Page 1
The turbul
Anura :: thr
China’s wo
The Bhutto
Also: Martin Wickremasinghe
 
 
 
 

July 1, 1978 Price Rs. 2/50
KENG PAO :
a poser for the SLFP
Νο. 5
ent NMahaweli
eat to resign
"ld view
trial
O Literature & politics O Satire

Page 2
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Page 3
Trends - t
Back - to Papa
Evicted from the Fourth Internatiends, orphaned Trotskyist' LSSP found an ideological foster father in Yugoslavia's anti-Stalinist Tito. Sometime ago “Titoísm", "selfmanagemento etc were part of the party's favoured ldom. But Tito moves in mysterious ways, rightwords laftwards, பிரச்சிeways. Soon Chairman Hua Kud Feng will return President Tito's visit though Tito was target No. 1 in China's campaign against revisionism. Meanwhile, at home, Tito has been locking up all the "Trotskyists', especially academics and intellectuals, who wrote 'dewditionist' articles to theoretical Journals.
In a renewal of ideologiea love between Titoists and one-time Trotskyists here, the LSSP leader, Dr. N. M. Perera was the handpicked Sri Lankam delegate to the 11th Congress of the Yugoslav Communist party.
Woices of silence
With so much controversida Ws on the books and in draft form, legal circles find the silence of local lawyers' associations embarrassingly deafening. In the last few years these associations were so active as champions of human rights and democratic liberties, that they won the respect of peers and outsiders alike. Asked to explain a bright young attorney demurred: "" arm a member emeritus..." he said bashfully.
Flog em
There is trouble brewing in what snooty English-language editors in pre-1956 days I used to i cal Lake House's "native quarter'. Some young and not-so young journalists downed
their þens the oth the desks and ber
er.
While dice-gdw Bodinagoda – is " rTnin Old Firm, the ed: comfng mess media The trouble started strike pulled by U th-hour turncoat marched out on is their necks) the l Those who did N. "loyalists'. But I men who have go the lucrative Jobs * "soya lists" really tu
As things get me! one top trouble-sh withdrawn and fou other place'. Anoth is on the way. But with the restive in 'em
Under the bed
Eyebrows are besi York at the sigh sleuths. What are for black panthers in in the asphalt jung point to a clue in some years ago abi
Shirley Amerasinghe
no fai wa Lurite of sor patriots in Manhat to Amerasinghe's p eye for the lades”. វ៉ែ his critics elected Presidento Sea Conference (Se Floor). Are his e looking for dirt on under Park Avenue b
LANKA GUARDIAN
Vol. I No. 5 July 1, 1978
CONTENTS
Crossword
3-5 News background
6 -ll International news
Z People
3. Press opinion
4 - 5 Spotlight
G - 20 The Arts
2- 23 Politics
4-75 Satire
,
Publishcd by Publishers, SoL Ccntre. Third Building, 1263, Colombo - 1.
Telephone:
EditoT:
Printed by A 82.5, Wolfe Colon
M
 

ler day, stood on ated the manage
Ertlsing man, R. ting money for the tord | floor 's Eye'Chan'mass media'. with the pre-election NP loyalists and i, For those who Erike (and put out Ayalty line is clear, T strike are not E is precisely those t the key posts and and that makes the Irri green.
isler week by week, 20ter has gracefully md 5helter -- Iዘ 'the rlmþórted fremdn What is to be done ative tribes? Flog
ng raised in New 't of Sri Lankan they up to? Looking Harlem or tigers 'e. UN diplomats Jm article Wriffen ILIË Ex-Ambassador who is evidently те ћigh-level comап. The caption ficture said “An Amerđsinghe conby getting himself the law of the Bed and Ocean vious colleagues the sed bed or eds
anka, Guardian h Asian Mcdia FloOT, YMBA 8 Main Strict,
29-08.
yn da Silwria
landa Press lhal Street,
3.
put nicely and precis cly. how much of the overkill was the government's own doing and how
- erly begin.
Letters
limelight
Some like to baskin it, others prefer the Spotlight. Generally politicians prefer the former. Satan's vanity and love of the limelight leads him often to preVaricate the truth, and revci in thệ_fruits of discord which he so deftly sows.
J. de S Wijeyeratine
Lenin, Pragmatism and such
Reggie Siriwardena while rightly scornful of the LSSP's double think should explain just what he considers a democratically elected government is supposed to do when faced with armed insurrection. He would not claim, I presume, that
it shold tamely give in and hand
over power to the rebels however brave, idealistic and sympathique they may be. With hindsight it is easy to see that the official reaction to the rising of 1971 was excessive but in the dust of battle it is ngt easy to work these things Besides,
much of it was private enterpriso on the part of the police and the armed services has not yet been réscarched.
Now about 180° tils:–
According to the gospel the revolutionary imovement Illust arise spontaneously. It cannot be made. Neither force nor exhortation can nake it run ahead of the underlying economic conditions. In What is To Be Done? (1902) it suited Lenin to discard this most sacred text. It was settled Marxist the ology that the bourgeois Tevolution must be completed before the proletarian revolution could ргoрLenin found it convenient to lay down that this was 'antiquated theory and formulated a new exegesis of the co-existence of the bourgeois provisional gWTT1ment and the soviets which he stated in "On Dual Power' (1917). (180°). ཟ
== "" When Lenin returncid to Russia he was the leader of a minority ewen among socialists who wẹre themselves a minority in the bour. geois provisional government. He

Page 4
did not favour armed resistance to the provisional government and repeatedly denied that his group was for seizure of power by a
minority or for reforms not ripe "in the consciousness of an overWhelming majority. But wery soon afterwards (in August) he came out with a flat assertion that in politics majority rule is “a constitutional illusion'. (180°).
In November Lenin adopted a land policy which he, took over wholesale from his opponents. He made a virtue out of necessity aId described this decision - ås "democratic in self-approbatory terms. (180). In May 1918 he completely reversed this policy in his letter to the Petrograd workers calling for a mass crusade against the peasants.(180).
Also in line , with Lenin's pragmatism was the New Economic Policy of 1921 under which there was a return to capitalism and the profit motive. These and many more 180 turns made Lenin a veritable whirling dervish.
Colombo-3. Costain de Wos
Setting recc
In F. R. Leavi To Tyrary (May Siriwa Tidemia soug against the denizi SILmall World of IE stopping to check serted that it *ous granted that at A sity there was Dickens fit to text-Hard Tirie, had proпоuпced! kens o Ille great Inc.
The fået is t for example, Har figured on sylla twепty-five yea поst соппопly nowels hawe beer: Γεαί Εκμεταβίαιη owп prefетепсе! || peciations was t for General Degr carly sixties, som Siriwardena “ʻsho by prescгibiпg i Calpuses.
Perhaps Sri La of English are no they are sometim
Cryptic Crossword No. 3
by Stripex
Across CLUES
l. CuiInpůårt toT FRÉd to Sri Lanka politician. {5, II, 1, 5)
- 7. See two votes right for Persian king.
8. Cuts - but finally expires. (8)
11 Professed bete-noire of about lawsuit. (8) 12. Soil are best at using their position in society. (6) 13. When we have shuffled of this IIIortal- ဖိုနိဒါနီle† (4)
16. Angle to seek compliments. (4)
17. Red-cap omits a large number to sum up shortly. (5) 20. Fisher would wish to have 16 hirc. (2,3}
21. Short account about town in Israel. (4)
22. Capc Town Burgher, (4)
24. Nobleman in New York - or almos. (6) 26. Most ufirelenting Extrat from Laureicr Ster Il's
Tristram Shandy, (8) 28. Sunnyside up. (5, 3) 29. Fat Greek as pre-fix. (6)
30. Where the ungdly cocok up things other than 15 and 28.
(7, 7) Dowп
2. All of Lus Lankane-together. (3,5)
3. Agreement from Sartric at youth ເtival.
4. Fitting encounct. (4)
(6)
5. Police Department turns up French and without order. (5)
6. Draw out charged particle lineage. (10)
9. Wring out former wrong (6) 10. Fшппу . (7) l3. ... maise a pārt, Can become disunion.
(IO) 14. Schoolhead along a number is parched.
(7)
8. Jancs Fenimore dined to collaborate, (2-7)
19. Such a character is solid to a T. (6)
23. Circle begins with its part, ends in a nervous condition. (6)
25. . . Ibrail QLut GoTime excluşç:. (5) 27. Grows old a longtinc. (4)

brd straight
- Fror Rebellion ' 15th) Mr. Reggie ht to nake a point ons of“Sri Lanka's Erg. Lit." Without Ek his facts. He ased to be taken for . Level or at Univer only one novel of be prescribed as a S because "Leavis that this was Dic
ye.'
1at at Peradeniya, dirnes has hardly buses for at least irs and that the rescribed Dickens | Bleak House and 5, Mr. Siriwardena's Indeed, Great Exhe prescribed text ee students in the e time before Mr. cked' an academic t on one of the
Inkan Departments t as "Lea Visian" as es thought to bc.
I say this, however, merely to set the record straight, and not from any wish to devalue either theimportance or the impact of Leavis's Gritics
Ashley Halpe University, Peradeniya
Another view
I began reading your beautifully printed journal replete with glossy cover & classy advertisements, with great expectations. Judging from the June issue, (f missed the May & April ones) the Private Wiew on Gadflies, "Trends & the TULF interview are the only three interesting articles; of course the article on Sai Baba Would appeal to all sensation mongers, being the truth. The "News Background' Inade a few tame though lively remarks, but om - the whole it is dull i and cautiously Worded. Where is the incisive wit and coruscating cut and thrust that once graced the pages of thic Daily News, the Sunday Observer and the Sunday Times? Please don't feel shy about printing this.
legatheswari Nagendram ہیں؟ Colombið 5.
Solution to Cryptic Crossword No. 2 ACROSS-1. The detached view 7, Caves 8. Super
0. Rawe 17. Interim
ll. Lewis 12. Ludo
20. ClbbeT22. Non 23. Burst
5. Selects 16. Garment."
4. Er
27. Osten 28. Outer 29. The head of police.
DOWN
1. Towards midnight 2. Enwy. 3. Answers
4. Hasting 5. Dope 6. Without practice 7. Cavil 9. Route
1. Sigrę
14. GrgQIII
8. Tango 19. Mourned 20, Cast off
21. Borer 25. Stye 26, Otto.

Page 5
News background
SLFP - an elepha
ice Premier : Keng Piao, who
was received by the Prime Minister with all the ceremonial fanfare, including bands, national anthems and a State drive, left on a quieter mote. Diplomats noted that there was no communique after this official visit, and journalists were disappointed at the absence of a press conference. They were particularly keen on getting a first-hand Chinese account of the confusing: situation in Indo-China,
- ܨ ܒ
Despite the low-key departure, Kcng Piao's visit deserves serious study not only by those interested in the general direction of Chinese foreign policy and its new thrust but also in Peking's attitude to Third World governments. Most of all, it has implications for the SLFP which has grown to believe in a “special relationship' with China. Mrs. Bandaranaike's 50-minute conversation with the Chinese leader will doubtless help her to assess the situation. A pleasing picture in the SLFP daily Dinakага" of Mr. Ratne Deshapriya Senanayake, President of the Sri Lanka-China. Friendship League, garlanding Mr. Keng Piao can hardly conceal the fact that the SLFP policy-makers have now to “swallow an elephant in the shape of Keng Piao's lavish praise for President Jayewardene and his government” policy.
Foreign policy has always been the SLFP's forte. The two most outstanding achievements in that sphere (the Indo-Ceylon agreement and the chairmanship of the nonalignment movement) lie to the credit of the SLFP and Mrs. Bandananaike. Though the UNP, for propaganda purposes pooh-poohed the summit, its many advantages, however invisible, are accruing to the present regime as surely as the benefits of the post 1975/76 upward trend in tea prices.
including
But the SLFP in its actual col defect-its subjec elphasis was pa and personal relat Tito, Indira, an sidered family f forgotten that: . specially in inte are founded on a of perceived in realpolitik.
When MI,
Secretary James China America's may have been p to exaggeration. Bangladesh war ( ion here) to the dramatic turn in can be observed, gly, China perce the TI lain enemy. ideolo ions, is subord fundaminental - intel
The London-re the lawyers, write: and the ex-Ambi the thinking' f argue that China for certain regim state-to-static rela evasiwer:4tionalis pure self-deceptic polite diplomacy 1 Minister Huang from'- Ngcwyr " Ycr Mobutu help. N courtesy that Ill Ankara Where TI trouble with NAT was preparing a With the interla stable, Peking anti-Soviet line mence. As it do { will objectively co term interests. A its current campai Sri Lanka's succes chairma Tı.
After Keng . Pi tam i radio annouT

int to swallow
s foreign policy, duct had a major ivism. Too much id to personalities ionships-Nasser, ! Chou werc conriends. It was lational policies, national affairs, stark appreciation terests, and on
Nixon's Defence Schlesinger called “quasi-ally', he remature or given But from the and that isu Trect- Kissinger trip, a Chinese policy Rightly or wronives the USSR as Everything else,
gical consideratlinated to that rest.
turned academics, is and journalists, issadors who do or the SLFP may 's' open support es is conventional tions. But this ation can prove in. It was not hat made Foreign Hua rush to Zaire k and promise br was it ordinary ide him go to urkey is having O, and Mr. Ecevit visit to Moscow. situation more s following its “ith greater vches so, its interests Incide with wesperfect example is gn against Cuba, ior as non-aligned
Io's visit, Pakis:ed proudly that
," ژبې =
.  ̄1 1
"the Bhutto era' in foreign policy
had come to an end since Peking had given its warmestiblessings to -General Zia. What of the Bandara
naike era?
Foreign policy was the SLFP's trump card. But when Brzezinski played the China card, it was J.R. who has been dealt a strong hand in Colombo. While the SLFP policy-planners may hawe to swallow an elephant, its future leaders like Mr. Anura Bandara naike may have to exorcise the lingering ghosts of 'Janavegaya" thought.
UNP dilemma
over TUs
/。 NP trade union bosses Ws. the corporation bureaucratsthat's the UNP's latest dilemma. The issue surfaced sharply at last week's Working Committee meeting.
UNP unionism, like SLFP unionism Lo some extet, thrives o State patronage and the prospect of patronage. Since the two major parties have shared power for more than 20 years, young men looking for jobs and others looking for promotion and other perquisites join up in SLFP or UNP organisations,. As a rule, they join the UNP or SLFP unions just before the elections depending on which party is in opposition or 'shadow' government. Thousands belong to these somewhat loose organisations while remaining members of other, usually Left-inclined unions, Their heart is in the union of their real' choice, but their self-interest lies in thic government or government-to-be. As the economic-andjob situation worsens-and it has kept worsening-the trend is event. stroñger.
Mr. J. R. Jayewardene is an "organisation man' and as part
3

Page 6
of the party's thorough re-organisation, he beefed-up the main units, including the trade unions, For the first time, the Jatika Sewaka Sangamaya became Something more than a name board.
Election wictory often means jobs-for-the-boys, particularly the key posts and the jobs with the perks. the State corporations which, unlike the government departments, enjoy a certain hire-and-fire (out go the blues, in come the greens or vice versa) interdiction-compulsory leave-punitive transfer autonomy.
As a result, July-August sawa "green guards' revolution of sorts. In the CTB, Port, Petroleum, Textiles, etc there was near pandemonium. Lake House was perhaps the most dramàtic example.
With its IMF-oriented economic policies, the government ha 5 Inade the corporations "performanceconscious'. The Treasury keeps saying 'no subsidies' "no loans' etc. This Tricans it cannot increase its cadre beyond a certain point. But the trade unions and the party supporters keep asking for Inore jobs, or better jobs, for the boys. Their criterion is "loyalty', and hard work in opposition. The reward is a job or a promotion.
But the corporations-or any -
institution-has to give due weightage to competence if 'economic efficiency is the government's main demand. So the UNP is caught between imperatives of its chosen policy, and political pressures on the party machine. The trade union bosses are caught in the crunch.
Government policy finds expression, for whatever its worth, in an impersonal "Job-Bank' but party interests would prefer the corporations to function as usualie. as free-wheeling employment exchanges where the UNP trade union boss is the placement-pronotion officer resident.
United Front to protect students
n issue - orien led "action front' of the SLFP, of the
This is specially true of
Old Left and the
just got off the first till C in y cal of a 14 parties li r Kelaniya to disc to protect studen rights. These inc LSSP, CP, JWP, other leftwing pa ideological inclirt from Maoist to Stalinist.
The LSSP and ting the move at level since - the L mand in Colomb to officially parti sions that include (Nava) of Mr. Wa kkara, who recently in the GCSU els
Though the '''tal confined to a political observe importance, to th Rank-and-file p is forcing each a and group, big () together on concil lar pressures, wit. youth Els the most are compelling tht to sink personal quarrels, and als international align Sure is all the S the defects of a fective opposition the extreme fragm sitional forces.
These ideas in found a voice in paper called “Na. which raises the s national front W people on the soc inspiration for Wenture Coles fri young politicians links with the P severed connection but still has it contacts With th ship. This group connections. With and the "new" L
The outcome talks came as a S after the fracas in before the JR - N sionʼʼ. An 44 Dnti - paign launched

New Left has ground. For the rs representatives met recently at Liss joint action
ts and student's
lude the SLFP, PDP and nine rties of various lations ranging Trotskyist and
CP аге supporthe provincial SSP High Comdoes not wish icipate in discusthe "rebel" LSSP
Lsudewa Nanaya
captured power !ctions.
lks were strictly single question rs attach some is development. ressure, they feel pposition party ir small, to act eteissues. Poph the unions and articulate groups ese organisations | and political ) ideological and ments. The prestronger because manifestly inefare raced to entation of oppo
cidentally, have a, I1e W Simıhal: for Lleratoroo logan of a united lich will lead the ialist path. The ihis journalistic опп a group of which hawe close DP that officially as with the U.F. тtiпnate pстsonal e U. F, leaderAlso las active both the SLFP eft grouря.
of the Kelaniya urprise especially in Kalawewa, just IM-Colvin “misLSSP poster camby other Left
groups led first of all to running battles between assorted "reds' with the local 'greens' plunging in With ful force. All SLFPoer said: "we were strictly non-aligned'.
"I'll resign' warns Anura
66f the party is not completely cleansed of all undesirable ellements after we start its re-organisation I am ready to resign......' warned Mr. Anura - BaIldara laike, " MP when he addressed an SLFP trade union Tecently.
MT. Bandaranalike said that the UNP was utt crly unpopular and even its top rung was aware of the vợters' disenchāntment with thẽ governillent. I now freely among the younger politicians of the UNP and I have heard their gräns and moans. Some of then prefer to stay in Colombo than go and facé their supporters who ask then questions about all the Tosy promises they gawe , and ihe job cards :: they filled up.
"But are we to be satisfied. With the thought that the UNP is unpopular? Must - we i mot ask the more positive question- "How popular is the SLFP" Speaking for myself, I am not very happy with the answer. We must Work positively to regain the SLFP's popularity.' .
Questioned on what steps he would recommend. Mr. Bandaranaike said that in the , proposed re-organisation, the SLFP will be

Page 7
thoroughly democratised. Every decision, starting from policy to selection of candidates for all the elections and party officials, will be decided by party. In embers through a secret ballot. "And this must start in Attainagalla' he said. (Attainagalla is the constituency of paTty leader Mrs. Siriuawo Bandaranaike). "It must also apply, the added, “to Madawachichiya, Kolonnawa, Dompe, and of course Nuwara, Eliya.” I
(These are the constituencies contested last year by Messrs Maitripala Seman Elyakci, T. B. Ilångaratne, Mr. Felix Dias Bandaramaike and Mr. Anura - Bandaranaike.)
"In this way, party supporters can freely and democratically get rid of unpopular and is undesirable ele IIents in the SLFP.'
Shan, 13 CPs, take Albanian line
M N. San Luugathasan - who split the Communist party of Ceylon over the Sino-Soviet ideological disputc in the early 1960's, has now joined 13 other MarxistLeninist parties (many illegal) throughout the world in making a formal break with Peking and adopting the anti-Mgscow, antiPeking Albanian line.
Before Kampuchea, the Albanian party was the sole ruling C.P. to Support the Chinese. A fortnight ago, politburo member Ramaz Alia led a stinging i attack on China's "three worlds theory'. The rally was attended by party chief Enver Hoxha.
Fourteen C.P.'s, including Mr. Sanmugathasan's Ceylon Commun
ist party, have now held "special
conferences' and produced similar resolutions on this theory. The parties concerned are: the C.P. (Marxist-Leninist) of Argentina, the Brazilian C.P., the C.P. (M-L) of Greece, the C.P. (M-L) of Bolivia, the C.P. (M-L) of Columbia, the C.P. (M-L) of Italy, the Revolutionay C.P. of Chile. the Portuguese C.P. (reconstructed), the C.P. (M-L) of Britain, the C.P. of Germany,
the Marxist-Leni dor, the Commur the Revolutionar A faction in th Kerala is als Albanian line. '
It is now cle C00-Cordilated i II Tirana at a cor year. Mr. San the meeting.
The 2000 word Ceylon C.P. ma principal points:
(1) The theo on a class anal fore un-Marxist.
(2) The divis to three worlds that US imperi: defensive leads and opportunist Third World F United, and sur imperialism, in o oppose Soviet soc
(3) While cont these two shoul Peking theory is this tact tc, and I of revolutionary İlÖWeİleritŞ.
(4) The rewc country is prima the internal 're but the Threc W to the support cVen fascist forc. fore class collab
(5). Thus thre rush to defend 2
Therely because from "Soviet so and cannot for Sadat's betrayal Tevolution.
(6) On the ol to the support of (Japan, West Geri in support of NA. are all exploiters WOT."
To consider tİ as a higппogепеanti - Marxist - L which ignores the each - Thi Tad Worl Linent and Tuling

nist C.F. of Ecuahist party of Spain,
C.P. of Uruguay. .
Le C.P. (M-L) of supporting the ” - ar that this is a ove plaПпеđ in iference held last
gathasan attended
resolution of the kes the following
y is NOT based ysis and is there
ion of the world and the view lism is on the to the dangerous ic line that all orces should be ppOrt even LS der to isolate and ial imperialism.
radictions between d be exploited the
a varicature" of larns the interests ".. and liberation
lution in Irily directed at actionary forces, orld's theory leads of reactionary and es, and is thereOrationist.
World theorists Zaire, Somalia etc. hey's break away cial imperialism', example condemn of Palestinian
ther had it leads esser imperialisms many, Britain etc.) TO, the EEC, who of this third
le Third World
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'minist concept,
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d state, govern
grouբ,
each .
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Page 8
| International news
Chill winds over de
rejecting Dr. Castro's flat deilial i Cof CLuban
the invasion of Zaire's province by Katangan rebels, President Carter questioned in effect
the Cuban leader's homesty. Cas
tro, for his part, minced no Words in calling Dr. Brzezinski a "liar and "a manufacturer of lies. While the New York Times has described the Carter i administration's allegations against Cuba 'unworthy of US displопасy to begin with the Latin American correspondent of the Christian Science Monitor reported that the White House views "fly in the face of publicly advanced statements by
- H Abrasiwe phase
Carter's leadership or lack. of it, became one of the global issues that come to trouble allies, friends and even foes. Therefore, those who cxpected him to give
in his Annapolis address were disappointed.
But the speech accurately reflected not only Carter's split mind and that of his ilwo principal aides, but also thal of the American public which wants the Fresident to be tough with the | Russians while, at the same time,
prů5Erwing detentė.
My feeling is that the search for agreements to reduce the risk of war will go on even Ilore intensively, though progress will be slow.
Soviet = ACTiCan Irelation5 : Te entering a more abrasive competitive phase which will keep Messrs Wance and Brzezinski very busy in their respective roles and the world increasingly on tenterhooks.
Henry Brandon (Londor "Siday Tine")
involvement in
Shaba
his foreign policy a clear focus
used Times called a "
more
Sri track if தீர்grசர,
both CIA directi ner a Intl. Defence Brown. The C now. "under con: to count up wi support for the clairls. A Weck public informatio by releasing a C
White House whi.
in what
alay widespread Admillist Tation is a “con -job”no the . A rTerica 1 pu" over the Tonkin
Whether the ''', Teal substance or cullstantial", the been a suddeg n plu. relations which wi cing towards nor
The presence c bastion of rewolu ally on the door
United States, the capitalism market
juxtaposition that an open super-p tion during the Since then relati countries have sla improved.
-En Inost offici: US sees this posi
 
 
 

ġar 2 big mar: BrಘEzhki
)r + Stansfield Tursecretary Harold IA, the added, is siderable i pressu Te th" COITO borating administration's
later the C.I. A IŠ in officer obliged
A memo to the bean states, notably Jamaica and
chi has since been the New York public effort' to fears that the trying to pull t unlike the way blic was fooled
Gulf incident.
evidence' has no is merely 'cirend-result has nge in US-Cuban ere slowly advan
nalisation.
if little Cuba, a tion and a Soviet
stop of the giant
cita del of World such an abrasive it nearly led to lower confrontamissiles, crisis. Jinis between the
owly but steadily
āccThts, tie tive development
as a direct outcome of Cuba's
renunciation of its role as “an ex
porter of revolution" to a chronically Wolatile Latin America which is North America's backyard, and traditional sphere of influence, and huge investment. I and a vast area for extractive exploitation. In ideological terms, the transition is characterised as a welcome change from adventurous Guevarism to a realistic Castroism.
' == '=';
Many American analysts however credit Castro with much more. The leading Latin American specialist of the Georgetown Centre for Strategic Studies, in Washington, calls it Castro's “multi-track policy'. Its main features are:
"internal consolidation; econo:
mic End political.
* intelligent, mutually advantageous identification of close, cömmon interests with other Carib
Guyala. Ë
,
* clever use of the basic con
tradiction between US economic
hegemony and the domestic, econo
mic interests of each Latin Ameri
can state, whatever its political structure or ideological inclina tion.
"establishment of diplomatic relations with so many members of the US-sponsored O.L.A.S. that a majority no longer supported Washington's policy of *isolating" Cuba.
Thus, Cuba gradually succeeded in breaking out of the circle of American containment.
蚤 Though the US trade embargo continues, diplomatic offices (special interests sections) have been Opened in Washington and Hawana. Why then this sudden aboutface P. The ostensible F. Teason is Cuba's African role. It's clear
-

Page 9
however... that the cold gusts over the Caribbean are only part of the
chill winds blowing through Soviet
Americal relations. the-Wall Since ti just the NATO strike that Inteting in Washington, the Carter the FCruwiant Administration's Big Four opened Fales - Bermud up on Moscow. The barrage by imposed 많
Thc strike wa: (Continued on page 9) sharp increase
prices. As a gency elections ټايپي ـــ * * Assembly wer tanga tangle. Junė || 4 to Juni P at Carter's vigorous char- tuent Assembl ges, that Cuba bore responsi- pave the way bility for last month's invasion of Zaire were unworthy of U.S. government at diplomacy to begin with. They political chaos 醬 Zuil ::: e Nayу шапу. оf cept by a kind of guilt-by-association. They undoubtedly inflar under detentio med U.S. pašsion for no discere A nearly
· nible good reason. And th not resist too threatened for a few days this wະ thEastering * dit: to enboil the U.S. presidency .MF. ETT in another Tonkin-like test of de:Walucid, i fod credibility in which a proud and 50% and trans
ising new President would
E. to tangle in the pits with, T n ಟ್ವಿಟ್ಟ! of all people, Fidel offered a 3-y リ of 750 million 罪 莒| CLITEDtaCCLII
So just one more time around its to rust. the bush: 芋|苇 1980). Success The Carter administration was : 醬*晶器
eager from the start to assume
that the Katangan invaders of Zaire were Havana's puppets. Kuwait, Qatar Yet Katargans, progressively sup- ༈ ཅང་མ་ ፵ኝ Bl 醬 адd “Mr. Sada
inally. Angolans, hawę tryi h for nearly tw. ad83ם-tס 蟹 יiםwn", םn his m
醬
15 iTCT1 cently based 3 DÖDng 謚藍醬| in Angola, and carryibg. Western... Sino as Well as Soviet arms, they have kept at it. They have been tolerated and indeed, წუზჭე | * the Aಣ್ಣ: gÖWEErinçti: road Gell. obutu has bicon giving, aid and arms tors enemies. - -
Many of the Kagans were ട്ടിട്ടു. undoubtedly trained by Cubans, nel of the h whose forces stand guardi over Ο Wi Pr the Angolan regime. Cubans may X-/ in Vice Fre. have prepared the Katangans for five-day = stayin the latest invasion, as Mr. Carter to Colombo was :: ಙ್ಗರೆ 器 discouraged opening of the
TT TOT 'It IEE WAT 3 tr | insists, So what? o now Karakoram High
ith ith way which took invo*Eer: M;"ဠိမျိုး: ၊ ခြီးမြို့မြို့ဖြုံ to build is i ån. A இ a hand in link between 常 rescuing thc Mobutu government, Islamäbaditse and giving its bankrupt treasu °__、甲 yet another infusion. Zairc China's strategi
mess and seems destined to re--
in a mess for along time. hile Western ဂျိုးနှီဖွံဖြိုနိူင်္ဇွို On ole of his O Africa as it Litas-F see yyiyyikiyyyyyyySSS ZSZZSS
t Katanganores OEDILLL15 it the Chinese goW
- The New
H F, EF him construct thi
sinkiang province
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

MF, PERU,
ze of a general nents may in part be due to the paralysede Lima, realisation that:further un conapital, čGeneral Mo- fortable doses of economic incidiez, the El Presidcnti cinc i will have to Gbs, swallowed ate of Emergency. later this year" the Francial is a protest against Times reported. It adds: "Als in food and petrol though political considerations 鬣 result of the emer-, ensure that Saudi Arabia will not to the Constituent abandon President Sadat, the saue postponed from dis have let it be known" that 萱| e 18. The Consti- they wish to see a much stricters Was expected to program of Cconomic control in to parliamentary Egypt' er a decade Dif Commenting editorially on the and military rule. S IMF's policics 器 醬 the candidates are Friarcial Tries observed: 堑
°_________5
"The prescint. Peruvian crisis. .and similar difficulties facing the S تقع ضمنهضه ಟ್ಗಞ್ಞ! E. Jamaican authorities raise yet. ated to it by the again the question of the appro
Feruvian - sol was priateness of the demands that it
PnPy the Fund makes on developing: poft costs by 40% countries as the is price for its the I. M. F. ha. assistance, Austerity measures which ear standby:
dollars. (Egypt's) rich countries such as Britain fil
deficit is expected Eburdensome but in the last event Ellion dollars up to E tolerable can have devastating ef-li 'ಖೊಟ್ಣ sects on the political and economic 蠶醬 fabric of poorer countries. As at consortium or Arab least one Minister indicated last ing of Saudi Arabia, week the Fund's lattitude to and the UAE developing countries may well it's present crack- hawe to come under closer scrutiny
TE vigorous Õpp- in the future'
China ...این، میرسد .a
ITE responded at ce to التي
request of its ဖြုံး is Asian
ally by-placing at Pakistan's seryice several hundred engineers and a
skilled workforce of over 10,000.
... In a brilliant collaborative tappier moments operation, Pakistan and Chinese ni, Keng Piao's engineers then finished the job in
Pakistan en route less than 4 yCâTS. リ
the ceremonial -
500 mille long This i Reuter despatch explains its way. This high- wider significance:
early 20 years. China will
Il-weather road- get GE *back door
access to the Middle East and Africa
ikistan's capital,
new city, and # Truch quicker route cally important 출 、
The new highway, connecting with a railhead in China, will cut days - perhaps weeks-off the 4ist A :eாலrேளciல்
able? Persade weste fi :rnment to help
is major Toadway. (Continued on page fr)
many visits to

Page 10
Did
by Harischandra Mendis (The author, ar. rey-a-law is the secretary of "Friends of Pakis fari...')
Z ikar-Ali Bhutto and several others were charged with conspiracy to murder one Ahmed | Raza Kasuri, a political opponent, and the consequential killing of Kasuri's father. At first, one was made : tÓ "bélieve, mainly from the
numerous handouts liberally distri:
- butcd by the local embassy, that
High Court and that the trial Court was to consist of the Acting
Supreme Court
*
Bhutto had a fair trial. But from the news that has been leaking through the heavy censorship in Pakistan, Iainly to the Western press, and from the information provided by recent wisitors to that country, far from having had a fair triål Bhutto Securs :: tÓ Tibe the victim of a big political conspiracy.
The appeal against the convic
tion and the sentence of death passed on Bhutto and his men was taken up on the 20th May and is being argued before the of Pakistan at Rawalpindi. It is being argued in a tense atmosphere, where even young boys and respected journalists are being flogged in public on the orders of summary military tribunals. However, it is expected that Bhutto and his men will be released after several weeks of argument, since the material in favour of then is voluminous
i and overwhelming and the Supreme
Court of Pakistan renowned for its independence, is likely to withstand any pressure that may be
brought to beat on it.
When Bhutto and the other accused became aware that they
were to be tried by the Lahore
Chief Justice and four other judges, they filed application before the Supreme Court challenging the constitution of the Court on certain - wery valid grounds. The
Bhutto
get
t0 have bCard these applicatio I court). The - ac very seriousal against the Act. who was tio ( pro court. A judge, allowed bail to cluding Bhutto, as a judge of t he was suddenly Secretary.
TE accused to take up thi fore the trialici Chief Justice, trial court whi allegations oft self, and dismiss even without a Imination of the Acting Chief prudent to hea Ellegations of bi; made by the form facing a capital missed them stat Was iš lot beingh Chief Justice all Bench of Five jı
1. The other obj accused that b fact that the Ac had been appoi tions Commissio Constitution de Elections Comm ing any other dismissed. In local embassy's judgement are a Teason for the objection by wh disqualification the ACJ.
The presecutic Bhutto, when he | ster in 1974 bec political oppone Razač Kasui San the Director - G
Supreme Court, without going into ral Security Forc
the merits of these, applications
directed the accused to take the before the trial court at the very outset. It would have becn. In ore appropriate for the Supreme Court
S
through some is of the i said Fo killing of Kasu of 10, 11.74, it Ahmed Khan K
 

and disposed of 1s (by the superior cused had made legations of bias ing Chief Justice, side over the trial
who had earlier the accused in
Was not included
he trial court, for shifted as a legal
had no option but St ಆಶ್ಚಟ್ಣ btourt. The Acting 3resided over the cill heard Warious
bias against him
2d these allegations Zotmprehensive exascallegations. The ustice i thought it r the very serious
as against himself .
er Prime Minister
charge and dising that the “matter eard by the Acting ne, but by a large idges."
cction takem by the y virtue of the ting Chief Justice hted Chief Eccmer, ånd that the barred the Chief issioner from holdoffice, was also act, none of the excerpts from the ble to give any lismissal of this ich a wery strong was attached to
Il case was that
was. Prime Minisame angry with a nt called Ahmed di conspired with neral of the Fede:e, and the latter, bordinate officers rce, planned the ri on the night ut insteadli killed asuri's father.
There are many suspicious, 5iIā апd. unsavoury features in the case. The motive proved against the ex-PM was a statement minade in the National Assembly and quoted from the Hansard. After an exchange of words in the Assembly, Bhutto had told Kasuri; "I have had enough of you. Absolute poison'...And I will not tolerate your nuisance'. They were obviously words uttered in the heat of argument, suddenly and without any pre-Ineditation, These words were accepted as eviidence of motive and that Bhutto conceived an idea of killing Kasuri when i hcuttered these words in the ಙ್ಗ! issembly in the
11_1 is
heat of debate. . . --
The Ilain witnesses in the case are in the 2 approvers, Musood Mohad M:hr:Illud and Gulam -- Hussein. The term“Approver' is used in India and Pakistal to denote who have been given -- pardons to become itate witn s. Invariably, the is approvers who are made witnesses are lesser degree parlicipants in the crime whose aid is solicited to helps the State prove the case. But the strange thing in this case is, that the main participants in the alleged crime are approvers, while the minor or subordinate, participants who carried out the directions of the Federal Security Force, who allegedly planned the whole crime, is an approver, while M. M. Abbas, his subordinate, who carried out the direc
tions of the fore are accused. * Thus Masso od Mahmud, who was
the Director General of the Federal Security. Force, who allegedly planned the whole crime, is an approver, while his assistants, Mustafa and --Iqbal, sub - Inspectors, who carried out his directions, are accused, It is really the leaders, who planned and directed operations, who have become wit. nesses against those who carried out their orders. . . .
:----
The only evidence Econnecting
Bhutto, with the conspiracy is that
Musood Mah

Page 11
mud. It is a universally accepted principle of evidence that am ac
complice's evidence must be accep-.
ted with great caution. This is done for several reasons. An accomplice is likely to swear fals. sely to shift the guilt from himSelf. As a participant in crime, and hence as an immoral person he is likely to disregard the sanc
tion or an oath. Also, since he
gives evidence in the hope of a pardon, he has an interest in the prosecution case. Apart from this rule, both in India as well as Pakistan, an apprower's evidence has to satisfy a double test. His evidence must show that he is a reliable witness and he must also receive sufficient corroboration. There does not seem to be any acceptable evidence to corroborate Masood MahITud, who alone implicates Ali Bhutto. In fact several pages of the Lahore High Court judgement in the case are a pathetic apology for lack-of corrobøration.” . Thẽ- Gwidệmẽc Df witness Saeed Ahmed Khan, though clai. med to be corroborative of the charge of conspiracy, does hardly touch on the conspiracy at all. In fact as a last resort to give legal justification for the verdict, -the Court has resorted to the most far-fetched and the least desirable type of evidence as the following paragraph of the judgement demonstrates.
" . "However, according to the Court, this was a fit case in which the confession could be taken into consideration to give strength to the .. ewideInce of A Dmir B3dshan Khan & Faizal Ali. There is not only the confession which can be pressed into service for the above -purpose. There are also confessional statements made under Section 342 of the CR. P.G.
The confessions refered to o are the confessions of co-accused pressed into service (Military style) against co-accused. Some of the accused, who made confessions withdrew them alleging duress and Lbreats. In a country where jourmalists are flogged and jailed after summary trial for publishing proBhutto news of peaceful protest, or young boys uttering pro-Bhutto slogans a Te publicly given lashes
after summary trial by military,
fence,
courts, One COL value to be place
-quite apart fгоп
IIuity attached to even when take civil conditions.
There were se that the accused given the facilitic their defence. It tain stage, Bhutt inportant witness, was still under C withdrew his is lawyers, when he 'We're not allowed properly. The C pted to assign c. at state - expense. thwarted by his operate with th to him by the Col. allo Wed t COldL
But he examine and to "in - camera" pro felt that his des greatly ha imperek participation wol, the Court to giv
World that a fail
held. Ewen WhĘ Tilake a statemen 342 of the Cr. E it was not being tely, refused to : he was taken ti application throu tendent of the P it be recorded pi
Wille the trial General Zia's Co. pe - judicial to t. case. There was rule for him. In in the Pakistani in interviews give dents and over tel hе паatie highly
iments about the ai and almost pass advance against
The Western E that Gelderal Zia Lial Law. Administ had a conference of Lahore High Bhuttox and the few days before given.
It is i because { many Western p. them unsympathe

ld imagine the ed on confessions, the legal infirsuch confessions 1 шпdeт погпа1
rious allegations
were not being is necessary for 1 faci, after a cer(), while a very Gulam Hussein, ross-examination rictions to his : felt that they to defend him out them attem
unsel to Bhutto.
This too was refusal to coe lawyers given urt. He was then Ict his own defused to crossparticipate in the ceedings, as he ence w Els being i and that his ld only enable e the rest of the : ttial was being I he tried to t under section . C., he felt that recorded accurasign it, and after jail, sent an gh the Superin
rison, asking that .
горегlу.
was iп pгоgress induct was highly he accused in the no 'sub judice' statements both
and foreign press
en to corresponevision and radio, disparaging stateccused in the case !d judgement in theпп,
ress also reported the Chief Marrator of Pakistan, with the judges Court trying other accused a judgement it was
f the above that
apers-several of
tic to Bhutto
- the "fir"
claim that the former premier of "Pakistan did not have a fair trial.
How is it then possible that
after the overthrow of Prime
Minister Bhutto, his greatest political rival Pathan leader Wali Khan, found guilty by a Pakistani Court of high treason and sentenced to a lengthy pгізon term, has been set free
Chill winds . . .
(Corfired frarf page 7)
Brzezinski, Brown, Wance and Carter himself was obviously - well orchestrated. But was it purely. rhetorical and propagandist? Or had it some serious content and therefore policy implications?
The Americam “offensiye" assumed the following for I:
a) linking SALT, human rights issues and the Soviet Tole in Africa. b) American blessings for a NATO - inspired (mainly French) intervention in Zaire. c) Brzezinski's "China card", and Peking's intensification of its anti-Soviet campaign, With a selective target in Cuba within the non-aligned world. With memories of the KissingerRogers row, Washington oligists see Brzezinski's hawkish hand rather than Wance's "soft line in the hardening anti-Soviet attitude. This could be a typical error of American reportage and comment with its proclivity for "personalizing" situations, especially conflicts. As an experienced British observer moted, "The two men represent an ambiguity that exists in Carter's
mind and character'.
Two other commentators offer a more objective explanation. In "Carter moves right in quest of popularity", Geoffrey Sperling in šalys that Carter hopes to regain popular favour, by showing "toughness' to the Soviet Union, and getting tough on domestic economic issues, mainly social welfare spending.
Both Sperling and David Bell
(Friarcial Tires) agree that “the period of post-Wietnam isolationism' is over and public opinion demands a President who stands up to the Soviet leaders'.

Page 12
Chiпа ()
New perceptions of su
by Chintaka
"Our shared yiews. OutWeigh
Brzezinski, Mr. Carter's National Security Adviser, after thic days of talk with the Chinest Icaders in Picking. Next week, China's Foreign Minister Mr. Huang Hua led a severe attack on the superpowers and their stand Cin disarmanent but was particularly savage in his criticism of Sowict policies. On Junc 5th, Mr. Huang Hua was in Zaire, the first important Chinese leader to visit Africa since Premier Chou's historic tour. There, he promised aid to President
gur differences' said, Abigniew --
Mobutu in his fi forçcs of Gem. Na of the Congo Na Front in Shaba p launched a vitrio S0 viet Union an Sino-Soviet relatic hostile and Sino-A show stady innpr. OWitt islands all it pediment ti Japanesc Treaty. study of China's iOS Off the inter "and its view of
th. Third World,
ME; Huang Hua's recent broadside at the Soviet Union as "the more aggressive of the two superpowers” and “the most dangerous Source of a tiew world War", was a stark reminder of how får the World-view of the Chinese Communist Party has changed since the day, 55 years ago, when (in an essay dated July 23rd). Mao Tsetungstated pithily, that “America is the most murderous of hangmen.' This view of the U.S. as the principal, though mot necessarily sole, enemy of China and the world's masses, persisted'in Mao's thinking and the policy of the C.C.P. under his leader-ship until Toughly a decade ago. The important exception was of course, the period of the second world War where the Fascist powers were setem as the main enemics.
However, after the war in 1946, Mao reverted to his view in his famous interview with Anna Louise Strong-the interview in which he Eide his statement that the atom bomb is a paper Liger”. - In the course of this discussion he said, in his customarily pungent manner: "The people of all countries. should unite and struggle against the attacks of the U.S. reactiona ties and their running dogs". In the post-war period, when the U.S. actively backed Chiang Kai Shek during thic civil : waT , Mao put it thusly: “U.S. imperialism
O
and its running Shek have repla trialism and its r Ching Wei and icies of turning ČOlony, la Lunchi strengthening th ship".
This was inti A, foreign policy period was in line of the Co beën newly esta The hottest poi Was the Koren volпnteers fгопп state hurled bac siwc-a n offensi perceived as no tu - People's Chil dangerous one b. a precedent by i of the Socialist Korca. Accordin fairly recent stu eign policy, Mao in favour of th wention during debate, Mao's the fighting in
Mao's view o as chief advers once again in his ing thc people of i NobčT. I "People's of the defeat the U.S. their running do Ma listed U.

|perpowers
ght inst the thaniel Mbumba tical Liberatic31 row incC. He also lic attack on the Cuba. While ns remain shaply Inerican relations YILIęñt, a disputi: Okinawa is still * I - W -- SinThis essay is a changing pErepational situation, the USSR and
dog Chiang Kai
ced Japanese imp
umrling dog Wang adopted the polChina into a U.S. g a civil Wат апd e fascist dictator
1947 and Mao’s- in the post-war ceeping With the inform which had blished that year. It of the cold war
conflict in which the infant socialist :k the U.S. offenive which Mao t merely a threat na, but as a doubly cause it established
invading a member.
camp i.e. North g to John Gittings' iy of Chinese forpersonally decided e Chinese interthe inner-party eldest son died in Korea.
f the United States ary cari be seen stateпent sшpportthe Congo, issued 64. In it he said, te world, unite a Tid aggressors and all gs!'" In July 1966, Simp crialism’“ be
fore "Soviet revisionism" and "Japanese reaction' as being the forces which opposed the newly launched Cultural Revolution. At the 9th Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1969 which Mao attended, U.S. imperialism was listed preceeding, but in the coIInpany of, Soviet imperialism. However, the October 6th 1972 issue of the Peking Review stated that 'Soviet social imperialism is more dangerous that the old style imperialist countries."
It is clear that between the 9th Party Congress of '69 and the 10th of '73 the CCP had changed its opinion of the United States as its chief antagonist. In his report to the 19th Congress Chou El-lai itemized the two central contradictions on a global scale as firstly being between the two superpowers, and secondly between the two superpowers on the one hand and the rest of the world" people on the other, China's statesments and actions since the early 70's prove conclusively that her perception of the U. S. has drastically changed. Mr. Huang Hua's speech at the UN General Assembly's current Special Scssion on Disarmament is just another case in point, though its vitriolic tone had surprised even Westen Chia-Watchers.
What then of China's view on the-Soviet Union, and her relations
with it? One can identify several broad phases in the relationship
between the two countries and their Communist parties. The first lasted up to 1956, the year of the 20th Congress of the CPSU. For Mao, China's relationship with Russia under Stalin was indeed The Greatest. Friendship'-to use the words with which Mao entitled the article he wrote on the death of Stalin.
Despite certaintactical differeces, which occured mainly due to factional struggles within the Comintern, distance between the

Page 13
two countries, and extremely difficult communications which sometimes led to misinformation in Moscow of concrete conditions of the rapidly unfolding struggle in China, it is clear that Mao always regarded Stalin with admiration, respect and gratitude. (In fact, it has been calculated that the largest number of quotations from a single source contained in the first 4 volumes of Mao's selected works25% to be exact-are those from Stalin). The high point of this greatest friendship was the signing. in February 1950 by Stalin and and Mano, of a 30 year Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Aid" which gave China tremendous confidence in the face of U.S. interwention in Korea.
The second phase originated in 1956. According to an official CCP statement during the Open PoleImics in '63 “the differences of principle in the international communist movement began with the 20th Congress of the CPSU in 1956, which was the first step along the road of revisionism taken by the leadership of the CPSU". The differences began with Kruschev's repudiation of Stalin and the CCP's criticism of it, but subsequently ranged over a wide variety of issues. The main issue was the strategic posture of thc international communist movement. Kruschev wanted some sort of accommodation with the U.S. modifying Lenin's policy of peaceful coexistence"- which was originally meant as a tactical retreat, and in any case was operative only in the realm of inter-state relations and never intended to be the in Ein international policy-line of the communist parties.
Mao on the other hand argued thin the world correlation of forces favoured socialism and national liberation movements-a view that Stalin had expressed in his final speech to the Soviet Communist Party at its 19th Congress of 1952. Mao thought, that rather han adepting a defensive - or status-quoist strategy, the World communist movement should pass ouer to the strategic offensive-the 3rd phase of his Peoples War Strategy. At the Moscow confeence in November 1957 i Malco
stated his Wiew fashion: "In international si arrived at a ne, two great Winds i That is the East world) and the opinion, the fill of the presents East Wind is p
West Wind, TI
are infinitely m the imperialist sidered the Soy the JSA in ru first sputnik is an be a decisive if: balance of foct
Basing itself like Imperialism of Capitalism'. : War, the Chines rejected Krusche Wats, could and in a nuclear er: lead to a woT holocaust. The Lenin and Stali Wars were inevi imperialism cxis Very nature, im ressive and e3 Chinese C.P. Inc. KrLSchew’s oth possibility of a mcntry - rČåd til Mao Teiterated orthodoxy by political power barrel of a gun CCP charged K stituting "peacef the correct polic internationalism'
Yet, in the ir phase, China's c constructive and after the Mosco Mao stated, tha earth eould sep; and the PRC, a speech to 7000 that "party and in the Soviet usurped by i rewi Won't last long.' officially publish At the Otl Ple in September 196 and Japanese re asi Chilla’s en Soviet Union,

in characteristic ny opinion, the uation has now stage. There are In the world today. Wind (the socialist West Wind. In my damental featuTe ituation is that the rewaiing over the |c socialist forces pre powreful than огсеš. Мао сопets headstart over clicar rocketry (the d the ICBM) to ctor in the world is at thc tin Ine.
in Leninist classics : the highest stage ind “Socialism and e Communist Party w's contention that
should be averted a since they would ld wide atomic
CCP argued, as n had done, that Euble so long as
ted, since, by its
perialisin was agg(pansionist. The st strongly rejected at thesis of the
peaceful parliaa socialism, and
Marxist-Leninist stating that "all flows from the '. In time, the ruschew with subcoexistence" for :::y of “proletarian
litial stages of this riticisms were both comradely, and w meeting in 57 it "no power on atte' the USSR 1962 though, in cadres, Mao Said state leadership Union has been sionists, yet it
This speech was
ned only in 1967.) Enur of the CCP 2, USimperialism' action' were listed tes-and not the By the next year,
parties either
Chinese criticism of the CPSU as well as that party's rejoinders had changed in tone to one of rancour and hostility. During this phase, Peking adopted a policy of unity and struggle vis a vis the CPSU, seeking to outflank it from the left by sharp polemics and vigorous assistance to national liberation movements. It is important to note that in this period several of the most important communist openly supported (Albania) or sympathized with the Chinesę Line (North Wietnam, North Korea and Japan). Today's friction between Wietnam and Chima is a sharp rennin der of the changes that have taken place in China's foreign policy over the years.
Next: Crucial turning point
Sino Pak
(Соптiлиеd fѓorл page 7)
The twisting highway, caTwed out" of the walls of piountains,
climbing 15,000 feet over the Khun
jrab Pass and crossing swirling torrents fed by surrounding glaciers, will speed goods and equipment towards the port at Karachi for trans-shipment.
The highway also opens up remote areas of Pakistan, peopled by tribes whose main contact with the outside world has been through a small barter trade across the border with China.
It should also open up to tourism the northern Inountainsextensions of the Himalayas-that are at present served only by two small airstrips.
The opening of the highway, after 20 years of labour during which much of the necessary explosives and 'supplies could get through only on the backs of porters, also coines at a convenient time for Pakistan.
It is seen as strengthening Chinese influence here at a time when Pakista Tı is conceTTned about the Soviet Union's next step after the successful pro-Communist coup in neighbouring Afghanistan.
1.

Page 14
People
Free speech defender
he most powerful journalist
in the World is how the Ainerican diplomat and journalist, Edward Sheen, called him, but that his not deterred President Anwar Sadat fronin placing i Nasser hero worshipper Mohammed Hassancin Heikal, under house arrest. When he was 24 Heikal had already become an internationally renowned journalist, but Nasser
Hassarreiri Heikal
* ! זנָfirי{{{Réri
was unimpressed when he met him for the first time saying that he expected to sce an older man. But soon Heikal through his emotive writing was spelling out the philosophy of the Arab revolution and pointing his finger to the philosopher behind it all-Gamal Abdel NasseT.
That Heika should continue to spell out the philosophy of the Arab revolution is not surprising, what is surprising is that Anwar Sadat who was himself hand in glove with this power behind the throne is no longer amused by Heikal's frank speech. A powerful defender of the freedom of speech Heikal has transformed the Al Ahram from a dying newspaper into a model of journalistic excellecce... Heikal's arrest has
not gone unnotic protest is blowin, world.
OW W.
Dog, of Course dog, but the Atl unist daily, was animal was now the bones. The expression of Lhi article written by ecto and One ti of the Dirlainia Manikkaratchię, of Martin Wick time editor of the seems to have p) aratchie was the paid by Joseph
nationally famed was here recent inaugural lecture
Martill Wickrema: novelist and pi Sinhallå fiction. stick to the su suggested Manil has taken upon the World that " inside the skull renaisinghe”. A trained to plead dent to "Oh keep O With his : it up again.'
“Glory of t
They call i hii of the Ten Con als 0 "The Well-fu they have donc b of the Alchemist the Elixir'. The: efforts made by translate what th in the pain an Joseph Needham monutmental "Sci atio i China last month he V an inaugural : le
 

ed - a stom of g over the Arab
WOW
!, does not cat htha, the commaghast that the ewen chlewing up occasion for the s disgust was an Lake House dirme feature Writer Sisir Kumara on the subject :rena singhe, one ; Dilanilla. What owoked Manikkglowing tribute Needham, interSinologue, who ly to make the on his friend singha, Writer and donezer of Incode:Tn Needham should bject hic s knows, kkaIratchie, ʼ Whc3 himself to tell "there is nohing Martin Wickthitha Was Congwith the Presidog får hemce...- ails he will dig
:he elixir”.
ill. "The Taoist tellations', Arld led Lute'. But etter with: "GloW '' and 'Glory of y are the many
the Chinese to by think is hidden d simple na Ine, , author of the ence and Civilis. In Sri Lanka as here to make :ture in memory
of Martin Wickremasinghe. Asked about his recent visit to Chima. Needham referred to the Gang of Four as G4, not so Inuch in limitation of chemical formulac but because of his dislike of communist jargon. Theythe G4 - he said, were a heretical sect, a pheneomenon that is rare in Asian history when compared with Europe's. Needham was relieved to find them out of the way and welcomed the scientific spring blooming now.
The real reason
People no longer recognise him as quickly as they did, says still handsome Cary Grant (74). One reason is that Grant has not been in the movies for the si last twyfelwe years and so has been somewhat out of touch with his fans. But
Lrgo Lraf "Hak'é W effrages rhaf Frič, slag"
Grant thinks he knows the real reason, , aIld it is Illot - håTd to guess from the picture the Herald Tribune published of him recently. He is mot decciwed, hČ says. whiêm people still say, "You still look great". But Cary Grant is more realistic, “What's going om in their heads is the disappointment at how I do look. Then they immediately Wonder to themselves, "My Gawd, have - I changed that much tool'

Page 15
et up flour mill may be we have portunity of the Minister's st off in American flour ဖြုံး"ဝှိုးမျို"; ... " rice and boast Raising the four FachieweTInent. Bu
trying to fool W's a proof of its bone fides of sleight of han
the first thing that the Uniled government is National Party did on assuming this country. Gi office was to abolishi the 25 cents them. hospital stamp fee and reduce the price of flour... But in the past II months it has increased the price of a countless number of goods. The indications are that. in expectation of aid from imperi- | alist institutions the present goverment is bound to up the price of flour to Rs. 1.12 or even more, raise bus fares (as it is doing പ് and be forced to cut health a education facilities. Th latter date is riot far, to judge front present trends. If it does not do that not only would the Mahaweli scheme beinjeopardy, but the loss of aid would be a threat to the existence of the government
caught the ima of the world. courage of the rightly won hin of men of gooi Today that bold alled. That is cel fault. But in economic впd آیند...
* Egypt, -he is . sh signs of over-re: Hiticisms of politi exportrice of the 器體 l easy country to o great is the amount of rice is protest can sud we have now that for the first: it did in the fi time in the history of this country food prices las are can export rice, says the Fin-spark to a fore e Minister Mr. Ronnie de Mel-does not justify esterday's Observer. To anybody of hostility to ih average intelligence it must Egyptian andfg appear that either the Minister is led him to corn joking or that a government paper med Heikal, eas is making him out to be a joker. known journalist Either explanation is acceptable Haw. Mr. Heik to us. If we have enough rice prominent writer for export then why on earth do dered to appear We continue to import rice and 2 secutor for inve
price i
i
Time for Sa
So easy to
ܠܐ ܨܒܝ.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

However that always had the exporting rice in yle bypacking it ships that bring
eships that bring
==
-- 彗。翡
EEEEEEELD -
like most other countries in the Middle East, Egypt does not have anything resembling a free Press. She already compares unfavourably
in this respect with Israel. If Star
bout this export Chamber methods are now to be
it whom are we It is by this kind di that the present trying to develop t:t is our pity for
think
iat to
go, Anwar Sada itt:Jerusel ຂຶກ of much The vision and Egyptian leader the admiration iwill everywhere. initiative strtainly not S
the deteriorating social climate in owing: disturbing Lction to the crical opponents and Egypti is notian govern. Popular enly flare up, as: ots against higher it year, from a st fire. But this Sadat’s Outbu TSt. wards journalists, reign, which have pare Mr. Muhamily Egypt's best
to Lord Haw
al, and four other 's have been or
dentials as a peace-maker, will certainly suffer.
Endless
employed against her leading journalists for "having, in the past, criticised the regime and its policies, then Sadat’s own i reputation, and indirectly his O WIl cre
ュリー"エ
blows: , e hawe so much money, we don't know Whattodo, says the Prime Minister. There's no currency stronger than the Sri Lankan rupee, says: Finance Minister Ronaie de Mel about the devalued. rupee. Agriculture Minister waxes eloåuentiön reapin g another's har. west. To judge from what the UNP cadgers are saying, we have never had it so good. But out of such blue skies the people have been struck severe blows one after another. Having utteredevery conceivable lie about keeping the poor alive this government has betrayed the people by hitting them below the belt in the last 10 months. When the "next budget is designed it would not be surprising to. find, in the absence of anything else, that the government has had to subsidise the manufa
့်ဗူူthe pro- icture of coffins for those 'walk
E === sت ':' ټH
igation. ing skeletons
E.
13

Page 16
Spotlight
"When Mr. Raja Coa
Roberry McNarrara, World
.ಣ್ಣ: f". с# - ܒܨ
! Jr:Fred fg : fio.
it. From the computer Tirior y rhair.5'rf Lanka's Harrid-pick:
கிரrg k_rd haf theஒரே The Mahaveli,
Pledges
-
Q}{n_experts.
ಸ್ಥಿ;
リ
oyer:far Jearrrre.
...
IIcular anxiety lisation that by he Scheme it becomes difficult to rectify
біргорогtionally c
errors that williarise in the process of implementation. Already several E. areas have been identified as poten'tial trouble spots and the debate on the viability and disirability of particular aspects of the scheme continues to grow...
The issue that has been nostin the news is the destruction of the Freyri tanks in the Kala wewa This area, designated Area H, involving over 70,000 acres of land is the first area to be develoEped under the Mahaweli Scheme. In the past, as at Gal Oya, the approach was to irrig settle people on virgin land. It was subs equently found howev destruction of such jungle land was not quite the best
-
аянгалуу на: ushered into the
F: W፡il
ther a bit chilling Fer Jr. the accelerated Mahawe,
-- ஐr. McWarra Fra i care FC
: he most
that the
thing to do.
le goals greer
edMahaverendicat, rog dpr, brgய சherard Ar: '
*、
--- At the aid group meeting tog Pagi, the IBRD. dida do Mr. McNரான Fேr:r yg.surger
Cargரiky-சரgray from Britaப் rேd ஆt frey Heralரடிரிதg r.
reg ETEா would be fred fe a fr
Each ( projecropio
inanced sa
fair was the first on the Job and ## ed Falait. Fer everi Britain is erre,
starrierrard press releases,
Jobs apari: (r milion youth, Chinese : prioric aspects to this. Ige project.
With increasing usness, the desire
ata- vegetåtion grew.
s ဇ္ဇိ
eme therefori water for irrigati as that surrouncil Tarık, which are and cultivated.
The diversion Ganga to Area Kandy, where a aco53 the Tiver
purpose of this the WateTitle Ii
level, so that it sp tunnel that will down to the Uk tion. From this 4. station, the waters now flow into th Voir ato Bowaterlin the Water destine stored. After ca
its own power st
of the Bowatenne
their destination.
- .
During the las Areas H1H2H7 30,000 acres havi
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Ed Harrfily. Er
Mr. Coorraras
presence of Mr.;
i'r searchirfryng ngres:-
'ї ал experience!
ug 1978 it is proposed to bring 40,000 as in Areas H4 and H5 under irrigatium. ՀՀ Լր 蠶 Eachieve this, there has been occuring the wholesale levelling of existing tanks and the villages that they serve. In the
days preceding the President's visit to Kala Wew * around: ten tanks Hérk FFI, Fr:Hyd: "ras der Farfer yr were breach aro
did not incide : By des bying the tank yillages, one likes the villagers totally dep
West Gerinary, akad. Eip By frë study by their
##::ar the recond griage - mely cargfill írt
ylfi") i here are
endent on channeled water and bre
skip the cohesis ಟ್ಗik villages: that have existed for centuries.
What is more, the compensation : being offered is meagre. The villagers are expected to construct a house on the half acre homestead by resorting to a bank loan. But since they become owners of their
y i: ಬ್ಲಿ ಕ್ಷೌ! _॥''' ewland onl completing
: payment of all instalm thcy.
R u l- ii r Il-rra li ... :...
!cological conscio. If the ಙ್ಞrಿತ್ಲಿà:
to protect existing
The Mahaweli.
e seeks to take
ion to areas such
ng the Kalawewa already inhabited
of the Mahaweli
H begins near
arrage is placed
at Polgolla. TE barrage is tooli
don its policy of tank destruction, and if they were to adopt instead a mechanism which permitted many of the tanks to remain and be fed by the waters of the Mahaweli, it would nean that they would have
to go back to their drawing boards.
How can they possibly keep up the
pace of work if there is
versal f existing plans?
Anoth problem has already
he emerged due to the positioning of lift the new channels, ναrto a sufficient
The channels ë in the HArea are cut high on the
ills over into the 5 ridges of valleys that they irrigate.
carry the water u Wella power sta0 пеgawatt powег i of the Maha weli e artificial reserIe, It is here that di for T Area His scading down to Etion, the waters : Reservoir. Teach
":"",
* -
t seven years, i. and နှီ့် “ဝှိုးဖြို e been *二リ_ョエ
irrigated
ܚ܌ܨܒܐ
, in
1,.÷¬¬
This results in water loss and water seepage which waterloggs the fields. This restricts the diversification of
crops. Further, it will to alter : the chemical compositic t е soil in this area.
|-
In the process of accelerating
the Mahaweli, it is estimated that fifty percent of the work, involving the minor irrigation operations, will be abandoned for the present. This s because it is doubted that Sri Lanka will be able to raise the funds for the project in its t
-

Page 17
In any case, the massive inflation that would spring from such heavy deströyed - and i di
government exp 'E may well Wipe out accrued benefits."
Now, the farmar, i.
The tanks in th
golla and Maha' om them, in a situ
the has not even begu the HI Area, iš regulatory reserwo
are being made psychologically and upstream at Kotn practically dependent on the Pol
gola Tunnel if only for irrigation, but also for
their water-not
and regulate thic and thus insure downstream. Up
domestic use and livestock-rearing...even being decide The precarious nature of agriculture this reservoir and and life in the HArea becomes job
vious. The deliberate or natural
destruction of the Polgola Tunnel. could starve out these farmers, in
this vulnerable area.
|ஓர்டு
Höh. Minister of Irrigat, "тапшы Highways on how we Le : necessary personnel, thes r: the engineers, how we dete necessary employment and labour to c:leäT. the e down the jungles, to buildho 巽T perform the
| Bank authorities the IM. F. au
*
A. million acres -
a million р
other tasks necessary for the implementation of a thirty-year plan in five years. I feel that it can be done and
We hawe i not been mislied by the ངམ་པ་ཅ་ 蠶
oિt lenisheine consist5 oft ಟ್ಗಲ್ಲ: phase is independent of the other phase. § phasCl can de undertaken om its
merits and its own viability. nd to undertake the three phases one simultaneous operation...We
need money for that, and in order to
get that money Mr. Raju Coona
way has been scnt to meetit 器
not 5cc any reison why, if we follow
rities and othcr authoritics, and I do
e path of this Budget, other countries hould not come to our aid and prothe necessay money for the conpletion of the Mahawcli. Development Scheme in five years, i.
"What does that mean? It means you will hawe a million acres of cultivable lande 650,000 acres of newland and 350,000 acres of old land- to be irrigated twice a year. You will have a million people employed on this work, after that you will hawe the colo
supply
---
eople థ్రో|
of electricity will
— J. R. Jayewardene ܒܲܣܛܢ_"=ܡܨܪܶܢܹܐ.
ܒ ܢ
will come from.
Despite the li that the plans cari that Gali Oya : a substantiate, that is overstimated. wateris depender
and their habits. traditional
habit paddy fields to * sists. This leadst
So does the prac cess water flow. into the drainage tion, the absence will lead to the of rain water from
So long as 'th rounda tanki Cornunity, and socially optimum channel fed agric indiwidualism tha
has been the ex
colonisation schen thereføre that the load thrown on
sooner than the comes in for irriga
{ Area5
and was familiar te The Tesearch stat pallana, nearby, helpful pilot projec of which was reles ecting both Area
north of Anuradhi ATeal *I. End FA, rea and J were earmar. phase of the M.
Extcinding up to th
it was even conce goon could be c. water and the irrigated.
The third andf Mahaweli was du
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- - - - - -. *、三、
... ܒ ܐ : H. Area are being castern section, desig
'.'; signated Areas ရွီးဖွံ့ဖြိုး"ို Pol; A. B, C, D and E:The water for: veli being forced this area, would come across the w 醬 ဖြိုး hrad
eni
tion where work ria Reservoir and be stor
n on the Kotmale at Randenigalla. 蠶蓋 工ー。 ir. This reservoir, E, sparcely populated, has
ale, Will store up beenst died. It was proposed under water in the river, the thirty year scheme, to gradually against shortages iriigate the area, learning by trial o now it has mot i and error, థ్రో 莒 ်းနှီ' 蠶 ❖ ከP" É.oሟ፪ versai of policy ":""," the new governme. .5- ... if the order of irrigation. Areas. A o, impressive figures EE come first. Only then will Areas ty, it is a fact, one I and J be at ended to. The quesnd Uda Walawe, tion that arises is, given the new water availability order and priority... will there be But utilisation of : enough of water in the Morakait on the farmers hakanda Reservoir, which provides For example, the , storage for the northern areas; or of flooding the will the load be too great on the kili offweeds per- Mahaweli? Will waters ever - flow
ಸ್ಧಿಃ of Water. the north? tice of letting exout of the fields: What has promp
ind of priorities? It is believed that the of village tanks government. intends to give outland non-utilisation of in the less inhabited Areas Ato B, Mahaweli. to local and foreign companies,
- giving them large träcts of land to
e village revolved develop. There is a precede
thad a sense of this. During the last UNP. provided for the ment, land in this # given lise of water. But out to local companies. Bu tulture creates an time the land was not irrigated
is wasteful. This Now it will draw on the Mahaweli perience in other for its irrigation. . . . . 1es. One estimates : تج كليهم من التي يتو. عو.. و هي
re-will be a heavy The identification of 24 acres as the Mahaweli in the ideal economic unit for a family. intiety of Area H. came after mush research and exp:- tion: is rimenting on the part of our agricu
tural scientists. While providing an osen as the first adequate income for a family, such by the Mahaweli holdings dispense with the need for t is well studied hired labour. The rationale being, the agrgnomists, to prevent the emergence of a rural ion at Maha Illu- prolctariat with all : its attendant is had conducted problems. It is now being proposed its, the experience to group the land holdings, and to it to plans aff- create management firms to fulfil H and the area: the decision making function for apura, designated the composite area. The introducJ. Thus Areas Ition of firms either as owners or as ked for the second managers, will lead to the rise of a ahaweli Scheme. rural proletariat and the growth of el Elephant Pass: dif ent cla
- *
ived that the la- * 5.
"ت" :"tis==========ii; : ဒိုးမျို | fi yīey of all of "these ques- "tions that have now come up, it is pertinent to ask whetheralotis being inal phase of the pushed passed people without their le to irrigate the knowing the true implications?
15

Page 18
by H. A. Senevir real 莒、 F. attempt to lace M A} attempt to make a myth", singhe 器醬 di: Aor mystery' of a literacy noble pedestal wit figure who is dead is a sure sign analysis of his w of decadence, not only of literature in the fearinge "but also of a given society. . . of the present da Martin' Wickremasinghe {{8%; : 1976) still holds akespösition in “Wien the field of art and literature in their safe n this country, even without any ့် ဖိုနှိုမျိုးရှီးမျိုးရွီးရှို့"{ assistance from those who are in introducing D. making a futile atterpt to Pt to the Sinhaar him on a foundationless pedestal. no easy task at Thiskey position is held by Sinhala language Wickremasinghe no withstanding, become so flexit the many limitations, he had as a with the requin scholar, writer and thinker. To , ing moden scii try to suppress his limitations that "Never less, in were in fact part and parcel of ings Rain the heritage he acquired from the showed signs of society in which he lived and mystics of ¥arಳ್ಗಿಚ್ಚಿಡ್ತೀtisháíä on the future generation of writers modernithought and intellectuals. This crime is and scientifith being committed right: now. Per- a peculiarfshio haps there is an attempt to live om the dead man’s reputation, for mediocrity has moi better resort. Otherwise, there is no 蠶 any gerious and Scientific analysis di has not been made so § § ine-age. Wickremasinghe's real con ribution. from the evolu
.
atne: litions. The
is like animal. Th As the writer of this article into the preser spersonally aware and has seen man. It is no
from Martin Wickrem inghes " Veddah, but the works, Wickrellasi hed, a who attained
ترجي بي سي " :
... profound respect for Marx, Lenini. alevil
andse isp, ရှိဂို့ရွိေ”ိုရှီဒိနီ good and evil.
lectly, he not "Inuch i
စို့ဝှိုါး{ါး the local prototypeso arxand Lепіп огthe pгоропents of leftism in Ceylon. Śဇို့စို့' ̈ိဒ္ဓိ ၊ поп-exlstence ofа поderп politic: organisation of a real left to absorb Pour new intelligentsia has givent irise to a situation where they are forced to express themselves solely through art i arid literature. It II: This paragraph however, is a temporary pheno- lated from an a meno, which might itself tend to Wickremasinghe . assist in the formation of a new it were, to hist left since the social crisis, in carried the theor particular, cannot be solved by such extremity bourgeois methods and organisas gotten the condit . " تي
1.
驚 only y of millions of y. not think that
or. prejudi
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

негiphery. -sponnes ann таш мезlsinghe 3.Πd upset the ideal level, probabl 三氰 uenced ptions. Martin by the concept of Karing. But i ăsiepigger-g್ನಬ್ಬೇ... arwin's teachings Egation of the heory of Karma? ader. This was Wickremasinghe did not also give a time when the much consideration to the cont
itself had not scious work of mall to reach as leas to cope higher level, which to me is the
its of expound. Six of social evolution Martin
if ရှိဒ္ဓိဋ္ဌိ Wးငှါးနှီးမ္ဟုန်e was, therefore
it faced with a contradiction, a king
of a dilemma. This was reflecte
it in his utterances particularly
i arding social ဖြုံးရှံူ cribed the April 74 inci example, as a highhanded figh dfin {{that_wặs contrary_to_thẹ Sinh
`-o New Year and the Vesak festiva Šri Lankadeepa, ih
also gradually in power was carrying on a “war'. reach maturity, om ill-eguipp th, with modern eddah emerged weapons and foreign assistance, tion of an ape- twithstanding the Sinhala New is Weddah evolved Year and the Wesakfestival, reveals it day intelligent a lack of judgement, to say the it the stone-age least. He even went to the extent intelligent man of relying on the fantastic stories consciousness of published in the partisan pression.
This evolution this uprising of a section of the with the pa youth in 1971. “Those who read Ears: Shgul the newspapers are aware.'" he
if not in another said, "that the J.W. P. leaders are Lundred years, at even prepared to kill their ps rtwenty or thirty in order to achi the an ideal type of their clique" (Sri greed for wealth, 7th May 1971).
enmity, pride ¥:łF* These statements only: OW ..., தி: profoundly shocked Mart * which istráns-i remasinghe was when he sawit
e by Martin the fifty-year-agoyillage he depicted has the key, as in his novel, “The upturn in the hinking. He had is village' (“Gamperaliya') really y of evolution to upturned in a way that he was at he had for-neverable to forsee. They also
O ion of the surviva indicated that he had not worked
|- 壬 -エ

Page 19
out to its logical conclusion the outcome of the changes in the village he had already mirrored and that he did not have a proper understanding of the type of
repressive goverrilent that had
evolved itself over the years with the Test of thČ Socio-economic pro
cess Martin Wickremasinghe was so
fond of analysing. This limitation of his was already seen in “The Rise of the Soviet Union' ("Soviet Desaye Negeema') which he published in 1971. In this work he extolled the bureaucracy and said that "a country cannot be Tuled without such a bureaucracy."
. (Soviet Desaye Negeema') 1961,
page 90). Despite his great regard for Lenin, he once said that it is ont of this precepts ir of the Soviet govern Ilent to restrict individual freedoms for the benefit of the entrire people" ! (Sri Lankadeepa, 13th September 1970).
Inspite of these serious misconceptions Martin Wickremasinghe's Contribution towards aesthetics and the creation of a modern literature in this country is outstanding. His three novels, "Gamperaliya' 'Wiragaya' and 'Bawataranaya' alone would have made him a colossus in the ficld of our contemporary literature. UnforLunately, no proper evaluation of these works have bsen made so far, to pinpoint the social truth contained in them. The reason for this becomes quite obvious when one reads these Works with an open mind. "Ganperatiya' depicts the woes and lamentations of the men and Women living in a village society that is beginning to be overrun by commerce and capitalism, whilst 'Piragaya'gives a shocking account of the innermost sufferings of an individual who is a product of the same decadent systern and prone to nihilism.
Martin WickTemasinghe's controversial novel, “Bawathararaya” is an attempt to de-mystify the charactor of Siddharth who later became the Buddha and to bring out the nature of his struggle against exploitation and bondage.
In the context of the period into
which Martin Wickramasinghe's formative years fall, his work is truly significant. But an evaluation
of his life and done. With a wi future generatio. t0 attan 8 nu. This is yet to to any fault Martin Wickrc: shortcomings of and often seeki the 'afa" of .
(Tre author is a &rarr-stri ar y hyfrif?r".
Books
Literat politics
MW፻፫፲TERS
W MOLDER
J. A. Mor Stoughton, É
his is the if
paprbacks with * the relatio and politics in Court ries illi mmodi ared with that c Germany or Sp; of some of the the literature: Britain seems political. Twenti had Ilo rewoluti no experience' o Occupation and ment: the (GCINCI and the Great) ent the peaks of activity in a Britain was for island gf stabilit in a dišturbec E
How does one between literati in a society wh been largely indi Dr. Morris Ilote chapter that "th Will claim that political, which, instantly invalid writtng this e SSE a definition of" as concerned Wit. then Confesses t.

Work should be ew to helping the in of intellcctuals :h higher standard. be done, not due or limitation of Lasinghe, but to the
those still living ng refuge under his nale.
I HF-kry" Gr
ure and
AND POLITCS N BRTAIN by 'ris (Hodder arid
г. 75).
irst of a series of which Wildca. ns bet. Ween writers lifferent European Bern times. Compf Russia, France, lain (the subjects books to follow), of сопteпmporary markedly noneth-century Britain on, no civil War, f dictatorship, - fino rcsi Stârce noweTål Strike of 1927 Deprèssion гepresgeneral political period in which the lost part at y and tranquility Europe,
trace the relations re and politics es. Writers have fferent to politics? is in his opening ere arte those Wh)
literature - is
if true, would i. te any reso il for y. He settles for political literatulire” h affairs of state, hat, even so, it is
hard to draw a line of distinction between political literature' and 'social literature".
There seems to be some critical confusion here. Not all literature is political, if one intends to treat political literature as a genre in the same sense in which one talks of religious literature or nature poetry or science fiction. But all literature call be examined politically, and this, seems to Ine the more significant and fruitful approach in discussing literature and politics. The overt expression of political ideas in literature (writing about 'affairs of state') is often less influential than literature of whose implicit political content the writer himself may be unaware. The most trivial escapist fiction which is innocent of any conscious political intentions, is far more powerful in upholding a class and power structure through the popular myths it disseminates than the commitedly right-wing literature of Wyndham Lewis or Roy Campbell that Dr. Morris exaшіпе8.
At the end of his 94-page i su Twey Dr. Morris connes to the conclusion that "political literature that succeeds as liferature does so, not despite its political content or tornrnitinent, - but because of an aesthetic potency unassessable and unjustifiable in political science Secular devils, too, of whatever shade or colour may well have the best tunes'. The phrase "aesthetic potency' here represents an intellectual blur, unless Dr. Morris simply Inea Is that i literature * is to be judged solely by its success in communication, by its style regardless ofits content, and that would nake it a technical exercise devoid of any larger human significance. One can appreciate Dr. Morris's anxiety not to fall , into the simplistic critical method of judging works of literature by the political ideas or beliefs that can be abstracted from them and their acceptability or non-acceptability to the critic himself. But political criticism of literature need not be as simple-minded as that.
Engels long ago i pointed out (though few Marxist critics have taken notice) that the reactionary Balzac Was a greater social realist
17

Page 20
in his novels than the progressive' Zola, because his satire is newer keener, his irony never bitterer, than when het sets in motion the very men and women with whom he sympathizes most deeply-the nobles. The critic of literature should be concerred mot With the writer's politigal beliefs qua beliefs. but with the experience and imaginative vision of society conveyed through the felt life of the work, and this may be different from or even at variance with the consciously held beliefs of the Writer.
I suggest that such an approach gives is a basis for distinguishing between the poetry of Yeats and of Eliot, both of who I, as Dr. Morris recognises, held strongly
authoritarian right-wing opinions,
(Eliot was anti-semitist and was a disciple of Charles Maurras, the later collaborator with the Nazis, while Yeats wrote marching songs for the Irish fascist movement with which he sympathised). In Eliot's work I see no gulf between the beliefs and the poetry: Dr. Morris rightly notes the animal imagery, suggestive of some low and repellent form of life, which recurs in Eliot's anti-Semitic references, while the caricature of working class conversation in the bub scene and of lower middle-class sex in The Waste Larid reflects Eliot's rooted classantipathies. In Yeats’s poetry, om the other hand, there is, under the pressure of events like the Easter uprising, a tension between Yeats's right-wing beliefs and his imaginative response to realityespecially in the magnificent Easter Ig 6, It is when this tension is absent that Yeats relapses into the simple nostalgic idealisation of the aristocratic past ("all that great glory spent) of his lesser poems. The distinction I have suggested between al political belief and imagi
native vision should help us also
to place the left-wing English writers of the, thirties-Auden, Spender, Day Lewis, Rex Warner, Edward Upward and the rest-in whom an intellectual political commitment found no counterpart in lived experience. It was George Orwell who made the most acute diagnosis of the reasons for the in maturity and falsity of the English left-wing creative Writing of the
18
period. Dr. M Coimèr1t oT , 2a,
Spair, 'The con of guilt in the
conscious accept the necessary mu "It could only. by a person to at most a word
Yes, indeed. Orwell came : to fantasy of the revealed as betra and over-simplifi Communist hyst пау say that it written by som totalitiarianism. N but a pгоjectit irrational phobia to compare it European writer hand experience State-Victor Se: Conrade Tulayey, Nadezhda Man against Hope-toThe pro-CP crit Morris who call Connic" - no doub grind, but hic w
Media Not sa
be free
arry Flint, p. HFfer, WĖS cenity trial in C Imidst of the cas the Ku Klux Kl the CIA, took it
OWI hands and
young publisher remains paralyse .Wrlטtl
Flint Who rece sõnal erinter and is how a di Stapleton, sister sident, had just out of The His f he has too mamy KKK hates thin Mafia who resen

orris quotes, his line from Alden's scious acceptance necessary murde. ance of guilt in rder”. Or Well, Saidi: have been writte:Inı whom murder was ’
And yet when Write his political future, 1984, he ying a shalloWIness ication in this antieria. Of 98 we could laye been ebody to whom Was, not a word, In of this DWm Ls. One has only with the Work of s who had first: of the police rge's The Case of Tibor DeryʼsNFki, del'shtan's Hope see the difference. ic quoted by Dr. ed 93 a “horror thad an axe to
as Tight.
ஐie Siriwardena
fe to
ublisher of The
facing an obsicorgia. In the !, someone, cither an, the Mafai or he law into their shot Flint. The survived - but di from the waist
:Intly had a perwith Jesus Christ isciple of Ruth of the US Pretaken the silt
ler's pages, But enemies. The So does the
this independent
publishing empire. And his latest hete-Foire is the CIA, whom he has brushed against while digging into John Kennedy's assassination.
It would appear therefore, that even in the United States, it just isn't safe to be free. There seems to be little guarance of freedom of publication, there is no security against those who seek to silence the press.
In countries such as ours the survival of a free press is also becoming = a - risky proposition. This occurs in a situation where priorities are historically determined. Parliamentary democracy and a pluralist system have fashioned a welfare state whose citizens have increasingly looked to the state to protect living standards. The inability of successive Ceylonese Parliaments to hold the price level and provide employment has not deterred politicians from continuing to promise econoпnic еппапcipation.
Impotent administrations have had to contend with the violence of frustration, be it in the Fiftythree Hartal or the Seventy-one insuтgency.
Alive to the impatience of mass expectations, threatened by the prospects of opem rebellion, recent governments have looked in wain i to a paradigm of development bureaucratically imposed from above. The oligarchy that holds pg.weThas reacted against that media which they believe, acts counter to development. They see their granOise Schernes as "SaçTOsamt. And interpret any criticism as counterdevelopment. This pattern is not peculiar to our own country, it is the pattern that has energed throughout the developing world.
An ideology has begun to emerge Which sees the irrel Vance of a Westminster type system, brands as archaic freedom of criticism and falls back on the security of the onc party state. From Chile to : Singapore, Carnbodia, to Zambia, this is political reality.
But the witchdoctors of the development oligarchy become victims of their own system. They repeatedly fail to see the cornerstone

Page 21
of developinent which they, the builders, overlook. And this is participation. Development sans participation is not progress, it is fiction. Macroeconomic growth models are no substitute for participation.
There can never be participation without information and expression. And this is the function of the media. A tame media cannot inform people of the releYance of development for them, mor can it provide a feed-back on opinions and strictures which the people themselves generate,
Leaders and Governments hawe become enamoured by technology that has given them an electronic media through which they can 13lk IIld a print media Which talks about them. But this media may well be talking above the people than to them. This is not communication, and never will be.
Until the development oligarchy İnı olur countries arrive at a level of Security and get over the para noia of their is anxiety, they can
never fulfil their desired role. Unless they are prepared to listen to their critics, respect con
trary opinion and tolerate dissen
sioI, there can be no progress in the Ilature sense of the Word. And a II this can only occur in self confident societies, onvinced of thcir stability, alive to their limitations and adult- in their psychology.
Power in itself can newer settle questions of development, this is a facile philosophy that too many in the labrynth of command subscribe to. History tells us that unrestrained power can only cripple the system it sets out to build.
In the great drama of development the media must pląy a pivotal Tole. This is not merely a symptom of our megalomania, it is the sober lesson of history. Systems that exclude freedom of expression, centres of power that do not let the people talk back to ther, are systems that bear the seeds of their own destruction.
- J. S.
- -
Tongpan — 2
When
Ear Mள்
டிரீக்: த FEftirfar * F * f
This i he cor
he seminar
rough the with scenes of T for existence, Elc during a very ter land's 3 year pe Democracy. Du certain parts of sants like Tongp content with E ower their miser: had als learrat 1 disorganiscd bur: violence Would further downhill when students, i kerš, and på sånt to break away if tion and I were . 1 links with each conscious men other nationalist in Tha i society, increasingly frus angry to see thi turned into a fог Јарапese ant They could see and way of life by con miving gr( OW Country a blasts of cultural ab Toad. But t th Elt only a Wel tical movement economic and CL of the Thai peop
Peasants such not remained ur spreading, consci their exploitation for a society in and wCTkers WO ппаiп пете 5 share labourers withou their own. Pea: such as the Far of Thailand had chapters in diff

reality overtook art
LGS TGOLS LTTLGLk LLLLLkS LL GLTLLG LGLuLLT LT HLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLYSe LLktkTLT T LS C LLL CCuLk kL CkLLLkk LLLCCC LLL TGGG CCLT T0 LLLkL Tk TLTTLL LLLLkL CTTuS
:luding part of his rwo-part article.
which runs thfilm, alternating ongpan's struggle tually took place ise period in Thai:riod of Libral ing this period, in the country, pealan Were no longer brooding quietly ble lives. - They the hard way that sts Čf ånger and lead them only It was a time Intellcctuals, Woris were beginning rom their isoladeveloping closer other. Socially and Women, and - minded groups were becoming ..rated as well as air country being dumping ground i Western goods. their own culture being destroyed ups within their ided by strong imperialisII from ley also realised - organised policould check the ಖ್ಖral exploitation
as Tongpan had touched by the o usness to Tesist and to struggle which peasants uld no longer re- croppers or wage t any power of sant organisations mers" Federation sprung up with :rent districts and
ргоvinceя. Demands begап to be made, followed up with actions, for fairer rents and land reform. Corrupt officials soon found out that the people were beginning to keep an eye on them; profiteers and moneylenders also found that they could no longer get away easily with their dubious activities.
In the face of opposition all the way from the village to campus level in Bangkok, an entire spectrum of wested interests ranging from corrupt pety officials, through the military up to the American Embassy and the C.I.A. was affected by the growing political consciousness in the country. So, the affected groups too decided to organise themselves and to hit back. And hit back they did, and that too with acts of fascist Wengeance. Just before the seminar in 'Tongpan" actually took place, one of the FFT's leading organisers had been murdered. In fact, over a period of a few months, almost a couple of dozen peasant leaders had been brutally exter Illinated. And, what is more, not a single enquiry followed these murders and not a single culprit brought to book.
Tongpan` disappears
The events shown in Tongpan' were in a way, symbolic of the failure of attempts to create suitable conditions for a dialogue between different interest groups and classes in Thai Society. Even Tongpain left - the seminar undetected in the middle only to discover tragedy awaiting him at home. While the experts and intellectuals were talking away, his wife had died at home, having succumbed to the sickness of poverty, the
19

Page 22
sickness of a system of healthcare restricted to Bangkok and to those with money and wealth. And so, reality overtook "art".
In the film, after the seminar the student who had persuaded Tongpan to take part in it re
turned to the village to look for
his missing friend. But Tongpan was no longer there and nobody knew where he had gone. May be he had really come to the end of the road...or had he arriWedi at this threshold = of Irenewed hopes and a new struggle against injustice? Had Tongpan actually convinced himself of the futility of dialogue in a system which reorgnised communication only as a top-down process? No, knew where Tongpan was, and nobody knew what was in his mind. -
Another tragedy
Alding with the tragic episodes of peasant life in Tongpanthere is another tragedy that runs through the film. It is the tragedy of Thailand's brave student generation of the early and mid-seventies. It was the students who were in the vanguard of the movement to inject at least some social and political content into Thailand's experiments with Liberal Democracy from 1973-76. "And it was they whowere martyred in a hail of bullets that the authorities and their fascist front organisations rained on them as they were gathered in a peaceful demonstration in the campus I of Thammasat, University_t on 6th October 1976. The film ends with an epilogue in words which desಪ್ಲೀ5 what happened on that fateful
aly. .. ..7 ܘܐ
"Tongpan" is indeed a living document, a film that stands against injustice, and for equality; for self-reliant development and resistance against imperialist ecoTomic penetration; stands for the real Thailand and speaks for an Asia that seeks not to be a shadow of the West, but cast in its own mould of resurgent history and tradition.
*[M
nobody.
a film that
Private
is not only the bureaucrat selves up hand tape. It happer But whereas in : come of all th: produce near-tot b]LuITea lhCräaCy çäulLI ment in the gen US it produces on the part of
causing fierce general public.
The State of abortion costs f. lifying for Medic decided last No so. According 45CFR2O5.1) of artment of Heal Welfare the Iliri Public: Ai Was r Il Medicaid, re cision in writing thăm a million cluding 50,000 State's homes f. clderly folk wer ceive a letter f ment of Public
Would no longe hawe abortions Expense.
Personally Ith is superior to o ARR because if so on the side public informed. aucrats Would h formation a dark rung at the last prise on some made all arrang use of the cunc, Out of malice O mindedness but Would not - hawe body that the f
- Cession had beer
deserving of be the public.
Sir HaTold
was not that among the

Fiew
Arden
FR 205. 0 :
in Sri Lånka thät 8 OYe: tÓ tie therand foot with red Ls in the US too. Sri Lanka the outis hoglying is to all inertia in the sing fiercit resenteral public, in the excessive activity the bureaucracy resentment in the
Illinois used to pay Dr all Women qua= aid assistance but Wember not to do to Regulation the Federal Deph, Education and ois Department of equired to inform ipients of this deThe Te were more Such persons inresidents in the
}r the aged. These
e outraged to rerom the DepartAid saying they :r be eligible to
at the State's
|ilk 45CFR2.05.10) Lur OWEl FRR and it errs, it does of keeping the Our own bureave kept the in: secret to be spTill as a SLwoman who had gements to make ession. And not r general bloodysimply because it occurred to anyact that the con1 withdrawn was ing conveyed to
generally noticed :* passengers оп
wately inforning Smith
board the plane bearing Prince
Charles to the funeral of Sir Robert Menzies - which touched down at Katunayake was Sir
Harold Wilson.
Sir Harold has always been my idea of what a politician, and particularly one professing socialism, should not be, Devious and plausible ut all times, he wa adept at taking a public stand which was honourable and principled on any issue while quietly pursuing an altogether different self-serving course.
It was hic who as Prime Minister of Britain publicly postured with an uncompromising stand for NIBMAR (No Independence Before Majority | African Rule) while prithat he would not send British troops to Rhodesia to prevent UDI (Unilateral Declaration of Independence). With the consequences the world now knoWs.
This great socialist crowned his career with being made a Knight of the Garter, a concept as grotesque as a rabbi becoming a pork butcher or a Buddhist monk a colonel in the army.
How's that again?
When het was at the estate, about 9 a.m. on August 19, four men Care år. Tobbed the fowls.
– (NCWspąpęT. report of Schoollaster's évidence bcforc Sansoni Commission)
Sole well-to-do birds, no doubt,
Another Wiew
Humpty Du IIpty had a lean
SITIE
Humpty. Dumpty's spring was a bummer
Humpty's winter was no good . it at all
But Humpty Dumpty had a
great fall.
- (Kit Wright) (Corwfad, or Page Erf)

Page 23
Polítics i
commu
Sanmugathasan in his arti
Euro
cle absolutises armed struggle
do not want to He rules out any possi
as the road to the socialist revolution. bility of the working class capturing power by peaceful means. He brands all those who advocate the possibility of peaceful transi| tion 3 as revisionists and degene
Tät ECS
萎 لیاE
However thic founders of Marxism - Leninism (Marx - Engels - Lenin) never rejected any form of struggle. And they did seo the possibility of the working class capturing power by peaceful means. "Insurrection would be madness, where peaceful agitation would move swiftly and surely do the work". Marx-said, and Lenin stressed that “the working class would of course prefer to capture power peacefully.'
This shows that the founders
of Marxism – Leninism never ab--
solutised armed struggle as Comrade Shan would like us to believe. In fact Marx considered possible the peaceful abolition of bourgeois rule in such countries as Britain and the United States. “We know of the allowances. We must make for the customs, institutions and traditions of the various countries and we do not deny that there are countries such as America, England and I would add Holland, if I know your institutions better, where the working class may achieve their goal by peaceful means.'-Marx declared at a meeting in Amsterdam in 1872.
The Right Wing opportunists (like the Eurocommunists) ånd the
Left Wing opportunists (like Comrade Shan) contrapose to čach other the peaceful and nonpeaceful development of the revolution. The right-wing opportunists absolutise the peaceful development of revolution considering it as the only possible one. They over - estimate the
萱
nism :
the
parliamentary anı struggle, underest parliaшпепtary on illegal forms of
certain circumsta struggle and il revolution work inevitable for the
The left-wing the other handil Mao’s formula | *' of theco ba Tre ili ol artunable to the development revolutionary pr possible to win ful way!
A socialist rew conspiracy or a a group of “ac ries”, but a strug ing class undert a-Marxist-Lenin
I advise Conn, through the hist shevik party of Here he will see stages of the Bolshevik party and non-peaceful, means of strugg ability to combii place one forin another.
The C.P. of other fraternal international comr see the possibili transition in thcir ... tries, but do not struggle nor Illi of peaceful transi
E. In this lies 1 distinction between tactics of Lenini hånd and both s reformism (as shc communism) and adventurism . as sh Shan.
Kandy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

legal forms of
imate the nonis and reject the
struggle. They recognise that in
nces the armed.
legal för mins of are necessary and seizure of power.
11 ܕܨ ܥ¬ ¬.;
opportunists on luntly believe in power grows out
a gun'. They understand that
of the world ocess makes it power in a peace
olution is not a coup staged by tive revolutionagle by the workhe leadership of ist paгtу. . .
... Shan to go ry of the BolLenin once more. that at different revolution, the applied flexible legal and illegal, e and displayed e them and reor method by
Sri Lanka and
parties in the hunist movement,
ty of peaceful,
respective counrule out armed ke an absolute ion.
he fundamental thc strategy and Sm on the Oné cialdemocratic wn by the Europetty bourgeois own by Comrade
Mahendran Raja
While heartily congratulating
Mr. N. Sanmugathasan on his brief
but most effective
rejoinder to
“Sri Lankan Eurocommunist”. Leslie Goonewardena and associating myself with his iš views, I would also like to pose a few questions to
him.
Why - have
7 ܘ .. .. .. ¬ ܝ.
ideologists of the
Soviet Communist Party criticized Eurocommunism - not merely for its anti-Sovietism, as Mr. Leslie Goonewardene asserts, but also on important questions of Marxist
Leninist
theory?
Here I refer
primarily to the writings of Dr.
Konstantin Zara dow,
the Soviet
Union's foremost expert, y next to Boris Ponorinarev, communist movement and Editorin-Chief of the principal international communist magazine Problems of Peace and Socialism' Dr. Zaradovos subduled but sus tained polemicon Eurocommunism commenced in 1975, with a commemorative essay on Lenin's "Two Tactics' published in 1905.
This essay, idea that an
which
arithmetical
on the world
rejected the majo
rity' gua ranted a successful transition to socialism, provoked poin
sted i rejoindcrs
from the Italian ICP's main organ 'Aranti, as well
- from other West
Europcan
CP's. Dr. Zaradov was however
summoned by
Leonid Brezhnev
and congratulated on his article. He resumed his low-key offensive in a 12,000 word article puhlished last year in "Communist' which is the chief theoretical journal of the Soviet CP. The
this
article
importance of
in the relationship
between the CPSU and the Euro.
communist
CP's
was remarked -
upon in the Western press, nota
bly
by
the well known Soviet
ologist Wictor Zorza, who was one of the first observers to predict
the Sino-Soviet schism.
The Economist' (May 6th), the magazine which Marx once described as the most intelligent
21

Page 24
defender of capitalism, features a here to the Bu special article which draws the slovak and GDI attention of its readers to fresh the Eastern Euro developments in the CPSU's the Portuguese, C theoretical dispute with the Euro - CP's (among 1 communists. This time Dr. Zara- ones). A pro-So dow has published two new books the British CPh. which deal obliquely with the off, criticizing the subject. The first is entitled line, and formed **Three Revolutions in Rusia , and the leadership of Our Tirne”. = :::.. similar process is . ... Spanish party to In it, says the Economist' "he headed by the pri is scathing about those who dream Communist Party of convergence between capitalism H d Mï and communism, of capitalism រ៉េ : E. growing simply into communism with the communists sailing into E'. power as part of a loose coalition's revisi with Lon-Marxists, Social DemoCräts ಟ್ವಿಟ್ಟ ஐ II other strange folk ... Mr. Zaradow Mr. is much kinder to the “revolu- ¥ tionary romantics' on the extreme AFar left ... (he) pulls out of the hat a surprisingly warm, even respect- BernsteinisTI : ful remark of Lenin's about the was the revisionis “Red Brigades" of his iš day -- the Menshevism was socalled Socialist Revolutionaries of Marxism in of pre-1917 Russia'.- : Popular. Frontism
_ during and after The Economist goes on to say stalin Bernstein that Dr. Zaradoy's other new Popular. Frontis book captioned 'Socialism, Peace existence and Eu and Revolution is a critical back- all different brar
ground essay on the implications of Marxism. of the European Communist Parties conference held in East The Essence of Berlin in July 1976. which is contem
is the programm In the sane article the magazine ... the Working clas ವ್ಹಿಟ್ಟ comments on another new party of th: Na publication by yet another topi (Sri Lanka) i S. öPSU ideologue Y. Krasin, enti-:- Party of Bourg tled 'Theory of the Socialist Christian Democ Revolution.' It says: 'Mr. Krasin all these for Inst argues that real political power lying theory - i. is always much more important revolutionary p. in the long run to Communists working class by than even the biggest artithmeti- chariot of the cal majorities ...: significantly one of They all heldlai the chapters in Mr. Krasin's book of "peaceful and bears the title. The Question of ition to socialism power the basic question of the ment. Socialist Revolution'...' ОПЕ Čin glow
Another allied fact I would like try of the ille to bring to Mr. Sanmugathasan's stylinth attention is that the East and the Stalisted West European CPs which have the Working class been most critical of the theoretalist parties lift
tical basis of Eurocommunism, expediency. have been the most pro - Soviet Even the great ones referred to be in the Western one with the M press as 'Semi-Stalinist'. I refer the Revolution.
 

lgarian, CzechoRCP's (within. pean bloc) and Terek and Finish the i non = ruling
as also boken : EuroCommunist a The WCP under Sid :FTéch, A. under way in the o and is spear-, - Soviet Catalan
Sanmugathasan onist' and bouriticism of Euroomism?
asan correctly tit
Ilie Goonewardene
IIIS.'
and Kautskyism. m of Marx's time. the revisionism Lenin's time. l, was revisionism the life time of ism, Kautskyism, II, Peaceful Corocommunism are nds of revisionism
Eurocommunism оогагул геwisionism atic i alliancc. of sparties with the tional Bourgeoisie L. :F. P. 3 or the eoisie itself the rats of Italy. In here is one undere., defusing the otential of the r 醬 it to the bourgeois state. ld hold the view li gradual - transin” through Parli
through the hisГпаtional commu)w time and again
rship subordinated. parties to capi
r the sake of
: Lenin WS -gt elsheviks before
-
that the Russian Revolution was to usher in a hourgeois republic, But Lenin dissented fron then in his view that the proletariat and
viet group withinë peasantry Were to carry through
Іet gтоup II
such a revolution. Leinin held in his pamphlet 'Two Tactics: of Social Democracy' that Mar-2 xists: afe absolutely convinced of the bourgeois character of the Russian Revolution. What does: this mean? That the democratic changes in the political system and economic and social changes
which has become indispensable
in Russia, 'do not of themselves signify destruction of capitalism or the downfall of the reign of the bourgeoisi. e. on the contrary they will for the first time really throw open the field of the development of a European capitalism,
as in Asian capitalism, thus making
it possible for the first time, the reign of the bourgeoisie as a class".
Trotsky alone disagreed with the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks, the latter led by Lenin. He held that in undeveloped countries the bourgeois democratic revolution does not stop fict,{t o¥ြ; of the feudalists. It proceeds immediately to the socialist tasks. the next stage of the revolution, under the leadership of the party of the working class-There is no time lag between the two stages for a period of capitalist development as Lenin earlier held in "Two Tactics'. Nevertheless when the Revolution broke out in February 1917, Lenin writing om March 21st in his "Letters from Afar abandoned his earlier theory. Saidhe “The specific feature of the present situation in Russia is that it represents a transition frt the first stage of the revoluti 's which owing to the insufficient power of the working class, handed over thepower to the bourgeoisie, from the feudal class'. Let us see what Stalin"šviews-i-were åt this critical moment in the Russian Revolution. “Pravda“, edited by Kamancy and Stalin in March 1917 wrote:- 'Of course, there is no questions among us of the downfall of capitalism, but only the downfall of autocracy and feudalism, Russia, they assumed, El holding om to: the sold Bolshevikslogans of
"democratic dictatorship' as opport

Page 25
ܡ¬¬ .
sed to proletarian revolution and dictatorship. The provisional Government of Kerensys had to be supported "conditionally" and “in So far' as it would renounce annexations or conclude peace, ('A Farewell to arms!') It wa only Lenin's iron willed leadership which made the Bolshevik Party abandon the outworn old Bolshewik theory. “To arms!" "Form Soviets for dual power!" werc the new slogans. He now demanded a complete break with the boargeois regime, as set out in his *Letters from Afar''' which put the masses on the road to insurrection and seizure of power.
If Lenin's great positive achievement was the ideological rearmament of the party in 1917, its disarmament since 1924 was Stalini's – I Legatiwes ... achievement - in
furthering the cause of revisio
nism, which Were to emerge later under the different brands of popular frontism, peaceful coexistence, national frontism etc.
Stalin's theory was to set up Workers' and peasants coalitions, not to realise socialism, but Inerely to liquidate autocracy and feudalis III-this was enunciated in the now notorious theory of the "People's Front'. In China, it worked out disastrously in the early part of the Chinese: Revolution - The is “Bloc of Four : Classes'-(The 'Peoples Front's with another name) - representing in alliance of the proletariat and the middle classes or peasantry. in Sri Lanka, the SLFP-CP, the hotch-potch Coalition of the bloc of five Sangha, Weda, Guru, Gowi, Kankaru, of different social strata.
In Britain the C. P. proposed a "National Government' with Churchill during the War! - allegedly “to save Democracy from Fascism'. In Sri Lanka too the C. P. sought admission to the Ceylon National Congress, the precursor of the UNP. It was only because of D. S. Semanayake's opposition that it fell through. The C. P. at its Third Congress held in Atureliya in Nov. 1948 admitted this fact. The "Forward' the official organ of the C. P. of 1.11. 48 says.
The C. P. regard pation of the natio was a sine e qua no to the local bourge tional role to impe had i moi basis in fa assessment Which II to subsequently pa of electoral support This was however
cause of popular ic Sanmugathasan do I you Were then all of the C. P. Wh actively peddling - Te self thirty years at
- Amarak
IV -
It is easy for SaIIIllugathāsam Wh{ opted to play all revolutionary role ol
stream of politics
Marxist cliches. E communist parties L. S.S. P. which, in the forefront o. struggles of their tries have to const: and adjust their strategy according conditions. I thin of judging a politi not be whether it theoretical abstractic it has advanced humanita finis In a Dic
We are yet to like France and th dom where the arm been traditionally political control, in atten pts towards's if such a move is difficult to imagine forces daring to in process. We also in the fact that in coun land and France tra hawe ewen been conce Imed forces. "
Finally, the colm the respective count best position to eval of the state and a Euro - communism is well as a necessary MarxisII.
Colombo.

ed Éhe parficinalborgeoisie I. It assigned oisie an opposirialism, which ct. It was this gde the C. F. is a resolution :5:ft the NP"* withdrawn be-' ppositioп. Mг. mot forget that eading member 1ël you Wère visionism yourg
a5a Fermando
people like o hawe i always ovely remantic utside the mainto Inolith tired lut the Euroand our own are very Inuch f the political respective counintly re-mould thinking and to existing the criteriod Cal - act should fits into some in, but whether the cause of i democracy,
See countries e United Kinged forces have Luthder definite making serious ocialism. But made it is : these armed terwene in the nust not forget tries like Hole union rights ded to the air
Lunist pårties in ries i are in the late the nature ct accordingly. is a creative as development of
Rawi Perer

Page 26
Satire
Greatest race i
''England's No. jockey Lester Piggott astr,
KANDOS won the
earn ing for its Sri Lankar owner,
Mercar Advert furero 57
Mr. Lipali
a,500 pounds (75,000-). The other two horses, 's
and "Tardot" also ridden by Piggoff for failed to win ary Prize more'.
r. “General Aty”
satisfied with second place...' - (News item PWE,
*Fట్ట you for accepting my invitation, Outsider, at such damn short notice..." said Monty Kotipathy, the batik tiecoon, pillar of the Private Sector and Colossus of the Chamber, as he guided Ine gently through the heavy lunch traffic at the Cat's Eye, towards his favourite corner table, werlooking the Indian Ocean and one of thic borders of the Greater Colombo Economic Commission. (On a clear day you can actually spot a South Korean or Taiwanee trawler poaching on our coastal fishing preserves. It appeals to the patriot in both of us.)
*Shall we order now...' inquired Monty slipping smoothly into his usual rhetoric ... 'silething light, I hope you don't mind, it's in keeping with Iny new resolution... I was speaking to Rotary about it, the other day ... It's simply no good asking the downtrodden masses to tighten belts if you don't set an example yourself... if you are going to nake a para out of that, remember I spell my name with one "t" and not two t's... what with all this talk about tigers I can't afford to hawe you chaps calling me kottipathy can I? You do understand, don't you ... so please just one 't' as in date" or fate" or
t" ...' “Or whatever ... "I snapped determined to get in a word.
Capital' snapped back Monty smartly...
*Or one "t" as in lump sum depreciation ... " I replied, keen
24
on taking at lea in the Werbal duć
A hearty bello
*“Ha, ha, ha delightful compa its such a joy to or - garditin colum' geable about the finance, tax evas Dess ... ”
*Anyway let's praWIl Cocktail, starter, I meal.
“Chicken a la oT will yoli prel lamb...?''
"In the absen
why not...?"
With MO it down...: lilt "*But Ilt kä I cut him short up on winemans
He studied Im sure whether I W Farf on the Ma.
"The point is you can't, pгеat development to you aτε WilliΠε sacrifices yourse chaps may thi bloated capitalis my Marx, to c man, I Can I hon personally know J. R. and other naries... for myse foreign trips by Won't believe tha a simple, bald, Ll

-
ཙམ་
n hi
fide i fë dre ke af York Wijie Wardene, Ferieral Asty''" Wijewardere had to be EKEND)
st the first round I he had started.
iwi broke out.
... Outsider what ny you make ... find a cilinon - inist so knowledfiner points of ion and big busi
celebrate with a shall. We...for a
.and
Kiev, afterwards,
fer the AustraliaIl .
ce of Kobe beef,
ccan wine to Wash e funny, but." tly hilarious..." trying to be oneпір-..
a quizzically, it not was really at coиghreb.
its a cheap wine... :h austerity and the masses unless g to share the If...some of you nk I am just a but have Tead ... good heavens, estly claim that I | N. M. Colvin, leading revolutiolf, I have cut my 50%. I know you it, but there it is, nwarnished statis
tic...in case, you want to take that ר "...down
"I thought you just got back from Copenhagen, Zurich, London Paris, New York, Rome, Athens, ad Teherą..."*
"With a stop-over in Ankara. yes.
“And only the other week you were in Osaka, Seoul, Taipei, Hong Kong and Singapore... ?"
*Yes, but it was one trip... you see I was in transit at Bandaranaike.oops, sorry, Katunayake airport...so strictly speaking, it was one journey. One has to be strict about these things ...Any Way, to be quite frank, that's not the reason... I invited you...I Want to discuss the state of the economy.... just your own candid opinion. yes, do order another drink, please...just let me have it straight...you see Outsider, I have always admired you for your fine grasp of the situation, your understanding of economic trends... take the average journalist. and I bet you he doesn't know the difference between the floating rupee and the Crawling peg...... 重要
"A few pegs of the Old Stuff and they are all crawling......' sai , gargling my throats with Monty's Chivas.
“Quite... quite ... but seriously, what's on in the Trade Zone, what's the latest on the aid front, and how's the Mahaweli moving...? Danmit man, we were all Waiting for the presidential system, executive government, the : cabinet re-shuffle, all the president's men and all that...but JR seems to be bearing the whole burden...even the little jobs, look at the press photos...onc day, hic is on a merry - go-round, the next in a baby train in the park or with some Tower Hall old fogeys, at some art exhibition for surrounded by

Page 27
Sri Lanka
to the
The PEOPLE'S BANK, at the heart of things in Sri Lanka, is also around the World Serving nations through a net-work of correspondents. -
We are forever forging new ties and strengthening existing associations with the international community.
Up to date Market Intelligence ForeignExchange Transactions
Non-resident Foreigh Currency.A "Finance of International Trade
Sterling and Currency Loans, dept Documentary Credits and Collect Banking Correspondent Arrangem
--
We also contribute with our expertise and arrange financing facilities linked to specific projects.
Our monthly publication ''The Economic
Review' is one of our community service Projects.
Here at home, we are the tested, trusted
PEOPLE'S BANK: SRI LA
|- Head Office: 75, Sir Chittan
P. O. Box 728,
Foreign Branch: M. I. C. H
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's Banker
World
Our correspondents provide a wital point of contact for industrialists who are seeking to develop their business in our Free Trade Zone and other areas.
We ofer a wide range of services in the field of international finance for major industrial investments.
Acceptance Credits
ccounts for Sri Lankans ab Toad -
35 lits
s
t
Bank, serving the nation through over 550 Rural Banks and 210 Branches. These figures never stand still because we keep growing all the time,
Deposits in our Bank are second to no other commercial bank in Sri Lanka.
NKAS DYNAMIC BANKER
palam A. Gardiner Mawatha. Colombo 2, Sri Lanka. Telephone: 2784 - 9
Building, Bristol Street, Colombot, Sri Lanka. ESA BANK Telex: 143
கொழும்பு தமிழ்ச் சங்கம்

Page 28
Montessori kids.
. Is this stream
lined super-efficient government?"
“Yes, poor J
unius is poorly
served by his juniors...'
--
It's the coconomic front that
really troubles || III a.. Temember that
story in the
Surday Observer.
about six months ago... About the American tycoon who said he thought Sri Lanka was some goddan lil commie country in some
godforsaken hole
in Africa and
when he came there and rcalised
it was good ole those happy,
Intiwes, his pals back in
the climate - of Aid now Last a British busines
Ceylon wiih all smiling friendly
he had decidic to tell
Alabama to send
their dollars to help these fine pee-pull Outsider, that was
investment then. night I was with sIIlan, a would-bc
investor. He wanted a telex machine and three operators, and the was told that all the cxperienced I know what (loci
punchers were in
the recently recruited guys *tëldeFo With tWH f“3
But Wattala trust...'
Nicely put
beaming..."And then he
about Water for
Abu Dhabi and spelt
...' with two t's, I
it.
observed Monty inquired the factory he
had in Lind, and you know he was told ... they could alway dig a
י 3ן
well...
*Well, well, 'all's well that if yuu, Monty, running against
I said equably ends with a Well...
col"t Hreed
in the
Wit-and-Humour Handicap Hurdles. Nowices Only..."
“Heavens, Outsider, you took the metaphor off my mouth...what with all this talk of Upali, our economic whizz-kid, and King of
the Trade Zone,
playing the sport
of kings in Britain do you know,
he's got a horse
called Kandos.
and low another called Οιέπεται
Arty ?"
peror of our Zo star general into
"Why not? Caligula named his horse a pro - Consul his zones...so why can't the Em
of one of
ne, turn a four -
a horse..."
“Seriously. Outsider, I am think
ing about investments
if you had
the money, how Would you bet ...?
Would you put
2
your money on
mild ime.
the accelerated stance'
That's strict olds...it'll be i TVET---"
"In that case,
“We negotiat Armstrong, and intent from L. Raju for top - Willian Hill,...th ted gToup of Witteween OT Mk 7 to 1 -- ona GeFe Grand National we take our stic the whole Aid C. a loal or tw0 Development Fu millions from Germans, Swede and Taiwanese (t hush - hush) an
General Afya
and intermediate ally) and then cleä (ur Enti тevalue the rupe strongest cu Trec
**My god, Ou of genius...what Say
"Look, Mont gle decent Sir who doesn't put om i some i horse
I Doncaster air was pickpockete bus - man, they' them sitting it rooms with the ring their half with a tin of Korean fish, i ån as they watch Japanese colour bend......
**And your foT
try's leading po
*An economic early referendum
The result..." ¬ܕ ¬.;
“A 99.3 per GTO Pat long ahead of Ma Sadat on the
Kua The Yew YWYDDITI efter Geral A with Kaidas in Stakes. can't yo

Mahaweli, for in the Sinhala people, the Lion
race...mo damn barbarolus man -
y for six-year eating tigers, for you...we'll go
honey down the 醬 in the annals of the Jockey
b....'
what do we do' *Foi ?” els with Trainer: For the greatest race in his
get a letter of tory..........” Piggott and send
level talks with - hat's a more repu- 45 CFR 205. ხაზს“"ჯი"უსს (Corfd. from Page zoo) rai Atty for the Ah, well, nobody's perfect
The Greater Colombo Economic
Commission had a full-page ad ဝှိhဖူbဇ္ဈ{{ါး in the recent Financial Times Srind a few hundred Lanka Supplement. In one place the Japs, West the ad tells would-be investors South koreans that "a reserve of... young perhat has to be done of (sic) available for empo loyment." In another place a necessary definile article is unaccogood shot of you untably omitted. Two blunders al, raw materials, in an expensive ad but perhaps
technology, re- few will notice.
win the race, and Two-faced neutrino
Te fo Teign debt, e and become the My piece about the neutrino
ty in the world...?" (one of the particles of the atom sider, its a stroke, whose existence has been recently will the masses proved according to particle physicists) was ruined by the droppthere isn’t a sin- ing of a crucial sentençe: "Any ki TE 器 object if rotated 360° will, as we 器 pro know, present the same aspect as t 器 ချိန်မှိ ူ before bit a neutrino. We are told. 器 器 f needs frva rotations through 360
“ Is Wil ጝ፵፫ to do thia-as though it has a in the No. double i view * of the universe, om
love it...imagine for each rotation. - in their drawing
whole family sha- As the Duke of Wellington a loaf of bread said to the main who addressed
canned South him as Mr. Smith, if you can d cheering wildly believe that you'll believe anything
General Atty on T. W. take the
LANKA, GUARDIAN
d then we give
ecast as the coun- Sbscription rಳ್ದ : * litical tipster?” (for six months)",
. Local Rs... 30. miracle. and aп Asia Rs. 75l,
or US$5.00 or £2.50 Europe & Africa Rs. 100
or USS7.50 or 3.50.
Cheques and noncy orders to be Tadic out in favur of
cent vote for the y, at least a fur
ircos, and pipping Meirw yn de Silway post, with Le The Circulation Manager, "ied whether. We'll # SEE Publishes Ltd. 'fy, in a bracket outh Asia Media Centro.
3rd Floor, YMBA building, he Rubber Batons 1253/28, Main Street, Colombo 1. usee, Monty, we =ق
, - 1 3 : 5 ܒ
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Page 29
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