Page 1
Eight myths
Hugh Mac
TUs protest
O SATRE *e MODERN MUS
 
 
 
 
 

October 15, 1978 Price 2/50
ng 3. Υ)
Trotskyism
- Chintaka
andaranaike
— Tissa Balasu riya
| Kovoor
- Carlo Fonseka
of hunger
Diarmid
- N. M. M. . Hussein
to ILO
C O PRIVATE VIEW

Page 2
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Page 3
Wol, i No. I 2 October 5, 1978 CONTENTS
Crossword
3 - 4 News background
5 - 8 International News 9 - 10 Anniversary
Politics 3 - 5 Food
6 - 7. The Arts 8 Prl Watte We W 9 Press opinion 20 - 2 Satire 22 - 23 Appreclation
LANKA GUARDAN
Published by Publishers, Sou Centre, Third Building, 1263 Colombo - .
Telephone:
Editor: Mar
Printed by
B25, Wolf
Colom Telephon
Trends
Best-seller
The Indian emergency produced a rah har yest of popular books each offering the reader the "inside" story. Now a senior official of the previous regime, a top positical appointee, is reported to be working on a book that he confidently expets to be a best-seller. Journalistic circles say that the book is largely a vitriolic or slaught on the ruling family 1970-77, with several sizzling episodes that ' hawe such cosmopolitan backgrounds like London, Paris, Moscow and Teheran.
Pen portraits of the clan's top members range from the caustle to plan good humour. One member is described as a gentleman of such a visibly vacant mind that he is said to wear a "TO LET" Board of his broad forehead
Foreigners Only
"To set" notices appear in the newspapers these days with d predictable provisa-foreigners only'. With less frequency, we see "wanted" advertisements where foreigners onnounce proudly "Rent inmateria".
As rents drid property values soar, Sri Lankans gre being gradually evicted from the better residentlareds.
Can the government step in to "control" and values dnd rents or is it going to be salissez faire for fand owners and landlords, with lawyers collecting a percentage?
Agricultural C
Easy Credst to fy established incent correspondent to th our last issue there why 75% of the ther sin.
The Ministry of F has now found that Credit schemes fa frPCarribéence Wrif of corruption. A invited to investiga for Sugar cane pia fr a report put that "elementary went abuse were no
Abuse took and and deadler form. to WYes, relat we
"The Leftist
The dull confor run media in the proliferation of account for the (week Illes, manthi newsheets) to be tands. The dtest Leftist', dո orgցn Leadership),
These paper "d, as the UNP pape of the SLFP regim

Lanka Guardian th Asian Media
FCT IMEBA 23 Mail Street,
98.
“Yr yn de Silwa
Ildflda ProS nidhlal Strett, .13 - נbt
595
redit
Tref 5, IF5, 10 W. J. We re but as a special ls Journal Wrote lin
Tre marny redisons farmers default on
"or Implementation grother reason why is bureaucratic h more thaп a trace ரேm of experts te the Credit Scheme fing has observed put by the Ministry recautions' to preE tiker.
ther, more familiar L0апя were given drid friends.
nism of the stateOrne hand and the 'new' Left groups lethora of papers es and now-dind-ther found at the newsIn English Is “The of the LSSP (New
re read as avidly rs in the last days
.
Letters
97 Ek a that
To a serious political scientist likę Dr Carlo Fonseka the question of whether or not Dr Colvin det Silya has thic moral right to Imaintain his thesis that the April '71 rising was a foredoomed ultraleftist adventure is, no doubt, a matter of trivial importance. To ordinary citizens like me, however, it is a matter of the utmost ims portance since Dr de Silva is a public figure who has for many years publicly laid down what he considers proper standards of conduct for other politicians to follow.
We reme Iber that this same Dr de Silva and his LSSP while all the while knowing (as we all did that the JWP was a party of ultraleftists, tried to deceive the couns try into believing that it was ultrarightist, he criminal and fascist arm of the UNP', for entirely self-serving Teasons. We ordinary folk like ou I leaders to be credi ble; wel denand decent standard of public conduct; we do not Telish being treated as gullible fools.
ColomInbo 3. Costain de Wos
"Bambar Awith"
I was a late wiewer of "Bambaru Awith” and had by this time hea, Td and Tead a great deal about it. It is quite definitely an interesting film well milde in its stark realism and to this end well served by excellent photography in black and white. It will also be well remembered for a trio of excellent cinematic portrayals of which to me at any rate Joe Abeywikrona prevails over Malini Fonseka and Wijaya Kunaratunga. While Kumaratunga, I am sure takes everybody by surprise. Abeywikrema and Fonseka are only doing what cinemagoers have come to expect of them. But even by their own high standards this was first class and I continue to marvel at the complete understanding and ease with which Abeywikrema creates each new role hč undertakes. But then he is an unusual actor and that is his greatness.

Page 4
But what concerns me more is the euphoria that has been generated by what is called the social and political content of "Bambaru Avith'. Some critics saw great releWence in the conflict between Althony, the local exploiler, and Wictor the intruder businessIEian as though this was scome profund politico-ecolormic question that had to be seen to be understood. Unless one is prepared to extend this parallel to include today's struggle between the local business entrepreneur and the multinational,
What is the social Televelace of this conflict. We surely do not have to be told that
W a Te the rimtat in the sandwich. At best anyway, it pre
sents a pre-56 the loca 4 big bu: the foreigner a Tid is saying that to |LuI h1Eı S'WLI F1g 1 is nolling wery that aspect of th
"Whate Yfer else
hawe sought to
ly succeeded in : cal thinket and Iorn figure tried significant he was bic taken serious even related this day political ice rccognising this as the proto-ty. university rewolu
Cryptic Crossword No. 3
by Stripex
Across CLUES
1. Overstate for maximum advantage (4,3,4,2,2)
BOAC's parachutes designed to ensure freedom of
Imoviment (66,3)
9. Friendleaves king's residcnce, gets the top card in thic
pack 5,3)
10. ... at the base of Pompey's -- Julius Caesar) (6) 12. Sclect a nan : he could be off his rocker (6,4) 15. Rcnbrandt's famous picture is reversed for scrvice (55)
18. Headgear warn in Ilost urban areas (6)
19. Ancient roon: you could get cold at it (3,5) 20. In this respect or otherwise now is used for thin 8.7)
21. Ought to take broken earring to the women's libbcI: that's
part of the drill (114) DOW
Garrent for that Singapore girl (6)
in the book (4,5)
Shtovc Tuesday, perhaps (5:3)
has bcc forbidden (25,3,3)
- ALuthentic coiLInt ånd that’s mð fib (44)
Drags when they in France follow rising Art. (6) Some reach Creditable standard for every right-hard entry
SLLLLLLLCL LaLL LLL LLLLLL aa LaLL LL HLLL LLCL LLLLLLLL LL
3. Two with richer dish for the Weird sisters (6,7) 11. Where Caesar's spirit had a rendez-vous with Brutus (2,8)
13. Cominences (6.2)
14. What everybody's in search of these days (5,3)
16. Obviously not the curate's (33)
17, IL's here the cockney tells you the part of the EI press of
Blandings which is not convertible to a glossy coin bag (3,3)

situation where sincss supplanted | unless Pathiraja
day the pendulight back thcre wonderful Ebout : film.
Pathiraja Inay not Eichiewe het certainridiculing the Tdi: Wen when this for" to say something too far gone to ly. Some critics to the present le but apart from tragi-comic figure le of the Iomantic tionary of the late
40's and the early 50's, I saw nothing else. Indeed Pathiraja is fortunate in not having succumbed to the temptation of dishing up a note' which mathy play producers have faller victili to. It is always prudent if not wike to Jęt the audience speculate as to the intention, but even speculation or the orizing must be reasonable and within limits without allowing prejudices to impede oile's judgement. "Bumbaru Awith" is a film that deals with human relationships arid it is very well done by a Director with a sure hånd. As for political content, undertones or intonations I saw
O
Sidat Sri Nandalochara Colombo 4
Solution to Cryptic Crossword No. 2.
ACROSS- 8. Managers 9. A pcar 10. Ogg 11. Helpmeet
12. Impact 13, Private practice 15. Spirits 18, Spudded 21. Company promoter 24, Lapula
25. Chçesi:
DOWN
it 25. Rai 27. Depend 28. Extremes 1. Career 2. Karpov 3. Decat standards
4. Isotope -5, Magical property 6. Respited
7. Tricycle
14. lici
16. Profaned 17. Raptures
19. Dot 20. Species 22. Ouster 23. Exiles.

Page 5
News background
“Internationalising the
t was a slunt but what a stuntil
Grabbing a platform is an old weapon in the propagandist's armoury. To seize the rostrum of the United Nations General Assembly just before the distinguished Foreign Minister of Sri Lak and thus adress the world even for a minute is an agit-prop dream come true. Mr. Walikutha wasan did it. The wire services did the rest. His caper in the World's most august assembly (or glass menagerie, as cynics would hawe it) is surely a tribule to Sri Lankan (Eelam ?) ingenuity and daring?
It is of course the most spectacular exercise in a concerted campaign by Tamil expatriates to “internationalise' the Tamil issue. Mr. Hameed was right in not losing his cool but the government would be foolish not to miss the significance of this sensations l incident.
Two news reports in the SLN indicate that the govern IT ent has awakened to the importance of doing something on a problem that the previous regime was only dimly aware of or, inspite of many dramatic reminders, took rather lightly.
London is the centre. But the long arm of “Eelam" is now reaching out to the US, Canada, Africa, Australia, India
and some parts of South East
Asia; in fact, to is a sizeable T. Post-1958 exodu mics, civil ser y fessionals ÇTeate for this moveme since then. And
generation that campaign, collect like "kappan") us mail where hone persuasion fails,
lets and leaflets, organising press
making contacts makers mostly
politicians) it w;
The well-orga the other technik the chief objectiv these was the ty at the Sri Lank over Test" in B ago. When Britis away the first b; who sat on the play, the new gi froll another cothree overs later. promptly “took' Fleet Street put the front page. ) airport or a 'de Embassy are stat by expatriate prc
Here in Colo were thrust into of foreign delega national parliame
rupees in foreign exchange,
picture.
has bečП blunted.
by next year.
Rubber keeps bouncing
the first six Ionth of 1978, Sri Lanka has to (arnings from rubber. In 1977 rubber brought
In the same six month: exports total 78,000 tons - 8,000 tons more than in the
Quoting these figures, Mr. R. B. Weerakogn Secretary of Plantation Industries who recently presided over a Rubber Prod.cing Nations here in Colombo,
prediçts
Evidently the attack on natural rubber in the wo Synthetics accounted for I e world market. The rise in oil prices have affected synthetics. RecCutly, the Saudi Oil minister urged anoth
All this, according to official sources, is good news Malayasia, Indonesia and Thailand

e Tami
Wherewer thics hrmil comnı unity, 3 of Tamil acadeValints End prod the conditions int. It is 20 years it is the new has organised this ing funds (often ing moral blackist and friendy publishing booklilding meetings, Conferences, and With opinion. journalists and irious CCL Intrie5.
nised 'stunt is que. Publicity is re. The best of W0-Wa Ye "Attack” kal- Austrålia 55ritain three years h bobbies carried
Atch of youths turf and held up "Ölüp Fushed in
mer of the field The TW cancras the scene, and the picture on *lå cards at the ITO" before the iard devices used test groups,
mbo, pamphlets the hotel rooms tes to an interlitary conference.
ped her 1977 73 tilli Sri Lankā" yhole of 1977.
if the Ministry Conference of a fairly rosy
ld market by arly 65% of the oil-based 5% increase
or Sri Lanka
issue
With its perchant for the sensational and, among the more "liberal sections, its sympathy for "minority causes', the western press is a receptive audience.
it will be interesting to see how the Foreign Ministry and the new information boss plan a countercampaign. Will the time come when Eelam's long arm reaches out to an airplate on an interinitional flight?
LSSP on Tamil rights
T LSSP (New Leadership) recognises the right of the Tamil people to self-determination and undertakes to fight for the recognition of that right among the Sinhala people, says Dr. Kumar David, a member of the party's polituro. Adverting to a report in the “La mka Guardian (October Ist), Dr. David explains the (New) LSSP's posi
III):
*Firstly we call upon the Tamil people to join in as a Component part of the country's oppressed classes and communities in a united struggle against the capitalist state. In so doing we invite them to advance the slogans pertaining to their own specific oppression, to advance within the framework of their own organisations, if they so wish, and to coordinate their tactics in some form of united front action with the Working class.
"Secondly. As a party we recognise the right of the Tamil people to self-determination including their right to secede or not to secede at their discretion, We undertake to fight for the recognition of this right along the Sinhala people, which after all, is where the fight on this issue is being bogged by other leftists both 'new' and fold'.
(Confittiédérpಥ :)

Page 6
Unions
he Joint Action eommittee of
the 17 trade unions which called off the September 28th strike will meet for the second
time tomorrow October 16th. This meeting which has been summoned by the convenor, Mr. L. W. Pandita, will continue the talks that were held early last week. The idea is to issue a general statement on how and why the strike was called off, to protest against proposed legislation (Contract of Employment Bill) and to mobilise working class opinion for the Irxl imDVé.
Meanwhile, these unions will jointly write to the ILO and to trade union organisations throughout the world on what they describe as the suppression of trade union rights,
The Ceylon Federation of Labour has already submitted a lengthy complaint to the ILO. The letter accompanying the complaint on violation of the freedom of association and Right to Organise, Convention 87" states:
The Government of Sri Lanka. which came to power in 1977 in a general election set about it task of attempting to demolish the trade union movement of this country through: (a) legislation designed to establish a Free Trade Zone in this country (b) legislation as would change the employment relation of Workilen.
**The trade Dion IINCWC ment fought these measures along with the assistance of international labour organisations.
"The Sri Lanka Government is at present attempting to suppress trade union rights through administrative action. The COIIIplaint to the I. L. O. relates to these actions.
*You Will note irl our COImplaint the reference to a proposed one day strike scheduled for the 28th of September 1978. We have included in the complaint the administrative action taken by the GoverLIDent in the state sector, We have to add that in the days that followed the Government
4.
in agonizing
insisted that the employer too sh strikers as pers) vacated employ in
"The coII plaint, give you sufficien the immediate si
Shan h
lbania, a small
in the Balka phenomenon in c. tory. Since it del chew, it remained ally in the Sino-S struggle, condem perialism and S with equal vehem brands the Chine traitors' and the US imperialism, Three Worlds th xist. As a résult, but growing, band rers in odd Corner
October 16th is of Enver Hoxha, led Albenia in its Mr. N. San Thug Secretary of the C Party, has sent the First Secretary Labout of Albani of his birthday.
"Under your le of Labour of Alb: to raise its voice a vite modern Te', Bucharest confere wise, it was the of Albania, with that was the first 7th. Party Congr famous article O Populit entitled' Practice of Revolt tunism of the Th Worlds spawned leadership of the nist Party.
"We have learn indignation the nese goverппment

re-appraisal
private sector ould treat all ins who hawe
I.
we believe, will t information Qn tuation in Sri
ails
socialist country ns, is a strange ontemporary hisnounced KhrushChina's steadfast iowiet idcological 1ing both US imowiet Tevisionism ence. Today it se leadership as running dogs of and ridicules the eory' as un-Marit has a small, of Marxist admis of the world.
the 70th birthday the Iman who has
modern history. lthasan, General eylon Communist hese greetings to
of the Party of a on the occasion
idership, this Party nia was the first gainst Khrushcheisionism at the Ice in 1960. LikeParty of Labour
you at its head, to expose at your ss and in the now | 7.7.1977 in Zeri The Theory and tion' the opporory of the Three by the present Chinese Commu
with sorrow and ction of the Chiin stopping all
Lanka. We shall be grateful for the publicity you can give to this situation because the Sri Lanka Government, in its anxiety to attract foreign investment to the proposed Free Trade Zone, is likely to continue with its policies of working class repression.'
Hoxha
economic and military aid to Albania and thereby attempting to disrupt the economy and security of the Peoplc's Socialist Republic of Albenia. Its leaders are doing this at a time when they are rushing economic and military aid to one of the most notoriously Teactionary Iulers of Africa, Mobutu; and are hobnobbing with great ceremony with the arch regenade from coinunism, Yugoslavia's Tito and ome of the World's most virulent anticommunists, the Shah of Iran - not to speak of Japan's Inonopoly ruling class and the semi-fascist dictators of South-East Asia.
“Our Party has vehemently condemned the unilateral action of the Chinese government in stopping all economic and mliitary aid to Peoples' Albania and has declared out complete solidarity with tiny but brave Albania. We have no doubt that, relying on its own strength and led by a bold and truly Marxist–Leninist Party which has been steeled in similar struggles earlier against the Khrushchovite modern revisionists, Socialist Albania will overcome all difficulties and continue its triumphant march towards the construction of socialism in Albania.
**It is mot accidental that one of the first acts of Khrushchev, when he betrayed Marxism-Leninism and embarked on the treacherous path of modern revisionism, was to cut off all economic and military aid to Albania, China, then, correctly condemned this. But, today its leaders are following in the footsteps of Khrushchev."

Page 7
International news
Pakistam
New war on an old fr
kistan's Strding - Iman General Zia who care to Iestore democracy buis Layed long enough to grab the presidential gadi Lay Soon face a new war o an old front-Baluchistall.
This least populated and most backward of Pakistan's provinces has suffered long years of wilful neglect by the centre. Political power, whether civilial or army, is firmly sourced in the more thickly popula led and relatively developed arcas of the Punjab and Sind. With access to the šč8 arld Tich in In:ltu Tal gas, Baluchistan is fra med by a sLratégically important triangle linking Iran, Pakistan and Afghamis ta.
With the North West Frontier, Baluchistan was a British buffer protecting India. Pakistan, the Ilew nation, his grievously failed to achieve the integration of these two provinces by responding to the aspirations of the Pathans and the Baluchis and their sense of national identity. Feelings of domination and discrimination along with irredentist impulses have tourished separatist demands and open rebellion. Though the Baluchis number only 2 million in Baluchistan itself, they count another ten million or more in neighbouring Iran and Afghamistan.
The Bhut to regime mockery of its own declared policy of "regional autonomy" when these two provinces voted overwhelmingly for Opposition parties. Assemblies were dissolved, prominent opponents locked up, and PPP stooges became Islamabad's satraps.
In 1973, Mr. Bhutto sent in several divisions of the Pakistani my to crush what he called a youth insurgency instigated by the sardars and encouraged by
Tmade a
un-named foreig tribal chiefs h resisting sociai I modernisation.
According to the arried for 5,000 tribit SImen claim to hawe few housand so tilhc fire-power p tht tribesmen activists took the turning it to gue took to the there they still
Releasing lead cians like Mr. Bi governor and Sa of the large Ma Zia did IIake a to de-fuše the The trouble is st recently Sher M a guerilla leade Wigg of the
 

Ont
grl powers. The e clailed were reform and
Baluchi sources, Les killed HVer
and youths. They accounted for a
ldiers. But well rowed to strong and the youth
predictable path rilla bands they Coultä irls, Ard Fenilain,
ing Baluchi politizenjo the former rår Buksh, Marri Iri tribe, General In early attempt
Baluchi revolt. ill simmering and ohammed Matri ir told Richard firls' London,
that armed struggle for self-deterInitiation will break out soon. The widespread disturbances in Iran and uneasy relations between Pakistan and the new Kabul Iegime now make Islamabad extremely nervous.
Mr. Sher MohamIrned MaTri says: "The contradictions between the Baluchi national interests and those of the Pakistani state are
more acute today than in 1972. There has been no change. We continue to be treated as twentieth century slaves. Each province must be recognised Eas comprising a nationality and
PakistEn must be a federation if it is not to disintegrate".
The Sardar also adopts an increasingly defiant line. When we talked of provincial autonomy we were denounced as agents of India, Russia or Afghanistal .. Now that kind of autonomy is behind schedule.no 1ights, only a permament emergency or martial law”.
PAKSTAN: Provinces
Afghanistan
§l i
NWFRONTIER
asin
*Peshdwar

Page 8
Nicaraguan civil war draws c
by James Nelson Goodsell (The Christiary Scierce Murror)
-Nicaraguan civil war ap :־ך pears to be escalating - and ;ုပ္ပ! Wel become a broader COT
lict,
Already there is evidence that other hemisphere countries are helping either the embattled forces of Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle or his oppo
S.
Although some details remained unclear at this writing, there were these dewclopments.
O Wenezuelan Air Force unit appeared to be providing cover for rebel columns that cross back
and forth over the NicaraguanCosta Rican border.
Costa Rica was accusing
Nicaraguan troops of crossing the border in pursuit of guerrillas-but the Costa Rican also were prowiding a haven for the guerrillas.
Somoza named
"war criminal
The main Opposition group the FAO, which consists of 2. partles and three major trade inions, have publicly accused GEneral Anastaši Smora i genocide against the civilial population of G. Nicaraguan own al randed hill in war crimi
Leading clergyne, including the Archbishop of Managua, have added their respected voices to the rising chorus of worldwide est. Spokėsinen of the Cath0c Church hawe furnished Evildence of atrocities committed by the Nation Guard under hê direct command of General Sonor zaos som The wiktimis include teenagers. Another influential protester is one of Nicaragua's top tusinessmen, Segor Manuel Tress, President of the National Development Institute.
Meanwhile, the deputy head of Nicaragua's UN mission, Aml bassador Enrique Eagliaga told the L. N. Correspondents' Club “I denounce the kidnapping murder and torture of hundreds of Nicaraguan farmers and countless other Wictims of the Somoza dicatorship". Ambassador Pagi
aga who is alternate permanent representative resigned his post after his press conference.
O Costa Rica signed El mutual ment because **th tion is giving ris jeopardizing Cost ignty . . .'
Honduras h tance to Gener Guatemala, acco reports, has sup pro-Somoza Nica Guard,
These reports : troublesome impl the U. S., and stability in the
If the GuateTo originally froD t as some obser Wel suggest this nigl of agreements, b countries, and th stration has askc for information
Otherwise, U. watching develop gua as closely i time when the tration is pro Middle East.
Hundreds wel clash, although
Church is
his month, t
сап Episcopal at Puebla, MleX ference will be strongly Worded Governmental by the 320 - Congress of B Since Brazil is popular Roman afer Italy and since it has largest church considered to importance with Church especial World.
Speaking to W
Brazilian church that the docul other things th: sewere in the di ries. Tha idea zation and TI

others into cauldron
and Wenezuela | defense agreehe present sillac to hostile acts a Rica's so were
as offered assisil Somoza, and rding to some lied arms to the
rågulan Nalicimal
arc fraught with
ication both for for peace and
emisphere.
alan arms came he United States, “s of the situation it wiolate terms et Ween the tW0 e Carter adminithe Guatemalans on the matter.
S. strategists are ments in Nicarathey can at a
Carter adminisccupied with the
'e killed in the the exact total is
State in
he Latin AmeriConference meets ico. The conpresented with a doc Inteit on pression, drafted strong National razilian Bishops. he world's TInost Catholic nation the USA, and he world's third this document is of paramount in the Catholic y in the Third
'estern news mėn, Sources disclosed nt states among t "oppression is veloping countthat industrialialterial progress
not known. Charges of extreme brutality have been levaled against the guard - a factor that is bound to add new weight to the opposition to the Somoza dictatorship.
Although the guerrillas lost the battle the evidence suggests they were not crushed - and that large groups of them simply faded into the countryside to regroup and come back for another contest.
Analysts of the fighting in Managua, the capital, and in Washington think General Somoza may be able to stave off the immediate collapse of his rule but that the guerrillas are gaining strength almost daily as they attract new adherents to their Call|SČ.
General Somoza had the firepower to defeat the guerrillas in the field, but more and more the struggle takes on the appearance of a war between the overwhelming majority of Nicaraguans and the dictatorship they oppose.
In the long run, such a contest, in the opinion of observers, is bound to go in favour of the opposition. But in the process it may well tear apart the small Central American country.
Latin America
alone will solve social problems is nonsense. This very process in Latin Amrica has brought wealth to the few and misery to the II as BCs... The state should not be synonymous with the nation. The excessive preoccupation with state security in Brazil has seriously undermined the security of the individual and
threatened all basic human rights."
Mcanwhile last month Brazilion bishop Don Helder Camara said in an interview with a leading Brazilion magazine that the Puebla conference should give advice "on the problems that have emerged or been aggrawated in the past ten years such as the Cverstronger doctrine of national security and the growing strength and oppression of the multinationals".

Page 9
Will Sadat
Kuwaiti newspaper reported
last week that President Sadat had been tipped coff by a foreign intelligence service of an armed forcCs plot to oust him in the wake of mounting alliSadat feeling throughout the Arab world. After the rude Tcmwal of War Minister Gamassi and his Chief of Staff (later re-appointed as military advisers to the President). Tumours about see thing discontent in the army and dissension in the upper cchelons ha wc: been rise. An early warning came when General Shazli, the 1973 War hero, quit in disgust and went into selfenforced exile to accuse Sadat of betraying the Arab cause. What western correspondents openly described as a rigged referendum (99% vote) some months ago aud cheering crowds after his return from Camp David have not dispelled doubts about the stability of the Sadat regime.
Now the pressure comes from outside. Despite some differences between them, the PLO has taken a firin stand along with the four Arab states which belong to the Rejection Front. It was Sadat's failure to "deliver' the PLO or a sizeable section of it to Washington and Israel which
with Israel with tees on the Wes and a future Pa
The pressure its sense of ist when the Arab Rejection Front their propagand larger group of
The initiative Arab summit in Egypt from signi
created the gap between the two came surprising "framework agreements' signed Iraq, a hardline at Camp David. This made it has never acce patently clear that Egypt was key UN resoluti willing to sign a peace treaty East, including
COMECON outstrips oECI The Organization of Economic Co-operatio lopment (OECD) which groups together twenty. world's most economically developed capitali
According to the latest OECD forecasts that
Satter writing
average annual growth
OECD growth rate.
(led by the USA, Western Europe and Japan) an average economic growth rate of 3% th
issue of its annual months will be 3%. This is far rate needed to hold unemployment steady, Mical in The Financial Times (Londo
rate of over the last year has been 6.4%. This is almost
'Ecoloric growth for t
below the
the COMECC
 

it alone
ANK YOUSER WEHAWETO எநஇ8ஆWER)
NOW DO EAR W0 BJKÉ50 (2; 器鹭
2.
る蛮リー
.
out firm guaran. But it has a long-standing disBank and Gaza pute with Syria which is ruled
lestinian state.
on Egypt (and olation) widened militants of the ... were helped in a drive by a
Inoderates.
O SL1 riot I order to dissuade ng apeace treaty ly enough from
Arab state. Iraq ted any of the ins on the Middle
resolution 242.
and Dewefour of the it countries
maintained is year too. "a rook, the Ie next 12 |% growth while David 1) says the N countries
double the
by a rival faction of the Baathist movement. Yet, President Assad, did welcome the Iraqi move which the Iraqi News Agency claims has the support of 13 other Arab countries.
In this list arc Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the oil-rich Gulf states, the pay-boys of the Arab world. After the 1973 war, they sponsored an aid-Egypt consortium and are well placed to appreciate Egypt’s grawe economic troubles, one of the major causes of the about-face in Egyptian foreign policy. Te ΙΓa His hayo proposed a multi-billion dollar aid program to Egypt, the carrot which the moderates dangle while the rejectionists use the propaganda big stick.
Greatly embarrassed by Arab accusations of selling the Palestinians down the canal, Egypt now says that it will insist on the linkage between the two agreements. But Mr. Begin, who was jeered in the Knesset, will have none of it. Can Carter do what Begin won’t and Sadat must, if he is to stop the growing isolation of Egypt?

Page 10
Booklet debunks myth
race and IQ
hirty thousand copies of a
15-page booklet aimed at 'debunking the myths about race and intelligence' are being distributed by the National Union of Teachers to its members throughout Britain.
The guide has been written for the union by Professor Steven Rose, professor of biology at the Open University and director of the university's brain research group, and Mr. Kenneth RichardSÖl, lecturef in psychology at the LIniversity, who is also a Trember of the research group. The booklet was compiled after consultation with teachers and Other authorities in the field.
The authors say that the word "race' has very little, if anything, to do with biology; that more than 94 per cent of all genetic differences between individuals are found within a given race rather than between races; that intelligence tests may help to predict a child's perforTuance in school but say nothing about his fixed biological potential; and that it is not scientifically meaningful to divide a child's performance into genetic or environmental components.
News briefs
The bookct's teachers is, in () there is no di: betweetil the col skin and his Teachers shoul carelul not to t low chievement children on the IQ.
NumeTous slu on the other teacher's expect' significant effe performance,
Mr. Fred Jay tary of the Na Teachers, said did a valuable
Lyths and cl: a very comple
SS
The union W. Inly to racial d also to raciali could be even in their effect. back into Čdui relations Withi affecting the te: of human pote
**The Te is a II ching profession on this subject'
McNamara's prophec
Y the year 2000, 600 million people will live in "absolute poverty". The grim prediction Coles from the World Bank boss Mr. Robert McNamara, last week's distinguished visitor to the country.
Unless the affluent industrialised nations change their trade policies and expand concessionary aid the poor countries cannot hope to ächisve even Irlode5t growth Tates. Even if such rates are Teached, Inillions will go hungry. Mr. McNair mara was specially severe on the U. S. West Germany and Japan.
S
Political
WHEN Amnes leged that there soners held Wit land, the Thai a strong denial. Ministry ČLIrce at 20, with 19
Now, an offic tions Departine that there are : oners held on National Refor
Corire

about
basic message for ther words, that rect relationship bur of a child’s mental ability. therefore be ry to explain the of many black basis of their low
dies hawe shown,
haud, that the tations have Ai ct on a child's
ris, general Secrealional Union of tlıat the bČoklet job in debunking rifying issues on -x and sensitive
ras opposed поt is crimitation, but st ideas, which more pernicious They could feed :ation, poisoning in schools and ÇET" åssĖŠSimCint 1 till and ability.
leed for the tea= Il to speak Out ", he said.
у
prisoners
Bungkok.
ty International al: were - 3000 prihout trial in Thaigovernment issued Later a Foreign placed the figure awaiting trial.
:ial of the Correcmt has disclosed 500 political pri
the orders of the III Council, the
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Page 11
Anniversary
S. w. R. D.
Tmũng those who have most
influenced the modern history of uur country is S.W.R.D. Bandarainaike. Some would regard his contribution as most valuable, while others would tend to sec in him the cause of quite a few of our problems. We arc perhaps still too close to his times to be able to evaluate his life with that objectivity which distance might permit.
Everybody knows of his heritage by birth as the only son of the Maha Muda liyar, Sir Solomon Dias Bandaramaike. Thus we hawe S.W.R.D. - Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandara naike - symbolising the combination of British power and local loyalty.
if the soll accepted this heritage he could have lived in comfort and ease and night have been eventually knighted by the British Crown and duly respected as the squire of Horagolla. But from an early age he had to choose between the development of his own personality and a comfortable ivory tower segregation from the rest of the youth. "At the cost of my happiness, 1 prekėr ved my personality" he Wrotein his “Confessions of a schoolboy."
S.W.R.D. realized that the system of Colonial power and administration which his father symbolized was no longer in accord with the aspirations and expectations of the people of this country. He had therefore no hesitation in identifying himself with their nationalist aspirations. While belonging to the fairly wide based Ceylon National Congress he founded the Sinha la Maha Sabha to foster the special interests of the Sinhala people. At this stage he remarked that the Sinhala people were deeply divided, specially Low Country and Kandyan and by castic and religion. His view was that the unity of the Sinhala people was to be a means to the larger unity of
Bandar
communities with This activity gaw into the problenns language and cu to shape future ed by him.
By 195 he ha erd of the roa boration wilh t United National S. Sema mayake. P. important turning personal life and He had again to what het called * of place and po, har der road of w to be niny luty ti my country'. He from the Cabinet p:rty and go int. the leader of Freedom Party. his reasons for di of his more famo) parliament,
“It may be tru tourist point of a pleasan ter lan olher countries Asia; but from th of the people ol there is a gro frustration and There does not a be any important fundamental line acting that We p
last 25 years und
In a free country, the context of
today, this, in m unsatisfactory and
From July 1951 he was in the O thought he resig due to a Lubitions being thwarted o in hill an altern to the Tuling po case he was close during this period believed he had his boats and political wildernes:

Tissa Balasur iya
analike
in the country, c him an insight
of race, religion. litu Te that were Policic sponsor
di come to the d in his collahe then ruling Party under D. It faced another Point in his public career. Ch.00S betwcem "the easy path sitiot and the hat I conceived the people of chose to resign ånd the ruling Opposition as the Sri Lånka He explained 3ing so in one
3 speeches in
e that from the view Ceylon is d than most of South-East e point of view the country, wing sense óf disappointment. pear to me to change in the if thinking and its led for the "r colonial rule. particularly in World affairs view, is mosi even tragic".
to April 1956 position. Some led in pique of succession hers perceived tive approach cies. In aпу to the people though many foolishly burnt Ofte into the
FřOPP A radis falsk or the SLEC Fi Frpo ferrier PÁ, a gyði, rife Gf. ffriversary? Yfke drar of G.W.O. Referrike.
These prophets were proved wong in 1956. Once again S. W. R. D. had shown himself to be in tule with the feelings of the vast mass of people in Sri Lanka. Political Independence had been gained, but there had been no other significant change of direction. Social structure was still one of privilege and oppression and Ciconomically, there was an attempt to break out of the colonial system. It
was the feeling of frustration engendered by this situation that S. W. R. D. felt and moved With.
He allowed the pent up feelings and a spirations of a suppressed people to come up to the polished surface. Making Sinhala instead of English, the official language of the country gave greater opportunity to the common man, specially in dealing with the public officials. It furthered and hastened the revival of the Sinhala language and culture.
His recognition of the place to be given to Buddhism as the religion of the majority of the people in the country was much less a cause of troubles. He accepted in general the recominenations of the Buddhist Commission of 1955 but tempered their imple mentation with a concern for other faiths.
His option in favour of the common people expressed itself also in terms of a more socialistic economic policy. He made an important innovation by nationalizing the bus services which were before that a means by which unscruplous bus magnates exploited the travellers. TE Paddy Lands Act and the restablishment of the Employees Provident Fund and of Labour Tribunals were schemes in favour of the peasants and workers.

Page 12
He was an enthusiastic promoter of village and town local government, of equality of opportunity in education, of economic plainning of an expanding public sector, of progressive taxation, of workers and trade union rights, of settling the Indian residents and Ingrants problem ol g ter IT basis and of constitutional reforms including the guarantecing of fundamental rights of the people. He fostered education in the mother tongue; the pirivena universities, the Ayurvedic system of Imedicine and an oriental simplicity in values and life style. He banned racing. He helped arrest the growing urbanization and Westernization of the country by an accent on the resilience of the cultural, religious and special values of the mass of the people, specially in the villages.
His political strategy of alliance or electoral no-contest pact with the more radical left groups opened the way for the Marxist parties to Inake a direct contribution to governmental policies. In this too he was an innovator, even though at the same time some conservative people disapproved of this step.
In foreign policy, Mr. BandaraTaike laid down the broad orientations which the country has hitherto followed. Though Ceylon became Independent in 1948, the foreign policy of the country was definitely pro-Western and antisocialist till 1956. Mr. Baldaranaike articulated the policy of effective neutrality and nonalignment in the East - West cold war. He got the British forces to withdraw from Trinconalee thus dissociating Ceylon from a Inilitary alliance with Britain. He recognized the socialist governments of Eastern Europe and People's China thereby opening a new era of friendship with all countries. He was prepared to begin statė enterprises with the support of socialist countries. Along with Jawaharlal Nehru het was a forerunner of a policy which later blossomed into the TLovellent of nomaligned countries. The personality of Mr. Bandaranaike was one which tried to understand the conflicting issues and reconcile then in a harmony
that was in fav disadvantaged He had an inna Weak, almost to a
He was arı in tics, one who abreast of world a philosophical a local and intern:
Sri Lanka is f had a personalit D. Bandaranaik provide a derma with a greater justice. Without native we might ртеy to опе с totalitarian extre today in the Wc him the colimol çonscious cf : human being.
He is now på heritage, All parties hawe, ex citly, accepted policies, and int of the problems the mass upsur renaissance thath All the county' had to respond that his life . such as the Ievi the respect fo dialogue with practical search with political fre mic development
Nearly two di death We cam si issue he was o future, of history specially the though in the of his policie severe trials an this sense We ci dictu III **Tiwers . wards' Fundan be said that through a trou controverted life to his inner primacy option thus described.
FTom a felt strongly urge to Er" ntryנוטם my my ability, almost a TT101 of dedicatio

u of the less апd oppressed. te concČrni for the point of weakness.
Lellectual im policonstantly kept trends and had pproach to bÓ h tional problems.
ortunate İtı having y like S. W. R. Ywhic CoLuldi cratic alternative accent on social SLch. En alterhawe fallen al r other of the mes that prevail rid. Because of 1 person is lore his rights a 4 a
rt of our Dutional
Imajor political plicitly or inplIany of his
heritcd also some consequent On ge and cultural e helped engender. s eligions have to the challenges ptions furthered: iwal of Buddhism, IT all " religions, Матxisпп апd the for social justice ićdoп and есопо
.
lecades after his that OT most in the side of the and of humanity, oppressed; even bractical execution1 he had to face i limitations. In an understand his on't flow backLentally, it might he maintaimed bled and much a basis offidelity inspiration and which he has
Fery early age I within Ine the we the people of to the best of an urge which unted to a feeling
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Page 13
Politics
The JVP's conversio
NE Krushchev's speech to the 20th Congress of the CPSU in 1956, it is said, was Leon Trotsky's great revenge, Indeed the past 2 decades, which (as Samir Anin rightly concluded in the 25th anniversary issue of the Monthly Review, have proved the continuing sterility of Trotskyism, has simultaneously and paradoxically witnessed a revival of the World Trotskyite Inovement. An understanding of this irony of history, and more pertinently, the J.W.P's conversion to Trotskyism, after 197l hinges con an understanding of the post-1956 crisis in the world communist İTÜ WETT)ETİ,
Over a decade after the Great Debate of the 1960's it is hard to escape the conclusion that it was something of a non-event. Certainly, the Chinese and Albanian parties' critique of the CPSU's revisionism did defend certain basic tenets of Leninism against the Krushchevite distortions. Yet, time has shown that this alone could not and did not fulfil the crying need of the world revolutionary movement at that conjuncture. Neither of the protago- nists made a correct analysis of the central phenomenon of neocolonialism. The Moscow Declarations of 1957 and 1960, taken together with the 'Open Polemics", show that neo-colonialism was Wrongly perceived as a mere disguise, a mere shift in tactics of old colonialism entailed (i.e. capitalist development in the periphery, enabling it to become the dominant mode of production) the national bourgeoisie becoming the ruling class, being subject to the process of compradore fication and entering into symbiotic dependence with imperialism; rapid class differentiation in the peripheral societies; etc. Both the directly Leninist lineage of Stalin as well as the yery dimensions of the role he had to assume in contethding with imperialism on a world scale provided him and the Cominform with the kind of global
perspeciliwc - that for an understa lism's new all national bourg changing charact in the post Wor is de tlh in 19 short the on-g this analysis.
The Chinese a ties, lacking th responsibility a merely generalize apply on a w specific experienc pective Rewoluli thesis of "carryi National Democ to completion' W both the leading varying degrees world communist dominant ideology both Centres of t nist movement in period to date revisionist in essi The Cuban Ret place as it did i but non-colonial rapidly assuming racter, posed the this dominant ideo Series of Tevolut it fuelled in Latin Etruggles, as well tinental and mc the CLAS Conf adopted a stance only anti-imper necessity, anti-cal ever, the de-emp of wanguard part quent inadequacy ary “social accun the proletariat,” i over emphasis on nique, spelled dis successive Waves o As a whole gene American rewol buried, their in challenge to the sionistic ideology communist move muted. The post Cuba's foreign psocial revolution

Chintaka
to Trotskyism
Was necessary ing of imperiaance with the isies and the r of this class, War II period. 3 10-Wever çut | mg pToCess of
ld Albanian pars truly global ld perspective, a tad tricd to ord scale the : of their res| ns. Thus, the ng through the 'atic Revolution as accepted by parties and, in by the entire movement. The emanating from he World commuthe post 1956 remains right ential character. volution, taking In a peripbèTal, context and a socialist chafirst threat to logy -as did the onary struggles America. These as the Triconrė importantly trence in 1967 which was not alist, but of italist too. Howasis of the Ircle and the consef witally necessulation anong oupled with an military techster for these år med sfruggle. tion of Latin ionaries Was licit cry of lominant reviif the world čni was also 1968 shift in cy away from and towards
national liberation struggles was a consequence of these defeats.
However the battle cry of socialist revolution reached reçeptive ears in this other tropical island half-way across the globe. The endogenous contradictions of the capitalist mode of production are compounded by the feature of dependence as far as the peripheral economies are concerned, and the mid 1960's saw aconomuic crisis gripping Sri Lanka. The heightening of the phenomenon of unequal exchange in trade was revealed in the Balance of Payment problem assuming major proportions, while successive government exercise of its classdetermined option of increased external borrowing, ensnared the national economy inextricably in the debt-trap. On the advice of the World Bank, IMF and other neo-colonialist agencies, the mendicant bourgeoisie of Sri Lanka began stripping away layers of the social welfarism that had cushioned the masses to An extent and provided the scaffolding for the country's highly "successful bourgeois - parliamentary system.
The social class to be hardest hit, in terms of "relative deprivation was the petty bourgeoisie, which saw a rapid fall in its living standards, while spiralling unemployment blocked the fairly free upward social mobility it had enjoyed in the wake of the 1956 Bandaranalike populist reforms (which in turn, were made possible by the economic boom conditions). Sections of the petty bourgeoisie was most acute in the latter areas where the problem was accentuated by the marginalisation caused by the "Green Revolution' which reach cd Sri Lanka's rural areas in the mid 1960's under the auspicies of neo-colonialist agencies, (thus paralleling developments in many other "3rd world countries such as Mexico, Philippines, Thailand and India). Greatly reduced infant mortality due to the expansion of social Welfare
11

Page 14
accorded youth an overwhelmingly
pre-dominant place in the country's
population structure thus leading
an added (geпcтational) diпсnsiоп
to the social strains and stresses.
܊ ܕܬܐ
The petit bourgeois youth, especially in the rural areas, caught up in the wortex of the crisis of capitalism on a national and international level, could undoubtedly have been a vitally import tant – ally of the Sri Lankam proletariat, had not the par Lie:5 of the Working class been so hopelessly enmeshed in reformism and engaged in tailing abjectly behind Lhe bourgeois SLFP. The revolutionary alternative to the Old Left was provided at the time by the Maoist Ceylon Commumist Pärty of Mr. N. Shanmugat hasan whose mechanistic, Sino-centric standpoint was in fact no real alternative (Idcology apart, in organisational aspects and style of Work, it was a virtual mirror image of the bureåCratised proMoscow CP). So, as in Latin America, il Was becoming incTeasingly obvious that the for Inula of “New Democracy/People's War' was not the real answer to Krushchev-Brezhnev revisiomisim.
Thus, the organisationally strong Sri Lankan proletariat was ideologically and politically weak, due, a Tong other things, to the fact that its vanguard parties functioned Within the false problematic impợsed Dm thêm 7 by the * lẹHđing centers of the world communist movement — a problematic which did not confront the fundameltal reality of the qualitatively changed role of the national bourgeoisies. Owing to this basic political Weakness, the proletariat was incapable of assuming a hegemonic role vis-a-vis the Crisis ridden, volatile petit bourgeois rural youth. So, this social stratum threw up its own political Tovement and its leader - the JWP and Rohana Wijeweera - which led it in the bloodily suppressed spartacist rebellion of April 1971, a rebellion whose sole, if tenuous affinity with the proletariat was that it occurred in the centenary year of the Paris Commune!
A proletarian party - one based on the working classes and
steeped in its id capacity of assim the experience terrible defeats. ( ß fter 1927 is, bLu ple). But the dis 1971 had a diff the collective psyche of the J squabbles, denial and betray als at the violent fi Within the jails, and self-criticism effrcted by viole this revealed the of the trauna bọ LIrgeois psyche' to cope.
The governmen ery of between bers, supporters of the JWP W: traumatic experit painful altogethe perience of betra wery few illusions a political degenera and CP (Moscow un prep: red for thi the lẹāders of th go in gleefully barba ric blood bat unkindest cut of not so much by but I ather the movement, the wal which either activi repression (Chin. studiedly silent.
Despite the t quacies of 'Maoi rejection of th CP's parliamental its generally in enabled Clairma (CPC to Tetain t admiration and revolutionarič8 i 3rd World. But right opportunis Chinese foreign early 1970's onw this. Bangladesh, Lanka were the of the deviation En-lai's infamous a large blot on life of that gre; was semething totally unprepare

2c logy - has the ilate and digest to the most The Chinese CP a single examaster of spring erent impact on petit bourgeois WP. The sordid s, denunciations thę CC trią | 5., ratricidal strife where criticis In I was sa Tetimes nt ruleans. All depth and extent and the petit 's utter inability
t's savage butch5- 10,000 memand sympathisers iš опе kind of ce, but more was the exya:1. The JWP had s to the ideological cy of the LSSP it withg), but was extent to which Lese partics could applauding the .h. HOWWe the all was inflicted the local left, World ComTI LIIDist ious segments of ely supported the в] ог гепаіпеd
1eoretical inądesm”, its emphatic е рго - Moscow ry cretinism and ilitant stance, ni Mao and the he well deserved loyalty of most in the so-called the pronounced
deviation in policy in the ards changed all Sudan and Sri first real examples l, and Chou letter. (Surely the exemplary at revolutionary) the JWP was di foT.
Hindsight confirms that while Kushchewitę. Ievisionis II resur Tectcd the political corpse known as Trotskyism, lhe neo-revisionis foreign policy of the Chinese Communist Party put Trotskyism firmly back on its feet. Orphaned by the local Left (includiug the Maoists who in a mirror image of the old Left's utterly grotesoue dCnunciation of the JWP as agents, branded them... KGB agents) and the communist movement, the JWP began to be adopted by that omnipresent and indefatigable foster parent of lost or a bandoned causes, that wholly ridiculous contraption, the socalled 4th International. Together with messages of support from the Unified Secretariat in Paris (the Ernest Mendel wing) and the legal counsel of its local representative (the mercurial Mr. Bala Tampoe), came a steady strealII of literature and ideology which was a major influence in the formation of a theoretical framework cum perspective for Wije
weera in comprehending the shattering experience of 1971. The specifity of rhe social stru
cture of his country is such that the petit bourgeoisie i 31 sprawling class and its ideological influence is extensive. Thi accounts in the main for the historical eccentricity that the dominant trend within the Lanka Left movement is Trotskyism. This curious feature of the country's political topography was an added factor in speeding
up the process of Wijeweera's conversion to Trotskyist which was made casier by the fact that the orgiginal JWP had not clearly defined ideological position
to start with except for a vulgarly eclectic mixture of Maoism, Castro-GueWarisTL and
Trotskyis III.
(Ti: drffré fi reprofitéri fri F1 fre Econorricard Palifical FFeekly affrodia)
Next: JWP after self-criticism

Page 15
Food
The eight
earning often begins with unL. In seeking to understand causes of hunger, one first has to cut through muny pervasive myths. These Inyl his paralyze many people with guilt and fear. They also prevent III any from secing that food self-reliance is possible for every country in the World.
O People are hungry because of scarcity - both of food and of land.
Can scarcity seriously be considered the cause of hunger when even in the 'food crisis' of the early 1970s there was plenty to go around-enough in grain alone to provide everyone in the world with ample protein and 3 000 calories a day, not counting any of the beans, tubers, fruits, nuts, vegetables and nongrain fed meat? Three thousand calories are about What the average American conSTS
Such global estimates mean little we are told; what III atters is the food per person in the *'hunքry countries. But focusing strictly on the Third World, ohe finds that food production has kept pace with and often exceeded the growth in population during the last 20 years in countries accounting for 86 percent of the total population of the developing countries,
What most undermines the assessment of developing countries as
Frances Moore Lappe and Joseph 908 ஆre_ரவிer ஆ
சrதிே சீரற சார் சதுர Prify', fr, Lappe is the author Es liet for a Small Planet, Jr. Colling. Horate Irith Jacques Chorrcholl, David Baytimian ard Sugar George World Hunger: Causes and Reindies (Tarraforian
Arré). Ĉio! - rhé fiere of the ordo Fodd Conference. In Jarre g?? ஜெர்ர Mரி தந்: F5 First: Beyond the Myth of Scarсіiy, by Fraлces Moore Me rேd ரதர் ரோ.
foods carce, how duction statistics The very cou people perceive and import-dep Sclves, it turns Cxporters, Forty agricultural in United States,
World's top thre P)OrterS, crhcs
countries. In 1 MSA countries
tural Conmoditi States.
Agricultural Sahelian Count increased during in the face of and widespread to take: but ons exports went up Weet 196 and 1 nut production f Europe's cattle inc rice production, export, reached FAO surveys she Sahelian country, exception of min mia, actually p grain to feed its even during the Year. So, while I it was not becat agricultural produ food.
Arld What of lar
Only approxim, of the world's ci now being crop partially be expia that fmany land-c land as an inw Source offood, le: un planted. A 196C bia, for instance, largest landholder 70 percent of the only f percent
But only by as CLI liwated land is understand that is is hardly the cal

"CVET, arc mot probu tradic slatistics. ntries that Ilost is food-deficient Cillent are hell
Ült, gri:Lutural EICert Of a ports into the
itself one of the é àgricultural imfrtյIIլ deWelopiIıg 73, 36 of the 40 eXpŮrted agricul25 to the United
:Xports from the “ies dramatically the early 1970s, 'Orsening drough hunger. In Mali Country, Çottörı 400 precent bet72, while groundor export Lo feed areased 70 percent, also largely for a record high. Wed that every with the possible eral-Tich Mauritaroduced enough total population, Worst drought Tiany went hungry ise of searcity of iction or even of
ld scarcity?
ately 44 percent ultivable land is ped. - This can lined by the fact IWI 12T3. Whee Hold
ŠtINLEDlit, Tot W: Vasi amouII5 study of Colomfound that the S, in control of land, planted
Sessing what the growing can one iCårCity of land lse of hunger.
Frances Moore Lappe and Joseph Collins
is of hunger
---. . . ーャー・一ー
the problem is to
see how the people can democratize
control over
agricultural
reSOLrces In Central America and in the Caribbean countries, where as
much as 70 percent of the childTen are under nourished, at least half of the agricultural land, invariably the best land, is made to Produce crops fur export, no riod for the local people. In most developing countrics, this pattern is intensifying.
O There are just too плашу
People in the world. A exploding world population means there is less food for everyопе --
if "too many people" cause hunger, one would cxpect to fim more hungry People in countries With more people per hectare. We could find no such correlation. China, for example, has only half the cultivated acreage for each Pesothal) does India. Yet, in only 25 years China has succee ded in eliminating visible undernutrition. Yet there are countries With comparatively large amounts of agricultural land per person that suffer from the most severe and chronic hunger in the world.
While severe hunger is a daily reality for most Bolivians, they live in a country with weli over
0.2 ha of cultivated land per person: significantly more than France (and a potential of over 4 cultiYable ha per person). Brazil has nore cultivited hectàrage perperson than the United States, yet in recent years the percentage of under nourished people has increased from 45 to 72 percent. Mexico,
13

Page 16
where most of the rural population suffers from tunder nourishment, has more cultivated land per person than Cuba, where now virtually no one is underfed.
Investigating the Supposed “basketcases, from Bangladesh to the nations of the Sahel, one finds that there is no country in the world lacking adequate physical Tesources to feed its population. Indeed, what one learn is that as long as food is bought and sold in societies with great income differences, the degree of hugel says nothing about the amount of food per person produced in a country. Silnilary, the relationship of hunger to land turns out to be not so much a question of quantity; hunger has far less to do with the amount of land than with who controls it. Who controls the land determine whether or how it will be put to use and who will benefit from its fruits.
Neither the Lize of country's population hor its growth is today the cause of hunger. Both hunger and rapid population growth are actually symptom of the same diseatët. Fixating On syTnpitons iš fruitless; it is a tragic diversion we cannot afford. If we are really serious about eventually balancing this planet's populaton and resources, we must now address the root cause of both hunger and high birthrates: the insecurity and poverty of the majority resulting from the monopolizing of national productive resources by a few.
O Hauger will be overcome by concentrating on producing more food.
Diagnosing the cause of hunger as scarcity inevitably leads to the conclusion that greater production in itself will solve the problem. Thus, techniques to bonbost production have been the central thrust of the War on Hunger" for at least 30 years. Governments, international agencies, ad multiational corporations have promoted “modernization” — Ilargescale irri gation, chemical fertilizer, pesticides maehinery and the seeds dependent on such inputs - all to make the land produce more.
But when a new agricultural technology enters a system sbot
through with po it profits only th possess some coi money, creditwort tical influence.
alone has excludi World's rural po the world's hungr
Moreover, öIlçe comes a špecul in which sheer basic physical tes financial success, chain of events is Competition for waltues soaring.
Focussing on has transformed I into a technical of gelling the forcign-made, impl grcissiwe,” irmwari farmers. This pr Parra y precisely the social reality the hungry are t Cor no control o W resol res. The ating the social the agra rian stri make the hung decision-makers a The solution to releasing the gi people who can skills and local contrast, reducin agriculture to o of production diw progress from b: ment. Agricultu is but a mirage Tinent - a mirage the interests of the rural popul those of a few.
In country af agricultural TeSQL to be sources of the narrow d. production has rr of rural people inc to the productior be cut out of pri cut out of consum tiom of a 36-centabourer in Bihar this truth: "If y land, you never erat, even if the L Will.'
Indeed in Tilal food per person i

wer inequalities, ose who already bimation of land, him:5s and poliThis selectivity 2d most of the pulation and all Y. : agriculture bative investment ontrol over the tources promises a catastrophic set into notic. land sends and
3roduction totals Liral development problem - One
'right,' usually its to the "proably belter-off
'oduction focus is because it ignores of hunger - that hose with little tr food-producing “cal task is inititransformation of Licture that will гy the — ргіпnaгу ind beneficiaries. hunger lies in eat potential of develop their own Iesources. By g the problem of ne of technology forces agricultural sic Tural developail III odernization of rural developthat undermines the Enajority of lation to serve
eT country where rČeš årė å lowed * individual wealth rive to increåse: hade the småjority reasingly marginal process. And to duction is to be tion. The observaa-day agricultural India, confirms rou don't own any
get enough to and is producing
ny countries more s being produced;
yet more people are more hungry. This is mot a speculative point. Empirical studies recently prepared for I LO document that in the wery Asian countries where the foeus has merely been om increasing produçtion is and where, indeed, food production as well as the gross Lational product per Caput have risen, the rural poor are absolutely worse off than beforę.
To achieve food security the hungry world must rely on large landholders.
Governments, international lending agencies, and foreign assistança program TT es have pas sed ower small-holders because they hawe beliewed that concentrating on the large holders was the quickest road to production gains.
In fact, however, it is the small farmer who is generally more productive, often many times more productive, than the larger
farmer. A study of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Guatemala found small farmers
to be 3 to 14 times more productive per acre than the large farmers. In Thailand, plots of 0.8 to 1.6 ha yield almost 60 percent more rice per ha than farms of 56 ha or more. Likewise in the United States. In only two of the 14 years from 1960 through 1973, was the Tealized net farm іп соппе рет астe greater on the biggest farns than on family fTms.
We need not roimanticize small producers. They get more out of the land precisely because they are desperate to survive on the meagre resources allowed them. The smaller farmers plant more closely than would a machine, mix and rotate complementary crops, choose a combination of cultivation and livestock that is labour-intensive and, above all, work their perceptibly limited resources (especially themselves) to the fullest, The large holders, for whom land is not the basis of daily sustenance, invariably unders Lultilize their amd.
Consider the Chinese experience, Through an evolution to collective ownership of land, China has significantly reduced TuTal ine

Page 17
quality. The gap between the richest and poorest segments of the rural population in China is probably only one fourth to one h Elf as great as in other Asiam countries. Production is directly controlled by and benefits those who work the ficlids. Food production in China has climbed consistently and there has been no farmine since at least the early 1950s.
A needed increase in food production caIl come Only at the expense of the ecological integrity of our food base: far Illing must be pushed Om to Targinal lands ut the risk of іггeparяble егоsion; and the use of pesticides will hawe to be increased.
Is the need for food for a growing population the real pressure forcing people to farm lands that are easily destroyed?
A Caribbean country offers a shocking picture of environmental destruction. The Inajority of the utcrly impowerished peasants raWage the once-green mountain slopes in a desperate effort to grow food. Has food production used up every safely cultivated acre so that only the mountain slopes are left No. The rich walley lands belong to a handful of people who seek dollars in order to live an imported lifestyle. These lands "are thus made to produce largely low-nutrition and feed crops (sugar, coffee, cocoa, alfalfa for cattle) exclusively for export. Grazing land is export. oriented, too. Recently, Texasranchers began to fly in cattle for grazing and re-export to the American institutional and fastfood market.
How pasticide-dependent is the world's current food production? In the United States, about 543600 tons, a whopping 2.7 kg for every American and 30 percent of the world's total, are dumped into the environment every year. Surely, such a staggering figure means that practically every hectare of U. S. farmland is dosed with deadly poisons. U. S. food abundance, therefore, appears as the plus that comes from such a big
S.
Tho facts,
uš w To Ilg. Ne cides in the used Ilot on f: cours, parks
about 5 perce crop and past with insecticide Weed killers, ang fungicides; non for over half applied in Unite Cotton alon. I (47 percent) . used. It shoul ever the Cottof areagę
Cide treatment
A develop hope for export crı а оatura use the E food and
There is about the de Concentration o low-nutrition land that gro' Tubber, tca and an ilcredible di сгора.
Nor is ther Réliance om a CTÇips generates as political Wul price fluctuatio) tropical cropsc maturing plants example, takes to take deve. impossible,
Often quoted h0W much mor it takes to buy compared to 2 imdeed İm Elde c) of agricultural not kept pace price of impo goods. But éve only agricultura loping countries the clear losers World agricultu from 40 percen percent in 1971of the benefits increases in pri exports accrued countries.

however, proved rly half the pestiJnited States are rmland but on golf and lawns; only .. taif the nation's reland is treated i, 15 percent with 0.5 percent with food crops account if all insecticides States agriculture. :ceives almost half f all insccticides i be noted that, lf of the total receives no insectiat all.
ment country’s best development is to ops in which it has advantage and to arnings to inport industrial goods.
othing “natural" Peloping Countries in a few, largely crops. The same Wos cocoa, coffcc, Sugar could grow versity of nutritious
e any advantage. limited number of
cConnic as well nerability. Extreme ns assocjated with ombine with slow
(a coffee trice, for 5 years to mature lopment planning
illustrations of 'e coffee or bananas " a tractor today ) years ago have „tar that the value: exports has simply with the inflating Ited nanufactured an if one consider l trade, the devei still come out Their share of ral trade dropped t in 1961-63 to 30 -72. And two thirds of the most recent ces of agricultu Tal to the industrial
O Hunger is a contest between the rich world and the poor World.
Terms likchungry world' and “poor World' Iakc one think of LI Llifornly hungry masses. Tihey hide Lhe reality of vertically stratified socicies in which hunger afflicts the lower Tungs in both so-called dc veloped and developing countries. TerIns like these Ilnake hunger into a place-and usually a placc over there. Rather than being a Tes ull of a social process, hunger becomes a static fact.
Worse still, the all-inclusiveness of these labels leads one to believe that everyone living in a "hungry country' has a colnon interest in eliminating hunger. Thus, we look at a developing country and assume its government officials represent the hungry majority. Well-meaning sympathizers in the industrial countries then believe that concessions to these governments, e. g., lower tariffs on their exports or increased foreign investment, represent progress for the hungry. In fact, the "progress' may be only for the elites and their partners, multinational corporations.
Moreover, he rich world' versus "poor world'scenario makes the hungry appear as a threat to the material well-being of the majority in the met Topolitan countries. To average Americams and Europcans, the lı ungry become the enemy. In truth, however, hunger will never be redressed until average citizens in the metropolitan countries can see that the hungry abroad are their allies, not their enemies.
Only 5.5 percent of all farms in the United States now operate ower one half of all land in farms. The resulting landlessness and joblessness in rural America are at the Toot of much of the persistent hunger in the midst of agricultural bounty,
Almost 90 percent of vegetable production in the United States is controlled either through contracts or directly by majot processing corporations. Many farmers
(Carl finited or page 2)
15

Page 18
| The Arts
Hugh Mac
by N. M. M. I. Hussain
(die Sri Larka Freg Serr'e)
he work of the great Scot
tish poet Hugh Mac Diarmid, who died last Inonth at the age of 86 after a literary career of over half a century, seems to be hardly known in Sri Lanka, apart from a few anthologised poems such as the Weirdly Copelling “O whil's been heie afore the lass'' and the IIIagnificent Celebriktion of vitality, "Cattle Show'.
This seems curiou5 considering that he was accorded the imprimaur of Scrutiny approval by Leavis' favourable review of The Second Hymn to Lenit in 1935 and by John Speirs' The Scots Literary Tradition. More recently he has had the advocacy of David Craig, the Marxist literary critic who was formerly a lecturer at Peradeniya University. Maç Diarmil himself visited Sri Lanka sodetime in the Sixties without provoking Tuch interest. He had Temained unremarked, as far ås I at aware, in literary articles written in Sri Lanka over the decads.
In Britain itself his work has had nothing like the currency it deserves, partly perhaps because his Scots poems were published with inadequatic glossarics. More important his wirulent Anglophobia, his incorrigible and unfashionable Communism, his refusal to frequent the London literary coteries, apparently made him a rebarbative figure whose work had to be ignored after due acknowledgement of its extraodinary quality. But it is precisely the characteristics that make him so un-English, so remote from the ethos which allows a Kingsley Amis to indulge his silly Little Englander contempt for everything that is "abroad", which should make Mac Diarmid appealing to those of us in Sri Lanka who find the literature of England not sufficiently relevant to our preoccupations.
1.
Diarmid
Scottish instance, which Europcall may will s Like a sy II the Third World list1 can SCIeti phase in a prog towards socialism striking in its widely prevalent consists in praisi ought to criticis land Termitis a : tion throughout excoriates the til in the best of tą lier SiçCS alie!!1 al ed halio II to Würd5 the tr; his society, the k cal nationalism the Third World
There is o' about Mac Oia Tri In his beautifu III het Writes of ance of the Sc Eastern affiliati poetry and fusi Stalin's native as the first hom all of which is larly mythology to show that hi outward-looking. an easy Tan: inter-nationalism poem Inı Memor in which he st onore con Cele the West'.
Mac Diarid being the only British Isles wh seriously as a C even though h thoroughly unor First Hymn to L. Communist leade great turning since Christ, an and in the Sl Future he Frit OWertones of a
His

nationalism,
to a Westen Seet in retrograde pal hetic echo in i Where nationames be seen as a ressive movement 1. It is however, Inlikeness to the nationalism which ig Societies which Čd. While Scotmajor preoccupahis poetry, he Scotland of his
flying tradition poets. His is a |alism looking ansformation of iI'll of self-crimost needed in
today.
for
thing parochial mid's nationalisII. pih:Cm Die radh Oriental prove(litish Goa, the T3 Cf (Gaelic: c, a fid describes country Georgia Lè of the Scots, probably unschobut which serves s nationalism is It allows for sition to the of his last iam James Joyce, lys that he is with East than
is unique in poet from the O can be taken Communist poet, is Marxism is thodox. In the enin he sees the 'r as marking the Joint in history Lu northodox view, eleton of the es with religious in apotheesized
Lenin. In the Seamless Garmelt he brings into odd association Lerin and the German poet
Rilke for the integrity shown in Their work. The Second Hymn to Lenin concludes with the declaration that politics is child's play compared to the tasks confronting the poet. But LII orthodox though these and other pocms are, they are aut hentic political poetry of remarkable quality as recognised in David Graig's fine assessment of Mac Dia I Taid as a Marxist poet in The Real Foundations. Together with some of the poems of Yeats ånd of the lesser poet Adrien Mitchell, Mac Dia Trinidl’s are the only political poems produced in Britain in this century which are worth reading. The Te is no doubting his political commitment, so unlike that of the Auden generation of the Thirties, which cd him to rejoin the ComEllulist Party after the 1956 ewents in Hunga Ty.
Some brief indications about the quality of his poetry Will have lo suffice in this article. The early Scots lyrics, poems such as The Bonnie BТčukit BaiТП and the Watergaw, establish him indubir tably as one of the supreme lyric poets of all time, The Dunk Man Looks at the Thistle is Hmong thẽ bẹst lQng pQẽIm& of this century and the SLibSequent work up to the Second Hymn to Lenin of 1935 constitute together with the earlier poetry a. body of work ttrong enough to put him among the major poets. The controversy about his work is over his later poetry, the long poems The Kind of Poetry II Want and In Meiriam Janes Joyce, sometimes dismissed as rhythmically flaccid choppod-up prose. In fact these and other poemas in the latČr " Imanner aro of unusual though wery unwell quality, occasionally original in their transformation of technical and scientific terminology into poetry, and at their best a poetry of argument which does much more than can be accomplished in prose.
(Canarin Eredo pri page ré)

Page 19
Weera Puran Ap
by H. A. Seneviratne
(Trafrsfare" (y fshe ar for fra ir rifs ( HA'YI LLLL LLGTLTGT HLLLCL EEGaG
criticis: of an attempt to
produce son ething worthwhile for the illgoor it a till: when therę i3 : nad ruch of third rate fills, must not be misunderstood. It is absolutely futile to discuss fills that do mot descriw any criticism,
So, let's talk : but Weera Puran Apple". Is it it feature fill QT E dicu Tlen år y fili11"? It is E tuted at the CT1Teilçe ment of the fill that whilst the docuIIn ents Tegård ing the 1848 Tebelli Üll at thČ Archi yeS Te läte Lusc of, ural traditio1 is resorted to Jilly in order to "fill the gaps'. As this announcement is Tide certain documents are in fact shown a T the screen. Thus we feel haut vwè a TE: about Lo sce
some historical facts about a past event. But in a noment surrethir g e Ese happens. Con Leuml
proråry :: CLUrs : 1d ctres 5 es begin to enact the rules of people like Puran App E, GÖngalego da Ballda, Wen, Kudapola, Governor Torringtol, his wife, the Government Agert åt K4 1dy etc etc. TherefoTe, we lawc to conclude that from now on what we see is a 'historical feature film'.
lIf it is featu Te fill that we See, is i ricCessary Lihat we should be presented with the warious documents Tinentioned earlier? If they are presented at all, should it not be with a view to giving some additional meaning to the film? After all those are documents written by the British rulers who ruthlessly suppressed the 1848 rebellion. And these documents contain their views. The makers of the film Weera Puran Appi fail to give any special interpretation to the 1848 rebellion, at least with fact in Inind.
ertain dates and names of places are shown on the screen from tine to time as the story unfolds. But these dates and names of places add no special
significal cc T story. This agai "feature filmin” asp
In sact Weerg feature fill that for II of a d: cha Taciterš a TČ ili depict some old are physically a ride horses, they and fight. But that their physi only Teactics () II) in their hear shirt their cit parc Cessas a Te 1: by thicir actio I they bicole despité their ene
Let's taket Elık Pura [1 App LL hin. in the film. W' Illust h:1ve been of this simple bır[1 iil M(r: 1 LIY, Mia Lale: A[nd ther aglinst the might imperialists! Wha II List hill. We begin at the en faced
the British imp äny lesitation Whatsoew. Wh:
IT CI1 tÇ SLI Çh gra fill Weera Pural Il) answer to th
Let's now see
of the film is ow people of this cr against their B 1848. Although Songs it is said ble taxes were people, the film the sufferings of Wire burde Ted W sive measures. . said that those thic taxe5 will be single such ins In other words Illot portray in t the cineria the tČrrṁe:Tnt id if a pcople still st lisIn, to push a and other cot TCCognise (Gong

ծpս
ılıcaning t), the in undermines the ccL of the movie,
Puran Appu is a hlas ta kell Ele |clinentary. Ls ke puppet 5 that icident. They : tiwe imideed. They Tull, jump abմut
We do Ilot see cail Ilctions are if Wh):Llt is going
its and I mimlis, li i tyms EL 11 d thought
really revealed ns. That’s why merg բաբբets
rgetic fighting,
: clarater of is clf as portrayed lät Tichtless tiere il the character män Who Was wa only to go to e lead a rebellion of the British it richiness there in til his rhan who the bullets of erialists without Cor repentence it force elevates ind heights The fl Appu provides is Wital question!
What the attitude Elrds the colon untry Who rose “itish rulers in in Words and tlh:lit un reasonalevied on those fails to capture the people who 'ith those represAlthough it is who fail to pay : whipped, not a tallice is show. the fill oes hic language of force of the justice that led ecped in feudaside caste, creed Isiderations and alego da Banda,
and latČr, Puran Appu as thcir
CIO. Wined king.
Because of these drawbacks there is little or no audience participa Lion in the filmlı evenı
where thcTe are fighting scenes.
All what is the LIII:1 content the film1 Weera Puran App E s ceks to give? We are told at the end of the fill that the 1848 rebellion, though a failure, was the beginning of a protest that succeeded in 1948. But there is nothing in the film that lelps the audience to come to such a conclusion. How could there be? Is it mot å fact that the psychology of protest in human minds do not end with failures' or
"'s lesses'" as such At the height of such olitbursts of protest human beings become instrullents of history. THı:
greater ones become representative
figurës who symbolize and articulate essence of the epoch itself.
The makers of thc film Weera Puran - Appu have failed to grasp any of these aspects. Therefore the film has become an aimless exercise. The hundreds of people involved in the film, the fighting, the storming of thc fortress, the massacre of human beings-all these appear to have been just Wasted.
Similarly, the truly excellent acting by Tissa Abeysckera as Wen, Kudapola, the commendable acting by Ravidra Randeniya as PuEran Appu, the maturing photography of Donald Karunaratne - all these appear to hawe been wasted too.
The ba Irenness of content in the contemporary Sinhala cinema, which is clearly seen in this film, is not something peculiar to either its director Lester James
Pieris or to its script writer Tissa Abeysekera, but it is a con II on IIlalaise that has over
taken cinema itself. Independent and genuine criticism is one thing that is most essential for the solution of this problem.
17

Page 20
Private view
Killers
S" Lloyd's illeIIloirs pos
thu [Ti. Cously publisilled recently in the "Sunday Tires' (London) contain ill account of the Suez "adventure' which attempts to whitcwash Eden's rolę (ad Lloyd's OWI) ill that sorry episode. Though agreeing with John Foster Dulles that "force unless backed by World opinion would hawe disastrous result s' they wc[ht ahead with a piece of international thuggery assuming that the US Would, at the least, stay out of the argument, The Ilalicıhalisation of the canal, which was tille C.F. Es was Nasser", retort to the withdrawal, at Britain's instance, of US aid for the Aswan Dillm.
Selwyn Lloyd as Foreign Secretil Ty El Tranged the Anglo-FrenchIsraeli aggression on Egypt and licd to the House of CoIIIIlois about it. The same day (OctobcT 31, 1956) the RAF bombed 4 Egyptian airfields, Anthony Eden, too, lied to the Commons saying
Hugh Mac . . .
(ConfirIrred fra page fi)
'A poetry like the barrel of a Eնrl
Weaving like a snake's head"
He seems to IIe one of the great poets of this century together whth Yeats and Eliot, far mo Te impressive than the better known Pound or Auden. The Hugh Mac Diarmid An holigy F. Wailable in the British Council Library, provides an excellent introduction to his work though it includeš somme poems of dubious quality in preference to finer poems which have been omitted.
18
Britain had no the initial Israeli hic to get aggr:55 (TS. Elli ti biçik di Wyn, r) of the US's he the UN is the settle internali als) because it
Eden's folly b hi5 priime 1hini political career, ting, a junior Foreign Office, and Wils driver tics for his p his (WI) accur long before L. jLob. Nutting t submit( ed a TT enim urging caution Teplace Nasser , Eden telephone shuted t hil: daim if there's ( in Egypt. I wa can't you unde
Recently, afte Were publised, Christopher Hi Tlore da maging told Sir vor c he Walted the
Tull rdered." Kir senior landari dagger col Ine: Lit. Miiliste T, I L Lld Countriss milit F tments for that l'Il frid (GeF Cle of the lo Only Eisenhøver dy who believ fareign heads D off in the Chica These predator West IIIa ke Idi least confines hi boundaries of h look like a Suth
Malachy's prop
Il Juu The this piece about th Malach y C0” Mo Who Was ATchb in Ireland. He of Latin dewi

Arden
foreknowledge of i attack. America tough. With the Call Lipon them ot. Imerely because W-found faith ill proper a rela t. nal disputes but was election year,
rought to an end ste:'sinip al Ellis Sir Antony Nut1minister at the resigned in protes.
i out of poliains. He Wr {{e it of the eye is loyd's whitewash old of how he
orandu In to Eden in trying to will ill unknown, :d Nuttig End "I don't give a
·lha cos and a narclıy int lıinı destroyed, Istand".
Lloyd's memoirs
Nutting told lichens in even tale: *He (Edicin) Kirkpatrick that Egyptian leader kpatrick as the Wit El Cliak and
ins replied: "Prirne irst at d that some im special departsort of thing but t Britain is. Tot So it w15 not ànd John Kenne'ed that to get f State bumped g() style Was OK. y heroes of the A. rı1iın, who at s activities to the is own bailiwick, day school teacher.
hecies
year I wrote a e prophecies of Tgain, (I094—1 141 ) ishop of Armagh composed a series :es all of which
were supposed to refer to the fu Lure occupants of the throne of of St. Peter, not necessarily to their characters but to the Illus Striking features of their poltificates or even to their Coat-of
քլ [ |]]S"
At the time T Write Pill WI was still Teigning. To the successor to Paul WI, I wrote, Malachy gave the device "De medietate lunae" (of the half-moon). John Paul, we were subsequently to learin, was borri Albilo Luciani in the diocese of Belluno (which
means beautiful mooth). John Paul died (al September 28) before the completioll of one
Imooth Efter his coinsecration which
was on September 3. (It is to be noted that a Pope's pointificate counts from the date of
his consecration End Ilot from the data of his clection.) It must be admittéd that “De medietate lunae' as a Inotto for Paul WI's Successor was a bull's eye for the 12th century priest-prophet.
According to Malachy thert will be only three more Popes: De labore solis (of tlc toil of the sun) who will reign as Gregory XW III, o De gioria olivae (of they glory of the olive) willo will be Leo XIW and finally Petrus Romanus (Peter of Rome) who will be the last Pope.
He wrote: "I persecutione extrena sanctae Romanae Ecclcsiae: sedebit Petrus Romanus qui påsCçt oves in multis tribulationibus; quibus transactis, civitas geplicollis diructur, et Judex tremendus judicabit populum.” In extreme persecution of the Roman Church shall sit (in the Chair of St. Peter) Peter the Roman who will feed his flock amid many tribulations; which things being over, the City of Severi IIills will be removed and the Great Judge will judge the people.

Page 21
| Press opinion
Strengthening class ranks
esterday we published the news
that one: CIf the førennast state iristilutions-the CWE, has a batıdoned-Sinhala and now conducts is work in English. Such a II) Čowe can be construed as a step takerl. by some of the top officials in the CWE to stTenghten the fundations of this capitalist state.
To discriminate against the Sinhall educated Workers in this institution just because it has corne under the influence of a Jayewardene government which bows and scrapes beføre English is patin Lly an injustice.
A strange Socialism
hat the government is pro
posing to ban strikes-specifically strikes in the government Sector-can be seen from the speech Iliade by the President himself at the Illecting of UNP teachers. What we wish to review here is not this proposal, but his contetion that strikci should be banned becausic strikes are banned in socialist countries. The wealth that is Čarlled in socialist countries baslongs to the working people. The Imajor portion of the wealth that is earned in this country is taken away by the capitalists. The state, too, is a capitalist state. Though a Ilationalised sector exists within the gowcrlinent fold it is state capitalism that rules there. That is why both state and private
Sector workers . to ask a just S im Order Lo kee cost of living. I Çes to propose
least. in1 the pul fascist action I) Capit Ellist countr lism cannot be
by christening t tic socialist' so
bä nned by legis Workers from a live a r d strugglı exploitation in
A nest of whi
hat preva govern mer in ilisters. Whell tills” Setc. El Fatlit towing office, as sweets to be distr they wonder whe to end. The Pri Minister under th The list of Illii: govern Tent, whic to such an office, Minister, Deputy Minister, along W ters outside Cabil of this tribe wh PTC sidential hono This is not to spe hawe beer 5 ir Inilar otler titles. Whal all this is that tho power after III aki hawe con Werted || got into a size: Which to Serve the
 
 
 

have been forced lare of thic Ticturns p a breast of the such circunstalto batı Strikes, at lic sectoT, is a ot seen cweIı iI1 lics. Just as sociaestablished merely ht stalci “democraCain tot štTike: be: lation and prevent king their right to 2 against capitalist a capitalist state.
te elephants
ils today is not a ıt but a caball of the "walking skele:r Christ Ilmas besif it were a bag of ibuted anong kids, re all this is going :sident, too, is a c new constitutio). isers under this
h d'aily pays pooja now reaches 80. Minister, District ith, Project Miniset rank, the wa Tiety ich has recciwcd urs is multifarious. ak of those who ly honoured with : can be seen from se who cant to ng false promises he mandate they able spoon with :mselves titles,
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19

Page 22
Satire
Science marches
xciting news. "The Sunday
Observer" scooped the World press and "Lankapu ya ta’ with the story that Mrs. B. J. Fernando, wife of our UN Ambassidor Mr. B. J. (Hail President Park, Thy Kingdom Come to Sri Lankal) Fernando had served string hoppets to som c natives of New York in their Park Avenue flat.
Not since our Foreign Minister enjoyed Anne Almeida's haal Illesso baldun in that fair city, and T. M. Deen cooked parippu for his Shaul Brother Hameed has an event of this shattering significance Inade culinary, if not diplomatic, history. (T. M. Deen, by the way, is now an adviser to our UN delegation, presumably counselling the Minister on the eating habits of the Udongo tribe in Namibia).
As any media expert on in-depth news, investigative reporting, development journalism and other mass communication crap Would point out however, what's Tcally important in the Sunday Observer scoop was the story-behind-the-story. Ewidently, the University of Kansas has launched an "or-going research project' to invent an "instant string hopper'. The University is collaborating with the State Flour Milling Corporation and a New York manufacturer of Wernicelli. Kansas researchers, it is reported, have already visited the resplendent is le to “get a feel of the project". The Corporation chairman proudly announced that the project has reached "the take off stage'.
By an odd coincidence, we spotted Dr. Arthika Prasnatilleke at the Blue Cabin. Dr. Prasnatilleke has just returned from his sabbatical at the University of Buffalo where he worked for six months on a research grant of the Hamburger Foundation. His paper "Population, Pollution and Feed: How the Multinationals are helping
O
T. W.' prestigicus Chees original research. 1 hesis, delightful trih" wis the of Myron. J.
hair runt of ( will in added, offt linn an ex i Tal dit?
**Hi Art !'" 1 h the days of his feilowship. Ai thik called 'Art'). I Tecčiwed w:15 : Arrogant acadeIII perhaps hic was H. of familiarity.
**Hillip, di:.. little il Te hu | Tes p011 Se.
"Katcy pittud. ed I, resor Ling
He promptly mouthful in one ther to Thy gr took a little lu finger End ran local pois on in of delicacy that tle Rothschild hawe eTwied, Hii upom, gloved Y A glass of iced Iniraculously in gargling noise f turned to 11:
"Enough of t sider ... hwe y scientific resca Tch
What the de king about, doc
**Can't you u si arm trying to g thing,...,'
Of what bles
“The on-going on-going researc true, I admit, launching pad, NASA would si

AS SSS SSS SSS LSS SSS SSS LLLSSS S SSSSS
ΟΥ
won him lhe eburger Prize for * A masterly ly devoid of all candid comic Int Cleeseburger, htèse bulTgeT IT14:, he record, 'give
''.
晶甲
ailed him. (Since ; first Fulbright
a prefers to be Il return, all I a glacial stare.
lic that lic W85, nnoyed by my air
! I
said a Humbly,
SLj]l I l. (0
bung, .. " shoutto the Wulgate.
swallowed his Savage gulp and &at astonish ment numiris with his tongue owcr the a genic gestill It a wine-tas let of chateau would is eyeballs, the reith a fiery Ted. water appeared Filis hat Ind... A o Lud allowed before he
his frivolity Outou no Tespect for п, you рагүenш... ?”
will are you talייל ...:
ee damı IInit that I at the feel of the
scd thing..."'
project, mail, the :h project..... iI Llo, it's still on the as the boys åt iY-. . . . . not yet at
The Cutsider
thc takt- off stage but We al re making spell did progress..."
"Doc, doc, slowly, slowly,..., please, please, what's the secret?"
''Secret, it certainly is , , , , , , Mitsubishi is after it, and the Lockheed boys will probably bribe an army of researchers if they only got a whiff of it...... and you, you bloody losey reporter want me to tell you all about ...?"
"Doc, you know me... I don't
go in for serisational stories. just the in-depth stuff on the on-going projects FI the
out-going news agencies...'
"Okay, okay... the University of Buffalo, the Rald CorporatioI), MIT and the Sri Lanka Institute for Bowel Diseases are collaborating on a project to manufacture an instant pittu Ilachine...'
“But, dọc, you a Te an list..."'
ECODO =
"This is an integrated project which approaches the problem from the widest perspective of eco-development and basic needs strategy. Cnvironment, nutrition, ecology, labour-sawing, appropriate technology, import liberali
sation and QWCTall dėmland management... all aspects aro covered... and I am a member
of the Task Force...'
A little kindly..."'
more detail, doc,
"Look, its quite simple... The question is whether Sri Lanka is
going to enter the technological age or not? You can take that down, if you want to...
Think of all the servants and the housewives and other slaves in

Page 23
every Sinhala home getting up at 4 o'clock in the morning and pounding the rice or sweating furiously over a niris gala. Think of the husband ycling he's late for office, and the kids fighting over thic pol kiri ... consider the noise, the energy consumption, the neurosis and alienation, the time-consuming elivery problems and finally, the cost-benefit ratio and the inflationary spiral... well, Outsider, wc've got the answer. The Instant Pittu machine. Each person drops a ten cents coin, American of course... one for the pittu, one for the lunu miris, and one for the pol kiri which comes in a paper cup. each person has what he wants, at the time he wants it, in the quantity he needs... there it is... no pitu bathbus, no miris galas, no victorian slave-driving... remember that when you next writic stupid editorials about our academics Wasting time con puro
rescarch and not on applied Tesearch..."
"But what is the ultimate
socio-political objective?'
“Individual enterprise and self-reliance, the ideological bedrock of democratic socialism...'
"May I suggest tive angle ...?'
another posi
"Certainly... even an ignoramus has a right to an opinion... what did you have mind?'
With each member of the family rely ing om a machine wouldn't there be less conflict of interest and more respect for each inidividual's rights and in that sense a great wictory for Mr. Carter's Human Rights Campaign?'
"Bambu...!" snorted the doc, making his escape in the general direction of the American Centre.
O ELMER urge of all
bed, he ha
Trends in nr
Ultra -
L"GER as I
water, Cey cally shut uff cultural develop elsewhere. I because news dic to me occasional abroad, tales and fall tasy that in the shade th those Imaster slot Mande Wille, arı Newertheless, I for the few c from the tables cognoscenti.
I was extret The read of the inno who lises the needle and the produce in his S *Sonority Thot certain primitive In Cn Lis” a 50 m COT have un doubteil ear of Neander certainly does th Century coll sin.
To many of u. freakish abcitat confusing, even Paderewski "The driven into the Rachmalinoff ** stand this moder the present trend: is no reason why should be confinec malia of the spill st EwcTy a want-gua and the na Ille of biarsis, that brilli Ieadily to mind
spreading his The il search of st Sono rities. it wi
that Amoebiasis
famič in the mid epoch-making di Dodecaphonic T within itself the Pentatonic Chord which, in turn, li polychromaticist,

E HAAN.
troubadour, Rabbelaisian wit and Sco:al musicians, is dying of cancer.
From his death
sent us this essay which ls vintage Elmer.
ldern music
realism
) in this backn, l am practiom the will rius ints taking placc ay “practically' iš secp through fron sojourncis f such wonder completely put na Tratives of F-tellcrs, Sinbad, | Munchausen, lm still grat cful umbs that fall of ouTubiquitous
ly interested to Vations of Kagal homely knitting
paper clip to tring Quartet a unlike that of
Africam instruity that would delighted the hal Man ås it it of his 20th
such Ilnay seem bizarre, Of Arts are being wilderness', or cam Inew cr Lindlermusic", Should continue, there Luch experiments to the paraphia's work-basket. le composer – Zogarı Arnhopent Cretam cornes - will soon be filt and wide Illore exotic be Tennchbed om international ixties with his :overy that the
i ho We ver,
to inc contains germ of thc f the Seventh
thið Cracovian azor Gorczycki
to establish that the Bach '48" was but Schoenberg in reverse.
Amoebiasis and Gorczyki are at present jointly working on a Piano Concerto (world premiere, 1980) in which will be incorpo
rated those utilitarian continuo inst; urincnt 5, the Commode and the Bidet. In all explanatory
note, joint authors slate: "Thic Soloist having bowed decorously to his audicice Will now umhuriedy remove his pants and with a gravity befitting the solemnity of the occasion, will endeavour to accomodate his posterior to the contours of the Commode, before
beginning his onslaught on the Concerto. In order to provide that touch of Tcalism. Without
which no avant-guarde work will be seriously considered by even the Soluist in order to generate the intestinal pressure inccessary to a valid interpretation of the Concerto will have partaken of a repast of curried Kosata' just
prie Ehitur befi'e the concert. During the cadenza the Bidet
will quietly enter as an obligato instrument and will continue 50 to the end of the work. Thus, the audience will lot only hear their favourite soloist but will sec and smell him as well,
"Polydimensional Music has now arrived'.
LANKA GUARDAN
Revised Suscriprior Rates (for six months)
Local Rs. 30
Asia Rs. 90
or US SE W.50 or K 3.50 Europe US & Africa Rs. 50)-
or USS 0.00 or 5.00
Cheques and ill cancy orders to be
Dinade out in fawrth Lir cof
Marw yn de Silva,
The Circulation Manager,
Lanka Guardian Publishers Ltd.
South Asian Media Centric 3rd Flour, YMBA building,
1263/28, Main Street, Colombo 1,
H
21

Page 24
Appreciation
Dr. Abraham Th
r, Abraham Ko voor died on
September 18 all the age of eighty. Flad he seen me writing the preceding Şentence in il 11 iillicipatory obituary (he was rational enough to contemplate such EL thing calmly) he would have insis led that I should add the phrase “leaving behind neither a mind in cor a spirit to bother cricdulcius people'', Such was the nia II ! To the last day of his life he was working like fury to liberate his fellowmen from what he called 'supersition'. But what is superstition? The Tuth is that ole tills faith is another Than's Super stition. S0 ft(T 5. Dr. KoWoor WaS COIlcerned, cm pirical and deductive knowledge were he only kinds of knowledge he accepted. Everything else he contemptuously di STTnissed as 'supersition. He refused to admit that there might be problems to which reals on a 11d Science could not find answers. Particullarly during the last few years of his life, he came to hold that view rather dogmatically,
Perhaps a bit of dogmatism is not un pardonable in an octogencrian whose main motive was a humane concern for his fellow Tleil who have been systernatically swindled by godmen, saints, gurus, svinis, astrologers, palmists, cha Imists, yogis, rishis, spiritualists and their il ki, I was Dr. Kow(bot's sincere belief that all Teligious dogmas were Tot only untfue but also harmful. He realis cd as well as anybody else that the complications of life in this world are too much for all of us. Not foT a moment, however, did he concede that orthodox religion can cure our troubles. At best he regarded religion as "the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world...' He never made a serious attempt to seek the social and economic roots of the continuance of belief in assorted gods and superstitions. He believed that happy human societiel could be built by attacking Superstition
Ε
vigorou sly and h last years of his as complictely is dedical el to the
religill.
Ab Talhar Tha T1 born in Kerala () His ft, ther W:S t Kowoot Eip: Thi the Wic: Guiler Tlemm: Sy Till C O;it wonders will The) - Freulia. In W{ fact. As Dr. Kc * I was born in of Krilla in a family a s t h c si priest as the result and biological : . I had neither ( But Will I CåII 1 adopted an country - STi country and rat philosophy 3 s t walitional act”.
He was educi Christial Semi started by his took his degree zoology from B. CalcLu 1 La. He IThig il 1928 at the end P. T. C15 Jf Centrill first year he w the Eask of tę: botany bul also year students.
leyer the elft Er to teach script Lurt all his students and Iïlany of the I all of theİın hiç religion
After Reverel 1943, Dr. Ko" Central Collegi turn at Richmo S. Thoma 5 Colle and finally at Colomb, from in 1959. It was that he began rebellious ratio

Carlo Fonseka
nomas Kovoor
e dedicated the life to this task any saint Was propagation of
this Khy oor was in April 10, 1898. he Wery Reverend 3Tn na Katiha na r,
F11 chf the Mar hurch of Malabar. at an ingenicus
uld make of that woor once put it: the beautiful land Syrian Christick 1) in of a Christian of a geogTaphical cicient ower which I trol III choice. he of nature agc equally beautiful Lanka - as Thy ionalism as Illy he result of my
ted at the Syrian nary, Tiruvalla, father. Later he in botany and :Ingaba si Cullege, Taled to Sri Lanka invitation of Ricethe principal of oilege. During his as entru sted with | ching mot only scripture to final legend has it that was he pe TITmitted because altlinugh passed in scripture in with distinction, lost faith in thcir
Cash retired in 'oor left Jaffna and taught in 1d College Galle; ge. Mount Lawinia Thurstan College, which he retired after retirement to preach the alism which he
had assiduously practised ever since he became capable of iridepeident thought. And will hill a decade hic bcc me far and away the hest know frce thinker In Sri Lanka, if tot in deed in Asia.
Unquestionably he was the leading qui estioner in liwing memory in Sri Lanka. Undmubtedly he asked more quics tiuns than even he could satisfact (rily answer. But his own answers, often picturesquely overstalled, were offered with at amazing zeal and
Tucuce, To the end lil mind was Tazer sharp. It was also salitical and provocative. He
took a puckish delight ill irritating belit Wers. What mad: hi a formidable debunker were his wit, incorrigible irreverence and it was fund of information, He was never daunted by hostility and his spirit was never dampened by ridicule. Hic himself had a keel sense of the ridiculous aid cultivated habit of putting his views in the most outrageous way he could. He certainly succeeded in disturbing
the compla cent Toutinic of lle spiritual lives of Llany beliewers,
No wonder that many people in this country and elsewhere came to regard Dr. Kowlor as a positive force for evil. And yet he was such a gentle, ki ridly,
humane and - in all except orthodox Teligion — thoroughly othodox person!
It was not a rationalist but none other han 1 he late classics professo T J. L., C. Rodrigo who once wrote: “Mr. Abraham Kowoor has constantly crusaded for straight thinking; he delights in debunking those who parade the half-truths to which they cling; he boldly stakes a fortune in support of commonsense and practical wisdom, but there are no takers. They lack the courage of their aberrations. I count myself among his admirers. If only he dispels the mists of credulity, the delusions

Page 25
thickening all rounds us, he would be as useful as Socrates was to Athens. Mr. Ko Wool
should be canonised as a national hero. But he remains a prophict without honour'.
For following reason wherewer it led Socrates was poisoned; BTulno wil s burint; Galileo was put under house arrest and Luther was excommutinicated, Dr. Ky ve cor was cea selessly und roundly abused. But he went seriencly on speaking his mind with Olympian dis rcgard of the censu Tc ho incLITcd bc causc historically he belonged in a glorious intellectual tradition. And when thc Minnesota Institute of Philosophy honoured hill with a doctorate het beamed with pardonable pride.
Like Bertrand Russell Dr. Kovoor firmly believed that when he dies he will rot and nothing of his ego will survive. During
the last year of he was seriously ill but he scorile with terror'' alt tl del til. For Time thc ter Tor cof remember a passa Joyce: "DCE, th, a to the sin Incr, i III com et for him w in thic right path and believing cat jus L mlán, deuth is terror ... He i is the pious and beli who can say in h;
"O grave where C) deathı Where
As it happened, Dr. Ko y cor sustair II ate heart attack The to llis beidside privileged to see h rätional list facçd ttı imminent death. A
(Carlined of
Final epistle to Dr. Abraham T.
Among the day's dismal news one odd spot said T)r. Abrham T. Kuyoor is peacefully dcad. Not believing ill a soul, he had consigned His Corpus to the medicues when he died His pal, Dr. Carlo, the sole devout pall-bearer At the last rites for the Great Rationalist Torch-bea.
This made my sad pensive mind
Find reasons for this funeral um kind And, a scr much search for a thesis,
Arrived rationally at this:
Considering he was 82, more or less When ancient Abraham ran out of gas, Beating into myth the Biblical life-span Of three score years and ten, I reckon All his dear emotional friends and relations Of the first, second and third generations Must have pre-deceased him at the bend Leaving him many a steel-nerved intellectual friend Who would scoff at all pious rituals and ceremonies As unworthy of him and fit for intellectual enemies
Therefore, this final exercist of reason, He had surmised, gawe offenec to none,
And, all this besides, Advanced the cause of science.
So without animus I have penned This epitaph for our dear friend:
He was by sclf-proclamation a rationalist And attacked at sight fire-walker and theist; But for those who believed in god This DI, Kovoor was a queer bird.
Badulla.
Patrick Jay

lis life hic knew and incurably i “Lo shiver le, thought of to think of clèl Lh1 is to ge froi ill. Jämes Cluse of terror S EL blessed 'ho has walked For the pious Jolic, for the IL CH, LISe af El Tid he alone, eving Christian is heart.
is thy victory is thy sting' in 1973 whicn ed his permultihic Sulmoned and I was ow a believing e possibility of 5 for thic pious
المية تعليقات الطر
Koνoor
.
பriyg
Tuneinto
BRSTOL SPORTS NEWS
every eveningat (30 over SLBCchannel2
23

Page 26
(Confilmed from page f5) The eight
already have no choice but to sign the processor's contract or to go out of business,
Less than 0.2 percent of all food manufacturers in thc United States control about 50 percent of all the industry's assets.
6 Hunger should be overcome
by redistributing food. Over and over again we hear that North American is the world's last Tellaining brical basket. Food security is invariably measured in terms of reserves held by the IIletri politan countries. We in North America are made to feel that the burden of feeding the world is squarely on us. Our overconsumption is tirelessly contrasted with icprivation elsewhere the inplicit ncssage being that we cause hungcr. No wonder that North Americans and Europeans feel, burdened and thus resentful.
The problem lies in sccing food redistribution as thc solution to
hunger. We hawc colle to a different understanding. Distribution of food is but a reflection of
the control over the resources that produce food. Who controls the laid determines who can grow food, what is grown and where it goes.
Thus, food redistribution programilies like food aid Will newer solve the problem of hunger. Instead we must face up to the Teal question: how can people everywhere begin to democratizc the control over food resources? 3
(Candcn Sed — CERES) (Correred frờrri page 8) News briefs . . .
military junta. They were consideTcd "det rimental to socicty”. A lcading lawyer who was himself a political prisoner for scveral
years, Mr. Thonghai Thongpa) says that he actual figure cxceds 500.
Cairo trial
London
THE Director of the International Press Institute, Mr. Peter Gallmer has cabled President Anwar Sadat urging him to withdraw charges levelled against 5 wellknown Egyptian journalists for
24
criticising the Sad trial started on IPI has requested to stop tht trial of goodwill towa of the press'.
Dictator
“I’M NOT ea not going to ni General Anasta sic: Nicaraguas bese told Joseph M Correspondent M. dictator had left Pacific and was ker" Inext to the School. After attack last year stones and stopp drinking, He tul diet is now base Allerica in lock ' cookbook'.
contin redfr LSSP and . . .
“Thirdly. In wity im the Tamil the Tamil people best tu convit) secession is a no solution at problems. We consequences of and that divisior t(i) Te Ft C tyW} tham two (QT chile
““I will tot a in your valuat refer interested linger Article i issue of "Leftis, Journal.''
(Continued.fr Dr. Kovoor and believing Dr. Kap woor. th Tea Son, death terror, At thal who shalled hi during a period of almost idylli
also, as alwa Will Dr. Kov
le. WLS
“Promise me'.
which I died y, corpse Straight College withou religiolis mun years later, on t bCr, his wish w

it regime, Their the 13th. The President Sadat as 'a gCsill.I.: is the feel oil
5 diet
Maragua ring and they are: ke me leave” Somoza. head of ged dictatorship nn last week. all found thic Ilis willa by th: Iiwing in a “b LI IlInfantry Training scriptus hel T. Ft Illas lost 3 ti smoking and Mail that his on the pupular Live longer to W
in Page 3)
our political actiareas : Tid EL 110 mg : We will do our :ce thcIl thal blind alley : Thd All to tlh tit will explain the racial civil WAT is mıh Te likely 'fills ist' states ) socialist' state. 5k for IInore Sp;ice ple journal but Teäder"S t (J 21. the Sept-Oct. '' - our English
J. Pilge gi)
catholic, so for apostle of pu II è was no cause of t time, the (The er life with hiIn of over 50 years c Tharried life was ys, at his side. or wanted from Inedical advice, he pleaded "that ou will take Illy to the Medical it permiting E. my bo-jumbo". Five he 19th of Septemwas fulfilled.
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