Page 1
The Global
Havoc in the
Racial crimes a
Human Rights
US preser
O ASIAN PEASANTRY
 
 
 
 

December 5, 1978
Price Rs. 2/50
d British justice
in Sri Lanka
ce in Asia
SYMPOSIUM O MUSC

Page 2
MARGA PUEBL
Margen Publicar iom s Whitli cors ist research stillies indertake far irre med local orgar is alio) y, sy'n 7 posia () serninars, and lectures giver at ere 7 re roi i' da ya ilalle with all leading
ir I the Marga Institute, si Isipatlı
(οι οπτιο η.
-y: Non Formal Education in Sri L
s: Welfare and Growth in Sri Lar
: The Cooperative System and R.
-- The Sinhala Reading Public
: Youth, Land and Employment
3: Religion and Development in A
: Needs of Children and Adolesc
: Instability of an Export Econom
| (iz Jiri Cir

CATIONS
f irride pierrafern t
η Τι ατιμι
varios
ring is "Is sists hooksellers arid
Ina Mawatha,
anka
ka
Ira Credit in Sri Lanka
sian Societies
Ints ir Sri Lanka
-ard Cover
oft Cover
500
800
1000
500
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Page 3
LANKA GUARDIAN
Cover
El tiring in to thic hea
(Scc
Published by PLublishers Lt
'MBA Buildlji Street, Colom
Telephon
EditOT: MI
Printed by
825. Wolf Col.
Telepho
Wol. I No. 15 December 15, 1978 CONTENTS
2 - 3 News background
4 - 9 International News
Oil II Racialism
|2 - ||斗 Food
5 Press opinion
S. W Labout
8-9 Music
O Symposium
2 | Anniversary
23 Paper
Trends
Graphite
ls Sri Lankd In for a windfa//? A US manufacturer of America's most advanced, multirole tactical fighter, the F-18 Hornet, has succeeded in building many of the
plane's parts with laminated graphite thread. The finest graphite is found in Sri Lanka and mined in small quantitles because only a little graphite is needed in even vito Industries. Used in the manufacture of planes graphite is light, strong and saves fue and helps plares to last long. It cost the manufacturers S500 a pound at the start. Now it costs them $43 a pound. With increased use they a dire հքիing the price will level off at S5 a pound. Graphite is also used In the manufacture of tennis rackets, golf clubs dinId SCI İling masts.
Many ironies
The choice of Sri Lanka by the Pres5 Fouridatlon of Asla ta hold its tenth anniversary sittings was ful. of Ironies. There was President Jayewordere standing before the desegates to tell them that freedom of the Press “means not only freedom of expression but the freedom of the editor to express his views without coming into conflict with that of the owner'. Some FPA delegates knew that Lake House had sacked half a dozen or more editors for "not coming into conflict with that of the owner'. But to add to the Ironies President Jayewardena confessed that
he was both sha of "this mighty his government he Ilt.
Hornet's nest
Prof. P. P. has raised a horr marking of Uniye, answer scripts. , he hď5 pLIľJeď u for lenient markir known is that he ha exaT7 finiers w their marking, Charges are made that some exam and others are st
On the compus Ing body of opini marks din d allegat Chancellor. Many dre perturbed by they claim are re Naz Carnpaign ag the thirties.
Sriwarderid has
Sinha sese were s ПпIпated agaIпst I tles. Yet li ya 5
made him a Prof. protest.
Pastor's claim
Jesus to the Inc. a right-wiп USA, headed by P who was jailed
[Соғfлға

" Picture:
rt of the poorer nations Page 12)
" Lanka Guardian d. Third Floor, ng 126 328 Main յL = 1:
29 C) 28,
Arwyn da Silva
Ananda Press endhal Street, Ilէյլ) - 13.
ne: 3.95
e holder and head Prganisation" which TS COTI e to re
G. L. Siriwardena lets mest about the rsity and A Lewe It is claimed that p Tart lecturers g. But what is not
also pulls up Sinho Tre l'enent ri muntilנחסם גםWEI ri !. It does happer friers dre ensert TË.
2s there is a grow. on aga Inst the refons of the Wice
Sİrı hala lecturers his regrks which пIпisселt of the "d inst the Jews in
made out that tified and discri. the Science faculProf. Kandah who F5or Drnsdst mLrch
Communist World g Organisation In 'd stor WLErard, in Romania, takes
21 நவரச :)
Pre-planned performance
was delighted to find that Dr. Costan de Wos had not only looked askance at all the figures given in my Review, but also came up with the petite ones that were missing and raised man Y, Pertinent questions which would help readers find their way around in "the murky field of statistics' to arrive at the facts - which unlike figures, are sacred indeed.
The uso of the 974 figures for Cement production and 97 figures for Textile production does Certainly savour of some ch Ісапerу. I can assure Dr. de Vos and your readers that awallability of omParable data from published sources was the only determinant of the choice of years and that апу other. significance wouldbe Inc. demtal.
The easons for setting low targets for 1978 could best be explained only by those who are responsible for it, for it will be necessary to know not merely the Production figures but alsó the "Production conditions" as B. de Vos has rightly put it. While ai ming at the non da sun is certainly not a strategy that can be condoned or recomended, one cannot believe that Dr. de Vos is seriously 되uggE5ting that targets be fixed on the basis of Past achlevements only, regardless of the reasons for апу Poor Performance, particularly because the declared objective is to raise levels of output from the depths to which they had sunk. I can only join Dr. de Wos in hoping that those who have access to all the relevant facts and figures would enlighten us .Intסם this חס
I would also like to state that my intention was to show that there has not been any miracle as had been claimed and no attempt was made to suggest that there had been a de Ele in the Cement industry. A credit to those who are responsible for increasing production by 22, above the 1974 achievement. T
(Cofirirrtted on page *]

Page 4
Race and classes :
O issue of which a bipas
is an approach seems to have vowed in Sri Lankan Politics has in that of race. The attitude of the two dominant Sri Lankan (Sinhala') parties towards the Tamil community seem to differ only in nuance rather tha Il in substance. The litell captained Business of Race' in the Oct. It issue of this journal 6ed the appearance of business organisation, the composition and stated aims of which expressed this bipartisan outlook. The recent furore over alleged favouritim iI the marking of answer scripts at University and 'A' Level exams provided the latest example of the essential unity in the approach of both major parties on this vexed question of Tace,
While the govern Illent controlled Lake House and Times newspapers presented solely the views of the Minister of Industries and the upper echelons of the University Establish ment, the Da va sa Group prosecuted the campaign with an ideological vigour and zcal strongly Te miniscent of the (West German) Axel springer press on one of its frequent anti-communist crus åldes. The SLFP's Dinakara which strikes radical postures critical of the governmenton mos AttēTS (CF. Il hardly be distinguished from the Da vasa in the slant it adopts in its coverage of this and ållied issues concerning the Tamil Community,
It is against this monolithic backdrop of a linedia blitzkrieg that the following questions currently circulating within the cademic community and independent but informed circles in general, should be viewed. These questions arise from the (um precedented) press conference given by the Minister of Industries, the Wice Chancellor and others:-
1. An allegation of an of ge was made concerning the 1963 Chemistry practical exam for LH G. C. E. A. L. Why did the then
?
News background -
So
Head of Departme: at the Lille to in: without waiting f announce it to
cularly since prilo been discontinued
2. An allegati year after the ment ca me into marks in the A paperis. A high pí of inquiry compi (Sinhala) Dons na B. A. Abeywick. W. C.) P. W. W. K. Samara maya to go into the m: no di 5 CFC pency. fact ignored
3, At the pe was claimed thit marks ir 1 role qll mosquito diagran in saine scripis : cxa 4 CDC)) Tami got high Ilark: insinuatic. In that a exa IıiIhers :1Tt (. ther c is systell this medium. H evidence less skimpy statistic: relation to the Col Further more is 1 even wirft the there were disc again why Was held into Lhe El
4. Is it Il () random check W subjects to C at AL and no disc T
5. As får 5 are concerned, i Pera deniya Çam there were 3A's Botany out of medium Biscief there weTe 10 ^o 12 Ta I i I 1 Aren't there log of this phen om the ome profferci by the Tamil why was the held to clarify

me questions
nL take no action ; litute an inquiry or 15 years to the press partitical sexa Ilıs have
Tte 197l "?
I was Iliade One previous gover Iloffice regarding L. Mathematics wered colmittee ising 3 cminent mely: professors rema (the then
Epasinghe and ka was appointed it ter. They found
Why was this
is 5 conference it on the bis is of :s tion (the faIl 1 0 LIs 1) in one subject at the 1977 AL 1 candidates hal We - which is an 11 Tanil - marking heats and that allic cheating in owever, isn't the Led, t:x[TẹT11člỵ ally speaking in clusions reiched? t it correct that
Tamil medium repancies? ThCl nt olicial inգաiry
ter o
L correct that a was made in other le 1977 G. C.E. epancy was found?
uniwersity CXL ms in the case of the pus GSQ 1977,
ad 35 B's in
the 45 Sihala cc students, while ւ's and 2B's Out medium students. gical explanations encor other thil T1 i. i. e. cheating cxaminers? Also, no official inquiry this even though
the results were released over two Imontlis at: Օ')
6. In the case of the Tamil Incidium examiner in Colombo who was dismissed for cKa Titation offences in 1972, isn't it correct Lihat at the time hıc Was El 1 Julit patient of the mental hospital at Agada and the Doctor in charge of the hospital certified to his being mentally ill? If this is true surely a casc cannot be constructed alleging systematic cheating by Tamil cx:l miners?
Mcan While, it is of grecht interest and significance to notic that the academic community of the University has closed ranks on a Inom — racial basis to opposc and condemn the stand taken by the
Minister of Industries and the Wicc Chalcellor. This is clearly slowl in the press stat criments
issued by the University Teachers Association, Peradeniya campus, the University of Ceylon Science Teachers Association, Peradeniya campus and the acade nic staff Jaffna campus. It is also noteworthy that these statements have been blacked out' by the overWhelmingly predominant sectors
of the Illass Tedi.
Trends . . .
(Carriri red freðar) page )
credit for the victory of the UNP at the last General Election. Their bullet in claims that "In Sri Lanka,
our mission workers, led by Sister Pereira, placed their lives at stake to make a massive distribution of Christian anti-Communist literature. This contributed toward the complete eclipse of the left's political power in last year's general election,
The Jeftst movement, however, Is planing to Come back to power through the trade unions, controlled
by Moscow-brand Communists and Trotskyites. Pastor R. Wurfbrard had very good meetings there and
will go back soon. He counts on your prayers that many, Red sympathizers will be swayed from following devlish Communism and Will chouse to be numbered among Christ's elect."

Page 5
Nature's onslal
e tcnd to over - react in the
face of tragedy. This is just what Justice Minister DewaIlayagam IIlay have been doing when he said that to rehabilitate the cylone hit Eastern Province the Government would have to divert all its current expenses on development work to the Eastern P, o VIIIce. Bul as the picture clears, with more information coming in, the Justice Minister's first observation still remains the
best description of what has happened to the once quiet and peaceful Castern coast of our country.
No newspaper report or picture has been able to get acros the savage fury of nature's onslaught
for a seemingly unending eight hours. The few coconut trees tha L sur wiwed hawe had their crowns Wrung mercilessly. Others that tried to Tesist the sto Til came out of it as if they had
gone through a giant sugar cane CITLIšller. Ewen tEle solici collic Tete posts wete Tot spatcd. What the wind couldn't do falling trees and debis did contributing to the highest deat li toll by a rat Lura disas Cr that the country has cver suffered. The only parallel to the present disa ster that history records is when the ea overstepped its bounds and reached Kela niya. But the Mahawan sa does not record the number that died, only the reas con for the sea's anger which was provoked, it says, by the burning in oil of a Buddhist monk.
A nodern chronicler of the Mahawamsa would have a time of it wondering what caused the heavens to weep when the foundations for a just and free
Society had just let the theologi:
that. Morc imrm Tal disaster has whelming that
political parties
by the tragedy.
ever, has forgot 5 ()TTO "W" (r" to T.: In res Čue missi area. On the remains to be s
ccording to
there is en in the cyclone a wictims themsely Rs. 500 ft Tebu and all the sign to normal... Teg anxious to point of the sad event ta kell the Collni this lead to the that , Lhe Go WeIII in bringing the affected people
Perhaps the fir the hardest in a effort. Those wh from the disaster missions speak ( revive hope anno T before they gin Though it was si the abai te Leilt Ilothing was bein people themselve Totting carcases c some to be found heart of the B
We Hayre TL[5] to a Teas where t fuel not even the and pans to cool Опе government

ght
been
laidl. Bu t ns worry about :diately the natinbeen so do Wyernearly all the have bicerin aweçi
No party, howen to express ils sh its personnel Ins to the disa ster conomic side it ten how much of
Cyclone
the Daily News ough food now
ffected area, the cs a Te Teceiving ilding of houses s of life retu Tning Daily Nels's seems a rosy picture s that hawe ower:ry, but doesn't verу соппplacency ment must avoid
millil 5 to Inormal life.
"st few Wecks a Te ny rehabilitation Lo have Tetu Tin cd area after mercy f the need to ng the destitutes : into apathy. averal days after of the cycline g done by the s to bury the if dead animals, even in the atticaloa town.
Ved dry rations he Te is neithCT 2 elementary pots k a simple meal.
5er WELInt had
a setback the cyclone's havoc
and destruction has caused,
The Work of reconstruction in the three affected districts, where an emergency has been declared, could be the stimulus needed to push ou r economy a long. But on the other hand can the shops and pavements continue to be overloadcd with expensive gew - gaws while the ill clad cyclone destitutes shift 5 tra Ws and sticks to put up some sort of shell cr before the hea vens start weeping again?
relief
found a tin in which to boil thic water for tea. The food parcels and such other offerings attract both the needy and the greedy and the cooked and there is genuine doubt as to whether the relief is reaching the deserving at all. Since mercy missions are restricted to a reas accessible by vehicles the question a rises as to what is happening to those living away from the major highways.
There is need to encourage the people affected to conic back to life with their own efforts rathcr than live off the hand-mic-downs of
the well-to-do. Why not organise communal kitchens in the affected a reas and get the
houseless themselves to help in the preparation of meals and cooking. Life can begin to grow once more round this css ential activity with directions and help from the
army and the nawy and the airforce. In fact these three foi ces
could be given the job of acting as the link in restoring communal life. The masons and carpenters can follow to put up the Timore permanent structures. What needs to be restored to the cyclone refugees is their self- respect. They will then learn to build.

Page 6
| International news
Malaysian worke
lhe Free Trade Zones in Malay.
sia were launch'ed il the aftermath of the May 1969 race riots, ill order to case the acutic social problems of rurali poverty and urban under-employment. The foreign investors were given carte banche to set up complcey foreign owned enterprises. They had ten-year tax holidays, free tradc status and state regulation of unionisation.
Today, ten years later, the problems that FTZs spawn, came more sharply into focus. When a Iecession occurs and business is slow, the foreign enterprises seek to lay-off workers through legal and extra legal methods. This creates terrible jub insecurity.
Conversely when business is bright and demand is heavy, employees are pressurised to Work long hours, and to increase output. The modern assembly line in Malaysia is staffed predomiInently by young girls, on whom these demands can more easily be inade. Most of the cole straight from the villages and hve To ide of their labir rights or financial worth. When they can't maintain the high place of production demanded or refuse to do more than the legal 32 hours ower time a week they a Te fired,
Malaysia workers are also cxploited across the causeway in Singapore where 120,000 of them arc at work. Nine hIndred workers cross the Jollore strait each
day, commuting to Singapore
for work.
These emigrant workers are
said to perform the heaviest,
dirties and lost dangerous jobs in Singapore. It is claimed that the Singapore success story is largely due to the efforts of these emigrant workers. They perform the most risky jobs in the shipyards and construction sites and record the highest number of industrial accidents.
4
The Malaysia no job security instances they a daily basis. And to change jobs f
C
hat's in an O
thal. In just pi from the Asia II W reveals of a strug giants of the "fre Japanesc love o willing to pay a clic the Alletica. Its profusion and woul at: I ha. t. prico. Bu story cannot find a the laws about Sup tell you it should f nasty elders by the and "permits' wi lowers from getti 'gang of 91", as the ness companies holding thcot: Inge oppose American Japanese ports to this would cult it profits. The Amerik these profits are orange growers it ullionוח 1.6 nly Sם while the 'gang of Tillion on this sa help the powerful is an equHlly pli 340,000 fallilies in Ilandarins and c. weight within the Liberal Party.
While Japane: building up on or Tesi; tace is bli other. The orange tle US le ref Innuli la tera | tra de al Congress which W
earing on the
agreements being Geeva. The S. orange shipment i: toes, the Asian W points out. What i

S
Workers haye ccalise in many e paid oil it are not allo Wel ir three years.
Drange
range ? Lots Imo Te ps as this story |l Street JյլITILill gle between two ecolony'. The ranges and El Te llar for cach and grow the Fn in d gladly sell them t this true: lov happy ending 15 ply and demand T t It: H TE SITT C
Il F "ltās nich prevent the ng together. The influe:In Tial Jipi11.d individuals quotas are known Im Wes to Open oranges because their enormous :ans point olutthat : no II molus bec EL LI 5 € 1 Ailerical 1ma, ke on the ship Ticits " kes 439 me shipment. To 'gang of 91" there owerful lobby of Japan who grow mnland very great ruling democratic
ic rcsis ta lice is lic side A Illerical ding up on the growing states ill using to passa greement through ri|| have a lot ()f tride ni tariff
thrashed Clt in 2) lili I (r. 50 5 just small po tal"all Sirect Journal is at stake because
and the FTZ
Tlei T ci wil rights are cu T tailed. They a Te subject to sterilisation and marriage restrictions. And union activity is of cou Tsc met with deportation, e.
politics
of this orange dispute are many hillions of dollars of World trade, But the or:lige growers won't give in. As one Aide to a Senator his said, 'If Thothing was there for citrus, I'd ha te to see the multila teral trade negotiations going down the drai, but it would be hard for Inc to recom Tield a wote for tilhe them." If the Japanese Ports open to the range growers these is a S 70 illiol to L S 100 ill illiol Inarket waiting for them. ATid th is increased business would nati i rally help to narrow the current $9.33 billion deficit the US suffers in its trade relations with Japan a major reason, according to the Asian Wall Street Journal, why the dollar is presently in the dumps. The irony is that the orange growers are driving Toyotas, using Seiko watches and watcling Panas ornic television. And now they arc wondering why they shoul da 5 when the Jap: These cannot "buy a few boxes of oranges.' So much for the 'frec ecolony'. O
A on political
imprisonment in China
ust 12 days before the 30th änniwersary of the Uniwersal Declara tici cof Human Rights, Amnesty International published a major report oTi political imprisonment in the People's
Republic of China. The 176-page report outlines in detail th: country's constitutional, legal and perial systems under, which suspected political dissenters are
((Tori r ir7zverf (37i pc7g e 2°3)

Page 7
Third World poo
ard on the heels of OECD statistics on foreign aid and investment in the Third World (see Lanka Guardian Oct. 1 page 8) come two new sets of
latest
figures - one from the Еш гореап Bureau of the Wall Street Journail, and other from an MIT
study by Paul Rosenstein-Rodan. Some of the highlights of these two survey's findings revealed to
LIs that:-
* The incomes gap between
the West and the Third W.
has increased rather then dccre
El Sel, a fer the g. Tai Titing of firmal political independence. ToWards the end of the last century and the beginning of the 20th century. the per capita in come of persons in underdeveloped countrics was about one half of the per capita income of people in the developed west. By 1970 however, the per capita income of people in the under-developed world was a round one twentieth (20) of that of people in the West. In o; her words the Tatti of the incomes bei ween the periphery and the metropolitan centres has changed from 1:2 to
20 within the past 75 Wils so. This proves that on in world Scale the rich have become, and are becoming richer while the poor are growing poorer. Thus, underdevelopment is not a feature that is being eradicated, but Elther an ongoing process. Furthermore, this process continues է: 7 է:II after political independence, so long as economic dependence remains,
"This fact of Continu ing under development is also pro ven by the drop in the POT ) pb) Titiate share in the world income enjoyed by the non-oil producing "Third World countries. This percentage dropped from 22% in 1950 to 14.6% in 1960 and t 10.7% in 1973.
The statistics also reveal tle utterly ill balanced and iniquitolls
character of the existing international division of labour. T
Third World contains not Only
TOs of the globes Poբtllation,
but also an o d()I1hirıarn t sha Til W II na terials, all of which i Illanufacture ol However, in World" produc of the world's The economic World' countri torted to such Colonial pas: a Sent, that the industry is ve terT SOLITce Te alce the growth sector in these industrialization by the West, c exclusively on Scale industrics, light industry c of the total wa mall factures of While it amount industrial manuf: (The other 65% by heavy indust "engine of grow tries.)
* What dnes meln in reciai || te tics provided on 50 million peo World” hawe ' n income of less dollars which is 'w':T ty" line, whi; te MT study those who livre | solute powerty is fact, in Asia a figur C a 1 mounts t lion. Meanwhile, 800 million illit the “Third Wor Allerica they a 38 million, while semi-literates is
* Meanwhile, o FN ote that ju between rich and is increasing so between the rich in 15 of Society countries. The ph rich getting richer growing poorer th Tot only at an in

er now than then
rwhelmingly preof the world's hineral and fuel, a needed for the industrial goods. ality the 'Third less than 10% industrial goods. of the 'Third | hawe been disin cxtent by their d dependent pregrowth of heavy y linited. Weslot anxious to finf the capital goods countries, and the strategy pro Timoted ynceritrates almost ight and medium This explains why ymprises over 50%, lue of industrial the 'Third World' s to only 35% of |ctures in the West. is accihunted for ry, whicl is the th' in these coun
undcrdevelopment Tils. The statispover ty, At mi lind ble in the "Third awerage tinual than 50 U. S. below the pole according to, the figure of
higher still. In one, this Intter o over 530 mi |- there Tc ower a rate people in | d', In Latin T1 ) LT t t Owe T the number of 14 in illion,
t is interesting st as the gap poor countries
toho is the gap and poor secwithin the poorer enomen on of thc and the poor ilus h coldfis true ernational level,
but also at a national level. The poor in the 'Third World' are therefore truly the "Wretched of the earth'. This is borne out by statistics on income distribution in 39 representative 'Third World countries which rew cal that the richest 5% of the population has anything between 16–30 timcs ns much wealth as the poorest 40% of the population.
* It is important to recognize that underdevelopment is not due to lack of or insufficient integration with the developed Western economics. Indeed, just as underdevelopment of the 'Third World" and the development of the W st was historically a direct result of colonialism, thic present proccss of incrcasing unde, development in the Tricontinental countries has becn accompanied if not a n tedated by increasing integration of their economics with that of the West. Foreign investment and loans granted by the West to the LDC's have reached unprece. denied heights resulting comersely in a huge debt burden and stirplus drain which further inca nacitates peripheral economics. While Latin America's foreign debt tops 25,000 million U. S. dollars the Third World's foreign debt currently totals over 200 billin U. S. dollars. (India alo ne pays out 1 billion U. S. dollars a year as repayment and interest on foreign debts.) As far as foreign investment is concerned, direct foreign investment in LDC's by U. S. based transnational corporations in the Deriod 1950-1972 totalled 50 billion U. S. dollars, while the resultant outflow from "Third World" in the form of profits, dividends etc. etc. was around 100 billion U. S. dollars.
This empirical data gathered and presented by sources which could hardly he described as radical or left-leaning, is only a tiny fraction of the wealth of statistics read il y available to prove conclusively that the path of dependent capitalist growth in no way furthers the greatest good of the greatest number in our societies.
5

Page 8
9 Flashback
The rape of Be
by Sparine
t the December 1978 elections,
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League won a landslide victory. Mujibur who had already
spent ten years of his life in jail for rebelling against Punjabi and Urdu domination of East Bangai, was in a position to rule all of
Pakistan whilst giving greater autonomy to Bengal. Neither ZulficEıT Ali Biı Lu tto I 10r GcIı.
Weic prepared to tolera te Mujib's prominence and so Lley unleashed Gen. Tikka Khan on the hapless population of East Pakistan, thereby fulfilling Lord Louis Mountbatten's quarter-century old prediction that Pakistan would disintegrate.
"No people have had to pay as high a price in hur Than life und suffering as the people of Bangladesh, lamented Mujib in an inteview in London soon after his release in early January 1972. In an attempt to heal the wounds of civil War, Mujib proclaimed that Bengali women raped by Punjabi soldiers were heroines of the war of independence, since in traditional - Bengali society rape victims are ostracized,
Soon a ster Indian troops had
liberated Jessore, Joseph Fried of the New York Daily News reported
Yahya Khan
that: A stream of victims and eyewitnesses tell how truck loads of Pakistani soldiers and their
hireling razakars swooped down on villages in the night, rounding up women by force. Some were raped on the spot. Others were carried off to military compounds. Som C women were still the Te whcn Indian troops battled their way into Pakistani strongholds. Weeping survivors of villages razed because they were suspected of siding with the Mukti Bahini freedom fighters told of how wives were raped before the eyes
of their bound husbands, who were then put to death.
Since journalists had becn
barred from East Pakistan during
thsחסווe rחlhc ni authentic reports Çommited again5 leaked out. volunteers bega problem.
An Asian re the World Colum called a press Gencwa to discu mission to BE rewerend Kentaro that more tha Tı Women had b. Pakistani soldi thון טוח - סimת estimated the Tap
Ms. Berengoera photo reporter said that as the swept through tE a high incidence took place. The Biharis - who acte We W. We Mrkrij Baffyri als in the process o
In the NeT Magaziring Aubre a typical case. old Hind Lu bide living with her victim. "At ti lTuckload of si into their home. the Toni that for the bridal cc stayed behind one of then co his gun. They order, and the protesting. Th silence lil the Then therc was cept for some Soon subsided.
"II" i few Ill soldiers caric o disa rray. He g| рапіопs. Aпоt]] place in the So oil, until a ped the belle o all six left, huit

ngal
of civil war, few on the atrocities Bengali women Llt by January assessing the
ef secretary for il of Churches conference in s his two-week ngladesh. The Buma reported 200,000 BEngHIi een raped by :rs during the onflict. Some c toll at 400,000.
d' A1 agon a for Black Srir Pakistani regulars e tiny ha IInlets, of forcible rapc razmakar: пшslim :d as mercella ries, offenders. The o committed rape f "liberation'. y For... Trezo 7 MeI en Tecords A seventeen year of one month, parents, Was the in one night a x soldiers burst Two welt ir to had bice built uple. The others with the family, fering them with heard a bat kecil ridegroom's voice Lice WS bride scГеaПed. silence again, exuffled cries that
utes one of the t, his uniforn in 1Incid to his contr soldier took his x 1 Tal roc im. AN Tld the six had ra
the village.Then edly. The father
found his daughter lying on the string cot Linconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his Vomit.”
Girls of eight and grandmothers of seventy-five had been sexually Hissarılted during the Innimc-Incom th repression. Pakistani soldiers had not only violated Bengali Women on the spot; they abducted tens of hundreds and held them by
force in their military barracks for nightly use.
Ms. BCTCIlge Tc d' AT:1gon re
counts the story of thirtecn-year old Khadiga. She was walking to school with four other girls when they were kidnapped by a gang of Pakistani soldiers. All five were put in a military brothel in Mohammedpur and held captive for six months until thic end of the War. Khadiga, was regularly abused by two men a day; others, shc said, had to serwice seven to ten men daily.
Ms. d' Aragon also writes about Kamala Begum, a wealthy widow, living in a Dacca suburb. When the fighting started she sent her two daughters into the countryside to hide. She felt she could afford to stay behind, secure in her belief that she was "too old' to attract attention. She was assault c.d by three men, two Pakistanis and one ragalkar, in her hole.
The horror of rape in backward societics and the terrible consequences were adequately displayed in Bangladesh. The government attempted to launch a calpaign to marry off the victims. But the suito Ts, often Mukti Bahini freedomin fighters wanted handso II e do Wrics.
*"The dicmands of the III en have Tanged from the lates model of Japanese car, painted Ted, to the publication of unpublished poems,'
a government official bitterly сопnplained.
Robert TL IIlbul in the Ne
York Times quoted an Australian physician in Bangladesh who
said that "almost every rape wict in tested had a well creal desease.''
( Curir forfrr:Fel cor page : )

Page 9
Central
America : rev
counterrevolution
by A. Zapata
outbreak of revo
|utionary stuggle in Nicraguia and the general insurrection Lihat started on September 9 have put Central America on the front pages of the international press. The region known as Central America - that narrow length of land connecting the two American continents - has 18 million inhabitants in a land arch of 517943 square kilometers; yet it is buildened with the ominous exploitation implied by 26.4 millon dollars of direct U.S. invest II ent (through 1975 according to U.S. Connmcrcc Departiment figures). The region has all the conditions for developing a truly revolutionary situation.
he TeCellit
Since the early 20th century, Central Americas's history has been highlighted by emerging
liberal and reformist currents, and by the long struggle to establish a Central American Republic, composed mainly of Guat mala, Honduras and El Salvador.
Yet while a lot is said today about the military dictatorships imposed on the peoples of South America – a mong which the dicLatorships of Augusto Pinochet ia Chile is cspecially notorious for oppression, sell-out policies, crime and plunder - the republics of Central ATmerica hawe ullso undergone political transformations since the beginning of the second s ta g e o f capitalism's general crisis; changes preceded with invasions by the U.S. Inarines in a number of countries. In Hondu Tas, with thc Carias era, beginning in 1933; in Guatemala, with General Jorge Ubico, who took power in 1931 and proceed
ed to sell out the country's main littural resources to the United Fruit Company (today
known as United Brands); in El Salvador, also in 1931, when the Military Directora te took power leading the country into 47 years
of successive t with the countr geoisie. By far ou 3 case in Ce that of Nicara been ruled with 1937 by the de Somoza family.
Cent Tal Ameri to the other, agricultural expoT the countries a producers and a with the export for the U.S. ( (iLa temala, Hon Rica). coffee, co cane are the i pri in come in the : Honduras mining devcloped
The incipient of the bourgeoisi to cstablish its clf Somlic Central AIT but always unde international ban.
The local imp geoisies, at the s attempted to est rchies, Fighting I m Ing themselve: fur political back of the power in have tried L. im that will guarant interests by givir participation in de
This explains t flicts between thc sies and military Well a 5 the con the bourgeoisies in Inno Te democrat region, such as Costa Rica.
The bourgeoisi sider the revolu that objectively e AI Ilirical as all e to their predo Iunii Inic expansion. A

volution
yra n Inies in lcague ''s national bour
the most FotoriIllt Tal America is g L EL, which hlas
a In iton fist since :Scendants of the
Cal, from one end depends oil its ts. Not only that, Te both conc-crop ne-CTop exporters headed mainly Tllārket. Bananas duras and (Consta til T1 EIld 3 Lugalincipal sources of 1 Teal, though in is also being
financial sector C has been ble to a degrec in lerican countries, the thumb of king circles.
ort-export bouri me til Tie, hawe blish their ligaÇ0Ils t:T]t battle.5 im each country ing and control echanisills, they 5וח טוחוTIט"ויט: 5Eו}נ: :: their economic g the T1 greater isin making.
le gro Wing conile local burgeoidict: torships, as radictijns will Hir if coultries of icc in al tute il the
Pa na II la and
5 correctly coni Inå ry PIII er til :ists, il Cent Tal en greater th Telt 11ce : [1:l ecchildthe sle time
... . . Ceir i'r fries rhair ar 'e' (o'r Ie - trwy'r para i'r cers LLTTS TTGLLSLkS LLLGTL TLLLL LL 0LE LGLHCLLLLLS
although the military regimes and their repressive machinery can in the shorl Tun act as a brake to this potential of the masses and cven ensure the pi cdominance of lhe | grecat al liance of cou1i terrevolutionary forces, they will, in thic i long Tun, i hold just as much t.) CTC:lt: thc subjective coditions for the development of the mass, Iowellent and the clective formation of its vanguards.
On the other hand, there is the so-called limited democracy that the Carter adminis LTH tion proposes with its fluct Lating, demagogic policy on human rights. The main purpose of the Carter policy is to attempt to get the Latin American tyrannies to "loosen up a bit' and to grant certain individual and political freedoins - rights which already belong to the masses but which these dictatorships have stripped away. This sort of policy, together with the reform ist offensive of the Socialist International on our continent, helps give hope to the local bourgeoisies, making them capable, as in Nicaragua, of turning to direct action to
7

Page 10
achieve their objectives, while cun tinuing to deciciwc and exploit their peoples. Meanwhile, they present then selves to illpe.ialism s II Urc: Secui e ser Will. S tillei Lill:0SE: of the fascist-style guvernments. Nicaragua today is undoubtedly thic clearest example of that type of situal tion.
The counter revolution is trying to unite its forces to defeat thc rewolu ion. To this end, dissimilar sectors of the bourgeoisic are for the time being ignoring their discrepancies anno ng Colle another to form warious alił IIces that would faciliate their rise to power when the dynasty falls.
The Sandi i51 a National Liberation. Front FSLN), the Socialist Party, the trade unions, the student movement and the masses as a whole are showing once again that the Nicaraguan bourgeoisie is incapable of leading the fight agairnst Somoza.
announced that
guards then had gained control of the situ El tion in Masaya, and that he would "pacify" the couniry within a Week.
What Somoza did not say at his press interview was that his hired assassins wore massacring the people, which at the beginning rushed out to fight without a sufficient degree of organization, but which later acquired an organic coherence under thic leadership of thc Sandinist El FT) li l.
What Sonoza did not say cilher Wils that in Masay.El prowince, which he claired to have under control, the National Guard did not go out on the streets at night; that the positions they held during the day were recovered at nightfail by the peøplc led by the Sandinista commal Indos; and that the to wms of Diriamba, Daria, Catarina and Niquinhome were held by the Tebels.
Neither · did | Somoza men tion the execution of the notorious guardsman, Captain David Baez, after a Sandinista commando unit attacked and coccupied a Som cza stronghold at the nothern border port of LF15 Marlos.
Somoza has his reactionary
岂
The strike call by the business led by the Sant and thc labour Im been Illeni imed Eith CT,
The Woice of daily changes its ing to the la test has na w just TCI Firewolition a trying to portrfly From L as being Max ist FlIld M: The former, it of young intel and decent peop to the business are presl liably C "colossus of the the exact opposi
In the Cent Tal there is but one tion, in which a played by the fa of Guatemalil, Nicaragua and H the most reaction group, the Pentag
Il Central Al but one revolut under which to Ima Ills 1 h:lt El TC
FLISSES.
II Central ATT is characterized b of cxpression. I the Cor Ilulis L l scientific interpre Marxism-Leninish ting for revolutio
The masses j many political, de Ilt a 11d 50ci which raise the tionary cha Inge variety of politic cal expressions. I organizations. He Nicaragua; the tion Forces (FPL the Guerrilla Art (EGP') of Guater Revolutionary M. and the Socialist P:
In their respect FSLN, the EGP a Tc struggling to strong a [ lia rice ( peasants, and the join forces with their countrics t

ed late in August sectoT EL I'd lite T 1 illista wangul Td Wellet has Tot
by the Lyrant
America, which position accordturn of events, 1 dered the col IInew service by " Lihle Sardilista divided il lor3. Txist termoderncies. says, is made up lec L Luils, ser i L5 le Who El Te liked community, who onsidered by the : orth" to be e cof the former.
American area COLIn Ter Te Woll - primary role is scist-style regiTTies El Salvador, ..onduras, led by nary U.S. power on and the CIA.
Inerica, tll tre is i on, one banner fight for the de
del rest to the
e rica. Tevolution y a great breadth t is not solely arties, with their tation based on 1, which are fighInity chilges. oin together in rade uniап, stuall organizations banner of revoluwith a great al and ideologiExamples of these : the FSLN if People's Liberaof El Salvador; my of the Poor lala; the People's ovement (MRP) irty of Costa Rica.
iwe countries, I he
a Ild the FPI.
bring about a of work cris Tid y are ready to other sectors in ruly determined
to Wage the final battle for ge Illine social, political and cconomic changes; changes that would free the II) asses from the Inpowerishinent to which they i Te kept Clı: incLİ by the Tepression El Indi un restrained exploitation of the military tyrann les and the U.S. monopolics.
The repressive allies of the Central American area are the main props of the counter revolu lion and must be confronted by the revolution's maximum expre55il: the II 155 S.
The III e ILS has come WheII the peoples arm themselves for tle final struggle and, led by a
cohere Titly organized vanguard, Sweep the shameful poison of counter Tewolu tio In from the face
of Celtral Ailerica.-GRMNMA
The rape . . .
(Crirl fr; page )ே
lil dige: Ink LIs termi ma tioris werc widespread. Dr. Geoffrey Davis of the International Abortion Reseal Tch and Taliling cc 1 tre also Icported that countless incidents of suicide and infanticide were recorded.
Mother Theresa opened a comwention in Dacca (o accept babics for adoption and Planned Parent blood offered terminations in Dacca and seventeen provincial clinics. Overcoming their Aversion to abortion, Bengali woInter volunteers set up facilitics on their own. Ms. Tahera Shafiq who headed the work was adaTT heit, i rapie Was a false word, she prefered to use the world torture to describe the experience of Beng: li yw Llıcı,
To what extcnt was rape enСпштiged a T tolerated by PakistaПi cofficials ? Mulk Raj Anand, an Indian now clist said there was a "planned attempt by the West Pakistanis to create a new race' Cor at least to dilul te Bengali nationalis Ill. Charges were also made that pornographic films were shown in barracks. -"What do soldiers talk abolit in barracks? Wr ITien and sex. Put a gun in their hands and tell them to go cut and frighten the wits out of a population and what will be the first thing that leaps to their
mir1ds ?""

Page 11
Peace Zone proposals
US presence in Asia
by Chintaka'
66 calce. Zo Ihes” are back in the
P: Proposa is for such Zones, of all shapes and sizes, make their appearance periodically in the mainsteam media. During the previous regime, it was an 'Indian Ocean Peace Zonic' I looted by Mrs. Bandaranaike. One of the most bri|liant slogans scen i 11 this country in recent years was the one coined spontaneously by some alony Nicolus university student following the Wecil sooriya shooting of November '76. The sloga in wlich ador Inedi many a wall through tot L Lillet Islanci read as follows: "lhe indian Ocean - a zone of picace; Peradeniya -- a pool of blood."
Following President Jayewardene's remarks in India, Peace Zones are back again - this time con an Asian, cor ewch global scale, it seeins. Editorialists and columnists in the state-run media have showered copious praise on
thic proposal, without how cver spelling out in concrete terms what it enails. In both Gower
ment and Opposition the SLFP's ideologues haven't been helpful in clarifying matters either. Thus, botlh the la instream ( pro UNP) media as well as the SLFP spokesman have only served to obfuscate the issue through their un Willingness to pose the central question concerning the issue of peace in Asia. This question obviously is: What is the main obstacle to peace in the Indian Ocean and Asia in general? To phrase it differently, what is the main source of War in the Asian region? What is the dominant external military presence in Asia? Quite clearly, it is the Uinted States of America.
Following the Indo - China defeat of 1975, the American led if was filled with speculation about
a “sca ling – dow presence irl . reinarks by wari meilt officials s this speculaliol years later Wes tion las merey bases in Japan: ers with dit Win | aid il few hulI1. Taiwan. Accordi Tries. Lhęfę lit U. S. siliers In fact, the U. bu ! tr cssi Ing il5 in ille region, p ralia, the Philip Korcat and Die lil Allstralia, W on a new milit stilte of Wictori "Omega System' pines, Wishing moder Inizing the base and the : base.
There Te stationed at J. and South Kort troop reduction place there werk pensated for by of nuclear Warh is particularly Korea. Washing in Asia twi U
sions, 7 aircra mo Te L h a in 3 strategic air :
are besides, 1 marincs staticole
Of all the Asia, the othe the g Teatest cor times is the oil On this key qui of UNP spo! mains rca in ime (As on the Ko Rican questio criticis II of the

Diego Garcia issue was extremely and the muted in the period '71 - 77). The United States his ringed the Indian Occan from the Australian coast to the south of Africa with a string of military bases. The island of Diego Garcia has been assigned a lop role in this strategic system. Under cons! Tuction there are now an airport 'n' of the U. S. where strategic bombers can land Asia. Intermitent and a sea port Cal Päible of handlous U. S. govern- ing nuclear submarines Lil rrying eemed to confirm Polaris and Poseidon missiles So However, three much for "nuclesir - frce zones'! iëce Lh El li ili is Tcdu:- involved a few Some 60 sold- U. S. journalists who have on South Korea visited the island have reported dred removed from that construction work is proceedng to the New York ing without interruption. The local : still some 39.000 residents have been moved : Way stationed in Asia. from their homes; military pe. S. is said to be sonnel skilled in the handing of military positions soplinisticated equipment h. Els been rincip: lly i II Aust- increased froFill 70 to 1 100. biT1Cs, Japa In, So LI th ? Gဖုံး # The naval ves sels of the U. S. arly enclave in the Seventh Fleet have been followas part of the ing the seil Toutes of the Indian In the Philip Ocean for some years now and toil is further the coil bat readiness of the land hugc Clark ai forces, Inatine ulimits. El Tid air Subic Bay nawal force squadrons is being stepped up for possible operations in the Persian Gulf and other areas
nearby. ow 85,700 ille
S. bases in Japan -a, III id the meagre Though the U. S. tries to that have taken justify its military presence in mere han con- the lindian Ocean and Asia il the stockpiling general by referring to a 'Soviet ads there. This threat, the real objectives of this true of South presence are the PI') tectior of its on hii s available economic interests (e.g. the operaS. Tarine divi- tions of the translationals) and it carriers, and also its strategic ones, not to tactical and mention the purpose of exerting quadrons. There political lo verage. This Was con
nuclear sub- firmed by Admiral Elmo Zum1 in Guam. walt's admission at Senate hearings a few years back that the U. S. bal 5 es in U. S. would have to maintain a that has calised large Inili tary presence in the roversy in recent India. Ocean even if there : at Diego Garcia wasn't a single Soviet ship in stion the silence the area. The Soviet Union on as men and the the other hand still has no. ia is deafening lilitary bases in ary Asia in counan and Puerto fly. It must likewise he noted i, the SLFP's that the Indian Ocean is a
li. S. on the (Сонffлығгі оп лаге (2)

Page 12
| Racialis
Racial crimes an
The Asian Organisations against racialisr
meeting to protest against
TFG State Tet W3S
Brotherso Cage.
the verdict in
made
Sivanandan, the Sri Lankan Director of th of Race Relations and Editor of the prestigic
RACE AND CLASS'
n July 19, h Michael Argyle O sentenced Joginder Singh Wirk to 7 years imprisonment, Mohinder Singh Wirk to 3 years, Balvinder Singh Virk lo 2 years and Sukhwinder Singh Wirk to 3 months for allegedly causing serious bodily harm to three White youths. Not only were the sentences savage but the whole case rested on the police version of events. The Virk brothers had in
fact been the victims of racist attacks and racial abuse. They had defended themselves under
severe provocation. The police arrived and arrested the Wirk brothers whilst the real attackers went frce.
Judge Argyle not only accepted the police version of events but went on to condemn as "irrelevant'' the introduction by the Defence of "racial prejudice' as a motivation - and rebuked them for asking the White attackers whether they belonged to the National Front. In ruling 'out of court' the whole social context of the 'crime' the judge was in effect reflecting and reinforcing the racial bias of the police and denying justice to the black defendan L5.
This case raises issues. For black people in tain the police and the state afford no protection from racial abuse and racial violence. To “tell the police' is a sick joke meaning to invite arrest for being innocent. When perforce, black people defend themselves, they are apprehended as the attackers; and when judges unquestioningly accept police interpretations, turn a blind eye to the racial dimensions of
fundamental Bi
the casc and ewe defendants of ill issues whcre thi justice is til Lot 0T is ng langer see!
Judge Argyle's isolated instance. cut to glicall exi reports of similar bccause the poli quently thC e Ill Fag have already reporters who is who the Elggress cluding UnČe agil tion of the blac
The researches of Race Relatior wcal a disconce recent judicial ol sion SI
Il TOC ILmbet old black youth stabbed to death was jailed for carricci a knifer f A gang of yout put off a bus black cond Lictor) he defended him Mcfold Stephen that the whites sible for the ill. say, “I have go that people of a I who carry the weapon that y Col
that the ԸՌ115tւ grawe:"". (SŌ ('Y 9.12.77..)
In January 19 20 year - old G fined f25 for als to pay £15 cost in which he h abused and plish

n called a
the Wirk by Mr. A. e Institutė lus journal
in accuse black troducing Tacial II ET 5 Were 110|1ë. ly not done, but
to be doll (e.
ruling is not all
But it is diffiamples froIl press court proceedings ce, El Tid, subseis trates or judges, defined for the
the wictim Flıd - thereby prein the articulak experience,
of the Institute 15, however, TCrting pattel in pinions and deci
1977 all 18 yearwho accidentally a white attacker 18 months. Hic or self protection. 15 (who had becil
for insulting a attacked him a Tid self. The Judge, son, who accepted had be. In respoilide it well T. () t to make it clear 1у El Ce ແnd Ըt1ltյլIT ind of horriblic 1 used must learn uences muet be I London Press
78 at Kinthl Ty, ary Wheeler was sault and ordered s after an incident ad been racially ed in a public
d British justice
house. Despite the Defence evidence that the white was responsible, the While went Li Tapprehendel (Neilbury Weekly Nell's 12. II, 78).
In April 1978 a Nigerian busiIness ITEl Issa Ahmodul Who “lived it fear of Imugging' was pounced on by plain clothes Innen and pursued, Mr. Ahmodul pulled a penknife in fear and ran to his hotel. He was later charged and fined £40. Soulflı Ke 7 siwgr o 7 Wey's 14.4.8),
On June 11th, 150 white Tacists Tampaged through the Brick Lane area of East LOT doll assaulting people and property. When Manikur Rahilal and Sherajul Haque joined other Asians and white I lti-racists in demomst Tating against the National Front in their a Tea, they were charged with threatening behaviour (and Haque with possessing an offensive weapon). The magistratic imposed a bail curfew banning them from their own community in Brick Lane whereby they had to stay indoors every Sunday from 7 all to 7 p.I. (Hackney Gaze te 27.6.78).
In Bradford this August lad Saeed Blitti W5
Mfined
£200 for maliciously wounding a white Iman. The white claimed tilat Asian children had abused hill and his wife, whilst Mr.
Bhatti, the children's uncle claimed tlığı ile was a b ı35ed : Tı d l t tacked first (Evert frig Post 23, 6.78).
I 1 : “Sus” cal se where two youths were found guilty, the Woman from Whon they were alleged to have at tell pic to steal, told policc that she had noticed nothing of the sort. The magistrate told the police in court, "I hope you told her to get out of the way
and mind her own business'. The policenial replied: "'In no un certatin terms, sir”; to which
the Illagistrate added, "Quite right, I don't approve of that kind of person". ( Fear i els 14'or. Cofir 77 Erify October 78).

Page 13
During the now notorious acquittal of John Kilgsley Read. former leader of the National Party, for his statement, "One do WF1, a million to go” (following the murder of Gurdip Singh Chaggi T) Judge McKinnon s Lid Lihat "“these 3 re malt ters - upon which people are entitled to hold and declare strong views in moderate terms' and concluded: "In this England of ours, as it is at the moment, we are allowed to have our own views still, thank goodness, and long may it |l: sL"'.
In cases where judges do accept a raciallotivation for a crime (unlike Judge Argyle), the sen. te Ilce on whites and thic apprehension of whites is quite out of line with those relating to black people.
The murderers of Curdip Singh Chagger had the lurd cr charge
commuted to manslaughter and got a scentence of foul' yta Ts. Of the 50 white racists who
rampaged till Tough Brick Lane om June llth, 20 were arrested and only 3 were actually charged. Mr. John Janes Bogle of Sale, a member of the National Front, charged with firearm offic inces and theft of ammunition had two revolvers and a rifle kept loaded it his home and was fined a total of 110 by the courts. (Sale Guardian 1.12 78).
T W( NJI": Wyiclı rıhecT repliited ussaults oli versity students at University convinced the judgs that the wictims were cho 5 en because of their colour. BLit the judge did not want to "deprive them of their liberty'" and "affect their cmployment" prospects, so he fined then a mere 100 each. (Eastern Daily Press 13.12.77).
Compare the sentences on the Wirk brothers with that of two white racists at Wolverhampton who pleaded guilty to wounding with intent to cause grewious bodily harm and possessing an offensive Weapon. One was jailed for 2, years for a "“deliberate and unprovoked' racial attack on a West India, the other had a 6 months suspended sentence. (Belfast Telegraph 9.8.78).
Wved in black LuliEast Anglia
There is also : titis L in the bli Islided out to E
ОIl June 7 (2 Asian. I white Old Street magist charged with u bellavipur im Brit given bail but Ra Were Ordered to S Sunday from 7 (FHa7ckey (Feffe trast this with accused murderers WTC: allowed bi
In the condition in Manchester, Liverpool for til At their second on 6th Septembe WHS revokrd Id
Lord II. Also til slim: ÇOLTE, Wiħ lil: li “dowċers ta conditions were custody And in October, magistra allowed bail to the alleged mur Indian Weilon police objections. pushed under a bus on the wa: Thatch (AH’est Midiari
And Tim w foT t sive - which the ju underբin:-
At 12.15 on t July 3rd, sewen pl broke into the hi. family in Longsi They terrified the broke up the ho out the telephone thought they we The National Front li d e Werl trid tio for help! Nazir, beater Lup) and hospital Both N. wרזון ט"ו 1:1|+ t1&וון וAJ and charged with intent' – a charge fı life sentence, CoFit frree).
In January 19 ITel 155 ed black youth in (hawing beetli att earlier by Nation: bers and suspecti NF members) pr.

i Terlik bile çJIlcoil diions being lacks and whites. h thre youths ) came up he fire fate, Mr. Nichols, sing threat ening ik Låne. All Were hman and Haque t:lly indio c} rs cwery am to 7 pm 276.78). Conle fact that the ; of Ishaq Ali July 7th - ון ס' 1 that they live Birmingham and leir own safety CouTt appearl Ice , this condition they Tetu Tred In July 7th at three Nigerians yed their visa crlanded in Birmingha in this te J.F. Mi |w:Tc Martin Sherlock, derer Uf West Brown - despite Brown had been dillble - decker y is a football World 13.10,78).
he police offendiciary tends to
he morning of in - clothes Immen me of an Asian ght, Manchester. entire family, Lise and Dulleri . All the family :re mernber 5 nf. irחMu וורן 5 סוIם : call the police the father was had to go to Lizi T e q l d ML Thir
beeT FITregte "wounding with which cintries (Ahrned Defence
78 plain clothes
19 year - old
DH1:tԼյլ կի]] acked 3 weeks FTIt IIIng then to be oduced a peri
knife from his pocket. He states that he was verbally abused and punched by thc police-sustaining a hand injury. He was charged with possessing an offensive weapon (Islington Gazette 6.278).
In Aprili 1970 following a spate of attacks on Bengalis in the East End, the police arrested several Asians on offensive weapon charges. One person was in fact the nephew of a victim who had called the police and was still bleeding from the attack. (Race Today December 73).
In May 76 white boys attacked Bengalis outside Daneford School. The Bengalis were arrested. (Rare Today June 76).
Also in May, Shamsul Uddin was seen by witnesses to hawe been assaulted by three white
boys. He was arrested and charged with possessing offensive weaponsa broom and a hammer found
in his home by police. (Race Toda մtlliը 7ճ), W
In August, Mustapha Boukis
of Stepney appeared in court charged with having an offensive weapon. P. C. Hey stopped him because he “noticed socthing bulging in the back of his trousers'. Bourkis said, "I'm not going to walk the streets unprotected. If someone tried to attack me, I Would do whatever I could to keep them away.' (Hackney Gazette 11.878).
LANKA, GUARDIAN
Revised stil scripțiar rates. F கிரிசேr Fr r ry ஒது.
One year Six oth Local Rs. 60/- R5. 40
Asia Rs. 300/- Rs... 150
USS O. US SEO.
EO. 5.
Foreign Rs. 450- Rs. 300
ԱS S 30 USS O
E.5 IO
Cheques and money orders to be Emade out in favour of Mervyn de Silva.
The Circulation Manager, Lanka Guardian Publishers Ltd. Third Floor. YMBA building 126, 328, Main Srcet, Colombol.

Page 14
Food
Still hu ngry afte
The not-so - grand opening of the Global Supermarket
takes a lot of vegetable
to fill a DC-10 jumbo jet. Yet three times a week, from early Decennber until May a chartered cago DC-10 takes off from Senegal's dusty Dakar airport loaded with eggplants, green beans, toma
toes, inelons and paprika. Its dcstination, Amsterdam, Paris; or Stockholm. These airlifts of food
from the African Sahel began in 1972, the fourth year of the region's publicized drought. They
increased dramatically as famine spread.
In 1971, Fritz Marschall, an
executive of the Brussels affiliates of Budi Antle, Inc., wisited Senegal. Perhaps you have heard of Bud Antle, the California - based corporation that trades world wide. The world's largcist iceberg lettuce grower, Bud Antle is the company that managed in 1970
to get Cesar Chavez jailed for picketing.
Marschall, formerly a sales
manager for Mercedestrucks, was struck by the similarity between Senegal's sun-rich climate and that of southern California. Only two generations ago federally funded irrigation projects and ill-paid Mexican labour had helped make California an agribusiness wonderland. But as farill workers in California began organizing, Bud Antle, like other companies, began looking for cheaper labour elsewhere. Maybe Senegal could replace California as the companys'
Joseph Collir (Triad Frarices Moore Lippe are co-air hors of Food First : Beyond the Myth of Scarcity (Hargho Mifflir, Ig77). Lappe is aith ar of Dict for a Small Planet (Balarine, revised easiria, r). They are bor co-directors of the Instirrire Jör Föød and Development Falley, gặ# MW55 lor St., Sari Francisco, CA cyfri ra,
12
source of vegetat priced European
By 1972, th Marschall — know Vegetable circles - had set up Bu affiliate of Bud affiliate, the Hou moting the entire lopment,” Marscl galesc governmci foreign aid agency World Bank to the capital. The ernment helpfully to clear away wil always presumed theirs for growing Sclves and the los Peace Corps cont
Intecrs.
Today, I nore | security officers the fields but e. the poorly paid f tly Womem, Lo be sneak vegetables families. Whe W Senegal fields la American technica Lis Lilha t the Immi) incident in lhis li a suspected field a nursing no the squirted in thc fa Hic has recently
To the Global St.
Under the b; interdependence,' agribusiness comp Selegal fire low il Global Far II t bal Supermarket. salers, processors , have been delight land and Iabsolir c World a Te oste percent of those

Joseph Collins and Frances Moor Lappe'
all these years
les for the highwinter markcl.
German-born 1 in European in "the pusher'' d Senegal as an Altlic"s BTussels se of Bu... - ProWel LLIre as 'de we|all got the Seneit, the German and McNallara's | ut up I11 coŘt of Senega lese gowsupplied police lagers who had the land was g millet for themcal Ilarket. The ributed four vo
han 60 armed not only guard ach day search ield hands, mossurc they don't The to their visited the Bud st winter, the overseer told st embarrassing c was searching Worker who was - and getting :e with her milk. esigned.
permarket
Inner of 'food multinational nics like Bud busily creating supply a GloBigfood wholend Tetail chains di to find that sts in the Third as low as 10 in the U. S.
Countries Illinst Allericans think of as agricultural basket cases.---b)ecause we've Scen so IIlä ny photos of their starving babies-multinatioInal agribusiness sees as potential bread baskets, futu Te California S.
With the emergence of Global Supermarkct, the world's hungry are being th Town into ever more direct competition with the well-sed and the oversed. The fact that a food is grown in abundance right where they live, that their own country subsidizes its production, and cven that they themselves sow and har west it, means little.
l
Like the women seasonal labourers on Bud Senegal's vegetable plantations they may never cat one bit of it. Rather, thic food Will be desired for some branch of the Global Supermarket where everyone in the world, poor or rich must reach for it on the same shelf Every item has a price and, true to the market system, that price is determined by what the Global Supermarket's betteroff customers are willing to pay.
Del Monte is another example of how agribusiness creates a Globill Farm to service a Global Supermarkct. Though originally based entirely in the U. S. Del Monte today operates farms, fisherics and processing plants in more than two dozen countries. Board
Chairperson Alfred Eames, Jr... wrote glowingly in a recent annual report: "Our business is n't
just canning it's feeding people." But which people? Del Monte has been accused of bullying selfprovisioning Filipino farmers off their land to set up plantations to grow bananas for Japan Del Monte is contracting rich, fertile land in northwestern Mexico that previously had grown a dozen local food crops in order to feed asparagus-Cravers in France, Gerinally, Denmark and Switzerland and Del Monte has opened a

Page 15
new plantation in Kenya so that no Britisher need go without his or her jet-fresh pineapple. Del Monte filds that a is leapple that would bring only cight cents in the Philippines can bring S1.50 in the Tokyo division of the Global Supermarket.
Seeing all the world as a Global Farm, agribusiness today is building on Solid colonia | tradition. Since the earliest outside interventions. agriculture in the colonized World has been a mine from which to "XITF1Cl Wealth rather than the basis of livelihood and nutrition for the local people. But today, to the traditional "export crops, like coffee, sugar and cocoa.multina. ional agribusiness is adding items Previously grown at home in the U.S. or Europe: vegetables, strawber rics, mushrooms, meat and even flyers Jet cargo planes and swif refrigerator ships have helped Imake all this possible.
Why is the Third World growing nore : less? Because giant multinational agribusiness
The Global II fast. Today in C Ihe Caribbcan, thall half the agr best half-has be tion for export. gges on despite ti 70 per cent of t. five in many of ti LII1 de Trilished.
Who helps pay Illition of countri into farms and likes of Dal Mont name of 'foreign American Agribus Corporation, own largest agribusines A Tierica, has in helped start Lup mit in Central Aincri, U.S. division of t märket. LAAD) F thirds of its capit; American taxpaye, for International II
are shipping their food to the U.S. and Euro some examples of typical firms and foods it
this lucrative trade.
ATN AMERICAN AGRBUSINESS CORPORATION: A consortium of 5 giant US Corporations, including Borden, Ralston Purina and GErbër. Incorporated in Panama to avoid Paying U.S. taxes, it still receives U.S. loans Exports beef, ''getalbles and carnations from citra Artierica and Colombia for Safe Way and Southland (7-Eleven). Land and labour costs in Latin America run it as little is ten Per Cent of those in the U.S.
CARGILL : The world's Іагgest grain commodity trader. The linneapolis-based multinational is the largest familyowned U.S. corporation, Return on net assets increased more than 40 per in after the Soviet wheat de Now exparding into poultry in Fakistan and Taiwan. The company is also relying more heavily in its Brazilian soybean base. Successfully
Liriēd Exprpration of Peruvian fish mea || operations.
DEL MONTE: World's larges FEribusiness corporation own Čr3h i P of Del Monte s Filiping
pineapple and banana plantations lobeing cõntested by peasant; Who glarn the Caripany "threatened to encircle their farms and cut
off all access unless leases. Shirley Tem on the board of dirg. moved its asparagu: fra In California o
Per cent of the
ported.
BUD ANTLE: L535 50 TC of the 5 in Senegal to produ rtletons and exotic s European market. B. and Ywould ba equ for Erains and othe trCPã bädly needed In the early 1970s, CT2l3id as fa Ti - 5 iri its 52 li finas, Califo Suarters, the world's berg lettuce grower Tental in jailing Ces
UN LEWER: Manuf than 1,000 products, Unilever doesn't app of the TI. In India, Lever buys crops at and packaggs them Pati Yegetable ghee f ent The makers of a rid Lipton Tea are with near monopoly Europe, A, bord Com Tented: “It rem; see how som the r World Ca, rn b-a brough

rm is spreading tral America and T example, morc lilt u ra li la md-it5 | pւլt into produchis export push fact that up to * chilciren under se countries are
For thic transforlikt Costa Rica fecdots for the We do-in the aid.'" The Latin iness Development !d by some of the corporations in e past four years rethan 60 projects a gearcd to the e Global Superas obtained two l in Ioans from 's, Wil the Agency levelopment.
und eating
mpaniesסם pe. Below: volved in
they signed ble Black sits ors. Recently 5 production Mexico; 90 rcp is then
Thi; Or. Cert1 gst farmland te wegetables piccs for the ut thu sārtne ally suitable n Litros in total die 5 exports inpread. Back fornia, headlargest iceW 15 i 1st Tu= ar Chiwez.
acture5 Thor'a The late Еаг оп апу Hindustan l0W prites into Wanasor the affluBirds Eye 1 ot Satisfied status im chairperson ains to be gst of the into line.'"
During the Winter and early spring well over one-half of many vegetables in your sup crmarket come fron Mexico. They are grown on land that could, and in many areas did, produce beans. With beans displaced and their prices rising in Mexico, nın anıy, Tural people find it hard to secure this basic nutrious staple. Similarly, the Brazilian military government has brought in Cargill and othergiant U.S grain-markelling fir 18, il an all-out i dTiwa to bost soybean exports to the Japanese cattleseed market. This soybean export drive has been at the expense of ordinary Brazilians, some of whom last year rioted, because cxported soybean cxport had crowded out their basic food-black bears. And in Chile the junta vigorously pushes food exports, while it has been estimated by a Canadian economist that 85 per cent of the Chilean people are malnourished.
The Global Farn docs more that divert land away from growing thic varied, nutritious crops that used to be grown and eaten in the poorer countries. Crops for the Global Supermarket monopolize the funds and services of government agriculture programs and neglect local food crops. Finally, the Global Super market is the best incentive yet for the local elitic to fight redistribution of agricultural resources. Unwittingly Global Supermarket consumers in countries like hic Uilited States are bocco ming a suction forcc, absol bing land and labour that could otherwise be producing food for those who need it most.
THE GREEN REVOLUTION
Ironically, many Americans see agribusiness as the solution to hunger. Having been told that scarcity is the cause of hunger, they inevitably believe that production must be the answer Only agribusiness, they reason, has the technical and managerial knowhow to produce more fopd.
On the surface, this sounds logical enough. In fact, it's nonsense, Simply increasing production will never solvc the problem of hunger. The real questions are her is grown and l'ho eats it - and the answers to these questions arc determined by who controls the food-producing resources. The problem is not technical. It is political.
13

Page 16
The diagnosis of scarcity and its prescription of more production have been the central thrust of the "War con Hunger"" for at least 30 years. More thal II i enough evidence is now it. I know where that hiosophy has taken us. As Ille wspaper headlines each month attest, the gap between rich and poor nations is growing, and the so-called Green Revolution is part of the cause,
Presented as an all-out effort to boost food production, governments, international agencies like the U.N., the World Bank and multinational corporations have promoted agricLLI LITH I “moder InizioIII'" of all sorts. This means lär gciscale irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combies and new high-response seeds. The result has been that Third World agriculture, once tille basis of livelihood for I millioms of self-provision ing farmers, has become the latest way for a small elite to get rich. As sheer control over the "right' piece of land begins to virtually ensure financial success, a catastrophic chain of events has been set into Imotion.
Competition for land by a new class of "failers'-mon cylenders, military officers, bureaucrats, citybased speculators and foreign curporations-has sent land values scoa ring. Land walluss hawe juni pcd three to five tiles in the 'Green Revolution' areas of India. For people who owned the land they worked that's fine; but most do not. Higher rents force tenant and sharecroppers into the ranks of the la indless, who mow I make up the majority of the rural population in many countries. With their profits, the powerful new class buy out the small land holders who have gone bankrupt. Thus, fewer people are gaining control over more land.
Moreover, with wast acreages plan led uniformly in the most profitable crop, commercial opera toTs from Brazil to Indonesia mechanize to, avoid "labour management problems.' By conserwative estimate, two and a half million labourers have already been displaced by tractors and har westers in Latin America, alone. Fewer that a third of these will find other rural jobs. They have no choice but to join the ranks
l
of Ille urba Il ul come about the sums of cities Mexico City.
Once Green F hind cr's are estal gгоwiпg crops п diet. We foll Mexico's Sillä li provinces switch brandy; we fou in Colombia Swi wing wheat Log Thus, foT lubo LE land, the price that remain is
The end result and predictable: being produced are hungry. Thi speculative. Inte Organization stud in the very A Pakistan, India, Lanka, Malaysia ld IndonesiaRevolution has where, indeed, per person has роог аге Worse The study con int crease in power ciated not with a rise in cerell head, the main diet of the poor These Sewen là cụm Well over half latio1 of the III World. Other United Nations for Social DeYe the pattern: in On the whole th and less to eat.
DESTROYING
In its lust to agri-business is Cal Telessly all c It ca afford te are high and th laid to Iowc old devclops pri co's Zamora W: herry export ind ly the land the cheaply. Too in pesticide sprayin and exhaustec s strawberTy — mil

Imployed. Thus apidly s Welling i ke Calcuttiä of
Evolutionist landished, they stat it in the local land Cowlers in A a T 1 d Sib Il Orali ng to grapes for ld entrepreneurs ching from growing carnations. Ts forced of the if the food crops till higher,
is tragic, ironic more food is et minn re people s point is hardly rilational Labour ies document that sian countrics — Bangladesh, Sri , the Philippines where the Green een pushed, and food production rise, the rural off than before. :Illud: tht , ** the rty has been assofill but with | production per component of the '' (our emphasis). ntries account for if the rural popun- socialist Third studies by the Research Institute lopment confirm the Third World, ere is more food
THE LAND
lar West Ine'W Trfche5, treating the soil ve the World. , because profits are is always new
to when the blics. II Mexiley, the straw
Istry treats cheapt it has acquired ich irrigation and ; result in infested il. But the few ionaires Terely
count o taking over ICW sites where the process call be started all over again. In supplying the Global Super market, Mexico's strawberry growers are competing with the greater expertise of U. S. producers. To compete, according to a major study of the Mexicain strawberry industry, 'they plund cr resources to the fullest, i. e., getting the maximum out of them without investing more than strictly necessary...'
Il Brazil, onc of the last
Tem: ining great natural preserves, the Amazi river basin, is rapidly being stripped of its forests. Giant multinational firms like Anderson Clayton, Goodyear, Volkswagen, Nestle, Liquigas, Borde 1, Mitsubishi Tid Uniwerse Tank Ship (owned by multibillionaire K. Ludwig) are bulldozing hundreds of millions of acres to ruise catlle for export. Liquigas plans call for floating barges of cattle downstream to Belion at the mouth of the Amazon. There, workers will slaughter and cut up the meat: more workers will quickly plastic-wrap it in packages complete with weight and prices in lire. The meat will bc flown to Milan for immediate distribution to Italian supermarkets, The company figures it will sa Vo on refregeration, since the meat will bc chilled "naturally" at 30,000 feet
But thic i enwirion i Thental conscquences of clearing land for cattle
are likely to be disastrous, Tanıpering with a tropical forest, it turis Co Lt, is not the samle as
cutting down trees in the temperate Zotic Once the multi-canopied vegetation of the forest is stripped away, the to Trcntial tropical rains,
which sometimes dump six to eight inches in a single day, wash away unshielded topsoil,
and the equatorial sun bakes what remains into a brick - like wasteland. Ecologists warn that by altering the Amazonian forest so vastly, drainage and water evaporation rates might well set off chhin reactions that would significantly alter climate throughout the World.
NEXT: "One country, one crop."

Page 17
| Press opinion
Corruption in the co-ops
Ta certain co-operatives have suffered even greater loss.cs under this regime than under the previous regiine has been pointed out by the ruling party's own MPs. It was the co-operatives that the UNP made a principal weapon of in coming into power. Even after coming into power the
party continued to berate the previous rulers and throw mud at them. But what have they
donc towards the co-operative movement even after two budgets? Has it been put on the right course? Or lave they succeeded in ridding it clf corruption? The co-ops are still the blackmarkets of certain directors, and the institutions to which the UNP El Points its favourites. The UNP cannot convert the co-operative movement into being a service fo the public. Nor have they :: Il y Tited to di so,
Sinhala in the courts
he language of courts Act
calle into cffect in 1961. In July 1970 the courts Imade a beginning to function in Sinhala from Gampaha. From then onwards the number of courts functioning in Sinh:lla increased. From May 22, 1972 after the introduction of the new constitution Sinhala was made the language of the courts. But with the colling of the UNP government and the introduction of a new constitution the status quo was changed. Under the new constitution's clause 24 (4) the Minister of Justice Mr Devanayagam enacted a special gazette notification No. 16 enabling courts to conduct all work in
English. To mol Ill Wrising from
Tank of MP5 th appointed i Itin t( ) : Tilin e tille di tered in adminisi in Sinhala and Te ITU) Wed. Before
In eels what the gi dC) is to rem gɛ12:t te notific:
September 7, 1978 the biggest diffic tir EL Li ring the court:
These traitor exposed
Lir lead sto
how five Sri lists Work for th of then are em House has to be sised. If any in Collntry is found CIA it is a rai Wil. El Lever gavernm it is its duty Egg inst them. W lists concerted positions in the g på per the site's ElÇt al gå i T15 t fell grEle. The fact tions with the ( revealed, as they hoise's Inouth, Alleric: I Senate C there call be ri) CIA Connection, public document, MP could get difficulty for Go Werni lent to gei The It therefore, is of this report, investigation of th; lists and take against them. Thi is the duty of t If the Gowe Timmer citizens are likely the Government, such conduct.
 
 
 

ify the criticisms Within its own - go w crin ment has isterial committee fficulties encoun’ering the cours low they can be this committee HWSTT1TT1 ent should ove the special ion el hacted on beca Lise this is Lily in adminiss iTi Si Thala.
"Si should be
"y today Te weals i Lankan journae CIA. That four loyed by Lake specially emphaHividual in this Working for Lhe itlrt) 118 Hut a Iltl ent is in power tr:) (talke Haction 1.Cll the journalı old prominent :C3 Wei Tımı:Ill’s own responsibility to is even more sh it their connec
CIA have been say, by the that is by an
oil. Inittee report, doubt about the This report is a
If an Indian it there is no lhe Sri Lank:
: it. The Govern. holuld get a copy conduct a fill le na med joш гпа
SLI ita ble action S. We emphasise,
he Government. it ignores this, to il fer that
too, approves of
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Page 18
Labour
Organising the A
here is now to show "panchayats",
ample evidence tha L community-deWillip
cooperatives.
ment programmes and other such
"institution's successful a 5 instru
ling the powerty of
classes. Usually in people from above b by ad large such been do Illinated
hawe:
by
110t been ments for tackthe poorest posed on the y gover III helts, by dics hawe the Ilore
socially and economically powerful
groups. Thcsc grc thց:
"peoples organisations”
ugel LO
ps hawe
steal away the lion's share of the
inputs ald outputs lopment cfforts bic fit.
foT
of ILlist dewetheir own
Latcly, on a spect run running
across the U.N.'s assistance agencies and planners in countries, it is be
development to politicians Third World ing said that
the poorest segments in a coun
try's population
need
to have
their own organisations to enable them to take advantage of deve
lopment projects an
d programmes.
Need for peasant organisations
Ntcd there idee sants to organisc get a better deal. the Asia region a
di is for peathemselves to Looking on Elt is a Whole, the
need for peasant movements, and
organisations to st cits from gross
Sustail thin, inequalities in
the structure of agTarian Societies.
Given the all city
tյf:
TE5OLI TC-5
awaiiable to then and the highly
skewed it is hardly surpris
should explode into revolt
If pea sants
now and then.
land-ownership pattern,
tlıcy every dlo
i Eng Lihat
not revolt more often, or if there are still not chough examples of 5 trong peasant organisal fo11s, it is
td.) : Til till I: awaits
e:İETT 1lle
la Igς (f their
repression attempts
the that Աtt
duc to
tվյ
organised. The following pages
clearly show how
sometimes organised attempts
the part of the p
I
Η Π pels antry
sporadic,
[1 Աք
to redress the so productiol1 in suppressed by picople in caglic: authoritics.
There is anoth yet tille pa Tal, dx to the iced for organisations that the Picas Elit ca Lu: for it. The para six cut of the (India, Philippi Bangladesh, Mala Ilesia), which wer I.L.O. study (Po, |cssile 55 il ASiil
ile ( 3 Tigla de 5l'), il crea se faster th tibi, MoTcowcT, powerty of the pli Asias" populatioill general stagnatior worse, e coholic paradox goes st but one of the surveyed have cI. average inco TT1 es and in some iris has been quite r
The poor do star we because th a rund, blt bec A do not have the to acquire it. otוזו!ttrty cil'יטp eliminated by What needs great how to cImpower they may get 1l for When the those who have otler assets) su rv a Te powerless, pc
ILO - Convention «
It is in the con impo verish ment, b and politically, o of link I'd less i:Libynol: peasalts that i recognised in offic and national circ the growth of

Bajit Malik
sian peasantry
cial relations of ts in L, l e he better - off with gover lent
ir paradox, and itself is a pepi Inter Strong pe: SELI1 can put for Ward i.e. and struggle ox is that in se ycn countries Ilէ: Pakist, ysia and Indoc covered by : 'crity â Ind Lland1977), oily in did population un ford pTidLigtle incre: sig oor segments in is Llt. Le to I in Asia, Jr,
dccliite. Tle 1Ther, for "El
seven countrics ioyed a rise it in recent years, tances the rise apid, ''
necessal Tilly cre is no food use they simply buying power So, hul nget ad iso-facto he roducing II ore, :er attention is the poor so that lei due share; :hips are clown power (land and iwe, those who rish.
11 11
in rural workers
text of increasing oth cc nomically f the poor classes ITETS ad smal ! t is now being cial inter I la tio hall les te promote organisations of
riu Till Workers.
In 1975, ihe general Conference of the Inter liticial Labour Organisation (ILCO) :adio pled a Comvention ained : L associating rural workers with econo Ilic and social de velopment action in ordcr Llo improve their conditions of work and life perminili illently a Thid effectively, The Converllion also no led that "in developing countries there is massive under-lutilisation (if land and labout ald that his makes it illiperative for rural workers to be given every encourage II1 ent to de vcl op frec i Ind viable organisations capable of protecting di I1 furthering the interests of their Illclimbers......"
But unfortunately the highsou Ending 5 en Liment 5 expressed in the Convention lic as corpses across wast stretches of the Asian Regium. The gap between intentions and deeds is nowhere so evider as in the disgraceful record of so many Asian goverrille is in coopting, or failing that, in actually suppressing or outlawing all genuine efforts of peasants to organise themselves on the lines that the ILO calls on the to do.
The politics of peasant Epp Tession in Iulia
One of the most glaring examples of the credibility gap between precept and practice in the Sphere of organisations of rural Workcts has been the record of the Cctral and State governIncints in India during the recent Emergency from June 1975-77. Side by side with Indira Gandhi's at tempt to centralizic and personaise all political power in her hands, El Twenty Paint ProR Tamme was announced to tackle various economic problems. One of the twenty points was the (le claraticon th:at the accumulated dehb t5; of E Il bo Ided" lab( lITers voit d le Writte il off Find th:1t a such persons would be freed

Page 19
from the shackles of a furn of feudal slavery that could not be toleral cd in a modern democratic and socialist state. Yet, in blatalt contravention of its own programmic, the government found itself incapable of tolerating the efforts of peasants to give muscle to officially prescribed polices. This situation continues to persist even in the Post- Emergency
period under the new Janata Gower ment.
For mea surcs such as debt
redemption and enforcement of minimum wages and land reform to become effective, it is obviously necessary that land less labourers and small peasants should have their u wil organisations in order to protect their own interests and to challenge the power of landlords, money-lenders and those in the administration who arc in league with the former. Otherwise, without organised pressure, which may take the form of class confrontation cor a pola risation of class interests, the established groups in the rural social structure will hardly concede anything that goes to weaken their hold on the political and economic levers of power.
However, given their precarious conditions of su Twiwal, their acute sense of dependency on their feudal patrons and the generally surplus labour available in the rural areas, it is not at all easy foT land less T Lliral workers ind peasants to be organiscd into an effective political force. But in certain instances where cfforts to organise tlhe rural poor hawe been partially successful, there has been a predictably adverse response from the landlords as well as the administrative sentinels of law and order. Thus, in the state of Bihar in India annoyed landownCrs have also organised and armed themselves against the poor peasants.
Murder of a peasant leader in Bihar
Under cover of the Emergency in Bihar, in flagrant violation of the "paper spirit' of thc Twenty Point Programme, any form of peasant resistance or protest Was
Tuttlessly supp by Llı : Ecum 31 nic: on July 5, assaults on the were pcrpetrate as liberalization and organisation
to train lando W
There a Te inn of acts of into right brutality attempts by low poor classes to in order to resis and improve th tion5. BLI t i t sh to give a su heric of a partic and counter Tep and Maharash li; nature of thic ranged against of genuine orga Tural poctor.
The story tha 51огy of a peast lira by name, description is Bihir" s East Ch. Claudadane is as it has been blood thirsty za a century. "There da Ts witlı Iııa Iny of land, employi sha Tecroppers, fI { flourishing. The whenever hic wa 1 any peasant and Tob the leasan his wife, sister ( Zanindary hawe them has a regula with guns and These "regulars' separte bus ties they are given facilities. It is fights for the z; of conflict with labourers." (Fron
It was to organised feudal land owners that his friends orga into the Kisan K Sangh (KKMS cowcred an arca five hund Ted wi|| the Zarnir1 clars o Inic issues such and wages, TF

"essed. As reported Tiles of Bombay 1977, ""barbarius lives of peasants by Such measures of gun licenses of shooting camps Willer 5, "o
LI I 1erable ex : Imples ler:Lnce and outin India against " Cistic and other 1 Tgal 1 is e 1 heinselwes it their exploitation eir lliwing condi1ould be enouքlւ mimarised account tular case of Tcwoit Tession in Bihar 1 t0 illustr:tte the forces that are the emergence Inisations of the
t follows is the rt leader, GarbThe area under Chaunda danc in : Il ral District. feudal, doininated by gulm — wielding, Thir1 cliris fot over still exist zamilhundreds of acres Ilg hundreds of :ccing the II and Zani dar can. its 10, beat up sieze his land; Cor Lake away IT dal LIghter. A | | g Lins Each of "army' equipped other weapons. F1 Te Scttled in ly the Zamirdars: lä F1 til and fall his "army' that T1 in dar in times he peasants and ier, Calcutta)
ght this highly set-up of the Gambhira and Red the roch sants et iha T Ma Zandt The KKMS of nor than Lges and sought various econd5 teriancy rights Struggle was
carried on well within the law on such matters. But the greatest success was achieved in the struggle against social oppression. The zamindaris becane pilricularly alarned by the new-found self confidcirce of the Harijan pica sants. They spread the propaganda that the KKMS peasants were communist terrorists (Naxalics) and decided to take retaliatory action. In Collusion with the police, the landlords had Gambhira and his close colleagues a Trested, and in the course of interrogation, brutally tortured and murdered. Such was the fate of conc who dared to give the peasants their own organisation to further their social and Cconomic prospects and to
Tcsist brutal exploitation at the hands of landlords who had exploited them relentlessly for generations.
Next: Fate of peasant organisations in Thailand.
Peace zone . . .
( Corri inzilied fromrn page g )
passage through which So wiet ships Inust necessarily pass in their Voyage fl'OIT conc end of the vast Soviet land Thess to another. Unlike the U. S. the USSR has
has no exploitative economic irilerests to si feguard in Asia. Neither does the USSR have
to buttress the anti - people dicEatorial regimes of the area, which is a task the U. S. has to םנןT- form. The recent naval build up by the Soviet Union in the India. In Ocean and Pacific areas is Teally a response to the hege
monic U. S. presence in the area, Id is Welcome by Wietnam LElos and most left-wing regirlies and movements, with the notable exception of course, of China.
Any proposal for a zone of Peace in the Indian Ocean or
Asia as a whole which does not have as a corollary the con crete demand for thic removal of all U. S. military bases in the area (especially the Diego Garcia base) is therefore both ппеaningless and hypocritical.
7ן

Page 20
Music
Song without wo
by Reggie Siriwardena
am not a music critic, but as in crested listeier to the music cof both East and West, l found Dr. A. J. GLI I hawa Tianas article oli he late Rukillani DeWi (Laik Gardian, Nov. 15) S0 provocative that I feel impelled tü uffET some com Ilıcı 3 Olı it. Objecting to the attitude or citics who judge all art by its social relevance, Dr. Gulawarda na sums up their position thus:
The Inoic "Televance' there is, Lhe bei Ler the music, lag e Lality of the music or the singer's rendering of it.'" (My cmphasis.)
By implication, therefore, Dr. Gulaward an a holds that there are at least two indispensable criteria Without which Vocal music cannot be judged-the quality of the music all the singer's Tedering of it. Howe Wcr, when Dr. GLInawardana comes to make his will estimale of Rukmani Dewi as an artist, he seems to forget one of his own criteria. Conceding that "the lyrics of her songs were Woefully TıhiTed iIn the b:LTıa Iities of the Colombo school of poetry", Dr. Guth awardana goes on to say
lhat "nonetheless on her lips, they acquired a life that transCended the Coloplace setiInents embidied in the II.' So
much for "the singer's rendering', But what about the quality of the Illusic"
As far as Rukmani Dewi is Concerned, Dr. Gunawardana Seems to have been so carried away by her voice and her expcution that, in effect, hic says "Hang the quality of the Illusic" too. - It is the singer, le concludes, 'that finally makes the song, not the lyric, however meaningful, For the relody, halve ver 's weet.' (my emphasis.)
Shouldn't Dr. Gunawardana have considered the fact that the grea
ter part of Rukr pictory consisted risco Hindi Lild Lihat constitul ei sic during a Y indeed, the banal Was II hatched by the usic N. c. Rulk III i Dewi’s her undoubted Th; had the misfort L. into the darkest ITusic and to W on music Whicl third-ra te but al But in these ci can speak oily and not of musit Dr. Gula Wardaith a invoke one of hi he right have bi ask himself the ( El nyone coluld be ger of the fror
her skills being II Lusic which was distinction. A go
a mere performer preter, and there pretation without ficant to interpre
| Telefloh Er bei legendary Adelin sing twen Hoffe, canti Ingly. I d whether any Thus his sill LI W llld lil the great singer : be if her golden been expended or quality-and cyc1. а тезге tably trag imply that Dr. judgment has bee last circumstance, rja f | Hic “latio it necessary to d of distinction bet sion of grief or one hand and cr () the ther.
Now չլիtյլIt t| GLill Wa.I dal see

rds 2
mani Devi's reof the plagiaTrini | fill II liit3 )Lur poplLılar Im LlW holic cra—that, lity of the words the barlality of oubt, it Wasn't fault that, with atural gifts, she 1e Le te bCITI era cof Sinhala y:1ste het Lille Ints wis not Only 50 se cond hind. l'ICLLIT751:1) Ce5 012 of potentialities al ful filment. If - had paus Cd to לriHם1Lחס לת צווים $ cen compelled to uestin whether considercd a sinLt r:ank Wilhout tested against also of artistic iod singer is not but an intercan't be intersomething signi
ng told that the
Patti used to S'e'er Hor77ë en - Ճ11bt, however, sic citic worth : We called her 5 hic was held to Voice haid always illusic of this
if silchild died ic death, I dorlot
Guna Wardania's in swayed by this
but the hystehal' press makes Taw a clcat line ween the expressy In patlı y con tille: itical assessilent
le words. Dr. ms to consider
Words and their meaning irrelevant lo ones critical judgment of Hong. I find this cxtremely odd in some IC vyo, when Wye We Te bol helping to prepare an HNCE anthology in English, appropriately Suggest el lhe inclusion of Bob Dylan's Blowing in the kind. But one docsn't need Lhe examplc of contemporary protest IIlusic to show that thic power of song depends on the fusion of Incaningfull words and effective: III usic.
I suggest that in all ages and places, wherever music has had a vital placc in relation to the life and culture of a society, song has been linked with social acLivities such as worship, labour
and collmunal celebrations, or associated with other arts such is dance and theatre, including
the fusio II of music and drama that I Yılıkes opera. Of course, the sa Ine iking could be said even about instru Ille tall Ilusic il colder cultures, but With the dissociation between a TL and social activity that takes place in bourgeois societies, it has become possible to II lake instrumental music, beCau5e of its Timore abstract nature, “pute” Imusic-Illusic for II. Lisic’s sake. Song can newer be pure music in this sense, because by its wery nature it is a mixel Hirt, bringing together poetry and Ilmusic; and since it is words Lilit are usually su Ing and That pure sounds, the element of verbal nearling can hot be excluded froll sing, and is an in separable part of the impact made on the listeIET.
What I would call (to use Dr. GLunawardana's phase) "the authentic mainst Team of song' is t ble efo Te based on the ulic of meaning and melody. To ignore the quality of the music and its executio il the il te Tests of "relewance" is no doubt wrong; but it
is equally Wrong to judge Wocal music solely on the si quality of the singer's voice and her coin
mand of it. There are no doubt examples of inferior words being redeemed by their musical setting; what I do not accept is that

Page 21
banal words and banal music can be transfigued merely by the singer's performance. To listen to song merely to be titillated by a beautiful voice is not to be in contact with "the autherltic II ainstreal of song" but to indulge in an alcs thelic divagation from it. If Dr. Gulinawa Tidaha Wèi e lo extend his position to other arts, he would be telling us that in a play one need not consider the content but only the production and the playing, or that one should judge a film by the quality of its photography.
As for "relevance', I grant that the term has been recently overWorked as a critical cliche und often misapplied. But docs that entitle Dr. Gunawarda na to disImiss so lightly the concept or the urges that find expression in it? To go no furthc, Mr. Charlics Abeya sekera’s article on the Tower Hill drama in the same issue of your journal shows how discussion of theatre and music in terms of social relevance can be illuminating. I would say thic same thing about an article on Amaradeva by the same critic in an earlier issue of your journalan article at which Dr. GunaWardana is perhaps glancing in sone of his observations. What we need on Ru kimani DCwi is alı examination of her songs in similar terms, particularly in the context of the social images and myths projected by the Sinhala cinema during hcr heyday.
Finally, I should like to enter a dissent regarding Dr. GunaWardana's attitude to singing through the Inlike. Of course, it is true that where musical performance is centred round the concert-hall and the operatic stage, the artist who matters is the one capable of what Dr. Guna w:Lrdana calls 'open-voiced, full-throated singing". I wonder, however, whether even in the past this was the only style that was cultivated, for wasn't Indian classical music essentially chamber music? Be that as it may, why shouldn't the modern technology of artificial amplification of sound permit the cultiwation of another kind of talentthat of the singer whose voice
may lack power, ful in quality at Atticulati 11 ani fore reach a larg through the Ilicit
Moreover, it i use of the mike
hall blu t also Lil cinema, of radio dissemination of and tape-recorder ped to changc st. thc World owcr. back on the inevi these technological to see this proce: necessarily a milli "to ring the bell summon the spec
An analogy wi IThay help to clari is well known th; In ent of the cinct acting styles, sinct larger-than-life mc trc seermcd ludicrc. on the screcin, p: the rise of the sc best film actors t loped styles of ac their intimacy End be lost in theat ha WC been critics day and age who decline of the fu bodied' acting sty and their dinnlitic Today we take that the cinema, possible by mod requires a differer Why should we cilious about the
Solution to Crossword
Across - 1. Cost 3 Confusc 12. Ai hwa Tt 15, Trcbled 17. E!çIIlı Sumbah 23. Shalle il 27. Medulla 28. R. HCITıp.
Down - 1. Cock 2. 5. Exä1IT1iT1c: 7". "Te; Fusilla IliTOLIS 1). WE State 15, Itchy 19. A 21. Stemmcd 22. Axi Carp.

El Llough beautild expressive in who can thereC au die Ilıcc only ophone ?
is not only the in the concert12 rise of the and TW, and the record-players 5 that have helyles of singing To LLI r In one's ilable impact of innovations and 55 as always and |sical decline is backward, to tre of a rose".
th another art fy Inly point. It at the developma has cha Tnged til C expallisiwe, ides of the thcaIllsly exaggerated articularly after Jund film. The day have devecting which in | Subtlety would Te. There may
in an earlier
lamented the Il-blooded, fullles of the past ni in the cincima. it for granted
El Tt Nilde Ern technology, t kind of acting. be m 10 Te supermicrophone?
Cryptic No II.
Spics f. Stir 11. 13. Plite fiction n. 18. Trainer 21. devil 26. Fortunic :l 29, Study 30.
Syn Carpie 4. Pretend 'D5e, 8. Rit: 9. he intends 14. ihtree 2). Retreat l: 24. Afar 25.
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Page 22
Symposium
Which way for the
(4) Dinesh Gunawardana
The LSSP which was founded in 1935 faced the early '50s when Philip Gunawarder a formed
which Elect fors.
was a partner in the National Government 1970. However, dt its 97 sessors the
Tim tLI rn torborated with the SLIFP in 19 The present MEP came into bel ng In
dut MEP
the alliance with the UNP and now claims to be
Socialist Party.
DI NESH GUNAWARDENA (a son of the Gunawardena) who in 1968 worked as the Organi
tary of the MEP Youth Leagues
d7ri d who hos
Party President and General Secretary since 197: the left movement with the "'Lanka Guardian".
Q: The ideological - theoretical standpoint of the MEP doesn't see to be as clearly defined and well krītown as that of other leef ving groups and parties in this country. Could J'ai fleresore, give as some idea of your party's theoretical position?
A: We are a Scientific Socialist Party. We differ from the other Left groupings mainly on International issues and how we analyse local situations towards creating a socialist society. We are IIlore dedicated towards a Sri Lankan Revolution. In Lernationally, our position is very clear; we feel thic basic contradiction today is between capitalism and socialism. With regard to various conflicts among socialist coultries we do not to tally approve of Maoist or Trotskyite positions.
Q: Together with Vasudeva Nanayakkara, Saratlı Afutrefır 14'e gayrıca and G. I. D. Dhiarmasekera, you v'ere one of those l'ha fared reasorable v’ell' ar le last (Feneral Elections against the backdrop of hயge difect for the Left. Holy da J'ai explain the Left's electoral desaf ar el co71 versely your rela fi y'e success (in los ing by only a Waferthir 772 argin)?
A: The Ileft's ignoninous defeat at the last polls wits largely due to its own divisions, especially of the ULF. The MEP after 1970 had a clear position.
20
Dries Gi WC opposed the tlhe first to clar tional Tcl case of The S. Als (3, We selves with the oppositio II. And was founded, th that the "new not be another but a new Left presentative of sants with a the Left. We p sections - J. W. mugathasan, P etc — should be liminary discuss aid most like this, the MEP to any subseque a result of all
 

a rift In WSSP են Generg/
ug 965 - гепашnced a Scientific
late Philip sing Secre
er the ', tasks of
J!éII-s"rr"gfiq*72
CJ C uIch were
Igur fur ulco Tili politica ris - ditl Tiit lig blirUNP, the then When the JLF 2 MEP proposed gathcling' should ld UF of 1970, Frant ti uly reworkers ald pie:) -- cw prog Tann for roposed that all P, RMP, Shanrins Gunasekera invited to a preion. We faird, y for proposing W 5 Ille ver ir vited nt discussions. As hicsic clear posi
tions — mot being a part and parcel Of LJF (f1 -77, MEPo's & taild I hal the imitin enemy was the UNP and Fascist grouping-secrl to The the cause for Iny narrow defeat.
that in brief is your assessmerar of the general ec271 Cynic ard political sita fiori in the col fro?
A: Since coming to power, the UNP has been trying hard to nullify all the victories of the pcople: since 1956, especially in terms (of Inational sover eignty and their at tempts at Termo ving the domination of Imperialist and neo-ColoIlia list ec010 Imic Slackles etc. NOW, lic entire economy is brough Linder Il whiml5 Qf 1le IMF illd III liiti-Iltionals. Our higheT echeloIls of power are contemplating IIlore repressive laws to restrail the working class. This is what we are facing today. And the JCT JC) working committee las yet to Work out a coll Inter-progra Il of action to Initigat e this trend, Cundt tian5 of Unemployillent, health ald education Life deteriorating and Lanka's populace may well have to migrate for its existeice.
2. I'r 5II o'r 17 CC 72 texir i'rfia'r Eidal yoz r t /rí7ik is the correc! par /ı I har e le avere in Sri Lanka Shiji lid tra verse? In Particular, waar da a Think are le irredale rasky (of the le/l r}zoverrent in the
rese if Critic re?
A: The entirc Left would hawe to Lssess and a Ialyse ill tells of Sri Lankal T1 conditions rather Lhall giving priority to internationally offered solutions-to forIn Lula, 3 e a progra L Ll of acticol to strengthen our Ilational Sovereignty.
And for this, We Illust bring together all anti-Fisicist forces, educate the masses on h(W a
socialist program of action-Ilainly economic, central plaining cliccould be irtiplerııcnted in the Coll'l- try. For this, the Left has firstly to sink their divisive view points on international issues and secoldly, to IInuster all the progressive elements and jockey then to concerted action. Peasants, Youth

Page 23
and Patriots comprise the bulk of SLFP followers aid the Left has yet to win them (WCT. The Left must defeat the Fascist role of thic UNP al fight to win basic democratic rights of the people.
(2: If you accept the importar ce af Lefr turnity, 14'lly has the MEP 7 of foi real eiler thre LVLF or rile *Ne M' Loft L'Eifel Cormittee of Kastideva, Shari, DiarrII.5ekera, Yap etc? PVe Fat Wrer fra f f fiese latter groups have repeaterly invifel y'cywir for disaeir 5 siorris o'r tir i'r end acıları, biri thar yol hay'e 77 of respeded.
A: The MEP trade union sections hawe consistently worketi to bring these groups as participants in the JCTUO, Action Committee This we have failed. Their positions on various issues were very
conflicting, especially of Shan, Wasu and Dharnasekeril. Therefore, on those terms the MEP
has found il very difficult to arrive at a working understanding with the Ill. How some of those sections joined the ULF just a fier the last elections and or what gro Linds a Te still u Tukmo w lid yague-whether it was ower theoretical reasons or for leadership considcTations or for Parliamentary TepTésentation.
Q: What is your opinio II of the Wara li ha Wirizz tkrhi Perdrinuna?
A: The pric'71 JWP does not exist today. Then it was composed of willer scctions and later the JWP has been changing its positions and today they are mot clear enough to form a clear pring Tall o T El party. Yet, the JWP could play a big role in a milita Tit Left programı me of action,
2: Sri 77 e groups clair fra 7ť le SLFP still has a progres sire potenTial", "hile others illo 77 of agree. Wraf is Jour positior of the SLFP
WP:
A: There are IIlass progressive groupings within the SLFP because it is a mass organisation - not organised on the same basis of Marxist or Leftist political parties, And it is also wooing more and marc sectic T5 from tle Old Left. To what extent these progressive
( , αντίτιμεί αΗ τα Eε Ξε
Annive
Human
the
Tiwersal II) Ilarl Riglls it i take stock sober Tec Td in tillis to Tarly third w a TE: illed hOWEwer m gro cency. The que concri is is Worse off ther but what TroIII ט t i11ון טוון :WtחTל]
The Advent ti present (Gwerin year was follo y breaks of violen violence is Il I What is alarmin Worse after Crich This calı ldı, if lı llegal to the del Sool after, cam disturbances. T whose responsibi that all persons live with cyllt fe: their political a grup JT | Tellig events scriously instituted inquiri TF1c work of Bı the can Ilmu na I til progress with deli heelcar though it is Ind thousands of ret received by the ol appoint cd to lot election incident,
The Gwernie repeal the C Col. Tissils Act Control (Alcildr had corruptcd t of justice and le ment of suspec Els co il perta T the funda Tental il the le W. C. Ils these il clude the the first tille ns. tort LIre Of Other or degrading tre Illent, the right of reason for arr production befor

"sary
Rights in Sri Lanka
universary of the clau Taltiol of Hullappropriate to y of our country's field. Compared
world courties ortunate. This is ind for complistion till should
lot low in Lich 3 al Tc el sic where, there is for inur :) W II Country.
power of the ent in July last red by two outce. Post election Lew phclonenon, is that it seems successiwe clection. nehecked. totally 1ocratic process. e the CCIIIlmunal he Government, lity it is to ensure in Sri Lanka can ir irrespective of legiances, ethnic , () Tı, took botlı and correctly 2s into their causes. e Commission on rules is seen to gence, Little has he other so far, erstood that many presentation 14; were 1c mill cTT littee k into the post S.
nt was quick to riminal Justice and the Exchangc ment) Act which he administration c«l ton the i1 | trei tt3. The Te were improvements in
rights position ;titution of 1978: : introduction for protection against
cruel in human ltiment cor ou Ilishto be informed est, the right to a Court after
arrest, the right to fair trial and legal representalion, the pressumption of innocence, the prohi bition of retro - actiwe pt:12 al legisLitico I. and the bli Lidin Of the provision which permited discrimination on grounds of sex. Another praise worthy 1 new provision extends the benefit of fundamental rights to state less persons legally resident in Sri Lanka instead of limiting them to citizens. The new Constitution also grants certain necessary language rights to the Tamil speaking people.
However many obvious further steps Temain to be taken while scveral old problems remain unabated. The Interprctation (Arlendment) Act so strongly criticised when it was passed in 1972, remains unrepealed and continues
to frustrate the injured subject who sceks legal redress against misu se of Governmental power.
The Press Council (now manned by nominees of the prescnt Governlent) continues functioning under Lhie sia Ime, Lu Flamended la w, which was condemied with e qual vcheInence when it was passed after scveral histric End icted balles in 1972 and 1973. The Gover. File:It cont Tolled Trı : Ss mı edi: -- both newspapers and radio - are as sycophantic towards their new masters as they we Te towards the old, and are a 5 great a travesty of freedom of information and expression, while un precedented resort has been made to the law of Parliamentary privilege against journalists. Corporal punishment tellains on our statute book (though we are glad that thc pToposal to Te - introduce the "cat" was dropped). Though Parliamentary control of resort to the Public Security Ordinance has been strengthened, no adequate It casures have been taken to control the lossible content of emergency regulations or to preclude a Tepetition of thic gross abuses that have taken place in the past and could be repeated under such regulations. The “es
21

Page 24
restrictions the
alıd
rights in
widt. The
Căpe clauses"
oil fundamental Constitution remain protection of existing laws even if inconsistent, and the perpeLLA till of the prohibitirol dan challenging a Bill once it has becoille law, make the provisions Om fiindamental rights in the new Constitution as incffective as under the 1972 Constitution. The present Government regrettably emulates its predecessor in its frcquient resort to “urgent" legisla tiun on matters of no apparent urgency, thus precluding public debate on many important Bills. A 11 icceptable long te:Tnn accord with the Tamil speaking pcople still remains to be pursued and a chieved. The independent machinery long campaigned for by CRM to investigate complaints against the police has not In aerialised, while police brutality and deaths in police stations
continue,
While these past problems to whose cxistence CRM has often
drawn attention continue, new problems hawe also been created. Provisions unacceptable from a civil rights point of view are to be found in much recent legislation:- in the Proscription of Liberation TigcTs of Tamil Eelam Law, the Criminal Procedure (Special Provisions) Law, the Local Government (III) position of Civil Disabilities) Law, the Parliament (Powers and Privileges) (Amendment) Law, the Special Presidential Commissions of Inquiry Law, and the Universities Act. Om most of these issues CRM has issued detailed Criticis IIs.
As Tegards the Presidential Commissions of Inquiry Law, one of the very reasons for CRM's existence is to keep a vigilant eye on the use of governmental power; we whole-heartedly agree that the peoplc have the right to know how those to whom they entrusted power actually used it. At the same time certain basic safeguards must be accorded to any accused persons. CRM therefore especially regrets the existence of several unsatisfactory features of the Special Presidential Commissions of Inquiry Law which must detract from the
22
wa lule of Lille fir Commission appoi lt is also regretta the Commission pri will test, Tri Porto made to investigat allegalio115 of po sation by the presen including many cl per sols being clep liweli hosod - that hi Move Inent's notice Lised to in Lillidate W
With regard to We hawc Elel ci infringements of aca such as interdictio per Inission to trav arbitrary transfers ( well as political administrative staff sity, and violence a
We El Te Ells 0 çor Go Wellent has I Without proper inզլ of favouritism by and that certain as given statements ( which can be usc CO [In Imunal , L1n res L.
Mention In LIst ill. Se veral under Crai the The W. Constitu those relating Lo fè and guarantees to In ent, thic abolition ( evcn as regards the Incint, (which was different representa and the provision Were deemed to go automatically with into force of the new Security of tenure the cornerstone of pindence. Yet ther titution'' of the C in eight new faces oI Court, the Cour L 0. the High Court, w thān thirteen formel lot reappointed.
CRM urges the C ColleII Tate the 3 of the Universal HILI man Rights in ; Wały by rem Cdying defects referred to also by becoming a U. N. Covenant o Political Rights and Protocol,

Illings of ally nted under it. ble häät, while Cobe 5 pääst, Hb Luses ision has been e lhe numeraus litical victimiGovernment - lili 15 of pour rived of their We colle t the and violence (Tkes (Istrike.
the University, T1Cetned ab{}LIl demic freedom ins, refusal of | ab]r p:äd H I 1d of lect Lu Ters als transfers of of the Univergainst students.
Çered Lihat the "ecently made, Jiry, allegations Ta mill cxa miners :ademics hawe in this issue. to provoke
so be made of ic features of tion, notably Jreign treaties foreign investof by-elections presen L Pariaelected on a tional basis), that judges out of office the coming Constitution. for judges is judicial indicCÇeInt “recusIll T tS resulted i the Supreme Appical, and hile no less judges were
iOWernment to th anniversary eclaration of a meaningful Lhe various above, and Party to the I Civil irld its Optional
Tuneinto
BRSTOL SPORTS NEWS
every evening at 730 over SLBCchannel2

Page 25
Paper industry
it's
1974 in addition to al Ilus L. chonic problemas hunger, malnutrition foreign cx cha Inge developing countries experienced Severe paper shortage. This is not a difficulty that can be easily dismissed. As a result of the paper crisis, schools were closed in many countries in Asia and Africa, the cost of textbooks and school Writing paper rose, in many cases, to prohibitive heights and literacy El Tid ollier educational programmes were seriously disrupled. The full impact of the crisis on the developmental process cal Inct bic quantitatively assessed, but it. In Lust hawe been considcrable.
titeit
ad low Teser Wes, ril ost
More ower, some T12 wspapers closed down, while others were forced to reduce the size of their publications. To the developed West, this might not seen of great importance. However, in a significant number of developing countries, the doctrine of the freedom of the press is acknowledged only grudgingly. In others, it is seriously and openly challenged. Whatever the validity of the doctrine, many governments seized the excuse of high prices to curtail further newsprint quotas and supplies to the nongovernmental press.
The position has improved someWhat since 1974, but it has been forecast that by 1979 he gap between the supply of, and the demand for, paper in the developing world would be of the order of 5 II illion tons. It has also been estinated that conditions will worse thereafter, unless the pattern of development of the pulp and paper industry is radically changed. This crisis, like most others affecting the developing World, prolises to become chronic.
Developing countries depend almost entirely upon developed countries for their paper supplies. In 1974. The Third World possessed a mere 6.2 percent of the world's plant and Illa chinery capacity to
more than
just
produce pulp : despite the fact
of the World's tropical area of
Why does thi exist. Although for paper prod iil China and based on nondevelopment and been almostenti Torth CT CCLIII trii ate Wood specie
pics scs chil Tacle gelo T4 ly 1, k !
Trix eci tropical
de' clupi ng worl ti İlhall wisdığını hı to exclude tropi Serious considera duction of pulp ever, it is now ledged tillåt Tuixe Woods are capab pulp and paper. More importar financial requir dustry. Pulp an tC i Inter Iltio Till
Al on politic
(CorΙτίrΙΙΙει
detailed, i Tel"TC) punished withou trials and without In altrcaitsincint dul
While AI says Imitted the draft the Chinese gov. 1978 ind has if н. пу CollS tElle government, no response despi on its part. Hoi, last TT conth it ha ill the internati Chiang Hilla, F China's Supreme that there a Te Et wrongfully impi country, and th: EN 15 ES " '' ] reviewing ' Imiscäri
The AI repo
Jf Beveral year

paper
Ti" 55 percent
1nd priբcr.
that
orests lie in the their countries.
s's late of a fairs the technology uction originated Egypt and was Wood fibres, its
l application hawe irely coIII fined to es and to tempers. These species f istics thitilt are
: fuLid il the
forests of the . The concilas therefore been Cal Woods from tion for the proand paper. Howgenerally acknow!d tropical hardble of producing
1t are the Stated Tients of the in
developing countries drawn froll developed countries and are usually accustoired to huge mills. Not unnaturally, they often recom Incind the establishIment of c crprises similar lo those with which they are familiar
are largely
The outlook for a meaningful increase in pulp and paper production in the developing countries is therefore gloomy. The 1974 crisis will recur in the years ahead if there is no significant reduction in thc size of plant and in the lewel of capital investment Tequired in the sector, i.e., if smaller efficient mills are mot designed. It will recur if the developing countries do not cstablish i Illig themselves trade pacts to enable them to take advantage of the economies of specialization that a Te known to exist. Only a combination of these two approaches would ensure that their educational program IIles and their information media - two basic factors of development - are T10 kept subject to the whims and caprices of the developed world.
d paper advisers K. F. S. King El geçics and (Čere)
al . research. It draws on the case für Page ) histories o prisoners of conscience in China currently under gated, tried and adoption or investigation by AI,
El CeSS to fair
sal feguards against ring detention.
Lihat it has subof its report to : 111 ent il June fered to publish correcticals frill there has been tle repeated efforts We Wert, withi til: s bee I1 Teparted onal press that resident of the Court. has said ill rany people iso ed in the it "all sorts of ing used to avoid riages of justice. *t is the result is of intensive
sorme of whom are tel ces Tanging from 15 OT 20 years to life in prison Ilent. The report criticizes the existence of legislation in China, which pro vides for political imprisonment and says that laws are loosely worded and have been interpreted broadly, periliitting large scale imprisonment on political grounds. Under the Chinese constitution, certain categories of people, defined as 'class enemies' can be deprived of their political and civil rights solely on the basis of their "class origin' or political background.
SCrying sel
The report further says that ccrtain political offenders could be punished by compulsory labour without even judicial in Westigation - G. D.

Page 26
Which way . . .
(Corfirilled from page 2 r ) sections cim guide the SLFP is a big question.
Q: What is the MEP's position on the demand for Tamil Eelam ? A: We are for a Unitary Sri Lanka. Tamils, Muslims and Sinhales e hawe to fight together for liberation from capitalist domination. The MEP policy is not for a separatic state.
Q: Our final guestion: What is the MEP's official view of the are Mr. Philip Gunawardena's decision to join the UNP
A: Thc MEP in its 1971 5essions changed its previous positions of working in alliance with the UNP. The late Mr. Philip Gunawardena himself was present at this session. So, we have rejected the role of the MEP in the National Government. Many of our old cadres who showed sympathy to the role of the Minister of Industries in the Government of 1965-70 arguing that the public sector industries were saved by him, have left the Party.
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Letters . . . ( Crited from த say that there in Cea 5 e is, hi same as saying duction has Ee E of target. If Y exercise of pro figures and m performance a targets the res follow5: KKS 94.6%, and Gal mance in the 197É would bը ressive as woul the following pe goda: Yarn 85. Thul hiriya: Ya 52.5%. Pugoda: " |21.7%.
Transce
horsef Buridan tied
two equally a
of hay. The po to decide which d|ed of 5 tarw Fonseka goes
FOR
TUINNELING, M. WATER SUIPPLY, CONSTRUICTION EQUIP
EQUIPMENT & CoN
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has been a 22% Weyer, mot the that actual Pron 29%, or 67% 'e Continue the iding the missing asure the 1974 ainst the 1978 its would be as 84.6%, Puttalam e 135.9%. Perfor
exEs 5 Ector in even more impbe seen from
"centages: Weyan3%, Cloth 98.0% rn 58.4%, Cloth (arn 90.2%), Cloth
5hobana Sankhya
Indental Kathers his ass
atti W. or beast bu n dle A tion, Dr one better
between bundles unable
Carlo and
would have me play ass to his Buridan and decide between three equally attractive bundles of hay: JR, Sirima and Colvin. But I am no Nick Bottorn to be lated into an ass, and I don't care for hay. Since Dr. Fonseka would find it "interesting and instructive' to know my 'own precious choice' I'll tell him: I'll settle for a glass of cold beer.
When Dr Fonseka says "We must perforce cho Öse from among the available political leaders he is voicing a popular superstition which is, I think the root cause of the barrenness of our political leadership. It is because we have stuck to "available political leaders' for the last thirty years that every single party is led by persons who are long past
S
their political menopause; surely 4 million people can throw up better, fresher and more open
Hearted leålder's than J. R. Siri må, Maitri, TBl, NM, Colwin and Pieter all of them nursing tired old grievances and waiting for their day to avenge them.
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