Page 1
No.
Vol.
A
AN
 

6. July 15, 1978 Price Rs. 2/50
Trials of small industrialists
Why the Janata is splitting
Coomaraswamy and caste
Also:
O Needham : the
hydraulic society
O Indian science
system
O People - politics

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Held firmly in the master-mason's grasp and used with skill, dedication
and dewoliorh, thea simple tro We! transforms ordinary brick and mortar irt erduring, elegant (rime 15.
... " We at the Building Malerials
ー - Corporation play our part bei Core the mastër - Tas torn : ) mes on the scene.
- Wir H är eyes for Th 3 m gads of the buildar, we supply all 1 h material requirements " أنه في " . . . " from willige level upwards. For this,
كمصر . معة مية" - مير.
ތަހ
Building Materi
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-་་་་་་་་་
"" ==! """ ہی یے ۔ ۔ ۔ ۔ :-==
we hawe se up a chain of supply rسمي"=" da u 1. lets, con 2 im ever y elector Fe. We are riet Farmi med That rico Lun SCf Lupul Luis person should exploit people in the
field of building T1ät Erid||5. We ar 1 hig 二"」 ta Trier To prevEnt such activity. 't We are of course aware, this is a desnas iding endelawa Lir. We have geared
oursel wees for This, elimima I ing "No" and "Clot" from O Ur vocabulary and + ': introducing Please" and Thank You" د ميني | instead.
als Corporation
PHOENIX

Page 3
Trends
The firing line
An ill-kept secret among the UNP's top campaign managers before they launched their blitzkreig in late 1976 ran: "Loyalists, in the first round; after that, only efficiency w III count'. They were apparently reflecting the Leader's thinking on the matter of top appointments in a UNP government, especially in the State and semi-State enterprises.
Now, the year's up. The loyalists were given their chance. How many made it? How Inany hawe matched up to the demands of their respective managerial tasks?
The Corporation Chairmen are preparing reports on performance Each report will be studied and the top executive's competence tested. Next on the cards is a crucial meeting in Kardy on the 22nd. Besides other ceremonies, President J. R. Will inspect his troops. How many cornmanders in the corporation sector will survive the inspection?
Back to school
At 8.30, each Morday morning, a convoy of cars and Jeeps drive up to a house in 5th Lane, Kalupitiya. The vehicles soor di sgorge a // the key men of the country's premier publishing enterprise, once the empire of Ceylon's own Beaverbrook, the formidable D. R. Wijewardene,
Everybody who is anybody in Lake House is there, from Chairman and director to editors, news editors,
edder writers etc.
Wol, I No. 6 July 5, 1973
CONTENTS
2. Letters 3 - 5 News background 5 - O International news
Press opinion 2 - 3 Needham interwiew | 4 - 5 Education 5 - 7 The Arts 8 Private wiew-Politics 19 Sin Ce 2. People
2. Crossword
They sist at thi Mr. Esmond Wi D, R. WIJewards former Managing House, for Tier Chairman of the ert i mence (not - so
The Master the Ili vero al brilef di 5. and editorial pc. defe, usually sa sycophancy, semi mate ramatters. Til back to headqu: Monday.
Bad medicine
The University Health Ministry Trid defend Its c or which the in hospita) is berg dld,
Objections have the si te from L. It is right oppo Gardens, Peradeni objections range
Curd to the at Cormes first — hur: ra). The Japanes
taustes c7dThit to : Sri Lankar) ger15 ahead with the bewildered ower
closely guarded hawe many hidde
ANKA GUARDAN
Published b Publishcrs, S. Centre, Thir Building, 126 Colombo - 1.
Telephot
Edlitor: M.
Printcd hy
825, Will
Col.

Letters
feet of the Guru, krerITa singhe, Mr. 1e's son – In-Jaw, Director of Lake the first Asian) F| und the UNP'5
grise.
1 proceeds to deourse on journalism licy, with a few "donic, asides on literacy and proxien the troops march rters ..., Lntfs flext
Is certa in the te III stick to its guns a ir1s on the and ew Kandy teaching built, with Japanese
been entered against nexpected quarters. Siste the Botafysica | yd. Some soy fue from the agriculsthetic. But what an animal or nineB Whose desthctic | speciai lave for Ire keen on getting Ob but they seem the fact that the 7-fight appears to | sacets.
' Lanka Guardian H Luth Asian Mediāli
Floor, YMBA 328 Main Street,
:: 2028.
rvyn de Silva
Ananda Prcs:5
:ridhal Street, lէյլ) - 13
Grammar and the FTZ
I suspect Arden teacher, but still not pensioned off from pedantry. The grain Illatical 'error in that expensive ad in Llac Financial Times lle refers to is som: thing that II lidern gra I11marians hawe been monitoring for some time. Attraction is the technical word they give this linguistic phelo II len on a Ild it occurs regularly in the select journals that top people read, as it does, I believe, in Greek and Latih. If the trend increa 5 cs it will som become idiomatic and then grammat will look silly as it often does.
is a retired
In any case this objection is unbecoming in a man who, quite rightly, is Willing to bash t Wicca day altı other kirild of a trocious pedant, Abraham Kovoor, Let me pose this liLlle partitive genitive' puzzli for Arden's solution: lf a quarter of it is how come that a quarter of then are?
Colombo 5.
“I did not say it'
S. Pathirawitana
I strongly protest against the derogatory stalements of "Arden' that I aim onc who "cheats aid manufactures facts' in his comment under the caption ''The Gadflies' in your issue of June 1.
I all aware that no human hings are sacrificed a | KuTublia Mcla, and I have never stated that "mass killings of Hindus took place" at the Kumbha Mcla, although human and animal sacrifices are Tot uncorum Innon in Hindu aind other relligions.
The two quotations Arden has cited within inverted cominas, claiming that they are from one of my letters to the press, are both false. He was deliberately trying Lo make the rcaders believe that I have stated that mass killing of human beings takes place as religious ritual at Ku Inbha Mela.
What I emphasized in my letter was the absurdity of the Hindu belief that a person's sins could be washed off by dipping his body at the auspicious time, that comes once in 11 years, in the polluted

Page 4
water at the confluence at Allahabad, and the ghastly sight of hundreds of devotees tra 11pled to deith by the Imalid T Llısı (of hulindredis of tlı ousands of failantic Inıcı : Eld Willel iil til ei keelileę.5 1.3 L L ( ) miss the auspicious time.
Colombt 6.
"Fish - not explanations'
Dr. Abraham KOWOO"
You interview with the Fisheries Millister is imel and inteTcs Ling. People in Sri Lalinkil wallt fish, Ilot charts and explaiiatios. Ewcry successive guvernment had bc.cn bl: Illing the previous goverinIcht. We are sick of thics: tales. The Minister talks of Fieign Exchange, when Ilı illici 115 il re dra illed
out on luxury ald Ilon-utility article5, wit E1C] ut whiclı W: CH, I, 11үс.
Mr. Minister give us fish, ut a mod cratic price or else S. L. F. P history Will repeat on your GovernIllէ:Il I.
Colomb)- 6. M. A. M. Cassin
In your issue of J 11 ne 15 th yo L1 pliblislied an inte view "Why tinc fish get away”. In it Mr. Festius Pere Tial, Minister of Fisheries has repeated the charge (which he has been repeating ad hausea II) that the shorlag of fish and high prices are due tij “LI e IIless he illeriled froIII tlhe previous regiile”.
If tEle for her regi T1c: Illa de such a I11 csis of things als y U LI MT. Milisler illege Hıdy is it tlısı they WCTc i ble to Ithakc plen Ly of fish available and 11 low prices? A parti mill of Seer was Rs. 4.50 L u Rs. 5.000 cor in the very ličin sealEls Ris. Č. 50 to Rs. 7.ÖÖ). Ni w Sect is Rs. 12.00 at its wery lowest price. Ald thc poor man's fish Salaya which was 75 ccInts to Rs. 1. O) is Ildow Rs. 3.5) L-eb Rs. 4.50.
In spite of the former regitle “Ime 3 sing up" they gawe us plenty of fish and cheap up to July 1977 If you Mr. Minister only carried Con Will the sale 5) callei "Thess'' we would still be hii wilg cheap fish,
It is only after July 1977 that we halwe по fish. Why? Because of your policies. You pawned our
2
seas to Japanes:
ners aid that is get away'. Whi. this paWIlling of tlığ ıillion dol!:
Colombo 4.
TB and
TBIʼs expl:11ät sacre of the SL general election Wonderland tale
When Iny chil was suffering fro I Tlacı list der Lil doctor advised th: the milk frød at shop to shop front to Savoy bridge. of Tilk food we shops, but all food card, certif my child etc. W for ther when p. I. Oile goods of bi tliet lil be (C3 fo Ld 1lleärt für &ld babies. I til: with this.
() Il :: IIC Liller oc go (yn a wild Wellil wat tc to get Ultimately one () to lily rescu.
My meeting wi Kubbock&aclu Wic — ! Refk if it is a II. tock 45 Ilih ulcs [c] c i The lo will fi The SILFP Yıllı Wilo took IIc the which tlı gere wis II the Y. Lith Leagu h3 il cotine tc.) . was ling of a lail. rared... now it
Lastly I Canno tical-powered he ches of the 20th (In Thy professio (*LIT building wil libri Iy, canteen : ties for all of w ciltlrged per year tlığ: h1:1Wya: his Justice. Law crea
This I votel first time in my re: ','ợch T3;: Coff hi1 We: $Lu fTe:reci Imi

and other foreig'why the fish I benefitte frø111 out Scas? That is I qiil est i 1.
Disgusted Seer
F-SFP
iol of the InasFP at the last
is alını Alice i II
ld othe year colid Il 11 : Clle Ste Whole day, the i I should change . Ince. I Walked, in Dehiwcla bridge Packets and tins rc wcll stored il vyırı ted tlıc Inı ilk 'icate of birth of Willcrc jlcco u I ll I ge) the Lille was 5.30 pul gawe me a tin w and Gate Tilk I til 3 mill Llı id to be satisfiel
casiil I had L.
giocos e chas C at Il box of Illa till: S. f II my wisitors ca 111
ith His Excellency Fltlic" Jf L. El li her episode, lt for His Excellency (Il the upstairs. El League officiall :rc greeled im Lo () responsc. When LT Said that We iiscuss about the His Excellclicy gT155 e i 1g (Inc.
t forget tille poli:ıwy = h:ını ded pLITCentury Justinill lī, Hic took yer lich hollsad out I
the aimerilich Rs. 35'- was
Illit t 3 till:11 tit II A Illi i istratior of td.
T [[1: J\,P fort le ife. Millions Who) thill. The Wild
Te TEBI, HLII Talh
yet you expect to will an election, with UF-SLFP LInity.
M. C. Aarook .12 סנmb 10 חC)
Law & morality
Bashi Al llad yw Tite:S the "o Juliciary in Pakistan is completely independent and is well kilown for the high est standards of integrity." Two hypothetical questions picase: ONE: Would the Judiciary lave bT)LIgil L iI1 ä - yer lic { agair1st. BhıL1 t. t)
then" TWO: Will it against Zia Ill W.
Saradie
97 and all that
II reviewing Dr. Colwill R. de Silvas p:Timphlet oil the 1971 insurreciall, I colified lyself to facts and stilternets til at Were Withirl the public dollain. Dr. Costain de Wos's ch:Lillenge to Ille, “Just What is a delic:Ltically clicclesi governIli eint supposed to da when faced with a med in 5urTection?", collpelled me to refer to more personal experie 11çes,
(i) Towards the end of April 1971 I was Elle of a grup (of pecupie Who E. pp:led to two prolinent libers of the LSSP to list their if|Luch cc will Llıç (GC’yernment ta ensure that restifaints were exercised 31 Lili. El rmed servicios ald Lle police. We made concrete suggesLiCl3, — (:; g. thall i civiliä. Il Ille Illiber of o;;ie of the cca li tioil partics be oil pt. Tim: Teilt duty in every police station to see that persons who sLr relierei Ur Were ar ested Were Iut tortured or slut. The iluswer We got was that Lille insurrectionists were fascists and had to be "wiped է, եւ է՝ -
(2) ATOlind June 1971 I asked a l-SSP member of the (Gwer il
ment whether they would not hold an inquiry into atrocities ild illegal acts collmitted by
In enbers of the attled services and police during the insu Tection. "(Oh 1, Co," ca Tle the ilms wel, “that wcould cre:s te a difficult and damgcr) is situation for Government."
There are many other W. C. El tite ipted : t that interced in the it crests strait. Eld hill:Lity and resuffed. But I illust all
{{Traffirfeá ar page )
people Lillie L.
of Te
W
that

Page 5
News background
Castro and thenc
=:! Minister A. C. S. Halleed leaves for Belgrade this week for What is widely regarded as a criticial meeting of the nonaligned Freign Millisters. This will be the last Foreign Ministers' meeting before the curtain rises on the Sixth SuIntnit in Havana in the first days of September next year, The 25-member Co-ordinating Blureau of which Sri Lanka is the current chairman Will hold fairly regular sessions, and meet, if thought necessary, at ministerial level,
What ails the noil-aligned moveIlenl? Is the "Crisis” Tcal or the result merely of the coincidence of several sharp bilatarial disputes between members Hnd groups of members. Or is it the by-product of increasing tensions and accompanying polemical exchanges in what is popularly te TTmed a "new cold WaT ""? President Tito the sole surviving senior statesman and the movement's patron saint found it fit to sound Warnings about the threat of "disunity' and "lew divisions' on Ilany recent occasions. Once, in a conversatio. With the Speaker of the Indian Lok Sabha; and more formally, ín his address to the Yugoslav CP's 11th Congress.
"Yugoslavia's anti-Stalinist history and its concern for independence vis-a-vis her giant neighbour, the USSR, gives Yugoslawia’s nonalignment a special accent', notes a Sri Lanka. Il diplo That who ser y cd in Belgrade for many years, "but We III LI st not forget that the unity of the IL10 "We ment is an civen stToT 1 - ger conceril, perhaps an obsession, Self-managellent and Iloil-align. Dent a Te the two props of the life... =nd non – alignment is almost theology ... Tito is hypersensitive Eo di 55 ension aild divisiwe threats and will fight to the last to protect the solidiarity of the movement."
Yugoslavia and Guyana have already submittied a "working paper' to the Belgrade meeting on the subject of conflicts between
Time
" "Two bi LS
Colling out of
the time inlay consider whet made conside this year to foreign policy breaking up th of nations, Wh have been a Tra in the interna and in diplom: generally, Obw going to be di by no Ileans shed. A mos see signs of suc
— (Fries. Da Tiel i 5 frrillas for irr N., F. Tirre5 33,
In embers and way Cuba luas support suggested that s be discussed in non-aligned cou principlc refraine ing in bilateral fellow member st
The IIlost seriou have erupted inti ar: Wiela (11- K: pia - So Tulalia; A: Morocco - Maureti hara wheTc Polis tion front) is sup and Imany radica aligned states,
“The Strains U are quite real, a Ten L il tille ewid the group' wrote tical scientist Colombo summit. have increased o cent development:

on-aligned “crisis'
ripe ?
of intelligence
Africa suggest
he at had to
1ČT Wella ve mít
rable progress
Wards a basic goal, that of Le massive bloc lich for so long y ed against us Lional forum, 15 atic: Cn Counters iously this was fficult and it is ully accomplit. We begi Il to | :L:ք:55, ""
Μαμπί ήτη, Μέι Γηiεr Iō) i'r Tiffan, gyrfa fedd r:չն)
St.0 solve theim. !d this move and ecific proposals ietail. Hitherto, nitries hawe as a from interferlisputes between 1Iէ:
5 conflicts which I military clashes Il pulchea; EthioIgola-Zaire; and I til Lower the Sal rio (the liberaOrted by Algeria
Arab and non
the Illowericnt ld they are inheILL diversity of an Indian poli1st before the These stresses ä Cult Of Tc
(a) the rapid rise in numbers25 in Belgrade at the lst summit. 87 at this week's ministerial meeting. This includes Saudi Arabia and Maldivis, Singapore and Libya, India and Brazil. Yugoslavia and Nigeria, Cuba, Wietnam, Zaire, revolutional ries, regals, liberation fighters and sheiks, på Tliamentarians and generals.
(b) Many of the new members have come from liberation movements that have assumed power through armed struggle, and whose ideological character is quite diffeTe1i UT dislInctive.
(c) There have been about - turns in the alignments of some important states - e. g. Egypt, a So vict ally now very much dependent on the US for rescuing Sadat's peace initiative and ailing ecoThorny.
(d) Squabbles within major units Within the group. Recently, both the OAU and the Arab League took the extraordinary step of expelling a member from each body-Conoros and South Yemen respectively.
Invited lo comment on this interpretation in the present context, a Sri Lankan politician who played an active role in the preparatory Work Ulf both the Colomho sum In it and the Algiers conference told the 'Lanka Guardian".
"But the Teal significance of these strains and stresses can be unders lood only in relation to the basic concept of rion - alignment, the global economic situation and the response of each Il C1 - aligici government to the challenge presented by the post-1973 economic "crisis', and today's shifting alignments on the world scene, particularly the new US-Chiha understanding spotlighted by Brzezinski's visit to Peking'.
(1) For all the public appearance of solidarity symbolized in the

Page 6
Desai–
(). Č)r (770 ter opič, s7re you as conceries as Presider Carter is abat Soviet and Chal activities in Africa?
A. The Cubans were in Wited (by Africans); they have Illot gone on their co WTh.
Q., Bur Y4*har (aboir I The rece: If čase of SV 1 ha Provi Fre i7 Ζαίτε, η ήέre the Cιθ. 1715 ηΙαμ sa y'e FET ir l'all'era' 14" ir auf Ebeiring in vited?
A. I do not think they have any involvencIlt in that.
O. Preside if Carter has als U beer r77oeking (172 is ste f hi rrari - rights viola riors in the Soviet bloc. Do you agree with his carpaign?
A. Theoretically, what he is saying is quite right. Practic:lly, it II ay not be very useful.
(2. Ji Hyla 1'a. J'?
A. Becauge tille Corn stitilinists will certainly Lake it as all assa L | Ii till:11 ... W liwe gQi to sel our houses in such
i 1 Circi eT that We hawe establislled human rights completely. Can we clair, it in our coulltries? I can't claim it for my country No ca II y Ic3 L1 claim il in your coutry.
Q. Se la fe Presider is doing is ru’r practically usefu/?
A. I wouldn't say anything about it. Who am I to :id vise tit e President?
2. Vell,
you're a rise
A. He is also a wise man.
I consider hill a wiser mail.
COIIlllIll Il cli. 11) LI II Il CIC. Tie T, t; approaches. On behild the slog: IL CIC) II. fr. 31 t:ti I for concessions Cotıllı tries, for : Tılı of the trans That and trade, better el. In essence, hoped to get ou tic crises thro with the West, b de cor policies, at Liracting invest1 fect, a policy , the Wes ierin ector pro Tinting al depi lisation at the N ретіphегу і. е. [1 distinguished gro economists plı Tas
The other gT this policy of ''. the co-optation וז:ics e ftוונטון נL:3) the west:rn - don. Le 1} as : il effo! transfer the birde Crisis it hic b developed by "all you : bit more; truly pı il yolu development'.
Me:LIlWhile tle
offensive, capita differences, succc. ext. It ill in
sity's Professor in his a lalysis C described as is Tielt fi o IL1 tille dividing the oil poor, dividing th Africans, LTying Palestinians ctic,
A Superpower power (China) a Co Imbli Incil at ta' Cuba. El rile in Af is till: 1ext chi fere: le: c, this las
TSS Lites (1 El Only two nonhave explicity ra Si Talial his cir der 10 Lull cing Cuba if tır. Syyrict UI has said it will alt tille H: wana Time

for El new eco1ere Were brold 2 group lined Llp In "co-operation, 1. i. e. the demand roIIn the affluent les o El till: Cold Llict in als, Ilore aid commodity prices th:2552 goverilimlents It of their do Ille 5glı Ç - Coperatico 1 y ) LI T51 ing Copen — liber: lised trade, 1211 ti etc. Il elfhich fitted into 1omic stra tegy of cmdn f n t im dii L15 triaWorld economy's Le Third Wirld : Lip of Third World ed it, recently,
Qup's wiew 5:w compromise' (i. e.
OF Tird World Tm, a TE: closely i11t, ilated World sysrt by the West to in of the econu Ilic :cks of the u nderowing us to exploit Fırld we will thlerı {)In the i Tb3ail []
West coli Iterlising o these 'cded to a great Ho'ITd | | |iverA. W. Singham if the movement Illing" the myesocialist bloc, - rich from the e Arabs from th:
li ostracise tlie (See Moynihan)
(US) and a major : We low (pened cik Col L. Elle Sovietrica, Since Cuba "IF Il CT the Clill troduced fiew e group, So fir lig Llei collIntries ised the question, cui la ted a letter as tւ Տ11Trtigatt 1ion, and Zaire In Col participate Ըting,
Stepping up its propaganda bEl Trage however, Peking luas poscid El direct questio I–Is Club: a I C1-:lignei colli Er, the title if år 1 article by a Hsinhua conI 1eI1t:1t(bT W'h1) se :1Tgu 111ents fiIndl cvident inspiration in Mr. Carter's All'11 polis address. In a Stinging reply, Cuba has produced a docuIl called “Tı: Cliese leaderso grealt betrayll"’.
Deep down, the problenn is one of it crpreting in Il-alignment in lin i Interatiorial fra Illic work Llat the non-aligiCd the sclw.cs canTot hope to il litet radically or im Friediately.
This debate was already implicit in the speeches of Lwo mem whic lid Illot comic to Colombo, Mr. Lice Kuan Yew and Dr. Fidel Castro. Mr. Lec is Io 1 — aligned bLIL he is a passionatic, hard-helded anti-communist and proud of it. In that sense, hic is “ideologically alignedl'. So is TDT. Castro, who illa. Il y llıı ve scd thic cclcb Tiited Words CF MT. S. W. R. T.D. Bali da II är like i 1 ] his specch. Lo the U. N. in 1955"Wi: Elrc coni Titcd to the hit". For him, non — aligil Illent is not "neutral” mor i Tıplies “equi-distance' from the two superpowers, Nor is it merely a foreign policy. but an in SLI Lillent for combating both "imperialist exploitation and Theo - colonialism' zus well als *neo - fascist regimes, feudal landlords, oliga Ichic land Wilers, and social parasites of all sorts' within each count Ty, II this struggle, Castro regards the socialist bloc led by the USSR, not an enemy, but a maturall a lly,
What will happen in practice? Those countries which do not like the "Cuban climate" may keep away from the 6th Slim Illi or send low-level delegations.
Influential members of the group like Yugoslavia, India, Algeria, Tanzania etc will ende: your to col taith the differences for the sa ke of unity by re-affirming the need for comilon, is loosely practised, adherence to “basic principles' and through the device of iconScilšus".

Page 7
But political realities will be the ultimate test. Two unresolved crises (the Arab-Israeli, and the situation in southern Africa) will be the testing ground. As the West and its local sympathisers and allies withill the non-aligned group (and indirectly China) fail to resolve these crises through diplomatic formula:le a 11d rnegotiation, and the struggles sharpen, the lines of division will be clearer. It will be clear where each country stands and the genuine
less of its collimitment.
Cuba has already la un clued a quiet diplomatic campaign to softell the emerging fictiot. But judging from Dr. Castro's speeches he is not prepared to retreal from his own declared commitments. In his most fa, I11 ous speech he said "history will absolveme'. As the Belgrade conference opens the road Lo Havana, the sarne Dr. Castro appears convinced that hisLory is very 11, Lich on his side.
How fares local industry?
he People's Bank and the
Industrial Development Board will study the consequences of the gover I1 imelt's new "liberalised i IIIport policy on local industry. The Ielasearch work is an initia tiwe of the Industries Ministry,
One of the main planks of the gOWCT III le 1 Li's IMF- orie:1 te economic policy, import libcialisation has some obvious advantages bul what of its ill-effects on national industries? Did the UNP's first tudget become a 'trader's budget' in a fashion the government did not guite anticipate? Are manufacturers becoming mere traders with prospects of easier profits or greater profit margins? What of the impact om s Tall and medium-scailc industries which grew up with import substitution and flourished under protectionism? Are they being driven to the wall?
Looming over
Ĉicted is Siles is tE: the government's Say is Priority N A trader does in Ill Hill persons; a Of course, there of arbitrary pri goods and exorbi petition, it is a CCIT: Ctive,
Yet the questic is the para moi Recently, a lar T11 änufacturing ni di CCiled it was become an impo itell. A more st that of a pioneer I less. As the ad PICSS sho y, foi 5 C0_Jtl&:E5 i Ti: Iʻigidir1 Ti Tiket. The ||krc: in a quandary.
WElate ver fugt: IcSearchers may issue is a major C02L11) to III ny countries that opt which could, initi the disease worse,
Lanka i security
A Flu Ing Ilal which s nal affairs has til on the newly
between Singapor After Prime Mill Yew's visit in Apr ECU FIờiric Revie 4 I Singapore link its The cover pictur Tepi Tt's main lin Singa pico Teifin inwes Lise infusing me Länka’s a iling ec
Now, ASIAFE references to Sri

ll these and connspectre of what leaders themselves l— e Imployment. it need to eliploy la fu facturer does. we been problems ing, slib-standard ant profits. Coilgued, is the best
of employment int consideration.
wlno has beteil ils for many years ore profitable to rtel of the same riking examplic is in the cycle busiertiserients in the 'eign cycles and g high in the local all cnterpreneur is
and figures the Il carth, tlıc whole policy dileIIlmä under-developcd for prcscriptions ally at least, make
in Lee's
arc
kong – based jourpecialises in regioIrned the spotlight strengtheneci ties 2 and Sri Lanka, ister Lee Kuarı til, the Far Easterra 1äde tillic Lankastory of the week. e illustrated the c of argument— til 11 ent a IId experw lific into Sri
Il CIlly.
'EK makes Scyeral Let Ilka in a cover
story I ."י ווטY
"Strategist Lee Kuan
"At least two of the leaders Lcc has met are belic werd to hälve become enthusiastic partners in pursuing an Asia-wide defence concept – Australia's Fraser und Sri La Inkas J. R. Jayewarde Inc. Both men sh: Te Lee's stro Elg opposition to coil Tunism, and both have been advocates of military preparedness', reports ASIA PEEK.
Thanks to South Korea, Japan and Taiwan, the report continues, a reliable security wall already existed, But South Asia was 2111 ““ unccrtim aTca" ”. However "draImatic changes hawe altered thio situation'.
Quoting a diplomatic official (ull-mained) the report adds: 'A
line-up of liberal or left wing leaders has been replaced by right-wingers as if at the flick
of a switch. Certainly people like Indira Gandhi, Sirimawa BandaraInaike, Zulfikar Ali Bhu LLo and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman wouldn't hawe en tertained the kiind of security concepts their successors today must seriously consider.
“El couraged by this historical turn of cycInts the securitymind cd leaders are said to be
Working om the concept of an arc stretching south from Japan to Australasia, and across through Ballgladesh and Sri Lanka to Pakistan. But they want to achieve this without giving thic impression of a formal anti-communist pact. For one thing, Lice Kuan Yew himself has noted that Asian countries while determined that they will 11 tot be cicominated by co III mulimist states, ha ve frie Tidly relations and trade with them, For another, formal pacts of the pastSEATO to the Asian Pacific Council - died because they were unable to show flexibility".

Page 8
| International news
India
The trials of the
Ply Minister Morarji Desai rcturned II, 17 Llı June from his cI - day Lour of the West to a capital which was alre: dy boiling over with the fury of dissension withil his (Governmcnt. Prominent among those who received him at the airport was his burly Minister of Health, Raj Narain, whose darts aimed at Jalilla Party Presiderit, Cha Indra Shekhar, Ilha iliy picople suspccted were: intended for Morarji himself. Always effusive, III i Iny times to the point of clown is licss, Raj Narain sprin kled traditional perfume om Mora iji als het alighted from his plane, RGsponding typically, MoTarji pou red hicid scorn om Raj Narlin's Eippeasing gcsture. “Yalı are giving me perfuIIle now, But. in my absence, it Was all ful shell,' he coincited,
It was evide It that the Prime Minister blad Comic back with his III i Ild fully Illalle up that hic: would del fi i Ilıly with the cha llenge to authority within his Government a 11d Party. A EL press Conference suon afterwards, he announced his rejection of Raj
Narain's demåld tilat Clindr: Shekhar should resigil as President of Jamata. He said that
Jalla ta's Parlia Imerit: Ty Board would mecL DEl 22nd JuInc. to consider Raj Naraim's cal Tipaign of public criticism of tlie. J 11 tal President and the general proble Ill of tightening discipline in the Party. He ew. Il distilis5ed Ho 111c Minister Cha Tan Singh's long-pending letter af resignatiØl fra IT, the Parliamentary Board 31rld National Executive of Jam :L ta as of Ilo gTeat in 1 porta Ince.
If What was outstanding between Prime Miilister and President, In one side, and Hole Minister and Health Milister, on the other, Was El Ille e questiol of pality discipline, Morari Wils giving every
body colcerned in which to prey actical. Thiès' w immediate aspect the dispute that tied. But it hal blem of disciplin uf inter:s. 5 betwe in an enterprise the morrow ()
when it was all think in critis contract. Thoug
months had pass had for Imel is New Delhi, the El S y'at T1, CCIII There wLTL 1151 elected. It lie C legisla til i Tcs (II) and had for the Who Werc group parties. But he basic membershi of internal party progrmTc parties require.
II al importa Was a political pil of foi Ilalion, ricits, Congress Bha. Til tiya Lok D) had long been c. Il eed to foiTim i parly il order ti of de fel tirig a C as yet in power. Ill Agree ol. Wh. leader and their stalled On thilt il title it appeare Singh of the BLI LI F1 til T:cently, yw'r party if it 1111ter Micra Tji Desai’s 1 Lnd the general E Morirji ai || tlhe SECT1 that the Jal 1 the biggest Janata MP’s i 11 tho: J:1T1a Party of 299, ha for Morarji.

! Janata
a clear five days "CIL any diastic as, if course, all of discipline in had been generad becomic a pro1ğ bcClust il claslı el senior partners had occurred oil f its lau inching, :I dy too late to of Tcvising the Il T1 re thil. Il 14 cd since Jalata ( Y wermelt il Party itself had into real being. t: wh[] l:1{d bee11 CITI trill and Stilte: Lhe Pality ticket Governments, 2d in legislature te was Ileither a not a hierarchy bodies I or even lich als political
1l sense, Janata rty in th: curse ts folur compo(O), Jil Ilia Salmigh, at and Socialists, Viced of the single political 3 hawe al ch'ılımce 'ongress that was But they could sold be the til lks for Tierger CC) lil Fil L. Fibri similie l tlıat (Ch:T: 1 ), Hornië Minister *uld lead the new ialiscil, BL 1 after release from jail :lection it became wily. It would hal Sangh, today group with 91 ta. Parliamentary Il sitt hoci solidly
The decision to form a single Janata Party was finally forced by a In ultimatum from Jayaprakai sh Narlin, Who III all four constituent parties rega rcled as thc re: l leader of 1 hic resistance to Indira Gandhi's repressive regime. Jayaprakash blun Lly told the four parties that were still negotiating When the general election was a Inounced, that he would dissociate himself from the election campaign if they failed to become One party. He calculated correctly that they had to have hill on their platforms even to wage an efective election campaign.
The formation of a political party, however, is not as si II plc: als at grecing on a 11a, Ille and Thaking an announcement. It proved to be ewel II, 17 Te complicaticci tlıan Winning a Sweeping electoral victory and installing a widely wellcolled Government for the second most populous cou Titry in the World. FT JELI 14 ta walls constitul Led Incot only of four diffcrcnt political parties, but of four political parlies th;it were separated by Wide differences, Jaya prakash himsci f told an interviewer of the Hi Tdr.srf? for Tiries i II August 1974 that two of these four parties
were 'conservative', wiz Jana Singh and the BLI). About a third he: said: "I lo mot know about the Congress (O) which
claims it is socialist though I do Ilot know how far they would go.” Illis expla, Tia Lion för Thot secking a clic: basis of agreement betweeTI the parties was: 'But it is not wise to spell out everything at this stage."
III fact, :Lt the time he made this stalement in 1974, Jayaprakash was not exercised at all about forming a new political party. He had launched a movement of ITF155 protest against CITLuption in

Page 9
the Congress Governments at both Centre and States. It was part of his design of ushering in a "partyless democracy" and it would have been odd if that aim demanded the establishment of yet another Political party. His strategy was to Teach out to all political parties, and he had prominent ällies, like Jagjivan Rain and Y.B. Chavan, even in the Congress party of Indira Gandhi. His movement rejected the Weapon of workers strikes and peasamt Li prisings and relied almost entirely on the students whom he called his 'soldiers". He expected the Congress (O). Jaltlä Sa Ingh, BILD and Socialists to strengthen and expand the ITT "W" TITI,
Jaya Prakash Soon learned that the struggle for a party less demo. cracy needed a political party to guide it. As the movement spread from Bihar into other parts of North India and into Orissa, the authority of the Congress Governments and of Indira Gandhi as supreme leader of the Congress Party began to be eroded visibly. II: W:s ilgainst this background that the Emergency was prepared and introduced when the Allaha. bad High Court verdict raised the challenge to her rule to a new height. The declaration of the Emergency demanded political organisation of the mass Struggle and a political party to set Lp in alternative Government Unwilling to admit the inadequacy of his political theories, Jayaprakash was anxious lo provide the Tesponse that thc situation demanded. He SCI ÖLut hul Triedly to project a loose front of varied political organisations engaged in direct action as a unified political Тагty st a fateful general election, Even he did not expect that this makeshift Parly would be called th form a Government for the entire
- T -
Had the newly formed Janata P=y, moi been called to shoulder GET-IIIeIta responsibility, it is conceivable that the four constituent organisations could have directed their time and effort to
*,- Tէ: Լ. ԼիI1= ciling their differences and consolidating a single political party.
But when Janata was called on
Lu for the G. Delhi it was ca prepared. The Illent had bec People bocca Luse u Ilable tu solve t The resort to c to cover up this WEIS I) W CIT pČoplc as theil Solve these same tragedy was that, Jalala had no to 50 Illuch as these problems. bil ck on the C0TnstitLi tent grou the liverse attitu and expectation: spired in that ex
The Congress . PC Wei full, extens (Tg: nisation. It colul II try for 30 ye: lind organisation pil its of the coul all strata amo grouping then his ding to their ec Tela Lionships unde a rall pixilly adwanc mål tional bourgeo little doubt that this I 1::itiorıal bo 0 Til the Congress party - the pov houses, the large talists and even With more localis building up a State With large I forces and pursu foreign policy, the middle classic the Congress ban duct of its agrar fiW C-year p]lari in tellsive class of agrarian capitalist being providing a for Congress rulc
The failure col Party to meet th of the mass of fastered the growt Cipi I:ll a Tid rich led to its increas the Tower lent ol 5ës, Sub-classes a alway fron it. T. gellËTaticol of Tiwa the Congress org:

WCIIIllt ill New Lught palpably unCoIgress Governrejected by the it had proved heir vast problems. Illergency rule was
· incapacity. Janata trial before the instrument to problems. The as a political party opportunity at all give its mind to It had to fall 2xperience of its pis ilind Tegurgilate d'Us, appreciations S that had tranperience.
Party had been a ive and well-knit had ruled the ars. Its i Tıfluence reached to all tly. It embraced 11g the people, :r:l chically accorÖIl Comic Elıd Social T the leadership of ling and ambitious isie. There was all sections of urgeoisic looked Es their political werful IIonopoly industrial capiSmaller capitalists scd interests. By 30 Werful national In Odernised armed ing at ambitions "El St Secti II15 of S Were raid to ner. As the proill reforms and Wę5III:| 115 Ell exich peasants and 8 ha d come into strong fonndation : in the states.
the Congress e ge F1CT [ Ileckda
people while it h of monopoly li grafia mi interestis, ing isolation and f differcint clasTid social groups ble Tes Lilt was the
presslITes within inisation and its
breaking up into splinter-groups. The Emergency Regime was he direct product of this process. The Shah Commission has revealed that the Emergency was dicclared behind the backs of the Congress Party itself and the Cabinët in New Delhi. The Emergency was a virtual coup d'ctat of El cāli čus within the Congress led by Indira Gandhi in alliance With chosen elements in the buc. aucracy, the police and the military El PParalus. It was the need to legitimise its power that drove this caucus to the miscalculation that brought about the relaxation of the Emergency and the general
clection of 1977.
The Janata Parly was brt uglit to powcr by this combination of cirumstances, some of them fortunate for it. It is un true that Janata stagcd a revolution or forced II) dira. Gandhi to El tite II1p to IIIInalise her regime. The declaration of Eincrgency was withdrawn by Indira Gandhi hers clf, as soon as it was clear that the masses had placed the Janata Party in ותCיWלת ס The problem that is being unravelled through the dissensions and conflicts which Cllr Tently convulse Jsi Tata is whether a political organisation so hastily put together and sic facilely brought to power can take 1 hic place of the spintered and discredited Congress Party.
Whose world?
he World Bank is now the
main conduit of dileWclopment aid from the rich countrics to the Poor. Because the World Bank is a tough and careful lender-none of its loans have ever becn defaulted - it is also a catalyst for large loans from multinational commercial banks. The North-South relationship, measured in actual flow of cash, runs through the World Bank. It now lends $8.5 billion a Xelr - Compåred, for example, with the U.S. annual cutlay of some S.2 billion a year in di rcct Country-to-country dewelopment aid...

Page 10
Must uf the barık's It Onty Ç011 C5 from bonds that itsells in financial centers like New York. It ca. El borrow more cheaply and surely than poor countrics with shaky currencies. But like any other bank, it requires a basic fund of capital that is a lever for all the Test. That capital is contributed by the governments of the rich countries, of which the largest, and the leader, is the United States. This cou Il Liry Ilo W pri Wikics only one-quarter of the annual capital requirement. But if it defaults on this commitment, the Whole Wild Bai Ink Structill: Te Till: 132 well collapse.
The U.S. contribution this year is in great danger, President Carter asked Congress in January for S3.5 billion for the World Bank and smaller regional development banks, The House Afropriations CoII mittee has cut it to S2.6 billio II. Next Weck the bill is scheduled to come to the House floor, where there will be a series of attempts cither to cut it further or to attach crippling political conditions to it. The bill's prospects were uncertain even before the California tax referendum threw Congress into its present panic. But it would be squalid for a country with an average family income of S18,000 to cut its taxes by clinimating aid to countries where the average income is El few luldred doll:Ts.
Beyond the obvious moral issues, there is the sharpest U.S. self-inte est in keeping the World Bank in business. The dilemmas of a rich country bordered by poor ones are illustrated by the steady stream of illegal immigrants into the United States, Americans know that it cannot be stopped without resoTL to urlacceptable plice nethods. Americans also understand that the real remedy is greater opportunity for poor Latin Americans in their own countries. The principal Incans of providing that opportunity is the World Bank.
車 Americans also know that their foreign trade deficit is getting
steadily worse. Part of the solution lies in expanding exports to developing countries - but the rate at which they buy U.S. goods depends on the rate at which they develop,
S
lJ.S, cxports Lo
nearly doubled ot years, but it takes that process going development aid
on the needs of th but on those of the
- II -
Peru and the N Third W.
5ă En the end I
Fund will h; CI5 til Lucerit ASSE return to de IIno to be cancelled. Fuild will go..''' a Lirila banker cit. til Americal CCITTE: ΓΕΤαμεία TiηIEή perceptive centre titled 'Developin Peru's struggle W.
Il a land of gradually tra Isfa timent of juntas Illesty II ternation states”, Per til re Il te sisCO's Il inte frðIl thL:: La til Fra Ill the riks ar Iled forces cair who strove to bi Tcformers. Their economic clange it the old struct L. in perilled the We the repressive oli, foreign part1ers foreign affairs, P. support to the T ILU I l struggle for
Tier Lld tille: Li Il col — aligilled Illit jected a new mi Baltic. It was rence that the ngit Juan Welasco Al Lhrow 1.
Il te fice of ures generated b. del by the : sharpened by ITC difficulties Hild the new juilla I gradual return to democracy. Last L.) | C3 1 1 3 1 LI LI:Il first step to wa Tid ministratico II in 1 have shaken the ! big business ald

Latin America per the past four capital to keep g. The Celse for rests Ilot only e poor countries,
e rich als well.
Ιήiηgται Ραίη,
MF prld test
think either lhe ave to go or the mbly, and the cracy Will have I don't think the The speaker is u lied by the l alspondent of the in a rCT ilirkably page article CIig World watches El 1E INF". ba na na republics IImed into H Cúпall what Allal calls 'torLurc rescinicd sicc the res Ling departure AIT:TiCl 1 pIEL LLET El
of the Peruvial II ne cven gencrals seriolls - IT inded efforts at sociodid nike a dell res, a Il seri Olsy sted il terests of garchies ind their : Il pills. 111 =ru gave vigorous ilirl World’s crithal e W LCCT. IT i C mil Lonference Uf 1isters (1975) inlità Licy into Llat luring that confeio II. Ellist Tegine of Walta ES Wei
popular pressy changes introIlier regime and : unting economic mass hardships, made Way for l civilian rule arid month's elections assembly was the s a civilial III ad98). The results generals, Pcru 1 Wian western invest
cors. The "radical" Left (not the pro-Soviet Peruvian CP) got as Il Lucil f5 30° of the Lil WC) tČ.
The junta las read the signals correctly. The vote Was an angry protest at the austerity mčasu res impos cd con Peru at the behest of tle IMF which recon incided CWaluation, cuts in subsidics and welfare expanditure, overall "deIlland management, and in centiWes to foreign investors. Food prices went up by 50%, transport costs by 40%, sl:ll business Were forced into bankruptcy, aid as the threat of un cliployment beca Ille starkly real, illustrial unrest gripped Lima, the Capital, bringing Elle taks Illic: Imil Tc i T t ) the stretts.
Letters . . .
Η μητriιεί η απΗ μελέτει :
although until April 1971 I shaTed the illusions eigen de Ted by the 1970 General Election, the trauma of April helped to rid me of the se illus juills. I du mot T10 W believe that questions like that poscd by Dr. de Wios can be answered irrespective of what class intercists are involved on the cotending sides.
That is why it would be a waste of labour wira Ingling with him about Lenin (or even trying () sifL truth from error ill the s Latements, DT. de Wios Imakes bio Llt hi), 1 don't believe Lenin was i fillible: thëre wer: riistä kes le Il:ld : L vari 115 times, Which he |:1LCI had to Correct. Blit 411 le Lhing Leni11 11e Wer did W:15 tot join with the oppressing classes and use the repressive machinery of their state against the oppressed.
Dickens and Peradeniya
I a II, 11 ct in il positi II i IC exa= Illine the Peradeniya English syllabuses of the last twenty-five years in order to verify Prof. Ashley Halpes contention. I do kılıç) YW, il Cowe w:r, that I hav. lc::- tuted to gradilat e and GAQcertifica ted teacher5 of Warious Peri deniya vintages, and the only Dickels ovel most of them knew Was IIrs Tiës.
I also note that Prof. Halpe doesn't Tefer to A-Level syllabuses, where, as far as I all awar: no Dickels 1 cywel other i han H7 Tel Tries h:15 cover becIl Seti. Colombo 5. Reggie Siriwardena

Page 11
China (2)
Crucial turning
by Chintaka
t 1964 a crucial turning point was reached. On thic one hand, Krushchev was deposed and the new leadership of the CPSU unilaterally ce:Ised polemics against China, (as it later did for a short period following Mao's death). The CCP on the otler hand chosc to ignore the olive branch and characterised the policies of the changed leadership as mere "Krushchevism without Krusilch cy"”. MILIch more importantly, it was at this tine Mao tehtatiWCly posited the theory that a Icvisionist communist party when ill power can in fact effect : change in the Class nature of the state power prevailing in that country. In a speech made in July 1964, Mau posed the rhetoIric:Ll qu1e5tio11: ""iT1 t lie So wict Union is not the bourgeoisie in power?"
During the '65-66" period, sewe al “neutral I” CIP's like Lluc North Koreal and Japanese tried to enlist the assistance of Chilla in Elin United Front together with the USSR to resist J. S. aggression against North Wietnam which had suddenly been escalated by the massive bombing raids into the North China, which had resumed polemics with the Soviets, not only rejected this appeal but also refuscd passage through Chinese territory to Soviet arms shipments hca ding for Wietnam. (This conTasted with China's position in late 1960 which the USSR had frce access to Chinese airfields while airlifting supplies to Laos.)
Un til early 1986 however, tha Sino-Soviet schism renaind predominent Hy in the interparty or ideological sphere. However, with the Cultu Tal Revolution the dispu ic spilled over from this sphere and began to assume the dinnensions of a conflict between nation-statics, cor to phrase it as the Chinese do, it moved a non
antagonistic con
Il til go listi: un ГЕ De twee With opposed so a circular of May säld: "Qmte coi they (the revisit politi Call power : La Lo Tship of the Ll dictatorship of
During the CL the CCP had at Lihat Lluis had in in the Soviet UI had "restored cl at this juncture, cm mis pari. exception of the Comparay froTT, t As tle Wietnant tly put it, what gical differences On this or that newer accept thi not a socialist sti
The term “Sow rialis In' first can years ago, in the Ill: th of the C. cent of 1968 all the Cultural R interesting to Ilo trasted complete position during Crisis of 1956 W. strongly urged W veittir}r at a 111UI che W 5 yaci address to the 1 lle yw Ceri tra || Cr. CCP, Mao Sai lcadership: "The dictat mTship,' w Party Congress o Social imperialis as one of the IT thc world's peopl
These thesis leàdership marke tL. Te fromil Marxist regards 1h e Irld (that is, the ccci

point
tradicticəı tez arı : - a scort which nation-stales
cial systeills. In
l l, 19 čič, Mao hditions are ripc 1 lists) will seiz: Lind Lurn the dic
proliciariat into the bourgeoisie'.
Iltural Revolution
iopted the view deed take place 1ion ind tha it pitalism'. It is
Lihat all the ruling '5, with the single
Albal Tri:Ll, parted he Chile se lite. 2se have CUTysisteri2 Wer tlh cir idcolo — With the CPSU issue, they can it the USSR is
it.
ie Social Inpehe in to being () im Inledi: te : fterZechsl) yaik incidi at the Zenith of te Will Llti. It is le that this conly with China's tle Hungarian heric Mao himself Warsaw pact inter1: T t wliel Kr Ll3;l- lating. Lilli llis 5 L Ple[1Lu T1 3 f tlle Illittee of the Il cof the Sowiet !y Elre a bourgeois hille. Et EE e 9 LE f that year "Siwict ll had beel listed
ma in erneIlies of
е
of Le Maoist
d a clear depair
Orthodoxy which 2 of production nomic factor) as
the most crucial single determinant in the socio-historical process, Mao, on the other hard, secTed to consider the political and Superstruct Lura li factor as the determinalit one. His 1964 stateInent that “the rise to power of revisionism means the rise to power of the bourgeoisie', and also his remark in September 1971 that "the correctness or otherwise
ri grie
Aη η μίτι. Γιαμ Τριπ Erfair to for NATO
of the ideological and political line of the party decides everything" alimply serve to ilustrale llis positi 1.
li essence, hic Tegarded that not 3ılly lı ad altı ilı correct "rewisionist line" W) In out within the CPSU, it had also transformed the social chiracter of that party into a' “bourgcais party", drastically Teversed the socio-political conilplexion of the country, transforIlling a "dictatorship of the proletariat into a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie' and furthermore, tot: lly changed the country's economic system by "restoring capitalisIm.'
For Marxists, the enormous tccrctica i implica Llans of the Maoist view of the USSR yere truly lind blogging. Herc, argued mi :L my of them, Wa, 5 El country where privil t c property had been largely abolished lorg year's ago and wlerc ull the cld 5 cocial classes had been liquidated particulariy during the Stalinist con
9

Page 12
solidal tion, Here Wäs :A :o Lu In [ ['y', they went on, which had withsto od seventeen interventionist arlies, ald later, totally Toll Led Nazi aggression - the victory of which would really la We Tęs Lilled in thc restoration of capitalisII il the U. S., S. R. FLIT L Eller Timore, here was a country where, according to Mao Tse-Lung himself, the dictatorship of the proletariat had exis Led at least until Stalin's death in 1953 and in fact, (judging from his speeches, the staticments at the Moscow meetings of '57 and 60' as well as China's actions during the Laotion crisis,) right up to late 1960 - if not till later.
Thus, if the Maoist contention was to be accepted, in a mall cr of around ten years, forty-odd years of socialist contruction had been abolished, the socialist state had completcly changcd its class natu Te, capitalisin had been restored and this capitalism had also reach cd its highes L and las L. phase — that of ill perialism. Considering the period of tile that it had take Il for capitalism to evolve into illperialis in even in a Western World that was openly engaged in col ()- Ilial plunder, taken together With the facts that neither had a CCInter-revolution occured to smash thc power of the socialist Soviet
state, Ilo had privaltę propeTty aid the right inheritence been resto Ted, thic al lcgcl LrEL Tisfur
mation of the USSR seeilled truly chamelcon-like, if not down right Illiraculous, to Illally a Marxist. They included the communist parties which had been broadly synnpathetic to the Chinese positiolincluding those of N. Wietnam, N. Korc:t, Japin i Ild the Indian CP (M)
S., by the crld of the Cultural Revolution, China's perception of the USSR was based on, and presented in terms of an analysis which was li Litle': Tı Corc Lhl:ırı : Tı electric amalgan of this Trotskyist
1)
thcory of degenerati cratic Lule in the the Titoist Conten i hegemony and exp lern Europc, Milowa of Llle New Class
gcnicc theories su BLITIlhail's Mailagel
Tliet irobrics werie re wisionis111" and against the So wici excoriated by tlı է 111Էը 1948 - Tllւ: Öl the Other halı theories to revisi Lleir libera La5 the ories a Te still ce tcr-rcvolutionary which ha 5 c3 Lc Tc to accept a chirac Sowiet Jnico II (as i I was first made wil fold by a disciple Max Schal Linlan.
The USSR had cked by Winston Dulles (Let's George Kei Iloil a in the West, as E ri:ılisi po'W'eT. Ch: LeTitly castigated th home, one recalls Willa's coilets Inilism" at hic Balt in “55 – co1. Il clt5 El Chu El-lai China's voice had her cine Inics, in a Sovict denunciatio
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ilbil a I li bil Tea L 1: Stյviet Union, ions of Soviet loitation in EasIn Djilas' theory West crill Cilyberch i5 JlITiës rial Revolutiiq) Tı.
many. "Titolist its allegations L II i I llla d becil e Chilese CPo Yugoslaw Par Ly I found Djilas' onistic even for es. Trotskyist insidered collby a Cina lild unwillingly E crizi Lil f. Lhe incialist) which li1. Lhe Marxist of Trotsky —
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Churchill, the Deal Ach's Il, Ild other figures iting an impeina had consis
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Page 13
Press opinion
The Elara Way
Pini" Coult tillal King Ela Ta who ruled the country was Tir to both friensi : Ild Toe the
President said it was lis aim, Luo, to become such a just ruler. His
tory tells us that there was a bell hung in the royal courtyard so that cwen an animal which
had suffered an injustice could have recours c to justice by Sounding it. Unfortunately, in this age Of J:Lye Wälderle, there : re illstärhc’s Wiel lose who Elave suffered at the hands of the political ho codlu IIIns be!origirlıg to the Tulling pary Went Lo complain to the police of their being ignored. Not опly Elara, Dutugemunu Was also a just king. In honouring the grave of his encilly he showed himself to be a majestic Sinhala king with a keen sense of what is good and bad, But the quality of justice that his emerged in this so-called dihla Timirish ta a gie is a series of acts of political revenge beginning with the removal Of the name "Bandara naike fronu the Katunayaka airport to the dis respect of the dead.
Greetings to the Communist
Party
O the dead and the unborn onit Ofalls. This is true about political parties, too. A living party also commits faults. In carrying out their policies the Communist Party just as much as other
fraternal parties kes. Particularl mitted between Were. El Scriolls se gressive Illow emi quence of this II laja Tily Will hlas Come to po exploiting the the screws on 1 sive legislation shuts and prote illed, destroying by the people än 10 drag the cou Tad leading to In these circums Tning to see: the correcting itself leftist parties ar. CS ) : LIET I tio II.
The cat is the
he slaterien Minister M
that consideratio those who w tedly to put th: at the last elect ample: (If Lline M While the Presid Minister preach ing i Impartial am ing jobs from 1 PTDIOlicerile IIL Il le 11her () fit le C that the job bal and that the oli ping your OWT si It illust be said sy 5:11, which is wice, has turned bLi sincss for cert UNP and that I done.
 
 
 

hawe made Imistathe faults com1970 all 1977 back to the proIn t, (In colseetback is the huge Which tle UNP wer and is now masses, tigh Lening hem with represso that their sts could be subhe victories wo i is now preparing ntry om a capitalist imperial bondage. accs it is lateCommunist Party and beckoning to ld progressive forhe present situa
out of the bag
of the Fisheries r. Festus Pereta
ns will he made "orked wholeh ca T: UNP into power ions is a good cKMPs' clhit system). ent and the Prime serions about bed just in El Wardhe job bank the If an important abinet only shows nk exists on paper il practice of helide is still thc rule, that the Job balık a face saving deinto a means of ain sections in the to justice is being
Eatholic | Alessenger
Have money, will splurgel
he World Bank is reportedly
licking its chops over the prospect of what it calls a further liberalisation of imports in Sri Larıktı.
This means there will be a wider range of luxury items on the shop shelves.
At a time when there are shortages of several essential iterns, or When these itcıs are so costly as to be beyond the reach of the average consu incr, there is no dearth of the Thost absurdly luxurious items-like Nescafe, imported cos Illnetics, confectioneries, costume jewellery, battery operated Loys and the Whole wide range of trifles aid baubles we believed we had turned our backs on once and for all.
These things were obtained by the socially insensitive one per cent upper crust FEECS holders of the past, or via fulid uncles and aunts or collaborators with sillugglers who turned their sitting rooms oil Sundays into shopping Ce L11125.
NOW... you can get almost Elnything you Want which is available anywhere. When I say you, I mean, once again the Qne par cent uppet cruster, who "has money, will splurge.'
In the meantime, what is happening? The retailer finds he has a bigger and faster turnover through these items, and he is turning away from the average middle class consumer to serve his i le yw Trich c 115Lorllers.
Which in turn is serving to infuriate and frustrate the average
Tı iddle class T1 a II, W ornal and child, all the Illirt".
l

Page 14
Interview
Needham: The h
Mr. Am Linuga Emil : Sirice 'dol are on your way back from at fairly extensive research pro gramme in China, could y Cor. Tell
is something abour your latest
research if ferests.
Dr. Needhai : I think yoll mentioned already our serics entitled ''Science and Civilization ill China” which co Ines out from the Cambridge University Press. We have two volumes going into printing now, I am glad to say, One is Wolume W. Pairt lW and that continues the study we made of Alchemy and early Chemistry in China, taking up such subjects as chemical appa ratus and in woiwing things like the history of distillation and the first discovery of strong alcohol and other fascillaing subjects like that. Thch we hawe the tillicory of Chuillese Alicilleilly which was distinctly different frill that in other civilization said finally we had a part regarding microbiotics-in other words the spread outwards of the elixir collceptiol which involved chemical Illelicies from China out to the rest of th: whole world-first to the Arabs, and them to the Byzanti:12 il ald finally the Latins in Europe - that is in Wol, W Part W. Besides that we hawe also Wol. W I Part lt going tco Press wliic leals with tlie characteristic Clinese medical techniques of a cupuncture and Enoxar, This onc is coming Lt. head of Lij 11e als a sepa Tate monograph with a rather good title, viz.: " “Celestrial Lacets-Early History and Rationale of Acupulcure and Moxar'.
This. I think, will be of great interest to the Western World, firstly because it hasn't ever had, in Any Wics te In language, El prope:T study of the listory of the development cof a Cup Luncture in Chinese culture and scindly, Tiany people today are very anxious to try to inderstand how the Effect of acupuncture can be explained in
12
Α Γ, εία ντε 11. fr. Ser" 777 di Broadca
i crins of Illo de T1 this We had a involving all sort leuro-physiology try. The beside. Wol. W ready Lo g
IIS Whält gical Alchemy" E of the Chinese tll to form it. In elixir perpetual, like OT body by doing v exercises al di pt:ctices, IL hals vill I il di:ii Cult! more materialisii i: iltLi Te beÇ: 1:52, 1. ciyed the elixir substal. La ce formel tissues a +1 di carga T by these Warious thlt is il 5r:l 1g. demands a whole to itself.
Apart frøTm th section Tl lill Biċċita Ti completed - and that has coTThe iI nba Tatar, Hobin Australia - 250 listory of gil Tıpkı cine of the T1st discoveries ever about the first cli k1 Will to 1:1:1. cieming līg pret editing but we 50 011 317, il ther" | Ili her ColaborEl ! a yery eminet SC in Chicago who Ceilt. filisel pap: r and prin Would Tethe Imber disco weries, which si id in the early al Effect in mina. LIly štar, Timore il or King or Erip

iyd raulic Society
'riview with Dr. Joseph Needha. The in Ierviewer
Sling.
science. And good shot a l;
s of things like and even clienisS this we had o to Press that : call Physioloringing the idea at it was possible
of life perhaps carth, in one's arious kids of fercit sorts of cle: I coll reci is Irc but it is Illich C tha in India 11 hey Tcally con
as a chemical
from the juices,
is of the body
practices. And ! subject which particular part
at We have a y — 85% per cent, that latest work ! froIl cour co||- Y1, in Brisbae, folders on the wder in China
epic series of Illa de by Innin, critical explosives
That Will be y sol. It Icells ope to put it out
Tight Illetion OT, Chensei. Shiu, oil T, who works again has 85 per he Illaterial cin ing. Everybody ne of the 3 great
Fricis Bacon 17th Century had kinti more thill an any Potentate Tr – these til Tee
LL AMLLHHGLTLGGLS rlGLGGLLLLSS LYLLTC TT TTTLCLTLLLLL
discoveries thc origin of which, he said, Was obscure and glorious. Il fict Hle Llewic T kinę w that al 1 three of theim had becil made in Clinil - and that is the kind of thing We are bringing out now.
Mr. Alliumugana : Well, I am Fire or is teers vold have go some idea of the fantastic range of ini terests J'ai har s'e in these fields. I was going thragli soile of yor looks and Martin Hickrenia sing he's 'r' it ing y recer, i l' £7FF ali s trought Isler'e as a por 3 fizer.Serior as ir 1vere in the concept of hydraulic society, You have been writing about this and it is a trial to be an area of great interest to oir list eers because cour" Ar radhapurraPolo Paru wa civilization has al Fa leeft characterised as a l'hydraulic: society', Hitly age grid Ediriyal Leach 1'lign 'ou obvio isly kfiew as a colledgrie at Cambridge, have beer 1 F'ritiiig soft fris.
Would you like to talk or this ofia ("I'draulic society in Chia, 777l perhaps rake a comparative la ak CTI Sri Lanka?
Dr. Needham: It is an important conception but whether or not it is really applicable and to what countries and what civilizations is althcr ial. Etter. I think Ll Indlu Ibtedly the Te is something in the Wittfogel thesis about hydraulic Works of a great scale conducing to a bureaucratic for Ill of society. We even find this a dumbrated in ancient Chinese texts soille 2000 years before Witfogel himself eyer existed.
For example, if you look in the Ente Lun the discourse is on salt and iron which comes from about 18 B.C. You find a page where it

Page 15
distill ctly says that the cares of the Sun of Heaven – namely the EIT) perior-are infinitely wilder than those of any individual feudal lords and, therefore, the care of the irrigation and hydraulic works for flood protectlon Lud canal transport will always conc back to the centre because the centre has thc charge of everything under H2:1 Wen : I c is fl. Im Lre bril il its conception than atly individual feudal lord. In fact, hydraulic Works Will Ellways transcend lowWards oil individ LIELl feudal lords, so that there is II i ubtedly one thirrig in the Witt fuge this:5i5 whether cor illot it would account for tilhe El gC - long dominance of a kind of bureaucratic feudalism in China. Whether it would account for that or by itself is lighly deba tablc. But it almost Illust have becil a factor. The snag about applying til e conception of hydraulic socictal bureaucratism in a wider sphere is that there ses II:s to be other cases. One case was that there we Te grelt hy dirallic work 5 cc Ilparable to those of: Il cient China yet To Teal burca critis ni Erld col the other hand cascs where thcre was a real bureaucratism and yet 110 hydraulic Works. This is the kind of thing that upset. Wittfogels thesis a Tcl which is why it does Inot have a general application.
As fa T as Sri Lanka is concerned, although I wouldn't claim to be any kind of althority on the subject, it seems that although Sri Lanka was the only part of the of the World which could wic with ancient China in the magnificence of its hydraulic works theic did not groW , Lup a burcacracy of the same persistent character as existed in China, There were other arrangements, perhaps one of the feudal lords had a speciality
in handling hydraulic work. But on the other hand you do get examples and perhaps ancient
Byzantine from say the 5th Century A. D. onwards to the 15th- about 1000 – — y cars they were very burea cratic in character and yet there were no hydraulic works of any great importance in the Byzantine culture ета.
Mr. A mulgaria : fra 'eller i
| || FJIk fie Cliria, Is Tilso the
tra7 yeller ili the L -2 rika, is irnirrea at the reasures 1'47 fiol, The Fyrir77 lis: in the regio 7 reflects itself ir 115 ί ειρες. Η Iliε η. the Florio for iri. aid Diarna' |'' of “Ar fha' yoof like the Fiafieira Fyosorer F257 777 al „so Ιήί ένα τις 14 Ιταν The Philosophic in
else.'
Dr. Needhill: fill plenty of EX.: I til Pole, "Ta () p had El great contı T: Oisill Water W funda metal rel The eternality could eventually
1st laird still clar; cleristic ili giptus ideas. AI place vyı erc y Jul i 1 is i 11 Illc 11 I rius II ÉS - If I for ist 11Le, the H often lawc naiile Ca Filials, sit rclinis : thic Wybicile ile:1 ( of bloid Ll “ correspond with humal body w hydrillic irrigati is men doubt Whil and T night inc Lihat the Cilinese circllll tibni - Iliild cicnt people,
We recently collection will monograph, Լt) : lop 1i1e1 t o f tlh: circulation irl :: I fi:Llid I had liefs because I tākie ir by si past who suppos mese criwisagcd 1 ! the bool oficie this is wat sig. 1 fully you'll find it colut at ibo LI L ) Wero 1 h: In the H Which wc know that Wils a very the 2nd Century arm sure their tions affected C I'll hy different y

Dry Zoie of Sri dia felly struck Hyo for s'afer cursery of Water for
F. S. . T
Chinese thought lia77. philosophy — stance of 'Artha ere fi fie nation a 'e kingly dries "Fiate /" irriga rifoj 7
Cor. Hayy" tags Culture reflec irn eas y/o le Chi
I think you kill examples. For hilosophy always ection with water, "as Colle of the ligious symbols. of water which Wear away the C, Wils a very ng in Taoist eli1 l Eig: il lot Eier get it colling 1enclat LITo Chi Wähe human body, ctlբլյոcture Lic inth 5 Tec:illing lakes, Intl go Cill tliltil if the circulation '' which will "prana' in the as like nel t n. or systelli. There :CWT HY Llt that ideihtly th Tow in W Te the 10 St ed of all the all
la li li ccissio II, il thic acu punctilirt o into the deveidea of block;} Icicit China and to revisc lily behad been rather hologists of the Sed lihat the Chihe circulation of in 24 hours, but If yoll Fead carcthit they worked ihly 60 times slo
riin Circlai W of today and good guess for " B. C., s hit II tyçia Luli: concephiitese thought in Ways.
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Page 16
A rejoinder
Understanding
66
tated in these bold LCTIlls MT. le Al Wis clse i 3 so naive as to hardly seem to need all answer'. Thus does Mr. W. P. Vittachi dis Illiss with a contemptuous snecr, may indictment of certain recent developments in the sphere of higher education. If Mr. Witta chi's suim IInary truly represents my wiews, als expressed in my article on lhe above subject, then the epithet "naive' hardly meets the casc. "Downright stupid" would have been nearer the Illark.
Mr. Wittachi was one of the bright stars of Lhe now defunct Civil Service which used to recruit the Imost intelligent young men of cach generation LC) its r:lnks. These young Illicin, u llik C. Tolling st comics, gathered a considerable amount of "Iloss in the course of their peregrinations from one government department to another. This waried experience enable them in their nature years to examine a problem dispassionately and from a Wide perspective. At any rate that is what I thought un til Il read Mr. Wittachi's Icply. Bias, ist Would
:1ppel, can Tender lugatory the ex pcTiencic of a life-t ille.
Ignoring the basis, oil which
Illy charges rest - the context within which I placed the recent changes (contemplated or otherwise) in higher education, Mr. Wittachi, like some dishnesl lawyer, his given his own interpretation of what I said and then proceeded to demolish What he has thus set up. Let The take hill up point by point.
"The I. B. R. D. Elld the I. M. F. do not Wiew With favour the Thought of giving financial tid to por Coll. Ties for the purpose of going in for the sort of Welfarism that rich Scandilla vial countries cal a ffur.
I may be naive but does Mr. Wittclli believe th L T : El 5 miliwe als Illot Li) kilow tlıat tiese i Elter
14
educati
national agencics for "development as far as possibl tor il an econom of fact, every know8 that the I dies, the devaluat :Luld the libcralizil incidently means wheels of trade COLIT t rics) are p Sucll | 0:11s being countrics have rej than subject their hardships. In tot to satisfy these led Lo rioting. to cXercise Wag CL rail Lhe Natio vices whicil are 5 La tie, While pri pitals are doing &
OL is is Committed itself of Wel faIrisiıı. Bu transitional stage socialisII which a Lo su sta in it. I Iloured of Welfari talist fra The-Wol al Ille — work itsel | as We liw & Wi:Lhi Sures are the Initigating the El decadem ecoTtoT threes of its wol illposes on the Whilt Wye Tie:Tl CT15 LI TA' Tot 3At de velopment, but consequence of tribution of Wealt of the Ileans of
When this gow b: Tked With. El urgency, on a pr development proj the T. B. R D a have agreed to s aid of matching must necessarily
farism in all it stake. Says the F ““Mr. Brian II o
Ford of the I. M.

give loa. Ils only ” and lo fosiler c the pri Watc secly. As a matter schoolboy Ino W "cIlwal of subsiio II of tilhc ir Lipee, g of trade (which iling Lle clogged in the dolor re-conditions for gran tcd. SLIT1 e tc tcd lä, IS Titler po ( por Lo EC 3 Ilo Thic hers the : l.tempts conditions have Ewell England had e Teslrills it Ind mill Health SLT= 110 W in a pil. Ellis Witc.- (Wiled hos| roaring trade.
JLuntry that has .0 a large measure 1t Welfaris 111 is El On the road to lo le ca. Il continue :L 1.1 Il ( T ) T: tool:ł- SIll within a capik tı Il of the . But so long it, Welfare ineaInly Ileans of Listerities that a ic system, im the TsL : Tisis i Tı years, CCT of a Country. by Welfarism will the expense of is a necess: FY llc equitable dis1 : Ild the control
fiduction.
er III:Illt Flas elsense of great og ra II of Illassive Scts, and when ind the I. M. F. upport the 11 with i massiveness, it Ireal that wellis aspects is at Filace Minister, ikins : Ild Mr, . F, hil ve agreed
E. H. de Awis
that we should mobilize local C.S. HDW are Wet Lib Im1obilize that? It is by increased sa Wings ... by reducing subsidics
and consumption'. The new strategy involves, in the euphcInistic language of the Finance Minister
“a re-allocation o resources on a phased basis.' Though the minister prefers to call a spade a garden impleinent rather than
a spade what he proposes to do is to complete the removal of food subsidies evcn from families whose total incoille is a 'measly' 300 devalued rupices which is but the first philse. Free education, free
health services, cheap travel, I
believe, compete for the next
բhast,
It is in this context that we
musim try li) understand the proposed educational changes and the Dr J III C D LI I lice II In Lis f Lhe Miser of Education (Lower and Higher). A direct assault on Free education can be politically explosive. But considerable savings could be effected by other IIleans.
MT. Wittach i writies: “ : Mr. die Al wis seen s to be argui ing that the question of what the country is getting in return for its money spent on education is not a proper
SSI ( I'list."
On the contrary, it is a very pertinent question to raise if a Minister of Education feels that the educational returns are not commensurate with the educational outlay. But once the question is raised, one would normally expect him to appoint a commission or a committee Lo suggest not merely remedial measures but also other measures to ill prove the quality of education, irrespective of cost.
Such T11 c:a su Tes would include: wider Leacher-training programIL1 es, Teducing c(T) gestion in
LIII liversities etc.
The drastic actions and proposals that followed the raising of the question of cost (the down grading of training programs, the proposal to dissipal te Luniversity resources owct 22 districts, whic doing a Way with residential halls)

Page 17
Lill these, I say, justify II y assertion that with the present Illinister, it is the cos L :: Il 1 ] t the quality that Illites. II deed, his flirtati o Il with private s :lolol IIlanagers, his attempt to create public opinion against the universilies by perill it ling police raids on the II (What al Godsend it would hawe bcc 1 if he hall discovered a live boilh or two rather 1 hartu thic anti-climatic kluckleduster)-all these make one Wonder What sort af Tcforms arg. being hatched for the next generation. There is now a proposal to re, Wiwe tlę Coll district Educai 111 Collimittet: 5. Whather Educatill Tites yw Ci Lill also be reintroduced remains to be seen, In thic ImlealIl till: lle TC is al In invocation to priwal Le charily.
A11 in Lelligen Teäder, who 5 I1min1 is in tot clip II deci by Tejudice, or who d_pe5 110 ti feicl COI is trained Lo repudiate my charges by ally means however questionable, Would realize, that I lla. We already dell with most of these matters explicitly cor implicitly and that further exeges is is L111 (CCS5al.
ic 11)L think any of Illy unprejudiced readers Will find it difficult to understand. Without
greater elaboration how the introduction of the Londlo II A. L. examination and the concession of closing English as the Imediu III of higher education "will only benefit the tiny minority of a ffluent English-speaking students fill certail urban schools whetic a high standard of English is still Illaintined. 'It is a pity, Sly's MT Wi L:lchi that Mr. de Al Wi5 annot sec that it is not the affluent but talented poor who H bę lisällivantaged by tle
fo-FLStean prophyl:LXis agElist eitism." If Mr. Wittachi had shown less concer for stylistic alliteration and paid more ill tention to clarity, I IIlight have scc.il HOTA. La l-Inted Students fru IL1 Thailla 1kadutaa Would bensit by th: change O'w' =I tio English, A. S Liro-Inger case cal certainly be Ilha de fer English as the only IIlediulIl of higher education for thell the Tesources for the Leaching of English can be concentrated on the intelligen sector of the student Coplaltion. They are now dissipated in trying to teach every-body English.
Mr. WiLL cil's Ed LLCEllional Airms tempt to find justificatium for til training colleges : dissoluticoll of Tes Sitics. It is call in the cuntext of Taise'd. Once sti discuss education: Hıçı Hie of education teac gecilera tibrı : ı l d cwe aile'y çıtı ılık: subjec Lhe Tc ppc rs in nary - an Illych L ycsterday - who sc they provide wall; practicable only i El Own. There er discU55iots Line ti Il el Catilist yo Wiz — the relia Inc.: led 2: Illing. Whil all tle true Lini provide the enwir stilulus to geler til 1. For, Wlıat, Let all authority
"A Liiversity concurso Whithe from every quart of knowledge, I which il hills: 1 coIIuiiIib LI tioins, iIl W IIlay safelỵ T{ingt: 4. to find its equal ir Activity : Tid ils ju L’ if truth. It is a quiry is pLushecl co veries werified | Ild T:ish Iless Tel and er ror exp (155 of mild will mill With knowledge .. Wisdom, al ight minister of the imater of the rising
Such are the ide L'11iversitics Ill St. St aTII15, twell if t| losc siglt of theIT in 1 hic mels tro T1 or social crisi 5. Liniversitics of Nal where according 1 hall 5 rcsound ci , opinions and wi tlմլյbts were rist: the course of a
When halls of
for come or Lwin hi L IT With tholis: ills,

discussio Il com is a futile ata philosophical he degrading of | Ind tille proposed iddel Lill u niwery a red-herring matters I have 1. TLCd, om Cları 1. Lins till the for the history hes lls that every ry country thinks it. Occasionally :ducia Lional wisiolily, il Rosscall theories, though ble il sigits, are a World of his erges from his Lt. With which 'Could disagreeCiri self — motiwalthe good school versity do is to 3III lent illud till: te self-Ticotiwais a University"
spcik:
is El place of students 4) 1 2 er for every kind t is the place to d Schools rike which the intellect Ind speculatie, Surië | sc o 1ne a II tagCITnist ge in the tribunal place where illforward and disaldi perfected, dered in noculus d by the collision id and knowledge ... It is i selt of
of the World II faith, an alma | generation.''
alls to Ward Which retch their tireless hey occassicially When caught up cof a II ccT1 e 11 Tic Such werc the a Tid: Hrld Taxila, C) Sri Ralı, ula, Lluc will the clash if here a housand di and settled iıı
Ely.
residence Tile:AInt ildred are packed which Liiversity
carning, far from bei Elg a challe. Inge legenerates into taking down of Iotes, when the majority of students see before the ill. In prospects save a place in the queue outside the job bank, when I say, one consideTs All these eco III Illic ills (which can only be cured by economic reinl edies) one call (Illy Til Twel L Ll the for ber: Ice of ULIT students. If an occassional outblir St Of Tesel telt is 11 de the excuse for destroying an institution Lihat häid SLI-d ble test of ceil1 li ries : 1d thal L d Taws its i Inspiration both from the East and the West, a Crille Will llave beel Comilit Led that history will never forgive.
Exactly a decade lgo the students of Sorbo Ti Ille e T Lupted into viol:Ince, tÇok to lhe bel Tri:1'de 5, 2ıld Shı çok the est:ı bilish I11 CIL to its for Linki:Litions. When the dust had settled the university Tęs L111 ed it5, 17 Trial life. Dr. Galil fileci ta display the coLurageous :: Ili riginal 1 hili killig tilha L. Malay Strect has mi: Ilifested. The e Were Silli la Tout-breaks of Wicle 11cc iIı Llh e lJ. S. A. it1 t.|13 sixties, bıLu L Lurıi – versities de It seem to jl:L'ye weer cd away from their true Curse.
Mr, Wittlchi Il list a CT di lei With the starting discovery that residential campuses have led to the: breeding of territorist gal. III gs. So far als II y limited kII o wledge
goes, titis is the first Occasion When Lhis scInisclc5s tie: Trio Fris: 11 is tracc to residential Liversitics.
According to Mr. Willachi there is something iii hcrcntly cwil, Il Coll i 11. Llıc scricial al lid ccc IncorThic syster Th—but i T. the Tesicien Li:il I1:4t LITe () f`LITni yersitics ! Let us listen to a more perspicacious observer, who is on the spot.
"It is in a country afflicted by fearful social uphrawals that armed parties like the Red Brigade grt w up ,,... Tlicy (young people) llawe to lock är du Til Ilıcı tri see El L tlere arc Tore till:In il Tilli Tı Li miwersity studcInts who se degTecs will only lead them to unemployment. They see that most elementary Irms of justic are regularly violated and that the corruption of the ruling classes even when it is un equivocal y proved, constantly goes unpunished.
AIll, Ili: GHIIllin - **leysel;" | BLlt of collirse, Mr. Wit Eichi Tı the Malay Street Panjandrums; kilo '' ELET,
15

Page 18
The Arts
Colomaraswamy,
“WW: shall i ope to hii Ye de Intor1Stratid ... that the lullall valuc cf anything made is deiermined by the coincidence in it of beatty : 11d utility, significa Ce and aptitude; that artifacts of this sort can only be inade by free and responsible workincin, free to consider only the good of the work to be done and individually responsible for its quality: and that thic manli factLI Tc of “att'' in studios couplicidi with a II artless ""manufactu Te" in facto fies represents a reduction of tille: sit: Indard (of lliwing to subhumil. In lcwels.”
The quota tico Il corines fro Tim AI li a mala K. Cootina Taswamy's css Elly Thy Exhibir FYorks of Art Side by side wit Ell it I Wish La sel ailther statement :
"Nothing Thade by man's hand can be indiffercint : it illust bc. either beautiful and elevating, or ugly and degrading; and those things that ac Without art are si aggressively; they wound it by their existence, and they a Te go w So much in the majority that the works of art We are obliged to set ours: yes to seek fir, whereas the other things are the ordinary companions of our everyday life; So thit if those who cultivate : TL intellectually were inclined lever so Iuch to wrap the Ilselves ill their special gifts aid their highlı cultiva ticallı, arı d so livye happily, apart from other men, and despising them, they could not do so : they are a 3 it were living in an eleIlly's country; it every turn | liere is sond thing lying in wait to offed at Wex their nicer 5case girid edırıcı ted cycs: they must share ill the general discomfort and I all glad of it."
That isn't Coolinarilgwamily: that is Willii I. Morris writing 1 generaLin earlier in The Beatly of Life. Morris’s ideas regarding the separatil be! YWe:rı art al la bir il
l
contemporary soc the most importa the young COOmil Hick from his E when lę retu TIlet his lid-Weities.
i fi. Lleill Ces, LElat hi. Morris: his debt of Morris als the a Tchitectural and of the past is ack of his carly pit A Opie Leffer
Cíes, whose cl que led fr (Til thc Englislı Society fo of Alicient Build WilliaTT MITris.
Blt Whit Cool Wild principally Wa s the concepti as trous divisi Çom, trial societies bas Iliwe, bet voyecil Imecilia inical Lu Ilino expended on the articles for daily
clicT) circa tiwe towards the gel C. cof ar for tille
pleasure of a Ili con Tilsit, Morris
the Li Tion (cf bea cof art är el la bol Engla 11 di willer: p Lise 11 di 10. Il araswamy, direlW a Iltטנ11טחheק שווSaij society in Medie
But beyond th grciat diverge I1 CC wiew of the Tela' El Tid society Lid For thoug El Mor a romatic ladi loped to beca 1712 71 :ry. So there I file pessiristic e VyTite, "if it | 13 {}:1Wriod (11) ille this filt if civil Kif I greit chai I ġ call Social-Re', 'iolat!

art and society
ictly Wette A L'11 Julig Il ti:1Fl'IET1Ces th:l ! ral sw: Immy bro Lughal ilglish Cdı. Ciltİ011 i to Ceylon ill There were other e derived froll to the inspira till preserver of an artistic heritage Iowledged in One :ces of Writing, fa le K 'a 3 sing sentchce is Illa. Ilifesto of the r t|le Presevăliil iTugs fou Inded by
i aris''': Illy deri
Tril 11 Marris koll of the disiit modern indused on the profit(on the one hand)
telligent laboli r
production of
լէse firld (n11 th:
Work dift:ttd ration of works
pure a esthetic Ingrity. Ard, ir
had pointed to լIty and 11tility, T. iii Iliedieval roduction was for 1e Ill:Arkct, Color lillLite F1 til to tille !rı İrı Kırıdyalı l'é7! Sirilisa le se Mrt,
is point lies the bei Wy:: MOTIFis’s [i05, betwee i Tt COOT1araswany's. ris had begu IN FAS vlis, he devesocial revolution
Was il fut il ind of life, ig
El SIC-11 y that Elliidst all | iz til till: Ec::! G s", what we other; li: 1, were hergiri fil
Citizerski'in', 'frict 9
ing to gefinitate." I'll the litter phase of his life he lo lunger Illerely looked back to the past:
he furesa. W a Tell mion of ärt Ti labout in the socialist society of the fi I t Lure. “ʻ ()Tne day We shal I w",ʻir1 back Art, that is to say the pleasure of life; win back Art agail to oli T daily labout.' Morris's great significance was that he went beyond the romantic critique of industrial society by Carlyle, Dickens, Riskin, Ariold, II:o 1 political all lysis which recognised in the Working class the sliping force of the future, and ill socialism the lu ope of integration between irt and life.
The intellectila L Toad that (bila TasWally took was Wiry different. He does scent to have let 1 influenced by Morris's political thinking to the exteit of trying. ir soli The of lilis Writings, to mix his traditionalist ideas with a kind (if guild socialism or syndicalisII. In Medie'al Sivilule se Art he cinvisaged the restoring of the circ control of production to thic actual workers ... through a develop illent of the trätle unimns of the West, historictly tl e representatives of the old guild associations of prod LICers.“ But čWC11 LIrhol čr SL1ch a syndicalist order, Coomaraswamy

Page 19
Winted recognised "thic general desirability of Imarriage within the group and of following one's parc LL's calling.'
For Comaraswamy's social ideal was Uricilled funda IIICntally not to thc future but to the past: it was based on El in e Xallation of the Brahmanical castic system (whish he describld as "the Only ti ue Corntilunisin') and the p:l triarchal fa II ily. Of course, the picture that Counaraswamy presents of these institutions is different from the actual hierarchical societies We ha We kn10 WT1 in India and Sri Lanka, with the ab III nina ble indignities anti violence directed against the oppressed: it is painted in the rosy colours of transcendent LT1 etaphysics.
I Illust be granted, of course, that the 11c Laplaysical Ilyth was Ill without its historical significalcc. The India 1 Mai Txist historial D. D. Kos:LImbi has Temarked that Indian history was marked by less violenge th:n Europc: I because in IIdia the oppressed were induced Lo a TLCh grca (CT dge: lo acquiesce in ther oppression by the consolations of religion. (This is probably truc of Sri Lankan history too.) Traditionalists like Coomargis Wailly Wh () claimed that in Il dian 50 cięty the Shi Lid I: T til: immolated widow Willingly accepted his Cr het lot The ver saw that they were only pointing to the psychological mechanism of the inter
nalisation of oppression, (Correspondingly, when the traditional salictions beak di will, exter Illå!
force must necessarily be illcreases iO Thail tail in cquality, as We see froll the daily violence directed against "depressed castes' which has become one of the II major problems of Indian society today.
IL TWA 5 not only as 'n sicial thinker buit als as al theoris L of art that CoolTarasWally ended in the cloudy realills of 11 et physics. His ultimate position about art was Platonic- a conception of art as a reflection of tileless transcendent realities. 'Ait is css entially symbolic, and only accidentially illustrative of historical." His influence has gone into the in-king of a group of critics of art and literature who seek to sever these
activities from t historical roots,
in the In the Ima philosophia pererir. Ritiite, dissociati from Blike the so (though his grea significance lies
these two roles)
Review
Evangel
i NeT it is the Lio of the jungle. T
be but iii ii n inw Irlal concepts tibi World she kills I
Tleil there is a liol is supplante As the play end sits of th: thron usioned. He looks
The play "Sir Li se of a Llii Il als i licism of hul Ilımalı Im;lls Steal the l (Wercule their pi to belı ve like L1 qLisitive :Lind i beings. The criti Wilisation and w: a humanistic St: could III help th: the E.Tg|LLIT1erts ! CUISCI WHIiUmist JT si: st-orie of th ewangelists of th; Nature Protectio
The play's atti hul Labišic or Ta ՃւII 20լIt tentLITy lisation and War n1:lls live in an nature ruled by : ewel te E14) T of tE turbed only with socio-econo Illic cally the food p ) Werico III: the se p steal the hillian is not the major Ass'. The main is the corruption iоп in walues that

1eir II laterial and and to discover lifestations of the is, Like Kathleen g Blake Lluc mystic cial revolutionary t originality and in th: union of
I prefer the
critical temper of mind of Morris, as he described it: careless of metaphysics and religion ... but with a deep love of the earth and the Life on i t, ad a passio II for the history of the pas L of IIla kind."
Reggie Siriwardena
ism of the Smart Ass
Witt achi's play In Who is the lord hat is als it should içersion of cour mor'Ullt the 111imal nim a "Sпагta 55".
rebelliol gild the d by El Willi bar. S the new King e looking disillEl bit like Subbl.
at Ass" kes Il a ni III plied Crisociety. Thig anillllllllIl braill y oble Is and b.cgil 2 competitive, ac1 tolernt hul Imam cis T1 (of Bı Luman ci|Les flowed frûIII Ind-րծiու հut I 2 iTıpression that Were thos: Of a Wild Life enthlCos e Imiddle-class 2. Wild Life and 1 Society.
lick is thic II 1ormal dical critique of materialistic civid=view. The iniİdyllic :Lale of | Wise King. The heir liwcs is disthc I crgence of roblers-specifi
ir ble 11. IL is to roble Is that they bräqir1, BLu L Llıis
conflict it "'Slirt point of thc play li id discoricm tatthe LIIlla II br:in
spawns. While granting the walidity of this criticist the question remains what the solution to the animals' problems are. It is the search for solutions that led to stealing the brain and the problems remain the snme.
The play leaves a lot of loose ends like this behind. Its miin defect apart from the predictable Teaction that it is predictable is its episodic nature. In retrospect it is difficult to sce a coherent thread Turi Ening through thc warious episodes like the initial emergence of problems among the animals, the advice of the Queen Bee, the stealing of the fire, the post-mortella Q1 the food-store burglary and the seal ling of the huit Iman b) Taim finally calding to the met: Ilo Tphosis of the animals. Conpounding the play's episodic nature is its Iloralising. The narrator and his companion drive every point home with a sledge-hammer without allowing the action to develop by itself. The result is that Lhe play is largely static.
If all this sounds rather depressing, balancing that fact is the originality of the script. There are flashes of brilliance in the script, pleasing costu Illes and scts atlid so Inc good acting. This is Nedra Witt achi's first foray into drama. She dtse ves our best Wisles.
— Arjuna
17

Page 20
| Private view
The bizarreries of the postal bureaucrats
ill bigail with a regisleted envelope to my friend containing i pink form POK 16 (R2*Pink S. T & E) 1174 and a white form P.O.O.8 (2 F6 S & E) 666 from the Chief Postmaster (Parcels). The white form was stamped: "Parcels will be delivered only on... (the rest of it was indecipherable).' The pink form said that a postal packet addressed to X had been detailled by the Postal Appraiser 'supposed to collil dlı tiable articles.” IL went on to say that if X completed Declaration A overleaf" the packet would be for Warded to Jim after examination. The packet, in fact, contailed a book I chess sent to X by a relative living in the USA.
X completed the form and sent it to the CPM with a covering le! Lcr cxplaiming Lihat books were it dutiable and requesting that the packet be delivered at his address. It is well known that no one who could possibly avoid it would yol Lin. Larily call at the bedlam of the Parcels Office.
! After about 10 days the Chief Postmaster (Parcels) sent X back his pink form with a most remarkable cyclo styled letter. It Said that the packet would not be forwarded to X's address as earlier promised because X was “residing within the delivery limits of Colonbo.' X read it over again carefully to see if he had misread it but no, Lihat was exactly what the letter said. X could have understood the CPM refusing to deliver the packet if he lived outside the delivery linits but it was because X lives within the IT that the CPM was refusing to dcliver X’s book at huis address.
It is to be noted that when, carlier, the CPM offered to deliver the book if X would only fill his precious for in the CPM was already awal Tethit X liyed Withill the deli. wery limits of Colombo. The CPM's cha Inge of littit Llde Efter X filled the form is a first class example of
how the postal but contrivic tc ex Lirac an 11 ya Ilce to the p such unpromising delivery of a post has been duly stan is due. I di I.L. k pcrnimits the sic p behalwe in this cxl Tai or whether they
LW's to suit their :
X has hoyw writt calling upo II l'hin his bok At his EL, him under what law he was refugi appears to II le to evasion if the S Departmeil L's obli rules of the IIc Uliol. What is is that twcry gover in tu uffice swears to the ill-treal IIle by but I plious blu Te by letti Ing thicm do
The crime of re
Il fuld the die nisi 11 qui Le divertin, indig låIt contribut Taliais: FeTin:Tcl. appears to consid: treasonable. Mr. Was 'actively pedd thirty years Elgic Ilark,' and so is f leit līd lis L pany of those Who Lid the ipsis sirria yer, What, Lhen, is El It is, explains Mr. temporary revisio: LIT, is essentially " tic alliance of th parties with the par il bourgeoisic: Si etc. etc.''' So Euro. invented by Dr. N ilg a soft-ball c 1964 long before Marchais and C; oil it.
{ uri ferre corr

Arden | Polítics
eaucrats, cx per Lly L Lhe Taximum ublic even from matcrial as the all packet which ped all no duty Iw if the law :t ty tyral II) to t0 lordinary fashion lake thcir own .םטון שiוejידון ט
el to the CPM eiher to deliWer dress or to tell provision of the go do so. This be a cel I c:152 of Ti Larika. Poslil
gations under the
:TI: Licial PostLII ir Lully as to ishing 1Incit that comes to put an end it of the public aucrats but elds as they likc
yisi Oli5m
bite: T1 CC1llllIll Lug especially the ion of Mr. All ElMr. Ferland T “Tc wisipliš Ill” San Dugathasan ing revisionis IIl'
Xchti oT e'WeT :or 1 d211 - Ingle is the collhi: we: been trille 'a of the gospel. "ווןisוIנוווזונIו):t=0ח1 Fer I'll: 111do, Coinhis in which, in “the prograate working class y Fthi alii Lanka) SLFP -coIIitiunis III 13 . M. Percia lurTicket Illa Lcl il Berliguct and rill Stuble
Pé ??)
More on Euro
communism
by N. Sanmugathasan
lease per Tinit The 1 few comments Con the letters that have appeared in the last issue of your journal on the subject of Euro-communism.
(1) MT. Mahendran Raja accuses me of absolutising armed struggle as the road to socialism. I plead gli il Ly, If le car poi L' out to me a single case, in the entire history of the World, of the Working class achiewing power through peaceful means, I am prepared to recco Il sider II y wiews.
However, it is correct that Marx did envisage the possibility of a
peaceful revolution in certain countries like the United States and Britain. I shall let Lenin
reply this point. It is to be found in his famous work, "State and REvolution”. I quote froIII L. enim: "On April 12, 1871, i.e., just at the time of the Commune, Marx Wrote to Kugelman:
"...... If you lock at the last chapter of Ty Eighteenth Brunaire, you will find that I say that the next attempt of the French Revolution will be no longer, as before, to transfer the bureaucraticmilitary machine from one hand to slash it." ... 'auld this is the preliminary condition for every real people's revolution on the (5) I Lillet."
Lenin continues:
"It is interesting to note, in Particular, LWO points in the above-quoted argument of Marx. First, he confines his conclusion to the Continent. This was Lindersta Ilda ble in 1871, when England was still the model of a purely capitalistic country, but Without a military cliquc and, to a considers ble degree, without a bureaucracy. Hence, Marx excluded England, where a revolution, ewen
Carriller a page 7)

Page 21
Science
—
On the wrong r
India's Science
system,
though highl)
and abundantly staffed, is focused on is: relevance to that country's real needs
by Anil Agarwal
MS Writers hawe dicino Instralled that a sound development strategy is not possible Without technologies appropriate to a country's socio-economic conditions. But little has yet been written about how these lcchnologies ca I bă generatel. Although often small in scalc, appropriate technologies are not sccond-class. As A. K. N. Reddy has pointed out, the belief that they arc is a Inisconception: the generation of appropria te technologies.
needs the same vigour and thoroughness and Els sound a base uf fundam Cntal science and basic einginceriring ås is required for so-called advanced Western ticchinglogies.
Nicholas Jequier believes that the principal reason for the failure of many technology - transfer projects is that they do Ilot
help build up within the inporting country the entrepreneurial and innovative basis which in the long Turi will "cinsure the widespread diffusion of appropriate technologics.
Thus the development of an effective and self- reliant scientific infrastructure is crucial to the current debate.
It is often lamen led that the developing countries allocate vary Limited funds. Lo scientific Tesearch and development ( R & D). Two OECD global surveys have revealed Lihat, bet Wech 1954 and 1973, the developing countri:s’ share in globall expenditure oil R & D increased from just 2 0 to 3. ó per cent. However, the deficiencics of Third World Science LTC imor : 5:- rious qualitatively than quantitavely. For one thing, research efforts are almost totally unrelated to
national problem: national problen the problems of im:LS55, who cc developing count per cent of the for another, in t ctյuntries wllert relatively develop gely un used.
These points by refcrcncë Llo which is probabl ced in the Third is very largely which ducs Tc1 T India in its ques rally sound devel
One million sci
After its indie India calc to fairly democratic reformist politica ment inherited density that mai Iming iI 11 possiblr, Illent in both th areas, a budding and a well-educ Thus planned e Illent with a fair : ation of the indus came to domina economic - growth waharlal Nehru, Minister, pointe need for science
I do Tot see lIllly way: circle of powerly c' new sources of p has placeti 4. t COLIIT
During the of independence. built up a cha hundred laborati

"oad
developed Suës of little
š, particularly willel 15 are defined as the impowerished Institute in most Ties III Corc thill 80 population. And, lo se Third World
Science is actually Jed, it remains lai
may be illustrated Indian science, y the most advanWorld and which Self-reliant, but kably little to help for environmenopment Strategies.
tists
1947 חi ט:tון שtiנI:ו3 Tuled Luder a framework by a Il pai Tty. Thc go wern | high population le intensive farhigh 11 nem polyc Lirban and rural Eld Lls trial structure i Led Inici dle class. 20 nomic developIllount of socializrial structure soon !e the country's Sitategy, and Jäthe first Princ to the urgent ånd technology
* 0ut (1f Our wicitu5 cp by utilizing the Wicro which scienco: lispašal.
St E W () decades
the government In of over one rics and increa
- times;
sed its R & D expenditure thirty the percentage of GNP spent on R & D doubled and the number of R & D personnel more than quintupled. India's stock of scientists and technologists- the third largest in the world, behind only the USA and the USSRhas grown to more than one nillion peoplc. In terms of gross output, India is today onc of the ten largest industrial countries, producing sophisticated items from computers to completic power station 5.
Despite vigorous efforts, Indian Sciencic is terribly Linder utilized, particularly in the industrial sector. Successive director — generals of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research have complailed that the know-how generated in Indián R & D laboratories is seldom used either by the state industries or private enterpreneurs, all of who in prefer to shop abroad. Repeated technology imports have becil allowed by the government, the classic case being that of the state-controlled fertilizer industry., India has the largest coal deposits in Asia outside China but the main feedstock for the fertilizer industry is derived from ոaphilla, an oil product, which it has sed even though oil is scarce in thc Country - becall se of pressure from Foreign oil companies during the 1960s. India paid a heavy price for its decision when the prices of petroleum shot up in the early 1970s.
Further, India has consistently used the latest and largest plant technology available and as re. sul li ils always had to rely on technology imports. Initially, when no local know-how was available, this was possibly an El PTC Filte policy. But now the Fertiliser Corporation of India can produce 600 to thes per day (tpd) of fertilizer from ammonia and urea pl: Ilts of its owl. The gOV'er Timent hals, however, paid little attention Pleils from this quarter and the Economic and Political Weekly points out that de nigration of Indian fertilizer technology is once :lgail emitTցing:
9

Page 22
Another round ødegisions on the future expansito Il bf tlle fertilizcr industry is umder way. Inevitably again there is talk of the importance of spel, Cyf Llië tuflu test techlology and of having 1300 lipid singlestrealT) plants to disqualify Indian expertist on the gruund that its experien: i 5 dimited to operating only 900 tpd plants, Similar LCLaHLLLLCL LHHLHLLLJ LLLL LLL LLaaLLLL LLLLCCaC companies when only three years ago JUdt pd plants häid just begun to energe in the industry abroad; today 31L d plilts are: Crily just CCIII lig L p),
As capital is scarce, India has often had to turn to for cigil organizations, like the World Bank, which im sist that constrLliction a Lld kic W = h w Çapı 4 Tacts be giye 1 (only to expericnced firms ind also recommend the purchase of the best technology available, to achieve etc.) Iloilies of scille. Such stipulatio Els prewent budding indigen o Luis expertise from ever gelting a chance.
Contrast with China
The com trast will Chill is striking. III i 1973. Chilla produced more thall half its total nitrogen fertilizers in approxiliately 1,000 small-scale plants located in half of the country's differell counties, whose production rangel from 800 to 8000 tonnes per anum (The same output is possible with just tem plants of the size set up i. India.) Depending on what Taw material was locally available, the Chinese plants used coke, brown coal or coke oven gas. Only now, with the rapid development of the petroleum industry, is the raw-material policy changing. This stra tegy Tesul ted in ma ny advantages: it saved on transport costs for both the raw material and the finished producti; local comm Lilles helped to share part of the investinent with central governillent; sillallscale alternatives provided employment for 250,000 people while large Scale alternatives would have provided just 2,000 jobs: ånd finally, the trained Tral labour force became an industrial asset and a II important force in changing the traditional attitudes of the rural areas.
Thc distribution of R & D fu Tills stico yws eve II Tmerre clearly how the Science system is used als little more than a cultura
1x lify in dia. The limicenergy sector, which generatics less tlıan 5 per cent of the clectricity produced in IIllia, spent in just two years, 1972/73 and 1973/74,
շt)
Il CIC fulds Lilları research in public pl:1, T1 Ining o’WeT the y Cai T5. The direct IIliial Councii Research his coi ab) li t ttie scalle led to five: ; till given India's Illi Pildil Slli, for Pokhrl I altco II hic d marginal achieve st:Lindpoint of II Y :: Illyt Ille of scientists who bre. cereal Warieties agricultural produ Illilliol a y car Was Ted, The direct India Il Council a Tch iu1 L LI Tn recen li) : Tı kto thler ıı :ılıd LeIIns in thic Third had di izcils of pr study problems re Illi jsir affliction only a lili (). Were only two related to leprosy, in India. Acco
Th: :ducational, sci: gical institutions are led or Ille pillerIl TLLES : il Lille Wes L ideals for R & D, th ons, their strails «:xpcrimental tcchniq their criterial of ex surces if recogniti
rol 1: 1: LL.I.
Ironicilly, und conditius, evel Considered good develop lient can lindia's la cka disiç "technological alu|| SCL LI TC Cei W. El bicca L'Isle of the s foreign - exchange 1975, the gover Il E. W. Schle II: LC i abroad to dep il lil dia T1 båtıks rates with the ad they could with currency they bright a flood Indian scienists, Hi. Ild other Worke w: Y, it was the ing it all b:ick.
eserve3 il lve si Tise at roughly month, despite in ad are 10 w Wye |

were devoted to health and family preceding twenty or-general of the of Agricultural in plained bitterly of values which ic scientists being in civil Jawa Tid, developing the :wice - at bes L a Ient from the dias real needs. the agricultural the highyielding which boosted iction by S1000 similarly honouF - general of the Medical Rescly drew attentill y of science sysWorld; while he ojcct propos als to |:L teti to : il l'er, El ir the West but 1ę im India, the fic roject proposals a major disense riding to Reddy,
intific and technoloso closcly modelk f cu Il terp: TL i Instithat their emerging eir trends and fashiof inspriation, their Lles and insi TLITT ents, cellece : Iind their yn are ;a || deriwcd
er such distorted What is ndaj II mally for a coll Intry's Eccolic harmful. :al efforts towards to Incony" a Te now further setback, 1lden wildfall in res: Ives. It late lment started a enccurage India Ts sit thei T sawi II gs at high interest did it certieth ELL draw it in Lhe deposited. This of deposits from engill cers, doctors is abroad-in a brain drain payForeign - exchange ce continucil to S100 million a creasing imports, | above the S4000
million mark, a threefold rise in just over a year. But with this development even the halfheart cd import - control regulations are now being liberalized, which, if this bccommes pe Tma ment a s is fica Tcd, could spell disa ster for the country's science and technology system.
Siriultaneously, II cli:l faces an equity crisis of grave proportions. The data collected in the early 1980s reveälletl that 40 per cent of Indians live below the poverty line, that is, they can less than S 36 a year, which is just enough to buy on: squäri me: : day. Studies oil income distribution show that this situation has not improved and many cWill have Worselled.
The Til Lumber of latı ildİ.css and all'11 ost la Indless agricultu Tal Ilburcs ll Els also increased from 1961 to 1971 by as much as 9 L per cent. W s 4, 'c's Lill there is little general purchasing power, virtually no mass market for co i 15umer goods, the domestic market for Illanufacturers is shrinking and the economy is stagnating.
End to technology imports?
Dr. P. R. Brahmananda bellewes that III dia is "planning into a stationary state'; the economy is now locked and frozen in a "heavy investment Ino Lild' Which, instead of generating employment, purchasing power and a chain of consumer goods industries to meel the needs of population growth, is actually now feeding upon itself. The only way out is an appropriate technology that substitutes capital with labour, maximizes incone and employment and satisfies the basic human needs of the masses. This India must develop on its own, for
the West las little of that kimid
to offer.
But under what circumstances
will that happen? Ward More
house and Jon Sigurdson believe that the ruptu Te in Simo - So wiet relations in 1960 which forced China to look towards its o WTı resources was an important event in shaping the Chinese strategy of self-reliance. They have therefore made the apparently outrageous proposal that the Third UN Development Decade beginning in 1980 should declare a Len-year moratorillIT on Inevi' transfers of tech

Page 23
IlÖology from il dillstrialized to de werloping countries. Their stand was noted by the Conference on InterLtional Conflict and Co-operation in Science and Technology for Deve lopment recently organized by Luld University. Its report points out. If Illugh of the technology transferred from inclustrialized to dyeloping countrics has been Illirginally relevailt to lecting basic human riceds of the Iecipiel! COLILII trieš perhilips Yay:: Ille: il 1) LLLLLLLCLLL LLLLCLLL aaa aCLLLLLLL LLaaLLLLSSS South Lechnology flow.
These authors Linderstand Well enough that their proposal will draw only hostile Criticism from the developing countrics (whose guvernments mainly represent the
interests of the elite) and from tle dicycloped coultrics (which have a Wested interest in main
Laining ilcs- eli Lcs). A Toratoritum om tech inology flw could hawe l1 il F1 settlig effect con present power structures of propertils lever kT y wyl beforc. "A total a Tld Complete: ba T1 is incit het possible mor dicsirable", alimit McTighty use: F1 di Siguris J1, but their provocative suggestico II could help to focus IIl Corc sığı rpply nı the need for Inı Corc julici) qls sclgction of technology Lr: 115 fcT. India’s example clearly shows that if (despite its tric The Idus restralints, its sciencic systein has been able to achieve so much in so short a til Tie, its potential to solve the coultry's problells and of those si III ilar to it, givarı il propicr Socio - political fra The Work, has yet to be fully appreciated.
The bizarreries . . .
(r r f i'r Ffra71,1 perge" r ') Two killers Pithecantlı Top Lis Africanus, confirmed
E TITI I 'Y'); Leges to eat great gob5 of meat Andrink gallons of gore; FOThis Luchi hic like:5 t cruch The Enes of a youthful de er And the he will proceed Li Linch
Dh5 fictis" eller Tc:T,
Pitheca thropus Zeylanicus, devastalling
էlor:, Tends to send folks rouill the benil Or el se hie Takes Illem snore, Hi5 greates Ljoy's the 5 LI Til of his woice: You Can't Stop hİTı ata || SC Lihat this niver ccasing moisc Just drives you up the wall.
Wouldn't you like to kick thc anus C) Zeyla L5, Eid Africamus?
People
What art
H *TԱլ է: Լի" է:T
Il the Courst productive in Lel they were publish -by sclect journal the World of a c volui Lics i 1 w les C: Il pay the price ca. Il di : if tlı Willa lll: COOIllar: I ne al Lly :L Tr: Il gci
El cademic, Roger donc ilin expert ji. Not so expert, I |Ralı ile :ı (C13 (orını Illd, TĊivil Willig
llis p r 11 i I rice 115 swaddled in the which so I'll Talso his Ill Ord:lt Writi sey’s interest i: de Welped in rc: |lith i [i] Frs2il C]] - yw | ing while in Franc to years of purs of Copiii aras yw El Til il tie Way or pBrennia philos. IIl od crT IT1:II. Thli Ill:LTEls W: Illy bccr: comprehensible, : according to Oli T the nature of th of his glarity she one Tespect th:
Ellways wants to of art is about . What these Work all not mercly
ahol I th:5c Work tell them the pa most of these about (Gd, whom in politic society."
The Happ
'The Happy House" is 110t th appears in the Whe illic the as if the Daily N. another one of was actually drop ad, the Daily New thing that the II published in the

t is about
a thousand papers : of his rich and lectual life and :d in hilrd-to-coile s II 112:11, Uilly for aideme. In three Ser mpTitls who (£65 for the lot) ley the flower of 18 Wa Ily's thought by an Americal Lipsey, who has 3b of the picking. Elks Kallel. as Watly afficioth: Wollimes, are 21 ts willicl : ric: Tığılerıı fallacics Jawa, my i El sic Inc (of lgs exposed. LipCJ-III haraswamy lding in css ay by lict hic was s Ludy. 2e. That led hill Luig a widt: TEL Tige essays all dealing ill other with the phy neglected by writing of CooIlles lucid or inays critic Rainer, LI I leis til Inging of ings. As a sample quotes this: "In public is right; it & Flow wil: t t work Le Lis tell the Til s of El rL ääret ab Llt, tell th:til things is of art. Let us inful truth, that works of art are ... We mention
y Buddha
Buddhil Stak e kirild of a d th;t Daily News. And ther lay it liked :ws had drappcicl its inhibitions. It ping a brick. The is said, Wils someListol Chronicle, SCL till of Texas,
had carried. The Buddhists in Sri Lanka Were claiming that this hurt religious succpibilities. And so it Soon seemed to be to judge from what advocate Siri Perera Q, C, had to tell the Daily News for repeating the offensive ad. The idea, the paper explained in a footnote to to the QC's let lic, was not to give offence but to show the lepth of the offence. Tilat was all the morc Tie:1501 why the ad shkoll | tl mot have he cil repeated, the QC was saying, but the Daily News didn't look as if it was catching the point.
DPL as banker
Eyebrows were raised and voices Lact fully lowered when a letter hearing the sea of the US SecIelary of State was delivercl scrie y ce:LTS - Eilg ) at No. 13, 1 Hyd c. Park Gardels, Londo, the office of the Ceylorill High Com II ission. It was in fact al personal letter fryr Lle for Imidt ble Henry Kissinger to his Friend, Neville Kırı: kırı tInc, then Minister in our mission, Neville "Kanaks" (better known as Bunny to his University Damscic buddies) Wils one of the earliest participants in the prestigious Ha Tward InterTational Seminar un by Professor Henry Kissinger.
When the U.I. assulled office in 1970 Kanakaratne who had done a tour of ciuty in Cyprus for the UN was al obvious choice als our Ilan in Washington. Under the benign eye of Henry K., Neville K. soon Carried a replita, tiom as orne of Washington's best in for Tel Ambassadors. All Agric: Liversity not given to distributing hongrary doctorates as liberally as the S. L. U. Crowled him with fresh a cadelnic la LII els,
Back at home after his 7-year siit, Kalakr; nt who stated his cu TTCT ils : lil wyer, III wees. Eo bi Iiking. The government is expected to a print him chairman of a new b: Ink dewoted exclusively to financing development projects Lined Lup for a similar post in another h;ink is former Income Tax Collinissioner, Mr. L. Piya sema.
21

Page 24
More on Euro . . .
(Čerffred fra FF Fuge )
a people's revolution, then seemed possible, and indeed was possible, Without the preliminary condition of destroying the 'ready-made State Inachinery."
“Today, in 1917, in the cp och of the first great imperialist War, this qualification måde by Marx is no longer valid. Both Engia Ild and AImerica, the biggest and the last representatives-in the whole world-of Anglo-Saxon "liberty', in the sense that they had I1) military cliques and bureaucracy, ha ve today completely 5unk into the all-European filthy, bloody Illo Tass of bhlreil, lucral tic-milita. Ty inslitutions which subordinate everything to the Ilselves and trample everything under foot. Today, in England and in America, too, "the preliminary condition for Cvery real people's revolution" is the smashing, the destruction of the ready-made State machinery.'
(2) "D' asks in as to why the Iewisii) lists the Euro-com Illunisiin simple. The Sovi Sicilists hawe i pretence that the a ries. They still ionary phraseill better deceive th is Why Lclin des Imperialists as b W cords and i Llın per
(3) Mr. Allara letter des Tot bu L I Wish L TITI points :
(a) Bernsteinis II was not revisi time. They be only after the ( II fact, Bcr15 lei the ful eral of oil of those Y Engels” läst wishı he strewIn over 1
Cryptic Crossword No. 4
by Stripex Across
1. Carroll's turtle (4) 3 :
CLUES
10. Soire Goverror that the British sent here
11 St:է: 12. First lady (3)
(5)
000S CLCLL HaaaL CC HHLLLLL LLLL LL LLCLL LLLCLLLH SS0S
aS S LLLLLLaL LaHH HltlSlLl LLaSaHLLHHLLLL LL LLLLLSCLLLLLLSS S SS0SSS
18. See 20. Arch pig can bc vivid (7) 22. Wçrsion cof No. 1 tide ebbing (7)
23. London that great-(A Study in Scarict (8) 26. Worllen's Inveillent in first class surroundings provides
sile excise (5) 2). Erode (3) 30. To an Irish aiinalist (9) 31. A crooked mile East for gun (5) 32. Notic piner's claim (10) 33. Cold I illoum ta im (4)
וWTםD
See Sculp (5) Festivals, we hear, for the goddesses
Americam gTÇeting to the Spanish Workcr gives Scotsi ELIT:
for mountainous district (7)
Be consistent with (3)
PyWider fra II, the industrial sector (4)
... If, is, down, 3.3s.
- - Sii etc. (Cal Troll) {3,4,3,1,3, s, 2,5,4,3,2,5, 3, 4)
I
5
6. Taxc5 test canc to priccise calculations
S
(59.
| ' of , , , , , , S:
15. Sking about tea-tim: a round poetic country could be an
entirely different sport (10) 7 Acrony for Jcle Sa"s KGB (3) 9. Judge Lind pries (3) KS S GCL LLLLLS a aLCa aLHHLL LLLCLL SSLS 24, (Girl Lec is crazy about (5)

it the quest 10ո
Soyiset Ilder I retically attack The answer is EL II oder I rewiot given up the :y are revolutionmouth revolutogy in order to Le people, That scribed the Socialeig socialist in ialist in deeds.
d:ls:l FLTIland's deserve a reply. ke le Cor two
il ald Kautsky İsmı is II of Marx"
calmc remega des licath of Engels. was present at
Egels El Tid was vlo Carried out
Lenin who conducted a titanic struggle against the revisionism of Kautsky and Bernstcin in the course of which hc write the filmous book, ''The Prole Earian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky.”
(b) The lactic of the People's Front has Illu thing reyisiCo Ii ist about it. It was ELI attempt to build the unity of the working class in ; : tici II. As the coTe Amcl leading force of a broadcI anti-fascist People's Front to curb Hitler fascis II. It did lot succeed. If it had, there would hawe bčel Ino second world wär. It is å får Cry froIII the folly of the LSSP and the revisionists tailing behind the SLIFP and Mrs B.
(c) I was not al lica di Ing Ille IIIber of the C. P. At the ti III e it took the decision to join thic National Congress or Lo support thc UNP. Besides, li:Lwc consistic
that his ashes ty maintained that both decisiLL LLLLLLLLS LL LHLHLELLS S LLL0L LLLLLLGLaaS LLLL aS
Slow (5)
25 27. Girl Eric is all o'cr (5)
N. B. The quote roll Carroll is in part parihrased for
Lhis puzzle.
Solution to Cryptic Crossword No. 3
CRSS - II. REÇLiCT. ZIJ. In met 21. A Cric
SLLLaLLLL LSLSS ELSS LaLLLLLL S SSS S LLLLLLLHHLHHLaS 0SS LLLLLLLL 1. SELLIR
I5. (I Coil léi. Fish 22. BocT 74. Nie:Ty
17. Recap 2. Silest
28. Fried egg 29, Sleato 30. Thieves kitchcil.
WN
4. Thirst 27. Ag.:>.
2. Our nation 3. Trcally 4. Meet fi, Ex, Lir:Lactin Il , Ex Lbt
18. Cooperate
5, Edit LC). Comical 13. Sea Tation
19. Sic|id 23. AT:till: 25, Alibi

Page 25
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