Page 1
/ー 。ー)。 こ) Zィグでダイー
No. 9 February
“AHASIN POLOVATA
- essay on imagined
adultery
Chandra Wijeratne
THE EXILE'S RETURN 2
Ayatollah Khomeini
Snakes and ladd
Fiction and t
Iran — the pe
9 Janatha Sangamaya : W O Politics and hunger O Prison poetry
 
 

CCശ.-Cല് ല/
NDO - CHINA
1979 Pri Rs, 2/5 O
rice Rs. 2/ CONFLCT
Who's afraid of
Lester James
Gamini Dissanai ke
ers on the Campus
he Marxist critic
Reggie Siriwardena
rils of repression
Mervyn de Silva
'hich way for the left 2
D' H. W. Fowler om de Haan
O Tavern in the town

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osƏsƆŋunoɔ głosussəəŋgo()/8 *>(OOO seuOULLS) suəqAA -ầusųÁJoaq
sɔUUBUBUH SẠeUIAA

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ou ou sv. AuəAB ‘laa eu) u, əuueu pəųsnuŋ.ƏLIL
XIOOO SPUUOULL
SOWYY
ՈԽԱՎԿյ TEMԱI
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以
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SHIIUL UNWINI

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Trends
Constitutional impediments
The 'Sun' story that the UNP may consider drendi rig the Jrticle In the konstitution under which dry MP whij leaves his party automatical y los es his seat has once again set off specusation about One or two Tam II politicians. Any Tamil MP who declded to join the government on his ewn rar the obvious risk of expulsian. The only Way out was for the TULF to keep its ranks together and team up with the government on mutually agreed terms. But that see ITS I o II t - now, Any Find Wildua takers? If the answer is 'yes', ther the government must clear the path of the constitutional obstacle,
SLFP and Tamils
The SLFP High Command has decided to start a Tam II paper. This, the party feels, is the most effective reply to its opponents who are now publicly insinuating that the SLFP has taken the sinister road of facila || 5rf).
The paper is likely to be named after the title of a popular MGR fI /m — " "Tomorrow |s 0ur5ʼ.
Lake House
Lake Hause, the building, Wears a new look these days as part of an expansion program which is estimated to COS E 40 71 i II for rees. Chairman Bodinagcdd is thinking big: the newest machinery, a transport fleet, extensions to the building etc. Teams of technscfans WIII soon take wing to the US, Europe and Japan In search of new equipment.
But Lake HaLise HTS 5 til to Crick the hardsst nut of a II, Journalistig professionalism. Another exodus of experienced newspapermen is in the offing to Malaysia and the Gulf. And the new Wijewarden a press, ng w past the blue print stage, may
tempt a dozen more to leave the banks of the Beira.
Textile trade
Strikes ard Hock-cuts ha ve Ft LN t three of the Island's major textile factories cut of action. While the
demands of the unions are largely
(Carr ) ராஜிதீ )ே
LANKA
W. No. 9
CONT
3 - 5 News
B - Il terrillä
17 - 15 Girl e Ti:
16 - 17 Sympo:
| B - || ? Literat
20 - 2 I Books
22 Press
People
Letters
Of natura
Cocksure CO
| Such is the
ir; titti tibris IT : Ordet 5 Luch a 5 ( 5Leh institutlon 5 5 Lucıle 55 in Chiri than just a clot sign of confused tak should do y ossible that he en; that perh. klow äll the a II of the walid P חסם סייuld haסW convincingly had t
gd || ||To Te Instead, he optis promissingly didat. cocksure style,
Regarding his the "surplus gE Tasses" I Woul. him a study of thinking outside and especially of by Dr. Ian Ste again about profi do Chitaka e the parasites or himself a surplus
Wher Chri tak ploitative societ that there are non-exploitative he be having in of Sowet Scciali trouble som a Tra locked up in lu perhaps, the Pe

A GUARDAN
February 1, 1975
ENTS
background
tional news
(“Alhas in pollowata')
ii LI INT1 or Left
L
pilī
Published by Lanka Guardian Publishers Ltd., Third Floor, YMBA. Building, 1263/28 Main St. Tee, Coloribu - 1.
.28 שני 2 נשנחםHקטlםT
Editor: Mervyn de Silva
Printed by Ananda Press 82.5, Wolfendhal Street, Colombo - 13.
Telephaпе: 35975
idisasters and China where thousands gathered
i ett OT5 the other day in Tien An M3n
f t| Square to remember the great
Chou and demand democracy and
Socioecono human rights or may5. "it is Purs. To , e*Pe Kampuch he thinking of?
. . . . etc." Such
taka betrays more far, it is a
thinking. Chinwell to think it
may be mista1ps he doesn't is wers; that some oints he lakes
E ITS TO TÉ hey been presente tativ i ta rritis.
for tha Lum Comէtic tone and thE
bFGThide à 30Lit nerated by the recommend to
racent Marxist the Soviet Union, a recet article 3dman "Thinking ts". (Incidentally, |ass himself anong
would he all generator)
a speaks of "exes" he must mean in this World societies. Would Thind the l'Union st Gulags (where de rinīts ar ,Or?(5וחatic asyluח ople's Republic of
C " where the administrati ratus Is both representati w 2 and open to gen in e popular participation". He should tell us where this Society is to be fou F1 d.
society -3נקiP.
Kollшpitlya Costain de Wos
Good friend
The other day a Sydney friend was ki nd enough to pa55 " on to me a copy of the "Lanka Guardian". Excellent.
Samson Abeүagшnawardепа, FFF"| A. C.T. 2507 Astralia.
The House that Jack built
u wIIIסe yקסI h little space to sa o MIT EITT 3F de letter about te pairs needed to a Customs building, resurrected by you in your last Issue.
allow 13 a a few words Haan's 1934
We hawe, all of us, except the abnormally stupid, been pedantic humorists in our time. We spend much of our childhood picking up a vocabulary; we like to air our latest finds; we discover that

Page 4
letters contd. . . .
JLJr elders are ticked When we come out with a new Word that they thcught beyond us; we devote scme Fains to tickling thern further; and there we are, pedants and Polysyllabists all. The impulse is healthy for children, and nearly Universal - which is why a warnÎng l5 necessary; for among so many there will always be some who fail to realise that the clever habit applauded at home will make them insufferable abroad.
Most of those who are capable of writing well enough to find readers do learn with more or less of delay that playful use of long or learned words is a onesided game boring the reader more than it pleases the writer, that the impulse to it is a dangersignal- for there must be something wrong with what they are saying if it needs recommending by such Puerilities - and that yielding to the impulse is a confession of failure. But now and then even an able writer will go on believing that the incongruity between simple things
Solution to Cryptic
Crossword No. 3
ACROSS— 1. class5 Toom 8. Lift HL tendant 11. Fete 12. Minus 13. Knce 16. Canting
17. Keels on 18. Uprisen 20. Steeple 21. Sa te 22. Owned || 23. Ante 26 Priimter's eTToIII 27. Estranged
DOWN- 2. Lute 3. Setting 4. Roebuck 5. Odds 6. Fitting retort 7. In one's opinion 9. Off course 10. Reentered 14, First 15. Lever 19. New Year 20. Stepson 24, End 25. Free.
2
to be said and Words to say perennial charm; reader who hobbledehoyhood rest of us it is
notice that Haarl Wa5 d|5 letter; he coul
expected less. Colombo IO
Reggie Si 97 and
We all know Wardena is a m thing but should impression that of your paper is ting this resplen last Issue alone
following (no d: testimorials:
"With Mr R. S
vity respect, a I am proud to etc." (Carlo Fons
"As for Mr. always a delight (A. Jayaweera)
"Mr. R. S. 5 in the world II disagree with wh artistic judgment Nation arte Concer to find that we to quarrel".
(A. J. G
Upon what meat ggle feed that he is
A5 for Dr. Car must realise that Fabius Cunctator of the field arguably, in Politi not perm issible ir is una ble to defe

out-of-the-way thern in has a it has for the never outgrows but for the dreary indeed.
that this hawe
you Say missed for i scarcely
H. W. Fowler
riwardena, all that
that Reggie Siriany - splendoured you give the :he raison d'etre to keep paindent illy? In your you carried the oubt unsolicited)
... whose sensitiind with whorl
have been.... eka)
R. S.
to read. . . .
who is
he last person would want to ere matters of and discrimi"ned. I am happy hawe no reason
Lunawardena)
doth this our Regrown so great?
*lo Fonseka he
the tactics of while legitimate of battle and, |cs, are simply polemics. If he nd his position
that "we must, perforce, choose from among the available political leaders' let him yield with good
grace instead of taking cover behind a smokescreen of irrelewanies. Without any evidence
he accuses me of being a — political; he misquotes me by alleging that I have “no use for people past their menopause' (the doubleentendre is presumably intentional); and finally, he charges me, again with no evidence, with "crying for heroes to follow", and pronounces this adolescent. I have no heroes and seek none:
it is Dr. Fonseka who has found h|5 herto in Dr Colwin i de Silva. My position is that the aims and ambitions of leaders who are long past their political
menopause have no relevance to the aims and ambitions of the masses of this country.
Colombo. 3 Costa in de Wos
Trends . . .
(Carr Irried for page )
economic, there Is di broader involved. Has the free frnport of garments made the production of local textiles une con OIT sco
À55. Le
The Once burgeon Ing handlalom Industry for Instance has reached the stage of near-paralysis. No doubt the Minister of Textile Industry had a sound PoInt when he asked manufacturers to improve quality and design, Local manufacturers of many items have got away with sub-standard products and exorbitant profits in market conditions which allowed him to dictate terms to the consumer.
Import liberalisatlоп does meaп competition and therefore a challenge to local producers. But what about employment and the growth of national industry?

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News background
Snakes and Ladders (
ith Colombo trailing behind
by a Week, all the Call puses are new open. For the students it's back to the books and the daily trudge to ower-crowded lecture roons. For the dos however it looks like snakes and laidders, Yeste Iday's Wice-Chanceller is a here professor, presidents hawe becolle deans, del Els hawe been downgraded as heads of departments, while other heads are rolling.
*"It is Ilmore ST11, kes in the grass than ladders' snapped a senior lecturer who has quietly got himself a fellowship abroad.
While most lecturers are "The Ltral" in party politics (either through conviction, disin clination or discretion) several prominent teachers are known to have party affiliations and political sympathies But the squabbling over pusts and perks and academic gang warfare is not strictly according to party lines. Factions within the UNP camp as well as professors who have direct political and personal links with WIP's in the UNP Establishment are engaged in open feuds and backroom manoeuVTe,
* After a long-drawn out battle at the highest levels, Malay Street's favourite lost in the fight for the top post in Colombo. The fawurite Who se nia Ime Was min en tioned in the official press was suspected of having 'SLFP connections'.
*** At another campus, Lwo le:- turers were interrogated over a na sty anonymous letter about some alleged personal scandal. The lecLLITers, reportedly left-inclimed, were elected to the key posts in the university teachers' association Was the letter a prevocation plant by a rival faction of the establish ment?
''' A lecturer who was interdicted nearly one year ago is still in cold storage.
"It's back to the Jennings era". This observation on the recently
Te-organised un attributed to or of wice-chancell in the groves a said an ageing mitted his resig over campus intr and job-fixing e. by political and ոage but in fiբ Tio Li 5 UNIP fict pusės. "It is era" he added greement It is y Lligay (era) or
рауа, (аеоп).
Nisiška is o sanka Wijeyera
El Llicatio al d K ley Kalpage ( Senator) who is Mimistry.
But Dr. Kalp; hat. In fact, h. in various Facuit (or Gang of Fe conferred by til con Mr. Ridge TitleT secretär vious regime. H Director of Inf General of Broad SLBC, and Mini an era where fa more thia Il it klt way Tillekeratine speaking, was Or, as Mr. Pri Opposition calle bels.
For the UNP of omnipotent proved very st Kalpage is not the Ministry bu Grants Commit

on the Campus
iwe Tsity set-up was le of the Cho TE ors now parading F H cadelle. No do II who has subTil titol in disguist igue, cut-throlitism In couraged Illot Conly
high-level patгоhting between va. ions on the camnot the Jennings
in studied disaeithic the Nissa ka
the Kalpage kal
f course: MT. Nisthe Minister of alpage is Dr. Stanex-Professor, ex
Secretary of the
age Wears Another ::: is Ille w kilo vyn Cubs as G2. G4 ur) was the title le Sunday Times Way Tillekeratne, y, but in the pree held four postsIrmation, Directorcasting, Chairla II, stry Secretary. In mily Irlatter el even Des todoy, Ridgc!, bureaucratically lis own grandpa. em a dasa, then in di hi, Dr. Goeb
| SLIch IT1CIT1 ories bureaucrats have ideed. Dr. only Secretary of t Chairman of the
ES:
In fact, the UNP has done Illuch Worse. It proudly pledged the restoration of "university autoIn only' and "intellectual freedori'.
The Grants Comittee, a British concept, is an institutional device which seeks to serve precisely these tWo plu ripo ses. As the UGC Teport published by the UK government said the Cilmittee is both buffer and a shock absorber. It safeguards the universities from "political interference"; it is an 'earnest of the government's willingness to provide money without strings; it enables the universities to enjoy public funds without fear that one gift might turn out to be a Greek olle!
In the senior com Inom rioorns Where the UK report is as familiar material as the Writings of Eric Ashby, Bo wra or Balogh, it is now being said that the government has come to the campus bearing a Malaysian gift
Dr. Kalpage, a distinguished aca
years in the University of Malaysia, a country which practices a peculiar type of "democracy' that may not be controlled With the clinical efficiency of Singapore but is nonetheless a fake democracy as the recent elections proved. Malaysia also introduced racial quotas into the university a Tild Lill institutes, Racialism is the thinly conc calcid, principle which determines appointments and promotions in the thinly concealed principle which determines appointinents and promotions in the administration.
Merit and Inerit alone was yeanother election promise and platt

Page 6
for In boast. "Warsity ad Inission O merit Hole" a no Lices. Lhe "Daily News' echoing Dr. Kilpage. True 30% will be on an all-island basis on Imerit. True, 15% will be reser ved for "education Hilly under-privileged districts' and that's fair enough, if it is fairly placis cd. But 55% will be o Il "til: relative population of the 24 administrative districts". And What pray does this maan in effect?
Student politics is a familiar irritant to those who like nicely controlled universities which fullction like high-grade tutories.
Under the new dispensation, St Ludents' Col1 inh Ci 15 I have bec0 i 11 CC Student Assemblies which can be dissolved by the authoritics at any time. These: 155cTıblics can mot invite speakers from outside unless permission is obtained.
Even before the New Order, one campus president had drawn up his own list of acceptable speakers and told the students he T1 Lust ha W2 advince notice of the questions thcy Inight ask the guest lecturer after his lecture
ULF, J\
le United presses its the rapid growth paganda and Co in recent month Լion or thouբlitl to a repetition violence experien even earlier' sa: by the ULF.
*Extremist grot seeking to opera existing capitalist
nisatiois, but F
W. S.
"""The part pla
government in til is to add fuel one hand, the
hawe improwcd C. by some constitul by offering Cabi Ministerships t pro-capitalist lea Tamils. On the
portant Minister:
Hameed in Maputo
hen Foreign Minister. Ha III ced
Teturns from Mapu to thing5 should be a little clearer on whether the conflicts within the non-alignment in ovement will mike the road to Havana even rougher than it seemed when the fureign
ministers met in Belgrade. The agenda for Maputo Was exclusively African but there is little
doubt that the anti-Cuba Callpaigners have now been joined by an anti-Vietnam group
Mindful of the responsibilities of Sri Lanka's chairmanship and
Hanced himself has wisely kept of controversies. During the
Somali Foreign Minister's visit for instance, he paid a fine tribute to Cuba, the Inext - host, So I 11ä lia, egged on by Egypt, started the
Belgrade meeting by using Cuban
d
help for Ethiopi issil. TWC ог to change th
Now it is a In Fi paign based on coll I Wersy. F another broadsidt cu Tse of whicht Wiellall has los as a non-aligne No-aligned läti Peking (and f Washington or right it has to p met eiher way, Moscow will be if a Thorl-aligned Some NATO gr
Imber has lost ls Peking which developing thic psychology?

/P warnings on racism
Left Front exdeep concern Over af racist proImmunal tensio T3 ... Ally provocal ess act can lead of the communal ced in 1977 and уs a presя геlease
ups are not merely Le thTCL1gh SOIlle parties and orgaLre als o CTeating
yed by the UNPhis state of affairs to the fire. On the UNP chains to bmmunal relations tional changes and met and District o capitalist and ders among the other hand, illare allowed to
a a 5 a convenient o "boycot L" Hawa na e venue collapsed.
ti-Wict la I callthe Kampuchean "cking has fired : at Wietnam in the it states that t its credentials di IIle Iber. The ons Imay well ask T liit LeT Moscow) what ronounce a judgWashington and greatly a mills cd country says that WARSAW pact its CT edel Lias, hates hegemonism same big power
indulge publicly in the most ullabashed communalism Without being checked. The growth of racist organisations is fustered.”
The JWP in a ... simila T. Statement entitled "Do not be misled by communal provocation' says, "A conspiratorial move, calling for a boycott of Tamil shops, is spreading throughout the country today, and points up the da Inger of violent communal conflicts arising önce agaiı. Those Who are largely responsible for this criminal act are the capitalist political parties of this country. We caПtlemii both their attempt to achieve their na Tro w Political objectives through stirring up communal passions. El gainst the Tamil speaking iiinority a millo ng the Sinhallspeaking majority as well as their attempt to mislead the Talispeaking popula tion into co Im II nunal conflict with the Sinhalaspeaking people.' O
Despite diplomatic pressu Tes which could be traced to the new Waslıington-Peking axis, Sri Lanka has so far maintained the correct posture of allowing the non-aligned to decide who is non-aligned and who is not. If Mr. Desai calles here he is sure strengthen Sri Lanka's present position of these matters. Individually India still carries the greatest weight within the II ovement while the African group enjoys the same collectively.
t
After Sadat’s abortive Inmove to make peace with Israel, Egypt is
is so low that he was recently Sri Lubbed by Ayat0llahlı Khomeii When he tried to play Washington’s messenger and self-appointed peace-maker in Iran. The Ayatollah refused to see the Shah, Iran's Farouk and Sadat's honoured gll-St.

Page 7
JVP On Tami i
he government has recently
declared that sic Veral incidents hawe taken place in the North in connection with bank
robberies and the killing of several persons. We do not know who is respons ble for these incidents. lt should b c Stated Lihat te TT Corist tactics of this nature are del rimental to the struggle of the Tamil people, as an oppressed section of our society, to gain their basic hunan rights. The J. W. P. is of the opinion that the struggle of the Tamil people for their rights can only achieve victory as a result of the triumph of the socialist revolution. We therefore condemn terrorist tactics that place obstacles in the path of the socialist revolution in its march towards victory. We do not encourage or approve of such tactics.
News or refrain space and or better howeveг ш the editori publishing itself towe.
T In their I: missing. bold tуре,
"However, it this, and other been Lilised to Tailine of haras ression of the people of this ci past Weeks, We a II. Et tempt to si while taking sh
Day of the
merging from the underground Fifter a brief exile in the Illid-seventies, the local bookmakers are now having a field day. Immediately, after the last eneral Elections there were hopeful hints even from some Minis.
ters about reviving racing at Nuwara Eliya. There is an unconfirmed report now that one
of our business tycoons who is a patron of the British turf is keen on having the sport once again Eat BCs;i.
On November 11-last year, the book-makers who publish the TEce-cardi Hilnounced El BTT of te T1 percent on the bets to be paid out by the punter. The argument was, "When you pay for your Emineral waters and chocolates you pay a BTT which is included in the cost of the article. In England the betting charge is paid by the punter...'
The punters who have always en forced to accept the terms of the book-makers (inaccurate and incomplete information, for
bookies
instance) Լhouքh! Hill si ir Tor hill The Department they saly, las Ilc the punter. In
is there, of ci. optional. The pu pity on the b
scale and not a it when he wins, bookie coughs it
There now see of-war even ann Olle of the B political influen that he does no Pro Tisc has, hi Illinor Concession the punter of Y dend as against oil equill betting
In di Luda T.
The punters it e Wen Lillis Colles long orice the E: the pinch-if the chal nie—G.D.
(NEXT: Polit

issue
apers and their editors have the right to publish from publish Ing according to the availability of Coris siderations of Easte, What they da publish, sts, what they far to publish, often serves 5 a good indicator, not only of the psychology of a staff, but also of the political leanings of the organisation. Such selective editing also ends Irds the di stortion of other Peoples views.
Ceylon Daily News' published a WP statement isue of the 4th with selected passages and phrases We reproduce the statement in full, featuring in
the portions censored by Lake House",
is to be see til at incidents, hawe launch a progs Iment End TepiTamil-speaking Duntry. Over the hawe also seen ir up Tacialism el ter belind the
: it was Illot at
to pay this tax. f Illand Revenue ווט t imposed itי Briti, the urse, but it is Inter cit, either et (on a sliding
flat 10%) or pay ... If he loses the
L.
I 115 Llo be a . tugIng the bookies. ig Three whose ce is so great til WWF: t :- Wever, Tide a t t0חa pHIIle--- 3 plct divithe previous 1/4
its of Rs 25
turi, feel that tion näy not last i 30 ki-Ihakers fitel
punters' luck
activities of a few persons. It is at a time when such an atmosphere prevailed within the country that iL Wäs al Ilmu Liced that the se bänk robberies and in urders had taken place. This was an excuse to deploy more nembers of the Police and the Armed Forces in the North.
"Since this situation arose, a series of clashes between, sections of the armed Forces and the Police on the one hand and the Tarmil - speaking pec3ple on the other, have been reported; on the 5th of December in Jaffna town, ոIl the 14th 15th, Iճth, 17th intl 18th December in Welve tithurai, On the 16th December at Wasavian junction and on the 17th December at Palaly. According to infurnation received, large numbers of ships and houses have been destToyed El Fidi sict cum firc. The aclions of the Government Agent, Jaffna, in the face of this situation, has been highly commended.
"Just as Tu Inolul T was ullised to spread racialism, divide the pinpulation and urge them on to kill
each other in August 1977, we can Fee an altempt being mide to stir up racialist feeling by
spreading slihilar Turlours today. A letter bearing the stamp of a high Police official which is supposed to have been circulated
throughout Police Stations also brings to mind the incidents of August 1977. Since the govern
ment has not yet taken any definite steps regarding such incidents,
its of Racing r thg doubtrրգturally grises as to
FIAT
5

Page 8
whether the government lends its
titilt LlrseInte t0 this situat Ol. Persons who have access to modern
requipment have also begun to Torneo and distribute literature which arouses Sinhala chauvinist
feeling. At a time when the people are fast reaching the stage where they can no longer shoulder the burden of the socio-economic crisis which has been foisted upon them by the state, an attempt can be discerned to di Wert attention of the population away from their situation in this III a Inner"
"The J. W. P. strongly condemns this programme of action on the part of the government and protests against such activity, while calling upon the state to halt the repressive measures adopted by the Police und the Armed Force aga inst the Ta Inil people inn mediately. The J. W. P., which appeals to the Sillalla and Ta,Til working people of this country not to be led a stray by activities directed towards the arousing of racialist feelings, condemns the actions of
Tacialist organisations and indi. viduals in stirring up racial disharmony and calls upon all
organisations of the Working class
Lo come forward Lo combat this Situaticol.
"The Tamil people of the North live in constant fear due to ha rassment by the Police and the Armed Forces. Any visitor to the Jaffna peninsula today can see the Tamil-speaking people of the North living in a state of terror comparable to that which affected people all over the country in April 1971. While we strongly protest against the use of terroris F1 by the state against a section of the population of this country under the pretext of combatting
the terrorist activities of a few, we call upon the government to call an in II ediate halt to these Actions."
the
Why C
rl Wing SCII D. էն է:tա է: and Sirilla/AIlliri clection situation: La Inka, Mr. Math Kerala MP, and tյf Լlle Commun Lihat both the Janata party will close ranks in C parliamentary g power. Mr. Kur of the Welk I W Socil Scient ist meeting in Cello the Institute of
Though the Jan ged the fullest | rights, it was no feet in soft Wily's i traduced El “'r Maintenance of Act), and Was B Lrade uniom activi Industrial Relatio
 

IVE
Erfahrplädä "My Son Sanjay is Keeping a Lour Profile."
P (M) opposes Indira
- parallels in pasen II idira. /Sanjay and in the post5 in India and Sri ew Kuriin, former a leading illerber ist party (M) said Congress and the soon re-unite and rider to play the ame of shari Eng ia, Tou Ilder — ediLibor Indian journal " was addressing a Imbo sponsored by Social Studies.
at a party had pledrestoration of civil only dragging its
blit it hH5 :à 150 roini-MSA" (The Internal Security it tempting to curb ly through El IncW Ins La W. The COIT
bined forces of the Left had led a counter-attack and Delhi, the capital, had seen the biggest working class demonstration in recent years.
Neverth teless, added Mr. Ku Tia II, his party had decided to support the Janatha party against Mrs. Gandhi at the Chik migular by-electio ili because: it considered such a step the best tactic at this particular mo Tinent. This support he e Tıphasised, was exclusively on civil rights issue5, and 10 t o Ti socio-economic or class issues. It is necessary to support the government in Lin doing the “black acts' committed by Indira, Sanjay and the small coterie Which Tuled India ulder emer. gency. But the C. P. (M) will remain vigilant in regard to certain disturbing trends such as the growth of the semi-fascist R. S. S. and its
(CFIffn frès IF FF PS)

Page 9
KANDY
A tavern in th
From a correspondent
Kos the second biggest city in Sri Lanka, was Without Elack, beef, cigarettes and bread is the year began. There was El Track if you were willing to stand for it in the hot slin in a queue which quickly folded up El round twelve. The beef you could get if you went out to Madawala or Aku Tall where the Muslinis made sure they got their beef,
Cigarettes were there, of course, at fancy prices. And bread just disappeared the moment it was baked, only sandwich loaves were available at Rs 2.50 a loaf of two pounds. They wouldn't even cut a pound of that for you.
On the fice of it there seemed no reason why the public was being harassed like this. The papers assLIred Lls of Lioms of flour. Cigarettes were available in plenty a Indi the CWE was doing everything to see that everyone got a slokc. If arrack and beef were not available, why that was a thing of joy for those committed to hawing a dharmadweepaya. You COLldn’t imagine that a go wernment with a five sixth majority Was really in power.
Perhaps the best commentary on the present stalic of affairs, which may be prevailing well beyond Kandy, is the little comedy that is now being played in
Colombo Street, Kandy.
Tipplers were quite overjoyed When they discovered that a third liquor shop had been opened for their comfort, with the new year. But hardly had the cheers died
down when the newly opened taVern put down its shutters. Apparently, you couldn't have
more than two liquor stalls down the SAIIle street,
The law abiding tavern keepers Secil Lo hawa disco WeTCd it for themselves and without waiting
for the la W to decided to clos Tile:Tlt tät ther, tlt * Il Citյltյmbo liqLlor shops an
The Laye TI
doing business för a number i up this year li political backer ווטres5iקim חA Weyed to the qua that it wasn't tical backing. W Thc täv,'eTT1 is; roof needing qu
Meanwhile to delight of the the Tew tyr its shutters soor opening has ope Back
* oming...co.
Since the tíð Weirsi 1 D. B. Suliday papers Innounced the a Wood box-offic The Towering I the picturegoer it The Hollywood MGM, Paramou Columbia etc) in their inflexible T distribution right polies.
The State F
5 et Lup by the L. rights as importe
The present gc changed this law day Ofiser"y"er T fills have been under an agreem Kinematograph of Bombay (age consortium) and poration. The ce. tiated after by the Corpora MT. ETic de Sil, th Int, Mr. George

e town
discover it they : down. But this WTC II LWels Street, only foreign
bars.
Which had beel down this street lf years gave it lable to fild alı 10 remiew its Telt.
had been corters that lattered ven secking poli'ell that settled it. now closed, the ite some repair.
the surprise and iad dened tipplers which put down after a grand illed up once more.
They hope this Would be pera
1.
For the moment the The W ta werin appears to have got over the tricky excise infringement. The petition drawers who had complainedi seem as sua ged, the Tesidents who suddenly discovered a street
full of bars änd Saloons like in a Wild West township seem appeased.
The Dharmishta settlement they halve come to See IIls to be that the foreign liquor shop sells liquor in bolcs Lhe bar Seis driks and the newly opened tavern no drinks but bottles. But nobody is sure. Whether the rules of this game are being strictly kept. And all this within ear shot of the Dalada Maligawa.
in business
ming... coming...' days of the conNihalsingha, the have proudly rival of Hollya hits like the Inferno". But for was a long Wait. majors (Warners, it, United Artists, sisted that it was Լlle IInt to se|| s to Stäte IIl Olo
ilm Corporation, JF, enjoyed sole r and distributor.
y We TI1II1 en Li has Inot "... Yet, the Sir Fileported that 69 scold1 t Sri La1nki ent signed by the Renters Society Il for the US the Fill Corпtract was negorisit to Bombay ion’s Chair Iman, Fa and its ConsulWick remaisingha.
Was the report strictly correct? The real buyers of the 69 films are private Sri Lankan firms, notably the Ceylon. Theatres Ltd, (the Gardiner group) and Liberty Cinema (the Cader firm). The Film Corporation has endorsed this agreement. Each film has been sold on a percentage basis, the average being 50-50 of the takings. The US companies can now take their share but they have agreed to release the 6.5 Inillion rupees of blocked funds for a film complex of Lhe corporation.
Meanwhile the film World is
buzzing with the news that Mr. Anton Wickremasinghe, a film producer and businessman who emigrated to California will be the Corporation's next boss. Mr. Eric de Silva is only acting
Chairman. Mr. George Wickremasingha, a former director of the Government Film Unit, held a top post in Ceylon Theatres Ltd for almost ten years.

Page 10
International news
IRAN (3)
The perils
by Mervyn de Silva
he turbulent events which have made Iran's protracted (and still u Iliesolved) crisis one of L hic major upheavills of recent years project the image of a situal Lion where nobody is master. Winter holiday Dr jo Irney of Illo return, the Sllah's departure is a demonstrution that the parvenu Pahle vi dynasty has lost, perhaps irrecow: rably, its once regal and esolute will. It is unlikely that the Crow Prince, twich if the In on: Ichy is Hot destroyed, can ever para de himself as a King of Kiings.
Ordered to fill the breech and restore law and order, the Army found itself trapped by a familiar and Lin helpful logic inhere it in the situation – harsher repression Which II ay incense the people more or appeasement which may be read as a sign of weakness and therefore an invitation to 110 ro Violence. Tür II betwee1 CGTflicting counsel and by facions in the high collmand advocating differen I responses, General Azhari bo WEd OLIt but I'lot before the Chief of Staff, who fled, and several other generals who quit, becae casualtics of that brief exercise which also cost thousands of intellt lliw Ess.
Mr. Sanjabi, the respected leader of the National Front, he erogeIcus alliance of anti-Shah forces which forged their unity in militant action, did play a prominent part blut He Would be the last to chiliIl that he was the drama's primary source of inspiration.
Prile Milister Bakhtiar Wils thrust on to the stage when in increasingly helpless Shah opted for a token half-hearted gesture of reconciliation which might at least give hill time to lake a less dishonourable, and hopefully
of r
temporary, exit. Na lillä FroIII clings on.
As for externi
5 LIPICT00 WERTS, Ill апd equally wat cancelled each - WaTings tigainst tio [1. Till: U. S. of the Soviet L. advanlage of a the "cting" interests legitimi Soviet treaty of Ticin fleet repor of Subic Bay f Iot laterialise, Dominical Repi Leba Incon. In Elin the omnipotent 1950's. It is it 1960's, And so, reduced to än ulli of what Dr. Ki enjoying the ple: Comba tai Tıt änd predicaments of would call the ( til I's il decisiwe
The director
The Teil ictor dra II.a Te Lluc anybody tould be tor it is su Tely Ay'Elto la RL ha exiled ecclesiastic Slli Le Mosleils W 30 milliolus or 90° population.
Though a rece attributes tu Opiniçit, the Ayiti sistently disclair of replacing the TL er of IT. E stri ke5 IEle: Es; 5) | Gandhi of India of Cyprus.
His genius Il mood of the peo

epression
Denounced by the t, Mr. Bakhtiar
forces, the two Litually suspicious chful, had all lost ther by reciprocal direct it crwc11had to take note nicil's logistical long border and if vital security sel il tillic Iralia El1923. The Alctedly moving out Dr the Gulf did It in is not the Lublic, Ikot eWell case this is not America, Cf the the world of the Washington was 1 Willing exhibition 55inger, gleefully sul Teal of al Il-olgloating over the the rival party, arter administra:ss and impotence.
s of Iran's grand people. But if named its directhe frail 78 year ah Khomeini, the 3. I ll cal of the ho number nearly % of the country's
nt CBS inter Wiew ini El Contriä. Ty olilah has col - td any intention : Shah as the is present role mething betwo:
and Makarios
in sensing the ple, and seizing
"At the height of Algeria's anti-colonial struggle, the Algerians und the French folght a symbolic battle over the veil. The Frencil posing as "progressives' wanted to unveil Algerian women; the Algerial is saw in the veil and ill Islam a way of resisting the coloniser. The Yeil recently reappeared oli Iramian : En Lupuses, not so much as Eu sign of Islami" բiety but as an net of defiance against the Shah's government and its perceived westernism'. - (Prof. Found Ajani).
the hour; in picking his targets With uncring accuracy and in the perfect selection of slogans which while responding to the in most feelings of the vast majority also gawe the masses in motion a unifying sense of purpose and direction.
The people were ready to move: the bursting point had been reached, and the critical moment arrived. A man who had lived in exile for over a decade thousands of miles away, and his advisers, feit the pulse beats of a people whose anger could no longer be contained by fear. But not the Shah, not the government, not the army or SAWA K mot diplomatic observers and not even knowledgeable reporters who had, it is true, Witten from time to time about TLI mblings tot popular discontent.
What happened in Iran something about the nature of repression. It clogs all chaint leis of communication. It alienates the rulers from the ruled, and finally leaves the people with no choice but to take to the streets, guns, tanks and helicopters not withstanding, and comc what may.
says
The Shah had honestly believed that his only opponents We Te some radical, recalcitrant students abroad, some undowners who had suffered under land distribution and the

Page 11
nullahs who had resented the decline of their traditional influence ower their fluck als the moder II State began to concentrate all power in its hands.
Out of this situation caine some Curious paradoxes.
In Latin America, the security appa Tallus of Illa Ily a repressive regine has bicen sel. Lp, its senior officers trained, and its monstrous gadgetry perfected on American
expertise – in Prestigious institutions like Washington's Police academy.
As repression becomes the regime's sole pre-emptive strike against populair discontent (and Illot the lIllinate Weapon agak i Elst a perceived danger) and turns in fact ii to the orthodoxy of Lille governing groups, the 'pure' intelligence operation (that is, in for Eilation gathering) is soon subordinated to What Premier Bakhtiar hill self described last Week as "Lille 01. Il cr sicle". It beColles the day-to-day arm of repression. (One does Inc. Ilced to identify sources of dissatisfaction, analyse its causes and present Well-infor Ined reports. All one has to do is to suppress the cliscontent, using greater and greater force. In the long run, it only sends the opposition underground, intensifying the la le and the aliger, Llun til the molent of Illuximum danger arrives and catches the complicent rulers completely Lil IT TW TES
So with SAW.A.K, all institutional byproduct of the Shah-US alliancC.
The Iranian army and the elite corps of SAVAK hi ve had close institutional and personal links with the US military and intelligerice ek Liblishment. III ficL Gel. Robert Juyser, Deputy Commander of the Allied Command in Europe Was Tecently in Tehral to "talk to the generals personally, drun up support for the Bahkliar regime and to ask the Army "not to rock the bloody boat'.
However rhetorical, Carter's h1 LIman rights Hitomilies erTi ba TrEssed Լht Shah, an important and staunch US ally though net all outstanding devotec of the 'Magna
Jin Tımy Cartal." T. press reported, W Lo 10 SEIl colta opposition group of informatio
The CIA la In ore heavily on had already bec of State terror hite-symbol. ༣ explosion cane, the CIA for po LF : S: 11 K, 115; chief.
I this instal II CIA Was Ire US foreign poliւ uplifting talk ab foreig II policy", interest', as p goverling pirti defenice of Lil America's vitally It is not possib
pressor and the same time.
Moslem mower
December se Miha TerII, Lle Shiite MoslcTis of Inari Hussei battle of Ke Tbili in the 7th Ce headquarters (act sig CJII plex C thirty kilometres Ayat Colla Hill selt a i Wkes f religious duty t
So, in the of the Iranial (holy) Water did
Besides Tan's (Fred Falliday's TIL EI OLLS i 11 port: its sität Luis as o supplie T.”
Օil wealth liti Shah's imperial ideas, howewer d diose they mły sco The eyes in W be comfortably US grand design cularly in the DJct Tie, itself E defeat in Wetla Tea 55 c55 ment CF 1 limitil til 15 ånd å the el Tir Ille, "security" arrange

"he CIA, the US as quietly ordered :ts Witli Talia. Il
3. So that sou Tce ried up.
to lean evil
SAWAK which Ille: the CITLI el a Tm and a popular t wileון the Carter blamed r intelligence and ed ille SAWAK
e at least, the the casualty of y. For all the out "morality in het US "national circeived by the es de Illmänd the Shah one of important allies. le to be with the lhe oppress.cd at
ent
es the end of holy month. When In turn the death in defeated in the a (Iraq) by Yasid Intury. From his llally a unimpof old coltages) from Paris, the message to the ran: “it is your so strike...'
turious che Inistry
crisis, oil and
111 ix.
Indil location
phrasco) "its treInce is based on il producer and
it tourished the Wilsilə 15 Hind these islastefully granhave semed to ashington, could accoli modated in , and Innore parti
Nixon-Kissinger product of the , a self-critical JS power and its in appreciation of V actics and cw ile:1 LS.
As Michael Tantzer a specialist writer on world petroleum has remarked, oil, of all commodities, is "the supremely political one". It was thc Shah's weapon, the Imanifest repository of his power. How Ileally the Ayatollah and the opposition Luined it against him?
S. Korea Private prosperity, public discontent
hic Tecelt "elections" to the
South Korean National Asserbly saw a protcst wote against President Park Chung Hee's economic politics, says Ffriarcial Times (London) correspondent Richard C. Hanson.
At the outset Mr. Hanson explains that Lherc a Te few features of der no CT acy in South Korea Hind that South Koreans have only a very limited democratic Weapon open to them since the National Assembly is mostly powerless and in any case the President personally appoints 1/3rd of the 231 member body. Furthermore like in Malaysian “elections" held earliero in 1978, the campaign issues were severely restricted. In South Korea it is illegal to speak out against the Constitution, the Presidcnt and "sensitive" governmental policles. This left 'cconics in command' of the campaign issues.
In term of votes, President Park's Democratic Republican Party (DRP) came in second place while the opposition New Democratic Party (NDP) emerged first. This is said t be të ist electrotal setback suffered by President Park since he came to power in a US-backcd military coup d'etait in the early 1960's. Diplomatic obscrives feel that the set back mirrors widespread public antipathy towards the present state of thic S. Korean economy.
The S. Koreal conventionally portrayed as a strong and stable' one, and a model of what can be fichieved by a policy of unbridled export-led (Carr Gr page 2)
economy is

Page 12
KAMPUCHEA (I)
Background to
conflict
By Amara Senanayake
It was hugely a mu sing to read
an analysis" of the events in Kampuchea featured recently in a national daily, which characterised the recent overthrow of the Pol Pot regime as a "Futsch.՝ Leinin informs “us Lihat the term "putsch', in its scientific sense, may be employed only when the attempt at insurrection has revea. led nothing but a circle of collspirators or stupid maniacs, and has aroused no sympathy among the masses ... Whoever calls ... a rebellion a "putsch" is either a hardened reactionary, or a doctrinaire hopelessly incapable of envisaging a social revolution as a living phenomenon.'
Lenin's devastating indictment is altogether too harsh to be lewelled at our commentators writing in the mainst Team Inedia. The problem I think, is not only OIle of World OLItlook and Class standpoint, but even more importantly one of methodology. Western domination of the global information structure reinforces cultural colonialism and intellectual dependence in the periphery. The cliches of the Wester Il corespondents trip off the typewriters of their local mimics with a readimess that would both a Tlal ze and gratify their gu Tus. And So, We read of a "putsch against Pot Pot.” of *Wietnam's desire to have a federation of Indo-Chinese stal tics," to "threats to peace and stability in the ASEAN region,' to "the historical antagonism of the Kampucheans for the Wietnames e" etc. etc ..., As Fr. Francois Houtart, (the renowned Scholar and Rector of Belgium's prestigious Catholic University at Louvain) said in Colombo a few Ino II this back, When Western nations go to war it is presented
l
'SIF
In earl fuig til er en 14 Dlalės iridep E had deeply at but to Indo-C the rights of and for the b he Wils AbOWE:
As the that muy first I ErmEl lüte thian Sirik M. and said that
Fr gi had draYYn Lup) #LIL'll fll [[]]][]. " would take p Hanoi, the C reIllilitletl tinly ond agree on assassiilated il
- Prince
as a fight ower rat democracy, fasci non-White peopl ideology PTe5e11: ing rooled in s torical fe-a Talıd of a peculiarly character. It is on tragic irony loaded analytica accepted and ut intelectuals" se to the fact that tools are i Il fac pons wielded su own peoples.
WHILE EO
What took pla The processes politics of Kar comprehensible i. from that colli

indo - China
HANOUK APPEALS FOR U. S. HELP'
(Headlire last Week)
y September 1959, I left by plane for Hanoi to attend nies for the revered foundler a Eud leader of the Wietndence struggle. the late President Ho Chi Minh. I IIIlired "Uncle" Ho. He belonged not only to Wietnam, hina, to Asia, and even to the world, for he stood_lor Oppressed people every vyłbere; in thic formler cultյոiբե, lacks of the United States as well. For me, an Asian
all a fellow Asian.
plane took off I thought how ironic and sad it was visit should be occasioned by the death of my friend. S aLLL LLaa a C aLL aLL SS LML LLLL C LLCaCLJS talk turned to his friends, of whom Lon Nol YY. is one, now was the perfect time to depose mille.
purcs in the United States I learned later that the CIA
LS LLLLLLLLS S LLtLLL LLLL LLLLaLaLHLH LLK aLHHHHHLLLLL LLL which a CIA contact on Lon Nol's staff had promised LLLa L LLL LaLL aLLLLLS a SLLL LLLL LaK S S L S L LL a aLLtau LLLLLL LLLL LLCL LLL LaLLLL LLmLLCHCCS LL LSLLL LL H LLLL LL L0LL LLtCLL aL L LHLHHLLL H LLLL LLLLLL
the tining.
As part of this scenario, I happened to be in the country at the time."
Sihanouk - "MY WAR With the CIA."
a lo le
(Pelicai)
ional ideas such as sm, etc; but when es fight, Western 3 it to LIS as beline irrational lisethnic antagonism ul-W. A. S. P.ish i a pity Vergi Ing that these WallieI tools have been ilized by our own emingly oblivio Luis these self same ideological Weibtly against tour
ok place 2
ce in Kampuchea? underway in the mpuchea are inf taken in isolation ntry's social for
mation. Of Course this is true not only of Kinpuchea, but of all societies at any given time of their evolutio II. SLIÇh is the Illa Lerialist conception of history. LikeWise, it is necessary to recognise the relative autonomy of the political factor even though it is deter IliIld in the las instance by the given socio-egong Inig førIllation. Such is the dialectical IT1čthod.
The impact of French imperialism on the Asiatic Thode of production that predominated in precolonial Kampuchea was significantly less thall the corresponding impact it had on the feudal structures that prevailed in neighbouring pre-colonial Wietnam. In Kampuchea there was only a peripherill growth of colonial capitalism and consequently only a

Page 13
miniscule proletariat. Pre-capitalist relations of production predomina te in the Kampuchean social formation. The classic POTOblom of how to establish and ensure proletarian leadership, or or correctly, hegemony within the anti-imperialist Tevolutionary process in a society where te Proletariat constitutes a numerically small minority, was a problem which confronted Kia fin pli chean revolutionaries in an extreme fi. Under the guidance of the Third International, this problem had by and large been resolved in the Case of China and WietniII.
The Chinese Revolution
As Jean Chesneaux notes in his excellent book 'Peasant Rebellions in China - 1949, while ther hild been very many unsucessful |p = sant jacqeries over the centuries in China, the victory of the Chinese Revolution was ulli Tlately determinated by the Communist party’s success in ensuring proletarian leadership of the peasant OWment in terms of ideas, men and structures. Having based itself originally on the Working class, the Chinese Communist Party retidlined its proletarian character even after it retreated to the countryside following the defeat of the urban insurrections in 1927, by ensuring through ideological struggle the hegemony of Proletariau consciousness within its TELinks.
It may be said in Tetrospect that Ho Chi Minh. Who headed the Far East Secretarial of the Comintern, achieved this with d] ёүсэл greater degrce of success than the Chinese Marxist-Leninists. The hegemony of the Proletariat was ensured in terms of ideology as Well as social Col: Position in the case of the Vietnamese Communist Party. In this regard is іпрогtant to recall that even when H Chi Minh decided to change the amic of the Wietnam Communist Party, the title he opted for was
thal of the Wiel (Lao Dong) Party try With a predă Pgpulation (the of Albania is a point).
As long as rewolutionarieg wę in the Indo-Ch Party, (linked to under the leaders Minh, the hegem ideology within
Volutionary proc However, when and the concrete ntitional struggles Countries objective the dissolution of ,ist PartyווCommu the Vietnamese Part began to lose it fluence. In a serie Conflicts and fact the Sorbonne-ret Phan-leng Sary-Pol Il Cid till leadership բաch can revolution: Though highly dedi Taries i End militan lists, this group adոր Philosophical positi of the Proletariaf, the Petty-bourgeois p took up cudgels agai from the class san Il-Prolefarian inter There were for that led to this and
The objective fact
Firstly, the Ճbjectiv Was the Kampuchea Ination, the nature have briefly dwelt in this article. Sյ milieu inevitably and
eller: l teg i llurl-բret petty-bourgeoi gainst which are Քical-theoretical Sfrig aged if it is to becoming the נחנfrt ideology within the list ranks. Obviously cհը:Hn re"{}lutionaries
SLIstain this 5.tr Lug fully,
The of her three քtic| discussed in the next essay.
NEXT Sino-Soviet is

... Ilese Workers - this in a counminantly peasant arly of Labour simila T case in
bе Капnpucheап *re incorporated lina Communist thic Comintern) hip of Ho Chí my of proletarian he Kampuchean t88 WH5 еп5шге. the specificities Conditions of the in each of these ly necessitated the Indo-Chinn this factor (i. e. y's guiding role) is decisive in * of internecine ional Sir Liggles Iled Rhieu SamPot gгошp gai
of the Kim. TV I lovement, Cafed revolutio. anti-imperiafed the politico5 TOT 50 illuc but rather of eas antry. They
st imperialis dpoint of the filediate strata. Tata in factors
reinforced it.
"Cfactor which Social for. of which we IPCI carier lch a sociall Porta Theously Plefarian peia. Si Inentality fless ideologle has to be be prevented hegemonic Anti-imperiathe Kяпрш"Er D lillabio gle success
lors will be El TL of this
chisin.
every even at 7:30 Over SLBCchannel2

Page 14
Cinema
“Ahasin polovata” — E
adultery
by Chandra Wijeratine
AF familiar with the history of the Sillhall fil11 and the role that has bel played in its development by Lester Pieris faces a peculiar difficulty in speaking about his ire recent fills. This difficulty was clearly dramatised during the sllowing of his nie west film, A HASIN POLO WATA. The film is preceeded by a short documentary on RLuk main i Dewi including extracts fruin solic of her earliest films like BROKEN PROMISE, KELA HANDA, DAS CON etc. These extricts, with their s Lagy sets, LI nb e licviable hamming, pedantic dialogue, artificial cha Tacters in artifici si Lations, dello stra 1 cd vividly the pioneering role played by Pieris i 1 TescLing the Sillhålla fill III froIII that aby smal sitLIHtion Hind IIldwing it forward Towards, a Illore Teillistic: Teflectio II of Sri Linkä Il its society. This is a historic task that he performed from REKAWA, on w Ards, and Tost notably in GAM PERALIYA.
Acknowledgement of this role And the Tcspect due to hir I1 should Inot, however, inhibit Luis Inow frol looking critically at his more rccent filII.
AHASIN POLOWATA is in technically accomplished film, but its skill is placed in the service of a basically banal the file of love ELInd Temorse a mong the bourgeoisie of Sri Lanka. The story tells of a doctor whose marriage to the da Lighter of an equally affluent feudal family ends in disaster beca Isic of some dollib LS Talised in his Ilind regarding her fidelity to Will Tids him. His lib E5 T: aroused when he sees photographs showing her in the company of Elnother man, taken before het marriage. He questions her, she refuses to a15wer, And, as a result
| 2
of this argumc. she has a TiscäI He is overcom withdraws into a his guilt. Hic i bäck by the to Wards him by sister.
The film is a of the anguish f and the growing
Wittorio
drama
he know
he migh
is imagi
hill äld his si wiewing the film, the basic situatio to beäT the wei It is probably be logical developme exposed this desi Pietis and his sic to a very sophist
 

assay in imagined
LCHS LCCLLLaL HCH SLTLCCaaL LTGLGGLGHHS Α επηρ ήorΗ Αήττίri Pαι ανατα
it and conflict, for the narratio- a movement riage and dics, to and fro in time in which most 2 with remorse, of the story of the doctor and shell and nurses his wife is narrated in flashback 5 finally pulled and recollection, juxtaposed with affection shown the growth of his relationship with his wife's younger the younger sister. Even this, however, cannot totally hide the
W of the 5 tory. detailed portrayal ekesses Slогу
alt by the doctor But what really characterises intimacy between the film is a basic refusal to look
de Sica once said that the only
of the middle class is adultery; had
in our middle class as depicted here,
t have added that its greatest drama
ined adultery.
ster-in-law, But, beyond the surface. The charac
one feels that ters act in a certain way, but, in is too slight although some comments are made ght of the film. on the inability of the two cause a chrono- protagonists to understand and int would have communicate in spite of their ciency that Lester affection for each other, it seems ript-writer Ics or never to occur to either the icated framework director or the script-writer to

Page 15
ask Why these characters behave n that particular manner. Why is it they cannot communicate
with each other? Why do they геact emotionally to certain stimuli? Why is he so short-tempered and why cannot she be frank with him? In short, how has the consciousness that they demonstrate in their attitudes and actions been determined? To have asked such a series of questions might have shifted the film from being a merely precious exercise in the depiction of the superficialitics of emotion, to a searching examination of the realities of human eIllution in their social setting and El deeper analysis and exposure of the bankruptcy of bourgeois Society in Sri Lanka.
breakdown of between husband and Wife is shown to Luis through two incidents: he reprimands her for playing the piano While lie is rcading and he laughs at her hair-style when she is ready to go out with her fricids. These lead on to the climatic questioning about thic photographs. However heavily they may be su rounded with an artificial framework of symbolism, one refuses to give these incidents the dinotional weight they are intended to carry - because they are depicted as incidents in thenselves; they do not ever become Lhe surface demon strations of nin underlying tension — beca Lusc, that tension which underies all marriage, and bourgeois II arriage in particular, is not within the grasp of the film. Or to invert this problem - if the Sri Lankan bourgeois is so bound up with the su face minutiae of life, should Tot the sit Llation lead to an analysis (in the film) of his class background, his emotional innaturity, and his sense of insecurity?
Të relations
Wittorio de Sica once said that the only drama of the midde class is adultery; had he known our middle class as depicted here, he might have added that its gratest drama is imagined adultery.
Lester Pieris knows the bourgeois milieu in Sri Lanka very well but he does not use his knowledge
to sharpen our
this class. Is it accepts their ow estimation of the Colill Contrast Hi Ilmaker like Claud seal Tching fill II 5 birgeoisie critic: Were, the tota bourgeois life.
Final analysis
Im tha Hի5emԸէ understanding th been obtained th | of question ing i A hasin Polovata,
I l Ellysis, El trivial lity is nat what plished film Inak he giving us, tho
say that, from onwards, he ha precisely that. (.
With the projecte in the Jungle, he Way back Lo me cinema, El cine not mercly how
but also why thi the Way they do.
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Page 16
Movie maker vs
by Gamini Dissanaike
R a Tecent interview wouchsafed to a Sinhala film Weekly ("Suratura, ) Lester James Peries a minted over the calibre of our film critics. Nowadays, he announced, the guys (not dolls) who scribble about road accidents and parliamentary affairs have emerged as critics, Cin they write anything meaningful about the cinema?
Mr. Peries was returning to a subject on which he had chosen to pontificate from the pulpit of the Catholic film seminar se veral months ago. There, hic had pronounced ex cathedra that a group of "new Mixists' Was monopolising film criticism (“Reds under the Bed" and all that) and judging movies from a purely political standpoint. Thereupon, the Daily News' columnist "Saturn' came into the controversy sideways and offered a striking contrast in expertise between an eminent band of film critics of yester-year and the present day blurb-writers and scribblers. (It is pertinent to note that in this distinguished group "Saturn' included both Mr. Reggic Siriwardena, the most regular contributor to this magazine and the excritic who now edits 'Lanka Guardian')
Having given the reader this brief synopsis of the debate, I must state at once that I have no intention of Waving a red rag at any Papal Bull. A few words, however, on behalf of our tribe.
There could be one or two critics who have not dealt in the journalistic trivia that has earned such scorn from the august Mr. Peries, Winner of so many awards, judge at so many festivals and old pal of Lindsay Anderson.
A short step
To borrow a phrase from Mr. Gunadasa Amatasekara, there may be critics who write only on "profound human experiences' such as the sentimental outpourings we find in "Agony' columns of the Sunday press, material very dear to the, "meaningful'" cinema of the Lester Peries of "Ahasin Polo wa ta'". From "lonely hearts" to “lonely artists' is but a short step for some critics and some artists.
Speaking for myself, however, I admit freely that I have, as a journalist written about parliamentary matters as well as road accidents. I feel certain that the experience has sharpened both my political awareness as well as my road sense. At least I am conscious of direction, of where artists are going, of vehicles of communication and why casualties take place.
Writing from the lobby has only strengthened my belief that the arts, particularly those addres. sed to mass audiences, can not be divorced from snciety and environment, both local and external. The more one understands such phenomena, the better one responds to the arts.
14

the critics
If Mr. Peires has assumed that there has been Ito film culture' in Sri Lanka, what about the many publications, discussions and film societies whose ongoing work and culin it ment to the medium that was seen and fell for the past 20 years? And hasn't Mr. Peries himself participated in these activities at least a few times though invited many times? And haven't people like Siri Guna singhe and Mahagama Sekara, Dharmasena Pathiraja and Wasantha Obeysekara attempted to examine some major social problems through their works? Taking these three groups (including the critics) as a whole, were they not responding to the cry of the Third World in terms of cinema made loudly and consistently by such artists like Pontecorvo, Solinas, Ousmane, Mirdal Scin, etc; ?
And reverting to accidents, I am now almost sure that Lester himself is a "casualty' of our cinema and, considering his direction of developInent after "Gan Peraliya' (1963) makes it fairly clear that this film can be identified, in retrospect as a "historical accident' of the Sri Lankan cinema. To my mind, the strength of that film, though romanticized, lies in the screen-play of Reggie Siriwardena. Pitifully es tranged from the massess, part and parcel of the upper petit-bourgeoisie but a good technician, Lester makes films that reflect and serve interests of his own social class, negative and defeatist in content and glossy in form.
The proper setting
His latest release '"Ahasin Polowata'' (From the Sky to the Earth' alias White Flowers For the Dead') is a case in point. It also strikes me that Cairo was the proper setting for this latest award to Lester. This film is as much a betrayal of Lester's talents as Sadat's half a Nobel Prize was a prize for his treachery to the Arab and Palestinian cause.
When awarding the prize for "the best film from the Third World' the judges said "“for the precision and realism with which this film has por
rayed the social life in Sri Lika . ’’
A few words then about social reality and art. Without philosophising one could say that the reality of a thing embraces all its essential aspects, If more of such aspects are identified and known then note of this reality can bc grasped. Social reality would concern the esse i tial features of an eyer-changing Society Էw tilլյtitյm and revolution. For one to be fully conscious of the nature of conflict in society and the relationship between individual behaviour and social life, and of the tensions and struggles which arise from social inequalities is to comprehend social reality at a higher level. This is the level of understanding of Tolstoy for instance, as Lenin obserWed.

Page 17
It is not only that society is cleaved into classes which are in constant conflict but the struggle itself shapes social change and transformalion. The artist who grasps this fact, intellectually or intuitively, approaches his material with a certain maturity. What cver their Inedium, such artists strive "to crystallize mass consciousness,' as Frantz Fanon put it. Lester Peries himself has on occasion acknowledged this truth. But in his own descent into crass sentinentality and romantic triviality he has ignored social reality.
Title belied
And moving from the abstract to the concrete or, rather to the earth as the Lille of our film in question suggests, "Aha sin Poluwata” is based on a weak novel by Eileen Siriwardena. The book was (according to Les Lier) personally recom Imcinded for a film by Dr. Ediriweera Sarachchandral The film is about two middle-class families and, in the mail, about the personal cxperiences of Dr. Sarath the protagonist. His wife dies giving birth lo their first child and he views their brief relationship in retrospect. He tries to see their relationship in a better perspective. In the end he takes his young sister-in-law for his second wife. Hcre, the director is on his favourite ground and as usual, tries to portray thic whole situation in highly individualistic terms and stereotyped characters, completely ignoring the larger matrix of social relationships. He has uprooted his characters from social forces-they are like gossanner, eternally floating in the sky and, despite the title of the film, mewer come down to ea Tth.
None of the main characters-Sarath, Willitha, Pushpa, Wijay or Emanis have been depicted as creatures of their milieu. Nor is there any colnplexity of feelings. What was the cause that broke down the married life of Winitha and Sarah? Was it over the hair-style or the fortner's teenage relationship with her cousin Ravi who died long ago? What prevented Winlitha from discussing that episode frankly with her husband? Alld, could Sarath who lowed ballroom dancing with his wife and appreciated heT pianoplaying, have so outrageously objected to her hair-style or her playing his favourite melody? Was it because they were so individualistic and the tragedy was a result of "fate'? Are we to take seriously the comments of Emainis to his II nalister that "though the Wiciratne family is rich, they are bad people; anyone who joins that household Will be doomed"? Or the words of Wijay to his brother-in-law: "Winitha was irascible; you never understood her' It seems that though both Sarath and Wijay were medical men, the former was blissfully oblivious of even the rudiments of psychology or psychosomatic maladies! Funnily enough, Sarath who turned the scar hiclight un to himself tries to redeem himself by taking his own sister-in-law's hand. Yet, we are not given a convincing reason for such a union. If Sarath and Winit ha represe inted the same social group and yet headed for disaster, how could ano

ther one be averted with his union with Pushpa"? And how on earth could the latter couple come down to earth unless they commit "class suicide.
in Amilcar Cabrals phrase and move on to higher levels of understanding?
The director who is both confused and confusing is responsible for making a bewildering film when one tries to relate it to society.
And how good is the film even in terms of bourgeois art? One could say that it is a welcome sign to see a film dealing with an adult experience. But does the film strike you as an adult experience? Where were the continuity, consistently of character relationships, conflicts and dramatization' (cf. Piyal and Nanda in 'Gam Peraliya'). The late Rukmani Dewi in a newspaper interview told us that the trifles deserve great attention in family life. Wery true. But this film does not offer any such "trifles' in a convincing manner nor tell us why the candid communication between husband and wife ebbed away towards tragedy.
Lindsay Anderson had a positive viewpoint when he tried to depict the sick-society of his own country in "'If' and "O Lucky Man' and so did Louis Bunuel with his "The Discrect Charms of the Bourgeois'. It is not unfair to compare
and contrast three "international" fill makers, is
The decline
And not even all those flowers (eclipsing the Chelsea Flower Show that Her Majesty graces every year) that nearly swamp the film and the lyrical photography of Donald Karuna ratne could redeem this weak movie. Acting talents were wasted. Many camera angles were faithful plagiarisms taken from the Wester cicma. The music was sheer cacophony. Editing was mediocre,
Summing up, "Ahasin Polowata' clearly reflects the decline of its maker and as one of our tribe aptly puts it-it is "Kabeleng Lipata' (from the frying pan to the fire) for the Sri Lankan cinema. In the Ilinovie Sarath's au n t (the latic Rukmani Devi) reminds him of the line that he has once inscribed in his prize-book to the effect that LLLLLS LLLLLLa LCLKL S aLLLL LL S LLLaa LLLL LJSSLLLLLL LLLLLLL cave. Over the years, Lester's artistic imagination and creative ability likewise seemed to have retreated into a similar cave. Our tribe of new critics have made periodic attempts to tempt Lester James Peries out of his seclusion as a "lonely artist'. However, it seems to have been a wasted effort. Quite obviously, the best thing to do now is to let hill linguish in his cave and roll-a-rock ower the criralnice!

Page 18
  

Page 19
and is the Lunain form of such struggle in the JWP even today.
We, of course, reject his charge of being stooges of the governmeni Who fell on our kness before Felix citc; with the contempt it deserves. Moreover, there ni Te Immore comrades with us than with him who got far more severe punishments (including 3 sentenced for life) from Felix's infamous tribunal. Not only is there no person With us who helped the state apparatus in the CJC or other cases, but also there aren't any persons who involved themselves in helping with the investigations of the CID prior to or after the insurrection. On the other hand, there are people, right at the top of the JWP Who even in 1970 want from hou 5e to house with the CID betraying comrades who hid themselves in temples While comrades gave up their lives in the struggle and others who betrayed more than a hundred before a night ended. The best witness against this base allegation would bo Wijeweera's own conscience if he has one that is. Let him knock on his conscience.
9: You yourselver have published a self-criticist concerning the events of I-97 I. However, your position on the current theory aid practice of the WPP isn't that well known. What is your position?
A: The current theory of the JWP, just as it was in the past, is a hotch potch from various sources. At one time, Regis Debray and Che Guevara Were the main lending agents. Later on Satre and Trotsky replaced them. The whole unholy mixture is liberally seasoned with quotations from Marx, Engels and Lenin taken out of their context of course, With both ends decapitated in most instances and is then presented as Marxism. Anything is acceptable so long as it helps Wijewcern to extricate himself from the theorctical or practical problem he is faced with under the circumstances. In order to get the help of Mr. Bala Tampo e as well as international publicity with the help of the 4th International the leaders while in prison and
during the CJC Trotskyism. Th that the bigges 4th Interna Liona up in Sri Lanka prison, lowever, onto the main c. skyism, they r{ the selves as TT t011eci d'OWIl the cisms of USSR
about-tul Tills and be expected in t
Q: How do
Wijeweera, the J
ser form the criti grυμρι ή
A: We do not weera as an ultr dispensable perso the '71 struggle creation of the county in search change in society turin Was and is the existing socio tions. This pro gTe be diec ed corre cisms too, Would if they serwe this criticise personal their policies a Our policy with r of other Left in is the 511 . W. that the "7 stru or directed by Though reactional fit by the defillie struggle, We can alone is sufficient as EL CIA agent
2: FWhat kiriad ya er visage withii do ya riik the
A: The intentic leadership of the to power by hoo It is irrelevil it w through the parlie a fined struggle They would mod ald tilc' ics accor sent, though tliը revolution, their is wholly parlie manifesto is th: for Luis. It be whatsoever to a Tevolutionary par dreams they ha

trials espoused y cwein boast ed branch Of 1le would be built Once out of though clinging incepts of Trotfuse to identify itskyites and have previous critiind Cuba. Right comersaults could le future.
or criticisms of VP and 1971 difes rarī ar de by ot/ier
consider Wje1-special and in1. The JWP and WC consider is a youth of this if a revolutionary This strata in the creature of |-economic condissive force should cly. Our critibe walid only end. We do not it is but rather nd programme. gard to criticisms ganisations too, do not accept ggle was initiated foreign powers. y forces did p r inIncies of the '71 tot say that, that t:0 bril Ind Lhe JWP etc;
fevolution would 1 rle J. P. P? Frere VVP is headirig?
in of the present JWP is to crime k or by crick, hic the T it will be nvent or by an T e Wien a C70 L1 p.
fy thir theory di Tigy. At po e| still talk of program of work mentary. Their
the 5 ti elwid "nice is no relation
programme of a y, If the fond 'e conjured up,
in gaining power through parliamentary elections, especially aming the new ciddTe, a r e şahı. Litrell, III would be qui Ic natural for them to can towards an ultra-Lifist and adventurist conspiracy.
(2: How do you explaiл Иije и"еera's һиge popularity todey in contras I to the Weakness of other radical groups including your own?
A: The strength or weakness of a political party or organisation is not guaged solely by quantity or current popularity. A col Tect leadership and programme is also necessary, for qualitative development. In is true that the JWP is at the moment, the most popular out of the radica I gr ch ups its you namic them. Wc Would sy that this popularity is not due to the superiority in theory or programme but rather to the superficial activity of its cadre as well as to the unscrupulous use of the regard the people have towards those who fought gallantly ill '71.
Q: Why couldn't the JVP arrive af a correct line even afer the defeat of '7I? Revolutionary movements have arrived at correct positions even after shaltering d feats.
A: Revolutionary movements hi we arrived at correct psitins and will a rive at correct positions only if, as Lenin says they accept honestly their mistakes and shortcomings, search assidiously foi the causative agents and remove them, carefully investigating and evaluating objectively one's own organi. sation. But the JVP leadership after the set back in 71 didi nome of these but tried safeguarding one's prestige and leadership. Those who tried to nna ke a Thorn est appraisal of the situation or requested one were either boycott cd or expelled.
Q: What is your view of the SLFP? Do you think ir represerts the "progressive national bairgeoisie' and has a positive role to play?
A: The SLFP originally represented the interests of the national bourgeoisie which was in contradiction with in Inperialists and their
(Сонгіннғd ол Pagғr:2)
17

Page 20
Literature
Fiction and the
by Reggie Siriwardena
in his book Tolstoy or Dostoevsky (1959) George Steincr commented on the paradox that, while the aristocratic Tolstoy had becil
holoured by the Soviet regime äs "||le LiliTTOI of the Russia. Il revolution', Dosto evsky, tle
injured and humbled artisan of letters, the coldelled radical and survivor of Siberia, the main who
had been finiliar with every species of economic and 50 Ciall degrå dation, was post hul mously
cxiled from the "homeland of the proletariat". Steiner was writing in the shadow of thic Stalin era, when some of Dostoevsky's books- The Devils, for instancewere taboo because of his rightwing political beliefs in his latter y el TS.
Things have changed since the il the Soviet Uill. WhitHLLLLLLLS LLLLL LaLLLLLLLLLS LLH aHHLLLLS porary literature, the Wraps are off as far as the classic Writers of the 19th century are concerned. Il anticipation of the 1981 centeinary of Distoevsky's death, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR has begin producing over the last few years a monumental thirtyvolume edition of his Complete Works in Russian. When the RL5Si5 holl T Ülle of their great Writers, they do him proud: this edition includes lot only all of Dostoevsky's novels and short
stories (in a variorum text) but also the surviving Imanuscript drafts and notebooks for the
Ilovels, as well as articles, diaries and letters- all accompanied by editorial coin Ilmentary H. Eld notes. Nothing even remotely Comparable has been produced in English for, sy, Dickens; and no student of Dostoevsky will ever need anything more by Way of text,
But the "rehabilitation" (so to speak) of Dostoevsky's fiction in the Swiet Unit. Il raise3 af Tesh
13
the question of his work Illas foi rary reader. Mar never been quite Dostoevsky– unc the Ilo Wellist, i artistic maturity, public life, th Tsarism and the Steiler draWS : fact that Geor WTO te WOILITThinO415 on Tolstoy, dc "indecisive aid : to Dostocw.sky. cel tury wogue of Ectim in the Wes beel hilileti as tragic and tille cxistence, as th exister]ti Ellis III à Il of thic absurd.
Yet, as I sha in this article, well be brought concept of "critic is, to quote definitio II, “liter Lle era of Class point of view w! Critical of class important truths ad to contribi Llt of the human c. the limitatioIls W has imposed on didn't see Dos terms, it Was, I Teasons: that he Marxist critics, evsky's reactional logy, and that I til of "Tellis II" and lechinistic realist1 isn't of kill: as he sai letter to Strakho w Il idical of Ire: What mos L peopl filtä stic and al titles constitutes esse Ince of reality, of events and

Marxist critic
what meaning I the con tempoxist criticism has at hilo Ille with lerstandably, since In his years of was also, in his e champion of Orthodox Church. ttention to the ge LLukacs, who lly and adminirim gly volcd only one superficial" es sny The great 20thDostoevsky has t, where he has the explorer of less realities of c forerunner of | the philosophy
ll try to show Dostoevsky can within Lukacs's El Tellisil” that Arnold Kettle's tuire Writtel in society from a hich is sufficiently society to Te vell about that society e to the freeing insciousness from hich class Society it.' If Lukacs
oevsky in these think, for two Wäs, like Tıhos t.
but off by Dostoy political ideoLLukacs’s concep
WHIS LOCO TITTYY 3. Dostovsky's the photographic di in El fL TOL15 W, "I have Illy lity i Il a Tt; and le will call almost
exception soInc
for Ic the wery The Cordinariness ha conventional
view of them is not realism in my opinion but, indeed, the very opposite of it."
The question of the relation between ideology and art which has bedevilled Illuchi Marxist criticism of literature is a large Eind complex one to which Iho complete answers call be offered in a brief article; but I Would suggest that
in literature- at least, in good literatui Te— ideology never exists, as it We Te, in the Taw. It is
inca Triated, or modified, or so II netimes even completely transformed, in the writer's imaginative vision of his world, which is the Hode through which creative literature (as distinct from intellectual discourse) coll Illinicates. And that iš why critics who read a novel in the same way that they would read a political treatise or a political pamphlet are Wrong.
of El false
There Te cases
ideology dirtorting the writer's visio II (this, perhaps, is what happens in Dostoevsky's The
Devils). But there are also cases Where the artistic i magi lation Turis CCLII Elter to the writer's ideological inteltico II a. Id cor Tects its bias. In The Brothers Karaniniray. for instance, Dostoevsky no doubt wanted the spiritual faith of Alyosha a Tid Father Zosima to carry greatest vir eight in the Ilovel, but artistically it is the scepticism and Tebelliol of I will that wil the day. Dostoevsky in a letter Written after His religious conversity described himself as "a child of the age, a child of disbelief and doubt up to this time Hind evel- I klow this- to le end of my life.")
The Te i5, the T flict thit i5 overlooked in simplified Marxist approaches to literature- that relationships of class and power are not limited to the narrowly political or economic sphere, Social

Page 21
formations reflect themselves in inter-personal, sexual and family relations, and the characteristic strength of the great 19th-century novelists, of whom Dostoevsky is one, is in bringing together the social and the personal.
If We approach Dostoevsky with these considerations in mind, we shall find that there is an under
lying unity in his work which transcends the changes in his beliefs. Whether early or late,
whether in his secular-radical or his religious-conservative period,
his fiction is marked by the Iecurrent themes of power and money.
In the first volume of Professor Joseph Frank's projected fourVolune biography- Dostoevsky, The Seeds of Revolt: 1821-1849. there is a story of Dos toevsky's encounto T, du Ting his first journey to St. Petersburg, with a governmet courier Who beat his young peasant coach man with his fist, impelling the driver in turn to lash the horses to a swifter gallop. It is easy enough to relate the young Dostoevsky's moral nausea at this sight to the impulses which were to Lake him a few years later into the radical sect known as the Petrashevsky circle, and ultimately to involvement in the ill-conceived conspiracy that led to his arrest and imprisonment.
But Dostoevsky was to remember and Write about this incident
nearly forty XCII:s låter, when his political beliefs were very different, and to imagine 'the
Young, Peasant, on returning to his village, being ridiculed because of his sore neck, and then beating his wife to revenge his own humiliation." This flash of insight is in keeping with the Way 1п which Dostoevsky sees his world in his fiction- in terms of powerrelationships. And these relationships of domination and submission are more than political: they extend to the personal relationships between man and man and between man and Woman.
What Dostoevsky the thinker believed was that these sadomasochistic elements (to use the language of modern psychology) were a permanent feature of human nature. But we don't hawe to
accept this view PO Tid to Do5 toe WC are cliitled al rCWelation (co PETCeptive in m of the fact that, based on coercion relationships at Illuded in tern that the serf in II light becoIII et the "A base spirit w from oppression, evsky of his c in Stepanchikuyo an Oppressor." B Wirk We see tha spirits but even Na stasya Filippo" c: Il be distorted nated and exploit
Behind the chi Cof the people Ili iÖ Wool & Ilicis al sog dition of serfdom CTA Tised autocracy mid-19th century deeply perimeated relations, and th this social proces in Dostoevsky's in Ill (Iley and hun han beings. Fi I love, POT Fu masterpiece, The ngy is aטוIT ג'ונות force in his f El titel 1 pot to CEILT lives through mo) his work as the of human integrit great scene that part of The FilippovTa taunts her birthday pari: hundred thousan the fire, she is as: independence agai 1:45, Ted Liced humi the cash-nexus, for Illed hurTin be into a commodity
Power and Int
Cill TITICIII, III leIII leg are those which mature fiction
novelist from whic great deal– Dicke pa Te their work i the politically rig evsky was, in hii acute Ficial critic list Dickens. (One (CFr: ர

in order to resWsky the artist. LO 5: : - iIil Hilig äit Inc of the Ilost odern literature) in a society and exploitation, every level are s of power, and The relationship ta' TF || 1 til a Thotherhich has emerged Wrott Distharacter Opiskin illage, "is itself Lut im his maturę Li not only base finer Ila tures like Winal in The Idiot by being domiled.
El T: CLET-5 IIL CL LITES in Dostoevsky's ieLy with a traEllid bureau'. But, by the this society was by capitalist le reflection of 8 Cain be follTid intimatic interest its power over 50 I'll his silläidel İlk, to his last Brothers Karamape T'wasiwe Tulling iction; and the | other people's ley is seen in greatest violation y. When, in the closes the first Idiot, Nastasya the guests at y by casting a d roubles into Ferlig hCT I 11 ora I 1st a World that in relations to hat las träsings themselves
3rley- these reof Dostoevsky dominate the of the English in he learnt a ns. Yeti, lo cóIT5 10 Tällise tilt ht-wing Dostois a Tt, a more than the popւIrecalls Engels’s தge 2)
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Page 22
Books
Politics and hu:
by Ivan Ribeiro
How the Other Half Dies - The Real Reasons for World Hunger by Susan George. Penguin Books, Ltd., Middlesex, (U.K.), 1976, £1,
uring the last two years, grain stockpiling attained the level of the 1960s. These stocks, which are lot considered by the In in producing countries as reserwes but Tither 15 Surpluses, häWe caused a significant fall in the level of international prices. As a result, the farmers in some of those countries started to reduce their production, arguing that the Trices are not rem Lunerative: and the Carter Administration is in clined, allLing Lther measures, to return to the policy of "land freeze" adopted until 1973. The reader is certainly aware of the meaning of this policy: to adopt a set of incentives and subsidies to restrict the area sown to grain.
Meanwhile, according to FAO's esti Tlaltes, tliere Wye Te about 500) million hungry and under tourished people in 1970, and this. In Lu Tiber is expected to increase by learly two thirds by 1985. The comprehelsion of this paradoxical situation (grain surplus and deliberatic reduction of production versus people starving) and the study of the ways to resolwe it cal be Conside Ed Crucial to olII tille. Within this context, Susan George's book can be considered a Wallable Contribution.
The author argues that "the food crisis has too long been presented as the result of nameless forces and, so to Speak, in the passive voice. Such and such happens, 1 his or that occurs, but there are no living, visible actors In the stage." George intends to identify who (or what) is acting and to name the names clearly, hvirg 5 renie that 'fanine, h Linger and poverty are not inevitable, but are caused by idem
tifiable forces Wi of rational, hum:
Beyond the rea
With this aim, Lissembled El re of infortation a penetra ting Analy: ties of sole of that are suppo se powerty and hu Tng namely the Unit some of its agen C Balik. The autho CeTIled With th dedicated to agri other subjects co րrublem of hung ple, the populatie: nology and the
George's analy: Ba Tik is interestiloi:: On the basis documentation, Whether the Ban' sidered as a de II Constrates that approach still basic clerient to effectiveness of shows that the still Te Taill encla are beyond the necessarily relate as a while and in particulat. Th deals with the p rlin refor IT HIld in in proving the of the pea sants : of the all thor's
Quoting some
George shows ho of the fundame reform can play in and hun per in Tilt ied byווn HוחBCCn
Hlid ingestivE. O. She maintains th; that when a c H բrritt: 5 Ճf Hքr: the hasis of a
Pärliament (CH

nger
thin the province
Il control."
Ch
the author has mark ble al ITC) u It ld carried out a is of the activi
the institutions d to deal With er in the World, ed Nations and File:S Eld the World IT WAS Els coe multinationals business and to Innected to the er as, for examin myth, techgreen revolution.
is of the World g and stim Lula ting. If a very good she analyses k can he condeveloper. She the "barkable" prevails as the determine the a project and rojects, as a rule, wes, whose effects "ech of, arid mot 1 tn, the ctյլ ntry to the Liral por e way the Bank roblem of agraits possible role living conditions is a special point focus,
Bank documents, W, it 3 recognition ta Tigh le agrarian | reducing poverty LTE 1 : ries is Tidjt concrete support in the contrary, at it has happened untry. expanded TiAT1. Teftirlit örl
law pas sed in ile – dLIring the
Popular Unity Government), the Bank decided to Withdraw all financial help to that country.
As regards FAO, George studied basically two aspects of its activities: the Industrial Cooperative Program Inc (ICP) and the Inwestment Centre (mainly) the FAO Bakers Programme), Her conclusions are wey in teres ting. According to her, FAO, within the Whole UN system, is unique in its integration of both multinational industry and commercial banks into its official structure. After clisclosing some positive and negative aspects of ICP, she asks
whether this FAO activity is really Iccessary when there is another department in the Orga
Inization (the Agricultural Services Division) capable of providing assistance to developing countries in search of food industries. Conсегning the FAO, Bankeга Ргоgramme (which includes fifteen major Western banks), she criticizes the prevalent "barkable approach and the excessive placement of loans to food-exporting activities, disregarding production for the local population.
Another interesting part of the book is that dedicated to agribusiness. A tention is paid to how the consu IIn plio Il habits, boh in developed and in developing countries, are influenced by the propaganda of the big multinationals acting in the sector. Illustrating her reasoning with American agribusiness (where the headquarters of the bigger agribusiness multinationals are located). George shows that food industries spend Tın re con adwertising Hind less on research than any other industry in the U.S. And with good realson: during, 1950-70 milk consumption dropped by 20 percent, while that of soft drinks went up by 79 percent. Fruits, vegetables and potatoes o Il American tables declined by more than 50 while junk foods enjoyed spectacular gains: linenriched commercial bakery products went up 67 percent, potato Crisps 85 percent, ice-cream 29 percent and fuit

Page 23
(i.e., artificially flavoured) punch no less than 750 percent. This is what certain nutritionists call "co II merciogenic Imalnutrition'' and the worse is that these consu IInption habits do Illot remain only in the U.S.A., but are disseminated by the agribusiness multinationals in developing coultries, deteriorating their nutrition patterns and living conditions still 10 TE
The real roots
George ends her book with two chapters entitled respectively "What can they do' and "What can I do.' In the former (by "they' she means those ill-defined groups in positions of power who are supposed to be able to alter the statis, quo), the impor la Iice of alter lative food sources, immediatic food aid, the quick implementation of a World Food Security System, the creation of an early
Warning system and investment in agricultural development (but not following the "bankable'
approach and not without actual
income equalization effects) is stressed. Finally the import Eince of land reform in the context
of planned action against dependence in the developing countries is pointed out. In the next chapter, attention is called to thic need of organizing people at all possible levels, with the aim of studying the actual reasons and causes of hunger in the world and, simulta Encously, to cal Try OLit concreta actions destined to overcome it.
These are, in synthesis, basic topics dealt with in well-documented, courageous helpful book. It would not be exaggerated to say that it will certainly help the reader to improve his knowledge of the real roots of the Imisery and star wat icon that affect hundreds of Inillions of people in developing countries.
the this and
However, it is necessary to Innen tion that thic book Was Written in n very personal and excessively colloquial style that somehow reduces its effectiveness. George sometimes presents her reasoning in a Very lincar way, har Inpering a better understanding of the issues under considcration. This
happens, for inst considers the is: gical choice as between depend reliance. No do level of abstra. correct assumpti developing cou. this issue is mu than, for instan. belWee11 *technic supplied by in consulta. Il COmp) local artisan st farmers with a di rowed tools" as appropriate diccis upon the stage lopment attained concerned and L. of agriculture economy (among and these aspect mentioned.
Break
"Let's for eye comrades'
(සදා සමරමු ෙස්
A ' NiyamLuwa' P Rs... 2-.
he publicatio
of poems of in itself be a Li in Sri Lanka. published under Elle J. W. P., com short pole II is W. Imel Who Were connection with In prising. It is in why the editor preferred that th Writings should Polis. However, only reason Wh this collection () relier tends to опе expects to anthology-Ald an outburst of tions of Sensii kept behind bar disappointed.
The poems a collection do I the horrors of pent up feelings duals in prison. impressions no

El 1 CC, whel Shç Le of technolobeing an option |ence and selfubt, at #1 higher tion, this is a on. In cer Lain intries, however, ch more complex ce, a simple choice 1ues and inputs ultimationals and 1Ilies CT {l strøTĩg ector to pro Wide : quate and imp
she puts it. The iom depends hic Fc Of economic deve
by the country he respective Iolc in the national g o ther facto Ts), 3, should hawe bicei
Another point that warrants Sö 11 e reservation is hic afirmaLion that one 'should study the rich and powerful, not the poor and power less,' a sentence that the author considers as one of the most important of the las chapter.
Although the study of the rich and powerful is a fundamental aspect of the fight for changing the situation of the poor and powerless, it is also indispensable to unders land Why it is so hard for the poor, living in miserable conditions (and knowing it, as George rem Hiks), to mobilize themstilves a Tid to u Ilify their efforts
to change their status. This is a per manent challenge for social sciences scholars (without any
paternalistic bias) and for people concerned with changing society everywhere in the World.
with tradition
r rele ITiber our
ఫ్విర) ublication - Price:
Til of a collection til is la tullre should Titlue event to us This anthology,
tains LWenty eight fitten by young incarcerated in the April 1971 known as to if this anthology c aut 13T5 to these reliain ano Illy
|lis is it tille y the effect of f poems on the
ble Luke Wa TTT If
find ill this legitimately sosuppressed emoe young people lhe would be
ppearing in this tot depict cither rison life or the
cof you Tig indiviInstead we find tly about the
sufferings of those outside prison, experienced vicariously by those inside, and, of course, politic: I had rangues. Thic result is tha L. Lilie enotive power which is essential to any work of art is at a low level.
The editor in his preface in ruduces this collection of poems as "the first step from ou s Lance to Create al proletarian literature and art." This raises an impotant point. What really is niment by "proletarian litera Lure Hind att "", if there could be such a thig? Neither the preface nor the poems in this collection give us an answer to this question.
The extent to which poetical and evenı political conscious less could hawe been engendered by simply writing one's own human experiences appears to have been overlooked by the poets whose Works are found in his anthology.
However, publications of this nature serve an essential purpose in that they break the traditional and slavish attitudes adopted by most of hic Tecognised write Ts, It also encourages the emergence of publications that would dis. cover Inc v reli Lies in the fire.
– H. A. See Wrane

Page 24
Press opinion
දිනකර
Another deception
di Town ing III CLI tches at a straw in the hope of Sawing himself. Likewise the government, which is slowly sinking in the mire of the "free economy" created for it by the World Bank, hopes to ex trica te itself by pitching the prices ever high. To avoid the wrath of the people at the lever ending spiralling of prices the government is now trying to blame the cyclone relief for its fiscal leasures. The Government is not strong enough to face the truth. Its overwhelming five sixth majority now trembles in the face of all economic crisis. The fewer will begin to rise only later, The biggest thing that the Go wernment has done in two budgets i 5 to SI mother the capitalist class with reliefs and privileges. To do
that they have had to put the burdens on the poco T. Now the Government proposes to levy a
tax on the capitalist class, effective only for 1979, to help cyclone victims, but really as a diversionary
measure hoping the people will forget the nu Inerous concessions given to the capitalist class. But
the tax the government hopes to
lewy is only a and a complete
people. By limit 1979 it exposes
ජන
Bus services
TOT I 17. LI TT, F: will services in con (CTB, according of Transport. W Iment has do Te permit the bus I their heads once ու 1ւյ11Էit that has gone to the an effort to ch Tation tlıat the G. the CTB ilt the bu 5 ser wice. only increased the CTB. We ai that the Gover Ileaningful steps bus services deg provide a decent the public. If says that it disillusion the pli in nationalised сап, accept. By place the Govei have clearly suci
Which way . . .
(Carl Fried frare pager)
la ckeys. Consequently, after halving coile to power, some p TPgressed into the compradore capitalist class. There is a struggle going on between these two interests for the control of the party. Helice it is just as inco Trect to classify the SLFP with the UNP as to expect the SLFP to provide correct leadership to the antiimperialist struggle cor to botJst it with the hope of manipulating it for one's own purposes later
Q: When you speak Unity do you include thë CP. WP
f Lef LSSP,
22
A: Yes. It is . the day. Only concerned with mate glory of who conduct th from the public cannot be aware tlinism cannot rainting or mudmerely by theor: lated from practi and defeated We in Lumited Strug cla SS e nemy.
Q: What is yr struggle for Eala
A: We accept here a Te entitled self determinatiот Iläti II, BLlt äCC it becomes corre

drop in the oceап
deception of the ting the lax to | it häIld CVen
දින
destroyed
nth private bus be able to run petition with the to the Minister What the governby this is to mu dalalis to raise mo Te. There is the bus ser wice dogs. It was in ck this degenavernment changed and decentralised But that step the expenses of e not convinced yוk HTם נt ttון שוחח to prevent the enerating and to bus service to the Govern Illent has worked to eople of any faith services that We what is taking "nment seems to ceeded in that,
he crying need of Hırise who a Te II Core reaping the ultithe struggle and le class St TLIggle | platforms only,
Why CP ...
(Carrier Lead fra 77 perge (5)
relative influence with the ruling coalition.
The CP (M) he said regarded both as bourgeois parties based con the landlord class and led by Indian capitalists,
AIs Wering se Wera i poi Led que5tions on why the C. P. (M) helped the Janata candidate, Mr. Kurian explained: "We made it absolutely clear we are not in any alliance with the Janata, But in politics, you cillot stad aside. We Who Iliad suffered so much at the helds of India had to do our best at least to reduce her majority. In other places, we have contested the IIn both and won. We did excellently in Tripura, and we can get some satisfaction from the percentage polled in West Bengal and Kerala.'
The Indian bourgeoisie is an adwanced bourgeoisie, he said. That is why there was resistance to Indira, from both the Right, led by J. P.'s campaign, and by the Left. The issue was democratic rights. The bourgeoisie was di willed on what actics to use in meeting the Indian economic crisis of 1974-75, itself conditioned by the World economic crisis. Mrs. Gandhi chose one Way, hoping also to instal herself and her son in power for ever.
We must use this period when there is division in the enelny's Tank to unite left forces and offer the Indian people a credible, socialist alternative -- a gelui Inc socialism and not the rhetoric and politics of camouflage of Indira. Meanwhile Indira is back, and Saijay is lying low. We Thus thwart their efforts at a come-back and a lo the "dark period".
of this. Opporbe defeated by Slinging or Werin 2tical struggle isoce. It is exposed 11 and truly only gles against the
pur posirio7I o 72 I he
.
that the Tails
to the right of as they a Te a ording to Lenin,
:ct of Wrong de
pending on whether the proletarian revolution benefits from it or not.
O: Jr. brief what is your in IerпагіолаІ policy-їїте
A: Briefly, our international policy is based on proletarian Internationalization. We oppose both American Imperialism and Soviet Social Imperialism. We accept that we are confronted with problems today with respect to Chinese foreign policy. On the whole We are still studying it in the present Çü}| İL:Yt.

Page 25
People The Mahaveli
is almost impossible to dam the Malhil Veli debate A forthcoming book will probably ргоус the Irlos controversial of al Its'
title certainly is provocative"The Truth about the Mahaweli." The Luthor's qualifications are
impressive. Mr. Gamini Iriyagolle, son of the la Le Mr. I. Mi R.A. Iliyugolte, Education Minister in the Dudley Sena na yake government (1965-70) joined the Civil Service in the la te 1950’s and served the provincial administration, the Land Commissionei's Department, the Ministry of AgriCulture Hild the Industries Ministry. At one point in his career he vas directly involved in negotiations with the World Bank for aid to the Mahaveli Diversion project.
For a long time now he has been sceptical about many of the plans announced by successsive governments and the cheerful claims made by experts.
As het Says in his ““Foreword "" he Was asked to stop talking and start Writing. The ргоddiпg came from a critic he could not ignore-his wife-and the encouragement from respected colleagues. The book is dedicated to We Such Colleagues, Neil BandaTanayake and Mervyn Perera, both of whom died last year. One of the chapters "Misleading the Public'.
is titled
Adventure un limited
W. S. C. Anandan was hitting the headlies during the festive season when he twisted himself once again into the Guinness book of
Tecords. A na ndan has now Taun ched a Club, called the AdvenLUTer 5, in order to encourage
dating young adventurers like hiri. self, train and set international records. He himself is working at four new endurance records which he hopes to attempt during the Corning year. Among them is the record for walking, now set at 314 miles. Also in his sights are a driving endurance and a cycling endurance record.
debate
Cuban car
Fidei Castro oni Club is ni αIlly Ca II lation, but LH tin Ilia [io 1. Nc3,
Teflected better t music=hat is, а foreign policy, C
hild ta ta sle of C music last month Several meetings thic twicInitieth unni Cuba Il Revolutini tr Lily meetings wit And Willia L. El differei the speeches by th cilini (not always their revolutionary rallics featured a music group, whic the evening ended In a masterly syni on and modernity lis In and internatio and ballad, the the audience with of Songs which h: en its fect Within display of that rätt digies i.e. "left unity left ist from äII end logical spectrum , clapping and toe sizzli Dng Afro—Cuban
The most popul of the evening wat the band's back lead vocalist, a po who looked as if heldi off a South Afr Column single han huge delight of the two little Cuban c. the son of the Amba the genial drummer El Tito LIS dance on-5. touching cyment to however was a s of the well known Commandante Che parfor mange at Co. Town Hall was followed by other mances, at some porc and built up tremen for Cuba among LEE Inkan.

тnpamero
remarked that H. Latin Amerialso an Afrowhere is this 1. El 1 il Cuba "5 part from her tylolcse youth iba's Afro-Latin When there were commemorating Versary of the 1. These Wete h a difference. 11 Cel Apairt from e local politiC0 til vincing in | Fervour) the visiting Cuban h insured that With a bang. hesis of tradi, of nationalIn Ellis II, of beat band provided El Succession ld the crowd I millies. III B est of collmh", serious young 5 of the ideowere swaying, tapping to the rock rhythms.
at personality s undoubtedly df Liller-culltly compոnert IC CLuli hawe ical armoured ded. To the picked crowd hildren (one, Issador) joined іп a sропEige. The most the evening lful rendition : bā || 4 || for GLliewi li TaL. The ltin1 biն՝ հ Իլը չի preceded and such perfarvincial towns, d) Lus goodwi || WՃLIng Sri
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Ta lex:
23

Page 26
Private prosperity . . .
(Сол тілшғd fraтy page g)
gro With. However, Richard Hanson reports that this policy has also caused dangerously high inflation, particularly in respect of food
which was 10% in 1977 will be 16% in 1979 while food prices increased by over 22% in 1978.
The income gap between the poco Test and the well - to - do
AARE
Continues to Wid բace,
III flatio II ste IT TWO SOLITICS I TE of the economy and oliga polies W and secondly, a lized imports. S imports almost ei from red pepper and U. S. biscui viously absent fro wes, writes corresp
West pulls purse strings
Wer six months after French O': Belgia. Il pH ra troops, LL sing American airplilles and support personnel successfully repelled a guerilla invasion of the Shaba province of southern Zaire, the country's economy has become even more enslaved than ever, Lil Weste Till ination5, and institutions. "West pulls Zaire purse strings Llm til books & Te in oder" is the caption of all article by Jim Browning recenly featu; ed in the Cristill Scierce Morror.
Zaire is the world's leading exporter of the strategic metal cobalt and is also a leading ex
porter of coppi abundance of na' wealth, the depe the Zai Tean ecc the West has in developed the
Zaire is now in bilion in deb) World Bank, pri Western gewern In
The Zairean g trying to negot i. Ioan from the next meeting sch "79. Western Crci refused to grantf aid unless the 2
ഴ്ചർ, بحریری ፈá
AMAULTTIPACK
RATM
24

I EL
mainly from y the domination by monopolies Hich fix
uth Korea 110 W ery food item to Swiss Cheese
s which were pre
in the market sheldelt Halls 01 . )
r. Despite this ural and mineräl
indent nature of
nomy wis - a vis reasingly undercountry. Thus,
|re than US 5 3 |
to the IMF, wate banks and
IS.
Wלטון 18 Lחשוון חrerים ate yet another
MF before its eduled for march ditor nations have "urther short ter Tl Zairean economic
prices bolicy of libera
a higher |
Fiction and . . .
Carried for Page 9)
preference for the reactionary Balzac over the progressive Zola.) Even in his best novels, Little Dorrit and Great Expectations, Dickens ultimately evades the implications of his social criticism by escaping into the happy ending which ensures hero and heroine a personal fulfillent in isolation from the rest of society: "They went quietly down into the roaring streets, inseparable and blessed.
In all the broad expanse of tranquil light they showed to me, I saw no shadow of another parting from her."
For Dostoevsky no such evasion
was possible: Myshkin and Rogozhin have to lie dow I til the end beside the body of the
woman they have destroyed. The difference is not rerely in the greater genius of Dostoevsky, but also in the fact that the deepening crisis of Russian society sharpened his tragic insight and his apocalyptic vision.
system is "reformed" and there is "tighter' and more rationalised management of the nations extensive public expenditures, reports
Jim Browing.
ഗ്ലൂ 6/ التي جميجم التسمم
(CEYLON) LTD,
ALANA,

Page 27
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