Page 1
Rukmani De
G9 Relevance and critici
A. J. Guna
O Myth and reality
J. Uyangod
Sinhala cinema, class
Iran: The paths of
O Elmer de Haan and the Customs
O Sanmugathasan : Which way for the
e Private view
 
 

January 5, 1979 Price Rs. 2/50
V
ism
wardena
and characters
Reggie Siriwardena
glory . . .
Mervyn de Silva
O 97 : The debate continues Lefti o The Year of the child

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People like you
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Chemanex the spearhead for development
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EĤHE
TW.L
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Page 3
LANKA GUARDAN
Wol. I No. 8 January ||5, 1979
CONTENTS
Private wiew : Crossword
3 - 5 News background
7 - B International news 9 Press opinion
10 - 12 Symposium on Left
13- 15 1971: Debate goes on
6 - 7 Politics
8 - 19 The Arts
20 - 2 || Rukman Dewi
22-23 Colonial bureaucracy
Published by Publishers Lt. YM BA BLuildin Street, Clot
Telephon
Edi L T: Me
Printed by
82/5, Wolf, Cold III
Tolepho
Trends
Musical
40 votes do give an Impression of elephantine strength and self-assurance. But the unity of the United National Party was never monolithic. In office, fissures begin to appear. Behind personality clashes squabbles over appointments are power - blocs, coterses, shifting alliances, tribal with competitive claims on the future.
chairs
"" The Colombo campus opers late because two aspirants to the Vice Chancellor's job had two political backers, and the final decision carne after a fight that lasted sever rounds
**** The press spoke of a new GCEC (Trade Zone) but so far there nas been по r e - shuffle пor a complete overhaul. With the contenders equally matched in political patronage Is t a draw Or only a fragile truce'?
The long wait
There is "radio silence" also on another front page announcement ma de Severa rmonths ago in the
official press. Mr. Tyrone Fernando, Moratuwa MP, one-time president of
the Gaitskell Clu. more recently kп. of '''Puran Appu” to the rank of Foreign Affairs a remas Inghe joined
Down the Costi to Pura dura, we Waiting to fete Wondering wheth коппеhow sprшпg,
Church mi Kita
Do politics ans rtLI5h Irn Where ey tread? Stalin, It how many divisio BLE in the 5e t/m1|| the Church, certa MIIItցnt !
The Church hig highest level to move a frned by t at the A5 for Theo Mowing both hea y Cիլյrch ցիtdined sings from hight
A bright young will probably bec remarked'. The Chi that no Ministry with ...' 1

Lanka Guardian Third Floor, 1263/28 Main - 1.
2928.
vyn da Silva
Anal da PT-S5 indhal Street,
bԼյ - 13
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b at Oxford and
wn as the producer was to be elevated )eputy Minister for ter Mr. Ron Wick
the Cabinet,
Ine from Ratmgland |- wishers eagerly Mr. Fernardo dre “r the boat has I leak,
lt
and bureaucrats an angess fear to 鹭 tr山e,dfd dsk is the Pope had. 5 nobody takes on nly not the Church
to rrno ye at the unter a blocking e Foreign Ministry glans' Conference. in and earth, the Ie necessary bles
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Catholic Cler la Who ne a bishop soon ch is one 71 'n stry can play games
Letters
Those allegations
A Minister of the President's government and 3 members of the academic staff of the University have at a press conference made startling statements which in the past were merely whisPered by certain interested persons. I have never taken these whisperings seriously but when a Minister and 3 Professors end their authority, the country cannot ignore them.
It is most unfortunate that a Minister and 3 Professors should have used a press conference for this purpose, when it was admittedly within the power of the Cabinet Minister concerned to have persuaded his colleague, the Minister of Education, to appoint a Commission of 3 eminent men, preferably of retired Supreme Court judges, to report on these allegations and other malpractices. Now that they have made these allegations, their own honour requires that they submit their allegations to a body of independent men for report. I hope they will join in the demand for such a Commission,
W. Karala singham
Pre-planned performance
If, as Ms. Sankhya states, her intention was to show that there had not been any miracle '"as had been claimed' in the cement industry she has, on her own showing, not done what she set out to do because the only 'comparable data' which would hawe Served such a Purpose were not available to her. Using outof-date figures for comparison WS a SWe".
lf, as Ms. Sankhya claims, she made no attempt to suggest that there had been a debacle in the
cement industry then, I think she has to explain the subtitle of her plece: "How to turn
debacles into miracles," (No one cwer claimed a niracle in the textile sector).
Costain de Wos .3 סColom B

Page 4
Private view
The Magistrate's hea
he government recently deci
ded to revive what are quaintly tHilled in on = summary proceedings which had been abolished by the previous regime. This is a procedure we inh rited from the UK aid it is perhaps useful to know What they say about it
Ver there.
Nicholas Fairbairn QC is Tory MP for Kinross and West Perthshire. The recently begun proceedings in Lle magistrales' court at Millehead in which Jeremy Thorpe amd Some others are facing char
ges of at empted murder Were seized upon by the media for some , sciis; tion mongering... Mir Fairbairli made this event the
occasion for publishing his views on the Tagistrates' hearing. He calls it cruel ind wrong. The procedure is historic in origin.
III Illedieval ti citiz: Who Was bara SSIIlent to th Huthority Was fr in the barons' c they had not c. trumped-up char when the powe was being effect safeguard was int the people had that there was a answer before the press their charg
In those day press and theref boքus convictioT greater. The in safeguard disap ago, but the bem of two hea Ting5 W tradition was per
Cryptic Crossword No. 13
by Stripex
ACTOSS CLUES
I. Rank area for instruction needed cycin in communist
states (5.4)
His life is full of ups and downs (4.9)
11. Honour sounds like door (4) 12. Less by half a minute to uś (5) 13. Low joint (4)
16. Tilting two containers by gravity (7)
17. No sleek back part of ship (7) IR, Sui ripe, Wrongly gol Lupi (7)
O. else pet a tower (7) 21. St down of olid to glut (4)
22, Confessed to have been in debt, without the fraction
of a nick 5)
23. Fernale relative, we hear, put into the pot (4)
(8,5) חטpTes5iוחFalág i ,26 27. Danger! Set wrong cut off (9)
Down
Milieu for sinking (7)
2. Protectivic covering for Illusical instrument (4)
The male animal is perhaps OK, Bruce (7)
3. 4.
Difference (and 24 scraps) (4)
5. Fixing up the vessel is adequate answer (7.6) . Scatter nine-pins? I? Oo, no! But that could be according
to a person's point of Wil:W (2,4,7
9. Misdirected dish no longer available (3.6) 10. Tenderer E somehöW came in again (9)
14. To begin with trees the leader (5) 15. Able, loses head to raise (5)
19. Now the -- reviving old desires (Rubaiyat) (3,4)
20. Tramples relative (7) 24. Objectives see 5 (4) 25. No charge to liberate

Arden
ring
mes the ordinary a 50LITce of ellose in power and equently accused urs of trimes animitted Of (Il ges. Accordingly of the barons vely checked, a Tod 11c Ld Whereby ble satisfied genuine case to Hutll tirities cւյսltl
S.
there Wis 10 Te the cha T.Ce5 Cbf was all Lhe gild for $11:h it e a Tel cent Lies efit to the lawyers 'ais such that the
etLated.
Mr Fairba irm mirgilles that it is cent Tal to the principle of the presumption of innocence that the jury should come to their judgIllel L. On the evidence of the Witnesses loie; it is uttery ablo Trent that prospective members of the jury should have dress rehearsals of the evide Ice. He thinks the continu Hition of this al Ilchro= isic procedure entirely indefensible, IL is not a defence of the innocent; it puts them to the Cost of two hearings. It 111 akčs impossible the task of the jury tio , distinguish between Whait - Lhey hawe read, Whit they have hea Td from witlesses, and what they are supposed to be going to hear from witnesses. While the procedure may once have been justified it is now total lly Linacceptable.
The best swordsman in the world
Matajura wanted to become a great swords Tan, but his father
(Солтiлығrd он тағ (2)
Solution to Cryptic Crossword No. 12 ACROSS-1. Capitals 5. Mantic
12. Anilite 13. Miliki KS L LLLLLLLLS S KKS LaLLHL K0S LTH
10, Tramp II. Dexterity 14, Asia 1. Sil 19, FTec
27. Simpleton
8. Title DITS 3). Reliced
OWN- I, Cat nap. 2. Platitide 3, Top mast
4. Lodge
5. Ayernus 7. Trick 8. Laying oil 9. Examiner 15. Immolate 17, Enigmatic 18. Obsessed 20. Danger
F. MIT
23, Attend 25. Eamon 26. Minae.

Page 5
News background
Press, party politics
Race - the first
ike . Ca Titler playing the China card, Sirima has played the Sinhala card, her trumps', a well known academic
who had taken an active part in planning the UNP's pre-election propaganda blitzkreig pronounced somewhat po 111 pously at :Lin i Inforinal session of the party's, backTool boys. “She still has a fine instinct for power" another participant a conceded with grudging ad Tiration.
The conversation was centred on the Daily News' report of a speech by Mrs. Bandar in naike at a Buddhist school at Gampaha. The 'Daily News' followed it up quickly with an unusually aggressive editorial entitled "The Ugly Face of Racism', publishing Mrs. Bandara naike's cun tradiction some days after, adding a tame explanation for its own news item. The speeches were in Sinhala and the "Dinaria' had published what Mrs. Bandara naike described as an accuratic report, St Tangely enough (or not so strangely) the
Dirsita' had meither libera passions nor pulp to expend in commenting on Mrs. Bandaranaike's alleged appearance as
"sa Wiolr' of the Sinhalese.
In an interesting intervention, the TULF and Opposition leader Mr. Amirthalingan saw “some far reaching plot' behind the Publication and proceeded to give Lake House, now indulքing itself liberally about 'development inլIIralis In' a brief lecture on "press
freedom", "fair reporting' and "distortins".
Flot or In o plot, observant
UNP"ers at the middle and Lipper levels of the Party arc nervously concerned about current SLFP tactics.
Several reasons account for their Present preoccupations:
(a) the overal economic si - uation and the mass mood, mainly
ref
rising prices a far to make an – tת שונIthy IרrוurleIT Droblem, the iss UNP its massive question oil whi in its own rank
(b) the worse the North, he bet Ween the gove Ta Tills, and the i T1C ing both Sirill (The Lone of th Tamil journal of ITTagazinc SHOWed has per meated et layers which w LCD lichel and un tr issues),
(c) Given its 8ge, Ihı: SLFP is "saviour' of : interests. If J. Kandy in 1957, M in January 14 yea dressed in white good CHL se from il fer Wihara Ma
S3111: UNP : Il that if Mrs. Ba to out slink the situation, her in be shrewdly two
"It can also b
Maitripala move III: Tiber of Lille til Tık"". TE UNP)
the SLFP's Worli party leadership i naik c is immobilise ter Premadasa, ратiamentary debi SLFP MP's on t
The 'Daily New A picture of Mrs headline to Mrs. "Boycott Tarni Premidas a wanted the SLFP wanted boycott their wive
As fi Tras, Lhe SLI the plot that Mr.

ige
the failure so impression on the island's major e which gave the majority, and the lil disill Lusion Ilment
is quickest.
ing situation in or sening relations "Inner 11 and the spreading rood dlese and Tamils. articles in the the Royal College
how the rhood fer th OSC Social :Tc hit herto Lunoubled by these
ideological linea more authentic Sihala - Buddhist R. märched to Trs. Bandaranalike rs ago Carlie oul,
t, to fight the 1 a politik nanoled la Dewi. lysts also believe Il dial Tanai ke tities UN P in this we could also - pringed.
e a clicve a Inti"" (bserved a party's "think' is conscious of es about future f Mrs, Banda Ild. Prime Milishe cleverest of 1 tērs, bäited the his very point.
s" which cl Tried i. B. gave its T. L.J. de Silva shops' Mr. to know whether its leaders to 호
FP is concerned, ADmiTthalingaTm
mentioned is plain enough. The parly press him Illers away at the same point - the UNP is in deep trouble and the blanket of 140 votes call not conceal this fact. In fact, the SLFP policy planners argued recently, the Tumblings which began with the UNP sessions became louder complaints
and even protests in the budget discussions. Jobs, jobs, jobs. Where are the jobs ask the
backbenchers, the campaign managers and organisers While a steady stream of young hopefuls still flow Iowards 'Sri Kothill'. Ald of course, goods may be plentiful but where's the money?
to SLFP thinking, disSEllis faction over material hardships, and fading dreams about election promises has coincided with the UNP's failure to achieve any sort of political reconciliation with the
Tamils or cwen a section of the TULF.
According the rising
Hence the volts face on standardisation and new tactics oil the Tini issue. When the
UNP, keeping its election pledge, abolished the SLFP's scheme of standardisation, it was the SLFP press (notably the Siri hala daily, " Diri ankara") and pro — SLFP "front' which spread the Word that the interests of Sinhala students were being sacrificed. Now coIIles Mr. Cyril Mathew and his emotionally - charged campaign on the silme question.
In the budget discussions, speeches about jobs from UNP ranks were also accompanied by bursts of Sinha la chauvinism. These stirring uit terances did not come from UNP green-horns but senior politicians.
Not much later the party's (Sinhala) journal announced the for Tiation of a Sinhala Liberation Front and was evidently honoured with an exclusive interview from the front's faceless founder.
While the 'Daily News' turned a censorious editorial eye ("The Ugly Face of Racism') on oppo
(Carrillied on age i)

Page 6
  

Page 7
Race . . .
நோய்ாசரி ரிசா நரச ஒ)
sition politicians who were - "full of mealy - mouthed concern for the Sinhala people', it was
comfortably as tigmatic on these other, unpleasing profiles
Racialism is not the last but
the first refuge from frustration and
failure. In 1957 the UNP took the high and holy road to the Sacred Tooth Relic to protest
against 'the division of the country' supposedly represented by the B-C pact. In 1955, Mrs. B. emerged from the Wihara Maha Peyi park to protes L against regulations which were based on the same Bandaranaike - Chelva nayakall Pact, now secretly cindorsed by Dudley Senanayake. It was part of the SLFP campaign known as the "masalavadai fine". To their eternal shame, the LSSP-CP aided and a betted the SLFP through their (Sinhala) papers.
All Ilalagous axion embraces the national and party press. A report presented at an international seminar on "reporting communal tensions' showed convincingly how the Lake House in its campaign to destabilise the SWRD
TJC III 12 had spoken on the same issue in three different voices through its Sinhala, English and Tani
Papers, Political observers of the current situation can scarcely do Without a study of the press and El comparative Study of the Sinhala, Tamil and English Papers,
Carried away by its self-induced frenzy the 'Daily News' could not help betraying its own secret fears and therefore a bit of th truth. The cunning of these (opposition) politicians come Ll it said, when “they Lu se the econonic difficulties the Sinhala people face ..." (our emphasis). In attempt of each piry to anticipa te the other's Inove and to OLL flank and ou tbid its rival we see the painful effort of a new nation strugling to achieve national inte
gration while caught in the grip of economic sts gnation. In DE Tt It is a colonial legacy. But how
long can history
mitiga te our Con non failure
The
and h
Hnuary broug
parents going children. ihe kids Were Teil books many day Year. Their si book-shop, and DSI later. They acquisitions. With by the turn of least familiar with of chapters.
This time, howe schools reopene El Te having a ne en CC at the porta """The Yeart of Ille the agony of thei While the childre fully scuffle to T03 T 15 11 i 1 is mai out by the Educal Dept. As for their could be had or Ilarket while the ment boxes, etc by 100%.
For the parent jolted by the rising their first shock Was when they di prices of text-book in Creased from bei 14.0%.
Perhaps they b stream-13s-11 edit adopted a wipe-y and Cornmiserati that the rise in th books would in vic catio IIIs. But when of the bag El few found that not. It published by the E cations Dept were While a substantial book5 have 5 til no It is unlikely tha Teach the book-st three months.
A couple of week try of Education CITI 1 TT1 et to rais; E b) 7,3 ks by 30% in ori 42% price hike of n Over, the switchow

fear of the
ow
ht new shocks for and their SchoolNot so long ago, dy With their new is before the New Ist stop was the then to Batal or adored their new Wivid covers and, hic year, Werc at I the first couple
'yer, even after the d, the children ve-Tacking experiIls of the 50-called Child." They see r ha pless parents 1 the Inselwe5 wisttheir new classly text books put ional Publications other books they lly at the blackprice of instruhave gone up
who have been g prices all-round, of the new year SCOWered that the 5 to have been : Ween 10% to ower
elieved the Tiaini When Lhe latte Olek's still
gly announced e price of textIlve only 8 publithe cat leapt out days ago, they 25s than 53 titles ducatio Tial Publi: upped in price In LI I Timber of other been published. the latter will alls in the next
Is ago, the MinisLirged the Gowle prices of Textder to öfTset the CW5 pri Int... Moreer to new sylla
Child -
buscs from Grade 6 up has prevencdparents even from acquiring second-hand books. And plus the fact that Illo less than five children came begging for donations with their new book lists to offices in Fort including ours in the last two weeks. Infly Well be a pointer to what “The Yar of the Child' has in store for him and her in the coming months. And those who saw the little film dedicalled to the children, mai de by the Dept. of Information and now ShoWing at the ciemas hLight it was the first big joke of the month both in terms of cinema and reality.
Tailpiece
Meanwhile, a desperate middleclass father told this journal last Week that when he went to admit his younger son (after spending over Rs. 900 on the book lists of his three children) to the Grade One of a school in Colombo, he Was relieved to hear from the principal that the later had äppealed to the more affluent parents not to send their children to school in expensive garb so that the poorer children (and their parents) will not suffer by comparison - G.D.
Resolution
an emergency meeting of the Aši, Teachers' association, Colombo Campus of the University of Sri Lanka, held recently the following resolution was passed una limously,
"This House resolves to Tequest the Hon. Minister of Education and Higher Education to institute immediately a full and impartial inquiry into each and every recent allegation made in and outside Parliament regarding the Univer. sity and G. C. E. (A - Level) examinations. Further, this House Tequests the Hon. Minister of Education and Highcr Education to examine the propriety of any person making public allegations of this nature prior to pгорег inquiry.''

Page 8
The elephant and the militant mouse
நிதி he Cuban revolution proves The C| 05e C011 le CLiOIl bctthe struggle for national liberation and the struggle for sincialism. We speak as a party which is pledged both to national liberatio III and socialism”, said Mr. A. Amir thalingam thc TULF leader, speaking first in Tamil translated into Sinhala) and then in English at the Cuban anniversагу пneeting.
השם "E"לו
Mr. Amirt hlinga continued '''Cuba proves that a peoples, however shall in number and
economic strength can withstand pressures from the Inightiest imperial powers. Win national independence and build socialism if they are willing to make tha highest sacrifices and are provided with resolute leadership. Cuba shows that in the context of this struggle it is necess Ely to have a correct policy of alliance with progressive forces within the given country and also internationally. The Cuban revolution was the powerful spark that it the flancs of socialist revolution which are still raging throughout the Latin A Tierical continent.
"The Cubail socialist revolution is also an integral and in alienable part of the process of socialist revolution and socialist construction on a worldwide scale. That is why ou T party s Hlutes thc Cuba. In rewolution and its magnificent le: de Fidel Castro On this its 20th anniversary. This, in our party's view is the historic importance of a revolution for national independence and socialism that took place in a small island ten thousand miles away fron Sri Lallika"-
Dissana yake, the Minister of Lands, Land Development and Maha weli DevelopI ment. stated: “Some people say that socialist Cuba is a pawn of the Soviet Union. I reject that
Mr. Galini
wiew. Indeed th is so powerful t поt need any p;
Speaking onbel Dr. Colvin R, ""Socialist Cuba with a small po located only 90 the strongest it the World llas ey ever the Te Wo|| people hawc succ all the countertacks and Con: imperialism. Ind aggeration to sa
fears the actions this small count Cuba.
"If I may be it, this is akin t being frightened Bllt stlch is 15 A liny but mili frighten and defe yet reactionary e
Whose grievainc
he OILıbul dsnın
"Sunday Time sections of the originally conceivi MA N is thic a grie wa Tice III a II. i whom? Surely ni or another managainst the admi body who exerci սոjustly.
To judge by t
however it is a is about to be
The draft law what the Ombud in westigate :
(a) Hny disch: or function Llr Security.
(b) any advic missio II by a | for any public
(c) any act o arined forces, th other force char mance of public

Soviet Union hday, that it does "".5חWו
if of the L.S.S.P.
de Silwa saidi : is a shall island ulation, and is miles away from
perialist power :r know I lowtionary Cuban Essfully defeated evolutionary intpiracies of U.S. ced it is no ex
the L the U.S.A. and impact of Ty, revolutionary
per II mitted to say J a huge elephant by a tiny III couse. lesson of history, la IL I J LIS" - 1 IT at the cormous lephalt."
e man ?
all Colleth. Th1 CC s" has published
drift lliw. As et The OMBUDSwerage citizen's
Grievance against tot his neighbour in-the-street but nistration or any - ies his authority
he press report strange beast that
T1.
is very clear on IšLIA I CANNOT
arge of any power der the Public
:e or act of onlawyer appearing Jody.
f any III e ILmber of
e police or any
ged with mainte
orle.
Otherityise the COITıbuds Tian CaTi inquire into infring ment of a fundamental right. However it has now been fir IIlly establishedand this was part of the gover Ilment's election campaign and still the basis of a justly unreenting attack on the conduct of the previous regime - that it was emergency regulations with the blatant violation of sundamental rights. Anything could be done and often was done) i Til the TiaTime of public order and security.
As Mr. S. Na desa In Q. C. demonstrated in one of his characteristically succint analyses of recent legislation, the whole corpus of ellergency regulations is today ordinary law. Where do we go from there? Certainly not to the Ombudsman - if the draft is passed in its present form.
Theologians meet here
he Christian Church has in the
past been considered a bulwark of Teaclid I. BuL in receit Lines, pārticularly among the minurities in North America and among Third World ecclesiasticals, there his been a growing radicalism. So Inuch so that the Third World do Illi II ated World Council of Churches has been lumped with the "Commillists." Willic (CCLIII cil II and the process that it launched al 50 COn tributed to this LTemd.
Theologians from the Third World I 11 et in Dar Es Salaam in August 1975 and for Illed the EcliII 181lical Association of Third World Tellogians. Coinciding as it did With the Colombo Non-Aligned Summit, it reflected a desire on the part of the Churches in the Third World, to be part of contemporary developments. This Conference, opened by President Julius Nyerere, decided to hold three continental confe
TEILS
Consequently, the African Theological Conference was held in Accra in December 1977. It was followed by the Asian Theological Conference which is now
(Cr: ஓ நாழ பது)

Page 9
ணை - - -
IRAN (2)
The
by Mervyn de Silva
in modern times, the oil indus
蠶 was the first object of nationalist attack, and western counter attack, like the Suez Canal in Naszer's Egypt or the copper mines in Alleride's Chile. A 20million dollar plot hatched by Allen Dulles in a Swiss chalet saw the downfall of Premier Mossadegh and the return of the Shah.
Years of ruthless repression found 'protest' seek sanctuary abroad a long Iranian emigres, notably professionals and students in the West, inspite of the long, murderous arm of SAVAK.
Inside Iran, all opposition was suppressed but "protest' grew underground. The sole for Llm of criticis in was the mos que the only challenging Voice, the preacher.
Bizarre coalition
to the Wide ellbrace of the nationalist novel Tent, thwarted and held down, came other forces, other groups. When the "protest” finally erupted it un leashed therefore a strange, even bizarre coalition of forces-the small trader in the bazaar and the radical students from the campuses, the Tmullahs And the Marxists, the oil workers and small farmers. It is this which gives the events and forces in motion a puzzling complexity.
"The Iranian crisis may turn out to be a more important world ewent than Wietnam" an experienced British correspondent recently expelled from Iran told ille, adding "Even if that judgment is not correct, Wietnam was much easier to cover as a major story, Once you grasped the nature of the conflict and the basic issue, the contending forces. Here in Iran, not much is clear'.
SSSTSTSSSSSLSSSMSSSLSSSSTSSS SSLSS
International news
illusions of
While the rep record the surgi to Inake deepe crisis, western ir Inpose a rbitra Ty interpretative c events. The in 'Taditionalism w tio nooo.. O Lhers st emerging force logy in World a
To MT. Ca Titel yance the CIA there was "no pre-revolutionary
The C. I. A. now been augmc top analysts fron telligence establis ington may be analysts, whether whicher from t "World Marxist Communists in P. *thinkers” in Lor if not mystified. reading their Lei
Lenin's referer 1905 in Czais rite text.
Lenin spoke o dгy opргessed a elements ... bril In overinent their Teactionary fanta
 

power
of Iran.
rters in the field 1g struggle trying sense of the academics often and artificial Jncepts on the ost favoured is crsus modernisaudy the strongly of Islamic ideofairs.
's manifest anno
had reported that revolutionary or situation'".
tean) which has ited by several the various inments in Washexcused. Marxist Korthodox Cor Incot, e Prague-based eview" or Euroris or Trotskyist lon are puzzled, They arc all In and Trotsky.
e in 1916 to ussia is a favlu
"all and sund discontented ing into the rejudices, their is their weak
nesses aid their errors ... (of a I novement) variegated and discordant, motley and outwardly framen Led ... but objectively they will attack capital. ... '
At different levels of consciouness and articulation, this is true. Ayo tollah Klomeini, who is often presenticci as a religious fanatic or obscurantist "reformer' makes a lost rational critique of Iran, attacking the very roots of the system. He challenges lhe very legitimacy of the Palih levi dynasty pointing out that the soil is the creature of the U. S. just as the father was installed by the British. The oil industry must be in Iranian hands. Genuine in dependence is as much his demand
as cultural and religious revi
wal.
Real enemy
His closest adviser, Dr. Ibra
him Yazdi, is very clear about
the new Iran they want. Isn't
Iran, in reality, a colony he
asks, looking forward to a truly independent, non-aligned Iran which would be free of dominition by any foreign power.
In the streets, the marchers cry "Allah is Great”, “Death to the Shah" and "" Down with Carter" and they attack banks, the Hyatt hotel, Texaco buildings and person incl. the British enbassy, and Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants. However vaguely, they seen to see the face of the real етпеппу.
The businessmen no longer worry about the Shah or his chances of survival. They are
concerned about themselves, their families and their money. Many of them have joined the exodus of US citizens. According to
7

Page 10
banking circles in London, over one hundred million pou Inds sterling fled Iran in a matter of three days.
So the "power bloc" which sustilled the Peacock Thro Ille h5 been to Tim ASLI Ilder. The T5aic of dictatorial power which the Shah had carefully constructed has fallen piece by piece. But no stable balance of forces, no new equilibrium has been achiewed yet. In this state of flux, other forums and voices-parliament and the press-enjoy the perhaps tra insient glory of freedom.
Classic errors
With a blind vanity proper to the Arrogant occupant of the Peacock Throne, the King of Kings told a British parliamentary delegation that the popular protest was engineered by a "lot of Inullah's pining for the seventh century'.
Both the Shah and his western patrons who probably believe that Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness is best guaranteed by IBMs, F–15's and MacDonald's Hamburgers, made three classic errors which not only expose the fallacy of cherished (western) theories of Inodernisation but now demand an astoundingly high and instant price from the guilty:
(a) They underestimated, misunderstood and mis represented the force of nationalism and popular tradition in which the potency of religion and cultures is an axiomatic factor. Little did they Suspect that this nationalist sentiment would be the driving force of popular protest directed at the offending intruder and its local agent, the Shah.
(b) While the unjust distribution of Wealth is a perennial source
S.
of social disco I the Sudder) ac wealth (oil rey these conflicts such Wealth is Wastefully consu
The people awakened to th Wealth Was plu r inter ests, robbçd ling clique, was living and fritte ing highly sophi in order to feet diosc visions of regional hegemo
(c) The Shah despite recent. In rights were cert position to or this "path of controlled by Ii State terror (SA
To the cwide of its ardent tut cxtended its saw, dent Iranian stu Calpuses
The sudden Iranian crisis a II pгорогitions аге dramatic telesco Cesses and its կuences,
Any analysis situation which be a comprehens need to examin factors and their
Updating a ch his "A Tabia w Fred Halliday h. All I C W bok " ship and Dewig Halliday, the yo xist who has als La Inka, is particl the build-up of ned forces, its international Tam pivotal socio-pol a IIIly.
In his book sign of Power', who served in pondent of the

ent and tension, quisition of new e Ilues) aggravatc5 particularly when
drained out ot III ed.
if Iran gradually fact L hält thici T idered by foreign by a corrupt Tuled on Ostentatious red away in buyisticated weaponry the Shah’s granmilitary might and Ily.
and the US,
Coises about humanı ain that any op
(Weil criticist of
glory' could be gid rcipressi o r1 and WAK).
nt Embarrassiment OTS, SAWAK ewe lige tirim to dissients on Americal
eruption of the id its II olurilental the result of the ріпg of these pго
ine witablը: Ըսոse
of the ITalia makes claims to five study would e each of these
interaction.
lapter on Iran in ithout Sultaris', as just produced IRAN-DicLa tr:lopment''. Mr. Ling British Mar3o Wri LtcIı on Sri llarly strong on
thc Iranian arесопопnic and ifications, and the itical role of the
** Iran—the IlluRobert Graham, Iran as corresFiarcial Tirres
presents some fine insights into the havoc in Iranian agriculture and the heavy burdens borne by Iranian farmers. The over-deveopment of Tehcran with all the ugly and predictable social consequences, and the cver-widening urban-rural disparities are problems
familiar to other large Third World countries froIII i Brazil Llo Indonesia. (Once II core, Irans
new-found wealth only magnified the evils and exacerbated social ILE:Il15 III, Illig.
Frank Giles, deputy editor of the St. Pada y Tirres and a personal guest oil several occasions of the Shah is putting the finishing tollches to a book in which he seeks LC airg LLC, Lihat the king was the victim of social forces that his own program of "refornin'" released. The reforms did not go deep Though...... and could not, so SUCI. BLI L the il cice it in Giles” book, I was told, will be more on thic strategic factor, the crucial in Importance of Iran to westen in Lcrests and the effects of any radical change in Iranian foreign policy.
Foreign policy
While Iran's geo-strategic importance is self-evident, any changes in Ira Inian foreig II policy will surely depend on the nature of a Ily Ille w regime. Since the first part of this article was Writte the Chief of Staff of the army his fled and two senior generals have quit the High Command. The new government of Prine Minister Bakhtiar has already been dcnounced by the National Front and he himself described as a traitor by Ayatollah Khomeini.
The Ayoolah's own stand has become more and Iore uncompromising as he promises life imprisonment for the Shah (or a winter holiday?) and brands President Carter as the main enemy of the Iranian people.
If there is no military takeover, the nature of any regime Will of course depend on what Inew balance of forces is achieved and how stable it is.
Crucial to all this is thic IslaTTC TTTTTTT TIL
Next : Isla Ilic Initionalis III

Page 11
Press opinion
ඇත්ත
A betrayal
he increase in the price of
textbooks should be regarded minore as a cruel blow that has been struck against both education and intelligence than as yet another burden placed on the people. What is significant here is not the extent of the price, increase but the mental Outlook behind such an increase. Taxes in books, papers and printing materials, we have urged cwen earlier, are taxes on knowledge. Books are as much a basic need as food. But when state has not hesitated to increase the price of not only books but textbooks used by schoolchildren, we can guage the nature of the Dhar Tishta society the Government hopes to create. As we see it the outlook behind the price increase of school textbooks arises from the Political Principles of the U.N.P. A U.N.P. government does not like to see the people increasing their knowledge by reading books or children their lear.
ning. Un necessa raised only when
ఆ25
Double talk
lthough a bill t) CLT2 | the consuller and to implement it yet no sign of clear example of sector i 5 cl f is við of the consume lhe cigarette. Eve made locally sl Warning that Simc to health. Becall wailing strike, W the cigarette Inan
pany is unable warning, But ha: steps to see tha
imported by it carr None at all. A cigarettes are av A T1[]W ||10|11G CHTTỵ
ning. When the st the law how can private sector to
Private view . . .
(Cof inted fro1 page ) said he wasn't quick enough and could never learn. So Mi tajura went to the famous dueller Banzo, and asked to become his pupil.
"How long will it take me to become a master?" he asked. 'Suppose 1 become your servant to be with you every minute. How long?'
Banzo said: "Ten years." "My father is getting old. Before 10 years have passed I will have to return home to take care of him. Suppose I work twice as hard, how long will it take Inc."
"Thirty years' said Banzo. "How is that?' asked Matajura.
"First you say ten years, then When I offer to work twice as hard you say it will take three
Limes as long. Let me make myself clear. I will Work un ceasingly. No hardship will be too much. How long?"
Seventy years' said Banzo. "A
pupil im such a hur
Matajura LL Tider: further questions hi Servant, He clea he washed, he ga ordered him Il of fencing or to He was very but he had I lo cho Ma taju ra slaved as
One day while gardening Banzo behind him gave whack with a The next day as cooking rice he heavy blow. The and day out, fro: and at any mont cked by Banzo's He le al Tinct to liv of his feet, read El 1y movement. H with no desires, cepit eternal Teadi ness. He began that he brought si of his teacher. Sc the greatest swords

Ty questions" are earning increases.
දින
has s been passed he protection of El Pi Tomise 11 de this year there is juluh action. A how the public lating the clauses Protection bi II is "гу сigагецc pack Culd carry the iking is injurious ise of the pree բresume Illa| ufacturing com(J Carry this 5 the CWE taken t the cigarettes y Such warnings? lthough foreign ilable in plenty the hCalith yw:- El te sector ignores one expect the obey,
ry learns slowly".
i to Cid. Without : became Banzo's hed, hic cooked, rder1ed. B:Imzo ever to speak to Luch a Sword. Sad at this Ce. Three years Ba T1zc5"s serva 1 t.
Ma tajul ra was El mille Lupi quietly him a Lerrible WQC del s word. Malajura was "Cici ved anothe reafter day in Il eWCTW corner 1 t he was attaWooden sword. ' On the balls to dodge at ! became a body O thoughts exless and quickto leas II, so liles to the fice In Maltaju ra was lån in the World.
*
every even n၌ at 30 Over SLBCchannel2

Page 12
Sympositum
Wich way for the
N. Sanmugatha San
(6)
Mr. N. Sanmugathasan a founder riterber of was General Secretary of the Ceylon Trade Unior In the early '60s he led a breakdway factor from
the 5 no-Sovet dispute.
As leader of the Ceylor
Party he had the closest relations with the top leader Chinese Commшпlst Party Iлcluding Muo Tse Tung
En Lai,
He was jailed after the 1971 insurrection,
been increasingly critical of Chinese policies and no
the AIեցոldn position on international affairs,
is by Garnini Dissanaike.
Q: Vrien you broke a vay/ron the pro - Mosco 17 CP, your party" co71 faired FFI III y Jers & relig Jy’Or trig F77 flit a FFS, G7 FI Feer 77 el f”, FP SFe 55 LLGLLLLLCLLLHSH SLLHHLHHLLLLLLL GHHGT LHHLLGGGCS 7lary Fiore Trias. Hoewever ir Wars (2|| the way" deia hori-hi7 frori The zera it'; ஆf -ேரே (Hire: There Org eadres strf is Rohara Wije weerd, Gamar apa, Karada da Tirargarra, Nihal Dias, etc. left yor party and proceeded to farr iridepermuler T orgarisario77 s, Ho 14° do ya explain this process of siistire IIII gradual debilitat for?
A: There are milly reasons. Obviously, all those who broke off with us from the pro-Moscow CP did not do so for the correct reä53Ils. I do II like to Tefer to Ilanes, With, perhaps, one exception lo explain what I IIlean.
Wijeweiera was and is II o Marxist-Leninist. He was given a anti-Soviel and pro-Chinese certificate at that time by the Soviet Irċivisi list5 to cilable Hill to il filtrate our party ranks-which he did. Even according to evidence led in the CJC Trial, he tried to Wrest the leadership of the Party and, failing, weit out to found another party. Today, apa Tt froF11 the pro-Masco w rewisionists clique, his is almost the lone voice that supports Soviet Social Imperialism and its Cuban satellite. This clearly indicates the in sincerity of views and such people could not have lasted in the party long.
You say that young Cadres Went olut
some of these
to for II
IO
TE
independent orgar Qyn, Well, whit to the Ill ? Hälsi i El developed to the ing a naliti nal Wijeweera who organisation lo di
Of course, ther Qi i OLI I part als : a gap to devel theory, and practic Words : 1 di cieeds. revisionist parly, easily break awa |list organis: lic Ila. les of Work. Crg did not completel. bilical cord that old party all hou! theoretically. By TT: [ 'TITEL our 9th. Congres dårlage hid been
2: Mor of cuirfer fi Y yra
'Ffyd y Ff F = FFF pary, stified inne αντίί η τα με τη rsie erviërgerice of periderir thinking. 14'lat is Jourt respi
A: I repudiat completely. Since the revisionists in We hawe liell f Tilt i El record other political pa All decisions at
Tid at al Illeetin Committee, in bet taken de il cria Lica of discussion. Be

Left?
tf , P. Federation. he CPower III Un 5 L. ship of the and Chou He did W eridorses Jirler y ėway
lisations of their has happened y one of then Position of hawimpact-except I Illis directed illis is asler.
e Were II listäkts 3. We BILC) Wed ell ourסp betwם te, between Jur Born Out of El we could it y from reyisij - | forms and styanisationally, We y sever the urn
tied us to the gh We did 80 fi tle: Li ifiċi we these errors in
5 in 1968, some
done.
Wiese ri ilifa Fr Fs ιiημαίνει α ότιΓεFHMρ ΙμίMiίΗ Ιήέ. * parry der Focracy ereby restricting Ιείμ απέι ήτίίεIl refra, precit, II, se?
e this chairge
We broke from
January, 1964, iwe Congresses.
of which few ties can boast, Lich Congresses gs of the Central ween, have been lly after plenty sides, how could
Εία πίτιμμα ή Ιτίτη
I have imposed Iny views, except by persuasi con ?
Q: Sofile say that it was a 177īs Lake for you to ha ve broken. a l'any s Forr. The CP CJr. a 77 ir fermar för at is se rather fra 72 ) 7 fshe probler is of the Sri Lankar revoI fio, ris Farer ha dopTing arı iri dependerit line yÜL intseal carri Erposed sa Sir Li-CE77 Tric perspecIsre for 7 pro-Sovier one.
What is yor. O IP cor terior?
A: The cause of the split with the Imolcıl Tevisionis Ls was not only international but also national. The L1) a in question at issu C was whether it was possible for the working class to advance to 50cialism by the placeful, parliaTime III: Ty Told or lot. This had nothing to do with countries. It so happened that the Soviet Party opted for the peaceful path. While the Chinese party said that adwance was possible only through revolution. We agreed with the Chinese parly.
However, we did make the minis Lake th: Li Wo gia Wc the inin porcsision that we agreed with whatever the Chinese Party said or did. Sore cven thought that we were organisationally affiliated to the Chinese party. This was a mistake.
Q: Would you agree that the inpact of the Maoist overriers

Page 13
throughout the world, guite strong I this I gốo’s has diri irished ir the 1970's, together with a loss ir Chiria's FFI réFFiational prestige itself? Haiw would you explair this phenormer om?
A: I agree. As China lended to place its national interests above thic interests of the international revolutionary movement, particularly during the last years of Mao's life and after his death this was inevitable.
Q: Recently you appeared on the same public platform as Mrs. Sirina Bandaraniaike air di reefing held to de 7 ource the re” constitutioni. Sone young militars say that ever in the 1960's you vacilla feel ori occa, Gior in the direction of the SLFP and that you are repeating the error orice again. What is your assessient of the role and potential of the SLFP
A: My appearance on a conmon platform With Mrs. Bandaranaike is an example of getting together with diverse political forces on con i non day-to-day issu cs. It is not a political front.
We have never vaciliated in our attitude to the SLFP. In our view, the SLFP started off as a party of the national bourgeoisie with a potential to play a limited but nevertheless, vacililting and temporary progressive role-particularly, in contrast to the UNP. But, having been in power for 14 years and in three governments, considerable sections of the national bourgeoisie graduated to positions of the comparadore (pro-imperialist) bourgeoisie and the Party, itself, began to be dominated by these sections, particularly, when it was in power.
There are still progressive forces within the SLFP and among
its following. It has a right, a middle and in left. We can have no hope of the right. The
Imiddle Section will vacilla te nind an attempt Illust be made to neutralise this section. We can hope to win only the left section as an ally of the working class. But any Buch alliance must be under the leadership of the working class. This section will in
cTease in size : policies of the
do nilant. But guard to see does not creat among the rank tionaries.
2. On the I.
one of the stro, le Slogan து'! S. rey (TSse fi ple are NOT a self, I ha ve hea, as 'a minority rity chauvinistri' reply?"'
A; I think til “Eelam" is bi and reactionary interests of the mor the Simhale bo Tin Out of fru pair as a resl discrimination pr: Tammis by succc which were don Teactional ries. T the bankruptcy ( leadership. Both the UNP hawe fomenting comm using the State the police and 1 Eiss the Tamil connection, the have Outdone lil imhesita tingly co ““Eela IT"' is Thint con Trectincess or in slogan can be ji fact wille het it of the Working tion and whet !! revolutionary for
The unity of forces from and the Talli |5 o weTth Tow the U. The establish inct ulder the leader king class, is a the solution of bell. Once stic change takes pla bers of the Tä be solved, under within a system -IIl Wםם
One last poir To "“Ell" hi the Indian exp cularly in Tam

Is the anti-national UNP become more WC IIllust be on that this section Le : Il y confusion is of the revolu
es', 'O Fia Fe beer :ť 0,7/70 HerJľs of ela, going safar ! the T7F77 il peolife. As I re
rd you referred to CPF Ver"I für 7777jgWhat is your
at the slogan of Oth anti-national and is in the ither the Tamils ise. It is a cry stration and desilt of systematic actised against the 5 siwe governments inated by Sinhala t also represents if bourgeois Tamil 1 the SLFP and been guilty of 1 Lulla list i äld of Imachinery c, g. hic army, to ha rpeople, I this UNP sees to he SLFP. We ndemn this. But the answer. The Correctness of a Idged only by the is in the interests glass and revolter it Lu Tites the C3S DIT TIL
the revolutionary Ing the Sillese is necessary to TNP government. of a government, ship of the worTe -CoIdition frT h c Imajority proi a revolutionary Ce the just proThil ininority can
El linitary state, of regional auto
The demand the support of Tisionists, partiil Nad, and the
Soviet social-imperialists while the TULF irresponsibly talks of obtaining Cuban support.
2 You have also diplayed Prerrit ting hos rility to 1’ards The JVP, branding rheit as K. G. B. and/or C. I. A. agents. How does நறI :e differ from that of The LSSIP-CP seadership Hollar? J'ai excoria Ie Shouldn't you engage in reas oried ideological polemic rather than such Tamme calling and 777 ital slinging? It is said that you display more artinosity towards the JVP, TULF and LISSP-CP thain FCJ 14"af"dis' the SLFP.................
A: We have never branded the JWP leadership as being K.G.B. and/or CIA agents. What we have said is that Wijeweera acted in the interests of Soviet revisionism and internal reaction. It will be remembered that the Second half of the sixties saw a tremendous development of the Tevolutionary hovement among the youth. Reaction realised that they could not sten this tide through the shop worn theories of Trotskyism or the milk and Water solutions of modern revisionism. So, they had to bring into existence a psu.edo-revolutionary Tl I'll El which could distract the youth from the genuinely revolutionary path. The mixture that was ordered, with a judicious addition of communalism, was the JWP.
By its ill-conceived and illtimed attempt at i 15 Lurrection, it doorned thousands of its members to death and opened the Way for wholesalic repression. To make this assessinent is not to sling mud. We have a right to question the bona fides of a party which according to reliable evidence, had come to an agreement With the UNP, before the elections, according to which in return for J. W. P support for the UNP at the elections, the UNP if returned to power, would release all JWP detenues and prisoIncrs. Both sides seem to have kept their bargain. We have engaged the JWP in a continuous polemical debate as no other party has done. As early as August, 1970, we published "An open letter to all those mis-led by thc JWP.' We were the first to make
11

Page 14
an analysis of the April events, written by me whilst still in joul. After the JVP leaders were released, we published another le to i “All Those: Who WCTstill mis-led by the JWP.' Part of the result of this continuous polemic is the fact that most of he lieutenants of WijWera, barring one or two have left him.
Q: Your party as well as Mr. Ketterian's CP agree upon the theoretical platform of the CP's gılı congress held at Mararı iri 950, which upheld the thesis of The "progressive rational bol Argeoilnie." Your distri party seë777esid f() hare modified iris view sa rollard ro76 Irid Fiera shifted back to the old position offer the UNP victory What really is your position on Iliis question and How da Volt differ from the pro-Mosco1’ CIP?
A: I nave explained our attitude to the SLFP in Inly 51 answer. We have never modified our wiew about the SLFP.
Q: How do you assess the presert conjuricrure that the COLIFTIry Virids ir self" ir, a 77 de 14'lar Tre fille intredire asks of the Les irl ?!Eנfשii!
A: Sri Lanka is a semi-feuildal country. O Lur economy is subjuga Led to that of foreign imperiä lišm... The UNP, as the Dmost representative party of the collpradiore bourgeoisic, ha s still fu rther tightened the strings that bind our economy to the chariot wheels of foreign imperialism, We are controlled by the dicta les of Lhe World: Balık ald other imperin list lending organisations, That is why we had to cut down on the subsidies, de-value our rupice and liberalise our imports and, as a result, send our cost of living sky-high
Our immediate tasks are antiimperialist and anti-feudal; and,
thereafterwards, to ay the basis for the socialist tasks. To achieve these tasks, wc IIllust 1 Inite, un
der the leadership of the Working class, all forces opposed to the UNP, reject bourgeois parliamentary democracy and follo W the revolutionary path advocated by Marxism-Leninism.
12
The left low betrayed by the pro - Moscow rcwis: practically to g starting point an
again. The LSSF sinists Ça In hii. We futu Te left mowę -Mai Txist טון 11ןm forge ideological tilläl Lility ini volutionary forces
Q: Wher Jy'GZ
inity of progress gol de fle /VIP f ໃຜ ຫນໍ ?
A: Yes the re; are not progressi his worked to unity while the disrupt anti-UNF
Q: You have the foreign policy post – Mao Chrir est: m:Tely Hua KO His far. PeFig. But Filos har fhio 5E was conducted a ! as g7, whe Mfano a' City F. I refer to the N Irti ule to ever T5 Banglesh, sula 5' 1" E.g. J'ai 14'ait s'é lory:
Ferro
A: OLII diffel present leadership not basically oil . policy. lf China Social imperialis test treat t ( bI1e C{1 Lılkid e"We I1 : through the Thr: ory, it says th imperialism is th | hic While World permissible not o ad thirld Wol also to unite w rialis Il to isolate lism, and seeks theory as a stral co IIII Lillist mo we
AgTS2.
Besides, en Lerta Marcos when the to Peking and to state relation: tries is one thin

erken häs, been LSSP a Tid the iomisls. We halwe back to the start all Wer * : Ild Llle TCWino place in any einent. The genLellinists. Il 15and organisaunite all re
speak of the ve forces do you Tri TUVF, ar dd
som is that they ye. The TULF disrupt national
JWP Works to * unity,
strongly criticise
positre of the seaderslip, raFerg IF7. Terg surejt it is ob'Issarie Policy trie Jers f T3 frir blok ולנאו (h Chairiשל)b " Li 'erego fa fi'e?? fyrir 'fssf Cliffff'5 inoi Sri Larrika, 1, Chile, Madar
etc. PWhy did r}!0יoige J'ו ג'I ?
cInces With the in China are matters of foreign said that Soviet 1 posed the greahina nationally, agree. But when, Wrds. Theat Soviet Social e Intil threat to and that it is inly for the second d t unite bul ith U.S., impe- Soviet imperiato impose this :egy for the World Tien 1 Me ca111101
ining Nixon of :y want to come establishiig stilte with their collg. It is all other
thing to be centertained by El Eıd entertain Tito and to praise him as a great communist-after hal Ving upbraided him as an arch renegade froll communisin for III ore that two decades.
The first is a reversal of policies by Nixon and Marcos. The second is a reversal of policies by China. To the latter category falls China's action in culting off all economic and military aid to Albania,
O: We galer Tha T prelí777 ir ary
discussios li s'ere Fer'' among the Maoist parties in Sri LIIki irake do VII die to the
5ητα - A Hίτη απ απει 5 ή α-Piείναι η εψε questions. What are the prospects for a reunification of the Maoist
overer It is corry?
A: I would prefer to talk of Marxist-Leninist parties and not Maoist parties Yes There have been attempts to unite all genuine Marxist-Leninist parties. But this is a process of struggle. Many more ideological hur des h: WC 10 be crossed before such unity can be chieved.
There is Il Sino-Albanian question. The que silion is whether the Theory of the Three Worlds is correct cor Incot. We think it is
Wrong.
LANKA, GUARDIAN
Relief of Fariprior rofo. FFirst effec r fra FFI Isf J FT LMT ry Tg7g.
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Page 15
Debate
1971 and all t
by Carlo Fonseka
My letter to the “Lanka Guardian' of 1 October has evidently provoked much sound and fury. I am particularly delighted to be challenged by my former amiable student and present JVP theoretician. Dr. S. C. Fernando, I note with regret, however, that he has still not learnt one of the most elementary lessons I try to teach my students, namely, the importance of distinguishing between fact, belief, knowledge and truth, not only in the theory and practice of medical science but also in our general approach to reality.
If Dr. Fernando subscribes at least to the Pocket Oxford DICtionary definition of the word "fact" as "a thing that is known, to be true" he would not complain as he does in the 'Lanka Guardian' of December that "Carlo Fonseka always derives his facts from the counter-revolu tionary regime and the traitors of the revolutionary movement". Does it matter from where derive my facts, if in fact, they are facts? I hope that Dr. Fernando, who has already declared that "for Marxists there are only two types of morals namely Marxist morality and the Bourgeois morality" will not go on to announce that as with morals so with facts, there are two types of facts, namely Marxist facts and bourgeois facts
The pamphlet alluded to (April Insurrection and the JVP) which Dr. Fernando dismisses as the work of "traitors of the revolutionary movement' was actually written by a group of young people who played a much more active role in the 1971 insurrection than Dr. Fernando. In a sober reappraisal of their 1971 revolutionary misadVenture, these young men hawe identified the following as the
political error: (1) not orgar class (2) not c
sants (3) i nad ing of the cla: being revolutic
experienced in (5) not worki boration with garding the JWE the proletariat the minorities to Will over so pathy with the staging the in inappropriate rT subjection to G
Instead of in: calling Dr. Ferr us whether the Conta 15 rT1 155 tate if so, he should is only then the begin to examin his claim-which de Zoysa eloqu in public recant uprising was not tion to the Cour repression launch ted Front gover
In his atter set me a self consisting of 9 c. Engels and Lenin 3 reads: 'Did at lead double lives say that concern now found the authorita Clwe wor that Engels" life was divided b and Communism. business was he of the 18505 he salary plus a sha that gave him a of about £20,000 certs,
Moreover, Eng activities beloved bourgeoisie: he a

that
i they Committed: lising the Working organisling the pe
quate Understandstruggle (4) not laries who were the class Strugge g in close ca. is misses (6) reo a 5 tha Pirty of (7) ոքt organising (8) not attempting cial forces in sy'TnSocialist cause (9) surrection at an
1Ճment and (10)
Warist influences
ulging in namelando should te
abɔ ye analysis ment of fact an
Correct them. It
it we can really 2 the validity of even Mr. A. C.
ently expounded 蒿 the 97
ling but a reactr-revolutionary :d by the Un{.
T1-1.
'r. Fernando has 5SES5 rent DIES Jestions on Marx, Question No. * One of them I am glad to g Engels i have d15Wer. Racan
has established in Manchester Ween business So successful in at by the and had an annual in the profits annual income in Present day
Went in for the Manchester inded the Hale'
certs; he bought a fi and rode regularly with the ch հire hunt; and h: was a promist member of two PT05 Perou 5 clubs-the Albert Club and the Schiller Institute of which he Yentually became Ghaīrman. En gels actually contended that hunting with the Cheshire was good training for revolution. Wille Cher Pir-, Fernando wo Call the sort of life that Engels led, a double life, I do not know The important pollint, though, is that Weath did not shake Engels" revoluti
Y Yews. That is why even When Dr. S. C. Fernand 3 drops In to see me for a chat on reXolutionary Marxism in a Mercedes Benz, I do ποι Cuse him of leading a double life.
With Mr. whose sensitivity with whom a beеп ning those who PTOLESC gainst the CJCA. and other undemocratic actions of the praWios EOwernment, my difference is not a major P. Because he freely shared the illusions engendered by the 570 General Éetion victory, I Contend that he "PlicItly sondone In retrospect the coalition trategy which 르ngineered that victory. When, therefore, with the enefit of hind. sight, he parcevo Te Pression, torture and murder as the outCole of t wholly Some share of the responsibility because he has been, ke others who shared his illusion, something of an executioner's as Sİstant by Pгоху.
ne stal|on
Reggie Siriwardena
èSpect, al
Proud to have
fгоп
brutal about business. All I In Pleading with him now is no to shoot the executioners because to thern also the whole busine. Was no picnic. Even if we totally reject the dence that bef 97 the JWP Penly preached Violence, manufactured bombs, stole ES
TUnition, robbed large sums of money and possessed explosive
so rdIց

Page 16
Taterials and liken the young people who attacked 93 police stations between the 5th and the IIth of April 1971 with guns, hand bombs, incendiary bombs, and hand grenades, to boys who throw stones at frogs in SPort let us not forget, as some Greek poet observed, that the frogs do not die in sport but in earnest, As with frogs so with policemer!
correspondent Carol A. Perera who says that he knows nothing about politics is obviously only a baiter of rationalists. Accordingly propose to leave him on one side to grapple with such weighty matters as the logical proof of God's blindness which looms so large in his memory (Lanka Guatdian I November).
Finally I come to Dr. Costan de Wos whose scintillating letter of 15 December represents 3 triumph of wit over seriousness. He prefers beer to hay and his basic attitude to politics reminds me of W. B. Yeats, Who Wrote:
"The statesman is an easy ran
He tells his lies by rote A journalist makes up his lies And takes you by the throat,
home and drink
your beer,
So stay at
And let the neighbours vote?
To such a man | hawe nothing much to say. Dr. de Wos laments "the barrenness of our Political leadership". He has no use for people past their menopause. He is crying for heroes whom we could follow. In this he is rather II ke the almost adolescent Sarti in Brecht's "Galileo", who, disgusted by his teacher's recantation cries: "Unhappy is the land which has no heroes'. Dr. de Wos knows the reply the old man gave: "Unhappy is the land which needs heroes."
14
1971, the of histo
by A. Jayawe
I Iгishпа 11 A pub when a way. He turned and inquired "Is fight or can an: This is precisely cerning the Siriwa de Vos debalo 01 that" — a debat C W the character of of attrition, or if ideological idion that of a fairly lution. Anyhow, mando’s inter wenti me to Wade in watching from tl
At the outs that I agrec, in the substance of the "Old Left" le Dr. Forna Thdo a Th dena, though L 1 tone of the latti to that of the stated Lihat I I till that I kictort til in D. Ferila II dC) ille it itt till doctor L Tie:5 LO E fe5511) CILITE on tie mute of the JWP, etc. Th Carlo does indi enlighten ing on Imatters isn't in Ը i TC. It C ) WESTS However Dr. S effort in this dili mind Marx's rcil thesis ou Feuerb himself needs cd
To proceed. D "The new left base among the was gathering the repression Wa the con miral de Dr. that the JWP in Orters still hit we the Inelining of tariat", in spite of proficiency in f. By "proletariat”

JVP and the falsification
"у
ΕΓΕ
once entered a braWl got undero the barten dcr this a private yone join in Iny զuery conTidena / Fonseka/ 1971 and all nich las assumed Ea pro tracted War your preferred isn't Maoist, permanent TeVODr. S. C. Feron has prompted after weeks of e sidelincs.
must 5 t2il the II:iin, With the critique of adership made by di Mr. Si riWarnach prefer the Sr's Comtribution former, Hal Wing st hasten to add ideological illness which demands
ion. The good ducate his (proripart Dr. Carlo
the 1971 uprising, fact that Dr. ed Incc di 5 (ITe certain political uestion. (Witness ol to the LSSP). . C. Fernandos ection brings to lark in the 3rd ch: ""the edulcator
cilting."
-. Fernando says with it's strong rural proletariat omentum Whenו. ; initiated'. Thuis proves once again mbers and Suppnot understood he word "prolestprisonטרן ווסWטrם reign languages, II cant the class
of modern wage-labourers, who having no means of production of their own are reduced to selling their labour power to live. By rural proletariat we mean farm labourers hired by the year, the month or the day. Having neither land, farm implements nor funds, they can live only by selling their labour power for wages. Now, the new-left (and here Dr. Fernando very obviously геfers to none other than the JWP) did not "have a strong base among the Tural proletariat, but rather on the rural petty bourgeois youth. A concrete analysis of thic entirety of the empirical data available on the socio-economic background of the participants in the 1971 uprising proves this conclusively.' I welcome any empirical proof from Dr. Fernando, on the proletarian (rural or otherwise) nature of the JWP and 1971, while I for my part an more than Willing to reproduce in the pages of the journal, concrete da ta to back up II y con teril Licom, if the com rade doctor so prefers.
Dr. Fernando goes on to assert that "(The JWP) was just beginning to win over the urban proletariat, oppressed nå tional minorities, plantation proletariat, intelligentsia and the other oppressed classes around it. 'Now that's a revealing remark. Doctor, shouldn't the urban and plantatian proletariat (especially the former) have been the point of departure for the JWP in the "60s Tather tha T its alleged point of arrival in 1971? Isn't the urban-industrial proletariat where to begin rather than the place to conclude?
In any case, the JWP wasn't 'beginning to win over' any other social classics and strata. In entioned by Dr. Fernando. Misunderstanding the dialectical relationship between reform and Tevolution, the JWP rejected trade union struggles over economic demands. It's Trade

Page 17
Union section, together with its newspaper was set up late in the day, as a kind of after thought This attitude of the parly effectively blocked the access Toutes to the urban proletariat which was in the clutches of a class-collaborationist leadership. So 1971, far from being a proletarian uprising, found the working class segments cither hostile, unsympathetic or leutral towards the JWP.
As for 'winning over the plantation proletariat and oppressed national Initorities' - that, Dr. Fernando, is a sick joke. The J. W.P's position on the plantation workers was very mach akin to
the N Q. Dias - Cyril Mathew standpoint. Alleging that thc plantation Workers were agents
of Indian expansionism which was engaged in a cold War against this country, the JWP went on to say that these workers were relatively privileged in comparison with chena cultivators. It also recommended a solution of forced repatriation a la Burina's Ne Win. (Has Dr. Fernando forgotten the crack about the Talaimannar pier and the rifle butts'). This posture of the JWP was so absurd that the most exploited segment of the Sri Lankan proletariat was portrayed as an agent of the Indian monopoly bourgeoisie, while simultaneously counter posing it to the other exploited sections of our society such as the chena
cultivators. So much for the worker-pea sant alliance! The national question, concerning the
Tamil people of the North and East, Was totally ignored by the J. W.P. (By the way Doctor, the Tamil people aren't an "oppressed national minority" as you put it. but rather an oppressed nation and a failure to recognise this betrays residual traces of social chauvinism.)
In short, when the April insurrection broke out, both followed and preceded by capitalist repression, the JWP was far from 'winning over the urban proletariat, the plantation proletariat and oppressed nationalities' thanks to its petty bourgeois sectarianism, ultra - left adventurism and scocial chauvinism.
Next point. Dr. Fernando refers to the Janatha Sanganaya (i. e.
the Prema pala He Fernando led grt away from the J of traitors of (sic) movement who w glove with Felix : state apparatus revolutionary no part I have little tle Moist theri flabbiness and practice of the Jan but the kill
lät Dr. Fictid 540 11× bod yr 11er: Mr. Wijeweera's all in the Course mild) in terrogatior was pretly helpful Same, Construe til to the revolutiona I know of cite at Widyalankara claims that corn personally betraye, police. I for one judgement on all but Dr. Fernand to be much. In ore slinging mud at compancros.
Back to a little In his 3rd paragrap El lleges that the L ship "really repres bourgeoisie' whil next paragraph he LSSPCP leaders "hired agents of th Now these twin mutually exclusive tory. Dr. Fernand and inform us, w Left is bourgeois important distinctic parallel, it is one that the USSR so lates to and col imperialism but thing to say that itself imperialist.
So in conclusion Ime that Dr. Fernan in a little bit of suppressio warries'' false and suppressi in his reply to D, prefers Nixonian di one might say tha: mis representicd fact the comrade Dr.'
(Сантiнiнғd aл

W'abat Fige — Patrick JP LIP), Which broke VP) as a clique the revolutionary "rked hand in ind the bourgeois to destroy the rement.' For my
syInpathy for 5. Organisational as Ellit oriented idth a Sal Inga Imaya, }f name calling indulges in can էng. For instance, Teildiness to tel
of his (relatively l, it is alleged,
to the C.I.D. is as “'t Teachery TY I i Wellen."* * Ըաng blik killu
Campus who Til de Wijeweera i hii in to the refer to reserve
these III atters; really ought careful before
his erst while
bit of theory. h, Dr. Fernando SSPWCP leader. ented the rising - in the very refers to the lip as being C bourgeoisic." "On E-Ili tio IL Is arc illed contTadicin List decide, ether the old ie. It is an 1. To draw a thing to say letimes capituaborates with quite another the USSR is
it appears to O has indulged Luggestio falsi, suggesting the g, the truth) Carlo If anne lomatic jargon Dr, SCF has To put it in O Wn Words,
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Page 18
Politics
Why I resigned
Professor Bettelheim of the Sorbonne University is foremost Marxist Intellectuals of Europe. This Is resignation from the Franco-Chinese Friendship Socie
s you know, the events which
have followed th c d Cath of Chairman Mao have deeply Worried me. Like many other friends of China, I have felt serious apprehemisions for the future of socialism in China since the arrest of the four leaders who played a central role in the course of the Cultural Revolution and who - with the exceptio II of Chi:i.Il g Ching-enjoyed the confidelice of Maւ Tst - LլImչ:
The charge that the Four tried to carry out a coup d'etat is in no way convincing. It is general practice for people who have successfully carried out a coup to claim that those they have deposed were trying to seize power by force.
My doubts with regard to the political consequences of these events are all the more serious since two of the a Tres Led leaders, Yao Wen-yunn and Chang ChunChiao, hawe Imade an inin portanteven though incomplete-contribuilion to the analysis of the class basis of capitalist restoration in China,
However, whatever my worries and doubts, it seemed to me indispensable, before taking a position, to see what arguments Were advanced by those who have taken over the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, and what actual political line was going to be followed by them. What has transpired in the course of the more than six months which have gone by since the events of October 1976 un fortunately have only confirmed my fears.
The way in which the "criti: cism" of the Four has been and
16
is being conduc in common with teaching. There analysis to be f lished Tlaterial,
and standal, the cating the inabil Chinese Commu ship to develop
cism of what th line II light hawe
During the ca against the F. accusations whic to the practices leadership. One the "falsification Which the Four that they were "wilc conspirators Wanting to seize the state" (His March 27.77) falsification of every distortior truth is certainly these practices p na te, as ca "I be in the double Reconstructs of where falsified ea Ted Copenly.
Other accusati the Four negate Illets of Marx example, the El gainst Chang having Wanted class analysis of society and, f having wanted to - this is calle Scientific: socialis revolutionery геy
OthCT CCL153 til unbeliewable or, be accepted, wo qui estions as to

ܡܒܘ̈ܒܡ̈=-ܒܝ
олв of the his letter of ity.
ted has nothing Chilir Illä llh Mallo's is no Marxist ըund in the pubsimply slander low lewel indiity of the present hist Party leaderany serious critie Four's political
el.
Impaign conducted our, one finds h apply directly CT til CLITTET t ci Tead tlit
of photos to resorted proves at Ice both and opportunists
the party and in hul El dispatch ; Condemning the photographs and of historical just ; however, Tesently predomiseen for example,
issue of China Now: Dec 1976, photographs app
ons made against the very requireis 11. Thus, for approach made ChuI1 — Chiai I for to carry Lll 2. present Chinese Lurther - Thore of develop Marxism a ticial of Til and Counter - isionism.
T15 Te still Incore if they We TC to
ild Taise serious the life style of
Charles Bettelheim
the leading cadres of the CommuList Party, such as the accusation laid against the Four of hal Willig Imeals ser wed to them in restall Ta In tis without Wanting to pay for them; of that addressed to Chiang Chĩng of having ordered an "Enpress' dress.
Final lly, Uther LCC Lus: tions a Imount
to exaggerations which openly misrepresent the facts; they are gross falsifications. Thus, news
Poa pČITs and Imagazi Illes of the last few months have said that te Four liwed a de CadcTL and corrupt bourgeois life. Wa Ing Huig - Wen is said to be a typical representative of the new bourgeoisie. The Four are said to have obstinately upheld the positions of the landlords and the burgeoisie and to hawe been 100 percent committed to the capitalist road. They are presented as sworn enellies of the CIllinist Parly, of the Working class, of the Whole people and the Chinese па гіоп; as beiпg guilty ofesріопаge, of capitulating to foreigners, of importing instruments intended for the use of their secret agents, and of importing luxury articles. They are stated to hawe dellibera Lcly squandered state funds in order to da Image socialist accuIm Lula Lion, and 1c) hawe exalted laterial in centives. They are even presented as Kuomintang agents.
If such accusations correspond to reality, that could only cast the gravest doubts on the composition of the party leadership and on Mao's own vigilance. If they were t Tuc, we might well expect sonic or all of the present leaders also to be Tcvealed in due course as Kuomintang agents guilty of "spying for the enemy"
But if, as I believe, the charges do not correspond to reality, it is impossible to trust leaders who deceive the people by elimina ting those with whom they have disagreements, not by clearly explaining the basis of the disagreements, but rather by resort to slanderols attack.
Under these conditions, one is inevitably led to the conclusion

Page 19
that the fidelity to Mao Tse - tung's political line is simply a smokescreen designed to conceal a quite different line. In fact, an examination of texts published in China during the last few months, as well as what it is possible to establish as to actual practice, has led me to believe that a revisionist line is presently triumphing. The criticism of Teng has been abando Illed, while calls giving production primacy over revolution predominate. Discipline and order are exalted, while here is no longer any question of the right of people to reserwe their opinions, not to mention the right and duty to rehel against a bourgeois policy. Questions as to the position of Women during the socialist transition period are denied. The struggle against hourgeois right is scarcely mentioned any more. The problem of the existence of the bourgeoisie within the party is juggled away. An appeal to class struggle is replaced by an appeal to struggle against the FOLI,
In an all round way, the necessary criticism of thic Four is conducted from a revisionist standpoint and not from a revolutionery one. No distinction is Inade between what they might hawe said or dolne wrong, and the points on which they might have been correct. More precisely, their mistakes are used in order to reject their correct analysis as well, in contradiction to the requirements of dialectical
materialism and in a way that Teinforces bourgeois ideas.
What we know of what is
going on in China confirms the revisionist orientation of the present policy. Factory regulations are becoming oppressive. Opendoor schooling has practically been abandoned. This means that while paying lip-service to Cultural Revolution is gains are in the process of being liquidated.
As far as foreign policy is concerned, the struggle against the two superpowers has gradually been replaced by a struggle against social imperialism alone. As a consequence, United States imperialism is denounced less and less. Its interwentions, or those
of its allies, in
peoples, are freq as ""positive -th with the cvents when two imperi confronting one Wrong to take t a gainst the othe international pr Chinese Con Inun China's prestige
pecially in the TI fact these policie hands of social
Such is the juli an driven to ma happening at pré We have too li at ouT disposal magnitude of the to the present Certainly these Lestified to by the siwe actions of the It is impossible t what conditions stretch of time back on the Tewd
Experience show the present leat Chinese Co Tin Lun every sign of app road to try an prestige with the Thus to give a political line pres in China, or CVer attitude that nigh approval, is of st the Chinese peop those who are str. lism in China.
The Franco — Ch. Association is di trend which supp Chinese Communi ship-this in spite by numerous fri within the associat I draw the concil correct for me Te signation as Ch Franco-Chinese F ciation, which is through this le that you please t the National Bi members of the asis sent the text in Auji
I extend to yo of my friendship With the Chinese

the life of other lently even seen is was the case in Zaire. But ialist band its are Ell Colher, it is he side of one T. The present actices of the ist Party damage with people, eshird World. In Si Play in to the imperialism.
idgment which I ke on what is :Sent in China. title information
to kilow the
forces opposed political course. forces exist, as : Scale of represlast few months. 0 predict under Barı d cover what China will get 'lutionery road.
'S LIS how Luch leTship of the ist Party uses TÖ will from abd increase it Chinese Inasses. proWall to the ently dominant
l.) Inn Hintain al appear to be TVice neither to le nor to a II ggling for socia
inese Friendship minated by a rts the present parly leaderof doubt felt Ilds of China (1). From that Sion that it is Present my irnman of the iendship Assohat I am doing cr. I request 1 ISD1 it this to "Coll a Tid to iation, and preErdhi i la Clirie.
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Page 20
| The Arts
Sinhala cinema,
relations
by Reggie Siriwardena
WEë in these col Llil 15 SC Werall months ago about Pathiraja’s Barribari Ayiti on the cve of its release, l indicated that the film was likely to generatic critical discussion about its “social content". The discussion did Ilmaterialise, but what it revealed to me was the existence of a serious confusion about what is 'social and Whal is "personal'
It would appear that for lost left-wing critics in this country, economic exploitation is social, but sexual exploitation is not. That, at any rate, was the implication behind the criticis Il Thost frequently urged against Barbaru A with from the left - that the Theme of class conflict was wershadowed by the personal clash between Wictor and Cyril over the
girl Helen. But sexual relations don't exist in a social vacuum, IIos did Paithiraja in Bantibal',
A with present them as such : for Wictor's Tea di Illess to use and to discard Hele II was the clici Test possible manifestation, within the realm of personal relations, of the class stili ture. The filli I LIT: To realise this may be linked with the fact that the Mil. TXist II ovement in this country has never caught up with Engels's Origini of the Farally, let alone. With more recent Marxist thinking about the relations between the sexes; but for the critic of film, theatre and literature, the dismissal of relations between men and women as purely "personal" is disabling.
I suppose, too, that for Inost left-wing critics Lester Jancs Peries's current film Aasir Pold Ward is something to be rejected in the same terms as his earlier Nidharia ya - as both “elitist", to use the favourite Swear-Word. But, for me, the two films are
18
The rrr, Kr. Fry (Dhri 5ri Laika's
very different ill the fact that the the same director working in bot literary original, interest the ITs in morbid psych interesting to co
In Nidhana'a Aberysek era, Work insubstantial shor in giving their II richer significance abnormal psychol in the social mi clai 5s a Tid in his di fortunes. (The as local critics that y the Social St TLICIl ing films about workers or peasa most elementary
In Ahas in Pol other hånd the H
 

-
LTS L0HLSHSS SLSLLTkL SLCCLCLlLLTLLL TTTkLTLTTTTTkLS kT vivil Fariska) frf usar Chey'retera": "A LNGET"O. LTH HT LTLS LLL LLLLCT TLTLSYSTTla L GGT S TLTTS
character, Lhougl y were made by anci script-writer, Il ca 5 es froIII a. as well as the ye in 11 cology, Illa ke it Tipare them.
Lester and Tiss: ;ing from a very story, succeeded literial a ni Luch : by rooting the logy of the hero ieu of a decat client aclining economic sumption of some "Cu cal illil Tira, Le Ire only by Imakethe lives if Its is one of the of fallacies.)
o Twata, on the bnolinal jealousy
of the her remails an "odd obsession", a purely personal quirk of character with no relation to ainytlı ing, outside it self. This lirinita Lion of the film to doubt derives frn the thin Hess of the 1 o wel on which it is based, but the complexities of the na Tra Live structure in the fill and the intricacies of the flashes of memory don’t, to II y Inilind, Cornpensate for i L. Where in Nidha raya the complexities of the film’s form Trose out of the den sity of it 5 5.Lb5 tätice, in A Mesir Por i'r the technical inter est see L115 to The to have outplaced the experience.
To dismiss indiscriminately every film that is not directly concerned with an economic or political theme as "elitist" betrays, I think, a very simplified notion of the relations between the economic and political structure and the rest of life. I fear that I lost

Page 21
"committed" critics Would like to see or cinema take the road of the political theatre of recent years - a prospect that fills me with the deep est glooIII. For the political Lhca tre is the creatiwe counterpart of the ideological formulas of the left-wing critics: it shares the same imability to relate the abstractions of political theory to the flesh-and-blood existence of real human beings.
That the political theatre dicals so often in allegory may be partly due to the need to circu Invent censorship. But it also has a good deal to do with the fact that the political playwrights have nearly always been Wirking from concepts ai:Id slogan, 5. Tather tılığın frajlı observation and experience of life, so that the characters on the stage become flat stereotypes of their social role - as "capitalist" or “b) Li re: Luc Ta L' or “worker" or "rew inlui tionary” — Ta tihler than Lhe Warious and complex hu Iman beings (their class character refracted through their indiwidual personalities) whom We know in real life.
Against this background I should like to salute Wasa Intha (Obeys ckera's new film Palangetiya (screened in the current New Delhi
II te Tlational Film Fes Lliw H1 and shortly to be released for local audie Inca's). It Ihot Only Tarks
Obeysekera's coming of age is a film-maker but is highly significan for the growth of our cinella. The strength of the film is grounded in the solidity and depth With which the characters and their relations have been conceived in the script (Obeysekera's own). The personal relations explored in Palarget l'o are firmly rooted in the realitics of class and social cInvironment, but the characters hawe the life cf irid iwidi Lual hi li ma beings, and aren't mere stereotypes of their class.
Palarget yo is the story of a y Cling Ti:11, Sarath, born into a peasant family who has risen with the help of his education to become manager of a printing press in Colombo owned by a well-to-do Tluda la li A clandestime love-affair develops between hiri and the mu dalalis daughter, Kusun; when the father creates
trouble for the Si Tatlı takes KL līne, bul Kusu an environment,
Inhappy; and El Ild Sister El re fact that she ic the house and waited on.
Recognisi Ing th:: takes Kušu II ha but singe he stil 1le W job, he In it itu a shack in al The rest of the slow disintegratio 1inder the stres Kusun's inability to her new si LLH for the Id if comfort, and he which she now ToLind another yi tenement garden. in a tragic deno
The film's grea Obcysekera wiew, figures with a CI Passic na tę sympa attitude of comp to any of thic, White represcitati te:Flag of Turali It Willd have E tC) PCTITay Kusur figure of a spoil Obeysekera avoi While we realist of hier romantici: Sen timeII Ia I love. Als Well as the LI social wallics. we to Tec cognise that. bringing and her s trili Til of life il Illust inevitably b her. Nor is shi secobiid half of tll or calous: she the romantic attr for het new Tower teinderness for Sa Sense of respon: TH e chiacteris So much depth through in spite o of the fledgling the Tole.
Ewen the jealou: Who creates pro lowers in the cat film isn't present

:ril, they elopc. SLIII) to his village til, Lullised to such is bored and Sa rath's mother irritated by the I ES I C Wok about CX PECES I o be
Le frictions, Sarath ck to the city, has to find a c5 it with her
Lene en L ga Tiden.
film presents the Tı Çif the Tharriage ses of Poverly, to adapt herself fico II, her lo Ingings it of ease and rði llantic drea Ilms,
ll 1.5 L Cle :OLI I 1 g III:III i I thic
The film erns LIII.
[ES; L III crit i5, that 5 all his mai litical but coilthy: there is no lil Cen L superiority
In black-and
(I), Whether in ly or of class. een fatally easy I 1 Els the Stück Ľ Tich girl, but ids. This To.
the in Inaturity
: In (formed on ettes and films) 1 reality of her
El restill brought given her up
background, the A te The TTL slick t: 100 strøng fơT 2, even in the de film, heartless 35 Cilli te 5 betwee iction she feels
and a lingering rith and a guilty
tibility to him. conceived with that it comes
f the inexperience actress playing
is spinster-cousin blems for the ly part of the ed as the villain
ness of the piece. In one of the most powerful sequences of the film, Obeysekera intercuts bet. ween the clandestine love-making of Sarath and Kusum and the agonised contortions of body and face of the cousin as she lies awake in bed, Lortured by her own desire and her jealous imaginings. The scenic evokes in us a kind of horrified compassion. An equally admirable balance is mainlained in the sequences in Si Titi’s village honne : "ԱԼ։ uilderstand the irritation of Sarath's mother and sister at What they can only see as Kusum's pampered Selfishness, Eind yet we are made to share Kusum's sense of isolation in this un familiar environIII.
För critics, no doubt, What I sec as the virtues of Palarigeriyo Will be damning defects: if all you are interested in doing is in presenting cardboard cut-outs of the bourgeoisie, the petty-bourgeoisie and the prolelariat as invariable types, then you will inevitably see Palangefiyo as seriously lacking. All I can say is that any caricature of life in these terms would not seem to me to pro T113 Lc either a Ttistic or poiitical enlightenment.
SDITT. E.
Theologians . . .
(rேied frர தg )
being held in Colombo. And this Will be followed next year by the Latin American Conference. A World Theological Dialogue including the Third World and the Northern Hemisphere, will be held 50IIIe Lille III 1981,
The Colombo conference which has adopted as its theme: Asia's struggle To full hulla nity and search for a relevent theology, is being held at the Holy Family
Retreat House at Wenniappuwa. The conference terminates on January 20.
19

Page 22
Music
Demythologizing
by J. Uyangoda
hree months have passed since
the deith of Rukmani Dewi. Her immicIlse popularity as a singer and an actress as well as the sudden emotions aroused by her unexpected Eagic death is being exploited by those clever Inoneymakes of the media. Sinhala newspapers, particularly those devoted to "art", are flooded with over-exaggerations of her abilities, sentinental and silly anccdotes from her life (for extılıple, how she eloped with Eddie Jaya manne!) and highly emotional eulogies, which in mo way help the reader lo form a serious opinion about the artiste-Rukmani Dewi. Almost all those scribes are tot bot here'd to e valuate and assess Rukmani's artistic career which us well over three decades and the contributiom shc had made to the fields she took part. What is now going on in those quarters is only an exercise of mythologizing Rukmani Dewi-an exercise which, in the short run, is alsb good for their motif of profit In 1ximiziation. Once the money value of her popularity and sudden emotions generated by her tragic death is over, she will su rely be th Town into the abyss of obscurity by the same people who now not only weep themselves, but also make others too weep over Rukma ni's death. How Maha gama Sekara was treated is still fresh in our memory,
Here, an attempt is made to trace some limitations as Well as capabilities of Rukmani Devithe singer and the actress,
It is an undisputable fact that Rukmani enjoyed a vast popularity. (Ironically enough, she had been a Sinhala artist, though born Tamil). Irrespective of this immense popularity, one must not fail to recognise the fact that Rukmani belonged not to the present, but to the past which is better to be
20
forgotten as far of Sihlala im Lisi concerne di She and an actress and the screen. important factor Il a Illi's Caree T v brought up und the first whic conditioning fac! future career I Sinhala Cinema ( than Sinhalal) the prioneers. represented, Ill intermediate and that lies betwce the Allanda Sal) Amara deva era. theatre at a tim stage dra T1a Wa! dominated by a invariably lacked or in depcrndent fill actress she people who, thc regarded as the film industry, k the a Tt. Both a actress she was tutelage of B. who was IIImo Te supply his "reci predo Tiria Intly lirhall custoners sense eventually Thaily sub-stan the guidance of who were mere Indian traditio began her singii
What is being is that, Ruk TT ä: at a tilt when art she particip: in a state of L or in their form: the signs of f we Te already ex" all the lote i Rukmani's futur g Teater pa Tt, to those conditions

Rukmani Devi
as the progress C and cinema is had been a singer Hoth in the stige Olc of the most s regarding Rukwäs thai. Li sille Wis ær the shadow af had been 24 or of Rukmani's in the field of поге South Indian sh c Wä15 a T11 .) I 1 g As a singer she Te or less, a nl Tegressive stagC 1, so to speak, narakoon era and She came to the when the Sinhilla s almost entirely "tradition" which any artistic qualitiy potential. As a was among those ugh they can bic pioneers of the The W nothiI 1 g i b Ea Lı t s a stage and film reared Linder the A.W. Jayamanne, than prepared to pe stuff" to his IThāT + mH ##Ilmii whose acs thetic today remains dard. It was under til 5 **MistTag"" initators of North in that Rukani 1g CareCT.
emphasized here ni begåT her Career
all the fields of 15ed in Were either tter backw:1rdness tive stage in which Luure definities plicit. This fact is Important because Was a
be determined by
Rukmani, throughout her career, had been a product, a prisoner EL Tid a w ictir of this backwärdless aid defornity of the arts she practiced, which no one, including herself had ever under
stood. It was as a singer-only as a singer-she showed some potentialities though she never
developed them in an independent and progressive Way. She possessed a unique voice-a genuinely oriental fil: Lillimite li me-but Widnice a Ione does not a singer II la ke! Like most of our present day artists, she lacked Vision and insight, two vital qualities to be an artist proper. The result was that she allowed herself to be further exploited by those charlatans Who claimed to be creative artists.
Rull källi cxhibitel SC Ille traits of a wonderful singing style of her o Win, but, un fortunately, Sinhala Illusic, both in lyrics and melodies, was so poor, Vulgar and corrupt in quality that she remained where she began, throughout her life. Fru IIn H musical career of about
four decades. What has she left for the colling generations? No hing constructive, nothing
positive. Most of the les sons the you unger generation should draw froT 11 Ruk Ima ni are negative ones. Hadi she left any memories in the minds of her enthusiasts, it was only as a "nightingale' which alone does not suffice to keep her memory alive.
I think, it is in this "nightingaleness' that the strength as well as the Weakness of Rukai remained. She should have projected and developed this capability along a path that could hawe led her to a position free of those fetters imposed upon her by the epoch in which she lived. Moreover, it would have enabled her to leave a legacy to be inherited a tradition to be followed,
[Cuнтіннғгі сол тағ ғғ.)

Page 23
Relevance and critic
by A. J. Gunawardena
r. Reggie Siriwardana is the
last pe Tson in the World | Would want to disagree with where matters of artistic judgement and discrimination are concerned. I am happy to find that we have no reason to quarrel: We are on the same side even on the question of "relevance". Mr. Siri
Wardana says (Lanka Guardian, Dec. 15):
"As for relevance' I grant
that term has been recently overworked as a critical cliche and often misapplied'. This is precisely what I was driving at in my original piece (Nov. 15) which, admittedly, was written in the heat of the moment and may have lacked the apparent rhetorical lucidity of Mr. Siriwardena’s more practised Voice.
I am as IImuch foT "relevance” as Mr. Siriwardena is. If I Was 'glancing at anything (certainly not the article that he refers to, which I haven't read), it is the modishly "engage' critic's habit of
Demythologising . . .
(Солтiншек! froын раgғ. 20)
for many a generation to come. But without being conscious of her own capabilities and limitations, she remained, until her death, a sweet victim of, to use a common cliche, Vicious forces of commercialization.
Of course, Rukmani is not to be barned for all her Weakness and failures. Most of the limitations she had were imposed upon her by the epoch she lived in. Her major weakness in this context, was that s hic failed to understand the necessity of shattering the
fet ters, so to speak. For that task it would have required a greater knowledge, courage and
virtuosity and a broader outlook than what an ordinary artist possesses. Being a mediocre, if not ordinary, artiste, she was not called upon to perform such a gigantic task by the forces of history, as Hegel may say.
discovering “rel cious little it This has been ence with sewe that have recei of such critic: tic la Licst Wici! which has al Te h{1Wot in Simhä and cinela. I visio 11 to Co, wha auspices of t This tendency, waled, ultimatel, of Televance in Which I hold d
Since the Illic: cularly esca pist has provided th beliefs in the S regressive aest corrected only of 5 μίλ Τητία, γν encounter reality The critic's fun pecially respons time, for the cam casily turn Death. Notably of Illusic. Where midst of a proces:
The South Asia of which we a part, has alway: to the voice, unimpeiuchable Shankar, ''All I Illusic are based Although instrum loped its own style, funda Inent singing' This f knowledge, whe Wish L chal 1 TeseTence Lo the stream of song.
Originality to c against the same "copying of a make a song The South Asia has always treat Tagas as CODI IT practice that preby centuries. N a ffiliation (re-3 the Nor Llı III1 di

IS
ance' where pre
seems to exist. ly recent experiin usical cylints !d the ill primatur
Music is only m of this habit dy created much
Writing, drama,
Will tollich Telciever the economic 1e pгоgramming. lo We Wer Well moti
hurts the growth Lhe arts, a cause
i.
- fifties, a partitheory of beauty central set of Inhala arts. This eticism can be hrough the agency o Iks of a TL Which " in other te TTS, tion becomes esibe at such a Seal of Approval into the Kiss of
so in the ficlid We are still in the of secularisation.
In musical culture, c an i 1ä liet ble given primacy To quote an authority, Ravi orms of Indian on the voice, ental music devetchinique and illy it imitates L "WW: 1L15 L. : := 1ET I TO We e. Hence דוly authentic main
las to be se en ackground. The Llic" does Incot “s econd — hand.." musical culture 1 in elodies and п propёгtу, а lates the cinema Teover, ou late iliation") with stream IIna de
the borrowings allogether necessary. And I canı assurc Mr. Siriwideia that solic of the codics were eminently worth naturalising. Mr. Siriwardena's aside about "Indian music being essentially clhamber music" also be trays a partial view of our parent tradition. “Indian classical II i usic, however elitist in some of its phases, has never meant the enervation of voice, or the precious cultivation of vocal chords. A perfect exa Imple of what I mean was provided the other day by Lakshmi Shinkar. She did lise tij e microphoinc, but she could also have held an 1udience of two thousand with her naked voice. My point, surely, is not that the microphone should be proscribed, but that the voice must not become an appendage to it.
Incidentally, Lakshmi Shankar’s recital was, for ille, two hours of un alloyed musical pleasure. I did not, however, understand a word of what she sang. To say this is not to "ring the bell backward', but to suggest the deep implications of the nature of meaning in music. And to hint at possible affirmations in the tradition represented by Rukmani Dewi.
1971, the JVP. . .
(Cf I ir led fra ir page 5)
he too, like Dr. Colvin R. de Silva, has produced a political thesis which is 'a complete distortion of a historical event and its objective reality.'
A word to Dr. Carlo. Before the hurly bury's done, and when
the battle's still oil, Dr. Colvin R. de Silva and the Old Left leadership will he on that side
of the barricades i.e. 'on the side of the Wersailles against the Communards'. You can safely put your money on that, Doc.
As for Mr. Siriwardena, (who is always a delight to read), hic has yet to tell us how he characticizes the WP and 1971 in "a precise and strict' political sense.
2 ||

Page 24
Colonial bureaucracy
The House
Sub-Collector's "Bungalow, Kalpitiya, Repair of
any a time afore now have I raised my voice im la Tilemt, regarding this matter, but none his ha I kemed to Tiny prayer. The repairs still continue to be u'il repaired, The situation is desperate, descriving of the ut most sympathy, and calls for ready despatch and deft handling by the Director Of Public Work5 and his minions who, ill:Ls, a lack, up to now hawe displayed an i Illeptitude and incompetence that would seem remarkable in even a Professor Marris. The details are
5 fallows
1. The trap-door of the lavatory has perished and fallen off its hinges-ipparently, somewhere in the micelle ageand has still not been repaired. The lavatory itself faces the kitchen, the floor of the former sloping in the direction of the kitchen drain. As a result, the Washings of the lavatory trickle sedately through the doorway ...and form a tributагу, аs it wете, of the kitchel drain-a highly unsatisfactory and absolutely insanitary state of affairs.
Mureover, the mica gre proportions of the special outlet for the laAvatory Washings, co Li pled with a natural disi cilatio 1 0 the part of a liquid to seek any but its own level - (an attitude that, in my humble opinion, is one if in teise Slobbis Ill, deser wing the highes censure. Such credenda may be allowed to an august personage such as, let us say, the Principal Collector of Customs, but certainly not to a lowly liquid composed as it is of hydrogen and oxygen. With a toll.h of faeca matter) - make it impossible for the washings to 55 ek com
in union with the lawatory drain.
Further, the complete lack of any sort of drainage facilities in Kalpitiya makes the close
22
that
NOTE BY
It is поt : criti, si rid ped professors, it line-yel T-34 tret. night of the Strullց, Huare Rolbert Marrs, Els Yaylı gell 01 i streaming say thirteen tiles Alain or a ni AL li
Haan, for hil 3ılı idi :ı!ı il salı (::ıc) gr:kphy in1 y spe II “de fer " Yiyi get about y Y Tit: report thit Yy, lii: disIIIissal o nine.' Wher Illuch in L is
proximity of the kill W. ånd unhealthy. brī - ilī Էլ:5ենr Էit1the i that the exist Conver led int with all II 10c course - in bLilt further d
Many El bittĘ voiced inent Lics of the In fact, the lo in this crib - would be but the поге опс arrive at the that thic "arch it this horrot l co 15ulla Lil Wi of (GJ L. E1FIIı. ) r his model the built". It is in wise, to explain that is the bills blue-print of been prepared, regard to the may use such
presen L context,
The kichen
the Silme purp dL in my fu nels day. In I'm th

Jack built
EDITOR:
LCCLCL LCL HLL LaLL LLLL LL LLLLL S LLLLS LLLH CLLLS aKKKKS LaTL LLLLL LLL LL LCLLLLLSS aa aaaHLa LtL LLL horn in the flesh of Un Hillsical Ceylon - once served in LL LL L TTCCCHCC LLLLLL aa LLGHC S S aaaaLLLLL LL a British Erilpire in the persons of Glanville, Wade Ellis Ei, S LLCaS LLL LSLSlllSSS LLLLLLtLLLLSLCLL LL LLLLLLLaaLLaLLLL
Cagliostro of the University of Ceylon. The struggle the side of the Imperialists with an unbridled ferocity and KaKCCS S LLLLLLLLL CCaaa LCCLL S LLLLLLKK Laa aLS LL
in a single month) that would have appalled a Genjhis iii.
is, part, suced his tippress Cors with a characteristic urbanity LCLLCLLLCCLS LLLLLLLL0S LCt KamCLaL LLLLLamaLS Y L LLLL LLLLLL LL which Secretary Davies was involved: "At Royal we usually h Line“ Fo." Transported to Kipitiyi, Haan immediatley T L mmtammmLL LLaaKS SLLLa LLLLLLLCLC aaLLL LLLL LLLLLLSS S S LLLLL TT T LLL LLt tt LLLLLLLLS aa LLLLaa LLLL SLL in a charge of "In Subordination, IL discipline, and imperiupon, Hain returned to Colomho and to music criticism Inay and chag rin of our local cacophonists.
the lalwa tory to say, it certainly docs
lend fl
olly objectionable
As thic Te is no cre did my predef ever? I suggest ing la Val Lory be å bli til rull - lern fittings, of n new la Watory own the garden.
·r complaint have the LL nique qualiitchen chimney. Iger The Wells El Iny other term blat an flattery = is compelled to fitting conclusion ect" who desighed had done so in it the Wise McIl had adopted as "House that Jack i possible, otherthe crazy scheme is on which the this cottage has particularly, in 'a Incnitics", if onc a te TI in the
chimney serves se as do the on the presentilles. That is o
tone of dignity and cheerfulness to an otherwise drab building of grim and foreboding aspect. But, unlike in the liners, a kitchell chimney should be something more than of mere aesthetic value; it must be of some practical use. This chimney does not, never did, and, in Tact, Was Tever meant to emit Slloke. Any srToke issuing from it would be promptly regarded by the village yokes-all ignorant Paynim - as a divine manifestation of Allah und thew Would forth With invest the chimney with all the miraculous properties of a shrine.
Whenever a fire is lit in the kitchen, the smoke, finding all natural avenues of escape denied it - (both door and Window a re kept shut continually owing to the abnormally high winds that prevail here) - quietly in sinuates itself, with a gentle persistence that is impossible not to admire. through the chinks in the roof into my bcd and dining rooms.
I request that it be demolished forthwith and the old-fashioned but readily utilizable trap-door installed instead.

Page 25
3. The cottage itself is in a shocking state of disrepair. The doors ind Windows do not shut and the locks do not lock. It is, perhaps, a trifle for tu na Le til at the "beneficial" effects of the teachings of Christ and His Bishops have yet to per vad de this far-flung outpost of British Colonialism, else, the Tobbers and brigands would have a field day at my expense. The entire building needs painting very badly. I pointed this out to the District Engineer when | first arrived hcre but he, great soul, being endowed, apparently, with X-ray cyesight, was able to gauge whether the inside of the building needed painting by standing on the road and gazing on the outside. My tenerity in suggesting that he inspect the inside was justly rewarded with a withering stare. *Ne sintor ultra crepidam”.
4. The pump, an ancient relic of a bygone civilization, has at long last fallen into desuetude. Decrepit and ailing in every joint, Tacked with the rheus, it carried with extreme difficulty the burder of its years, and now has finally handed in its din ner pail. Silent and un workable, i lies prostrate on its cement base, a grim reminder of ferreous ephem crality. When I arrived to assume duties, it had already acquired a certain idiosyncracy as a result of Which ole, nt even , could pump water OUT of it before first pouring waterlNTO it.
I know some clever young jacką napes in Colombo will instantly question this senseless procedure, a modern version, as it were of the labour of Sisyphus. But We of Kalpitiya, with i hic istictive Teverencë of the yokel for age and its foibles, wiew with kindly tolerance this imposition on our patience, and none is there, sufficiently lacking in piety, to oppose this view. As the pump has been crected on an open
Wayfarers of ei a bog line to i a field adjacent to lave the 5. their anatomy. ' of the pump
Si ndry hits resu. closure being cc veritable pig-sty." be repaired and to the gate.
The "bungalow the apex of a t two sides of Whi by the muin stre It is thus, impo: intilates I ol Inodicum of priv at all hours alo the greater Fort runs practically back Werardah, enclosed, Hence, the street is a by mo means disi tator of my dai, As I do no W in the office, th work to do, I to the merciless sic passer-by for the four hours that in Kalpitiya. It th:1 L the en tire le hic Enclosed with to el SLI inly privacy necessary gentle birth and
illust be attended to Under the presen I am forced to daily ablutions be gaze of the Kalp al Cardėäl far Lor bashful nature su
It is my earnes
this Ilmenn orandum, is in yet, sublime, shall b instrument to pro Customs of Kalpitiy. allenities that ar. "de rigueur" to a of life “Quous que ti patentia nostra”.
language mo
Commending my
bit of heath across the road, I the public make use of it just Kalpitiya, Your ob and when they want. On several 31st March, (Sgd) occasions T hawe vwatched 1934,

ther sex, Imaking he pump from and proceeding cret arts of The general use by each and lied in the enFI Werted into a The fence should a luck fitted
is situated at ria Engle of land, ch afe boli Ilded et of Kalpitiya. isible for the հlain even a acy. Buses ply ng the street, in F1 of which lush with the which is not the man in Jrivileged and Interested specly home life. fork whatever ere being no 3 m sLubjected ill tiny of every full twenty "Imprise a day is imperative Ingth of garden cadians so as
I one of my breeding. This irin mediately. El Conditions, perform my Orc: thc vulgar tly a populace, trying to a h as mine.
hope that Iched as it temperate, the humble Li Te for the those several CD 15idered ivilized way dem ab utere
Jul to God,
Täi
lient servant, mer de Hahn
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