend, lead is, where they scratch surrounded by r of a barn-door fowl; and so intent are ng, that I have walked down a road to The cocks are particularly combative in challenge note is uttered, if there bc s and flaps his wings, the call is con

Page 279
GAL
tinued, the birds approaching each oth in so doing, and thus afford a shot. It actual combats were the result of their one or other of the birds retreats when i writes on this subject -“The cocks fi seraglios, the combat frequently term gaged parties. As they not unfrequen villages, they cross with the domesti courage for the plebeian dunghill cock spurs.'
“Mr. Mitford, of the Ceylon Civil while at Ratnapura, a hybrid hen; he resembled that of the wild bird; her eg but Mr. Mitford never succeeded in r were always addled. The bird was ve acquainted, but fled precipitately at the
“As a rule, Jungle-fowl do not thrive tions to this have come under my noti reared from the nest. Captain F. Bay his beautiful grotto-like aviary at Galle some beautiful examples which I saw bungalow, and which, he informed me ment without their having in any way st worth likewise conveyed some to Engla reared in an aviary at Colombo.
“The sound of the flapping of the to battle, has the effect of always drawi ledge of this fact has given rise to the which the sportsman can bring the co concealed can easily shoot him. The against their thighs with the palm of th best do it by making a pad with the ha palm of the other hand. By this mean I myself once procured a very fine s adopting this plan. It is worthy of n same is the case with all the wild Jung daybreak, like the domesticated variet surmise how the habit first arose in the
“The male birds have an alarm not
make, if they hear any strange noise, w
roost. I kept a wildbird in confinement
invariably made this note when I appr
29. о

U.S. 225
r, and they will sometimes crossa road could never be ascertained whether any meeting, and it is thought that generally t sees its antagonist. Layard, however, ght most desperately in defence of their inating in the death of one of the ently mingle with the fowls of the lonely c breed, being more than a match in s, and armed with tremendous sharp
Service,' he continues, “showed me, r general appearance and call much gs also partook of the spotted character; aring any chicks from them, as they ry tame to those with whom she was
approach of strangers.
well in confinement; but several excepce, the birds in question having been ley successfully kept a cock for years in ; and Mr. Thwaites of Hakgala had on the occasion of my last visit to his , he had had for some years in confineuffered from their captivity. Mr. Holdsind, which the late Rev. Dr. Boake had
wings, which is of course the invitation
ng two birds together; and the know - device of imitating the noise, by doing ck up to him, and if he be properly natives make this sound by clapping he hand hollowed; but Europeans C ndkerchief, and beating it against the s the exact sound can be made; and pecimen in the Ostenburgh woods by ote that this species (and I believe the le-fowl) does not utter its call before tes; and this fact renders it difficult to
latter.
, sounding like clock, clock, which they hen perched on a branch and about to for a short time, and being very timid it bached, at the same time running round

Page 280
226 PIHASHA
the aviary and trying to escape. The worth remarks, preceded by a sharp This gentleman likewise says that he "strutting up and down a low horizonta its head' as it gave out its note.
“I have remarked in my note ono di visit the forests in which the undergrow thes, is so abundant, for the purpose of idea obtains that the fruit of this shrub Certain it is that at this period the Jung Nuwara-Elliya do become affected, and they may be knocked down with a sti subject, says that he failed to discover of the seeds of this plant possessing na the birds may perhaps eat some noxio the "nilloo' thrives,
“Another idea among the Singhales at this season from eating the milioo-see ject as follows:--'About that season o to the hills they rarely escape a seriou throughout a given district, and in mar two or three weeks. This is the di: catch. A dog of mine caught a Jung ty from this cause.'
“The flight of the Jungle-fowl is str suddenly surprised, their usual mode ning, which they do with considerable
Widification-" In the north of Cey part of the year (when I have procured seasons as well. In the Hamban tota in July, and in the neighbourhood of Horton Plains, young have been seer Korale I have taken its eggs in Aug breeds throughout the year. The nes near a tree, under a bush, and beneatl is scratched and a few dry" leaves plac once found a nest in damp soil roots of the Doon-tree, containing two ly found that the eggs do not exceed occasionally four are laid. The gene whiter than others ; white specks som same manner as in the ordinary he

ND AE
George Joyce call is, as Mr. Holds. monosyllabic mote sounding like ttik. has seen the cock, when "calling, branch of a tree, raising and lowering
stribution that numbers of Jungfe-fowl th of *nilloo, a species of Strobitanfeeding on its berries; and the popular has the effect of stupefying the birds. le-fowl in the Horton Plains and about i are apparently so "intoxicated' that ck. Mr. Holdsworth, writing on the that any thing was known to botanistc. rcotic qualities; and he suggests that is fungus growing in the Woods where
} is that the Jungle-fowl become blind ds. Mr. Bligh writes me on this subf the year if village fowls be brought is eye-disease. which rapidly spreads ty cases they become totally blind in sease which the Jungle-fowl evidently le-cock with one eye lost, and evident
ong; but they rarely take wing unless of escape from danger being by run
speed.
on the Jungle-fowl breeds in the early its eggs), and most likely at other district I have met with young chicks Kadugannawa in Dece, her, whilst at
in April; and, finally, in the Kukul ust. From this it will appear that it is almost always placed on the ground the shelter of a fallen log; a hollow ed in it for the eggs to repose upon. between the large projecting flange-like eggs partly incubated. I have generalwo in number, but sometimes three and ral colour is creamy, but some eggs are :times prevail all over the shell in the 's eggs. Sometimes they are closely

Page 281
GA
stippled with brownish specks or 1ur sionally tend slightly to form an indis or larger. They vary from II "75 to 2" inch in breadth.”
In 1873 Mr. Parker found a nest feet high. He writes me that it had t mest, of which the Jungle-hen had t eggs were found to be in the nest, been doubtless carried down by the m lings are conveyed from a tree-nest to
The young chicks, when slightly strongly ; they slow their galline natu parent. I once slot a hen which was chicks, and as I approached they ran close to them, when they flew off.
Mr. Parket found three rests in trees certainly built by the jungle-fowl, as state, the aen having flown off it on m. ground, on the top of a low bush, an a concavity for the eggs, which was l rather large nest of Carpophaga ae pollarded tree, 7 feet of the ground. eggs in deserted squirrels' nests.'
He obtained eggs in the North Provir August, and September; and in the N. May, June, July and September. Th West Provinces is 18 x 137 inclues. tiny chick that was accompanying a Ju see the hen) in dense forest, two miles to his surprise it appeared to be a hybr of the Jungle-hen, but its other colou village fowl. It lived with my ot from which four chickens were obtai with a Jungle-cock, but the latter was
The natives trap numbers of Jun manner:- In a place, frequented by fence of small sticks or twigs, ab long. In the middle a gap is left, several days, scatter food in the im sides of the fence, and around the ga accustomed to feed at this spot, the h by a spring and catch. Many birds

LUS, 27
te points of reddish grey, which occainct zone at one end, either the smaller inches in length by from I'24 to I'49
on the top of a young tree about 30 he appearance of a Crow's or a Hawk's ken possession. She flew off, and three After incubation the young would have ther to the ground, just as young duckWatCľ.
arger than a quail, fly well and very e in displaying a strong affection for the accompanied by a brood of half-grown to and fro by the dead bird until I was
“One of these, he says, “ was almost I saw it when it was in an unfinished ly approach. It was twelve feet of the ld it was made of Sticks and twigs, with ined with twigs only. It resembled a mea, Another nest was on the top of a Natives say that they have found the
ices in February, March, May, June, July, W. Provinces in February, March, April, e average size of 18 eggs from NorthSoon after coming to Ceylon, he caught a ngle-hen (he presumes, though he did not away from a village. He reared it, and id. Its wings and tail had the markings ration was more like that of an ordinary her fowls, and when adult laid 7 eggs, ned. Endeavours were made to pair it
too wild in captivity. gle-fowl in the forests, in the following these birds, they construct a miniature out 9 inches high, and 40 or So feet about 8 inches wide. They hen, for mediate neighbourhood, and along the ). When the birds have become fully inters fix a hair noose in the gap, held are thus captured at one site.

Page 282
223 PHASIA
Gen. Gallope
Bill somewhat lengthened; orbits feathers, held erect and folded as in th 2 or more spurs; females also spurred.
245. Galloperdix bícalcar Pennant., Ind. Zool. p. 4o, pl. 7 ; Leg, ensis, Bonn. el Vieill, Ency. Meth. O zeylonensis, Gmel., Edit. Linn. Syst. . Asia, pt. 6, p. 67. Hume, Wests and ceylonensis, Aless., 77rait d” Orn., p. 5C M. A. S. B. Cale. p. 24.-The CEYL.
Head black, a line of white down obsolete on the centre of the crown; ba line; shoulders and scapulars deep ch white line inside of it; lower back deep tips; upper and under tail coverts blacl are bordered with chestnut at base, an brown; remainder of wing deep chestn a large white spot at the tip of each fea red. The female is entirely deep ches minutely freckled with brown, especial coverts ; tail purplish black. Bill, orbi
Hab.-Ceylon, to which island it is spur-fowl in Ceylon inhabits the damp forests of the Central Province perman feet and those of the southern range jungles, but not the northern portio of the Matale Hills it extends, he is heard it north of Dambulla, nor on th western side it is found in the south straying as far north as Uswuoa, and further south it increases, and is fount in the Hewagam and Salpiti Korales. it is abundant, and extends in num between Galle and the southern hills, Eastward of the Kolonna Korale it i. once on the banks of the Kirindegang up, on the slopes of the mountains, it jungles and about Nilgalla it is plentif as in the damp woods of the western all the jungles of the coffee-districts, parts; in the cool season it is found

NfDAE,
dix-Blyth,
nude; tail moderately song, of 14 e domestic fowl; tarsus of male with
tus, Forst, Ind. Zool. p. 25, p. 74, ge, B. Ceylon, p..74 1. Perdix zeylonrn. 1, 2 Io, pl. 93, fig, 3. Galloperdix Wat tom. I, part ii., p. 759; Gould, B,
Eggs, Ind. B. p. 555. Francolinus 4. Galloperdix zeylonensis, Blyth, Cat.
N SPUR Fowl,
he centre of each feather, becoming ck of neck black, with a mesial white 2stnut with a mesial black dash and a chestnut, freckled with black at the k, also the lesser wing coverts, which i have a buffy spot at tip; primaries at ; lower surface of body black with ther; legs and feet red; iris brownish tnut, paler on the under surface and ly on the secondaries and upper tail its, eyes, legs and feet as in the male.
peculiar, Major Legge says that the jungles of the west and south-west, the ently up to an altitude of about, 4,500 as well, likewise the Eastern Province of the island. How far northward unable to say; but he has himself not sea-coast beyond the virgil. On the ern portions of the Kurunegala district, about Ambepussa is not uncommor; in various forest and jungle recesses
In Saffragam and in the Pasdun Korale bers throughout the wooded districts in which latter it is lukewise common. rare. Major Legge adds, he heard it in the Wellawe Korale; but higher s again common. In the Friars-Hood il in parts, though not widely distributed district. It is found more or, less in and breeds above 5,ooo feet in some in the Nuwara-Eliya district, and wery

Page 283
GALLO
probably extends over all the plateau t mon in the Knuckles forests.
Major Legge says, the “Haban-k account of its remarkable cackling the island, affecting the most entire c the jungles in the early morning. It is ally be surprised or heard close to a pa aware of the presence of the enemy, a disappearing in the thick jungle. It d to forests, as I have sometimes found i in the south-west of the island; and I a small thicket with shouts, endeavoure failed, as it invariably escaped by dart on foot, and thus gained the main pol coffee-estates in the Central Province i in the morning, and feeds along the e most before the sun is up it retreats ir or half-past commences to call. The in its note; and this, combined wit they always do when they are calling, following the sound of their notes. T cocks; and if disturbed during the tim little, and then recommence louder thal
Layard writes as follows on their hat cealed, if nothing occurs to excite thei rest, will utter a few low notes, not ur if this is answered from a distance, or the call is changed to a loud piping gives the nearest representation I can
排一
Cre - Sc
“ And the birds once more sally ou vinced that like the Virginian Quail, t quism in a great degree. I have ofter could have declared that the calls proc save that in which the performers were
"They fly with great rapidity, but rather than maintain a lengthened flig
 
 
 
 

PERDIX, 229
the Horton Plains. It is very com
p
ukula,' so well known in Ceylon on note, is one of the shiest birds in oncealment, and only emerging from so wary that, although it may occasionth in the forest, it immediately becomes nd runs off with great speed, instantly oes not, however, confine itself entirely t in Lantana-scrub and detached copses have more than once, by rushing into !d to get it on the wing, but have always ing through the grass and underwood tion of the jungle in safety. On the t comes out of the forest the first thing dge of the plantations in silence ; alto its native fastnesses, and about six re is something highly ventriloquistic h the birds moving about, as I believe makes it impossible to get near them by hese are given out and answered by the le they are cackling, they will wait a
ever.
pits:-'After remaining some time conr fears, a cock-bird, bolder than the ulike the plaintive cry of a turkey poult ; he birds are reassured by the silence, whistle, of which the following stave levise :-
a.
Cel - o - do.
t from their concealment. I am conhese birds possess the power of ventrilolistened to those in my aviary, and eeded from every part of the garden
located. . . . .
prefer to take refuge in concealment ht. One which escaped from a basket

Page 284
0 PHASİ,
in my house flew up to the roof and thi oi continuing on the wing at the elevat ly into a small copse, out of which it y it darted through an open door into m a box.
“The males are very pugilistic, and me of the game-cock, depressing and e actions, &c.,'
Though they seem to do well in co think they would ever live long in a naturally so wild and shy that they a confined life of an aviary. I kept a b me quite young, for eight months, at t with some disease which carried them very shy, hiding behind the artificial c whenever they were frightened flew u “run” in which I kept them, sadly thus received, however, did not appear lived for months with a bare skull, wh repeatedly against the roof of the aviary, bird, and did very well for about : Eggs two in number.
The eggs were of a uniform cream-c with small, white, polished, calcareous hen's eggs. They were rather broad I'43 inch in length by II 2 and II 2 ir
Gen. Franc
Bill very slightly curved at tip; tail C male with blank spurs.
246. Francolinus pictus (.. 3. p. 56 I., No. 8 I 9; Hume, Stir. F. v. p. 2 id. and Marsh., Game Birds, p. 19, pl Orn. pl. So.-The PAINTED PARTRIDG) Crown of the head dark brown, the lores, also the cheeks and ear coverts brown, the feathers margined with whi lower back, rump, and upper tail cove tail deep brown, the feathers narrowly round pale ferruginous; breast and abc feather being white with two dark band tail coverts chestnut. Bill blackish; ir

ANIDAE.
rough the ventilating-holes; but instead ion it had attained, it dropped instantwas hunted with much difficulty, when y kitchen and concealed itself behind
in their manuer of fighting reminded :levating the head, imitating each other's
on finement för a short time, I do not state of captivity, their nature being e unable to adapt themselves to the rood or four, which were brought to he end of which time they were stricke. off one by one, They were at all times over with which I provided them, and p against the bamboo covering of the lacerating their heads. The injuries to affect their health, as one individual ich he acquired by dashing his head They were confined with an old male a month. Breeds from April to July,
:olour, and one of them was covered specks, similar to those often seen on ovals in shape, and measured I'42 and ich in breadth, respectively.
olinus. --Steph.
f 14 feathers, even or rounded; tarsi of
7ard. and Selby), Jerd. B. Ind. iii. II; id., Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 538; . Perdix pictus, yard, and Selby, Ill.
feathers edged paler; forehead and , chestnut; back and scapulars deep te; wings chestnut, banded with black; rts with wavy bars of black and white; barred across chin white; neck all omen variegated black and white, each s, and the shafts and tip black; under ides dark brown; legs yellowish red.

Page 285
ORTY GOR
Length.-12 inches; wing 6; tail 2"
Hab.–Ceylon, Central and Souther Found throughout Bundelkund and thence south to Nagpore and the Decc perhaps Guzerat, and eastwards to the congener, Jerdon adds that it delights more the open, dry and raised plains w the monsoon (July to September), layin broad and obtuse at the large end, and the colour may be said to be a pale ca to I'22.
Gen. Ortyg
247. Ortygornis ponticeri Ill. Ind. Zool, pl. 56, fig. 2; Verd, Habk, Zool., c., Sind, p. 2O3; id, and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 542; Aume a Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 748; Murray, 4 The CoMMON GREY PARTRIDGE,
Forehead, over the eyes, lores, nape freckles; top of the head olive browr scapulars and wing coverts dark che transverse buffy bars, bordered with-bl. and upper tail coverts similar, but c feathers rich chestnut or deep ferrug brown nearly black band, tipped wit feathers like the back; beneath the encircled from the base of the lowe gular patch; breast and entire lower p feathers with transverse dark bars; low is like the male, but paler in colour, ar
Length.-I I-5 to 135 inches; wing irides brown; the orbital ring with a ri brown.
Hab.–Ceylon and throughout Indi dry, scrubby or bare stony tracts. Del morning they are generally found in fi they pick up seeds and corn, also inset with one or two good men, or a go Breeds from February to May, and fr and India. The eggs are generally laid a few blades of grass are laid. Eggs,

NIS, 231
5 ; tarsus II '75.
India, where, it replaces F. vulgaris. he Saugor and Nerbudda territories, un ; west it extends into Khandesh and Northern Circars. Like its northern in grassy plains and fields, but affects ith scattered bushes. It breeds during g 7-8 eggs, rather of a peg-top shape, much pointed towards the small end; fé au lait. Size I'3 to I '45 by I * I
Ornis-Reich.
ana, Gmel., Syst. Wat, i. p. ; Gray B. Ind. iii. p. 569, No. 822; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 214; Hume, AWests nd Marsh., Game Birds, p. 51, pl. ; tvis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 554, No. I 212.–
and face rufous, the face with dusky ; ear coverts rufescent brown; back, stnut, each feather with two or three ack on both sides; feathers of the rump live brown instead of chestnut; tail inous, with a broad subterminal dark h pale or yellowish white; central tail chin and throat are white or creamy, mandible with dark spots, forming a arts creamy white, or very pale buff, the er tail coverts ferruginous. The female ld wants the spur.
55 to 6; tail 3'35 to 4; legs bright red; ow of minute white feathers; bill dusky
, Beloochistan and S. Persia. Affects ights among Euphorbia bushes. In the elds or on the edges of cultivation, where sts of all kinds. They afford fair sport od dog and one's wits against the birds. om July to November, both in Ceylon in a depression in the ground, on which 6-9 in number, white or clear cream

Page 286
232 PHAS
colour, from I 2 to '42 in length, and of 50, I.' 33 x 1"o2. In Bengal, either Provinces, it does not occur, nor in A ascends to 2,500 feet or more; in the F 1,Ooo feet. In Ceylon, the most inlanc valley of Aruvi-aru in the Manaar
Parker-at a distance of 18 miles from
Gen. Perdic
Bill short, thick, curved; tarsus wit outer webs of most of the primaties sin small.
248. Perdicula asiatica (La 7'emm., Pl. Col. p. 447 ; Hume, Str. ! Birds, p. IO9, pl.; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 562. Coturnix pentah, Sykes, Tran, Zool. 2, pl. 45, fig. 3. Perdicula ca p. 581, No. 826.-The JUNGLE BUSH C Above rich dark reddish brown, in rufous white, narrowly edged with bl gape; feathers of the back of the neck and wing coverts richly marked on the and black ; primaries red-brown with ta black bars; chin rich chestnut; rest of rnfescent on the lower abdomen, flank numerous cross bars of black, smalles Bill dusky, tinged with reddish; irides
Length.-65 to 72 inches; wing 3 t ; bill from gape O'S to O'6.
Hab.-Generally distributed throug the Wynaad, Mysore, Madras, Eastern Mahableshwar, Rutnagherry, and Sout Nursingpur, Manbhoom, Rajmahal hill Mount Abu, Lucknow, Umballa, the L layan ranges below Kumaon and Kashi given by Mr. Hume, where this specie small coveys in grass jungle or stubbl feed of course on seeds and grains January according to locality, making a of some bush or tuft of grass. It is sh up of grass roots, grass and a few d regular ovals, more or less pointed towa

NIDAE.
rom O'95 to I'12 in breadth. Average in the deltaic district or in the Eastern ssam or Burmah. In the Deccan it Iimalayas and Southern India not above locality it has been met with is in the districts, where it lives -according to the sea at a village called Kunjukulam.
ula.-Hodgs.
h a blunt tubercle; wings rounded; uated; tail short, of 12 feathers. Size
tham), Goula, B. 4sia, part xv. pl. I2 ; . vii. p. 156; Hume and Marsh., Game p. 752; Murray, Avis. Brit. India ii. s. Zool. Socy. ii. pl. 3; Hardav., Ill. Ind. ambayensis, apud ỹoerd., B. Ind. iii. ΩυAIL. hottled with dull rufous; supercilium ack, an indistinct pale line from the and the back white shafted; scapulars ir inner webs with pale creamy white wny spots and bars; tail with a few : the under surface white, tinged with s, vent and lower tail coverts, and with it on the throat and sides of the neck. light brown; legs yellowish red.
o 3'5 ; tail I "5 to '78; tarsus o'94 to
ghout India, Ceylon, Malabar Coast, Ghauts, Western Ghauts, Khandalla, h Konkan generally; Chanda, Seoni, s, Mirzapoor, Etawah, Kuchawan Hills, )hoon, Mussoorie, Simla, lower Himamir, are some of the recorded localities s is common. They always keep in e long enough to hide them. They of sorts. Breeds from September to nest on the ground under the shelter allow and circular, and lined or made ead leaves. Eggs, 5-7 in number, irds one end, with a faint gloss, and in

Page 287
OOT
colour spotless creamy white. Size, fr o'9 in breadth.
Sub-Family.-COT
Wings long, rather pointed; bill mod coriceated by the upper tail coverts.
Gen. Coturm
Bill short, straight, very slightly curv short ; wings long and pointed; Istan
249. Coturnix communis p. 2 I 7 ; Bodd, Pl. Enl. I7O; jferd., Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 549 ; Bly Ois. Chine, p. 396; Dresser, B. Eur. v Seulu, Sir. F. viii. p. 35O ; Hume an Hume, Sir. F. x. p. 236 (note) ; Mu d., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 25 Oates, É Brit. Ind. i p. 565, No. 1236–Th QUAIL.
Primaries with pale rufous bars on
Top of head brown, the feathers edig
crown; supercilium pale yellowish w
which are partially brown; lores and
30 O
 

URN X. 233
om o'96 to II“ I in length and o'79 to
URNICINAE.-QUAILS.
kerate; tarsus not spurred ; tail short,
ix.-Brisson.
red at the tip ; tarsi mot spurred ; tail d 2nd quills longest.
(Linn.), Bonn., Tabl. Enc. Meth. B. Ind. iii. p. 586, No. 829; Hume, th, B. Burm. p. 15I; Davi et Oust. i. p. 298; Hume, Str. F. viii. p, I I II ; d Marsh, Game Birds ii. p. 33, pl.; rray, Halbk., Zool., öc., Sind. P. 2O3 2. Br. Burm. ii. p. 33 I ; Murray, Atuis. e Common EUROPEAN or LARGE GREY
their outer webs-C. communis.
ged paler; a mesial buffy line on the hite, reaching above the ear coverts, a line below the eye white; sides of the

Page 288
234. COTURN
neck white; two narrow blackish lines the throat, the interspace being white perfect; chin and throat patch dark b rufous, with pale shafts to the feathers; or deeper in colour, with pale shafts; back, scapulars and upper tail coverts í feather shafted a rich rufous, or buff, v the same colour on each side, the tips b zvitih pale ru/ous bars on theirs outer ave the tertials barred buffy on both web: than the ground colour of the feather wants the central throat patch, and the brown. She is also much larger.
Iength.--7 to 8 inches; wing 4 to 4 hazel; legs pale fleshy; bill blackish at the tip.
Hab.–Ceylon and India generally t Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, the Deccar tiwar and Southern and Central India. countries S.-E. of the mouths of the Ga where it may be considered a straggle nearly the whole of Asia. The greater Hume says, are migratory. They arri across the Himalayas, and from the west adds, that arrived within our bounda scattered about, some remaining in the layas up to an elevation of 4,OOO to 5,Oc southwards and eastwards, and arrive : Bengal, and the Deccan, and frequent end of March; their stay, however, depe migrate invariably at night, and eviden bers are netted throughout India, for birds for fighting purposes, -a favou) amongst Mahomedans. Breeds genera of India, laying six eggs, from Februar deal pointed towards one end. The reddish buff, thickly speckled and frecl brown.
Gen. EXCalifact
General characters similar to those o more rounded; 1st quill shorter than th very slightly from the 2nd.

I CINAE.
from the sides of the neck to below ; the upper black band not always rown; breast pale buff, buffy white or sides of the breast and flanks similar abdomen white, pale rufous, or buff; rom brown to a rich dark brown, each 'ith three transverse bars or bands of eing pale buff; primaries dusky brown bs; the secondaries with pale tips and , the borders of the buffy bars darker s. The female is like the male, but breast is spotted with brown or dark
"5; tail I'6 to 225; irides brown or with a brownish horny tinge above and
o Nepaul, Sind, Punjab, Beloochistan, , N. Guzerat, Rajputana, Kutch, KatA rare visitor to Burmah and in the nges, Chittagong, Arracan and Pegu, r. It is found throughout Europe and bulk of these which come into India, ive from the North from Central Asia from Persia, Beluchistan, &c. Hume ries, while a certain number remain lower ranges and valleys of the HimaDO feet, the greater bulk move forward, about the middle of October in Sylhet, : the crops of peas, millet, &c., to the :nds much on the supply of food. They tly in large numbers at a time. Numthe table, for quaileries, and the cockrite pastime nearly throughout India lly in the N.-W. and Upper Provinces y to April. Eggs broad ovals, a good ground colour is a clear yellowish or kled and thinly blotched with reddish
tOria.-Aonap.
f Colurnix. Wings less pointed and le second; 3rd, 4th and 5th graduating

Page 289
EXCALFA
250. Excalfactoria chimer Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 5 Str. F. iii. p. 345 ; Vald., 7"rans. p. 151; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. ; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. I II ; Oates, Str Game Birds ii. p. 161, pl. ; Bingham, p. 236; Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p AVlat. i. p. 277. Coturnix chinensis, BLUE-BREASTED QUAIL.
A narrow white line from the nostril the eye, ear coverts, breast, sides of abdomen, vent and tail chestnut ; upp (live brown, marked with black and p; pale shaft streaks; primaries and seco) cheeks black; a broad moustachial str below the black of the throat white, s The female has the upper plumage alr forehead and throat are rufous, enclosi pale rufous. speckled with black; low of the abdomen barred with black. plumbeous; legs bright yellow.
Length.-57 inches; tail I ; wing 2
Hab.-Ceylon, and generally distri Bengal, Assam, Burmah, Southern a Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. In Ceylo the south of the island. In Burmah it common except in Pegu, where it arriv Mandla, and the Chanda districts, als Calcutta, Cachar, Sylhet, Khasia hill: valley of Nepaul it is fairly common. swampy grassy lands or meadows al seldom found far from sufch spots. T into the open to feed. Breeds in Ce Sub-liimalayan districts from Sikkim or 2nd week in September. Eggs, 5the Common Black Partridge, café a size they vary from O 95 to I'o4 in len females when with their brood make in the vicinity of their nests, attemptin of would-be accidents.
Family,
Bill short, rather slender, and very s
mone ; tarsi not spurred ; hind toe sma

CTORIA 235
sis (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 59Í ; 53; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 3. 1; Oates, Zool. Soc. ix. p. 224; Blyth, B. Burm. 397; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 447; , F. viii. p. 167; Hume and Marsh., Str. F. x. p. Ig6; Oates, Str. F. x. . 567. Tetrao chinensis, Linn., Syst. Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 755, 218.-The
s to the eye; forehead, feathers round
the neck and of the body slaty blue ; er plumage, wing coverts and tertiaries ale rufous, and most of the feathers with adaries plain brown; chin, throat, and ipe from the gape white; a broad collar ucceeded by a narrow band of black. most similar to the male; the Supercilium, ng a dull white chin; sides of the head dr plumage pale buff; all but the centre
Bill bluish black; irides red; eyelids
28 ; tarsus o'8; bill from gape o 5.
ibuted over Eastern India. Occurs in nd Cochin-China, the Malay Peninsula, in it is fairly common, especially towards is generally distributed, but is nowhere es in May in large numbers. In Raipur, ) in the Tributary Mahals, Singbhoom, s, as well as in the Dafla hills and in the It is also recorded from Arracan. Open, e their favourite haunts, and they are hey do not appear shy but freely come ylon, Pegu, Cachar, Purneah, and the or Kasauli. Lays from June to the Ist -6, broad ovals, of the shape of those of u lait tinged with olive in colour. In gth and from O'7 to O'8 in width. The great endeavours to entice away persons g lameness and feigning a great number
TINAMIIDAE.
lightly curved at the tip; tail short or all or wanting.

Page 290
236 TNA
Gen. Turn
Characters the same as those of the E no hind toe.
251. Turnix plumbipes (A p. 554; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I 52 ; Oau Exped. - p. 673 ; Hume and Dav., Str p. I I ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 35o ; H pl.; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 236 ; id., B. .
Brit. Ind. i. p. 568, No 1239. Sport. AlMag. ix. p. 345. Turnix ocell No. 833. Turnix pugnax (Temm.), Hu Eggs Ind. B. p. 553. Turnix taig Ởřerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 495, No. 832 ; H pl.; Legge, B. Ceylon pp. 761, 1218.- Above rufous with transverse black rufescent or pale ferruginous, becomin coverts; the foreneck, breast and sides The female is a much larger bird, and sides of the head, the sides and ba chin, throat and breast black; sides of Legs and feet plumbeous or pale leade Length.-56 to 6:25; wing 3 I 2 to 3 bill from gape O'7 to o8.
Hab-Throughout India nearly (e and other similar dry places), extendin sula, Siam, and Cochin-China. It frec also bushes, roadsides, &c. Breeds in laying 4-6 eggs, of a stone grey colol interspersed with larger spots of a neu It will be seen that I have made 7 There can be no doubt of both species Malayan race can only be consider characters which could be considered
ORDER, GRALLATORE
TI arsi long, rounded; tibia bare to a tect in most or absent; wings long; n rally in proportion to the length of the All, except the Ostriches and Emeus their legs out behind them during fligh

MIDAE,
ix..-Bonap.
'amily; nostrls linear; Ist quill longest;
odgs.), Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. es, Str. F. v. p. 164; Anders, Punnan . P. vi. p. 45o ; Hume, Str. P. viii. ume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. I77, Br. Burm. ii. p. 337 ; Murray, Avif. Hemipodius plumbipes, Hodgs., Beng. atus (Scop.), 7erd., B. Ind. ii. p. 577; ume, Str. F. iii.. p. 178 ; id., AVests and "oor, Sykes, 7'rans. Zool. Soc. 2, pl.: ume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 169, -The INDo-MALAYAN BUSTARD QUAIL.
lines and pale yellow streaks; below g chestnut on the flanks and undertail of the body lunated with black. and the plumage is darker; the crown ck of the neck are spotted with white : the breast and body lunated with black. n; irides pearly grey.
"5 ; tail "o to I’4; tarsus o'95 to I° I 2;
xcept Sind, Katthiawar and Jodhpoor, g to Ceylon, Burmah, the Malay Peninuents gardens, land covered with grass, July and August, wherever it occurs, ur, irrorated with small specks of brown tral tint.
".. taigoor a synonym of 7 plumbipes. being identical; the rufous tint of the 'ed as climatic. There are no other sufficient to warrant a separation.
S-WADERs or SHORE BIRDs.
greater or less extent; hind toe imper2ck long or of moderate length, gene
legs; bill variable in size and structure. (which do not fly) fly well, and stretch at.

Page 291
CURSOR
Tribe, PRESSIRC
Hind toe small, absent or moderal compressed on the sides. It comprise: the Cursoridae, or Courier Plovers; Gla. or Sand Plovers; Hamatopodida or Sh The Otitidae are not represented in Cey
Family, CURSORID,
Tarsi long, slender ; bill slender, arc short triangular groove; wings long an toes three; no hind toe.
Gen. Curs
Bill moderately long; tarsi long and longest; tail short.
252. Cursorius coromand Bodd., Pl. Enl. 892 ; Gould, B. A No. 84o; Hfume, Str. F. iv. p. Ig; id. AMurray, Hödk., Zool., c., Sind, p. 2 B. Ceylon, p. 977 ; Murry, Avis. É INDIAN CouRIER PLovEP.
Forehead and top of head bright ch nape; supercilium white, extending to streak from the base of the nostril and meeting behind; chin and throat whit pale ferruginous, darkening into dee abdomen; a dark patch in the middle coverts black; under tail coverts wh earthy brown; upper tail coverts the s side white, with a black edge subtermi middle tail feathers, ashy brown at bas white tip; bill black; irides brown ; le
Length.-9 to IO inches; wings 6; AHab.–Ceylon and Southern India Oudh, Bengal, Beloochistan, N. Guze can and Deccan, affecting open grass &c. They are extremely shy, and stopping dead to look back, and when March to July, under some tuft of gra or bright buff colour with patches, sp grey either all over or on only some p this are narrow scratches and streaks

US. 237
OSTRES.- Cuvier,
e; bill depressed at base, and rather the Otitidae or Bustards and Floricans; reolidae or Swallow Plovers; Charadriaag ore Plovers, and the Gruida or Cranes lom.
E.—-CouRIER PLovERs.
hed beyond the nostrils, which are in a d pointed; tail short, of 2 feathers;
}riuS.—Lath.
slender, scutellated; 1st and 2nd quills
elicus, Gmel., Syst. Nas. i. p. 78 ; s. pl. 37; 7 erdon, B. Ind. iii. p. 626, , Wests and AEggs Ind. B. iii. p. 564; »7 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind. p. 22 I ; Legge, rit. Ind. i p. 579, No. 1250.–The
estnut; a small patch of black on the and meeting behind the nape; a black through the eye, also extending and e or pale buffy white; neck all round p ferruginous on the breast and upper 2 of the abdomen; primaries and their lite; back, scapulars and wing coverts ame; tail with outer feathers on each nally on the inner web; rest, except the se, with a subterminal dark band and a gs creamy white, tail 2°37; tarsus 2'25. ; also Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, rat, Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar, Cony plains, feeding on grass seeds, insects, run with great speed, now and again pressed do not fly far. IBreeds from ss or bush, laying 3-4 eggs of a cream ots, blotches and Smears of pale inky ortion of the egg; the markings above of blackish brown.

Page 292
238 GLAREO
Family, GLAREOLIDA
Bill short, convex, broad at the base, quilt longest; tail even or forked starsi one behind, very small; gape large.
Gen. Glareol
Tai short and even, or long and forke
258 Glareola Orientalis (Lea A s. vi. pl. 23 ; Sckie., Handlist Dierk. Str. F. ii. pp. 284, 465 ; viii. p. 37 I ; M. 2o8; A/eame, AVests and Æggs Ind. B. p Bingkan, Str. F. ix. p. Ig6; Oates, Sir p. 6; Oates, B. Burm. ii. p. 36 I ; Muri Avi/o Brit. Ina. ii. p. 581, No. " I 253.-
Forehead, crown, back of head, sides and wing coverts hair brown; upper ta. white, the feathers broadly tipped with d a few of the feathers in some specimens each side of the mandible to below the n and breast; upper abdomen and flanks e cent ; lower abdomen, vent and under tai wing coverts behind chestnut; primaries of the first primary white; a few of the u dark brown; bill black; gape reddish; le
Length.-IO to IO'S inches; wing 75
Aab.-Ceylon; also Sind, Bengal and in suitable localities from February ti China, also Cochin-China, and the Mala or cultivated and in small flocks. It and swallow-like flight. Breeds in Sind. Feathers, vol. viii., p. 375, gives an acc with Glareola pratincola. “The breedir acres in extent, and was a salt plain with there on it, the whole being surrounded b and was situated about half a mile from t were islight hollows scraped in the ground in any nest was three, which seemed to contained only two eggs, of a light dirty over with dark purple blotches, dense zone. In shape they are from broad ov: size from II to 135 in length, and from
The distribution of the Glareolidae is n

IDAE.
2.–SwALILow PLovERS.
ompressed to tip; wings long, first hort, reticulated; three toes in front,
.AB۶ assong-سس-۹۰
d; other characters.as in the family.
ch), Linn. 7r. xiii. I 32 ; Gould, B. t. 7, 79; Jerdon, B. Ind. i p. 63 I; surray, Habk., Zool., ýc., Sind, p. . 568; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 98o; F. x. p. 237; Xelham, Ibis, 1882, 'av, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 222 ; id., -The LARGE SwaLLow PLovER. of neck, ear coverts, back, scapulars l coverts white; tail forked, basally ark brown; chin and throat rufescent, tipped dark brown; a dark line from eck, enclosing the rufous chin, throat arthy brown, with a tinge of rufesIl coverts white; axillaries and under dark brown, almost black; the shaft pper secondaries tipped white; irides .gs and feet dusky brown. ; tail 4'25 to 45. the Deccan, and throughout Burmah o June. Occurs in Mongolia and y Peninsula. Affects fields and open has, like its congeners, a very rapid Mr. S. Doig, in an article in Stray punt of its nidification in company ng ground,” he says, “was about I 5 patches of coarse sedge here and by dense tamarisk and rush jungle, he bank of the “Narra.' The nests l, and the greatest number of eggs be the normal number, but some r green or drab colour, covered all at the broader end, and forming a als to nearly spherical, and vary in o'8 to Ios in width.” |ot perfectly known.

Page 293
SQUAT
254. Glareola lactea, 7em., 1 Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 568 p. 154; Hume, Str. F. viii, p. 112; Le x. p. 237 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 36 p. 2O8; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 223. 1255.-The SMALL SWALLow PLovER.
Forehead, crown, back, scapulars brown, orbital feathers white; chin, th: back; lower abdomen, vent and under the central feathers broadly dark browr the lateral or outer ones on each side r edged with white; upper tail coverts v 3-4 distinctly white shafted and basal daries white, broadly edged on their ol primary coverts dark brown, also the u: reddish; irides deep brown.
Allength.-65 to 675 inches; wing 5 O'37, at gape O'56.
Hab. –Ceylon; also Sind, Punjab, N tish Burmah, affecting the same situa is found abundantly on the larger rive part of Tenasserim. It breeds in Burm: the Indus, Ganges, Chenab, Brahma Ceylon. March to April appears to number, from pale green to stone colou and spots.
Sub-Family, CHA]
Bill slender, straight, flattened at the long and pointed; tarsi moderate, 1st wanting.
Gen. Squat
Nasal groove short; bill bulged at present.
255. Squatarola helvetica No. 144; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 455 Burm. p. I, 53; Scully, Str. F. iv. p David et Oust, Ois Chine, p. 424 ; Hu Str F. viii. p. 112; Legge, B. Ceylon, Burm. ii. p. 365; Murray, Vert. Zo Ind. i p. 583, No. 1256. Tringa hel The GREY PLOVER.

A ROLA. 339
l. Col. 399 ; ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 632 ; ; Str. F. iii. p. I79; Blyth, B. Burm. ge, B. Ceylon, p. 984; Oates, Str. F. 3; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., sc., Sind
id. Avis, Brit. Ind. i. p. 582, No
and wing coverts pale earthy or grey oat and breast much paler than the tail coverts white; tail basally white;
subterminally and tipped with white; arrowly tipped with dark brown, and hite; primaries dark brown, the first ty whitish on their inner webs, seconiter webs and at the tip with brown; nder wing coverts; bill black ; gape
5 to 575; tail 2 to 2'O6; bill at front,
'.W. Provinces, the Deccan, and Britions as the last. Oates says that it rs in Burmah, except in the southern ah on sandbanks, also on the banks of putra, Nerbudda, Mahanuddy, and in
be the breeding season. Eggs, 4 in ir, and marked with dark lines, blotches
RADRINAE - PLovERs.
base, compressed and grooved; wings. quill usually longest; hind toe small or
arola-Cuv.
the tip; a very minute clawed hind toe
(Linn.), řerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 365, ; Salvad, Ucc. Born, p. 313; Blyth, B. . 184 ; Armstrong, Str. F. ïv, p. 338; ne and Dav. Str. F. vi. p. 455; Hume, p. 929; Oates, Str. F. X. p. 237; id. l., Sind, p. 224; Murray, Avy. Brür. vetica, Linn., Syst. Nat. I, p. 25o.---

Page 294
240 GL
Winter Plumage.--Forehead, lores, lower surface, including the under tail breast- and flanks white, the feathers brownish markings; feathers below the head dusky brown, the feathers with na dusky brown, the feathers edged and basally white, with a slightly rufescent verse brown bands or bars. In sum chin, except the vent and under tail co of the neck; forehead, supercilia anc rump, scapulars and wing coverts blac top of head and nape grey brown, the banded dark brown; primaries dark br
Length.- to 12 inches; wing 8 irides dusky; feet dark brown, or dusk.
Hab.–Ceylon; also Sind, Beloochist all over the Indian Coast and Burmah during winter, especially on mud flats. rous on the large island-like flats, es with the larger and smaller Kentish Pl
Gen. Chara
Bill short and strong; first quill long as in the sub-family.
256. Charadrilus fullVUS, ( Eur. vii. p. 443, pl. ; Hume, Str. F. i p. 57o; id, Str. F. iii. p. 17g ; Blyth. p. 313 ; David et Oust. Ois Chine, p. 4 Hume, Str. Ao vii. p. 482; Scully, , pp. 934, I222; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 584, No. I 257. Charadrius long p. 18o; ỹerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 636, p. 224.-The EASTERN Gold EN Plov
Winter Plumage.-Head dark brow head white or yellowish white, as are : and the under tail coverts; back, scap coverts dusky brown, the edges of the f yellow spots; tail lighter in colour, yellow spots; the neck behind, on the tinge and yellow edgings and spots to with soiled white. In the summer darker, nearly black, the yellow spots

A REOLIDAE.
supercilia, chin, abdomen and entire coverts, white; foreneck, sides of the
with sub-triangular or sub-quadrate wing from the axilla long and black; rrow tips; rest of the upper plumage tipped with white or greyish white; tail tinge terminally, and with 6-7 transmer the entire lower surface from the verts, is black, also the lores and sides l sides of the breast white; back and k, broadly tipped with brown and white;
feathers tipped with white; tail white, own, their inner webs white.
; tail 3'25; bill at front 25, black; y brown; weight 75 oz.
an Coast, Kutch, Kattiawar, and nearly . Occurs in flocks along the sea-coast
In the Kurrachee harbour it is numeDecially about Baba Island, associated
OWS
drius.— Gmel.
est; hind toe wanting; other characters
m., Syst. Nat. 1, p. 687; Dresser, B. , p. 228 ; ii. p. 287 ; id., Wests and Eggs, B. Burm. p. 153; Salvad., Ucc. Born. 24; Hume and Daz'., Str. F. vi. p. 455 ; Str. F. viii, p. 35o; Legge, B. Ceylon,
ii. p. 364; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. ipes (7emm.), Bonap., Rev. Crit., I85o, No. 845; Murray, Wert. Zool., Sind,
ER
n, the tips of the feathers yellow; forelso the lores, supercilia, chin, foreneck Lulars, rump, upper tail coverts and wing eathers with triangular or sub-triangular the feathers also similarly edged with sides, and in front buffy, with a dusky the feathers; flanks pale brown, spotted lumage, the upper plumage is much ess numerous and smaller, the forehead

Page 295
AEGIAL
is white, and the cheeks, throat, neck. primaries black, shafts of the first white; also the median wing coverts; t black.
Length.-IO to IO'S inches; wing 6", I '75 ; bill dusky at base, black at the ti
Hab.--Sind, Punjab, Kutch, Kattiav Burmah, in open plains or in the vicini
Gen. ZEgia
Bill slender, grooved on upper mand bill raised; upper mandible slightly t Sand Plovers are more or less gregari ploughed lands, meadows, edges of lagoons and banks of rivers and tank a dead stop now and again to pick u other insects on which they feed. Neal 4 in number, of a stone yellow or green
257. AEgialitis Geoffroyi, W Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 638; Harling, 1å Eorn. p. 38; David ei. Oust. Ois. C p. 475, pl. ; Hume and Dav., Str. F I I 2,2OO; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 939 Áielham, Ibis, I882, p. 9; 'Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 586, No. 125 Str. F. i.p. 289; id, AVests and Eg PLovER.
In winter plumage, head, neck, nape and wing coverts greyish brown; a st under the eye to the ear coverts slightly eye, chin, throat, sides of the neck an tail coverts dull white or pale grey brc brown; outer web near the tips and the tertial reaches to between the 3rd and 4t forehead, lores, ear coverts and beneath the forehead is a white spot; the neck a white; head tinged with rufescent, a same; the shafts of the feathers of the both stages are dark; primaries dark br white, also the tips of the secondaries,
3. c.

IS. 241
and entire under parts are black; hree white; secondaries tipped with lil brownish with transverse bands of
5; tail 275; bill at front O'87; tarsus ); irides deep brown.
rar, Deccan and India generally, also y of rivers and ploughed fields.
litis.-Aoie.
ible for two-thirds its length; front of he longer; 1st quill longest. All the ous in their habits, and feed either on marshes and ponds, sandbanks, mud s. They run with some speed, making p a worm, mollusc, small crustacea or ly all are migratory. Eggs, generally ish colour, richly blotched.
Vagl., Syst. Azv. Charadrius sp. I9 ; is, I 87o, p. 378, pl. xi. ; Salvad., UVcc. hine, p. 426; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. vi. p. 455; Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 366 ; Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 226; Murray, 9. Cirrepidesmus Geoffroyi, Hume, gs Ind. B. p. 571.-The LARGE SAND
, back, sides of the breast, scapulars eak from the base of the mandible darker; forehead, a streak above the d rest of the lower parts white; upper wn; primaries and their coverts dark tips of the secondaries white; longest h primaries. In summer plumage the the eye are black; on each side of nd breast rufous ; the throat and chin ld the upper parts margined with the
back, scapulars and wing coverts in own; the outer webs of the inner ones

Page 296
242 CGAR
Length.-8 to 925 inches; expanse tail 2 ; bill at front II ; tarsus “5 ; legs
Hab.–Sind, Beloochistan Coast, Pel Kattiawar and India generally during w mon along the sea coast and at th where they may be seen running along insects, molluscs, &c.
258. AEgialitis mongolica ( Salvad., ČVcc. Born. p. 3 I6 ; Hume, p. I53; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 33 Ibis, 1882, p. Io; Murray, Avis. Brit. mongolicus, Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs, Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-Asiati. ii. p. I 3 in Gould, B. Eur... pl. 299. AEgiali p. 639, No. 847; Murray, Habk., Zool., Sind p. 226. Cirrepidesmus m ii. p. 289; id., Wests and Eggs Ind. E and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 455 ; Oates, S PLovER.
In both winter and summer plumage all measurements.
Length.-7 to 7'25 inches; expanse bill at front o'75 ; tarsus I*25. The second primaries; bill black; irides bri
Hab.-Sind, Beloochistan Coast, generally also Burmah and Ceylon, a not far inland.
259. ZEgialitis cantiana (La Armstrong, Str. P. iv. p. 34o; Dresser Dav., Str. F. vi p. 456; Legge, B. C id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 368 ; Murray Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 587, No. 1261. Suppl. pl. lxvi. AEgiallophilus cantian and Eggs, p. 571.-The KENTISH PLc
Male in Winter Plumage.--Forehe. ear coverts, chin, throat, ring round th coverts white; outer tail feathers on ea dusky spot on the inner web; crown, base of the bill under the eye, cheeks tertial earthy or greyish brown, the

OLIDAE.
17 to 19 inches; wing 5'4 to 5'98; greenish; bill black; irides brown. sian Gulf, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, inter; also Burmah. Extremely com-, mouths of the Indus in large flocks, the sandbanks for small crustacea,
Pall.), Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 384;
Str. F. iii. p. I 7o; Blyth, B. Burm. ); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 942; Kelham, Ind. i p. 586, No. 126o. Charadrius
iii. p. 7oo. Charadrius mongolicus, 5. Charadrius pyrrhothorax, 7 emm. tis pyrrhothorax, Ferd, B. Ind. iii. Zool., 8.c., Sind, p. 209; id, Vert. ongolicus, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 23o ; P. p. 57 I. AEgialitis mongolus, Hume tr. F. x. p. 237.-The LESSER SAND
similar to 22. Geoffroyi, but smaller in
I5 inches; wing 5 inches; tail I '87; tertials reach to between the first and own; legs dusky plumbeous.
Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and India long the sea shore and banks of rivers,
th.), ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 647, No. 848; ', B. Eur... vii. p. 483. pl. ; Houme and eylon p. 947; Oates, Str. F. x, p. 237; , Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 226; Murray, Charadrius cantianus, Lath, Ind. Orn. us, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 23O; id., Nests vER.
ld, streak over the eye extending to the e neck, breast, abdomen and under tail ch side also white, with a subterminal
nape, neck behind, a streak from the , back, scapulars, sides of breast and feathers with darker shafts; in some

Page 297
AEGIA
(February specimens) the feathers are part of the crown, very slightly (abse grey brown, darker subterminally, a pale fulvous or white; primaries dusk of white on their outer webs; secon white; edge of the wing and under wi
In nuptial plumage, the white of th and beyond it, behind which on the f a reddish or reddish brown patch, ting of the bill through the eye to the ear c of black on each side of the breast; b. the Ist primary is the longest; prim brown, the greater series tipped with and tips; under wing coverts, chin, th like the back, the middle feathers lo outer ones on each side white.
Zength.-6'75 inches; wing 4'3; ta brown; feet dusky greenish.
Hab.–Ceylon, South India, Sind, B N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajp along the coast about the Delta of the in Tenasserim. It is also recorded frc found it breeding in June and July on east portion of the Island.
260. ZEgialitis dubia (Scop. B. Burm. p. 153; David et Oust. C Exped. p. 676; Hume, Str. F. vii. id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 37o; Murray Charadrius dubius, Scop., Del. Flor curonicus, Gm, Syst. Nat. i. p. 692. ii. p. 745. Charadrius fluviatilis, B p. 422. Ægialitis phillipensis (Sco. No. 849. AEgialitis fluviatilis, Hume, and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 572. Ægialiti p. 154; Dresser, B. Eur, vii. p. 49 I; RINGED PLovER.
A narrow streak above the base through the eye to the ear coverts bla neck black; a patch of white on the chin, throat, and under parts from bel coverts, white; nape and upper plum

TS 243
nged with rufous, and those on the fore t in most) white-tipped; tail earthy or i all, except the central feathers, tipped brown, 4th, 5th and 6th with a patch aries edged and tipped terminally with ng coverts white.
a forehead extends broadly over the eye recrown is a patch of black followed by ed with grey. The streak from the base overts is black, and there is a large patch ck, scapulars and tertials greyish brown; aries dusky brown; wing coverts grey
white; secondaries white at their base roat and under parts white; the tail is ngest and dusky brown near the tip, the
il 2; bill at front '75; bill black; irides
aloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab,
utana, Kutch, and Guzerat. Abundant Irrawaddy, and also at various points. om Arracan. In Ceylon, Major Legge the banks of salt laguons, in the south
), Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 316; Blyth, 'is. Chine, p. 429; Anderson, Kunnan p. 227 (note); Oates, Str. F.X. p. 237, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 588, No. 1262. et Faun. Insub. ii. p. 93. Charadrius Charadrius phillipinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. 'chst., Gemeinni Naturg. Deutschl. iv. .), apud. Ởřerd., B. Ind. ii, P., 64ο, Str. F. i. p. 23O; ii. p. 289; td., AVests curonica, Wald. in Blyth's B. Burm. Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 952.-The LESSER
f the bill continued behind, under, and k; crown of head and ring round the orehead above the black frontal streak; w the black collar, including the under ge cinereous or greyish brown; prima

Page 298
244 GLAR
ries dusky brown; tail with the midd except the outermost on each side, whi inner web; under wing coverts white.
Length.--7 to 7' 25 inches; wing 4'S rides brown ; legs yellowish.
Hab.-Ceylon and throughout India, chistan, Persia, Afghanistan, E. Turkest common in rice fields and along the ba can and Central Provinces during Al broad ovals, elongated and pointed tow stone colour, speckled and spotted wi brownish purple, blackish brown or bla.
26. AEgialitis Jerdoni, Legg Ceylon, p. 956; Murray, Avaf. Arit minutus (Pall.), apud. ỹerd., B. Ind. i Hume and Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 4 Oates, Str. F. x. p. 238; id, B. Br. A nus (Lath.), apud. Hume, Str. F. PLovER.
Similar to AžE. dubia, from which it d edges of the eyelids swollen and proti the lower mandible yellow. Another Hume, is that in summer the legs of 4 áÉ. dubia.
Length-6 inches; tail 22; wing 4' I female is rather larger, approaching in
The Little Indian Ringed Plover is g is nowhere very abundant. Oates pri Southern Pegu, along the banks of the at Tounghoo, and Mr. Davison observe Moulmein. It occurs in suitable localit the Indo-Burmese Countries, and Coc many specimens near Saigon. Oates: in Burmah, notwithstanding the fact til the winter season. In the rains, when distribution must become very restricte year to escape observation. Major Leg similar to 4źE. dubia, both in size and c
Sub-Family, VAN)
Bill rather compressed, straight, conv groove ; wings pointed and long; tail

OLIDAE.
2 feathers paler than the lateral ones, h are white, with a dusky spot on the
; tail 25; bill at fronto'56; bill black;
also throughout Burmah, Sind, Beloon, Nepaul, and Cashmere. Extremely ks of the Indus. Breeds in the Decril and May. Eggs, three in number, ards one end, of a fawn, drab or buffy h hieroglyphic-like lines and figures of k. Size II* I to II" 23 X o’8 to o’87.
'e, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 39; id., Birds of
Ind. ii. p. 588, No. 1 263. AEgialitis i.p.64I; Legge, Str. F. iii. p. 372; ;6 ; Hume, Sir P. viii. pp. I I 2, 199; urmah, ii. p. 37 I. Ægialitis phillipip. I79.-The LITTLE INDIAN RINGED
iffers in being smaller, in having the uberant, and in having the basal half of point of difference, according to Mr. 2E. Verdoni do not become yellow as in
; tarsus 9; bill from gape 5'5. The size the male of AžE. dubia. enerally distributed over Burmah, but cured it near Thayetmyo and also in canal. Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay got it d it in Tenasserim about the latitude of es over the whole of India and Ceylon, hin-China, where Dr. Tiraud procured says it is probably a constant resident at all his specimens were procured in sandbanks are submerged, its area of d, and it is likely at this time of the ge found it breeding in Ceylon. Eggs louration.
LLINAE.-LAPWINGs.
2x at the tip; nostrils in a long lateral road; hind toe short, Generally very

Page 299
CHETT
active and lively birds. Nearly all win slugs, molluscs, &c., either along the of tanks and marshes; also in ploughec
Gen. Chett
Head not crested; plumage ashy; ot
262. Chettusia gregaria, P pl. 292; ỹerd., Birds Ind. iii. p. 644 Murray, Hödk., Zool, Hoc., Sind p Legge, B. Ceylon, p.759; Murray, A The BLACK-SIDED LAPWING.
Forehead, supercilium extending to tail coverts white; top of head, a n through the eye, and the middle of the and scapulars olivaceous brown, tinged rufous, passing to greyish or brow) secondaries white; tail and upper tail black band, tipped with white; outerm
Length.-12'S to 13 inches; wing 8 I'2. In the young the black abdomin much duller than the males in colour.
Hab.–Ceylon, also Sind, Beloochis Provinces, Oudh, the Concan, Decc: Central India. Frequents grassy plai flesh is said to be very delicate.
Gen. Lobival
A lappet of skin in front of the eye toe very small.
2633. Lobivanellus indicu 78; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 648; id, vii. I 574. Lobivanellus goensis, ởřerd., iii. ] ġrc, Sind, p. 2 I II ; id., Vert. Zool. Sin. Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 592, or DID HE Do IT.'
Head, nape, back of the neck, chin a broad streak from behind the eye abdomen and upper and lower tail co dark band and broadly tipped white; primaries and their coverts black; gr

USA. 245.
er visitants in India. Feed on worms, ea-shore, or river banks, or the edges
fields.
usia.-Ap.
nerwise as in Vanellus.
Illas, Zoogr. ii. t. 56; Gduld, B. Eur. , No. 852; Str. F. i. 23 I ; iv. 13; , 2IO; id, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 229; vi/. Brit. Ind, i p. 590, No. 1265–
he occiput, lower belly, vent and under rrow band from the basé of the bill
abdomen black; back of neck, back, l greyish; sides of head and neck pale hish on the breast; primaries black; coverts white, with a broad subterminal ost feathers white.
'S; tail 3'5; tarsus 2'3; bill at front |al patch is wanting. The females are
tan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. an, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana and ns in parties of from five to twenty. Its
nellus-Strickl.
extending to the base of the bill; hind
s, Bodd., P. E. 8o7; Gould, B. E. pl. ). 67; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. p. 648, No. 855; Murray, Hbdk., Zool., d, p. 232; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 962; No. 1269-The RED-WATTLED LAPwING
, throat, neck in front and breast black;
along the sides of the neck, also the verts white; tailwhite, with a subterminal back, scapulars and tertials pale brown; eater wing coverts like the back basally,

Page 300
246 GLAR
and broadly edged and tipped witl band.
Length.-12'5 to I3 inches; wing g red.
Hab.–Throughout India and Ceylc In India it is everywhere common, ( breeds from April to July. It is an e during the breeding season. Its vulg. priately given, being its continuous cr: sounding with its almost endless echo nest. The nest is usually a small dep lining of any kind, and made in the generally of a deep green colour, irreg of a brownish black.
Gen. Sarciop Wattles yellow; bill rather slender;
264. Sarciophorus bilobut Blanf., Ibis, 187o, p. 47o; Blyth, B. Il Bodd. 7abl. Pl. Enl. p. 53 ; Murray Charadrius bilobus, Gmel., Syst. AW Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 47. B. Ceylon, p. 966; Parker, Str. F. (note) ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 375 The YELLow-wATTLED LAPWING.
Breeding Plumage.-Head and nap behind the nape; chin and throat blac back, scapulars and tertiaries pale bro dark brown; resty of the under sur coverts white ; -tail white, with a ble except three of the lateral tail feath duskyspot on the outer web of the thi black; the inner webs of the primaries ones; secondaries basally white, and coverts like the back, but broadly tip conspicuous white wing band.
Length.-II to II '75 inches; wing brown; bill yellow at the base, the ré Hab.-Nearly throughout India, Bu Ceylon it is a resident, frequenting di pany with Cursorius coromandelicus. edges of cultivated land. The eggs

EOLIDAE.
h white, forming a conspicuous wing
'5; tail 4'75, bill at front I'27; wattles
n, Beluchistan, Persia, and Afghanistan. luring both winter and summer, and :xtremely noisy bird, and especially so ar name, “Did he do it,” is very approy, with “Pity to do it,” the place rees, till the intruder is out of reach of its ression in the earth, with or without : vicinity of a marsh. The eggs are ularly marked with blotches and streaks
horus-Stricki.
hind toe absent.
ls (Gmel.), Žerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 649; Burm. p. I 53. Charadrius malabaricus, , Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 594, No. 1271. af. i. p. 691. Lobipluvia malabarica, 7; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112; Legge, ix.p. 482; Hume, Str. F. x. p. 238 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 23o.-
e black; ear coverts white, extending k; neck in front and behind, also the wn; breast slightly darker, edged with face including the upper and lower tail ck band subterminally and white tip, ers, which are white, with a Subterminal rd feather; primaries and their coverts white, decreasing in extent to the inner
terminated with black; greater wing bed and edged with white, forming a
825 ; tail 325 ; bill at front II ; irides st black; wattles yellow.
rmah and Ceylon. Both in India and y stony or grassy plains usually in Com
Breeds from June to August on the ure not unlike those of L. indicus, but

Page 301
AESAC
smaller, and have a stone colour gi black blotches. In the winter plumage edges to the feathers of the breast belo is duller or paler brown. −
Sub-Family, AESACI
Bill strong and thick; no hind toe; base of the bill; gonys strongly angulat
Gen. ZE
Bill long, sub-curved, the lower edge middle, then curving to a point.
265. ZEsacus recurvirostri I42; ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 652, No. 85 p. 579; id, Str. F. ii. p. I82 ; Blyt, p. II2I ; Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 458; Od viii, p. II 2; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 974 Murray, Halbk, Zool., 3.c., Sind, p. Murray, Azri/. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 594, Sind).–The LARGESToNE PLovER.
Forehead and abroad line down the streak on each side from the base of th behind the eye white, broadly bordere men, and under tail coverts white; top and tertials pale brown, the feathers white, in some specimens obtained in contrasting with the pure white of tl black, the first three quills with a patch the last three basally and at tip white wing coverts dark brown; median and latter white tipped; secondaries dark brown at base, with a subterminal whit the outermost feather, which is white a black; bill black, greenish at the base Length.-2O inches; wing IO'5; tail 375.
Hab.-Nearly throughout India and of large rivers. From the stomach of: ten calling crabs (Gelasimus annulių during February. Eggs have been tak Ceylon, and by Mr. Parker on an island line of banks, where it is said to be a depression in the ground.

US. 247
ound, with deep brown and nearly , the chin and throat and the black w are wanting, and the upper plumage
NAE.-STONE PLovERS.
hostrils linear, in a groove near the ed.
sacus.
of the under mandible wide in the
s (Cuv.), G. R. Gray, M. G. B. pl. 3; Hume, Wests and Eggs, Ind. B. h, B. Burm. p. I52; Str. P. vol. v. utes, Str. F. vii. p. 5o ; Hume, Str. F. ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 357; | 211; id, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 231 ; No. 1272. (Karzuanak : Chota Talloor,
e sides of the face white; a broad dark e lower mandible; feathers round and d with dark brown; chin, throat, abdoof head, neck behind, back, scapulars distinctly dark-shafted; neck in front April greyish brown; the breast ashy, he rest of the under surface; primaries of white on their terminal thirds, and , with a subterminal black band; lesser greater coverts pale greyish brown, the brown, their inner webs white; tail pale e band and a broad black tip, except t the base and more broadly tipped with ; irides yellow; legs yellow.
4’37; tarsus 3'5; bill at front 3, at gape.
Ceylon, along the sea coast and banks a specimen got in the Kurrachee harbour bes) were extracted. Breeds in Ceylon en by Mr. C. Murray, C.C.S., in S.-E. | north of Manaar in the Adam's Bridge permanent resident. The nest is a mere

Page 302
248 GLAREC
Gen. O EdiCl
Bill longer than the head, straight : men raised near the point; mandible dle of the bill in a longitudinal slit; to
GEdicnemu
266. CEdicnemus crepitan B. Ind. iii. p. 654; Hume, Str. F. i. B. Burm. p. I52; Oates, Str. F. xi. p. 232; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind, i. I mus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 255. Cha Russ. iii. p. 87, pl. 16. CEdicnemus ir viii. p. 38ం; Hume, Nests and Eggs, I ZOresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 4OI, pl.; Legg Aurm. ii. p. 356.-The STONE PLovER Lores white, with a few brown spo narrow moustachial stripe from the bast back, scapulars and upper tail covel mesial dusky streak; breast the same coverts reddish ashy; tail white basa ones tipped with black; thigh coverts v quills with a patch of white at their Lasally and at tip with a subterminal da coverts white, forming a wing band.
Length.-I6 inches; wing 9; tail 4' yellow ; also the legs and feet.
Hab.-Throughout India, including E stony places, waste land, grassy plains,
 

LIDAE.
semus.--Cuv.
nd slightly depressed at the base; culngulated beneath; nostrils in the mides three; tail graduated.
a
s crepitans.
s, 7'emm., Man. do Orn. p. 348; 7 erd., p. 232; id, Str. P. iii. p. I82; Blyth, p. 238; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 546, No. I 273. Charadrius cedicneradrius scolopax, S. G. Gmel., Reisse dicus, Salvad, Ass. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. d. B. p. 58 I. CEdicnemus scolopax, e, B. Ceylon, p. 969; Oates, B. Br. or BASTARD FLORICAN. ts; chin and throat white; a distinct : of the lower mandible; head, neck, ts reddish ashy, each feather with a as the back; belly white; under tail lly, all the feathers except the middle hite; primaries black, the first three erminal third, and the last three white k band; edges of the greater wing
5; bill at front I'5; irides and orbits
armah; also Ceylon and Persia. Affects dry river beds and the sides of sloping

Page 303
OEDIC
banks; runs very swiftly, especially w again after the manner of Cursori ground, depending for safety on the c of the ground. Its flight is strong a except when hard pressed; usually tu which consists chiefly of worms. Th within three hours of their birth. It i. this bird in looking for Oobara (H. perhaps from this circumstance and its or small Taloor.' It is, as Jerdon s. Hawk and the Besra. Its flesh is a Houbara, being highly flavoured. Bre in Ceylon from May to September. It small depression in the ground, usual only two in number, occasionally three Family, HAEMATOPO) Feet with three toes, and a very smal compressed, tip blunt; wing long and
Sub-Family, ST Characters those of the Family; bill 267. Strepsilas interpres Salvad., Ucc, Born. p. 32O; Blyth, B p. 555, pl. ; Hume, Str. P. iv. p. 464; Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 9Oo, 1222; Burm. ii. p. 376; Murray, Avif. B; interpres, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 233; Syst. IVat. i. p. 248.-The TURNsTon
Strepsil
 

E MUS 249
en first surprised, stops short now and isabellinus, and squats close to the Lour of its plumage, which is like that d steady, but it seldom uses its wings, ns out in the evening in quest of food, young are said to run from the nest not uncommon to meet with parties of acqueenii) among Grewia bushes, and lineated plumage it is called the “chota ys, a favourite quarry for the Sparrow much esteemed almost as that of the ds in Sind from February to April and makes no nest, the eggs being laid in a y sheltered by a stone. The eggs are have been found.
DIDAE, Bp.-SEA PLovERs.
| hind toe; bill long, strong, front half pointed.
REPSILINAE.—Bp. slightly curved upwards. (Linn.), řerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 656; . Burm., p. I 54; Dresser, B. Eur, vii. ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 233; 2ates, Str. F. x. p. 238; id, B. Br. rit. Ind. ii. p. 597, No. 1274. Cinclus ii. p. 292. Tringa interpres, Linn.,
5 interpres.

Page 304
250 HAEMA'
In winter the crown and hinder par narrowly with greyish brown, the lor greyish brown; the chin and throat are the neck, bordered in front along th dusky or dark brown ; upper back, sc. breast dusky or dark brown, according ish red; some of the scapulars partly e ing beyond the fifth quill, edged and wing coverts, like the upper back, wh greater coverts tipped with white, form and secondaries black, the inner web white; back, lower surface of the bod and upper and lower tail coverts white feathers white, with a subterminal blac are entirely black. In the summer band over the eye, lores and a patch be the head is also white, broadly streaked streak behind the white frontal patch, c eye on each side joining the black s getting lost on the neck, whence spril on the upper surface of the neck, whic streaks; back of neck white, extendi demicollar and sides of the breast; chir upper back and scapulars black, the fe red rust colour, some wholly so, especi wing c verts black, broadly edged ar. tips of the greater or secondary coverts black, the inner webs and part of the basally white; secondaries like the q webs, and also narrowly tipped white; with rusty; back, entire lower surface b white; rump with a patch of black; deep brown; legs orange yellow.
Length.-8 to 85 inches; wing 6; Hab.-India generally, and Ceylo) inland along the banks of large rivers, being found in Europe, America, and localities. In Sind it is extremely con the mouths of the Indus. It occurs : banks of the river at Poona, in the I and in the Persian Gulf. In Ceylon i
Gen. Oro Bill long, lower mandible strongly beyond the tip of the tail; feet webbed

)PODIDAE.
of the head are dusky, edged very pale brown, or in some specimens white, also a patch on each side of sides of the white throat patch with ulars, rump, breast and sides of the to season, edged with rusty or brownged with white; tertials long, reachpped with rufous or red brown; lesser te at the shoulder; the secondary or ng a conspicuous wing bar; primaries of the former and tips of the latter from below the breast, also the thigh ; a patch of black on the rump; tail band, except the central ones, which r breeding plumage, the forehead, a hind the eye are white; the crown of with black. There is also a black ontinued to the front and below the treak from the lower mandible, and ngs a black demicollar not extending n, like the head, is white with dark ng down the sides between the black white, throat and breast deep black; athers broadly edged and tipped with ally the scapulars; lesser and median d tipped with bright rust colour; the white, forming a wing band; quills outer webs of the last two or three ills, but broadly white on their inner ertials dark brown, edged and tipped low the breast, and upper tail coverts ail as in the winter plumage; irides
aill 2"5.
along the sea-shores, and sometimes Its geographical range is very wide, Africa, and throughout Asia in suitable mon in the Kurrachee harbour' and at so on the Sambhur lake, and on the ccan; also on the Beluchistan Coast is rather rare. as-Payk. angulated; tarsus long; wings reach hind toe long and slender.

Page 305
DRC
268. Dromas ardeola, Payk yard. and Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 157; 5, p. 293; vii. p. I86 ; viii. p. 383 ; Mur, id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 234; Legge, li Ind. ii. p. 598, No. 1275.-The CRAB
Whole head, neck all round, chin, th upper and lower tail coverts and upper spot; mantle and interscapulars black; inner webs white; greater wing coverts some of the tertials near their tips; bil brown.
Length.-15 to 155 inches; wing 8
Hab.-Indian coasts, Ceylon, Afric Beluchistan Coast and the Persian Gu harbour. Breeds in the Persian Gulf Hume has given an account of its nidi Feathers. There is said to be no nest about 4 feet deep in the loose sand; bu was that of a crab remained a questi narrow to admit the bird. Mr. Parke of thesebirds in Ceylon (Str. P. Vol, ia
“ I have had no upportunity of vis June, 1881. I now give his accour always proved most trustworthy in hi particularly observant. The details : by him on the spot. In confirmation o previously, on another bank, I found a position, with footprints which appeare, ing into and out of it, and that I saw se
“The bank of loose sand in which th of the water, with a long gradual slope on the leeward side; this ended before sand rose little above the water level. excavated in a row, the entrances b gound below. All the holes were nea square from the line of the edge oft from about 6 to 9 feet. All the tunne curved considerably to the left; and the one side of the tunnel, a few being were from 3 to 3 inches in diameter, the chambers, which were circular in p high. All contained young, 2 or 3 in r

MAS, 25
l., Handlist Ac. Vet. Stockhlm., t. 8 rd, B. Ind. iii. p. 658; Str. F. ii. ay, Hibdk, Zool., gre., Sind, p. 2 I 2; . Ceylon, p. 986; Murray, Avy. Brit. PLOVER.
roat, breast, entire lower parts, back, tertials white; generally a dark loreal primaries and secondaries black, their black; tail reddish ashy, as also are black, 25 inches in length; irides
7S to 9; tail 25.
a, Red Sea, Seychelles, Madagascar, lf. Common in Sind in the Kurrachee near Bushire; also in Ceylon. Mr. fication in vols. vii. and viii. of Stray , and the eggs are laid in a burrow, it whether this was dug by the bird or on, the holes being, it was said, too adds to his account of the nesting .) one from his Overseer. He says:-
siting the place myself since the 16th it of them, premising that he has s accounts of birds and nests, and is regarding the nests were noted down f his account, I may add that a few days un uncompleted nest-hole in a similar i to be those of the Crab-Plover leadveral of these birds on the sand banks.
e nests were found rose several feet out to the windward, and a short steep one reaching the water, near which the
In this leeward face 17 nests were eing from 2 to 3 feet above the flatter rly horizontal, and were carried in he slope. Their distances apart varied ls were straight, excepting one which : majority of the egg-chambers were on in line with it. The entrance tunnels und from 4 to 5 feet long, excluding lan, 6 inches in diameter, and 6 inches umber; 5 nests had 3 young ones each.

Page 306
252 HAEMATOE
They were laid on the bare sand, exc sea-weed formed a slight bed for the in the nests, flew around the heads of examined, uttering a croaking cry, ar and size of the holes were ascertained b advance of the excavation.'
Gen. Haema
Bill straight, long, very slightly ber cleft; toes three, all placed forward; in
269. Haematopus ostraleg B. Ind. ii. p. 659; Hume, Str. P. i. p. B. Eur. vii. p. 567 ; Hume, Str. F. vii Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 235; M. I276. Haematopus osculans, Szvinh., Ois Chine, p. 432.—The OYSTER CATC
Entire head, neck, breast, upper bacl feathers white; lower back and entire l throat; primaries black, the inner wel except the first two quills white, the w primaries spreading to the edges; st white, with a subterminal black band; aries and lower tertiaries white, for primary coverts black; bill orange yello long; irides lake red; orbits orange.
Alength,-I6 to I7 inches; wing IO's
Hab.—Europe, Siberia, India, Ceylc Gulf, Sind, the Eastern and Western C distribution. Inhabitant of the sea-sh lives chiefly on molluscs, worms, &c., a from the rocks, and to pluck out the oy its admirably adapted, wedge-shaped b ings and evenings and also at night, a their habits.
Tribe, LONGI)
A family of wading birds, in whic ibises, curlews, phalaropes, &c., at the are nearly all migratory birds, and : characters by which this tribe is chiefly and long and pointed wing; the hint
SOA e.

OD I DAF.
apt in one instance where a few bits o
m. The parents, none of which were the party while the nests were being d seeming much excited. The shape y packing them carefully with cloth in
Eopus-Zinn.
it upwards; nostrils linear in a long o hind toe.
Luis, Linn.,"Syst. NVat. I, p. 257 ; ferd, 234 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I 54 ; Dresser, i, p. II 2; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 987; urray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 599, No. P: Z. S. 187 I, p. 4o5 ; Dav. et Oust. HER.
k, scapulars and tail black; lower orbital ower parts white, also a ring round the ps and part of the outer webs of all hite on the outer webs of the innermost 2condaries basally and narrowly at tip greater coverts and some of the secondming a large wing patch; lesser and ow, or bright scarlet, 35 to 375 inches
; ; tail 4 ; tarsus 2'25.
on, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, Persian Coasts of India; in fact, has a very wide ores, being seldom found inland. It ind is said to easily disengage limpets 'sters from their half-opened shells, with ill. Oyster-Catchers feed in the mornnd are at all times watchful and shy in
ROSTRES-Cuzy.
h Cuvier includes the snipe, godwits, end of which come the avocets. These associate in flocks during winter. The distinguished are the long slender bill, i toe is usually present but wanting in

Page 307
SCOLO
Family, SCO
Bill long, straight, compressed, soft, furrowed for half their length; upper ma nostrils lateral, situated basally in a grot moderate, slender, three toed, not webbe and rich.
Gen. Scolop
Characters same as those of the Famil the middle; wings long, 1st quill longest
270. Scolopax rusticola, Lio Ind. iii. p. 67o; Blyth, B. Burm, Dresser, B. Eur... vii. p. 615, pl. ; Houme Str. P. viii. p. I I2 ; Bingham, Str. F. v Birds iii. p. 3 I I, pl.; Murray, Azvi/. By pax rusticula, Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine Br. Burm., p. 38o ; Murray, Vert. Zoo,
The peculiar shape of the head of this character to identify it among others. than round; the eyes are placed above it are nearly on a level with the corner of or ashy grey; the nape and back part of nate bands of black and rusty red or che gape to the eye; the orbital feather pal and upper tail coverts, marbled, spotted black, white, grey, red, brown, rufous describe them with accuracy; chin pale throat and breast pale brown, barred tra. blackish, with triangular spots of pale r
 

PAX, 253
LOPACIDAE,
the point enlarged; the mandibles ndible slightly longer than the lower; ove and covered by membrane ; feet d; hind toe present; plumage varied
aX - Lanun,
y; lower mandible channelled only to ; tibia feathered to the knee.
nn., Syst. NVat. i. p. 243 ; ferd, B. p. I 57 ; Anders., Str. F. iii. p. 356 ; and Dazy., Str. F. vi. p. 458; Hume, iii. p. 196; Hume and Marsh., Game rit. Ind. ii. p. 6O3, No. 1781. Scolo; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 8o6; Oates, B. l., Sind, p. 238.–The WoodcocK.
esteemed bird is almost a sufficient The head is more obtusely triangular is middle, near the top, and the ears the mouth. Crown of the head ashy, the head with four transverse alterstnut brown; a dark streak from the le buff; back, scapulars, wing coverts, , barred, streaked and variegated with and yellow, that it is not possible to yellowish brown, or nearly white; nsversely with dark brown; primaries eddish brown on both webs; secon

Page 308
254 SCO LO PA
daries and tertiaries blackish, but with reaching to the shaft. The whole un rously barred with transverse dark und bars on both webs, the tips ashy grey feathered to the knee. The female is in this respect and its duller tints.
Length.-I4 to I6 inches; wing 8 (upper mandible); tarsi I “5 to ‘8; iri also is the bill with a tinge of grey.
Bab-Europe, Egypt, India, includ Summer resident on the wooded ra visitant to the Nilghiris and the highe parts of the Punjab, Nepaul, Sylhet and F feeding on worms, snails, slugs, &c. I only by two specimens obtained at K North Canara and the Concan, also in It breeds in the Himalayas during June with reddish brown. VK.
Gen. Gallin
Characters the same as in Scolopaa. of 16-28 feathers.
271. Gallinago memoricola id, B. Ind. iii. p. 672 ; Hume, Str. F Birds, p. 325; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 81 No. 282.-The WooD SNIPE.
Top of the head black, with rufous the back black, the feathers margine smeared bluish; scapulars the same, long dorsal plumes black with zigzag n wing coverts; winglet and primary cov quills dusky; lower back and upper tail with the centre feathers black at the towards the tip; laterals dusky with w the sides of the neck ashy, smeared smeared with buff and obscurely bal with the thigh coverts, whitish, with n rufescent, with dusky marks, and the whitish. Bill reddish brown, paler at plumbeous green. (ferd.)
Length.-I2'S to I3 inches; wing: I75.

ACIDAE.
1 the markings more elongated and der parts are yellowish white, numeulating lines; tail black, with spots and above and silvery white below; tibia larger, and only differs from the male
to 825; ail 3'25; bill at front 3 to 32 des dark brown ; legs livid fleshy, as
ing Burmah, Ceylon and Java. It is a nges of the Himalayas, and a winter er ranges of Southern India and Ceylon, Bengal, frequenting damp situations, and n Sind itis extremely rare, and is known urrachee. It is also said to occur in Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan. !, laying buff-coloured eggs blotched
Lago.--Steph.
Tibia not feathered to the knee; tail
(Hodgs.), joerd., Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 9; ... vi. p. 459; id. and Marsh, Game 5; Murray, Avif. Brit. Ind. i, p. 6o4,
fellow longish markings; upper part of d with pale rufous yellow and often some of them with zigzag markings; narks of rufous grey, as are most of the erts dusky black, faintly edged whitish ; tail coverts barred reddish and dusky; 2 base and chestnut, with dusky bars hitish bars; beneath the chin white; with buff and blackish; breast ashy, red; the rest of the lower plumage, umerous dusky bars; lower tail coverts under wing coverts barred black and pase beneath ; irides dusky brown , legs
575; tail 25; bill at front 26; tarsus

Page 309
GALLI
Hab.--The Himalayas, Nilghiris, regions in Southern India, also Cey ground.
272. Gallinago stenura (Ka Z. Marshall, Str. F. i. p.423; Cripps ii. p. 294 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 239; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 816; Oa Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 6o5, No. 1284. S Sulla, sec. Ediz. Regn. Anim. Cuv. M SNIPE.
Crown dark brown or black, with
white, divided by a dark line from the ear coverts; there is also in some spec to in front of the neck on each side, b neck in front and behind pale fawn bro brown or dark brown ; sides of the abc barred; middle of abdomen white, b scapulars and wing coverts brown, dar. feathers of which are broadly edged with rusty; the scapulars, tertials and lower back, rump and upper tail cover under wing lining and axillaries wh blackish brown; tail basally dark br or rufous buff patch, and a narrow subt or the colour of the oval patch ; primar aries, pale brown or dusky, narrowly webs unicolorous.
ILength.-975 to Io inches; wing I'25. Females are larger. Legs and irides deep brown; bill 22 to 2'6; gal bill pale horny, with a dusky tip for ab the females the bills average from 245
Hab.-Ceylon and nearly througho Provinces and Sind, also in Rajputana, in N. Guzerat, Central India and Khal rally, and the Deccan, as well in the . in Lower Bengal, east and west of th Arracan, Pegu, Tenasserim, the Andal commonly met with. This snipe is middle of August, and leaves about th Rice fields, mud swamps, and the vici

NAGO. 255
Coorg, Wynaad and other elevated on, affecting brushwood and swampy
uhl.), ỷerd, B. lnd. iii. p. 674 ; G. F. , Str. F. i. p. 496; Hume, Str. F. , p. 459; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, tes, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 383; Murray, colopax stenura, Kuhl., Bonap. Osserv. onog. Scolopar, p. 121.-The PIN-тAIL
a mesial longitudinal pale line; face nostrils to the eye and extending to the imens a faint line from the ear coverts
ut not meeting; chin and throat white;
wn, barred, streaked or spotted with
lomen like the breast, and transversely arred in some specimens; upper back. ker on the mantle and scapulars, the with yellow and spotted and streaked wing coverts barred with the same;
ts rufescent brown, barred with dusky; hite, distinctly and richly barred with own, followed by a large oval rufous erminal dark band, tipped pale rufous ies and their coverts, also the secondmargined at the tip with white, both
48 to 5'4; tail 2 to 25 ; tarsus I’I 2 to feet plumbeous with a greenish tinge;
pe and base of bill greenish ; rest of
bout one-third its terminal length. In
to 27.
ut India; rare in the Punjab, N.-W. | Kutch, and Kattiawar; fairly commoru hdeish. In Bombay the Concan gene. Nizam's Provinces it is plentiful, also e Brahmapootra. It is recorded from mans and Nicobars, where it is most a migrant; arrives in Sind about the e end of March or middle of April. nity of large rivers, jheels and tanks,

Page 310
256 SCOLOPACl
where there are sedges and rushes, are least in Sind.
273. Gallinago scolopacina, Amer. p. 52; ferd., B. Ind. iii., p. 674 Ind. B. p. 586; Hume and Dav., Str. F 82O; Murray, Vert. Zool, Sind, p. 2, 6o6, No. I285. Scolopax gallinago, Li coelestis, Frenzl., Beschr. der Vogel u Wittenberg, p. 58. Gallinago gallinaria Hume, Str. P. viii. p. I i2; Bingha coelestis, Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 64 I, iii. p. 359; Oates, B. Br. Burmah, p. 3
Crown of the head black, with a me rusty white line; a superciliary on ea mandible of the same colour, and a dark the head spotted with dusky grey, tinge white, or nearly white; neck on the side with brown; breast white, brown, pale part, and spotted with dusky; the sides g back and scapulars velvetty black, the and barred and spotted with chestnut b) forming four conspicuous lines on the l alternate bars of dusky black and pale y the under tail coverts pale yellowish í brown; the middle of the abdomen is w pale buffy fawn; axillaries and flanks wl but not so broadly, close and numerol white, a few bars only on the edge of th cuous in the centre of the wing; grea dark brown, barred with rufescent, and cream colour; primaries dusky or dark
 

DAE.
the selected spots of the Pin-tail, at
, No. 871; Hume, Avests and Aggs , vi. p. 459; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 40; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. an, Syst. Nat. i. p. 244. Scolopax nd ihrer Eier in der Gegend Von (Gm.), Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 3O2; m, Str. F. viii. p. 112. Gallinago ol.; Hume and Marsh, Game Birds 8.-The CoMMON SNIPE.
sial longitudinal white, yellowish, or Lch side from the base of the upper streak below it to the eye; sides of di ferruginous brown ; chin and throat s and in front yellowish white, spotted yellowish or ferruginous on the upper freyish white, barred with dark brown;
feathers broadly edged with yellow, own; the yellow edges to the feathers pack; upper tail coverts barred with ellowish brown, somewhat rufescent; awn, also barred with dusky or dark hite, in some specimens tinged with hite, barred with dusky or dark brown, is as in Stenura, under wing lining 2 wing; a white patch always conspiter and lesser wing coverts dusky or edged and tipped with pale white or brown, the first with its outer web

Page 311
ALL
phite, secondaries dusky or dark brow edges of their inner webs white, and s the primaries also whitish basally and n rufescent, barred with dark brown; tail of rusty orange or ferruginous, then a with buffy or pale reddish yellow, in so bill terminally for one-third or more of
horny brown with a green and yellow males 239 to 27; at front 2'43 to 275 flat at the tip.
Length, Male.-9 to II inches; win larger.
Hab.–Ceylon and throughout India Persia, Beluchistan and Afghanistan. September and leaves in April, and with everywhere. It is a very vigilant bird, especially in bogs and moist localities retreats, three, four or half-a-dozen may with head erect, and constantly on the they rise, and soon get out of gunshot. tioned, is held in much esteem for the t
ܚ
Gallinago gallinula
274. Gallinago gallimula (L Str. F. iii. p. 182; Blyth, B. Burm. p. Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 653; Hume ana P. vii. p. 3o2; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 373, Oales, B. Br. Burm, ii, p. 384 ; /7/urra Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 608, No. 1286. i. p. 244.-The JACK SNIPE or JuD-Coc
33 cc
 

AGO. 257
l, broadly tipped with white; the outer riated with dusky; the inner webs of lottled minutely with dusky; tertiaries black at the base, with an oval patch subterminal narrow band, and tipped me specimens white; legs pale green; ts length deep brown, the rest basally ish tinge; its length from gape, of ; of females 262 to 3'O at front rather
g49 to 5'5; tail 25 to 2-8. Females
and Burmah as a winter visitant, also Arrives in Sind about the beginning of the Jack Snipe is tolerably abundant and in consequence difficult to shoot, where rushes are present. In such be seen at a time, walking leisurely, alert; and at the first note of alarm,
This species, it need hardly be menable. *
The Jud-Cock.
un.), Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 676; Hume, I 57; Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 479; Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 459; Cripps, Str. I 12 ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 828; Hume pl. ; Houme, Str. F. x. p. 239 (note)': y, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 24 I ; Murray, Scolopax gallinula, Linn., Syst. AWat. K.

Page 312
258 SCOLOPA
Crown of the head with a mesial lon, the upper mandible; on each side of streak extending above the eye as a separated from the orbital region by gape to the eye, and another from b. coverts; the space between the two stre throat white, greyish, or pale brown; si or brownish white, spotted with brown ferruginous or greyish brown, streaked yellowish brown or dusky, spotted or white; flanks dashed with brown and p with faint, almost obsolete dusky mark with bronze green and purple reflectio) scapulars edged on their outer webs br two conspicuous longitudinal bands al glossy blue black (specimens in Augu cent); primaries dusky, the basal ha primaries narrowly margined at the tij broadly tipped with white; tertiaries c streaked with reddish or yellowish bro dark brown, edged near the tips wit white; legs and feet pale greenish; irid
Length.-85 inches; bill dark brow at front; wing 4 to 4'6 inches; tail I'8 AHab.–Ceylon and throughout India. snipe, with which it is generally associ arrive about the 26th August, or a few is a difficult bird to flush, seldom rising deep cover at all times, but I have oft mud of back waters, where theire was n
Gen. Rhyn
Bill shorter than in Gallinago, curve tarsi long; tibia nearly entirely bare.
275. Rhynchaea capensis, Bengalensis, řerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 677 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 335; Blyth, p. 15 ; v. p. 223 ; Dav. et Oust. Ois. 1877, p. 469; Hume and Dav., Str. F. Hume, Str. F. viii, p. 112; Legge, B. p. 197; Hume and Marsh, Game B p. 239; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p,

CIDAE.
fitudinal black streak from the top of this a yellowish or cream-coloured uperciliary, and in some specimens dark streak; a dusky line from the low it curving downwards to the ear aks white or cream colour; chin and des of the head greyish, greyish white, and pale red; neck behind and nape or spotted with dusky; breast pale dashed with darker brown; abdomen ale ferruginous; axillaries pure white, ings; back and scapulars rich black, is, the feathers of the upper back and oadly with rich cream yellow, forming png each side ; lower back and rump st very narrowly margined with albeslf of the first paler, not zeyhite; inner p with albescent; secondaries dusky, lusky on their inner webs, spotted and wn on their outer webs; tail dusky or h pale ferruginous; under tail coverts es deep brown.
at the tip, I'6 to I 8 inches in length tO 22.
and more plentiful than the common ated. In Sind small parties begin to lays earlier than the common snipe. It until nearly trampled upon. It prefers en seen them on the oozy, semi-fluid ot even a stubble for cover.
chaea- Cuv.
d downwards at the tip; wings rounded;
Linn., Syst. Wat. I, p. 246. Rhynchæa Hume, Vests and Eggs Ind. B.p. 586; 3. Burm. p. I57; Butler, Str. F. iv. Chine p. 48o; Wardlazy-Ramsay, Ibis, vi. p. 459; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 3O2;
Ceylon p. 8oo; Bingham, Str. F. ix. irds iji. p. 38 I, pl. ; Oates, Str. F. x. 242 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 386.

Page 313
LIMCO
Rhynchæa capensis, Murray, Avif. Il PAINTED SNIPE.
Crown of the head with a broad mesi brown, nearly black feathers, which í mandible to the nape, where it is broad round the eye, and a line behind it; chi some faint dusky spots; neck in front with white spots and bars; the feathers middle of the breast nearly dark brown similar band below this with a white in hind neck olivaceous, finely marked w scapulars dark brown, with dark margi coverts and tertiaries pale olive, with bars of rufous buff, broader and more web of the first primary grey brown, th rufous buff ocelli; the interspaces bet and between the terminal ones greyish white bars and dark wavy lines an ocellated with buff on their Outer wel terminally with dark brown wavy lines with white bars and wavy lines, and the showing through paler von the under si ocelli on both webs, and tipped wi coverts white. The female has the ko back of neck chestnut, the feathers ed scapulars and wing coverts, also the te black striae, the outermost tertials whi dish brown; irides deep brown; legs a
Allength.-9 to IO inches; wing 49. to 2 inches.
Hab.-Sind, Kuteh, Kattiawar, Raj Provinces, British Burmah and Ceylon and in nearly all localities where it occ
Gen. Limi
Characters same as Rhynchaa; bill 276. Limicola platyrhyncl Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 3, pl. ; Humé Str. F. viii. p. I 13; Legge, B. Ceylon B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 387; Murray, Ve Brit. Ind, i. p. 6Io, No. 1288. Trin p. 398 ; Jerd, B. Ind. i, p. 692," No. BROAD-BILLED SAN DPIPER.

L.A. 259
Brit. Ind. ii, p. 609, No. 1287.–The
al longitudinal line, bordered by dark orm a line from the sides of the upper er than in front ; a yellowish buff circle n and throat whitish, the feathers with and breast olive brown, the feathers on the lower part of the sides and forming a dark pectoral band, another terspace, but not meeting on the breast; ith dark transverse striae; mantle and ned buffy yellow and white bars; wing black margined transverse bands or conspicuous on the tertiaries; outer e rest paler, and all with 5-6 buff or veen the basal three ocelli deep black, brown; inner webs of primaries with d marblings; secondaries ashy grey bs, the interspaces basally black, and ; their inner webs, like the primaries, 2 tips margined with white, the patterns de of the wing; tail ashy grey, with buff th buff; abdomen, vent and under tail res, sides of the face, apper breast and ged whitish on the upper breast; back, rtiaries, dark olive with narrow, close, te, otherwise as in the maale. Bill rednd feet greenish.
to 5'2; tail L5 to I-8; bill at front I'8
putana, Central India, Punjab, N.-W. Breeds in Sind during May and June, S.
cola-Aoch.
broad and depressed.
ha (T'emm.), Salvad., ČVcc. Born. p. 322; o and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 46 I ; Hume, , p. 8g6; Oates, Str. F. x p. 24o; id, rt. Zool., Sind, p. 252; Murray, Avif. ga platyrhyncha, 7”emm., Man d'Orn.
886; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I 56.-The

Page 314
260 TRIN
In winter, the crown of the head, ba brown, tinged with rufous; neck a primaries and tail brown, the latter edg white; the flanks, breast and under tail dress the Broad-billed Sandpiper has th varied with greyish; the neck on the s. black spots, and tinged with buffy; chi back black, with fulvous white or rufous
Length.-65 to 675 inches; wing 3 tarsi O'94; irides deep brown; legs and
Hab.–Ceylon and the Indian Coast rachee and along the Mekran Coast, als from Arracan, also from Pegu, and Am coasts and tidal rivers,
Sub-Family, TRIN
Bill rather long, flat and wide, keele nostrils in a groove, extending two-third toes divided or narrowly webbed.
Gen. Trin
Toes edged by membrane; wings wit slightly bent and obtuse at the extremit
277. Tringa minuta, Zeisl. M p. 74; Jerd, B. Ind. i, p. 690, No. 88 Hume, Str. F. i. p. 242; Legge, Str. F Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 257; O ray, Avis. Brif. Ind. i p. 611, No. 12 In winter the upper parts are ashy or back, Scapulars, tertials and lesser and or dark brown, and in some very narrc dark spot in front of the eye, and a pale centre of the breast and rest of the unde and under tail coverts, are white; sid mostly white shafted, dusky brown, slig daries white basally, and also narrowly o tipped with white, forming a conspicuo and two central tail feathers dusky or da Length.-66 inches; expanse I3' I at front o'6; irides deep brown; legs b Hab.–Nearly throughout Europe, Australia and China. In Sind, alon

GINAE
k, scapulars and wing coverts are ashy d cheeks white, spotted with brown; 2d with pale reddish ashy; lower parts overts tinged with rufous. In summer a crown of the head brownish black, des and in front greyish white, with a white, with a few dark spots; lower margins to the feathers. 9 to 4'32; bill at front I'27 to 137; feet dusky black. generally. Occurs commonly at Kuro at Kutch and in Bengal. Recorded herst in Tenasserim. Frequents sea
GINAE,--STINTs, &c.
:d near the tip, somewhat flexible; is the length of the bill; wings long;
ga-Linn. h the first quill longest; bill straight or
Va
Tacht., zu Bechst. Naturg. Deutsch i. B4; Dresser, B. Elur. viii. p. 29, pl. ; ... i. p. 491 ; id., B. Cylon, p. 884; ates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 389; Mur9O.-The LITTLE STNT.
pale earthy brown, the feathers of the median wing coverts mesially dusky wly edged with whitish. There is a white supercilium; the chin, throat, r surface, including the vent, axillaries es of the breast ashy brown; primaries ntly paler on their inner webs; seconipped with white; greater wing coverts is wing band; rump, upper tail coverts rk brown; lateral tail feathers pale ashy. tail 23; tarsus O'9; wing 38; bill lack. ndia and Ceylon, also Java, Formosa, g the coast; also in the Kurrachee
כ

Page 315
TR
harbour; inland on the large pieces of Little Stint is extremely common, also N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Buri Beluchistan (Quetta), Afghanistan, an In the Concan, Deccan and Southern I
278. Tringa subminuta, M xix. p. 6; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 889; C ray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 612, No. 129 Hume, Str. F, i. p. 243. Tringa salir 49 I ; Dresser, B. AEur. viii. p. 33 ; B! Tringa ruficollis (Pall.), apud. Wald. Str. P. viii. p. 13; Oates, Str. F. x.p
Summer Plumage.--Forehead, top feather with an edging of rich rufous ear coverts the same; an albescent patc upper part of the throat pure white; lo of pale rufous brown; sides of throat, I pale rufous brown, each feather with breast, abdomen and vent pure white with a long, narrow central brown s mixed brown and pale rufous, whole u and tertiaries, rich blackish brown, ea rufous; rump and upper tail coverts gl latter obsoletely tipped white ; centre ta others pale brown, tipped and margi white, a little brown at their bases; u with white; shaft of first quill sordid w hair brown; primaries and secondarie except the first six primaries; all the pr median narrow margin of white on the more or less tipped and margined with 7. minuta in general appearance, but forehead and face where white in 7, m. subminuta; the greater wing coverts an with white, and the sides of the neck an brown streaks. Iris brown; bill olive-b nearly black.
Length.-62 inches; tail I'4; wing nearly an inch; bill from gape 7'5. Stint may be recognized by the great including its claw, measuring frequently resembles 7, minuta in having the ol

NGA. 26
water and on the Munchur Lake, this on the Mekran Coast, the Punjab, nah, and Ceylon. Occurs in Persia, i in fact has a very wide distribution. hdia generally it is equally abundant.
dd, Sib. Reise. Vog. p. 222. Taf, 'ates, B. Br. Burm. ii.`p. 39I ; Mur1 , Tringa damacensis (Horsfo), apud a (Pall.), apud Legge, Str. F. i. p. yth and Wald, B. Burm., p. I56. 7"rans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 234; Hume, , 24O.-The LoNG-Toed STINT. of head and nape dark brown, each on the terminal half; lores, cheek and h in front of the eye above the lores; wer throat streaked with small marks neck, upper breast and sides of body a central dark brown streak ; lower ; under tail coverts white, each feather treak; thighs rufescent; upper neck pper plumage, including the scapulars ch feather broadly tipped with bright ossy black, few of the feathers of the il feathers black, edged with rufous, the ined internally with white ; axillaries nder wing coverts pale brown, edged hity brown, those of the others dark es dark brown, all tipped with white imaries except the first three with a outer web; upper coverts brown, all dull white. In winter it resembles , the upper plumage is darker; the inuta are streaked with brown in 7. d secondaries are very narrowly tipped d the chest are thickly marked with rown; legs and toes pale brown; claws
37; tarsus O'8; middle toe and claw The female is of the same size. This length of its toes, the middle one, ' little short of an inch in length. It uter tail feathers brown, but differs in

Page 316
262 TRINGI
having the shafts of all the primaries which is dull white. From T. Temmin of its outer tail feathers as well as by it
Hab.--Arracan, Pegu and Tenasser Siberia through China and Mongolia ti Bengal, the Eastern Coast of India and the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Cel
279. Tringa Temmincki, Deutsch. i. p. 63; ỹoerd., B. Ind. iii. p. i Hume, Str. P” i. p. 244 ; iii. p. I83 : Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 43 ; Hume and Da viii. p. II3; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 892; Oa/es, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 392; Murrc 1292.-TEMMINck's, or the WHITE-TAIL Upper parts as in minuta ; chin, thr in front of the eye; breast and lower n tail coverts white; four central tail feath pale horny green, or greenish olive.
Length.-6 to 6'25 inches; wing 38; Hab.-As the last and associated wit
280. Tringa subarquata, G t. xviii. ; řerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 689; Bi Eur, viii. p. 59; Hume and Dav, Str. 879; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 24o : Murra subarquata, Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. The CURLEw STINT.
Winter Plumage.-Bill curved down back of the neck and nape light greyis and dusky black, with an olivaceous gli dark streak from the gape to the eye; s streaked with brown; breast the same coverts white; back, scapulars and darker; tail ashy grey, edged with wh secondaries, which are tipped with whit the shafts darker. Bill black; irides bi
Length.--8 to IO inches; wing 5 ; ta plumage the forehead is whitish, mixec pale yellowish white; chin white; head, margins; throat, breast and upper abd on 20th May the feathers are all narro and tertiaries black; also the lesser cov

NAE.
brown, except that of the first quill, cki it may be separated by the colour s long toes. (Oates.)
im. Found also seasonally in N.-E.
Burmah, extending on the west to Ceylon, and ranging southwards to
ebes, and the Philipines.
Leisler, Nacht. zu Bechst. Naturg. 59 I ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 45, pl.; Blyth, B. Burm. p. II, 56; David ef z., Str. F. vi. p. 46 I ; Hume, Str. F. AMurray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 251, ty, Avif. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 613, No. ED STINT. oat and supercilia white; a dark spot *ck ashy brown; belly, vent and under ers dusky brown, the rest white; legs
bill at fronto'7; irides deep brown. h it everywhere.
ould, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xix.p. 471, fyth, B. Burm., p. I, 56; EDresser, B. F. vi. p. 46o; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. ry, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 615, Pelidna
394; Salvad., Uca. Born. p. 322.--
wards. Head, on the crown and sides, h brown, streaked with darker brown oss; face and supercilia white, and a ides of the neck and in front greyish, ; abdomen and upper and lower tail wing coverts ashy.brown, the shafts hite; primaries dusky brown, also the e; axillaries white; lesser coverts grey, own; legs dusky grey. il 175; bill at front I*6. In summer l with pale reddish brown; supercilia neck and nape ferruginous with dark omen chestnut; in a specimen obtained wly edged with white; back, scapulars erts, the feathers edged with chestnut.

Page 317
MACH
Hab.-India generally, and Ceylon, istan. Recorded from Cashmere and E Common also in the low tidal portions Sittang rivers and in the Irrawady delt the Tenasserim Coast. Found common and on the large dhunds, not far inland and on the Bombay Coast in some numl
Gen. Mach
Bill straight; first and second quills o' as the first joint; hind toe short and elev
281. Machetes pugnax (Lin Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 46o ; H. F. viii. p. 357; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 87 Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 616, No. 1296. p. 247. Philomachus pugnax, ferd., Zool., Sind, p. 248.–The RUFF.
In winter the plumage of these birds from pale earthy to rich brown, the feat spots and fulvous edges; the head, na throat white; neck in front and breast p margined at the tip with white; abdom primaries dark brown; secondaries pale white; greater coverts tipped white, median ones black, edged with rufou coverts in some stages. The plumage more, no two birds would be found ali ing plumage the males acquire a ruff, stands erect behind the head, the face is upper parts and breast marked with brown; legs fleshy yellow.
Length.- 12 to 125 inches; wing 7 Hab.-Throughout India and Ceylor Occurs also in Beloochistan, Persia and spring on their return to the breeding g very pugnacious, the females being gamous, the Ruffs, on hearing the cry rouses itself, and begins a fight with being both desperate and long; at the becomes the mate or prize of the victor. with each other in a single recounter, shalled ranks.” 'Their actions in f similar to those of a game cock, with t

ET ES 263
also Beluchistan, Persia and Afghangypt, also from Australia and Java. of the plains between the Pegu and a. Recorded also from Arracan and ly along the Sind and Mekran Coasts It occurs in Kutch and Kattiawar )ers, also in the Kurrachee harbour.
etes-Cuv.
wing longest; outer toe united as far ated.
n.), Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 87, pl.; ime, Str. P. viii. p. i 2; Scully, Str. 3; Oates, Str. F. X. p. 24o; Murray,
Tringa pugnax, Linn., Syst. AVat. i. B. Ind. ii. p. 687 ; Murray, Vert.
is very variable, the upper parts are hers with black or dark brown central pe and neck behind paler; chin and ale earthy or grey brown, the feathers en, vent and under tail coverts white; 2r, edged and margined at the tip with forming a wing band; the lesser and s or reddish brown, also the greater ! is so variable, that out of 5o skins or ke. During summer or in their breedwhich is very variously coloured and scovered with reddish tubercles and the
transverse bars. Bill dusky; irides
'25; tail 25; bill at front I'3; tarsus 2.
l, and in great numbers during winter. Afghanistan. Breeds in Europe. During rounds, generally the fens, they become “ causa terrima belli.” Being polyof a female or seeing one, immediately others; their combats are described as end of the fight the female, it is said,
Buffon says-“They not only contend but they advance to combat in marghting," according to Selby, “are very he head lowered, and the beak held in

Page 318
264 SCOLO
a horizontal position, the ruff and eve ing the ground as a shield;' and he a are often attended by fatal consequence
Gen. Calid Hind toe wanting, otherwise as in 7
282. Calidris arenaria (Lin Str. F. i. p. 244; Salvad, Ucc. Born. Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 465 ; Dresser, B. . viii. p. I (3; Oates, Str. P. X. p. 24o; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 398 ; Murr 1297.-The SANDERLING.
In winter the forehead, lores, cheek belly, thighs, vent and under tail covert the neck and breast, back and scapular with dark shafts; shoulders and eige of greater coverts like the back, dark shaft brown, all white shafted; their inner w white oh their outer webs, forming in th secondaries brown or dusky, tipped with brown, edged with white; tail brownish feathers darker than the rest; bill black, Length.-7'5; wing 475; tail 2; t black.
Hab.–Kurrachee (Sind), Beluchist: zerat, Concan and South India, also the Irrawaddy delta. Extremely abundant on the sea-shore.
Sub.-Family, TOT
Bill grooved as far as, or beyond, the and pointed; nostrils narrow; hind toe
ground.
Gen Act:
Groove of the bill extending quite to
283. Actitis hypoleucos (L 893 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 155; Murra Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 619, No. 13OO. I. p. 25o. Tringoides hypoleucos, Ha id, Str. F. ii. p. 299; iii. p. I83; Sa F. viii.p. I 13; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 8 hypoleucos, Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. The CoMMON SAND-PIPER.

'ACIDAE,
y feather distended, the former sweepds “that in such feuds their contests
gy se
ris.-Cuz.
inga. m.), ferd., B. Ind. iii. p. 694 ; Hume, ).322; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 343; 2ur. viii. p. Io I, pl. ; Hume, Str. P. AMurray. Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 252; ay, Awif. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 67, No.
s, chin, throat, breast, neck in front, s white; crown of the head, sides of cinereous or ashy brown, the feathers the wing dark brown ; median and ed and tipped white; primaries dark bs ashy, and the four middle ones e closed wing a wedge-shaped spot; white; rump and upper tail coverts ash, edged with white, the two central
o'93 to inch in length. arsus O'92; irides deep brown; legs
in Coast, Persia, Ceylon, Kutch, Gu: Laccadives, the West Coast, and the everywhere, associated with the Stints
ANINAE-SAND-PIPFRs.
: middle, moderately long, the tip hard long and slender, barely reaching the
tis.--Ill. the tip; 1st quill of wing longest.
nn.), ferd., B. Ind. iii. p. 699, No. t, Vert. Zool., Sind, P. 253; Murray, Tringa hypoleucos, Linn., Syst. Nat. me, Avests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 588 ; vad., UVcc. Born. p. 326; Hume, Str. 57; Oates, Str. F. X. p. 24 I. Totanus 27; Binghan, Str. F. ix. p. I97

Page 319
ACT
Forehead, crown, nape and back c dark narrow lines; supercilium white, sides of the face pale ashy with bro the sides mottled or streaked with bro tertiaries and lesser wing coverts ashy fine transverse dark lines; greater win; which with the white bases of the seco primaries and their coverts dark br all, except the first primary, and som white spot on their inner webs; low ashy brown, with dark transverse bars; the back, the rest tipped with white beneath white. Bill dusky; irides bro
Alength -7 to 8 inches ; wing 4.5; Hab.-Affects the sea coast as well
out India, Burmah, Malacca, Ceylo Afghanistan.
284. Actitis ochropus (Linn Blyth, B. Burm. p. 155; Murray, We phus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 25O; No. I 3o I. Totanus. och ropus, Hume, viii. p. I 35, pl. ; David et Oust. Ois. ( vi, p. 462; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 862. Brit. Orn. Union. ; Oates, B. Br. PIPRR.
In winter plumage the forehead, cr deep or dusky brown, the feathers stre: base of the bill to the eye and a white back and scapulars olive brown, or br edged with small roundish spots, the s behind with deep brown; primaries brown, none of them white-shafted; dusky or dark brown, with narrow a upper and under tail coverts white; brown, the middle feathers having foul ing in number, the outer feathers one: times a dusky subterminal spot on the bill black; irides brown.
Length.-95 to Io inches; wing 5 15.
Hab-Throughout India, Ceylon, frequenting the banks of rivers, edg
34 с

TIS, 265
the head ashy brown, streaked with also the orbital ring, chin and throat; yn streaks ; middle of the breast white, wn, or entirely brown; back, scapulars, brown, glossed with green, and with
coverts ashy brown, tipped with white, daries form a conspicuous wing band; wn, the latter tipped with white, and etimes the second also, with a large *r back, rump and upper tail coverts
four central feathers of the tail like and with dark spots along their edges; vn; legs pale green.
tail 2'4; tarsus o'97 to 1 ; bill org7.
is lakes, &c., inland. Occurs throughn, &c.; also Beloochistan, Persia, and
i.), 7 erd., B. Ind. iii. p. 698, No. 892 ; rt. Zool., Sind, p. 254. Tringa ocroMurray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 619, Str. P. iii. p. I83 ; Dresser, B. Eur. Chine, p. 465; Hume and Dav., Str. F.
Helodromas ochropus, List, Br. B. Burm. ii. p. 4oo.--The GREEN SAND
own, nape and back of the neck are ked with white; a dark streak from the one above it; chin and throat white; own glossed with greenish, each feather ots on the scapulars distinctly margined and their coverts and secondaries deep wing coverts dusky brown; acillaries blique white bars ; abdomen, vent and ail white, broadly barred with deep bars, and those next to them decreasch side being pure white with someouter web; legs and feet greenish grey;
5 to 6; tail 3; bill I'37; tarsus nearly
eloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan, s of lakes and large sheets of water; a

Page 320
266 TOT
winter visitant, seldom seen along the Asia and Africa, extending to Burmah
Gen. Ota
Bill slightly curved at tip, groove ha row scales in front, otherwise as in A
285. Totanus glareola (Gm Str. F. iii. p. I83; Dresser, B. E p. 857; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 677. Actitis Blyth, B. Burm. p. I 55. Rhyacoph vi. p. 462 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 488; v The Wood SAND-PPER.
Winter Plumage.--Crown of the hea dusky brown, the feathers with narrow from the base of the bill to the eye, an rather sullied; foreneck and breast th darker on the sides, where the feathers scapulars and tertials dusky, the feath spots; axillaries white, with transverse secondaries and their coverts dusky bri tips of the later inner ones white; the tipped with white; rump, upper and low with the central feathers longest and ba the barrings oblique, the rest less broad ones to dusky markings on the out irides deep brown.
Length.-85 to 9 inches; wing 5; t Hab.-Common nearly throughout Persian Gulf, and Afghanistan during
286. Totanus canescens (C pl.; Hume, Str. P. i. p. 247; iii. p. Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 4o2 ; No. 303. Scolopax totanus, Linn., S. Gmel., Syst. Nat. i. p. 668. Totanu p. 70o ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I 55 ; Leg Zool., Sind, p. 255.–The GREEN SHA
In winter the forehead, except a few the face, chin, throat, neck in front, under tail coverts, are white, also the l a dark streak from the base of the bill

NINAE,
ea coast. Occurs throughout Europe, and the Malay Peninsula,
U.S.- Bech.
the length of the bill; tarsi. with nar'it is,
), Salvad., Uce. Born. p. 327 ; Hume, ur. viii. p. 143, pl. ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 620, No. 13O2. Tringa glareola, glareola, 7 erd., B. Ind. iii. p. 697 ; la glareola, Hume and Dav., Str. F. iii. p. 1 I3; Oates, Str. P. x. p. 24o.-
d, forehead, nape and back of the neck white or greyish edgings; a dark streak a white one above it; chin and throat Le same, but suffused with ashy brown,
are indistinctly dark shafted; back, Iers edged with white or greyish white oblique dusky brown spots; primaries, own, the shaft of the first quill and the : greater wing coverts margined and er tail coverts and abdomen white ; tail rred with black and white alternately, ly barred and decreasing on the outer er webs only; legs pale olive green;
il 2 ; bill at front I*2 ; tarsus I“ 5.
india, also Ceylon, and in Beloochistan, winter.
mel.), Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. I 73, 183; Armstrong, Str. P. iy. p. 344; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 621, St. Aat. i. p. 245. Scolopax canescens, s glottis (Linn.), řerd., B. Ind. iii. ge, B. Ceylon, p. 84o; Murray, Vert.
KS.
brown streaks in the middle, sides of and entire lower parts, including the wer back, rump and upper tail coverts; o the eye; crown of the head, sides of

Page 321
ΤΟ
the neck and nape dusky, the feathers: of the breast white, mottled with ash brown, the feathers edged whitish; scal tertiaries; primaries dark brown, the s edges and tips of the inner ones also \ white; tail white with narrow transve pure white; bill slightly curved upward brown.
Length-14 to 145 inches; wing 2"
Hab.-India generally during win the sea coast, lakes, rivers, &c. Wid Europe, Red Sea, Africa and Australia, eating.
287. Totanus stagnatilis, B B. Ind. iii. p. 7o II ; Dresser, B. Eur. p. I55; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. II 3; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 844; Oates, B. - Brit. Ind. i p. 621, No. 13O4–The I
In winter the plumage of the upper shoulder of the wing black; entire und so much spotted or streaked with dark glottis; tail banded white and dusky.
Zength.-10'5 inches ; wing S'25 ; ta green; irides brown.
Hab.:-The same as glottis and usua Ceylon, who is a very keen observer, s2 Green Shank from the charge of being up everything that comes in its way says:
“When the bird is seen from a glasses, it exhibits great apparent gre by no means really greedy. It may be food supply. But more positive evid Mannar district, where I for sometim of a rice field, I often, with my b in the field at a distance of . IO or fed was muddy, and the insects in it inserted its bill deeply in the water, a side to disturb them. On their risii secured them.'
288. T Totanus calidris (Lin? Str. F. i. p. 248; ii. p. 299; Blyth, B

ANUS 267
treaked whitish or greyish white; sides y brown; upper back and scapulars ulars distinctly dark shafted, also the aft of the first quill white, and the hite ; secondaries ashy brown, tipped se dark bars, the outer ones nearly , dusky greenish, 22 in length; irides
2 ; tail 375 ; tarsus 2“75.
er, also Burmah and Ceylon, along
ly distributed. Recorded from N.-E. Like all the Zofaninae it is excellent
echst., Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 292; ỹerd., viii. p. I 5 I, pl. ; Blyth, B. Burm. /Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 255; Br. Burm. ii. p. 4O3, Murray, Av/.
ITTLE GREEN SHANK. arts are the same as Tolanus glottis, 2r parts white ; sides of the breast not brown; bill not curved upwards as in
il 2 bill I'62; tarsus 225; legs pale
ly associated with it. Mr. Parker, of ys that he must defend this engaging a greedy feeder; “intent on gobbling in the shortest possible time.' He
considerable distance and without ediness; but, so far as I observed, it is seen preening itself in the midst of its ince than this is forthcoming. In the e lived in a small house at the edge inoculars, watched these birds feeding (5 yards. The water in which they were invisible. The bird, therefore, nd moved it very rapidly from side to g to the surface it rushed after and
.), ferdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 7o2; Hume, Burm. p. 155 ; Dresser, B. Four. viii.

Page 322
268 TOT
p. I 57, pl. ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. III 3 Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 256; Oates, B. . Brit. Ind i. p. 622, No. 1305. Scolo) -The RED SHANK.
Winter Plumage.--Forehead, crown and scapulars cinereous or glossy oliv scapulars dark shafted; superciliumar white; sides of the face greyish whi front and breast greyish white, with dus primaries dusky, their inner webs wh some of the inner ones white tipped back; wing coverts olive brown, the gr under wing coverts, abdomen, vent and white; upper tail coverts and tail white,
Aength.-I I'S inches; tail 27; wing at the base, its terminal half dark browr
Hab.-India generally and Ceylon chistan and Afghanistan, Southern and and Burmah generally. Breeds in the
289. Totalmus fuscus (Linn.) Hume, Str. F. i. p. 248; Dresser, B. É P. iv. p. 5og; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. I Vert. Zool., Sind, pp. 255, 256; Murra -The SPOTTED RED SHANK.
In winter the forehead, crown, nape, grey, finely streaked with dusky; superc the base of the bill to the eye; chin and some fine dusky streaks; breast and dingy ash brown and dull fulvous, or shoulder of wing and lesser coverts a g. back and tertiaries, all the feathers sp wing coverts also tipped with white undulating lines of ashy brown and wil maries dark brown, the inner ones pale secondaries barred white and pale brow orange at the base beneath.
Length.-13 inches; wing 6'75; tail
Hab-Throughout India during wil Burmah; usually solitary or in very sma also found on the edges of rivers, lakes well, and also to dive when in danger.

ANNAE,
; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 852; Murray, Br. Burm. ii. p. 4O4; Murray, Avis. ax calidris, Linn., Syst. NWat. i. p. 245.
nape, back of the neck, upper back : brown, the feathers on the back and d orbital ring white; chin and throat e, with narrow brown streaks; neck in ky or greyish brown linear markings; ite; the first quill white shafted, and ; secondaries white; tertials like the ater ones tipped with white; axillaries, under tail coverts white; lower back barred with dusky.
6'45; bill at front I'7 to 19, reddish ; tarsus 2 ; irides brown ; legs red.
during winter. Sind, Persia, BelooWestern India, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, North of Europe.
, řerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 7o2, No. 896 , ur. viii. p. 765, pl. ; Coqkburn, Str. 3; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 848; Murray, y, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 622, No. 1306.
back of the neck and upper back ashy ilium white, and a dusky streak from
throat white, sides of face white with under parts mottled and barred with greyish white; upper back, scapulars, ossy olive brown, darker on the upper otted on the edges with white; the ; lower back white; rump barred with hite; tail also barred the same; pribrown, tipped and mottled with white; n; legs deep orange red; bill blackish
2'5 ; tarsus 2*8; bill 2"4.
ter, also Ceylon and the Province of l parties. It is a sea-shore bird, but is mud-banks, &c. It is said to swim

Page 323
TEREKI
Gen. Terek
Bill recurved, long, slender; tarsi s less than half the size of the outer one.
290. Terekia, cinerea, Gulde p. 473, t. xix; ferd., B. "Ind. iii. p. { p. I95, pl.; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 237; ii. Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 46o; Leg Zool, Sind, p. 246; Murray, Avs. TEREK SAND-PIPER or PIGMY CURLEw.
Forehead, chin, throat, sides of the with ashy striæ; back, scapulars, tertia brown, the feathers with dark shafts; narrowly tipped with white; primaries ( shaft; secondaries dusky, broadly term of the wing dark brown; tail concoloro with white; sides of the breast ashy gre breast, abdomen, vent and under tail of plumage-March-the entire upper terminated with black, the chin and thro is a distinct fulvous orbital ring, the fore the inner primaries tipped with white.
Length.--IO inches; wing 5 to 5'2; base, the rest dusky or dark brown; tail irides brown.
Hab.-Sind, the Mekran Coast, Ku and Southern India, Burmah and Ceyl creeks and channels during winter. F South Wales. According to Jerdon it b sively distributed over Europe, Asia and
Sub-Family, ILIMI
Bill much lengthened, curved or strai tail short and even ; toes long, united at
Gen. LimC
Bill sub-curved at the tip, inclined united to the middle as far as the firs thirds its length; tarsi long; hind toe h
29. Limosa aegocephala (Li B. Eur. viii. p. 2 I I ; Blyth, AB. Burm. Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 832; Hume and Oates, Str, F. x. p. 239 ; Murray, Ver

A. 269
ia.-Bonap.
hort; toes narrowly webbed; hind toe
1st, N. Comm. Soc. Imp. Petrop. xix. 82, No. 876; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. ). 2g6; Armstrong, Str. F iv. p.34 I ; ge, B. Ceylon, p. 836; Murray, Vert. Brit. Ind. i. p. 624, No. 1309.–The
head and neck in front greyish white ls, rump and upper tail coverts ashy
feathers of the median wing coverts lark brown, the Ist quill with a white inated with white; shoulder and edge us with the back, the tips bordered , the feathers mesially darker; lower coverts white. In an advanced stage parts are darker, the scapulars are at become pale ashy grey, and there head and face become fulvescent, and
bill at front I9 to 2, orange at the 2 to 2'5; legs and feet pale orange;
toh, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, Northern
on generally, affecting the sea coast,
ound also in N.-E. Europe and New
reeds in Northern Asia, and is exten
Australia.
OSINAE.-GoDwiTs.
ght from the base, or turned upwards ;
the base.
sa, Briss.
pwards; tist quill longest; outer toe t joint; tibia bare for more than twoalf..the length of the outermost.
n.n.), řerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 68 I ; Dresser, p. I 55; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 356; Marsh., Game Birds, iii. p. 409, pl.; f, Zool, Sind, p. 243; Oates, B. Br.

Page 324
270 NUME !
Burm. ii. p. 4o9; Murray, Avif. By BLAck-TAILED GoD WIT.
In winter plumage, the entire head, breast pale earthy grey, darker on the is dark shafted; superciliary stripe, chi tail coverts white; rump white, the fea their terminal half; tail white at the bas the outer feathers for their terminal thi tipped white; primaries and their co basally white, and all white on their in white basally, and some of the tertials wing coverts broadly edged with whi coverts; shoulder of wing dusky brown and flanks greyish white.
Zength.-I6 to 18 inches; wing 77. 37 to 45, of a dull reddish colour at greenish; irides dark brown.
Hab.-Nearly throughout India a Southern India, the Concan and the Di and Rajputana, also in Beloochistan, P species is numerous, everywhere behi Munchur Lake, in the shallow pools, swimming across deeper spots if beyo much esteem for the table, being equ especially those which have been feedi
Sub-Family.
Bill very long, slender, arcuate and rather obtuse.
Gen. Nume
Characters same as those of the Sub upper mandible slightly the longer ; tal toe slender with a rudimentary nail.
292. Numenius phaeopus ( Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 227, pl.; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I 55 ; Hume, Str. p. 9Io; Oates, Str. F.X. p. 240; Mu, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 4 I II ; Murray, Scolopax phæopus, Linn. Syst. Wat. p
Forehead and crown dusky brown w dark brown; superciliary stripe white,

NINAE.
'it. Ind. ii. p. 626, No. 13 1.-The
pack of the neck, back, scapulars and scapulars and back, where each feather in, throat, also the abdomen and under thers of the upper tail coverts black for se, the terminal two-thirds tipped black, 'd only, and all more or less narrowly verts dusky brown, the inner primaries ner webs; secondaries dusky terminally, with their outer webs white; greater te, also some of the hinder primary l, also the lower back; neck in front
5 to 875; tail 3' 12 to 35 ; bill at front base and dusky at the tip; legs dusky
nd Ceylon during 'winter. Rare in eccan. Common in Kutch, Kattiawar ersia and Afghanistan. In Sind this hd the tall grass, along the edges of the wading up to their body, and often pnd its standing depth. It is held in Lal to Jack and the Common Snipe, ng in rice fields.
, NUMENINAE.
compressed, with the tip hard and
ベー १8
nius.--Linn.
-Family; bill curved from the base; isi narrowly scutate transversely; hind
Linn.), ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 684 ; AHume, Str. F. ii. p. 297; iii. p. I82; F. viii, p. I 12; Legge, Birds, Ceylon, rray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 247; Oates, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 629, No. 1313. . 243-The WHIMBREL.
ith a mesial longitudinal streak; lores extending from the upper side of the

Page 325
a Upper mandible. b Lower mandible.
c Nostrils.
d Culmen or keel.
e Gonys.
f Margins of mandibles
or commissure.
f2 Ophthalmic region, or
orbit.
g Forehead.
h Crown. i Sinciput or hind head. k Nape.
Ear-coverts.
m. Chin or mentum.
in Throat.
o Breast.
p The body. g Belly or abdomen. r vent.
s Under-tail coverts,
se
SS- ܢ ̄ܐܵܬ݂ܵܐ܃
5
عحیی
t Interscapula or back
Lower back,
av Rump.
a 2 Upper-tail a Tail feather
z Central or
feather
aa Lateral tal
bb Shoulder c
cc Shoulder
wing c.
dd ‘Axilla, or ee · Spurious v primar
f Scapulars. gg Thigh or t hih Tarsus.
ii Toes.
 
 
 
 
 
 

ries Lesser coverts.
2 Median coverts. 3 Greater coverts. 4. Primaries.
5 Secondaries.
coverts,
6 Tertiaries.
S.
d 7 Festoon median tai
ian tail 3 Cere.
feathers.
of wing.
joint (lesser
Overt S.
edge of wing.
wing or y coverts.
ibia.

Page 326


Page 327
NUME
upper mandible; orbital feathers white and behind, and breast, ochreous wh longitudinal streak ; flanks, axillaries with pale brown, as also are the rum brownish white or grey brown, with { white ; upper back, scapulars and wi feathers edged pale white or dirty fu their inner webs as well as both webso reaching the shaft.
Aab.-Throughout most parts of In N. Africa, Egypt and Abyssinia.
Affects the same situations as the Cl harbour it is oftener seen than the Cui approach, but unlike the Curlew it is sandy flats, far inland, in flocks of 3, along the sea coast, mud-banks and s the sea, and like the Curlew is a fine perhaps better than the Curlew, and Bengal.
Numenius, arqua
293. Numenius arquatus No. 877 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 243. Wert. Zool., Sind, p. 247; Oates, B. Brit. Ind. i. p. 630, No. 1314. Sc p. 242. Numenius lineatus, Cuv, R. I, p. 155; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 9O6.-
 

fUS. 271
; chin and throat white; neck in front ite, the feathers with a dark central and under wing coverts white, barred p and upper tail coverts; tail brown, -7 bars of dark brown; lower back ng coverts dusky or deep brown, the lvous; primaries dusky or dark brown, f the secondaries with white bars, not
lia, Burmah and Ceylon; also Europe,
irlew, in small flocks. In the Kurrachee lew, and is more shy and difficult to often seen on open barren tracts, or 4 or half-a-dozen. It is common all andy islands of estuaries of rivers, or of bird for the table; Jerdon says it is has been called the “Woodcock” of
Z
- tt lill- محمحے سے
tus. The Curlew.
(Linn.), Yerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 683, pl. ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 82 ; Murray, Br. Burm. ii. p. 4 I 2; Murray, Avi/. olopax arquata, Linn., Syst. Nat. I. gn. Anim. I. p. 52 I ; Blyth. B. Burm. -The CURLEw.

Page 328
272 RECURVIR
Head, neck behind and in front, also grey brown, the feathers with dark me back and scapulars varying from dusky edged fulvous or pale rufous; upper al shaft-streaks; lower abdomen, vent and back white; rump and upper tail cover fulvous white with transverse brown bars space above the eye in some specimens; dark brown, their inner webs mottled w with transverse white bars on both webs forming a rude saw, the edges and tips
Length.-21 to 26 inches; wing 12 725; irides dark brown; legs and feet
Hab.–Throughoutmost parts of Euro Egypt, Abyssinia and Palestine. Com waters in great numbers during winter; : Punjab rivers, and on all large inland sh
Sub-Family, RECUR
Nostrils narrow, membranous; tail sh with reticulated scales; bill long and sler
Gen. Recurvir Bill long, thin, the keel flattened, the t webs; hind toe short.
294. Recurvirostra, avocett B. Eur. pl. 289; 7 erd., B. Ind. iii. p. 2 p. 222; id, Vert. Zool, Sind, p. 258; Avis. Brit. Ind. i p. 631, No. 1316.–Th
Forehead in some specimens faintly w nape and back of the neck black; sca tertials black; primaries black, some of white; secondaries and some of the terti lower neck behind, lower back, rump, surface white.
Length.-17 to 18 inches; bill 35, tail 3; tarsus 362; irides red brown; l
Hab.-Throughout India and Ceylon Egypt, Senegal and Persia. Common almost every large sheet of water, especi. the edges of tanks, &c. Occasionally aff bour, but by preference the inland water Upper India the Avocet is less common; rather rare.

)STRINAE.
he breast, rufescent ashy, or rufescent sial longitudinal shaft-streaks; upper o dark brown, the feathers broadly domen white, the feathers with dusky under tail coverts pure white; lower is also white, with dark shafts; tail ; chin and throat white, also a small first five primaries and edge of wing th white; secondaries dusky brown, half across only, the dark markings of the feathers white.
to 125; tail 4's; bill at front S to bluish grey. pe, India, Burmah, Ceylon, N. Africa, mon along the sea coast and back also along the banks of the Indus and eets of water.
VIROSTRINAE-Bp.
ort and rounded; tarsi long, covered lder, recurved in one genus.
'Ostra-Linn. ips turned upwards; toes united by
a (Linn.), Bodd., P. E. 353; Gould, 48; Murray, Halbk., Zool.,.c., Sind,
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 925; Murray, e Avocet, Scooper or CrookED-BILL. hite, otherwise black; crown, lores, pulars, lesser wing coverts and upper the inner ones with their inner webs als white ; chin, throat, neck in front,
upper tail coverts and entire under
curved upwards, black; wing 85; gs pale bluish grey. during winter; S.-E. Europe, Lower in Sind, in large flocks inland, on ally on the Munchur Lake and along ects the sea coast and Kurrachee har - s. Breeds probably in Persia. In in Kutch, Jodhpore and N. Guzerat

Page 329
HMAN
Gen. Himant
Bill long and straight; toes webbed toe wanting
295. Himantopus candidu Meth., Orn. i, p. 24; ỹerd., B. Ind. ii Dresser, B. Eur, vii. p. 587, pl. ; H p. I 13; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 919; Mu I 3 I 7. Himantopus intermedius, Hu Charadrius himantopus, Linn., Syst. N In winter plumage, the forehead, lor back and rump white; crown of the he ashy grey, the feathers tipped with w the feathers with pale tippings; prim white; secondaries also with white tips the rest white. In the breeding pluma tertiaries and upper back are rich glos crown of the head dusky or dark brow Length.-15 to 16 inches; wing 85 base, 275 inches in length; tarsi 45 t lake red.
Aab.-India generally, also Burma winter, frequenting margins of lakes a in Sind during June in the Narra Dist blue colour, spotted and speckled with tion 18 to 20 days. The young art e hatched, and hide themselves amo Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Persia, and
Family,
Bill long, one and a half or twice wing spurred or with a tubercle; tarsi
Sub-Famil General characters of the Family; f
thin, to enable the members to walk o plants.
Gen. Hydroph
1st and 2nd quill of wing equal : appendage to the tips; bill more slend out a frontal shield; tail long; Central ing season.
36 o

TOPUS. 273
opus-Briss,
only at the base; nostrils linear; hind
s (Žnn.), Bonnat. 7aöl. Ency. e. . p. 7O4; Hume, Ibis, I 870, p. I46; 'une and Dav, Str. P. vi, p.464 ; viii. rray, Avis. Brit. Ind i. p. 632, No. ‘pee, Avests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 589 'at. i. p. 255-The STILT. es, chin, throat, entirelowerparts, lower ad dusky or dark ash; neck behind hite; upper back and scapulars brown, aries dark brown, the inner ones tipped ; central tail feathers very pale grey, ge the primaries, secondaries, scapulars sy black, with greenish reflections; the n, spreading over and below the eyes.
to g; tail 3; bill black, reddish at the o 5'5; irides blood red; legs and feet
h and Ceylon, in large flocks during hd ponds, also banks of rivers. Breeds :ricts. Eggs 2-4 in number, of a pale dark brown and olive green. Incuba2 said to leave the nest immediately they ng very scanty cover. Found also in
probably Mesopotamia.
PARRIDAE.
the length of the head; nostrils lateral; long; toes long with long claws.
y, PARRINAE.
eet large; toes and claws very long and in marshy or oozy ground and aquatic
lasianus.-Wagl.
and longest; primaries with lanceolate ler than in Metopidius; forehead withfeathers much elongated in the breed

Page 330
274, RALI
296. Hydrophasianus chin p. 709; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. Salvado, Ucc. Born p. 343; David e B. Ceylon, p. 94 ; Oates, B. Br. Bur Sind, p. 259. Tringa chirurgus, Scop Parra sinensis (Gm.), Syst. NWat. I, p. and Wald, B. Burm. p. 157-The P
In winter plumage, the forehead, c1 through the eye, extending down each forming a pectoral gorget; also the bac the feathers on the forehead and crown and a pale golden yellow line from beh and lesser wing coverts glossy olive, rump, upper tail coverts and central tal wing coverts mottled and barred transv spurred. First primary with an appenda also in some specimens hair like at the and second, broadly white on their inn secondaries, chin, throat, neck in front, white; tail 35 to 4 inches. In breedin face, chin, throat and neck in front nape; and the neck behind is shining g black; back, scapulars and tertiaries c tions; rump and upper tail coverts br and entire lower parts dark or deep du wing coverts white; primaries as in the
Zength.–18 to 2O inches; irides dar and tipped greenish, I'25 in length ; ta sus 2' 12; middle toe and claw 3 inches
Hab.–Throughout India, Ceylon ar on the Munchur and other Lakes, als Breeds in India generally from May ti nest. Eggs, pear-shaped, of a beautif
Family,
Bill compressed, short, pointed, th: groove; legs stout; toes long; tarsi mo
Sub-Family, GALLIN
Bill with the keel advancing on ti casque ; toes long and slender or bord and rounded; hind toe long.

IDAE.
urgus (Scop.), 7erd, B. Ind. iii. A3 p. 592 ; id, Str. F. iii. p. 185;
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 483; Legge, m. ili. p. 360; Murray, Vert. Zool,
Del. Flor. et. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92. 7o9. Hydrophasianus sinensis, Blyth
EASANT-TAILED JACANA. own, a streak from the base of the bill side of the neck on to the breast and k of the neck dusky or pale hair brown,
tipped with white; supercilium white, ind the eye; back, scapulars, tertials or pale hair brown; the lower back, feathers slightly darker, and the lesser ersely with white. Shoulder of wing ge, the shaft of 2nd, 3rd and 4th quills tip, all dark brown, and, except the first dr and outer webs; greater coverts and , abdomen, vent and under tail coverts g plumage the for ehead, crown, entire white. There is a black patch on the olden yellow, edged on the sides with lark olive brown, with purplish refleconzed dark brown; tail black; breast sky brown; shoulder of wing spurred; winter plumage. k brown; bill plumbeous at the base il IO to II inches; wing 8 to 85; tar
; hind toe and claw 2 inches. d British Burmah. Common in Sind ) in the Punjab and N.-W. Provinces. D September, making a large floating ul bronze colour.
RALLIDAE.
ck, wedge-shaped; nostrils in a short ierate; tail short.
TULINAE.--WATER-HENs.
he forehead, where there is usually a ered by a scolloped web; wings short

Page 331
PORPH
Gen. Porph
Bill verythick ; casque large ; mid-t with web.
Porphyrio poliocephalu
297. Porphyrio polioceph p. 7 I 3 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 6 I ; Butl p. 65 ; Elliot, Str. F. vii. p. 22; Leg, Zool., Sind, p. 26o; Oates, B. Br. B Ind. i. p. 635, No. 132O. Parker, Ibis Lath, Ind. Orn, Suppl. p. lxviii. Por ÄRalli, p. 53; Hume, Str F. i. p. 249 ; Str. P. iii. p. I85-The PURFLe CooI
Occiput and nape, lores, and round t cheeks, chin and throat the same, but v front and breast pale bluish; lower bre coverts dark purplish blue; under tail co and upper tail coverts purplish blue; se of primaries pale greenish blue, the inn tertials dark brown or black; tail blac with bluish.
“Nestling black-haired; bill white; purple or lilac; legs reddish purple; t (Parker MS.)
Length.-18 inches; wing Io to lo2 mid-toe 362 ; casque and spot at base legs crimson.
 

YRO... 275
yrio.-Briss.
e as long as tarsi, slender, not fringed
s. The Purple Coot.
alus (Lath.), erd, B. Ind, iii. er, Str. F. iv. p. 2O; Oates, Str. F. vi. ge, B. Ceylon p. 795 ; Murray, Vert. urm. ii. p. 35 I ; Murray, Avif. Brit.
1886, p. 87, Gallinula poliocephala phyrio neglectus, Scheg. Mus. P. B.
Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 594; id.
he eyes greyish, clouded with purple; with more of a purple tinge; neck in :ast, abdomen, flanks, vent and thigh verts white; back of neck, back, rump, :apulars, wing coverts and outer webs er webs of primaries, secondaries and k, the feathers on the outer web edged
the base and sides crimson ; casque oes lilac ; spur on winglet prominent.'
}; tail 4’ 5 ; bill at gape I'62 ; tarsi 3'62 ; of bill cherry red; bill red; irides red;

Page 332
276 RAL
Hab.-Throughout India, Ceylon anc chistan and Afghanistan. Common i not believe they are anywhere as nume among the rushes, they are with the Ba.
Breeds in Ceylon in the Manaar d Sind and India generally from May tc &c., in the reedy grass. Eggs prettil spots, blotches and streaks of a reddish
Gen. E
Bill moderate; nostrils lateral; casq shoulder; tail short; toes with lobate
Fulica
298. Fulica atra, Zinn., Sys p. 715; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 249; id., N p. 62; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1887, Murray, Vert. Zool, Sind, p. 261; O. ray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 636, No. 1. Upper plumage black; hoary, dark : a spot below the eye, and the outer ed casque white; also the bill, which in t irides blood red; legs dull green, with breeding season.
Zength.-I5 to 16 inches; wing 75 Hab.–Throughout India, Ceylon an and south), Egypt, Assam, Nepaul, I Not recorded by Colonel Legge, but ha the interior of the Central Province, in numerous in suitable localities, but on th says (Str. F. vol. i. 249), “they would
 

LIDAE.
British Burmah; also in Persia, Beloon Sind in suitable localities, but I do rous as om the Munchur Lake, where, ld Coot simply innumerable.
istrict in January and February. In September, making a nest of rushes, y marked on a greenish ground with
colour, lake red or rich red.
'ulica. ue small; wing with a tubercle at the membrane.
atra.
. Nat. I, p. 257 ; Žerd., B. Ind. iii. sts and Eggs p. 595; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 472, Dresser, B. Eur, vii. p. 327; ates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 352 ; /Mur32 I.-The BALD CooT. ash, lead colour or dusky brown below; ge of the wings white; frontal disc or he breeding season is tinged pale red; a yellow, green, and red garter in the
to 775; tail 2; bill at gape 14 I. d British Burmah; also Europe (central Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan. Ls been since found as a straggler in
1887, but is very rare. In India, it is ie Munchur Lake in Sind, as Mir. Hume have to be counted not by thousands,

Page 333
ΗΥΡΟΤ
but by hundreds of thousands. * * * ing over some of these wretched coot the world has he even seen such incre in Sind; in the Munchur Lake par ex
Gen. Hypota
Bill moderately long, straight or sl cylindrical at the tip; upper mandib nostrils lateral, linear, and situated in tarsi long and robust ; toes long and anterior toes entirely divided; wings s longest.
299. Hypotaenidia striata p. 95; Hume, Wests and Eggs Ind. Hume, Str. F. iii. p. I8g ; Hume and Ceylon, p. 775; Hume and Marsh., C ABurm. ii. p. 339; Murray, Aoi/. Bri striatus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 262.-1 Top of head, nape and hind neck ch wing coverts and tertiales, blackish b olive brown and barred with white; brown, barred with white; lores, cheeks and breast bluish grey, tinged somew lower abdomen, vent, under tail and th dark brown, barred with white; centre on the basal half; remainder horn col and feet dull greenish or olive brown. and bluish breast.
Length.-98 to I 15 inches; wing, to I°62 ; bill from gape II '32 to I'82.
Hab.-Southern India, along the Malabar Coast, Southern Konkan, in til Ceylon. It also occurs in Lower Beng bourhood of Calcutta too, as well as in Assam Walley to Sadiya. In Arracan Burmah, Oates says, it is found throug included. Breeds in all localities wh making a small nest of grass on the gr vegetation. Eggs, seven in number, c pale purple. In length they vary from I'13 in width.

4ENIDIA. 27ל
You can shoot nothing without knock
S.' He also adds “that in no part of lible multitudes of coot as are met with : ellence.’’ -
nidia-Reich.
ghtly arched, compressed at the base, le grooved for two-thirds of its length ; the groove; lower part of tibia naked; slender, three before and one behind; hort and rounded; 3rd and 4th quills
(Linn.), Wald, Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. B. p. 6o5 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I6 I ; Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 468; Legge, B. Fame Birds ii. p. 245, pl. ; Oates, Br. f. Ind. ii. p. 638, No. 323. Rallus
he BLUE-BREASTED BANDED RAIL. estnut; upper plumage, including the rown, each feather broadly edged with primaries, secondaries and tail dark ear coverts, sides of the neck, foreneck hat with rufescent; sides of the body, igh coverts, also the under wing coverts, of abdomen dull white; bill rosy pink our or yellowish green; irides red; legs The young has not the chestnut head
45 to 5 ; tail I "5 to 2*25 ; tarsus II ’3
bases of the Neilgherries, the Wynaad, e Rutnagherry districts and Southern al in the deltaic districts, in the neighSylhet, Cachar, Khasia Hills, and the t is said to be fairly common, while in hout the whole province, Tenasserim -re they occur, from May to October, und near water, surrounded by thick f a pinkish stone colour blotched with
I'28 to I'41 inches, and from O'98 to

Page 334
278 RALL
Gen. Rall1
Bill moderately long, straight or sligh spur; other characters as in Hypotamid
300. Rallus indicus, Blyth, ind. iii. p. 726; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 4 et Oust. Ois. Chine p. 489 ; Legge, Z p. 1 и 3 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Bira ii. p. 342; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. RAIL.
Above, including the sides of the nec sometimes with a ruddy tinge, each fea a dark streak from the lores continued broad white supercilium from above thi brown, some of them tipped with whitis primaries and secondaries brown, so ruddy; chin and throat plumbeous; ch abdomen plumbeous ashy, the feathers. of the abdomen and of the body, axil white; under tail coverts white, each fe: under wing coverts black, with white culmen and tip ; irides red brown; legs Length.-IO to Io's inches; tail 2 gape II"6.
Hab.–Ceylon and from Bengal to Blyth. Frequents patches of rush and ditches. A migrant to India. Accordi tral and Southern India, and has chiefly
Gen. Rallil Base of bill not prolonged over the fo
301. Rallina euryzonoides p. 767; Legge, B. Ceylon, p.772; Hu Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 237, pl.; Oa, Burm. ii. p. 34O ; Murray, Avi/. B'ri euryzonoides, La/resn., Rev. Zool. 18 Syst. Nat. I. p. 7 I6, Porzana ceylo. Beng. p. 285; Yerd, B. Ind, ii. p. 725 Bourdillon in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 16. B. Burm., p. 162.-The BANDED CRAK
Whole head, neck all round and br and tail rich olive brown with a ruddy

DAE.
S.-Linn.
ly curved at tip; shoulder with a small Z.
f. A. S. B. xviii. p. 82o; 37yerd, B. I6; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 162 ; David . Ceylon p. 778; Hume, Str. F. viii. ii. p. 257, pl. ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ). 638, No. 1324.-The INDIAN WATER
k, scapulars and tertiaries olive brown, her with a broad black mesial streak; under the eye to the ear coverts; a s to the nape; wing coverts dark olive h, and all broadly edged with ruddy; me of the inner ones margined with eeks, foreneck, breast and centre of more or less fringed with ruddy; sides laries and vent blackish, barred with ather with a large black central patch; margins. Bill dull red, dusky on the and feet dirty pale green.
'2; wing 52; tarsus 16; bill from
Nepaul. Recorded from Arracan by | grass at the edges of swamps and ng to Jerdon it is a rare bird in Cenbeen found in the cold season.
la-Reich.
rehead, feet shorter than in the Rails.
(Lafresn.), 7 weed., P. Z. S. 1877, me, Str. P. viii. p. I I3; Hume and es, Str. F. X. p. 242; Oates, B. Br. . Ind. ii. p. 639. No. I 325. Gallinula 5 p. 368. Rallus zeylanicus, Gm., ica, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. ; Hume, Str. P. i. p. 440; iii. p. I88; Rallina ceylonica, Wald. in Blyth's
East chestnut; upper plumage, wings inge on the back, rump, Scapulars and

Page 335
PORZ
tertiaries; quills with white bars on the abdomen, vent, under tail coverts, side broadly barred with dark brown and w mandible and the greater portion of the brown; irides blood red; eyelids grey; Length.-IO inches; tail 22; wing Hab.-In Ceylon it arrives in Octob that island in an exhausted condition.
Mr. Parker observes “that when sli and tail erect, taking dainty little stel frightened they run a short distance erect, then take a few slow cautious When passing through the sedge they course, the general habits of all Rails.
Thayetmyo in British Burmah, where by Colonel Horace Browne.
It has been found in Sikkim, Bhoo Ganjam Districts. Mr. Hume got a sp Mr. Brooks in Cawnpore. It has also near Lucknow. About Calcutta, and obtained, but all these were apparently
Sub-Family, R
Forehead with a nude shield; bill in the Gallinules; shoulder of wing w.
Gen. POrz
Wings moderate, rounded; tail sho! tarSuS.
3O2. Porzana Bailloni (Vie Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 766; Hume an. F. viii. p. 358; Hume and Marsh., G Burm. ii. p. 344 ; Murray, Alvi/. Il Bailloni, Wout), Dict. d'AIist. Nat. : Waturg. Vog. Deutschl. ix. p. 567. p. 723, No. 9Io; Murray, Vert. Zool, AWests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 6o3.–Th
Head and hind neck wood brown; ish brown with an olive tinge, the f black-edged spots; supercilium, che upper abdomen bluish grey; the side

NA 279
nner webs; chiff and throat whitish; of the body and under wing coverts ite. Bill with the base of the upper lower green; remainder of bill dark legs black. (Oates.) '5 ; tarsus II "75 ; bill from gape II* 3. r in considerable numbers, coming to It remains there till June. ghtly alarmed they walk with the head is, as though on tip-toe. When more with the head down, but the tail still steps followed by another little run. make a clucking noise.' This is, of
: Oates had a live specimen sent to him
tan, Nepaul and in Goomsoor in the ecimen from the Assamboo Hills, and been got near Cuttack and in Mainpuri also near Madras, it has also been stragglers during severe winter.
ALLINAE.-RAILs.
compressed, slender; toes shorter than th a tubercle or short spur.
ana- Vieill.
t; toes long, about the length of the
ll), Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 275, pl.; i Davy., Str. F. vi. p. 467 ; Scully, Str. me Birds ii. p. 2O3, pl. ; Oates, B. Br. rit. Ind. ii. p. 64I, No. I 328. Rallus xviii. p. 548. Crex pygmæa, NWaum. Porzana pygmaea, jerd, B. Ind. iii. Sind, p. 264. Zaporna pygmaea, Hume,
PIGMY RAIL or BAILLON's CRAKE. back, scapulars and wing coverts yellowathers with numerous irregular, white, ks, chin and throat grey; breast and , vent and under tail coverts black, with

Page 336
280 RAL
transverse white bars; primaries dusky ish white; secondaries with zigzag wh yellowish brown, with a tinge of olive white, which have edgings of black; tai reddish; legs fleshy brown.
Length.-7 to 775 inches; wing 36 tarsus IO; mid-toe and claw I S.
Hab.–Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provir Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan a India and Burmah, also Ceylon. It is Afghanistan, and probably Persia also, said to be not uncommon.
Breeds during July and August in the ranges of the Himalayas about rice swa number, oval, slightly pointed towards greenish drab, thickly freckled and mot In length they vary from II to I:22 an The habits of this species is not unlik more shy and retiring, and when disturt leaves or other aquatic herbage, and c coverts it frequents.
3O3. Porzana, fusca (Linn.), Blyth, B. Burm, p. 161; Legge, B. Ce Birds ii. p. 2 17; Olales, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 642, No. I 33o. Rallus fuscus, , fusca, Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. The RUDDY CRAKE.
Forehead as far back as the eyes, the neck, breast and upper abdomen rich sides of the body and lower abdomen o coverts dark brown, irregularly and inc upper plumage, wings and tail olive br with white. The female has the ferrug white of the throat extends lower down the edges red; bill greenish brown; le fuscous. (Oates.)
Length.-85 inches; tail I'75; win Āab.-Ceylon, Southern and Centra Rajpootana (rare). Common in Lowe Burmah. Breeds during July and Au also in Burmah, where, according to O. also recorded from Arracan and the Mi

DAE.
brown; outer web of Ist quill yellowe lines bordered with black; tertiaries spotted or streaked irregularly with dusky brown; bill dark green; irides
7; tail '75 to 2; bill at front o'62;
ces and Oudh, also Bengal, Nepaul, nd Deccan, and generally throughout lso an inhabitant of Beloochistan and
In Central and Southern India it is
plains of Upper India and in the lower mps and marshy pools. Eggs, six in one end; a pale olive stone colour or led with faint dusky clouds and streaks. i in width from O'83 to o'91 inch. e the other Rails, but, as a rule, it is bed, runs with great speed on the lotus onceals itself among the thickest of the
řerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 724, No. 9 ( I ; ylon p. 769; Hume and Marsh., Game ii. p. 346 ; Murray, Avi/. Brit. Ind. Linn, Syst. Wat. i. p. 262. Rallina ), 6o4; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. 1 I3.-
sides of the head and neck, the foreferruginous; chin and throat whitish ; tivaceous; flanks, vent and under tail istinctly barred with white; the whole own; under wing coverts brown edged inous of the lower parts paler and the
irides crimson; eyelids plumbeous, gs and toes red; hinder parts of leg
38; tarsus I '4 ; bill from gape II“o. India, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, and and Eastern Bengal, also in British gust on the Woolar Lake in Cashmere, tes, it is a permanent resident. It is lay Peninsula.

Page 337
GALL
Gen. Gallim
Bill moderate, curved slightly at the t the middle of the upper mandible; bill ing a small shield; shoulder of wing w rowly edged by membrane.
Galli ula chloropus. Th
304. Gallinula chloropus No. 905; Aume, Wests and Eggs Ind. .
p. I87; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 162 ; Dr. and Dav., Str. F vi. p. 466; Legge, Zool., Sind, p. 262; Oates, B. Br. Bu Ind. i. p. 645, No. 1333; Parker, I Blyth, ỹ. A. S. B. xiii. p. 736. --The l
Top of head, nape and back of neck tertiaries, wing coverts and upper tail cc secondaries and tail dusky brown, the o fulvous brown streak from behind the patch of the same colour on the side ( under each eye a white spot; chin and the feathers tipped with pale or dirty feathers black; under tail coverts whi those falling on the thighs pale brown w at base, greenish yellow at tip; irides re
Length.-12 to 13 inches; wing 675 plumage the entire head and neck ar. upper plumage darker olive brown.
36 og
 

ULA. 281
la-Briss.
p; nostrils in a groove, placed about xtending on to the forehead and formith a tubercle or spur; toes very nar
1e Water or Moor Hen.
(Linn.), ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 7 I6, B. p. 397; id, Str. F. i. p. 25o; iii. esser, B. Eur. vii, p. 313, pl.; Hume B. Ceylon, p. 78 I ; Murray, Vert. rm. ii. p. 347 ; Murray, Avif. Brit. bis, 1886, p. 87. Gallinula Burnesi, MooR HIEN.
dusky olive brown; back, scapulars, overts shining olive brown; primaries, uter web of the 1st quill white; a pale nostril on each side to the eye, and a of the head including the ear coverts; throat white; breast dark bluish ashy, fulvous; lower abdomen white; vent te; feathers on the flanks long and lax, ith a mesial white streak; bill reddish :d; an orange garter above the knee.
; tail 3; bill at gape II. In mature e dark brown, almost black, and the

Page 338
282 RAL
Hab-Diffused throughout India, Ce and South Europe, Africa and Java. Afghanistan, Eastern Turkestan, Nepa and marshes. In the dhunds and jhee and Rajputana, it is extremely common day, on retreating to the edges of th among the reeds and rushes. It is le along the margins of the waters among t worms and seeds. Breeds from March t of withered reeds and rushes, placed in lays from 4 to 6 eggs; in shape they stone colour, with a pinkish tinge, speci brown or red. It is said that the fema her eggs with the leaves of the surroun swim immediately they are hatched. Parker says it is numerous, and a regul: a permanent resident, while throughout as one of the rarest species.
305. Gallinula phoenicura No. 907; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. I p. 263; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind, i.
Pennant in Forst. Zool. Ind. p. 19, pl. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 94 ; Salvad., UVcc. Bo, Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 348.-T Forehead, lores, entire face, chin, ch white; crown of the head, nape, neck and tail black, with greenish reflections abdomen, vent and under tail coverts d of green; irides blood red.
Alength.-12 to 13 inches; wing 6'5 Hab.–Ceylon, Sind and throughou In Sind not uncommon along the canal the Manaar Districts from January to May to December, and in India genera with a light reddish tinge, spotted an
and bluish grey; affects generally the h canals.
Gen. Gallic
Bill as in Gallinula, with the base of and forming a fleshy protuberance; toe the length of the mid-toe; claws curved

D.
lon and parts of Burmah, also Central
Occurs also in Beluchistan, Persia, and Cashmere, affecting small rivers ; in Sind, also in the Deccan, Guzerat swimming about freely. During the e tanks or dhunds, it lives concealed is shy towards evening when it creeps he long reeds in quest of aquatic insects, » August. The mest is a large structure 2ar the brink of the water; the female are long, oval or ovate pyriform, of a led, spotted and blotched with reddish e never quits its nest without covering ling herbage. The young are able to
In the N.-W. Provinces of Ceylon ur immigrant; in the extreme south-east the east of the Island it is only known
(Penn.), ferd., B. Ind. ii. p. 72o, 3. p. 599; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 645, No. 1334. Rallus phoenicurus, ix. Erythra phoenicura, Wald, Trans. rn, p. 34o; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 786; he WHITE-BREASTED WATER HIEN. eks, throat, neck, breast and abdomen behind, back, scapulars, wings, flanks ; outer web of first quill white; lower eep chestnut; bill yellow with a tinge
; tail 2'5; bill at front I'5.
the Indian Peninsula and Burmah. s and the Indus. Breeds in Ceylon in March, in the N.-W. Provinces from ly from May to August. Eggs greyish, d blotched with various shades of red eavy undergrowth along the edges of
rex.- Blyth.
the bill extending on to the forehead i long; hind toe and claws about half

Page 339
GALLl
306. Gallicrex cinereus ( p. 596; Wald, Z'rans. Zool. Soc.
Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 477 Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 261 ; Oates, B. Z Brit. Ind. i. p. 646, No. 1335. Fulic Gallinula cristata, Lath., Ind. Orn. ii. Ind. iii. p. 7 16; Blyth and Wald., B.
Male in Breeding Plumage.--Dull coverts, rump and upper tail coverts tertials dark brown, edged with pale w quills dusky, the shaft of the Ist quil feathers edged with pale brown; lower bill greenish yellow, fine red at the bas red; irides red; legs dull red.
Length.-16 to 17 inches; extent 23 Female.--Top of head dull black o; scapulars, wing coverts and tertiaries tl more broadly on the back and wings; ing a broad supercilium fulvous, in s throat fulvous white; neck in front, b fulvous, the feathers with narrow tra primaries and secondaries dusky brow Length.-13 to 14 inches; wing 7; AHab.–Ceylon, Sind, Lower Bengal Burmah and Malayana. Affects large rivers, where several may be seen in ti cover of tamarisk, fringing the banks,
ORDER, H
Bill large, long, stout and strong, tarsi generally long and scutellate ; ta space, The Order comprises the Stor
Family, CICO)
Bill long and stout, compressed to the bill and situated near the base of united at the base.
Breeds in inaccessible places in par a large nest of sticks, and laying 2Vultures ; huge broad ovals, in size fr to 2'55 in breadth.

REX, 288
m.), Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. x. p. 229; Oates, Str. F. v. p. I65; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 79 I; Murray, r. Burm. ii. p. 349; Murray, Avif. cinerea, Gmel., Syst. ÄVat. i. p. 7o2. ». 779. Gallicrex cristatus, ỹerd, B. Burm. p. 161.-The WATER Cock. lack, the feathers of the back, wing more or less edged with light brown; hity brown; edge of the wing white; white; tail blackish brown, the outer wing coverts dusky with whitish edges; ; the crest about one inch long, fleshy
; wing 85; tail 3'5; tarsus 3. (Serd)
dusky brown; back of neck, back, he same, the feathers edged with fulvous, tail the same; sides of the face, includome with a rufescent tinge; chin and east and entire under parts brownish nsverse bars; thigh covcrts the same; n; outer web of first quill fulvous. tail 2'5 ; bill at gape II* 25 ; tarsus 25. , Tennaserim, South and Central India, swamps and marshes, ilso the vicinity of he early morning, issuing from the thick and running along the edge of the water.
ERODIONES.
pointed and in some slightly curved; il short; tibia bare for a considerable ks, Herons and Ibises.
NIDAE.-STORKs.
he tip; nostrils narrow, pierced through the culmen; tail moderate; front toes
's of Bengal and Burmah, constructing 3 whitish eggs, not unlike those of the om 287 to 3’3 in length, and from 2" I

Page 340
284 CICC
307. Leptoptilus Javanicu Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 358; Blyth p. II3; Sharpe, Ibis, 1819, p. 72; Oa ii. p. 263; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i Hory, 7rans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 188 Head and neck covered with a f nead bony and perfectly bare; ruff an wings and tail dark brown with a sligh top of head dirty green; nude parts ar red; irides whitish; legs dusky black. Length.-52 to S5 inches; tail Io; Hab.-Ceylon and over nearly the w quenting marshes, paddy fields and Southern India and the Malabar Coast Provinces. Occurs in Bengal, Assan the latter down the Malay Peninsula.
Gen. Xenorh
Bill very large, stout and solid, the longest.
308. XKenorhynchus asiatic ray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 266; Oates, B Lath., Ind. Orn. ii. p. 7o II ; Murray. Mycteria australis, Shazun, 7'rans. Linn. Mycteria indica, Hume, NVests and Eggs Xenorhynchus australis, Blyth and W Ceylon, p. 1 I I7 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 2 Head and neck rich dark glossy g purple; lesser, median and greater cov lars and tail dark brown, mixed with rest of plumage white; bill black; legs Length.-52 to 56 inches; wing 24; Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, Punjab, N-W. Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan and Malayana; also Burmah. In Centra extremely common along the banks o marshes.
Breeds nearly all over India in w swamps and marshes abound, and fron for building is generally the higher bra

NIIDAE,
s (Horstf.), řerd, B. Ind. iii. p. 732; B. Burm. p. 159; Legge, B. Ceylon s, Str. F. x. p. 242; id. B. Br. Burm. , p. 648, No. I 337. Ciconia javanica, -The LESSER ADJUTANT.
w soft decomposed feathers; crown of lower plumage white; upper plumage, ly greenish gloss. Bill dirty yellowish; d neck tinged with yellow, seasonally
wing 25; tarsus 9; bill from gape IO's. hole of India in small numbers, fre:dges of lakes and rivers. Common in ; rare in Central India and the Upper l, Sylhet, and Burmah, extending from Habits same as the last.
ynchus-Bp.
tip turned up; 2nd and 3rd quills
us, Lath., Ind. Orn. ii p. 67o; Mur. Br. Burm. ii. p. 364. Ardea Indica, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 648, No. 1338. Soc. v. p. 34; ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 734. Ind. B. p. 6o7; id, Str. F. iii. p. I89. ald., B. Burm. p. 158; Legge, B. 42.-The BLACK-NECKED STORK. 'een, glossed on the hind head with erts and scapulars, also the interscapuich bluish green with a goldentinge; eddish.
tail 9; bill at front 12'S inches.
Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, the greater part of India, extending to
and North India it is, as in Sind, rivers and on the edges of tanks and
:ll-watered tracts, where lakes, jheels, September to December. The site lches of peepul or seesum trees. Nest

Page 341
CC
very large and composed of twigs and and not unlike those of the last. Size
Gen. Cico
Keel of bill straight; 3rd and 4th q
309. Ciconia alba (Belon.), Eur. pl. 283; ferd., B. Ind. iii. p. 73 Hdbk., Zool., 3.c., Sind, 225; id, Vert p. I I I9; Murray, Avif. B. Ind. ii. p.
Head, crown, nape, chin, throat, bre coverts glossy black, shaded with grey ties and tertiaries black; nude orbitar Length.-44 inches; wing 23 to 25 Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, the Deccan, C Central India; also the Punjab, N.-W. the banks of the Indus and the edges ( uncommon during winter. Feeds on 1
310. Ciconia leucocephala ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 737, No. 92O ; M id, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 267 ; Murra Ardea leucocephala, Gmel., Syst. Na Hume and Henders, Zah. to Park, B. p. 6o9. Dissura episcopus, Hume p. I I I9; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. p. 469.-The WHITE-NECKED SToRK.
Head black; back of neck glossed and upper abdomen; neck white; p. with green, also the lower back; tail orbitar area plumbeous; throat purpl half; feet red. “Nestling had the in by a narrow black ring from an outer tip and edges vinous." (Parker M.S.) Length.-36 to 37 inches; extent 7 Hab.–Ceylon; also Sind, Punja Kutch (?), Rajputana (?), Guzerat, Co also British Burmah. In Ceylon it large trees overhanging the northern I
Family, ARI
All the members of the Ardeidae fai in suitable localities. All are permal

ONIA. 285
sticks. Eggs, 4 in number, pure white 265 to 3' 13 x I'98 to 2'3 inch.
nia-Zinn.
ills longest; hind toe elevated.
Bodd., Tab. Pl. En. 866 ; Gould, B. 5, No. 9Ig; Str. F. iv. p. 22; Murray, , Zool., Sind. p. 267; Legge, B. Ceylon, 649, No. 134o.--The WHITE STORK. ast and back pure white; greater wing towards the shafts; primaries, secondarea black; legs red; irides brown. , tail Io; bill at front 75 to 775. oncan, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat and Provinces, Oudh, and Bengal. Along »f lakes and swamps; in Sind it is not izards, molluscs, &c.
(Gm.), Bodd., Tab. Pl. Enl. 9o6; urray, Halbk., Zool., 8c, Sind, p. 226; y, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 649, No. 1341. t. i. p. 642. Melanopelargus episcopus, p. 295 ; Hume, Mests and Eggs Ind. , Str. F. viii, p. II4; Legge, B. Ceylon, 265. Dissura episcopus, Bodd. F. vi.
with purple, also the upper back, breast imaries and upper tail coverts glossed white; irides crimson; eyelids and nude ish; bill black, reddish on the anterior ner circle of the iris brown, surrounded one of pale golden orange. Bill black;
); wing 20; tail 7; bill at front 6. b, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, ycan, Deccam, South and Central India ; oreeds from December to February on ivers, or at tanks.
EIDAE.-HERONs.
nily swarm throughout as and Ceylon ent residents နျáမှစိeဗိd from May to

Page 342
286 ARDE
September. Their nests are generall compact, and built of twigs, &c., on tre particularly on those in the middle of 1 glossless, and in colour from pale sea common to find single nests containing size and colour.
The following, from Hume's Nests a eggs of the different species:-
Ardea cinerea............ Ardea purpurea......... Herodias alba ... .... ... Herodias garzetta ..... Demiegretta gularis ... Bubulcus coromanda .. Ardeola gravi.......... O
Butorides javanica
An account by Layard of the breec species in Ceylon, conveys exactly what of the Ardeidae in India generally, an Districts, and other large sheets of wate
During this season on almost all th quented and distant from human habita of reach, except by boats, large colonies ( birds, night-herons, &c., may be seen. pings of the birds, which coat the branc would be excited of the spot being a few sitting close, are away feeding, but coming to roost, amid a continuous ca them would present a scene scarcely have begun to lay, they are said to e. almost every stick they had used in bu in a distant locality.
Gen. Ard
Bill slender, the tip scooped; upp nostril, but not extending to the tip; n. 2nd and 3rd quills longest; tarsi long a
811. Ardea, goliath, 7emm, pl. 26; Jerd, B. Ind. i, p. 739. Hun 62I ; id, Str. F. i. p. IOS, wi, p.490, Upper plumage dark blue grey; shor brown; sides of the head and entire n

EIDAE.
loose structures, some more or less s, standing in the vicinity of water, and arge sheets of water. Eggs, 3 to 4, green to bltfish green, but it is not unfrom 8 to Io eggs, differing in shape,
(nd Eggs, gives the average size of the
I O N O A ..... 2"27 х п“бб s s s o O ... 2' I7 X I'56 w 2"I I x ISS a 0 a O I'73 x 1'22
f 0Q 80 «0 4b 8 b 4b «y I 7 x 1' 3 » e p {X 9 ... I'71 x 132 ..... I'48 x 1' 17 le e a e a o ... І“б4 x I"23
ing of Herodias garzetta and kindred is observable in the breeding season d along the canals, &c. in the Narra r in Sind. e large pieces of water in India, unfretion, in which trees are standing out of ibises, spoonbills, cormorants, snakeDuring the day, except by the drophes so thickly with lime, little suspicion heronry, as most of the birds, except a towards eve, hundreds would be seen ckling. The report of a gun amongst lescribable. If disturbed before they ntirely desert the spot, and carry away ilding and to begin operations afresh
ea-Linn.
dr mandible with a groove from the strils covered partially by membrane; nd scutellate in front.
Pl. Col. 474; Rupp., Faun. Abyss. le, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 6Io, No. -The GIANT HERON.
t occipital crest and rest of head dark eck chestnut brown; chin and throat

Page 343
ARD
white; neck in front white with black chestnut brown. The young bird is du and back of neck are pale rufous cinnai tip greenish; irides pale yellow; legs bl Length.-55 to 65 inches; wing 24; standing height nearly 4 feet.
Hab.-Ceylon and Bengal, near Calc certain appears to be known of its nidific
312. Ardea, cinerea, Limono » ! t. 22o; Gould, B. Eur... pl. 274; Ĵoerd i. p. 253; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., ở0, Ind. B. p. 61O; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. I Oates, B. Br. Burm ii, p. 245 ; Murray -The CoMMON HERON.
Ardea cinerea. Tł
Forehead, sides of the head and cri base of the upper mandible over each the long occipital feathers, black; nec with two rows of black elongate spots and wing coverts bluish ashy grey; pr tail bluish ashy; bill dark yellow, yellow; nude Oribitar area greenish.
 

EA. 287
streaks; breast and abdomen dark ull grey above, the head, ear coverts mon. Bill dusky above, beneath and ackish. (Verd.)
; tail IO; bill at front 8; tarsus g;
:utta, also the Khasia hills. Nothing cation. -
Syst. Mat. i. p. 235; Naum, Vogt. , B. Ind. iii. p. 74I ; Hume, Str. F. Sind, p. 226; Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 2 17, pl.; Legge B. Ceylon, p. I 127; ", Avis. Brit Ind.i.p. 652, No. 1345.
e Common Heron.
wn white; a narrow streak from the eye, and another above it merging into k behind bluish ashy; in front white, ; breast and under surface white; back maries black; scapulars silvery grey; rown on the upper mandible; irides

Page 344
288 ARDE
Length.-39 inches; wing 18; tail
Hab.--Ceylon and throughout Indi use this species as a decoy in the usually from 5 to Io birds. Their motionless on the cross bar of the ruc the boat. They are fed daily, and wild fowl catching has ceased, serve th anything better. Breeds throughout on trees in small parties. In Ceylc eggs sea green; size from 2'O8 to 24
313 Ardea purpurea, Linn iii. p. 743 ; Hume, Wests and Eggs p. 345 ; Blyth, B. Br. Burm. p. 1 Legge, B. Ceylon p. I 132; Oates, Si ii. p. 245 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sin p. 653, No. 1346.-The BLUE HERon Head glossy black, with a lengthen of which extend 3-4 inches beyond with three longitudinal marrow black l is continued down the neck, and two chin and throat white; neck in front the feathers on the top of the breast back, wings, and tail reddish ash; sc plume on each side; breast and flank: a little paler. Bill deep yellow; orbita brown. The nestling, Mr. Parker say,
Length.-36 to 42 inches; wing 155 Hab.-Throughout India and Ceylo. nidification the same as those of the Mr. Parker took eggs in the Manaar I and near Vihankulam early in Februal
Gen. Hero
Bill moderately long, slender, straig white. In breeding plumage with a lo posed feathers, and pectoral plumes in Mr. Hume will probably be found usel

DAE, ,
8; bill at front 5.
l. In Sind the Mohannas or fishermen capture of wild fowl. Each boat has eyelids are sewn up, and they stand der gear or perched along the edges of during summer, when the occupation of e fishermen as food in the absence of India from April to July, building nests in from January to March; colour of 3 in length and I '48 to II *79 in breadth.
., Syst. Vat. i. p. 236; Jerd., B. Ind. Ind. B. p. 6II ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. 59 ; Dresser, B. Eur... vi. p. 217, pl. ; 'r. F. x. p. 243; id., B. Br. Burm. d, p. 269; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. E.
ed black crest, the two middle feathers he rest; sides of the head rusty yellow, ines, one extends behind the head, and lateral ones from the eyes to the breast; tariegated with rufous black and purple, long and acuminated, purplish white; apulars purple, long, forming a brilliant s deep brownish red, rest of under parts ar skin greenish yellow; tarsus reddish s, has black hair.
; tail 5'75; bill at front 5'37; tarsus $25. n, extending into Burmah. Habits and Common Heron. In Ceylon, however,
District during January and February, y.
dias. Boie.
nt and compressed to the tip; plumage ng dorsal train composed of lax decomsome. The following key given by ul :-

Page 345
HER(
ossen puoKəq**/ !!!! səųɔus S 3 usopus og “paes Z.Ꭽz 9.16.s.z.AZTo $****** əuoN -puənxə : 3uo'I |’‘“”“”suoN |···×oetg | tawostəx suuį7 teqe, są * ,'esqų wețɔ-- - •»d pueuစီဝd“snsuet,offusAA.群群'useuq Iesloqossərɔ*[[{{{I*{!!8! əo}-p! Wəpa N-osələəds
··ə3 eunţd osuossuəusq·ạ3etunţd 3ưspəəuq3 uspəəuq
- uoN.
3 G

289
DÍAS.
$ 1,9 os $4.z
So. o o, zg.ɛ
94. z os g.I.
Ι.ε οι 8 ο
$.ý on 4,8
9. W os I.ý
*.11 oi 3.6
$9.zi oq $1.1 1
9.ɛ on 1,8
6o.ɛ on 39.z
*suɔų? |-æəj Kueu -!puo oaoa
*suəųņeəg pəsoduoɔ -əp 3uoỊ JO
-jeu?uos JO
'sse, əųn puoÁ |-əq 3 uspuə) |-xə Kfəəueos oguļod je dn $ussunɔ s 3uoT
“I’s en puoÁəq səųɔus 8–4 qnoqe : 3uoT
“3uos səųɔu! |9-S ‘suəųjeəj Aouleu z JO
••••••••••uoN
***x{oe}{}
***>|peļos
****ļoețg
'AOIȚ9Ā
·gyz , !!! *\)/ gopa os, ou
‘eļņəzue3;"|
"Sy/, '!!!
'pur og “paaž,
· 1138 pH ‘M
‘espəuuuəŋds · H

Page 346
290 ARD
34. Herodias alba (Linn.), Burm.p. 159; Legge, B. Ceylon p. II Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 655, Nc p. 239; Dresser, B. Eur... vi. p. 23 I, pl I83, p. 23. Herodias torra, Salvad viii. p. 36o. Ardea egretta, apud Ha The LARGE WHITE HERON.
In Breeding Plumage.--Whole plum posed feathers extending about 4-5 pectoral plumes. No dorsal train in n winter, black in summer; irides pale y
Length.-34 to 36 inches; tail 6; wi front 4 to 5; from gape 5'5.
Hab.–Throughout India, Ceylon, small parties; eggs pale bluish green.
315. Herodias intermedia p. 348; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 159; Legg Zool., Sind, p. 27O; Oates B. Br. Bur ii. p. 655, No, 1348. Ardea nigrirostri. Herodias plumifera, Gould, B. Austr. Hass., Wagler, Ibis, I829, p. 659; Hu Herodias egrettoides, jferd., B. Ind. ii.
Breeding Plumage.--Whole plumag the tail by 7-8 inches; a long soft dorsal nor pectoral plumes in winter. black tip in winter; facial skin green;
Length.-26 to 28 inches; tail 5'5; front. 2'68 to 3'O9.
Hab.-Generally distributed through in the latter and in Southern India. B in colonies and generally in the compan The nest is not unlike that of its conge not with coarse sedge, but generally m ber, broad ovals, rather pointed towards '68 to 2'o8 in length, and II: 3 to I" 52
316. Herodias garzetta (ALi Str. F. iii. p. 19o; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 27o; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 24 No. 349. Ardea garzetta, Linn, Sy Eggs Ind. B. p. 616; Dresser, B. I BILLED WHITE HERoN.

ErDAE.
ỹerd., B. Ind ii. p. 744 ; Blyth, B. 8; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 27o; , I 347. Ardea alba, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. Ardea torra (Buch.), Frankl. P. Z. S. , UVcc. Born. p. 347; Scully, Str. F. me, Wests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 613.–
age pure white ; dorsal train of decominches beyond the tail; no crest, nor on-breeding plumage. Bill yellow in allow.
ng I3'5 to I7; tarsus 52 to 6 ; bill at
and Burmah; nidificates on trees in
(Von Hasselt), Salvad, Uce. Born. e, B. Ceylon, p. I 4 ( ; Murray, Vert. m. i p. 247. Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. S (Gray), Hardw., Ill. Ind. Zool, pl. , vi. pl. 57. Ardea intermedia, Von me, AVests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 615. p. 745-The LESSER WHITE HERON.
e pure white; dorsal train exceeding Iuft of pectoral feathers; no crest, no Bill black in summer, yellow with a irides yellow.
wing i IS to 12'5; tarsus 4'3; bill at
but India, Ceylon and Burmah, but rare reeds during July and part of August, y of other species of Herons, Ibises, &c. ners, composed of thin twigs, lined or pre closely packed. Eggs, 4 in num
one end; pale sea or bluish seagreen, in breadth.
in.), ỹerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 746; Hume, d. 1144; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, 3; Murray, Avif. Brit Ind. i. p. 655, st. Nat. i. p. 237; Hume, Nests and ur. vii. p. 239.—The LITTLE BLACK

Page 347
DEM-E
Breeding Plumage.--Whole plumag about five inches long; dorsal train s curled upwards at tip; pectoral plum plumage there is neither a crest nor a of lower mandible yellowish; irides tarsus black.
Length.-25 inches; tail 4; wing 9 front 3" te to 3"6.
Hab.-India, Ceylon and Burmah. August. Nidification similar to H. int. from 1.6 to I 8, in length, and 1' 25, to
Gen. Demi-eg
Bill long and more slender than in wise as in Herodias.
37. Demi-egretta. gularis, Zool. Ann. i. t. I ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. p. 656, No. 1351. Ardea gularis (Bose. egretta schistacea (Licht.), Hemp. and asha, Sykes, Cat. 171; Jerd, B. Ind. Zool., &c., Sind, p. 227. –The AsHy J
Adult-In breeding season, deep head, nearly to the gape and the base crest and dorsal train of decomposed parts, and not reaching quite to the en and pointed; bill reddish yellow, dusk green; legs blackish; feet and lower p Length.-24 to 27 inches; wing IO bare portion of tubia 22 to 2'9; bill 35 claw 2'3 to 26. Affects the mud flats
The young or intermediate stage of the wing coverts being greyish.
Hab.-Sind, Mekran, Arabian and to Ceylon. Nidification the same as til blue, 4-6 in number, I '83 x I'42 in
Bubulcu Bill shorter than in the Demi-egr breeding season yellow.
38. Bubulceus corOman p. 35o; Legge, B, Ceylon, p. I 147; Burm. ii. p. 25 I ; Murray, Vert. Zoo

RETTA, 29
e white; crest of 2-3 narrow feathers carcely extending beyond the tail and s long and pointed. In non-öreeding dorsal train. Bill always black; base yellow; facial skin greenish yellow ;
6 to 114; bill from gape about 4; at
Breeds in June, July, and part of 'rmedia; eggs of the same colour, but [ '38 in breadth.
retta.- Blyth. Herodias; adult plumage dark, other
Bòsc., Act. Soc. H. MV. i. t. 2 ; Meyer, 254; Murray, Avy. Brit. India ii. ), Legge, B. Ceylon, p. II36. DemiEhr, Sym. Phys. t. 6. Demi-egretta iii. p. 747, No. 928 ; Murray, Hdblk.» EGRET. slaty blue; chin, throat, sides of the of the ear coverts, white; an occipital feathers, concolorous with the upper d of the tail; pectoral plumes narrow y above; nude orbitar skin yellowish art of tarsus yellowish.
to I 14; tail 3 to 38; irides yellow ; to 4’I ; tarsus 3’9 to 4'4 ; mid-toe and in the Kurrachee harbour. plumage is, white throughout, some of
Western Coasts. also the Eastern Coast he Herons. Eggs, a rounded oval, pale ch.
S.-Pucher. attas; legs longer; plumes during the
lus (Bodd), Salvad., Vcc. Born. Oates, Str. P. x. p. 243; id, B. Br. , Sind, p. 271 ; Murray, Avy. Brit.

Page 348
292 ARI
Ind. ii. p. 657, No. I 353. Cancroma 54. Büphus Coromanda, řerd., B. Ina Bingham, S/r. I7. ix. p. 197. Ardea c B. p. 618.--The CATTLE EGRET.
In breeding plumage the head, side narrow mesial line, which is white) nap decomposed elongate feathers brilliant back reaching to the end of the closed legs yellowish green, the joints tinged orbitar skin yellowish, with a pinkish serrated.
Alength.-2 inches; wing IO:25; tai winter the plumage is entirely white.
Hab.–Sind and throughout India, Bi name of the Cattle Egret from its bein grazing, usually perched on their heads species, seen wading in water. Feed tadpoles. Breeds from April to July.
Gen. Arde
Tibia feathered nearly to the knee; also shorter.
319. Ardeola, grayi (Sykes), 1 69; Blyth, B. ABurm. p. 16O; Legge, viii. p. 361 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 58. Ardeola 751.-The PoND HERON or PADDY BIF
In summer dress the head is greyish crest; neck in front, except a fulvous m breast, with the elongated feathers a litt greyish brown; elongated dorsal feathe white; tarsal plumes fulvous or pale b and tipped black; orbitat skin greeni and feet dull greenish,
In winter the crown of the head and I narrow mesial shaft-streaks; neck behi or pale buff, the feathers edged with du brown or pale ashy brown; lower back, also the tail and abdomen, pure white; park shafted, the outer webs of the first brown; secondaries pure white; wing some specimens with greyish.

EIDAE.
coromanda, Bodd., 7abl. Pl. Eml. p. I. iii. p. 749 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 16o; romanda, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind.
s of the face, neck in front (except a e and part of the hind neck, and the orange, the filamentose feathers of the vings, rest of the plumage pure white; plumbeous; bill deep orange yellow; tinge; irides pale yellow ; mid-claw
l 4 ; bill at front 2'5 ; tarsus 3' 5. In
1rmah and Ceylon. It has gained the g always found amongst cattle when or backs. It is seldom, like the other s chiefly on insects, small frogs or Eggs, 4-5, pale sea-green.
bla-Boie.
tarsus shorter than in Bubulcus ; toes
Hume, Wests and Eggs, Ind. Birds p. B. Ceylon, p. I I 50 ; Scully, Str. F. ii. p. 658, No. I 354. Ardea grayi, leucoptera, apud ởerd, B. Ind. iii. p. RD. or buffy yellow with an elongate white esial line, back of the neck, and also le paler than the head; scapulars pale rs dark maroon; rest of the plumage uff; bill yellowish, bluish at the base sh yellow; irides bright yellow; legs
hape are dark brown, the feathers with ind, on the sides and breast fulvous sky brown; back and scapulars grey rump, upper and under tail coverts, thigh coverts fulvous ; primaries white, three quills and also their tips greyish coverts white, tinged very slightly in

Page 349
BUTOR
Zength.- 18 to 19 inches; wing 8t
Hab.–Ceylon, Sind and throughou Breeds from May to August nesting in elongated ovals, I'35 to 162 in length in all moist localities, at the edges and especially in rice fields.
Gen. ButOr:
Bill moderately long and stout; tibia short; head crested.
320. Butorides javamica (H 7rans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 1oo; Hum Blyth, B. Burm. p. I6o; Legge, B. Sind, p. 272; Oates, B. Br. Burm, ii. 659, No. 1358. Ardea javanica, Hors/ LITTLE GREEN BITTERN.
Forehead and crown glossy black, als behind the eye including the ear covert another streak, which is black, below th the breast and abdomen, greyish brov streak down the front of the neck white thers lengthened, lancecate and whitecoverts glossy green, edged with pale round their tips with yellowish whit greyish; quills dark slaty, narrowly til yellow beneath; legs yellowish green. Length.-16 to 1675 inches ; wing irides bright yellow; nude orbitar skin
The young bird-or bird of the year is black, with the feathers narrowly st the neck and breast and lower parts with dark brown; chin, throat and a scapulars brown with a greenish tinge; white spot at the tip. Primaries and triangular white or fulvous white spot at coverts brown, broadly edged with ruf white triangular spot at the tip; edge
Hab.–Ceylon, Sind and throughop Burmah; also the Malay Peninsula a water-courses, wooded streams, nulla turnal, generally issuing from its retre July, making nests in small companies number, greenish white.

DES. 293
85; tail 3 ; bill at front 25.
: India, and the Burmese countries. rees. Eggs, 4-6, pale bluish green, by 1' I to 125 in breadth. Abundant f ponds, ditches, marshes, and lakes,
des-Blyth. feathered nearly to the knee; inner toe
ory.), 3Ferd., B. İnd.iii. p. 752 ; Wald., e, Nests and Eggs Ind, B. p. 62o ; Ceylon, p. 1153; Murray, Vert. Zool, p. 254 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. , 7'rans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 9O. -The
to the long occipital crest; a streak from s white, in some with a fulvescent tinge; e eye; back and sides of the neck, also wn, ashy brown in some; chin and a : ; back and scapulars green, the feashafted ; the tertials white edged; wing buff or fulvous; secondaries margined e; tail dark slaty; under tail coverts ped with white; bill black above, pale
675; tail 25; bare part of tibia O'5; lull green. -is very differently marked. The head riated mesially with rufescent; sides of fulvescent white, the feathers edged line down the neck white; back and the scapulars with a minute triangular secondaries dusky brown, each with a he tip; primary coverts the same; wing scent, each feather with a rufescent or f the wing fulvescent white.
the greater part of India, extending to d islands as far as Australia, affecting is and large open lakes. Habits nocat about sunset. Breeds in June and on low trees or bushes. Eggs 4-6 in

Page 350
294, ARO
Gen. Ardet
Bill rather slender and straight; toes as in Butorides. Habits nocturnal.
32. Ardetta, flavicollis (La B. Burm. p. 16o; Wald, Zorans. Zool p. I 14; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind i.p. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 7o II ; Hume, Wests flavicollis, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 353; Br. Burm. ii. p. 255.-Thė BLUE BIT.
“In the breeding season the plumage with the feathers tipped white, or with neck are mixed with white, red brown : some black at the base and tip, and mc a stripe of golden yellow down the sic feathers of the back forming the dors posed ; the feathers of the breast da dusky, mixed with whitish; inner win bird has the feathers slightly edged less richly coloured than in the adult; b livid purple; irides yellow in some with with a tinge of green in some, reddish
Length.-23 to 24 inches; wing 85 (Verdon.)
Hab.-Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Province out India, extending to Ceylon and and beds of rushes and reeds. Breeds of a colony of these birds in the mon says-' Once the sun is well up, they a out of the dense tamarisk and reed jun nocturnal feeders; the nests are formed aquatic weeds on which the eggs are la sharp at both ends, and nearly white i to 13o inches.
322. Ardetta cinnamomea Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 622 B. Burm. p. 6o; Hume and Dav., S. p. 3o8; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. I I4; C Burm. ii. p. 256; Murray, Vert. Zool. Ind. ii. p. 66, No. 338. Ardea cinir Ardeiralla cinnamomea, Legge, B.
BITTERN.

IDAE.
tal- Gray.
and claws long; tarsus short, otherwise
th.), ferd, B. Hind, iii. p. 753; Blyth,
Soc. ix. p. 236; Hume, Str. P. viii. 66o, No. 357. Ardea flavicollis, Lath., nd Eggs Ind. B. p. 621. Ardeiralla Legge, B. Ceylon, p. I 159; Oates, B. TERN. is dull cinereous black; chin and throat
red brown; the larger feathers of the ind dusky black, each feather having re or less red brown on one web only; e of the neck, widening inferiorly; all plume, lengthened, but not decomrk ashy, slightly lengthened, abdomen g coverts dusky reddish. The young with rufous, and the throat and neck ill livid red, dusky on the culmen, cere an outer circle of red; legs pale brown, brown in others.'
; tail 3 ; bill in front 3'5 ; tarsus 25.
s, Deccan, Concan and nearly through3urmah. Affects swamps, rice fields in Sind. Mr. Doig obtained the eggs th of May on the Narra Canal. He ire seldom seen, unless actually beaten gle in which they hie hid.” They are of tamarisk twigs, with sometimes a few d; always four in number, broad ovals, n colour; size from 15 to 185X 1 '15
(Gmel.), ferd., B. Ind. iii. p. 755 ; ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 354; Blyth, 'r. F. vi. p. 483; Cripps, Str. F. vi. lates, Str. F. x. p. 243 ; id, B. Br. Sind, p. 274; Murray, Av/. Brit. amomea, Gmel, Syst. Nat. i. p. 643. Ceylon, p. 1162.-The CHESTNUT

Page 351
AROE
Top of head, back and scapulars c darker; chin and throat white, with a breast chestnut, the feathers slightly da on the breast fulvous; a median fulvou also chestnut; primaries, secondaries a the back, but more fulvous; flanks buff dusky; abdomen, vent and under tail some; bill yellow, dusky stuperiorly; o yellowish with a greenish tinge.
Length- IS to 16 inches; wing 6; t I9 to 2.
In immature plumage the upper pa front and breast, also the thigh coverts feathers of the back and breast margine
Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, and nearly thro ana. Breeds in July and August, ne swamps or on the small embankmen generally six in number, dull white in c
323. Ardetta sinensis, Gme Ind. ii. p. 755 ; Hume, NVests and E. p. 3 I I ; iii. p. Ig3 ; Salʼ*"ad., Ucc. Bor1 Legge, B. Ceylon, p. II 56; Oates, St p. 196; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 661, BITTERN.
Top of head cinnamon rufous, the giving it quite a black appearance; nei and wing coverts deep cinnamon-rufou bright buff; primaries and secondaries, edge of wing and under wing coverts f with a median buff line; sides of the b breast bright buff, margined paler; abc white; legs yellowish green; bill pale y
Length.-I3 inches; wing 5'25; tail mid-toe I inch,
Hab.-Ceylon, Sind, Bengal, Kutch, and Burmah generally, extending of Java, Borneo and Sumatra. It is le similar situations, i.e., high reeds and 1 feeders, and remain hid during the da and August in similar situations as the

ΤΤΑ 295
estnut, the feathers centred slightly median chestnut line; foreneck and ker mesially, and the edges of those s line on the foreneck; thigh coverts d tail dark brown; wing coverts like , the feathers mesially streaked with zoverts white with a fulvous tinge in bitar skin yellow; irides yellow; legs
ail II “75; bill at front I*8 to 2; tarsus
rts, wing coverts, scapulars, neck in reddish brown or slightly darker, the d from ferruginous buff to fulvous.
ughout India, and Burmah also Malaysting on the ground at the edges of ts between the paddy fields. Eggs, olour.
l., Syst. Nat. i. p. 642 ; 7 erd., B. ggs, p. 623; id, Str. F. i. p. 3o8; ii. n. p. 354; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 16o; r. F. x. p. 243; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, 274 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 257 ;
No. 1359.-The LITTLE YELLow
feathers centred broadly with black, ck behind, back, scapulars, tertiaries s, the feathers margined with fulvous or greater wing coverts and tail black; ulvous white; chin and throat white east deep brown, margined with buff; omen, vent and undertail coverts buffy ellow, brownish superiorly.
I'75; bill at front 2; tarsus II "7 to I o8 ;
Deccan, and nearly throughout India ; the Malay Peninsula and Islands s common than the last, and frequents nickets. All the species are nocturnal in dense cover. Breeds during July ast. Eggs, four in number, pale green.

Page 352
296 AR
Gen. Botal
Bill rather short, stout and rounde curved to the tip and longer than th situated near the base of the bill; Ist t
824. Botaurus stellaris, L Ind. iii. p. 757 ; Hume, Wests and Eg, p. 281, pl; Murray, Vert. Zool, &c., ii, p. 258 ; Murray, Avi/. Brit. Ind. BITTERN.
Forehead, crown and nape glossy bl: the face and ear coverts buff, with narr of the neck long and lax, bright buff, a hind neck bare, covered by the feathe, fulvous, with a median rufescent line; feather with irregular dark brown, mea with long, lax, feathers, which are buff flanks the same; abdomen rufous buff, and scapulars black, the feathers edge buff, thickly mottled and with zigza secondaries dark brown barred with r mottled with dusky brown; bill pale irides gamboge yellow; legs greenish y Length-3O inches; wing I35 tail Hab.-Ceylon, Sind, the Deccan, Pu and nearly all India, Burmah, and ( Nubia, Beluchistan and S. Afghanista is only an occasional straggler. A sir was received at this Institute last yes identification. It is not recorded, If writers.
The Bittern is a shy solitary bird; i day, but sits hid among the reeds, 1 prevail in the marsh or bog, where it m to defend itself fiercely against a dog the bill with its extremely sharp point is said to have been esteemed in fa at, of ascending in spiral circles, high Selby adds-“Should this manoeuvre f the hawk, by setting its sharp bill pi antagonist frequently transfixes itself.' the bellowing of a bull. It is also ofte the air, but the sound is feeble, con

DEIDAE.
urus.-Briss.
d; tip scooped; the upper mandible e lower ; tarsi short ; nostrils narrow, o 3rd quills of wing longest.
inn, Syst. Nat, i, p. 2ZO ; Jerd., B. gs Ind. B. p. 624; Dresser, B. Eur. vi.
Sind, p. 275; Oates. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 662.-The CoMMON EURoPEAN
ack, also a moustachial stripe; sides of ow dusky streaks feathers of the sides nd with irregular black transverse bars; rs of the foreneck; chin and throat foreneck and breast the same, each rly black bars and spots; lower breast with broad longitudinal black stripes; with narrow dark mesial streaks; back d, barred and mottled with bufi tail g markings of dusky; primaries and 1fous; wing coverts buff, barred and yellow, dusky above; orbits yellow; ellow.
4“5; tarsus 3“75 to 3'9. unjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central and Southern Europe, Persia, an. In Ceylon it is extremely rare and gle skin, in mot very good condition, r from Mr. Warburton of Caltura, for ind, by Col. Legge, nor by previous
t is never seen on the wing during the "ushes and other rank vegetation that lay have taken up its abode. It is said ; or falcon, with both its bill and claws, being however chiefly made use of. It lconry, owing to its habit, when flown up in the air, to keep above its enemy. ail, it then prepares for the descent of erpendicularly upwards, upon which its
its boom or note is said to resemble n uttered while the bird is soaring in apared with the hollow booming noise

Page 353
NYCTICC
which it makes at night during the b lent eating, not fishy in the smallest d
Gen. Nyctic
Bill long, sharp, the gape extending groove covered by membranous scal longest; claw of mid-toe serrated; tars
325. Nycticorax griseus (1 Naum, Vogt, t. 225 ; Gould, B. Eur. 937; Dresser, B. Eur... vi. p. 299, pl Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 276 ; Legge, B. Vnd. ii. p. 663, No. 1362. Nyctiardea B. p. 624. Ardea grisea, Linn., Sy AMurray, Halbk, Zool. Sc., Sind, p. 228 Forehead and supercilium, also the on the foreneck white; under tail cove creamy tinge; top of head and nape, a ed with green; lengthened crest feathe tipped with brown; hind neck, wing grey; first three quills emarginate nea lower mandible; orbitar skin yellowish Length.-22 to 23 inches; wing I 2 Hab.-Ceylon, Sind, Beloochistan, F dia and Burmah. It is a permanent re from May to September. The nest is glossless pale sea-green; size I'92 X
Gen. Gorsach
Bill moderate, higher than broad a for the greater portion of its length; fe
326. Gorsachius melanol p. 355 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 16o ; Les Brit. Ind. i. p. 664, No. 1363. Arc Soc. xiii. p. 326. Botaurus limnophil chius melanolophus, Hume, Str. P. ii. AHume, Str. F. viii. p. 114–The MA1
Forehead, crown and a long occip head and back of the neck chestnut, a scapulars and tertiaries, but these pal narrow bars of black; winglet black, or three primary coverts black, tipped white tipped; primaries slaty black, t
38 c

RAX. 297
eeding season. Jerdom says ut is excelgree, and has a high game flavour.
Drax.- Steph.
below the eyes; nostrils in a lateral wings with the 2nd and 3rd quills irregularly scaled.
inn.), Bodd., 7ab. P. E. 758, 759; pl. 279 ; ỹoerd., B. Ind. iii. 758, No. ; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. I I4; Murray, eylon, p. I I65; Murray, Avis. Brit. nycticorax, Hume, Wests and Eggs, Ind. St. Nat. i. p. 235; Str. F. vi. p. 415; (Gadri, Sind).–The NIGHT BERoN.
chin, throat and a narrow mesial line rts, breast and abdomen white, with a so the back and scapulars black, glossrs 6-7 inches long, narrow and white, coverts, tail and sides of the body ashy |r the tip; bill black, yellow at base of green; irides blood red. 5; tail 375; bill at front 28; tarsus 3. 'ersia, Afghanistan and throughout Insident in India, and breeds in societies a loose structure of twigs. Eggs, 3-4,
I'35.
lius.-Pucher.
base; tarsus moderate; tibia feathered et and toes long; neck thick.
ophus (Raffles), Salvad., Ucc. Born. ge, B. Ceylon, p. I I69; Murray, Avif. ea melanolopha, Raffles, 7"rans. Linn. .x, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 355. Gorsap. 3 I2; Bourdillon, Slır. F. iii. p. 524; AYAN TIGER BITTERN. ital crest purplish black; sides of the are also the back, rump, wing coverts, ts are closely barred with undulating roadly tipped with white; the first two with white; the others chestnut and also pped with white and with a subterminal

Page 354
298 TANTA
patch of chestnut; secondaries also tip tail slaty brown; chin and throat wh: breast dull rufous grey; the centre of t breast streaked with black, light buff a dull chestnut, marked irregularly with tail coverts white. Facial skin green greenish yellow.
Length.-I9 inches; tail 3'5; wing Hab.-Southern India and Ceylon; Nicobars.
Family, TA'
Bill long, stout, rounded, curving do long; tail rather short; toes webbed at
Sub-Family,
Bill long, slender and curved; sides rounded ; tail even; inner toe shorter t
Gen. Tanta
Bill rounded, long and curved down head and cheeks bare; tibia naked for
327. Tantallus leucocephal pl. Io; Gmel. Syst. AWat. i. p. 649; Hume, Wests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 626 Dav., Str. F. v. p. 484 ; Wewton, p. I Ioo; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 244 ; id. Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 276; id., Avi/. PELICAN IBIs.
Plumage white; quills and tail ric white, tinged with rosy, with a dark bal feathers lax and decomposed; lesser a „With White ; greater coverts white ; bi] naked orbits, head and gular skin; iri legs fleshy red.
Length.-4o to 42 inches; expanse
Hab.-Extremely common througl quenting rivers, tanks, marshes, &c., dozen. Breeds from May to August Eggs, 3-4, glossless dull white, wit the following account from Mr. Park years since a young, well-feathered

DAE,
led with white; upper tail coverts and sh; front and sides of the neck and e throat and middle line of the neck and d chestnut; under surface of the body black lines and white patches; under legs and feet greenish olive; irides
O'3 ; tarsus 2'5 ; bill from gape 2 '3.
also Tennasserim, Arracan, and the
NTALIDAE.
wnwards in many, flat in others; wings the base.
TANTALINAE.
compressed to the tip, or thick and han outer; hind toe long.
lus-Linn.
wards; nostrils at the base of the bill; half its length.
us, Penn. in Forst. Ind. Zool. p. 20, Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 761, No. 938; ; BlyfÄ, B. Burm. p. 158 ; Hume and Str. F. viii. p. 415; Legge, B. Ceylon, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 267 ; Murray, Brit. Ind. i p. 665, No. 1364.–The
nly glossed greenish black ; tertiaries d near the end and a white tip, the ld median coverts glossy green, edged
yellow, the tip greenish, as are the es pale yellow brown; grey in some ;
7 I; wing 20; tail 6:25; tarsus 81. out India, Burmah and Ceylon, fregenerally in small parties of ten or a h high trees. In Ceylon rather earlier. a thick compact shell. Of its habits r will be found interesting : - 'Some bird was caught, and was brought

Page 355
TANTA
to me in a starving condition, havi mile and a half away. In three general guardian of the establishn felt great satisfaction in driving awa effected by walking after them wit seemed so large and so human that no He also had a curious custom of dragg to the house when he was hungry, and tending to eat them, as though to shov him I never observed it at any oth turned out of the house, holding his he upward, his head half turned round, wh bles expressed his disapproval of this t the wind; even in strong gales this was ing he soared aloft, and took one long at a good elevation, after which he di at dusk to his perch on the roof.
“Colonel Legge mentions Blyth's r the sand with its foot. Had Blyth obs water he would have noticed that this its bill in the water just above the mu the fish out of the mud cr through the direction of its bill. As some fright angle formed by the bill and the mud fish is generally caught by the tail befo bill holds the tail like a vice, the fish brings its body between the mandibles downward journey into the long neckfish if he missed them, but, without rai with his foot. This bird also had a q empty biscuit tin or large canister, a foot, while he listened to the sounds wif sions on his face. I have seen him e. boots, but the result was evidently not much music to be extracted from a pa These birds have a habit, in commo immense heights on fine cloudless da a zig-zag line. I have known them dr they were invisible in the blue sky. that made by a Falcon when swoopin scends, and in five seconds after thes the ground. It does not simply come ( seen when the descent is made from

LUS. 299
g wandered from the nests about a days he had appointed himself the ent, in which position he evidently y goats, dogs, fowls, &c. This he h his wings fully expanded, and he hing ventured to dispute his authority. ng long sticks or pieces of creeper up after worrying and shaking them, pre1 to what a pass his hunger had brought er time. He always objected to being ad as high as possible, inclining his bill ile short croaks and snaps of his mandireatment. He slept on the roof, facing his favourite site. In the early mornhearty flight all round the neighbourhood i not leave the ground until he flew up
eference to this bird's habit of feeling in erved the bird catching fish in shallow is its mode of feeding. While it holds 1d, its mouth being half open, it drives water with one foot or the other, in the ened fish makes a dart through the trithere is a sudden snap, and the unlucky fre he can get clear through. If so, the is slowly raised in the air, a slight jerk , where a few nips soon prepare it for its ouch, My tame bird did not follow the sing his head, continued to drive others ueer habit of putting his head into any nd tapping the side of the tin with one h open mouth, and the silliest of expresxperiment in this way with a pair of : altogether satisfactory. There was not ir of boots, he found.' n with Anastomus oscians, of soaring to ys, and descending almost vertically, in op in this manner from a height at which One first hears a rushing sound, -like g on some hapless teal,-as the bird depeck is descried in the air the bird is on own by the action of gravity; this can be ower elevations. It requires a great in

Page 356
300 TANTA
petus while circling round, and sudde ing its direction, throws almost the who
In Ceylon this bird usually breeds in and in the same trees, but at a lower February and March, in both south-eas also laid in January. The usual num
The young have the cheeks and ear lower plumage smoky white, darker ac: the body.
Sub-Family, PLAT!
Bill flat, spathulate, long and rounde
Gen. Plata.
Bill thin, flat, dilated and rounded a 7antalus ; toes connected by a smal second joint of the outer and the first j
328. Platalealeucorodia (s B. Eur. pl. 286; ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. p. 229; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. ; No. 1365; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind i Plumage pure white, except a bul extending sometimes on to the back; skin of the gullet; head crested; bill a yellowish; the tip yellowish during win facial skin and gular pouch orange yell Length.-3 I to 36 inches; wing I4 to The young have the shafts and tips O Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, Beloochistan, Pe frequenting rivers, lakes, &c.
Breeds throughout India nearly. Es Nests made in trees; eggs white, ch 2'95 inch in length and I'65 to I'95 in
Sub-Family, Bill thick, stout, gaping in the midd
Gen. Anasto:
Bill long, curved, thick, solid, gapi sides; tail nearly even; nostrils basal, reticulated; tibia naked for half its len

Ll DAE.
ly turning itself sideways, and change of this into its headlong descent.
company with Pelecanus philippinensis, level. The eggs are laid chiefly in and northern Ceylon, but some are ber is 4. Some are sparingly spotted. :overts grey; head and neck brown; oss the abdomen and on the sides of
LAEINAE,-SPooN BILLS.
i at the tip.
ea-Linn.
t the tip (spathulate), otherwise as in l membrane extending as far as the oint of the inner one.
inn.), Bodd. 7ab. Pl. En. 4o5 ; Gould, 763; Murray, Halbk., Zool., c., Sind,
227; Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 1o96, 1223, ... p. 666.-The SPooN BILL.
fy yellow patch on the upper breast, orbitar skin orange yellow, also the nd legs black, spotted or barred with ter; irides blood red; legs black; nude DW.
16; tail 625 to 6'5; bill at front 7 to 85. f the primaries black. 2rsia, Afghanistan and throughout India,
pecially common in Sind and Ceylon. alky, broad ovals, and elongated 24 to
breadth.
ANASTOMINAE.
le.
amous-Illiger.
ng in the middle, compressed at the it the edge of the upper mandible; tarsi gth; toes webbed at the base.

Page 357
TERESK
329. Anastomous Oscitans ( Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p 63O; F. iii. p. I92; Hume, Str. P. viii. p. I Str. F.X. p. 244; Murray, Vert. Zool. p. 666.-The SHELL IBIs.
Poung.-Plumage light grey, darker the latter hair-like; upper back, scapula winglet and tail black, with purple refle of the eyes greenish black; in a laters face, nape and neck behind are dus front, breast, lower parts, back, wing co and secondaries also, their shafts blacl first three primaries broadly margined webs, their tips black; the inner webs O notch; tertials white, also black shaft their webs lax and disunited. In the white; bill greenish black; nude orbita or pale brown; legs blackish.
Length.-29 to 30 inches; wings I tarsus 5' 25 to 5*5.
Hab.-Ceylon, Sind, Beloochistan, P Bengal, Guzerat, and the Deccan ; abul Burmah ; chiefly found in the vicinity in some parts of India as in Sind, wher company with Threskiornis melanoceph 2'52 inches in length and from 1'48 to ing season appears from Mr. Parker's nests are as usual built of sticks from I? cavity 8 or 9 inches wide, lined with four eggs are laid.
Sub-famil
Bill more slender, long and curved,
Gen. Thresk
Bill nearly square at base, curved; extending to the tip; nostrils situated long as the mid-toe; head and neck in and decomposed; feathers of the breas
330. Threskiornis melano p. 768; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. . p. 278 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i p phalus, Lath, Ind. Ornii, p. 709. Ib

ORNIS. 30
Bodd.), 7 erd., B. Ind. iii. p. 765 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I, 58; Hume, Str I4 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. I Io3; Oates, , Sind, p. 277; id, Av/, Brit. 1rd. ii.
on the head and neck, the feathers on rs, primaries and secondaries, also the ctions; nude skin of the chin and front tage of plumage the head, sides of the ky brown, the feathers short; neck in verts and tail pure white, the primaries x, also the shafts of the winglet; the
with black on their outer and inner f the primaries margined only to the 2d; the upper series slaty grey, with breeding plumage the bird is entirely r and gular skin blackish; irides grey
5 to 16; tail 7; bill at front 6's to 8;
'ersia, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, hdant in Bengal and Central India, also
of rivers, lakes and marshes; resident e it breeds from July to September in alus. Eggs, creamy white, from 2 to I '82 in breadth. In Ceylon the breednotes to be later, viz., December. The 3 to 24 inches in diameter, with an egg aquatic stems and fine twigs. Usually
y, IBIDINAE.
as in Anasaomous.
iornis. - Gray.
upper mandible with a lateral groove at its base; tail short; hind toe half as
ude; scapulars and tertials lengthened it elongated; plumage white.
cephal us (Lath.), ferd., B. Ind. iii. B. p. 632; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, ». 667, No. I 367. Tantalus melanocebis melanocephalus, Salvad, Uce. Born.

Page 358
302 TANTA
p. 359; Blyth, B. Aurm.p. 158; Le Burm. p. 268.-The WHITE IBIs.
Head and neck nude; lower neck, secondaries, entire under surface from scapulars and tertials lengthened, their colour. In another stage of plumage ti bill and legs black; irides blood red.
Length.-29 to 3o inches; wing I4 Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, Mekran Coas Concan, Deccan, and nearly throughou ever found; breeds from July to Sept white, with a slight bluish tinge when builds among a crowd of other waders, April according to the district. The e very faint sienna spots near the obt of them. Usually the eggs are elonga wards the large end. The shells are pale blue colour. The average size
2'54 X I'69.
Gen. Falcim
Bill long and slender, more so than ir 3rd quills longest.
Falcinellus igneus.
 

, IDAE.
ge, B. Ceylon, p. I Io6; Oates, B. Br.
ack wings and their coverts, primaries,
the breast and also the tail, white; outer webs disunited, and of a greyish equills are black with green reflections;
tail 5'75; bill at front 6; tarsus 4. t, Persia, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, t India, and Burmah. A resident wherember. Eggs, 4-6, white, or dingy
fresh; size 2.5 x 75. In Ceylon it and breeds generally from January to ggs in some cases, Mr. Parker says, had se end. Many having a broken zone ted ovals but some are compressed tocourse and glossless and of a very of 20 eggs is given by Mr. Parker as
elus.- Bech.
Threskiornis: tarsus longer; 2nd and
The Glossy Ibis.

Page 359
FALCN
331. Falcinelius igneus (Li Hume, Mests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 635 P. Z. S. 1877, p. 5o3; Hume, Str. F. v Oates, Str. F. x.p. 245 ; Murray, Vert. 2 ii. p. 669, No. 137o. Tantalus falci Scolopax rufa, Scop. Ann. i. p. 93. Nu Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 46o, t. 18. Pleg p. 335, pl.; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. II O9; The GLOssy IBIs.
Head, on the crown and sides, dee metallic purple, the feathers lanceolate: back and breast, deep rich reddish brov wing coverts and tail dark green, with b dark brownish black, tinged with gre blackish green, with a blue garter abov or hollow below, and forming a sharp e nude.
Length.-22 to 23 inches; wing Io's 45. Birds of the year are dark browr throat margined with white or lineate glossed; under parts dusky.
Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, Beloochistan, Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, K Deccan : also Burmah. Recorded als from the Concan, but possibly occurs paddy fields, marshes and jheels. Bre in the case of some of the other was season and abundance of food. The it to be earlier in some years than in o' breed from February to April, size 2 o'
ORDER, -
Feet more or less fully webbed; tars in the Phaenicopteridae; bill various; first tribe of the order is Lamelliros tre usually covered with soft skin, the tip being horny; the edges of the bill are s serve as a sieve.
Family, PHOEl
Bill thick, rounded, rather compress wards in the middle: tarsi and thighs

ELLUS. 303
in.), řerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 77o;
; Blyth, B. Burm., p. I 58 ; Elliot, iii. p. I I4 ; Doig, Str. P. viii. p. 377 ; ool., Sind, p. 279; id, Av/. Brit. Ind. nellus, Linn, Syst. Mat. i. p. 24 I. menius igneus, S. G. Gmel., Nov. dis falcinellus, Dresser, B. Eur. vi.
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 27 I.-
p greenish dark brown, glossed with
neck, nape, chin and throat, also the wn or chestnut red; lower back, rump, ronze and purple reflections; primaries em; tertiaries dark red brown ; legs 2 the knee; claw of mid-toe scooped dge on one side; irides brown ; lores
to II ; bill at front 6 to 6° 5 ; tarsus , the feathers of the head, chin and 'd; back greenish brown, very little
Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. utch, Central India, Guzerat and the o from Arracan. It is not known there, being a bird essentially affecting eds in Sind, also in Ceylon, whereas lers, the breeding time varies with the latter is said by Mr. Parker to cause thers. Generally it may be said to
7 X I'35.
NATATORES.
compressed, generally short, except wings also variously developed. The , or birds with thick depressed bills commonly called the “nail,' above errated, forming lamellar teeth, which
NICOPTERIDAE.
2d on the sides, suddenly bent downong, the latter naked; tarsi išbutellate

Page 360
204 POENICOP’’
Gen. Phoenico
Margin of bill lamellate and dentate; brane; neck very long; Istand 2nd qu as in the Family.
332. Phoenicopterus antiqui Naum. Vogt, t. 233 ; Gould, B. Eur. p. 669, No. 137 I. Phoenicopterus rose No. 944; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 257; Mu Legge, B. Ceylon, pp. 1o92-1222.-The Plumage throughout of a rosy whit secondaries black; primary and greater broadly tipped with black, rest of the axillaries and under wing coverts rosy r legs and feet rosy red.
Length.-48 to S4 inches; wing I6 to of the year have scarcely any rosy tinge, upper parts, is mixed with dusky.
Hab.–Ceylon, South India, Belooc N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Centri Concan and Deccan. Everywhere in floc &c., especially in Sind. Mr. Hume (St “as occurring in countless myriads, st huge rosy islands, or floating above it li] of Sind. On taking flight, the exposur coverts turns the mass into a gigantic br mighty folds as it floats away.” They : harbour, chiefly on the mud flats and in parties drawn up in line. When feedin down in such a position that the upper they stir up the limpid ooze in search &c., on which they live. Like the Crar posted to give warning of danger; thei Mohannas or fishermen caste on the taste being lost on their palates, owing ancients considered it choice food, and partial to the flesh. From the tongue they use for flavouring certain viands.
They have been found breeding at curious as the structure of the bird, b stiff clayey mud, on which the parent legs folded under it. Eggs, 2 in numb the breeding season appears to be Mar

I ERIDAE.
pterus-Linn.
nostrils in a groove covered by memill of wing longest; other characters
orum ( 7em.) Bodd., 7ab. P. E. 63 ; pl. 287; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. eus (Pall.), Verd., B. Ind. iii. p. 775, rray, Halbk., Zool., öc., Sind, p. 23o;
FLAMINGO.
e in the adult bird; primaries and wing coverts white, dark shafted and wing coverts and tertiaries rosy red; 2d; bill rosy, broadly black at the tip;
165; tail 6; bill 4 to 4'I2. Birds and the plumage, especially of the
histan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, al India, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, ks of thousands on all the lakes, rivers, r. F. i. p. 257) truly describes them een either massed upon the water, as ke a sunset cloud in all the large lakes e of the rosy upper and under wing illiant rosy scarf, waving to and fro in are also common about, the Kurrachee Clifton Bay; usually they are in large g they have their necks and heads bent mandible rests on the ground; with it of animalculae, minute crustacea, fish, hes the Flamingoes also have sentinels r flesh is not considered good, but the Indus consider it palatable, the fishy to their principal diet being fish. The the Egyptians, at the present day, are they are said to extract an oil which
Fao in Mesopotamia; the nest is as eing a truncated cone, built entirely of pird sits either astride or with its long er, white, and very chalky. In Ceylon ch. Mr. Parker says he has received

Page 361
SARKI DI
information of two sites, one in the Sout both being in very wild unfrequented lit to be raised up in the marshy flats and t top. The birds are said to sit on the them.
Family, ANAT
Bill flat and broad, laminated at the plants, which they obtain in shallow mu
Sub-Family, PILECTRO
Bill long and broad, tip horny; knec scales; hind toe long; wing with one or carbuncle at base of upper mandible; p.
Gen. Sarkidic
Characters those of the Sub-Family; longest.
333. Sarkidiornis melanor p. 2 I, pl. I I ; Wewton, Str. P. viii. p. 4 677, No. I379. Sarcidiornis melanonot Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 636; Blyth, Game Birds, iii, p. 91, pl.; Legge, B. Cey p. 275; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p.
Top of the head and back of neck bla back of the neck; cheeks, sides and fro spots; breast and entire under parts v scapulars, tertiaries and wing coverts glo tail coverts glossed greenish; primarie wing coverts glossed with purplish green protuberance; irides dark brown; bill t
Length.-28 to 30 inches; wing 13 less brightly coloured.
Hab.-Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinc Kattiawar, Guzerat, Concan and Dec. British Burmah.
A straggler in Sind. Breeds in the August. In Ceylon it is said to breec to March, usually on trees in the proxir 334. Nettapus coromandel p. 786; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 165 ; i Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1o66; Hume and Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 272; Murray, Anser coromandeliana, Gmel, Sysf. AV
39 c

ORNIS, 30,
h-East and another in the North-East, tle known districts. The nests are said o have a saucer-like concavity on the ; nest with their legs doubled under
TIDAE. - Vigors.
sides; food insects and tender aquatic ddy places.
PTERINAE.--G. R. Gray.
and above bare; tarsi with squarish more spurs on the shoulders; a fleshy (umage glossy black.
)rnis.-Eyton. ist and 2nd primaries sub-equal and
lotus. Penn, in Forst. Ind. Zool. 15 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. a, ỹoerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 785; Hume, B. Burm. p. 165; Hume and Marsh, ''lom, p. IO63 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. iii. 286.--The CoMB DUCK. ck, spotted with white, more so on the nt of the neck white with a few black white; chin and throat white; back, }ssy black, glossed with purple; upper s and secondaries black; the lesser ; tailblack; bill of male with a fleshy black. to 15; tail 6. Female is smaller, and
es, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, an, South India and Ceylon; also
: N.-W. Provinces during July and in the Manaar districts from January nity of large sheets of water.
ianus (Gmel.), ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 50I ; Marsh., Game Birds, iii. p. IOI, pl.; Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 677, No. 138o. it. i. p. 522. Nettapus coromandeli

Page 362
306 ANAT
cus (L), Hume, Wests and Eggs, In (L.), Hume, Str. F. iii. I92-The Co Forehead, crown and nape hair brow and lower plumage white; collar roun on hind neck; a second demi-collar under tail coverts dark brown mottle green; the secondaries are broadly tip their basal halves are dark brown; u brown; tail brown; under wing covert line from the lores through the eye dus supercilium; rest of the head, whole n mottled with brown; lower plumage freckled with brown. In winter the m the white patch on the primaries. describes the nestling as covered wit centre of the forehead, crown, occiput a white; a black line passes from the bi below this greyesh white; rest of the bo Length.-13 inches; tail 3; wing 6 Hab.-Nearly throughout India, alsc regions as Sind, Kutch, Rajputana. B of trees, laying from 8 to to eggs, ol generally affect swamps, marshes, and
Sub-Family, TADO)
Plumage rufous; bill flattened towe hind toe long and slightly lobed.
Dendrocygna, Su
Bill rather large, of uniform width ; 3rd and 4th primaries sub-equal and lo
335. Dendrocygna Javani vi. p. 486; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1o69 p. Io9, pl. ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i p. 287 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 7'rans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. I 99. Der p. 789. Dendrocygna arcuata (Cua), p. 639; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 169-Th
Top of head and occiput dull wood continued down the middle of the back sides of the face and neck fulvous br neck and breast yellowish chestnut, g of the under surface of the body; v

BDAE,
l. B. p. 638. Nettapus coromandus TroN TEAL. n, remainder of the head, whole neck | the neck black in front, glossy green from the breast upwards below this; il with white ; upper plumage glossy bed with white and the primaries also, pper tail coverts white, freckled with s greenish black. The female has a cy black, surmounted by a dirty white eck and the upper breast dull white dull white; upper tail, coverts white, tle is like the female, but has always Bill black; irides red. Mr. Parker n black and greyish white down, the ind nape are black, bordered by greyish ll through the eye to the hind head; ody black; iris dark brown, nearly black. 5. ; tarsus II ; bill from gape I I.
Ceylon and Burmah, except the drier reeds in July and August in the holes f a delicate ivory white colour. They inundated ponds' and ditches.
RNINAE (Anatinae, Sw.)
irds the tip, with horny termination;
J.-WHISTLING DUCKS.
secondaries long, also the tarsi; 2nd, ngest.
2a (Horsf.), Hume and Dav., Str. F. ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds, iii. i. p. 273; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, 678, No. I 38. Anas javanica, Horsf. drocygna aswuree, ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. apud Hume, Wests and Eggs, Ind. B. Le LEssER WHISTLING TEAL. brown, and a narrow streak of the same of the neck from behind the nape; own; chin and throat albescent; lower radually passing into the light chestnut ent and under tail coverts albescent;

Page 363
SARKII
back and scapulars dusky brown, t chestnut, forming lunules; upper tai slightly paler; primaries and secondar dusky brown; lesser and median cove dusky brown, darker at the tip; irides pale golden; legs plumbeous.
Aength.-I7S to 18 inches; wing 8 tarsus II “75.
AHab.– Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provin but not in the more arid tracts, where of Rajputana. According to Hume, within the limits of the Indian empire, mans and Nicobars, in which this spec nent resident or a seasonal visitant. I breeding season especially affects the trees. At other times it is found in ne nidificates on trees, making a nest ( Herons and Ibises. In Sind it has be the Eastern Narra, and I have taken a six miles from Kurrachee. Mr. Doig, Io as the greatest number from any o composed of green twigs, and in s bulrush trodden down to make a p found nests in the Southern Province i: january, February, March, April and as I '85 x 1'44. Mr. Hume (Game Bi of this species carrying its Young Mr. Kemp in the Futtehpore District a obtained an egg from off a narrow r just before he shot it. Mr. Hume flying down to the water with ducklin; them carrying these in their claws. C and 9 A.M., he saw a duck carry down from a hole in a huge mango tree to t three yards of his face. In regard mentioned in Str. F. ix.p.486. Ih this species, and cannot but conclude sides are not sufficient to constitute a s in size be taken into consideration.
336. Dendrocygna fulva ( 1876, p. 372 ; Hume and Alfarsh., Gan Burmu. ii. p. 274 ; //urray Avvi/. Bı fulva, Gmel., Syst. AWat. 1. p. 53o.

I ORNIS, 307
e feathers edged with dingy fulvous
coverts chestnut; tail brown, tipped es black ; greater coverts and tertiaries rts deep maroon; axillaries black; bill deep brown; eyelids bright yellow to
to 85; tail 2 to 2' 12; bill at front 15
es and the Indian Peninsula generally, water is not abundant, as in the interior there is scarcely any suitable locality including Burmah, Ceylon, the Andaies does not occur either as a permais essentially a tree duck, and in the larger pieces of water, in the vicinity of arly every suitable piece of water. It of twigs, &c., or occupies old nests of en found breeding in great numbers on nest of 1 I eggs at the One Tree Tank, who took its eggs in the Narra, found ne nest. “The nests,' he says, “were ome instances of leaves of the large latform." In Ceylon Mr. Parker has n June and July, and in the Northern in May. The average of 20 eggs he gives rds) records instances of the curious fact in its feet from the nest to the water. dds his testimony to the fact, having idge where the bird was seen to carry it says-“He heard of their being seen gs on their backs, and that twice he saw |n one of these occasions, between 8 her whole brood of seven, one at a time, he water, she passing each time within to the smaller race of this species ave examined a large series of skins of hat the more elongated feathers of the pecies, nor can the very small differences
Gmel.), Sclater and Salv., P. Z. S. ne Birds, iii. p. I 19, pl. ; Oates, B. Br. it., Ind. ii. p. 679, No. 382. Anas
Dendrocygna major, ferd, Madras

Page 364
308 ANATİ
Journal, 1840, p. 218; id, Ill. Ind. p. I 293.-The LARGER WHISTLING TE
Top of head and sides of the face cheeks; chin and throat albescent, a middle of the neck; a broad black li below the nape; back, scapulars, prin wing coverts dark brown, the feathers edging, forming lunules; lesser wing chestnut, gradually passing into the li body; vent, under and upper tail cov brown; bill plumbeous; irides brown
, Length.-2O'S to 2 inches; wing 9. 2'4; tarSus 2*25,
Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan a localities; also Burmah. In Ceylon Province.
Gen. Casa
Bill moderate; culmen with a knob lobed; wing spurred; plumage from bi
337. Casarca rutila, Pall., H Eur. pl. 358; Gřerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 79 Hdbk., Zool., c., Sind; //ume, Game Dresser, B. Eur... vi. p. 461, pl. ; Leg Burm. ii. p. 277. (Vern. AllMungh, BRAHMINY DUCK.
Male.-Head, on the crown and side neck, and gradually passing into deep C back and breast; a seasonal glossy bla in males (not present in all specimens) breast in front deep orange brown, ora
being variable; in some specimens the
ochreous, the feathers finely vermicula upper tail coverts and tail, which have under tail coverts deep chestnut; in fe: without the black neck collar, the entir chestnut or fulvous chestnut, sometim darkening into deeper chestnut; wing brown; greater coverts and outer webs forming a broad speculum ; lesser and a buffish tinge; tertials like the back, s with brown at the tips; under wing edge of the wing,

DAE,
Orn. pl. xxiii ; Hume, Str. F. iii. ممL
ufescent brown, slightly paler on the road ring or patch of white in the he down the back of the neck from aries, secondaries, tertials and greater of the back with rufescent or chestnut overts dark maroon ; breast yellowish ght chestnut of the under parts of the erts white or fulvous white ; tail dark
legs and feet plumbeous.
25; tail 25 to 2'8; bill from gape 2 to
and Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, ld Deccan, also S. India in suitable it is a rare straggler in the Central
rca.-A.p.
Lt the base; nail at tip large; hind toe uffy orange to bright orange.
ist. do Egypt, t. x. p. 1 : Gould. B. I : Sdr. F. i. 26o; iv. Ig8; Murray, Birds, Ind. p. I 23. Tadorna casarca, ge, B. Ceylon, p. Io7o; Oates, B. Br. Sind):–The RUDDY SHELLDRAKE or
s buff, darkening on the nape and hind range or orange fulvous on the upper ck band round the middle of the neck ; chin buff; upper back, scapulars and nge fulvous, or rufescent, the colour feathers are edged paler; lower back ted with black ; rump black, also the a greenish gloss; lower abdomen and males and in males out of season, and e under surface from the breast is pale es with the feathers round the vent spurred at the bend; primaries dark of secondaries glossy purplish green, median covers white, sometimes with ome of the feathers finely vermiculated coverts and axillaries white, also the

Page 365
SPATİ
The female wants the black collar at colour, the head being very pale buffy mouse grey; bill black; irides dark b Length.-Males, 24'S to 27 inches; 2 to 24; bill at gape 2.
Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, Persia, Belooch N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Nepaul, Ber Guzerat, the Concan, Deccan and Sou The Ruddy Shelldrake is a winter v all the large lakes and brooks and alon on the Munchur especially; like geese sprouting wheat in the the early morning They are extremely shy and wary bi remarks-“It will not only keep a shar fly along the Jheel side before the gui every bird on the qui vive.”
Sub-Family Hind toe small, not bordered by a m out, or wider at the tip; lamellae numer
Gen. Spat
Bill longer than the head, narrow at nail small; lamellae fine and bristly.
Spatula ciypeata
338. Spatula, clypeata (Lih Gould, B. Eur. pl. 3oo; ferd., B. Murray, Habk, Zool, c., Sind, p. 2 and Marsh, Game Birds, Ind. p. 141 Avi/. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 682. (Vern., A
Male.-Head and neck all round reflections; back brown; scapulars
 

JLA, 309
all seasons, and is generally duller in white; the crown and neck in some own; legs black.
wing I45 to 15'5; tail 5's to 6; tarsus
stan, Afghanistan, E. Turkistan, Punjab, gal, Rajputana, Central India, Kutch hern India.
isitant to India. In Sind it is found on g the Indus river in great numbers; and large parties resort to the fields of and at night-fall, and do much damage. ds, and as Mr. Reid, in Game Birds, p look-out on its own account, but will iner, uttering its warning note and put
7, ANATINAE.
embrane; bill even in width throughous, fine and bristly.
ula-Boie,
the base, broad at the tip, shovel-like;
سيحيكه " - " حصد
Y-a- ss sua
. The Shoveller.
in.), Bodd. 7ab. P. E. pp. 97 , 972; Ind. iii. p 796; Str. P. iv. p. Ig9; 35; id, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 22O; Hume ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. Io86; Murray, lipat, Sind).-The ShovELLER. deep or dark brown with glossy green and breast white; rump and upper tail

Page 366
30 ANAT
coverts glossy brown black; sides of feathers white, the rest edged with w shafted; secondaries the same, their ou ing the speculum; lesser wing coverts brown, tipped with white, forming a b pointed, pale blue on their outer webs, tips of some of the elongated ones wh brownish red; lower tail coverts blac brown, the feathers finely vermiculat orange; irides yellow.
Length.-I9 to 20 inches; wing 9 to bill from gape 2'9 to 3.
The female is slightly smaller, averag wing 8 to 9. The head is pale redd breast pale brownish rufous, with dusky edges and tips of the feathers paler a tinged with pale blue; speculum green, the male.
Hab.-Ceylon, Sind, Beloochistan, P Eastern Turkestan, Punjab, N.W. Pr India, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Con
Winter visitors to India, affecting all ing on worms, larvae, tadpoles, seeds, They are not naturally shy, as in village bling about, or standing in the shallow are drawing water or bathing.
Gen. Am
Bill slightly longer than the head, tertials long and pointed; tail wedge-sh middle tail feather curled.
339. Anas paecilorhyncha, ferd., B. Ind. iii. p. 799; Hume, NVests Burm. p. 165; Hume and farsh, Ga Ceylon, p. Io73 ; Murray, Vert. Zoo i. p. 282; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i
Top of head to the nape behind dark of the upper mandible through the e lium, sides of the face and neck dingy lower neck, breast and abdomen the sai upper neck, and increasing in size on and throat unspotted fulvous; upper b.

DAE,
the rump white; tail brown, the outer hite ; primaries dusky brown, white ter webs rich bright green and formbale blue; greater wing coverts dusky ar across the wing; tertials long and purplish black on the inner ones, the ite; abdomen rich chestnut brown or k, glossed greenish ; flanks chestnut 2d with dark brown; bill black; legs
Io; tail 3'5 to 4 ; tarsus I*2 to I '4;
ing 19 inches in length at the outside; ish brown, with dusky shaft-streaks; brown spots; back dusky brown, the nd rufous white; lesser wing coverts and a white bar across the wing as in
'ersia, Afghanistan, Nepaul, Cashmere, 'ovinces and Oudh, Bengal, Central can, Deccan, and South India.
the lakes, marshes, ponds, άc., feedand young shoots of aquatic plants. ponds they are frequently seen dabedge of ponds, while the inhabitants
S, Linn.
of nearly uniform width throughout; aped; nostrils near the base of the bill;
Forst, Ind. Zool. p. 23, pl. 13; and Eggs, Ind. B." p. 643; Blyth, B. me Birds, iii... p. 165, pl.; Legge, B. l. Sind, p. 292; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ... p. 684.-The SPOTTED BILLED DUCK.
sepia brown, also a line from the base ye, ending in a point behind; supercifulvous, minutely speckled with brown; me, the brown spots larger than on the he breast, abdomen and flanks; chin ack, scapulars and lesser and median

Page 367
DAF
wing coverts hair brown; lower back ar secondaries brown on their inner web: emerald glossy green, tipped with bla narrowly edged with white; greater win subterminal white band and tipped with webs and hair brown on their inner; darker; vent and under tail coverts nea bill black, with a spot of red at the base vermilion red; irides deep brown.
Length.-23'S to 25'9; wing IO'S to I'93; bill from gape 25 to 275. Fen Hab.-A permanent resident in Ir Found in large numbers in Ceylon, Sinc of the Punjab and Rajputana, also il Oudh, Kutch, Guzerat and the Deccan. Affects large lakes, ponds, brushy or rivers, feeding on worms, molluscs, ins Mr. Hume says (Game B. iii, p. 68) “ varies a great deal with locality;" in the eastern portions of Rajputana and the P. the months; in Guzerat, October. In latter end of April and May on a small middle of the Narra.
Gen. Dafila (Leach.), Gra
Tail with the central feathers narr rest; neck long; bill elevated at the ba mary of wing longest.
 

LA. 311
drump black; primaries deep brown; ; speculum on their outer webs, rich ck, the black tips of the innermost coverts sepia brown at base, with a black; tertiaries white on their. outer ail deep brown, the central feathers rly black; under wing coverts white; and yellow at the tip; legs and feet
I I ; tail 4"75 to 5'75 ; tarsus I “85 to ales are slightly smaller.
dia. Breeds in Sind and the Punjab. l, Beloochistan, Persia, the drier parts the N.-W and Central Provinces,
weedy tanks, and often the banks of ects, larvae, young shoots of grass, &c. that the breeding season of this duck N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, also the unjab, July, August and September are Sind Mr. Doig obtained eggs at the island covered with long grass in the
ay, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 6IS.
ow and much lengthened beyond the se, of nearly uniform width; ist pri
... The Pintail.

Page 368
312 ANAT
340. Dafila acuta (Linn.), ở Alur. vi. p. 53 I, pl.; Hume, Str. F. ii id, Str. P. viii. p. 363; Hume and Ma. Str. F.X. p. 245; Murray, Vert. Zool. ii. p. 279; Linn., Syst. AVat. i. p. 2O2 Azi/. Bri. Ind, ii. p. 689, Anas acut The PINTAIL.
Male.-Entire head, face, chin and the crown slightly darker and with a fel brown, nearly black; lower neck, brea running up on each side of the neck to and flanks marked with transverse un tail coverts cinereous or pale fulvous black; tail with the central feathers blac greenish, the others dusky brown and n greyish brown, the shafts much paler; s webs, their outer webs forming the sp with black and tipped broadly white; u pale ferruginous; tips of the greater cov are dusky brown; scapulars black, edge pointed, deep black and edged with w on the sides of the upper mandible; irides dark brown.
Length.-22 to 29 inches; wing IO'3 Females.--Smaller. Length-20 to
Female.--Forehead and crown, also
brown, the feathers with fulvous edging foreneck fulvous with brown spots an darker on the lower neck; breast and crescentic brownish markings on the br large spots on the lower abdomen; b lunate or crescentic markings of white : feather, and edged with whitish; greate with margins and tips of white; primari ish bronze, unglossed, the tips of the f margined with white; tail long, pointed streaks of white or yellowish white; brown spots.
Hab.-Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, A Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch, Cor Southern India and Ceylon. Hume Empire, from Ceylon to Kashmir, and

DAE,
erd., B. Ind. iii. p. 8o3 ; Dresser, B. . p. 193 ; Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 2oo ; "sh., Game Birds, iii. p. 189, pl. ; Oates » Sind, p. 297; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 166 ; Murray, a (L.) Legge, B. Ceylon, p. Io76.-
throat umber brown, the feathers on ruginous tinge; back of the neck dark st and abdomen white; a white line the occiput; back, sides of the breast dulations of black and white; upper brown; under tail coverts deep velvet k, much elongated, and glossed with largined with white; primaries dusky econdaries dusky brown on their inner eculum, dark greenish bronze, edged pper part of the speculum edged with erts, like the lesser and median coverts, d with yellowish; tertiaries long and hitish bill black, with a bluish tinge legs and feet slaty or blackish grey;
to 1 I'75; tail 75 to 8; bill 2 to 245. 22'S; wing 93 to IO. back of the head, nape and neck dark s; sides of the face, chin, throat and d streaks, which become longer and
the lower parts fulvous with obscure east, flanks and sides of the rump and lack and scapulars dark brown, with and pale buff about the middle of each and lesser wing coverts dusky brown, es a shade lighter; speculum brownathers white; tertiaries dusky brown, dark brown, with imperfect bars and inder tail coverts fulvous white, with
ghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. and Central can, Deccan, Guzerat, Central and says-“There is no district in the rom Kashmir to Sadya, Munipoor and

Page 369
QUERQU
Moulmein, where the Pintail does na except in South Tenasserim.'
The Pintail affects the large broads seen except in large parties. It is he for this purpose is netted in great num birds. On the Munchur Lake the fowl sportsman in suitable localities could ( good day's sport, besides other game. whole, next to the Mallard, the Pintail the Gadwall ranking third.
Gen. Querquedula, Stey Bill of uniform width, as long as th nail horny, hooked and narrow; lam quill longest; secondaries long and poi
34. Querquedlula crecca (.. B. Eur. pl. 364 ; ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. Murray, Halbk., Zool., Hoc., Sind, p. Murray, Avif. Br. Ind. ii. p. 692. Ar Legge, B. Ceylon, p. Io83; Hume, Gan Moorghabi, Hind).-The CoMMoN TE Forehead, crown, facr, cheeks, throa brown; chin black, a narrow dark line a white or buffy one on the side, whicl stripe, and another under the eye; beh liary and lower eye-streak is a broad g meets on the back of the neck; breast and spotted with black; upper abdo minutely barred with brownish; flanks upper back and scapulars marked wit bars; lower back dark brown, with fair tail hair brown or dusky brown, the coverts black, the feathers on the sides edged on their outer webs and tipped on their outer webs; next four or five followed by the black outer web c coverts dusky or greenish brown; gre white or yellowish white, forming a bi or brownish black; irides brown; legs Length.-14's to 1575 inches; win The female has the head, neck and edged with white or fulvous white o back; speculum as in the male, but
40 с

EDULA. 33
t occur in greater or less abundance
or dhunds and lakes, and is seldom d in much esteem for the table, and pers with the Gadwall and other water irs net from IOO to 200 daily, and a btain two or three dozens at least as a Hume, like myself, thinks that, on the
h., Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 66.
e head, and slightly raised at the base; ellae not apparent; wings long, second nted; tail wedge-shaped.
Linn.), Bod. 7ab. P. E. p. 946; Gould, 8o6; Dresser, B. Eur... vi. p. 5o7, pl.; 235 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 285. Las crecca, Linn., Syst. Wat. i. p. 2o4; ie Birds, Ind. iii. p. 206. (Kardo, Sind;
AL. it and upper neck in front rich chestnut round the base of the bill, followed by n meets a similar coloured superciliary ind the eye, between the hind supercilossy green, or dark green patch, which rufescent or white, tinged with reddish men white; lower abdomen in some barred with brown or blackish brown; h undulating white and black transverse it traces only of paler transverse bars; feathers edged with white ; under tail creamy yellow; primaries dusky brown, larker; first six secondaries velvet black forming the speculum glossy green, and f the first tertial; lesser and median ter coverts the same and tipped with rder to the speculum above; bill black, and feet greyish or plumbeous. g 7 to 8; tail 29 to 35. upper part dusky brown; the feathers h the head and neck and lunated on the slightly duller; chin and throat white,

Page 370
314, ANA
with black spots; breast and flanks abdomen white; under tail coverts wit
Zength.-135 to 147 inches, with : Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, Beloochistan, Central Provinces, Rajputana, Kutch a Abundant wherever it occurs, freque
342. Querquedula circia Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 53, pl.; Hum, F. iv. p. 20; Aume and Marsh, Gan Fix, p. 198; Murray, Vert. Zool, S p, 286; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. i. p. 2O4; Blyth, B. Burm., p. 6 GARGANEY TEAL.
Querquedula circia. The G
Male-Forehead purplish brown, fi head, occiput, nape and a line half way or blackish brown, bounded on eacl which extends to the sides of the neck and neck chestnut brown, the feathers breast and upper abdomen yellowish ferruginous, and with broad crescentic white or yellowish white, with, in son behind ; flanks with transverse undula white with black bases; back brownish ish brown ; primaries dark brown on th brown on their inner webs, in some spe wing spot on Outer web of secondaries with white, the white tips forming the coverts ashy grey or bluish ashy, broad coverts ashy grey, or bluish ashy; scap mesial white shaft, and narrowly edged
 

TIDAE.
white and spotted with dark brown h brown streaks.
a wing of 65 to 7 S. Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. and nd throughout India and Burmah. nting tanks, rivers, ponds and jheels, &c. (Linn.), ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 8o7 ; e, Nests and Eggs, p. 644; Scully, Str. ne Birds, iii. p. 2 I5, pl. ; Bingham, Str. sind, p. 3OI ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 693. Anas circia, Linn., Syst. AWat. 6; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. Io8o.-The
arganey or Blue-winged Teal.
mely streaked with white; crown of the down the back of the neck dark umber n side by a white superciliary streak, ; face, sides of the neck, cheeks, throat with white mesial streaks ; chin black, brown, tinged in some specimens with dark brown markings; lower abdomen ne specimens, transverse, dusky striæ tions of black and white ; axillaries black, the feathers edged with yellowheir outer webs and tips, pale wood cimens narrowly edged with whitish; dull green, slightly glossed and tipped
second bar across the wing; greater ly tipped with white; lesser and median ulars long and lanceolate, black, with a greyish white or white; tertiaries dusky

Page 371
FU
brown, edged with white on their out dark brown, with bars of yellowish whi with yellowish or fulvous white; under spots; bill black above, brownish on t and feet greenish grey or plumbeous.
Length.-I5's to 165 inches; wing r85.
The female has the chin and throat spots and streaks of a darker shade; b. with white; eye-streak faint; speculu and below with white; breast and brown.
Zength.-14'S to 15 inches, with a
Hab.-The same as Q. crecca. Not found in as great numbers as C. is considered excellent for the table. ing itself in the jheels and dhunds, ar when disturbed it usually returns to nights in some parts of the country the fields as to destory acres of crop at one vegetable, as tender.shoots and leaves on the sea coasts, especially the Sind frequently found in some numbers, cru their diet.'
Sub-Family, FULIGU
Bill elevated at base, flat and broad horny; tarsi short, rather compressed toe short; tail short and rounded.
Gen. Fuligula, Steph.; Bran
Bill nearly as long as the head, mc lamellae distinct; wings moderate, 1st
343. Fuligula rufina, Pall. Gould, B. Eur... pl. 369; joerd., B. Ir. Hdbk, Zool., c., Sind, p. 238; Hum Ceylon, p. Io87; Murray, Avis. Bri, seeree, Punjab.)-The RED-CRESTED
Male.--Crown of the head, with dull yellow colour; head on the sid with a tinge of rose red or reddish b back of the neck black; lower nec

I GULA. 315
webs; rump and upper tail coverts : ; tail dark brown, the feathers edged ail coverts yellowish white with black e lower mandible; irides brown; legs
72 to 8; tail 32 to 35 ; bill I'75 to
hite ; head on the crowni brown with ck of neck brown, the feathers edged dull and indistinct, bordered above bdomen greyish white, spotted with
ving of from 7 to 7"5.
, crecca, affects the same situations, and it is chiefly a nocturnal feeder, concealnong the high grass, during the day; the same spot. Hume says “ that at y come in such crowds into the paddy visit; their food, like Q. crecca, is chiefly of water plants, seeds, bulbs, &c., but
and Mekran Coast, where they are stacea, slugs, fry of fish and algae form
LINAE, Sw.-DIVING DUCKS.
towards the tip; nail strong, broad and ; toes long, webbed to the end; hind
a, Boie. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 62o.
derately wide, tip depressed; nail large; quilt longest.
Zoogr. t. 79; Bodd. 7ab. P. E. 928 ; d. iii. p. 8 I II ; Sir. F. iv. p. 2o II ; Murray, e, Game Birds, Ind. iii.p. 253; Legge, B.
Ind. ii. p. 697. (Rattoba, Sind; LallocHARD. in elongated crest of a silky texture and s, cheeks, chin and throat rich chestnut, y; nape and a line continued down the , breast, sides of the breast and abdomen

Page 372
36 ANAT
black, in some specimens the abdome back pale brown, or yellowish brown it. the wing and a large spot on the sides
their outer webs and at their tips, white
with sub-terminal dark tips; tertiaries p nearly black; tail dark brown; bill brig or reddish orange; irides reddish brow)
Alength.-20's to 22 inches; wing I 25.
Females are not much smaller, and head and crown dark brown; the nec crest much less developed; sides of th culum greyish white; breast and flanks edged paler; shoulder of wing greyish feet reddish brown; back rufous or yello paler.
AHa5.–Ceylon, Sind, Beloochistan, Provinces, Bengal, Guzerat, Kutch, Ra India generally, except perhaps in Soutl
It is said to breed in parts of Persia. during winter from the latter end of O. few, however, remain beyond the oth of wild state, except in well-shot districts, of this duck in a single day; they swim a long while under water. Large lakes is much deep water, are the natural reso
Mergus merganser.
 

DAE.
is a chocolate brown ; flanks white; escapulars with a fulvous tinge; end of if the back white; primaries brown on in their inner webs; secondaries white, le brown; rump and upper tail coverts ht vermilion; legs and feet vermilion
) to Io'75; tail 3'o to 4'o; bill 23 to
average from 20 to 21 inches. Forek on the back and nape slightly paler; e face and neck brownish white; speyellowish brown, some of the feathers white; tail yellowish brown, legs and wish brown, some of the feathers edged
Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. jputana, the Deccan and throughout hern India.
Occurs everywhere in large numbers ctober to about the middle of April; a April. They are not very shy in their
and usually large bags may be made
well and dive equally well, remaining s and rivers, and situations where there rts of this duck.
The Goosander.

Page 373
DAPT
Family, P.
Tarsus compressed; primaries sho wanting; bill slightly curved above at
Podicep
Bill straight, moderately stout; nost wings short; tarsus scutellate; hallux !
344. Podiceps minor (Linn. Eur... pl. 392 ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 268 id, Str. F. iii. p. Ig3; Oates, Str. ÆMurray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 769. Ceylon, pp. Io59 and 1222. Podiceps p. 822; Str. F. i. p. 268; iv. p. 2 p. 242; id, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 312. Orn. Union, p. 204.-The LITTLE GR Crown of the head and nape dark bl with greenish; sides of the face, neck chin dull black; breast sepia brown, mi rest of under parts silky white; und brown, buffy white basally; secondari scapulars and tertials glossy brownish b ish, paler at the base; irides red brown Length.-8 to 9 inches; wing 4 ; bil Hab.-Throughout Europe, Africa Ceylon, India, Beloochistan, Persia, Af and British Burmah.
Family, PROCELLA
Bill long, straight, compressed, very hooked; nostrils tubular, situated at the
Sub-Family, PROCELL
Nostrils at base of bill divided by bill slender, compressed; tarsus moder
Gen. Daptic Wings long; tail moderate; bill hoc
345. Daliption capensis (Lin Rep. 7"rans. Venus Exped., p. I 18; p 115; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1o56; O Avis. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 710, No. 1413. i. p. 213-The CAPE PETREL.

ON 317
DICIPIDAE.
t; feet lobed; tail very short, almost he tip.
-Zatham.
ils oblong, lateral, in a short groove; ordered by a web.
Bodd., 7"ab. P. E. p. go5 ; Gould, B. ; id, Mests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 646; ", viii. p. 168 ; id, Str. F. X. p. 245 ; Podiceps fluviatilis (7'unst.), Legge, B. phillipensis (Gm.), Jerd, B. Ind. i. O3; Murray, Halbk., Zool., c., Sind, Tachybaptes fluviatilis, List. Brit. B. eBE or DAB-CHIcK. ackish brown, or sepia brown, glossed on the sides and in front chestnut red; xed with white; flanks pale ferruginous er wing coverts buff; primaries pale is white, margined with brown; back, lack, with a greefish tinge; bill black; legs greenish black or dusky green. Il at front o'75 ; tarsus II "25. and Asia. Recorded from throughout ghanistan, Eastern Turkestan, Nepaul
RIDAE-PETRELs, &c. deeply grooved, tip strong, arched and
base of the bill, and exposed. ARINÆ-STORMY PETRELS. a septum ; hind toe generally present; te.
in-Stephens. ked at the tip, and very weak.
'...), Gould, B. Austr. vii. pl. 53; Sharpe, Hume, Str. F. vii. pp. 442, 463; viii. tes, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 438; Murray, Procellaria capensis, Linn., Syst. Aval.

Page 374
31.8 LA
Whole head, chin, sides and back ( coverts sooty brown; lower back, upp white, each feather tipped with sooty bi median and greater wing coverts wit inner sooty brown; remainder of the with a broad white marginal band on white, remainder sooty brown; lower p coverts tipped with sooty brown.
Length.-About I4 inches; tail 4; \ (Oates.)
Bill blackish brown; irides and feet
Hab.-Obtained by Mr. Hume in the land. Oates says it is certain bo be fou at times.
Gen. BPU
Bill longer than the head, slender, co deflected at the tip; nostrils in a dc surface of the bill; tarsus moderate, c long; hind toe rudimentary; ist quill
346. Puffinus chlororhync Ibis, 1861, p. 181; 1867, p. 359; Legg Burm, ii. p. 439; Murray, Avif, Brit. BILLED SHEARWATER.
Whole plumage sooty brown, darkest and tinged with glaucous on the chin a
Irides dusky; bill dusky greenish;
Length.-About 15 inches; tail S. gape 2.
Hab.-Indian Ocean, breeding in ti where it deposits its single egg under with on the Coast of Ceylon, and will p Bengal and the Burmese Coast.
ORDEER.
Family, LARIDÆ,
Bill straight, compressed; wings le transverse scutes in front ; hind toe usu
Sub-Family, STERCO
Base of bill covered with a cere, median.

RD PE.
f the neck, upper back and lesser wing dr tail coverts, scapulars and tertiaries own; secondaries more broadly tipped ; the outer webs and the tips of the inner web white; primaries blackish, he inner web; basal two-thirds of tail umage from the chin white; under tail
ring 9; tarsus II "7; bill from gape I'5.
dark brown. (Gould.)
: Straits between Ceylon and the mainnd in the vicinity of the Burmese Coast
Liffinus.
mpressed at the point; lower mandible uble tube, extending along the under ompressed; toes three in front, rather longest.
hus, Lesson, 7"raite, p. 613 ; ZWewton , ge, B. Ceylon, p. 1054; Oates, B. Br. 'nd. ii. p. 7 I2, No. I4 I5.-The GREEN
on the wings and tail; paler beneath nd throat. legs fleshywhite. (Legge.)
3; wing I'09; tarsus '8; bill from
he Mauritius and neighbouring islands, stones and in burrows. Has been met 'obably be found to occur in the Bay of
-GAVIAE.
Vig. Lestridæ, Kaup,
ong and pointed tail long; tarsi with ally short.
RARINAE.-G. R. Gray. tip hooked; 1st quill longest; nostrils

Page 375
STERC
Gen. Sterco. Keel of bill covered with a bony or
347. Stercorarius antarct. (1845) ; Buller, B. of Wew Zeal. p p. 32 I. Lestris antarcticus (Less.), catarrhactes (Linn.), Hutton, Ibis, 18 THE CAPE HEN OF SAILORS, ALso SE General colour glossy wood brown, and under surface, and passing into di and wing coverts; neck feathers w scapulars with brownish grey centrals coverts slightly paler than the centre ( the tips, and white thence to the base black; secondaries white at the ba; feather shafts white; tail beneath pale Adult.-Wing 7'o inches; tail 65; bill to gape 2'5; height at base I'o. Layard). Iris dark brown; bill brown Poung-Nestling. “Dark brown, Immature bird from Campbell Islar 65 ; tarsus 3'o; middle toe (without height at base O'88.
The Ceylon specimens are pale bro light shafts and greyish tips; the un wing coverts with the central portions the extremities of the feathers.
Mr. H. Saunders finds that the lar between the Cape of Good Hope an South Atlantic have a tendency to a p A fine immature example of this Colombo, in October 1875, by a nati by another man near Maravilla, on bird's wing was cut; it was very tan been accustomed to the society of n had been caught only a few weeks.
The habitat of this large skua is pack-ice northward to the Cape of C Between these parallels it is found i does not occur from New Zealand e. found at the Straits of Magellan and ordinary limit in the Pacific appears as far north as Rockingham Bay.

RARIUS, 319
rius-Briss. |embranous cere; Ist quill longest.
2us (Less.), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 653 267 (1873); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, Trait d’Orn. p. 616 (183 I). Lestris 5, p. 277-THE ANTARCTIC SKUA or -HEN. - lark on the head and paler on the neck rk sepia brown on the back, scapulars, th fine light brown shaft streaks; the ots at the tips; the edges of the wing f the feathers; primaries black towards the outer web of the Ist quill wholly e; tail black brown, primary and tail at the base.
tarsus 32; middle toe (with claw) 3o; 'Length.-24'o' (Macgillivray fide
lish black; legs and feet black. mottled with white.' (Hutton.) d. Measures.-Wing 165 inches ; tail claw) 2'5; bill to gape (straight) 2'5;
wn throughout, the neck feathers with ler surface feathers tipped with greyish; near the tip fulvous, becoming paler at
gest birds are from the Southern Ocean, New Zealand, and that those from the ale frill of acuminate feathers.
skua was brought to Major Legge at ve, who stated that it had been caught the Negombo and Chilaw canal. The e, and it had the appearance of having an, although the native asserted that it
he southern seas, from the edge of the ood Hope and the shores of Australia. the vicinity of the existing islands, but stward to Cape Horn, where, again, it is he Falkland Islands. Its most northerly be Norfolk Island, but it has occurred
It was procured by the naturalists of

Page 376
320 LAR
H.M.S. “Challenger” at Tristand'Acı Islands. Captain Hutton states it is v Prince Edward's Island, breeding the 45 S. At the Cape, Layard observed common there. Gould likewise recor near Cape Horn, and remarks that he coasts of Tasmania, near Storm Bay. the west coast of Australia, and in the Bass's Straits. The occurrence of ol Zealand is noticed by Mr. Buller.
Habits.-The skuas (or parasitic gu largely on the food taken by gulls, tern they drop their booty. This species, v is a bird of bold, fierce disposition and land in company with the petrels which ing with them, in order to rob them wake of vessels. Major Legge adds th a flock of “Cape Pigeons,' watching these assiduous toilers of the sea : cat something up, a few vigorous strokes petus, and it descends with a rush upg it with almost motionless pinions. Dr. speaks of a fierce skua (evidently this place of the Albatross at the Aucklan down and devour this bird's egg on h said to prey on the flesh of other birds Major Legge confined one in an avi a Malay bittern (Gorsachius, melanolo been expected, a most ravenous bird, it dropped from the perch above, or cl snatching its food from its bill, and t had a hoarse cackling cry, which it ch
This skua has been found breeding Prince Edward's Island, and, according flats, among moss and grass two or t eggs, two or three in number, are c brought from the Crozets, as “pale obtuse end, with large and distinct p measure 3"o by 2"o8 (2' 1") inches is described by Captain Hutton as purplish-grey spots, length 31 by 2 I

DAE.
inha, Kerguelen Island, and the Falkland try numerous on Kerguelen Island and e, and that it is very rare north of lat. it in April; but it does not seem to be ls it from the Cape of Good Hope and saw it nowhere so abundant as off the
Major Legge has seen it frequently off 3ight between King George's Sound and especimen only on the coasts of New
ls, as they are sometimes called) subsist s, and petrels, which they chase unti: which is one of the largest of its family, powerful flight, often wandering far from affect the Southern Ocean, and associatof the food which they pick up in the at he has seen it steadily cruising round for an opportunity to launch itself after ching sight of one which has picked of its pinions give it the required imin the bird, turning and twisting after , M'Cormack, of H. M. S. “Erebus,” species) which haunted the breedingld Isles, ever on the watch to pounce er quitting it in search of food. It is at Kerguelen Land, avoiding the water. ary containing a Ceylon wood-owl and phus); it proved to be, as might have gobbling up the owl's meat whenever hasing the bittern round the aviary and his after it had amply fed itself. It efly gave vent to when hungry.
on the Crozets, Kerguelen Land, and to Captain Hutton, lays its eggs on low hree feet high, making no mest. The escribed by Layard from specimens
brown-green, spotted chiefly at the ale purple and brown blotches;" they , An egg from the Chatham Islands
olive-brown, with large brown and inches.

Page 377
LAF
Sub-Family, Bill long, straight above, and slightly
Gen. Luar
Bill moderate, strong, compressed, mandible angled beneath; nostrils line naked; tarsi moderate; toes palmated tarsus; wing long.
348. Larus brunneicephalu id., Birds, Ind iii. p, 832 ; A/oldszevo p. 278; iv. p. 2O3. ; vi. p. 29I ; Murʻrc Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 3 I 8 ; Legge, B. Ind. ii. p. 717, No. 1421.-The BRow Summer Plumage.--Entire nead an terminates; orbital feathers white poster hind neck, upper tail coverts and tail, a black; inner web white at the base a second has both webs white at the bas is grey, with still less black and no wh the other quills are grey; bill and feet white. (Verd.)
Allength.-I5'8 to 165 inches ; wing In winter, the head, neck all round, e also the edge of the wing, are white; tail with white terminally; a dark spot be white at their bases, and, except the first dark brown, tipped with white; tertials Hab.--Ceylon, Sind, along the coas Gulf, Bengal, Kutch, Guzerat and the
349. Larus ichthyætus, Pa. Zoogr. Rosso. As. ii. p. 322; Tristram, B. of Egypt, p. 307; Dresser, B. Eur Hdök, Zool., öc., Sind, p. 247; id., V Ceylon, p. IO46; Murray, Avis. Brit, phalus ichthyaetus (Pall.), Jerd., B. 1 HEADED GULL.
Summer Plumage.-Entire head an thers white; mantle, back, scapulars an tail, and upper tail coverts white; in band; primaries with a black band, in which has the whole of the outer web
4.1 c.

US. 321
LARINAE-Bp.
curved at the tip.
us-Linn.
cultrated, bent down at the tip; lower ar, lateral, longitudinal, pervious; tibia hind toe free, short and high on the
ls, verdon, Madras journ. xii. p. 225; rth, P. Z. S. I872, p. 48o ; Str. F. i. y, Halbk., Zool., ýc., Sind, p. 247; id, Ceylon, p. 1049; Murray, Avis Brit. N-HEADED GULL.
l neck sooty brown, darker where it iorly; back and Wings lightgrey; nape, lso the under parts, white; first primary nd with a white subterminal band, the e and a smaller terminal spot, the third ite, and so on, lessening to the seventh; red, the bill darkish at the tip; irides
I I5 to II 3“o ; tail 4“5 to 5'5. :ntire lower parts and upper tail coverts, white with a black band, narrowly edged fore and behind the eye quills black, two, all tipped with white; secondaries and upper plumage as in summer.
it and inland, Mekran Coast, Persian Deccan. Occurs also in Burmah.
"l., It. ii. App., No. 27; (Caspian) id., Ibis, 1868, p. 3O; (Palestine) Shelley, . pt. xviii. ; Str. F. i. p. 276; Murray, ert. Zool., Sind, p. 319; Zegge, B. Ind. i. p. 717, No, I422. Kroikoce'nd. iii. p. 83 I.—The GREAT BLACK
1 upper half of neck black; orbital fead wings bluish grey; entire lower parts, immature plumage the tail has a black creasing in width to the outermost one, and half of the inner web black; rest of

Page 378
322 LAF
the first primaries grey, tipped with v the tip, with a black bar across both m Length.-285 to 29 inches; wing I
Hab.-Ceylon, South India (Madra larger inland lakes of Sind, Persia Bengal, the Concan (Bombay),
Sub-Family,
Bill long or moderate, entire, straigh mandible angled; nostrils longitudinal even, or long and forked; tarsus short
The common residence of this Fami large rivers and lakes. They are alway the breeding season.
They continue long on the wing, an ing upon their finny prey, rising in the the water. They are commonly divide Terns, according to their habits and st
Gen. Hydroc.
Bill rather long, slender, gently a ascending portion short; tail short, sligh
350. Hydrochellidon hybr p. 388; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 348; No. 1424. Sterna Javanica, Horsf., 7" chelidon Indica, ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. p. 648. Sterna innotata, Beavan, Ibis, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 372; Saunders, Eur. viii. p. 315, pl.; Legge, Birds of ii. p. 419.-The WHISKERED TERN.
Forehead, crown, nape and back of n throat and breast pale bluish ash; abdo also the edge of the wing; mantle, win ash; external tail feathers white; un irides brown; legs and feet dull red.
Length.-II to 13 inches; wing 85 I5.
Hab.--Throughout India, Burmah Sea Coast.
351. Hydrochelidon leuco B. Eur... viii. p. 32 1, pl. ; Saunders, .

DÆ
hite; bill wax yellow, vermilion red at Indibles; the extreme tip orange yellow. "o to 20'o; bill at front 26 to 27; tail
), Sind and Mekran Coasts, also the Gulf, the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
TERNINAE.-Bp.
t, compressed and pointed; the lower wings long and pointed; tail short and and slender; toes short, webbed.
y is the sea-shore, mouths or banks of s in large flocks, and especially so in
i are quick in all their evolutions, dartair, or gliding along near the surface of as Marsh, River, Sea, and Oceanic ructure.
helidon-Boie.
"ched on the culmen ; gomys with the tly forked; feet not fully webbed.
ida, Pall., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat. ii.
Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. p. 719, ans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 198. Hydro337; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. 1868, p. 4O4. Hydrochellidon hybrida,
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 64o; Dresser, B. Ceylon, p. 996; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
eck glossy black; lores and chin white ; men dusky ; under tail coverts white,
gs, upper tail coverts and tail bluish der wing coverts white; bill lake red;
to 975; tail 375 to 4'5; bill at front
and Ceylon, affecting lakes and the
ptera (lfeion and Schinz.), Dresser, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 641 ; IIume, Str. F.

Page 379
GELOCE
viii, p. 115; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1ooo No. 425. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn Sterna leucoptera, Meisn and Schinz. WINGED BLACK TERN.
Head, neck, back, scapulars, innerm (except the under tail coverts which a quills blackish grey, fading to greyis inner webs, except on the terminal secondaries light french grey; lesser w upper tail coverts white; large cove black and blackish grey; edge of the v black; irides dark brown; legs and fee In winter the forehead and crown a also the back and scapulars ; rump anc throat, foreneck, under tail coverts, a spot in front of the eye; breast greyish. Length.-95 inches; tail 3; wing 3 Hab.-Throughout India, Burmah ar
sea CoastS.
Gen. Geloche
Nostrils with plumes reaching the o forked ; tarsus rather long; bill moder projecting gony.
352. Gelochelidon anglica Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 37; Elyth, p. 491 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. Mont, Orn. Dict. Suppl. Saunders, P. viii. p. 295, pl. ; Hume, Slır. F. viii. p. Oates, Str. F. x. p. 246 ; id., Birds anglicus, ỹerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 836. Zool, Sind, p. 32O. Sterna nilotica The GULL-BILLED TERN.
In summer forehead, lores, head on silky or deep black; sides of the face white; mantle, wings and tail light grey the tail, the first primary is rather a ho and inner webs next the shaft dusky thirds greyish white; shafts white; s under wing coverts white; tail light gr and feet black, the latter with sometim Length.-14'S to 162 inches; wing from 2'O to 27 inches; bill at front I

ELDON- 323
; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i.p. 719, ), apud. Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 372. Vog. Schweiz. p. 264.-The WHITE
ist secondaries and entire under parts 'e white) deep glossy black; primary white on the outer portions of the ortion shafts of the feathers white; ng coverts, edge of the wing, tail, and its french grey; under wing coverts ing mottled with white. Bill reddish
vermilion red, with a coral tinge.
e white, nape and occiput dark grey, upper tail coverts pale greyish white; ld under wing coverts white; a black
'2 ; tarsus o'75 ; bill from gape “25. ld Ceylon, affecting lakes, rivers and
slidon-Linn.
pening; first quill of wing longest; tail ate; culmen slightly curved and with
(Mont.), Jerd, B. Ind. i. p. 836; B. Burm. p. I 63 ; Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 72o, No. I 427. Sterna anglica, Z. S. 1876, p. 644; Dresser, B. Eur. . I 15; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. Io II; , Br. Burm. ii. p. 422. Gelochelidon Gelochelidon nilotica, Murray, Vert. (V. Hass.), Hume, Str. F. i. p. 28I.-
the crown, nape and back of the neck , chin, throat, breast and under parts 7, wings reach about two inches beyond lary grey, the rest light grey, their tips brown, the margins for their basal twoecondaries and tertiaries light grey; ey, the feathers white-shafted; bill, legs es a reddish tinge; irides dark brown.
13 to 14's inches, reaching the tail by 5 to , “7 ; tarsus *5.

Page 380
324. LAF
In winter the black head is replac few dusky spots behind and round the
Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, Beloochistan, Concans, and Deccan. Has been reco coast of the Irrawady delta near Eleph Creek. Affects the large inland piec Munchur Lake in Sind, and the sa Arrives about the middle of Septemb May.
Gen. Site
Characters the same as Gelocheidon hind toe short.
353. Sterna caspia, Pall, W Sir. F. i. p. 28o; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 289, pl. ; Hu ix. p. 487; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. IOO Vert. Zool, Sind, p. 427; Oates, B. 1 Brit. Ind. ii. p. 72 I., No, I 428. Sy p. 835-The CASPIAN TERN.
Summer Plumage.--Crown of the h ear coverts velvet black; chin, throa behind and entire under parts white; I pearl grey; the first five or six primari wing coverts white. In winter the hea the nape; bill vermilion red, paler to feet black.
Length.-18'o to 20'o inches; win front 2"6 to 2'75 ; tarsus II " 5 to II '75.
Hab–Sind, Beloochistan Coast, Po ces and Oudh. Affects the sea coast inland pieces of water. Breeds in N. x. p. 487) found a colony breeding.
354. Sterna Bergii, Licht, ind. B. p. 655; id, Str. F.i. p. 283 p. 657; Hume, Sir. P. viii. p. I I6; Ceylon, p. 102; Murray, Vert. Zool., p. 72 I, No. I429. Sterna cristata, St Sterna velox, Rupp., Atlas, p. 21, t. Ind. ii. p. 842; Blyth, B. Burm. p. I Ois Chine, p. 523-The LARGE CRES

RIDAE,
ed by a white grey streaked head, and a eye,
Persia, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, the orded from Arracan and met with on the hant Point and the mouth of the Bassein es of water, especially numerous on the lt water creeks in the deltaic districts. er and leaves about the third week in
(na-Linn.
, Front toes united by indented web;
ov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. p. 582; Hume, , 347; Saunders, P. Z. S. I876, p. 656; me, Str. P. viii. p. I IS ; Parker, Str. P. 3; Oates, Sir, F. X. p. 246; Murray, Br. Burm. ii. p. 427. Murray, Avif. vlochelidon caspius, ferd, B. Ind. ii,
ead, nape, and back of the neck and t, face, breast, the neck in front and mantle, wings and tail pale blue grey or es slaty grey, their shafts white; under d is white with a few dark feathers on wards the tip; irides brown; legs and
g I6'o to 17; tail 4'S to 575; bill at
orsian Gulf, the Punjab, N.-W. Provins, larger rivers, jheels, lakes and other
-W., Ceylon, where Mr. Parker (Str. F.
Verzeich, p. 8o; Hume, Mests and Eggs, ; iv. p. 47o ; Saunders, P. Z. S. I 876, Parker, Str. Fix. p. 49O; Legge, B. Sind, p. 322; Murray, Auf. Brit Ind. ii. eph. in Shazw’s Gen. Zool. xiii. i. p. I46. I3. Thalasseus cristatus, 7erd, B. 63. Thalasseus Bergii, Alavia. et 0usf. TED SEATERN,

Page 381
STER
Forehead, lores, sides of the face, ne breast, and all the lower parts white; crest and nape glossy black; back, win primaries next the shaft dark brown, tl colorous silvery or hoary grey, margir their inner webs and tips. Bill pale yel black.
Length.-17'O to 185 inches; wing
Hab.-Ceylon and the coasts of India commonly in the Kurrachee harbour, a Gulf and Burmah. Breeds in the Gu nearly opposite Jask, whence thousand May and June. The eggs are typically the small end, but considerably elongat ground colour varies from white, green yellowish, and again pale pinkish ston salmon pink; the markings are of two brown, often quite black in its intensity appearance of lying beneath the surface purple markings are almost entirely wi extensive than the dark ones. In othe tively thinly sprinkled or dense; again t spots about the larger end. The eggs v and I'63 to I'78 in breadth; the averag
355. Sterna media, Horf, Y ders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 655; //ume, viii. p. 285, pl, ; Hume and Dav, Str. p. I 16; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. IO3o; Mu B. Burm, ii. p. 42 I ; Murray, Avy/ . bengalensis, Less. 7"raite d'Orn. p. 6 p. 655; id, Str. F. i. p. 284 ; ii. p. 318 ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 483 ; Blyth, B. B
Summer Plumage.-Forehead, crow crest glossy black; lores, face, sides parts white; mantle and wings light tail; the outer web of the external fea grey, the inner webs margined with whi wings extend two inches beyond the end white, Bill yellow; irides deep brown
Length.- 155 to 16S inches; win front 2'5 ; tarsus II "o to I*2.

NA. 325
k in front and behind, chin, throat, crown of the head, including the eye, gs and tail dusky grey; inner webs of 1e margins white; inner primaries unied with white; secondaries white on low; irides dark brown; legs and feet
4"o to I46; bill at front 2'6 to 28.
generally to the Persian Gulf. Occurs ong the Mekran Coast and the Persian lf of Oman, on the Island of Astola, s of eggs have been collected during broad ovals, strongly pointed towards d. Varieties are not uncommon. The sh and pinkish white to pale buff, pale e colour to the richest and warmest colours, an intensely deep burnt sienna , and a pale inky purple, which has an of the shell. In some eggs the inky anting, in others more numerous and rs these dark markings are comparahere are some with huge blotches and ary from 2'3 inchés to 27 I in length e of 2 dozens was 245 X. I'7I.
rans. Linn. Soc. Xiii. p. 98; SaunStr. F. v. p. 3oI ; Dresser, B. Eur. P. vi. p. 493; Hume, Str. P. viii. rray, Wert. Zool., Sind, p. 32 ; Oates, Brit. Ind. i. p. 723, No. 1431. Sterna 2 I; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. ; iv. p. 474. Thalasseus bengalensis, urm. p. I93.-The ALLIED TERN.
, nape, back of the neck and occipital of the neck, breast and entire lower silvery or satin grey, paler on the hers greyish white; primaries dusky e, and the portion next the shaft dusky; of the tail; inner webs of secondaries legs and feet black.
12'2 to 12:25; tail 6 to 67; bill at

Page 382
326 LAR
In winter plumage the entire forehe white, the feathers centred dusky; occi gined with white; a spot in front of the
AHab.–The sea coasts of Sind, Be Malabar Coast, Burmah and Ceylon. the Kurrachee harbour, mouths of the
356. Sterna, seena, Sykes, P. Aggs, Ind. B. p. 65o; id, Str. F. i p. 645; Anders., Yunnan, Exped. p. 6 B. Ceylon, p, IOO3; Oates, B. Br. B Sind, p. 323; Murray, Av/. Brit. I Gray and Hardw, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. p. Ind. ii. p. 838 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 16 Oates, Str. P. v, p. I69-The INDIAN Forehead, crown, nape and back of glossy black; sides of the face, chin a pearly greyish white; under tail cove feathers white; back, secondaries, terti. primaries hoary or silvery grey, the in edged with dusky; under wing coverts In winter plumage the head is white, the eye and on the ear coverts. Bill br legs and feet red.
Length.-ISO to I63 inches; wing 056 to I'O; tail 7"o to 75.
Hab.--Throughout India, Burmah Persia. Apermanent resident in Sind In Sind it breeds in June and July; M: three eggs in a slight depression in t together. The eggs are various shade: with brown. Size I'S to 175 inch x
357. Sterna melanogastra, Born. p. 377; Saunders, P. Z, S. 18, p. 492; Legge, Birds, Ceylon, p. IC Murray, Avy/. Brit. Ind. ii, p. 724, N Res. in Ởřava, Gen. Cat.; Goerd., B. u p. 652; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p.
Head and nape black; neck behi coverts lightgrey; lores, sides of the f
neck in front and breast pearly grey; brownish black. ܗܝ

DAE,
ad and lores are pure white, the crown put dusky, the feathers slightly mar: eye and a line behind it black. loochistan, Bengal, Bombay, Madras, A maritime species abundant in Ceylon, Indus, and the tidal creeks.
Z. S. 1832, p. 17 I; Hume, Nests and ii. p. 193; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, 93; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. I 16; Legge, urm. ii. p. 423 ; Murray, Vert. Zool, d. ii. p. 724, No. I 433. Sterna aurantia, l. 69, fig. 2. Seena aurantia, ĵerd., B. ; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 472; River TERN. the neck, also a circle enclosing the eye, nd throat white; breast and abdomen rts white; tail pale grey, the external aries and wing coverts pale or ashy grey; ner webs of the first three light brown, white; upper tail coverts like the back. except a circle of black or dusky round ight yellow, tipped dusky; irides brown
II"o to IS; bill at front I'S; tarsus
and Ceylon, also in Beloochistan and ; affects the river. and lakes, also jheels. arch and April in Tenasserim, depositing he sand. Considerable numbers breed s of buff, streaked, blotched and spotted
II“ 17 to I°32.
Zemm., Pl. Col. p. 434; Salvad, Uzc. 76, p. 645 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. DO6; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 424 ; o. 1434. Sterna Javanica, Horsf., Zool. Ind. iii. p. 84o; Hume, NVests and Eggs,
323.-The BLACK-BELLIED TERN.
nd black; scapulars, tertials and wing ace, ear coverts, chin and throat white; abdomen, vent and under tail coverts

Page 383
STERN
Bill orange yellow; irides brown; l.
Zength.-I2 inches; wing 93; tail winter the head is white with dusky stre not black, and the bill tipped with dusl
Hab.--Throughout India, Burmah Burmese and Indo-Burmese Countries. and rivers. Breeds all over the Emp in similar situations. Eggs also very X O'95 to I'O2 inches.
358. Sterna Dougalli, Mont Z. S. 1876, p. 652 ; Dresser, B. Eur p. 376; id., Birds, Ceylon, p. IO33; No. 1435. Sterna paradisea, Keys at gracilis, Goauld, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 222 korustes, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 318-Ti In summer the crown and nape ar surface of the wings delicate, light fre white, washed with grey; rest of the pl surface of the body is tinged with a d with the outer web black, the rest with of the primaries dark grey, broadly m white; bill red at the base, otherwise orange.
In winter the forehead and cheeks black, slightly marked with white; less ish; no trace of rose colour on the un plumage. (Dresser.) Legs and feet irides deep brown; bill black; gape ar reddish fleshy to vermilion red. (Davist Aength.-4'S to 15 inches; tail 7 t from gape 2'o; fork of tail about 4.
Hab.-Ceylon, Tenasserim, off the Bassein estuary. It has a wide range America. It is also met with in v Andaman Islands, extending down ti coasts. Breeds on isolated sandbanks. nesting in June on a low sand bank depressions in the sand, and contained those of the last, pale, buff, blotched,
359. Sterna, hirundo, Lino Europe, pl. 4 I 7; ỹerd, B. Ind. iii.

A. 327
gs vermilion red. 6; bill at front I'43; tarsus I. In aks, the abdomen is like the back and
y. and Ceylon. Spread throughout the Affects inland waters, ponds, marshes re, in company with the preceding and imilar, but smaller from '1' 18 to I's
, Dict. Orn. Suppl. Saunders, P. , viii. p. 273, pl.; Legge, Sir. F. iii. Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 725, vid Blas. Wirb. Eur. p. 247. Sterna ; id., B. Austr. vii. pl. 27. Sterna he RoseATE TERN.
e deep glossy black; back and upper nch grey; rump and upper tail coverts umage pure white, except that the under elicate light rose colour; first primary the outer webs hoary grey; inner webs largined to the tip of the feather with black; iris dark brown; legs reddish
are white; crown and nape brownish er wing coverts along the edge brownder parts, otherwise as in the summer
bright vermilion red; claws black; d base of lower mandible varied from
η.)
75; wing 85 to 87; tarsus O'7; bill
mouth of the Loynah Creek, also the being found in Europe, Africa and rious parts of India, Ceylon and the Australia. Frequents only the sea In Ceylon, Mr. Parker found a colony on Adam's Bridge. The nests were one or two eggs, of the same type as treaked and spotted with brown.
, Syst. Nat. i. p. 957; Gould, B. p. 839; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind, i.

Page 384
828 LAE
p. 726, No. 1436. Sterna fluviatilis, N p. 283; iv.472; Legge, B. Ceylon, p.
Whole head and nape black ; plu white; tail pale grey, the feathers whit coverts and sides of the neck pure v greyish white; lower tail coverts whit red.
Length.-I2'5 inches; wing 93 to tarSus I.
In winter the forehead and top of the occiput and nape with blackish.
Hab.–Ceylon, Central and Southern to the Punjab and the Cashmere lakes.
360. Sterna Saundersii, H Murray, Halbk, Zool., 8.c., Sind, p. Legge, B. Ceylon, p. IO23; Murray, . SAUNDERs' LITTLE TERN.
“A triangular frontal patch, the ang white; a very broad stripe through the l line intervenes between this stripe and th occiput, short occipital crest and sides of the eye velvet black, the central tw no black below this ; all the rest of the entire under parts, wing lining and ex three primaries black with black shafts : webs; their greater coverts dusky blad surface, including wings and tail, and described, a most delicate Satin grey, c. the early black primaries.
“Length.-9' 12 inches; expanse I9 1 * I2, from gape I ’5 ; tarsus o'6; legs yellow, broadly tipped dusky ; irides ble
Hab.–Ceylon and Kurrachee in S extremely common at Kurrachee, and a April, also in May and June, in which bare plains between Kurrachee and C The eggs are usually laid in a small de selecting, wherever possible, spots wher. €eylon Mr. Parker has taken eggs in Ji two or three in number, oval and pointe colour, streaked, blotched and spotted,

I DAE.
aum. Vogl. t. p. 712; Hume, Str. F. oI5.-The EUROPEAN TERN.
mage above grey; upper tail coverts on their inner web; chin, throat, ear hite; rest of the lower parts pearly 2. Bill deep red; irides brown; legs
IO'3; tail 4'5; bill at front I'4;
head are white, mixed round the eyes,
India and Sind, along the River Indus
иme, Str. F. iv. p. 49б; v. p. 326; 249; id, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 325; 4v/. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 727, No. 1438.–
les reaching to within o' 12 of the eyes, ores to the eye black; a narrow white le upper mandible. The whole crown, of occiput as low as the lower margin vo-thirds of the lower eyelid white, and sides of head and neck, chin, throat, terior tail feather pure white; the first and broad white margins on their inner sk; the whole of the rest of the upper excepting parts and feathers already ontrasting in the strongest manner with
25; tail 3'O; wing 6'43; bill at front and feet dusky yellowish olive; bill ckish brown.”—(Str. F. v. p. 326.)
ind; also the coast. This species is long the coast during the latter part of months it breeds at Kurrachee on the lifton at Ghizree and on the Moach. pression in the saline soil, the birds there is a little loose shelly sand. In une. Eggs glossless and often chalky, d at one end; of a drab, buff, or stone of a dark or deep brown or reddish

Page 385
STER
brown colour generally at the larger en twenty-four.
36. Sterna sinensis, Gm., P. Z. S. 876, p. 662 ; Hume, Str. „ Ceylon, p. IOI9; Murray, Avy. Brit. minuta (Linn.), Hume, Nests and Eggs, iii. p. 349. Sterna minuta, apud VWald. nulla sinensis, David et Oust. Ois. C, Str. F. v. p. 326; Oates, Str. F. X. p.
Summer Plumage.--Forehead, conti over the eye, white; crown, nape, the ul from the nostrils through the eye to pale grey, becoming paler and whitish first two primaries nearly black, mar remaining primaries and secondaries g outer webs; shaft of the first primary white; remainder of the plumage w gradually turning to dusky and running the black of the nape extending to be to the eye is lost, there being merely a of plumage as in summer. Irides b black; legs and feet orange yellow.
Length.-Io inches; tail 4; wing fork of tail 22.
Hab.—The greater part of India by Oates from Southern Pegu. Aff influence. Breeds in Burmah during in a small depression in a sandbank. to those of Sterna Saundersi, and as out in little ridges of gravelly or sh Saundersi and like them extremely v.
362; Sterna anaesthetus, p. 92; Saunders, P. Z. S. I876, p. St. F. viii, p. I 16; Legge, B. Cey p. 431; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. No. 1440. Sterna panayensis, Gm anæsthetus, ỹerd, B. Ind. iii. p. 844 amaestheta, David. et Oust. Oliŝo. Chin
“A frontal band, extending backwar the posterior angle of the eye, pure lores, to and behind the eyes joining
42 ይ

NA. 329
d; size I'26 x O'90; is the average of
Syst. Wat. i. p. 6o8 ; Saunders, Fo: v. p. 325; viii, p. I 16; Legge, B, Ind. ii. p. 728, No. I 439. Sternula Ind. B. p. 654 (part); Oates, Str. F. in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 163. Sterhine, p. 627. Sterna Gouldi, Hume 247.-The EASTERN LITTLE TERN. nued back to a point on either side just oper part of the hind neck and a streak the nape, deep black; upper plumage on the upper tail coverts and tail; gined on their inner webs with white; rey, the latter tipped with white on the 7 white, that of the second more or less hite. In ze inter the crown is white, into the nape, which remains black, hind the eye; the band from the nostril dusky spot in front of the eye; rest rown : bill yellow, broadly tipped with
7’o; tarsus o'75 ; bill from gape I'7 ;
and Ceylon. In Burmah it is recorded acts all the larger rivers within tidal March and April, depositing 2-4 eggs The nests are shallow saucers, similar Mr. Parker in MSS. observes scratched elly sand. Eggs similar to those of S. riable in size and coloring.
Scop., Qel. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. 664; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 3o ; Hume, lon, p. IO4o ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. 325; Murray, Auf Brit. Ind. ii. p. 728, , Syst. Wat. I. p. 607. Onychoprion ; Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 374. Haliplana , p. 528.-The PANAYAN TERN.
is over the eyes for about o' I5 inch behind white; a broad black stripe through the the black of the occiput; forehead and

Page 386
330 LAE
crown inside the white band and entir throat, sides of the neck, axillaries, 1 edge of the wing along carpal joint an flanks white, shaded with pale french wings and tail sooty brown; upper ba are also some of the tail feathers; les of the wing blackish brown ; the prim; on the upper surface ; outer web of fi ish white on their inner webs, towards for the basal half on both webs, greyi minal half. In winter the entire und dark spot in front of the eye; heac mesially spotted or striped dusky; a extending on each side nearly to the e “Bill dusky reddish, red towards t coral red; bill, legs and feet black.
“Length.- 1475 inches; wing 962 p. 474.)”
Hab.--Sind, Beloochistan (Mekran ( the Laccadives, Burmah and Ceylon. the Vingorla rocks on the Western Coa
363. Sterna fuliginosa, Gm iv. p. 477 ; Saunders, P. Z. S. I 876, pl; Legge, Birds, Ceylon, p. Io37; Oates, AB. Br. Burm. ii. p. 432 ; Mur I44 I. Onychoprion fuliginosus, Sal fuliginosa, Dav. et. Oust. Gis. Chine, I
Forehead and a streak from the base the face, chin, throat, neck in front, bre of head, nape, neck behind, back, sca wing coverts white; tail forked, externa outer web, rest are white at the base; of outer side of mid-toe reaches to the
Length.-16'5 to I75 inches; wing o'95 to ( ; bill at gape 2"o to 2'4; bill a
Hab.-Ceylon, Sind and Mekran Co: Concan (Bombay), and Malabar Coas during January and February.
Gen. Ano
Bill long, slender, slightly curved at a groove; wings long; tarsus short; cla

IIDAE.
occiput and nape velvet black; chin, nder wing coverts, lower tail coverts, i ulna white; the breast, abdomen and grey; back of the neck the same; back, ck strongly shaded with bluish grey, as ser wing coverts behind the white edge ries a darker brown, their shafts brown st primary almost black, the rest greytheir bases; externai tail feathers white sh brown on the inner web for the terer surface is pure white, and there is a
greyish white or white, the feathers black collar at the base of the occiput, ye. he base of the lower mandible; legs
; tail 7 ; bill at front I“6.”—(Str. F. vi.
Coast), Persian Gulf, the Concan and Mr. Hume found them breeding on St.
I., Syst. Nat. i. p. 6o5; Hume, Str. F. p. 666 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 3o7 AMurray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 326; ray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 729, No. vad, UVcc. Born. p. 373. Haliplana b. 528.--The Sooty TERN.
of the bill to the eye white; sides of ast and entire under parts white; top pulars and wings sooty black; under l feathers on each side white on their egs and feet black ; irides brown; web root of the claw.
Io's to 1 I-8; tail 6°Q to 7's; tarsus ut front I-6 to I "7. i asts, also Persian Gulf, (Bushire), the t. Breeds on the Laccadive Islands
ls.-Leach.
the tip, angle well marked; nostrils in w of mid-toe serrated.

Page 387
PHAET
364. Anous stolida (Linn.), B. (nd. iii. p. 845; Salvad., Ucc. Bor Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 669; H Ceylon, p. 1043; Murray, Vert. Zool, p. 434; Murray, Avis. Brit. Jnd. ii. p, A black line from the base of the b fulvous or yellowish grey; neck, nape, wing coverts, under wing coverts, upp chocolate brown; back and primaries d black; irides brown.
Length.-Male, 15 inches; wing Hab.-Ceylon, Sind and Mekran ( dives and the West Coast.
ORDER-ST
Feet entirely webbed; hind toe arti and joined to the inner front toe by wel
Family PH
Bill Tern-like, moderate, stout, straig finely serrated; nostrikis pervious; tail elongated; lower part of tibia naked.
Gen. Phae
Characters same as those of the fam
365. Phaeton flavirostris, . i. p. 349; Hume, Str. P. ii. p. 323; v Ceylon, p. 1 172; Oates, B. Br. Burm p. 732, No. I 447. Phæton candidus ( -The WHITE TROPIC BIRD.
Entire plumage white, except a m broad band down the sides of the head web; the shaft and a narrow portion the tip; the basal portion of the sh band along the median wing coverts, g tips of the scapulars; also the shafts basal two-thirds of the others which ar. with slate colour. Bill in the dry sp beous line along the central portio portion of feet yellow; rest of feet blac
Length.-3o inches; tail 18; wing

N. 331
Gould, B. Austr. vii. pl. 34 ; ĵoerd.,
p. 379; Hume, Str. P. ii. p. 32o; ne, Str. F. viii... p. I 16; Legge, B. Sind, p. 326; Oates. B. Br. Burm. ii. 73o, No. 1442–The CoMMoN NoDDy. I to the eye; forehead white; crown chin, throat, breast, greater and lesser r and under tail coverts and tail dark arker, or blackish brown; legs and feet
5; tail 6'5; bill at front 16. oasts, also the Bay of Bengal, Lacca
EGANOPODES.
ulated on the inner side of the tarsus ); legs short; wings long.
AETONTIDAE.
(ht, the culmen curved, and the margins with the two central feathers much
ton - Λια.
ily. EBrand t. Bull. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb. . p. 498; viii. p. I 16; Legge, Birds, .. ii. p. 225; Murray, Avi/. Brit. Ind. Briss.), apud. ỹoerd., B. And. ii. p. S5o.
ark in front of the eye continued as a
; the first four primaries with the outer of the inner web to within an inch of aft of the next few primaries; a broad reater portion of the tertiaries and the f the lengthened tail feathers and the black; longer flank feathers streaked ecimen pale-yellow, with a pale plum
of both mandibles; tarsus and basal k. (6ates.)
Ioo6; tarsus o'9; bill from gape 25.

Page 388
332 PHAETO
Hab.--Ceylon, also Ross Island (An Island. Oates says that a specimen o siderable distance from the sea in Cacl
366. Phæton indicus, Hum, p. 3o2 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi Legge, Birds Ceylon, p. I 173; Murra Br. Burm. ii. p. 226; Murray, Avif. B ætherius (Linn.), apud. Hume, Str. ] TAILED TRoPIC BIRD.
“A conspicuous broad, black cresce black line from the gape to nostrils feathers from the bill; the whole forehe and entire lower parts, including wing black line from the posterior angle of th nape, where it forms a more or less con nape inside the half collar white, each the tips; carpal joint of wing, four or f daries, the primary coverts, except thos median coverts pure white; winglet, gre the first five primaries, together with a inner web, black; the extreme tips and tertiaries and their greater coverts black webs and tipped with white; the lesser back, rump, scapulars, and upper tail c. the bars being slightly cuspidate on the almost devoid of barring; tail feathers the lateral feather mostly with an arrow deep brown ; legs and hallux and its v yellow; rest of feet and claws black.
“Male-Length, excluding elongate central feathers project beyond the re. 39'5; tail from vent, including elongate 1 I "8 ; bill at front 2’2 to 2'45 ; tarsus, I I'8. Female-Length, 1805 exclusive 4 inches beyond the others; expanse 39 feathers, 90; wing II '7, bill at front 2
Ceylon and Beloochistan coasts. specimens secured by him, in the G whether it is the immature of P. ath, question. Captain Butler, in 1877 (S, mens on the Mekran Coast between Hume says, are precisely similar to

|TIDAE.
aman Group). Breeds on Ascension this Phaeton Was captured at a con.
Str. P. iv. p. 48I ; Butler, Str. P. v. . 493; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. I6; , Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 327 ; Oates, B. rit. Ind. ii.p. 733, No. 1448. Phæton . i. p. 286 ; ii. p. 323.-The SHoRT
nt in front of the eye, and a narrow and nostrils to culmen, dividing the ad, front part of the crown, ear coverts lining and axillaries, pure white; a e eye, running round the back of the spicuous half collar; hind crown and eather with a triangular black bar near ive posterior primaries, all the seconof the first five quills, the greater and ater coverts, shafts and outer webs of narrow stripe along the shaft of the inner webs of these feathers white; , narrowly margined on the exterior secondary coverts similar; the entire overts white, closely barred with black, upper back, and the longest scapulars white, their bases black shafted, and -head bar or spot near the tip; irides veb white, tinged bluish and creamy
d tail feathers, 1685 to 178 inches; it of the tail 3 to 5'9; expanse 37 to d feathers, 75 to Io'3; wing IO'75 to o to I'13; mid-toe and claw 1'55 to of elongated feathers, which project ; tail from vent, including elongated 4; tarsus II.” This is Mr. Hume's description of lf of Oman on the Mekran Coast; reus, or a new species, is yet a moot . F. v. p. 302) also secured two speciDormara and Gwadur, and these, Mr. he four specimens secured in the Bay

Page 389
FR
of Bengal. Mr. Davison also observed Tenasserim and off Cape Negrais.
Family.-F Wings highly developed. The single almost entirely in the air, taking its p
Raptorial.
Gen. Freg
Bill much hooked at the tip; wings l feathered; claws short and curved.
367. Fregata aquila (Linn.), Str, F. vii. p. I 16; Legge, Birds of C Ind. ii. p. 734, No. I 449. Pelecanus Attagen aquilus, ferd., B. Ind. iii. p. 8 7"rans. Venus Exped. p. 151.—The FR Glossy black throughout. The yo abdomen white,
Alength.-37 inches; wing 26; tail Gular pouch scarlet; bill pale blue.
Hab.-Ceylon, the Malabar Coast an
368. Fregata minor (Gm.), 1 Salvadori, NVicelli di Borneo, p. 364 (I p. 65o; Hume, Str. Feath. I 879, p. I 1 Gm. Lyst. AVat. I, p. 572. Attagen ar (1845, e v Gould, MS.) Layard Ann. Attagen minor (Gm.), Holdsw. P. Z. S Hist. Aay. ; Lesser Frigate, Lath.-M. PELICAN of soME.
Male-(N.-W. of Australia). Plum and lanceolate, glossed near the tips v are illumined with an amethystine hue, wing coverts the same ; tertials pas brownish-black, glossed with green a of white.
Male-Iris red (“black?” in Adr p. 555); bill grey; skin of throat red; Adult-(Australia; Brit, Mus.). W depth of fork 6"o to 75; tarsus o' length of culmen, exclusive of ho “Challenger' coll.). Wing 205 to 2 width at gape o'93-Female-(Ceylo

GATA. 333
it at the extreme southern point of
REGATIDAE.
species known to occur in India lives ey on the wing. Form and habits
ata Briss.
ing; tail forked, long; tarsi partially
Salvad., CVcc. Born. p. 364 ; Hume, oylon, p. 1204; Murray, Avi/. Brit. aquilus, Linn., Syst. AWat. i. p. 2I6. 53. Tachypetes aquilus, Sharpe, Rep. IGATE BIRD. ung with the head, neck and lower
}'5 ; tarsus o'8; bill from gape 5"o ;
d the Bay of Bengal.
Buller B. of Wezvy. Zeal., p. 342 (1873); 874); Sclater ý Salvin, P. Z. S. 1878, 6 (List B. of Ind). Pelecamus minor, iel, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 669 3 Mag. Nat. Hist. I854, xiv. p. 27. . I 872, p. 482. Petite Frigate, Buffon AN-of-waR BIRD, OF SAILORs; FRGATE
age black, the feathers of the back long 'ith lively green, above which the webs but not bronzed as in the next species ing into brown at the tips; beneath hd purplish; on the lower flanks a patch
hiralty Island specimen, P. Z. S. 877, eyelid black; legs and feet black. ng 207 to 2I'5 inches; tail I3'oto I4'5; '; middle toe I'85; claw (straight) 39, ked tip, 2·8. Male-(Raine Island; 'o; tail 135; bill to gape (straight) 4'I, h; Poole coll.) Wing 20'2.

Page 390
334 FREGA
Female. -(Raine Island). Head and green; back blackish brown, the feather breast, and flanks white, passing round u broadly margined with greyish white, po
The example in the Poole collection (
Obs.--All examples (so sexed) of fe: these white markings on the under su old they attain the dark plumage, owing mature characteristic.
Female.-'Iris red; eyelid, legs, and in the male.' (y. Murray.)
Young in down (Raine Island). W interscapulary region and scapulars, whic pale margins; bill to gape 285 inches.
Immature. -“Iris black; bill and fe (7. Murray.)
Head, neck, and chest whitish, washed brownish on the breast; abdomen white; margined with greyish.
“This species, Major Legge says, bei may be distinguished from it, in the adu the flanks. It is said by him to be a frequ as in the case of many other tolerably ra the west coast. Layard, who first record Ceylon Civil Service, first shot this spec quently saw two, which were killed from 1853; one passed into my possession, t lon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society month flying at immense altitudes ove observations of Mr. Holdsworth, who occasions at Aripu during the strength were generally in parties of five or six, at In June 1877 an immature example was C.C.S. As regards his own experien Frigate-birds, both at Colombo and Gal and July. The three examples he obser the coast. The range of this Frigate-b larger congener. From the Indian Oce. a frequent straggler, it extends eastwar Polynesia and the Australian seas, and ra where Swinhoe procured it at Amoy. S fully, but notes it from Batchian, the Art

TIDAE.
neck black, the feathers glossed with pointed as in the male; chest, upper on the hind neck; lower wing coverts lch not so large as in the male. orresponds with these in all respects. males which have been examined have face; but I am of opinion that when to the light coloration being the im
feet red; skin of throat not so red as
hite the down thick and long; the :h are in feather, blackish-brown, with
at whitish, with a shade of blue.'
with cinnamon-reddish, passing into
back brownish; wing-coverts brown,
ng smaller in the wing than F. aguila, it male plumage, by the white patch on ent visitor to the shores of Ceylon, and, re sea-birds, is generally met with on ted it, thus writes, Mr. Brodie, of the lies on Calpentyn Lake; and I subsethe lighthouse in Colombo in February he other into the museum of the Cey'. I frequently saw them during the r the coast." Next in order are the writes that he saw them on many of the South-West monsoon, and they a considerable height above the shore. shot at Jaffna by Mr Smart, of the ce, Major Legge says he has seen e, during the months of May, June, ved were all passing southwards along rd is not so extensive as that of its Ln, to which it can only be considered ls through the Malay Archipelago to nges as far north as the China coasts, alvadori records it from Borneo doubtIslands, and the Moluccan seas; and

Page 391
FREG
at the Admiralty Islands it was obtaine has been procured on the south coast is a common bird. At Raine Islan ago by Commander Ince, R. N., and ı “Challenger.” It is further recorde Rockingham Bay. On the North-West regards the Pacific Ocean, it is found extend into Central Polynesia like the to the coasts of New Zealand, where it observed in Tasmanian waters.
“Though far less has been written than of its larger congener, the we Atlantic, whose powers of flight were graphic writer Audubon, yet it posse vellous speed when chasing its prey. of wing, in proportion to the small size Frigate-bird, not even the Albatross, ju majestic flight, can boast of so much p for although its bones are peculiarly lig compared with the aerial form of the "l bird or at the freshly killed specimen ir the immense quills and great length o to form an ample wing which complete which has to be propelled. It is no v Sails along against the wind perfectly visible power, or that, in robbing the gal ful strokes of its great pinions imparts rush like a rocket upon the frightened falls from their bills, to rise again on i
The Frigate bird takes its food enti fish, on which it subsists largely, Sw show themselves near the surface, swe pursuing gannets, terns, and gulls a from their bills before it reaches the w Mr. Gould, remarks that he found in “ young turtles, fish, cuttle-fish, and si has seen these birds soar round in sho then remaining suspended for a secon this time the wings were kept extende ceases for a moment to ply its pini observed the birds spoken of, they w motionless, and were progressing slo without any apparent exertion, the sec

TA, 335
by the 'Challenger" naturalists. It f new Guinea, and in Torres Straits it it was found breeding many years ore recently by the naturalists of the
from Port Darwin, Cape York, and coast it is equally well distributed. As t New Caledonia, but is said not to larger species. Southwards it extends has once occurred; but it has not been
concerning the habits of this species l-known “ Man-of-war' bird of the
years ago, so well described by that ises the same power of wing and marNo oceanic species has such an expanse
and light weight of its body, as the stly renowned for its length of wing and ower in relation to the work to be done, ht, yet its frame is massive and heavy Man-of-war' bird. A glance at the living mmediately displays these peculiarities; f the ulna and humerus bones conduce ly hides the almost diminutive frame ronder, therefore, that the Frigate bird motionless, as if propelled by some innnet or tern of their prey, a few poweruch a momentum that it is enabled to sea-birds, and catching the fish as it ts course as easily as it descended. "ely on the wing, either pursuing flyingpoping on other sorts which happen to ping down on crabs and cuttle-fish, or hd catching the food which they drop ater. Commander Ince, in writing to he females of those shot at Raine Island nall crabs.” Major Legge adds that he rt circles over a shoal of fish, now and i or two over some particular spot. At after the manner of a kestrel's, when it ons. At Galle and Colombo, where he }re sailing along with their wings quite wly along against a moderate breeze et of which is to be found in the great

Page 392
336 PELECA
impetus given to the bird's frame by a wings. Mr. Holdsworth aptly remark “Their action, as they hung as it wer on one side, then on the other, strongly large paper kite when it has mounted correspondent, Mr. Parker, that the bit flew at his dog and seized him by the n Nidification.-Large numbers of thi Straits, and there must be other localities In Raine Islet Commander Ince, R.N., corner of it, the nests being constructed and herbaceous plants which alone cloth number, larger than those of the gannet and pure white. He remarks that on from a nest which contained one young found the young bird had been removed were feeding it as if it had been their ow
Family, PELEC.
Bill stout, straight, broad at the base gularly serrated; feet webbed; face nudi
Sub-Family Bill short, straight, curved and hooked
Gen. ... S Characters those of the Sub-Family,
369. Sula cyanops, Sundev, t. 5; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. I 18o; Auf Brit. Ind, ii. 734, No. 45o. Su p. 2 I ; id., B. Austr. vii, pl. 77. DyspO p. 23 I.-The MASKED BooBY.
Face to behind the eyes and throat I upper tail coverts and entire lower pa primaries, secondaries and tertials, also t bill horny, blackish at the base; both m length from tip,
Length.-325 inches; bill at front 4; 225; wing 165; legs and feet pale blui Hab.-Sind and Beloochistan (Mekr Western Coast of India near Alibag, wl me living specimens.

NIDAE
few powerful strokes of its immense of the examples he saw at Aripu: against the gale, slowly swaying first reminded me of the behaviour of a high in the air.' I learn from my
il shot by Mr. Smart, when wounded, ise, beating the dog off.
species nest on Raine Islet, Torres in the Australian seas where it breeds.
found it breeding on the south-west of small sticks collected from shrubs e the Island. The eggs were two in } (Sula serrator and Sula cyanops (?)), one occasion he killed the old birds one, and that on revisiting the spot he to another nest, the owners of which
.
ANIDAE.-Leach.
, compressed at the tip, edges irre
w
7, SULIDAE.
at tip.
ula. Plumage black and white.
Phys. Salsk. 7"idskr. 1837, p. 218, Hume, Str. P. viii. p. I I6; Murray la personata, Gould, P. Z S. 1846, rus cyanops, Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
lude; entire head, neck, back, rump, rts white, with a slight fulvous tinge; he tail, black; irides lemon yellow ; indibles denticulated for one-half their
gape 487; tail from vent 80; tarsus sh grey.
an Coast), Bengal, Ceylon, and the hence Mr. W. F. Sinclair, C.S., sent

Page 393
SU
870. Sula australis, Steph., v. p. 3 18. Pelecanus sula, Linn., Sy apud ỹoerd., B. Jind. iii. p. 85 I. Dysp p. 53o; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 2 Éml. p. 57 (I 783) ; Sclater and Salz (AZinn.), apud Gould, B. of Austr. vi A. S. B. p. 296 (1849); Jerdon, B P. Z. S. 1872, p. 482; Salvadori, *BooBY’of SAILoRS; DUSKY GANNET Breast, abdomen, sides of the bod sides of the under tail coverts, also unc the edges of the feathers; remaining of the back, scapulars, and rump ed dark umber brown; irides white; bill veins; pouch, gape, lores and orbital S and feet pale yellow. (Hume.)
Adult-(British Museum). Head, chocolate-brown, paling round the bi the head and neck are darker throu blackish-brown; from the chest to t flanks, pure white, the longer under tai white; under wing brown, with a white
“Iris white; bill creamy white, with lores, and orbital spaces, pale hoary gre with a greenish tinge on tarsi; claws “Iris very pale yellow; bill and orbits beneath the eye with pale bluish; eye yellow.' (Gould.)
Adult female.-(Laccadives). Leng tarsus 2“o; bill from gape 5 * I, at front 4' 32"9 inches; wing 6'96; tail 8'2 I ; ta (Tenasserim, Brit. Mus.) wing 16'5; bill to gape 4’3, at front 3°6 (West Indi 8’o; tarsus I, *7; bill at front 3"76. inches; tarsus 18; middle toe 3'O5; cl Mote-This species has fourteen tail Poung.-The nestling is covered wi than on the chest; but when first hatch Immature-(Ceylon). Iris bluish v round the gape tinged with green; legs claws dusky. Face not bare beyond th Entire upper surface, head and necl form pale sepiak-brown; under surface against the dark colour of the foreneck
Ꮞ8 C

|LA. 337
Gen. Zool. xiii. p. O4 ; Hume, Str. F. st. Wat. i. p. 2 I 8. Sula fusca (Linn.). orus sula, Dawid et Oust Ois Chime, 29. Sula leucogastra, Bodd., 7abl. pl. I. P. Z. S, 1878 p. 657. Sula fiber i. pl. 78 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. .. of Ind. iii. p. 85 I (1864); Holdsw. Ucc. di Born. p. 389 (874).--The OF SOME. y, vent and under tail coverts white; ler wing coverts, marked with brown on plumage umber brown; the feathers ged with whity brown; quills and tail creamy white, with a bluish tinge in pace pale hoary greenish yellow; legs
entire neck, and upper surface glossy ll in some specimens, whilst in others ghout than the back; wings and tail he under tail coverts, including the Il coverts tipped with brown ; axillaries
band formed by the median coverts. a bluish tinge. in veins; pouch, gape, 'enish yellow; legs and feet pale yellow, white; with a bluish tinge.” (Hume.) primrose-yellow, blotched before and lash light ash-grey; legs and feet pale
th.-37 inches; wing I6' i ; tail 8"o; I (Hume).--Adult-(Pacific) Lengthrsus I“83; middle toe 2'73 (Finseli). tail 7 o; tarsus 186; middle toe 295; es, Brit. Mus.); wing ISI inches; tail (Locality (?), : (Brit. Mus.); wing 57 aw (straight) O49,
feathers. th brownish down, darker on the back ed the young are naked. white; bill pale bluish, orbital skin and and toes greenish yellow; webs yellow e posterior angle of the eye. k, down to the centre of the chest, uni: from the chest pale brownish, defined : by a distinct line across the chest;

Page 394
38 PELE
axillaries and a bar across the under w the under surface whitish.
An example received alive in Febr sponding to other specimens. In Apri blackish-brown feathers appearing am same time the white feathers of the scapulars and tail feathers moult compl surface is mingled white and brown An example in the British Museum and neck uniform brown, but the feat conspicuously on the rump, where it the lower part of the hind neck, form white, extending somewhat up the mid of the fore neck are tipped with white.
Obs.--This gannet belongs to a sec title Dysporus is adopted by some wi Illiger’s appears to have been another namely, the common European ganne with Mr. Hume that it cannot well b section to which the present species bel extending down the throat as a stripe m a curve across the chin. In the Atlanti the white-breasted gannet assumes a sm from, and others unite with, the prese Sula parva of Gmelin (Syst. Nat i. p. 5 near Rio Janeiro measured-total leng ZDistriöution.—This well-knowin bir( visitor to the coasts of Ceylon, being, side of the Island. Mr. Holdsworth, region, writes thus of it:-"In February nities of watching a pair of Boobies w the Aripu pearl-banks, about ten mile perch on a large iron buoy close to m them during that one season.” In 18 self sitting on a buoy at the entrance to Captain Wade-Dalton, of the 73rd Reg the possessor of a specimen which flew killed. At the latter end of I875 orbe ture bird above described was captur given to me by my friend Sir Charles A second immature example was seen flying about the Colombo Roads, and í buoy near the fort. Since my departu. now in the Colombo Museum, was proc

CANIDAE,
ing white; the bases of the feathers of
lary was in the above plumage, correthe head and neck begins to darken, ong the sepia-brown plumage , at the under surface begin to appear, the etely in a month, and in May the undel ish. −
labelled “Tenasserm,' has the head hers of the back tipped with whitish, forms a whitish patch, and also across ing there a pale band, the underparts ille of the throat; some of the feathers
This specimen in not quite mature. tion of the genus Sula, for which the iters; but the type of this genus of species with different characteristics, .t (Sula bassana, Linn.) ; and I agree e adopted. The characteristics of the ongs consist in the bare gular skin not ore or less extended, but terminating in c and on the coasts of South America aller form, which some writers separate 2nt. According to the former, it is the 79). Amaleprocured by Von Pelzeln th only 2 I inches. i (the “Booby' of sailors) is a casual however, generally seen on the western the first naturalist to record it from our r and March 1868 I had many opportuthich frequented the neighbourhood of s from the land. They used often to ly usual anchorage at night. I only saw 7 I II saw an example of this species my - Galle harbour; and in the same locality giment, has seen several, being likewise against the lighthouse at Galle and was ginning of the following year the immaed near Kalutara (Caltura), and kindly Layard, into whose hands it had passed.
by me on the 19th December, 1876, inally setting on the “Drunken-Sailor' re from the Island a further example, ured at Kalutara.

Page 395
SUI
“This species is widely spread, i. wandering north and south from it. noticed it, and it is numerous between Islands and Preparis Island, or in tha mans and Burmah. He likewise reco he saw it at the Cherbaniani reef an Seychelles, and is occasionally seen as also the tropical portion of the east ( Sea. In the Atlantic it is found at considerable numbers at Boatswain-b been noticed at the windward Islands from Honduras Mr. Saloin records it.
“Turning eastward of the Bay of Be and Shanghai by Swinhoe, and northw he has not seen it, notwithstanding a “Fauna japonica ” by Temminck and which may have been this species.
“To the Philippines it appears to be the Island of Mindanas; but Mr. Evere with it in this group. It is found amo which the Figi group may be mentione North coast of Australia and about To. observe that Mr. Ramsay, in his list o York, the Gulf of Carpentaria, and Po of New Guinea. Salvadori records it f Amboina, and new Guinea ; and rece having been brought from Minahassa, i
Habits.--This species does not app the various species of white gannet vigorous, rapid flight, every now and t thunderbolt into the sea, which, when one cannot fail to notice at once in th but it appears to fly leisurely along, ne: now and then sweeping down after sol vicinity of the shore it frequently sits o. which kind of perch it invariably choc food in the tropics seems to be flying-fi flying after them and dashing on them quently comes on board ship at night the yard-arm, and while taking its re. pidly from side to side, which habit, ni Booby among sailors.

A. 339
habiting the entire tropical zone, and
In the Bay of Bengal Mr. Hume has Penang and Singapore, near the Cocos
part of the Bay between the Andaids it from the Laccadive group, where near Pere-mull-par. It occurs at the far south as the Mauritius, frequenting oast of Africa and portions of the Red t. Helena and Ascension, breeding in ird Island. In the West Indies it has
and on the coast of Venezuela; and
ngal we find it recorded from Formosa ard of the latter place Pére David says species of gannet is included in the Schlegel under the name of S. fusca,
a rare straggler. Cuming procured it in ett and recent Collectors have not met ng various Islands in the Pacific, among d, whence Hartlaub records it. On the rres Straits it is not uncommon; and I
f Australian birds, notes it from Cape rt Darwin, as also from the south coast rom Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Ternate, ntly Herr Meyer speaks of a specimen n Celebes.
ear to lead the active life which makes so conspicuous; it has not the same hen plunging from great heights like a sailing in the Cape or Australian seas, 2 case of Sula serrator or S. capensis; arer the water than these its congeners, me unlucky fish. While affecting the n small rocks or on some isolated buoy, ses when it is to be had. Its favourite sh, which it may often be seen chasing, in a slanting direction. It not unfre, perching usually on the extremity of st now and then twisting its heads
) doubt, has given rise to its nagéof

Page 396
340 PELEG
The example which I kept in confine fish and pieces of meat, and devouring threw them into it. It perched mu placed in the ground for the purpose, lower perch and sat upright; but som ease by resting the centre of its breast body in a horizontal position, with the taking short strides, but without the expected from the backward position of crake, reminding one of the creaking of moulting, particularly when its neck lost visible here and there, it seemed una of its bill with a jerkling motion of the it became very dull, and one day, while into the adjoining aviary, a sea-eagle, w seized it by the neck. After this, thoug pined and its eyes gradually closed up, its unhappy existence.
Dr. Cunningham, in his exhaustive r goose (S. bassana) says (Ibis, 1866, p. I conected with our modern English gand the ancient British “gan' or “gans,' wh German gans,' which in its turn cor * kans, the Greek Xhy, the Latin ans which possess the same signification, vi,
Widification.-This widely distributed lities throughout the tropical portions station to Ceylon may, perhaps, be in th to nest at Rodriguez, and also in the R ed by Arab fishermen that there were c Archipelago; but he did not visit then this gannet breeds in considerable numb the top of this rocky islet, and also on corner of Ascension. The single egg chalky white in colour.
“An egg of this gannet, kindly lent Boatswain-bird Island, is an oval, som of the shell is chalky white and the tex shows pale green where the chalky mat sures 2.66 by 173 inch. Other specin loan of which I have been favoured wit vary in width; two measured 24 by I's

NLIDAE.
nent was a greedy bird, snapping up them like a cormorant as rapidly as h on an upright stone which I had ut now and them it betook itself to a etimes it placed itself in a position of on the stake, and thus balanced its eck held out straight. It walked well, waddling gait which one would have its legs. Its voice was a hoarse harsh
a heavy gate on rusty hinges; while many of the feathers, bare places being ole to swallow, and shook its food out head; this continuing for some time, poking its head through the bamboos hich occupied the next compartment h it had really sustained no injury, it until I was obliged to put an end to
otice of the common gannet or Solan 3):-“The name gannet is intimately ter, both words being modifications of ich is the same word with the modern responds with the old High German er, and the Sanskrit “ hansa,” all of i., a goose.'
gannet breeds at certain fixed locaof the globe. Its nearest breeding e Malay Archipelago; but it is known ed Sea, as Von Heuglin was informolonies on the islands of the Dahlak himself. On Boatswain-bird Island ers. According to Mr. Gill it nests on some isolated rocks off the north-west
is laid on the bare ground, and is
me by Mr. F. G. Penrose, and taken at what pointed at one end; the exterior zure rather smooth ; beneath, the shell erial has been scratched off. It meaens, belonging to Canon Tristram, the l, are of similar shape and texture, but and 2'38 by I'57 inch.”

Page 397
PELECA
Sub-Family, P
Bill long, flattened, compressed and dible and throat with a membranous pou
Gen. PeleCa
Characters those of the Sub-Family; daries nearly as long as the quills; a pouch.
Pelicans live in large congregated flo fly high into the air, and go vast heigh obtain their prey by diving either under into it after the manner of sea gulls and suitable or likely spot on the water in tw is not a sufficient number, form a la on the surface with their wings, clappin the fish towards a shallow spot, where w They breed either on high trees or ac making a huge nest of sticks. Not moi one tree. Eggs, three in number, white
371. Pelecanus manillensis phillipensis, Gm. Syst. Wat. i. p. 57 I ; Hume, Wests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 65 Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 33O; Oates, B. Br. Ind. ii. p. 737, No. I454. Pelecanus ru p. 583 (part). Pelecanus phillipinensi Birds Ceylon, p. Itg8-The SPOTTED
Breeding Plumage.-Head, neck an some pure white, with dark bases visible the head long, soft, silky and greyish bi upper back; occipital crest short, the fe colour and tipped with white; soapular and black shafted; upper back and pointed; lower back, rump and flanks 1 the upper tail coverts hair brown; less greater coverts grey, black shafted; p. secondaries and tertiaries dusky grey; í the basal half or more of the inner web greyish white, mottled with brown ar with vinaceous; bill pale bluish, tinged bular and gular pouch dusky ; the gul tinged ochreous or yellow; irides pale breeding plumage there is no vinaceous

NUS, 341
ELECANINAE.
hooked at tip; tail short; lower manch; orbits nude.
nus-Lin.
second quill of wing longest; seconmembranous mandibular and gular
cks and feed entirely on fish. They its by circling; they do not however water from the surface, nor by diving terns, but arrange themselves in some to, three or even four rows, or if there rge semi-circle, and beat the water g also their huge bills, and so drive ith their bills they gorge all they get. cording to situation low thorny ones, e than from five to twenty breed on
and extremely chalky. .
, G.m., Syst. Wat. i. p. 57 I. Pelecanus ỹerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 858, No. IoO4 ; 8; id, Str. F. viii. p. I I6; Murray, Burm. ii. p. 326; Murray, Avis. Brit. ufescens, apud. Elliot. P. Z. S. 1869, is, Blyth, B. Burm. p, I 64; Legge, BILLED or GREY PELICAN.
d upper plumage greyish white or in only on lifting the feathers; feathers of own, forming a mane-like ridge to the athers slightly recurved, of a brownish white at the base, of a grey colour scapulars with the feathers sharply ich vinaceous, the shafts like those of er and median coverts like the back ; rimaries dusky grey, white at the base; eathers of the tail grey, black shafted; is and shafts white; under tail coverts, ld like the under wing coverts tinged with fleshy, the tip yellowish ; mandiar pouch with reddish venations and ordusky brown; legs fleshy. In non tinge. 、

Page 398
342 PELE
Length.-6o to 62 inches; wing 2 3' I ; bill at front 1 25 to I43.
Hab.--Sind, Kutch, Rajputana, Guz India, Burmah, and Ceylon. Breeds October, also in February and March of Burma. The average size of 20 eg.
Sub-Family, GRACULINAE
Bill moderately long, straight and hc also the gullet, which is capable of di: lower tail coverts short: tail with stiff f
Gen. Phalacerd
Characters the same as those of the S 372. Phalacrocorax carbo p. 532; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 151, p Doig. Str. F. vii. p. 468 : Hume, Str. ii. p. 231 ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i Linn., Syst. Wat. i. p. 2 I6. Pelecanus pl. 529. Graculus carbo, řerd., B. In p. 659; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. In summer or breeding plumage, the feathers intermixed; nape with a short and entire under surface, except a whi upper tail coverts and tail black; chin : eye white, bounded behind by a black black; scapulars, tertials, greater, me brown, the feathers margined with blac irides deep or sea-green; facial skin spotted bluish in some.
Length.-32 to 35 inches; wing 13 23 to 25.
In winter the neck is black; the whit appear.
Hab.–Ceylon, Sind, North-West Pro Beloochistan and Bersia, extending to . mere. Distribution almost universal.
Breeds wherever found. In Sind in Eastern Narra Districts. Nest a platí rushes. Eggs 4 to 6 in number, white chalky texture.
Whether on sea or on the inland la among the fishes inhabiting the waters

CANIDAE.
to 25'5 ; tail 8 to 8*7; tarsus 2'9 to
erat, Deccan and Bengal, also Southern in vast numbers about the end of in the Persian Gulf, Ceylon, and parts 's is 3' 15 x 2"O9.
oR PHALACROCORACIIDAE.
oked at the tip; face partially nude tension; wings moderate; upper and athers.
corax.—Briss. ub-Family.
(Linn), Dav. et. Oust. Ois. Chine, l.; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 182; F. viii. p. I I6; Oates, B. Br. Burm. . p. 738, No. I456. Pelecanus carbo, sinensis, Shazuv and Bodd., Bat. Misc. d. iii. p. 861 ; Hume, NVests and Eggs,
33O.-The LARGE CoRMORANT, head and neck are black with white black erectile c, est; lower neck, breast te thigh patch, glossy black; rump, and a fillet of white running up to the band; primaries and their coverts dull :dian and lesser wing coverts bronze k; legs and feet black; bill brownish; pale greenish; gular pouch yellow,
"2 to 147; tail 7 to 75; bill at front
e feathers and white thigh patch dis
vinces, Western and Central India, also Eastern Turkestan, Nepaul and Cash
the middle of the Samara Dhund in the orm of sticks, lined with grass and or greenish white, glossless, and of a
kes, Cormorants make terrible havoc they affect. Sometimes, though sel

Page 399
PHALA CR
dom so seen, they swoop down from r pursue it under the surface of the w; certainty. They, however, must nece their prey, and this trait no doubt has for the purpose of catching fish when China and other countries fishermen a birds sitting, lazily on the cross beam o and stern; the whole deportment of tl lenting tyrant.
In fishing a leathern collar is put r being swallowed, and it is said the fishe amount of fish caught by Cormorants however, hooded, as falcons are, when
373. Phalacrocorax fuscic p. 9I; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. I 182; H Hume, Str. P. viii. p. I I6; Oates, B. Brit. Ind. i. p. 739, No 1457. Phala xiii. pt. I. p. 96. Graculus sinensis Hume, Mests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 66c Graculus fuscicollis, Blyth, B. Bur The WHITE-TUFTED CoRMORANT.
Breeding Plumage.--Whole plumag green, the feathers of t.e back and win decomposed soft white feathers about a head just behind the ear coverts; the f Non-Breeding Plumage.--Adult Ma back, scapulars, rump and upper ta of the back and wing coverts margine pale brown; entire lower surface black. gular skin and orbits as in the last; iri
Length.-24 to 27 inches; wing I breeding plumage the forehead and white, there is a white tuft of feathers
Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Gluzerat, Rajput Ceylon. Very abundant and residen November; in some parts as early as J 19 eggs is 2'02X I'36 inch.
374. Phalacrocorax pygm p. 173, pl.; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. I 19I No. I 458. Pelecanus pygmæus, Pall., lus javanicus, ỹoerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 86 Graculus melanognathos, Hume, NVests pygmæus, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 164

O CORAX. 343
id-air on the object of their prey, and ter with great dexterity and unerring sarily rise to the surface to swallow led to their being trained by fishermen not employed. In Sind as well as in lways have a dozen or more of these
the prow of their boats, quite sullen . e bird gives it the aspect of an unre
pund their necks, to prevent the fish rmen in Sind make a livelihood by the when their nets fail. They are not, unemployed.
ollis, Steph., Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. I. ume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 496; Br. Burm. ii. p. 233 ; Murray, Avijf. crocorax sinensis, Steph., Gen. Zool.
(Shaw), ferd., B. Ind. iii. p. 862; ); Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 331. n. p. 64; Oates, Str. F. v. p. I 7o.--
e deep black; glossed with blue and g coverts with black margins; a tuft of h inch in length on either side of the emale has not the white tufts. le.-Entire head and neck glossy black; il coverts-bronze, some of the feathers d with black; throat white; cheeks, No white thigh or cheek patch. Bills des bluish green ; feet black.
; tail 6; bill at front 2'25. In the sides of the head are speckled with behind the ears, and the chin is white. tana, the Deccan, Burmah and Southern t wherever it occurs. Breeds during uly and August. The average size of
8əus (Pall.), Dresser, B. Eur. vi. ; Murray, Avis. Brit. Ind. i. p. 74o Reis. Russ. Reichs. ii. p. 7 I 5. Gracu3; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 332. and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 660. Graculus -The LITTLE CoRMORANT.

Page 400
344 PELE
In Summer Plumage.--A white tria line through the eyes white; a few wh sides of the neck; chin black; whole occipital crest; wing coverts, scapula) silvery, the feathers margined with bla gular and orbital skin livid fleshy; legs Length.-Ig to 20 inches; wing 85; Hab.–Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Province the Deccan, Burmah and Ceylon. B December according to locality. E; The average size of Ig eggs in Mr. Parl the length is from I'54 to I'88 inch and Sub-Family. Pill with edges finely notched; neck
Gen. Plot
Bill long, straight, slender; second an covered by a shield; tail long and round
Plotus mela
 

CANIDAE.
ngular patch on the head; lores and a tite hair-like feathers on the nape and body glossy black; head with a short rs, secondaries and terttiaries glossed ck; bill brownish or purplish brown;
dusky. tail 55; bill at front I'25 ; tarsus II 3. is, Kutch, Guzerat, Rajputana, Concan, reeds wherever found from August to ggs 4-5 in number; chalky white. ker's possession is 174 x 1' 4 inches; the breadth from Io3 to 122 inch.
, PLOTINAE. “ longer than the body.
us.-Ain.
ld third quills longest; nostrils basal,
nogaster.

Page 401
PLO
375. Plotus melanogaster No. 1 oo8; Hume, Nests and Eggs I id, Str. P. i. p. I94; Blyth, B. Burm Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 496; O Zool, yc. Sind., p. 249; id, Vert. Zoo p. 74 I, No. 1459. Anhinga melanog. (Sili, Sind).–The INDIAN SNAKE BIRD
Head, nape and neck brown, the back of the neck slightly darker; ch below the eye to half way down the base of the bill; back and entire ur secondaries, tertiaries, scapulars and wi some of the inner secondaries, all the mesially winite; upper tail coverts and barred ridges ; under wing coverts bla the upper mandible, yellowish on the lo Length.-32 to 33 inches; wing 132 35.
Hab.–Sind, Bengal, Rajputana, K India generally; also Burmah and Ceyl Breeds in Ceylon and wherever fou societies. Eggs, white or bluish whit size of 20 eggs 52' 4 inch I 38; the l and the breadth from 26 to I*44.
 

US. 345
(Penn.), Jerd, B. Ind. i p. 865, td. B. p. 66r ; Str. P. vol. i. p. 46g; , p. 165; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1 194; tes, Str. F. x. p. 248; Murray, Hdbk, . Sind, p. 332; id. Avif Brit. Ind. i. ster, Penn, Ind. Zool. p. 27, pl. 12
feathers edged with pale ferruginous; in and throat white, also a line from neck, and a narrow streak from the der surface glossy black; primaries, ng coverts black, very slightly glossed ; : wing coverts, scapulars and tertials tail black, the central feathers with ck; legs and feet black; bill dusky on ower ; irides yellow.
to 14; tail 83 to 92; bill at front
utch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan and on, extending to the Malay Peninsula. ind from June to December in large e, with a chalky coat. The average ength is from I'95 inch to 2'27 inch,

Page 402


Page 403
GENERAL
PAG
Accipiter badius ... .
– nisus ..." - " *
... on 3
s se e sa is e a 488 s 8 * * * 9 ***
---- virgatus • • • • • • • • • • • • AccIPITRES ..., .er • • • • • • • • • • • • • •*** Acridotheres melanosternus • • Acrocephalus brunnescens..... - dumetorum ... . . ---------sur stentoreus • ........ 86 ACROMYoDI • • • • • • • • • • • Actitis hypoleucos . -- ochropus . . . .
... 166
Ægialitis cantiana ......
curanica .
---- dubia ... . - fluviatilis .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 -- mongolica ......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 242 –– mongolus ... - -- phillipensis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 243 - phillipinus . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 244 --- pyrrhothorax ... r....... • • • • • • • • 242 4Egiallophilus cantianus ...................... 242 4Egithina migrolutea ............. · · · · · · · · · · · · IO4 ---r tiphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to O4 -- viridissima ... .--• • • • • • • • • • • • ******* To4* aegocephala, Limosa ........................ 26g aenea, Carpophaga ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I5 , Columba ... ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . 25 aeruginosus, Circus ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 AEsacus recurvirostris ......... • • • • • • • • ******* *47 ætherius, Phaeton ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 332 afer, Leptosomus ..... .................. 83 affinis, Cuculus . . . . . . .............. 8o -- , Cypselus ... a- , Mirafra ... es............ 63 - Sylvia......... ........................ 84 -, Tephrodornis .......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 65 agilis, 4 grodroma ............ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55 Agrobates brunnescens........................ 86 Agrodroma agilis ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 55 Alauda arvensis ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • F65
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX,
i
PAG Alauda gugula.w.
peguensis - ALAUDIDAE...........................................
alba, Ardea ............................ • • • • • • • 290 -, Ciconia...................................... 285 - Herodias......-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..... 290 albicilla, Erythrosterna" ............... • • • • • 74 Muscicapa ............ "........... • 74 albifrontata, Rhipidura ............ ••••• • • • • 77 albigularis, Dumetia .................. • • • • • • • r22 albofrontata, Leucocerca .................... 78 ---- » Rhipidura ............... • • • • 77 albofrontatus, Heterornis .................. 167 - , Temenuchus............ ..... 67 albogularis, Geocichla............... • • • • • • • • 97 ALCEDINIDAE ...................... • • • • • • 206 ALCEDININAE ....................................... 206 Alcedo atricapilla .............................. 208 bengalensis ..................... •••••• 2o6 fiscus ............................... 208 éileata · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 208 smyrnensis ........................... 208 Aleippe nigrifrons .......................... 125 Alexandri, Palæornis ----------- 98 Alseonax ferruginea ... ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 latirostris ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 73 -- muttui .............. ... ... ... - 73 -- terricolor ......................... “ - 73 Alsocomus puniceus . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • 217 Amadina atricapilla.......................... I 6o ---- Kelaarti ................. • • • • • • • • • • 63 -- malabarica .................. ••• • • • 162 malacca. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59 ---- pectoralis ...................... • • • • • • • 163 -- punctulata ..... • • • • • • • • • • • • I6 -- rubronigra ....................................................... 16o
-- striata .................... . . . . . 6
amurensis, Cerchneis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37
. യുങ്ങ , Erythroptis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 Anas crecca... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . so . . . . . . 33 ---- javanica ............. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 306 - poecilorhyncha ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3e
AN AsToMINAE ......... "... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 300 Anastomous oscitans ... • • • Me Awa'el • • • • • • 3ok

Page 404
348 GENERA
PAGE andamanensis, Geocichla..................... 97 anglica, Gelochelidon ..... . . . .323 , Sterna............ . 323 . م . . . . .323 . . . .33
. 39 ... 22 . . . . 155
anglicus, Gelochelidon Anous stolida antarcticus, Stercorarius.... Anthracoceros coronatus Anthus caijer... .................
cinnamomeus ... . I55 - malayensis ...... I55 raalten ë ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..... . . . 55 Richardi ... ... I53 -- rufulus .... . . . .54 striolatus .............. ... 154 antiquorum, Phoenicopterus .. ... 3O4 Aquilla bonelli ..................... ... 7
aquila, Fregata.. ... 333 pennata ... . ... 8 aquilus, Tachyfoetes .... 333 AQUILIN AE ... .. . . . . . . . . . . 6 Arachnethra asiatica ... 33 intermedia .... , 133 loten ia......... 34 arctata, Dendrocygna ... ... 306 Ardea alba... ........... ... 290 cinerea .......... ... 287 сіппатотеа. ... 294 -- coromanda.... . . . 292 fdavicollis ... so esse. . . . 294 garsetta 29o goliath .... 286 292 . ه ه . . . . g۶ay -سسته صحیح -- grisea ... ... 297 -- in termedia ...... ... 290 -- leucocephala ... . 285 ------------- melanolopha. ... ... 397 ~------ nigrirostris ... 2go purpurea . . . . 288 ------- torra ................. ... 290 Ardeiralla cinnamomea . 294 ardeola, Dromas ......... 25 Ardeola grayi ......... . . 292 ---leucoptera . . . ... 292 Ardetta cinnamomea 294
-- flavicollis ..... 294 -- sinensis ..., 295 arenaria, Calidris... ... 2б4 Argya rufescenus ... . 18 arquata, Scolopax ..... . 271
arquatus Numenins... ... ............... 27
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

L INDEX.
Arrenga Blighi
Artamus fuscus.................................
- - leucorhynchus ................ arvensis, Alauda ...............-- asha, Demi-egretta ........................... 29 asiatica, Arachnethra ..... - Cinnyris ........
----, INVectarinia ... • • • ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33
- - - -, Perdicula ........................... 232 asiaticus, Xenorhynchus .................. 284 assimilis, Phodilus ........................... 51 Astur badius........ 8 & 8
falzenbarius ...............
o w w «» e «» e a s e a s s s .
a see . . . . ... O
- trivirgatus • • • • • • • • ..................... Iɔ as averee, Dendrocygna........................ 3o6 Athene castaneonata ........................ 48 atra, Buchanga ............. -- Fulica 88 a atricapilla, Amadina ..... 8 w
, AEgithina...................... 2
» Loxia • • • • • • • • • • • ..........
... . . ... 16o
. . . . . . . . . .2 atriceps, Falco .................................. 32
, Munia ..... 0 és 8 & & 8 9 & S. e. 8 s a s a atricapillus, Pycnonotus ............
Fars ... . . . . .................... 126 Attagen aquilus ...... -- minor ................. aurantias, Brachypternus .......
aureola, Leucocerca ......... ......
atastralis, Mycteria ...
* Sula · · · · · · · · · · · · . . . . . . . . 337 ----, Kenorhynchus ... . . . . . . . . 284
avocetta, Recurvirostra ..................... 272 asurea, Hvfothymis ... ... ..................... 77
Myiagra. . . . ..........
badius, Accipiter .......... a » Astur • • • • • • • --, Micronistus .
Π .
----, Phodilus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... SI Bailloni, Porzana. . . . . . . . . ... ................. 279 Rallus, ............"............. 279 batassiensis, Cypselius ........................ I 72
Batrachostomus 3avensis . I75
I75 3.
moniliger -. Baza ceylonensis ...................... ---- loPhotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ......... Bengalensis, Rhynchaea . . . . ............... 258

Page 405
GENERAL
bengalensis, Alcedo...
, Pitta
-, Sterna............... • • • • • • ---- --- Thalasset&s.
, Sarciophorus ....................... 246 Blighi, 4rreroga .............. I I2 olighi, Myiophoneus. ....... •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • 2 bonelli, Aquilla.................. . . . . . . . 7 -, Eutolmatos.................... • • • • • I7 ----, Falco .................... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 -, NVisaetus ......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ** 17 , Pseudatus ... ........... •v. ... •• 7 borealis, Motacilla ........................... 151 Botaurus limnophilaar........................ 297 - stellaris.......... ....... 296 brachyphorus, Dissemurus .................. 6
----, Edolius ......... ........... • • • 61 Brachypteryv falliseri......... ............... 123
Brachypternus aurantias ......... • • • • • • • •
ceylonus.....
chrysonotus ----- dilutus .... -- noticollis ----or Stricklandi...
ത്ത
brachyura, Pitta ........... 7o brachyurus, Corvus .. . . . . .es TO BRADYPTERI ............ .. ... ... 89
Brookii, Falco ............... brunneicephalus, Larus ...... brunnescens, Acrocephalus ... ...
, Agrobates... . . . brunneus, Erithacus . Bubo nipalensis ... - orientalis .
88
BUBONIDAE... • • •ooo• • • • • • BUBONINAE , , , . . . . , ool Bubulcus coromandus... Bucco flavifrons ........ ---- haemacephalus ... -- indicus ... • • • • • • • • •
o 8 * e seg e o
- zeylanicus . . . . . . Buceros coronata . . . . . . BuceRorIDA •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2°
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX 349
— leucopygalis . 60 -- longicaudata ... 59 Waldeni .......... 59 Budytes cintereocapillus,... IS -------- flava melanocephaluz... I5. a sa viridis... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ISI Bulaca indranee ..... a 49 Buphus coromanda .... 292 burmannica, Leucocerca ... 78 Burnesia socialis ............ . . . . . 93 Burmesi, Gallinula . . . 28 Butalis ferruginea .... . . . . . . 72
latirostris...... ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • ......... 73
muttui ... 73
terricolor ... ... 73 Buteo japonicus.... ... 5 – plumipes ... 5 -e- vulgaris .. 5 BUTEONINAE ... . . . . . . . 3, 4
Butorides javanica • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .......... ... 293
Cacomantis nigra. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. ... 18
a- passerinus ..., 8. caerulecula, Motacilla...... O2 cæruleculus, Cyanecula ... so is so O2 --, Erithacus .. . . . . . .02 caerulescens, Buchanga , . . . . 59 , Dicrurus ... S9 caesius, Parus ..... 126 Calamodyta doriae ...... 88 *swass dumetorium ... 87 Calidris, arenaria........ 264 calidris, Scolopax ... ... 268 Totanus ....... 267 Calobates melanope. ISO calthropæ, Palæornis ...... 20 cambayensis, Perdicula ............ ........ 232 Campophaga Sykesi. soon . . . . . To CAMPEPHILINAE... ... *姆 . . .94 candiduş, Himantopus ... 273 --, Phaeton.......... 33 canescens, Scolopax ..... ... ... 266 - - , Totanus ..... 8 a. 266
caniceps, Lanius ..............................
28

Page 406
350 GENERA
s: - PAGE canorus, Cuculus .............................. I 78 cantiana, 4Egialitis ............................ 242 - Zegalophilus................. 242 cantianus, Charadrius ........................ 242 Capensis, Daption .......................... 3 I 7 ---- Procellaria ........................ 37 ---------------, Rhynchaea...... 258 CAPITONIDAE............... 88 caprata, Motacilla . 76 , Pratincola . 76 CAPRIMULGIDAE ........................... 174 Caprimulgus asiaticus........................ I75 --- atripennis....... 76 ----- Kelaarti........................ I 77 -- Soilocircus ..................... I 76 carbo, Graculus .............. ............... 342 ---- » Pelecanus .............................. 342 -- , Phalacrocorax . Carpophaga ænea .....
-- sylvatica... . . . . . . 25 CARPOPHAGINAE .......... see . . . 24 Casarca rutila ... ... ... 308 casarca, Tadorna.............................. 3o8 - Cashmeriensis, Motacilla .................. I47 Caspia, Sterna ................................. 324 Caspius, Syllochellidon .................. ...... 324 càstanonota, ДVосѓиа............. castaneonota, Athene ......... castanonotus, Taenioglaux ... castanonotum, Glaucidium................. 48 Centrococcyx chlororhynchus ............ 187 ** rufipennis ..................... 86 CENTROPODINÆ................................ 186 Cerchneis amurensis ........................ 37 so***afa ........................... 36 tinuncula ..... Certhia erythrorhynchus. seylonica .......... Сектнира. ........ CERTHIoMo RPHAE........ certhiola, Locustella ...................... 88 -- , Motacilla ......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 88 Ceryle rudis ................................... 2o7 ceylonensis, Baza ................ 3.
-, Hypothymis ... ----, Ketupa ............
Oriolus... -, Upupa ... 2O ceylonica, Porzana ... . 278 olino ........... 278
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

NDEX,
ceylonus, Brachypternus .................. 92 Ceyx tridactyla •• . . . . . -. •••••••••••••••••••••• 2009Chætura gigantea • • • • • • • • • • ............ . . .
CHÆTURINAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • . Chalcophaps indica .... ........ 22o CHARADRINAE ... ...... .... 239 Charadius bilobus............................. 246 Charadrius cantianus ........................ 242
- curonicus............. - dubius • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • fluviatilis ............ ---- fulvus ... ... • • • • • • ---- himantopus ..... -- longipes... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24o -- malabaricus ..... ... ... • • • ...... 246 -- mongolicus ........... aedicnemus ............ -- phillipinus ..............
— þyrrhothorax .................. Charadrius scolopaw .......................... 248 Chettusia gregaria ....... .............. 245 chinensis, Excalfactoria ..................... 235 chiquera, Falco • • • • • • • • • . . . . . ............... 35 Hypotériorchis ................... 35 , Lithofalco ... . . . . . . . . . 35 Chiguera typus .................. or 35 chirurgus, Hydrophasianus ....... ه . . . . . . . . . . . . . irag2ع7 و حسسه مسchlorigaster, Chrysophlegma ............... 93
--, Crocopus..............
ænsne
www*
ത്ത
~ - it, Pictus . ... ............... ... ... I93 Chloropicus striolatus....................... 93 Chloropsis jerdoni ........................... * io6 malabarica ..................... Io6 chloropus, Gallinula ........................ 28 chlororhynchus, Puffinus ... .............. 38
--, Centrococcyx. Chrysococcyx Hodgsonsi..........
-–– smaragdinus .............. 83 Chrysocolaptes festivus ................... 194 ----- melanotas ..... 94. ----- Stricklandi.... I95 Chrysomma sinensis ....................... - I2I chrysonotus, Brachypternus ... sea ... 92 Chrysophlegma chlorigaster ............... I 93 -- chlorophanes ............ 193 CICHLoMoRPHAE , ......................... 66

Page 407
GENERAL
PAGE Cichlops monticolus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • 153 thermophilus . 54 ubiquitarius..., . . . . 55 Ciconia alba ......... ... 285 ---- javanica ........ . . . . 284 leucocephala .. ... 285 Cinclus interpres ....... ... 249 287 269
, Myiolestes ... ... ...... 8o cinereifrous, Garrulax......... cinereocabillus, Budytes...............
-, Parus... . . . . . . . cinnamomea, Ardea........
cinnamo meus, Anthus ...... CINNYRIMORPHÆ, ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cinnyris asiatica ....................... ••• • • • • • • 33 currucaria • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33 lotenia • 34
minima .................. ........... 134 -orientalis . . . . . . . . . ............... I33
Polities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zeylonica ........................ I34 circia, 4nas ................................. 34 - -, 9uerquedula. . . . . . . . . . ................. 34 Circus aeruginosus ... ..................... 91 - cyaneus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 -- melanoleucus ........................
---- fallidus......... . . . . . .................
S 8 Pygargus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ......... 6 8
svainsoni... ... ......... ... ... ...
Cirripidesmus Geoffrovi ..................... 24
mongolicus ................. 242 Cissa ornata • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .............. 55 Tr fuella • • • • • • • • ............................. 55 TT fyrocyo?oea • • • • • • • • ... ............... 55 Cisticola cisticola..................... • ....... 96 - - cursitans ...................... 96 ---- gracilis .............................. 95 - - homiallura .................................. 96 mt4niétérensis ........................, 96 --=-Hr schaemicolaz...
Poliocephala......................... 93 citrina, Geocichla.............................. 97 Citta ornata. to II on as a 55
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX. 35
PAGE Cittocincla macrura. ......................... 116 - tricolor . 6. clypeata, Spatula. 309 Coccothraustes sinensis ..................... 6o CoccYGES AN IsoDACTYLAE .................. 2o
HETEROIDACTYLAE. ፤77 , Coccystes coromandus .................... 84 jacobinus............................ 183 melanoleucos ................... ... 183 СоLпомоRPнAЕ ....... 53 Collocalia francica ......... • • ................ I 73 Linchi... • •.. ..•. •.. .........•. • •• • •• ••• ... 173 Collurio erythronotus 23 Columba ænea .. 25 intermedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
----- livia ••• • • • ........................... 2I6
swas*ab ?2ée?22 。。。。。。 27 KamaMsom risoria ...... 29
Sylvatica • • • • • • • • • • ................. 2I5 CoLUMBIDÆ · · · 25 columboides, Palaeornis . 97 commixtus, Parus................................. 126 communis, Coturnix ....................... 233
concolor, Hypotriorchis ..................... 37 Copsychus andamanensis IS wax ceylonensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... IIS -- macrurus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 -mindanensis. 15 IIS Saularis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... IIS CoRACIADE . . . . . 204 Coracias indica..... es. 204
orientals . 205 corallina, Dendrophila........................ 32 coromandeliana, Anser . . . ... • • • . . . . . . . . . ..., 305 coromandelianus, Nettapus ............... 305 coromandelica, Cursorius ..... 237 coromandelicus, Nettapus .................... 305 coromandus, Bubulcus ... ...... ... ... • • • • • • 29
, Coccystes . 84. ---- , Cuculus ........ 184 coronata, Hirundo ... • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I 74 -- , Buceros • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2I2 ------------ , Hydroclissa.... 2逾2 -, Pitta... . . . . . . . . . . 17o coronatus, Anthracoceros ... ............... 22 -- , Dendrochelidon ... I73 ---- , Macropteryae ... I74 Corone macrorhynchus ... 54 - splendens. 53
a--musicus .........

Page 408
352 GENERA
PAGE CorvidÆ · S3 Corvus brachyurus ..........
culminatius .. - impudicus ..... insoleres ........ s- Levaillantii . – Vaillantii ...... Corydalla Richardi .. -- rufula ... -- rafulus .
--r--r-se sinensis ...
striolata ... Cotile obsoleta. CoTURNICINÆ, .................. Coturnix communis........ --pentah...... is . . . CRATERoPoDEs... »...... Crateropus striatus .... crecca, 4 nas .................. -- 9uerquedula ... Crepitans, CEdicinemus... Crex Pygmæa ............... Criniger ictericus............... cristata, Pernis ........................... .
cristatus, Lanius ..................... 129 Pavo ... ... ••••••••••••••• • • • • 222 Crocopus chlorigaster....... 23
crucigera, Pyrrhulauda ... Cryptolopha cinereocapilla. Cuculidae ........................ CucULINAE ... "...". Cuculus affinis ............
C3ÎlOfMS , , , , , , coromandus ....
Himalayanus......... lugeðris .............. micropterus .... poliocephalus.... Sonnerati . sériatus .......... Culicicapa ceylonensis ... --dergoal. caulminatus, Corvus .................. Cuncuma leucogaster....... curonica, *Egialitis ....... causronicus, Charadrius.... carruca, Sylvia ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . corsitans, Cisticola ........
Prinia ...... CURSORIDAE .........
*****te 800 is eet ses. 237
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

L INDEX.
Cursorius coromandelicus ............ cyana, Larvivora .................. ---- - , Monticola... Cyanecula caeruleculus.. . . . . . . . . .02 -- Suecica ......... O2 cyaneus, Circus to see . . . . . . .3 cyanocephalus, Palæornis .................. I99 ---- » Psittacus...................... I99 Cyanops Dysporus ........................... 3ვნ
----- , flavifrons ...............
0 -- , Sula ................... cyanus, Monticola ... ... O ----, Cyanocimrila
Cyornis banyumas ... -- rubeculoides , ---- tickelliae ... ... CYPSELIDAE ......... CYPSELINAE ................... ................... 17 Cypselus affinis ............................... 17 —— batassiensis ........................ 172
' , , , , , , , .melba ......................
Dafila acuta... . ............... 32 damascensis, Tringa ............ ........... 26 Daption capensis................................... 317 daturica, Hirundo............. ................. I4S Demi-egretta asha ........................... 29
gularis. • • • • • • • • ................... 29I - schistacea ...... Dendrochelidon coronatus ... Dendrocygna arcuata ... ... 306 asree . . . . . .......... 306 fulva ••••••••• • ................ 307 javanica • ................. 3o6 "jor......................... 307 Dendrophila corallina ........................ 32 -- frontalis ........... • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 DICÆIDÆ, ...................... 38 Dicæum erythrorhynchum. Iვ8 тітітит ....... 38 Dicrurus ballicassius... 58 ------- caerulescepts . S9 --edoliformis ... ... ... ... o lofohorinus......................... 6o ---------- macrocercas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8 T flatures .................. 6
~~

Page 409
GENERAL
PAGE
Dicrurus retifcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . diffusus, Oriolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • dilutus, Brachyotermos ................. Dissemuroides edoliformis .. ..." Dissemurus grandis... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---- malabaroides ... • • • • • • • • • • • ***
paradiseus . . . . . . . Dissura episcopus... • • • • • • • •
ബത്ത
domestica, Fringilla • • • • • • • --, Pyrgita . . ... . . . . domesticus, Passer -
domicola, Hirundo ..................
– – Hypurolebis ... - . Dougalli, Sterna ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Dromas ardeola ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Drymocataphus fuscicapillus......... ..... Drymoeca inornata ........................... -- longicaudata . a a u
---- neglecta. . . . . . . . ------------ rufescens......... • ––– valida ... ... ... • " Drymoica blanfordi............ -- brevicauda o ... ...». "
-- fusca ..................ooo"
---- jeradoni. . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
--- - - meglecta .......... . . . . . . . . . • • • • •
see a so so we 88
----- Sylvatica . . . .
Drymoipus extensicauda.....................
- fuscus............ 9 8 & 8 8 8 --in ornatus . . . .
---insign is . . . . . . . . . . .
---jerdon i . . . . . . . . . . . —————longicaudatus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• rt4fescens •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •" –--validus ... ...... . . " ". "" "" dubia, AEgialitis ... ... dukhunensis, Motacilla Dumetia albigularis ... KO Dysporus cyanops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-—ങ്ങ
edele, Orthotomus . . . . . . . ... ... ..... . . . . .
Edolius brachyphorus...,
cristatellus ...
grandis........ - malabaricus.. - paradiseus . . . . . . . - Rangoonensis ...
Elanus caeruleus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
45 о
. 57 44
6. 56 I9
6O 6.
6I 6
, 285 п57
57
IA4
327 25
24 go 9 92 92 92 9I 9. g 92 92 92 9I go go 92 92 go 92 92 243 47
22 . 336
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

NDEX. 353
oAGE
Elanus melanofoterus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Elaphrornis palliseri ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Elphinstonei, Palumbus ... • • • • • • • • • ... ... Ephialtes Bakkamana. -- griseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
malabaricas . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
pen nats ... ia no st vi' ---- sunia... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ** ****** episcopa, Disstra . . . . . . . . . . von . . . . . . . . . . . episcopus, Ciconia... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ----, Dissura... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -, Melanopelargos ................ Erithacus brunneus, . . . • • • • • • • • • • • •
----, cæruleculus... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Erythra Phoenicura... . . . . . . ....... ........ erythrogastra, Hirundo ..............i ****** erythronotus, Lanius ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , Collurio ..... e ''' Erythropus amurensis ................. • • • • • •
--- vespertinus . . . . . . ... erythropygia, Hirundo ............ erythrorhynchos, Certhia ....... 88 erythrorhynchum, Dicæum...... Erythrosterna albicilla ....... & 8 ---hyperythra. . . . . . . is
---- leucura • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ESTRILDINAE ... . . . " " " o oso - * * * * * * * ********* Eudynamys honorata • • • • • • • • • --- orientalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eulabes religiosa...... . . . . . . . . . . .
ptilogenys • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Eumyias melanops, . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • eupatrius, Palaeornis... • • • • • • • • • . . ... • • • • • • • •
Euplectes striatu8... . . . ... • • • • • • • • • Eurystomus orientalis .............. euryzonoides, Gallinula ... --, Rallina. Excalfactoria chinensis • • • • • • • • • • • • *********
Falcinellus igneus......... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • falcinellus, Plegadis... ... . . . . . . . . . . ........
--— , Tantalus ........ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Falco amurensis ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •******* . - atriceps ... apo ... se e re e ros • • • • • • – Brookii ... ... ... ' -
- chiquera... - - e- - - communis... on ... see to
---- melanopters • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
28
23 2IS 42 44 44 42 42 285 28S 285 285
O2
o2 282
42 28 128
37 37 I45 133 1ງ8 74 75 74 I59 84 I84 π69 69 3. 198
. I59
2O5
... 278 ... 278
235
303 3O3 3Oვ 33 32 32 35
2
مه
2S

Page 410
354 GENERA
oAGE
Falco peregrinator ...............
fleregrimus .................. Severs .........
• • • • • • • • • • • Shaheewa محص- صح-- FALCONES .................. .. FALCONIDAE .......................... FALCONINAE .................... fasciatus, Harpactes..................
Nisaetus. ................... ferruginea, Alseomax...................... Balis........................ T - - Hemichelidon .............. festivus, Chrysocolaptes fiber, Sula.
fflammea, Strix * * * * * * * * * a na 4 v • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a « » flammeus, Pericrocotus ..................... flavicollis, Ardea oooooooos o se de s ese se es es se e, Ardeiralla ...
Ardetta ... - Frgil.
80s
the 8 e i s .
V8 8 & 8 a
8 v 8 v 8 s ess
-------, Gymnoris • • • • • • • -- Passer .
48 x
is a was a sess
*** Petronia ............................. flavogularis, Osmotreron a sea fluviatilis, Ægialitis
----, Charadrius
, Sterта * * * * * * * * e * * * * * * g s * * * * * * 0 is es « » 18 s francica, Collocalia '88 to see . . . . . . . . .
Francolinus pictus .... Fregata aquila ...
minor.......................... Fringilla agilis.......
- domestica .....
es eat he s see as
86 a e o a see . . . .
8088 be es
*oo se eso a 8 es se o a es
oooooooo se ess o se ese
flavicollis et de s , , , -- leucont FRINGILLIDAE to 88s 84 a a to a as see FRINGILLIFoRMEs FRINGILLINÆ. as a sess frontalis, Dendrophila. w89 ****---- Orthorhynchus sess see as ----, Sitta ''' is a 88 s as , fcbhaga, Collocalia... ... Bogo سوAHig وس-----ك که Fulica atra.""""""""""""" . fulicata, Thamnobia 8888 as e s as esse a fuliginosa, Haliplana 880 to 8 as so . . . . Va-- Sterna ...... 8 & 8 v 8 e seas feliginosus, Cychoe۶ion... . . . . . . . . . ... ،... Fuligula rufina ................ fulva, Dendrocygna ...
Semingwyse
88 ea e
88
as we e s be see
88 V8 essess
177 6
72 72 72 I94 337 So б9 294 294 294 I56 156 I56 156 2I4 243 243 328 I73 230 333 333 39 57 56 6 156 138 I56 3. 3I
.. 3 ... 3
- п73 . 276
I4 33O 330 330 35 ვo7
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

L INDEX.
PAG
fulvus, Charadrius ............. fusca, Porzana 8 s 8 e s is was a see .
, Rallina. fuscicabillum, Pellorneum .................. ങ്ങ , Scotocichla .................. » Drymocataphus ............ fuscicollis, Graculus........................... esse , Phalacrocorax..................... Alcedo .............................. fuscus, Artamus ..... it it s e a ya 88
Halcyon .. -, Rallus ...
, Totanus ...
88 a w an
Gallicrex cinereus.....
cristatus ........ o oto o vo dos o y se ese GALLINAE ............. oooooos o o a 8 se o se ese ese Gallinago caelestis.......................
gallinaria. -- galinula . . .
P W A Y 8 e Ess see
w8
- nemoricola ........................ -- Scolopacina... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -- stenura................................ gallinago, Scolopax •••............................ gallinaria, Gallinago. Gallinula Burmesi. ----- chloropus ..
e oro o esto a 8 o se sae ese se e
a be e s as as a
8 va B s s a
cristata... ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • е и удотоides ...................... Phoenicura .............. ~---- poliocephalus gallinula, Scolopax ........................... GALLINULINAE . . . . . . . . a a . . . . . . as one Galloperdix zeylonensis ............... bicalcaratus. Galius Lafayetti
Stanleyi ................................ ganeesa, Hypsipetes Garrulax cinereifrons garzetta, Ardea ••••••••••••••• • • • • • • ...... ••• * --, Herodias ............, Gecinus striolatus....... Y 9 Gelochelidon anglica 88 ea
....................... iesی **łotica ....................... GEMITORES .............................. Geocichla albogularis ........................
andamanensis...........
8 9
as 8 s so a
stee et ess,
8s s 8 so see
is a s
ma
240 28o, 28O
24 124 24 343
343 2O8
66
2O8 28o 268
283 28ვ 222 256 256 257 254 256 255 256 256 28 28 283 278 282
275 257 274 228
. 228
223 223 o8
II 9 29O. 2go I93 323 323 323
22
97
97

Page 411
GENERAL
PAGE
Geocichla citrima ... . . . ... · · · -- imbricata...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • so a
- - in notata ... . . . . . . . . . . . -- spiloptera . . . .
-- wardi ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geoffroyi, AEgialitis ............
, Cirrepidesmus ... gigantedt, Acanthylis ..... gigantea, Chaetura ... . . . . gingalensis, Tockus......... glareola, Actitis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ... , Rhyacophila . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • •
- -, Totanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
始
-----, Tringa3 .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Glareola lactea . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • - orientalis . . . . . . . . . . . . Glaucidium castanonotum ..
radiatum ... • • • • • •
Glaucomyia sordida ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GLAREOLIDAE . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • goensis, Lobioanellus ......................... goliath, Ardea .............................. Gorsakius melanolophus ... . . GoURIDAE ............ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • govinda, Milvus ... se as sus se è gracilis, Cisticola . & 8 v 8
Dryമേ -, Prinia ... ... , Sterna ... . . . Gracula religiosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . saularis . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • *** Graculus carbo ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
8 javaniсиs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .“
melanognathos. • •
ygmaeus • • • • • • • • • • • • • sinensis ...
GRALLATORES . . . . . . . .» Graucalus layardi • • • • • • • •
Macii ... ... " " " "
e se g 8 a
grayi, Ardeola ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .......... gregaria, Chettusia... . . . . . . . . ... grisea, Ardea • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -- Pyrrhulauda a w griseus, Scops. . . . . . . . . . . . estro e s gularis, Demi-egretta. ----, Micropternus . s a 0 88 s , Phaiopicus . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
–, Picus .................. , Rubiogula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yow . . . . . . . . . gulgula, Alauda • 6 • • • • • .e SÅ offs &åàý ***
97
99 97 99 98
24 24
I72
... I 72
2贾2 266 266 266 266
. 239
2ვ8 48
47 8. 238 245 286
, 297
220
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX 355
PAGE gurial, Pelargopsis ... ... ..................... 2 Io gutturalis, Hirundo ............ ... ............ 42 gymnopthalmus, llyngipicus ............... 196
hæmacephala, Megalæma ...". 189 , Xantholaema . . . . ... 189 haemacephalus, Bucco ......... ........ 189 HAEMATOPODIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Hæmatopus osculans ..." - 252 ———— ostralegus ...... ••••••••••••••• *5* Hæmatorfiis hæmorrhous -- "" *9
-im
----~ luteolus • • • • • • •
-- spilogaster . . . haemorrhous , Haematornis
-, Molpastes . . . . . Io9 Pycnonotus IO9 HALCYONINAE . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • 2O7 Halcyon atricapilus ... 208 fuscus ... • • • • • • • 208 -- leucocephalus . . 20 -- pileata . . . . . . . . . . . - . " 2o8 -- smyrnensis ... • • • • • • • • • • , 2o8 Haliætus Indus • • • • • • • • • 27 –– leucogaster • • • . . . . . . . 25 plumbeus ...... • • • • • ... 39
haliaetus, Pandion ... Haliastur Indus . . . . . . . . . Haliplana anaestheta ... -- fuliginosa . . . e. Harpactes fasciatus.• • • • helvetica, Squatarola ••• ————-, Tringa • • • • • • • Hemichelidon ferrugimea . Hemipodius plumbipes .... Hemipus picatus ... • • • • • • Herodias alba • • • • •
egrettoides ...
---- garzetta • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29° - intermedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 —————- plu, mifera. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2gი
-- torra • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Heterornis albofrontatus. пб7 --, hyperythra 42 Hierococcyx varius ....... ... ......... 18 Himalayanus, Cuculus • . . . . . . . . T9 himalayanus, Oriolus ......................... 56 ബത്ത , Dicrurus . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59
Himantopus candidus ... . . . . . . . . . ............, 273

Page 412
356 GENERA
PAGE tiimantọpus intermedius .................. 273 himantopus, Charadrius .................... 273 Hirundinapus indicus............ . . . . . . . . . . . . I72 HIRUNDINIDÆ ..................... · ••••••••• 140 HIRUNDININAE ................. ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • 149 hirundo, Sterna ........................... • • • 327 Hirundo coronata ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 74 daurica ............. ... . . . . . . . 45 domicola ... ..., ... ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • I44 ------ erythrogastra ......... . . . . . . . . . . . 42 --erythropygia ................ 145 --fuciphaga... ... . . . . . . I73 gotturalis..................... • 42 horreorum ............... . . . . . . . . . . . I 43 --* Javanica ........... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 144 rustica ...... • • • • • • . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • I 2
Äyèle?ri v• • • • • •. , ... ... • • • ... ... ... ... I 43 Hodgsoni, Chrysococcyx .......... • • 183 homalura, Cisticola ... ...... • • • • • • • • • • • 96 honorata, Eudynamis .............. ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 184 horreorum, Hirundo... ..., ... ....... . . . . . . . 42 Huhuanipalensis......... 4I humilior, Turtur ..........., ... ................ 220 humidis, Turtur... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2III9 hybrida, Hydrochellidon ..................... 322 Hydrochelidon hybrida ..................... 322 -- Indica...... . . . . . . . . . . . 3:o ------ leucoptera .................. 322
- -------~--- nigra ... . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 323 Hydrocissa coronata ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I2 Hydrophasianus chirurgus.................. 274 sinensis ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 hyperythra, Hirundo ........................ I 43 -, Erythrosterna ............ . . . . . . 75 , Muscicapa ................... 75 hypoleucos, Actitis ........................ ». 264 , Totamus . . . . . . . . 264 arms , ’’ringa ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 ––, Tringoides .............. ... ... 204 Hypotacnidia striata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Hypothymis a urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 77 Ceylonensis .................... 76 Hypotriorchis concolor ..................... 37 Hypsipetes ganeesa.............. Io8
nilgherriensis . Hypurolepis domicola ..
- jawanica... ... ... . . . . . . . . ...
مصمصصممي
 
 
 
 

L INDEX.
Ibis melanocephalus ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3OI ichthyaetus, Kroikocephalus ......
---, Larus . . . . . . . . .
, Polioaetus ... icterica, Xenocichla........... ictericus, Criniger...
igneus, Falcinellus .
, Numenius impudicus, Corvus.....
-, Tephrodornis ...
, Xantholaema .. indicus, Bucco ............. , Hirundinapus... , Limnomidromus
–, Lobivanellus . , Loriculus... . . . ---, CEdicinemus..
-------, Scoჩs ..., ... indo-burmannicus, Palaeornis.. indranee, Syrnium ... Indus, Haliastur ..., indus, Halicetus .... innotata, Geocichla. insolens, Corone ..........
, Corvus ......... • • • • • • • •
intermedia, Arachmechthra ... 33 Resex , Ardea ... . ... 290 ---is--, Columba , • 216 -, Herodias, ... 290 interpres, Cinclus ... . ... 249 ---, Strepsilas . , 249 , Tringa. . . . . . . 249
Iora tiphia......... IO4 Irena puella . 63 Ixos luteolus... . ... O
Ilyngipicus gymnopthalmus ............... I 96
es se 8 de 8 8 a
jacobinus, Coccystes ........................ I 83
, Oxylophus . . . japonicus, Buteo • . . . . . . . . . I5 javaniça, 4nas.............................. 306

Page 413
GENERAL
PAGE javanica, Ardea . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 293 , Butorides ... . . . ............... ... 293 --, Ciconia . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ** 284 Java nica, Dendrocygna ..................... 3o6 » Hirundo ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 44 --, Hypurolepis... I44 - ---, Sterna . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • *** ვ26
-, Strix ......... ... • • • • • • • •******* 5° Javanicus, Leptoptilus ... . . . 284 Jerdoni, AEgialitis ........................... 244 jerdoni, Chloropsis ........................... Ιοβ Jerdoni, Phoenicophaus ..................... 185 jerdoni, Phyllornis ........................... Ιοβ
Kelaarti penicillata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... III
· Amadina . . . . . . . . . . I6ვ Ketupa ceylonensis... . . . ... 40 kieneri, Linnaetus .............. ... ... ... ... 9 -, Lophotriorchis • • • • • • • • • • I9 Sfoizaetus ........ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 Kitta speciosa ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 55 Kittacincla melanoleuca. . II 5 ----, macrura ......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 116 kort4stes, Sterna ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
lactea, Glareola. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 239 Lalage sykesi ... • • • • • • • • • ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7o LAN IIDAE ... • LANIINAE ....... »... o ''' - ........... 128 Lanius canicefs • • • • • • • • • • • • •
- cristatus ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ** *****
- erythronotus ............... • • • • • • • • • • 128 – luscionensis......... ... " " ' " " " 3° ---- phaenicurus , • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . I29 -- Schwaneri... • • • • • • • • • Larus brunneicephalus ........... . . . . . . ... 32I ichthyaetus • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • 32I
cyane... • • • • • • • • • • • • superciliaris......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Io2 latirostris, Alseonax......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •** 73 -, Butalis. . . . . . . . . 73 layardi, Grau calus ................ Layardia rufescens . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • Leptocoma minima.......................... 134
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX. 357
Leptocom zyłonica ..............
Leptoptilos Javanicus... ... ... . . . . . . ... Leptosomus afer . . . . . . . . Leschenaulti, Merops . . . . . . . . . . . • • •
--, Taccocua. . . . . . . . . .
Lestris antarcticus ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ležitoides, Scofos • • ... . . . . . . , , , , , , • • • „... . . . . . . . . leucocephala, Ardea ........................
, Ciconia
leucocephalus, Halcyon ... , Tantalus...
pamatkowo
Leucocerca albofrontata,..., -- aureola...... . . . . . . ———————- burman ?nica • • • • • • • • • • leucogaster, Cuncuma... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, Haliætus ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • 25 leucogastra, Sula · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 337 leuconota, Fringilla........................... I6 I
, Munia... ... ...
leucoptera, Ardeola.......................... 292
leucopygialis, Buchanga
leucorodia, Platalea.......... leucura, Erythrosterna .... -- , Tentheca .................. . . . . . . . . . 64 leucorynchus, Artamus ..................... 67 Limicola platyrhyncha ... . . . . . . . . ., ...... 259
Limnaetus cristatellus... . . . . . a u 8 s 8 s a v 8 w a ra 22 --- kieneri ............ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 nipalensis ... ... ... . ............ 20
limnophilax, Botaurus Limonidromus indicus.,.,...,
. . . . 297 ... I52
... 269 Linchi, Collocalia............................. I73 Liopipo mahrattensis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 195 livia, Columba ................................. 2I6
Limosa aegocephala...
Lobifluvia malabarica........................ 246 Lobivanellus golensis .......................... 245 indicus ... 245 Locustella certhiola.... 83 ---- rubescens ... 88
88
94. , Orthottom:148 . . . . . . . . . . . 94 longicaudata, Buchanga ... ... ......... 59
----, Drymaeca . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • 9 longicaudata, Sylvia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 longicaudatus, Drymoipus ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9o longicaudus, Drymanipus ..................... 9I longipes, Charadrius . . . . . . . . . ............... 24O LoNGIROSTRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
temporalis .. longicauda, Motacilla .........

Page 414
358 GENERA
PAGE lophotes, Baza ... ......... ............. 3o Lophotriorchis kieneri............ 19 Loriculus indicus .............................. I97 lotenia, Arach nethra ................... 134 Cinnyris ................ ... ... 134 » Nectarinia .................. . . . . . . . . . 134 Loxia atricapilla .............................. 160 malacca ............... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59 lucionensis, Lanius ................ • • • • • • • ... I 30 lugubris, Cuculus ........................ • • • • • • 182 , Surniculus ........................ 182 luteolus, Haematornis ........................ I I o | Isos............. ... IIo -- , Pycnonotus ... . . . . . ... ... • • • • • • • • • • I Io
Machetes pugnax.............................. 263 Macii, Graucalus .............................. 67 MAcRocHIREs ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Macropteryx coronatus ..................... 174° macrorhynchus, Corone ... ................. 54 , Corvus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 macrura, Cittocincla ............... . . . . . . . . . II6 macrurus, Cercotrichas........................ I I6 - Circus .......................... .. 7 maculata, Ploceus..................... ........ 158 maculatus, Chrysococcyx .................. I83 - Trogon ..." - 183 madraspatana, Motacilla..................... I48 madraspatensis, Motacilla ................ ... 148 magnirostris, Palaeornis ... I98 -- , Phyllopneuste ............ • • • 86 --------------- , Phylloscopus ............ ... 85 mahrattensis, Liofipo ........ . . . ... • • • • • • • • • I95 --- „Picus............. ... 195 Mainatus religiosa ... .................... 169 -- ptilogenys ............ • • • • • • • • • • • • 7o major, Dendrocygna • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 307 malabarica, Amadina .... I62 ---, Lobipluvia ........ · 246 malabaricus, Charadrius...................... 246 ---- , Edolius ........................ 6 ---- , Ephialtes ................ .. 44 - , Pericrocotus .................. 69 --------------- , Scops ........................... 44 ---- , Turdus ......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ioo malabaroides, Dissemurus,................. 6 Malacocercus bengalensis .................. I 2o ---------------- rufescens........................ I 18

L INDEX.
PAGE
Malacocercus striatus ... ... ............... . Malacopteron nigrifrons...................... ... malayensis, Anthus ................... » Neopus ... ........................ manillensis, Pelecanus ....................
manyar, Ploceus ................................. media, Sterna . . . . . meena, Columba , 9
Turtur ........ 8 e a 88 a e o Megalæma canicefs........................... flavifrons ........................ hanacephala .....
Valme roibrica éilla *** ... ..............
............... zeylanica ܠܣܒܒ■ melanictsera, Rubigula...............
-- , Muscicapa ... melanocephalus, Ibis .......... o 1889
Oriolus.... O 8
- - -, Tantalus ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , Threskiornis ............ melanogaster, 47thioga ..................... ~-------, Plotus ........................
melanogastra, Sterna ........................
2d
25 ISS
I9
. 34
I59 325 27 27 88 189 18g Igo I88
| 2
2 30
melanognathos, Graculus .................. 343
melanoleuca, Kittacincla .......
melanoleucos, Circus ....... ----- Coccystes .. melanolopha, Ardea ......... 898 8 we v s
melanolophus, Gorsachius .. & 8 8 melanonota, Sarcidiornis ................ melanonotus, Sarkidiornis .................. melanope, Motacilla... ........................ melanope, Calobates .......................... Melanopelarg usepiscopus .... melanops, Stoporala ............. melanosternus, Acridotheres ... melanotus, Chrysocolaptes ......-......... melanurus, Pomatorhinus. melba, Cypsellus ... MeliPHAGIDA .............................. MEROPIDAE........................................ Merops Leschenaulti ........................ ---- phillipinus ............, ...
---- quinticolor ................
Merula kinnisi ....... microfotera, Mirafra......................... Micropternus gularis ... ..................... micropterus, Cuculus .........................
305 I49 ISO
. 285
8.
... I66
94
, , 3
7. 3б
2O2
203 203 203
. 203
2O2
97 Ι63 I92 o

Page 415
GENERA
PAGE Milvus govinda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 minda nensis, Copsychés ». . . . . . . . ......... I 5 minima, Cyn niris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I34
-- , Nectarinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • 34 minimum, Dicaean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 minor, Podiceps .. ... 37 miņuta, Sterna . . . ... 329 , Sternula ..., ... . ... 329 , Tringa... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •......... ••• ••• ••• 26o minutus, AEgialitis .......... ... ... ..., 244 Scops .............................. 96 Mirafra affinis ........................... • • • • • • 63 microptera......... ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 163 Molpastes haemarrhous........... • • • • • • • • • • • • 09 mongolica, AEgialitis ... mongolicus, Charadrius ...
-, Cirrepidesmus.... mongolus, Egialitis..........
Charadrius ..... Monticola cyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cyanus. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • OI monticolus, Cichlofos ......... • • • • ... • • • • • • 53 Motacilla borealis ............... . . . . . . . . . ...... 5 I
Cashmeriensis .. certhiola ... . . . . . . ... • • • • •
dukhuaensis,...,
- indica ......... . . . . . . . . . . ISo longicauda ..... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94 –– madraspatensis ... ......... 48 -- melanope ............ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 ---- personata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • 47 -- tata ............. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 -- Sabhared .
---- sutoria • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -- tiphia • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ---- viridis ........... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 -- zeylonica ............... • • • • • • 104 MoTACILLIDAE ............... ••••••••• • • • • • • • • • 146 Munia atricailla.................. ... I6o -- leuconota ............ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1ó -- punctulata . rubronigra ... sinensis... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
- striata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to
subundulata.......................... IóI superstriata ................. ........ I6
undulata ......... ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1óI munipurensis, Cisticola .............. .... 96 Muscicapa albicilla ... ... •• • • • • • ---- atricapillus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

L INDEX. 359
PAGE Muscicapa cinereoalba... ... .................. 73) -- hyperythra... ... ... · 75 -- paradisi ... ....... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 78
melamicitera MuscicAPIDAE | musicus, Copsychus........................... I I 5 Mycteria australis ........................... 284
- indica.......... Myõagፇa መgzፈፖea••••••••.............. 76 Myiolestes cinereocapilla..................... 8o Myiophoneus Blighi........................... I 2
ызы- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
. 284
NATAToREs ........ ... . . . . . . . . . . .303 nasalis, Pyctorhis. H2I Nectarinia asiatica ... 33 —— loten ia ... . . . . . . . . . . 34 mahirattensis ..... 33 4-- minima. . . . . . . . . . . 34 -- zeylonica . 35 NECTARINIIDAE .......... 32 Nectarophila zeylonica ... 135 92
92
92
neglectus, Porphyrio........ ..., . 275 , Gallinago ......... " 254 Neophron ginginianus... 2 NEOPHRONINAE ......... • • • • • • • • • • • • ,2 Neopus malayensis ........... g Nettapus coromandelianus.. 30S ---- coromandelicus. 305 coromandus ... ... 3o6 nicobarica, Zosterops ... I3 nigra, Cacomantis ••• ••• , I8 nigrifrons, Alcippe . . . . . . ... I2S ------- , Malacopteron ., 125 nigripennis, Upupa. . . . ., 20 nigrorufa, Ochromela ... ... 83 , Saaticola ... ... ... 83
» Siphia ... ... . . . . . . . nilgherriensis, Hypsipetes ... nilotica, Gelochelidon ...
Sterna.................... Ninox Burmannica...... --... -, hirstatus ...
... ...... 83
, тотinata . , scutulata. nipalensis, Bubo “ e.“ - 49

Page 416
360 GENERA
nipalensis, Parus............... , Spizaetus ........................ Nisætus fasciatus.-- ........................... pennatus. . . . . . . Noctua castanion ota, ............. Numenius arquatus ..................
oteatus ............. phæopus ........ Nyctiardea nycticorax ..... Nycticorax griseus ...
nycticorax, Nyctiardes, ... sfs
obsoleta, Cotile. “... “...“ ----, Ptyonoprogne ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ocellatus, Turnix ................... Ochromela nigrorufa ...... ochropus, Actitis ..... ........ 8
, Atelodromas......
Totanus ochrophus, Tringa •••••••••••• ••• •••........••• CEdicinemus crepitans e s is 8 e a sess is e a
dies ........................... Г- ScoloPav........................................................ CEnanthe caprata 8 v 8 v 8 e as Onychoprion anaesthetus ................... 8
fuliginosus................ Oreocincla Pectoralis ................. Oreocinclaimbricata ...
- spiloptera................ ?n ilgherriensis , Y - 8 e s orientalis, Bubo ' ' ' ' e . . . . . . . . .
و... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Co۶a cas و ------- , Eudynamis............. , Eurystomus ... . Glareola ................................................ Oriolus Ceylonensis ..., .....................
Cochortchinensis ... . - diffusus ...... s 0 8 * - himalayanas .
wa
த
* * indicus .........................
melanocephalus.......... . . . ornata, Cissa...................... be 0 &
, Citta. *** * * * * * * * * * * * * * s e es e e 4 a s » e
Pica... ..................... -- ... •••••• Orthorhynchus frontalis ............ V 808 as s a Orthotomus edele.....................
tonBadd '.............. Orthotomus sutorius ................
27 I
. 27
27o
. 297
297 297
IAI I4I
. 236
205
2O 5 238
3.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

AL INDEX
AGE Ortygornis ponticoriana..................... 23 oscitans, Anastomus ... ..................... 3OI OscINEs cULTIRosTREs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I66 osculans, Haematopus ... . . . . 252 Osmotreron bicincta ......................... 213 aa۶as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2I4یJ206
is- pompadoura ........ 2I4 ostralegus, Hæmatopus ..................... 253 Oxylophus jacobinus.. . . . . . . . I83
serratus ............................ I 83
Pachyglossa vincens . . . 4. Padda orya ivora .....*................................................ I62 pagodarum, Sturnia ...................... 167
-, Zemen uchus
, 74rdus ........................ π67 Palaeornis aerogalensis........................ I99 - columboides ...... п97 -– calthropæ as . . . . . . . 2CO - cyanocephalus I99 -- eupatrius .............. • • • • • • • • 19* indo-burmannicus............., 198
magnirostris ......... . I98 " T *2 rézerezes ........................ 2oo - rosa ... sess or . . . . . . 200
Sioallensis........................... I98 ത്ത ۶۶۶ 92 S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » Ι99 pallida, Ptyonoprogne ............... 4 palliseri, Elaphrornis '''''''' . . . . . . . . . . . . I23 palliseri, Brachypteryx ... a . . . . I23 palpebrosa, Zosterops................. Iვ6 palumbarius, Astur * * * * * is . . . . . . . . . . . . ... O PALUMBINAE ................. son ... 25 Palumbus Elphinstonei ..................... 215 * torringtoni.......... v . . . . . . . . 25 Pandion haliaetus. 8 v 8 . . , 38 indicus .............................. ვ8 PANDIONEs. . . . . . 37 éanayensis, Sterna '''''''' . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 329 ፻baፇad¥Sea, Sሂeፇnመ ...... '''''''' . . . . . . . . . . , 327 paradiseus, Dissem up us . ... ... 6 Polis........................ ... 6 paradisi, Muscicapa..
Tchitrea......................
sas e
... 78 78 ............................................... homeمجھ۶AS تا 27 و PARIDAE •............................. "....... e . . . . . .25 PARINAE ............... '''''''''' . . . . . . . . . ..... 125 PARRIDAE ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Page 417
GENERAL
PAGE PARRINAE ..................... • • • • • • • • • • • • ****** *73 . 274 Parus atriceps •. • • ..., I26 caesius ... . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * 26 I26 26 nibalensis ............ ... »...... • • • • • • • • • I26 I57 I 56 indicus ............... ••• • • • • • • • • • ****** 57 Passeres ..................... • • • • • ************ 5* PASSERIFORMES • • • • passerinus Caccomantis ..................... 8
Pastor roseus . . . . . . . . . .es as e o set I68 Pavo cristatus . 222 PAvoNINAE....................................... 222 pectoralis, Amadina ....................... 63
peguensis, Alauda ........................... п65 Pelargopsis gurial • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2O PELECANIDAE , . . , ................... 336 PELECANINÆ............ • • • • • • • • • • • • •********** 34" Pelecanus aquilius • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ** * * 333 - manillensis • • • 34 - minor ... ... . . . . . . ." 333 - phillipinensis ...... . . . . 34 -- phillipensis............... • • • • • • • • • 341 ----------- rufescens... ......... • ... ... • • • • 341 337 Pelidna subarquata • • • • • ............ 2 26 .... م Pelorneum fuscicapillum • • • • • • • • • ********* *** penicillata, Kelaartia ... pennata, Aquila ............................. 8
Parra sinensis . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • •
cinereus . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • •
Passer domesticus ..." - - flavicollis . . . . . .
........... . . . .. 5
——— , Oreосітса ---
-- sula ... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
pennatus, Ephialtes ........................ ... 42 ------. Hieraetus, ... • • • • • • • 8 Nisætus ... • • • • ... . . . . . . . . .. 7 ------------, Scops ................ • •********* 4* Perdicula asiatica ........ • • • • • • ••••••••••••••• *3* -- Cambayeests. . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 peregrinator, Falco ... . . . ." 33 peregrinus, Falco.......................... 32
personata, Motacilla •
i Sula · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · `ვვ6 Petrocossyphus cyaneus • • • • • • • • • • • • ... O Petronia flavicollis . . . . I56 phæopus, Numenius ............ • • • • • • • • •*** 27o - , Scolopax ...... ...“ ****************7
46 с
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX 36
Phaeton aetherius • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . 332 - candidus • • • • • • • • •
- flavirostris ...
indicus. . . . . . • • • . . . . 332 Phaiopicus Ferdoni... • • • • Phalacrocorax carbo
- fuscicollis. . . . . . . . . . • • • • • 343 ------ pygmaeus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 343 sinensis ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 343 phillipensis, Podiceps ........................ 37 phillipinensis, Pelecanus ......... ... ..... 34I philipinus, 1ágiakitis...... ... ... ........ . . . . 244 ---- , Charadrius ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 243
sssssssssssssub
-------- , Merops. . . . -r • • • • • • *************** 2O3
---- , Ploceus... • • • • • • • • • ***** • • Philomachus pugnax • • • • ** ********* Phodilus assimilis ... • • • • • • -- badius ...... ........ • • • • • • Phoenicophaes pyrrhocephalus ... Poenicophaus Ferdomi. • • • • • • ** ****
PHOENIcoPHAEINAE • • • • • • ** * * * * * * * Phoenicopterus antiquorum .. SaS . . . . . . . . . 8 Phoenicura rubeculoides •
----, Gallinula . . ." phaenicurus, Lanius, ... • • • • • • • • • • • Phyllopneuste magnirostris .
-------- ༡༧777༧༧...་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་་ཕྱི་3 — viridanus ............. ********* ** Phyllornis Jerdoni .................. ... ποδ
------- malabaricus • • • • • • **** Phylloscopus magnirostris - 84 ......... ۰۰۰۰۰ nitiduS سسس-سسسس .
--- seebohmi ... - ' 85 Phylloscopus viridanus ... 85 Pica ormata ... • • • • • • • • • • * * * * * * * * * ... . . . 55 picatus, Hemipus • • • • • • • • • s & 0 & 8 to 8 65 PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '''''" ... . . . . . 90
PCEDAE ... ..• • • • • • • ***** . . . . . . . . . . . I9 pictus, Francolinus ..... ... . . . . . . . . . . 239 - , Perdix • • • • • • • • • •* Picus aurocristatus ... . ... I95 - chloropha més • • • • • ------ gynn opthalm **s • • ... I96 - mahrattensis . . . - striolatus. • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . I93 pileata, Alcedở ................................. 208 , Entomobia .................. ... ... 208
-, Halcyon • • • • • • • • • •

Page 418
362 GENERAI
PAGE Pipra squalidus ................................... 39 Piprisoma agile... . 39 Pitta bengalensis .. 17o - brachyura .... . I7o --- coronata , , , I 7o PITTIDAE.......................................... 17° Platalea leucorodia .................... ვOo platyrhyncha, Limicola ..................... 259 *** ?, 7*inga ... . . . .................. 259 platyura, Schoenicola .... ... . . . . . . 89 » Timalia......... , ... . . . . . . . . 89 Pegadis falcinelius ....... Ploceus baya.................................... 158 ”*oculata.............................. I 58 * * manyar ... ... ........................ I 59 * * phillipinus ........................... I 58 PLOTINAE ................... Plotus melanogaster ........................ 345 plumbeus, Haliaetus .......... a poe 39 plumbipes, Hemipodius ..................... 236 plumbipes, Turnix ........................ plumifera, Herodias...-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-. 290 plumipes, Buteo .............................. I5 Podiceps minor............................ 317 * - phillipensis ........................ 37 pæcilorhyncha, Anas .... Polioaetus ichthyaetus .... poliocephala, Gallinula .... s 275 poliocephalus, Cuculus ..................... I7g Porphyrio ................. 275 politus, Cinnyris ........................... ••• I34 Pomatorhinus melanurus ............... ... I 18 ponticeriana, Ortygornis............
–-- Tephrodornis ............... 64 pompadoura, Osmotreron ... . . . Porphyrio neglectus ........... Keow poliocephalus.......... Porzana bailloni .............................. 279 o fusca ............................... 28o pygmaea ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 279 Pratincola atrata ................................. 76 ocolor... ....... 76 T caprata ........................... 76 PREssIRosTREs........ . . . . 237 Prinia adamsi ...
albogularis . ---- blanfordi ........ a sea 99 "" brevicauda ................. 93
*** fosca. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .ws ......... go
hodgsoni • • • • • • ........ 95
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX.
PAGE Prinia inornata ... ........................... 9o neglecta •••••• • • • .................... 92 ***folla • • • • .............. ... 95 Socialis ....... . . . 93 stewarti...... . . a 93 Sylvatica · .................... ........ 92 Prionochilus squalidus ..................... I 39 vincens........................ ... I4o PRIONOPIDAE .................................... 64. Procellaria capensis .....-................... 3 I 7 PROCel LARINÆ. 37 PsITTACI ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .i. ... 96 PsittACIDÆ ·----------------• 196 PSITTACINÆ, ................. I97 Psittacus cyanocephalus ......... I99
2'OS& s. ... . torquats................ ........... 199 ptilogenys, Eulabes ........................... I 69 Maimatus ...................... I7o Ptyonoprogne pallida ........................ I4 féyonobrogne absoleta........................ 141 puella, Irena...... • • • • • • ........................ 63 Puffinus chlororhynchus .... ... 318 pugnax, Machetes ....... . 26ვ , Philomachus .. 26ვ
• Tringa... •• ••• ••• ••• ••• • • • • • • •... , 263 puncticollis, Brachypternus .... ....... ... I92 punctularia, Mumia . . . . ..................... 16I punctulata, Amadina ... .................... 6
---- » Lonchura........................ I6I ------, Loxia . . . . . , ..................... 6
*-- Mumia ............................ 6I puniceus, Alsocomus ........................ 2I7 purpurea, Ardea ........ 288 pusillus, Pycnonotus .. Iog PYαNoΝοΤΙΝΑΕ ...... ... O Pycnonotus atricapillus ..................... 2 flaviriches ... ... ... ........... IIo -- haemorrhous ................. og ----- ictericus ........................ o8 ------- luteolus ................. Ο — etcillaks.
— фиsilШиs ..... Io9 Pyctorhis nasalis...... 2 assuam sinensis ... 2 pygargus, Circus...... . . . . . . . . . . ... 6 flygmaea, Creae ......... • so so. . . . . . . . 279 » Porzana • • • • • • • • ..................... 279 Zaporna ... 279 Pygmaeus, Graclids ......................... 343

Page 419
GENERAL
PAGE pygmæus, Phalacrocorax ................. 343 157 pyrocyanea, Cissa ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 pyrrocephalus, Phoenicophaes......... 86 Pyrrhulauda crucigera....................... I64 - grisea ... . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • п64
Pyrgita domestica..............
quinticolor, Merops .................. ......... 203 RALLIDAE ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 274 Rallina ceylon ica: ...... ......................... 278 euryzonoides ...................... 278 Rallus Baillo*............... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 279 indicus ............................ ••• • • • 278 phaenicurus ........................... 282
porzama... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
. 277 ... 28
----- striatus....
geylanicus ... RASORES.................... 。22驱 recurvirostra, Avocetta . . 272 recurvirostris, AEsacus ...... . . . . . . . . . . 247 religiosa, Gracula......................... 169 Eulabes ... ... ................ • • • • • • • • • 69 –, Mainatus.................... 69 Rhipidura albifrontata ..................... 77 -- albofrontata . . . . . ........... ... 78 Rhopodytes viridirostris..................... I85 Rhynchæa bengalensis ... ... 258 -- capensis ... • • • • • • 258 risoria, Columba . . . . . 29 risorius, Turtur ... . . . . . . . 29 rosa, Palaeornis. . . . . ----, Psittacus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
roseus, Pastor ................................. I68 Phoenicopterus ..., ...... ............ 3O4 rubeculoides, Cyornis ............ ... • • • • • • • • • 81
—-, Phaenicura ... ...... • • • • • • • • • • • 8
--, Siphia ............ ••••• • • • • • • • • • 8 rubescens, Locustella ... 88 Rubigula melanictera . 2. ---- gularis ... . II2 2 rubricailla, Megalaema ................ 19o , Xamtholaema ... ... ............ I9o rudis, Ceryle................................... 207 ru fescens, Argya ............... • • • • • I8
–, aberrans ........“
maams
, Drymaeca ..... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92 ---, Drymoipas ... 92 ----, Layardia ... • • • • • • • • • • • • 118
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX. 363
PAGE rufescens, Malacocercus ..................... I I8 ----, Pelecanus ............ . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • 34 ruficollis, 7ringa ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. ... 26 rufina, Fuligula........ . . . . ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 rufipennis, Centrococcyx...................., 186 rufula, Corydalla ........... I55 rufulus, Anthus......... ... I54 ---, Corydalla........ I55 rustica, Hirundo ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I 42 rusticola, Scolopax ........................... 253 rusticula. Scolofax ... ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 253 rutila, Casarca ............ ... .................. 308
Salicaria, brunn iceps ...... . . . . . . ............ 96 ––, eurhyncha 87 salina, Tringa .............. 26 Sarcidiornis melanonota ..................... 305 Sarciophorus bilobus ....... ... 246 Sarkidiornis melanonotus . ... 305 saturata, Cerchneis ......... • • • ............... 36 saularis, Copsychus ... • • • • • • • .v............... I 5 saularis, Gracula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I 15 Saundersi, Sterna ... ".................... 328 Saxicola bicolor............ • • • • • • • • • • • • 76 .......... 83
... 29.
9б
—— nigrorufa ••••••••••••• schistacea, Demi-egretta... .. schaenicola, Cisticola... ... .. Schoenicola platyura .......... Schomóurgki, Chrysococcyxo .................. I 83 Schwaneri, Lamius ... ... ... ......... •••••• • • • 3o ScoLOPACIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 253 scolopacina, Gallinago........................ 256 Scolopax arquata... ....-......... 27I -- caelestis ... • • • • • • • • • • • • to ..... 256 –– ፩allåነሄago •• 256 scolopax, CEdicnemus . . 248 Scoopax phaeopus ... 27ס ——— rusticola ..... 253
------------- rusticulla . -- sten urak ......... », ... »ni» • • •o«... . . . 255 Scops, bakkalmaenia. . . . . • • • • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • • 44 indics... ............... ... .. 44 – lettoides ... . . . ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 44
malabaricus... • • • • • • • • • - minutus ............. ........ . 46
- sunia................ • • • • • Scotocichla fuscicapillum .................

Page 420
304 GENERAL IN
AGE Scutulata, Athene............................. 46 Ninox ............................ 46 Seema aurantia ................................. 326 seena, Sterna... ................................. 326 senex, Sturnornis ........................... ··· п67 serrařes, Oxylophus ........................ ... I83 severus, Falco ... ........................ ..... 34 - -, Hypotriorchis ......... shaheen, Falco ..... P88 simplex, Zosterops ..... simensis, Chrysomma ............ sinensis, Ardetta -.............................
—-, Coccothraиstes..................... п6о ----, Corydalla ......................... I 53
342 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Pelecanus و -------حسست. ---- Phalacrocorax , .................. 343 - -, Pyctorhis ................... .... I2I 329 ...............................،.....,Sterna و------------ Siphia nigrorufa .............................. 83 - rubeculoides....... ... ... ... 8 - "- tickelliae ................................. 82 sirkeer, Zanclostomus .......... . . . . . . . . ... 87 Sitta frontalis ................................... I3 SITTINÆ... ... .................................... I3I sivalensis, Palaornis ........................ I98 smaragdin us, Chrysococcyx... i............., 183 smyrnensis, Alcedo ............................. 208 » Halcyon ... ... ................ 208 socialis, Burnesia .............................. 93 - Prnia. “.......................... 93 Sonneratti, Cuculus............................... I79 sordida, Glaucomyia ........................ 8 *-, Stoparola... ... ............................ 8I Spatula clypeata ... 3og spilocircus, Caprimulgus .................. I76 spilogaster, Haematorriis.................... 23 spilopterus, Turdus ........................... 99 spiloptera, Geocichla ........................ 99 Spilornis bacha .............................. 23 ~- - melanotis ..., ...
-- rutherfordi ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 - spilogaster ... ......... • • • • • ... i. 23 Spizaetus cirrhatus ........................... 22 Ceylonensis........................ 22 - "" nipalensis....................... 20 splendens, Corone ........ ............ 53 squalidus, Piféra ...... ...................... . 39 squalidus, Prionochilus ..................... I39 Squatarola helvetica -........................... 239 stagnatilis, Totanus.......
&m neves
''' . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
 
 
 
 

DEX
PAGE Stanleyi, Gallus ... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
STEATORNINAE ............ . . . 74 stellaris, Botaurus ... 296 sten ura, Gallinago ..... . . . . . . . . . . 255 , Scotopax.... . . . . . . . . . . . 255 SteRCORARINÆ. ვI8 Stercorarius antarcticuş ..................... 3I9 Sterna anæstethus ........................... 329
anglica ................... •••••••••••• ••• 323 aurantia ........... ... 326 bengalensis ........ 325 Bergii . 324 - caspia ...... ... 324 Dougalli , ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 327 Gouldi ...-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-.. 329 gracilis ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 327 hirundo............... ... ... . . . 327 іппоtata * * * * * * * * r * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 322 Favanica ....................... 322,326 korustes................................. 327 e- media .... 325 | - melanogastra a & ... ... 326
~~
Misawawasa»
minuta. • 329 millotica .................. ... •••••••••••• 323 fa*dyerosis ... ........................ 329 - faradisea • • • • • • • • • ..................... 327 Saundersii ........................... 328 Seena ....... • ... ... ........ 32б 329 329 33
é a ( ) 8
r-- sinensis....... 0 a 6 a 8 K es • a se «s se Sternula minuta ............ stolida, Anous ..............
Stoparola sordida...... 8. -- melanops ............ ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Strepsilas interpres.......... 249 Stre Psilrnæ. ...... 249 strata, Amadina ... I6
· Hypotaenidia .................... 277 » Mumia ... ......................... I6 striatus, Cuculus ........ 8o electes . . . . .................... I59 , Ralus......... ...". 277 Stricklandi, Chrysocolaptes ............... I95 ---- Brachypternus.................. I95 STRIGEs ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 39 striolatus, Anthus..................... 54
Chloropicus............ - --, Gecinus ...............
- indica ...... ...
' ' ' too toe is . . . . . e. So

Page 421
GENERAL
PAGE Strix Javanica ........................ . . . . . . . . . 5o Sturnia pagodarum ........................... 167 STURNIDAE.............................. • • • • • • • • • 166 STURNINÆ................................ -- 166 Sturnornis senex ..................... • • • • • • • • • o7 subarquata, Pelidna........................... 26? subminuta, Tringa ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 26 I Sula australis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · - 337 — cyanops .................................. • 336 - fiber ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 fusca ........................... .. .. .. 337 -- personata ................. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33° leucogastra ............ . . ...... ... ...... 337 sulphurea, Calobates ........................ 49 -- ---, Motacilla ........................ I 49 superciliaris, Larvivora ............... . . . . . . Io2 superstriata, Amad in a
--, Munia ................... ... Iö suratensis, Turtur ........................... 28 Surniculus dicruroides...................... 182 lugubris ............... ... ... ... 182 Sutoria sutoria...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • 94 sutorius, Orthotomus ........................ 94 Suya gangetica ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Svinhaei. Merops .............. ............... 203 sykesi, Campophaga ......... 7o -, Lalage . . . . . . . . 7o Volvocivora............ . . . . ... ... ... 7o Sylochellidon Caspius... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 sylvatica, Drymoica ............ ...... . . . . . . ... 92
––, Prinia ...“ 92 sylvaticus, Drymoious ............... ... .. Sylvia affinis................................. ... 84
c??tc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SYLVIINAE ... ...................... ................. 83 Syrnium indranee ............... . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Taccocua Leschenaulti ............... I87 Tænioglaux castanonotus ... - 48 Tadorna casarca ............................:. 308 taigoor, Turnix ...-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..... 2ვ6 Tantalus leucocephalus ..................... 298 melanocephales .................. 3o. Tchitrea paradisi...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 73 Temenuchus alöofrontats................. 67 --senew ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I67 pagodarum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 67 Temmincki, Tringa.......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • 262

INDEX. 365
temporalis, Locustella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tentheca leucura ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tephrodornis affinis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- indica ... .... ... ..... . . . .
pondiceriana ............... Terekia cinerea ............ . . . . . . . . . . . .
Terpsiphone paradisi ........................ terricolor, Alseonax, .................. ... . . . . . . , Butalis. . . . Thalasseus ỗengalensis .......................
- – Bergii ... ... ... ... ... - - - cristatus . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • • • • • • • • • Thamnobia fulicata... ... ............................ thermophilus, Cichlops Threskiornis melanocephalus ... tickelliæ, Cyornis,................
a se: 888
- ---, Siphia ......................... - ... Timalia platyura ............... TIMELIAE ............
Tin nunculus alaudaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tockus gingalensis .......................... torquatus, Palaeornis ............, همه ه ه . . . . . . . ه ه . . . .fs attaca S و سیاست حساسی است. torra, Ardea ..... -, Herodias...-..-..-..-.... • • • ToTANINAE......... • • • • • • • • • ...... Totanus calidris .............
a s - 8 v 88 as a 48 ess s
- calleSCeS - fuscus .............. - glareola ... -- glottis. . . . . . . . . • • • • - Haughtoni ............. - hyffoleucos . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ochropus ... , . - stagnatilis ... .... 3 Κύ tranquebaricus, Turtur .. tricolor, Cittocincla... tridactyla, Alcedo...... ------ , Ceyx ..........
Tringa damascensis...
helvetica ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hypoleucos.......... Vs 8 8 8 s 够漫幽
- interpres ...............
mixomb
minuta. platyrhyncha . . . . . .................
---------~ ruficollis .........
as 8 + e * 8 8 8 0 0 8 8 8 8 8 sa s e e se o o
---- salina .........
we 0 V - 88 9 a
subarquata • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
2 ვნ
22
99
I99 2go
29O
264 2б7 266
, 268 ... 266 , 266
623
... 264 . 265
267
22d
. III 6
209 209 26 Ι
239 264
249 ܀
26o
259 2ნვ 26 п 26 262
subminuta ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26

Page 422
366 GENERA
Tringa Temmincki .................. ........ 262 TRINGINAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tringoides hypoleucos ..................... 264 trivirgatus, Astur............ ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Io
----, Falco... ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 –, Lophospizia ............... 10 Trogon maculatus ........................... 183 -- Malabaricus.
TROGONIDAE ... TURDIDAE ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • TURDINAE ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turdulus aardi Turdus citrinus .......
- kinnisi......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ooo malabaricus........................ • • • o6 pagodarum ............... • • • • • • • • • • • • 167 spilopterus ......... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 99 vardi ............... •••••••••••••••••• 98 Turnix ocellatus ..................... ••••••••• 23o plumbipes 2ვ6 fagna. . . . . .es 2ვ6
E
mam
tai
8
o
雳”。
8 &
2
ვ6
Turtur humilis............... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 humilior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • • • • • • • • 220
meena, ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • •• •e• 27 pulchratus ............. ... • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 risorius......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 ruficoltus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 ...Y. 28
E
suratensis...
tranquebaricus TURTURINAE ............... ... 27 aibiguitarius, Cichloibs ..................... ... I55
Upupa epops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2or
nigripen n is .. UPUP) DAE ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • •
VANELLINAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 244 varius, Hierococcyx......................... 8I vespertinus, Erythropus ............... ... • 37 Tin cens, Pachyglossa .
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ENDEX.
vincens, Prionochilus ........................ viridanus, Phyllopneuste .....................
-- , Phylloscopus..................... viridirostris, Zanclostomus..................
• Rhopodytes... .................. viridis, Budytes... .
, Merops • • • ........................... , Motacilla "......................... Volvocivora Sykesi ........................... vulgaris, Buteo... ............ ................. VULTURDAE ...... VULTURINAE, ..... • • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••••••••••
Xantholæma hæmacephala .
irodica • . . . . . . . . ...............
- rubricapilla ................. Xenocichla icterica...... ..................... Xenorhynchus asiaticus ............... 48.8 s 8 as --- rstralis ........
Zanclostomus sirkeeř ........................
- viridirostris .................. Zaþorna þygmæ- - - ... •••••••••••••••• zeylanica, Megalaema .......................................... Zeylanicus, Bucco .............................. - Ras.............................. zeylonensis, Gallooerdiæ. ... .................. zeylonica, Certhia ... ......... ......... , Cinnyris... . . . . . ... ... .
Leptocoma ... ... ... ... ...
Nectarinia • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , Necéarobhilaz ... ... ... • • • •..• ••• • • • ZoSTEROPINAE ... ••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Zosterops annulosus .................. . . . ... ceylonensis ... ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . nicobarica ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
- micobariensis ..................... palpebrosa • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• palpebrosa-nicobariensis......... simfoideæ •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ZYGODACTYLI.......................
PAGE
I40 85 85 I85 85 I5 2O2
ISI o 15 2
2
. 189
189 Igo Io8 284 284
187 185 276 88 88 278 228
35 34 35 35 35 Iვ6 Iვ8 I38 I37 37 I36 137 137 ፤78

Page 423
ENGLISH
A.
PAGE Adjutant, The Lesser........................ 284 Avocet. The ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . 27
B
Babbler, Black-billed Grass ............... I 2
, Ceylon Rufescent .................. I 8 , Ceylon Black-tailed Scimitar
Babbler ........................... I I9 , Ceylon Black-capped ............ 24 Palliser's Wren..................... I23 , Striated Reed ..................... i2O , White-throated, or Blyth’s...... 覆22 Barbet, Crimson-breasted .................. 189 , Ceylon .............................. 188 - Scarlet-fronted............... . . . . I9
Yellow-fronted ... .................. 88 Bee-eater, Blue-tailed...... . . . . 203 , Chestnut-headed ............... 203 Common Indian sireen ..... 202 Bittern, Blue............................... •••••• 294 , Chestnut ...... as a 294 , Little Green ...................... 293 , Little Yellow... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 , European ........................... 296 Malay Tiger.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Bluebird, Fairy ......... ... 63 Blue-throat, Indian ........................... Ios Booby, Masked................................. 336 Bulbul, Black-headed ........... 2 , Common Dwarf . ... iO4 -, Green..... ... ση -- s Madras.................. og Malabar Green ..................... Io6 Sykes' Black ........................ Ios , White eye-browed Bush ......... IIo , Yellow-browed ................... Ios
-, , -eared ...................... I
Buzzard, Harrier ........... •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • 15
Honey....................t was ea 8 • • •ae 29
C
Coot, Bald......... ... 276 - Purple...... 8 is 0 to ... 276 Cordhorant, Large ........................ 342
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX.
PAG Cormorant, Little ........................... 343 -, White-tufted ........ ......... 343 Coucal, Ceylon or Green-billed............ 87 , Common or Crow Pheasant...... 136 Crake, Baillon's ............................. 276 , Banded .............................. 278 Crake, Ruddy ................................. 28o Crow, Common Indian 53
, Indian Jungle ..... Cuckoo, Banded .............. ... 8o , Black Fork-tailed.................. 182 , Emerald.............................. 183 European .. . 178 , Indian...... 8o
Plaintive..... ... 8 Common Hawk..................... 8 , Pied-crested ........................ 183 , Red-winged Crested ............ I 84 , Small or Hoary-headed ......... 179 Figmy ·----------------------- 269 The ............................. . . . . . . 27
E
Cu
rl
ew,
Dove, Emerald... .................. - 221 , Indian Ring . 2Ig
- Red Turtle.............................. azo - , Rufous Turtle .. 2п7 - -, Spotted ................................, 28 Drongo, Dark Ashy, or Long-tailed...... 59 , Great Racket-tailed............... 6o The Ceylon Racket-tailed ..... . бо , White-bellied ..................... 6o Duck, The Comb...........
Spot-billed.......................
so ... 30
Eagle, The Black.............................. 20 -- , Crested Hawk ........................ 22 - -, Crestless Hawk ..................... 7 - , Dwarf, or Booted........ 8 - -, Eastern White-tailed............... 39 - Rufous-bellied Hawk .............. I9 - , Southern, or Lesser Harrier..... 22

Page 424
368, ENGLlS.
RAGE Eagle, Spotted or Hodgson's Hawk...... 2O - , White-bellied Sea ... ... ... ... 25 Egret, Ashy The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 291
E.
Falcon, Peregrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -, Shaheen ... ... a Fantail, White-browed ....... ..., 78 Flamingo, The . . . . . . s as a a se 8 8 v 89 8 VW 3O4 Flower-pecker, Ceylonese .................. I4o -- Small .................. . . . . .38 Thick-bellied............... 138 Fly-catcher, White-tailed Robin or Rufous
breasted ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • 75 --, Black and Orange ......... ... 83 ---, Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Ferruginous .................. 72 ---, Grey-headed ... ........... ... 8o ---, The Earthy Brown... . . . . . . . . . 74 ---, The Ceylonese Blue I96 ---, Paradise . . . . . . . . . . . ... 78 --, Verditer Ceylon............... 81 ---, White-tailed Robin ... ... ... 74 - Ceylon ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Frigate Bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 333 Frogmouth, Wynaad ..................... ... - 75
•••ফ--
w-m---*
G
Gannet, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Garrulax, Grey-fronted ................... Godwit, Black-tailed ........... Goshawk, Crested . . . . . . Green Shanks, Little . - The.... Grebe, Little • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gull, Brown-headed...........................
-, Great Black-headed ... . . . . . . . . ... ... 32
Hairier, Hen . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . ... - Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Montague's ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Pale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so a st
, Pied.................. ... • • •...........
Hawk, Besra Sparrow .................... I 988 & European , , e w y , صحس
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

H INDEX.
PAGE Hawk, Skikra or Brown .................. I I Heron, Blue ......... 288
. 287
Common . , Giant ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 , Lesser White ...... ................. 290 Little Black-billed White ...... .. 2go Pond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 - , Night................... . . . . . 297 Hobby, Indian ... . . . . . . . . . ..................... 34 Red-legged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 37 Honey-sucker, Amethyst-rumped ........ I35 - -, Large Purple............... I34 ---, Purple. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 -, Tiny..... I34 Hoopoe, The Indian ........................ 20. Hornbill, Jungle Grey.......................
, Malabar Pied ..............
... ... 212
Ibis, Glossy .............................. 303 -, Pelican ... -, Shell ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 30
Jacana, Pheasant-tailed ................. Jungle Cock, Ceylon . . . . . . .
. . . , 274 . . . . . . 223
Kestrel, The... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 36 King Crow, or Common Drongo Shrike. 58 Kingfisher, Black-capped Purple ......... 209 --, Burmese Stork-billed ... . . . . . . 2 IO --, Little Indian, ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 –– , Pied... ............ . . . . . . . . ... 207 --, Three-toed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 -- White-breasted...
Kite, Black-crested ......... ---, , -winged... ... ...
-, Ceylon Crested ...... -, Common Pariah ... --, Maroon-backed ... Koel, Indian ....... ... • • • • • • • • •
L.
Lapwing, Black-sided ........................ 245 - , Red-wattled, or “Did you do
it."....... . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Page 425
ENGLISH
oAGE
Lapwing, Yellow-wattled .................. 246 Lark, Black-bellied Finch . . . . . . . . . . . . ." нб4 , Indian Sky ... . . . . . is 8 e ... 165 -, Madras Bush ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 163 luoriquet, Ceylon ................. . . . . . . . . . I97
Magpie, The Ceylon ........... . . . . . . . 55 Malkoha, Crimson-headed... ... ................... 86
, Small Green-billed Martin, Pale Crag ... . . . . . Merlin, Red-headed............ Minivet, Orange ... . . . .
, Small... . . . . Moorhen, The . . . . . . . . Munia, Barred ... . . . . . . . . . .
, Black-headed ...... a u - - , Chestnut-bellied......... . . . . . . 6o - , Plain Brown ... . . . . . ............... 162 - , Ceylon or Kelaart's . . . - , White-backed... ... O 8 Mynah, Black-headed ........................ 67 Common Ceylon .......... so 8 66 - -, Southern Hill or Grackle - a . I69 -, White-headed. . . . . . . . . so or 167
N
Night-jar, Common Indian.................. I75 ----, Ghaut ........... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76 , Neilgherry ........... • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 Noddy, Common ............... “ ... 33 Nut-hatch, velvet-fronted Blue...... . . .32
O
Oriole, Black-headed ........................ 56 - , , -naped. 8
Osprey, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ouzel, Ceylonese ...... . . . . . . ... • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . OO Owl, Bay Screech • -, Brown Fish . . . . . 8 - , , Hawk . . . -, Ceylon Scops ... sover
- Forest Eagle ... . . . . . . 4. - Hodgson's Scops ... 42 ---, Malabar Scops ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ." 44 - -, Southern Wood ............ ... or 49
Owlet, Jungle ............... . . . . . . . . . 47
47 с
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX 369
PAGE Owlet, The Rufous-backed Jungle ...... 48 Oyster-catcher, The........................... 252
Parroquet, Blue-winged ...... . 97 Large Burmese ... ... I'98 ---, Rose-ringed ......... . . . . . . . . . .99 -- Western Rose-headed ........ 200 --, Blue-headed ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 - Ceylon ..... . . . . . 200 Partridge, Common Grey ... ... 23
Painted . . . . . . ... or . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Pastor, Rose-colored ........................ 68 Peacock, Common ... . . . . 8 & ... 223 Pelican, Grey ................................. 34 Petrel, The Cape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Pigeon, Imperial Green...... ... 25 , Indian Blue Rock ..... ... 216 --, Neilgherry Wood ... . . . . . . 25 -, Orange-breasted Green ......... 214 -, Purple Wood ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 , Southern Green........... ... 23 - Yellow-fronted Green .. 24 Pintail, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Pipit, Blyth's. . . . I54 -, Richard's, or Large Marsh......... 153 Pitta, Indian, or Ground Thrush ......... 17o Plover, Bastard Floriken or Stone ...... 248 Crab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 -, Cream-colored Courier............ 237 , Eastern Golden ..... ... 24O -, Grey... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 —~—-, Kemtish ... ... ... ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 242 - Large Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. -, Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 --, , Swallow . . . . . ... ... 238 Kama» , Lesser Ringed ..... . 243 -, , Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 -, Little Indian Ringed.............. 244 -, Small Swallow ..... ... . ... 239 Pochard, Ręd-crested .................. 35
Q
Quail, Blue-breasted . . . . . . . . . . . . m ... ... 235 , Common European, or Large
Grey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 , Indo-Malayan Bustard ...... . 236 - Jungle Bush ... . . . . . . . . . . . is . . . . 23

Page 426
370 ENGLISH
PAGE ER,
Rail, Blue-breasted Banded ..... see . . . . . . 277 , Indian Water........................... 278 Redbreast, Blue-throated ............... 8I - -, Tickell's Blue. .................. 82 Red-Shank, The ............................. 268 , Spotted ........................ 268 Reed-bird, Broad-tailed ..................... 89 Robin, Brown-backed Indian............... I 14 - , Indian Magpie, or Dhayal-bird... I 15 - White-winged Black ............... 76 Roller, Broad-billed ......... ... ... . . . . . . . 205
Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Ruff, The ....................................... 263
Sand-piper, Broad-billed .................. 259 -, Common........................ 264 -, Green ........................... 265 - Wood ................. . . . . 266 Sanderling, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Shama, The ................................... I I6 Shearwater, Green-billed ............... ... 318 Shelldrake, Ruddy ........................ 308 Shoveller, The... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 309 Shrike, Allied ......................... --, Black-headed Cuckoo ............ 7o
, Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , The Ashy Swallow ....
Common Wood......... ... ... 64 , Indian Cuckoo ..................... 67 Yums-, Philipine ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3o , Rufous-backed ..................... 128 , Sykes's Pied ....................... 65 Sirkeer, Southern...... ... 87 Skua, The ... Snake-bird... . . . Snipe, Jack . . . . . 4
, Painted ....
wamyvibo ... ................... 258 - , Pin-tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 255 -, The Common .................... 256 Wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 254 Sparrow, Common House .................. 157 ---, Yellow-throated... . . . . . . . . Spoonbill, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spur Fowl, Ceylon ...... Stilt, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stint, Curlew .. -, Little ................................ 260
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX.
Stint, Long-toed ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
, White-tailed .............., Stork, Black-necked ...... ...
White, The ....... - , White-necked ..., Swallow, Common .........
, Rufous-streaked .................. i4
, Neilgherty, or Tropical House. I44 , Red-rumped.............. . . . . . . . . . . .45 Swift, Alpine ............................... I7 - Common indian . - Palm ....... Swiftlet, Horsfield’s........................... I 73 --, Indian Crested-tree Swift ...... I74 -- Spine-tailed Indian Giant ... ... I72
Tailor-bird, Indian ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Teal, Blue-winged ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 34
Common ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 33 ---, Lesser Whistling
, Larger Whistling ... «b 6 Tern, Allied ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 -, Black-bellied ...... ... ... ... 326 - , Caspian ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 -, Eastern Little ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 -, European .............................. 328 -, Gull-billed ........ -, Indian River . . . . . . -, Large-crested Sea. ... 324
, Panayan . -, Saunder's Little.
- Sooty ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 -, Roseate ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 - Whiskered . . . . . . . ....................... 322 Thrush, Black-fronted 9uaker ........... I25 - , Bligh’s, Whistling...... • • • • • • • • • • • • I 2
-, Blue Rock . . . . . . . . . . . - Ceylonese, Ground ... . . . . . . . . . so yg -, Orange-headed Ground . . . . . . . . . 97 , Spotted Ground............ 99 , Ward's Pied Ground ............ 98 Tit, Ceylon White-eyed...... . . . . . . . . . . . I38 - White-eyed ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I37 Tit-lark, Indian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 55 Tit-mouse, Grey Indian . . . ... I26 Trogon, Malabar ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropic Bird, Short-tailed .....
, White ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Turnstone, The... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oo. . . . . . . 249

Page 427
ENGLISH
PAE
Y,
Vulture, White Scavenger, or Pharaoh's
Hen of Bruce ............ • • • • • • • *
Vir
Wag-tail, Black-breasted .................. I52 -, -faced... . . . . . . so 47
Grey-headed ... ... e e e 0 e 8s &» es g * * * IS
. ... So ––, Pied ............... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 144 Warbler, Allied Grey ........................ 89 Blyth's Reed ........... ... 87
... e 93 , Franklin's Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as 95 Green Willow ... . . . . . . . . . ... ...... 85 , Indian Great Reed ............. 87 , , Willow ............... ... ... . 85 Wren . . . . . s s se ewo 8 e 8 9.
-
s
2
d
Y
el
Ο
w.
圭
 
 
 
 
 

INDEX. 37
PAGE Warbler, Jungle Wren... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .es 92 , Large-billed Willow ... 86 - , Lesser Reed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
, Rufous-Grass. . . . . . . . . . .esses or Water Cock . . . . . see sea w w is a 9 a 98 . 283 Water Hen, White-breasted... » 282 weaver-bird, Common .............. a 5
- -, Striated ... as so see series 59 Whimbrel, The.................... . . . . . . . . . ... 27o Wood-chat, Indian Blue Robin ............ Ioz Woodcock ........................ •••••• • • • • • • • • 253 Woodpecker, Black-backed .............. 194 ---, Ceylon Pigmy. . . . . . . ." п96 -- Golden-backed ... ............ 9. --, Lesser Golden-backed ... ... 92 ---, Red ................so is ... ... 9. ---, Strickland's Red..... ''''''' 95 - ---, Southern rufous. • • • • • • • • • • • *** 92 , Striated Green ........... or 93 І93 95
--, Yellow-naped... . . . . . . . . . . Yellow fronted Pied ......."

Page 428


Page 429
Distribution Table of the Bi
をさá| 。 酯能 目。 冠涯座 另 SPECIES, s
ā α
8|| 6 || Neophron ginginianus,
Lath. ...............X 9| 50 | Circus cyaneus, Lin.................. 10|| 53 || Circus melanoleucus, Forst.X ll 52 | Circus pygargus, Lin. ......|X 12 51 Circus macrurus, S. G. Gm.X 3) 54 | Circus aeruginosus, Lin,....... X l5|| 22 || Astur trivirgatus, Tema......X 16|| 23 || Astur badius, Gm. .........X 19| 24 | Accipiter misus, Lin.......... X 20 25 || Accipiter virgatus, Temm...X 23 47 || Buteo plumipes, Hodgs. ...|X 32 33 || Nisaëtus fasciatus, Vieill....X 33|| 31 || Nisaëtus pennatus, Gm. ...X 34|| 37 || Lophotriorchis kieneri,
Geoff. ... ........................... X 35 32 Neopus malayensis, Tem...> 36 36 | Spizaëtus nipalensis, Hodg. X 37 35 Spizaétus cirrhatus, Gm....) 42 39õis. || Spilornis melanotis, Jerd..|X 48 43 || Haliaëtus leucogaster, Gm....X 50 55 || Haliaëtur indus, Bodd.......|X 51 || 56 || Milvus govinda, Sykes....... X 55|| 59 || Elanus cæruleus, Def. ... ..|> 57 57ter. Pernis ptilorhynchus, Tem.X 58 58 | Baza lophotes, Cuv. .........» 60 .. | Baza ceylonensis, Legge. 64 8 Falco communis, Gm. ......> 65|| 9 || Falco peregrimator, Sund....> 70|| 14 || Falco severus, Horf.........> 7l 16 || Falco chiquera, Daud. ......> 74 17 ! Cerchneis tinnuncula, Lin...> 77 19bis. Cerchneis amurensis, Raddel. 78 40 | Pandion haliaëtus, Lin........ X 79|| 41 || Polioaëtus ichthyaētus,
Hor/.................... a 81 72 Ketupa ceylonensis, Gm. ...) Sö| 71 Bubo nipalensis, Hodgs. ...| 9l 74bis. Scops sunia, Hodgs.......... 95| 75gt. | Scops malabaricus, Jerd. ... | ... ... Scops minutuo, Legge ...... 104 81 bis. Ninox scultulata, Raf...... | 107 77 || Glaucidium radiatum, Tick. a ... | Glaucidium castanonotum, Blyth.......... see a or 8 or es 117 63 Syrnium indranee, Sykes ... l 18 60 | Strix flammea, Lin. ......... 120 62 i Phodilus badius, Horf. ....
* Also the Mal

O.
Y
rds of the Island of Cey
'subdəN ‘qëUDI Ing qŝņţag 'puțS
× × × × × × × × × × × × × : : × × × × × × × × × × ×
× : : X × ×
: X × $
:X X
:× × × × × × × × × ×
:× × × × × × × ! × × × × × × ×
: : : X : : X × :×
ou eqsțqooo sɔɛI
: : :>< × ×
:× ×
; : X ×
: : : X
: : × × × ×
'uoqsỊuuqäyy
; : X ×
: X × :
: X ×
:; : X X X X ; ; ; ; ; ; × × × × ; ; ; ; ; ; ; × : : :
: × × × × ×
oqețumā
*soous A.O.I.A.' Mo'N
‘qpno
· [b8u9;s 'gueņndţes
“espuĮ ĮguļuəO
'AoJą 18aquə0
'qoqmys 'qedozus)
ou gouoɔ
ou gɔɔəGI
× × × × X X
: X X X :X X X : X × X
: X × × × × × ×××××× :X X X X X X
× : × × × × × × × : : : :
× : × × × × X : X × × ×
: X × × × × × :X X X
:× ×
× × × × × × × × × × × × ×
× : : X × X × : : X × ×
: X X : X × × × × × × : × × × × × × × ×
: : X ×
: X ×
→ • • • • • • • • • • • •
: : X :× × : :><
; : X × × × × : ; ; >< × × × × : :>< × × × × :
: : X × × × × × × × ×
× × × ×
; ; × × × × × : : X X X X
3 × 3 × × × × × × × ×
• • •
• • •
: : X × × × × × : : X × × ×
:× × × × × × × × × ×
: X × × × × × × × ×
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^_^ ^,..,^ ^_^ ^,..,^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^)^
; : X : : X × × × × × ×
:× × × × × × × : : × × × × × × ×
: X × × × × × × : X × × × × × × : : X × × ×
:X × × × × × × $X ; ; × × × ×
: : : × × × × × × ×
:X ; ; × × × ×
: : X × × × × × ×
はくく、く、くく、。く
× × × × X X
× × × × × × X X : X X :
× : :
× X ;x
* N » ...
* N → → →
bar Coast.

Page 430
374
994 iš 醛程 器」 8 |瞬翻国| 発装 SPECI Es. -- 空 |リ劉| 添ー བློའི་བློ་ 男 闭
45 127 || 663 Corone splendens, Vieill... 46129 660bis, Corone macrorhynchu; hoogl....................| • • • 47 || ... | ... | Cissa ornata, Wagl..... ..... 48 151 ||473bis. Oriolus diffusus, Sharpe .. 49 | 155 | 472 | Oriolus melanocephalus, Li 50 || 161 || 278 || Buchanga atra, Herm .... 51 || 162 || 280 || Buchanga longicaudata, Ha 52 |l65 | 281 | Buchanga caerulescens, Lin 53 ... . ... I Dissemuroides edoliformis 54 | 168 | 285 | Dissemurus paradiseus, Lir 55 || 169 || 469 || Irena puella, Lath........... 56 || 170 || 265 || Tephrodornis pondiceri mus, Gm. ............. . 57 || ... || ... | Tephrodornis affinis, Blyt 58174 .267 Hemipus picatus, Sykes... 59 l65a 287 || Artamus fuscus, Vieill...... 60 || 182 || 270 || Graucalus macii, Less ..... 61 191 || 272 || Pericrocotus flammeu Forst................ . . . . . . . 62 [194 | 276 | Pericrocotus peregrinus, Lin; 63 1202 || 268 || Lalage sykesi, Strickl. ..... 64 1206 || 299 || Hemichelidon ferrugineɛ
Hodgs. ....... O ge e as e au o o o O 65 ... ... | Alseomax muttui, Layard. 66 207 || 297 || Alseonax latirostris, Raffi. 67 ||2ll || 323 || Muscicapa albicilla, Pall... 68 122 ||323ter. Muscicapa hyperythra, Ca 69 2l7 | 481 | Pratincola caprata, Lin... 70 ... ... Hypothymis ceylonensis S. 71 |237 || 292 || Rhipidura albifrontat Sharpe ............... ... 72 |238 || 288 || Terpsiphone paradisi, Lin. 73 242 295 Culicicapa ceylonensis, Sw, 74 || ... | ... | StoporalR sordida, WVal.... 75 258 304 Siphia rubeculoides, Vig. 76 259 {器 }Siphia tickelliae, Bly.... 77 126l || 300 || Siphia nigrorufa, Jerd.... 78 277 || 582 || Sylvia affinis, Bly.......... 79 |283 || 559 || Phylloscopus nitidus, Bly 80 1284 | 560 || Phylloscopus viridanus, B. 8 287 556 Pಖ್ಖ6ಂpus magnirostri ly. • • • • • • • • • • 0 e s p r 8 o or 82 1309 | 515 || Acrocephalus stentoreu Нетр..................... 83 1310 | 516 || Acrocephalus dumetorun
Bly. ................
* Malabar Coast. t Anda

DisTRiBUTIoN TA lis LE oF THE BIRD s
‘smedəN o quuuang q8sqquq opuso
oqesunął
'qpn.()
osažiuog
oubạssųooosag
X
×
XXX
X
X X
Χ
X ..X.
x
Χ
Х
... XXIX
‘ueqssuuqầgy
‘800ūļAOJAI“ AA-‘N
...!x|X|x|x|x|x|xi...l.
※|※図※図図郊。図図※帥|※図※
Х
,.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|XX|XX|X|.......
}×
×X
×X
... • XX
T저判司判헌미; : X ; ; ; : : ×X : X : :X T시공의}: :X X× × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×X
• Aouae [eagueO때T쩌지지T죄T때T때TRT지T쩌지T편지T어지T히TTT혁「혁T的T的)的「×××_i_3_×_Ex_3_3X *ųoquys$ $ × $ $ : : : ×「×_××_____×__× oqeqezus); ; ; ; × : : : : : : × : : : :정T的) : 3× 3 ×× 8_3_3_×_3×:× outsouoso지T떠지지시때때이때「적디지「떠떠떠떠T지文지진 × X ××; $ : X×× ou 800əq× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×; >< ? : X : X ×; × × × × × ×× “espuI 'S× ×××××・×× × × × 対××; >< ; ; ×× × × × × × × × × × ×× 나사1이「아-아「까「아까이서「이「니「이녀r「이시「니「여子서─────서──? 나이기)시「시「시「이지「시나씨T시─지T여에디션 디어디? : : ....s.9 : 9*:
..|Х|Х|Х|Х|Х|Х[X][X][X][X][x]х|х|х|хx|Х
Sikkim.
ass

Page 431
os THE IsLAND or CEYLoN.
بي إي تية 菲垂 星。
蜀 웅 杀 SPECIES. F's
S4 31 { Locustella certhiola, Pall. 85 || 330 442 || Schoenicola platyura, Jerd. 86 340 543,544 Prinia inornata, Sykes...... 87 || 341 || 545 || Prinia sylvatica, Jerd. ...... 88 343 534,535 Burnesia socialis, Sykes ... 89 || 346|| 530 || Sutoria sutoria, Forst ...... 90 352 536 Cisticola gracilis, Franklin. 91 | 356 539 | Cisticola cisticola, Tem. . 92 || 365|| 355 || Geocichla citrina, Bly...... 93 || 366 357 || Geocichla wardi, Jerd...... 94 .. ... || Geocichla spiloptera, Blyth. 95 ... | Geocichlaimbricata, Layard 96 || ... || ... || Merula kinnisi, Blyth. 97 | 385| 351 | Monticola cyanus, Lin. ... 98 || 388 || 507 || Erithacus brunneus, Jerd.. 99 || 393 514 || Erithacus cæruleculus, Jerd l00 | 416| 468 | AEgithina tiphia, Lin. ........ l0l || 421 || 464 || Chloropsis malabaricus, Gmì 102 || 423 463 || Chloropsis Jerdoni, Billy... 103 428 446 Hypsipetes ganeesa, Sykes. 104 448 450 Xenocichlaicterica, Strickl 105 || 449462 || Pycnonotus haemorrhous, 106 || 457|| 452 || Pycnonotus luteolus, Less. 107 ... Kelartia pemicilata, Blyth." 108 .. Rubigula melanictera, Gmel. 09 Myiophoneus Blighi, Holdsuo. .................. l10 493: 479 Thamnobia fulicata, L. ... l11 || 495 475 || Copsychus saularis, L. 112 | 498 476 Cittocinclatricolor, Vieill. 13 ... | Argya rufescens, Blyth. ... 14. Pomatorhinus melamurus, Blyth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Garrulax cinereifrons, Blyth. .................... 116 Crateropus striatus, Suvs 117 ... ... Pyctorhis nasalis, Legge.. l]8 | 601 398 Dumetia albigularis, Blyti 119 .. ... || Elaphrornis palliseri, Blyt, 20 Scotocichla , fuscicapillum Blyth ........-... . . . . . 121 ... ... | Alcippe nigrifrons, Blyth 122 | 668) ... | Parus cinereus, Bonn. « Vteil. .................. 128 | 702| 257 | Lamius er-thromotu Vigors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Malabar.

375
XX
to as e o
so a tes
w -
..|$ B|X|XX|X|...|...
S Assam:
... XX.
‘qɛɖɔZn5)책T공지T3× 3× : 3 : : 8× 8××
·ueouoso책T科지지T的TS 3 : 3× 4×× 3 :× *
e he w8
w s
outroøəCI정T的×××××× : 3 : 8 3× 3××× 3×
i Sikkimu,
‘InndəN ××××××対× x xR ; ; ; ; 引 x x xxxx; ; × × × × × × ×; : : : opuss的T的지×T 3× 3× : 3 :· × × × ; : : :; ; 'n gysyųooo[ag홍T지T3 : : : 3 : 3× 3×_8 : 8_%; ; outrassuurȚogy科T떠T여T때T떠지그때그퍼T때T떠T적이지T%x E 8_%_3_i_3_: 'qbsetną때T여지지시지T쩌지니퍼지T써T써T的지T홍지T써T적T3 % 8_×_% 'soous Aodā’AA”N [TXT:X × × × × × × × : : :× × × × ×× : : 司의크T지T떠지지지지T쩌T써T해T써T펴T지T지T的_3_3_i_×_3_3 _*田「×劑×××___××××_×___×× "auanding ||「떠T떠지지지지T예T예그때그때그때T떠T편지T편지× 3 : % S_×_%- *appm:Imammueo ||T지T홍지T的) : : : 8× 3××× 3 S_3_××; 어히미리司히|T써T떠지지지지지T的T的T3×T的××_8 S_3_3_×_3: ‘qɔận XI때T쩌지지T편지T的지T쩌T여T的T홍T的T的×지T的T& S_3_×_i:} ; ; ; ; >< :: X: × :3 X
•mae'r rays r ocsく X × × X × X ××××××××
音
X|X|X|X|X|XX|X|X|X|X|X|XX|X!...X
:IXIX::XIC:I.:.C.....:::
be a oe se

Page 432
376
ိဗ္ဗ ဧ 既高宮 鲁 s 翡 SPECHEs. 至 日接昭 缸 目 リ謡| * 罗陀°
124 | 704 | 261 | Lanius cristatus, Lin. ...... 125 | 705 | ... | Lanius lucionensis, Lin. ... 1 26 | 723 | 253 | Sitta frontalis, Swains ...... 127 || 33 234 || Cinnyris asiatica, Latih ...... 128 || 735 235 || Cinnyris lotenia, Linn....... 129 736. 233 Cinnyris minima, Sykes ... 130 | 737| 232 | Cinnyris zeylonica, Lin........ 131 | 748 63l | Zosterops palpebrosa, Temm 132 || ... || ... || Zosterops ceylonensis ...... 133 || 757|| 238 || Dicæum erythrorhynchum, Lath. .............. 34 || 761 240 || Prionochilus squalidus, Burton .............. ...... 135 ... Prionochilus vincens, Sclater. 136 | 771 . Cotile obsoleta, Cab ......... 137 | 772: 82 | HIirundo rustica, Lin. . ,.... 138 | ... | ... Hirundo hyperythra, Blyth. 139 || 776|| 83 || Hirundo javanica, Sparrm.. 140 || 780|| 85 || Hirundo erythropygia, Sykeo ........................ 14l || 784|| 591 || Motacilla personata, Gould.|. 142 || 787|| 589 || Motacilla madraspatensis, Gm. ............. do e 8 was 143 || 788|| 592 || Motacilla melanope, Pall...| 144 || 792 593 || Motacilla borealis, Sundev. . 145 | 794! 595 || Limomidromus indicus, Gould. ..................... 146 800 599 Anthus Richardi, Vieill. . 147 801 601 Anthus striolatus, Blyth ... 148 | 803 600 | Anthus rufulus, Vieill ...... 149 || 830|| 711 || Petronia flavicollis, Frankl.” ] 50 || 832|| 706 || Passer domesticus, Linn. ...| 151 || 873 694 || Ploceus phillipinus, Lin. ...) 152 || 875|| 695 || Ploceus manyar, Horf. .... 153 || 878 697 || Amadina malacca, Lin...... s 154 || 879 698 || Amadina atricapilla, Vieill. l55 | 880| 699 | Amadina punctulata, Lin...? 156 | 884|| 701 || Amadina striata, Linn ......> 157 | 885|| 703 || Amadina malabarica, Linn.| 158 ... ... Amadina kelaarti, Blyth, ... l59 || 891|| 755 || Mirafra affinis, Jerd.........| 160 896 760 Pyrrhulauda grisea, Scop. 161 | 904| 767 | Alauda gulgula, Frankl. ..., l62 || ... | . || Acridotheres melanosternus,
Legge. ...........l. 163 || 9l6 687 || Sturuia pagodarum, Gmel. .|| 164 ... ... || Sturnornis senex, Borap ...:| i65 925 690 Pastor roseus, Lin, .........)
* Mlalabar, t And...Llans.

*In adəN:
X X X
: X × × × × × : : : : : :
*ų buurng q8ņpag
...X
; X X
×××× × ×××
“pațS
ou 848țųooosaq
... XX
Х X|.........
X X X
; : : X × × × ×
: : X ; ; ; × ; × × × × × × × × : : X ; ; ; X :
- • • • •
Χ X
X X X
; ; ; × × × × ; ; ; ; ; ×
DisTRIBUTION TABLE of THE BIRDs
ou eļsỊugųogy 'qbsuną. ‘800uțAOJą M-N T공 'Iconeg ‘eu bandseg
'qoậnys 'qbrazno treouoo outsooəq
*sorhyn yr «en
‘Ao tā leņuəo
B|X|X|X|X|...|X|XX|X
XIII. X|X|X|X|X|X
Χ
S ...............| t|...| ...........
... XX
XX
艾
۰۰۰|. • . ا. . . اؤx|...
XX
XX|X|.....
X|X|X X|X|X
X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X
. . . . . . || ک× |..
; × × X X X X X X
« + + ”泛X剧
× × × × × × × × ×
X : X
× X、く
; ; ; × × × × ; : : : : : :
; ; × × × × × × × × × × × : : X × × × × × × × × × × : : : × × × × × × × × × × Xt+ ×× ×8*×× : : × × × × × × × × × $ $ × × × × × × × × × × × ; ; × 3 × × × × × × × × × : : : : X × × × : : : : X ; ; ; ; >< × × × ; ; ; ; × ×××××者 ×米× : : : × × × × ; : : : :><
- • • •
: : X × ; : X X 半XX : : × ×
* \,^ ^,..,^ ^ ^
鬣冈※闵曦
XX...
M M
1 0 * * * , m || ui so * * *
{IXIXIXIXIXIX6XXX|XIXXXIXXI.::
S Assam.
Sikkin:

Page 433
οF THE Is LAND οE CEYLoΝ.
. مما |پیچ| 至 罢証 垂季 SPECIES
Ele * He Z ||Z.
l66 927 692 Eulabes religiosa, Lin ... l67 ... ... || Eulabes ptilogenys, Blyth. 168 | 938 345 | Pitta brachyura, Lin......... ] 69 | 950 | 98 | Cypselus melba, Lin .......... 170 || 952 100 || Cypselus affinis, Gray ......| 171 957 102 Cypselus b at as siensis, Gray .............. ......... l72 || 960|| 96 || Hirundinapus in di c u s, Home........................ 173 967 Collocalia Linchi, Horsf. 8. Moore.......... 0 0 to Y - e o 0 as a 74 968 Dendrochelidom coronatus, Tick. ....... 0 o 8 9 a y O o a es a a 9 l75 | 971| 105 || Batrachostomus moniliger,
Blytik ............... • • • • • • • • 176 || 973|| 112 || Caprimulgus a si a ti c u s,
Lath. ... .............. () l77 | 977| 111 || Caprimulgus atripennis,
Jerd. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • | 178 980 Caprimulgus Ke la a rt i, Blytћ........................ 179 || 983 115 || Harpactes fasciatus, Gmel. „.. 180 | 987 | 199 | Cuculus canorus, Lin. ...... 181 || 989|| 201 || Cuculus poliocephalus, Lath. ... ................ ...! I82 || 990| 202 || Cuculus sonnerati, Lath. ...}} 83 || 991 || 203 || Cuculus m i c r o p te r u s, Gould. ..................... 184 || 993 209 || Hierococcyx varius, Vahl.| 185 997 208 Cacomantis migra, Jerd. ... 186 || 998 210 || Surniculus lugubris, Horf. 187 | 999| 211 | Chrysococcyx maculatus,
mே.. 88 || 1002|| 212 || Coccystes Jacobinus, Bodd. l89 1003 213 Coccystes co rom and us, Linn. ............. • • • • • • • • • • • 190 1004 214 || Eudynamys honorata, Linn.|. 191 || 1010 216 || Rhopodytes viridirostris,
deri. ............. 40 to es ........ l92 || ... || ... | Phoenicophaes pyrrhoce
phalus, Forst. ............| 193 (1014, 217 Centrococcyx rufipennis, Illigr... ............................. 94. ... Centrococcyx chlororhynchus, Blyth ............... 195 1017, 219 Taccocula Leschenaulti, Less.......................... 196 ... Megalaema zeylanica, Gmel.
* Malabar. Si

'inadəN ; ; ; ** : x; ; ++; : : : X × ; ; ; ; ** **×_{x : : : : : : 공헌T때T셔지T여T지T지TR지T的T지T的T的 - 3× 3× × 3 %× × 8 ×× 3 : 3 :} 'puțS; ; ; × × ; ; ; ; ; ×# >< : ;; ;; >< ? : ;; : : : ‘uuqsiqooo səg: : : × × ×; ; ; ;; >< : : : : : : : : : : :$ $ $ $ ouvissuvuojy ; ; ; × × ×; : : :: : X; : : :: : : : :; : : : __*a**ra || T的T지T的T여T的T的T3 - ? : : 3×$ $ $ $ $ $ × : : :: : : : 義的편s |「예「에지시「예「시「때「피「시「때「때「때「때때시「때떠「피지T여써「떤지「때T써「썬: : : : 'IPBO | ; ; × × ; ; ; ; ;; ; ; ; X; ; ; ; ; ; × : ; ;}: : ‘se’ouess科지T써T써T科T적T홍T적T的T的T표 3× 3 : 3 ×× : _3× × 3 ::; ; *ugudi&g ||T써T편지T的지T적T的: ~ : ~ x ; ; ; × ; ; ; ; ; ; ; × × × × × ×: : *espus seuquəo때T편지T펴T써TT떠T떠T지T劇T的T的T的지T的T的T지T3×× ×× × 「E_3_3_×: 읽버리히TT여T쩌지T쩌T예T지T써T어T지니지T써T따T지T편지T떠T석; ; ; ;x × :× ×3 'qoqnx | ; ; ; × × ×: : : ×; ; >< : ?湖圈X ×___X: ovdoznÐ | ; }× × × ×: : : X ; ; ; × ; ;::x :× ; ; ×: ? 「편이|그이T예시지지T히$ $× * ; ; × ; ; ; ; ;Ex : x ; ; ><× : ou goɔəGI; ; × × × ×$ 本3 ×:;* x x ** ; ; ;; × * × ×: X× : otetpur oss | yo : X × 3§ XY Y × × × くく X × >へ*米× × ×× ×X
SAssam.
kkin.

Page 434
ਝ 露率宙| 空 。 宅三°C as 蜀 薰 響え Species.
틀
197 ... .. Megalaema flavifrons, Cuv. 198 103l 197 Xantholæma hæmacephala, P. L. S. Mull. ....... O so 199 Xantholæma rubricapilla, onel ...... ...... 80 Brachypternus aurantias, 200 1043 { 82 chypternus aurantia 201 || 1044 181 || Brachpyternus chrysonotus,
Le88. ...... O be a e s p so a 202 ... || Brachypternus ceylonus,
Forst ..... O a e o be a to o o a v Q O 203 |1047|| 179 || Micropternus gularis, Jerd. 204 || 1055|| 175 || Chrysophlegma chlorigaster, Jerd. .................. 205 || 1057 171 || Gecimus striolatus, Blyth... 20ö | 1066| 167 | Chrysocolaptes festivus, Bodd........................ 207 Chrysocolaptes Stricklandi. Layard....................... 208 | 077 160 || Picus mahrattensis, Liath.... 209 ... ... | lyngipicus gymnopthalmus, Blyth ........................ 210 ... ... || Loriculus indieus ......- 9 p. o a e 211 090 15l Palaeornis columboides, 9073 ... . . 212 1091. 147 Palaeornisindo.burmannicus,
213 || 1093| 148 || Palæormis torquatus, Bodd. 214 || 1094|| ... || Palæornis cyanocephalus, Lin. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 215 || 1095|| 149 || Palæornis rosa, Bodd. ...... 26 ... ... Palaeornis call throp ae, Layardı ....... A 8 as w P o 0 8 h 8 217 1098 255 Upupa ceylonensis, Reich... 218 l099 ll7 Merops viridis, Linn......... 219 || 1100 118 i Merops phillipinus, Linn ... 220 || 1101 || 119 || Merops Leschenaulti, Vieill 221 || 1107|| 123 || Coracias indica, Linn. ...... 222 1109 l26 | Eurystomus o r i e n ta lis,
Піпт ..................... 8 O 223 || 1110|| 134 || Alcedo bengalensis, Gm...... 224 | l116|| 136 || Ceryle rudis, Linn. .. ...... 225 |ll18 129 || Halcyon smyrnensis, Linn... 226 || 1119|| 30 || Halcyon pilleata, Bodd....... 227 ||ll 23|| 133 | Ceyx tridactyla, Pall... .......... 228 112 | lz7 Pelargopsis g u r ii a l , Pearson ....................

DISTRIBUTION TABLE OF THE BIRDs
o[nedəN 引) 'puțS ouonsqqọoosog oueņssueųogy
·qețună. "soous ao sa "AA-"N *ų pnO
"saĝuag !引) 니시利知的 * AOJJIsāīūōō
... PXXX
s up
*艾$义
o to
Х|....
潮※※※冈※※※※、
s so a a
o o * * * O s II) a as
tX XX
XX X X × × X X
× X
XX × ×
X X X X
..XX XX
$ . ; >< × :
; ; × × ×
; ;x × × × ; : X × × ×
; ; × × ; ; X X : X × X :× × × : : × × ; ; X X X
; : X X ; : X ×
× : X × X #X × X : ? : X × : :
; >< × × × × X X X X X : X X × × × × × × ooox × × ; ;
:>< × × × :
; × × × × ×
O 86)
..XX...X...X.........
·ųoqn XI
O e.
: : X X
: × × ×
·quuaznÐ ou gɔuos)
out:00òųí
*uspot I ’S
X|X|X|X|XX|X|XX|X|X|X
X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|...|X
料×1....。
X
X.
:X
× ×
. ا... ا. هم اکلا |X|
该仪冈冈
to M | VM i s
! X * × X X × X
※※※※※※※
; ; × × ; : X × ; ; × × × :X X X X
父冈闵※※※※※×闵※※※※义
: X × X : X × × × × ; >< × × * × : X × × × ×

Page 435
of THE Is LAND op CEYLoN.
من قة
is 默 封国| 圭勢 SPECEs. 差 帽き語| 盗ろ 圭 |リ ー み み下*
229 || 1:28, 4 || Anthracoceros coronatus, Bodd. ................... . . . . . . 230 ... Tockus gingalensis, Shaw. 231 l142778 Crocopus chlorig aster, Blyth ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • 232 1144 774 Osmotreron bicincta, Jerd. 233 1149|| 777 || Osmotreron pompadoura, G'mel. .................. ..... 234 || 1152 780 || Carpophaga tenea, Linn. 235 ll58 786 : Palumbus Elphinstonei, Sykes ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Î160|| 788 || Columba i m t e r m e di a, Strickil.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 ill64 782 Alsocomus p an ice us, Tickell. ............... se 238 i 169|| 793 || Turtur meena, Sykes ...... 239 | l171|| 795 || Turtur suratensis, Gmel. ... 240 | l173|| 796 || Turtur risorius, Linn. ...... 241 1174797 bis Turtur humilis, Tem. ...... 242 ll75 798 Chalcophaps indica, Linn. 243 ll86|| 8U3 i Pavo cristatus, Linn......... 244 ... ... Gallus Stanleyi, Gray ...... 245 ... Galloperdix i bicalcaratus, 'ರಿ”ತಿ .•••••• ••• 246 |12l5| 819 | Francolinus pictus, Jard. and Selby .................. 247 1219|| 822 || Ortygoruis ponticeriana, o el ............. 248 1231 826 || Perdicula asiatica, Latik ... 249 133ő| 829 || Coturnix communis, Linn... 250 1238 ... ! Excalfactoria chinensis, Linn ............ •••••• • • • • • • 251 11239); || Turnix plumbipes, Hud
“°°|) ავვ x plumolpes, Hoage... 252 11250|| 840 || Cursorius eoromandelicus Gmel. * e * * * s * b b » a es un e qe e se « s » : a 253 || 1253|| 842 || Glareola orientalis, Lealeh 254 1255843 | Glareola lactea, Tem ... 255 | l256|| 844 || Squatarola helvetica, Linn 256 || 257|| 845 || Charadrius fulvus, Gm..... 257 || 1259|| 846 || Egialitis Geoffroyi, Wagl 258 1260 847 || AEgialitis mongolica, Pall 259 | l261|| 848 || AEgialitis cantiana, Lath. .. 260 1262 849 AEgialitis dubia, Scop ... 26l 1202 850 AEgialitis Jerdoni, Legge.. 262 |1265 852 Chettusia gregaria, Pull... 203 1269 855
* Malabar,
Lobivanellus indicus, Boc i Sikkin. s Α'

379
Sy. Sylhet.
Khasia Hills.
"Intodə N; ; ;x x { o_{x ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;*)*)*—###########š
·ūūūtī£ī ļšūsią 部「때「흑사「神자「빠「샤「지지T짧지지니퍼떠디편디편니的日的日的家後校校校校仁城 (pūīs(3TX : : :지「때T여지지지T편지T떠T써TRT지T的T的T的T×××××(次次次次校 uansųųooo! og; : : :·×( ; ; ; × × : :홍T헌T× 3×_3_3; ; ; × × × × × × × × × ou eqsțuvųầyy; ; ; ; : :지T써T써지지TFT써T피T떠TT的T&T的×_i_i:圈XXX_XX 'qesunął; ; ; ; ; ;×TT: ; × × × × ×때T써니지지지T써T지T지T홍지T的×_3_3××_%%% ‘3ɔɔuțAOJA "AA-" N: : : : : :× × × × × × ~; X책T「예T지지지T쩌니지T지T的지T的_i_3××_3×× oqpno; : X × : :정지T的T的x}×× 3×「지지지T쩌디지T지T的_3_3_3××_3%政
·ležduos!*: ; × × × ×谢×对×××淡淡홍T的지相T的T써T지지日知大學××2××%_3% oeuvųndţuțI; : : ( ; ;× ss×××A×! × 3 × =지T的T的T3 3× 3×× 3×× ēpūī svāģuoo × × × × × ×정식T지×× 9 ×T×××-击义; : : : : : : : X : X × Aouas įsłaļuəO; ;: X; ×정T>ST × 3××× 3×뛰T지T××× × :Sae; ; ; ; ; ; ><_:_:X oqo’tiyū홍-야「地部「야部「애「사T「책했사자자「활지니파디國日關門지니的日的日成門的)學校% 'quozno 「때T시T예T때T써T써T지「,××××_3×「시「지지지TT써TT지니判門的_3_3××(校_3% ou gouo()「써T때T써T떠司T지T지「편지科지T的_3_3_3_3%%홍T지T劇T홍T的××××_3×SK outsooɔ(!짧T때T지T적T적T떠T지TR지T지?×_3_3_2_2代_××××__×____ *\}\toti s * &|×지T예T「시시「지T신T的지지T지 : 8 ×_×××x xxxxxx_\
S.

Page 436
380
畿翁
۔ d | 翡源 装 SPECIEs. 5& { ;B ||EEگ 注 |リ| ー t ان حل ہے
264. 1271856 Sarciophorus bilo bus, Gmel. ........................ 265 1272 858 AEsacus recurvirostris, Cuv. 266 1273 859 CEdicnemus crepitans, Tem. 267 (1274 860 Strepislas in ter pres, Lino. ......... • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . 268 || 1275|| 861 || Dromas ardeola, Paykull ... 269 || 1276|| 862 || Hæmatopus ostralegus, Linn ..... .................. 270 || 1281 || 867 || Scolopax rusticola, Linn ... 271 1282 868 ; Gallinagon emo ricola, Hodgs ·.· ·. 272 |1284 | 870 | Gallimago stenura, Kuhl. ... 273 || 1285|| 871 || Gallinago scolopacina, Bonap. . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 274 || 1286 872 || Gallinago gallinula, Linn ... 275 || 1287|| 873 || Rhynchoea capensis, Linn. 276 1288 886 | Limicola platyrhyncha,Tem 277 1290 884 | Tringa minuta, Leisl. ... 278 129l. Tringa subminuta, Midd... 279 || 1292|| 885 || Thinga temmincki, Leisl. ...| 280 | l294|'882 | Trinua subarquata, Gould.|. 281 || 1296 889 || Machetes pugnax, Linn...| 282 || 1297 888 || Calidris arenaria, Linn...|. 283 |1309 893 || Actitis hypoleucos, Linn...| 284 1301|| 892 || Actitis ochropus, Linn. ...... 285 ||1302 891 Totanus glareola, Gmel ..... 286 1303 894 Totanus canescens, Gmel.... 287|1304, 895 || Totanus stagnatilis, Bechst. 288 || 1305] * 97 || Totanus calidris, Linn ....... 289 || 1306 || 896 || Totanus fuscus, Linn ......|. 290 || 1309|| 876 || Terekia cinerea, Gould ..... 291 || 1311 || 875 || Limosa ægocephala, Linn... 292 || 1313 878 || Nutnienius phaeopus, Linn. 293 ||l 14| 877 || Numenius arquatus, Linn.... 294 || 1316 || 899 || Recurvirostra avocetta,
Linn. ............... . . . . . . . . . 295 || 1317 898 || Himantopus candidus, Linn ...............-........ 296 || 1319 90i || Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Scop. ....................... 297 1320 902 Porphyrio poliocephalus, L4tá ...is a a . 298 || 1321 | 903 || Fulica atra, Limm ....... • • • • ما۔ 299 || 1323|| 9l3 | Hypotæ nidia striata, Linn. || . 300 || 1324 914 || Rallus indicus, Blyth ...... 301 1325 912 | lkallina euryzonoides, Lafresin. . ...'
Note.-Alarks in the column Beluochistan

DISTRIBUTION TABLE of THE BIRDs
efer chiefly to the cutast of that coultry.
•IntodəN× : : : : ; X __|_!; : : : : : : X × × ; ; ; ; ;× { { { { {; : : : : X : X × .qwulung qsņķig%이샤이샤「액“「싸T때T科지「지지지지지지지지的T전「정_k_s_代_校_校 opuss사사사T지지T지T劇지T지的%%%%%%%%_3_校_校_校_2_3__ _-usassaooo198 활약하지「지지T지지T편지T지T的%%%_2_3__校_3_표:
• ugļssueqãyw홍T때T써T떠T떠T지T的T的家內的家內的_3%_3_3校_g校_校_校__3_校)%| 3 ‘quțumāI지지지T떠T써T判지T的지T ××× 8×_8_%××××××%%%정T공지TSKT × × ×× :X (soousxova M-N. IT× × × × × × × × ×지지T지T的T공지×지R&&SKT&×「的_3×_SK_XK_2_%2C_3_2_3 *ų.pnO× × × ×部지「때때T지지지T쩌지T셔지지지지》지的T的T內_k_K_%(代:_性 Teodoa사사사「생「때T시샤시T때시「지지니퍼지지지지전 3×(K_K_3_校_校(校_校 TovũỸīnās,지지지니지T써T써T떠T劇的T的家的家的家%%%%_3_校_校_校_校_校××民斑皿
·wypu I seinua0X X X: :; ;; : × × × × × ×헌지×××× : 3 : 8 :: × × × × × ×: “Aou,I se 13u90× × ×; ;; ;ŠTETX × X : X_:××××××××× 8 × × ×× 『 ‘qoņu XI사자사T환자「지T짧T홍지T지的T的%%%%%%%%%%%%%_校_校_校_校 oquıoznţ)X X X* ×: :홍지T지×××× 3; x x x × × × × × × × × × × × × ×} × × ~~ ~ueottoo사사사T때사T신자신사T홍지T지T的T的×××%%%%%%%_3_3_3_校 !引지지지T지T써T여T써T的지T지的×T的) 3×××%%%%%%%_2_3_2_3校_3_2_3× × * 기아-기이기니「기니「여「기시신이─거지니어T건식신식식전지S×× × × × × × × × × S人 文, SK / ><く く く く、く、、、、

Page 437
oF THE IsLAND of CEYLoN.
g 鵲引 顯é S
鲇 Z PE S て既注| ー
ཚོའི་
302 || 1828 910 || Porzana Bailloni, Vieill.... 303 i330 911 Porzana fusca, Linn ......... 304 || 1333|| 905 || Gallinula chloropus, Linn. 305 || 1334 907 || Gallinula phoenicura, Penn. 306 (1335 904 | Gallicrex cinereus, Gm. ... 307 1337 916 || Leptoptilos ja v ani e u s, Horsf. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 1338 917 || Xenorhynchus asiaticus, Lat 309 1340|| 919 || Ciconia alba, Belon......... 310 134l 920 Ciconia leucocephala, Gm... 311 ||1342 921 || Ardea goliath, Temm......... 312 || 1445 923 || Ardea cinerea, Linn.......... 313 1346|| 924 || Ardea purpurea, Linn ...... 314 || 1347|| 925 || Herodias alba, Linn. ......... 315 1348 926 Herodias intermedia, Won Hasselt. ..................... 316 || 1349|| 927 || Herodias garzetta, Linn. ... 317 || 1351|| 928 || Demi-egretta gularis, Bosc. 318 l353 929 Bubulcus c or om and us, Bodd. ... ..................... 319 || 1354|| 930 || Ardeola greyi, Sykes .... 320 || 1356|| 931 || Butorides javanica, Horsf. 321 1357 932 || Ard ta flavicollis, Lath . 322 1358 933 || Ardelta cinnamomea, Gmel. 323 | l359|| 934 || Ardetta sinensis, Gmel....... 324 |1361| 936 Botaurus stellaris Linn...... 325 1362. 937 Nycticorax griseus, Linn... 326 1363|| ... || Gorsachius I melanolophus,
of ............. 0 & a a 327 |l364 938 || Tantalus leucocephalus, Ретн. ....... se « 0 » o « 0 » o «» o s « a 8 a 328 || 1365|| 939 || Platalea leucorodia, Linn.... 329 || )366|| 940 || Anastomous oscitans, Bodd. 330 || 1367|| 988 || Threskiornis melanocephalus, Lath. ................ 33l || 1370|| 943 || Falcinellus igneus, Linn... 332 137l | 944 - || Phoenicopterus antiquorum, em......................... 333 || 1379|| 50 || Sarkidiornis melaluonotus,... Pe.......................' ... 334 || 1380 951 || Nettapus coromandelianus, Gmel. ..................... 335 1381 952 || Dendrocygna ja v a ni c a, Horsf......................... 336 1382 953 | Dendrocygna fulva, Gmel... 337 || 1383 954 || Casarca rutila, Pall ......... 338 || 1386 957 || Spatula clypeata, Linn... 339 |1388 959 || Anas poecilorhyncha, Forst.
Note.-Marks in the column Beloochistan r

38
*ạrn Tae Yr oes
× × × × ×
LLLLS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S巨xx」 'qeuang qsņņug | × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×: × × × × × × × × × × × × × opuss │ X : X × X3 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×:_× × × × × × × × × × × × × out!ssuooo seg× : × × ×; ; ; ; ; × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×; × × × × × ×; X: : × × × ouensqueq8jv | × × × ×; ; ; ; ; × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × : ; ; ; × × × oqesuną×××××××××××××××××××××>< × × × × × × × × × × × × .səous Aouas AA-, N | × × × × ; ~ X × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×! × × ×: X × × × × × × × × 'apno |__×_: ><_><_>_~ × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×; × × × : x × × × × × × × × 'Le3ượg | × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × z × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
·eueqndţag | × × × ××××?F×××××××× )x: × × × × × × × ×: : X × :
·ạypu I perqueo | × × ~ : × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ; ; ; ; ×; × × ×3 × ×: X × × × × “Ao 14 1814u2O× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×××× ×: × × ×§ X X: × × × × × ×
·ųonnys || × o × × :: × × ~ : × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×3 × × × × × × × × × × × × × 'q'euəznÐ× × × × ×:× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×× × × × × × × × × × × × × ouvouoo | X:× × ×: X × × × × × × × × :× × × × × × × ×× × × × × × × × × × × × × suvooeci | X; ><_>< ?: × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×; × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×× × ××× ××× ×××××××× × ××× ×× X × × ×××××
efer chiefly to the coast of that country.

Page 438
382 DISTRIBUTroN TABLE of THE
鹊 a
“ප් “ܩ . s 翡多 SPECIEs. 空 |印器| ー
g|
凌|院で法
340 1393 962 || Dafila acuta, Linn. ... ..... 341 1395964. Querquedula crecca, Linn
342 396 965 Querquedula circia, Linn...| 343 || 1399|| 967 || Fuligula rufina, Pall. ......|. 344 || 1411|| 975 || Podiceps minor, Linn.......!, 345 | l413|| ... | Daption capensis, Linn... ... o 346 || 1415|| ... || Puffinus chlororhynchus,
Lesson.......................l. 347 |1416|| ... || Stercorarius antarticus,
Less ........................ o 348 |l421|| 980 || Larus brunmeicephalins, Jerdon. - . 349 1422|| 979 || Larus ichthyætus, Pall. ...| 350 1424 984 | Hydrochelidon hybrida,|
Pall ... .................. 351 1425 ... | Hydrochelidon leucoptera,
Meism and Schina ... . ....! 352 || 1427|| 983 || Gelochelidon anglica, Mont.|- 353 428 982 Sterna caspia, Pall .........
354 |1429 989 || Sterna Bergii, Licht......... 355 1431|| 990 || Sterna media, Horf. ...... 356 (1433. 985 Sterna seena, Sykes......... 357 1434 | 987 | Sterna melanogastra, Temml 358 | l435|| ... || Sterna llDougalli, Mont......| 359 1436 986 Sterna hirundo, Linn ...... 360 1438 Sterna Saundersii, Hume ...
361|1439), g88 Sterna sinesis, Gm......... 362 1440 992 Sterna anaesthetus, Scop.
63 |l44l ... | Sterna fuliginosa, Gm........ 364 1442|| 993 || Anous stolida, Linn ......... 365 1447. 997 Phaeton flavirostris, Brand. 366 || 1448, ... || Phæton indicus, Hume......
67 |lk449|1000 || Fregata aquila, Linn.........| 868 ... ... Fregata minor ............... 869 1450) ... I Sula cyanops, Sundew....... 870 14:51, 998 || Suia australis, Steph.........
371 Al454 1004 | Pelecanus manillensis, Gm. 372 14561005 Phalacrocorax carbo, Linn. 373 || 1457 1006 || Phalacrocorax fuscicollis, Steph • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 374 1458.1007 || Phalacrocorax pygmæus, Pall. ............ ... 375 || 1459||1008 || Plotus melanogaster, Penn.
Note.-Marks in the column Beloochistan

BRDs oF THE Is LAND OF CEY LON.
tumes ! * * * * * * i -i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-#-##-##-#; ; ; ; ; ; ; × : : : 처判的知|T전的家內的日成_2 (校_i_校지지T判지的×× 3 : 8×_3_3_8×××_SK_XKSK-引しxxxxx」ー校長ー督××××××x園XXXX×× x x ××_x_xx 「引一×××××ー」 &いし区区×××××× xxx x \ー: : 引)× × × × × × × × ×:; : × × : :; × × : : :; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ×:; ; īsā L××××× ; ; ) ) * *지T지T공& KT&× 3 :_3_3_3_3_3_3_}_3_3_:K_3_3_3 引一同以及议议__)홍진T지T지T홍지T的T的지T공TFT的T的T的「8 % 8_%_8×_2_3_3 T최읽히|「大公法人松政_3_「刻「刻「刻「劑「______x___ 3 xxxxx ー×ーしxx」&지지「편지지T거지T判門지T的××_%××××_3_3×
·ęueņndsey!%x자지지T홍T的TFT : T的T的「3」的_的家)×_3_3_3_3_3_3_3_2_3_3_3_2_校校L校_校 判司F공히| ×××××_3:3: ; ×지T때T여T죄T정지T홍T的T的 : 3 : 3 · : 3 : : 3×}; ; 的하|T지지지지T劇T홍T써TFT홍T지T的 內的_3_3_3_3_3_2_2_3_3_院_3_3_校_3_3_3 읽힌리의 ||T정치정치지지지T和T劇T혁TR&T的T지「×× 8× 3××_i_3_3_i_3; × × × × × 헌이|T지지TETFT劇T지T홍T정T&T的T&T3 %%%_3_2_3_3_3_3_3_3_2_2_3_2_代_校_代 劑「xxxxx_X_x_××××××____x,—心——波——波 험T|| 니지지×지지지T써T홍T적T지T홍T지T지T的T的T的)的_3_i_%%%_%_校政 、ビDI、S X × X、く 州)人; : ×××××: : : : : : × ×; ;
refer chiefly to the coast of that country.

Page 439


Page 440


Page 441


Page 442


Page 443