Page 1
AEROSISALY
AT UNTRADE FALKS
But U.S. Declines the Limousie's Use, feeling it inappropriate
'!? on Aiding Poor V/"si
By GAMESP, STERBA Special the New York rees MANYLA, May 14 a "Car for Chad to the main entrance." '
"Attention. Car for Sri Lanka up front.'" ● ീ
"Car for Botswana. Car for Botago the Convention Center." /
the days and farate
Lalith's Benz and world press
سية - تقتك ضحية _s" או
Colombo: A W
Knox and the r
Vaithianathan
Palang
Jaffna : a d
AFTER THE POLLS O
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

June 5, 1979 Price Rs. 2/50
Monks in revolt
- Kumari Jayewardena
Western defeat
missing pronoun
Reggie Siriwardena
| Dias eras
- Wiswa Warnapala
etiyo
- J. Uyangoda
ceptive lull
- Gamini Dissanai ke
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Page 3
Trends
Whose
"It was a fine week for Sri Lanka" said a Philippine Cabinet minister after UNCTAD Secretary General Garmar || Corea's measured analys is of ťF1 e Ward econòmic s ft Lation was solowed by Trade Minister Lasth AthulathTudali's equally eloquent address, But while these ge. Sri Lankans were ddvancing the case for di New Internation di Economisc. Order d nid chastis sing the western world for its Intransgence, the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, (surely di Third World walce) was broadcasting commer taries on the Manila meeting from the 'Voice of America" In the SLBC evidently the old order preya fleth. Shouldn't Chairman Karlyakara wana, Director-General Guruge and other top editorial executives educate their program producers on the elementary fact that Sri Lanka is a Third World nor-aligned country?
Yoice?
Camp David
The non-aligned nations, Sri Lanka preiding, ha we condem med the Camp Dawsd Accords and declared that the Egyptiar-Israeli treaty etc are nus and YOid. They ha ve also said these agreements are a violation of UN resolutions and the decisions of the Non-aligned Conferer. Ce.
The SLFP organ, the "Nation" statt:5 that on Ce the surmrnit 5 Oyer, the UNP government will forget about non-alignment. The state-owned Lidke House and TIMES, on the other hand, claim that the Colombo parley was the best windication of the government's genuine non-alignment. But it is by their fruits we shall judge them.
The government. Cannot Ebe expected
to make foreign policy pronouncerrents every Week. But the press managed by the Government must necessarily reflect the basic commitments of the country and the Government.
Will Cha Irman Bodinagoda and the La ke Hause edistar now td ke their sine
on Camp David on Colomba decis.Ians? edfor5, arre cofurns|5 werd het W| side of the Treaty, for the "Egyptian'
Arilbit SS7dör Erre: CDN editor, was the beNicose headre ilm he was misreport This Week Lake Ho
stento dette The lecturer-Armbd
All the Shah's
With the new g flushing out the Sh fr113 celsdfied's Crsrr attempt by expatriat find foreign jobs sympathis ers still in men are using "fore make good their esc
Wis the Tourt E personnel to be br. claists' to take the by competent Sri La
Experienced Sri extremely wel. In particularly in 4 ar the Gulf. Will this
Cer
3 - 8 News 9-12 Inter 13 - 14 Religi 5. Natio 16 - 17 Diploi

| Letters
the basis of the In the past, the I fu ries and NEWS ly weighted on the with special place
point of view.
it Cored, d former unjust target of a the "Aththid' when 2d by the CDN. use Journalists will in WIt Is News". "EEI ador Core
TE
Ο νετΠΠεΠt fπ Ιτα Π ah's supporters for es, there 5 m 'e Shad hi ddrin Inters to for fellow Shah Iran. The pro-Shah ign connections' to ape.
board permit foreign ought here as 'speposts already held դkgnծք
Lankan s dre dos ng the hotel business, ld 5 star hotels in process be reversed
LANKA, GUARDIAN
Wol. 2 No. 4 June 15, 1979
Published by Lankal Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd., First Floor,
88, N. H. M. Abdul Cader Road, Reclam til Road) Collı Tıbb{ l.
Editor: Marvyn do Silva
Telephone: ? I (109,
CONTENTS
pic: Migettuwaite Gunananda. Thera (See Page ri)
background 1 a Lional neW5
dסס hח
macy
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Wolfendhill Street, ԼԸ:1Լյ111էյլ: 13
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Eye-balls
Your readers were all waiting to see the conceited and arrogant Costain de Wos smash the "surplus theory' and the cock-sure Chintaka. But he surrendered on the question of 'exploitative societies' and now seems to have run away from the "surplus theory" debate. Now he is talking of eye-ball confrontations of Russia and
China. In the eye - ball confrontation with Chirmtaka, Costain blinked and sneaked away. Your esteemed journal should
start serious discussions like that and avoid rude and crude personal fights and fisticuffs.
Trincomal Ae M. C. Bartlett.
Stop this Why should the "Letters" column in "Lanka Guardian" bo
made a forum for - petty polemics by a few self-centred contributors who seem to be engaged in a protracted campaign of abusing, calling names and mud-slinging? I arm of opinion that this nonsense should stop forth with.
Premasiri Mahingoda. University, Colombo
(Conrfned on Fuge s)
B Cinema
9 Book review 20 = 2 Language
Culture
23 As I like it

Page 4
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Page 5
News background
Colombo: a defe
t the Maniia meeting of
UNCTAD, the Third World's trade union federation, the West successfully defended its hard line and got away with minimal concessions to the poor on their major, common demands. There was some division in their ranks but the Big Three, the US, West Germany and Japan, presented a solid phalanx.
In Colombo at the bureau meeting of the Non-Aligned, the political forum of the developing countries, the West, though a non-member, stroye hard to protect its global interests, but its covert and not–5o Covert efforts ended in conspicuous failure.
Never concealing its contempt for the non-aligned movement in the 90's, the West had to come to terms with what grew into a significanct force in contemporary politics. Despite its manifest heterogeneity, the movement's main agitational thrust has remained anti-Western. For this reason, the western nations hawe been increasingly apprehensive of the movement's expansion in numbers and by its basic solidarity. These anxieties turned into obvious alla rrt with the approach of the 6th 5urTim|L in Hayana.
Before the Belgrade Conference last year, a handful of non-aligned countries became party to a western manoeuvre to sabotage the Hawana summit. Because of her own pronounced pro-Western policies in recent years and her declared antipathy to Cuba and Cuba's friendship with the Soviet Union, China joined this campaign.
Before and after Belgrade, the western and Chinese media launched a sustained propaganda offensive against Cuba in her capacity as host. Cuba's creden. tials were challenged, and an attempt was made to have the meeting postponed or the venue changed. Support was extended
to this propagal the media in so countries includin
At Belgrade, blunted and blo: of this te yearsal campaign change chief aiT was to of the Chairm measures disguisc "procedural chang this atterript also
Two issues dominate the internal debate: chea. Would th which expelled Baghdad meeting in signing the l with Israel exte trying to 'isola C: Islamic conferenc larger forum, campaign scored What would hap
The newspa er move to 'sack' clear later that
pronged rT1 owe — Camp David A Egyptian-Israel 'suspend Egypt.
The Colorbo demned the Treaty as a resolutions and agreements Ww hi. Palestinian quest were null and suspension move failed the outrig and the fact th now left to "isolation' of Eg:
Incidentally, S. tries, particular countries, fough action on beh: the weeks aft Zairo-Shaba cri had occasion t
"fre-1 L-1 & This "connecti wisible in Colom

at for the West
nda Campaign by me Third World g Sri Lanka.
this now Was ked. In the face , the anti-Cuba d tactics. The di lute the prywers man by warloUs !d as wholesome es". In Colombo,
met with failure.
then began to discussion and Egypt and Kampue Arab League Egypt at the for Egypt's action IS-inspired Treaty ind its policy of " Egypt. At the e in Motoco, a the anti-Sadat a notable success. pen in Colombo
5 were full of a
Egypt. It was ... it Was a W- to con demri the
ccords and the Treaty and to
I meeting conAccords and the "y |o|aticon of UM| Said that II
ch excluded the io and the PLO woid. Though the
(surely a tactic?) ght condemnation at the matter is -awana takes the wpt a step further,
rama African couny the Francophone : a hard te arguard alf of Egypt. In er the Angolasis, this journal to refer to the tion" in Africa. an' was quite "1bco too,
The other issue was Kampuchea. A relentles 5 barrage by the Western media for wellower a year "buried' POL POT, long before he was ou 5ted. Genocide a barbarous regime, the virtual massacre of millions - the publicity put POL POT on the same plane as İdi Amin, CILIr press was full of these exposures.
Then came the direct Wietnamese Chinese involvements in the Kampuchea crisis. Suddenly, the West (and China) changed the line. For months now, there has been an attempt to "resurrect' POL POT. Recognition by the nonaligned was one such method and some sections of our own press became POL POT - ENG SARY
T""25,
Im Colombo, this move falls cl. The invitation to attend the 6th summit will go to the head of State i Por T1 Perth, as Mr. Hameed told the press,
Yugoslavia harboured sole anxieties too. Yugoslavia has beer the ideologue of the movement
El Dr. Castro, the mext Chairman, does not obviously need any special tuition in ideology
is the what
or politics. Besides there question - after Tito,
So those who tried in Belgrade to "isolate' Cuba have now been
isolated themsel wees. Áftar Cuba, it will be Iraq's turn. And Cuba will also host the next
UNCTAD meeting,
Post-Colombo diplomatic reports will bring no comfort to Western chancelleries or to Peking.
Students of world affairs may disagree on the strength of the non-aligned movement as a factor in international politics. From Hawana on Ywards the main quasition they will hawe to answer is : what impact will the movement have on the correlation of forces on the world scale?

Page 6
UNP, Nonalignment
he UNP has nie wer" cared to
hide its in difference to foreign policy and its supercilious attitude to Non-Alignment. Before the Colombo parley however, the UNP"5 Totto could hawe been "what the SLFP can do, we can do better - or, at least as well". During the 1976 Summit the UNP made a propaganda issue of this important conference both by ridiculing it as a "Karberi Magula" (loosely transled a Nigger Minstrel's Show). At the BMICH last week Mrs. Bandaranalike e Tibar Tassed a UNP big shot by politely Inquiring "So, how is your Karberi ဖြိုးူ့်ဘွေး၊
In true Show Biz style the mainstream media sprung into the spirit of the thing. The bureau meeting which should have been played by the Press in a studied low-key manner was held up to the full glare of publicity by the leading newspapers highlighting and sometimes magnifying contentuaus issues. The national press, including most of all the State-owned newspaprs, forgot an
elementary fact-Sri Lanka was host and Mr. Hamed the Chairman.
Besides exposing the UNP's inexperience and ineptitude in
these fields, an overexcited press In alde matters, Thore difficult for a. hard pressed Mr. Hameed who on one occasion threatened to chuck his hand in sheer despair. On the last day however, Mr. Hameed who has won the regard of his counterparts pulled a couple of aces which he had kept up his sleeve and produced "consensus".
From President Jayewardene came a characteristically selfassured performance. Tone and manner were a perfect fit for the grand occasion. As for the speech itself, it was a masterly re-write of history. The word "non-alignment" was first used in Colombo by Nehru. Colombo, Bogor, Bandung, Belgrade. Such
4.
is the historica the UNP and J. part of it. Th history is ofte exercise for po parts of the wa entitled to thes Was Sir John
Bandung. Any can disgorge t tribution to the p of emerging Al non-alignment, which cannot b is best erased.
TULF, Press
he Foreign
its muscles combat TULF pr The TULF rep Summit exercise meeting last wi has two distinc it is on the off has ready-made abroad in its far. groups. In the has had two 's who infiltrated Assembly and sensation, and th tion. The Bostol especially darnagii ment because t ministration has testimorials on S Rights record, рге 5епt econom heavily on t fidence, Western capital.
It Will take t best brains to st Counter-campaign. this counter-offe note that the T. agents abroad propaganda mile statements and s politicians. This "tape' of a spe frontbericher!
It is a happ finds that media A fairly represen

ill evolution, and
R. himself arte a e re-writing of a compulsive liticians in many rld. J. R. may be e claims since it who, spoke at na wspaper library e Colonel's conolitical philosophy fro-Asianism and That is a chapter e re-written. It
SLFP,
Office is flexing TE it to "opaganda abroad. eated its 1976 at the bureau eek. The TULF it advantages (a) 2nsive and (b) it publicity bureaux -flung expatriate past one year it :oops" - the man the UN General created a news e Baston Declara1 Resolution was ng to the govern:he Carter adissued several ri Lanka's Human and because the ic policies rely ernational conaid and foreign
he government's lount an effective
While it plans Insive it should JLF's distribution hawe got much age from the peeches of UNP
includes a fu ech by a UNP
y publicist who at his doorstep. tative section of
the world press was in Colombo recently. Quite rightly the SLFP saw this as a most welcome OPPortunity to hawe its say.
A very well attended press Conference of Mrs. Bandaranal ke however proved a near-fias sco.
It came as a surprise to man Correspondents on the Sout Asia "beat" because Mrs. Bandaranaike, as premier, had Impressed even hard-boiled Western newsPapermen by her self-confidence, her grasp of important issues and her disarming frankness.
This conference was so unprepared and poorly arranged that Ппапу рагticipaпts were exasperated because they could not hear the questions, leave alone the answers, on account of the sound of traffic in the street
It was a fine chance to present the SLFP wiew on constitutional amendments, elections, Commissions, F. T. Z., broken promises, family bandyism, etc. etc.
If the one-hour encounter had been sensibly divided between policy (non-alignment) and local issues, the conference would not hawe been Such a confused mess with queries about POL POT
followed by questions on press freedom, then and now,
Mrs. Bandarana i ke did drive
one strong point home - that the CDN had excised JR's reference to her presence at Belgrade. Though one western newspaperman dismissed it as "woman's vanity", the large majority agreed that the CDN had been downright silly, if not churlish.
The mainstream media had its revenge though by headlining Mrs. B's plea for a "free press'. But a not so alert pro-UNP press missed a heavily dropped brick, The SLFP leader criticised the government for "too many concessions to foreign capital" but
concede d that che FTZ would help solve the unemployment problem!
Three days later, the CDN was to boast that the FTA has
Provided 5,000 jobs - % of the registered 1.5 m i III on jobless.

Page 7
Local polls and
he results of the recent local
polls have provoked recrimination in the riven ranks of the Left. This is natural enough, but will it lead to a de e per re-assessment of 5 trategies and tactics? The Left marched separately at the polls and received a drubbing -albeit with a lesser severity than in the 1977 General Elections. It did stage something in the nature of a comeback in its traditional strongholds, recovering
A six page leaflet issued a faw weeks back by the Socialist Students Union of the JWP traces the chequered history of left unity and the shifting alliancas entered into by the Left, thus:-
944 - CP caders enter the Exco of thic Ceylom Mlational Congress (which later becomes the UNP).
1947 – CP clectoral support sor UNP as against LSSP.
1952 - Electoral no-contest pact between SLFP, LSSP and CP.
1756 – SLFP/MEP bloc; colectoral no-contest pact between it and the LSSP-CP,
963 - LSSP, CP MEP forms the
United Left front on the basis
of the demands.
I 1954 — The great betra ya I.
Breakup of ULF and the L55P
enters into a coalition with the SLFP, while both pra-Moscow and
the MEP's attempts to join the coalition prove fruitless.
970 - SLFPLSSPYCP United
Frem centests General Elections.
975 - LSSP kicked out of UF govt while CPSL stays put.
1977 - The CP quits the govt. following thc Weera scoriya shooting and the railway strike.
sufficiently from
T1qr1C2 . ir " 77 ti alternative to the making a part its "home base: cry from emergin; to the UNP credible "thir national scale,
The Left fa areas where it undivided (though
Left unity - kaleidos
formations
I977 – LSSP, CI SekEra and Mahin Cite Ehe Gene the ULF.
97 - After E|-Etien: LhU LJLF Lup with the INSI drՃբբing out.
1978 — May Da dua (plus TB Sub Park. Wasudeva, Dharmas elker, Ma
Kirilapona Park.
1979 - May D; at Hyde Park, Was Tampole et a ; Oh TT115 ke T ( luth Lhiah Frk.
Alliances at electio 15.
I977-78 Widya
Dharma sekera, Jaii LSSP (Wasu Grou
IT - T8 '' ('Wa5 u Group) - CI it in hand:
ITEB -- 7 C LSSP (Wasu Separa taly,
F78 - 7 Pe (Wasu Group) C| |Dirh hards,

the Left
its dismal perfor o emerge as the However, a comeback
2 UNF.
s' is still
C E m
force' on
red best in contested
scopic
PPDP, Dharma. da Wijayekera Ta | Elections a 5
e GE" | begins to crack three groups
y: Thic L5SP-CP is Inghel) at Hyde
PDF, Shan, hinda W. Gamini 1 ga. Tiya et all it
ay: LSSP-CP duo u, Shan, Dinesh, at De Mel Park Gamini Yapa at
Campus
daya: CPSLalone. Natha Sangi Tizayı, p) together.
dyalanka: LSSP PGL and Iolari:Es:
| lambo: CPSL Ind Group) contest
radeniya: LSSP PSL and Maists
a far gas the alternative
5
the
고 고「1 | Tot un differentia
ted) entity, with the 'old' and 'new' left either in close cooperation or not in open contention. (Ratnapura is a case in point). This fact has not been lost om the Left"s activists. The C. P. for its part, is not wholly dissatisfied with its showing and points to
its cooperation with the 'new' left in Ratnapura and a few other areas. CP'ers took pains during and after the polls to emphasize that they had been will Ing to present a single 'red' state of the Left (a proposal originally mooted by the Wasu
group), but had been thwarted by the intransigence by the old LSSP leadership. "The JWP beat Bernard in Colombo by 500 odd votes while Wasudeva campaigning on the MEP ticket polled some 800 votes which lade all the difference. If the LSSP leaders had come to some agreement they wouldn't have had to suffer the utter ignominy of being
beaten into last place by the JWP's Gamanayake. We hope this will teach them a damned good
lesson' a high ranking CPer told this journal.
As the implications of the new PR system with its high cut-off point have dawned on the Left, so also has the realization that unity is imperative if the Left is to survive as a viable electoral "third force' let alone make a bild for political power.
Meanwhile, the "old" LSSP and sections of the CP leadership seem to think that a Tore "Eurocommunist' look should be adopted to suit the increasing consumerism of the middle strata and especially the youth. They are also increas Eng
ly inclined toward seeking an accorno dation with the SLFP - minus of course the "right-wing" of its leadership as represented by the Bandarana i ke family. In this connection the "old" Left
leaders place their hopes on several factors wiz the upsurge of antifamily sentiment with in the SLFP following that party's sorry showing at the
5

Page 8
local polls, the cases filed in court the revelations at the Presidential commission-all leading to a possible upset at the SLFP's sessions in September.
The radical Left (including many of the CP's younger militants) have a different perspective. While they would not be averse to a limited electoral agreement, (such as a no-contest pact) and issue-oriented united actions on democratic demands with a deBandaranai ke-ized SLFP, they think that the rigidity and exclusive character of the new electoral system necessitates that the main stress should be laid on extraparliamentary direct struggles of the matters. Their models are Hartal 1953 and of course, Iran. This perspective is the reverse of that of the 'old' left leadership which accords such mass struggles only a subsdiary role, ie, as a pressure tactic to supplement the contest in the parliamentary arena.
The results of the local polls therefore, hawe enhanced the political isolation of the "old" LSSP leadership, exacerbated the tensions within the ULF which were evident in the run-up to May Day. (See L. G. May st and May 15th issue) Unless the CP manages to put a hammerlock on the LSSP and carry it kicking and screaming into a broader formation which encompasses the 'new' left., strains and stresses are likely to manifest themselves Within the ranks of the CP itself.
One catalytic factor working for Convergence of the 'old' and "new" Left is the JWP's growing strength and the ferocious sectarianism it displays towards all its rivals without exception. The JWP which
made a very intelligent decision to field O Tamil candidates (and accord the number 2 spot
on its list to a Tamil) at the Colombo polls can derive some satisfaction from edging the "old" Left into last place. It however fel short of its own göal – as stated in private by some of its top leaders - to vault the 18th cut-off point and thereby place at least a single representative in the Colombo Municipal Council.
From an almost petty-bourgeois 1971, the JWP's and its electo indicate that significant in road areas--especially It also seems t role once playe Wis a wis the r intelligentsia an Colombo and ari south. Today's middle clas5 Ta hostile towards : off by the alienated from insufficiently rad up the Eelam cry and Eastern toi to identify with S. ironical that of the itationalist" lack of a wo casts serious dou congratulatory
55.55TE 5 Targest left party be TT i
arithmetical S. Cadres also seeT the party's elect experieпce will new parliamentari
THE TULF fo derive great sati: fact that despite support extended youth wing (now the partent body) hegemony in tin winning Trinco ir thus disproving state patronage i. of the cyclone defection had eff the Eastern prov the North.
Meanwhile Mr. san, splendid in hi nationally, can gain fact that an number (just owe total registered not Cast their local polls.

exclusively rural ovement up till ay Day showing 'a performance it has made into the urban mong the youth } be playing the | by the LSSP iddle-class Tam || professionals in as of the Sinhala Colombo-based ni| youth, newly he UNP, turned ULF leadership, the North and calized to take of their Northern Interparts, 5eem the JWP stand* m || || a г. t
LSSP in its eyday. The WP's king class base its on its highly post-polls selfthe country's , though it may superficial se. Some WP 1 to fear that ora efforts and reinforce its st Orientation.
로
r its part can sfaction from the the lukewarm
by its militant detached from
it retained its e North while to the barga InJNP claims that in the aftermath
and Rajadurai's actively weaned ince away from
N. Sanmugatha5 isolation intersolace from the un precedented r I 3rd) of the electorate did ballots at the
Letters . . .
(Corfiried front Page I)
III
I am heartily sick of watching
this adolescent game played by Fowlers, Haans, Janszes and a sorts of other pedants. They
remind me of those 5th graders who display their newly acquired
vocabulary and shout at peers "so you know it ha!" These middle-aged adolescents seem to
continue to use your esteemed journal to throw quaint little Latin phrases at each other and at readers, almost saying 'so yon don't know it". The phrases are mostly irrelevant and they make one wonder where they were picked from. I beg of you to call it a draw and devote that space in your journal to more important T5
Kandy Dr. R. Abey singhe.
Fowler et at
Lakit St. C. Pieris in L. G. of | 5. 79 said that Elmet de Haan was nome other than Dr. Walbeoff Jansz, "wearing false whiskers and rubber nose." Dr. Jansz by proving his identity has shown that the boot was all the time on the other foot! The ""ewi|| genius," whom many readers of L G now know, was perpetrating a hoax on them. This un holy trinity was one person masquerading under many names. He has now been silenced after Dr. Jansz's expose. "Lakit' in his doggeral (L. G. 5. 5. 79) referred slightingly to a 'symphony' of Haen's. Now, Haan has not written any symphonies, but he has written 5 Guartets. Two of them were chosen by the Union of Soviet Composers to be performed at the 50th death anniversary of Lenin. This body consisted of Internationally known men such as David Oistrach, Kachaturian, Shostokowich etc, Can "Lakit" "Fowler' etc prove their identities in the way Dr Jansz has done? Or are they ordinary "intellectual" cowards
Amaradas a Fernando.
This correspondence is Closed - Ed.
OW

Page 9
Jaffna Report (2)
A deceptive lu||
by Gamini Dissanaike
he hull prevailling in Jaffna, as
my colleague Jayantha Somasundaram reported in L. G. April 1, may be deceptive Could this be a prelude to another storm?
Since the visit of 35 Journalists to the North several weeks ago the cry for Eelam or its tone hasn't changed a bit despite the drama that took place in the NSA since Mr. Amirthalingam's return from India. The TULF went about with the same vigour in their election campaign and their final meeting at the Jaffna csplanade turned out to be a great success. While the final UNP meeting drew a very poor crowd, the JWP publicity rally held a few weeks ago had made a better impression. At the final UNP meeting a speaker was misunderstood when he referred to the wisdom of the Sinha lese in a context different from the old adage; eye-brows were raised of the Sinhala VIPs' present and a few stones were hurled. Things also heated up at a Tamil Congress meeting when a speaker made a personal attack on Mrs. Amirthalingam. And when a youth from the audience climbed the stage and requested the speaker to guard himself against uttering such personal insults the speaker quickly retorted by calling the youth a "terrorist' and asking the police to watch him
Speaking of terrorism, Mr. Leo Perera, the new Jaffna SP was still standing by what he had told the group of journalists that toured the North.
"If the police do not get cooperation from the people to contain terrorism in their areas" began Mr. Perera, "If cars are hijacked and used for offences, what do you expect the police to do?
"The streets are quiet because over 6 members of the terrorist gang are in detention and their sources of inside information effectively blocked. They are detained
under the "Tige Goyernment doe validity we will them.
"To preserve hawe to be und times' continued this is what I me special powers:-
(a) 'We are normal offenders We artes in Waitia crimes behind h believe that a yol Titted no less tha would you expect tion ing him in jus fore, we need a interrogate such
(b) "Confessio officers must be in a court of law.
(c) "Now, a w may be bumped ol give evidence in c We want Section : Ordinance a mend a statement by crime) made to a made admissible i
'I would like very clear on this "I am asking powers to be : cases only."
Mr. Porcra th explain the incr the Armed Fort "Though they c arrest IIIcit imm gling, over the became confused after the '77 riot officers became t attacks, the Army Tuch more than However, for th invited a single 5 work. But the although I would Army to the mir It is I cannot completely."

| ?
r law' and if the 5 not extend its hawe to release
democracy you ETCLI":1L|: 5 shgMr. Pe Teta, and an by a sking for
not dealing with here. Every one bly has a Series of im. Would you uth of 17 has cornin 7 crimes. How us to finish ques: 24 hours? Theret least 7 days to 5шspect.
ns made to Police Til de admissible
itine: 55 too a crime f before he could :ourt. Therefore, 2 of the Ewidence ed so as to make a witness (to a police officer be
COL"t
to make myself " Sad SP Perera. or these special pplied to special
ET W'Est C]] t:0 :ased presence of es in the area. ame originally to gration a n d 5T1 Lugyears their 常 . And, especially when the police Lrgets of terrorist spresence became what it should be. is polls I haven't ldier for security impasse is that like to use the mum possible, as do without them
Whise “fr. Perera was not himself happy with the general standard of intelligence and behaviour of the policemen however, found that the men of lower rank were not happy either about the excessive security that was provided by higher officers for themselves. As for the targets made of police offcers also found that some of the policemen who were gunned down had "tough" reputations even in cheir dealings with innocent civillians.
The name-board at the Army Camp, Palaly (as SP Perera said) read: TASK FORCE, ANTI ILLICIT MMIGRATION. Brigadier Cyril Ranatunge, an extremely unassuming person was one of those exceptional servicemen anyone could hope to meet. "We came here in 1953 to execute "Operation Monty' - to contain illicit immigration. Then we were asked to look after smuggling especially, in the WWT area. Over the years, we have had to operate an the coasta belt stetching from Mannar to Mullaitivu, an extent of over 75 mies."
In May last year the Brigadier was asked to round up the "terrorists." "That means," said he "that We are now providing internal security."
Of course, as everyone knows, the Brigadier and his men rounded up about 32 out of a wanted list of 42, some surrendered through their MPs and lawyers but were later released for lack of evidence. Asked about the impression his men hawe created in the minds of the local population, Brigadier Rann tunge told me that he had been very firm with his Then in respect of their dealings with the civilians. The term "Army of Invasion' was never tolerated by him. People of some remote parts still came to the Army detachments with their personal problems as the police were far away from them. This is bad," said the Brigadier, "and the worst is that I cannot speak TT||." "
Decline of caste
Many of us in the South feel that caste is a pervasive force in the North. But the reality is that corn
ל

Page 10
mon socio-economic problems seem to be transcending such barriers more and more. The overal economic crisis and the feeling of insecurity are stronger factors. In the cosmopolitan Jaffna city only a few think of caste differences. All the temples are now open to all. There are a few public servants who are caste-conscious in Jaffna but GA Fernando has been very firm with them. Outside Jaffna caste differences do not count for much; the case of the Uduppidy MP is a striking example.
Perhaps one of the most depressing issues in the North today is the closure of banks. Only a third of the banks are open. Both inside and outside Jaffna traders, industrialists, fishermen, farmers and even the housewives are undergoing tremendous suffering with the closure of banks. Fishermen of the Point Pedro and WWT areas find it very difficult to continue Without the assistance of the People's Bank's easy credit facilities and even a housewife who has to pawn some jewellery in an emer
gency has to ge a bus to a Peop Centre. In WW lenders are ch rupees. monthl every hundred ri same sad stor Mullaitivu or any
Ewen the libe there is hardly a to the TULF a Gowernment wji Question as a | solutions have ti On the other this as a "threat' ly move towards the Government the provisions in tution speedly? the North with nation and withol care to survey th ces of the people) robbed in places and Hingurakgoc IIght 蠶 thio 5{ now open, why the North
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is it different in
More committed people asked me whether the Tamils are no
PPPressed nation and how dare the Sinhalese "granto" tham rights etc. Do the Tamils have to be always at the receiving end of the so called Southern hospitality? Why should people in the South CFE about whether, in the event of Eelam being founded, that 5ераrate State could sustain itselfor not? Is it not like the concern of the master towards his servant or is it the master who has to depепd always on the servant to get his things done? Such questioning reflects the mood of this Segment of Tamil opinion.
As for me, wholeheartedly endorse the view of Mr. Lione Fernando when he says that in the North "we have the most Iппосепt, sybmissive and hard working people of our country."
But the saddest thing is that our media and our politicos have never done Justice by them. The Picture made by them of the North has newer been in focus.
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Page 11
International news
UN
Fight to save
more one studies the look at the actual working of the eyldence was international Information 5y5 term the true naturo the more one is convinced that order and its the non-aligned nations were revealed, the absolutely right in making a "new structural chang information order as crucial a ground. This w demand as the NIEO. In Algiers service performe (1973) it was recognised as a World experts
major problem and inscribed in
the action program, By Lima (1975) it was made a separate issue and from Colombo (1976)
onwards, the developing countries opened a 'second front', so to say, in their continuing struggle against Western dominance.
The first stage in any conscious struggle is a clear perception of the problem, a clear view of the hos Lille force. It was seen that the communications system was part and parcel of a long es tablished world order. In which the Wested interests of the West were firmly entrenched. The same relationship of dominance dependence which characterised the world economic order found a close parallel in the global information structure. More. The information system was not, as the western mythology so passively and so long accepted by many Third World elites, "neutral'". It wa 5 an instru Thent, often used subtly and insidiously, for the perpetuation and consol IIdation of those material interests.
Three critical areas and phases
can be identified in any study of how the twin demands (the NEO and NO, the Econo Tic arld the | fi formacion orders) matured to become what they are today, major international
552S.
First, third World i.e. specialists who were not prepared to accept Conventional explanations and assessments at face walue and took a fresh, hard
expertise
be as easily c establishment a when the intel Third World pe "agents' of t masters in the me'
Next, the Pol popular pressur fra Tl Helaw of mi||Forns who har burden of o con exploitation, Thi were compelled form and re-str many difference national interest ments gradually wita fact of Comr
The recogniti foe fostered a : and this im turn li awareness of the
tİ.
Finally, the Collective actio ously in the inst these developin; ready access, a forum they Cou
Once the W mounting dange offensive ranged but institutions. War" in 5 titution 5 agencies, the etc) the Westh assured domina third for "Git Eo
But the Thirt. Luse the only rc had. Even the

JNCTAD
facts. Once the documented and of the econo Tic bla tant in justices
demand C 5 tog d os firm as the tremen dous d by those Third who could not the סtחted iקס-ס is in the past Iligentsia of the riphery were merc heir ideological tropolitan centres.
itical will. Under , the pressure those hundreds of we to bear the full nic injustice and rd World regimes to agitate for reucturing. Despite 2s, and diverse :s, these gowernawake ned to the TTOT interests,
חסוחחחסf a Cם חב sense of basic unity 2d to an in črte a 5 ing need for collective
International fora. but where Obwilitutions to which g countries had nd In any other |d Crate to Lus.
West sensed the ar, the counterlot only ower is SLC:S In all the post(the UN and its
MF, IBRD, GATT ad long enjoyed an nce, They were
PP
| World began to !al strength they
: poorest and 器u ஐநிழ்ச்சங்
r, -rry T.
The editor of this journal was invited by the Third World ForLI, Geneva, to report on UNCTAD W, with special reference Iù world press coverage of the conference,
weakest has strength in numbers, their collective voting power.
From the West cate a choric howl of protest. Dr. Kiss inger spoke of the 'tyranny of the majority', Western leaders and diplorats cautioned the Third World agair St "wrecking established institutions. The Western media accused the Third World of dragging "politics' in to conferences
that should stay clear of such un tidy matters.
UNCTAD and its SecretaryGепегal, Dr. Gamaпі Согеа аге very much in the eye of this 5) TTT.
Raul Prebisch, the founding
father of UNCTAD, gawe us an in structive gli Tipse into the evolutionary history of these questions. In an infort Tal discussion he TeT - inded us that Sri Larika’s Eu est known economist was a prominent Inern bar of an experts committee which reported on world trade many years ago, On the basis of that report, the battle-cry was raised. At that point of time, it was international trade and its gross | nequities. But the scope of the debate has grown and grown as other problem5 have been identified, and inter-connections located.
Rei T1 e dial Thasures have been proposed, mechanisms and institutional arrangements discussed. And So We ha'w : Crad and
protectionism, money and finance, debt and aid taifer of technology,
id etc.

Page 12
Advance has been painfully slow and fitful. As their own troubles multiplied, the rich have taken a harder and harder line. And why not? Their present prosperity has been built on the exploitation of the poor world's resources and the extraction of its wealth. Structural change of the international system would be the expense of the living standards of the affluent nation. As their own 'crisis' deepens even reform and re-adjustment become a "concession" too unpleasant to contemplate.
To protect their own interests, therefore, the west resorts to In any tactics not always apparent in the smooth speeches from the rostrum.
UNCTAD itself is under attack. From Prebisch to Corea, UNCTAD has become the chief forum of
the poor on economic questions'
It has grown into what is perhaps the most active arm of the UN system. Ah, protests the West, UNCTAD should be an international agency, not a Third World forum. The poor shall not inherit awen a corner of the earth.
Thus behind glitter and glamour of ritual orations and social ceremonies, there was a sinister attempt to smear UNCTAD, to Scuttle it if possible or at least to weaken its will. In this, bureaucratic tribalist of the international civil service played a part too - the attempt, notably to erode the power of Genewabased UNCTAD which had become too a Lutonomous with in the UN system. This was the New York) Genewa fight as the cognoscenti Would hawe it.
The other devices were more traditional: division and diversion issues. In all this, the world press served its real interests with remarkable success.
Though there were gains, the sceptic may have had his suspicions confirmed in Manila. Nothing Substantial, he would say, was achieved. But the Third World stood together in sawing UNCTAD itself. And like the non-aligned conference, UNCTAD's next stop is Hawana.
O
UNCTA
like other Hea Trade Minis muda li had at his c Benz and a local each day from PCC, the conven UNCTAD W was were ordinary co by the host, government.
America's best abroad, the NE
COMMI
“lin the perio despite severa meetings on : CCIIIIlodities i Integrated Pi nOL CC) wered b. 34 grČČI til CT1ts, i possible to bII product - Tub stage of a ne, ference. TH features of co CLI'ssions-the c mal il issu les li tę chrlical de Lail for successive Lh: avoidalci decisions - all aspects of the discussions.
"Often, the of whether lil agreement Wa all for a part wes left open countrics as : which light ha The alternati' reflecting a fir IT to the Tegula Til ırket for Cominolity a appropriate m. developmental to search for to give effect Seldil il evid
-

AD and all the news
ds of delegations, ter Laith Atulathlisposala Mercedes river to take him his hotel to the tion Centre where 5 held. These Lrtesies extended
the Philippines
known newspaper aw York Times
ODITIES
since Nairobi, 1 prep:LT:ltory 1s many as 12 Included in the "ogramme but y international t has proved "ilg only Colle be - to the gotiating Cone traditional mmodity dislouding of tle y a mass of , the Tell ests
Studies, and of actual
these reillain
post-Nairobi
Jasic question
international is leeded at icular product by developed in issue of d to be shed. VE: Elipp Toach | CCTT) mitriherlL tion of the il patticular ld also to 2a sures of a cha Tacter and
mechanism, to ther Tı ywäs :11t:e.''
artıq iri Core;
has as its proud motto "All the news that's fit to print", a motto frequently misinterpreted by those who do not know of its precise historical origins. The Mercedes Benz became the most important or interesing news that the NY Times chose to publish. The despatch of its staff correspondent was headlined:
MERCEDES IS SYMBOL
AT UN TRADE TALKS
But US declines limousines
Use, Feeling it inappropriate
At Forum on Aiding Poor
Thus, Mr. Atulathmudali's car made a grand entrance in the opening paragraph:
"Car for Chad to the main entrance. Attention. Car for Sri Lanka up front."
The point of the story was that President Marcos had imported Mercedes Benz sedans, "the motorized symbol of affluence especially in the Third World" for the use of the chief UNCTAD participants. The US delegation "declined the honour"
The correspondent (thoughtfully?) neglected to mention the mode of transportation favoured by the U. S. Was it a Bell helicopter? Or was it, in keeping with the spirit of the occasion and the pieties to which the headline gives such unctuous utterance, a plebian Volkswagen or cheap Japanese car On the other hand if it was a sold gold Cadillac, we could have all raised a last hurrah for the "new protectionism'.

Page 13
Since the unfortunate Mr. Andrew Young came to the PICC on a pair of or Lutch es, one wisitor was provoked into inquiring whether that awkward rode of ambulation symbolised, say, the present state of the US economy.
Should Lalith hawe his own hole-Tade rickshaw or borrowed a jeepney from his Filipino counterpart? Would the Ywestern press hawe applauded this
airfreighted
transfer of InterrTediate technology?
Ridicule is a familiar weapon
in the armoury of the propagandist.
So is the Smear technique. Reuter h5 t NTA W FlNTAD", а пd this line of attack
was followed by other agencies. Third World delegates were found fast asleep. In the Conference room because they had been having ''fun' the night before with Filippino 'hospitality girls' (their es Calating Charges · Were Solemnly recorded): An African delegate was bold enough to circulate a clipping froT one of his own national newspapers to fellow delegates in the PICC lounge in order to demonstrate what the Irans national agencies were telling the outside World.
Anybody who has attended a big conference in Manila or Tokyo, Partis or New York is awa Te that those who weN . Co hawe ''fun' know where to find, it and the pleasure-seekers are not restricted to the Third World. The purpose of this "colour piece" is the impression conveyed, the image projected. Third World leaders may make fiery speeches demanding "justice' for their people 5 but in fact they was te time and money in private orgies, Thus, the people at home (the audience of the national media) lose confidence in and respest for their representatives, and faith in the causes championed at these meetings.
The "Functad' story was carried
in all our major newspapers, including the government-owned dailie 5. Why do we willingly circulate such reports? Why do we spilt in cour own face and became accomplices in this sor did game of self-denigration?
Perhaps there explanations — a s le stuck for copy
Wigiliant 'gate-kee tha report to p is a "nice, juicy "colour" to the
But what is thi Tillions of such mitted to us every, to se e coursel wees. spokesmen as oth see them? We issues and events these are prease packages preparec whorl Ewը m krc:.ws that UNC whete the exploit: those who man system our true a for Lu T1 i W, demand fairplay a the impression w to Our people ( ship is that caref the news agencies officers of the powerful. It is r protracted psych
The conclusion The national medi; con the internatic MNC's in the sp cations, Secondly our own educator COTT UT i Cat.)". captive carriers Foro paganda, am d t. (perhaps un wittiin
Wig UNCTA also show a clear sentation of Th points, there was of mis represent for an important West is preocc energy issue but an item om the a so The Central Wm. notably Costa Ri fdio Cid it. WHer " producer, oppose AFP carrigg a r a false picture ol position. The agency beamed' speaking countries
Wher these published by : Papers, there This understanding

ante llet 2epy night-sub - SC per" who allows ass thinking it
item', adding Jäge.
e end-TCS Luft of messages' transday? We begin our leaders and
ES W L5
begin to see in the manner : mited to Lus, irn | elsewhere, By a GCE student TAD) is a foru rrn ld poor confront age the world masters. It is 'hich the poor nd justice. Yet, hich is conveyed the mass readerully prepared by , the Information rich and the lothing less than ological warfare,
S are obvious. a are dependent nal agencies, the here of communiWe must educate 5. LJ" - "П ПТ-15E who are now of this ir5ldiou 5 hereforg er er Thie 5 gly) within.
D coverage will under - repreird World viewa blatant case :ation too, Again, purpose. The U pied with the "energy' was not gen da. However erican Countries, Ca ard Columbia Wenezuela, an oild the mowe, the 2 port which gawe f the Wenezuelan Spanish news it to Spanishin South America,
reports were ome Wenezuelan was so much and confusion
that heavy telecommunication traffic
W reрогted between the Wenezuelan government and it5 delegation. There was even talk
of differences within the delegation
itself. When the facts were finally sorted out. EL NACIONAL a Wenezualan paper spoke of a
"publicity offensive" against Wenezu la " "orchestrated by the industrialised countries."
- M. de S.
Wery Odd Spot
To days after the 1. a. til. incident at the BMICH where Deputy Foreign Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe smartly ticked off the Egyptian Amba55ador for his haughty demands "I want to see the President in mediately") and his threats (we Illily have to reconsider our relations with Sri Luki") the IV folved the SUN with n Page 1 "O DD SPOT". It referred to the locally based Ambassador of a non-aligned country but the journalistic clues (Sphinx, etc) were easily understud.
The para seems to have put the Lake House bosses in a very odd spot with their DPL buddies, The next day the CDN said that the reference ya 5 NOT to :
locally-based Ambassador of il. non-aligned country.' Who then Neglecting to answer this obvious | questium, if gawẹ (1 gTH Luitụu 5 chHractercertificate to the ambassdur. (still ulı Flamed!). The u nseenly row started with Egyptian A III hassador Neguib (New York) || hut AIIllassador Wahab (Colombo) | was very II Ich at the receiving end of the ticking off. UNP'er and non-UNP" er were full of praise for the Sri Lankan WLPs yaylı vere not b TO yy-beaten but Lake IIuuse place di persona IrellE.ions lı efiore pa [riotis rı1 Erid s elfrespect. “Dues Lokkal know the
correct version' asked a top UNP'er in the NSA lobby,
Did Ill:15 Sad) T Orc :
ywiness to till: ffilir, Cill LLC. El llis Lake House lecture in despair ог dispшst?

Page 14
Pentagon and
by T. M. C. Ragunathan
nly quite recently it became O known that the US is plann Ing
to establish its permanent naval presence in the Indian Ocean by forming a whole armada consisting of aircraft carriers, destroyers, helicopter-carrying ships and atomic submarines called the "Fifth Fleet" which could function independently in the Ocean area. And now, it is reported that it is moving one major step further with plāns to establish strike force too, made up of 100,000 troops including 40,000 combat soldiers ready for action "in defence of American interests in the sensitive areas' of the Persian Gulf. "New York Times' says that, according to Pentagon, this force will include two divisions, one of them airborne and one brigade, which could be deployed anywhere in those sensitive areas, which extend from Iraq in the north to Oman in the south. As the Persian Gulf States are well armed at present, thanks to the massive US arms sales to them, it is said that the US believes that it needs more heavier weapons to overwhelm the 11 now and as such, the present planning is aimed at a corps equipped with heavier weapons to meet contingencies. It is also said that these combat troops would be supported by supply, maintenance, communication and other forces. The key to the success of these forces, according to Pentagon, would be the speed with which the interwention force can be assembled, transported and flown to o "threate ned a reas".
This report has many things to reveal indeed. It may be recalled hero that after the US had lost Iran which during the regime of
the Shah was reduced to the status of a hired cop and a bridgehead for Pentagon's dangerous military schemes, the US
almost doubled its naval strength En the Arabian Sea and Serht the aircraft arrier, Costellation'' into the area, which has been now replenished by the "Midway" and its escorts, in order to enhance ''American Prestige in the area."
the
In fact, after Iran where the monopolies are Sources of tror after the disint CENTO a he its effort to sub. by a new milita area and in the growing anti-A among the Count world after the treaty concluded the Arab cause ; aggressive Stanc strategists and 5. all the more pro blurt statement: threaten ing mowe Thus, the boss ( Harold Brown without mincing US will not military force wital interests'
All such state subsequent moves in deed hawe posĘ peace and a thre: of many develo the Indian Ocean and ower all strat US Towes show these military The Pentagon m the fact that D key point for L it is from ther its missiles at all From the strate the proposed "F with the Sixth
Medittere in the Pacific, complete military the entire Asiar
ThIg m1ak a s c| the recent histori that strategy of häd oft er mIsfire it had neither birth of a united nor Bangladesh, - and States men C. that force is 5' basic Ieyers of !

hdian Ocean
the changes in American oil stripped of the men dous profits, egration of the US failu Te in stitute the same
ry bloc in the cor text of the Inerican feeling
ries of the Arab : Israeli-Egyptian at the cost of and Interest, the es of the US tatesmen became noLiced by their 5, followed by by the Pentagon. of the Pentagon, made it clear Words that the lesitate to use to "protect its in the region.
ments and the of the Pentagon 2d a challenge to at to the security sing countries of area. The scope egy behind the how dangerous preparations are. akes no secret of |cego Garcia is a he US and that
it would air I coastal countries. gic point of view, ifth Fleet', along one in the ld the Seventh could form a
· ring embracing | CCJF til C.
ear that though ic past has proved show of force 2d, - to mention. prevented the 5ocialist Więtnam ... the US strategists }ntinue to believe ti || one of the %merican foreign
policy and that it will help to intimidate countries in the area to abandon measures aimed at
consolidating national sovereignty ower their ratura resources and industry. And shockingly, from the reported news about the US
plan of forming a strike force equipped with heavier weapons that could swiftly be sea-lifted
and airlifted into the '"sensitive areas' themselves in no time, it turns out that the US hopes that force can be used as an instrument not only to exert pressure on countries of this area but also to indulge in direct armed interwentions, when it so chooses or foi els that I ts"wital interests are threatened."
Apart from enhancing the threat and danger the US creates for the countries of this area, this US move also lays bare the arrogance and in difference which the US displays towards the independent nations of this area. Needless to say this impels the Peoples and governments of countries of this area to be far more incisive in moving to turn the Indian Ocean into a zone of peace.
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Page 15
Religion
Bhikkhus in revolt (2)
Revival, revolt
by Kumari Jayewardena
a colonial context, protests against foreign rule often take on a revivalist character, looking for inspiration to the social system and culture of an earl Ter perlod. In 19th century Sri Lanka there were broadly two types of revivalist TowerTents-the armed revolts against British rule which took place in the first half of the century and the patriotic, semipolitical movements associated with the Buddhist te w iwal of the latter decades of the century. There were however important differences between these two types of protest.
The revolts in the Kandyan regions between 1818 and 1848, in which Buddhist monks played a prominent part, were essentially protests against the extinction of the Kandyan kingdom in 1815, the economic changes and dislocation caused by the imposition of plantation capitalism and the decline of traditional society and culture. Thus the Kandyan chiefs whose political power had dwindied, the Buddhist monks whose Tole as the guardians of the state religion was threatened and the peasantry who were restive over colonial land and tax policies, found corri cause in the revolts and rebellions of the period.
These anti-imperialist movements were essentially revivalist En content, based on a nostalgic harking back to the traditional sciety of the Kandyan kingdom with its hierarchy of monarchy, nobiit, clergy, and peasantry, Hence in = these struggles, the legitimis- Factor was the pretender Gien 2 bhikkhu or ex-bhikkhu) to would make a dramatic Eclearance, claiming to be a real prince related to the last
kings of Kand; ting to mobilis drive the fore Country, and Kingdom.
The 848 r. thirty years at bellion of 18 form of earlie pretender, a co and active բar fluential bhikkhu
tlve character was more of rural peasantry
the Colombo
(aga inst oppress the Kandyan regie adwenturers, amic the more radic urban petty bour osie, who had be Li pheawal 5 of | 84E |848 rebe||jo F1 had elements c rr) Werthern t5 of ea, mare forward fac ist agitation of a
incipient natio
The Other im in which Buddhis leadership role rew wal of the |88 Towerment whic form. The rewi w a religion which Kandyan kingdo Under the le: Nayakkar kings Walivita Sangaraja abandoned, but
Torks in the loSS of State patri Of Brit5 L and missionary
nonopoly of high Christians (inclu Mudiyarships anc

and race
', thereby attempe the people to gners out of the "estore the lost
abellion however, ter the great re18, retained the revolts, with a ronation ceremony 'ticipation of in5, but the restorahad changed. It a revolt of the and protests of working people iwe taxes), led in ons by low-country in Colombo, by al elements of the geoisie and bourgeen inspired by the 3 in Europe. The in Sri Lanka thus if the restorative rlier years and the king anti-imperiallater period.
nalism
portant movement t monks played a was the Buddhist Os -a semi-political h had a religious all of Buddhism as had begun in the m in 18th century idership of the and the bhikkhu was never wholly was kept up by 9th century. The onage, the associale with Christianty activity, and the positions by local ding the leading the Sinhala seat
in the Legislative Council) led to renewed efforts to assert the claims of Buddhist te wiwal that occurred from around 880 onwards, was qualitatively different from both the earlier at tempts to revive the religion and from the restorative revolts that had occured in the Kandyan kingdom. The new revival, : place during a period When local capitalism was expanding, was linked to the nationalist stirring 5 of Buddhist seccions of the emergent bourgeoise and petty bourgeoisie, and was also associated with certain dissident trends in Britain such as antil-Christian natio - nalism as well as converts of radical and liberal thought.
The dominant leader of the revival moviment was Migetuwate Guna manda, an aggressive and dynamic bhikkhu who was the first to start mass agitation on Buddhist grievances among the urban and rural masses. In contrast to other learned bhikkhus of the period, he was a fiery orator, pamphleteer and a fighter who led the challenge to Christianity and the missionaries, and in this struggle did not hesitate to look for support to movements in the West which were in opposition to colonialism and Christian fundaTentalism. As Olcott said of him :
"The famed Migettuwatta was a monk with a very intellectual head, a bright eye and an air of perfect self-confidence and alertness. Some of the more meditative monks habitually drop their eyes when conversing with one, but he looked you square in the face, as befitted the most brilliant polemic orator of the Island, the terror of the Missionaries. One could see at a glance he was more wrangler than ascetic ... he was
3

Page 16
the boldest, most brilliant and
powerful champion of Sinhalese Buddhis.'
Gumanan da has been the main speaker at the famous Panadura debate between Christians and Buddhists 873, wher he USed his acquaintance with the Writings of British free-thinkers to attack the missionaries. In 1883, Gunananda organised Buddhist celebrations at the Kotahena temple which clashed with Easter observances of the Catholics, resulting in a serious riot between the Catholics and Buddhists of
Kotahema.
Along with several wealthy Sinhala traders, arrack renters
and coconut planters, Gunananda became a member of the Theosophical Society which had been formed in New York in 1875 and translated some of their literature into Sinhala. As a result of these contacts, the two founder members of the Society, Henry Olcott and Helena Blavatsky visited Sri Lanka in 1880 to give an Impetus to the Buddhist education movement. Militant Buddhism and European 'he resies' like Theosophy, found common cause in their opposition to dogmatic Christianity, Colonialism, and their belief - that in contrast to the false ideologies and values of Western industrial Society - the "light' was to come from the East.
TH wealthy Buddhist capitalists of the period financed the Buddhist revival and supported the Buddhist educational movement and the semi-political temperance movements of 904 and 9. This was a period of incipient nationalism and the militant bhikkhus of the period gave the Tovement strong backing; support also came from noted scholarly
|
monks such as Sumangala, Wa Welligama Sri RatПmalane Sri D
However, it mote that therg. '' the Buddhist rew hand it was an anti-foreign, pat designed to ch Superstructural le of colonial rule education. It wa the exclusion of We Sinhala political and
n this progressive t expressiоп nationalism of th the absence bourgeoisie with tions against capable of lea 5 ecular, multi-ra the Buddhist r limited ideolog bourgeois purita Chauvinist and co. For in the att Sinhala Buddhism onwards, the 'en to be not only whisky-drinking, but also the religious minoriti To the Sinhala E dependent clas: entrepreneurs riwa 5 WYe To the shopkeepers, merchants who of the retai| anc and the export-im the island. This
was to find it communal antago (such as the 9
were the other of Buddhist at
The Arуап п became bound up Sinhala - Buddhist national identity || century, leading of a new current based on langua religion. The wr of the Buddhist pat Dharmapala, Pi) Battaramule S articles in Jou

Hiikkadu We Sri ane Siddharta, Sumangala and Oharrmaloka.
is im Portant to were two sides to iwal. On the one anti-imperialist, CE TO e Telt allenge, at the ! wel, the ideology and missionary 5 a protest against the majority who Buddhists, from есопопnic power. it WS vement, giving the cultural le period. But in of a national major contradicimperialism and ding a strong cial סוחWEעם חם וח eviwal - with its у and petty nism, also had a Immunal Content. empt to revive from the 88O's emes' Were held the beef-eating foreign whites ethnic: and es in the country. Jetty traders and
gf Sinha|| the immediate Moor and Tami rid the Indian dominated much wholesale trade port business of trading rivalry 5 expressioп іп lists and clashes
5 riots), which side of the coin ionalism.
hyth of origin
with the rewi yalist
search for the latter 9th to the emergence of cornunalism ge, race ard it ings of many : riots-Anagarika Wadas a Sirisena ri Subuti, and, "n als like the
Sinhala Jatiya and Sinhala Baudhaya. abounded in claims not only that Buddhism was the only true religion (all others being mere superstitions), but that the pure Aryan Sinhala of the Sihadipa were the chosen race with a historic mission to preserve Buddhism in the (Dhammadvipa) and were therefore superior to the Tamils, Moors, Malayalis, Sindhis and Chettiars who were doubly doomed as being "infidels of degraded race".
This chauvinism and intolerance based on ethnic differences was in sharp contrast to the practice in feudal Society where divisions based on caste and religion took precedence over ethnic differences, One example was the acceptance of Tamil kings in the Kandyan kingdom as long as they professed Buddhism and came from the "Solar dynasty. Thus in the 9th century, many pretenders to the throne (who were Sinhala) had to often pretend to be Tamil and not only assume names like Duraswami and Kumaraswami, in order to establish their royal claims amon the Kandyan people, but also ha to attempt to speak Tamil - the Prestigous language in the Kandyan kingdom, since it had been used in court circles.
With the advent of British rule, the subsequent development of capitalism and the emergence of new class forces, ethnic group identity took on new dimensions. It is therefore necessary to be aware of both the progressive and retrograde trends in Sinhala Buddhist nationalism which was associated with the development of a dependant type of local capitalism, in order to understand the fluctuating phases of radicalism and communalism in the Buddhist movement, which had their influence on both the nationalist and the working-class movement of this country.
NEXT. Buddhism and the
Labour Movement.

Page 17
Polítics
Nationhood (3)
Myths and real
by Chintaka
Myth 16. The demand for a "separate state' is a threat to territorial integrity and for this reason it should be opposed.
Though in the first instance, the proletariat's struggle against the bourgeoisie is national in
form, in the last instance the proletariat has no country", in Marx's famous phrase. Thus, the
Left has no mandatory obligation to defend the unity and integrity of the bourgeois state nor to defend any boundaries imposed by ဂိင်္ဂါ၀n†Wim; Ptoletarian Internationalism is the standpoint of any genuine socialist.
Marxists who advance this "Myth' may be asked whether national sovereignty and integrity are not threatened rather by the "open door" economic policies of the ruling class. In that sense, the Left moyenment should be Tore concerned with the "penetrated State" |, e, the new and Sln ister threat of the penetration of international capital via Dollars, D-Marks and Yen. Any genuinely "nationalist' struggle should be waged against this 'separatism'. To attack a non-existent foe means objectively to assist the existing foe, as Fidel Castro said in Algiers 1973.
7. Any struggle for a separate state will invite involvement by the superpowers, and the Tamils will be a pawn in their contention.
This view, popular among a recognisable breed of Marxists, sees the struggle of the global
cers as the near-exclusive motive force of world history. It is Precumdly undialectical, and untific. It focusses on external T-T-5 the de terminants.
It is the kind o by Rosa Luxemt in her "Theses International Sc that "in the ag small nations ar on the imperial the major power was mercilessly himself.
This erroneo position has bee Chinese CP the freely applied They discern r. manipulations of in world politi into the most r when they asses aton TOWent (e. g. Angola), W led objectively t
C. F. A. backed
African interver
MPLA).
They » ignore
thesis of Marxis accepted by M development is to external but it and the action is function of th in which they development of movement what appearance, de its internal char
Marxism hold national liberati the outcome of T11 : ""To Te o by external f. favourable or eventually deter by the historica people" (Amilcar in Guinea').

ities
f view popularised urg who wrote on the Tasks of icial Democracy” e of imperialism e only the pawns st chessboard of s'. This "thesis' flayed by Lenin
us Luxemburgist in adopted by the se days and is ly local Maoists. nothing but the the 'superpowers, cs and thus fall
OS TOUS ET TOT; s mational libers in this light
when this position 2 supporting the "fronts' and South tion against the
a fundamental : dialectics, on ce ao. i. e. “"social due chiefly NOT o Internal causes, of external forces e internal conflict interwene, Thę a phепоппепоп іп lewer its external חס ends mainlyי acteristics".
is therefore that in struggles are internal develop|ess influenced ctors (be they Infavourable) but lined and formed reality of each Cabral, Revolution
A Marxist view
This was the position of Lenin, and indeed Marx, when they evaluated national movements.
It is best to remind Leftists who talk about "superpowers' and 'external forces' etc, that it was Marx and Engels who wrote thus, on the Polish question:
"It is not our job to hold back the Poles from efforts to win the conditions of their future development or to tell them that from the international standpoint their national independe noe is an entirely secondary matter'.
8. It is detrimental to the class struggle in the whole country to focus on the national question because the class struggle is always the primary factor.
Class antagonism is always the key factor in capitalist societies. As Lenin says however "lt cannot be categorically asserted that some particular national question
cannot temporarily appear in the foreground of the political drama'.
How apt this statement of Lenin is. The So-called Tam || || problem was for a long time the 'sub-plot in the main parliamentary drama. Now It is on the centrestage. The issue will not wanish and all socialists and progressives should note that it cannot be relegated to a relatively un important place. The national question could be the "key link' in the island's politics today. Al | Socialists must grasp this fact for the issue could well become the very touchstone, "the point of rewolutionary definition' of progressive thought and action.
(To be continued)

Page 18
Diplomacy
Vaithianathan
by W. Wiswa Warnapala
he changes introduced with
the rew|sion of the CW' ersea.5 Minute In I959 included the amalgamation of the Grades IV, V and WI (Ist, 2nd and 3rd Secretaries) into one continuous scale approximating in salary to Class III of the then existing Civil Service. Several reasons were attributed in support of the arInalga mation of grade,5, and it was mentioned that such a scheme will better serve the needs of the Service because it had the characteristics of a more equitable scheme.
The flexibility in the grades was achieved and the ranks are determined by salary points in the time scale. Above all, the analaganated scheme gave flexibility in the disposition of the career diplomatic personnel. As a result of the new scheme, an officer appointed to a post in one of the missions abroad will assume with a rank, seniority and designation determined by the salary point which was effective at the time of his assignment. In other words, the ranking of an officer which is necessary for diplomatic work abroad will be determined by the salary point in the amalagamated scale. The Ministry of Defence and External Affairs, at its own discretion, determined the rank and level of the officer who was to be appointed to a post in an Overseas Mission.
The academic and social back ground of the 74 career officers who constituted the (C) Y ÉT5e5 Ser WiCe in 1975, deserves examination because it provides the answer to the lack of responsiveness on the part of this segment of the bureaucracy to the aspirations of the
TCT.
In the first phase of recruitment, which was known as the Waithianathan Period, it was said that the selections were made from "an elitist upper crust' in the island's society, and most of the
and D
probationers cart rity groups in language and cast thianathan in his tary, Ministry External Affairs, entire fifties and Pieter Keneuma Secretary of the of Sri Lanka, w expert". The eIT placed on the re reversed during N. Q. Dias, wh Secretary of the Sixties. He atte men with a loyalt, Buddhism. The Inent, during the Kanthiah Wathiar Dias, remained t ter 15 of the IT national affairs, it politics, there difference.
Tissa Wijeyerati as the Additional Ministry of Foreig a process of nativi this tradition and reOrient the Over; Walues and ethos
Ethnic C
er
Recruit ITI cent
Igg 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 195, 1957 1958 1 ֆեՈ
19ճ4
19ՃՃ
1958
197)
Total

Foreign service (3)
Dias
Le from the minorace, religioп, :e. Kanthiah Waicapacity as Secreof Defence and dominated the he, according to n, the General Communist Party as "an al-World phasis which he ruits came to be the period of C) function ed as Ministry in the mpted to recruit | to Sinhala and source of recruitperiod of both hathan and N. Q. he same and iп Ltitudes to interIo ideology and arkedוח סח , Was
he, in his capacity
Secretary of the Affairs initiated isation to reverse
its aiT WS to seas Service with acceptable to the
periods'
great mass of the people. A probe into the academic and social background of the person nel in the Overseas Service is certain to throw light on the intricacies inwolved in such a process of nativisation. The table on next page explains the academic background of the recruits to the Overseas Service.
The Postgraduate qualifications, unlike in the diplomatic services of certain countries, have not been encouraged, and the reason was perhaps the size of the cadre which demand no specialists. The profi. ciency in a foreign language was equated to a postgraduate qualification and the competence in a foreign language was limited to CGE (O.L.) London Examination. The postgraduate training course In diplomacy at the Commonwealth Relations office, and this Course, the duration of which was 6 Weeks, had been followed by 5 officers in the service. The Foreign Office of Australia in Canberra, Benefitted yet another II officers and this course again, was, a four months training scheme. Three officers have followed the course at UNTAR in Geneva, and another officer
omposition of the Sri Lanka Overseas Service
Number of Number of Number of Number of Total Sinhges Tannis Muslims Burghers
2 5 1.
1.
3. 1. 4
5 8 4
4 1. 1.
H
I}
70

Page 19
has completed the treaty Registration Course awailable at the Queens University in Canada. Two officers hawe completed the Diplomatic Practice course at the Sussex University, and two officers hawe completed the courses at the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade and the Institute of Social Studies at Hague respectively. There were only two officers with Master's Degrees in International Relations. Though the training courses were considered sufficient qualifications for Promotions and posting, the minis
try made no attempt to stress the
need for postgraduate qualifications in International Relations. This was primarily due to the belief that the Officer could emerge as "an all-rounder" in the conduct of foreign relations. The lack of speciallsts, with Post-graduate training in relevant fields, has interfered with the deploy Tent policy
in the Overseas Service of Sri Lanka.
The ethnic composition within
the Overseas Service was yet a nother as Dect which invited Critici5T from the nationalist elements in the country. The table illustra te 5 the nature of the ethnic representation in the Overseas Ser wice.
The position of the Tamil community within the public services of the island has been subject to controversy and the charge has been made that they enjoyed a disproporcionate share of the appointments in the Public Services. The advantages, which they enjoyed during the colonial period, helped the Tamil community to obtain a considerable share of public appointments even after independence, and this trend was reflected in the recruitment to the C) werseas Serwice. The sizable representation of the Tamil community within the ranks of the Owerseas Service has been partially attributed to the predominant role which Sir Kanthiah Waith i anathan played in the formation of the Owerseas Service In its initial stages. The political development in the post-1956 Period, though affected the recruitment policies in other a reas of the island's bureaucracy, brought no significant impact on the composition of the Overseas bureaucracy.
er of Namn of
Recruit- University
ITI Élt
194g Ceylon
195Ա Londo
Ceylol
1951 Ceylon
LLI I dul
1951 Ctylum Ceylül
5. Ceylon
1953 Ceylçın
1954 Ceylon
Cecylon
1957 Ceylon Ceylon
1958 Ceylol Oxford HITYard L0101 McELTI
1ցՃԼ] Ceylon Ceylon Cel: 1յti1 Ceylon
The traditions o
period were C early se venties a met that the came to be draw classes which ad Tinistrati we advent of natior The Coverseas Se of the political : which took place : retained the tr; which were im CL the very inceptic emerged as a bu attitudes, wiews nistration disp teristics of an officers within th cracy. These cha are alien to the people, could be by analysing thế to the social E
members of the
The Students at the Record Peradeniya Cam With a wiew to ot which could help the social and ac of the entrants Service, The St

Type of Number r Deg Tee
BA
BAኳ B',
BA BA
BA ES
BA.
Hiዶኒ
BA
BA LIB
BA HA A. HA, I HA
FRA
|-LB
18,ሶኒ
Total 4.5
f the Waith anathan Im LIm Lugd ti|| tha nd it thergfore, Owerseas Service from the social dominated the services at the hal independence" rvice, irrespective and social changes after independence, aditions and ethos lcated into it at an and it, thereby" reaucracy, by its and art of admilayed the characexclusive case of e island's bureauracteristics which aspirations of the further ||ustrated : factors relating ackground of the Overséas Service,
Records available Roon of the plus were per used stain certain data in the analysis of ademic background into the Owerseas udents Records of
forty undergraduates, who are now officers of the Overseas Service, were utilised to obtain information for the following discussion.
Ethnic Background of the Forty Officers
Sinballege (Law Country. Sinhalese 8
Kam dy:LI. Silihillest: SJ
T:mil O ML Lislin Ils 1 Burglet
Till 4)
Rըligious Hiltkgrnuntl
Buddhists 22, Hindul54, Muslims l,
Roman Catholics 6, Christi li Cli, u roll b' Ceylon ,
Tad,
Occupation of the Father
Farılıer 10, Labour 1, Exorcist 1 , T:: Ller 5 (i veri Te Llerk, 3, SELin Master 2, CLI stills Officer I. HeH LLLLLL S LLLLLLLlH LLLHHCLaLa S aCCLLLa0S Inan 3, Doctor 1, Engineer 2, Foruictor 3, lJ mer Imployed I, Not known 5, Total 40.
Schools Attended and from which they entered the University
Royal College 4, St. Thomas, MI. Livinia (, Trinity, Kandy 3, St. Joseph's Colombo 2, St. Peter's, Colombo 3, Wesley, Columbu l, lHartley, Point Pedro SS S LLLLLLLlLLLLLLL LLaLLaS LLtLLL maLLLLL S DhariTapala, Paililipitiya I, Jafna Hindu Colleg II, Karandeniya Centrul 2, Hun uismulla Centri | 1, Tissa Central, Kial Lutaa !, lJssapitiya Central 1, Nair: ImIhala Central 1, Mahinda College, Galle I, I) thil Trilju College: 1, Piliydill : Iri:Ll l, Kylic Ananda sa strialaya l, Maha Wil
yalayas 4, Widyalankara Piriweria 1, St. Am hy’s, Walt talla 1 St. Bridgic's Concil. I, Total 40.
Nattire of Academic Attainments of the Forty Officers
General Degree 17, Special Degree 23,
Second Cl:153 3, 5:cand Cl:155 Upper 1, Second Class Lowcr9, Class, Graduates 13,
The University Students Records revealed yet another feature; they included the information relating to persons who received bursaries from the University. 23 out of the 40 officers obtained bursaries to study at the University of Sri Lanka, and another two entered the University with 5th Standard Government Scholarship. It provided an indication to the effect that nearly half of the officers whose Student:5 Records were per used came from the low income groups. This shows that a substartial segment of the Overseas bureaucracy did mot belong to the Lipper crList of the elite of Sri Lanka.

Page 20
Cinema
Palangetiyo and
by J. Uyangoda
H醬 developments are taking place in Sinhala cinema. Young artists, though still a small band, hawe been pointing new direction5 and open ing unexplored terra in In search of new cinematic themes. Wasantha Obey: ek era joins this select bārd with his latast effort "PALANGETTYO" (Grasshoppers).
For many reasons, thefilm deserves the serious consideration of both movie-goer and critic.
In the first instance, PALANGETIYC stives to bring the Sinhala film "from heaven to earth' (Ahasin Polowata, to use the title of a recent movie).
Unike the Work of Some of tho52 “en lightened" film-makers, Palangetiyo has a theme which is not conceived in some dreamy, nostalgic mind. It is no airy or un real theme but one closely and essentially related to the actualities of life. It is the self-same wirtue which recognised and commended in Sunil Ariyaratne's "Sarungale" . But Wasantha Obeysekera in this movie shows far greater maturity in dealIng with his material, a matur|ty even greater than Dharmasena Pathi raja that other talented film-maker in o Lu T Tı idst.
With his story of two young lowers, Obeysek era Sheds light not only on the in tricacies of personal relationships but on the social circumstances which influence and condition such relationships.
His two characters, Sarath and Kusum, are recognÍsable representtatives of their milie Lux. A just-left-school type, Kusum's thinking and responses to life have been shaped by pulp novels, and trashy films. Her father is a publisher of cheap books, and Sarath, a young migrant to the city, works in his printing press. An intense romantic attraction to each other leads to a 'secret' love, and the young Sarath elopes with his employer's daughter.
8
socii
Right from the presents these ty merely as two ror a,5 individuals Wh creatures of the social backgrou speak and be hawe their inti Thacies a are seen, as the d the Tanifestatio economic forces determine their outlook and subj In short, the f portraying two private life, persc inter-actin beF abstracted from it a ble from their ac
Here, a useful
be made with Path A major weaknes that it is based on
ation ably touche happenings in a
True, there may E imagination. But must not do viole Pathiraja fails to
conflicts meaningf In more Sense: 'village' is somethi hide-out, cut off
Obeysekere, o
succeeds in locati conflicts on a hL and its Wicissitude frustration, escap. tio 15 amb | walen picion and over of betrayal) within One recalls what |etter to in 255 important thing subjectively mean Cobjective lagic of affairs of lowe. In in fabricated pa 5enti Tentalism, C liberating spirit
If Obeysekera's his firm grasp of t

al
! start, the film wo characters not mantic lowers but o are very much :ir upbringing and nd. They think, in such a way that slowers or spouses rama develops, as ns of social and
that ultimately values, ideology, 2ctive attitudes. ilm Succeeds in characters whose nal conduct and la Wii U " , " rhot fe but are insepar:tual social being.
comparison may iraja's "Bambaru' s ir "Bamba ru'' is an imaginary situ!d up with real fish ing willage. e no art without the imagination nce to reality. make individual ul in these terms. ị tham one, his ng of a romantic "om social reality.
In the other hand, ng the complex Iman relationship is (romantic lowe, 2, emerging fricreactions, suspowering feelings the larger reality. Lenin said in a | Armand. The is not what you by lowe but the lass relations in efus ing to indulge ithos and facile beysekera is a I r the Sinhala
maturity lies in he integral conn
realism
ection between the personal and the social, his artistic skill rests on his ability to dramatise this through a well-constructed plot, and expressive sequences and images. was especially impressed by the skill with which he depicts two different social settings, urban and rural, to describe it broadly. The two-storeyed home of the publisher-mu dalali (Henry Jayasena) and his printing works nearby form the setting for the stirrings of romance and lowe, and the critical decision to elope. Kusum's secretiwe passion, the 'clandestine' affair, her dreams of romantic escape so natural to a young girl whose inner life has been nourished by the material of "pulp' novels are matched by a sence of self-assurance in her own home and familiar surroundings. such surroundings are of course alien to the poor boy from the village, caught between his emotions, and his hopes, torn between Un Certainty and aspiration.
But Kusum's self-assurance cracks quickly under the pressures of the 'new' || Ife in Sarath’s village home, the misery and squalor of such living and the oppressive constraints of rural lower-middle class domesti city. Meanwhile, Sarath's fruitless journeys from one printing shop to another become the hopeless odyssey of his class and generation, as the quest for employment merci ! essly exhausts his inner reserves to fight and survive In a World he lewer made.
The even more oppressive wretchedness ofyet another home" (a hole of a room in a shanty) offers little solace to either, Life itself closes in, and the last glimmer of hope fades Out. AS Cruel circumstances, social and economic at its roots, begin to overwhelm the pair, Sarath is unable to rebel against it, leave alone master it. In his growing despair, he is forced to renounce even those traditional
(Carrired cor page )

Page 21
Book review
Bibliographer extraor
by Paul Caspersz
66 ith this publication“,
writes J. D. Pearson Professor of Oriental Bibliography in the University of London, "Mr Gooneti leke en ters the tanks of
the greatest Oriental bibliographers of all times, that "superleague" to which are admitted
those of the calibre of Cordier, and others whose bibliographical works remain the essential starting point for all research as well for the
as the Wade-Tecurt book-collector.'
on 1 May this year, H. A. l. Goonetileke, unquestionably the greatest bibliographer our coun:
try has ever produced, relinquished his desk as the Librarian of the University of Peradeniya. Instead, he began at home his first day of leave prior to retirement from the post of Librarian. It was on the same first day of May twentysix years ago that H. A. l. Goonetile ke joined the University
of Ceylon, Peradeniya, as AssisLamt Libraria rħ.
To all those who know lan
Gooneti leke, his passion for the printed word, the intensity of his bibliographical scholarship, his Uncom Thorn de dication to our Country and its University, the retirement, eight years too early, signals the passing away of an
era. But the signal would be seen and heeded on one condition only: that one recognized the
power of his incisive intelligence and had no fear of his un relenLing sponsorship of truth nor of his intrepid denunciation of falsehood and chicanery. These are the qualities, the principles and the values that guided lan Goonetile ke In the performance of his duties. Is it that this
A Bibliography of Ceylon: A systematic guide to the literature on the and people, history and culture published in Western languages from the sixteenth century to the present day. Zug, Switzerland: Inter Do Cumantation Company, 1770-76. 3 woli.
Performance, in tunately caused a that has befouled in the growes led the Librarian to a bando the advance Tent of the best years :
However that of bibliographi Within the Uniy universtity libral students and his own and oth to have ended. be allowed to pass
It was an era for the suprem and truth by Women who : Goone tile ke a learn ing and to lity of life", lai wгitteп, "is a п and the siad fact tration within small elite is thi to the intelligence the seeker after
Equal opportun all, scholarship, t justice: these for which an G: at Peradeniya ai was compelled Li university man t a university setti
university autoni autoпопny is пее The first prot
external designs t it. The second
internal influen: Çurb and inhibit : of responsible ac and of the profess of each university at both (Wels, all and used resp; bedrock of uniwi. in a democracy. " siege, good and
forced to the d
BLI - H. Aů Continue to purs,

inary
|ts turn, unforrisorTė realition the atmosphere of acaderne and for sheer survival institution for the which he gawe if his life
may be, an era Cal achie yement 2rsity and a great ian's services to
searchers from er lands See T15 It should not
away un recorded.
of qui et Struggle acy of knowledge Chose men and hared with lan Commitment to life. "The quaGoonetieke has 1uch a bug ed term, Cof its Conser the ranks of a a greatest affront of the scholar and ruth and justice."
ites in life for ruth, inter-human were the ideals }oneti leke worked ld for which he o retire. For a olive by ideals in ng there must be omy. But this ded at two levels. acts it against o stunt and warp insulated it from Es that would he exercise both :a deirTit freedom ional competence man. Autonomy owed generously insibly, is the :rsity exce||ence When it is um det capable men are
O T.
Gooneti leke Je scholarship in
this country divorced from the University which he so loves and helped to build? This is the question.
If he does not, our loss would be irretriewable and the World abroad would be perplexed. A Bibliography of Ceylon will shortly go into its fourth volume, And then every five years or so, un til the man goes the way of his father, schola T5 and lowers of this land can look forward to further volumes ;üPPlဗူးဝှိုး the earlier ones and bringing the critical record of the printed Ceylonese word up to date.
There is, however, one ray of
light breaking through the gloom. It is the light of courageous answers to the searching questions that honest persons will be led to ask the T15elwes and others. Ils academic and professional freedom in the area of one's proven competence something to be feared or to be fostered Are the demands of freedom and justice to remain loud proclamations from the house tops or are they to have meaning for every man and woman in our land is a life of joyous purs uit of the ideals of truth, justice and honesty impossible in a hard world for persons who would otherwise serve their country well and ask for no greater reward than the reward of being able to serve?
"I have learned", H. A. I. Goon et leke wrote in a dignified farewell message to the eightynine members of his Library Staff, "that work is a sacrament and its only reward, and librarianship is, in its highest form, an art of social service to the mind of one's
fellow-man.' It is perhaps too late to undo the damage of a prematu te retirement. It is per
haps not too late for all who hawe hopes in the University and for the University Council itself to seek complete awareness of the circumstances of this retire inent. It is certainly not too late to see that the country's best bibliographer gets the only gratitude he seeks: the opportunity to work and the opportunity to serve,
9

Page 22
Language
The missing sec
pronoun
by Reggie Siriwardena
They have sever or eight words for Thou, or You,
to Persons according to their quality,
or according as t
them. And they are To, Topi, Umba, Umbela, Tom na i,
Tormdnxi.
- Robert Knox: An
Ko. list of the second -person pronouns in the 17th -century Sinhala of the Kandyan kingdom (recognisable through the distortions of his English transliteration) reflects the linguistic usages of a society based on an elaborate
system of caste and class hierarchies. It seems to Te that today, after several decades of the crosion of caste, the decline of feudal relationships, and the growth of bourgeois democracy,
the ಟ್ಗ:P:) ргоп ошп (always one of the linguistic features most sensitive to relationships of power and class) is undergoing some interesting transformations in the
Sinhala spoken language.
The pronouns listed by Knox ranged from the dominating tho and thopi to the deferential thamunnanse (Knox's tomanxi). Umba, in its traditional usage, could vary in significance, depending on whether its use was symmetrical or not between two persons. Clearly, a person who addressed someone else as umba, and was addressed by him as thamunnanse, would be using the former pronoun to express a relationship of superiority or power. But two persons could also address each other as umba, in which case the pronoun would indicate a familiar relationship between equals.
What has happened in the last few decades is that tho and thiopi have increasingly gone iro abeyance, except as terms of abuse and as survivals in some backward feudal pockets. Umba,
O
All these words are gradually one higher the
Historical Relat
as an indicator of superiority or Con the decline ( more slowly tha. have reached t many people no It is a proper eYem to dormesti that in time to Survive only as a address betwee more commonly pli and peasan t5, bu of more privileg talking intimately
So far, the Second-person p. modern spoken what has happen languages during from pre-capital to bourgeois d European languag hawe had at E —Person pronoun: polite - e.g. Fre Spanish tu and u and vy. (In Frer the polite forms singlė pertson ar the Universally u Originally the Were used nonsocial inferiors a metrically by int democratisation aspect that has dised.
In pre-revolu where bourgeois be lated, and dis were bureaucrati allised, the officia right down to

ond - person
which they apply hey would hono Lur Tamsi, Tamsela, In the other.
ion of Ceylon.
pf a relationship command is also though somewhat in tho), but we he point where longer feel that form of address Cs. So it is likely Come umba Will form of familiar n equals - used erhaps by workers t also by members 2d classes when ' or jocularly.
changes. In the ronoun usage in Sinhala parallel ed in many other the evolution ist relationships emocracy. Many es, for instance, last two second , non-polite and nch tu and Yous, isted, Russian ty 1ch and Russian of address to a identical with sed plural forms.) non-polite forms symmetrically to s well as symimates, but with t is this second become standar
tiопагу Russia, development was tinctions of rank cally institutionarmy regulations 97 even laid
down which ranks should be addressed by superior officers as
vy and which as ty, and it required the February Revolution
and the overthrow of tsarism to abolish this distinction. Even
after October. however, the Soviet regime had to wage a long battle against the use of ty to subordinates in army or factory by officers and bureaucrats who had become habituated to it. Cornrie and Stone, the authors of a new sociolinguistic study, The Russian Language since the Revolution, quote official exhortations to the use of Wy to subordinates and con dem nations of the use ofty by militiamen, managers and others, as late as the 1960s, which suggest that old habits had not entirely died out even at that time.
In French, Russian and other European languages, however, the decline of the non-polite form was accompanied by the universalisation of the polite form as the normal and neutral mode of address between non-lntirnates. But it is striking that in modern spoken Sinhala we have had the first development but not the second. There is in fact no generally recognised neutral second-person pronoun in Sinhala speech today. Oba is much too formal to be used outside public speeches and the dialogue of bad plays. Thamuse was apparently deferential im Knox's time, but in contemporary usage it has acquired a tone of familiarity, and sounds condescending when used to a stranger. What Is tending to fill the gap, at least in urban speech, is oya. But oya, too, when addressed to non-intimates carries with it an air of brashness. I do hear oya often used, for instance, by bus-conductors to passengers, and while understand and even

Page 23
sympathise with this usage as a form of democratic self-assertiveness I would not use the pronoun myself to a stranger.
In my own Sinhala usage and that of many others. I find that in polite conversation with strangers or nonintimates, one tends to do without the second-person pronoun at all, for lack of an all-purpose neutral form. One says: Mister Ratnayake heta enayada? or Chandrata dhen iskoe nivadu dha? or even, to a complete stranger, Mahatmayage nama mokakdha? where one would say in English, Will you come tom morrow, Mr. Ratnayake or Are your school holidays now on, Chandra or What's your name. Here social change seems to have outstripped the development of pronominal forms. (It would be interesting to know whether there is a parallel situation in contemporary Tamil.)
I have so far said nothing obout English, which had at on e ti The different polite and non-polite forms of the second-person pronoun. This is, in fact, like Universal franchise, equality of persons before the law, and freedom of contract between employer and worker, one of those fictions of formal equality which conceal the real inequality of bourgeois rela
ti-fl 5.
It is not surprising, therefore, that Britain, which led the rest of
Europe in the development of capitalism and bourgeois democracy, should also have gone
Esistest and furth est in the accompanying process of Pronominal change, obliterating the distinction between polite and non-polite forms altogether. It is also evident why this change should have taken place around the time of tht|7th century English revolution. Significantly, where the myth of formal equality was abandoned, as in racial relations in the Southern States of America, other forms of address had to be developed by whilte English speakers to mark the openly acknowledged racial inequalities : hence, the practice of addressing Black American adults as boy.
One consequence of the development of the English second-person
Pronoun is that y translate Russian, F Ili terature irito
los ing some nuan personal relations the second-perso instance, in Dos and Punishment Nastasya, the ser where Raskolniko to him, because With affectionate much older thãn poor student an appreciably her (David Magarshac Classics translatic effect completely address Raskolnik Idiot (Part I Ch. kin's in difference tions as agains humanity of all me by his using wy to the Epanchins' ho | Ch. 8 Nastasya F king the Prince addresses him as of th: Pri "5 : the Epachins" ser the latter fec. 55 "entirely proper man but complet between guestant
Something of th scenes (and of ma sian literature) di 5 translation with differentiating P and Tamil, with heritage of a hle could convey thes It is not only the relationships but Subtler 5 hades of carried by the se
hours in Russian ted in translation not too much to 5 fiction the two corresponding sir forms of the wer nual signals of relationship, or a it. Between a ma for instance, the to ty signals grow or lowe; on the o erse change indi estrangement.
In Tolstoy" s the Karenins, w

"ou often cannot French or Spanish English without Ces of social or hips conveyed by pronouns. For toevsky's Crime : (Part 1 Ch. 3), want in the house W lodges, uses ty she regards him familiarity: she is him, and he is a d the refore mot Social superior. k in the Penguin in destroys this by making her by as 'sir'.) In The 2) Prince Myshto class distinct the common an is brought out the servant at The (while in Part Filippovna, mistafor a servant, ty). The effect :or1 wersation with "Want is to make mething that was betweeп ппап апd ely out of place di ST want".
e quality of these ny others in Rusappears in English
the loss of the ironouns. Sinhala their linguistic
trarchical society, e nuances better.
pointers to class
also some of the
personal feeling :cond-person Prothat are oblitera
into English. It is ay that in Russian pronouns (and tha Igular and plural b) serve as Contithe quality of a f the shifts with In in and a Woman,
change from Wy 'th into intimacy ther hand, a rewcates coldness or
Аппа Кarепina ho early in the
novel call each other ty (as is customary between husband and wife), change to wy as the relationship chills, Significantly, Karenin, to whom keeping up appearances
is of first importance, uses the formal pronoun for the first time when Anna has betrayed the
proprieties of marriage in public by openly displaying her emotion
over Wronsky's fall in the steeplechase (Part II ch. 29). In the last chapters preceding Anna's suicide her rapid oscillations
between bitterness against Wronsky and a desperate clinging to him are signified by her alternation between the two forms of address. 'We're definitely going tomorrow, aren't we?" Wronsky asks, and she answers, "You (vy), but not I." The wy is like a glass of cold water thrown in his face. The next moment, after he has left" she sends him a note, "Come homine, il must: explain. Fort God's sake, come l'm frightened' (singular forms, intimate, pleading).
Chekhow's Lady With a Little Dog is another example of how Tuch a great writer can get out of the contrast between t second-person pronouns. After Gurow has slept with Anna, the lady he has encountered casually at Yalta, he slips easily into saying ty to her (he is an experienced roue, who thinks of the affair as a passing diversion). She, on the other hand, continues to address him as vy, since she feels guilty after ner act of marital infidelity, and holds herself back emotionally. Gurov goes back to Moscow, finds he can't get Anna out of his mind, nakes a
journey to her home-town and encounters her in the theatre. In the ensu ing conversation not
only she but he too uses the more formal wy — a sign of greater seriousness on his part, since he can no longer put on a show of easy intimacy. In the last section of the story we see them again after the relationship has grown into lasting though unhappy love, and here for the first time Anna is given a single line where she uses the second-peson singular form of the verb (ty implied) : the emotional barriërs she maintained hawe fa || en
2 |

Page 24
Culture
VWestern cultural hel
by Ariyadeva
a previous article this commen. tator noted the continuation of cultural colonisation. Il drew attention to the presence of West German Agencies, appen dages of the main West German political parties, in crucial areas of cultural importance to the country West Germans today are therefore key cultural infiltrators and controllers in this regard, a height not reached by the Americans even during the Dullesian era. (The Americans, one should note maintain today a relatively low profile and a more interactionst approach to culture similar to the profile maintained for quite some time by the British).
But the German presence here did not always fit the bill of the expatriate cultural Commissar. The 9th century and the early 20th century is replete with names of Germans who came here got " converted " to aut heritage and returned to their land to propagate ideas they had discovered herte — il cultLII ra colonisation in reverse as it were. Although these Gormans did mot hawd the same impact on the Sri Lankan psyche as another Westerner, the American Olcott their work newerth les 5 was wery important. | refer to Geiger, Oldenberg, Max Muller, Dalke and the more recent monks who took Buddhist robes with names having the prefix Gnana.
These persons performed a useful function, firstly in helping in a small way to free the then confident Europe from a narrow ethnocentricity - a process which is still continuing – Secondly – and more important to our contextthese writers helped give the legitimacy and the stamp of Western recognition to Sri Lanka's and South Asian region's traditions at a time when the cultural
2
apparatus was of foreign eleme
The fel y dal ei with its pluses was rapidly on t пеw economy — i ist and later - was in the ascer firstly by Portu and later by Bri ing the economi a new cultura I ir gion, education, ard world wiew supplanted the ti kan Culture STher dal Structure : Universal опes. ones related questions about t. and reality, the n tion, the nature the matur cof aesthetic experi similar quas tions - by both Christi and secular
Marxists, as beim; beliefs or ideali This cultural expe past included als to build large ti ors, 1 ml fatt the | system the world the 18th century. technology to built and similar exam OL 5 5. E. ) SL included at To Te knowledge of a system.
The cultura | occurred under in the name of r of science atteryp this early systém, the Germans of and the early 20th Oldenberg, Mulle a n i T1porta. n t nic. (and also South Asi
Gelger discover vamsa not fantasy

OS
firmly in control
S.
conomy together and barba rit I2S ho retreat and a nitially mercantilplantation based dancy, controlled Igal and Holland ain. Accompanyc presence was mposition in reli
Efter til flest generally, which -aditional Sri Langing from a feu5 well As mote These Uniwersal For example to he nature of Than ature of percepof human nature, beauty and the ence and such - to be dismissed FIE5 ו, חםissiוח חia ritics including either heathen stic speculation. :rience from the the know-how Links and reserwbiggest irrigation had seen till It also included i the huge dagabas les of conspicumption. It also human level the codified redical
genocide which European terms ellքion and later tied to wipe out It is here that the 9th century century Geiger, "ard Daka fid he in Sri Lankan an) self assertion.
d In the Mah" and fairy tales
of the past
but a surprisingly accurate chronology of events and people extending over 2000 years. This chronology, it was true was seen through the distorting lens of the
self interest of the Mahawamsa writers, namely a particular sect of the Buddhist clergy. But
nevertheless it was a chronology and history differing only in degree in this sense, from the historical writings found anywhere
Oldenberg and other European discoverers of the Buddhist tradition helped emphasise the very Serious question S on the nature of human nature which generations of empirical thinkers had dwelled on. These questions to be discussed in seriousnesa in European psychlogy only recently were not of the kind to be dismissed as mere mysticism or idle speculation. (as they once were).
Max Mueller is remembered for his study of that important key to the culture of the region, namely the Sanskrit languaga. He and his like helped establish that Writers like the 5th century B. C. Panini were asking and an Swering questions on philology thousands of years before Europé. Further, other writers on language lika Bhartruhari were describing characteristics of language that were discoveoed only well into the 20th century Europe. These German writers (as well as other Western ones) helped also dua W
attention to the fact that a systematic knowledge on Algebra and Mathematics including the
distowery of the this region well regions.
zero u ex jistad I n before other
In the third quarter of the 20th century. Europe is no longer i In It5 pri fine. Self-doubt and a new questioning per wades its cultural sphere. In this mainstream of ques tidning, many so called
(ζων Γίντιει απ Ρας ε 21 )

Page 25
As I like it
A legacy of
SEG ""; during the colonial eta on what element of
the British era in this country was most likely to outlast the dissolution of empire, John Still
hazarded the guess that it would be cricket. It must have seemed an implausible answer at the time. It would hawe been more reasonable to suppose that a game suited to long English summer evenings, permeated by the English public-school echos ("Play up, play up, and play the game'), and reflecting the English temperament in its boring prolongation over intern inable stretches of time would wilt away in the tropical climate once the aura it acquired from the imperial connection was removed.
But Still seems to hawe been right, and the current World Cup tournament is a good occasion to reflect on the oddity of the fact that Britain should hawe been so successful in implanting cricket in her former Asian and Caribbean Colonies. Come to think of it, cricket has been a much hardier su rwiwal than that other game our one-time imper31 master 5 taught us — the game of parliamentary democracy, which even where it is perpetuated in ex-British colories of the third world, is hardly played according to Westminster rules.
Far from the game withering
away in post-colonial Sri Lanka, it has percolated down to new social layers outside the circle of
what Marxists would call the "compradores" and their offspring who originally played it, Already in the "thirties the emerging sticinalist petty-bourgeoisie and the Buddhist schools which were their strongholds were proving themselves in the game, with "big matches" in the style of the Royal-Thomian, as evidence that they had arrived. In post-Colonial times the advance of free education his carried the gospel of Cricket to the provinces and the countryside, and small towns now have
Empire
their own match" ritual.
T. Dr. N.M the original fou was Sri Lanka": anti-imperialist should hawe en de the Board of Col seems entirely ap sociological phef been talking abo Dr. Perera is not kyist, or ex-Tro eramoured of James, the one-t Trotskyist and hi: The Black Jacob study of the Tou ture slave revolt i
first-class
est Indies aud book on West titled Beyond a
WS
Doctor (honori
Sri Lanka is po! the few countries refers to politicians honorary docto " scholast:" titl| W. Dahanayake Badi uddin Mahru honoured by the the past. But t News' has app the new principli doctorates are t only as long as Power. Galle's y who has been b, i CCT letio politics, 'Mr. W. Dahanaya Minister of Educt Education is st Wijeyeratine".
Department of Distinctions
"Art must ref must also do Inc in the classical TILU 5 C al 5 o hold nature. This "Pal to achieve only ( Gamin i Senevir: of the film.)

Touchstone
ions of the "big
Perera, one of inders of what 5 first militant T1355 T10 Warmont, d as President of introl of Cricket, propriate to the omenon | hawe ut. Incidentally, the only Trotstskyist, to be cricket. C.L.R. :ime West Indiam storian (his book ins i5 the best 55aint l " (Ouwen San Domingo ) cricket in the has written a Indian cricket Boundary.
is causa)
robably one of where the Press i who have earned rates by their es. So "Doctor " and "Doctor" d used to be nę wspapers in day the "Daily parently adopted e that honorary !o be recognised politicians are in 'eteran politician, ack in the news with Municipal become plain ke " , but the ation and Higher :ill " Dr. Nissa ka
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Western cultura . . .
(Confirmed Iron page re)
Eastern strands have been added. To this self search and realising maturity of European thought, the Germans of the last century who came to our climes have Contributed significantly.
They have also helped us free ourselves from the traditional moorings of our past heritage as well as from the new imposed cultural conditioning of the West and thus helped us in our own searches for both legitimacy and direction.
As a concluding note, we should also mention that the cultural conditioning and the view of our own problems was common not only to those of the dominant views of Europe, but also of Marxism, the newly found voice of the underprivileged: Marx himself-inspite of his апalyses being perhaps the most incisive on the European scene - was a
Creature of his Prosaically of his Source material). his times had mind to the in scientific and cult of the Asian stages of history or less located i from the slawe Roman Mediter through the feud Central European capitalism of W Asia, he relegat category of the Production wher (falsely) that com ex|Stec and histc. and - Worse - w!
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