Page 1
Which way fo
Bangkok
Mao :: the
O Bon ELESS MEAT
 
 
 

November 15 1978 Price Rs. 2/50
r not the song
A. J. Gunawardana
ver Hall tradition
Charles Abeyasekera
or the Left 2
A. M. Jinadasa
bungle
fallen idol
to AGRARAN

Page 2

As a young and enterprising Company
we applaud the dignity, anting and determination of the people of Sri Lanka in their search for a better life,
Our team of development clientists
ged to engage our country's skills : in Sri Lanka's agricultural and industrial progress, New materials, New ideas, New technologies and The will to Succeed
are the tools with which we approach the future
| Chemanex Limited one
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זל ד ק 3 יום פסחP - uri Er of A' .

Page 3
LAN
KA GUARDAN
Wol. I NIC. I + November 5, 1973
Published by CONTENTS Phishers L
MBA li News background Strec, COILE 3 - É International News Sуппposium Teleplitin ל 8-9 Tortu tie D Food II - I Draוח.l Edi[T; Mk
3. Music 4 - 5 Agrarian reform 7 - 18 Economics Printed by
82/5. Wùlf፡ 9 Press opinion Cəlair 20 Crossword | 2 - 24 October Revolution Telepho
Letters
Bangkok bungle
here was once a cricket team Selectors approached , :"ך their weekly chore with a commendable reverence for merit and pragmatism. Having regard to the resources of their club they first chose two car-owners before settling for their opening batsiTen or bowlers. This sort of thing may be permissible in those circunstances but when it concs to na ional selection for international
competition merit alone should Ըէ էյ fit:
Right now the claim to re
present the country seems to be dependent on thic financial soundThess of the selectee and the course seems to be chartered to despatch the second and cven perhaps the third best. If this is true it is simply not good CT (ligh and the right to national representation must be with eld. I am sure that we can do without the dubious honour that Wimala sena Perera brought us when he COPT) pleted his race in the Tokyo Olympics Some 15 laps behind the winner.
This raises a fundamental question regarding the funding of National representatives and whose responsibility it is. Is it that of
the state or the parent body. Whosoever it is the fund Taising should have commenced whe
the Teheran games end cd, almost four years ago, giving rise now to
serious doubs : 23 Iri d the plainner this bLingling tha to be on afflic performance.
There is an Iletil ques Limr. E We should par llh ti) 11:ll : wents fashion. Such c Approli clcd in L. prinary one is al indiviILI a I or TC4 chcd il terrat the opport Linity level. Compeiia of it and for Te l'ET TEach such Well intended sol
The other ap Publicity and ut entire agreement Lihat bad publicit nC) publicity, sut better left to the Ilations.
As for us them must bc imposic yardstick possibly relay team and pČThaps the hock that II herit consi Hockey because a Tel Sable cla the Bronze medal Why should a ya Is it just to shon that there is lur kin,
(Carri draged a,

* Lâİlkü Guardi:D d. Third Floor. 1 g, IŠ Š Mlj Jt) - I.
世。卫曾[]卫密。
Irwyn de Siliwa
latla Press er dlal Street, ոbՃ - 13.
re : 3도 명 『도
ibout the planning S. *s a result of co PiC Eli Lum seems lee rather than
''El II f'L- and thal is whether ticipate in inter. in this major brmpetitio) cara be W0 Ways and the that which allows tar Wylich 1 forhåll st:Lindards, of contest at that In for the sake those who will standards is only ly.
Proach concerns iless one is in with the maxim Y is better than sh exercises are mlØre prospercus
strigid standards d and by this the 400 metre Fushing it further e te: in Ere : deration. I say there appears !co- of Securing But why oh htsman be sent? V off or is it Girl the shadows
7 Pಭಿ# g)
Trends
TULF trials
At his press conference in Madras, the President confirmed the fact that the government will be ready ta amend the constitution so that an MP Who Teaves his Party will not automatically forfeit his seat. This leves the doar stil apen ser TULF MP's to accept District Ministries,
An earlier (Unconfrmed) report dafng the rounds of parlament sasd that this was one of the matters discu55 ed in an informa tie-i-et abroad by a Minister and a TULF |leader.
The TULF has angrily denied that it was contemplating action dgd II 5 t any of its MP's. Some пеи'spapers had named three potential defactors. Sources close to these Þdlitsclans Cla med Ehat nome of thern had in anyway violated the party constitution.
The TULF's real troubles are rooted Iп its геbeIIіошs үouth Wing which is now planning to move quietly away from the timbrella of the i parer organisation and establish links with other, more radical, Tamilyouth έrΟυρ5,
Conference problems
The SLFP which successfully cortained some of its Internas Če5 a last Saturday's Executive Committee meeting has still to decide when "ould be advisable to hold ΠΕ ότι Party Congress, While Mrs ரோ" comfortable victory has пјесted new Confidence into the SLFP boss, her Problems, both within and old. khe party, are by no means over.
Meanwhile, the IWP, the bright yourg buck in the country's party politics, is Olso ertrneshed in - ference problems. Although the present leadership has only three of the original Politburo of 40, decision-makers are not Wiዕrrተgeneous a group as may appear to
the Casual student of politics Young Wijewelera cotinues to play the super-star outshining everybody esse.
Managing news
The multi-national news Tigerses faunched a concerted CdTrpaign, bath direct and through their Third word clients "and supporters', αξαπ5ι
(Confirfield or page r8F)

Page 4
| News background
Sinhaputra
s the SLFP a party created by Bandaratnaike and the party of the Bandaranaikes or is it a party, by, of and for th: Bandaranti kes?
This is not the main question facing thc SLFP mor is it the best way of formulating the issue that confronts the parly leadership, The past, present and future of a political party, esp.ccially a party as historically important as the SLFP, I'must be scen and Theatsured in the national political context, and in relation to the social forces which help to sustaim it, and the economic and group interests it seek to serve and advance.
However the leadership question is the party's immediate problem. And this issue has in fact surfaced in the manner in which we have formulated it—in terms of personalities. SLFP insiders, if Illot its largc legion of supporters, know that the problem will be dodged only out of a lack of understandiing, a refusal to recognise realities, or out of a prissy, parlour politeness.
D : moralised by thic party's humiliating electoral dcbacle, SLFP'ers looked for explanations. In such a mid of despondency, even party stalwarts do not search for the basic or the Tinajor causes, such as the economic situation, government policies, party alignments and shifting alliances or thic the changing correlation of forces in thic country. They often find vicarious satisfaction in the ready ans Wer and easy rationalisa Lion. While se yeral lakhs of rank -and-file supporters and sympathisers were overwhelm cd by their own persona H and family troubles in village and small town in the wake of crushing defeat El ind the Cock-a-hoop outbursts of th:it victorious, traditional rivals, party opinion settled on one explanation at the middle and upper levels of the SLFP heir archy,
2
stirs
the
Mr. T. B. IlaП de I member and fircd the first sh his now famous cular. (Exclusivel this journal).
What Mr. Ilang to put in simp typically SLFP is sem iment that his ne colleaguc, the
it ill Mr. T. B. expressed bcforс three months bc 1977 bātle. Mr. spiken about “arı
Teht, a no Liber 1 SLFP insics period (particularly was expelled in 197 Lurt circle." It was the domination o its decision-makin Bandara naikes ant
As this interna Self-criticism) assl proportions, Mrs ma de her first ge for an agonising re-organisation wa
Her main airl
Command of the together wit huu Crack-up, the fati Indian Congress,
chose was a re-org ttee to Ikel
analysis of organ and recommend I in structure. Beh and counter-movi issue which was I Did re-organisati
cratisation?
As with the Sona naya kes un
“Rukmanisation" ; hegemony cof the feudal approach
End pary organis by the way, is a w withl ut Thost circ by SLFP left win xist- inclined intel

SLFP
garat me, a foru iruenli (or ministicT, It openly with onfidential cirpublished in
нatne did was C, folsky and joll, 1 he samt
ce-tiirle CabiI10 Te cosmopoSu basinghe hal he quit the party fore the July Suba singht: had invisible governerm for what I thic 1970-77 after Llle LSSP 5) called "the coa code: Word for f the party and g process by the i Raat Wates.
Il criticism (or med significant Bandaramaike "sture. The need re-appraisal and s acknowledged.
was t retain party, hold it allowing a : suffered by the The device she El misation columithorough-going sational defects Cessary cha Ilges ind these moves s was a critical ot bluntly stated. 1 imply demo
UNP and the ווelectio-סil pr inded that, family
SLFP ment a () party politics, tion. (Feudal, Jrd which is used Inspection even eTs, 50 m1e M:AT!ctuals actually
pot
Fears that serious disagreements within the SLFP heir archy | may lead to un open rift or even a parly split all the Congress in India were dispelled last Saturday when the 400 strong Executive Conmittee reposed the fullc st confidence in party President, Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike. tider transitional :Arrang neuts which Will hold good till the next Congress is held as required hy the new party constitution, Mrs. Baldaranaike will run the SLFP's affairs with the help of a 17 IIdenber "special committee' named by
her.
"The best sign of party unity' a top SLFP spokesman told this journal “Y as the proposer an di seconder of the main resolution -. the party’s No. 2 and No. 3, MesSrs. Maitrip la Semanayale and T. B. Illuga ratne."
Whill the (IImittee is qIIIte representative, political observers noted the abscle of Messrs Felix Bundaranaike, Kalugalla, Badiud-din Minh Illud gå hind û the T StalwgArts of the past.
trotting out neo-Marxist theories to explain away the eo-optation of feudal clements in broad social bloc supporting the SLFP "forwaard" march to sicialism in the "national-democratic' phase).
In what seemed a serious Iesponse to the mounting internal pressure for re-organisation, derinocratisa Lion and moder risation of he party, and partly in a bid to play for time, Mrs. Bandaranaike appointed a committee of party intellectuals.
From the start, the collinittee was suspect in certain party circles, for various reasons. A founder member denounced one "expert' as a Marxist infiltrator! But the Irlain grounds for suspicion was that the Committee was totally dominated by Sirimaoists, a special breed of party radicals who were as loyal to Sirimawo as to Mao, and the China line in international affairs.
Adopting some elective principles and participatory processes com

Page 5
mot 1 to socialist and left wing partics, the Committce produced Tecommendations which seed impeccably democratic. However sinc senior and mildle ech clo: SLFP'ers were openly sceptical for two II lain reasons:
(a) a study of the actual nechanics of election to the key party bodies (specially the "bloc' votes given to affiliate organisations like Youth, front etc) suggested at per pictura
WTC's |
tion in practice of cot.cric conn.
t Tol. (b) In the transitional period A LJ. power was in effect wested in the party president, With the new constitution the power of the party bosses is in a clic a nost impregnable. While Mrs. Bandaranaik was
thus responding 1c) internal pressures, she faced a new challenge from outside. Most of her cinc:- gies were engaged in fighting a campaign launched from outside: questions in parliament, allegations of a buse and corruption, from UNP, Old Left and JWP,
titt C.S.E.S. tc.
On September 26, Mr. S.W.R.D, Batıda rama ike's deuth Linniversary, this C4-mpaign assumed atl inteTestingly new character. An atteInpl was made to de-mythologise S. W. R. D. and 're-write" SLFP history.
The hallowed centre page of the state-owned 'Daily News'' was given to Dr. N. M. Perera who had been sacked as Finance Minister by Mrs. Bandara naike for what she called "ovitupcrative politics', including a sacrilegious attack on lict husband's memory.
It is not known whether Dr. Percra “offered" the article or whc tlhcr the “Daily News' irm vited him and whether the idea was approved from Himalayan heights, While in many respects, Dr. Perera tricid to evaluate S. W. R. D.'s achievements from a Marxist standpoint and broad historical perspective, his tone and style nada his es say a scim tillating cxample of vituperative journalism).
Then came the well informed and equally breezy articles by SINHAPUTRA,
alt täcks ''
period.
Interna
Brazil:
The Bylia II
txpu&cd äts
9GO's the cical by Brazil (iot lilitary tak c . widely toucci a: by Westerra ecçlı 5 cietis. This by their milies crats in 11:1 fly countries. T1 .. 5 sented as a die W for other La Lil can and Asian na lian model was by, or rather in majority of Latir ries by their pri Inilitary neT 1. jul. nesiarı nıodel (; 'introduced” in II Asian countries
What was sign some eyes, siri is tct pitch made for t. ?, Mr. Mai 4 ripal all is cort Tib t: victory, Mr. Senan said, was the one S.W.R.D. actually his way to grant p Si Tıh:1pLut Ta 1 1 orot o his 'clarisma an brought into the known only to top L:I'$ :
Seized by intin lity (natural or p our veteran parliar rated their silver careers a few ya occasion of Mr. S anniversary celebr Jayasuriya, S. W. friend, Wrote abol Ina de a special dha pu Ta to pc Ts' join him. Evident was cxcised on a
Who is Sinha Stalinist (in his turned SiTıhala lic white mane was in the corridors Ministry a few y

onal news
miracle revealed as myth
“nmiral, clio la 5 b ccm Ilyth, in the ic model adopted 1Wi 1ng the fit secisi er of '64) was Ek s Lucca. 5. story Inists it ill "social clai was echnic Incing the techii). 'Third Will" Brazil was prelo princintal in del American, Afriions. The Braziill fact adopted posed upon, the American countWilcged clitics and
it as the Indocirca 1965) was lost South East
i round the same:
ificant (and, in ) was the special SLFP's N). a Scnamayake, con to the 1956 ayake, the author politician whom went out of arty nomination, hly referred to integrity" but Copen an episimde -rung S.L.F.P.'-
tions of mortalitical) many of entatians celebubices or long s ago. On the na na yake’s 30 h tions, Mr. A.P. R. D.'s clos est how his leader ip to Anuraide Maitri to ' this paragraph ers from above.
1 tra '? An cxistudent days) post-1956, his familia T sight the Foreign Its back.
Since its inception, the Brazilian patlern of cconomic growth luas beel sewerely cilicized by
radical acadell ics in Latin America all thc world over, as having fost cred the develupment of capitalism by incre: sing dependercy on U. S. meu colorialism and sultane cously på TM1 pcriziTng the riiajority of the population. These and other long stading criticisms Tadc by the "dependencial' school of lift wing academics has now been borne out through cmpirical data presented by impeccably neutral' institutions. In fact this data has now milde its way into the Western press. and foreign correspondents in Brazil, appalled by the stark socio-economic disparities prevailing thcre, have filed hostile reports in leading Western journals and newspapers. So, enlightened sections in the West are beginning to be increasingly chinscious of the effects of a "free enterprise' dominated, profit motivated, intrket cent Ted foreign investment based econornic model -a model of which Brazil is a prime examplc,
In a recent survey
Fir arcial Tirites ( L condon), Smith Teporting from Rio dic Jan crio cites statistics presented by thc capital city's authoritative Institute of Economics :-
in the Difatna
* 35% of Brazilians over the age
of 5 are illiterate,
* 53, 1% haWe rob
in thcir hanes.
34% still cook by wood fires.
piped water
* 5% have no domestic cooking
facilitics at all. 40% have no electricity. * 31.3: hlave no drajins. * Annual inflation is around 40% * Real wages have fallen in the
past two years, * The minimum monthly cost
for food alone is around US S 90.39, which is above the national monthly minimum wage of US S 82.75.

Page 6
* Housing rent for a minimum wage earner is Elround 26.52 USS a nonth if the house is on the city fringes, but cven a ome bedroom sat (With TO bathroorl) closer to the city centre is around 50 S S a month, while a two bedroomed house costs over 185 US S monthly. Rents have risen by 38% annually, in the city itself.
" Transport costs are high ($1,95
Inlon l li ly) 2a nili 43%, withill the last year.
" Elcctricity, water, gas and telc
phone rates rise constantly.
Diana Slith gocs on to state that while Brazil's exploit oriented i 1 xil LA 5 Liri: [liza liton has grço Wm. Ili aSSwelly, a clamp hals Simultaneously
been imposed on domestic Consumption. "It has been felt by Brazil's senior technocrats and
milit iry eculoi mic strategists that the first priority must be to EIllaurge the siz: of the national cake aid that only then cal) income b,; more equitably distributed—on the prollise har the higher carners are naturally the best sa vers and that through taxation, part of their wealth flows in to public coffers. In practice however, the high carThers la we L Lurmecl ii tu ligh scn
lawe riset by
ders, esche Wing lheir Savings b0.ks
while buying cars, properly and consumer durables' says Ms. Smith.
Citing official statistics, the same correspondent points out that the gap between the richest 5% of Brazilian society and : le pouTest 20o is widening all the
time. Although the per Lapital inclinic in 1977 was US S 40s and it had risen by 5, 5% in
comparis CMI with 1977, Llı 15 sig Lu Tc ||
is in fact ITisleading, and masks the wil al fact that the income of the richest 5% grew by 133.7% from 1970 — 197ť, while hic i imcco The If ille po presE 20%, TJ se hy only 50% in the sang period. Mireur, adds Diala Slith, the south of the country in as leveloped industrially at Llt expense of the North aird North taist which rac
Lain por a Tld hackwald,
US viewpoint THE PC
Y. сят всеiп sal wing witil official calls the Tic in tle ward toid:ly
- The proble those who have k :ltiv: affLIČICC 1 dics pair and Ispirti wild, including LIC p:pl: Fit in T. cells il. iii.
: Yur silti: guessing which fir:l id:lig CCLIII try !"You',: :IIe t0 : Lot situation f : 1 forcign comri lectrice: tյԷt:lin from itէ:Tւյ3 supplics of Willich buli ye Experie:Int_C ments to Ell &
III (dilies. "I such a plc) excl:Luige with terms; arid the l y'olul di Telder Lu 3 i system which Wol. cr:lfine curselves Test àit f:0IT IT1311 stunt I ii ii increti sit part for the comr ::T1.i rıly :L Iğ1 Tt. i ::: d:Illarit for yll i C It bit X (13: irtipio ve Tislım-ılt
If you ges&ed A. Secretary of lite yç Lig jmi:Id Still ill right. Eit pri Tilc3ried fix lll A imbassi dixbr trofil bycg34. Til his i :: IL :
içik N! E::::::: KG
r
furtnight agri și si::lä '.:i.
T3 gr;3s th:1
iI idus 1: ii., II., XI'i af was cificië tik, 11: tle":lt:|}ւ:| :::Լi1ir: 5сп5. i 1:1 1: i *Ճri18, inti slitiLili Wi[1g. Ili i5 T.bt eth:15ical by a ki'w — 3 ralciliarl Ա Ի : :lւյրtil: it channel f"'d'': frr: t :: Lihi ! . L1) : ; ; ; ; i. ոit:.
it. :.S. fcc|| Çili çıılış: ''C'';
Lch o o le liIIg J.S. likl.
BILL li fil Lif I - 1le i l:Lmultii's II, |Illa Ying si : : : '&'); hicir y 1 till:13 til: ill h;3 e 2: shri. The lecik ing iriger” :v: ignored during ti is Tecportelli li li:L Sir:Sri i Waili
::::::::
 
 
 

DOR WORLD
right Thow to står a top internatioal 1st difficult problin
is the inability of nawi Cih ing bLI о шdeГ5 tand the tions af hic: Lluird 1Ta: 1 |lı:rı ö:0Q rtinillicorn es of less thir 15
in igll begin by Ice cificercTwhich * &lid llis: eraill g:x (til in the Intry excluded from . Wc cşırı iridecd d 11: 1Tan faciul’cd w : H Te in W:LI it : ուamԸrւյլ15 iniP:ti: äLğ: (of {3ʻluT o'W,"I1
still all Europe on cqlal Back cof recipi City H: , i; illi Cu f lä Ild induce LJS J. to agriculture and
tries. . . 1; Yt:::::::::Sily On LLIT nyi istics of El rooi,
and ceilsilla zw. im return, Coull us to a stale of
lcxander Hamilit cor), Tl rças Lyry of ille es of W merica, you itu miglat have becn inking it was lhe Kıylcı Tibi: whÖ 35 Presidemt af Llt: cineral Assembly a ith a špecch in
11 FIW feat [lle Limite:l St: les lik all LLC less ; : Lady is lic ird will nels, A be aided in achie" li:L nrdolu ts," as i5 all who should Moise, held of 'ra gr;lim, tle II:liri Tillet Cicut [ieT4, Lion" & Fld. '','h:4 t t l:e şçls-T-izuri ::, cip: it: it is it it I of w, li:l li:ay Elle '','ictiY13" :3 | Hamilton's sicklg
all colin Iris tacity "E.F." ii.
1:1::: -- !i:: '": Էյc:.il >. 1: i: pri » r:lems cxif : Lieds of ille Ltı ird 1 T ck:::i", i"II g: siı * ri i 11g i Euticus” ** grow - t:yeling "wir tually
: |ast f:w years'.
2 been T:peilcilly 1 ta': 5 1 li c iiriiler
ilational Monetary Fund and World Bautik preparced likido hold th cir current airlin Lal Inecting there,
Marc LorStructivc EIIlotions thalI1 arger arc Tecuired to make progress in world will pillet Ceds. The Tescue of the foreign aid bill On 1lle floor of the House showed that "Congress dices respond positively lo reason cd arguerit." in thic wards of L. J.S., State Departmcnt official.
Anil "rascncil arguillent' rather :}han Title1:Eric is whall thic &111 gy 1 in ird world ought to Lise in its
Carpaig for economic justic.c. Yict 1ie beftcT-off LCL11ries und heir Lilizers have to Illake the effort of intelect and empat hy t C underst ALLd the anger and frustration of lands that wat to riše uri der their ciwr) wer, as Carly ATI crica did, but find so IIIany international cards stackcd against them.
11 wais the UN's Mr. MCTS: will said this that tcr of uliderstanding was the Ist difficult probleT facing the world - Rescu l wing il is in Tiportant not inly for the poor colities but for lac Whole world conomy.
It cough tan be cmokug!, :Is Swedish t:čprìglmist Ciurular My Trial has said. L) Ithike 31 h lu 11:11nita Tiain 2:1pp:eo:Il Lo Lhose able to shar: of thcir bounty to help their neighbours help themselves. bBLI t devel(prı1CE1 E. Cop()p era1 tidorı i5 th:e: kind of bo read (East uporn thc watcTş which comes back buttered,
The United States, for examplc, sells to the developing nations far II (r.t. than it buys (txcept for clergy J, with filr Thore jobs leper). «llen «or export a lle thiTci world tlışı :re 105t Çbırcılığı çoimpCitiqrı Irin-world imports. Muric U. S., malnufacturers go to the third world than to Wes Lerm ELETIOPIE, Japan, a Tici the communist countries lakel toget.
A flo-Irishing third-world ectory alld tmark et wesuld 1103. I Tril 21 loss but a thor: flourishing "first-world' (C2r) cry, A Tid Ll; hülarita Tial Tri acilieyeLinent of reduciig hLinger alal mectig o hicr ıĻIm Il reeds would be :it:Litej by ai ||.
To get things going in the right di Tèctil. : yi: || J. Ti Ig Ilia Liui 15 need å lg L'i rohhi eas äs fina). Cil, citi. Līd riff :Sistanc for their er nerging industries; Casperation in stublliži ring priçęs vyf tilleir C) Tırılı codi iç5; Tesisting protectio prin ısl efforts against their exports, fisl.e- ring equiiul cx pluit: tiLon of their ratural rasouTces. Sincl 1rica SLTes Would liclp the internation:li 5ystem to work for " them. LS Al:Xandr Hamilton Sluglit for it is cality in (ll: 1811 L’e.IL!ury, While thcy gain whilt a Ty Self-i:Sp:rg Cury wämt5 - the strength tu 5fand (Jm their
luwih ficçT.
( Christigu [] Scie11cc Monitorh

Page 7
Secrets of
by Arnaud de Borchgrave
hen Egyptian President AnWälf Szldat reviewed 8 massed for Ination Ulf Lr'Uops near the Suez Canal to Ilnark thic fish Inniversary of the Yom Kippur War two Weeks Lugo, the guns were pointed away from 'lsrael in a symbolic gesture of peace, Instead, the Egyplian forces faced west, toward their old riwal, Libya. Must of the Egyptian at Inour on parade is now being moved from the Sinai front to the western military district on the Libyan border. And both Egyptian and U. S. sources tell me that the strategic redeployment was one of the secret verbal unde Islandings reached at Camp David between Sadat and Jinny Carter.
FÒT th Tee years now, Sadat has been trying to persuade the U.S. to act Inore decisively against the expansion of Soviet influence in thc Horn of Africa, the Red Sea and the Arabian Peninsula. He was dismayed by Washington's attempt last year to bring MosCow back in to the Midcast peace process. He was deeply troubled by the WaT between Šornalia and Soviet-backed Ethiopia (Sadat even offered to send a brigade of his own troops to help. Somalia, but Washington tal kedhim out of ii). And he was alarmed by the Communist coup in Afghanistan and the turbulent demonstrations
a gainst the Shah of Iran. ut finally, El t Camp David, Carter old Sadat that nothing
short of tacit cooperation EAIT Og the U. S. Egypt, Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia was necded to contain Moscow's expansionist plans in a vital part of the world.
According to many sources, a more muscular U. S. foreign policy will be constructed around a series of secret undertakings at Camp David, none of which WS
cornmitted to paper. The key poiпts:
O The secret Cooperation beween Egyptian and Israeli intelli.
Cami
gence services, : of the Libya. ឧginst Egypt a will be cxpande
O The Egyp Ted Cell to ab half its present restructured to its friends from U. S. S. R. and as Libya. This army will requir of U.S. armoured Self-propcllcd arti missiles, advance and ground-to-gr to be paid foi Saludi Arabia an
O Carticir, a th åt hardware de linked to progre; the Camp David ding the framew the West Bank
е опce Egy. to implcmenith U.S. economic to thc two roughly equal, specific commitm say, but a prive Carter's intentic pledged, however, A r alıb aid to Egy (ir cut. off in rel Camp David : replaced by a Western nations , U. S.
Israel, for
receive U. S. tec
Up its own ac y industry and t dependence on the also be allowed
the F - 15 and F that it has reque,
One of the ma Said:lt felt so con Support for the accords was that talked Carter in tougher policy ag - a key Saudi YÉETS. In the em moderated thcir el

David
arted at the time -Soviet buildup the end of 1976,
an. A filly will be ut 200,000 Incin, ize, aird will be Olect Egypt and in roads by thic 5 surrogates, such new, Stellired large numbers personnel carriers, |lery, anti-aircraft d combat aircraft und missiles-all presumably, by d the U. S. ,
hd Sadat agreed liveries should be is in carving out
accords, incluYork for sett ling issue.
it and Israel begin eir peace treaty, and military aid ountries will be This was not a nt, Illy 50 urct E. LLe stateTinent of Ins. What as was that any at that is cduced !aliation for the 1ccc1' ds will be
consortium of organized by the
its part, will 1nology to build anced-arina incInts hus lessen its : U S - Israel will to purchase all - 16 jet fighters 5 ted. in reasons why fident of Saudi Camp David he had finally to pursuing a ainst the Soviets objective for d, the Saudis bjections to the
Camp David deal when Sadat assured then that a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel was definitely linked in his mind with prugress to wat d solution of the West Bank-Gaza Strip problem.
But now Sadat, increasingly biter about his Arab and Pale5tilian detractors, has backed away from this linkage and seems to be determined to go through with a separate peace. Thc Saudis fear that this would provoke a deeper
split in thc Arab world and a sharp, incrcas e in Sovicit influcce in the anti-Sadat states, thus defeating the new strategic cquation worked out at Camp David. -
India -
Fighter engine deal
GREEMENT HAS been rea
ched with Russia on supply of a more powerful engine for thic MiG-21 to be built in India under licence. This follows talks with a Soviet tea (1) on Ways to accelerate the indigenisation of thc improved version of the aircraft.
India already makcs the MiG-21 in a three-factory cornplex and has tried hard to get a better engine to give the aircraft greater thrust in combat This las now been agrecd to and the improved version should be in service with the Indian Air Force by 1980.
This is two years before Jagua T will be built in India under licence from the Aircraft Group of Blitish Aerospace, which has just concluded talks here.
The company's team was led by the Aircraft Group's chairman, Mr. F. W. Page,
Mr. Page confirmed that British Aerospace has offered the Harrier to the Indian Navy and hoped the wertical take-off aircraft would ser ve its needs adequately, He did not disclose details but it is understood that the Government has decided to buy 20 Harriers initially.
the

Page 8
---------------
Mao’s
Even the Little
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clay f
Red Book
is a little less read
by Frederic A. Moritz
MS Tse-tung, "father' of the Chinese communist revolution, has been lowcred from his pc.dcs Lal.
China's present leaders denounce as "superstitious' and "feudal' the leadership * "cult" that held sway ower the world's most populous nation just a few years ago.
Remember the 'Little Red Book' of the late Chairman's sayings? China's millions are no longer encouraged to study that volume late into the the night for clues on Everything from how to cut grain more quickly to how to shoot a rifle.
Badgts bearing an image of Mr. Mao's face have become a relic of the past. Newspaper mas theads no longer carry a daily quotation from the late leader.
All this is part of an ongoing reinterpretation of Chairman Maos legacy. It began slowly Ionths ago. In recent days it has escalated into a full-fledged attack on what outsiders ha we called the *ocuit of Mao.”*
''The proletarian leaders are great, but their greatncss has a con TIncmplace and not a supernatural origin. To describe them as some kind of demigod is to deliver a great insult," commented a recent article in the newspaper People's Daily.
"For a number of years such superstition circumscribed the minds of some people, and these people still Iced to have their minds
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emancipated, plained.
Yet in critic of Mao”* C leaders illew tricky ques' massive egoti late: Chajir Illa|| hiIIS: If stature. The docs lot full questiCJI. III s Mao’s later | heir Lin Piac the cult of a and all-wise
Also blame 'gang of fo Madane Ma promoted by during the ( lution (1956) his successors ing in Autum
The I-c: Chal iTmar M: a delicate ba to would' without “sla
For the pc matic" leader pT(gräl, m ot1 2 of Mao’s Tec size such thi economic de', incentives f reacli i Ing out technology, A ra Ilçe foT cu This meals ‘early Man" 1950s willil Indre Tal dical of the "grea 1959) and Revolution (
Mao Ten: leader, unlik

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eet
the article ex
izing the “Cult lina’s piTCscnt tably raise a ion: Was it sm that led the to pro Illote demigod-like current line: y answer this :erad it bli. In CS burged political for promoting in “all-knowing
eader."
td is the radical ur” (including b). These were Chairman Mao Cuiu I al REWOand purged by after his på š5lin, 1976.
xamination of to thus Walks lance. It airls the late leder viting” him.
ist-Malo “pragship bases its selective reading :ord, to elaphangs as orderly 'clopment, Wag:T work.cT3, 3. f{T' []. ựET#ẹ:514 tid greateT tolictural diversity. keeping the of the early discarding the ** te Miro"” t leap forward" the Cultural 1966).
ains a reveTCd e Stalin, who
was sharply and openly criticized by his successor Khrushchev in the Sowitt Union. For one thing, Mao's many achievements are still widely admircd in China.
Many Chinese visitors openly weep when viewing his remains at a Peking mausoleum. For another, Chairman Hua Kuofeng's authority Tests on the claim that Mao personally selected him as successor with the words, "With you in charge, II a.In at ease.”
The current Icgillne thus regards Mao as a great but humanly fallible leader. To make this point it widely eirculated in July a 1962 speech in which the late Chairman admitted "shortcomings and mistakes' and coccided “the Te al Tt many problems in the work of cconomic construction which I still don't understand.'
A People's Daily cominen
tary earlier this month eliphasized that Mao’s Writings should not always
be taken literally and concluded. 'It is impossible for every sentence to be the tTruth."
And on Oct. 9 the People's Daily reprinted a 1949 speech in which the Widely respected late Premier Chou En-lai declared, "We trust not take him (Mao Tse-tung) as a mystic leader from whom Ywc cath not lea, In. We must Ilot take him as a unique godhead.'
- The Chris far Scierce Maritor

Page 9
Symposium
Which way for
(2) A. M. Jinadasa
A. M. Jinada sa began his political career , Zone dmong the PCOSantry. Elected to Paris, 1970 she clashed with the SFP leadership on is affected the peasantry. A dary after Parla prorogued, he crossed over to the OpÞ05ftför | other SLFP MPs to form the Peoples Democra
of which he is the President.
2. Phat were the circumstances that led to your breaking a lay f'orna rhe SLIFP in 五977?
A: Our rebel group opposed the "right' tendencies within the inited Front and fought on issues like the subsidy cuts in the Scwentytwo budget. In the Government "t had also to oppose the Left party caders who were more inI crested in protecting the coalition rather than radicalising it. We later became a nuch broader group Popularly identific d with the Jana. "ega "a which challenged the corrupt burea ucracy in the SLFP and formed its own părallel trade union fedcration. We clashed орёIlly with the SLFP leadership ovet the Government Press 5 Tike, the railway strike and the Weera Stiriya shooting. It was we who dragged the CP out of the Front, draggid then out creaming, after they had done their best to rationalise their existence in the trullcated coalition.
2. Phy did you leave the United Lloff fra fir 14'hich you were frustrimental in forning”
A: As early as March Sewentyse wen we la uliched discussions in order to creatic a new United Left Front. But from the beginning we made it clear that the Front should not be merely an association of a few partics represented in Parlia. III. L.
Our ån ticipated cross-over led to the pro Togation of Parliament and the lapsing of the Emergency. This led to the release of a number of Political detainees who were prepared to work in a broad Left Front, we endeavoured to mobilise
these youth. We Extent that Mali Mahajana Wimukt. Dharmasekera's Jathika Peram una the ULF's elector, thereafter the LSS ship sought to bar This climaxed prio Wher co Lur efforts tt May Day rally wa the result that wye left parties at the
Q: What is you Fre f the Life
A: The LJLF le: lived their existence be screaming their BTẽ CữTh$igfloti trị thu to Ty. They are pro ting themselves fror Workers and this elements. The leat Inù attCIT1pt to car thorough Marxist a pTės erit preci icaren IêCelt TECruits, re Only remained for performed the pe
 

the
the Dry 15 : fr) Jes that er Wils ith four c Party
Wirada 5a
succeeded to the da Wijesckera's tii Pakshayn and Prajatlanthravadi were included in all campaign. But P and CP leaderthe new leflists, r to the May Day
ha Ye: A Cor II lOL s thwarted with joined the new :ir rally.
'r presenr assessd Lefr Frott?
iders lila'ye OutThey seel to leads off as they 2 dus bin of hisgressively isolaIn the youth, the ther democratic ers hawe mlade ry out a dcep nalysis of their One of their larked that it them to have ansarikula (the
Left 2
last rites). Their internal bulletins betray their superficial, subjective approach.
Q: How do you view the SLFP?
A: We took on the SLFP leadership even at a time when the reforIn is L. Left leaders were their stout defenders. The extent of their compromise is betrayed in the LSSP leaving behind three of its MPs in the SLFP and in the Tuda we-wing of the CP still bemoaning their break with the old UF. We characcrisc the SLFP as a party of the national bourgeoise growing in to a big bourgeois. Its comprador leanings surface: when it is in power and the Seevuli Ratiwatte-Felix Dias group are in the ascendency. Whcn in opposition the radical elements like the Dinakara group gain influence. Nevertheless its hold over the pica sa Intry is formidablc.
The reformist left leaders analyse the SLFP in their characteristically subjective manner in terms of personalities; even now posing Maitripala Senanayake as an alternative |leadcr. Mai Tipala as Minister of Industries in 1960-64 built up the power base of the new industrial bourgeofisie.
Q: What role do you see the JVP playing in today's politics?
A: Today's JWP is, so to say, only the Mcnshcwik-faction of the old movement. And it is increasingly clicar that they were Teleased after some understanding with the UNP.
In introducing this series of intervicws we referred to Mr. N. San Enugathasan's party as "an Albanian group'. It has been pointed out to us that his party is the Ceylon Communist Party which follows a broadly pro-Albanian line ou major international issues.
--

Page 10
Most of the young people in their party are sincere and genuine when thcy call themselves comilunists. But the leadership is so threatened it can mot even call a conference. and it is pursuing its own objectives. This leadership is constanLly clashing with those at the receiving end of things, like the Thul hiriya workers. They press for direct action while thic leaders are cispousing a parliamentary path. In fact, a majority of the old JWP leadership has crossed over to the new left parties and this trend is continuing
Q: What are the irri Fediate tasks of the Lefr iri Sri Lanka?
A: We nced not mercly a left front but a national front, which while led by the working class, must involve the peasantry, the revolutionary intelligentsia, the students and the youl.h. It must mobilise all democratic and patriotic segments of the populalion in a broad mass struggle againsl the comprador.
Q: How do you view the derlands by the Tamils for a separa le state ?
A: Of course, we accept the right of self determination for minorities. But we would Ilhakc every endeavour to convince the Ta, miI people thlät secessioTn calı I1 cot solve their problems, any more than it did for the Bengalis in Bangladesh.
On the other hand if the demand cant from progressive elements anong the Tamils, say as in Eritrea, it would bring on a different complexion to the issue. But the TULF leadership is bourgeois, and has lever shrunk froll aligning itself with the UNP. It is this factor that has brought on the crisis within the TULF, with a confrontation between the youth and the leader
ship. We see positive signs in the youth front, We have no hesitation therefore in calling for the
release of the TULF youth leaders who have been thrown into jail by the UNP.
| Torture
The Filbinge The si
by Jayantha Some
he watchdog
scem to ke on Germally. T sing. The laid Nazism, the rui and Belsen, Dac wald, And the million Jews whi to justify this econd mic prom developing Imilita West Germany domination of th nonic Communit Western Europe
Anxiety has di Berufsperbote – t employment for The Third Inte Russell Tribu: report on the B
The intelligenc Ungsschutz oper scale to gather every kind of activity by Gern membership in parties, signing Lions, attending distributing pam ting in demon speeches and pu
Applicants fo the public servi til at dubits e political loyalty lawful activitic occasional or lo basis of reports
Yngsschutz.
Legal political as well as indi critical of any C including Berty coinsidered 'hits Li tion' by thic auth membership in s but any kind o such parties, th sympathizers, to create doubts

Affair
bectre of Nazism
5 underarn
of huma m Tights
p a special eye hat's Inot su rp riof Hitle and
is of Auschwitz lau and Buchenmemories of six perished, seeins . The attained .ı eTıce and the ry capabilities of |oint to her early е Europeап Есоy, and finally of itself.
2veloped over the he bail on public political reasons. lational Bertrand 1 has issued a erufs Verbote.
'e ser wilçe Verfassates on a huge information about lawful political hail citizens; i. e., legal groups and letters and petipublic meetings, thlets, participastrations, making blishing.
ell ployment in e Ete informed xist as to their on the basis of S, oft cn oilly ng-past, on the by the Verfass
larties and groups, iduals, who are overnment policy, y'erbere, can bic lic to the consiituorities. Not only |ch organisations, Elssociation with :ir members or may be enough as to a person’s
loyalty". As a result, Berufsverhote affects Coll munists, whosc party is legally constitued in Germany, and in addition those who participate in virtually any left-of-centre political activity,
Usually the information that prompts a loyalty hearing is sent to the prospective employer by the data-gathering intelligence service. Sometimes the hearing is required because of an accusation
by an informant, such as a neighbour or a co-worker. The hearing is behind closed doors,
where persons who arc sunt, med are subject to interrugi is as to their political opinions.
The suspccts are assumed to be guilty of being enemies of the constitution unless they can prove their 'innocence'. Their attempts to explain complex political Tinatters are met with in terruptions and demands to answer "yes" or "no". Refusal to answer or attend the hearing is taken as an admission of guilt. What is required is a recantation of disapproved opinions, and an unequivocal profession of officially sanctioned views. Often, denials of radicall wijews, cıvcı ith the absence of contrary evidence, E.Te disbelieved.
For the indiwiduals affected, exclusion fromIn the public ser wice is likely to be devastating. Often there is no possibility of alternative eployment; for even whe the State is not the major employer the alleged "disloyalty" will become known wherever one gat:8, Much more tham material loss, there is the loss of a major source of self-fulfillment; the psychological damage from being made to feel outcast from society; the hui Tiilitution of the inves— tigatiwic ir te wiews; and the la Ing delays, un certainties and anxieties which occur before a decision is rcached.

Page 11
Apart from the individuals affected, large sectors of the population are led to feel fearful or exercising their political rights. They have reason to fear that any action which those in authority may consider Lo be of subversive character, or show subversive associations, may olc day be denounced and held against them should they wish to em ter the public ser wice. Either of two results is likely lo foltow. Many may censor their words, refrain from engaging in political debate, suppress their own creative possibilities and yield to the pressure to conform. Many others may turnı to defian Çe a ld some tü acts of private or public despair. Both thesc tendencics are profoundly dannaging fo society. No society can progress, particularly at a t i Ilme wherl e T1 Cor 110us ec010mic and social problems have to be faced in the world without the participation and unrestricted flow of ideas from all sectors, especially its youth.
The Bertyss yerbote has sprung into prominence at a time when the presence of former Nazis in high positions of the Federal Republic has caused a scandal. A small stir was created early. this year when Hans Filbinger, the Ministerpresident of Baden-Wurttenberg was identified as a court-martial officer in the Nazi Navy. He was exposed as one who handed down death scntences to dissident Naval officers. It is claimed that
he was responsible for 120 executions. The London "Tiries' Writes: "The cast of Dr. His
Filbinger is reaching the proportions of a scandal involving not only his person but also his party and his country.'
The Filbinger-affair became scandalous when his Christian Democratic Party sprang to his defence. This led British T. W. commentator Tom Bower to characterise West Germany as the safest and most profitable place for Nazi criminals. Critics also point to the plethora of neo-Nazi organisations in West Germany.
After a "friendly reunion", lieutenants at the Bundeswehr College in Munich staged a "lock burning of Jews' on February 16,
1977. Quoting accounts, the Rundschat, worte
"When the fi. Çınc slalılted wood'. And TÇImărked, “W instead'?' So cardboard Wi STL: TCid Con 1 into the fire. uf Seig Heil“ 3 “Dje Fahne At the Bundes Hamburg, Navy
was cau lled a 'cIlrades' will nickname Sholo
On the door of s Imeared thes C w C the Jew Shuto anything from J used in the *3 Jewish shop-keep Togcher with former students ( Bundes welir Colle, an SA-Sturri (s troopcrs) in Ham the extcrimination Communists".
Nẹo-Nazi pamp dislributed at a Buil in Nuremberg. Th Iniss as a 'lie' the uns of Jewish concentratiun ca Tı
Tilt extent of in the West Germli is also betrayed of military institut of Hitler's gcncra.
The "General G is in Goslar. He still being celel Bundeswehr as til the German pa nZ the attempt on July 1944 he was rel:Iltless last-dil his capacity as staff.
The Ritter won is in Landsberg. von Lesh conma Group North in the USSR; judged Illinal by an Allied after the war, h from prison by Government befor
1lp.
The "Molde TS E Brunswick and

orn eye-witness ily Frankfurter
*ԷTit Լյ11է 5tifileLit ) li 353: Jit en Someule clse Ill burn Jews CCs of pupi:T and the word "Jew" rn were: thrown lliert: were sllous i the Nazi anıtlıcııı !Lil' was sung.' elir College in Sub-Lt. Sosa II Jew' by his gawe hinn tlh: | Rosenbaul. his room they ds: ""He Te li yes 1. Don't buy ws,'" A slogan is to te: TT orize T5S.
the neo-Nazis, f the Hanburg ge have set up Juad of storm urg, calling for
of Jews and
hets have been deswehr barracks Ley brazenly dismurder of milli
icople in Nazi ps.
Nazi influence
In Armed Forces by thic. In all i Illing ions in honour S.
deria in Barracks” nz Guderian is rated in the "architect of r force'; after Hitler's life in ne of the most fanatics in rmy chief-of
Leeb Barracks' erıcTal Wilhel II Ied the Army e invasion of as a War criLilitary tribunal
was released he Alema. Ller
his ler III was
tracks' are in Wisselho wede.
Luftwaffe officer Werner Molders began his carreer in the Cold or Legion, taking part in the wanton bombing of civilians during Lhe Spanish Civil War. Decorated by the Nazis with the Knight's Cross, complicle with Oak Leaves, Swords and dialı olds, hic is now being idolized by the air force of Dundesweher together with "herocs'
such as Coline Hans-Ulrich Rudel, another ace of the Nazi Luftwaffe.
The Spcctre of Nazism that
seems to hang over West Girmany is given greater credibility due to German involvement with the reginc in Chile. The Colonia Dignidad concentration camp in Chilc is run foT Lhe DINA — the Chilean secret service organisation - by the German Paul Schafer.
A UN-Report on Human Rights has this to say: Acoording to statements prisoners a Te exposed to different "experiments' in Digrticlad without being asked. Among them are experiments on thc limit of burden carried through by various methods of torture (beating, electro-shocks, hanging, etc.); drugs that mentally break the prisoners, long periods of isolation, and ulher inhuman conditions'.
"As it seems in Colonia Digriidad exists a special centre of torture at a subterranean place with special equipment and small sound-proof. hermetically sealed prisoners' cells. The prisoners put on hoods of leathic which are adhered to the face by chemical Incans. It is said that in the sc cells examinations are carried th Tough with a radiophone set, while the prisoners are naked, tied to metal gratings, and aro exposed to electro-shocks."
The organisation Annesty Interna foral has substantiated the statement of the UN-report by investigations which took several
Tonths. The Luther in bishop Helmut Franz deported from Chile, has explained to Stern."
** Chile as well als i 50fme other European countries, we hawe i net former political prisoners of the military regime who testify that they have been tortured in the German colony."

Page 12
Food ہا
Meat without
hat is vivid in my mind about Chou En-lai is his jet black 1)Bir. Now I kEıC)'''
where it comes from - the Pill to thenic acid in the Soya bean, a major item in the Chinese diet for centuries, Bull that's only by the the way. If there has ever been a kind of culinary quest for a philosopher's stone in the kitchel, the Clincse sccm to have Teached it, as always, just a bit ahead of the Test of IIla kind.
These thoughts came into fly mind while Watching Mrs. Gai Kin, the wife of the UNDP representative in Sri Lanka, perform thc Pllagic of transforming liquid into solids in the kitchen of the Colombo Hotel School and creating in the process one of the exciting foods for Thankind-a meat without bones
Shc called it "bon cheese" because it was a kind of cheese, and 'bon', becausc in the language of French gourmets it mcans good. But also Lğ reminçl, just in Case you got the idea that this was some dari 271 foreign dish, that it is E. che:SC made from a bean that the Sinhalese call “harry’,
Butlet Inc return to the achcIny I was witness to along with mellbers of the Sri Lanka Women's Conference, which had kindly arranged for Mrs. Kim to put on her marvellous transinutation act. She brought along with her a couple of aides, Mrs Shu from the Modern Chinesc Cafe and Banda her kitchen help.
But the centre of attraction that evening was the soya bean. You couldn't make it out, though, for, as slle a pologised, šhe had to mash the hean before she brought it in to cut the performing time down. , Anyway, to mash beans, she said, just soak then for about four hours - one cup of beans to an appreciable allount of Water
10
and grind them on a grilling st
(Only El mowie C tcm ty tell til Whil Ill We Lor paste Mrs Kirin br with water, put ered til Ligh, a 1he II. İlk th{ıt W: hack on the fire It was 31 fter Al
Ilirale begälll.
Mrs. Slılı birçılı bottle of speci: and add:d a few mik which W:1 from the fire. Sl the liquid, 2 di drops of brille : spa, tul: Lip a rld of the pan to transmutation ha
When little: y : ea Ted of the Til MT5 Shu R, Th II1p l,1T1 dification had now in command stone. The Illilk a little wat den closelih t cortem 15. Tl:: C ower the liquid with a wicer a weight in it.
Mrs Kill low wuUclèn box fl Illagician pulling Iabbit opered til Cut the TeTOWa wide I box of a squаге shapet pudding about great i101le Ti,
lad been chall, rather into a now greatly in whole world.
When the bei presented to th spicctacle thic li cheese' tha [ ke

bones
to a file paste ԼիIIt:
amera is comperest of the story. eport is that the "ought was mixed to boil, them fil
chcesccle)th and as filtered was put
and boiled again this that the
gll out a little iliy II lade bri Luc W di Tops to the 5 Γιανν Γκέττι αν Εζί te kept o il stirring ng a few more nd moving the icywr thc się5 See Whethcr the d begun.
:llow flecks apppidly cooling milk ced till at the solibęguri. We wcre cof the philospher’s : Was po li rcd into
box that had a ceive ll;C TIgical loth was folded
and pressed down c) We which had
hent Liver the ld like a stage
o Lut the fabled e box and held ble bottom of the
which was now beige quiwering in inch high. A Indeed, the drinss cd to gold, or igh protein food
demand by the
m curd was finally se watching the le cubes of *ball t bobbing up and
Mrs. Kin: show w stym "Irrf is Pressel for lho.A fa produire a sofr cake
down in the curry was very appetising since it looked deceptively like pieces of meat. As a colpation to the "bon cheese' Mrs Kim had chosen a Sri Lankan flvourie-pollos, and the twD complementcid cach other giving the tongue and plate a delight fu scusation.
Mrs, Kill admitted that making å little bean Curd at a time was not really worth the effort. What should be done, as is done in China, Korea and Japan, is to
open little shops in town and villages where the bean curd could be produced still more
cheaply to mect the needs of a larger community. We do that now, she pointed out, with hoppers and bTead.
Until such title as these little shops come a long you may call at the Modern Chinesc Cafe at Havelock Road wherc bcarı curd is available. If you are really keen on making the bean cuid at home you can also get the specially Imade brine from them.
- S. P.

Page 13
The Arts
The irrelevance of the
he Tower Hall, built in
1909-11 is probably Si Lanka's first permanent theatre and long identified with the Turtya period of Sinhala draina, was re-opened as a theatre under state auspices on 5th September this year with a ne w productiu i 1 of John die Silvah’s play Siri Sangabo. After over thirty years of scrvice as a theatric it had been turricci into a cinema and its re-opening has been hailed as a historic occasion, both for the revival of a tradition that some nu stalgically hark ha ck to as the "golden agt” of Sinhala th Catre, and for the pIomise it holds of significant state encouragement and patronage of the arts.
The speeches, articles and newspaper supplements that appeared on this occasion made two main Poilts: namely that the Tower Hall was a continuing symbol of the resurgent nationalism of the Sinhala people auri that its re-opening marked the revival of an important thcatrical tradition.
It is rather significant that no Sne thought fit to mention the fact that there is today in Sri Lenka a live and vigorous theatrical now.cment dating back to the fifties and that in the light (of its development the revival of the Tower Hall tradition is irrelę walit.
In order to examine this situatiötl further, it is fleessary to go
back to the history of theatre in Sri Lanka and note a few facts:
(a) There has been no secular theatrical or dramatic tradition in Sinhalal un til the 19th C:rı tury; only a primitive kind of drama existed in what has been cr:d 'the ritual theatre' in the *ho'il, Sokari and kalarm ties
(b) The first form of theatre proper in Sinhala, divorced from any ritual significance, was the riadagaria; this for in was Dravidian in origin as is attested from the fact that the first madagamas were translations from the Tamil. It
Was a drailla co Will a centra which was in th: tion. Though th of the radigaria legendary unlike Which had been t:l in specific exo tlere Were sønne i ristics-the role o Ill: Ebsence of hollse-and was dT4 W Un and mei facilitions. It suit у егу рорular in SOLuther casta it never penetrat interior of the cities,
(c) As stated ea form was not a h:à la literary trad S***IllS tic) halve form in spite of altced cits. W: gious, cultural on this situ El tion, it Social basis of t this meant that confired to the relatively simple their folk culture, too shared this Writing, the perfo al Iclience, Sirhala this had no time IÖ inte:Tc5t themsel trte. This was the which Parsi theat Bombay begarı pet Colombo in the the 19th century. Parted fron1n tradiit of significant way ded an enclosed pl Cemiul Til stage; elab Բcծա8 Stttings an florid style of act based on the mor Tndian tradition, the urban audienc Sinhala plays writt thernes, often tran ted in the same in Sal Irla: Tin Lusic, took t
What were the 'muri' theatre and

by Charles Abeyasekera
Tower Hall tradition
pletely in sung role for music Carnatic tra dithe multic conticht was fictional or [he TiLual theatre : Infined to cercist themes, yet innimlitir II chlärätteImusic and song, enery and playtherefore able to gic with prewatling sequently became the Wester 11 and areas, all though di irt cither the country or the
lier the diralnatific: part of the Sinition; indeed it been a despised good Sanskrit latiewer the Telisocial basis for det erillied the he art. In effect :he theatre was "utal Setting, the rural pcople and The Fra dagarica quality-i Tı the IIIlances and the educated literati or inclination wes il the thea: background in rical toupes from forming plays in last decadcs of These plays deion in a full her "s—they dc Tanayhoušč, a prosorate and gord costunes, a ing and Timusic Illelodic North They captivated :es Eli Tı d strı, el con similar slations, presenkole and to the
he stage.
origins of this what were its
deterillining characteristics? As Sarah chandra has noted, the Parsi theatre was not a logical dcvelopment of the lindian theatrical tradition but tıc ba starul offspring of a decadent Indian Liradition and certain Western theatrical and operatic conventions, designed Lo cater to the debased tast c of the Indian urban groups. The generally accepted tradition is that the form hal its origin at the court of Wajid Ali Shah as a kind of court entertainment and was heawily influencCd by the opcratic recollections of some French ministers at his court. However, this thcatrical form became very popular in Bombay a ihd other Indian cities and was carried by touring theatrical troups to Sri Lanka as well as other South-Asian
t:43 լIIլtries. The Parsis, an Indian community that was quick off the
mark in adapting to the cultural values and needs of the imperialist overlords, played a dominating role in this process.
In form, it was a crude copy of Western theatre; it was a mixture of high emotion, song, conic interludes, crude melodratma, somewhat like the formula Sinhala film of today. It relied for its attraction on music, songs, stage settings and Imagical effects, and drew its themes from Indian legend or from adaptations of Western plays or comic operas.
In Sri Lanka, this whole form was taken over, but the absence of a dramatic radition in Sinhala cruelly affected its development. IL remained crudely imitative in form, structure and music; in the absence of any developed dramalanguage, its dialogue and lyrics were an uneasy mixtute of rhetoric and vulgar lisage. And its social base-the Sinhalal-educated urban petty bourgeoisie-deter II lined and limited its the Ines and Inode of presentation. According to Sarachchandra, the firri form effectively killed the fleredagarna which, in terms of structure and language, was much superior to it and had
ll

Page 14
also more intrinsic Tools in native tradition.
博 南
Is the revival of this tradition relevant in the present context and in relation to Lo-day's needs? This is the question that has to be answered in the light of the outpourings of mostalgia, for thc Tower Hall tradition that have assailed us in the past few weeks
As far as the dramatic form is concerned, it does II Lit l'18"W anything of value for playwrights or audiences of today. Henry Jayasena’s produc ion of Siri Sangabo, with which thc re: ovated Tower Hall was opened exposed the limitations of the form. The production attempted to refine th: frid settings and costumes, and to eliminate the more obvious stage effects and gimmicks; it also adopted a morc naturalistic yet stylised form of acting. this context, the play was revealed as lacking in any dramatic struc ture or in characLcrisation airid character development. I is serious and comic elements did not fuse to gether and the attempt to inject some measure of refined visual Epectacle (Els in the pe Tahera cor court scencs) stod Collut its i conlpletely isolated from the dTalla. It was merely a stringing together of chronological Sequences of tad bleaux without any Scnse of dramatic rhythm,
A reading of the plays of John de Silva, Charles Dias and other turio dramatists revicais his weakness; the plays which they trail
sated from Shakespeare, Harsha and other Western and Sanskrit sources and attempted to adopt
the “turri” conventions are even more glaring in this respect. This w production of Siri i Sangabo, however, confirmed this in no uncertain manner, as also did a slightly more effectis production Charles Dias". “Padmavati" a fcw years ago.
The language of these plays - an uneasy mixture of bombst. grandiloquent rhetorie and coloquialism-is another disappointment. Sarachchandra in analysing the language compares it un favourably with that of the adaganas and calls it generally lacking in
12
Tilla lic: CT ETT CIL rigoru L5 a Ialysis of the famills ly this si Tae Wcaknes absencic Ulf a drill in Simhala 11 til writers we e fu lici of a long period Sihl la liter tillTe had to fashium å to the 1ę w for II in this attripl S against the In. importance in disc Hall tradition is Sinhala play Wrigh in evolving an range effectively realistic dra II kl.
If it te III1S C. structure or lang Hall plays do no for tlhe contempo) Sri Lanka, We h sidict wiler her th) to be gleaned frc of the II: a Till CČI
The heyday coincided with mational Ieš LuTges rialist activity it the beginnings petit bourgeoisie lish had emerge ginning to agita and affluence: These de Tha T dS reformist a Tcl in took the for Il Westcrin Culture affirmation of t and Buddhist wi
These agitalic) only at the politik Diarmapala o and religious le Sirisena in his and novels lent sion to the By this time, to this class lil W10 WiëTe COff in the theatre, dral: ; the ling its ideology
What were of his ideolo Tew iwal that YWC the * 'turti” pla insistence con lf strument of Lira

ional quality. A of eWC 5) (le тics will indicatic s. Of cours: the natic coil wention le fact that these ioning ut the end of decline ill In earl, Lh;it they languagc suitČld and their faill Te hould Tot be held But what is of tussing the Tower that since then, its have succeeded idic ill that call from stylised to
f dramatic fUTI), ;uage, the Tower ot i Live any les5 0 til Iary playwright in ay : les Č, EL CÓflera is alıythig In them il terTili litti,
of nurți theatre the periods of ce aliud anti-impein Sri Lanka. By 3f this ccI Eury, 3. cd Lucated in Engdi and were bete for more power to the 1st Wes. were politically the cultural splier of opposition to
values and a reraditional Sinhlala
LlŠ
is took place lot al level; Amaga Tıka the nationalist wel and Piya sema newspaper articles an added dillenbolitical campaign. persons belonging ke John de Silva, 1 mercially engaged dad seen in populäT Ileans of propagal
the chief features gy of nationalist re propagat ed in ys? First was an inguage as the isrsII it tal of Cult AL ral
and religious values. John de Silva in his original plays cmphasised the importance of a knowledge of Sinula. In thic Sinhleli PATAbhava Natakaya hic says; lt is apparcnt that the chief reason for the decline of thc Sinhala race is the ignorance of the native langua Le. Sinhala PC:lle of today, in their selfish sclf-ille Test, tra Ilple on their mother tongue and earl alien languages and go as tray because they do mot know what their forefathers said and did'.
Second was a condemnation of Western cultu TC will.Le5. He S CDL ildly berated all these Sinhalese who slavishly accepted thc Social and cultural practices of the white man. In many of his plays with a contemporary Sctting, the villains who come to an ewil e Tid a.Te those who turn their backs (L) Sinhala Buddhist culture and adop Western ways of livi i 3
Third was a fierce patriotis II). In plays based om hist Urical chi Tacters or the Tries, hic at i en pited to rouse in his audiences a sem se of their national heritage, a pride in belonging to the Sinhala race and to move them towards reasserting their failing sense of national identity. This, of course, touched more closely the political sphere: it even a tracted the attention of the colonial police whose chief, Dowbiggin, in confidential report to the Governor on the spread of Inationalist activities, referred to *" te series of stirring Simha lese plays produced by John de Silva with the object of creating a spirit of nationalism''. A Col tipola Ty journal described the plays of John de Silva and Charles Dias as being intended "to rekindle the dying embers of patriotism'. This spirit of nationalism was accompanied by a racial chauvinis In. This was not peculiar to John de Silva but to all the leaders of the Sinhala Buddhist revival. The decline of race and religion art blamed not only on the British rulers, but also on other Tinority groups in the country. This attitude concs out strongly in John de Silva's plays indeed his actions were even more direct: he addressed his audiences before the performance of his plays and "expressed his gut seclings in an abusive Speech

Page 15
in which the Tanuils, the Moors and those who aped the West were roundly castigatcd."
In all these attitudes, John de Silva, Charles Dias and others were expressing the prevailing ideology of their class. At that particular point of our history, a certain segment of the rising capitalist class in Sri Lanka sought to advance their economic and political interests and the Sinhale Buddhist revival was an important aspect of their struggle.
This was the kind of ideology present in the plays with historical or corrı temporary theilles that were staged at the Tower Hall. One of the factors that would hawe to be examined, in judging their impact, is what proportion they constituled of the total output of 'nurt drama. Of John de Silva's fifty odd plays, it seems that less than half Were concerned with contemPOFITY (Or historical thermes. Another factor would b: the composition of the audience. We have some evidence that the rising Sinhålla bourgeoisic Jernt their patronage to the Tower Hall and were present at its performances and that. the audiences included the Sinhala educated petit bourgeoisie & sections of the urban working class.
However that may be, it is quite clear that the lirti dramatists, of the period did, while making of this theatre a commercial success, reflect in their plays the values and perspectives of their class-the Sinhala pelty bourgeoisie - and did use drama as a means of obtaining for themselves increased economic and political power at the expense of the Sinhala Christianised upper classes who had served up to then as the Illiddlemen between the imperial power and the masses.
While one must understand and appreciatic the role that the Parti dramatists and John Da Silva in
particular played at a specific Inoment of our history in the dramatic, cultural and political
fields, it serves no purpose to mythologise this role. It is very necessary to dy-mystify this history
(Corfiinized are page 18)
Music
The “rel
is she had WWest, RLIk have turned o
farin aus opera si E. F. C. Lludu wyk oil the glowing t. Dewi, thicum in t film career. I s Ludowyk knęw bilt of course it in electuay fisi Rlkrmani Levi i art. She inter Walcito on behalf fi Call Tidinal erro for today intelle, Walid, tiori are a those artists whic this elusive subst "Telewą Ice" there mlı sic, lıarıg tlıc music or the singe.
Thiš narrowy lly - of relevance, cur in 3ritical writi. artists' self-pric totally alier to doT1':iin. Quite si good singer. the We hıwe hlad. H that greatly abus. arly Iilating, was is) to a dimensia We have learnt even ta) di: wow. millation of hicr ç occasio l to give so
The great buk music today is as liter":a Le. Whate wer of the Illusic - “bt or theatre - the p aften 50 egregiou: the basic skills tlh are generated ab Sensitivity to mu show - itself a dio Inaturally exhibits ciency in Illusic, b have expected the: El Eterltive to the f the art. Regrettabl is the rare excepti the Tule, even in Primacy to music

A. J. Gunawardana
.
evance' of Rukmani Devi
been born in the alli Dewi Would t LQ be :a "Wrld gcc.' This is how 0nt::: commitnted leInt of Ruk Inani e peak uf her Ippose Professor y here of hic spoke, has never been ) 11:Lble to discuss rid her kind of laim sed any “releof her musicin our times, :tual interest and Vailable only to | claim to pussess ince. The T1ûTe is, the bettct the quality of the r's Tendering of it.
construled sense rently su evidett
ng as well as ipaganda, W315 Rukmani Devi's
nply, she was a best female voice: er reevance, if 2d term still has z (and I in ist, In of sing that
to ignore, and
The tragic ter: Teer slıca ull be: me thought to it.
of our popular best only subthe pro wch A1 CC 2at - shlıw", filml 2rform1:1:l:es arc sly deficient in at grave doubts ut our culture's sic. The beatrienting labelthc least profii ut o Inc would 1 tre to be lore undamentals of y, such CT Ce Til kon rather tihan plays that give all expression.
Dr. Gunawardana who teaches Engїїліі ar. Widyodaya has specialize for the study of drarta and filirt.
For the Inst part, what assails cour ears a L het beat show, in thc thcatre and the cinema are vocalisings that are stridently oblivious of the Inc.cd to Ilaintain pitch and tille-scale, elellents which are: univers: lly Linders tood to be the Illiniuin require lents of musical articulation.
This basic limitation, fatal to nusicial development is further compounded by the growing media orientation of our singers. They would be entirely lost without sound amplification for their voices Eire programmed for the microphone. In other words, the majority of our singers are crooners. One is sorry tu no te that some of the classical perfortners too a Te giving in to tha: | microphone. Thus what We encounter today for the most part is not open - voiccd, fullthroated singing, but deliberately at Leluated, synthctic sounds.
Throughout her career. Rukmani Dewi offered a shining contrast to this, both oil stage and screen. Despite years in the cineina, she ne wat succurin bed to the “omike"”; the Voice retained its unpretentio ulis, open character. To be sure, the lyrics of her songs were woefully mired in the banalities of the Colombo school of poetry; the content was unifornly poor.
Ninnetheless on her lips, they acquired a life that transcended thլ: collinonplace sentinents
embodied in tihtim.
What Rukina ni Dewi un forgettably demonstrated for us was that it is the singer that finally makes the song, not the lyric, however meaningful, not the melody, howewer sweet. Her yoice mot only exposed the impoverished state of our popular music, but returned us to the authentic mainst Team of song,
13

Page 16
Agrarian reform
A sleight of ha
In on 24 Jule 1919 the
Peruvian military government in Liated one of the most a Libitious agrarian reforms, not only in Latin America but also in the whole of the Third World, a wide range of expectations was raised cocerning the nature of the changes that such a refoil could lead to. Until then, there was in Peruvian society a direct relationship between land ownership and political power. The tranformation undertaken raised the question of whether the relatively rapid, m:15sive and radical liransfer of agricultural own crship would give the peasant and the agricultural proletariat the sale decisive economic and political influence Crnjoyed until then by the big agrarian Iniddle class and the traditional landowners. Today, at eight year's distance, a few replies to this question can be tentatively put forward, eitabling us to appreciate the crystalizallion of a new relaticarıslı ip in whichı land Cow meTship is no longer the basis of power but where the disappearance of the form crly drilliant class dges 110L automatically Incan LCCg55 to power for the working classes.
To understand the importance of the Tefor Ill, Orle must Tem ember that ultil 1968 there existed ill Per L l Tegin he where tenia fi cy and land owner-ship were wery different things through-out an extensive historical period, based on the two extremes - hacienda (large estate) and indigenous community. The hacienda, although it accounted for only 3.9 percent of total farming units, possessed 10.6 per cent of the 2 million hectares of
Jose Matos Mar, an Trithropologisk, is Direcửr af ffE se s fir fra de Esrildigi Perianos aried Professor Erierif ar fhear Larry'er född Waria) rial Mfayor der Seri Mfaires. Jo5: Manuel Meji i G. Fyrfa gyf Ffra Forter αν τίiε μΣπίτι τα τε Επί Πελία η Ρεrμαrigo, spécializirg for the 5 froidy of" | agrarian probleris,
agricultural land a hec La Tes of Inatur the country; while renllaining LI Illits, those o WIlled by s II cluding coIIITula pied hardly 10.7
The hacieda ill I 117 der II, tT111: ditional - define. tive regimes prew thic ruling institu Wrld. Tell tholl nopolized most w coInstitut cd a sci LI: ation, and theref poWcr of the C and landowling and Inatio 1:ll lewe hand, the indige see led to be t traditional produ i om the po I inclple system in which dividual Work ex with collective ( In a state of b" by various facto cco Ilımlı Lu Inites co 1: for arı irttırıcıse r smallholding pea:
Basically orienti agriculture wys i the food feeds of habita Its of Lhee . taining a national tralization. Sucii a flected in tElle il situation of produ cxport or were not гоіпdшstгу. CO milion rural work wage-earners aid of Serfdom or se themselves in th) groups, reaching e and having almost in the political c) LI In t Ty'. Timid attempts
The existing si el sier to underst
that, in these ownership provid.

Jose Matos Mar and Jose Manuel Mejia
.nl d the 20 illi Qrı al pastureland in 96 percent of the that is to say, hall peasan LS--itproperty - occu1t:Ti::Ilլ
its three wersions sitional and Traby the producailing in it, Was tion of the rural sild of tem - aluable resources, rte of accumulore built up the apitalist agrarian elites at regional !!... []m the gthẹT nous community he remains of a ctive system based of Teciprocity, a possession and in. listed side by side wlership of land. reakdown caused Ts, El Imı ost 4.OOO stituted a refuge na ss of indigenous SELIS
zd to Ward export, ::pable of Ileeting the 14 milliol in:Coultry, or of Susprocess of indus... tendency was recreasingly critical cers who did It
integrated in agIl sequen lly, the ers (small holders, peasants in F1 state miserfdoll) found e lowest income Xtremes of powerty no participation
activities of the
Jcial iIlı balance is and if one realizes
conditions, land !d the hold Crs with
Where it is shown that
land ownership and the
disappearence of the
landed class do not
ппеan automatic
access to power
such a degree of economic and political power that they were able to block the increasingly important attemp Ls L chla Inget Illade by different sectors of society,
For this reason, the successive conte: il poTaTy question ing of the traditi u Ilhal order, starti Ing With the analyses by Jose Carlo Mariategui aInd Wictor Ral ul Haya de la Torrect in the 19205, and given political shape by an emerging peasant паwеment 11 the 1950s aild 19ć0s, Incyer Ilanaged to succeed. Nor did the timid a tempts at agrarian refor Il made in 1956, 1962 and 1965, giving small groups of the political left a pretext for capitalizing on thc social unrest with an atterripted guerrilla revolution.
Thus, at the end of the i960s, the socially explosive situation of economic crisis originating in the country de III: Ilded a Tadiçi i Change as the only way of getting round the structural impasse. Agrarian reform thus became imperative. However, insofar as its realization was blocked by the characteristics of the power system, a prerequisite for success was the trails form:tion of the latter.
Undoubtedy, this situation was one of the factors that led to the critical point when the armed forces took over the government, proclaiming a nationalistic and anti-oligarchic programme. After the nationalization of the Talarl oil fields, owned by a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey, the first significant interial measure was the promulgation of Decreto-Ley No. 1771ń, with which a new prograntic of agricultural changes Was inaugurated, With the the line: "Land for the man who works it."

Page 17
The new law certainly proposed the most advanced reform programme ever 1 ried in Latin America, With the exception of Cuba. Its terms wcre drastic and un appealable: it hit not only the traditional landowncrs, against whom the Te was a consensus defining them as “unproductive,' 'ineffi ccnt," “archaic.” etc., but also the II) odern capitalist proprietors, "the sugar and Cotton barons," who considered themselves endowed With al the quali Lies they denied to the la 1 downing class.
To this end, the ideological ртіпciples, the administrative procedures and the institutional organization, as well EAs the functions and att TIbutes of the state plan with regard to the agrarian sector, were reformulated and strengthencd. Along With these reforms appeared bodies like the Agarian Tribunal (i'r ffa! Agrario), intended to break down any barrier put up by the powerful landowners through their dominance over the judicial apparatus, and the National System of Support for the Social Movement (Sistega National de Aparoa a Movilization Social - SlNAMOS), cr cated to pro Tnote the organization and a participation of the working classes directly with the State. Thus a new type of modernizlıgı, techlığı bureaucratic authority began to take shape as part of a Wider phenomenon that was also occurring in other sectors of the national society.
Bill if the scope and riods oper and of the reform seemed innovatory, no less so was the fact that instead of the hacienda Syslerin, a new stucture, ma de up of various types of cooperative organization, was created,
The idea was that each exhacienda should be converted into an Agral rial Production CU Upperative Cooperatfra agraría de Produccio), a Social interest Agricultural Society (Sociedad Agrirala de Interes Social - SAIS) or a Pea. sant Group Group. CarpesirTo), or an Agrarian Services Cooperative (Cooperofi ya Migraria de Servirias). The first applied to highly developed units, where there was 乳t1 organized administration, and al. most absolute control of the land
Wis ir the ha taking itself, a found in the Whose perman Workers becaric C:lilly Ir] (:T1ı ber5 u SP HS II t t ; of exploitation. Other hand, la Sclw.cs () the ch I ll TKS ilder in Thesic had an formed as a re redations of the cJTTim Limitics; t longst aiding cla not offered only of that particul: were relatively i collective body aiid o ne or Timore Prior claims. T applied to those there had been pr gerial activity a only concrete co form was to ei the landowner a sants ir1 tlicit de Encol Taging the market their pro
A rapid advance
The programm
furth Cr. laying di
in all eases a re ing body should
Central Cooperat thé Tefi oʻrnLıed uni microregion shot SC as to plan the with development Provide social serv region.
Private propert a limited thumb sized Lumits not oti2aTnd by thc sma|| ings, was As 5 igi) Toll irl Tellation t and political weig th è a 5 Sociat ed bo
It was hoped Sector, organized it in its first five y a chieve a rapid ac 24000 cstates and El Tes, and ill wow lies, Ambitious ec cial goals Were se an annual produc of 4.2 percent, at of unemployment

Ilds of the undersiluzi tiun usually Cl5 til haciendas, cnt wage - carning al In 25 t a LomatiCommunal owners, reak up the unit Tle SAIS, on the 1 to adapt themEl ré: Ceristic5 of the ighland haciendas, fost 3 I'W':lys lecim :Sult of the dep: adjoining peasant Ierfið c, tica Lucct ims, ownership was 1) the workers I ha cienda – wha eW - but to the In Eid up of thcm COI 1 m Linities with he third version ! haciellas where ! Clic:ally no manald those where the hIhSèql,heilcè of Tcninte payment to md. Ta tify the peafrcro possession, beneficiaries to ducts.
to advanced stil OWri the rule that gidilal Çoordin: - be creat cd: the iwe, in which all is of an area or ld be grouped, :ir activities, deal investment and ices for the whole
, represented by Cr of Inedium1er Wise allocated,
individual holdcd a secondary the economic ght accorded to die 5.
hat the reformed I this Way, would cars (1970-1975) vance, affecting 9,378 O91 fecit ng 342.OOO fami(Tomic and soit for this period: tive growth rate Tastic reduction and under- em
ployment through the creation of 307.800 new posts, andasu stantial increase in rural income.
This reforin programme was part of a general political Concept Whose aims were 'the progressive transfer of economic and political Power to the working classes and the “building up of a loci democracy in which everyone will participate.'" In other Wrds, it offered the peasant not Only and but :Llso power.
It Illust be admitted that in the Past eight years agrarian reform has made an impression. At ргеsent, Peru is unusual El Illig Latin American societies, inasmuch as there: are r1, Jonger ally gd:10Tales (local rulers). Prototypes for a familia T character in Latin American literature, noT nil nag.rs of agroindustrial plantations. Does this incan that the milit :1 Ty gover1TTacnt hills achieved its aims. A su in 11ary e valuatior indica e 5 tha this is not the case, since, althuլյgh a good part of land (Winership li Els been transferred, state power has beer strengthened to the point of setting up a new plan of Political relations Üppused to the model of Participation previously announced.
Still unfinished
At the beginning of 1977, 500 agrarian production Coperativcs, 60* peyi sant groups, 274 " peasan Communities, 57 sa is and 8 social ownership undertakings (a form of organization created in 1974) had receiv"Cd 7,035,659 ha, thus benefiting 280,370 heads of famílies; [1] (ra 1 Whilc, almlt;st 500,000 ha were distributed to 35,219 peäs: II (s individually, raising to 7.528, 191 ha lind 315,589 heads of fa Tmilies, espectively, the total figures for land and peasants achieved by the Teform, Despite this SLI Cess, the original goals have not quichen Teached. The transfer of land is stil unfinished. The growth rate of Ilnual productivity for 970. 1975 was no Timore than 2 percent, in fact the period ended with a Tecession. And the LI n:mployment gap has widered instead of closing, obliging the Government to dra up a plan, at present being carried out, for creating jobs in rural
5.
15

Page 18
The causes of this situation lie in the political rather than in the economic aspects, although these have certainly been a del crimining factor. A study of the recent process shows how, to the extent
to which state control) beca Inc established, the original radical positions were weakened until
they could only be maintained in a precarious balance, to be later displaced by others of liberal slyl: - a phenomcon that developed against a background of bitter political struggle in which the displaced coastal proprietors, and above all the highland and owners, opposed the Ic form, blocking its channels and sabotaging it openly or secretly, which, among other things, led to a da ngcrous i decapitalization. At the same time, while the traditional social forces rejected the state action, the sectors representing the working clåss (trade unions, communities and federations) developed their own methods to carry out thc reform. The peasant Inverment crushed by the antiguerrilla repression of 1965 IceTierged, but this time as principal protagonist in the struggle for land.
In the face of such an eruption, which, with different motives but similar consequences, was happening in other sectors where the Government implemented reforms: the new state authority replied with a cunciliatory form ulla. A corporate type of body was proposed: thc National Agrarian Confederation (Corfederaciort Naciona Agraria - CNA), to include all the rural sectors, harmonizing their respective interests. The agrarian leagues and federations the created, at local and Tegional lewel, ås pa Tt of thC Confederation, would act as a chan nel of communication between the State and the working classes, which would make the latter a subordinate link in the power chain.
Not the same ппеапіпg
But this for Timula did mot pro We viable either. Despite the fact that CNA has an important mediating function, its working class members do not accept their exclusion from the exercise of government, at least insofar as agrarian policy
15
is concerncd, Ea [ld marginalization il ties and local gove. ower, the na IrOW officially instituted led many of the
cwiltilize 1 10 åLİ0 til the Pica sant CoTnfed (Ca federacio PI Carmapo CCP), which won | greater tham thDSt: CINA. It call thleri that the pels TitTY, process Tot initiatie efforts, has woken demands from tilẽ l political level, and not only on land participation origin
Such a contradi to the necessil y Col the state authority reestablishing tht | nomy initially gl associate under taki up in the refornic mechanisms of a cconomic-ildlit is lif politico-ideological. been intensified, p: present cconomic c only through this possibilities of li working classes th been cnsured a T income, which is the rural sector.
From this it although, foT mall: speaking, it Tulay conside T the El gT Lirider cooper El ti'ye practice relations undertakings and cate that Iwilersh the same Tmcining example, the new plam, organizę of duction. since the reserved to the S producers are not Wages.
In these conditi of the cooperati and their lack ol duction are und also thic fact th:1 paternalistic of d wiour, this time the State. A sit conjunction with
(Сонtiлғd =

question their he municipalirmEnt. Moreness of the clannel hl3 pea samt Ty'n to ora ous entitly: eral in of Peru Fira e Perconcessions far accorded to rforc be said plunged in El d by its own up, raising its economic to thic now insisting but also oil the aily offeTÈd.
ction has led strengthe" ing
r still further, imits of autoanted to the
ngs and setting l sector control type not only ative but also
This policy has rticularly in the risis, and it was limitation of the action for the at the State has edistribution of unfavourable to
follows that and broadly be possible to Til SectOT 88 ownership, in betwccT t ble The W the State indiip does not have as before. For IllstET5 CHT1T1Ct. dispose of pгоse functions a Te tille. Als. The , allowed to fix
oms, the Teaction ve biceficiaries f interest in proerstandable, and t they reproduce ermanding behawith Tespect to uation that, in
decapitalization
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Page 19
Economics
NEW DEPRESSION (2)
Unemployment a
T1 an article en titled, "Can America solve its job problem?" featured in till: Eu: III comics pagC of the London "Titles', Frank Wogl discusses the U. S. Labour Department's latest statistical projections and concludes: "Thus unemployment will almost certainly Temain at Centre stage in political controversies in coming years, and if thc Labour Depart
Inent's high forecast proves accurate, then serious jobless problems seem certain in the 1980's."
The OECD (which groups 24 of the world's nost developed capitalist countries) released an analytical background to the recently held seven nation Bonn summit, sketching a pessimitic panorama. It says that while prices will rise by 10% in Britain within this year, unemployment in the U. K. and elsewhere in the world will also increase next year as the industrialized Ilations faced the prospect of slow growth. The OECD report says that the cconomic growth of its member countries will on the average remain at around or Cwen slightly below 3% annually, which contrasts adversely with the average historical growth rate considered "normal' i.e. 5%. This slow growth will lead to a further widening of the gap between potential and actual output in Western countries, thus ausing OECD unemployment which is presently over 17 million to rise. The report states, that to
hold u Temploy Timetn t steady at present levels a growth rate of 4% is needed, the achievement
of which is highly unlikely. The backgrounder goes on to forecast that the U.S. in particular will sce its growth rate trimmed to around 2% uTless drastic action is taken, the U.K. growth rate will be down to 1% in 1979.
Commenting world trade til of "thic stark di. the open infe systern if the pr tion ist frec-for-a a cՍո8:զlletict covery strategy
Meanwhile, th is also filled analysis ԸՈI1Ը: Dollar'. Th: Editorializes: **TE
less of the instability in inte IIlarkets that thi is without que increasingly seri intcrnational Within the next the U.S. is like Teccssion and tht a development industrial world be serious.'
Dr. Robert Professor of Ec York’s City Un w Totę an article Tires, the capt Self-explanatory: New Recession. that the U.S. eco heading towards which will hit t tlı is time ncxit his argument us Department of Professor Leka significant retard of the U.S. ecc next year. Whil has acknowledge that priccs ha" publicly labellin domicstic enemy loy 1 cnt will als present high lev affect the yout the non-white society.

it centre stage
in thc aspect of c Teport speaks Ingers confronting 'national Lrading spect of a protecll ma tcria lizes as of tłuc Bonn Teугоving a failure."
e Western press
with news and }rning “Tlıe Sick London Tiries'
Le continuingweakDollar and the rnational exchange is has produced... stion, placing an bus strain on the conomic system.
6 to 9 Inonths, ly to slip into a 1 c effect of such on the rest of the
in Ieal terms will
Lekach mån, the Iomics at New iversity recently
for the New York ion of which is ''Prologue to the In it he says nomy is right now a Scwere recession le country around year. Buttres sing ing official U.S. Commerce indices, ılıman predicts a ation in the growth no Thy within thic : Presiden Carter d the high levels e soa red to by inflation as his LLITmber 1, un ČImprisc above its els and seriously II ainly among ections of U.S.
Professor Robert Heilbroner, the very Well known liberal eco
nomist is less restrained than other Western commentators in his survey of current economic
trends and prognosis for the near future. In a lengthy article in the New York Magazine which opens with the dramatic sentence "Another World wide crisis of capitalism is upon us.' Dr. Heilbrones presents a picture of se were recession leading to conomic “crash”.
Ewen the conserwatiwe John Exter, former Governer of the Central Bank of this country said in Colombo, a few weeks back, that all signs pointed to a repetition of the Great Depression of 1929-32 and warned economic policy planners in the "Third World' to bract thern selves for the impact.
So the most likely scenario is that the beginning of the Incw decade will see the present recession “slip-sliding' in 1o a genuine Depression, and profound crisis will engulf the entire capitalist world economy. The present, wer deepening crisis is clearly not only cyclical, but also structural. Further
more, it is not only a question of the relatively short business cycle of "boom and bust" (the
existence of which was discovered by Marx and denied by orthodox economists un til fairly recem 1 ly) but also of a long term down swing of the kind which affects world capitalis II at intervals of around every 50 years and lasts almost as long. This phenomenon was analysed in 1920 by the Russian
cconomist Kondratieff ånd his studies are being "rediscovered by radical political economists
these days.
It would be Vulgar economisin however, to predict a total breakdown of World capitalism in the

Page 20
coming decades, wil hout taking cognisance of the political and other superstructural factors which can prove dominant, even thւյլgl1 the economic factor inevitably asserts itself as the determinant on in the final analysis. The open fratricidal is life within the socialist camp and the strongly divisive influence this has on progressive forces the vLIrld OWET works as a stabilizing factor in
favour of the West in its hour of crisis.
Meanwhile, the joint strategy
of the Iletropolitan and peripheral ruling elites which aims at flutter integration of the Titi World economics with those of the West enables the developed capitalist countries to transfer a greater part of the burden of the Crisis con lo the Third World, thereby solving partially and temporarily its problem of world widt surplus accumulation, staving off social upheaval (and political turnoil) in the West.
In the Third World' rapid economic growth along capitalist lines against the backdrop of this global crisis of accumulation, inevitably illplics high-ened dependency on the West grave er Union of national SuW Creigthty by trålsna Liu Thails; Cor1" centration of wealth in the hands of (and coinspicuolls çarışırlıption by) an elite. The severe Lld:- development of the "Third World countries and their peoples gene rated by this pattern of dependent capitalist growth leads to tremendous social and political pressures which arc contained by the dominant social groups through massive repression.
WIWIT
As in the context of the Great Dipression, only to til Luailly exclusive and cor tradictionary historical paths emerge from the vortex of this present crisis i. c. fascist forms or socialist transformation. If, against all odds, the latter path proves victorious, then global capitalism will mot pull decisively out of this long downswing and may not survive the century of the October Revolution. 9
18
A sleight . . . (Corri'n hedfr atid eXQgert Óll3 for the uncertain achieved by the
The Ielations betweel state all stitute (as in t Mexica revolu phase insofar as nisms, the dema ing classes and dominant gToll altered, while th: of the supposed not improved it)
It is for this developTent (in efficiency and WE sufficiency and exploitation in t. production sa contradictory S. wian agrarian re. ling through of passal gcs.
The irreleva
(Catirified and not be SWE tional responses context, When quite a differ when the 11e-C: away from ob Si looking and c. that it is diffi Tee:Weath C2 (3 tC) Tower Hall ply: lly dramatic or
Trends . . .
(Čarrittee
UNESCO just bef:
un "the free passed at the P
But foro al II tf defects drid prej ments of Weste Third World E Reuters do rt news as did front page news mier da fly. The agency report a the test Y) CMI Court of Justf News' Intru dLI message extram prepared by the ment or the For what a famous t|uringy.

онт рлge (б) factors, EcclDt5 cconomic results SEO. thus established d peasantry con he case of the tion) a peculiar thc power mechands of the workte natu Te of thic ls are radically = original situatio si benesicia ries has structural tC T1S. reas con that Tural the sense of social ill-being, food selfelimination of he distribution and ges) is, in the ituation of Perllfor II today, stillgg. le of its thor Iliest
CE . . . frorau pigge 3) yed by easy eng... It is in this we are faced with ant set of tasks, assity is to turn curantist backwardhauvinistic values, Jult to see much days needs in the i. either in specificain ideological te Tims.
ரீரா நாஜி: )
re the witg resolution flow of news' was aris meetrig.
1eir known structural udices as the firlsrurn dominare Ver lites, agences like t blatantly "doctor' those who control : In the is drid's pre: 'Sun' had a straight In the UN YIfE or sy in the International ce. But the "Dally ed into the Reuter tous matter obylously : Information Departeign Min|stry to show ictory it was Clumsy,
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Page 21
Press opinion
A les son from India
the brickbals hurled at
Indira Gandhi in the course of her struggle against local and foreign cinemies lie around her feet today like floral tributes. Thic woma 1 who was bes Illi Tched with the charges of destroying the party, of strengthening family bandysm, has emerged in the eyes of the Indian public as a formidå ble heroinic who has e armed a political rebirth. The decisions of strange Presidential Commissions, like the Shah Corin missio II, written with mud have been wiped out by
the Supreme Court of public opinion. She who was condemned by the Janata Government as
being an emissary of Mara, thc cvil one, has becn exonerated by the Indian people-the very makers of history in the short time of 19 months. "India today, Lanka tomorrow," was the cry raised by the political reactionaries of this
country on Indiras defeat. No doubt there is a tendency for the JRs to catch cold when the
Desais smecze. If anybody, therefore, wishes to see a similarity again between the victory of
etters . . .
(Corfiner frøs Page r a super boat Inan whose fare has arly to be found before he sets Asia on fire? The last occasion that a yachts Inan represented the Country was during a Senanayake Iegime but then as someone dryly remarked that was during the bad old days. Now that the good Colles are said to have dawned le's hope that the Ilo-h opers are left behind or else we will have to proclaim to the world that our Olympic Council is enmeshcd in 3 perfli alerıt, mid5utlime.
I cannot end without reca pitulating a story that never scems to lose its gloss. Our erstwhile
that party.
Indira and the La Inka that would Tal
The SLFP's J
H覽 Mrs. I
planning to lot Elitarian path Jaye WaT den can Constitution the S adopt tomorrow. this constitution Ởn ẽXã mining its all'ept to colSi of the party, t present, in the Banda Tanaike film MT3. Bandaramail In li dala lis affi li tc also lays dowr succession from
Ir da Lighter and of the party lea legacy. Just as i the people deserv III ent they get, is gets the leadersh If the leadership deserves is the Band: Mudebla li combinat from that, infert
Council sent a w Rome Olympics
managerial bunglin of free style was Graeco-Roman cven as it turned out hi Was With a in East
in a trice had him holding his left leg grip, Our man in
yelled “a mimo amm language of his op| read "child's play East European tigh and our man retur Crutches and in pla
Sfidat Sri | Colombo 4.
 
 

politics: uf Sri not be un malu
Unta
Bandaranaike is treid tlıc: same as Mr. J. R. 7e scen from the LFP expcc5 to Th e orie a in of hat Carl be seen clauses is the date the power Polier (F1:lil 3. hands of the ily headed by t : Id tlh: il t ( them. It | [lle line {}f Tīrth CT to som the inheritance dership as a t is said that - the governГ every partу ip it deserves.
thę SLFP rEl maike familyion one may, he quality of
restler to the arl due to g the exponent I: Eered in the t. His first and s only bout European wha of the that in El fierce obvious pain which in the ponent simply Incensed, the Cned his grip led homine: or
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19

Page 22
Cryptic Crossword No. 10 by Stripex
Across CLUES
8, 9. 10,
1. 2. 13. 17. 20.
(0,ycs, do, bl.css me! but it's mot mine (8,5) Four out of a Roman five prefcf. ... (6)
thic tasle of Chiant i C. g. (5.3 } . Secluded a partments for 1GP joining religious sect (6) Reedy determining a species (8) Separated from Hartense Were dit the grand (7) Language for those who have standing in Iran (7) JList as a jokic thic brat bit off uncle's (::LT (a part of it) (3,2,3) ... b: check'd for silence, But newcr tax"d for–(All's well)
Coda I hid from the old generals (8) A meeting place betwccIl trees (6) Thc note Stalin falsified Far from it (3,2,3,5)
Down
A Thost tin1c to get rid of the good Ilan as sacrifice (8) Lessen sin at heart but stray frolin the correct path (9) Burma Shawc jingle perhaps is contrary (7) Pay up and cease from wandering (6)
Soldier in task Aris Lot e Onassisset (6)
Cage to fill in one of those official forms but this belief gcts the backing of the governTient (5,8) Squalid repart of CID round coast (6.7) Six have us relurning with friend in view (8) With chopped-up lecks the chess grandmaster remains bony (no meat at all} (8)
Pectralian within view (7) Do tidy ovcr the singulat nan (6) Linking on a coating of different laterial (6)
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Page 23
A special
THE FUTURE BELO
by Prof. Nikolo Oporin
rtain press media in the
U. S. A. and Western Europe have published stories aleging that the Soviet Union is facing economic difficulties. They claim that the Soviet Union is incapable, without Western aid, of not OElly developing industry, but of even extracting mineral resources.
Tht: TCCently -relcased report of the US Centra I Inteligence Agency adds to this frightening picture by predicting that he difficulties 0 f tile $u, v le; CCT ('Tiny play grow Worse, since, according to the report, the pace of development will slow down in various branches of industry, construction and transPort in the ycars to come.
It is hard to say what is more in these forcurists : The task of Cconomic competence or deliberate distri C15,
Citing concrete data on the stages of growth of the Soviel economy over the past sixty years, obviously, is irrelevant. So we shall limit ourselves to only one figure: by the start of the tenth five-year plan period the volune of industrial production had exceeded the prewar level by 17 times.
In other words over the years of postwar five-year plans there have been created on Soviet soil,
as it were, an: ii) d Lustria I states Wils in 1940, of 1976 the St. Producing more tha In thc: we | d Of the te we af War.
The USSR is cing in the eco of the two sys; Ulf growth incor Cipital list World. ninth five-year Union was pruk iron, iron, Inang
ÜTesi, C. El || Flid potassil in salts, matcrials, tract
clectric locomotiv and some other th ELin any other past five-year pl became world's duction of sect, fcrtilizcirs.
May be, the duction of the S being increased a output quality ?
The Ei 1 swer to a laconic and ex) C:ll: 0 til NyIT from the French Morride in one of ”Evi-ry Ihing is all technology. It
 

supplement
rk the 61st Anniversary of he October Revolution
NGS TO SOCIALISM
her sixteen such as (ur call try By tilue; begira 11 ing
viet piecpole WerČ industrial goods arıtıcutt plı 1 cilt
le Second World
confider lly a dwa nionic competition ells will the rates ceivable for the Even before the plan the Soviet {ucing more pig these and chrome coke, cencil, phosphate Taw rs, diesel and "es, cotion, flax types of output country. In the an period it also eader in the prooil and mineral
industrial proo viet Union is t the expense of
this question, in pressivc miner, bcr 23, 1976,
newspaper Le
its headlines : riglat with Sc} viet would have been
difficult to say differently at that tiric when Soviet workers and engineers were installing the capitalist world's largest and most up-to-date hydraulic press in the French city of Issoire.
In the past years of the tenth
five-year plan hic USSR has achieved further economic progress and improvements in the
living and cultural standards of its people. Its industrial output in thic last two years has gone up by almost 11 per ccnt, i, e., was on the level of five-year-plan taTigeis,
Maybe, finally, the capitalist economy demonstrates to the world examples of scientific and technological progress and of the enterprising art which the USSR and other socialist states, as well as the developing countrics should follow
Alas, the capitalist countries have u Lothing tu boast of in this field. The entire building of modern Capitalist1 has been shaken by its deep economic crisis. The course of world history increasingly emphasizes the contrast betw cen the sleal dily growing economy of the socialist World and the crisis - and inflation - depressed capitalist system.
The future lism. — (A PAN )
belong5 to socia
호:1

Page 24
SOCIALIST REALISM OF CREATIVE WOF
by Gvari il Petrosyan
SE people s Lill thiIiik l hält these are mutually exclusive notions. True, each of then call ses heated de bate alld even SPo culation. A short while ago such problems could interest only SR cialists, but now even people Whn aesa from pure literary research. at criticism and philosophy take a great interest in these proble l S.
So, what is 'socialist rcalismı”? What is freedom of creative work'? Let us discuss them one by one and try to give a brief answer to each question.
What is Socialist Realism?"
It is the fundamental method of Soviet literature and art. No onc discovered it and no onc
imposed i con t and artists. The realis T : pipical Ted ber 1917 revolul adly crents all v.
Socialist Tcali impregnated by socialism. lt
revolutionary de lle representtiv Maxirim Gorky', kowsky, Pa Lil Brecht, Mikhail Amado, Anders Neruda.
It would be that Mikhail *And Quiet Fl written by the No great Work: been cTeated by
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he Swict writt: TS art of socialist bɛfoTc the Octoiom a nd ha s its er the world. sm is a realis IT 1 hic i dels al :picts life in its wclop Inert. A III cong "es of tillis : T arc Wladimir MayaE!LLärd, Bcr t old Sholokhov, Jorge Il Nexo and Pablo
naive lo think Shulkhadows To vel Ws the ol' was order of the Party." of art have ever i order, Prokofiev,
FREEDOM
Shost:4 koYʻi:lı andi Klh ä chıat Lurya In composed their music as it was dicta led by their heart, The sa Linc applies to other Soviet composers.
writers and artists who chose the
- method of socialist realism of
their own frce will,
Let us take a look at the past, Hcim rich Hcine and Alfred de Musset Were rollanticists but nj one ever said that they wrote their weer scs by some order from above. It is as ludicrous to say this Ebolt the Soviet artists Whn prefer socialist realism to Iomanticis T1 or scntimentalis n.
I would like to emphasise once agaim that socialist í ealis Tim is the funda Tental method of Soviet literaturc and art. This does Ilot
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SOCIALIST REALISM . . . (rெinued from நாஜி :)
Imean ho wewer that nåt uralism or modernism are suppressed in the Soviet Union. The II urterous cxhibitions of a want garde paintings held in Moscow alone bear his Óllt.
Everyone has the right to write in the style he likes best. and this right should not be denied to those who prefer socialist realism.
What is Fredom of Creative Work"?
The Soviet viewpoint on this problem is based on Lenin's fiamö s Tc:Tnark that come cannot live in society and be free from it.
Before blindly praising the benefits of absolute freedon, one should first make it clear for whom and for what this freedom is.
Self-will, we know, is a
yery different thing fro in
free do II.
Similarly, plausit way from trulh.
There is no of creatiwic wor freedom of ciri millions of per of creative wo The Soviet Lni former and rejec
As for the m qof freedo Tull || there is no cau: Eyerı ölır ill-wiş mit that artist Ilion hawe mm tha ılı their counte They need mot ties to reveal t cal de wote: a l ' Creatiw: work, about their mat financial matteri
Now a few compatibility of and freedom of
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lily is a long
bsolute freedom But the Te is ative work for ple and freedom k for, an elite. m embraccs the s the latter.
terial guarante es
creative work, c for : Tgl 11 erat. ners hawc to adi in tle Sowiet 1re opportulities parts in the West. have other abilicir la lents. They heiT activities Llo without worrying trial position and
words about the socialist realism creative work.
Has socialist realism its laws? Yes, it has, Every school of art has its principles and laws which its adherents voluntarily abide by.
which
All art has its rules
cannot be broken.
Rules should exist in qrt a Iud in life, LLC wise there would be neither art mor life. Rules hawe Itver bec: a hindrance for true talent, Originality is possiblic within Liles, It would be appropriate to recall here that Corncil it End
Molie Te abided by the rules of classicis In. Byron and Shelley abided by the rules of IoII anti
cism. Stend hal and Tolstoy were Tea lists and did Ilot Walt to be anything else.
Socialist realism is a method used by Soviet and thousands of foreign artists. To deprive them of freedom of the choice means to violate the laws of freedolin of creative work. - (APN)
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