Page 1
THE UN Pos
FIRST YEAR
A. Amirthalingam
Lalith Athulathmudali
Gamini Dissanayake
Sarath Mu
Reggie Siriwardena R. R. Na Iliah
41s. How the Tige1
 
 

August 1, 1978 Price Rs. 2/50
A. C. S. Hameed Colvin R. de Silva
Anura Bandaranaike
tetuwegama
Mervyn de Silva
Jayantha Somasunderam
movement was born

Page 2
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Page 3
LANKA GUARDIAN
Wol. I No. 7 August i 1978
CONTENTS
News background Foreign policy icsוחם חטEc
8 Press opinlחס II - I Constitution
B Agriculture and
entוחקסdcWel
| 4 - 17 Politics
8 Tho Tarmi 5
Media
3 - 4 Education
25 Private wiew
FLASH BACK lR. Jäy"C"Wä.r&lère, ; SPICEikS [III] He at rippuwa (Octag (Picturc by Cou II Information).
Published by Publishers, So CEIl re, Third Buildi.IIg, 126 3
OlılıEJ - 1
Tclcphone
EEdi[T; Me
Princid hy , 35, Wolfe
CւյlւյIII
Trends
Bye, bye to by-elections
When the new constitution replaces the old, we will be saying goodbye to an exciting old ceremony in this highly politicised society - the byelection, lf a member des the vacancy will be fissed by a man nominated by the General Secretary of the party which took the seat dit the 1977 polls. Likewise, if any inember leaves a party he automatically vacates his seat, and the same procedure will be followed. Party bosses will enjoy e a rhew omnipotence. For if a member is sacked, his political career is kaput
In effect, this means that the party complexion will not be changedif ( f ) || --- Lunti || || 983,
Media mayhem
The UNP press, and other opposition papers made a favourite target of Lake House under the μr:νία μ5 Фisрел*atӀоп. Even page proofs of Lake House papers were gaily exhibited by Opposition politicians. Last week the boot was on the other foot. ‘Aththa' published an article which had been passed for publication in the 'Dinamina" but had been pulled cut at the last moment. The article was a reply by Dr. J. B. Dissanayake, a un Īversity lecturer, to a wemo Tmolus
attack on Martir Lake House Director, Mr. Man Ikkaa ratch | castigated Professor was originally publis Fr) in (7". It was re. "Daily News" with Its ill-indinnered be ex Ciise.
Meanwhile, Lake buy a new fleet of E In the days of D. R bUŞ provided public distributing newspap, 5e back in Busin Housernan remarked House today is ca pas Sergers on /ts 5 Wel da ft or te
Cur man in Ha
Plancksons Minist. other Harry) Jayaw. Cuba, but mot as s rm istakerly reported. Lanka desegation to ti The agreeable and a to be the butt of rit W5 because he வி02ing of an a d 'We hope', said a packing his bags for doesn't put Castro does, he will succes has failed 8 times,

icture:
TO 977 – Mr. J. Il Pic Ministe, from the Pathin) in Kandy, - :sy Department of
Lanka Guardian th. Asian Media
Floor, YMBA. 28 Main Street,
29O.S.
"wyn de Silva
Amanda Pr:55 Llıdlal Stricet, bլ) - 13,
Wickremasinghe by S. Marikkaa ratchs 's essay which also
Joseph Needham hed ir the "Dinapublished in the dit Jerrst one of Issages discreetly
House hopes to uses from abroad. , the "Daily News' transport while ers. V5 Lake Houess. An ex Lake "Since Lake rrying so many taff, it might aus public highway.'"
W
er M.D. H. (the Jrderia is off to Orne flewspapers to lead the Sri Te Youth Festiya). fable Harry used 7лү paгllamепtary Jd d habit of “owsү afterпооп
Yபைாg Cரstro fr -lgyülna, "M. D. H. !o sleep'. If he td where the CIA
Letters
Ugly scene
May I bring to your notice an ugly scenę which it was my misfortune to witncss this afternoon. I was walking towards Dalada Maligilwa when I happened to pass a group of people walking on the pavement in a procession escorted by two khaki uniformed officers. This group of men Were Remand Prisoners being escorted to the Kandy Reilland Prison from the Bogambara Prison, The ungliness of the scene was that these remand prisoners were handcuffed and chained two by two.
Is it not unjust in this "Dharmishi ta'' cra, to cscort lhandcuffed prisoners through the crowded streets of thc town while hundreds of people gaze at the IT as if they were wild beasts being taken to be taimed. As an eX-prisoner. I sincercly urge you, to mobilize public opinion against this type of insult and indecency which a prisoner is des titled to cxperience in his day to day life.
Peradeniya. ]. Uyangoda
Lenin and 80° turn
In a cler to your journal, Mr. Costain dc Wos tries hard to peddle the shop-worn thesis that to a Marxist the end justifies any means.
This is non sense. Because Marxists always believe that the means determine the end.
Lenin adapted Marxist theory to suit the actual circumstances in Russia and put forward the theory that there Iced be no “Clilcse wall' separating the two revolutions in Russia, and that," provided the working class gave leadership to the first stage of the revolution, which would be bourgeois, th: end of thal stage could he the
beginning of the second stage, the
socia:Llist I cowolu tion. That is how
it happened in Russia. Where is
the 180 degrees turn?
(СолfIItrétї гул рад'е: 7)

Page 4
Bank
W the one-day token strike by the Bank Employees the first shot in a coming confrontation? With the exception of the Sun' the general reporting of the event was not only clumsily partisan but extremely ill-informed. A new demand put for Ward by the Joint Action Con mittee of the country's major trade unions went completely un noticed. The Bank Employees UnioT is a member of this Committee, and the common demand of the 16 federations for an across-the-board 150/- monthly salary increase coilcided with the l day strike.
These federations are affiliated to the three major opposition parties, the SLFP, LSSP and CP, and include also the CMU, the Maoists, PDP, Trotskyists, and assorted 'new' Left organisations. The membership covers the government service, the corporation and private sector. The other demands are: (a) restoralion of the rice ration (b) re-instatement of “victimised' workers and (c) new collective agreemeints in the private sector with the Employers Federation.
There have been lightning or
wildcat strikes and sporadic stoppages throughout this year bլIt no concerted union action. There are two basic reasons for this:
(a) the mutual hostilities dividing the SLFP and ULF (a) legacy of the UF's break-up), alınd a. fragmented Left, in which the 'new' Left is trying to seize or nibble at the Old Lefl's traditional trade union bases. (The GGSU and Mr. Waslu dewa Na mayakkara's infiltration tactics is a case in point).
(b) The feeling among the older parties that it would be a tactical mistake to engage in a "premature confrontation' with a strong-willed
News background
strike's
after
union
goveTin ment. As restraining the Ill young union bo: and advocating a and-testig til C E the mass mood
orrect issue Col. economic situatio
But pressure fi forcing the pol Tc- think tactie:S situation. The P. found to trail bel
The unions fel few Inom this Will a recent discussi talives agreed thi cus and pri Čeč sugar, petrol, ke hanced fares and electricity, hospit precede the next E to them, this is dÇal.
The Bank lju success il Col in the provinces "Daily Nevi's' pu table picture of with the obvio ness as usual". an interesting h kers being "strll fied" persons, received medica four were quite
Were the Ass kers' or “outsi fied' persons b many lonths were dello inst I: White paper. T ses like "irate посепt passersWidyalamikala, a f
One of the unions, the Bank is not affilial Represcinting til

mood
a Tesult, they el Te ofe alvellur olis sses and cadres policy of probingovernment until is right, and the 1es a long i.e. L'he
1.
rom below is also itical parties to
with each new arties cannot be hind the unions.
el that the mext be crucial. At on their repesino At further subsidy incrcases (flour, ros cinc) a id elcharges (transport, als, postal) will Judget. According part of the IMF
clains 90% ombo, and 100%; Dutifully, the blished thc in ewiwork in the bank is Inc.55age "BusiRll the 'Sir' had :Idilimle about St Ti'k' by unidenti20 — cudd strikcTs treatment, and seriously wounded
mion
lillants ““Illon-strilers' "Unidentioke up picket lines go when clerks ting agiliilst the hic press used phra parents'' a Thid “in-by' during the air.
best organised Euployees Union, d to any party. e upper-crust of
math and changing
the lower-middle class sa lariat, the Bank union is fairly conserva Live, and has no partiality for this or that government. It was locked in a protracted struggle with Dr. N. M. Perer and Mr. Felix Dias Bandaranaike was its belle noire "Muscle" and storin-trooper' tictics can ha Tiden the feelings of "neutral' unions and prowe counterproductive.
Youth Corps recruitment
starts
T National Development Corps (target: 150,000 men between 20 and 40) will get off the ground Ilext Tonth when 100 to 200 "leaders' (officers) will be specially sclected for training. The commandant of the new Corps will be Colonel (retd.) Denis Hapugalle. A career officer in the regular army Mr. Flapugalle was trained in elite army colleges in U. K. and U. S. Since his retirement, he has been Working in the ficlid of family planning.
The Army Commander, Gen. Denis Perera himself is in charge of the special course which has now been planned. The Inen will get uniforms and some semimilita Ty discipline but no weapons training. Membership is voluntary.
An official spokesman said: "It has so II e featurcs of Natio Ilal Scrwice in other countries, and some features of the old Land Army, with mistakes of course corrected. While working on development projects on funds provided from the normal votes of the Ministry of lrrigation, thcy will hawe in-camp training im technical skills".

Page 5
Foreign policy
“UNP's non-align
- A. C. S. Hameed
(Minister of Foreig fairs)
"A thic elections, our parly Linder the leadership of Mr. J. R. Jayewardene pledged itself to a policy of non-alignment in foreign relations and our position has been fully windicated in the course of this first year' said MT. A. C. S. IIa IIleèd, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, in an exclusive interview with the Editor “Lanka Guardial' a day before his departure to the non-aligned foreign ministers' meeting in Belgrade.
Q. You inherited the chairmanship of the movernment fron in the SLIJFP go y'er Triert. Vorlal yo say it is in anyway different?
A. Ours is strict non-alignment.
Q. The Janata party which trounced Mrs. Gardi's Congress as you clic Mrs. Barıclarantarikero 5 SLFP pro/plised "genuine nurt-alignment', Is fihat the sarre tilring? Aral Wollha do these adjectives imply?
A. I prefer the term strict non-alignment. There is no need Lo theorise about tilcsc terms, What is important is practice, and this is particularly true in the sphere of foreign policy where cvents take place in the World outside.
O. And what does J'air actitial perfornia ice show?
A. Firstly, we hawe been so strictly non-aligned that the Jayewardene government and this country have Won the Tegard and respect of all nations, big and shall, rich and poor, irrespective of their own policies or outlook. And as a result, We have received and will continue to receive substantial aid from the big powers, western or socialist, US or USSR, China or Japan and many others. Secondly, our non-alignment was tested under more difficult cirCum stances than we would halwe anticipated, or Sri Lanka as chairman of the conference had to face in the previous year.
Q, F’Wičaf „Fort ar callerige?
A. Many bilat ween Imci Ibers (' For example, Wi puchea cor in th Cor more rccently i As chair II:n, the from sLrict mon have been opened LICI).
Q. Corld it ri other haid, that aligninieri Yves in saying nothing a instance, the Flo, realise it is 'ee riter bers ir irriportant el'ent, visit to Jerusale' μαSίίίαII:
A. We stand lasting solution UN and non-ali, solutions which
Q. Including til of the rights of people?
A. Of course,.
O, Earlier ναι, ral dispytes her the fire vejerif h a critical issue f perf corrurity
A. Very sensiti Yol li) know t ples that all no follow...No interf in disputes betw. We listel to ti try to understan we hope that th Settled but I cih deed do we try intervene... that i or maintaining s basic practice a but now, as yi out, thcre is new we Incot hawc a

ment vindicated”
of special stress
:Tal disputes butf the IoWellent. etnam and Kame lorn of Africa In central Africa. slightest deviation -alignInell t could
to misinterpreta
κι έiε δαίοι, απ ιiε your strict rolναοί α Poliεν αν ομι ατιμιδιήηg. For" st Asian conflict... 't a disputte hetflere 1Pas a Very Presidenıf Sadat’s J. What Is your
for a just and on the basis of gned sulmit teWe hawe endors cd.
με γιαl rε τον αγιοπ the Palestinian
, dcfimi Lely.
mentioned bilate'eer Ferrillers of is that ecofire or Ilie na F-liigirright now?
Vc problem, yes. ls broad princi1-alignment states :rence whatsoever :C1 two members, cir wisws. We 1 the conflict... : dispute will be : r by word moT to take sides or mot playing sa fic cnce... that's the ld convention... u rightly point tlı inking... should machinery...some
new lines of approach to resolve these disput.cs within the movemcnt... som c non-aligned members think this is a very important matter at this stage, in the present intcrational context, because otherwise it can lead to interference from outside, from powers outside the movement... scoImę. Inations a II e keeping an open mind on this qucstion bu l a l l a re quite concerIncid, and as you know there is a Yugoslaw initiative which we shall discuss in Belgrade and later Hawala.
Q. It is being said that Cuba is not a non-aligned coin try and that the conference should not be held in Havana. Any content?
A, Then why did 86 non-aligIncid countries Incet in Colombo and dicciclic to hold it in Hawana ?
Q. But this is after Cuba is
supposed to have helped in the invasion of Zaire, a ro-aligned соинIrу.
A. There has been an allegation to that effect, and herc has been a flat denial by the Cuban governIllent. Besides, officially speaking, there is only one count Ty, Solnalia, from Within our ranks that has taken up such a position.
Q. But don't these allegations aid arracks especially on the prospective chairman of the cofference 14'eçıkarı ile 1701'éritéır? AFrd 11'harf is thg motive behind these attacks?
A. More important than speculating about Inotives is a plain fact. The non-alignment movement is now being tak cnl seriously; as a serious force, by every nation... by those who have been its supporters and sympathisers as well as by those who were critics... Secondly, what is paramount is what we ourselwes, the non - aligned think and do...and look at the record. Not one member has left the movement. On the contrary,
3

Page 6
each year others arc asking for in embership at various levels ... that is not a sign of Weakness but growing strength.
Q. As you nove fror??? : Belgrade to Havana, and Sri LaTi77 ka lrc F2 els a yer the chairrariship, are yol STrisfied with your stewardship?
A. As I told you before, our government took over as chairman of the conference in 1977 and sincC then it his been a Wery trying year in the sphere of international poli
UNP SLFF' :
m
Change and
by Mervyn de Silva
fter the headly days of the spectacular 1976 Colombo su IIIInit Sri Lanka's diplomacy has s cittled CAL) a much quieter course. Likc the Jana La par Ly in India, the UNP promised "genuine nonalign Innt' implying a criticism of SLFP policy which UNP spokesInel wisely chose not to defile. The 1977 pre-clicction Indian analogy fu ulded lirgely on the highly visible mother-son parallel had on scrious eximilation, more substance probably in foreign policy than in internal politics. .
S. W. R. D. Balda Tanaike Who adopted non-align Inent in 195ú Was very much the Nehruist nationalist. The brillia. It Oxford UIlion debater yeaTnec for a larger forum åt a time when the newly indepeldent Ilations felt a strong psychological Ieed to assert their national identity and collective Will. In the inmediate Asian context, Ceylon, a Sill all island uninwolved in regional disputes also had obvious uses for her bigger neighbours. There was a ready racic role for Banda Tarı:äike 45 a spokesman for an emerging Asian group and given his lively questing mind, and the intellectual interests and oratorical exhibitionis II he had betrayed as undergraduate, it would have been Liniatural for him not to seize the inviting opportunity. But he had so little tille.
4
tics, you, as El S El ffairs, I'm 1st SLIT point...and the I), i judge our porfo a5 | ali coilçeTrı strict non-alignmi pledges inade by its cate!", Mr. J. all ole 11 lic hic received il 11 un dute ..., 1 believ le year we hawe 14 pledge but cha. prestige and bro tial bicilcsi Ls... |
conti
Given her ow Lip Ei, I 1-d H, Im1:h zing politics, it would un natural for M It t) :ccept an SLFP legacy. led predilcction role, an Ectivis and an intern realistic than tlh which had rillon form for 20 yea Zeal that descrwę lable ideal that Ut Copia of Wort cilime fir. In featul broad outlook a the real of CL Welil UNP aberriticii1, the Ulf locked like su Imı luggaga ti!!! Cough til by tiepi, Iting WF WEIS.
Though an ac assettivi: foreig Il accompanying g! hadi may at i TLC wlosę cloistered did mot pre vert ing the world’s Ilier, the lon-ali wls al a chiew CT to the Indo-Ceyl
Unfortunately f I1aike a [ıd tlıe SL glory came too

tudent of foreign :ly conceds tllat In that perspective TITEL 11çe. As far ed, El policy of :1t Wä5 (31e jf the
the UNP all
R. Jaye Wardę mę Imitters Lin whicl proc:::|::::d Tha I1th: Լ luring this it only kept that nced the couT1 try's ught her Substan
nuity
Il Ticrin ta l Immakeills Linct for power hawe becı equally rs. Bandarinaike what clearly was AIl ill-t:{111Ըc:1- or the spokesmail t foreign policy lition: lism II orc it of Lie LSSP polised the plitrs with a mohl: :d a more at thithe Trotskyist Revolution, bereg (sf the SI-FP'g Ind image. If in ltuje, the Kotelaseemed ; Vllgar NPʻsf11'eign Ti(licy e quaint piece of essly left behind nichill civil ser
quired taste, En policy and its a Til ILIT must have "L'ill:5 t0 a Woleil convert education ber from beca Tnfirst Wollan preglled chairmanship ment second only ol Elgteen:Ilt.
or Mrs. BandaraFP, het crowning late foT political
rewards. In fact it had the oppo. sitc effect, Groaning under so Lady hardships, tied of Loo long a stay in office and eager for a change of regime, thc voter was in no lood to be impressed by fureign policy on the gr: n.d. scale. As a result, ile Suiriniinit became a sy inbol of extravagance and a rude exhibition of a government's indifTerence to the citizon's everyday tribulatians, Mr. Jayewardene's platform promise Indt to travel too often abroad showed how easy it was to capitalisc on the prevailing pop] Li la T lill0 Öd... (1) Lucstion15 about Mrs. Band: Tinaike's trips abroad are still heing asked altil Ligh the 1erill track Traccord of UNP WIP's this past year looks as impressive as Mr. Upali Wije
wardene's equestrian enterprises U In the English turi.
Anyway, the UNP's "genuine
Incon- aligil The It" did Tot 1m can a sharp break with the past. As in Injil" s casc, westerin a lalysts wh o anticipa cd su ch a dr: matic dep:ar turc, (11c4. Thing i pro-wc:s term lu Inge) hawc been pro ved wrong. As with Mr. Desai's policy, Mr. Jayewardele's rcweals as many clcments of continuity as change. The change is in emphasis and stylea low-key job done by a foreign minister Tallther than the highpressure, image-projecting personal diplomat of Mrs. Bandaranaike.
Expectations and PTedictions of sharp cha Inge il fu Teign policy betray an inability to grasp two basic facts:
(I) Tle cxtremely limited foreign policy options open to the under-developed countries.
(2) The varying dicgTess of Telatiwc aut coloTTiny (as against effective or total independence) enjoyed by the big and the SIThall, the poor and the por est, within the nonalig Eled cor11IInulity.
In the particular case of Sri Lanka, his conceptions arising from El fail Lu Tc LU appreciatic the above could be doubly misleading if there is a simple attempt to contrast the UF policy of 1970 with the UNP policy 1977-78. The reasons are in Ey:
(a) The main decisions (suspension of relations with Israel,

Page 7
North Korea and GDR missions at ambassadorial level, Iccognition of thc: PRG in Soult F1 Wictihall etc) were in fact Inade before the elections and declared in the UF Con III con progr: T.
(b) Considering the clectoral balance of strength, the SLFP was then the Imajor partner but not necessarily the dominant force in policy making process. The L.cft enjoyed a disproportionale influence. Though there ar: "larsists' and "marxists' all ther: were many important dissimilarities in the Chilean and Ceylonese situations, thlc: "Tỉries” London had a point when it noted editorially that ther: Were lore a vowed Illarxists in the UF than in Allende's Cabinet of the same year. Partly out of the politician's conventional habit of thinking that what is irm the Imailifcs to dloes not really matter, and partly because articulate anti-Left SLFP ers like Felix Billdaranaike were not actively involved in the draft ing stage, the SLFP acquicsced in this Left-oriented thinking.
(c) As a result, the SLFP) UF's policy posture was more radical and 'left-leaning', as Western analysts had it, than its true idcological character,
(d) Under the pressure of unforesecn events and unexpected challcıges, the truc and Tapidly changing charactic of the SLFP emerged as the party gradually Ic-assert cd its dominant role in the JF.
This process was accelcrated by events and developments both politicall and economic viz. the 1971 insurrection, the most important event of the de cade, if Inot in our post-independence history; the post-1973 world economic crisis and its severe impact on the domestic economy; the SLFP's perception of these events, and its reponse to then, and the choices -Lternal and internal, it identified and adopted; the influence of key pressure groups on the SLFP leadership, especially the new business interess.
(e) The cind result was that thic SLFP's foreign policy did not end (say Summit 1976) where it starled in 1970.
Thlis, El cili ll SLFP's foreig 197677 and thi må, ncc this pas || more mea iningfu Imore continuity although the occupied with f Illuch alive to intricacies, Tilly ciously willed transition. The UNP's pathi wa SLFP from ab{ʼ} u
While het lief shTil [, neTWot1s inspiration behi Bandaramaikę tu reflex action I dicep- 5 cated ide0 | Qa Britanin Irı d later Pakistan, and Egypt) to als al security ultra-Left, Tlışe e a new psycholo government whỉ foreign policy i rity canc first, t process became Suhasinghe was la ter * invisible : а пеw аррага installed, almo: Real authority tripartite allianc Caibiri et to a ci fully trusted adv powerful politi circle, the top t security experts ou [lir1es of a bı stratum, grad L1:1 from the Cabin This new appar a strong-willed othet tha, 11 seL intensified form time-5cale: the { emer ged in Ind in-group, a cab the party from Iners, the UF frc that had suppo whole governm
Meanwhile t close to the S singly agitated direction of blic emphasis on p sion and the wider nationalis ests were an i

viso II, between the policy profile in UNP's perfor2 months is far ... It would show hill discontinuity, JNP, leve Lou reign policy nor is importance and T1çt hã Vẹ. Cụmssuch a smooth truth is that thc s prepated by the 1973-74 onwards.
: allies let go a nowl about CIA
ld the JWP, Mrs. Tiled, all lost as a Tompted by hcr ogical eonvictions, ia and US (and USSR Yugoslavia, }rush what she saw threat from the mergency produced gy alıb, d style of ch lad obviously mplications. Secuhic diccision-making less open (Mr. to call it much govern Ilicit) and tus was quictly it unconsciously. shifted from the and Even Le teric of intinate 3 Cf5 ().1: – QT tW0 :ians, the court LI reaucrats a End the One saw the treaucratic-military lly usurping power it illd the UF. litus walls Lu 5ed by eader for purposes Lurity. In a more and on a tigher ame phenomenon a. It is colated thc Ll, from the party, its coalition partT the social forces ted it, and thc it from the people.
interests FP were increawer the general 2etary policies, the blic sector expaneft pressure for ion. These interfluential segment
Isicss
of the nascent bourgeoisie (thc "progressive national bourgeoisie as some SLFP thcorists still like to call it) which was nurtured by the import substitution and protectionist policies of thic SIFP post1956, and Timore so, post-1960, and flourished under parly patronage. This potential class, a s Samir Amin discribes it, had now arrived. With its ITILturation als Lil authentic bc) t | Tgeoisie, its interests and outlook had changed. It looked forward to the next stage of forcign collaboration and overseas Tharkets for new exports. Again, the stage was being set for the IMForient cid export platform and other policies which the UNP was historically ordain cd to pursue.
The socialist Finance Minister and the LSSP had done their job in keeping a tight rein on labour and Ina naging, very ably, the (capitalist) crisis. Mrs. Bandaranaike held no further use for hin. Or he was not ready to take the new direction when Mrs. Bandal Talnaik c was about to change course.
Returning from West Germany, MTs. Bildalra laike Innounced to the party executive "no more nationalisation '. It was now clear that Dr. Perera's 1974 budget would be his last. An indiscreet remark was inflated into an insult to Mr. Bandaranaike's memory to pro vidc a convenient casus belli. Exit the LSSP.
The oil crisis and the post-1973 pressures on the payments position had forced the government not only to court West German and Japanese aid buit look for new sources of assistance in the oilrich Arab countries and Iran.
While Mr. Felix Bandaranaike was drafting the Foreign InwestIll cnt Guarantce Law, Dr. Seewali Ratwatte then Director Export Promotion was working on the blueprint of the Free Trade Zone. A rear-guard action by the ': Left within the SLFP-CP, Mrs. BandaTanaike's growing preoccupation with preparations for the summit, and the attacks from the Opposition by the LSSP and masterly diatribes on the multi-nationals by the well-in for led Opposition " lan mer ", Mr. Ronnic de Mel (now UNP Finance Minister) helped to
5

Page 8
stall these moves, These lille ironies, seen in today's perspective, further reinforces the impression of logical extension and continuity bet vec 6-1978.
On the foreign policy front, these trends found interesting expression. In contrast to Mrs. Gandhi, the Sri Lankan author of thic Indian Ocean peace Zone whose sentinental attach incint to and special relationship with China are established facts, was increasingly muted in her criticism of Dicgo Garcia. From this, the inclusion of the phrasc "superpower hegemonism” in Colomboprepared draft documents for the summit was an understandable step. So by the , 1976 sLIITn Tmit, Mr. Leo Kuan Yew Was CU11mending Mrs. Bandara naike's "impeccable credicinitials" in nonalignment and Washington was praising her " moderate stance'.
Some snart UNP'er, probably to the bewilderment of his colleagues, had included the ter In "super
power hegemonism" in the UNP
manifesto.
Surely Chinese officials must
have done their homc-work before Mr. Keng Piao's recent visit to Colombo frou Pakistail. So, the self-same Mr. Lee, the US and China, ha vc every reason to sing hosannas to UN P Ilon-alignment. They see no fundamental of drastic changc; if at all, a shift in the right direction, in more sens I:s Lhan oiric. Maireo ever, Peking's attitude to the US, to ASEAN and to governments that can remail outside the Soviet orbit has blen fortified this year after the consolidation of the new ruling group in Peking and Dr. Brzezinski's wisit.
As the SLFP plans its strategies for the 1980's, it läs Tot only to re-cxamine the Tole of the 'national bourgeoisie“ (an internall issue) but assimilate lhe selfevident truth that China's altitude to the UNP Government is not going to be determined or seriously affected by the fact that the SLFP is the leading anti-UNP force in Sri Lanka.
(Cary first leef of Page 4 ( )
| Economi We h
- Laiith Ai
(forfsfer of
e cxplored
Athulallımlı Trade, some of th that the Jay: War has been confron first year of offic taking up the in the Illi 11ds ( prices,
The Minister C Llıç out 5şet tİLELİ
lot ha vic al CV: prices since the Imain Telail outle hands. He only aid the Sta. Le T Licom .
Mr. Athulaith that prices of IT fact II owed up year But that picture. The pri sentials like rici and chillies, and recently, had ei or diccreased. E of essentials like
gone Lup, it Illin L5 1 hilt Lhęy 31 Te 1 ille. The IEW
rupce las led t. ported items goin ιήε τιμμίμ Ρα3ίία of all iteris is NoNტა,
The rise ill
sprang basically
explained the M one hand there
ciation of the WiBut caually im lability of mor halds of consul Table tea prices to this; so ha ! of funds fru III : overseas. The W tcd last Novemb carnings of pai Tubber pla, Tntatiot contributory fa exception of pac gгоup5 аге havi

CS
ave eradicated fear
thulatih mudali Treffe)
with Lalith
dali, Minister of e proble11 areas deme At Iulinistiated with in its ... We began by issu: uppleTTA Üst of most people:
au ticaricd Luis i L his Ministry did Tall citrol over co-operatives, the t, were not ill his Wersa. W tle CWE rading Corpora
Iudali accepted any items haci il dtlig Lh L: PElst was not the whic ccs of Thil ny cis, suga, ils ewen flour un til Liber been static ven where priccs Inilk foods have t not be forgotten low freely aw:iipå ri Ly rate of the y thic price of img up - but (Qd:ly м путе! availability 2γινεητεν για νοτιΓα
the price level Tom two se o Lu TCCS, finister. On the
WELs the deprelue of tle Rupice. ortant is the awaie money in the hers. The favou
hawe contributed s the repatriation Sri LalInkams living wage: increase gran3:I, the enh LIi ccd ddy fariners and 1 W (1rkc:rs Eı T: a Iso tors. With the ldy farmel's, most ng money in their
hands, ahead of production, thus giving rise to inflation,
Thc inflationary trend would have been much more severe pointed out Mr. A thullath mm u da li, if tlhle government had not introduced leasures to tighten money supply.
Hlas thc putchasing power of pc ople declincid? If at Lil, colceded the Minister, it would be of only scmc groups; like those in the three to six thousand incøme group. Ởn the other hand the purchasi Ing power of pilddy and sugar ca Tic growers, rubber Esta Lc workers and those in lhe lower income groups has improwd-so his their choice of goods. We cal a 5:1.11c Licrcso l'e, le sullIlled up, that the standard of living of significant sections of our population is better today thail it was a year ago.
We askcd Mr. Athulathmudali to what extent was thic floating of the Sri Lanka rupee, one of the principal sources of inflation, dictated by foreign lending institutions.
* Requests of course of such a kind are made to the Sri Lanka GowcTrerht, but the Te is no compulsion exerted on us. Look; nobody is over eager to lend us money. And if we had sought to go it alone, without foreign aid, the we would have had to cut all our subsidies in order to finance development. But this would not have been acceptable to our people. It would not lawe been humane either. It is not E. Tea alternative. Wild if therefore we are seeking the assistance of foreign leinding institutions like the IMF or thè IBRD, WE IIlLlst come lo terms with thern.'"
Mr. Athulath Tudali Went on to deal with the charge that the liberalisation of imports has led to the importation of luxury

Page 9
items, cven superfluous ones. Not true he said. Such luxury items account for only 0.5 percent of our total imports. In any case, they would hawe come in. A ficr all, during seven Leen years of illport controls, haven't luxury items flowed in, to meet de lands excrted by the upper income groups? Where necessary feasiblic controls are being inpused. Cars over fifteen hundred cc are banned. And the import of luxuries arc automatically regulated by the high price
and duty that have to be paid for them.
"All countries that have tried
the closed economic systein such as that which we have had for the last seventeen years have given in to liberalisation.'
On the other hand, Mr, Athulathnudali, thanks to liberal imports, soil ething like 4,000 new lorries are hitting the roads. Already the transport cost of Wegetables from the Uwa are falling.
We next dealt with the threat to local industry which libel imports pose. There are no cases of employees hing thrown out due to closing down of plants, a 55 lited the Minister. But il du5tri: l'isis Le Copl:Lining because they can't make the profits that they have grown accustom d to. But li herce Will be 5 | tuli: tio in 5 i 1 which we will hawe" to protect specific industries. And this requires a product by product study. But we will not protect inefficient local industry - that's cartain. Not will there be the kind of blanket protection that our industry enjoyed in the past
cxplain cd
'Sri Lanka has always benefited and prospered on the basis of a vigorous import-export economy', insists Mr. Athulathmudali. "Small markets like us cannot sustain the kind of seige Ciconomy that WC hawe tried to foist on our country in the recent past. It is a strong import-export system that has led to the prosperity of small countries like South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malta, Belgium, Holland and Denmark. Those industries of ours that Will Survive
and develop, arc export olier Port substitutio
will thus flow ing export indu; garmen industri wing thanks to ill port controls Till imports of material, and t ra te which en la ings."
We next disc respoils: from wlno stat1d to t depreciation oft h:15 to be El ti for, said the F the opening of the inflat) yw of Don't forgct 5 tät Lisirl the estill II:n till bli Siles: de teriorated t() : te:1t. Foreigil bL1
EWOLS.
"I ally case, the Inorc fareigr gðf, tlıc I11 o Te fi the greater the collinued the M leng is, how fa in westment into
Wild the go' the pluralist syst provide security Westors"?
Na, Says the τα δε μια αr III: - κι Ραίτε τιαίες, Ι. was asked their folla 1y South Kar plied Tro, he ho kwallad follo y Sri . freedor!'
Ole of the gOWCT 11 cnt has Luc MIT. At hul complete absence in fact liberated quasi-fascist rulle political freedor Willd have be cightcel ro Elth3 sct a high stal life and we are ionic dewlopmer Cratic framle Wor social behavio Lur got to be dealt wit

El re thosc that ited – not the imIl 01:s. LabLT into the prosperstries, sy like the , which is thrithe absensc of w lich en ble libcequip in crit and he new exchange nces export Carn
issed the lack of foreign investors, enefit from the he Rupee. Thee iIllt lig allowed Milliste, between th: ecolorily and
foreign capital. hat STi Lanka’s "la te of the interi con 1 [1] LI ni! y llad a considerabic exsiness may still be
remember, Flat hi i In Westment Wc | nds that flow is,
inflatory spiral' ilis LeT. *"The cha l„St CFL All We turri goods?'"
yern Tincint aband) .cm in order to für foreigl in
Tiris fer, Fir béfér" fr? - flifir si|'g fri "Për Fë Presiderr " Sri Larks 'll' ea, e i as reper Sol Korea Lark Tril profecr
things that this Echiewed, conti.th muda li, jis the of fear, We have the country fron The degree of in that prevails en ulrı imaginable: agO. W 14ve Ildard of public cm plı Asising eco| within a demok. Ewell antiás it exists has h within the con
straints of our system of demoΕΓilτή
Likewise where ate concerned, I that their position has in fact in proved. The new constitution formalises this. The District Ministers scheThe will in wolwe them increasingly in the business of administration and the ombudsman will protect them from discrimination.
the Illinori:ies Il convincei
Finally We raised the of ernployment.
question Every cent that
is being savcd by reducion of subsidies, assured Mr. Atkuulathmuda li, is being chantueled in to
developincint And just as thcre has been sole alleviation of the unemploy Illent problem in the past year he feels confident that ther: will be substantial improvements in the forthcoming year.
- J. S.
Letters., .
(Сол тілшегi frary page г.)
The New Economic Policy (NEP) Was also a product of the times. Lenin decided to hasten slowly, to go back a little to gain a breathing space so that they could advancc Ilore Swifly later. Thus, he advanced NEP and gave concessions to the pe El sants. But that Wils only for a strictly limit cd period of come y ca T. Therea ferWards, the Socialist advance continued. Where, then, is the 180 degrees turn. A little Lenil is a dan gerous thing !
A Student of Marxism
From the side lines
I was a member of the Ceylon Communist Party from 1949 till the split occurred between the two communist giants. In high dudgeon I denounced thic Soviets as revisiOnists, social imperialists betrayers of the revolution blah! blah! bahl and formed a group of the proChina C. P. Wig in Kuru negall. After working actively I realised that things were not what they should be. I resigned from that Party also and watched the whole political arena from its periphery.
7

Page 10
From the time lhe government of ''Our Lady' jailed me for "the heimous crime of not coTIl mitting a crime” I hav'e been a kecil student of politics, not a politician. What do I see no W ? China has con 11pletely gone over to their once avo Wed en emies.
Take the following instances :- 1. When the Bengal is fought to liberate themselves China supported the aggressors of the Bengalis and gave them logistical supportand military hardwarc, 2. The recent pronouncement of the Chinese Foreign Minister at Kinshasa and the aid to Mobutu is E. crime of the grça test maginiillde.
* Tire in its issue of 26, 6.8 statics "After sole earlier protests Mob L LI Inow scened Ticaudy to accept a few restrictions on how he spends Zaire's money either because he realises he has little choice this time or because he has already Salted away enough cash for a worry-free Te Lirement. An estimulte of a Belgian expert ra Tnks Mobutu as the world's second wealthiest man next to the Shah of Iran. 3. In the liberation movement in Angola China supported Dr. Holden Roberto the brother-in-law of Mobutu. 4. China has no criticis Ill of NATO) DIT CENTC).
5. Pakistan's military dictator is "'il friend'. 6. Evci, E. M. S., Namboorip3d and Jyolu Basıl have now denounced China. They broke away from the C. P. I to form thc M. L. Party. 7. "Asia Week' in its issue of June 30 states til at China is investing heavily in HK, a British colony. Two Peking colltrolled banks have ageed to back two local companies which a Te to buiid ti. HK 600 M ç:IıhF11 eTcial residential complex. 8. Immediately after the death of ChairIIlan Milo his widow became a Capitalist Toader. 9. Teng Sioping, according to the Chinese Party once a traitor and de lounced as such, was "habilitated El Id taken back. 10). Lin Pia 0 who was heir-apparent to Chairman Milo ended as a revisionist. 13. The author of "How to be a good Communist", the Presidcut of the People's Republic of China, Suddenly became a revisionist.
H. L. Prenadasa Kurulegala. Attorney-at-Law.
Press ΟΕ
The President
T1: President that every vote ask, ** Willat ha i guvernment l F
power?’’. The ions is no lhe wote T läs. He
to protest and st is now a 5 killg
plnil Simhalal,
in helicopters c Those who li: , canit heal F fiti heard by residing palace of the Pri ace. To hear whi ing in piin and ' UNP it witc.
to walk in the in buses. If th age issued on a year by the government flee we may say it is
A dharmishta
Maintaining t. society catl be Te-transfering til the Sanghi OT the Kapillw:List ridicul lous. Y hta less' is not ownership of t people can bec Wor shippiF1g Ru the Buddha's to thing for the Bu and which has
 
 

s
message
said in his message has the right to ve I got fr Corin the elped to put into right to ask questonly right lihat il has also the right ruggle. The voller questions in very But those who go an inct hear him. rel in cars lili jerps 11. Nicher ca Il le bc in the Preside1 t's me Ministerial pal14 L le public is sayvexation about the into power one has bazaar or travel e President's messthe completion of : i[]f:TIOlJ5 UNP
ds any introduction just big talk.
year
lat a *"dharilista" mi de In1erely by le Pati i rippuwa to by taking arouTid u relics is bing society's "dhar misdecided by th: ne Pattiriippuwa. If ome dharmishta by ddha's relics, then El relic the holiest Idd hists i Sri La Inka been with us for
thousands of years, is alone Sufficielt. It is difficult for us to see the relationship bet
ween making principles of Nilalignment Tileaningful (assuming for a moment that such a feat has been perferimed) EL Tid “dha Timista-ness'". A special feature of Imaking the principles of Nonalignment In ea ining full appears to be a convivia picture of the Chinese Deputy Prine Minister Keng Piao will President Jayewardee. Dharплistaness пшst it fact begin with cffcorts to k cep the People alive. By letting thern die and by letting the rich enjoy Ilice El Id more and even grccdily the pleasures of life, by letting the rich live off the poor, why, that's an in tolerable dharmistiness
Punish the thugs
The token strike staged by the bänk workers y esterday has been a great success in spite of the thuggery. The strike was not staged to ob Lain al my relief frolin the present unbearable cost of living but on behalf of 97 chill radics who have been dismissed unjusly by the government and Lo ask the g(WCIment to re-employ them. Right from the beginning the Bank Union has been appealing to the Finance Minister against this unfair dismissal but the Unio has had no reply to its appeals. The islandwide token strike lalliched by the Unie m. was to expose the silencic of the government on this question and tell the people and the authorities concerned of this injustice. If the Finance Minister has the right to dismiss 971 workers and appoint new Illen to these posts as he pleases then the bank workers have every right to struggle against such low action.

Page 11
Trends
by Arthika (Teaches Ecgriculics of the Sri Larka Larivers fry")
in Sri
G tlhe periphɛral and dependent na Lure cof the Sri
Lankan economy in relation to the World economic syslem it is necessary to view dones lic econoTT hic rends frol al global perspicctive. The Tecessioi which has cnvelop3d the market economies (i. e. the Iloil-socialist economies) of the world, commenced in the mid-sixties, sharply intcinsified ill the Seventies and shows no siglas of abatement. Within this overall com text, the Tlaterial El Tluence and welfarist social-democratic politics of the developed coultries could be maintained only by transferring the larger share of tle economic burdem on to the Third World countries. Since historically the very development of the richer nations wits conting cInt upon lhe under levelopment of the Third World, this imposition of an additional burden has sharply accelerated the downward spiralling process of underclevelop
in It.
The most important recent development in the West's attempt to formulate a mid ' implement a coherent strategy for cconomic recovery - at the expense of the Third World - is the establishment of the TRLATERAL Commission. Comprising over 200 top members of transnational big business, this body functions als a kind of executive comillittce to
co-ordinate the power elitics of the thrce dominant metropolitan
centrics i. e., U.S., Japan and Wester In Europic. In the pust year Sri Lanka and Illany other LDC's (Less Dicveloped Countries) havc been experiencing the manifold effects of the Trilateral Commission's new global strategy which is Toutcd through the IMF, the institutional dewice for the financial control and manipulation of
Lanka
the LDC's by
C:llt l'ES.
The new strat the IMF colsi components,
1. Frce" trade tectionism by lifi and import restri
2. Dismantling through sharp cu
3. Cu Trency dit
4. "Open door in Westment incl: guara T1 tecs for LI
tal.
The initial stri Linka Il ecolorily its toiminant gro] ture of the cc. linkagcs hawe le policy planners Legy of growh dependent on I of aid and capiti: the West. A lary of this has tance of thc t:TI ill posed by the this has be a of Sri Laikais Lunder successive g ticularly since preseit global ciri new stral tegy foT to the imposition conditions that harsh. In essen situation over th Weills Th.L. So in Ll sal of or dep: economic polici but rather a log a change in degri
The Exchangc
Nowellber 1977
rupee was "Float. a defacto deval proportions, and the require incints IMF package. this move has of donestic infl: external depende

s economy -
he metropolitan
'gy presented by is of 4 main
— abolishing proing tariff barriers ctions.
social welfa risin s in subsidies.
Waluation.
policy' - liberal lives and firm ans national capi
1cture of the Sri the interests of 1p5 änd the naD. lony's cxternal d the country's !o opt for a strawhich is heavily massive injections 1l investrnent fra 111 in evitablic corolbeen the accepms and conditions West, Although constant feat Lire economic pilicy Överilmelts, patthe sixties, the šis and the Wesls recovery has led 1 of ter IIns and are exce:dingly c however, the e past year re:h a sharp reverrture from past S and practice, Cal evolution and E.
Rate Reform of In der which the d", arın çıkınted to ilation of large fulfilled one of of the Trilateral direct result of ten the fuelling tion. Given the cy of the Sri
1977.78
Lankan economy, the country which has experienced increase in the general price level after the 19ó7 dewa luations as well as tilhic implicit levat luation of 1971 no w faces the same problem, owing to the direct in pact of the price increase in imports. There is also ln indirect inflationary effect on domestic products - since the strucLure of clones lic production has a sizii ble impi't con lent. Anothe indirect result has been a risc in the price of all other complementary goods and services. Thus the, Exchange Race Reforni of 1977 ha 5 llad the Cowcraill iIpact of a substantial upward Illovement in the general level of pices and double digit inflation continues Lo best Lhe consuITher. The wild fluctuations of the Illetropolitan Cur: cincies and the cai pricious performance of the ill-baked dollar has also set werely Weakened lhe "floating rupce,
A substantial decontrol of foreign trade and a "liberalization' of illports has also been effected in line with the IMF prescription thereby intensifying the already acute unequal cxchange in terms of trade. There has been a huge influx of imported consumet durables and luxury items. The plush cinema and newspaper advertisements and the pavements cluttered with imported trivia are some of the visible manifestations of steady depletion in the country's vital foTeigim cxclhange reser wcis. It must be noted that for 80% of the population which earn less than 400monthly and consequently do not possess the requisite purchasing power, the new import policy is of little helic fit. The current scheme of decontrolled importation also has adverse effects on Small and mcdium scalc domestic production - the massive uncrimployment currently facing workers in the handloom textile industry, being a case in point.
The combination of devaluation and liberalised trade has resulted in Sri Lanka's exports being inadc cheaper in foreign markets while
9

Page 12
sim multaneo Lusly resulting iiih a luigger price for their exports to us. In effect, Sri Lanka's purchasing power is reduccd, while the import bill is increased, thereby intensifying the phenomenoll of Ll Elequal cXchange.
The traditional means by which previous governments sought to partially insulate thc consumer and producer from price increase 5 hålls been the Lax, tariff and subsidy policy. However, the policy of gradually abandoning these which was initiated by the last regille and is being inexorably pursued by thc present one-has almost Teruowcd this “cLLs hit ning” effect. The partial withdrawal of the rice, sugat, filolu T L Tid transport subsidics Illust be taken together With the price rises of dry fish, onions, Astra magarine, fish, meat, vegetables, condensed milk, books, drugs cic, oil the open market - al resulting from y el another budgetary feat LITe, namely the decontrol of prices which has imposed a heavy burde Il con the consLIrisher.
While competition with imported items hinders the progress of local manufacturing, as stated earlier, the increase in the price of inter Incdiate investment goods (e.g. machinery, spare parts etc.) has also retarded collestic production, while the consequent rise in production costs will continue to be" passed on to the consumer in the form of higher prices. Though the reduction in the B. T. T. Was a boon to the local businessman, except in the case of a few items like soap, toothpaste, biscuits etc. there was no 'spread effect' beneficial to the mass of consumers. The iIl Crease in the gul TallTiteed price of paddy and in the fertilizer subsidy together with the rise in the open market price of rice has not offset the disbenefits accruing to the poorer farmers from the increase of the price of imported inputs as well as other consumer іLеп5.
Judging from the dose' recently administered on the IMF presciplion by the governments of Portugal, Turkey, Egypt, Peru, Tunisia and Sudan, further cut
O
backs in subsid irc:wit ble il Sri W:Ty er filt:LuT lilk foods, health facilities being th pruning — if not
gowcTrı ment con slight room for I o Llıc current te given the cyclica is Bure to be te
Apart from ab maining subsidies his just OI 1 C: I lU ful fil for the CC Trilateral IMF st the mosL attracti biciell ex teld tid") in westors, 11 h d lo indeed a lemptir does not as yet stable climate so is safe to assum Icht will soon the Tradic Unio: filling a factor i equation. The st oriented industrial heavily dependet) for virtually all til T1 CX Cepting lä Lurged by 2 souT dùrle Stic. Since extremely low i (ie the Third productio til are a rela LiloIl to the tries and theref surplus expropria tly higher in thic in the metropolit it much im10 TE PI multinational curi their industries i Domestically this table for local bi after having Ina port substitution now seeks to S selfsame statist access to forcig nology and mark
The colvengen of these extern:

ies seem to be Lankal to in the e, with broad,
and cd Licational e likely areas foT amput:1lion. The inues to retain manoeuver thanks a boon, which, pattern of trade пnрогагу.
Iando ning the re, the gover I 11:It re requireillent to Impletion of the Tategy. Althollghl w: ilce El tives halw':
potential foreign W Wage r: Les aTe ig prospect, there
exist a suitably in Westline Int, lit e that the gover Ilmove to defuse s, therefore fullin this 'stability ra tegy of export Iization which ist oil the West factors of producbu I, has been ces — forcign and
Wilgc T:l LES ETL: in the periphery World) cysts of
lso quite low in developed coun3re the rate of tion is consequell: periphery than Eun centre, Imaking rofitable for the borations to locate n the peгiphету. is also profig business which, ured und er imand state aegis, huffle off those
forms and gain In capital, techets.
Ce ill the interest il ånd in Lernal
elite groups fould expression in the UF goverrainent's White Paper on Foreign linvestinclut' (1972), the propos cd Foi eigi Inwest ImcInt Guarantee Law of the SLFP, (1975) : Id lhas fina: Ely re:: ched fr: Lji.ion in thc present FTZ. The government has chosen to disregard Wide-ranging c:liticism that sur plus generated dû Elstically will b & drailed Court vią the FT2, and accumulated in the Inctropoles thus leilding to a decapitalization and further underdevelopment of the country. Critics have likewise asserted that employment generation will be marginal and manifold sociopolitico-culiural problems would also proliferate in the wake of the FTZ centred pattern of growth.
Just as the structural inequality of the World ecolonic system causes a disproportion a tely large burden of the global crisis to be tra Ilsferred orl tu the Third World cili i tries, the structural i Elequality within the respective economics of those very countries causes the W turki Ing populace of the Third World to bear the but of his burden. This is how the symbiotically linked local and global elites Imaintain their living standards in the context of cidemic crisis. The trCElds in Sri Lanka economy bear this out.
LANKA GUARDIAN
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Merwy'n de Silwa
The Circulation Manager, Lanka GLE Tdia I Publishers Ltd. South Asian Media Centre 3rd Floor, YMBA building, 1253.28, Main Street, Columbo 1.

Page 13
Constitution
The making of
by Dr. Colvin R. de Silva
( ** rho L. F's Mffrester af" (Tapir stirarfitoirc.f # ffurfiris g7) — ry75, LJr. ('vir R. ir deprece of fi: LSP, !he principal architect of the 1973 Rép:- δίες και ταrtsfίτι τία ...)
CHSo al Te sqid to be bodioLIS. But comparison of the new cons.itution which Mr. J. R. Jayewa Tidene and th:: UNP a Te systCmatically putting into shape with the 1972 Constitution which they are replacing is natural and ille vitablc,
The first and fundamental difference is in resp:g of the fulcrull of på wer. The fulcrum hus been shifted from the National Stat: Assembly to the President.
The concentration of power in the President in the new set up is enorillous. The power of the Prime Minister in the 1972 set up bears. In comparison. In fact, the powers of th: Prille Minister under the old set up are gathered
into the hillds of the President under the new- with further additions which beckel the plenitude of the power of the PresidClt.
The President is really a powerunto-himself and a power over all; and not merely all executive President. He is “the Head of the State, the Held of the Executive and of the Government, and the Colll: ilder-in-Chief of the armed forces". In any of these triune cap:- cities he is not merely "Head' - he is the source of power. For "the executive power of the People including the defence of Sri Lanka shall be exercised by the President of the Republic" and, for the period of his incu in bency, he is the irremoveable Head of GoverIlment and Head of Cabinet. Cabinets Ilnay come a lid go; go wernments may fall; but the Head of
GwcT1:It and reillains; for the dent is un interritu of Government an tlet who : LI tollati th: seat of the C) ni ing (GowerElle ir1co Ining C:1 biılct. Cabinet; he choos including the ne Minister, and ap: allocates the su al loca Lil Lilltu hii Ihet Minis ter, thol P:trial it but 1: Eludinge. Just t title, het als 0 ch:3: the Judges of the of the courts sys
In relation to : this relarkable ci power, not only th and the Cilbilet NSA li thic wc which they are: pt irti ma telly subject, deval Licki. The C falls into lutter st the President, ewe tor of legis En tion: fi. Čail be initiated w Sent of the He: What WET desieg F' net or, for a m3 Cabinet that defie: So, the Pic Mi the Cabi: call Held Of Cabinet Ter : In ther Catrict. it can bring dow and defeat the G it cannot bring di of Cabinet and [ỉũ Vệ TT111o11't, Th: the two Heads ar. Sa Ille-C0 till Les i If anybody has to NSA that has to g
There iş ; bf{lye ʻʻthe Presidern t. s]ha" t () P::l. rlärleg1 t f3I th1 a Til perfor In AT1Ce and functions und

a President
[eld of Cabinet |1:L11belt Presitedly, the Head d lead of Clbically slips it to ead of the ill! LL $1 i 1 d of thc
Hè chooses tha: es the ministers T-cypher Prime ints the Il; l.c. jects, including T15 elf as al Clubi.gh he is not in is the right of completic the ises and appoints highest cell clos tell.
President with oncentratio of e Prille Minis EcT blit is the ry electorate lo estlined to be stand, scriously abilt in flict 1b (Tdination to Il is thic initia}r, Inc legislation Fithout the comld of Cabinet. e He: "if (CabiLiter of that, a ; its Heild, goes. nister cin fall, fall, but the Tlains-and forrns As for the NSA, 'n the Cabinct avernment, but ow thc Head
the Hi:id of it personalitye one and the in both offices. go, it is Lhe : Լ1ւ
declara tion that |l be responsible g due execution of his potters er the Constitu
tion' and there is provision for Parlia meillit to Teilco we hir. But the power of removal is given only in wery lar w conditions; Inailey, being perintinently incapable of performing the functions of his office by reas con of Incintal or physical infirmity or bicing guilly of (l) intentional violation of the Cinslitution, (ii) treason, (iii) bribery (iv) Ilnisco Ilduct or coTruption involving the abuse of the power of his office, or (V) any offene undler aly Witten laW,
involving Illoral turpitude. And the procedure for thic cxercise of renoval by the NSA is so tortuous that it will bic moic difficult to impeach a President of Sri Lanka than it is to impeach a President of the United States of America.
As thc procedure stands- it takes
too much Spice to ScL out Herc – we may h: Wę to tolera te not only a bad President but also a nad Preside. The President is well nighir TCIlovable during his period of incumbency,
The President is really removeable only at a Presidentill election. In the meantime, thic general clection 5 to the NSA do not cnable a change of government in its tric leaning. The issue in a gencial election is: Who- nowadays, which political party- shall govern Ald Lihat, in til rin, involves chucosing Lh c Head of Government and Cabinet; formerly, the Prime Minister, But now the constitutional, thc per Imament, antl the irremoveable Head of Government and Cabinet is thc President. And so, the issue may well be only whether you will choosc a ParliarTrent to co-operate with the President or to tussle with hill at the risk of deadlock and perhaps dissolution of Parliament. In this conmcction it should be remeinbercd that Parliaricnts, unlike Presidents, do mot always go the full terrill of six years. So a hostille President and al hostile Parliament lay face each other
11

Page 14
for quite a time-with the electorate helpless.
Two further fundamental changes require reference- the Referendum and Proportional Representation.
The referendum, which is so much trumpeted as a device which brings the electors into direct participation in the legislative process, is in this constitution wery much more a device for weakening parliament and strengthening thc President. To begin with, the plenary right of ParliaInclit to act by a two-thirds majority in regard to the Constitution is hedged about in respect of the state and its unit a rinss, sovereignty and the exercise of sovereignty, Buddhism, the fu indamenal rights of freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and the extension of the term of office or duration of Parliament to over six years. In all these cases there must be both a two thirds Parliamentary majority and success at a referendum tio .follow before: the bill becomes law.
Secondly, the President may, in his discretion, go over the head of Parliament to the People even when parliament does not provide the two thirds majority necessary for constitutional change. Het ca. In newertheless carry such a bill into law by referendum if not less than half the members have voted for the bill. So also, in the case of bills Te qui Ting only a simple majority. The President may submit them to a referendum if not passed. Any bill whatsoever which is subjected to a referendu 11 becoIII les law if it receives an absolute majority of the valid votes cast or if approved by not less than one third of the whole number of registered electors. The devaluation of Parliament and of the electorate is plain.
The President can also resort to a 'yes' or "no" referendum on any question which in his opinion is of national importance. An absolute majority of the valid votes cast deter Ilies the answer.
2
As to the propor talion system coll list systern cuts out rate the choice of the right of indivi cause and Tally el The grip of the pa of the IllinijČIr politi the electotal proces ment’s functions, political process ge tly enhanced. As a the leaderships of Crossing thic floo and defection c3 suicide. The major gthened and the We parties are shut ol ent by, il effect, those who wote they total at least c votes polled. Uni hEL we no place Tl will be: ) In the hig single transferable which, il. Lhe cont acy of mico Te thel : registered Woters, Ci really is wide dis another blow at th franchise. The hope ges in TeprČSei minimal ewe.In tho terms change widely
It is a constitutic tial dictatorship, d parliamentary der ents. It is a consti in favour of the pa. of the big parties power of the unive hise: Will stand heav
Iey 'decTāti: 5
Of Sri Läkä" sce "my MP” s” al
rillיו
We Illust search i Presidential cquiv not in the USA or
as pro-Governme. Would have it

tional represeltemplated- the from the electinindividuals and duals to fight El tctora l 5.l.Ippo) Tl. rty system and cal partics on 5 and dan Parli:- indeed in the nerally, is greaso is the grip of their parties. is impossible n be political parties are strellaker a Eld s Tlaller from Parliam, disfranchising for them ull:SS ine eighth of the ted FTC) Tits L) he voting itself hly sophisticated
V'() Le syste.In ext of the illitera quarter of the an Iesult in What fra Tchisement – le universal adult is to make cha I1tation päätt Crns ugh Woting pat
.
Il for Presideressed partly in Locratic habilintution weighted rty in power and
generally. The "sal adult francily eroded in the ocialist republic ich will no more ld by elections. in Africa for a
'alent; certainly ewel in France, [1 L pToaga Iıdists
Tuneinto
BRISTOL SPORTS NEWS
every evening at 730 over SLBC channel2

Page 15
Agriculture and development
'Mahaveli : the last f
- Gamini Dissanayake
(Mffrisker of Irrigarfor, Fpper alle High Hays)
greeing that the UNIP's deve
lopment esort rests on a tripod (the Acceler;lted Muha veli, tle Grcllcr Colombo scheme and the FTZ) and that the success of the Mahat weli is wital, the Minister of ITrigalion, Power and Highways, Mr. Gamini Dissına yake told thic "Larka. Guardiar': ** lt can be domine and Will be done'.
Yet, there are many including so II ne experts. Mr. Dissana yake replicis: “If you Incan that there will be problems and clifficulties, of course. It is commonsense Lhal a project of this magniLude will produce problems. It is not just a colossal scheme but a complex one, with so many aspects -land, people, Water, power, enviroment and ecology, social andeconoInic ... Nowhere in the World can anybody undertake a project on this scale and not face problems... In fact, already we are learning things, identifying problemiş, 12 arruing less Ons on the job. But when I say it can bc done, I all thinking of finance and technical feasibility. Many years ago, when' Dr. Gama ni Corea asked the World Bank why it recommended a 30-year period, he was told that We did not have the Timoney Inor the human resources. Well. I am happy to say that thanks to the confidcnce of donor countries in the Jaycwardena government, we have got the moncy, and we have the labouT, our unemployed youth, and we have the elpertise. The foreign engineers are amazed at the skill of our engineers and technical officers, and where necessary we are of course having consultants and foreign engineers'.
sceptics,
Q. To get back to the question of money, is it not correct that while some countries have pledged support, It is conditional on their own feassbility studies, and this w II take EE.
A. Thire se confusion here. First, the IBRI fe:, sibility of the veli S:llelle. L feasibility. Now LImbrella, diffe: identified projec finance. For (Britain), R: I di. niany), Ko: Inale h:lkanda (Japan first three kic Withnothing con BLlt of Corse, Illust g et funds fr is public money ITIS ITILISE E So Whel tille W. their patia Icht a feasibility do Cxperts, iterisin turbines, major etc ... Il havec TThe charge of these of these countr add that the already here. T itself has accep a French film S а сопsultant to report and ano are nhw with n through them an they are ... '"
Q. Talking aba the i ripresslom gi months of the g d vast qглпү of would be robis Chinese style. mi. work, flow that seems user whi rowd for a no. her With a rm atei Ideological motiva Tfitte red book o and what people tation... do you exp
A. Why not fld different fra China ... at leas

rontier”
ms to bc SorTtc Let Inc explain. has accepted thc accelerated Mahael's call it, overall under thc I BRD ’ent dolors hayc ts which they can example, Wictoria migala (West Ger(Sweden), Moraga) and so on. The firiil cc IT mitriments, litionalabout them. these governments "orin parliamcnt it ', and their parliatotally satisficd, nte is taken up, 5 woullid likc to sce nic by their own g costs - tunnels, canals, cxpertise t the ministers in In atters in Ilost ies, and I Imight expert teams are In fact, the IBRD ted as consultant, orgreah, which was us, too... and its her from Nedeco, me ... you can glance d see how detailed
Lrt human resources. ven during the first Wernment was that LI nemployed youth ed, somewhat in the |sions of hands at kind of mobilisation are there is high ra sincentifye togetrial one , , , I medin tlon, whether Its a r something else... Tilght col regimenrect that here?"
Our youth are m the youth in t the youth that
I knoW, the Imass of youth who
rallied to put ouT party in power...
they Waint to work for Imo Incy, of course, and I take your point
about motivation... but we intend to edicate heml into a se 11 se of participation in a huge effort that
will not only benefit them but
the nation as Well... if you want
to call it in doctrination, well all
right... education into a sense of
national objectives and ideals,...
also we are going to give thern spccial training in b3 sic skills,... at
the Hardy Institute for instance, so that they know they have a
bright future and also that their
toil today will liberate resources
which the country cam tlien u li se for industries, and for building schools, hospitals etc., these six Tcservoirs represent the last frontier... that is the idea, thc mission
which will inspire them...'
Q. Can you say something of the youth response In actual fact?
A. Certainly, on onc of our smaller projects wherc we used about 3000 youths from the National Youth Council, and the adjoining electorates of Mahaiyanga na ctc, the respons C was fine... it was contractual labour...we don't mind how many hours of Work they do but we pay them by the cubic feet of carth they dig - not only did they acquit themselves well but they frccly offered us positive ideas End criticisms. Some of these proved very useful ... for example the top layer of earth was too hard to crack, and they suggested a ripper. I hc Malhaveli Board agreed, and agrecd to bear the costs...but this was more than compensated for by the output once the machine had dotle the initial job... in the end, it would be energy-saving and money-saving without in anyway reducing the number of hands at work.
Q. is the proposed National Development Corps an at tempt dit regimentatori?
A. An attempt at creating a disciplined youth corps. My officials tell me that the Land Army
(Corfired or page 5)
3.

Page 16
Politics
"Trail of broken
- Anura Bandara riaikė
(Erld MP for Nyara-Eliya -- Mfaskeli’a
urid Chief Orgartiser of the SLFP Και ή ΙεΤΕΙΙε)
he United National Party was clected to govern Sri Lanka for six years with an unprecedented majority. One year has already passed. 52 weeks or 365 days is sufficient time to judge or cominent on the performance of any Government. Specially the performalice of a Government that has come into power on essentially a few basic issues.
Let us go back to the Election campaign of 1977. What did the speakers on UNP platforms promisc the people?
They promised a drastic and immediate reduction in he cost of living which was to Icccive the highest priority. "Walking skeletons' People eating off dustbins' were common phrases employed on UNP
platforms without the slightest
iesitation.
In other Words, the Cost of
Living became the main campaign theme of the UNP followed by the promise of Jobs for the unemployed butressed by Job cards' liberally distributed in the villages, as liberal as the prolinise to bring down the cost of living.
"Nepotism' was to be cinded, 8 Ibs, of cereal (nutritious at that) were to be freely distributed, a 'new era' was in the offing and thcy Went as far as to even give it a na nInc — "Dharmishta”.
That word implies amongst many things a fair and just Tulc where all can live in harmony and hapiness filled with unrestricted and um restrained "mercy.
Im short an age of “Milk and honey" (and mercy) was promised. The promisc was believed.
But what has tlēl
happened since
14
The 8 lbs. Of of course) is ye to the shopping sumer who expę pea and mung-: men L has forgo 8 lbs. and the tely avoided. It ago when some Tushed to the c get the 8 lbs. empty bags.
EElch ald covic by any housewi price. The pric fish, Illilk foods, aid textiles, on few, have surpa "himalayan heig regime and now Bread prices w then increased : marked for furth her the increase or 'mid-night g wise has fided with the Tapidit in bread prices.
The price of shol up accoln creasing and El provide better mוחסhar:lSS&ul C
The prices o| doubled leaving message that a advised new cr
The prices of b hawe sky Tocket nation with the illiterate.
In short, liw increasingly dif majority of th menti con about the Tice and is more than 50 population.
It is better r falte of the Ul Courage to ment

promises'
ereal (nutritious, I to find it's way
bags of the concted parippu, cow, ta... Thic Gower Iltten all about the subject is delibera
was only alın year Lillible consullers To ops hoping to inly to return with
ry ilem required sic has doubled in is of wage tables, coriander, soap ly to mention a s scd the so called hts" of the former reach sky level. 'erc reduced and and has been care increase. Whets wcTc wia radio, azettic' or otherinto insignificance y of the increase
a bus tickct has Ja nied by the ilarming failure to bus services lo the ut CTS.
medicines hawe
behind a clear beings should he o fill 'ill'.
ooks and magazines d leaving a literate ossibility of turning
ng has been made icult for a vast 2 people, not to the withdrawal of gar rations from pcr cent of the
it to imagine the | P if they had the on onc word about
the withdrawal of the rice ration before July 21, 1977.
If the economic rationale behind thic withdrawal of rations was development, it should have been thought of and explained to the people before the General Elections.
II fact, tlhe UNP argued then, quite persuasively, that all development must a wait thic climination of hunger and the reduction in the cost of living. After victory was
achieved the positions, without cwen an apology, were swiftly switchcd.
The Government has sounded a Warning that oil priccs Inight rise at the end of 1978 and that will increase thic price of nearly everything. We recall vividly the day that the Presiden and his Prille Minister, then in the Opposition, rode to Parliament in a bullock cart to protest against the rise in price of oil. One genuilely wanders Whether We Would bc treated to a similar spectacle at the end of this year. It might be a fitting coniclusion to the festive Season İıt year's end.
The promises mıde yesterday lhave becn forgotten aid broken. The hope for a better to-day and a even better to-morrow lic in thic far distant horizon and the distance lies far, far away.
The Job cards' promising cmployment to the youth have remained a proTnise like most other promises, of the present regime. Grandoise statements emanate from the static run press promising jobs.
It has over the last one year turned out to be a 'sick joke" perhaps, enjoyed only by those
employed in those newspapers,
Nepotism' can be traced and found in most ministries from the summit down-wards. A 'familytree' can be abandoned for a jungle of family trees' if one

Page 17
Was inclined to publish cartoon books - UNP style.
Thc day when opponents of the UNP were to be "clbraced aid kissed' is not long past. The violent cruptions of hatred and thuggery immediately a fict the last elections resulted in the burning and looting of thousands of SLFP homes all over the island. SLFP mcil and women were thrashed and humilia tcd publicly.
None were "embraced or kissed."
Thousands of teachers, corporation employees and workers hawe: bocen transferred, sacked o T intimidated. Their only crime bcing their support for thic SLFP or other opposition parties.
No doubt all this adds flavour to 1 hic Concept of "Dhar Inishia”, and gives depth and a new di Ilension to 'embracing and kissing" political opponents,
Laws, presumably, "obnoxious" were repealed and challenges made to contradict the statelle11t that Sri Lanka was one of the "freest' nations in the world. Laws were labelled "obnoxious' when it applied Io forcign exchange offenders and some had ewel shed "tears' Il their behalf.
The law proscribing the so-called Tamil Liberation Tigers' empowcts the Minister of Justice to detain a II y person he thinks is involved in aiding them, for three months or even II10:Te. Such a Ministerial decision cannot be questioned in апy couгt of law.
With the introduction of the new constitution we see the end of by-elections. If an MP dies, for example or resigns, the new MP will be named by the General Secretary of the party that MP belonged to. The people of that
constituency canri MP. The Filte tary democracy a
After all, it w tilked so II much tary derinocracy,
Civic rights at away. Yet, in S laws, the Gowert we arc the frees World. Either, ii Il ce cor deccit. N pardolable in th ocratic politics.
Eva Ty promise and shattercd be Shamelessly the C end of it's first the fact that the "free and just s and justifice fi the Ilation crum hardships placcid by the UNP Go
WiւհՃut any s rulers blarine the met for it's IT this could be di for 3 or even 6: One Whole year.
The chief tact is clearly obvious attempted to diw the peoplc fro problems with ir (which css than population could and TW, Sacred F Commissions, M Baby trains in and Fountains Bazaars and Pop
Meli. While the y C) Tid tille control ment. The peopl stunned by the promises, whilst on happily and m of Ino Ietu In.

it chose their is for parliamenTid fix the UNP.
as the UNP LEll about parliamen
e to be taken pic of all these The L cl:Lills that t Inition ill the : is Said in ignoraeithcr sin is quite e World of den
has been broken yond recognition. Gwerin Ilment alt the year advertises !y will create a ociety. Freedom T wholl while bles under the upon it's people WerIIIlle-l'
hämme: the UNP
former Governissions. Perhaps anc convincingly TO IL h 5. Not foT
ic of the UNP now. They have crt the minds of in the pressing nported goodies, 5 per cent of the afford to buy) elics, Presidential assiwe Tamashas; Colombo Parks, at roundabouts, 1 festiwals!
problems go beof the Governe look on ill anger trail of brokeil the Tullers Illa Tcl terrily on the path
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15

Page 18
Promise and p
by Sarath Muttetuwegama (4 i'r Ferber of the Polir hir Irma rwyf fire C. P.)
De year ago the U. N. P. was elected to power with Ein
lum precedentid woic of 51% and 45 of the representation in parliament.
They were elected by a people who had been prollised a relatively high standard of living at low cost; they were elected by the youth who had been promised jobs; they were elected by a people who had been promised a society free of corruption, hepotism and injustice, a free and just "Dharmishta' society.
When the Govt. was formed one year ago, the prestige of thic U. N. P. was indeed high. The U. N. P. benefited from other favourable circullstances-cxport prices had been so good that in 1977 Sri Lanka had a favourable balance of tradic for the first time in IIlany years. We had a bumper hur west. Coming after the Indian victory, South Asia was arousing so much curiosity that internationally there was a cautious friendship towards the govt. Sri Lankans employed a broad arc rennitting 1. million rupees' daily back to Our Country.
Despite all this the U. N. P. emerges from one year of rule with a very sad F record. The cost of living has riscil to record heights, whilst an imports spree has resulted in all sorts of luxury goods flooding the shops, at prices beyond the reach of the common man. Full employment has proved to be a mirage-and the thousands of young people who clung tenaciously to their U. N. P. Membership Cards (which friend and foe alike labelled Job Cards) are sadder if wiser men. Thc Dharmishta Society has proved to be a sanctimonious term.
Why has the U. N. P. which was swept to power on a wave of
16
popular support Soon The causes Ilt the cast . personal foibles leaders. But Ta som lic5, clsewh ogical positions t has.
Despite the
terminology the
that is wedded to Search foT soluti facing the countr therefore opted fo indeed inco-colol The two Inlin 1 by Lhen are the Trade Zone and the Mahawcli rii from thirty ye; the previous goyt.
Both entail a w ance on foreign c and assistance capitalist lending World Bank and
It is as a result 1ce- and de Sire World Bılık etç,- succLu Tibed te dewalucd the Ru] The extelit of th be guaged from Inew parity brol below thc tlen Ilmārket Taltc.
The consequer being felt. Impo evеп ппоге (haп demanded. Prices medicines, bock Thery, clothes etc., high. In addition tle World Barık fra 11 the Sri substantial red Luc. subsides with W sections of the been protected f of living. The withdrawn from

erformance
ost this base šo
ате ппапу — and f tlę are th: Of 11: L. N. P. lhe fundamental are-in the idcolat the U. N. P.
use of socialist I.N. P. is a party capitalism. In its hs to tlhe problems the U. N, P, las openly capitalist, Lialist, solutions. |casu Tes proposed :Tcation of EL FTee he acceleration of ver diversification irs proposed by
to six years.
ery large depend
apital in Westment from the main agencics like the
t|15, II, M. F.
of their depcindato placate the ... that the U.N. P. its demands and ce in Dec. 1977. : devaluation can the fact that the ght the rupee Tate prevailing black
ces arc only Inow ted items went up the devaluation of essentials like i fert lizer, Inachihave soa Ted skyto the devaluation leimanded and got Lanka Govt. a iom of Consumer hich the prooter population had "om the high cost rice ration was
early 60% of the
population. The recent speeches of the President and the Finance Minişte T El Tc a revelation “Are we" they ask, ''going to have subsidies or development?" The question surely is rhetorical.
Increases in the price of flour, petroleum products, bus & railfares, postal services cic, could be expected shortly. This is the price that the Ilan in the street will have to pay for loans froll the World Bank. Moreover, Elt the end of one year, the Mahaweli plans are still on the drawing boards, and the type of employment which the scheme could at best create, would not correspond to the job aspirations of the secondary school educated youth who foT In the bulk of the un employed. In fact at a conservative estimate, the number of u Incmployed would top 2 million by 1980.
The consequences of the Free Tradic Zone which is stil struggling to be born are no less serious. In order to attract the foreign capitalist invest cors, Sri L: Inka has to be be more Singaporean than Singapore. A Bill was therefore introduçeçli to cielte a GreateT Coolbo Ecclc Illic Commission. The Constitutional Court rejected certain provisions of this Bill as being unconstitutional. They included a provisión to enable investors to have numbered bank accounts which could not be scrutinised even by the Govt.
Repatriation of profits, and a Illyriad financial concessions to the forcign investor arc envisaged, but these would not be sufficict Thc would-be investor wants to be sure that the guarantees granted by the present govt. would not be withdrawn by a subsequent one. The foreign investor would also require a compliant Working class.
To satisfy the first demand the govt. has embarked upon constitu

Page 19
tional Tefoil, which is a complete dismantling of the present constitutiol. The refoil which Ta Tages fram Tm the Executiv c-5 tyle President to a complicated system of proportional representation is designed Lo en su Te he continuance of bourgeois parties in power.
To wa Tids the Scotld delald of a controlled Working class, the Gov't. introduced the now notorious White Paper on Employment Relations which the Trade Unions led by the J. C. T. U. O. resisted so strongly, that the Govt. was forced to relegate it into temporary Cob lliwio 11.
The Govt. JoW faces a dilemma: it has to impose its plans for neocolonialist development in the face of a popular IIlowerment which will not accept it. In deilocratic Conditions, resistance Will übWiously be stTC) Ing.
History tcaches us that a bourgeoisie faced with есопопnic stagnation and mounting popular discontorit and opposition, neverthelcss Icterined to preserve the dominance of their class, resorts to increasing authoritarianism.
In the days of the United FronGovt, when faced with the imperattive demand for a left-ward turn of the country Wic heard the insistent cry for a so-called 'stiong” Gawt. for Curbs on the working class and on the student population. We saw that the rightwing leaders resort to emergency legislation which i mlade in TCdS dan certain democratic forms and institutions. We heard the demand for the postponement of elections.
Legislatively, we have the Tiger Bill': containing a provision which enables the President in his discretion to ban any movement which has similar objectives. This
Cailliúit bë thalle: Well be used to E parties if they pr
Another Bill Wa cribe a minimum j Lo prevent the gr: Wide range of
original draft Parli: Imelt contai:
pro Wision. Alimon
in the Schlesult w
Penal Code, whi offence annong "promote ill-wi between subjects." to reincInbcr that
om which this se
has been used Wa
When a Trade Uri
in connection wit: Inadc containing Workers and capit acquitted him, a his le WEIT been ulls:
At t. Fıe: rı1(bII1eTht, specified persons rights in conseque of certain commi is bcfore the leg likely to be enactic presidential coIII follow, and the I to be deprived of could increase,
We have IW Parliament to pu I it and its Illel bel
Further restricti cratic process c. batı orı demonstra essions- a wellprotest in Sri La J. R. Jayewarde) W. Reserve Police IICI) is to be for ment is to be by

nged and could Ian Working class owe troubles Inc''
:S på 5SCd to prČSlil ser Lemce and
Lnt of bail for a
TE:
submitted to
пcil a
offectices.
Tėvelling g the offences als Sec. 120 of the
clı makes it alını
Other things to ll or hostility lit is interesting the only occasion ction of the law
4 Sille Weil TS Elgo ionist was charged h a speech he had Icfcrunce to the
a lists. The courts
ind this section
:d Silçe.
a bill to deptive of their civic nce of a finding ssions of inquiry islatu. Te a Tid is d in Lo llaw, More milissicos al Te Llo 1 Linbers of those their civic rights
an Act enabling lish contempts of
S.
oils of the demoill be seen in the tions and proc-known form of Inka, which Mr. a has used often.
Force of 15,000 med, and recruitJ. N. P. IIle Ibers.
The Public Sector is being геclu
ced. Tmanagerinent of important state corporation wentures like the Thul hiriya Textile Mill is being ha Inded to private contractors, and there is talk of Air Ceylon bcing handed to a private cattel, private T. W. slations being allowed, and even the C. T. B. being gradually reduced to make
Toom for private operators.
Singapore is held up as a millo del of development, and Lee Kuan Ycw on a recent private visit to Sri La Ilıka
Willich must have
Iecciwcld a Welcome
surprised even
hi Tı.
Imports are freely allowed and with the complicite elimination of pola Illining, foreign exchange is being frittered away without any Tegard to priorities. The super-rich and the speculators are om a wild importing SpTee,
Two parallel developincints are
the Tefa Te evidelt: dete Ti milled
pursuance of a capitalist, neocolonialist attempt at development of the economy, and an ELuthoritaian style of govt. which will stifle
people's protest.
But, the opposition to the Govt. is growing. The U. N. P. has derived some comfort from the confusion created within the left movement by the number of parties and Splinter groups which claimed to speak on behalf of the left. Govt. propålganda high-lighttd this ficatlure, but it is clear that with the passage towards Inoic and Ilore dictatorial for IIs a strong united left will also develop which can and will spear-head the resistance which this will cwoke,
7ן

Page 20
Tamils and the UNP
"Grievances
- A. Amirthalingam
(Leader of the F-5 frin)
he first year of the U.N.P's
return to power has been crowded with moncillous happenings. The events during the last one year affecting thc Tamil nation have been equally importamt and fa r-reaching, Witlu in a month of the Gen 2 Tal Elections communal violence of an un precedented nature was unleashed on the Tamil people and thousands of families are yet struggling to rehabilitate themselves. The Tamil people cannot look i bäck upon the year that is coming to a close with any satisfaction. On the contrary, the details of woe that are being unfolded before the Sansoni. Commission every day have added to tle bitterness and feeling of deep seated gricwance of the Tamil people.
The U.N. P. in its election папifesto Tecognized and enu mera ted certain problems facing the Tamil people and gave its solemn undertaking to the people that they will find a solution to those problems on the basis of an all party conference. They went to the extent of admitting that the grievances of the Tarui people are of such a nature as to drive them to supporting a demand for siccession. It will be pertinent to ask the question to what extent has the L. J. N. P, go werin The Illt removed thicse grievances during the la 5 t The Year.
The government Inay claim that they have done away with staldardisation which was one of the irritants in thic body politic. There is no doubt hat Lhe govern Thelt has very cleverly increased the number of students admit cd to the universities th Creby cmsuring that deserving Tamil students are admitted while at the same time ensuring the admission of all Sinhalesc students who would ha WC been admitted if the standardisa
13
still
pres
tion systell Wil: When onc consid of a lissions siigs ole would saille ratio as be tic groups is lair sionš 1lhi 5 yčaľ standardisation Sc the admission of students is no di
As against thi: side we a Te fact tion where a wil grievances el re negative side. the refugee prob Ilment hals le! I W among the affec The government are awaiting the Samsoni CCommis takę remedial stę In ent accepts the Police were foll I Luomient of Crisi certaifil TE:citilt a' higher echelons Police have Cre givings in thic. 1) people.
The governme the Constitution the will of thc expressed in thi by the mandat T.U.L F. Na expected the go to a division oft people who exp on the part of to work olt a problerin El cccpt mental position get all party C a solution are bit
I di Tot WF34 the Draft Cons not yet coTTC I would only s of Elle läst The the half-hearted the situation

ent”
; in operation. ieis the totality the le univerTiflı Lhlığat the twee the lilinguistailed in ad lisas under the hic Tic. A Thy l10 W deserving Tamil oubt ail adwall ce.
on the positive l with El sitLI Ltole heap of new added on th: The handling of |cm by the go Werintry bitter feelings cd Tamil peoplec. may say that they findings of th: sin for them tið ps. If the gowrn: position that the ld wanting at the s in August 1977 ppointments to thc of power in the Fated grave II hislimds of the Ta III lil
nt has in Tcvising completely ignored Tamil nation as : General Elections : they gave the ole vould h:lvC Wernment is lgTce he country. But the ected all fill Tipt the government solution to this ing certaim full ndas and trying to onsensus for Such terly disappointed.
Et t0 ÇITATI ČT1t 0Tl titution which has before Parlial lent, ay that the events
year coupled with
It tempts to meet y the government
have only strengthen cd the feelings a neng the Tamil people including those who may have had some doubts on it that the mandate they gave the T.U.L.F, is the one and the only solution to their proble II).
"Cry for Ealam
will recede”
by R. R. Nailiah
The author is the U. N. P's District Organisc for J. Tila)
le United National Party
emerged out of the ashes of its 1970 defeat Lo lead the coultry out of a truly chinotic sit lilltion. Its leader Mr. J. R. Јаусwardene is Loday looked up) 11 als the only person who can find sanity in the present situation; a one dedicated to the cause of human freedom he is one who can hold himself acceptable to all the divergent elements in the country. The UNP las under his leadership a grave responsibility to forge national unity as well as make the country alive to funda Tineittal issues. There has to be a final parting of the ways to sectarian and collinunal politics. This sort of politics has too long been allowed to tarnish the fair name of Sri Lanka. The foresight and states Inanship of our leader will Tho doubt help to focus light on the prevailing darkness so that the Sinhalil and Tamil people will be able to look inwardly for paints of reconciliation - an inwardness which by long tradition the Buddhist aid Hindu philosophics have a chieved. The practical issues confronting the country call for a truly pragmatic approach towards the reconciliation of what arc regarded as conflictting group interests.
If the present cleavage between the Sinhala and Tamil pcople continues and politicians are to

Page 21
thrive on slogans of separation there will be serious impediments to CConomic and social growth. Our leader has explained the situation clearly during the debate
in the first budget,
The endless clamour for rights destroyed any understanding of dutics and only after the UNP ca Ille into power the concept of a united nation based on the proper pcrformance of duties by all its citizens has any mea Thing or application. The very Ilature of our society has to change and the concept of a united people as Lunderstood by the Unitel NatioIn El Party has to become a reality in the social lind economic life of the country.
The UNP will therefore pursue a conscious path to forge unity on the basis of funda IIle litl humain rights stel 11 Illing Trom the proper perfor ITlance of duties. The call for rights before the correct performance of duties is like asking the cart to pull the horse. Our luty is to show the people thic way to coil II on understanding EuroLigill the proper perfstmance of duties. In the present situation a way out has to be found. The UNP has a spritual task which is to give the Tamil people a right type of leadership. The Tallil people too need a broad-based UNI leadership based on national identity in place of sectarial and communal leadership.
In 1958, the Tamil Language Special Provisions Act was enacted and in 1967 regulations were fra med under this Act by the UNP Government and they were implemented un til the United Front came to power in 1970. In 1970 the United Front Govern Illent took up the position that these Iegulations were ultra vires. Really it was not so. It was legislation Iliade for the Tanil Speaking Peoplc and was not limited to the North and Lhe East.
The 1972 Constitution contained a Chapter on fundamental rights and freedoms, but these rights were restricted on several grounds and their incorporation in the constitution sct w:d little
ог пo purpose. of the Federal F tain minuLT di Col 15 Lituent A5s Which was refu 5 to thg *E31:TIl'
T. J. L. IF. ii | Draft Colstituti, Ill Ore than Wh:15
ya karlin had aske
The Draft C Woos ho 5ttus Official Languag Siimlh:Lla and Tan Lalgll: ges. The mil Language W. tutional recogniti ting it iT1 thị: C{. cle 8.2 prohibits the grounds of Draft Constitutio restriç tills 0 T f and the Test Tictii weTy na Trow. A the right to st the Supreme Co any infrigemcit rights by executi Supreme Court forull where lay to decide on the lity. All citizens enjoy one single be called citizcil The UNP lis I dom, dignity an the TaIhil peopl. lier ll Teatered b constitution of l will consurL that the Constitution rities will be in spirit as well a Standardization and appointment: on Illerit. The to Sinhala stude to Tamil students great step for national unity.
The recomic the Select Colm III the Honourable MT. R. Premad should be accord a National Lang significance. Hi President, Mr. J. alsis uirtd thit Tam assumed the Millister that he to satisfy the aspi

The liltic Leader a i ty Wit Ill:d citi:Imands from the embly in 1972 d and this led Resolution of the )74, TE UNTP In has granted Mr. Chelwanaill 92.
stitution preserSinhala as lle whilc making il tlic National status of the Talll receive constion by incorpora
Institution, Artidiscrimination on language. The
Il does not pcrimit ndamental rights ons imposed are r!icle 14 confers tek remedy from urt i l respect of
of fundamental iwe action. The will also be the is will be tested eir constitutiomain future will
status and will s of Sri Lanka stored the freed the rights of : Which Were el ry the Tetrograde 972, The UNP the provisions of relating to minoplcim Cinted in its s in its letter. las been abolished are being made eaching of Tamil nts and Sinha lese in schools is a ward in forging
dation made by littee headed by
Prime Minister asa that Tamil led the status of uage is of great s Excellency the , R. Jayewarderne ils soon after he fice of Prille
Would endeavothr rations and hopes
of the Tamil peoplc and with gTe: t cou Tage and Wisio il llë h:a3 doľne it. The T. U. L. F. is Inow co-operating with the Government and is acting as a responsible Opposition. With the many concessions granted Lo Tamils the cry for "Ealam' will soon recede.
"Liberation Tigers' and the youth movement in the North
he ““Ta Inil Liberation Tiger
Movement" which created Wildcsprcad controversy in Tecent weeks is receding temporarily, at least fron the front pages of the newspapers. Waamela wen and some others, described by the police as leaders of the movement, are now in Policc custody, We do not proposc in this article either to disclose items of sensational informatioIn or discuss its legality. We shall look at this "Tiger' saga only as a political problem with deep-going roots. This move IncInt or the Iccent deaths in the north a Te mot isolated acts. All this is the political expression of a decpseated and long term national crisis.
First of all we must be mindful of the tactics of the capitalist class which seek to dissolve incipient anti-imperialist forces by arousing racialist, religious, caste and regionalist tendencies. Only thcal can we consider this problem scicntifically. Today a substantial section in the north is mu ving towards thc slogan of a “Sepa
rate State". Why has such an oricitation taken place?
To get thic answer we must consider the problem critically and unemotionally. It is important to keep in mind that the
demand of Tanhil Ealain '' is of wery receit origin. It was after 1972 that the Federal Party and the Tamil Congress once cal lcd the Tamil United Front and now called the Tamil United Liber
19

Page 22
ation. Front officially approved this dennad. Somme tillilik tillat this was only an election slogan. But to us it appears as the political expression of a cry raised by sections of oppressed Tamil middle-class youth.
The organisation known as the "Liberation Tigers' has openly said that their aim is to establish a separate state, encompassing the northctl and eastern provinces. It is also clear that the hub of this demand is the Jaffn El peninSula. Also the mail motive force of the TULF's massive electoral triumph was the northern youth. Wlat is clear to : Im obserwer of political develop IncIt in this part of the country, is that though the separte stale de 1: Id was til: TULF's sole election slogail it originated outside the front. How did "Tamil Ealam", which was the butt of not only criticism but also ridicule as late as 1970, become its mail slogain?
To use te wurds of a TalIT.ii youth, what influenced the course of Tamil politics bcfore 1970 and after was “youth power'. It is true that after thic 'Sinhala Only '' Bill in 1956 some politicians argued for a separate state. But those who fell into this category like Mr. C. Sun the Tallingam (a close friend of Mr. D. S. Semanayake and an ex-Minister) were rejected by the Tamil people,
Ewell aftCT that the Tanı il 5 cl TTule party which FP rebel exKayts MP W. Nawa Tatna min formed could not win a single seat at the 1970 General Election. A few Tonths before the clection, the people of Kayts invited Mr. NawaTatnam and Mr. Amirthalingam now the LC:lder of the Opposition for a public debate. In that election Mr. Nawaratnam lost his seat. This takes it clear that even in 1970 the Tamil people rejected the demand for a separate state. Though substantially alienated from its people as a partner of the UNP the FP could win a considerable number of seats defeating the separatist cry.
Today things arc very different indeed. With the “separate state' demand the Tamil youth have
O
colle to domina pulitical Scerne, rity of Tallil Icade orics who were the they illouth a diff ultcrances today a thic war crics
Tcjecting Mr. Chcl" cilian palcisism,
who stand with
filming eyes heh ship, ha we had er on TULF politic
The popular I (The Il y Lig IT was that of El political activisill side party orbits in the north Wh. fiO's students o Jaffna schools pi shallt img 11 tim-GC) During his peri was a party to which was a cli partners. The ma detonstratiois W lities. Wlat spat LElle imalil was LırneEmplcoymct1t : youth. It Wils that the Gover III minating against
widing employm raised the slaga state for the T;
Tılıq verment collaps absence of firill sluip. A secticul while other sect self. Tulle party or T OW.
The post-1970 very importa i stand the rise of the politics of th where in the coll onstitates both Llı as the lilitations It was with grc that youth every W. the UF which sc wictory on the pri in socialism. But both sides of the realised that this
The media-wise introduced by Edi Mahmud appearec youth as a big blo" This greatly influ. youth who felt til

te thc: The Ttıcı Though the 1 Thaj:TS LTC ithi : sal II i 1: re in 1970, today cTcııt cry, Thcir Tc the echoes of
of the y.) Luth, anayakam's G2 IThc angry youth clcnched fists Lild
ind the legic ToTmous in luel CC
S.
:oncept of the hale until regently,
book-Will. A
operating (Jul
was first scCl CIl in l'ht: la le f some leading 1. Taded the Streets, TWETTI III t slig: Is. id the FP to the Gc) Wcrn Ilment ilition of seven in slogai 1 :lt Lhese as racial illequaoked ther Of T i rapidly growing long educated their contention el L. Was discrithem when proint. They also in of a separate amils. But this led soon in the political leaderjoined the FP ions joined the emained on their
developments are We are to undery() ul 1. Actually is period everyIntry clicarly deme power as well of the youth. :at (xpectations here looked up to ored its massive mise of ushering soon youths on : Elephant Pass
Was a mirage,
: standardisation Lication Minister
to thic north II W aimed at the Ill. cnced the Jaffna lat hundrcds of
eligible students had been shut out. The JEI ffilii ITäll i T1 pristo Tnetli by such ulfieldly facilors as the barrell laid, ulsatisfactory climatic Çoliti J1 is lind lle pressure on the l:lind caused by large fallilies, had always loukel up to education and stil Le sector e Tıplı ayrımcıt is the sole means of social nobility and security. In fact the Jaffna economy has been called a "money-order ccolony' because of this. The bulk of Advanced Lewel students El Tc tluc Luffspring of middle-cvel peasants, teachers, clerks and other IIiddle-class elements. The offspring of the upper middle-class and thc rich however are mainly educated in Colombo. When they
fail to gain entrance into universities here thcy go to India, Europe T the USA. So it was
Lhe nortlien wer middle classes who were Worst hit by Mr. Mahmud's standardisation, Closing the awenLies of education to this class was ta Int:ltml CILJ It to slı LLtting the lor of Social progress and economic Security on the T1, The threat of Lline:Ilıploy II helt halunted them starkly. The UF made some kind of effort to justify the scheme but for the youth the future before then was dark and empty.
The agitation against standardisation spread like wild fire in the In orth. StuIdents i 1 higher foTTT1s il almışt all schools in the pii: ni 1 SI tak to the street S. Residel t3 of Jaffilia had newer befort seen ä de no listT:ation such as the Conco in whichl tıpı Iš: Tids if young mell and Women defied police Orders and walked from Koku will to Jaffn:l. The Illa in target of attack of this a In lli-standard Ardisa Liol der I do Instration was the Education Minister. "t the end of the demolis ration an effigy of Mr. Mahmud was burnt at the Town Hall grounds. This demonstration was led by students and unemployed graduates, Their conduct showed that they were Tinut enam couTcd of Folitical parties or leaders. Though severai FP caders Tied to address lhe rally which followed, they werc mot Ellowcd to do so.
As the allti-standardisation cailpaign burgeoned into a massive youth movement led by some unemployed graduates the cry of

Page 23
"Tamil Ealan' too began to be raised. It was also through this moveillent that the body known
as “ina nå var peruvai” (students TJ Inti) slährlici spreading in the I U Th a 1 il the est.
During the UF regime bodies Calling themse Wes SLFP bril Inches began mushrooning in the Tamil Za reas. Two TC TT Cimbers joined the Government. But it cannot be said that the SLFP received any decp-going slippit. In late 1970 and ēårly 1971 some provincial SLFPers werc threatened with violence. Since they asked for Police pTotection fram their political opponents thcy became further alienated from the people. In the Th:1. The of keeping lic peace the JF Gower iniment strengt licned the Police particularly in Jaffna. By I mid- 97 il sewErali Ta IIhi y Co Lu Lills werie in jail.
Thc insurrection ended by killing hindieds of young men Lind Women, jiling thousands and bTinging in its wake an un precedeuted fepression. And in the ruthless and barbarous repressic) F1, for the first time the Tamil youth met radical Sinhala youth Llm cler one roof in jalil. As a Tcs. It Sevcral milia Int Tallil youths became inclined to the left. Their slogan of "Tamil Ealam' now became 'Socialist Tail Ealam".
In the meantic by launching a CElmpaign against the UF Gower Ilment's educational policy its strengthening of the police and the jailing of the youth thc FP masterfully washed their hands which had become soiled by association with the UNP. It was also intelligent enough to avoid any contradictions between itself and the militant youth. It was the Republican Constitution passed in 1972 which brought these two sections together almost removing any gap which might have existed. The youth werc in full agriccm cnt with the FP argument that this constitution did not provide any security to the minorities or official recognition to the Tails.
Both the TULF (FP and TC) as well as the student's front expressed their strong opposition to the
constitution and
T:L H1ıil pccople: to aly s orc of Chelwa na yaka I'm q and cl: lenged t C. Il cast Eli T1 til til Efter this resigi officially declare for a separate s activists consider victory. **Stucie joined the TUF
the TULF fier
Il was also th you!!g leadershi
Tiscil, which ill; of a 'Separate Stale" flow Tis. composed of the Lui il 197) e l' UNP and big capi Wacility of th: c. them for several 1lte TULF 8:ld:1
Change ar. (() PrirTriread srcora gaug,
To sum up, the ( 1975-77) and LI ex, Lerllall ei wir () (1 In t.) Wilds a crt which in turn sup Tğı 1 her till:LTı (di L-El Inka's foreign p
The UNP's and the developm * I h : W " JNP & g propted sole o pate il sharp ch: Would join ASE. Til de possible. ( til Te WLld be (of Sri Lanka’s This cablu li s Lili Lanka is Ilо поге nil-aligned co didn't it happen L.
(a) The UNP's difference to for its long held vis policy is a cost a Srihall country brake on active
Out of power has been out of the L111 written Tul the Third World tesque lapse of designate to the over (of all plak

called upon the observe Republic mill Filing. Mr. Lil his K.K.S. seat hS Grvernment to he issue. Shortly Tial tiun the TLJF d that they stood
tale. Ite young Cd 1 lis a gcat ts fr Cont” cu dres
which was called 1975.
: pressures of Lhe Teleased s Tol spired Llhe slogarı Socialist Tail 2d by the TULF FP i 111 the TC ossom pals of the talisII). It is the ourse pursued by decades which "S are now trying
ιd . . . .
g )
2 il terlal tTeils e ch:liges in the 1 Cent Were TL1 (ving lill congrue rice ported continuity 5 juncti Irc in Sri bolicy.
Inherited outlook hent SIr31:gy the onsciously choscil *SETWCTS 1) an tici| Elge. Perhaps we WN, if that wis )T, Timore likely, ASEANIZATION foreign policy. hilippen fer Sri : chairman of the Il frece, Why his year?
5 traditional inSigII affairs and 2W that foreign y distraction for a hawe bell å diplomacy.
for, so long, it tallich with even (:5 and rhetoric of Hence the groits AmbassailUN who stopped res) Seoul oil his
to hide with the words "'socialism' and “libera 1ion'.
The TULF has been able to change is policics from time to ti mic H nd kecp the youth within their orbit mainly is cause us the in Correct stra tegy of the Old Lcft on the minority question. There is no Old Left in Tamil areas today. The Talhills had rejected them long beforc they were physically chased out of Jaffna recently. Though they wax eloquent today, the JWP's shameless racialist record cannot also be suppressed. The Tamil y llth are a scction who cam Al Tld must be won over as partners of the struggle against imperialist in and big capitalis. That is one of the tasks of our time.
-Translated from the Desha
Wirukt i ""
(PT IS Sed hy se Čerriprefer7 { rrfariyo)
way to be the chairman of the Flo In-aliguled Co-ordinating Bureau in New Yok to announce to the world til at South Korea was a fine model fot Sri Lanka.
(b) The collective obligations of the non-aligned and the institutional role of chairman have prowed constraints on any efforts to breakaway from the inherited policy or any sudden Lee-ward lurch. Mr. Alhu lath muda lali’s adclrcss Ft UNCTAID shows tha L ble chairma Els hip is proving an educaltion in iself.
(c) The network of bilateral and economic relationships cannot be easily disman Led. This is true of our relations with India con the one hand, and our economic pact with China on the other. In any case, a sludy of Mr. Jaycwardene's foreign policy speeches over the past two decades will show that a firm friendship with India is a central telet in his thinking. Pakistan and Iraq are big teil buyers and trade with the socialist bloc has incrcased tenfold in the 1970's,
Our policy will take shapc according to the imperatives of the new economic strategy as Sri Lanka moves to the next phase of capitalist development, "modern' to its supporters, "neo-colonial' to its critics.
21

Page 24
Media
where has all the pr
by Jayantha Somasunderam
he J. R.Jayeward cinc Administral
tion celebrates its first year in office. This is an appropriate time the Tę fure te rewiew the state of the Ill edia during the last year. The print Inedia is of great significance in a coli Th try that has a high literacy rate, wide circulation of newspapers ånd substantial readership figures.
The ejectronic medi: is not without its importance, but it scrwes ToTc as an ÇInter til ment mcdia than a Jews medial. In time, with the introduction of television, provided sets are readily available, the electronic media may become important as a source of news and opinion. But today the newspaper. retains its role as the primary source of information,
It is un fortunate that the kind of ownership and control that our national press was subjected to has never been very encouraging. Until the United Front Government of Mrs. BandaraInaike took office, control of the press had been largely the prerogative of a few families and parochial ErՕ11րն.
In attempting to break the family monopoly that stifled the mational press, the Sirina Bandaranaike Government created further problems. Pro Imises regarding the diffusion of ownership and professional control of the press weTe never really met. Instead, that section of the press that the state took responsibility for, came under a new type of party bureaucracy that had emerged on the political
EEEE
Press reform was therefore high On the cards when the J. R. Jay:- Wardene Administration was swept to power last July. The UNP itself Inade extravagant promises, they even promised to put opposition representatives on the SLBC. Most of these promises have since gone by the board. A "free press' has prowed a hollow promise,
22
Worse, The cont plays a uniforn In cd by any tou skill. Where la Inalists gone B and Tires had gillnings. At 1 * "GTI GLITs"'' sooner the new Go office. Those su Connections With t We Te eiller slum or subjected to test : they hild allegiance to the by paying homag D. R. Wije warden Lake House emplc dal libed if 1 green p:
A lady man-handled by
style.
up in hospital.
() il ce the S:ldis
Over, the dList se and things ca. The at least Where: li!
Concernedd, alt Lak dislocation suffer
papers, through di all staff, arbitary placing of peop seèIns to continu
hah we bcc) The di Lul Heavy doscs of : must bé boosting no compa Table eff of the pape T3,
The action the
This,
Парег ЕгJup, Was I and brill
the Tir7,635.
Inight control of one of
the scenes of the U

'ofessionalism gone?
rolled press disdullness un Tedecch of professional 'c all the jouroth La7ke House inauspicionis belake House the took Over 10 vernment assumed spected of having he previous Tcgime larily thrown out he green lit mus to prove their grand old party ge to a picture of c. Some of the
yees were then lint - Red Indian
cilitor who was
the goons ended
Lic games were ittled down a bit
back to Ilorial,
limb was
e House. But the el by the news
fè l d
Simissa of editori
transfers and the
le: il ço ventry, se. The papers 1 and colourless.
advertising which finances, has had ect on the quality
In moved a weer to
our oldest news
nationalised over
ght under the the Tleil-behind
NP.
Both Léké Hofe àld Të have di Lu Ting thc past year indulged in that I'll St Elıbı Tälssig sychoparcy. A cabinet minister has but to blow his no se and its thiere On the froInt på ge of the big dailies. It Would appear that ministers are wying With one another to hit the headlines.
The kind of cowcragc that government personalities and their a complishments get only fills readers with contempt and disgust. It is surprising that the UNP which saw for itself the damage that a fawning press can do, has fallen into the self-same Liap.
The Seri group of newspapers has yet to forgive Mrs. Bandararhai ke for what she: did to them in 1974. But at least they keep their columns open to diverse Opinion, and give fair coverage of Iews. But it is said that The Virakesari is the only real newsp: per i T. Sri Lanka today.
A heavy burden has therefore been thrown on the periodical press, not merely in order to review events and provide contrary opinions, but even to reports traight news. How many people who Tezd the national press are aware that the textile mills at Tuhiriya and Plugoda a Te Crippled by strike 5. SLIch lic Ws never mik:S tle front
pägё,
The task remains therefore to keep alive as many journals as possible, in Ell three languages, in order to givet spaçe to lill competing opinions. In is up to them to probe and uncover Controversies. Their task is to keep an ear to the ground.

Page 25
Education
Back to orthod
by Reggie Siriwardena
Inc. the Ministry of Education
und er 1he last Tegime decilcd to replace the A-Level ex: Illinatill with the HNCE, I was cinc: of the Incibers of a committee which produced al anthology of "literature in English', Reading with Understanding, as lhe basis of a new syllabus. Reacts of the Larika (:Irdian Will pCTilips reimeimber the outraged protests from ::::::Lie Elically conser wat i We doms, teacci aid parents which grected OLI anthology. What? Na Shakespel re! And it was nimal, le clear to LIs that we had compounded this offence, bad as it was, by another even llore heilols: We had actually included pop singers Bob Dylan, Petic Seeger and Jull in Lcillor illd dared to call their stuff literature
I was reminded of these battles not-so-long-il go when, glancing through a recent issue of The Listerter", li saL W a report of a BBC talk by Christopher Ricks titled Bob Dylan IIIc (he Lf7grlage star he Lse, in which the speaker mentioiled Dylan in the same breatl with Dickeus and even Shakespeare. Tlosc who were horrified by the inclusion ()f Dylan in our anthology will leap to the conclusion that Christopher Ricks Illust be some beatnik or Way-lu (literary eccentric. Not at all. His academic distinction is beyond a lything they could pretend to. Not only is he Professor of English at Cambridge University, le is the author of one of the Thost original modern studies of Milton's poetry, and the editor of the most scholarly contemporary edition of Tennyson. This is what Professor Ricks says about Bob Dylan :
He belongs with the artists who've looked for the widest possible constituency: let's say, Dickens in the 19th century, with an appeal to everybody, or, cwen Tore important than Dickens, Shakespeare.
He's not wha aliud teil you he about lıitı, öı . obscene howing the sort of cite
He's lot that. isn't a pict is a poet, in that I' just he words t I think, a cols.
There folly 5 Blowing ir re | Dylaill Willicill. We 'ith Liller, far alry this part of Pro because I all : notes for 5 Luden Readig vir 'lı LF IT: El t t ) disc': 11 that those who that Bla vig in poetry when A. Ranjith Guotiew Moonesight an dena, Said so w ck it it low iTıprimatur of t English at C: Timbr
But perhaps t For Llr little ; the casualties elicialtiku lil :o Lu In Tather, it has St. at the price of II, the Ellę w A sillid:lls have th: y crise Seleçti. η ει. Απείες αντίίί thology of Englis earlier by the M of thc proše selec if re's first thology of con sto Ties. All tlo WeTe e Tilba "rasse they understood than their pupils with relief at be hack to good () Dnic, I cal Inote being dictate of the iTTil gery

оху
t they will write
is, if y 1 tak էlt BBC - " ":1I1 hbb.'" T1:a t'g
r til 24 t y ) LI gct. The idea that ile Wrong. Hč is El’t It’s gt TT1) TL': thill :) Lise; but lę is, :io L13 :Lttis."
a di5CL155i QIl of Poiré, the Forg of used in Reading ig. I won't qui cute fes sur Ricks's talk against supplying tš (a prictice that 'lle'r 5f ar dirig. w:als Elg (). But I hop: refused to believe lsיי fIt}! ?ז J. GLi la Wadicina 'ărtlene, Jcilin Int. di Reggie Siriwa Till take a second
that it has the he Professor of idge University.
lley Worl" bather. Il hology is cinc of of the post-1977 ter-Fevolution. Or Irvived, but only
being wiwi sected. A-Level syllabus,
a choice, in ons from Readirig "g er af til ansh verse published finistry; in Trosc, lions from Reading rg or of an Hn|temporary short se le:Lcliers who by the fact that
Bob Dylan less 3 will low sigh ing able to go ld Campion and almost he:LT the d; 'thc elalja Tation in Cherry-Ripe is
characteristic of the Elizabethlin lyric...
But who, I Wonder, was the phillistine who chopped our anthology in to halves for the new syllabus, leaving it open to schools to do oily the prose or the verse (Ør" c)f CC) ur se, both or nothing at all) 7 lf le had taken the trouble even to skill through thc hook first, he should have realised that this will sn't lic kind of book that could be divided in that way. Reading Hit Liders raising isn't COI piled on the basis of a division between prost: and versc as diferent literary forms. It is a Tranged shariatically, in relation to various 15pcücts of lı qırmızıın g:xperir:ıce, ;ı ild one of the purposes of the ainthology is to break down the distinction between prosc and verse, and even that betwe:n creative literature and oth cr kinds of good Writing.
Dividi Ing Readirig Hoits. L'eredersfareing into separate halves (only one of which sulle classics may do) is lo destroy the thematic unity of the book. For instance, in the wery first section Farmily, our intention was to present various aspects of family relationships - both thic Liensic IIIs as well as the sustairing and life-giwing qualitics of thc relationships. The fact that these experiences are Communicated, soIInc ii. prose and some in verse, is Il Luch less ir Inportant tilham their human content. If studei is read only the prose or only the wersc, they lose part of the experience,
The mutilation of Reading with Liclers raiding in the new syllabus has obviously been done by somebody who approaches the book with an old-style' practical criticism' fixation and doesn't understand Cr sy'[Thp:l thise with what we were trying to do. Rather than have the book torn in two, I would rather say, like Grusha in The Carcasiat Chalk. Circle, "Let it go! Lct's drop the whole book!"
But quite apart from the parental feelings about the anthology that I share with the other compilers, I have : 110 rc important reason for drawing attention to this ques
3.

Page 26
tion. I grant that the fale of Lhe HNCE English syllabus isn't of Earth-shaking iII porta Ilıcc -- I heTc are only a few hundred students doing English, anyway. But what has happen cd in English is representative of the general educational mish-mash consequent on thc switchback from HNCE to A-Level, which in other subjects affects many thousands of students.
Bcc:Alls C studerts hawe been cding thc HNCE syllabuses a compromise, in externals, has become necessa I y, so tleTe is a show cof preser wing som c elements from the: previous syllabuses. But the heart has been taken out of whau te ver cducational innovations therc were: the generill line is back to acade illic Orthodoxy. WhcIl the last administration adopted the HNCE reforms. one criticism was that not cnough people had been consulled bcfoTe the changes were made. How many are being consulted now, and who are they
Another criticism of the HNCE used to be that it didn't provide a sufficient equipment for University courses for those students who entered the campuses. This criticism pre-supposes that existing University courses are all that they should be, whereas in many subjects University cLITritiula themselwes need to be modernise and reformed. In Iny own subject, English, the HNCE innovations had led to re-thinking on sonic caInpu scs. For instance, the Collbo Campus adopted for its Certificate course a syllabus which explicitly made reference to the HINCE syllabus as a rica son for change, while the Jaffna Campus was engaged in Working out a new degree Syllabus based on the concept of "literature in English" when the campus was disrupted by the communal rioting of last year. Now this kind of cxperimentation and innovation on the campuses themselves may be halled by the A-Level counter-revolution.
24
Educati
By W. P. Wittach
T. E. H.
light, legal whicil Tith CT ) LI LIS El overcraft Willicil territory while ground. While I; Confess I find it d tand exactly what Writes: what Well Will ensuré, not i development but consequence of distribution of We; rul of the mean: Assuming fir the that this is all acc of welfaris II, it What Mr. de Al Wilhem hic first cEl Ilıcı t With ilimir the "welfare syst, tl: 'Colwentil WWFoTld Bank : Tı Tegarding welfaris impediment to : In the first sense econo:Tnic growth, Sense it is a Co I Ilyself firmly truth of Shaw's il deceTit ald society can be b basis of an equit Of Well th. Wea: be CTeäat Fd b£foxIE but it (which a Mr, de Alwis is as to whether Lh by '' the control production" (me: State control)
la Lubit () le hals tle record of ot enterprises.
Though Mr.
plained that the Illot its quality, s Minister's para Ino he now conced:5 Coll intry is getting its money spent
å overy pertincnt hUWever, faults til not appointing a COT inittee to a dw the educational commensurate wit

onal
Alwis writics in a l, skim Thing style Th: il mind of a cowcts a lot of rarely touching lidmire his ski|| || ifficult to unlictshe is saying. He eam by welfarisT1 at the expense of as : Il ccessa Ty t, the equitable alth alld the colits of production., sake of argul Tellt 2ptable definition Certainly is Iot wis Imlealt by i L. arged the govci l1g to distill: Int le cm and queried wisdom of the d the IMF " i II Ill as a scrious !conomic growth. Welsaris Imp. Ciccides
ill the sitcoild insequence of it. believc in the
proposition that civilised hullan uilt except on the til ble distribuli 1 | h, 10 węWer, must : yolu can distrippears to be What Ilow saying), but is call be achieved of the Enea 15 of liig no doubt is seriously in
only to look at ir public sector
de Alwis com:ost of cducation, cenned to be the Lunt co Insideratico 1 h;it will at th: ; in return sor on education is question ". He, c Minister for commission or ise him whict her retu Tins * aTe h the educa
changes
tional outlay and to suggest 're Tcdial measures'. I myself do not share Mr. de Alwis's faith itI the efficacy of commissions and coil littees. I think the Minister is as competent as any hodgepodge committee to figure out IcIncodial measures, Mr. de Alwis goes on to say (hal such a committce Could also suggest “ other Treasures LO improve Lhe quality of education irrespective of cost This ta kes us back again to the money-is-no-(bject Cloud-cuckoolazıldı.
Mr. de Milwis tlı inks English, if at all used, should be the only medium for higher coluca Lion and should be co1 filed to the intelligent section of the student population. He thinks trying to teach English to cverybody would only "dissipate the resources for teaching English'. This to IIc seems to be the Ilost efficacious
WEly of achieving the very elitism which Mr. de Alwis has been decrying.
Mr. de All Wis considers a knuckleduster sound a mong a student's cffects an anti-climax. It is obvious that he has not seen (as I have) the effects of a knuckle-duster used With efficiency on a human face. He is no doubt a Warc that what he calls "an occasional outburst of resent IncIt includes homicide, grievous hurt, asasult with deadly WCapon5, 5exual Violence on University teachers, and sexual violence om fres tımcılı and fresh women.
Mr. dic Alwis himself admits that halls of residence meant for one (T two hundred are picked with thousands and that University learning has degenerated into taking do WIl notes. This is precisely why the University today is incapable of providing the environment for 5 cl f-motivated learning which is the point I have been making all El long.

Page 27
| Private view
Kovoor and the kumbha
did not think D. KJ Woor would
Tesort to the politician's subterfuge of blandly de nying what he sil. Ho kes WETy high ground: **TE: two quit:Alipiis :it:Cçd Witlilillverted commels, claiming that they are from o te of my letters to the pre53, Earę both fuisse. He was dellib:r:l tely trying io milke Teaders believe til at I have 5 tilted that IllilSS killing of human bings takes place its religious titull at Ku mbla Mela.' That is as clear and explicit a denial as lhe could have na de Would you not say
Now here is the relevant portion of thc: le Liter froIII DT. Abrahalı T. Kirtow) or published in thic, Ceylo'r Daily Nei's of 16 November 1976: **C: In Mr. B: Ind:Ta with his "nu":ll learning" enligh Ecn me about the symbolism and truth of the following religious ri uls 1. Tie burning a livic of Hindu Woncil on the funeral pytes of their dead husbands. 2. The sacrificing of hullal beings lyd i enimals to please the: gods. 3. Thc Ilass killing of Hindus once in clic well years during the Kulmbha Mella festiwal at the confluence of the rivers.Jumna, Ganges a Tid thıc fictitious “hea, w:nly' river Sara &w3 t!ıi, Like the Hindus, Lhı: Christians too get rid of their "origiTill sin by the riiul of cxternal Wash known as baptis II or internal wash known as holy Imass. But they Lite not SJ dan gcrious as tille Hinklu ritu: 1 at Al li:Ahxuda dl du ring the Kurimba Mela! I Ilust confess that with my "little learning' I cannot understand the 'true Ineaning" of these murderous religious rituals.
You sec there is na ry a Ile:ltion (still less an emphasis) of devotees trampled to death in a Thad Tush, Shaw once wrote: "My way of joking is to tell the truth - it's the funniest joke in the world.' While I have no wish to accuse. Dr. Kovoor of barefaced fibbing I can say he cetainly is no joker in the Shawi: I sets,
And now the d
First there was call: the clerih Cl:rill cw Bcitly. S: Tile gelire, Ç clacLyl:
Higgleidy-piggled y Helliga bal Luis Lurched throngh Battam al- walg
Wainly pretending Gynaecological Probles belietat El Perial drag.
Clippety-cloppity L}{Iriari Wi!li:11118
Seldijin if ever to Ang Lisll succuTub
SW. Whel the R. NA I LicimalL: tiça
Cock-lips a till III Il-ald Colm tlcir billi
In wented by Art John illid: 1 his strict lies. LW qila trains Lll of which rly ille. tlle rhylling comes 3. T18 ist lin: en5 = lille ag. jiggery -pokery e line is a double Wladilli T N bok Ii L1 $, Jo5eplh iille F
1:LLT: IE "WI double dactylic crlsteit I method: 5. Sall8 wherg in It i Ilt of the duill Coll sists of a sin subject matter a all the clerihew rical biographic; It is not rcally d kil Q yw llaw. Let's
Folkery-fakery
Gert-Alice Tokla Whil asked to e Werse and her pro
Smiled a coy sini Infurialiingly Just said a rose is RÇ5e is a Tose.

a mela
louble dactyl
the illerick, Next 2W in Welted by E.
Ad Iv, il le Iles the doubl:
th: frum, his
İÜ
this II il
S
ylls Illa ke
} --Tfs Lld
T15,
I thony Heclit and ille double dactyl l. It coils is is uf 2 last lines (only) 2. All lies except are of two dactyls. * is always à monshiggledy-piggledy, ; c. 4. Tlic sec. Ill dactylic Thann c, e.g. } w, Marcus Aure3.1L parte. If thc s to Lisc is mot DIIS Illust Lise PTCs to 1 lak: it so. the secold stanza ble dactylic limes gle Word. s. The 5 in the lim crick musl bē of a histoll critical nature. ifficult when you try slic:
s-Stein plain her S.
e and Ilost
Higgledy-piggledy Zbignie W-B:zcsilski Welt L the Grell W:1ll lnd Made a big speech
Prefineditatedly Aining to widcn the Sino-Soviet dipL-IIn Litic breach.
Jiggery-pokery Civil R. d.c Silva Wrole us il ConstillTion for all time
But JR changed the thing
Jnr.ccgilisably Claming it had neither Reason I or rhyme. Rigali g-dingaling Bernardo So-y-sa Passeclusf Eass Latesman and Sagic rolled iTu one
But I am sad Li reLate th: L his claim was a Tcl i logical I El prccisi II.
Mia haweli . . .
τιμητίτη εξί ή αινε μέλge 3)
produced the best work in the criod 1965-70. Team work, Ilormily lics. Mel Willo are trained tegel her in the samle way, work, eat, sleep and sing together do attack a given job. In ore cfficiently,
Q. The target figure quoted in the press was 50,000 but sometime back the Madha wel Wyds expected to proys de anything between 500,000 to a milion jobs, wasn't It?
A The Youth Corps is mot the total employment (; "get. Th
: Celerated Schelle Will have ska many spin-off effects. We see it already. 18,000 acres will bic Covered by the Maduru Oya Schalle... a larger area tan MinElleriya, Polo1 In Tuwa al Mecdirigiyal..., prival, te eT terprise has moved in , little shops have come up... as the jungle is being cleared, trucks and bull-dozers...Workshops, repair shops. Small canteens stores. later there will be hospitals and Schools, cile nas, ... co-ops, a whole new cc.nolly is taking shape, and thcrC is a sensc of bustling growth... the multiplier effect of all that will be tremendous.
25

Page 28
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