Page 1
Roadblocks
FTZ : off
Castro, Tito o
Also: New Constitution a India
 
 
 
 
 

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In foreign policy e Needham interview

Page 2
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Page 3
Trends
Understanding the Tamils
There are signs that more and more Sinhalese opinion-makers who were either unconscious victims of racial prejudice or simply indifferent to the Tamils' deep-fest sense of grievance are experiencing the first stirrings of conscience and a new Intellectual awakening.
At a seminar in Peradeniya, Bishop Lakshman Wickremasinghe, an able student of political science before he became a padre who played a promIlment role In “ma tiwsing' Christian ritual, argued that the new constitutIonal status for Tam was an advance but not far enough, He urged genLine devolution to meet the aspirations of the Tani people.
Even more Interesting were the observations of Dr. Havanpola Ratriasara, di Buddhist monk who was joint secrtary of the Eksath Bhikkhu Perdmund, one of the organisations which spearheaded the Sinhala Only moverment and the 956 o "Cultura revolution' In 1956, the slogan was historically correct and necessary, he said. But today there is great need
to pay serious attention to the grievances of the island's biggest minority.
The 40,000 strong Ceylon Teacher's Union went much further ut its drmra conference. It passed a resolution (moved by a Moslem tegicher) which recognised the Tam fils" right to selfdetermination.
The not-so green valley
Conventional wisdom holds that the party system in Sri Lanka is deep-rooted. ls it really? At least in the case of the two major psrties, the UNP and the SLFP, the party machine seems to be active only in opposition. Once the party wins the machine grinds to a haft. The state machine takes over. The SLFP's General Secretary was a Cabinet Minister. The UNP's மdays the Chairman of Corporation. This was true of the Left parties too but their machines, well-greased if small, work with reasonable efficiency. day-to-dசy.
A brilliant organisation man who brought the UNP back into action in
LANK
Wol. No. 3
CON
Lett
3 - 4 New
5 - 2 Inte
3. Cur
14 - 15 Foo
6 - 8 The
9 Pre:
20 - 2 Inte
2. СТČ
1955 drid to res sationally in 197, Jayawardene has something’s gorg UNP. Forty branch recently, had not time. Their regis Those who sa w t (the first anniver cular UNP victor) participation and striking contrast հIlls of Kandy w but not the tow them. Whère hic shirts gone?
State audits
W II private a to audit the acc porations? It hc practice in Srl General's Depart auditor for the Generds who have lon for Integrity to the legislatur
The Steering ( of Finances of the that drafted the Constitution of dan "Audit Act" ť

A GUARDIAN
August 5, IB
TENTS
ES
WS background
:rnational News
rent topic
d production
Arts
ss opin lon
*WW
S5 Word
r-perfection organi3-77, President J. R. dready sensed that Wrong with the es, hė told the Ex-Clo Sert delegates this tration had lapsed. he Kandy meeting sary of the specta) found the mass the enthusiasm in to last year's. The ere greem oTs ewer 'n restling among we of the green
معنی
dit firms be allowed Junts of State Coris been traditford afka for the Auditorrent to be the sole tate. The Auditor dcquired a reputatdre answerable only
dmmittee on Control Constituent Assembly Fri Lanka Republican 972,
OWEF Picture
A shot from "Bambaru Avith" (Sec Page 16)
Published by Lanka Guardian Publish Crs, South Asian Mcdia Centre, Third Floor, YMBA Building, I263/28 Main Street, Colombo - 1.
Telephone: 29028.
Editor: Mervyn de Silva
Printed by Ananda Press
825, Wolfendhal Street, Colomb - 13.
Powers to the Auditor General, en
gbling him to audit the accounts of
Private firms, where this was in the public Interest.
At present 90 State Institutions have their accounts audited by the Auditor General while 60 Corporations are audited by private firms under the Supervision of the A. G. While the AG's expenditure on the 90 audits plus those of local authorities amounts to Rs. 3.4 million; the private firms charge Rs. 3.6 million to audit 60 Corporations.
Healthy growth
Every dog has his day. Some eternal versties stil hold good despste the un setti ing Confusion of d fast changing world. Thus, PECUTRIN is here at last to improve the shining hour of hose Who have lived a dog's life for so long. It is, as the newspaper advertisements proudly parade, His Master's Choice. "Every watchdog or household pet, needs PECUTRIN, the vitaminised mineral compound of choice for extra energy and healthy growth. PECLTRIN ensure5 the hesth
:காஆஜூசங்கம:

Page 4
Letters
Martin Wickramasinghe
I read with intercist thic i articlic on Martin Wickramasinghe in your issue of July 1.
I entirely agree that it is important for the development of Ceylonese literature that we should try to form a just assessment of his work.
Attempts were being made not long ago to make out that Martin Wickramasinghe was comparable with Tolstoi, and at the Tecent anniversary celebrations Prof. Needham made some polite remarks that gavc some people the impression that Martin Wickramasinghe was a sage.
It is of course natural that an English Professor who has been invited to a tropical island should make some polite remarks about the natives. But such remarks should not be taken too seriously,
I wonder whether Prof. Needhall or any othe else can quote a single scntence, or longer passage, from Martin Wickramasinghe that has anything of much value to say.
Neither Martin Wickramasinghe mor Tolstoi arc Immy favourite writers (with all due apologies to Mr. Reggie Siriwardena) but even so I do not think there is any comparison between the 1 Wo.
There is an objective fact that supports this impression. All encyclopaedias, anthologies dictionaries of world literature etc hawc long references to Tolstoi and his works, but not to Martin Wickramasinghe and his works. Most of them don't even mention his ant.
1 find Martin Wickramasinghe's writing medicare at best, and at Worst almost un believable. For example, his short story “Kiri Ka Hati*" de 5çribes how a mal T was very fond of eating curd; one day somebody brings hirin a pot of curd and he looks foTward to eating it after lunch; but when he opens the pot he finds that it is not curd at all, but Jadi (dry fish)! , Surely, a man who could conceive,
2
write and actuall short story mu lacking in both taste,
Indeed I find ; of Ceylonese lic deplorably lackir gence and taste,
Perhaps this w sting subjcct fo your columns.
Douglas
Euro-com
Mr. Shanmug: holl of a typi Bernstein isIn, F revisionisms of . has gone to tow stating that I do
The Kentelce slı
BET Stein isIn, Meshc visin wic Marxism in Leni Bernstein embark at the Stutgart |
In going off : Shanmuga thagan (l) That even Lenin though a Men she wik views Russian Revoluti gcois character. alo Te disagreed End the Menshe
Mr. Shanmug the Peoples Fo isionist about it. to build the un class in action leading force of Fascist Peoples Hitler's Fascism cecido". Needle55 Fronts' with of Liberal) rever example would Front bct ween 1 & the S.L.F.P.
Amarad
Refe
Reference the The gadflies' b issue of June 1

publish such a t be diplorably intelligence and
lmost the whole ature and dratina g in both intelli
ould be år intereir discussion il
Amarasekera
munism
has got st's error 'that autskyism wcrc Marx's title.' all in oil this error", lot deserve a reply.
Ould have Tead:–
Kautskyism and a Tcvisionism of in's Line, Really :ed on this course Congress in 1898.
thasan
ut a tangent Mr. had not deniedthe great leader Bolshevik, held about the colling on i.e. of its bour(2) That Trotsky with both Lenin's vik position.
ithasan says that nt has nothing rewIt was at attempt ity of thc working as the core and a broader AntiFront to curb It did not sucto say that such he bourgeoise (Big Sticceed. A local be the United he C.P- L.S.S.P.
asa Fernando
ctions
article entitled y Arden in your I have done a
lot of thinking on our lack of civilization aud its relationship to a lack of knowledge of English. One hlas only to rcad the daily newspapers in Sri Lanka to be convinced that Mr. Douglas, Amarasekera is perfectly correct. The proceedings of the Sansoni Commission would show us as to how many of those atrocitics were committed by people with a good knowledge of English,
Mr. Douglas Amarasekera is perfectly correct in stating that in not a single Sinhala play is thcre one memorable line-unlike in the plays of Shakespeare, Euripedes, Sophoclcs, Aristophones. Real nationalis in consists of being Ewarc of one's shortcomings. George Bernard Shaw said, "Science is concerned with the truth of hypothesis and not whether some conceited people like it or not." What Sri Lanka needs today is more people of the calibre of Mr. Douglas Amarasekera.
Gampola. Hector De Zoysa
The double dactyl
I beg youг рагdon, my dear Arden, but when you talk of Wa-DI-mit Na-BO-kov as a dactylic double, you're in trouble. It's amphibrachic, like Lo-LI-ta, his of rokovitsa.
I haven't read Nabokov's own translation of his Lolita into Russian, but atrokay its a was the nearest approximation I could think of to lyripher, and it was close enough to a rhyrne. WLA-dimir NA-bokov is a horrible Americanisation of the name, at which he himself must have shuddered. Incidentally, the Random House English Dictionary, in its entry against Nabokov, gives the Russian pronunciation of Vladimir correctly, and for Nabokov lists the Russian form, followed by the Americanised distortion of it. But then there are people who also say LO-lita, destroying - the poetry of Nabokov's first paragraph.
Colombo 5. Reggie Siriwardena
(Cpirit or தாge 2)

Page 5
News background
New Constitutio
nd so, we have the Second
Republic. Or is it the Third? Before Section 157 was withdrawil, Fr. Tissa Baia Suriya, Director of the Centre for Society and Religion (surely the Inost lively intellecual forum in a country Which lhas no intellectual community despite a plenitude of intelligence Lind where the University has been drained of all vitality by caree rism, petty politics and mediocrity") told a seminar “this is a cunstitutional coup d*etat'.
Constitutions can be properly judged only by the way they work and serve in practice declared objectives which arc invariably clothed in familiar pieties. Constitutions do not Kolwe problems but can better cquip the rulers to deal with the myriad problems of the people. However, constitutions could enshrine serious legative features- a denial or restriction of basic rights rather than a guarantee and reinforcement of such rights. In that sense, Section 157 was a frightful piece of draftsmanship. Any person who advocated or agitated for an amendment or an alteration of the constitution (except in the strictly ordained manner) would commit an offence that carried ten years jail and confiscation of property.
It was ES DT. Collwirl R. det Silva put it with cha Tacteristic pithiness, constitutional change which made all constitutional Ch2 nge impossiblic in any mcamingful sense.
The go wČrnment was wis c to withdraw it and its action certainly deserves a small hurrah, Goverment spokesmen say that it was another sign of how responsibly the administration responds to considered criticism and baws to public opinion. Its opponents say that the exercise was a typical actic- three steps forward in order to take one step back
in a pre - planne dennocratic cc the motiwatio] II, o tives, the go pelled widespri was attempting disselt,
In West|Therkt
The SLFP, TU in varying degl ind l'horror, se simistic im Sectii tutional profecti in Westors. To represents. El Su of national si deeper in their these studcuts . tution see thcco and somme of til force and samle Els part of a pat Tew developmel it for Thing priil. first, they wou. Thew St Talegy, the Illo lor of “d
Mr. Lalith. A of the more ar of these change P. R.) gives ans Wer. Al El pr weck, he said debake, largely basic issue of According to h was inviting an capital and wh were the condi it operated and the national dcrived. Ii was of each countil legislature, to 5 so wereignty. Hc see a majority Assembly, don or SLFP, const an erosion of
The sh;1te anyway, was sc declared policy foreign capital Lider what ter

: pros and Cons
dellonistration of Induct. Whichę wcr or mixture of VerlInert has disad fears that it to stific all
| LF and the ULF, ees of covition Something no Te yn 158, the coilistiin given to forcign these critics, it Trender er erosium Wei eignty. Going analysis, some of f the new constiInstitutional change he laws already in ut hers on Lluc way tern in which the ut Strategy is the :iple, Economics ld say. And in the foreign capital is evelopmento
thulathmudali, one Liculat; advocatcs s (particularly of the government's tess Comference last that i here was a ideological, on thc foreign capital. 'ın, every country accepting foreign it really Thail cred ions under which how much benefit Conomy actually lhe responsibility , and its supreme tfeguard national for on: could not of any National lated by the UNP ously agreeing to overeignty.
1 forcign capital, cd by the UNP's
It welcomed The question was ፡ ?"
But foreign capital, in turn, required guarantecs. Their in westIncin is were already protect cod by int crnational law, This was in effect "municipal law" fortifying such guara untees. A In ordinary agremcnt or law could give the investor a greater sense of security. But if his required more. Section 158 could be cited as a further token of Sri Lanka” s bona fides,
Section 158 was an enabling provision, hic added, Not every foreign investment would be guaranteed under this provision. Recourse to this constitutional provision would be on a case - by - case basis.
Electoral system
The government has refused to give in on the question of byelections. The Opposition would have preferred if this old system had been Ebandoned after 1983. But the government argues that the abolilion of by-elections is a logical consequence of the introduction of an enii, ely new system of elections. How then can public opinion be tested? How can the uitpopula Tity of a govern Int: Ent Cor cf come of its diccisions bc del nomstrated Mr. S. J.W., Chclvanayaki. In took Lihat course of action although thc United Front kept him waiting several years before he could prove his point. UNP and Opposition leader, Mr. J. R. Jayewat deric was luckier. He made his point in the Colombo South by-election afier resigning his seat in 1975, the year that the U. F. should have faced another poll on its 1970 nandate.
*We hawe the new dewice of a referendum' replies governinct spokesmen. But the right to hold a Icfcrendu im is wested in the goveTn1In 2nt, and governments are not always eager to test their own populnrity or lack of it.

Page 6
By-elections, it is also submitted, are a distraction (from the developII CIL efTori ?) and often bring Out only parochiall questions, mot genuinely national issues. The government's strongest argument however is arithmetic. It speaks with the authority of 141 seats. On past form, there would be about 8 to 10 by-elections in the 1977-83 period. It could not make any impression on the party line-up in parliamıcnt.
The govern Ilent has in any case made certain that this party complexion cannot be altered until 1983. No by-elections and the omnipotence now wested in the pirty boss who can nominalte anthČT på Tty Ilmail while lewer a MP dies or is 5acked from his party or leaves it, ensures that this parliam cntary balance (I imbalance) Will Icelain unchanged.
P. R.
The present imbalance is a direct outcome of the distortions inherent in the British wintertakes-all system. P. R. has its own imperfections but it is certainly 11ore democratic. The Sri Lankar system (delimitation and the Biitish practice) gives each person a vote but each vote is NOT equal. The disparity in value between tlh: Lurban and rural we is selfevident, and has often yorked to the disadvantage of town - based parties. Theoretically at least, the Left was deliberately disadvantaged.
The 1970 Eid 1977 results i particular (the gap between votes and seats of the UNP and SLFP) expose the gross defects of the old system. A glance at whatmight - hawe - been (in July 1977) dramatises the fact even more vividly. If the new JR system had been in operation the result would hawe sormicthing likc this:
| NFP - - 93 SLFP — 52 TULF – 8 UF - 5
The LSSP would certainly hawe: had is triumvirate (N. M., Colwin and Leslie) in the NSA.
4
RMP ar
he Revulu
Party- the Bala Tampoc's ( Uniun- scems tc frolin the Jalath: Illula. Whe R was released fr. to the CMU hea Went, since it w who had defen and outside it as
The RMP has to th: the JWP over the politic:
JWP. They acc failing to a tick
Tent. III Sead I
WP 5 L i iTec the SLFP-LSSP the JWP is reclut the opposition
campaign : g:lilst
lin rcply the they halwe in fac Elle JNP Butt t| til drive people into the SLFF, "We cannot oppo T tunism" til
They say that agitation must I but governed by the people, "We step ahead of the
TUs stud
he Action (
major Tradc (ii) efficict, all tlh Luli 15 and tElle to Study and p 1 lle incidence of tT:ę uliol fiel
MembET5 of 1 Employees Union recently were as midated i11 Sewe island. In Colon Were injured, tw hospitalised. TI Lic assaill It's W Workers, in add to hawe identifis from Moratuwa. strikers also tok

nd JVP
Liolary Marxist political arm of stylol Mercallile be edging a Way 1 Wimukthi Peraohana Wije weera Jim prisco II il was adquarters that he ras Balla Ta Il-polic: led hill in court
Well,
in an open letter CXpTessed çoçCTI
| Hittitude of the :use the WP Of the UNP Gover Ilhey say that the its guns against and CP. Further, ctant tix) Support parties in their the Government,
WP States that been critical of hey do not want it of the UNP LSSP Lid CFP. compromise with Iey sEly.
their liti - UNP lot be premature '' the Tadicalism of must (ily be one
Tasses."
y violence
Coll Imittee of the lJ1ion Federal Lions :: | 13 In-NP tracle CWC) has decided blish a report on
violence il the i.
he Ceylon Bank who struck work sauted and intia parts of the b) twelve strikcts C Of them Wer: e CBEU says that *erę mainly port lition they cl:lini d 20 CT3 werkers ASSA L lt . Il CB EU place in Kuu
negala, Galile, Piliya Indala, Pera
deniya and Chilaw.
The Unions point to this attack con CBE U strikers as another incident in a long list of attacks,
In January, Ceylon Microantile Union reports, their newly formed Union at Kelaniya went on strike. On January 17th strikers who were picketting were assaulted by local thugs. The CMU claims that the saille thugs were used against the students of the Widyalankara Campus a short while later, whicn they elected opposition supporters to their Students' Union.
In Puttalam the Cement Corpora tion strike was broken up, At Laksala Workers who struck in April Were dismissed. At the Tyrc Corporation, State Hardware Corpora tiLJI, På Tamthan Chemicals Corporation and Port Cargo Corporation, workers have becn interdicted or otherwise harassed for picketing against the White Paper in Employment,
Meinbers of the Joint Union Action Committee who launched protest pickets were assaulled at the Registrar Generals" Office, the Department of Immi
Trade
gration, Ceylon Petroleum Corporation and National Paper Corporation.
When picketing Petroleum Corporation employees were assaulted i 1 Mu Tatu wa Eu member of the Moratuwa UNP Branch, Mrs. Evelyn Peiris, wrote protesting to the UNP's top leaders :
'' C.M U. In elbers who work at the Corporation do silent picketing. Not only they, but Messrs. StellAI'ls, Grow CT nors and some other fir IIs also do it for half-an-hour during their lunch interval. Ona day one of the methers of the C.M.U. was assault cid by UNP'ers and he was injured. Next day, three or four were injured and they had to go to thc Accident Service and up to now they hawe not reported to work as they are on medical leave. The other day a gentleman was being very badly assault cd with a pistol butt til he bled and was taken home by his wife who happens to work in
(Cartferries or page 3)

Page 7
  

Page 8
US - USSR
Ihrec Tmonths Efter his aggre
ssive Annapolis address, oil the eye of the NATO summit in Washington, Mr. Carter has begun to lower his voice. In trouble Ower domestic issues, as th: popularity ratings showed, Mr. Citter“5 5udderl thrust OTI th: foreign policy front appears to have prowed so disappointingly fruitless that the phrase “Carter's credibility' still keeps cropping up in cditorials and commentaries in the influential “quality” press irn America.
Broadly speaking the Carter initiative had three elements:
(a) The opem accusatir agair 1st Cuba for her *ir.ı Woolwiclı e[ıtı" il hıe ill wasion of Zaire.
(b) A tough posture on USUSSR relations supported by charges over Soviet interference in Africa and an attempted link-up between Salt ?, the so-callcd human rights issue, Soviet global policy, US-USSR trade etc.
(c) The China card, Dr. Brzezinski's wisit to Peking, and China's obliging flanking attack on the USSR and Cuba within the non-aligned Third World.
What prompted Mr. Carter to make this uncharacteristically pugnacious (and perilous) поуе? The un favourable opinion polls, the forthcoming mid-term electi. ons, the necd to assert himself at least in foreign affairs and erase the growing impression of an untried and weak President, pressures from Western allics with large intecsts in Africi, tic fezied appeals for support fron beleagured Hlies like Zaire, and the wested interests of the US industrial-military complex in far - reaching arms agreet Icints arc the main reasons widely adduced.
Today there is general agreement that the Carter initiative has gained wery little and lost Illuch, with his own credibility as
the Inost obvious casualty.
"Carter's fore under his own r page headline it seriffert. The II tion Inc. to attac the Delocratic PTS * Scoop" Jac: P. Moyniharı bI the riwal Repub ding House Lead
For the 110n-a
aTCe of this American or 5 was it ran pa
Illary Ways was the controversy the non-aligned Critical run-up to
 

pack from Geneva and I have a message
from the Russians'
Z27 oler O
---saz2
ign policy attackcd onf" гап a frontIn Christian Science "eport dTE:w attenks from hawks' in fuld like Senatkson and Daniel ut from "do wes" in lican camp, incluet John Rhodes.
igned the signific
other Wise plu rely u per power debate Tallel fo (and in
reflected within) that ragcd inside cornmunity in the
Belgrade.
Cuba was the focal point of this debate todo. A biąsic:Ally prð - western group made Cuba the target of direct attack, and the USSR the superpower enemy outside, with the US and China pro viding these non-aligned sta les propagaIl dist cover.
Oil all fronts, Carter Tnothing.
(a) Castro picked up the gauntlet with righteous rage and relish. “In engaging in a shouling mflch with Clstro . . . . . and being bested in the match, Mr. Carter's credibility has been tarnished' wrote James Good sell, a top Latin American affairs specialist. It
gaimed

Page 9
Was Carter who got
blemished, l 5 tro'
(b) On the propaganda front, Anbassador Young's bombshell exploded on the White House doorstep. (See “Political Prisoners'').
(c) Moscow simply asked Mr. Carter to Thind his own business, and went ahead with its own, despite such clumsy pressure moves like halting the sale of a computer to TSS
(d) On the China card, no final judgment has been reachcd. It is agreed that it is the only St Tong card in the American hand at a time when the US is locked in fierce disputes, especially over competitive economic interests, with her own allies, notably Japan, and some Western European countries. The majority view Among
China Keng Piao’s
r. Keng Piao, the Chinese Wicc Premier who wisited
Pakistan and Sri Lanka in June had a busy schedule in July as the curtain rose on the non-aligned foreign ministers meeting in Belgгade.
In an undisguised attempt to cary its current diplomatic offensive into the camp of "the enemy' the Chinese leader visited Trinidad, Guyana and Jamaica. Giving extensive coverage to this Caribbean tour by the highest ranking Chinese dignitary to visit the area. the US press reported warmly that it was "aimed at countering growing Soviet and Cuban influence in the region' and at "Cuba's role in the non-aligned movement'.
While the Belgrade meeting was coming to a close, Mr. Кeng
US analysts i. Over - played 1 too crudely or
As a result, Brzezinski is Sometimes per Called El second luthor of som
Tld a Polisı en gical hang - up Carthyite meurt of widening t. in Wietnam as intimate coinet feller, US big Trilatera ! Com laid bare. The ture passed om SL3 hp Weyer i Kissinger, he grasp of world therefore unable role for the US her interests.
long m
Piao wisited at country which stTH, tegic import. Mediterranean Tilney of the Sir don) wrote:
"The island o C2345e to be a ] båse next Marc target for dete from China. P, given Malta a la loan is playing both the gover opposition partie prevent the Matt Tlaltic links with
While Mr. K. Malta, the leade Nal tiona list Party Week Wisit to C,

is that Mr. Carter his card, played it too early.
Criticism of Dr. Weil sharper, aud Sonal. He is being Tate academic, the un Teadablc books nigre with psycholoS and a neo - Mc sis. A proponent he US interwention late as 1968, his tions with Rockebusiness and the mission arc being IT Ost serious stric. hin by US analyi that, unlike Dr. has no conceptual politics and is to define a realistic in the pursuit of
arch
Eother non-aligned
is of iminense 81: tÓ the Whole LITÉ, Milta. Iwo 72day Tirriesʼ (Lon1
f Malta which will Brithish military h, has become the Tmined overtures cking which has rge "soft-interest" it safe by Wooing 'll nerlt and the :S in an effort to se forming diplohe So wiet Union'".
ng Piao was in r of the opposition Wils a thina.
Bolivia treading “Peruvian
path'
LA PAZ, Bolivia,
olivia may soon learn the lesson that her neighbourto the north, Peru, recently learned
what the banks giveth, the bank can just as easily taketh away.
Like Peru, Bolivia has borrowed billions of dollars over the past se wen years from various international banks and lending institutions to finance a host of development projects, such as roads, irrigation systems and the prchise of modern communications equipTlet
And like Peru, which recently went though a period of severe political and social unrest When its creditors demanded that it cnd subsidies on basic foodstuffs and gasoline because it could no longer Pay its debts, Bolivia Illo 0 il day soon find itself at the mercy of the banks and lending institutions to which it now OWS $ 2.5 billion, S 1.84 billion TOE than it owed them in 197ዐ.
The foreign debt now Stands at about $ 500 for each of Boliwia's million people - more than the yearly per capita income of about $400, which places Bo ivia second only to Haiti as the Western Hemisphere's poorest Country.
U.S. diplomats here are officially optimistic about Bolivia's CTilic future, although Lhey recen ly had to readjust their forecasts When it became apparent that Bolivia's trade and balance of
7

Page 10
payments position were worsening at an unforescen and almost alarming rate. “It can be done, Bolivia can continue growning." said one diplomat the other day. "It's just going to be tougher."
And as Peru learned to its dismay earlier this year, a run of bad luck with raw-material export prices or production coupled with an ever increasing debt repayment schedule can quickly bring down the The banks are quick to lend Inoney when country's balance-of-trade position is is in the black or looks like it will be in thc black. They also just as quick to demand severe and politically dangerous measures when the balance sheet turns red and it begins to look as if a country will mot be able to repay it debts.
house of cards.
While Bolivia has not yet reached the point of being unable to repay its loans, most observers believe the government will have to take some unpleasant measures over the next few years - such as dismissing thousands of tin miners, raising the price of gasoline and ending food subsidies - in order to avoid
problems with its international
redit OS.
And there, of course, is the
rub, After seven years of authoritarian military rule that produced political stability and economic growth at the expense of union freedom and the give and take of democracy, Bolivia held its first national elections in 12 years and is supposed to return to democratic rule next IIlonth.
– (Fa:ľ irgľa Fr Posť)
India
by Shelton Koc
(Professor of Political
$ri LRRப் f
he change of
IIndia follow spectacular electo Janata Party in expected to in" emphasis il Indi although the Jan mcnt had made outset that no fai were contemplate
Dormestic polit nected with the organic links bet mist Party of In Union and the fied support of regille, including of the decision gency Tule in m sections of thi Icadicirship suspic connection and treaty of 1971 herefore belicW so-called “till' wud by COTTE Moraji Dcsai : India would he '' genuine' no policy.
Mr. Atal Biha ter of ExtcTinal the 32nd sessio: rall Assembly 0 declared that t took the earli's assuming offic resolve not onl alignment but to the policy i thrust. "It is satisfaction th genuine non-al decision to put vigour and dy understood and proper perspect
HOW WI, E approach bith Inection and to generally has ( Indiam foreign
977 when th Foreign Minist

under the Janata
i kåra
` §tiëዘçã፣ Fars)
government in ving upon the ral victory of the March 1977 was olve a shift of all foreign policy, at a Party Go Wernit clear from the '-reaching changes
d.
ital fact IS COT1idcological and Ween the COIThtmlldia and the Soviet former's un qualithe Indira Gändhi its endorsement to proclaim eitherid-1975 had made e Janatı Parly ious of the Soviet of the Indo-Soviet itself. It was ed that India's towards MOSCOW cted by the new regime and that Ice forth follow a n-aligned foreign
ri Wajpayee, MillisAffairs, addressing of the UN CGIin October 4, 1977 he new gowČT11 ment opportunity on a to declare its y to continue nonfict to TCST. ls original positive
a matter of some Et u St ESS () il ignment and our "sue the policy with namism has been appreciated in its iW.'"
more pragmatic to the Soviet como foreign relations tome to cha Tacterize policy since April e visit of Scy wiet er, Mr. GT o Tnyko,
to New Delhi brought about a new reappraisal of the Indo-Soviet
clationship.
The visit was instrumental in restoring to this relationship its earlier cordiality, convergence and cooperation which was based both on the security and economic links which had been built up between the two countries since 1971 and earlier. So vict contributions to India's recent development of its defence net-work, particularly in the building up of India's Navy has been crucial. Soviet assistance to Indian naval expansion began in the late 1960's, but after 1974
became significant, During the priod 1974-1977, for example: India acquired four additional
submarines, tem fast-going frigates in addition to several patrol boats with a long-range capability. The Soviet Union's economic assistance to India, which predated the 1971 treaty itself acquired an added importance after 1971 Soviet trade with India registered a four fold increase during the last decade and is expected to increase by 20%, this year.
As Moraji Desai pointed out during his visit to Moscow, there are more than fifty important Soviet-assisted projects including the prestigious steel mills at Bokaro, in India. Prime Minister, Moraji Desai's visit to Moscow in October 1977 was itself indicative of the Jamala Government's changed attitude to the Soviet Union, considering that his only other foreign visits were to London to at tend Lhe Commonwealth Conference in June 1977 and :l stopover in Paris on the way back. On the occasion of this visit, Mr. Desai
said preservation and continuance in today's circumstances of this (Indo-Soviet) relationship
is a tribute to the maturity of two proud nations who recognised he imperative of peaceful cocxistence'.

Page 11
A further example of the new Indian pragmatism in foreign policy was occasioned by a Chinese goodwill visit to India by a dellegation headed by Mr. Wang Pinnam in March this year. The visit Was non-official in character; but certainly cleared the ground for resolution of outstanding issues in disputa between the two countries and for formulating concrete proposals with a view to improving bilateral relations between India and China. During the course of his visit, Mr. Wang recalled the observation of Mao Tse-tung in Peking on May 1, 1970 about India bcing a great country and the inevitability of China and India becoming friends. He expressed confidence that om hic basis of the five principles of co-existence End with patience, mutual accom
Imodations and common understanding all problems can be resolved".
Mr. Desai himself pointed out that Indii "5 consistett stand cl bcen that the border question should be solved through bilateral discussion and through pČaccful means. Mr. Wajpayee on this occasion accepted in principle an invitation of the Chinese Foreign Minister to wisit China.
The fence-Imelding posture of the Janata govern Ilent was carried a stage further by the Farakka Accord bct ween India and Bangladesh signed in November 1977, which concluded a long-standing dispute over sharing the waters of the Ganges between the two countries. The dispute over this question between India and Pakistam, which had a 25 year old history, had acquired a new dimension with the birth of Bangladesh as a new international entity. Although the working out of the agreement is likely to involve difficulties between the two coun
tTiC8, it remai new chapter of апd co-operatio mOst populous Asia. The atte: An Indo-Bangla however, has in liscd. Demarc må ritime bound. Bengal has ass importance in search for offregion, and ren being made by Teach agreene Il24. Irru Y'W do'Wr 4h this issue.
Maritirnic bou between India deIT arcating thic in Palk Strait, t and thc Bay of betri entered í countrics ewel Of the Jamatan gG and 1976, This tcd the problem the Indo-Lankai and 1974 as th problerı betweer
LE Inka. Here, t. all tendelcy on
Indian governm With its Sri L headed by Mr. in a spirit of n tion. Both Jan: had, in 1977, experience in f
electo Tal victorio
Ilcts which ha long ten Lurc of perhaps provides between Morarji Jayewardena, w but tres sed by a endeavour darr; their respectivo

Ils symbolic of a
bilateral relations Il between the two
states in South Impt to dellarcat: Ilaritime boundary, 0 i 4 far flaterialition of such a ary in the Bay of umed considerable he context of the shore oil in the ewed attempts are b0 till countrieš to : I, at least to neir differences on
Indary agreements
and Sri Lanka ir historic waters
he Gulf of Manilar Bengal had already into by Jefore the advent
wernmelt, in 1974
the two
government inheri
of implementing griefelts of 1964 one outstanding i India and Sri
Do, tillere is e videt the part of the
:Int to c)-opera [e anka counterpart J. R. Jayewardena nutual accomoda
ta alId the UNP shared a common Jrging impressive 's against governd had å relativ cly all this a common bond Desai and J. R. "hich
declared common
power,
has been
Fishfa Societies in countries.
In February 1978, India signed five agreements with Wietnam providing for co-operation between the two countrics in diverse fields
including trade. agriculture, science
and technology and cultural exchanges,
In its nuclear policy, Prime
Minister Morarji Desai has reiterated the stand of previous Indian governments in desisting singing the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, without guarantees regarding the manufacture of new nuclear weapons and a phased reduction and eventual elimination of the ezisting stockpiles of the two super powers. Desai, however, has gone a step further by giving a categorical guarantee that India would refrain from further nuclear tests even for peaceful puposes.
from
Of all India’s neighbours, Pakistarı perhaps the one country where mutually hostile feelings have not abated to any significant extent. Even so, contemporary Indian foreign policy displays elements of continuity more than of change from the policy of the Indira era, and can be held up as upholding a wirile tradition of non-alignment. As Wajbayee put it at the UN:
TCrmains
"Many political changes have taken place in the last one year in South Asia. Even so, it is a tribute to the people that the area is today freer of tension that it has been for decades.'

Page 12
Non-alignment is
y its nature, the policy of non-alignment is directed
against imperialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all other forms of foreign domination and exploitation. It is directed against the policy of force, against political and economic hegemony, and against all forms of foreign interference and dependence.
This all makes the movcn.cnt
of non-alignment anti-bloc in its commitment. Our movement does not see the world's future in a balance offorces between the blocs or in one bloc prevailing over the other to stand supreme. Attainment of the goals to which we aspire means our constant endeavour to transcend a bloc-divided world, to build up the elements in world relations conducive to peace, security and general social progress. This has given the non-aligned movement its independence and unity and made it an independent factor in world affairs, and it must remain so.
The non-aligned movement has worked and works for active peaceful coexistence, which means a constant struggle for peace and equality in the world and against the imposition by others of their social-political systems or ideologies.
As a result, the non-aligned countrics have from the wery start been a great moral force, and today are a real political force in changing the old and cstablishing new, democratic relations in the wÒTld,
We can assert hcre, with the deepest conviction, that all the summit conferences to date of the non-aligned countries have mar
1)
ked significant ends. And I Wa emphasize that Ilc this last period, the conference in today, has expe important affirпnat new important Te5 to cite a few extir tion.
Our policy hal 3 a positive factor i cold war, it Was detente under Way ing in working sality. It has co to creating the for strengthening rity, for relation: for gene Täll por Cig!
By our activit аwагепе5я іп t com In unity of til ways towards r international Tela goal is, of colli of the Inew inter order. Whateve along the Way, deterred from th inequitable relati source of deep dangerous confli world.
The non-align allow mÜbody ti tion the solidari or blunt the ed Inental commit unity. They cal dilute the polic or reduce thČ solidarity with their independel frce choice of own developmen is alien () ill-il based on indeo !

“anti-bloc” - Tito
steps to these lt especially to in-align Lent, in that is, since Colombo up to rienced further, ion and achieved iulis. Permit me: Implics in illu strå
constantly becil n overcoming the jecisive in getting " and is perse Werfor its Liveintributed, thereby general conditions peace and secus of equality and
ESS.
y, we have built he international le noted to Oper] hew, more just, tions. Our final "se, establishment national economic r the difficulties we must not be lis. The existing ions are : Costalt contradictions and cts in the modern
ed countries can bring into quesy of the movement ge of its fundaments and action 1 allt) yw nobody to y of non-alignment
intensity of Qir eoples fighting for ıce, freedom ald the roads of their t. All sectarianism lignment. divisions ogical, religious or
other criteria and motives are impermissible, regardless of the slogans behind which they hide.
Warious pressures are being stepped up against the unity of the non-aligned. We arc witnesses to attempts to establish in vitally important regions of the non-aligned world, above all in Africa, new forms for a colonial presence and new formit of bloc dependence, foreign interference and domination. We must stand united in resisting such attempts. The very essence of non-alignment, of the interests of us all logether and cach country separately demanda
is of Lus.
All of his heightens the need to transcend within non-aligned ranks conduct and disagreements which arc greatly to the detriment of these countries, as they are also to the Inovement as a whole. I am convinced that this is possible, and it is indispensable. Individual national interests and the problems handed down by colonialism cannot be allowed to lead to conflicts. There IIlust be a democratic appreciation for differences in approach amongst us, however serious these may, be and if problems and disputes cannot always be avoided, they can and must be settled peacefully by joint efforts.
Even more than for others, for
a movemen working as is the movement of non-alignment, for democratic relations worldwide,
respect is indicated for democratic rules of conduct in relation within itself, we must be conscious of the danger of imposing narrow self-interests, which is conducive to undermining the solidarity and force of ou T movement,
(Terr f' sperecs f she Foreign offre Nor: - agree! Caru ferf Frre - Belgrade)

Page 13
“Neutrality
ven though we don't like to be E. ones to speak of the irreproachable way in which the Cuban Revolution has fulfiled its international duty, it should be recalled that ou T military cooperation with Angola and Ethiopia was not something new, Cuban soldiers went to the sister republic of Algeria in 1963 to support it against foreign aggression wher), in the TThonths following thic victory of its heroic struggle for independence, attempts were made to grab a part of its territory. Cuban soldiers Went to Syria ill 1973 when hat Cuntry requested our help right after the last war waged against the Zionist aggres: sors. Cuban fighters fought and died to help free Guinea - Bis Sall and Angola from Portuguese colonialism. It is no Secret that worthy comrades from our guerrilla struggle in the Sierra Maestra died with Che in Bolivia.
The Yankee imperialists practice solidarity with the Teaction, the bourgeoisie and fascism. Hundreds of thousands of US soldiers and military specialists are in Western Europe, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, South Ko Tea, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany and scores of other countries. Why is it that imperialists are allowed to cooperate among themselves but Tevolutionaries aren't
Our military specialists in Africa and other parts of the world have been requested by sovereign governments. The United States, however, has tens of thousands of soldiers il Parna. Ta Elgainst the will of that people. The United States has thousands of sailors stationed in a part of Cuba's national territory against the will
of our holieland, What right does the United States have to demand the withdrawal of our
military personnel from Africa, when they are there at the express with of completely independent
is im
progressive a II governments?
Soole Jr l; working, militar) heroic and ICW people will Sct the traitors who be:Lutiful interrı: at the feet of
There are two that of reacti progress. A choi neutrality is im
It is impossil Concerning th:5 struggle to Teco" territory and to of the Palestini; nized; it is impo in the struggles E of Africa and t between Angola Between the Si defense of thei occupiers of between the Et
and thic 50m between the Y and Lhe Arab
thic progressive , the reactio Ilary between Wict mai threatçı, and har; South African Africal pê plė between the P: Zimbabwe and 1 Mozambique a! and South Afric; Namibia and it: een the people foreign occupie progressive forc forces of Leba Allde di Pi sible y be questions as Pa wer the Calal peoples of B:li: to intependenc of Cuba at d

possible...”
Castro
ld rcyclutionary
tET, the hardt, self-sacrificing, lutionary ChinԸse :le accounts with have dropped their tionalist banners imperialism,
paths in the World: con and that of .ce must be made; possible.
ble to b: neutral : Arlb peoples' wer their occupied have the rights ап people геcogissible to be neutral be! Ween the people's heir neocolonizers,
El ind its invaders, ahara in people in r rights and the
leir territory, hiopia. In revolution 1:lian äggress Cors, feineni revolution rca CLion, between Arab countrics and
Arab countries,
m änd those who ass it, between the
racists and the
of South Africa, 3 triotic Froit of an Smith, between Ild the Rhodesiarl aIn fascists, between S Colonizers, betyof Cyprus and the is between the es all the rightist lon und bet Wech lochct; it is imposEleutral Oil such na ma's sovereignty , le right of the e lindi PueTito Rico ac Elisi that blockade
base at Guantanamo; it is impossible to be neutral concerming imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialisill racism, fascism and any of the situations that come up in the political, economic and social struggle between the reactionary forces and the progressive forces of the World,
According to news reports Coining frem the United States, the government of that country has approached 15 nomaligned Countries, asking them to contest Cuba's role in that Movement. However, thę Movement of NonAligned Countries is not the: (OAS, the Ministry of Colonies in which imperialisin, as the Iuler of this hcImisphere, Imake5 all the decisions. It would be good to know which 15 foreign ministries the United States contacted and what their replies have been.
does the Unitel StŁltes ha WC the right to a dwise and Orient the non-aligned Which are the shameless governments that lend themselves to this
Sice Willę
11

Page 14
We hawe always thought that the Non- Aligned Movement- which Cuba, along with Nasser, Nehru, Nkruman and other leaders, nlany of whom are, unfortunatcy, deild, helped to found- should be characterized by quality rather than quantity. We have always opposed and will continue to oppose having countries that belong to military pacts participate in this Movement. We have alä0 opposed and will continue to oppose having fascist, reactionary governments, pawns of imperialism, introduced als Trojan horses in the heart of that force. Wè have always thought and will continue to think that the NonAligned Movement should not be an a morphous, opportunistic, weak-kneed current but should be an anti-imperialist, anticolonialist and progressive force that ca. El influence world policy. It was created with this spirit, and it cannot be conceived of in any other way.
Cuba is a non - aligned country because it does not belопg to 1пу military pact, but it is decidedly against the reaction, imperialisII), colonialism, neocolonialism, fascism, racism, Ziunism, unequal trade relations and the exploitation of the underdeveloped countries. Cuba resolutely supports the liberation movements, the just causes and the progressive forces of the whole world, essential objectives for which the NonAligned Movement was created.
Why is the United States so interestcd now in the fith Summit, to be held in Havana? Why is it trying to sabotage it? Who is going along with this Tanoeuvre What objectives do they seek in our Movement. It is clear that the United States, the traitors, the opportunists, the neocolonizers, the fence - sitters and those whose principles are negotiable are worried by the militant, firin, staunch and hončst role of Cuba.
There are governments that scll out, but the Goverdment of Cuba cal Iewer be bribed. The United States knows this.
We Will make we will not b nationalist princi
newer beild to the blackmail of imp not pursue chau We do I tot 115g0t tional policy. W resist thc in per selflessly and with many years as it : Otles Tinay give W and engage in bel will continue to : a revolution that
de, does flot St. not go on its ki
In the tipitrich i mankind as a Whi way between W: pFlacc and ciri coexistençC be Social regim ČS A1 only rical Way every people ecoTloITnic: E1 ndl itself, Witholt and this must Lili of progress, tha' of solida Tity — l! said — Tait her thl; society.
The forces of peace are stron keep imperialism its policy of heg regressioth is forces, includin sister, the glori Lспiп, сопstitut invincible curb
dygtLETS ET reaction in thi The 5e forces, ki and Latin A. natural resource mo Te carved up the imperialists,
Mankind will the past: peace the peoples will paths of progr: and nobody ca:
The Monca dal the Cuba Rew proof of this trut
I
PTT rifa u Miré
VirčEreff !
(Speech delivered a if Mifflčes)

no concessions; etray our in lêrple; we will : exigencies and erialism. We do winistic interests. iate Quir internalare ready to ialist blockade dignity for Els may be necessary. way, accept bribes raya, but Cuba ict an example as dies. It SlI TEth:Il out aid does
s
in which we live, ble has no Imiddc ir all peace; filized, peaceful :tween different e the wisest and out. Meanwhile, ust delermine its social destiny for any interference, ccessarily be that t of a just World 3 Marx and Engels an a dog-eat dog
socialism and of g enough ICW to from impo sing emony, War and the World. These g our belowed Cous hote: land of e a very strong. to the uppetites, d excesses of the e present stage. cep Asia, Africal merica and their םcחנE tהb &i וונטs fr and colonized by
not go back to will be preserved; advance along the ass, and in thing in prevent this.
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Page 15
Current topic
FTZ: Getting off
lthough free ports have been
in cxistence fur a long time, the free trade zone is a new concept, the first such zone being set up in Shannon, Ireland, in 1958. The first Asian F7 was the Kaohsiung Zone in Taiwan, begun in 1965. Since then zories hawe begun in South Korea, tihe Philippines, Malaysia and Indone5. Il
Asian countries hul ve set up FT Zs in order to acquirc foreign exchange through exports, creatic new jobs and obtain technology. Developing countries like Sri Lankal set up industrics in the early sixties to promote import substitution. But internal powerty restricted the market that such industrialization nceded. Fuirther, dependence on imported machinery and materials circated new balan çe of payment problems, and revealed that import-substitution did not automatically result in an indipendent development of national industry.
In the early seventies countries like Sri Lanka shifted to exportoriciited industrialisation iul order to contain these problems. Lacking capital, teclinology and access to markets the tendency was to look for foreign in west illent. The White Paper of 1972 and the Foreign Invest Iment Gua Tantee Law of 1975 have low culminated in the Greater Colombo Economic Co In missior, sct up carlier this year. Within the GCEC we have the first two Export processing 2ones at Katunayake and at Biyaga illa.
The Katunayake Zone is under developriment. Around twenty projects have been approved by the Government, half a dozen of which have been signed up. Thc Katunayake Zone covering 600 acres is large-so large that the security problem is obvious. Products from within the Zone could be sinuggled into the rest of the country.
A curious fea is that the GC manufacturers exports into thc This would be the avowed obj of foreign excl Zone. Such expi
raged in other
There has b * over sell of t The FTA has b panacca for all cularly towards sc ment problem. suçccssful Asian siung Export Pr Taiwan provides - and this aftcr an effort to mak attractive, forcig before the GCEC employment poti plants.
The investors f expressing a 1xiety tion that they job-banks. It al the GCEC is sh clear the land in sct up the infra OW the Il () st happening in 1 manual felling o
There has beer dragging in the EPZ II frast Tulct like communicati ily now being brings us to planning and op
Sri Lanka’s El businessmen, doc The wisdol of men key posts i questiore til by possibilitics of cor And the Te Arc Inen at the heln csficacy of havir. administrators is
Ewell Dr. Wis w been brouglit in

the ground
ure of our Zone C pla]s to at low pto 50 percent national market.
së vere: blo ty to :ctive of earning ange from the TťS å Te Il0t ČIl Couones.
in an obvious e Zone idea. en held up as the Dull ils. Partiwing the cimployYet the lost zonc, the Kachocessing Zone in only 42,000 jobs teti years. In Le their projects 1 in Yestors con ing are inflating the ential of their
or their part are about the suggesecruit from tlıė so appears that drt of funds to
lle EPZ ald ;tructure. Upto
cxciting thing he EPZ is the coconut trecs.
a lot of footaunching of the tal equipncnt, in cquipment, is
ordered. This he question of rating the zone,
Z is headed by is a Tld lawyers. iving businessthe (GCE iš hose who see licts in interests. veral businessFurther, the топ — рау папешt oubtful.
lingan, who has to co-ordinate
the infrastructure, is only a consultatt. An engineer draws around Rs. 150 per hour. Dr. See
vali Ratwattle is a permanent official.
Given the poor organisation,
the Zonc Administration is failing to attract peuple of high calibre. One Central Bank expert reverted back to his old post after one frustrating month at the GCEC. The bulk of the work hal 5 therefore fallen on young, inexperienced officers.
As a result, no proper project evaluation is being done. No preference is being given to industries that usc loc: ll Tak w minatĽrials. Our industrics at thic present only absorb 7,000 tons of rubber - 200,000 tons being exported. Yet no effort is being made to set up rubber based industries.
What is forgotten is that unlike Singapore or Hong Kong, which can only be pure ser wice facilities, Sri Lanka is rich in natural resources. Little attempt is being Inade to harness these resources.
Projects that are up for consideration concentrate on recouping their investment in two or three years. Further invest Incint would be dependent on the suitability of the facilities provided. If Sri Lalka does not provide efficient and adequate infrastructure services,
investors will pull out at the carliest late, thus leaving employees and related industries in the lurch.
The London Financial Tinies has already voiced its reservations about the way the GCEC is getting about the setting up of zones. There is Illucill that needs redress, if one accepts the premise that. the pattern of growth generated by an EPZ is the kind of development that Sri Lanka needs.
- J. S.
13

Page 16
Food production
Roadblocks
by Ranjit Mulleriyawa
Sio domestic food production and achieving selfsufficieIncy in food have been the avowed
objectives of every government for led in Sri Lanka during the past thirty years. Nevertheless,
despite considerable effort and enormous sums of money ploughed
into various grow more food' campaigns, very little progress appears to hawe been made in this nation's effort to feed
itself. Not even the technological innovations spawned by the "green revolution' of the Ilid - 1960s seem to ha Ye made any significant impact on our search for self sufficiency in food. This is clearly bone out by the fact that despite an 'exceptionally good Tice harvest during "Illaha' 1977-78, Sri Lanka's average rice yield continued to be a meagre 55 bushells per acre.
In an effort to collect authentic information of factors limiting food production in this country, the writer and his wife spent ten years living and Working among the peasant farmers of our dry zone colonization schemes. In a further bid to experience reality, they decided to become farmers themselves cultivating a five acre plot of land with a variety of crops- rice, corn, sorghum, soyabean, chilli, onion, Cowpea, green gram and black gram. This article attempts to spotlight some of the major constraints to increasing domestic food production as scen from a grass roots level.
In consistent policies: Inconsistent agricultural policy has been a major factor stifling food production in our country. A case in point is the present government's
decision to lift the ban on the importation of subsidiary food crops. In an effort to stimulate
local production of chillies, onions and puls es, the previous govern
14
Sayatears grgo
lent in posed a these products. attractive prices, of subsidiary fot a significant inc political change: about turn in a with a resultant
the cultivation c
Another good ould agricultur: previous governi flood the Illar! (PL 480) wheat local farmers w tÒ the governme manioc and ba for rice and fli Teap their harv attractive mat In anioc and bat; almost overnigh
 

griculture
LkLOTTT T CMtT TTL LT TLLLLLTTTCCCLL TtLGLLLLLLLS
Markering is the proller.
ath oil importing Encouraged by local production d crops registered rease. Subsequent resulted in all gricultural policy serious set back to fhese crops.
example of unspolicy is the lent's decision to et with imported flour just when Lo had responded it's call to grow ala as substitutes Ir were about to its and profit by et prices. The a market crashed leaving many
farmers distraught and Today ha Tidly a nyonc ΟΠ ξ1
local penni less. grows IIna nioc and ba tala commercial scale!
UIrealistic planning: One of the greatest tragedies of this country is the tendency on the part of many of it's agricultu Tal planners and policy makers to be completely alienated from the mainstream of life in the country - the Turali masses who constitute our fa. TIning population. As such, many of the high powered plans and programs for rural upliftinent drawn up in the air conditioned offices of Colombo have very little relevance to the solution of Teal problems at grass root level.
Real understa inding of Tural problems can only be accomplished

Page 17
by living among the rural masses and carefully observing their trials and tribulations throughout at least one cropping season.
Farmer training: In adequate farmer training is a major obstacle to agricultural progress Since this nation's effort to food production has been traditionally relegated to the relatively
illiterate
incircase
vigorous farmer education program is all urgent necessity,
peasantry, a
A significant breakthrough in our agricultural production can only be accomplished by diligent El pplication of the principles of scientific agriculture. The highest priority must therefore be given to expanding the present agricultural extension ser wice as well as improving the quality and out look of soilae of our extension workers.
Inputs: Non availability of essential inputs (seed, agro-chenicas etc.)
fertilizer, in sufficient quantity when required often act as a major constraint in the battle to increase food production. This is also frequently the major factor limiting effective utilization of agricultural credit. Every effort must be made to provide farmers with the entire package of essential imputs When they are given their cul [i'w ation Pritted instructions suitable cultural practices and proper use of agro-chemicals may also be included in this package of inputs.
lo; Ils. detailing
Marketing: Poor facilitics for the marketing of farm produce arc the bane of the Sri Lankan
farmer. Paddy is tural commodii sold fairly easi price. The farm exploited by th marketing of all Tal produce, (In the Rajarata fa only four rupees dried chilli and of cowpea while the same product at twice the purc
Gowerlinent j. ted with the ta:
(cc}mmodities ot] function in an a case in point is t ting Board's cle. Stop purchasing black graIm iri m No one seemed t
ssary to make al its for marketin
Neithër did the the elementary ming the public; expected to re these commoditie
Mechanization: of farm mechan received any at years has been
לו 15 It äldcquate attentic. to other aspects
factors,
such as the pro processing machi equipment,
All Over the d are finding it e to obtain su particularly duri Mechanization s

the only agriculy which can be ly at a realistic 1r is mercilcssly trader in the other agricultumid July this year Iners were paid for a pound of Rs. 1.50 per pound the trader sold : to the consumer na se price!)
Institutions entrusk of purchasing ler than paddy d hoc manner. A he Paddy Markeision to suddenly soyabeans and id June this year. o consider it neceternate arrangemeg thes legumes!
P. M. B. exteld :ourtesy of infoabout when they :Suine purchasing
S.
The only aspect ization that has in Tecent the provision of cry essential that In be also given of mechanization vision of grain nery and seeding
tention
ry zone farners Xtremely difficult fficient la bourng the cet Ins to be
har West.
the
only way out for most of these farmerš.
The Mahaweli Development Board in particular would do well to give the highest priority to mechanizing the paddy harvest. Failure to give adequate attention to this facet of agricultural produr ction would soon result in fainers being faced with the dilemma of having a maturing crop in the field and still be unable to process it due to insufficient labour.
rice
Due to the antiquated Inethods of grain processing still in Vogue in our country, many farmers loose 10-15 per cent of thicir rice harvest. (Shattering and threshing floor losses) When rains occur during harvest, grain losses may been be as high as 30 - 50 cent Small machines such as paddy reapers, threshers, and grain driers would go a long way ill reducing this un necessary was te besides hclping to provide a cleaner and superior grade of rice to the consumer,
LANKA, GUARDIAN
Reyfed Staliscript for Rates (for six months)
Local Rs. 30
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Cheques and Inoncy orders to bc. made out in favour of
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Thc Circulation Manager, Lanka Guardian Publishers Ltd. South Asian Media Centre 3rd Floor, YMBA building, 126328, Main Street, Colombo 1.
15

Page 18
| The arts
Pathiraja, politi
by Reggie Siriwardena
t is just over four years since
Dharmasena Pathirija made his first impact on thic Sinhala cinella with A has Ga 11" va. Since that time hi has coupleted four other films, the newest to reach the screen being Barbari Ayrth, now running in the cin:Imas. In Alta Gaya Pathiraja showed himself to be a filin-I taker of strikingly fresh and original talent, with a genuine feeling for the meliu III that was mot obscured by the inevitable technical roughnesses of a first film. But what Irist attracted the attention of younger filmgors and critics to the fill was that it brought in to that Sinhala cinema a thenin : a Tid ån experience that had hitherto not becn touched in it.
A fra Ga'ya explorTed thıę: liwes of lower middle-class urban youth; unemployed, alienated from their family life and secking a direction and purpose. It was right to recognis2 in the film's experience the voice of a new generation, But in critical interpretation the ending perhaps got note emphasis than it should have. Pathiraja left his caltral character marching and cheering in a May Day procession. The way in which he citina to be there did not suggest that the director was offering this as a dceply considered political commitment. But critics who had been talking of the need for 'committed cine Ella" were all too ready to fit Pathiraja to this image, and perlaps some of his own statements at that time may have lent themselves to it.
The films themsel wes do not in fact bear out this view. What they do show, with one exception, is his concern to explore and iluminato contemporary social relationships. The excepetion was Eyadei Loki LaFayek, which seems to me a conscious compromise with the box-office-when one has
1.
praisel Malini Π14ΠCς ίΠ it, or exhausted its wi Tamil language though not, I th realised (except Scenes) was, in and searching exa and marriage in Para Digey (whic see for quite som; youпg па11 tгуіг Im Q rey for bli 3 g å. Il ab Tition. Only is there an expli political ideas, b film nor elsewhe Pathi Taja a film-Y offer political sc problen15.
in a radio int. Pathiraja answer asked him on th that it was not film-maker to ol t[]. H. Wake:T1 thẽ å WL reness of Sol, had ignored. W has - his dis Led, they will 1 Sclves How they sł raja's explanatior as an artist (whi inferred from the remilded E13 of а 19h-сепuгу үй in connection wi "the IOT the author retain h for the work of “the author iš In th: real der ol a historical Tesoluti conflicts whiçlı h Writer wassi FTlied [will Sup טונט ם n inclifferent to the ; Hrt. This wičу 5. I with that of som Who Walle literat Olly so far as i ån overt political

:s and cinema
*onseka's perfor
e has virtually rtues. But the film, Portari.
ink, cinematically in a fews triking cone eption, a bold mination of dowry
Jaffna Society. laudiences won't time) is about a Ig to raise the irl-fremd to hawe
in Barıları Ayith cit reference to ut neither in this : re in his work is laker concerned to lutions to social
er wic w last month, cd a question I is point by saying the task of the Ifer solutions but audience to E. In :ial realities they hel the audience covery, he suggesecide for thelllould Ect. Pathiof his purpose çı, one could have films themselves) the state The It of riter who said, th tille inco wel, that opinions of the iddel, the botter art, and that it obliged to serve platter the future ion of thic social e describes." The ich Engels, whom Jose to have been social functions of 1 marked contrast e Marxist" critics ure or the cincima t is a vehicle for | message.
Barbaru Ayith, which Was directed by Pahiraja from his own story and script, is ket in a fishing willage, and was shot on location in Kalpitiya. The wasps who hawe come-in the Words of the title - are a young man, Wictor, and his friends from the city, who arrive in a jeep to muscle in on the fishing trade in the village. Although Wictor has been brought up in the city, he is actually the som of a muda lali who dominated the village fishing business, until he grew old and ill and had to retire. In his absence a new boss has grown up - Anthony - who has risen from the ranks of the fisherman to become a muda lali. With Victor's arrival, there develops a conflict between lhirn and Anthony - a conflict which represeInts a clash between an old-style patriarchal exploiter who is part of the village and the new, more impersonal money-power that Wictor embodics. Into this conflict, which is both personal and social, the whole willage is dra will until there is a violent denouement.
In Banbart. A with Pathiraja shows a maturity as film-maker and a control over his medium beyond anything in his previous films. Barbaru A with has a tense power, cnhanced by its vigorous and salty dialogue, the strength of the playing (especially Joe Abeywickrema's dominating performance as Anthony). Pre Illa siri Khemadasa's very imaginative score (the three background lyrics are a new depar turc in Sinhala film-music), and the briiliance With which Donald

Page 19
Karunaratne'e camera has captured the sun-baked landscapes and faces in the film. But it is the social content of the film that has provoked most discussion and arguIII ent sic: last month’s preview, ånd i is likely to trigger open critical controversy by the time this article appears in print.
There are two questions that I have heard raised in private discussion about the film over the last few weeks. One: Does Pathiraja reject the ideas of socialism in the person of the character played by Wimal Kumar de Costa, the young pseudo-intellectual who talks left-wing phrases. Two: Is the ending without hope?
Tllć first obserwation I Want t[] make about these questions is that Ole doesn't really need Costa's speech in the marketplace to realise the fact of exploitation in the village, either before or after Wictor's arrival. The words only give imperfect theoretical expression to the living reality that one sees brought out in the actual social huIInan relationships in the film. The speech throws more light on Costa himself than of the social Icalities of the village.
In Cos'a's role Pathiraja suggests both a contradiction between beliefs and living, as well as a failu Te to rech the people he wat s to com Licate With. That failure is the result both of the Contradiction in his own personElity and of the abstractness of his theorising. Hence his total isolation by the end of the film.
As for the view that thic encling is defeatist, I think one is back here to the question whether art should portray Teality as it is cor as one would wish it to be. The gulf in communication between the alicated left-wing intellectual and the village fisherman is part of the reality that the film-maker sces. Within that situation and within thc community that the
film portrays, i to smuggle in a No mort than film-maker “obli platter the futur ion of the socio he describes".
While I don't Pathiraja's intent boh he ad 1 led into error i role over-much, the problem of impact on the Ell
xor
°ሶሳ፦ ኮቨ
 
 

. Woluld be unreal hopeful resolution. he novelist is the led to serve on a historical resolutill conflicts which
III is talk: CT fault ions here, I think - actor have been n guying Cosla's and this part of the ending in its Idicince. There is,
it secons to me, a certain shift in Costa's attitudes at this point: his a grower the death of Francis, Wictor's servant, is Ical, and he sländs apart fru IIn his friends at thc end. This lakes hill a more sympathclic and somewhat more scrious figure (there is both digInity and pathos in his lonely dicpartu Tc), but if the audicince has by then bcc induced to treat him as a "funny mala”, they Illuay find it difficult to sco him in any other light.
Firlenri
^
KHagë, gun.Tries
book is at the other end of the store."
17

Page 20
What ais
by H. A. Seneviratne
he Siahala film is faccid with
a crisis. It is a crisis of quality 3 indi content that has not grown Very much with the naturity of the film-goer. The local film-goer has by and large TL1241 urCicl Tot so much by seeing great Sinhala films but by getting bored with the rush of low quality ones with hacked themes and disorted views of life. He has also matured due to Secondary and higher education coupled with the day to day experiences of distress and suffering, both economic and social Naturally, the Inuney bags in the fill industry are Wocfully lacking in intellectual acu Illien to grasp this phenomton. What is more important is that we still lack outstEnding film directors who understand life both in general and in a particular social matrix.
The result is Inost pathetic. W HTC present cd with two types of films in general. The usual type is the Coille with a superficial touch of modernity but essentially retaining the ingredients of the age old easy and cheap formula of love, fights, songs, dances, hero, girl, villain etc. The other is the othe Which purports to give Llis El **slice of life”” Els i, were, but in fact giving nothing ITore ths in a half-baked slice which soiletics leads to various internal irritations: This half-bakcd slice is of course licely wrapped to please the eye. In short this second type of film which is often highly commended by half-baked critics, contain ju Enp-cuts, fashbacks, cross-cuts Zoo ills, close-ups fade-ins, fade-outs and a multitude of other technical ties of form but are barrel in contein.
This is broadly thic position of the Sinhala cinema today as the State Film Corporation is plåII ning apparently to increa.se charges from film-golČrs, hÇçirding tÇ äl så tement made by thc Chitman of the Corporation (now геsigned) Upasena Mara singhe... (scc “Desafiya”, published by the Ministry of Infortration and Broadcasting, 30-5-78 -
18
Sinh;
This article is discuss the main ional barriers th the present hani ectors and Scrip ticular, from Te A Sinllala fill arised the legal ol il the Censor follo Wing terms :
“Cur grcätest Board, The Ce: our intelligence custodly. We lil thing new and silicit sincCWC 5 L Board will eith: it. (Trafis lated 30-5-78.)
The gravity o can be ascertail: glathçe: Et tilę. PLI Ordinanci: which setting up of * ties'', comill (nly consor boards. Public Peifra the 'certifying discretion to gia certificate withol or for that mi perform Ence, calni or presented, to premises, whether In the case of a a certificate the Eggrieved party to the Millster, shall be final Apart from the reledy in this PerfoTImances ( N. 1 l of 1965) offence liable cxceeding one th to imprisoninet cription for any p ing six months' publishes in any to an order of the ty! This complete discussion or tE proper public publication of Cri of a censor bord curl ailment of t to critise, in this of the Censor E

alla film ?
an attempt to legal and institutLa t pre Welt eyem dful of fill dit Writers in paràchig maturity. makUI has summiJstacle personified
Bba Td, ir1 the
bataclc is thic Censor Ischer Bord hang Liikel
and thoughts into *C EC) (TC3Ho SQIT):= iifferent. We remain spcct that the Censor bill' (T "Cerist' frçTI “Destiya" af
f this iEldictmerit Led by a cursory blic Perfor Tallces provides for the Certifying althorireferred to as Section 6 of the :es Ordinance gives authority' the . It Cor refuge El it which a film, tter any public ill be '"exhibited the public in any public or private". ly refusal to grant only led Tess the has is to appeal whose decision' End conclusive.” lack of any legal case, the Public Amendillent) Act has Thade it an to “ ‘ file mot Lousa I d Tupices or of either deseriod not exced, if any person Way any reference : certifying authorily shuts out proper le formation of opinion through ticisi fa decision This is a drastic lhe democraic right ise - the activities 3ợHTd, Thẹ: fi[[11=
maker is rendered helpless against this formidable obstacle. The script writer's freedom of thought is th. Warted even before he takes up his pel to write.
This brings us to the question of script writing which is the foundation for the creation of any good film.
The ex-Chairmall of the State Film Corporation stating the policy of the Corporation had this to say on this Imatic ;
"It is or objective to assist, through the film edium, the Illich towards h: "frce Hnd rightCous socicty" that the President has proprised. We will It Ell' hi: producti F fil 15 halt är: Critir Elry to this äitin. We: spicially act wery strongly against films that depict sex and violence. We have appointed a special board for the pLI"pose (if approving film 3-Cripts". *De5:Atiya" 3[]-5-78)
One can just imagine what type of film scripts will come up under these arbitrary "guide lines' set cout by the State Filrını Corporation, which has full control over all a spects ef the film industry in this country. There is hardly any option for Eny ordinary script Writer but to ful in line with the “guide lines' of the political party in power. The result of this can be disastrous for the Sinhala film industry itself in that precentage of Sinhala film-goers may not be so lucrative in the future if these "guide lines' are to be followed.
The State Film Corporation also has a separate institution called the “Film Script Bank', sometimes literally bank scripts in coid stor Elge I can speak with personal knowledge about a script (written by me) duly presented six months a go but still renaining to be decided upon by the so-called special board for the purpose of approving film scripts. We evic

Page 21
do not know who these gentlement Callcd upon lo preside over the su turc of works of Earl in the: film IIncidiurlı a II e.
The Corporation wants to assist in the Inarch inwards a free and right cous Society. It looks as if it wants to do it - of course under the directions of the governmentby methods which are the very opposite of freedom and righteousness. The Public Perfor II na Inces Ordinance which remains unal cred and the State Film Corporation Which Temains appa Tently ulındaunted be rays signs of feat of other people's frcedom End righteousness.
The in possibility for scripts of a high aesthetic value to emerge if script writers slick to the narrow thinking of thic State Film Coporation is quite obvious. A script of high aesthetic value will definitelly hEl ve to go beyond and cycn bc critical cf the govern Ill cnt's concept of freedom and righteousness since a real Work of art will have to derive its raw na terial and in 5pirillion from the existing social reality. After all, if the government is Sure of its righteousness, Why should it be a fraid of the artisLic truth? But under the present set up such a film script can be just Tejeeled by the film script board, and that’t the end of it. Even if such a film script gets the approval of the film script board by sheer din of artistic Im erit, there is the Censor Board at the other end to do the need ful. And the law assures that there is no public campaign against the decision of the Censor Board. So the people have been shut out from being the final judge.
It is time for intelligent and right thinking people interested in the film art and industry to seriously consider whether or not hic censor boardl And the State Film Corporation hawe become obstacles to the development of a genuine cinem E. It is high tine to start a Serious discussion (11 this matter as a first step towards taking positive steps to assist in the development of such a cinema.
Press of
A question the Four N
everal res
have slid that the price to liscourage wheat flour a eating of ricef was the policy What we wish the government agreement to S Did it forget signed the agre adopt the polic Inill was set u the country wil in rice, say so ment supporte: thinks the gow: of its ter TT. I did the govern tWelty y EELT 4g the flour ill ignore the critici this del End T agreement even
in this prop te di Coult befol was signed
somebody was the commissio reason, hasn't Inow to suffer
Why not co the police?
Činitions ] för lĖW liw e without fe demt and reque let eith cI the
 
 

binion
about
bonsible Ministers at different times of flour was raised ..he consumption of ind cncourage the lour foods. If this of the government to know is how сапne to Bign an et up a flour mill. this fact when it elent or did it !y only after the p? By next year be self-sufficient The of the governrs; definitely so, rnment, by the end In that casc why ment enter into a reement to set up And why did it sms levelled against 'ush to sigIn the after the defects iOS all were poilre the agreement Was it because in a hurry to pocket 1 Whatever the the whole country this loss
!סntrג
have been created biding citizens to ar, says the Presists the public to MP of the area or
SSSS SSS SS LS SSSSSS
the President himself know if the police harass any member of thc Public. When the President made this announcement two men taken into police custody had dictd. After the last July election the situation that prevailed in the country was so dreadful that people were wondering whether it was the police, hand in hand with same lawless group, that had come to power. Although the President Wants the public to let him know of Police ha rassments, the գutStion has to be asked what he was doing when the Leader of the Opposition was being harassed by the police. In these circumstances to say that conditions Fıtı ve been created for law abidii1g citizens to live without fear is joke,
No reply, only a wail
lle President has not succeeded
in replying to any of the significant points raised by Mrs. Bandaranaike in her speech made in the National Assembly. In our opinion there were two obligations he should hawc fulfilled when he addressed the UNP's Executive Council. One is that he should have attempted to meet thc objection raised against those clauses in the Constitutional Bill that have incurred thc displeasure and critiCişlı of the public. The Second is that hČ should hawe replied to the points made in parliament by Mrs. Bandaranaike. Instead of these he has illerely raised a wail -- thic UNIP's pan acca, from the day it came to power - against Mrs. Bandaranaike's Tule. The government party MPs, too, instead of replying to Mrs. Bandaranaike have repeated the same old wail.
19

Page 22
| Interview
The Asian appro
Mr. Am III nugama: Reading Marfir Wickrer77 asinghe, you ffred a sort of certral therre in the resevoir or the 14’ater tark and the “edagoba"" ||
the religious edifice. In sorte af his book, lika and "Kalu Nika Eeveerma" he describes this point af view.
Da JyP like o co PP YP7e77 ar your reading of Martin KWickremasinghe's philosophy?
Dr. Needhan: Well, I am in a difficulty there because unfortunately I don't read Sanskrit o I Pali Cor Sinhalese. So I have been only able to read what was published of him in English and I certainly do hope that for example his novcis his trilogy will be translated into English in the near future so that it can be available as World Literature to read cris all over the World. As long as it stays in Sinhala, then it is obviously restricted in its readership. So I am in a difficult position about him and my relation with him is bct ter described in terms of persomal friendship and personal discussion because I found when I got to know him, and was honoured by his friendship, that he was really a kindred spirit. He was interested in comparative religion, comparative theology and philosophy, the history of science and technology and the history of literature because he had this remarkable faculty of interpreting the great Russians like Dosteowsky Tolstoy, Turgenew, Gogol and so on in terms of ideas originating in Asia.
In a way it is a great pity that there hasn't been more studies of Western writers from the Asian point of Wiew. I car think of only a small number besides Martin Wickremasinghe. There was also Jasin Tam who still holds a lecturcTship in Cambridge. He made a remarkable study from thc Chinese angle of Edmund Spenser's “Fairy Queen" in which
քՍ
'Sirihala Lakuria”
The second FrP. The ir fe Mfiri Isfry of appeared in or
hic discussed åIl concepts like gu such ideas from And recently I resting book by in which he tlh the ideas or Johr again from the ( cause he is ex although hê is Would be intere Wickremasingle's all be published tional language would be availa E over the world, if more Asiam approach Wester. Way they ought Ina mely as One understanding th: possible contribu' Film Cong other Čul with all those p. universality and u so on which hawe Culturc so Inu-ch.
Mr. A. Enlilugan Chiriese philosoph or less islettified thouglafs Gard durinT
Pe're had Freys Safected to sever do o lad freys crific's FF. His rig
Pould pot fik role of Corficius intellectual Traditi vicissirudes af C III Chia?
Dr. Needhan: something about Confucius must : as a historical fig of time in which after all was r

ach
art of a radio inter yiely with Dr. Joseph Needrviewer Pas Mr. Sarath Afrikantgarna, Secretary,
riforrriation
and Broadcasting, Ar issue No, ó of July 1, 5)
(The first part
Forts of important ilt and sin and a Chinese angle. read another intea Chinese Jesuit oroughly dissects Henry Ncwman, hinese angle, betremely Chinesc a priest. So it sing if Martin writings could in an interinaso that they ble to people all I wish very much scholars would in writings in the o be approached, possible way of 2 Universe or 0Ile tion of a culture tures instead of retensions towards niquc validity and : Spoilt Europeal n
la: Ir Sri Lartika J has beer Flore ' 1 'ith Corficious” g the last few years είται Μις ήταν ιδέει écriticism. La fer that perhaps the
Seer.
2 fo describe fhre
i the Chinese o77 ardfhe preser ! officius' rhoughts
Why, I can say that, of course. lways be taken gure in the setting hic liwcd which, ound about 500
B. C. NewcItheless, it is the case I would certainly say that solicbody else's thoughts are a great dical more important for China of the present clay than Confucius' and I am sure everybody knows whom I am referring to. Well, in recent years especially when Mao Tse-tung was gei ing very old there Werc influences at work in China which were very un fortumate-I would also say dangerous particularly the so-called Gang of Four which I will refer to as the G4, because in the first place I don't like Communist jargon and in the second place you need in abbreviation. So during the dominance of the G4 there was very serious interference with historical research, with science and consequently with all technology and everything had to do with production and the technological aspects of production. In fact people in China recently, because I have been there during the past four and a half weeks, don't hesitate to say that if the actions of the G4 had not becil curtailed, it would have brought the country to the verge of economic collapse. Now what could this possibly mean? l would say that their ideology, was a kind of heresy of Mao’s ideology.
I talk like this because I am a Western (Christian and I knc yy something about the history of the Christian Church and while in Buddhism the concept of heresy really has never played any great part, it has played a big part in the history of thc Church in the West and there were many occasions when it was very dangerous and one that comes to my mind is the Cultus Ignoranti-the Cult

Page 23
of Ignorance which you get in St. Bernhard d” Clare Werve and other important Christian thinkers throughout the Ages. Now this Cult ČIf Ignoraince is a very da Ingerous thing bcCalluse it arIncounts to sying that as long as your opinions året right about thic exact I cilation of the Three Persons of the Holy Trinity or soil ething, so it doesn't matcr what else you do, in a sense that you don't need to learn anything or study anything or be expert in anything-all that doesn't matter at all, it's better not to know too much about Ilature, or make experiments or anything like that, Ell tinis is å Walsts of time,
Believe it or not this attitude Was precisely that of the G4 and they mounted an attack really on all intellectuls al Indl scien Lists and teclı mologists i 1 particula I. It Was In't, of course, the Three Persons in the Holy Trinity that Lhey Were interested in being orthodox On the contrary it was the class struggle, but if you take the line that an Orthodox attitude to the class struggle is the only thing that II alters and that you don't need scientists and technologists and scholars, and if you take the line that it is necessary only to be red and not red and expert, then you are heading straight for disaster-catastrophe. And this is what [hey just averted. Now at the present time there is a wery Coptimistic atmosphere il Chin.
People talk freely about a springlime of Science; they even talk about a new long march. Science has been liberated as we see in the Science Policy Conference which took place last April when they were given guidelines for an enor Inous development of Scicnce and Technology in Chinese culture. I think it is rather important to get this straight because unless onc has a background of the G4 properly one can't understand the Science Policy Conference. Nevertheless it has given the keynotes for the future and I hawe rio doubt that thcTe will bc enormous advances. After all when you come to think of it you've got 800 million people with an amazing reserve of talent. It is a question of getting it out, getting
it ta Lught, putting i and that talent will out, whęther it is or in computing whatever you lik Chinese people hav, IeSCIWe. So that I furtu måte for the f that this heresy with as far as it recent times.
Of course, that main thing we st When We were t interested in all k logical things and i too like for inst Ilaking traditional On the One: la Lind hatnd the li test re
chemists and pl Shanghai. And I. what Slrath Arnult
ing a few minute: a Winderful visit translated it. Ille: Cal all’’. It was t t canal in any civil built by an cingine in 213 B. C. Id Was to unité tilg northward flowing
El bout 25 miles
through the hills w of a south Ward flo Would give access
The result was tha come up thc Shar North and go throl Canala. In the ride Jan to the South t.
Well, for the 1st you Inust admit amazing Work and glad to Say Lihat i tioning today, not of barges colling don't need that wa ; bult it is used irrigation canal in full of Water lnd in perfect repair, photograph, for ex tem of spillways Water le Wel constal Lihat kind.
Mr. Amunugama: charges do you fee of Chira — you’ve

deas il its head l certainly come in space physics mathematics, or a to say. The "E. E. II)
think it is very ut Lure as a whole as been deat has been in
was not the died in China here-We Were inds of archaein modern things El ince, factories Chinese drugs [JT []11 tho: {7!ho:T 'sults of the biohysiologists in inking up with пugaпа was sayi ägo, we had ...do lhe Lin Chi— ins the “magic le first contour ization. It was èT called ShıLI LLu what het did : Waters of a river by a cana | lŮng Snaking ith the waters Wing river which to the SOIth. t bhTges coull Jan froll the lugh the Lill Chi : Wrl the Lee O Canto.
t Century B. C. that it is an I am extremely it is still funcin the sense through-they er traffic nowlargely as an ow and it is it is kept up Oile can go and Eample, thc syswhich kept the 1 and things of
: NY. "I rese a! that the past FPFF f a fet frie
Tuneinto
BRSTOL SPORTS NEWS
every evening at 730 over SLBCchannel2

Page 24
being intere sted in this field–has sorie inpact, sorte relevance for its addern period with its for Pri odernisis ariď sa ori ? FVhať ďo you think is the impact of this hurriar herifage for the preser gres !
of Chira ?
Dr. Needham: Well, I think it is very Televant. Incidentally you talk about a lifetill but it is only half a lifetille because I was a scientist for half IIy life and I turned into : historian of science only after that work. It is true I do know a little about China, probably more than some people and I would say that the past is extremely relevant, Because one of the groups of people that was hard hit by the G4-the activities of the G4-was the historians of science and I was very
happy to spend in Peking discuss problems and heE were doing and th histo Tians of scie good indeed, and ing quite: Tapidly om development.
But there is a think it would to mention hic Te China is extreme the Chinesc are sly faithful to it betrayed it had t tern Capitalism, Capitalistm is a tel in Wetion. It W anywhere in A5i; that ås far as 1 concerned, when its full blotm in the War, the Iino
Cryptic Crossword No. 5
by Stripex
Across CLUES
1. Possibly heroic pairs (7,8)
regulis (9) 10. Oklahoma city (5)
S- Ices put overleaf shortly can be made to give stathing
1. Confused age the British queen follows, excited (5) 12. Also first could be some printuitive car wing dug up. (3,5) 13. ...but Count that is a good than follows soonest (8) 14. Guinea pig's cousin is first rate, without illness (6)
17. Kingship, we hcar, cast away (6) 19. Two objections (3,3,2} 22. Liter from tuber cigs (5,4)
24. Reverse Wehicle with hesitation - he's a fast one (5) 25. Løng lọ81 Iặto Rivor in Brazil has mure than Dne mữuth (5)
26. Zoltan Karpathy e.g. (9)
27. Test last pool car, it could begin to fall to picces (5,28)
חwיםם
1. DCIIIons Litations over present E-Talions
2. Junior 3. Bury prospect of conference (9) 4. ClogS, 5ay, too I Lurra styllish (2,5) 5. Attacks while filming? (6) 5. Pat I lov to court (5) 7. Swiss town (7) B. Much of a muchness (5.10)
5)
15. To get there on time your letter had better (2,3-4)
16. It's not up to fecds (4,-4) 18. Get a lar for the boat racing (T)
20. Price M. D. takes to remove wrinkles (7)
21. Tongue to urgc" (6) 23. Cook he joint (5)

a day with then ing our common Irilg Wh1äat Lib1èy „ey hawe excclleTıt Ince, ve Ty, very they are publishall sorts of books
aother way which
be worthwllhilė where the past in lly importait and being tTeImelda Lu
and would hawe hey taken to Wesbca Lise Wesle IIl rrifically Western as Ilot in Weited and 1 in ust say he Chinese Were they hal it in Shanghai before Te they saw the
less they liked it. Anyway tradiLional Chinese society was composcd of theoretically non-acquisitive intelectual elite, namedy the Mandriac, i he civil officials chosen by examination fron the mass of the peuple and serving one single Emperor.
In the same way also low, under Socialis TT, L hic Chinese a Te really continuing their ancient tradiLions. You can't say LI ncha mgeld because of course the Party Cadre of the present day is a wery different type of being from the Civil Official of for inct days. But evertheless the basic idea of the Society organised and r Lil by a non-acquisitive, non-hcreditary elite is solething which has persisted right through and the Chinese hawe 1e yeI been more faithful than they are 11W,
Solution to Cryptic Crossword No. 4
AROSS:- .
WEarll 13 12. Eryr';
8. To speak 25. Alibi
33. Berg.
DOWN- .
5. Exact estimates 7. Agrict
A.
15 Skindiving
Mock 3. Of shocs and
TIL 20. Graphic
29. Etat 30, Historian 31. EL&mi
Mifany tlı img5
10. North II. The
14. Stårtled Ifi. IIIէtյIllէ:3 2!. EdilitJI1 23. Cesspool
32. Fçesi
2. CäTWę 4. Fatc:5
8. Du8t
19. Eli 2 I. Coolies
5. Hiellit
9. Thi tie has Ciri
24. Els je
25. Leno. 27. Irent 23. Ship.

Page 25
News background , , ,
( Солтfннғd from: page )
the sama Corporatiol. He is one M. Cecil de Mel froFIl Moratu Wa. I saw hill when they were leaving the Corporation premises. I really fell sorry for this gentleman. Some of the are genuine NPTS though they have joined the Ceylon Mercantile Union.
“These are the words a lady si to met who works in the Corporation : " I really do not know why they ate assaulting
people in this. It gusted with the the Government.
NPer's not like called themselve When the SLFP were S.L.F.Pers a greer. I think end to this, oth Only blami Ču other parties wi when they hear own camp.' "
ls it worth farming?
he Jaffna farmer is compelled to sell his chillies at five
rupees a pound while his cost of production is Rs. 7.50. The Raja Rata peasant is lucky if the trader offers him even Rs. 4- for his chillics! Therc is Illo demand for locally grown "Lanka parippu' because of imported Imaš Oor dhal. There is no organisation to purchase soyabeans and black gram since the Paddy Marketing Board abandoned such purchases owcr six weeks Bg.0.
Million of upces worth of imported Seed potatoes are rotting in the stores. Our farmers no longer consider potato growing a profitable went urc. Cultivations of batala (sweet potato) and manioc ate as extinct a 5 the Dodo!
Despite an exceptionally good rice harvest durig "maha" 1977–78, the average rice yield in Sri Lank: was only 55 bushels per acre. An average peasant far Hier owning three acres of paddy land in a government colonization Schcine obtains a rice yield of 165 bushells per Seå S0 till -- A gTOSS Teturn of R5. 600/- (assuming he sells all his paddy at the guaranteed price of Rs. 40/ - per bushel).
What are the farmer's liabilities He needs Rs. 2,350/- to pay his cultivation loan, Even if he were to obtain a fresh bank loan for the next season, the farmer still has to make an additional cortribution of Rs. 2,250/- towards Teeting the cultivation costs of the
next crop. (Cost acre is Rs. 1500fa, TITner witlı or
Iihonthly income suppo Tt İlliri Self six ower a perio
Could one poss and sou togethe: Rs. 55- per mc Tice fa rimer in S below the power
letters . . .
(Carl frர ந:
9 and
So Reggie Sir ап8wёr my quёs of what class inte can't he? I expec but cannot see answering in the interests involved" good-guys bad-g social problems Marxist-Leninist in the position plebians inflammed ora, tion which r( ill search of the co Came alçTÖSS Öine C discovercad his nar "Tear him to pi spirator". Cilina thČ poet". Anot "Tear hill for Cinna protested: the conspirator"

lanner, I am disCorporation and We are genuine those fellows who is UNPers now. was ruling they ind they are now. here must bc an erwise people will Party and the ill be overjoyed of splits in our
of cultivation per } This leaves the y RS. 2,000- a of Rs. 333- to and his family of of six months,
ibly maintain body r On a flleagre In th? Isn't thic ri Lanka living ty linect?
臀 *}
all that
riwarderla cannot tion irrespective rests are involved', ed the archaicism why hc awoided : light of the class ". This simplistic LWS Llpproach to
Colched in th: jargot puts RS 2f the mob of
by Mark Antony's }a II led the Stree's insiprators. They cinna. When they nea pleb shouted: CCes he's a con
:ried: "I am Cinna'
her pleb shouted: his
* Tm mot Cinn but the werd tic
bad verses'.
was: “It - is no matter, his måtte is Cinna'.
El Colombo 3. Costair de Wos
R.S's fantasies
Your journal is perhaps the only Tay of hope in these present dark times-Abudassa Yugayak-which has become more pronounced over the last few months.
As much as I have enjoyed reading the past numbers, so have Il derived a rather per verted satisfaction in seeing Mr. Reggic Siriwardena once again doing exactly what I hal expected him to do.
I think R.S. present posturings invite my comments again.
“But I must add that although until April 1971 I shared the illusions engendered by the 1970 General Election the trauma of April helped to rid me of these illusions'. (Lanka Guardian July. 15, '78) What political understanding, conviction and acu IIn en R.S. displays Till 1971 he cIndorsed the political opportunism of the LSSP and CP and shared the illusion till it was torn a su Inder by the cruclties of the '71 insurrction,
Well, comrade R.S. though you mily try to convince yourself and Would like us to believe that these flashes of revelation and disillusionment have come upon you in such dramatic and mystic ways, to those of us who have followed your career over the last few years there is a definite and discernible pattern in the evolution of your illusions and disillusions in he wa ried fields Tanging from Sinhala literary criticism to JWP politics,
I can see how your illusion is complete; how you have changed the world to suit your illusion. I can quite understand the cathartic pleasure you must be deriving in indulging in those anarchistic, nihilistic, infantile phanta sies.
. Gurladasa, Armarasek ere

Page 26
The Long
Y AN
Hand Tractor (
Now available \
Delivery against
Contact:
Sole In
Sri Lanka State Tradin
744, Arnold Rat
Colom E
Telephone: 968:
70ith the
BROWNS GROUP
P. O. Box 20.

- Awaited
MAR
Two wheeler) without permlt
cash payппепt
nрогters
g (Tractor) Corporation
nayaka Mawatha,
.10 סנ
33,91712, 91710
2am plintente
t
OF COMPANIES
). Colombo.

Page 27
MARGA PUEB
:
Marga Publication 5 kviel: can Siil research studies inder taken for i arłd locał organisaria); s. syrii posit serrittars, and lectures given at are now available with all learlin ar filla Marga festitute, for lipa
Coloribu 5.
Non Formal Education In Sri L weifäre and Growth in Siti Lai
The Cooperative System and R.
The Sinhala Reading Public
Youth, Land and Employment
Religion and Development in A
Needs of Children and Adolesc
Instability of an Export Econor
(Cгалналії С.or

CATIONS
of independent ferriatiorral
af variers vert ing discus Ffor F g bayak.Sellers arri
flana Marația,
anka
ka.
ral Credit in Sri Lanka
sian Societies
ents in Sri Lanka
ty
[תr:
Hard cow er
Soft cover
500
800
0.00
550
1000
OOO
|250
45.00
37 00

Page 28
... that's what's cooking a the Hotel Ceylon interAfter rave-appearances i Pete & Romayne Mckay Cats Eye Supper club. A rib - tickling act, sing in (Pete was a jitterbug chan The action will be on a August for a limited perio Music for dancing by N Phone:21221
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in association with
 
 
 
 
 

t w Continental.
n 200 countries f perform at the
g, dancing npion) and comedy is the format. t the Inter-Con, beginning 7th d.
Mignonne and the Jetliners
YSEYE
Club
88 stłux\lk.
3Thai Airways International.