Page 1
Lake House v.
Jaffna: On the
Leonard Woolf : 1
Pathiraja’s
Battle for
 
 
 
 

Ayo ) A. f ○子 - 月المهمسة'ഠ' (ലe-ല്C (C്യ
April 1, 1979 Price Rs. 2/50
A re-assessment
Reggie Siriwardena
Ponmani
Lałeen Jayamanne
new’ Iran
Mervyn de Silva
POWERTY O BOOKES

Page 2
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Page 3
Trends
Tougher Law
The TULF feddership, its critics say, has caught the tiger's tall! But the tiger, like the pink panther, |5 leaving behind a messy tral cf trouble.
According to the 'Sun' the government Is drafting a wider and much tougher saw to replace the so-called *Tiger" law which lapses sin mid-May.
When the Bill was debated in the NSA the Opposition argued that it contained the harshest regulator 5 introduced under the Energency (1971-77). In two widely circulated analytical essays, Mr. 5. Na desan, QC and Dr. Calvin sought to establish the point that the much condemned emergency regulations had now become normal law.
The government's topflight spokesIn en met this criticism with two main arguments : (a) the law will be restricted, in practice, to combatting terrorism in the north and (b) It would be operative for just
one year, unlike the prolonged =mergen".
The 'Sun' report says that the
proposed law will cover any activity
LAN CA GUARDAN Wol. I No. 23 April 1, 1979
Published by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd., First Floor, 88, N. H. M. Abdul Cader Road, Reclarnation Road) Colombo 11.
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 2 1 009.
CONTENTS
2, 19 Letters 3-5
7 - ||
2 - 13 Caste and poverty
Fue from alcohol Cinema = E Leonard Woolf
-二ー士口r=
News background International na ws
エー与エロda Pres3 - = Stret,
二ー』『玉。
e-e: 35975
R. de Silva
which the pol and any Indiү detention for who need no before a co Lurt
Garnini vs
Irrigation Mr. rayake who is the Maha well E ha15 Ebeen darn i'r hi5, na sme-5 dke author of the Truth about the from whsch wer this jaபாரl. ( flamed fornes bl that 'self-appoi code-word for C.
The esser G cheered when Fhe organised by the neering Faculty. challenge at a s there had been would you as staked your repu that this could years?".
The hess tant ar We got a policy hawe to work | framework....'
Polls preparat
The Sri Kothig been almost sacer cerebrum on FiO W propagалda at th The think-tank, elections, consists finen, Ebu 5 fing SS T1 en fessionals. Mr. sing he chairs the he is in the COL
The T-T ids E trends scqnning and examining Opposition leader ргілclраІ propagal opposition is like WIWI think out ti feed the party παπαςers απd ρίί
Iran's lessons
Mr. Ariandatis se pleasing (dangero,

judge as 'terrorist' 1 can be kept in year by the police
taj ke the rimater
law.
mini
ter Gam. D55a.
:essfully negotiated
through parliament sire grows it Gamin Iriyagole, troversial book "The Mahaveli" excerpts first published in in ni D, his not everybody knows 'ed p LJ mi di 5' 5, 1 i Finfin .
mini was warmly addressed a serinar University's EngThere he threw in for engineer: "If to political pressure
a technican dwe 7tion om a ca fra be döne in 5一á
5wer come: "Well, directly e a fod Wye within that policy
brains-trust has ting its collective to meet opposition forthcoming polls. rmied before the hiefly of ex-CCS I nd IJssorted proimánd Wckrememeetings whenever "y.
studying opinion : opposition press e speeches of to identify the points that the Eo use. Then / t ter-argur lents to re5, Compulign rm speakers.
Awis has a habit of making
No issue on April 15
On account of the long | Easter New Year holidays, production problems will make it impossible for the L. G. to publish the April 5th issue while planning its special edition of May Ist, the journal's first anniversary. The May 1st number will have several etr고 page5.
We regret therefore that there will be no issue of this paper on April 5.
Regular readers with paid
up subs will incur no loss
by the non-publication of
Wol. I No. 24.
outspoken, and sometimes outrageous, statements in public.
His latest:
3.. .. '| YMCA-Morga
* "The SLB C The venue sponsored seminor on the media. Those who stered to his remarks closely predict that another radio station (public broadcasting?) may be on the cards. But there's tough resistance,
only
WS
The two eminent journalists who addressed the meeting (Messrs Reggie Siri Wardena and Reggie Michael) agreed on one point. Using the term popularised by the Lanka Guardian they said that the "mainstream media' had lost a credibility. Public opinion trends were far better reflected, said they, by the "minipress' which is an opinion-maker, although its sphere of influence is limited to the intelligentsld.
The most interesting remark however was about Iran. The Shah's downfall was traced to a communcation gap between the government and the people, a gap widened by a press that had renounced its basic du tles.

Page 4
Letters
Profits and exploitation
My article entitled "Cyclone '78: Na Lura | Disaster Social Crisis". sought to underline the essential con rection between the consequEr. Ces of natural Phenomena and social structures. In a brief and Patronizing ccm ment Costian de WCs advised me on literary style, challenged me on exploitative and non-exploitative scoieties and also on surplus and Profits. He ended his letter with references to "gulags" etc. Hawing Spurned his advise on style, I raised a pointed question on exploitation and challenged him to make concrete criticisms of the Marxian concept of surplus. For his other meanderings I called him an intellectual Wgrant.
Mr. de Wos noW chides me for name calling, meaningless gibes, and unfunny things. Out of diffidence, discretion or Plain ignorance all he can corne up with is "As for surplus not being co-terminous with profits, I wish Chintaka would tell Karl Marx this the next time he runs into him." And this, after enjoining me not to resort to unfunny and meaningless gibes
Anyway || must repeat : surplus is not co-terminous with profits as far as Marxian political economy is concerned. In support of my contention, offer Mr. de Wos the following-the three volumes of Capital, the 3 supplementary volumes on the Theories of Surplus Walue, and “GRUNDRISSE". QuIte a wide choice really, but if that's too heavy going how about Lenin's statement in the open ing pages of his essay on Karl Marx (in the volume Marx-Engels-Marxism) that: "Surplus value is the source of profits"? Or perhaps a line or two from Engels" brief letter to Schmidt (1895): "the total profit and the total surplus value can only approximately coincide.... any coincidence between the rate of profit and the sum of surplus value ..., appears a sheer impossbility.''
For his part, Mr. de Vos, did not venture to make the 'concrete
2.
criticisms' of th of surplus that come up with.
Prepared to del teme of MarxiaП but not with so plainly doesn't that сопсерt. . . distinction Ebiet w and profits. De but I'm afraid hawe time to ti on this §:
Mr. de Vos' pos 1) By exploit TÉ GO || 5
which owns the duction expropri value generated masses, the ma to th is a г. е societies which USSR, China, Cub Wietnam, N. Kore lovakia, Bulgaria,
Many of thes hawe a limited enterprise in ce sectors of the e the main, these therefore societi ploitative. In CaLItIon MIT, de fuse material p Poloitation, as I fea
2) In exploitat talis T1 we both this category) th tחeחסis a Comp apparatus which Serowice that Centra tation), and
interests of the while oppressing lts function in to maintain the of an exploitativ de Vos agrees system unlike ca exploitative. Lo: Lu Te and functio trattative appara Society is contra capitalist society, amples Would ol
same ist as in Would like to cal that this in no
lack of an auth

2 Marxist theory | Invited him to for one am fully ate this contral political economy, neone who quite now much about . . . 5 Luch as the :en surplus value pate is one thing, | simply don't to Mr. de Wos Let me answer
ΕΓ5 : -
ative societies where a minority
means of Proate the surplus by the working jority. Opposed
non-exploitative Mwould meam the a, Albania, GDR, a, Laos, CzechosRumania, Poland,
e countries do iegree of private :rtain peripheral conomy, but in
economies, and es, arte non-expass ing | must Wos not to Colrivilege with exhe is apt to do.
ive societies (capiagree fits into e admin 5 tration of a state 5 structured to pLIrpo5e (explolo protect the exploitative class the majority. ther words, is class domination : minority. Mr. that a socialist ita|Sm Is Onically, the strucof the adminisus of a socialist y to that in a Concrete exviously be the 1) Once again tion Mr. de Wos way implies a ritarian character
to the administrative apparatus of socialist societies, Engels made the distinction long ago.
P. S. I did run in to Marx after all (studying the rate of Profit at the Jatika Pola) and
found him in extremely good cheer. Now that Costain de Wos himself has agreed that capitalism is inherently exploitative and socialism is not, World revolution was on the agenda. Funny old fellow, very relevant.
Chintaka.
Price of a Palestinian
It has been reported in our papers that the treaty between the 臀 and Israelis will cost the US four billion dollars as aid to both. Judas sold Jesus for thirty pieces of Silwer. Since there are 3 million Palestinians, what is the price of a Palestinian for Mr. Sadat and Mr. Begin?
Matale M. L. M. Za rook
Scientific question
Gamini Dissanaike's claim that racing, blue films, junkies and exclusive key clubs are capitalist symptoms is interesting and possbly true.
The scientific question then arises: What are the symptons behind the rampant alcoholism in the Soviet Union?
Colombo 3 Mohan
Deutschland uber alles?
Columnist "Aryadeva' must be congratulated by all those who value national independence, for his expose of the "Cultural Colonialism' practised by West German agencies. Taken together with Jayantha Somasundaram's two earl Ier articles on the nature of the West German state and its through golng Complicity in the repression in Chile, the danger of this "penetration' must be obvious to all readers. If any criticism has to be made it is that Arya
(Caiff fir 7ed to Pr Page rg)

Page 5
News background
Can the “Centre
as the goverment firing a W shot over the bows of the Roman Church 2 The question intrigued well-informed political observers who are aware that influential Christians are now trying to persuade the government to
amend the rules which now revent private schools from evying fees. On Prize-day plat
forms UNP leaders have dropped some hopeful hints about a change of policy that would free these schools from "depending on charity". Was the UNP using the State-rum “Daily News' to telt the Church to curb the activitics of its radical clerics
If it was not a standard pressure tactic with the subtle suggestion of a quid pro quo, Was the som 3 atfGT1ã| CDo! "lgäd" the journalistic fall-out from ideological in-fighting in tbe Church itse lf? Like any vast Organisation founded on a doctrine that is open to interpretation and is often interPreted with varying emphases, the Church from the Watical to its Per|pheral Lunits, has Its own conservatives and its radicals, its hardline 'hawks' and its "doves". Was this then Church State politics or Church politics?
The simplest explanation was that it was a straight journalistic job.
With this story-of-the-month, the newly appointed editor of the CDN certainly started his innings with an aggressive bang to the boundary. To underline its importance, che lead story bore the editor's imprimatur, a practice traditionally reserved for Yery special occasion S.
The story referred to a 'subtle campaign by a certain group of priests' (unidentified) to 'discredit" the UNP. The 'group" has crept into the trade zone, and is also 'studying the problems of city dwellers (housing, transport, prices) probably in an effort to whip up
lo currerri
anti—UN P opinio elections in May Self-styled sheph "bluntly told to
Its part, the C (in bold capitals) YOURSELWES', 'gang' and the
doubt as to what bravado experts' into limbo or r Wering inferno | or bare-bodied.
Stylie
Thus, it was story and its po but its tone
newspaper 도EIT 1 CDN Feader frc the Wijewardena
tomed to the than the mach the Story's sty
reading public a journalist.
Chair maith Bod e Tibdistiert of di has sought to c ethos' in this has dismayed who hold top ei ecutive posts ar loyalists who fi the Premadasa (S king back into confidence by : known to Dinar
**bod hi pooja"! I'll Eted out by Lak ist5 that Edo
devoted Catholic prove that his and Party were allegiance to the facile altogether. Par exclience,
 

ຄືການ {athclies LUTE’ |leftist-leaping Fix eligious group in active)
olitics? gar
1 before the local . This 'gang of ords' should be go to hell'. For N advised them : "GO-UN FROCK eaving both the reader in 5ome er these "spiritual ' should descend etreat into a toin full battle dress
not merely the litical implications hat made it a tion. Since the im the days of is is fore a CCLS
measured tone ,nerחe-gun maח| le shocked the nd surprised the
Tinagoda, a true harmista wirtles, reate a "Buddhis: Institution, which som a Christians ditorial and ex1d s e'wer"al UN P nd favourites of LFP) regime sneathe mangement's in artful device nina news Then a5 The theory troe House journar Fernando, a was trying to oyalties to State as good as his ! Church is tao A news editor Fernando is a
no-nonsense, straight - from-theshoulder, give-the-story-the-fulltreatment journalist. The style is the mami.
A reference in the CDN 'leadto a "journalist fellow-traveller" who was formerly closely associated with the SLFP" prompted another theory that this was incidentally an anti-Esmond mowe. Esmond Wickremes Inghe is boss of the Sri Kotha propaganda machine.
The first CDN editor appointed by the new government was an "Esmond' nominee who was packed
off in three months. Another Sri Kotha man who became editor of the Dinamina was
recently demoted to the Silumina. An ex-Esmond man, Nalin Fernando, la sted just over a hundred days as Editorial consultant.
The journalist in the story is an Esmond" protege now reduced Lo a somewhat precarious existence in a neW m2 dia set-up in which the newspaper chieftans hold the purse strings.
Opposition view
While journalists saw the affair through the magnifying glass of professional "politics' (and intrigue), the opposition press chooses to see media happenings in the light of real or imagined factional feuds and personal conflicts in the UNP. The newspapers of the SLFP, CP etc made much of the fact that the new CDN editor is the brother-in-law of State Minister, Mr. Ananda tissa de Alwis, apparently the current favourite, These journals argued that the
3

Page 6
appointment would strengthen the State Minister's position vis-a-vis Frīme Ministr, Mr. F. Premadas, who has the media smartly tuned to his publicity wave-length,
Poker-faced the Aththa said that a large Wedding photo (the marriage of the PM's brother-inlaw to the daughter of Mr. Siri5cma Ranasinghe) published in the CDN and Dinamina was an at tempt to embarr: Es the PM. A UNP stalwart and a FT7 entrePreneur, Mr. Ranasinghe, now the TIMES boss, was regarded as a Mathew ite. The Industries Minister, Mr. Mathew is the third in the UNP's top bracket of reigning favourites. In the middle, and younger, bracket are Trade Minister Lalith Athulathmudaii, Irrigation Minister Gamini Dissanayake and Employment Minister Rani | Wickremasinghe.
In a government which is precccupied with "image-making' via the media, the wedding, according to the Opposition papers means something, A Point to Mr. Premadasa, a couple of points down for Mr. Mathew in the race of the front-runners, the report said.
The Centre
A few days after the CDN Story, Fr. Tissa Balasuriya, Director of the Centre for Scoiety and Religion, paid a call on the acting Chairman of Lake House. Mr. Lanka de Siwa. The secret was out; the cap was not only of the right fit but its owner wore it self-assuredly,
The CDN attack was directed at the Centre and a group of radical Catholic priests who are taking active intellectual and practical interest in social affairs. Like the ''concerned scholar' and the 'committed artist", this group represents a powerful trend within the Church, and places 'social conscience' high up in their ecclesiastical outlook and day-today work. In Latin America they play a leading role in all popular movements, including liberation struggles. In Asian countries where the Church is 5 trong
they have won world renown as brave champions of human rights. This is certainly true of
the Philippines : In India, they c influential group,
Third Worldist
In part, this mfn fetation of of the Church t condilios of Con to free itself front past and identif aspirations and World peoples represent Lt. large resource f
The Centre, ill-lit complex of a small building Church, Maradan nars, publishes employs a few
During the held serinars o Bandaranai ke's rante e Law (Dr. Ronnie de Me, to pieces. It h; t חס וחsymposiu | ts se IT in I on i brought the bcs Co. and Lewe doorstep to def Its post-electic leading represer political party. hawe |ed discuss Cabinet Ministe corporation5, a cademics, edit:
Quixotic Rasp
Twenty four Wat can's "mu|| Went into act perhaps as pow torial offices of Sunday sermons oblique counter CDN for its at the Church and A few days la Conference issu was published
page 12 with and an editori; putins'. The
obviously penn hand at editor the self-same
having like Do at "mutinationa

ld South Korea. Institute a very
tendency is a he basic attempt adapt to the Emporary Society, its Euro-centred
itself with the truggles of Third who of course pped, potentially
COWSO.
located in an tight cubicles in meart the Fatima l, sponsors semibooklets, and "Esearch workers.
LFP:
Mr. Felix Dias
In Westment Guaft) and saw Mr.
MP teat the Bi|| ld a well-attended he Tea Industry. hic multi-nationals ises of the Tobacco Bros to its humble end the MNC's, in senirar had statives from every Among these who ions are se wera | r"s, chairmen of op businessmen,
irs, and lawyers.
utins
hours after the
ahs' so to say
on from pulpits arful as the ediLake House. The made direct and -attacks on the tempt to punish' oteach it a le 55 on". ter the Bishops' ld a reply which in the CDN on an Editor's mote | entitled "Rasleading article, !d by a practised lising Scoffed at asputins for be| Quixote:5 tilting
Windmi ||5".
regime, it
The Church, which is probably the most successfull multi-national in history, has never been short of dialectical skill. The Catholic Messenger presented its case in a succinct second editorial:
"Do Catholics have e qual rights, along with other citizens, to engage in the political life of the country, or are they second-class citizeus 2 is this a democratic state in which freedom of action and expression are guaranteed by the Constitution and repeatedly assured by the President and Prime Mill StET?"
"Is this the beginning of another BJB style witch hunt against Catholics?"
"As far as the Church is concerned, it feels obliged to take an active interest in people, for that is its Tission and ministry, and in all areas of human activity, including Pol|- tical, for the ultimate destiny of the human race cannot be considered by excluding any part of their activity. This has been conceded by many Papal pronouncements. Of course, the Church is obliged to stay politically neutral and commanded to respect all legally constituted authority. It is like-wise opposed to a theistic materialistic systems of geworn ment and to unfair exploitation of man and to violations of human rights anywhere."
In superpower style, the 'Catholic Messenger" also produced some impressive (ideological) aircover. From Mexico came its report that Archbishop Ahumada
had asked the government to grant "priests the same rights as other citizens . . . . . . and for
legislation granting them a political voice in national affairs".
From New York it reported a speech of Senator Patrick Moyniham (former U. S. Ambassador to the UN) lashing out at "antiCatholic bigotry' in America.
On the front page it reported that a conference of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

Page 7
will be held in Colombo March
25-27. The hosts will be the the Bishops Conference of Sri Lanka.
| 5 the Press wis Church a short skirmish or will it be protracted war 2 "How many divisions has the Pope 2" asked Stalin. Can the Lake House afford the sceptical disdain of the Generalissimo
Petition on peasants' cause
he Janatha Viaparaya held a well 下醬 Public Rally at De Mel Park Colombo on the 22nd evening. The Janatha Viaparaya was founded two years ago during
the United Front regime and organized a series of seminars and public meetings throughout the country-together with the
signing of a mammoth petition - to agitate for the release of political prisoners, the repeal of repressive legislation and safeguarding of democratic and human rights. Recently the organisation was revived after the Cyclone to espouse the cause of the Cyclone victims. They have been active in the Cyclone relief work, especially in the Polon na ruwa district, and concerned themselves with the problems of the people in the area. Various progressive political groups, trade unions and public organisations have combined under the Jantha Viaparaya banner. A petition of 10,000 signatures high-lighting the problems and demands of the Cyclone victims was taken in procession on the 22nd morning from the Fort Railway Station to the Ministry of Defence and was officially presented to the Deputy Minister of Defence, Mr. T. B. Werapitiya, who accepted it on behalf of the President. Among the delegates who presented the petition were the Wen. Ahanga Tha Dharnharama Thero, Bishop Leo Nanayakkara, Ariyawan sa Gunasekera-President, Samsitha Lanka Gçevi Sammelanaya, and 4 peasants from Polonnaruwa.
in the evening, the Public Rally 2.s held to publicise these proElems and demands.
Look,
F. the islan percent Apri cruelest month, hawe it. At the of three in th April 14th when Sinhalese and T cipating in tradi festivities, about wi|| come al Iwe. vey has estima would be about by 1980 and abot the year of the election.
Alive to the and its immense Tlass Communicat government has g the import duty 50% 2%. C being sold, acco of the 5 crear, ; from 10,000/- to all the sets are and Colombo fir 20 sets are E some on Hire F
If Singapore coloured vision development an Sri Lanka's co! crust, the magic an elusive stat. the 'Singapore ( cle were 5 ti adwert recent times) dreams of the Go
softly into Co room 5. Come Tom Jones Sho
the standard in C7 matrons (nic and the Old owner of the C be an object of in the neig F La naka enters til Social historians Will probably na in the evolutior patterns of cult Once again p has bested the the country to the TW era D. | 8 milli Hion US Japanese goverm technical assista

TV's here
d's affluent one | Will not be the is the poet would auspicious hour 2 after-noon of over 3 million 1 mils are partiional New Year
3000 TW setts A UNESCO surted that there | 0,000 TW setts it 50,000 by 1934, first presidential
mportance of TW potential as a ion medium, the enerously reduced on TW sets from colour TW sets are riding to the size it prices ranging 30,000/-. Almost of Japanese make 15 say that about eing sold daily, urchase terms,
is the techniary model" of d progress for smopolitan upper box has been is symbol. Now Girl' (one of the
sing gimmicks of the girl of his od life, will walk lombo's drawing home and see the w" w III become
*itation of protld
more pot luck Stuff) and the lour TV set will awe and enwy |tbourhood. STI 1e TW age and of the future
m2 it a landmark of life-styles and I Te
rivate enterprise State in bringing the threshold of 25pite a grant of
dollars by the ent and the finest nce, State Tele
commercial
Wision will be a in 1981
TWN which becomes operational on April 14th is owned by a private firm whose joint managing directors are heirs to a great family tradition in the field of mass media. Mr. Anil Wijewardena is the grandson of Mr. D. R. Wijewardena, founder of Lake House. His co-managing director is Mr. Shantial Wickremesinghe, son of Mr. Esmond Wickremlasinghe, former Managing Director of Lake House and a son-in-law of D. R.' The UNP government's top media expert, Mr. Esmond Wickremesinghe, is Sri Lanka's chief delegate to all international conferences which discusses the on-going issue of Third World independence and "information imperialism'. He was the first Asian chairman of the . P., and is on the governing board of the Press Foundation of Asia, Manila.
The TWN's foreign collaborator is Pacific Telecommunications Inc., the subsidiary of Consolidated Amusements of Hawaii.
Meanwhile the State Radio also takes a step for wrrd in April. it opens the first of six relay stations on April 12th at Anura
reality only
dhapura. The others will be located in Matara, Batticaloa, Ratnapura, Amparai and Senkadagala. This could be the first step in breaking the 50 years old State monopoly over the s o u n d broadcasting medium.
(See Trends).
The National Broadcasting Authority gave two licences to private firms interested in T.W. The other, Maurice Roche, hawe either laid by the project or abandoned it.
There is also radio silence" on yet another Wijewardena venture in media...... a new daily paper Upali Wijewardena, Sri Lanka's o. 1 industrialist and boss of the Trade Zone.
The Information Ministry denied a story published in a SLFP paper, the Nation, about a private US firm opening a 24 hour
Tadjo ( ; lation horo.

Page 8
Jaffna
The streets
by Jayantha Somasundaram
here is a consрігасу аfoot.
A conspiracy to paint life in the North II nimelodramatic colours To make out that anarchy rules the peninsula, that terror is looming overhead. This conspiracy is effected through a vicious campaign of false rumours and impressions, the origins of which are not easy to unearth. Last Week a team of thirty journalists, representing the local and international print and electronic media set out for the North. While they were there Colombo Was buzzing With rumours of a Curfew in Jaffna-the conspiracy was in action.
In reality the security situation in Jaffna is impeccable where civilIlians, both Sinhalese and Tamils are concerned. Jaffna SP Mr. Ego dapitiya told the press that Jaffna has a lower crime rate than Colombo. The incumbent of the Naga Deepa Wihare assured the journalists of the sense of security that prevails in the North. However manipulated panic has kept Sinhalese students from returning to the University of Jaffna after the August 77 disturbances, and has also kept Sinhalese visitors out of the peninsula,
The Police on the other hand lost another constable, a Tamil one, last week. He is the twelfth policeman to be assassinated. The policemen could be the targets of criminals or political extremists. But the police have no way of knowing which, since they receive little public oPÑ | Hir" investigations. This appears to be due to the fear and suspicion that people have of the Police and Arried Forces in the North,
Police often react with wild abandon in the aftermath of the assassi
(The Larzka Guardia Wi's Jayantlı SiO i Has LIII da Tall 14'75 in the fear of journalists invited to four the North by the Gover 771 et I Agent Jaffna. The rrip was sportsored by The Mir is try of Irfar/ P2 a fori),
are qui
nation of policeme Assistant Gower
Wellana, Mr. TF among those who of a Yehicle a II
uniforned men.
TULF TENDEN
The political si plex. There app strands of opin
HE TULF. Til is committed Lumi separate State, o by non-violence, Nawa ratnam, MP cheri, expresses nion. He says t: Nation is recogn self-determinatio it is possible to try,
THле апт|| || the Youth organis professes to be and politically the from extrem ist for Two Lution thT gle, as the last
Ronnie o subsidies
T. Romie de Minister, h; ||F dЕСЕ ОП Еf IT
ending more flexi e al Time 5 Asia Ed da Mel in Londo
ProLets, main countries, at the tions attached to tad I r the | MF's 1: of guidelines to political and Soci Lanka had objecte which the IMF i Gower ment in C subsidies so as ture to developm
"Turkey, Peru, have objected ew to conditions set
Mr. de Mesa felt frather stron

et
n. Last Week the ment Agent of amb im ut tu, Wall 5
were pulled out ld assaulted by
ICES
|Lui Lig I |s COTeart to be three
ion prevalant in party leadership equivecally to a ine that is secured However, W. for Chaw acacha moderate opihat is the Tami | ised as such and is guaranteed, | We. Il One COUn
angar a Peruvai, ation of the TULF
Marxist-Leninst, y may not be far roups that call ugh armed strugTėGO TE
MF
Mel, the Finance is welcomed the ake its criteria for bole. The Filla 1itor who met Mr. л reported:
ly by developing ! stringent condiloans hawe resul5ug of a new set take account of | ffiLI|t|5. Sr"i d to the pace at red to force the tolombo to Cut blck to switch expend
t
Egypt and Zaire en more strongly by the IMF.
է էHը CitյաE I'm mETit
gly that the IMF
did not take fully into account the social and political realities of Sri Lanka.'
The Government is believed to hawe been under Pressure from the IMF which is said to have argued that because the removal of a rice subsidy did not result in riots and disorder, there was scope to phase out other subsidies at a faster Pace,
"A compromise has now been reached under which subsidies will be phased out over three-four years depending on the creation of new |obs:'''
The Bookies at it again
he local Books, on the eve of the Coweted Flat Season '79 with the 200th Derby in its calender, have given another shattering blow to their clients.
On the final day of the recent Cheltenham Festiwal, the Bookmakers who publish the race
cards announced ex cathedra that the payment of place dividend of 1/3rd would be reduced to 1/5th and that the BTT would not be charged on the punter with immediate effect.
The informed punters are of the opinion that the brief minor concession of enhanced place diwdend has boomeranged on the Bookes and a Big Bookie had to pay out over 50 million on place money in the past few weeks.
"Sce how dirty their tactics are !" sa |d one puntar to this journal last week. "When they win they diddle you with promises of concessions they never keep. For, when the BTT issue was not there they
were paying us 14th on the place. The funny thing is that while the Bookies themselves
wete dWided on the manner of levying the BTT they seem to have agreed unanimously on the payment of below normal place dividend! Thank God, however, that at least one journal cared to writo about us." G. D.

Page 9
| International news
The battle for
by Mervyn de Silva
hen Prime Minister Mo55a
degh nationalised the oil industry on a resolution carried by an overwhelming majority of the Majlis, the Iranian Parliament, Dr. Mehdi Barzagan was placed in charge of the National Iranian Oil Company.
Allen Dulles engineered the coup against Mossadegh. The chief plotters were high level officers in the Iranian army and the secret
police, later the dreaded Sawak. The Shah returned in triumph, the "wita I interests" of the Wa5
sayed and the Majlis became the Emperor's rubber stamp. Thus the will of the people was thwarted and the Mossadegh ist revolution' strangled at birth.
Today Dr. Barzagan is Iran's Prime Minister. Once again in exile the Shah fears that his a 5sets, estinated at about 5 times Sri Lanka's national revenue last year, may be frozen by the Swiss authorities if they yield to Iranian pressure. Some of the prominent anti-Mossadegh plotters were rewarded by the Shah and held high and powerful positions in Iran. After the explosive events of October, many of them fled the country when the going was still good. Some were tried and executed in the past few weeks by "Islamic Revolutionary Committees'. Others are in hiding.
The Iranian oil industry is once more in Iranian hands. The U. S. which mastermined the over throw of Mossadegh has suffered what a Republican party critique of Mr. Carter's foreign policy described last month as a bigger blow than Wietnam". Often history takes Its own time to savour better Perhaps the sweetness of revenge.
Three years after the Iranian coup (1953) Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal, and the Anglo
French-lisraeli "police action" nea
Аушfоїїаї
rly brought the brink of war. E Arab World and
into "black' Afric Libya, Congo, Mozambique etc) reginnes er merged broad objective,
form, some we colonels, while C ple, ordinary city Lu Tumba. CÓf w: persuasion, these
pure nationalists
rialists, or well formers, radicals In the first in
CorT T or feature to the basic asp dually awake ned collard of the ce5, to control T. i e5.
 

Khriffieini
: World to tha lsewhere in the beyond the Sahara a, (Algeria, Iraq, Angola, Ethiopia, new leaders and With the 5 mg Dressed in unire “bonapartist"
thers were 5. lian 5 like Patrice rying ideological
eaders hawe been
and anti-impe-is EC It Is III og FBIt revolutionaries itance, the only is their response ration of a grapeople to take * Flatioma resouri heir own desti
On March 30, the Ira. nians Were asked to wote “yeы, or 'no' to the question: “Do
you wish to replace the former
egintue with an Islannic repuԷյliը : ""
- -
But challenge and response, as Toynbee would have it, is the logic of history. Attack and counter-attack. The nationalist attack on foreign interests has prompted a Counter-thrust, an aggressive reaction which takes different forms, overt and covert the coup, the assa sination, the Tinilitary intervention, the economi sqeeze, the planned subversion.
So, defeats and reverses of course punctuated successes.
What would have happened, what kind of Iran would have taken shape ... If the Mossadeghist 'revolution' had run its natural course. The question may seem academic. It is not a matter for Idle speculation. Prime Minist Barzagan is the legitimate heir to the Messadegh ist egacies. He stands for a republican, secular, democratic and in his terms a "modern Iran; an Iran which would be genuinely independent econo. rically, and non-aligned in foreign affairs. Iran has already left CENTO and applied for non-aligned membership, this is a point of crucial importance right now because the Mossadeghist tradition is only one element in that power. fully explosive yet strange combnation that produced the new revolution. Some of the socioeconomic causes which led to this situation have been examined in the earlier articles in this series the accumulated grievances of the Poor, the ever-widening gap bet. ween the haves and the hawe-nots. foreign exploitation and corruption, the migration to the cities, the Visibly extravagant expenditure on the armed forces and "prestige" projects, the “culture shock" of the Westernisation of Iran's ruling clique (what Professor Ajami called "the official culture'). Repression sealed the pact between all anti
hawe

Page 10
Shah forces and in the end his
own fate.
BLI I how long would this coalition of disparate groups retain a unity that was in effect an ãlliance-in-action rather thān a partnership of forces committed to a clearly conceived design for a new Iran? The Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, for example, has his Own fervently che rished idea5 about 'an Islamic republic'.
Governments take decisions Which automatically become national policy, But who is Iran's
decision-maker? The Ayatollah has moved to the holy city of Qom from where he continues to issue "Edicts". In the name of the "Komiteh, 'the Revolutionary Council that speaks for the 'Revolution'. Premier Barzagan's prow ilsional government and him ministers meet in Tehran the country's capital and make Policy pronoun
cements on a wide range of questions. This physical separation offers a convenient symbol
of the basic problem that now bedevils Iran-two can Eres of authority, one embodying as it were the 'spirit' of the revolution and the other entrustad with the dayto-day administration.
Several events in the past few weeks, some quite trivial, underline the significance of this yet unresolved issue of power, The Ayatollah places a ban on frozen meat. (A body-blow incidentally to the New Za есопопу). His Komiteh' which consists of several Iram iam 5, who hawe returned from exile after a dozen years or more approve an order by the "mullahs' on the black chador or veil for women, and promptly women's rights organisations take to the street to protest against the command. A counter-demonstration gheraos the state Radio and TW station's director-general. In a more serious dispute over summary executions, Dr. Barzagan makes a symbolic journey to Qom to plead with the
Ayatollah. Executions are sus Pended. The trial of ex-premier Howed a will now be a public
with defence counsel, and An influential wat the
tria | foreign observers. group of "Ayatollahs"
8
Koran ic law to por cial matters, inclu and Iran's roder which was nearly kըs iր Իվtյաembը
ISIS
Meanwhile, the and leftwing grou 5 Tall im mu rimber Tilised, haye dem: big foreign banks Their wision of r democracy, more mic policy, But Di mcmic a dwis Cer's ari tore “foreign con inviting tha fore enterprises to ret
At the height Shah struggle, the the oil weapon ir Average daily Pro down from ower to lE55 thãm the for domestic use.
But power flow.
al barral of crud barrel of a gun army is still til
powerful institutio As the anti-Shah ved itself a spont popular agitation, mand, frightened Consequences, ret discreet "neutralit relih neutral, e5 disparate groups TA55 TO WETTE EL
There are other are also armad, ni tiamen, loyal to the zealously Islam e-Khalq, and the daye an-e-Khalqi.
Once the lid of forcibly removed long dormant, he |ife, The essenti and political stri "new" | Tan Ha5, EE. by the intrusion ideas, Principally ideas of ethnic g Kurds, The deat| Barzani a few we ironic touch to th clashes in the nor of the Kurdish st ment in neighbou ZaFi and his Tien сtuary and open T

“ewail i a II firmamding bank credit, banking systein
Wrecked by strifaces a new
Iranian radical ps, comparatively
but well-orgainded that the
be nationalised. an is a secular ociali5E1 e Coro r. Barzagan's ecoa trying to resfiderica' and are tign banks and DLI F.
of the antiopposition used a new Way. duction tumbled 5 Ili|ilion baroreg
800,000 needed
5 not only from e oj | But the The Iranian he single most .the Country חו ח moYement proane OLI5 iltan 52, the army Comabout Possible
teaed into y'. Will they pecially if the
that led the rt to 5qLIabble?
groups which i tably the mili
the Ayatollah, lic Mujahideenleft:-minded Fe
repression was
other forces, We burst into ally ideological Iggle ower the tem confoundբd
of contending
the separatist roups like the in of Mustapha aks ago adds an | 3 ITOSL TELETI . th. The leader Ce55ioli 5: T10 y 5 ing Iraq, BarWere given sa nilitary assistance
Mid-East Vacancies
President Carter has advised Presidert Sadat mot To Seak the role of "regional policeman." According to agency reports, Sadat said that since the downfall of the Shah, it was necessary to safeguard US interests and protect WÉSEE TT) oil Toute.5 Egypt was ready to do so and defend A. Ta Eo state25 like Saudi Arabia and "punish' other Arab states like Libya, Iraq, etc.
POST OF POLICE MAN (regio VIII)
APPLICANT'S NAME:
Al Wat L. Säidat
PERMAN ENT ADDRESS:
Cairo, Egypt.
OTHER ADDRESSES :
Camp David, US.
Jerusalem, Israel.
QUALIFICATIONS:
Named No. 1. at Baghdad.
Na med No. 1 Enemy of
Palestinian people,
Trato T
AWARDS:
Nobel Peace Prize (half)
REFERENCES:
Shah of rail Mobutu Menahem Begin.
Memo to Secrd tary of State:
Cy,
Doubt candidate's suitability. Reported to be having serious domestic problems. Can we sendil for a crash course to Professor Deng Xiaoping Regional Police hqrs, East Asia?
jimmy C.

Page 11
by the Shah in his effort to weaken the radical Baathist regime
in Baghdad. It was part of his dut les as a regional policeman seeking to impose his hegemony
in the area.
The continuing confusion in Iran is the outcome of an inter. connected struggle which has think three malm features:
(a) A clash and a contest of ideas, not always clearly conceived by it advocates, about the "new" Iran. While there is a wide area of agricer ment on the need for a complete break with the past, the institutions, Practices and Personnel of the hated Shah regime,
Thailand Towards non
hailand, the home of SEATO. may soon join the Waiting list of applicants for non-aligned membership. Having quit CENTO, Iran has already asked for full and formal membership. Pakistan has always been keen on some 'status' in the movement but India has correctly objected to any concessions on the grounds of CENTO membership... - Pakistan has now left CENTO.
On a 9-day visit to Bangkok, my fourth in three years, I found a remarkable change in official Thai thinking. The ordinary Thai is usually talkative but when you climb up the heir archical ladder, Thais in important posts tend to give you a nod, a friendly smile and little else. Yet every Thai takes a quiet pride in the fact the his country in its long history
5 a natio häs aitained secure neutrality. SEATO, US bases, the Wietnam War and US troops in Thailand changed all that and Thailand found herself on the losing side of the liberation WaT in Indo-Chira.
The US bases were gradually di 5 mantled and US force 5 withdrawn, Now, SEATO is defunct. While the Thai leaders realise that the Thai-LUS Correction ha 5 adversely affected Thailand's exter Ital polices and het relations With her neighbours, new develop
there is a seri ho W radica|| th should be.
(b) Each group embrace of the ment is seeking ascendancy and • share of effective
"É Ward for tiwa
(c) Each group, ting the others, y (andוחסוautor while watching t in which ran is
ln Such circuns In the throes of policy-cum-decisic mand structure
alignme
ments lave riia about the count and security, and region,
The first is th sion of Wietnam. tha ä:tion itse arrogart annoLIIc would teach a ס ur Lhatסeighbח moodere, Tha to Te. The 5 tha revolution jr. tions and US Pia Resisting US pre: leaders are not Pledges any mori
This is the sig Minister Kriang Wisit to Moscow. to Colte JSby closer relatio and the sociali: Thais || ke the neutrality but th towards non-alig #m En Couraging Indian diplomats officials also not and other ASEAF expanding econor COMECON, and is responding pg policy.
Non-aligned ent kok are watch ing nents in Thai p i te T5 t.

Els conflict owet transformation
within the wide Inti-Shah Toyeto A. 55 g:I"t. i L5 a in at least a power as the articipation.
not totaly trusis reta ining its its firepower) le basic direction
moving. ances Iran ls still installing a new In making comand the adminis
è:
de them worry ty's independence peace in the
e Chinese inva
Even more than If it was the ement that China s som to al 5 mall hanged the public | editor explained
3 cond reason is Iran, US reaclicy over Taiwan. ssures, the Thai
impressed by US
rificance of Prime sak Chori1anarn"5 It is an attempt China pressures ls with the USSR it bloc. The term positive Bey are gravitating ninent and it is sign" a senior aid. At ECAFE, e that Thailand N countries are nic relations with the socialist bloc isitively to this
bassies in Bangthese developolicy with keen
N. R.
trative apparatus necessary for the restoration of normal conditions and stability.
As I wrota in my introductory article no new equilibrium will be reached until the sa issues are resolved and a settled balanca of forces gains popular acceptance. Until this happens the Iranian political scene will remain confused and army intervention cannot be ruled out.
"Islam may have been the uniting force of the resolution but the motive was to obtain freedom" wrote Fariborz Atapour, a prominent Iranian journalist. "The revolution is Islamic" replies Dr. Ibrahim Yazdi, a top Khomeini aide' and anyone who thinks otherwise will | bo in serious error". If indeed the Islanic movement is the most formidable force and Khomeinl is its un challenged symbol, what sort of "Islamic" republic Wil | it be and how w I || it affect Iran's regional role? While the future alone can furnish the answer, the fall of the Shah has already cast a long shadow over the whole area.
Iran was one of the principal props of a new US sub-system,
itself the by-product of the Nixon-Kissinger doctrine. More than any of his compatriots and contemporarise, Kiss inger had a
firm conceptual grasp of global power and in a changing World environment understood what the US, in its own interests, could and could not do.
The "|855ons of Wietna in" i5, a simplistic way of saying it, but a convenient way nonetheless. The lessons of Wietnam (what happened in the battlefield, its impact on World opinion, on the US economy, and the US political system) were marked well and inwardly digested. The limits of US power were identified. More importantly, it was realised that this power, still enormous, could not be deployed as freely, as indiscriminately or as insouciantly as Washington had been accustomed to think in an age which was once described with ex-e55 iwe self-confidence as an American century.
(Cyries or Page Is)

Page 12
Indo - China
Peaceful co-existence
by Amara Senanayake
he charge that Wietnam flou
ted the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence which farms the basis of Non-Alignment, is WOrth Closer exarmination here. When it is levelled by the U. S. and its ASEAN allies this charge can and must be dismissed with contempt. The US which actively indulged in Interwention, aggres5io 1d Wato 35 truction in Indo-China until it was forcibly ejected by the armed peoples of these countries has no right to voice "moral' opinions on this issue. The same applies to the ASEAN countries who supported the US war effort in military and
political terms. However, when voices in the progressive ranks and even within the socialist
camp echo this charge and point ugi finger at Wietnam, it is clear a sign of confused thinking which also throws light On the revisionist devations Within the World CoTi Tunist ToweΠΠΕ ΠΙ.
According to the LeninistStalinist conception, peaceful coexistence was that aspect of foreign policy to be pursued in the state-to-state diplomatic relations between countries with different social systems. It was newer meant to be the main international policy line of the socialist states and their ruling communist partles. This latter was Measit to be none other thaisn Proletarian internationalism. One of the main facets of modern
revision is was in fact the substitution of the 5 principles of Peaceful Coexistence in place of
proletarian internationalism as the general line of the foreign policy of socialist countries and Commu
Ti ist Parties. Initiated by Kruschchew in 1955, this revisionistic deviation was subscribed to in
varying degrees by almost all the Communist and Workers parties through their acceptence of the
957 and 1960 Declarations.
Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, respect
O
for te Tritorial in nal sovereignity stones of peacef is true, but how with proletarian This is a basic be tackled by nists. Ptoletaria stipulates that interests of the gle in a single be subordinated and interests of an international people who has Lalism should be ing, if they are the greatest saC to owerth Tow W Quoting Lenin's identifies two b rendering "rapid effective' internal by sociallst coi struggling prolet countries. In "T Wo|tion > afd T; Communists' (92.
Haw should t sed? Firstly, in t Егу ""саггying QL realizable in One development, sup revolution in a secondly in that Proletariat of . after organizing duction, should agå i Fast the refT world, attractin, oppressed classes tries, raising Countries agains in the event of out even with a the exploiting C governments ... "
Then again, ar 5tated that a fu ple of Proletaria "Wys to do the ing resolute mor assistance to t and only the ge пагу IIпе іп all x
These are the infermed the fo

and
tegrity and natio
et are ul coexistence, it do they square iteration||STP uestion that must all Marxist-Leniinternationalism, "the needs and proletarian strugcountry should to the needs this struggle on scale" and that "a overthrown capiready and willSo able, La maka rifices in ordor "orld capitalism". dictum:5, Stalin a sic principles of thorough and tionalist assistance Intries to the rat of a other The October Re. actics of Russian 4) Stalin says:-
is aid be expresa Wictorious Co| . the maxim Lur
country for the port, awaken ing of | countries' and t "the victorious O TE Country its socialist Pro
stand up . . . . na ining, Capitalist g to itself the of other counte wolts in those the capitalists,
necessity coming rmed force against lasses and their
"Quid ||9|9, Leni ndamental princi. n in Larnationalism Lutmost In rander"all and materia|| he revolutionary, inuinely revolutio
Ulties.
principales, which reign policy of the
internationalism
Soviet Socialist state and its leading force, the CPSU, in the days of Lenin and Stalin. At the time, this constituted the general line of the international policy of the world Communist i novement, until it was replaced by the line of "Peaceful Coexistence" umder Ku 5:- hchev. Some points ina a d to be made here. Firstly, that dictates of Proletarian internationalism LLLS L0 0LL0LL0LLL0 S S LL LLLLHHLLLLLLL LLLLLL the five principles of peaceful
coexistence, and if and when
such a contradiction does arise then it is the former that
should be considered the pri
nary aspect of this contradiction.
It is clear that in its purest expression, Prole tarian internatiomalism takes the form of armed a55 istance which transcends national baundaries. (This has been the policy of the Cuban Revolution and was best personified by Che Guevara). Such transnational armed solidarity may well run counter to "non-interwention in internal affairs of other countries' and "respect for territorial inte
grity and national sovereignity etc'. The next point to be made is that proletarian internationalism is operative not only in
respect of capitalist countries but also in the case of socialist countries. If a victorious proletariat of a given country is faced with the threat of internal counterrewolution or external Interwention, then it is the duty of other socialist countries to render internationalist assistance, Furthermore if a revolutionary leadership deviates from the path of MarxismLenInism, such ag sistance is necessary on the part of fraternal parties. Though this is mainly in the form of ideological polemics and political debate, can it Lake the form of armed clashes? it may well be asked. The contradiction between the proletariat and non Proletarian classes in a country where the old exploiting cla55e5, hawe been owerthrown, 5 o T e times do e5 take a Wiolent tu T.

Page 13
As Stalin correctly pointed out
COTT TT Lin|g II () " orkers party in power may succumb to oppurtunistic deviations and in such an event, the government of that country (being dominated by the party) will also fall prey to revisionism. The government however must be distinguished from the 5tt.
This is true not only of capitalist countries but aiso of Socialist ones. In a socialist country the state is the organization of the proletariat as state power. Its tasks are to crush the resistance of the exploiters, to organize the socialist economy, to gradually eliminate social classes etc. The government on the other hand is the upper section, the leadership, of the state organisation. Its tasks comprise policy-making and implementation on a day-to-day basis. When the ruling communist party, leadership and therefore, the government adopts a revisionist policy the contradiction between the government and the state is exacerbated, since the governmental policy comes into conflict with the funda Tental interests of the proletariat as crys tallized in the proletarian State (ie. the dictatorship of the proletariat). This was Stalin's view, as expressed in 1925-27.
At its most intense level this contradiction reaches the stage of
a violent cont in the overthro fe., the govern Сүёпt It i5 th duty of the oth (ie, of other pr ships) to Inter COf The to the al5: nuinely revolut in opposition tc sents the scier the interests o that given cour took place in 1953, Hungary choslovakia in what took pl: recently. Prole ionalism, as wi precedence ow of peacefull-co alignment, Fu the dictates of into conflict principles of t that of Nati the Fn, Marxistnize that suc in a Sense, im dinated to t duties of prol ionalism. It is Marxist-Leninist problems in Int with and supp the Vietnames respect of the
Semi-ei
“I donit” know what got info H1 e ... I vert to I ate hamburgers and Coca-Cola ... I wore a hat, and ther I in Waded Vietnan ... “
 

25tation culminating W of the leadership ment. In such an 1 interationalist er socialist states olotarian dictator"Were actively and Istance of the geionary line which, revisionism, repretific expression of f the proletariat in try. This is what
East Germany in in 1956 and Czę1968. This is also ice in Kampuchea tarian interate said, should take "er the principles existence and nonrther morte, when
the forner Come with one of the
he latter, such as onal Sovereignty, --Leninists recogh Sovereignty is ited, being suborhe demands and etarian internat5 in this light that : should wiew the do-China, solidarize ort the actions of a Communists in Pol Pot regime.
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Page 14
Poverty
Profiles of Sri Lankan poverty (2)
Caste and
he conditions relating to health reflect the benefit of the ficc Health se Twices that hawe
been fairly well distributed throughout the island. Health conditions appear to be worse in the estate sector Where the Poorest households contain a number of cases of Serio L 5 di 5
ability and illness. In the other rural situations of the study, the pcorest households appear to have satisfactory access to the government medical facilities as well as to the ayurvedic medical system. All the Studies report that Conditions relating to morbidity are fairly satisfactory. In many cases even the poorest households have had access to immunisation facili ties. None of the studies ha 5 discovered any endemic condition of ill health or high rates of mortality, particularly infant mortality, which are :ಗೆ: O LHE
condition of absolute poverty, The studies of Walgam paya and Henegama however report evi
dence of physical underdevelopment and malnutrition. In many of the situations studied, enviTonmental sanitation seems to be poor. This is true of Paranagama, Henega ma and Walgampaya. Few of the households in the Poverty group have no latrine and several households have to share a common well. Some of the Wells used for drinking water have no protecting was and other safeguards against pollution. Poor environmental sanitation is one common characteristic of these pockets of acute poverty. It is however not entirely a result of a lack of resources in these households. The conditions reflect a lewe of samitation to which households appear to have been traditionally accustomed. Greater cleanliness in individual households and better collection action for improving conditions pertaining to environmental sanitation for the
pove
whole poor com
ble regardless i Powerty,
It was pointe
possession of s and numeracy w determinant of t Lack of these sk dition of absoluti regard to all rel the households the outside en rural sector whic dly monetised a activity plays a ČÖTT LI TI i Cilt iO" W World for vari daily living requi level of educati
'Caste 1
in the co
studies revealth a level in most ho Poverty group di significantly from the village. Whil reported particip: tiary level, the ) of the inmates households and s seemed to show differences in con more well-to-do p It would however conclude that if children would : their secondary situation in the saw earlier is a Test of the COLIn tation community are significantly FC werty group Cor appear to have beyond the 5th tation community more faWOLrable gards income anc is seriously def to tWo ba5ic Te2 {

rty
munity is Possiif their present
d out that the кӀlls iп literacy as also another he level of living. is create a Con2 dependence in ationships which 12fed to hawa With fironment. In a h is getting rapild where state
do Tiriant Tolç, with the outside Lg 1: L e 5 in Te5 5 IT II i ITT LITT
1. The micro
education. The pattern of poverty in the estate sector is therefore one in which poverty in housing and poverty in education are the two dominant characteristics. These aspects of poverty in the estate sector are an integral part of plantation agriculture based on Indian resident labour. The stateless condition of the estate labour the lack of mobility and eligibility for employment in other Sectors of the economy have lockad the resident labour into a situation , in which the large majo
rity of the households can lock forward only to work in the plantations. Within such a frame
work of expectations, higher levels
of education and advancement through education hawe little ппеапіпg.
The studies do not reveal major non-economic factors such as caste playing any significant role
s not a sisnificant factor
imposition of the poverty is roup
t the educational useholds in the il not vary very the average in e mone of thern ation at the tercars of schooling in the poorest chool attendance alחlargiח lyחס י nparison to the art of the village, be correct to 1 these groups seldom complete schooling. The Ett 52 TOT W2 contrast to the try, In the planeducational levels lower. In the ily two children seen able to go grade. The plan
• " while | Fwing In Conditions as renutritional lewe, icient in regard ads-housing and
in either Push ing group5 Into conditions of poverty or preventing them from overcom ing these conditions. In Thost coin unities caste is not a significant factor in the composition of the poverty group. The poverty group comes from various castes including the so-called high caste.
In Walgam Paya the multicaste village, the castes which are traditionally lower in the hierarchy have succeeded in breaking into important socio-economic and political positions in the village, and in that way have modified the traditional power structure. These castes have found it to their advantage to organise thermSelves politically and establish links with political groups which sought their electoral support. At the same time they have taken to trades and other economic activity which the Govigama elite had avoided The poverty group in Walgam. paya contains both the so-talled Govingama high caste households

Page 15
and the traditionally inferior castes, The twa exceptions where caste has distinctly contributed to the marginalisation of households are Mirissa and the state Community. In Mirissa the small group which had undertaken nonfishing activities in this community and which belongs to the Dura Wa group was not able to participate. In the changes that took place in the village with the introduction of the na w technology as they were traditionally not in the fishing occupation. But although this is true of a few Durawa households, other households in the community which did not belong to the main fishing social group - the Karawa caste - were able to take part in various other activities such as trade and improve their position. And again while the Powerty group contains a few Durawa households, they contain households from the main fishing community as well. In the estate community a large number of the impaverished households belong to the castes which arte traditionally among the lowest in the hierarchy. Caste relationships apPear to play some part in the network through which various fringe benefits such as weeding Contracts and other non-wage employment is given. It may also affect regularity of work. While there is evidence that Such nietworks would continue to operate, affecting the social and economic position of certain castes, it is nevertheless true that the growth of the trade union Towerment has brought about significant changes in the structure of power in this estate communities and provided bette lea 15 of acce 55 to the working population as a whole.
The micro-studies also reveal that poverty is in many instances closely related to the large size of the household and the high ratio of depen dan E5 to income earners. This appears to be particularly true of Walgampaya and the plantation community. The analysis in Part I, we saw, showed how a large number of families in the Income slabs below Rs. 200 and Rs. 200-400 are kept below the absolute poverty line
on account of th of dependants an есопогmically iпасt Large families i group might be bot sistent poverty as
It is important between the patt in the rural secte sector. The inst ir come in the wa Lor in the estate diffTeat ki: fi "Liral sac tör. |rı Wage earning sect dependency in c. to hawe mora acut of doprivation ån | the rura | 58: perty and assets, provide the old a trolling their en at the sa me ti working life, in low lével is a SS LIr Worker with som: larity. Households basic requirement: the management management is th 5 ||E" for Elle Workgr In a Tori form than the normal contracru; But the quality o Security should nic It ha 5 ower Colle5 ships in which th capital asset like has to be maintain level of physical supply the needec
Rural powerty is in character and different set of is relate LO L1 income-earning a access to ICO tulitis ir lāb and outside the , Come-earning op laboLIr are not dər manner in which ban sector or the Lor With re5 der organised them. casual character the unorganised de Tand for" |:1 bou vasive insecurity hö5-5 of the Tur tedn855 || 1555, d COT12-2a 1 e , CT

large number persons in the We ago group5. the poverty the cause of perwell as its effect.
to distinguish :rn of poverty r and the estate curity and low 라 earning secis of a very In that of the the property less or in the estate' ld age appвагs e characteristics i poverty than tor where prohowever small, mans of Conwitonment. But me during the W2 at a ed to the a Gita te : degree of regucan obtain their on credit from The estate erefore "respon resident estate a comprehensive employer in a all relationship. f this form of it be over rated of the relationhe worker is a the Slawe and led at a minimum well-being to | labout.
very different arises out of a ircumstan C35, lt 2 ownership of issets and the —Carning opporut market within 'illage. The inportunities for ganised in the the formal urplantation secit labour hawe Seasonality, the f the Work, and nature of the r im Parts a perto the liwelia poor. In debeath of an inp failure may
have dire irreversible consequence for a rural household. The insecurity which afflicts the rural poor in these circumstances is very different from the type of insecurity of the wage-earner in the estate sectors.
The contrast in the patterns of poverty between the estate sector profile and the rural profile points to certain conclusions which deserve to be investigated further. Whereas food insufficiency is the main characteristic of poverty in the rural situation, the social components of poverty - elements such as "poverty in education', lack of access to health care, "poverty in housing" and so on-do not manifest themselves in an acute form. The social welfare programme appears to have succeeded in a meliorating some aspects of poverty, but in the process has sustained a significant share of the population (20% of households in Henegama, 30% in Walgampaya) in an Lunderno Lurished and physical y underde veloped condition. The modern health care systems, well distributed to reach the poor, appear to have a capacity of reducing morality and enabling people to have a longer span of life at lower levels of physical well-being. Indicators such as life expectancy in the context of poverty as is to be found in the rural sector in Sri Lanka should therefore be examined more carefully before they are accepted asdefinite indicators of an improveIn ent in the quality of living. On the other hand, if we examine the living conditions in the estate sector, we hawe a situation which is more or less the opposite. If food sufficiency is the criterion of households having reached a level of living above conditions of absolute poverty, the estate households have fared satisfactorily. At the same time, along with food sufficiency they suffer from serious inadequacies in other components which are needed to ensure a minimum quality of lifehealth, education and housing.
(Excerpts from the final chapter of the 70-page study of poverty in this country, by the Marga Institute.)

Page 16
Fuel
More power more disti
by Eugene M. de Silva
uring the next few months Sri Lanka, like many other countries, Will be starved for Petrol. The dwindling stocks and what comes into the country as
crude oil, will not be sufficient to run the numerous cars and other motor vehicles that normally crowd our roads. The ob
wious solution to this cricis Will be to ration petrol and perhaps dole it out on an equitable basis, or issue it in keeping with the national utility value of the work done by the vehicles.
To meet this serious situation we should turn to another source
of power viz: Ethanol or Ethyl alcohol from our distilleries. If We open up more sugar cane
plantations more and more unemployed men or women, specially from the rural sector, could be given jobs, and instead of poisoning the nation with raw, Lummatured alcoholic drinks, the ethyl alcohol obtained could be gain fully diverted to our petrol stations to ease the shortage of petrol. This would be an admirable instance of "appropriate technology' hel Ping the Country towards development and progress. This Would also hel P in the conserwation of our country's valuable foreign exchange.
The use of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as a fuel is nothing new. It powers rockets and even racing cars. It can provide feed stocks for the envisaged variety of chemical industries that would be a necessary adjunct to the development of Our country.
One of the greatest advantages of ethanol over petrol is its
"clearness' and ol say that modern card petrol and unlike petrol it de the er vironment.
Ethanol is cheap It will be an id Petroleum Corpora with petrol and tute — Gia Soho | oro | much reduced pric in bringing downt of living.
|rl India im IԳ4 |
time petrol ration of gasolene-alcoho ā5. red by law to use and the Nizam Su Hyderabad was the that set up the
plant.
Cas, Scoots a can use gasohol c petrol and 75% al The table bele a dwa ntages gained was used by Fiat a
El 5 i 25 TL15
if automobile en on pure alcohol th be modified. Thi about Rs. 2000/- ( engine. This figur: ved at by a Profe 55 Institute of Technolt where research is to further II crea: output by 15%, wh alcohol. El Fano mixed 50-50 yi Ch .
Some readers mig is not possible to of Sugar cane in
F וול) ue:TווCgrTrib)
Sawing in fuel
increase in power output
Decrease in exhaust hydro-carbon
|
Reduction in carbon dioxide emission

leries?
Ie would ewen an should disIse ethanol, as es not pollute
er than petrol. eal fuel if the tion Tixes it sells the ThixPetrohol - at a !, thus helping he soaring cost
during the war ng a mixture was used in ists were requionly gasohol gar Factory in first distillery
power alcohol
ld motor cycles ontaining 25% cohol with eas; 2. w shows the when gasohol ind Ambassador in India.
gines are to run ey will have to is would cost Sri Lankan) per 2 has been arrior in the Indian gy, New Delhireing conducted e the power hen using pure can also be liesel oil.
ht argue that it much ססw tסgr a small island
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Page 17
Cinema
Sexual politics in Pat
by Laleen Jayamanne
(Graduate of Both riversity of Ceylor and New York University is cirrerily Horking or a Ph. D. hesis of the "Irriages of Hale. Tri fiero Sri Liur karT erTerTi " rr rheo LArrivers l'y of New Sorth FFales, Ar 5 Trallfa.)
ne of the major theoretical O and practical achievements of the women's movement has been the analysis of that area in bourgeois discourse and ideology as "private life" (family, marriage, domestic labour, sexuality etc.) in order to uncover the political basis of these institutions and experiences. The film, Ponmani, directed by Dharmasena Pathi raja, examines the sociopolitical basis of marriage in a particular milieu. Therefore it is within this framework that I would like to analyse some aspects of Pathiraja's Tamil language film. The version I saw a few weeks ago is a reedited one of the film which was released "unsuccessfully' (i.e. in financial terms) about two years ago.
The film itself deals with the unsuccessful attempt of a young girl and boy to establish a personal relationship based on mutual attraction and affection within a society that is stratified into class, caste, and creed. The plot is a cliche in the Sinhala cinema, Pathiraja, and his script writer M. B. Rajadore show a mature. complex understanding of the sexual politics of our stratified society and are able to deal with it in a raller which is a striking departure from the average Sinhala 'genre' film.
Within this context it may be useful to mention some aspects of the most recent Work done in Marxist film theory both in Britain and France which has tried to uncover the reactionary ideological implications of certain narrat| ye Structure 5 and formal elements. A plot structure which starts at an equilibrium, then
complicates th resolvo 5 che con the narrative h; a structure whic audience's erot of such a plot finally make us (ie. Crying or internal release Brecht was cine Marxist artists ideological effect. tive structure. Good woman ends without
resolved and the resolution
articulated in
to occur outside refused us the 50 yarn, for a everyth ing is nie formal elements work in ways d awake ning of full ne5S are, cinema 리되 invisible
un obstrusive car rules of continui in the Classical tive cinema. Th an important P: W lewer into thi film, The mediu dltions of wiewi it closer to a subconscious pric
that in the 2 film has super: being the 'opia The technology
creates its ow consumption.
However, ta have come up slogans and Cou power of the ideological we соgeпtly exрге and Getino ( they speak of gun that shoot: scCorld' into th the Wiewer.

hiraja's
! situation and radictions within been shown as h manlipula Las the oms. The effect Structure is to have a catharsis whaltewer our Techanisms are). of the earliest to realise the of this narraThus, Brecht's of Setchiziwan the plot being recht add5 that of the conflicts the theatre had the theatre, ha satisfaction we n ending where :ely resolved. The which can also ettimen Cal to the rational awaretic devices such editing smooth I ETA TO WEITETS ty etc. as used Hollywood Narraese devices play rt in sucking the World of the mi Itself the conng certainly make dream state, a Cess, so much so Oth century the eded religion in e of the people'. dominates and in conditions of
dica fim-makers with their radical hter practice. The
medium as an apon has been 55ed by Slogans Argentina) when the camera as a
24 frames per consciousness of
Ponmani
Recent radical film practice and theory (the work of Clauba Rocha (Brazil), Miguel Littin (Chile), Godard (France), Straub (Germany), hawe been greatly influenced by the Brechtian theatrical theory, One of the most useful concepts has been "alienation" or distanciation'. This points to the need to activate the mind in a medium Lihat seems so conduciwe to the creation of reactionary feelings at the expense of the activation of the totality of response we are capable of as human beings.
The complexity of Pathiraja's understanding of the problems of marriage in a semi-feudal capitalist society is to be seen in the complex visual and auditory
structures of the film. It is that rare phenemenon in the Sri Lankan cinema where a significant experience is handled in a Way that articulatie the issues cinematically.
The narrative begins with
Ponmanis elopement with Ananda, where they seek refuge in the house of a liberal middle class couple, intercut with Ponman is family, her father, mother, unmarried sister Saro, and brother. The brother supports the family and is still paying off his married sister's dowry in instalments.
The film intercuts scenes between these twɔ houses. This simple alternation is made more complex by flash backs and imaginary sequences seen from Ponmani's point of wiew, along with several other scenes, such as Ponman's father's visit to the married daughter's house where the son-in-law ignores him because he has not payed the full dowry as promised. These narrative sequences all flow from the central action of Ponman's elopement. They show the precarious nature of the position of Women in a society where her only hope of survival is marriage and that
5

Page 18
too under the most degrading of circumstances. She has no walue in her self. Marriage thus becomes aform of legalised prostitution. The film depicts these oppressive conventions and the attempt to break away from them.
Within these narrative episodes connected with the central action, is inserted a sequence of the Un married Sister, Saroi, Cinging at a studio for women. This sequence does not further the na rative, instead the |Song5 comment con a ne of the main experiences of the film, of marriage as a desperate means of su rwiwal for wonten Wyha Flavợe o other economic means of maintaining their lliw (25 and th Lus, their autonomy. The gist of the song, which has mythicai over tones, is that there are many Radha's in the street, not because they are in love with Krishna, as the myth would have us believe, but because he provides them with a means
of survival. There is a formal rigour in the way the scene is filmed in a medium close up lateral tracking shot along the
line of seated musicians, vocalists, one of whom is Saroj. There is here a perfect visual and aurai expression of the central problem of the position of woman in a traditional semi-feudal and semicapitalist society like ouri.
The power the or nipresence as it were of the feudal patriarchal rule, backed up by religion that Cripples wholesome generous feelings is brilliantly expressed in what is perhaps, the most daring and innovative shot in the Sri Lankan cinema. This occurs near a church on an island to which the young lowers flee, seeking refuge. The sacristan of the church greets Ananda whom he knew as a child but refused Lo give them sanctuary when he hears that they are eloping and that Ponmani is of a higher caste. There is a close up shot of Ponnai after which there is a 360 pan, (i.e. the camera revolves On its own axis) of the island including the land, trees, water and sky. Accompanying this image
is the woice of the old man (who is absent from the image) articulating Conservative ;enti
ments such as, place, God will us'. Feelings with no un de possibilities. Ti 350 pan and y: of hearing the c prescent, al Godi (male) р: tradition all ci Ce mana LC:s With the camera tak can. The shot a si Tı ilar orie of bourgeoise ( end, but its different there. of what I nea It is also a ki draws attentic Takes us 55k N dCes this and " or us. All ot. cognitive and em into play as W. In Brechtiar te til CeS US ir a it includes E. thought.
Soon after Pi marry in churc by the man te was originally i 1 tàxid shooting of Po out with her group is also a 5 to dista which s Luch ar shot and as 5F is frozen ( suggests death) into a long distanced). Her meaningful use dowice in the
| It is tot el say Anne apoi importance to : Pathi raja make: the audience through the fo L山도E도.
Saroj's word: death are spot yes terday, F die
Tigre 5 o FC tality, for cryi An art wor
has to be so ria|| that it ch
(Jfr iro

"this is a holy be angry with rompted by fear rstanding of new le effect of the ice ower is that iser bodied, onlilowerful voice of atriarch, llaw, and Eiled. The sound onious force as es i al|| that it is terminiscent of in Godard's film decadence, Weekfunction is quite This is an example in by "cinematic'. of shot that in to itself and why the director What effect it has Jr. fal Cultis, both otional are brought "read' the shot, "ms the shot disdialectical manner. lם חa חםEi סוזןth Bב
or mai arid Amanda h, a killer hired whČITI PÇmimai promised draws Lip shoots her. The ri Taili as She Walks. hu 5 bald and kin done in such a way ce the efflot|Oris act evokes. She is le fa 5 the fra le freezing of time and zoomed out shot (literally e Pathiraja makes of this hackneyed Sinha la ciri afiña.
ugh to cry and ", it is of crucial See and Linderstand. 5 it possible for
to do just this rmal techniques he
lift Poini's om, " "Pommali died Zd a longtime ago." som for SC:n timeng and Weeping. k, to be radica both in the mateaos es and also in
് ! Pg? I',)
TO NO-Political
Critics
(The Lanka Guardian's reviewers, especially Its film critics, have been attacked for beng "political" and "polemical". When Philip French film critic of the "OBSERVER', London, wrote recently that "The Deer Hunter Is rilat 7 politic] s or CI polemical film", Roger Waddis ddidre.5 5ed the 5e wer 5e25 to c.7 1071 -
political film critic)
Permit me, Philip, to obSer'Ye.
I cannot but admire your W.
It's not political, you say?
What picture were you watching, pray?
The images that filled the GTE EPIT.
Wu Häye de Dr. Goebbels green:
The goodies Were CaUса5іоп gшy5,
The bad dies all had slalted eyes.
Do you forget who ra Ped Wietnam,
Or must I draw a diagram Gunships, na Palm, towns bo Tibed flat —
Perhaps you lgard of that
Or do you think though millions died,
may have
There is a case for genode
A snowjob-oh, but I forE.
The Wedding-scene was
finely shot.
To brutalise the hunan
heart,
Tell the Big Lie and
call it Art.
You'd fail, if you were in El Carl Po,
To see the purpose of the
| TamP
And, having such a simple mind,
You'd call the ayn; WEIdesigned.

Page 19
Reassessment
Woolf and the
by Reggie Siriwardena
hen Leonard Woolf died ten years ago, the New Statesman (with which he had
a long and intimate association) published an obituary article on him by Professor W. Robson which paid generous tribute to his varied achievements, listing even his minor accomplishments in gardening and cookery, but did’t so uch, as mentioñ The ViI lage in the Jungle. I wrote a letter to the New Statesman at the tiппе, remarking that the neglect of Woolf's novel by English readers had always surprised me; that many of us in Sri Lanka thought TLIch more highly of the book; and I claimed that it was a novel unique in the English literature of the Colonial era, since Woof had succeeded in doing what none of 15 Contemporaries, not even Kipling or Conrad or Forster, had attempted-to get inside the skins of Asian peasants.
The New Statesman published my letter, and I wonder whether
it made even a single English reader turn to Wolfs ngwe. But I didn't know then that пу claim for The Village in the
Jungle had already been made by Ale. Waugh in a personalette to Woolf, that has only recently been Published. I discovered a few weeks ago in the bic
Phical account of the Leonid Virginia Woolf marriage by George SPater and Ian Parsons, A.M.
riage of True Minds (1977). Waugh had never read Woolf's no until in 1964 he happened to be talking to a young Malay student in Singapore and remarked, "No Western" novellist — not even Forsster — has really got inside the Asian mind. Kipling and Forster described the effect of the Far East on the Westerner. The
Mr. Lester James Peiris has decided Illake a film of Woo's "Willage in the Illingle", which is a text for this IT tಷ್ಟಿ! Iberial.
Malay student s: novel that has. the Junge.“ novel, Waugh true, and wrote "You hawe done think it was pos: ner to do — got and heart of thi a unique achieve
Alec Waugh's be added to th; English critics a include Arnold ley Martin) who the nowe listic ac Willage in th hasn't the novel dely acclaimed? " se Weral Possible Literary reputati dependent solely Woolf's single easily hawe been diversion In a lif gical and politica had the misfort shadowed by the novelistic activit
I would he Willage in day than the W a novel about jungle village h;
 

LLLLLS LLLLL TLT GGGS LCCL SYLmDTGGGT L TL TLCCS LCLL LLLCC
he hyrote Fillage in the Jiřigle.
id: "There is one The Willage in Having read the found this was to Woolf to say: what I did mot ;i ble for a Wes Centinside the mind 3 Far East. It is
ment."
13 T 2 Cal T1 10 W at small group of nd readers (they Toупbee and Kingshave recognised hievement of The e Jungle. Why been more wiThere are, I think, reasons for this. ons aren't always on literary merit pod nowe could overlooked as a etime of sociolo| Writing, and he u ne to be owermore sustained y of his wife rather re-read the Jungle any "aves). Nor did the Sri Lankan ave the topical
and adventi tou5 Intere 5 that Forster's A Passage to India had for English readers in the
i twenties and" thirties when India was a major political problem.
But the most important reason for Woolf's failure to interest the general run of English readers was that there was no parallel for what he was doing in any previous English fiction. To find something comparable in context and material we have to go to the literature of those European countries where peasant life surwived into the age of the nodern novel and became a subject for fiction. But even here the parallel isn't exact because Russiam and Italian novelists, say, of peasant life were writing about their own countrymen, while Woolf brought of the extraordinary feat of creating a novel about a community of people different from him in race, in language, and in modes of living, thinking and feeling. Nevertheless the parallel may help to suggest why English readers brought up on Fielding and Jane Austen should have responded as little to Woolf as they have to
Werga or Gorky.
|7

Page 20
It is stili more saddening to me, however, to find that some Sri Lankan critics and readers
err about the kind of novel that The Village in the Jungle is. It seems to me solidly a novel of social realism, set in a specific place and time (which dolėsn't mean that it has outlived its interest). In critical Writing about the novel and in classroom teaching (since it is now much studied as a prescribed text) far too much attention is concentrated on the theme of man vs. a hostile nature'. Not that that isn't there, but the point is that this struggle takes place in a particular social environment which determines its outcome - in a context of exploitation and oppression, and of an alien system of administration and justice. It is part of the strength of The Village in the Jungle that while it shows the novelist's feeling for character-creation, his eye for natural description, and his ear for peasant speech, it is also anchored in an understandding of social and economic relationships such as a sociologist might command.
It troubles me, too, that some readers and teachers seem deter. mined to take Woolf's jungle as a 'symbol of evil'. Behind this bent of mind there is, no doubt, the heritage of a certain critica tradition which has propagated the belief that the more syrinbols you can find in a novel, the better. According to this way of reading fiction, novels are not about people, places and things but about abstractions like godd and evil, and characters and their
environment are only shodowy reflections of the Ulti Tate realitie5 which are the real Stuff of
novels. There may be some justification for approach ing the nowels
of Henry James or Conrad or even Forster in this way: the jungle in Conrad's Heart of
Darkness is, no doubt, a symbol of metaphysical evil, just as the Marabar caves in Forster's A Passage to India are a symbol of metaphysical nothingness. But these are precisely the weakest aspects
of the two novels. Heart of Darkness is strong as long as Conrad confines himself to the
moral corruption of Kurts by his
8
imperialist mis sic the nowo Is the of suggestion of and Ineffable ew to India what fully is the An Comedy, where with a wyod ha and which is mi of his kind of si But the echo C1/25 i 5 a tjT-50 rary Contri wance flate the nowe w hint of profund hasn't really expli
However, a Bri training in the "hunt the symbol paration for road in the Jungle, that kind of now Sri Lankan reado for fail Ing to r dгу zone jшпgle physical realitya S IL Is im ifo. critical patter a W 1 LO i 15 i 5 gle is the jungle is true, of course, t See the jungle as don't regard it a ewil' either, but real hunger and t and a habitation Woolf makes quit novel the way in 5an t5" Boeiefs are sh qual Struggle betw and the natura a
"C, FMT a t.
The Willage in t lyחס tסח 5uEEESL about Sri Lankan markable novel by though it remains achievement in fit not a novelist by r. but the contact Zone jungle and Lanka released the Creative imaginatic this single mast Lampedusa, who e by virtue of one Producing it in c. Woolf filished his required extraord both mind and hic the understanding the book. The C. from which Woc

l, but what ruins obfuscating cloud some mysterious In A Passage ories off successglo-Indian social orster is dealing is familiar with hageable in terms tire and irony.
ne piece of liteio signed to inith a porte nous ties that Forster ricenced.
oks-and-Warren critical game of is a bad preng The Willage because it isn't el at a II. And no ha 5 an excusa ealise that the is a tangible, in Woolf's book So against all the 3 out symbols,
that the junthe jungle. It is hat the peasants ewil, but they 5 a 'symbol of as a place of hirst and danger of devils. And e explicit in the which the peaaped by the une'een themse Wes und Social enwi
the Jungle is, l the finest novel life but a reany standards, ; Woolf's only tion. He was atural vocation, with the dry village of Sri springs of his in to produce erpiece. (Like xists as a Writer major novel, ild age where in youth.) It inary gifts of art to achieve that went into ambridge circle of came, the
Bloomsbury group to which he returned after his years in the Ceylon Civil Service, had - for all their distinguished intellectual and artistic talents - a kind of cultivated narrow ne55. This na rrowness is to be found even in the equisite art of Leonard Woolf's wife, Virginia, who was to achieve much greater fame as a novelist than himself. Incidentally, to read Virginia Wool's comments, in her recently published diaries, about D. B. Jayatilaka and E. W. Perera, Whom she met in London, is to Eote shocked into realising how even an in telligent and cultured English woman in those days could share the most blatantly racialist feelings.
One must admire, therefore, a II the more Woolf's ability to project himself into a culture and an experience very different from that of the world from which he came, and to identify himself
sympathetically with a people of an alien race. Perhaps the fact that Woolf himself was as a Jew, a partial outsider in
English society may have helped; but this alone Would not have sufficed without his singular intellectual courage, honesty, humane understanding and imaginative sympathy By comparison, his friend and fellow-member of Blooms sbury, Forster, for all his liberal sympathy with India and Indians touched only the fringes of Indian, life. The anonymous masses of India remain quite outside Forster's experience and comprehension. The enigmatic figure of the punkahpuller in the trial scene, the 'beautiful naked god' who confronts Miss Quested as the representative of the India she has newer known, stands for the India that Forster didn't know either. The use in Woolf's novel of Buddhism and the forms its beliefs takes in the peasant consciousness is very different from Forster's use of Hinduism in A Passage to India. Forster is manipulating the symbols of Hindu belief as a literary device to express a despair and meaninglessness fashionable among English intellectuals of the "twenties: Woolf communicates the Wew of |ife and the beliefs of a real
(Corrt or page 2)

Page 21
Letters . . .
(Cary rired fra Frii Page )
devas Contribution was not given the prominence it deserved.
Men while may | Suggest that either of these two columnists inWestigate:
(a) West German influence in the mass media here especially in respect of SLBC programmes.
(b) West German penetration in the economy, especially in the agrarian sector (under the guise of "Rural Development".)
(c) The role of the Sri Lanka Foundation Institute wis-a-vis the Trade Union Towerient in this country; the seminars it has sponSored and Publication 5 it has Produced; the degree to which it has inspired the odious "One Trade Union' proposal.
(d) The high pressure salesmanship of these. German agencies in pushing the neo-Malthusian Family Planning (Birth Control) ProgramΠT E
Colo O Ranjit Perera
Infelicitous
What are we to make of Elmer de Haan's "Battle of the Blues presented to us as satire?
Since you say that Haan is "fiercely partisan and proud of Royal College, we may take it that he is not satiris ing the Royalists. Ils he satirising the
Thomians and/or the Royal Thoman
cricket atch as an institution ? Hardly the latter as there is nothing about the match itself in the piece. Then it is the Thomians he is satirising But Thomians do not figure "live" in the story at all, they are only spoken of slightingly by the
Royalists in the story ás " 'rustics"
who are apt to Wear tan shoes with black tro Users and corme from the less affluent village homes. Hardly the stuff of satire. The Royalists themselves come out as a bunch of snotty Snobs of the most lamentable
"black-Englishmen" type is it them Haan Is satirising after all ? This is satire 2 There is not a single Wijesinghe or Gunasekera
or Ari lampalam c the Royalist d There are Wa Bewens, and am Royalists, a Silw: Roberts- unquest names though Lankams. Арра Sri Lankan i na only by the do Mr. Wa|ker ili, The idiom is ili
Dehiwala
Fowle
seem unwi raised thic ire Jarz, and of M nando who accu wituperation" W Tot i H* language. Dr. fellow has the ""the fou ome" etc. (expression Te rT1arkib|e affiri style of Mr. H have nothing to who thinks pole
Sexual politi
(Cίμητη ιερή ή
the way it articul It is wita | to
politics that our and wiewer5 real this context W that Reggie Siriw "Sinhala cinema, C relations" is one necessary depar "vulgar' Marxist
inaugurates a k that i5 of CLCU: the present junci
The last seque Intercuts Portman Ce55icon With the was heard earlie and the group Cians. This para distances this p charged scene. T tion adds a gr to the Words t it tragic. The fil a close up of Sa lot of women. T tragedy nor any tā to if W c these problems c

r Kandiah among amatis personae. Geyzels and ng the non-DBU a Corea and a onably European
elonging to Sri ently indigenous les are owned
i pised Thomians. axed wrathful', waxed Wroth."
Felicity Gonsa.
replies ttingly to have of Dr. Walbeoff
". Amaradas a Fertes me of " "cruda her in fact, I most restrained anz Writes "This efrontery etc.", an odious fool" s which betray a y with the prose aan himself). I Say to a men mics is an ex
change of abuse. If I were to call Dr. Janz similarly insulting names what would it be to the purpose 2 I said something similar to Mr Amaradasa Fernando (who, mind you, had called me an illiterate and a licks pittle) and, to my Snr prise, he turns round and accuses me of vituperation !
As for Mr. Fernando, I think 'the cream of the joke" lies in his translation of Ne su tor ultra Crepidam as 'Let not the cobbler go beyond the last' Apelles's retort to the cobbler who went on from criticising the sandal in a picture to finding fault with the leg gawe rise to the Latin Proverb Sutor ne supra crepidam judicaret-Let not the cobbler criticise (a work of art) above the sandal. It was, I submit, not
the most appropriate text to illustrate the District Engineer's uns poken responses to Haan's
invitation to him to look at the inside of the house in nad of repairs.
Colombo-0. H. W. Fowler
is . . .
"orri Page F6;}
atas the material.
both art and
artists, critics, is this. Within ould like to say vardena" 5 article lass and Personal that makes a tute from the
tradition and ind of analysis il importance at ture in Sri Lanka.
mce of the film i's funeral prosame song that ", sung by Saroj of WOmari IIlusiille cutting also otentially highly he exact repetilate resolace e context makes m fades out on roj la men ting the here need be no nad for la membegin to see learly in all their
complexity. That would be the beginning of the possibility of change. Path raja's film is a significant intervention in this process.
The battle . . .
(Corrified frari Page g)
To use a tired phrase, Mr. Sadat (see box P8) offered to fill the vacuum created by the Shah's sudden exit. The new urgency that was injected into the M-E peace mission. with Mr. Carter himself staking his political reputation and future, was part of Washington's response. So is the Egyptian-Israeli treaty.
The US fleet ovement, US arms to North Yemen after the outbreak of hostilities with the pro-Soviet, left-oriented South Yemen, the alarm signals in the Gulf, the nervousness of Saudi Arabia, the dismantling of US surveillance systems in Iran monitoring the USSR's central Asian nuclear installations are all indications of the immense geo-strategic importance of the Iranian revolution, I hope to deal with some of these matters in another
article.
9

Page 22
Satire
The malady ling
Every few minutes the familiar choruses coil.
R-O-Y-A-L. ... the fullblooded cry that turned the
in to ar turforger Iable Three-day opera of Wagneriar: LLLC CL LLTL LHY LLLLLLLlLLTT TH TTCTLLTLLTS
The scenes in the celifre of the apri-theatre S LuGLuLS LLHHLH HLLL TTLLLLLLD CL CL LCT LLL C heing played out at the foot of Olympus Proving
To fragedy ar 7 ad co777 edy (7g7ir.
The Crown of glory that had sat so lightly C
only that rmTorring illeur77 ir ing his bro 11' with lle :
| aos" victory had rzurried to a scro H’r af horris,
sparkling wirie to a bowl of bitter gall.
Like King Arth Eur le
looked or helplessly
MALDU GALLE 'S-CROWN OF THORNS
crotrribled aroj 77 al li fori.
ܒܡ-laܐ
by Kar
i. 66 elcome home, Outsider,... Seriously out 법「1II CIT "'한도 고IT
glad you made it in time for the big match' said Norton de Souza, the Well-known sports Commentator, 5 Potting me at the London Pub.
i Wouldn't hawe missed it for anything though it nearly broke my heart to skip the Budapest Symphony Orchestra at the Festiwa Hall. . . . the Mozart C Minor Piano Concerto, my favourite, mind you, and with Andras Schiff as Soloist, too.... But then I had already disappointed Imran and Zaeer Abbas by not joining them for the First Test in Melbourne. Just managed to get a seat for Waiting for Godot' at the new Jean Willar Theatro at Louvain on my way from Lon
don, though, Small mercies, but
you can't have everything can
you?"
"Trust you heard us in the
Press box yell ing "R-O-Y-A-L"...?" remarked Norton, pressing in.
""I am happy you Polsa nos can still spell the bloody name...."
5 norted.
"Sncoty, snooty" twitted Norton as the snob in every Royalist reared his regal head. . . .
O
you'll be delighte we sports writer: flag flying triump the myth that In city and style ha' local rän" didn't you, that 5 in the Daily
announcing a "TAN
"Waguely Joyce: .dם חuוון
"And I expect opening bar of commentary? — a comes only once
"As a logician, le 55" | Conce ded
But that's real any damn Anandian ha'we Writte it, must know, and bo the first to k. produced a TW for private screer on the big Thatc. experimental, I a are a few rough please try to g aistil, the ratiosial we are trying things.... firstly, something for sem

TH a OL tida
gers on
2 Eyck,... ... | SSC gro
proportiопs
}where fie gyfle i dri7FFT frorri corred yr
ir his heaTd golder glo W
ris cup of
I. Care of
el Roberts
sider"" Norto
old clasman,
d to hear that i have kept the hantly exploding magir1ation, W i Wawe warnished from
... you did see, uperb Word-play News headline
ELESS DRAW".
ill... . . | UT
you noted the the Daily News сепteпагy match іп a сепtшгу.."
the rima "5 faWpromptly.
y Peanut Prose. or Peterite could
what you I want you to now . . . . We hawe oän el discussion hing of colu r5e, ... it's a bit dit, and there patches... but Erasp the chief e so Lo say - . to da Saweral
that TW is not i-literates, some
money making monster of the multis. . . . ah, I See, you noted my alliterative insistence on the "m's.... a Freudian slip.... okay admit I did some PR work for
Mitsui, Matushita and Mar Luberi li but that has nothing to do with all this.... the motive, I assure you, is strictly cultural and educational.... next, We want to demolish this propaganda about sports as some occupation for brawny, brain less outs, .... We want to show that sports, any sport, is just another aspect of
culture or philosophy.... To be absolutely fair, the inspiration did come from that brilliant piece of writing in the Observer. . . . Madugalle's Crown of Thorns by Karel Roberts.... frankly, what did you think Եf iէ. . . . '''
"A miraculous marriage of the athletic, the aesthetic, and one might even say the ethereal....' I suggested.
"Excellent. . . .''' observed Norton, "well, we got this panel together. . . ."
潭 TE
The pane Was inde ed impressive. LSLLLL LL LCCL LS LLLLLLLLS LLLHHHSH SYLHaa0LS
diri, author of the recent book (in collaboration with Prof. Sherard Piffle of Texas Univ)
"Counter-insurgency and Cacophony: Music i la 5 an Instrument of Torture'' (SAWAK Press).
From the East-West Centre, Honolulu, came Dr. Jaganath Ayurdewa, a specialist in Comparative Drama, Social Anthropology and Calis thenics. Next to him sat Ms. Shanthi Handapana, well known Women's liberationist. Also in the panel was Boru epa, the neo-Trotskyist maverick poet and wall-poster painter. Adding more lustre to this distingushed band was the 89 year old Emeritus Professor of History, Dr. MalWa na Puranasekera, released for

Page 23
LLL LLLCLLLCLL CLLLLLCLLLLLCLLL LL LLLL L LCLL
LLLLLL HLLLCC CHL LLHCC LLLLLLLL LLLLLL C LL
LLLLLL LLLLLLLHHLLL LLL LLLLHHL CCLL C LL LLLLL LLLL LTTTLLHTT CCHHC CCHCCLLL LLL CC LLL HLHHH HHHHL C LLCCLL 00S LLLLL LCLLLL CLLLLLL LLLL HLHHLHL CC With the World's EEpifals too.
We are better si quipped today to carry an ewen
L LLL LLLLL LL LLL LLLL LLLLCLLLLLLL LLLL LL LLLLLL Hought-after bank in the local bank in circles.
RTHE FOREFRON
HEAD OFFICE
 
 
 
 
 
 

Look what the Look what we
people have have done for
done for us the people
6 12 lakhs of them do O774 Brancha throughout
busines with L the i lund
95.7", of the total saving. A not work of 555
depit Tiong all Cooprival Rural Bank tuirliner Eill billink + lin covering renote rural Withius
O'Coopera Flve Rura I Bank 98 Fisherie Bank.
deposits o Ty Cr 200 million O. A compact Foreign
Branch geared to handle
the na Fion" i "Tip Orffexport fra de Peadilly o and efficiently
: R. He
Ught-ofter Jrri OnkO
o globo. You na me un inhabitad Continen - we ra Finang
tiend rather than ni i merge customic r. We try to n. That's why from humble beginnings in the city id will gas in Sri Lanka, and strength oned our link
bigger dad of responsibility on your behalf.
LM C L CLHCLLLLL CCLLLLLL C LLL LHHLL
with the Nation
LCME

Page 24
a few hours by the Museum authorities.
Norto: Well, gentlemen, We've all seen the film of the Thatch. . . . now what our reviewers would like to hawe are your candid, and expert comments from different angles.... shall we start with the lady.... Ms.
Han dapana.. ...?"
Han dapana: (Protesting) Why begin with me....? Why this discri Tination?
Norton: It was ESY. . . .
Напdарапа: Damп male hуроcrisy. ... getting me to talk first.... trying to throw me to the wolves.... you don't think I can hold my own.... eh?
Norton: Shanthi, you can hold your own.... although I can't see how you can do it at that angle. ... but please do start the ball rolling....
jUSt a Cour
Handapana: Balls and bats. .. sexual symbols, phallic symbols.... bowling and batting and catching... simple sex orgy.... the bloody male chauvinist pigs. . . .
Norton: Okay, okay. ..
if you insist.... Dr. Ayurdewa
Ayurdewa: In my minds eye. ... Oh, I see Mt. Olympus.... the amphitheatre. ... the spectators.... the milling crowd.... the tension mounts.... the waiting, the sheer Waiting.... ah the actors, they CCTT) è . . . . yes, y ė5, il 5 Pot him now, . . . . It's Sophocles. . . . no, no it's Aeschylus. . . . yes, there's been a last minute change.... it's Aeschylus Who is going to open here at the oval.... the players are coming out, now... ..
my god, the tension is un beara
ble . . . .
Norton: Please, please, doc
tot ... I know it's all incredibly
exciting but the Pಳ್ವ | meam the game is over, and we are here to analyse, critically of course. the way the match was played....
Ayurdewa: (calmly now) I am Perfectly aware of all that.... but unless those hundreds of thousands of unfortunate people who didn't see this game don't fee the drillā of it, its inter
Ε
sity and sweep,
tragedy and Corme hell do you thin a bloody cricket
Kalkendiri: maymake a poi
Norton: By a
Kantendiri: || friend Jaganath. the great dramal a || ... ... wharc | his particular as tak 25 this match in both, that i this List and struct Tost of a|| im i message, then || be compared to a after all the whic Df man, Ehe vās šo lie t: cricket, which is played acco TuleS . . . . Flo the is Elizabethan . . . to be more prei
and the st;
Like to a SLuffers E.Her
The nature "" . . . . חסןם
Boru Epa: (: what is wrong as long as it is of the permaner Com rade Tirotsk stated that....
Kankendiri: I off by the ill ite of pseudo-prole repeat. ... the had all the gra: great drama bLu Elizabethan C Tather than Grei style.... It is w situation Fglche passion and hun Inner man, I5 Iriw
i 15 LUTT TOT TT LI5ic of thi5 , mi the Word in Knight employs essay on the relches what Ka ably described proportiоп5 . . . .
Boru Epa: \ you crypto-fascis

the Ionents of
2dy.... what the
k this is, anyway,
Tatch . . . . ?
if1
(tentatively) nt hers . . . .
Tears....
agree with my | . || meam about lic quality of it don't agree is ialogy.... if one in its totality, 5, its thematic tural design, and
5 Lultimate mora | think it cannot Greek tragedy... ile Helic Wisin , ditionחםם חaוחuו 2 the spirit of et's not forget, "ding to MCC parallel suggest Shakespearean, 5....
te of Thail
little kingdom,
of an insurrec
Iggressively) And With insurrection part and parcel it revolution.... y has explicitly
refuse to be put rate in terruptions tarian PCIets . . . . centenary match ind qualities of t it was essentially Shakespearean 2k. In themE and hen the conflict
1:5 || 5 || Cliatic han nature, the 'en a part . . . . as in that the sheer latch (and I use he way Wilson |E in Hig frg Othello music)
rel Roberts has as Wagnerian
Wagner
Wagner,
Norton: One or two specific matters.... what about Pasqual's
rice knock....?
Han dapana: Knock, knock, knock.... that's all you men can think of... . .
Boru Epa: (brightly) Pasqual was perchance Pascalian....?
Ayurdewa: (helpfully) And why not? Pascalian, if you compare his innings to Guy de Alwis' which was so horri ble Hobbe slāni. . . . .
NOEDI: Jack . . . .
or". . . .?
Ayu rdeva: No, this is Hobbes
(PLIZIzled)
with an 'e', the nasty, Brutish and short chap who played for England in an earlier series. ...
Norton: Just two more ques
tions. Did Madugalle hawe to amass such a huge total Supposing he had declared earlier
without accumulating over three hundred runs. ...?
Boru Epa: Capitalist accumula
tion is . . . .
Norton: And what about his chance at cover point....?
Kanken diri: Counterpoint is a way of grappling with polyphonic experience....
Norton: Please professor.... I am referring to cover point.... a particular fields man's place....
Kanken diri: (bemused) Field,
what field....?
Norton: The cricket field of
- l: - - -
a le liri: Wio Ehe d g || 15 talking about cricket....? I thought this was a discussion about Tusic, dra Tna, philosophy, and
history. ... 2
religion
Norton: Now that you mentioned history.... I didn't ask Professor Puramasekera, a single question.... I really didn't want to disturb his Sleep. . . . professor, professor. ... PROFESSOR: ... what did you think of Maduga lle's basic strategy....?
Puranasekera: In the third
volume of my book I have clearly
examined how Madugalle led the
88 rebellion and shown. ...
(C: : தாழ 2)

Page 25
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No recognition for JVP
T following is from a statement issued by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (People's Liberation Front) regarding local government elections:
The Department of the Commissioner of Elections has refused to accept the P. L. F. (J. W. P.) as a party that qualifies to contest the local government elections scheduled to be held shortly. We consider it most unjust that the P. L. F. (J. W. P.), which has a continuous existence of over twelve years, should not be accepted for local government elections on the basis that the continuity of its existence is not valid due to the period during which it was proscribed by the capitalist SLFPLSSP-CP government.
The P. L. F. (J. W. P.) will thus be compelled to raise millions of rupees as deposits for its candidates if it is to participate in the local
government el wide basis.
Under these in the face o' the P. L. F. (.. tively decided candidates for cipal Council :
Woolf . . . (Сопгін шғd froун Р
community-th 55 slt 5.
Yet, for all t novel by Englis tics, Woolf ac which is perhap literary distinctic of his wife or of In translation Th Jungle has bec classic of Conte literature; and to ded the bound: and Culture in t reached the heir Punch Menika, is book's Unique qu apart from the r fiction of it.5 me
O Use - a s
to measure precision by,
UInion Plaform Wei Counter Scales andí are nnanuIfactuIred t« international standai guarantee of absolu
SAMUELSON
37, Old Moor Street, Colom

ons on an is and
rcunstances, and grave problems, W. P.) has tentato put forward e Colombo Munine,
ғ г31 Sinhala jungle pea
e neglect of his readers and criieved Something a surer mark of than the fame 5 friend Forster. a Village in the me virtually a nporary Sinhala have tra 15Cenrics of language is way, to have of Sindu and a mark of the lity that sets it est of the English
The malady . . .
( Carried fron Page ge)
Norton: Prof.... we are talking about young Ranjan Madugalle..
Without a Perspective. . . .
Puranagekera: correct historical
Norton: Nice fessor.... but our time's up except for the usual message from our sponsor, the 蠶 Corporation. YAMAHA IS GOOD FOR YOU.... And so, till next week, when we bring you another
point, pго
show in our popular TV series on Art, Sport and Civilisation. CAN SRI LANKA, BECOME ANOTHER SINGAPORE OR IS THAT A UTOPAN DREAM
菇 聶 Well | Karel, darling, that's it and see you at the Prudential
symbolic there, Shanthi dear). ... How will we recognise each other? Why, you silly thing, you carry your Stradivarius and I'll carry my copy of OEDIPUS SEX. . . .
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Page 27
how's your fa
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Page 28
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