Page 1
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Page 3
| Trends
Reconsidering P. R.
Tra de Minister AthLWath r71 LI dall, One of the moving spirits behind P. R. welcomes the current debate on how
best to armend its procedures. “It is clear", he told the LG the superiority of P. R. over the old
electoral syster has been recognised by almost everyone. But no system Ils perfect and modifications may be necessary in the system which had its first trial in May. We must keep
refining it to make it even more de Tocratic".
Incidentally, Mr. Athuathrmuda II
seas the absence of rowdy Incidents after the MCUC polls as a sign of the many benefits of P.R. Nobody shouted 'ka (Ida raja ?" or jeered at a fossing cardidate because it was als an party lists, he observed.
The enterprising Centre for Society
and Religion sponsored two lively and
well-represented "exchanges' on the
subject last month, The critical discussior) on mechi a n i sms Trid modalities focused attention on (1)
the high cut-off point (12%) and its II-effects (b) the injustice of 'bonus seats' given to the party with the highest number of votes (c) the need to permit voters to indicate preferences for individual candidates and (d) the Importance of holding by-elections.
Boston Connection
With the Tari i Issue in the foresfront of natiora) polítics, the marmes of two Tami academics keep cropping up in high level conversations.
The first is that of Dr. A. Jeyeratnam Wilson, better known to his Royal College and University Colleagues, his students and fellow dons, as A.J. Wilson. A Jennings-trained constitutionalist, Dr, Wilson became a full-fledged political scientist, studying and teaching the subject in the US, Canada and UK. He is the son-in-law of the F.P's founding father, Mr. S. J. W. Chel vandyakam.
The extraordinary outhurst in Boston, Mass. Inakes the other's connection perhaps more interesting. Dr. Neelam
Tiruchelwam, the Son of Mr. M. Tiruchelvam, the F.P. Minister(1965ć8) in the Sena na yake Cabinet,
studied law at Harword. Both are
Contributors "nationalism' in S Dr. Michide Rob academic. The bi the Marga Instit Lu||
How nice
While the UNP Om 'n versary was c Luis La fanfare of sup, a "report to the President himself, caught the eye (I dyert, inserted who crossed over ar, Bgldmandalaya electorate under th 2nd MP, Mr, R.
Below two picture grid the PM is haddine "IT'S NI THE U.N.P.". Best
Čtyř7 firred
GÜAR
Wol, 2 Nico. W A
Published by L. Publishing Co. L 88. N. H. M. All Reclum til Rio
Editcır : Mary
felchorie:
CONT
교 Letters 3 - 5 News b é — || || ||m torna ||2 - 3 Phatma 4 - 5 Cinema 17 - 18 Religion
9 - 2 Satire 22 - 23 Book to 24 As I li ke
Printed by A 8:33, Wolfen Colorni
Telephone:

Letters
a new book on "I Lanka, edited by arts, an expatriate tok is published by
e.
F4] yerrIrr?erIt"5 gecond elebrated with the Dements, including Nation' by the the WEEKEND with a full-page by “the SLFP"ers 'd formed the UNP in the Beru Wela e Presidency of the .ே பிராணாவிர்வyake."
's of the President o heart-Warning CE TO BE WITF W that is a group
Pro Fagogo :)
DAN
Lugust I, 1979
Ilka Guardian
Id. First Floor, iLil Caider Road, d) Colombo 11.
yrth dros 5||Wa
()()),
ENTS
1ckground ional news
eutical business
and politics
fiews
II da Press
lil Street,
.
35975
The second-person Pronoun in Christian шsage Mr. Reggie Siri war dena's obserwa
tions in the "Lanka Gaardian" of June 15 on the use of the second -
person pranoun was indeed illuminating. I was particularly interested in exploring further
the observation that "Britian which led the rest of Europe in the development of capitalism and bourgeois democracy should also have gone fastest and furthest in the accompanying process of Pronominal change......
Though this revolution took Place in language the British were the most conservative in their social and religious life. The changes in language and the use of the pronoun obliterating distinctions between polite and non -polite form are also seen in the English liturgies composed in the 16th and 17th centuries, but where Church order and social life were concerned, they were closer to the elitist, competitive, hierarchical and self-achieving individualistic thinking of mañ | ike Thomas Hobbes and later Adam Smith and Edmund Burke. in Richard Hookers "Ecclesiastical Polity", one looks in vain for any definition of the Christian ministry as service such as Martin Luther so finely rediscovered. All the emphasis in Hooker is on hierarchial distinctions and on
the ruling function of ministry | Ike Calwin,
When the English missionaries
came to Sri Lanka in the 19th century and attempted to translate the Book of Common Prayer into Sinhala they retained the forms of the second-person prooun in Silm hala usage at the time to bring out the hierarchical social distinctions. In the first Sinhala translation of the Book of Common Prayer by English scholars of Sinhala such as the Rev. Andrew Armour and Wii. iam Tolfrey in 1820, God is referred to as, ''Unwahanso' the clergyman as "Unnanse" and the People e as "tho" and “thopi". These forms are retained in the later translations of the 9th

Page 4
century such as the one by Rev. Canon Dias in 1855. Even in the 20th centnry ti || the 50,5 these forms were retained alang with "obayahanse" for God and "Umba' and "Umbla” used individually and collectively when people are referred to. Some translations even have "thope hith osavapalla' (lift up your hearts") and "kapalla' and "beepalla' (eat and drink). | remember when || 5 tarted working in my first parish, my vicar explained these usages and their distinction 5:- God--" obawanse'' – priast-'Unnanse' and congregation " UT bala".
The social revolution in the 50's had s'orne influence on Sinhala Christian language. In the translations of the Ceylon Liturgy we Haye "Obi" for God and "oba" for people. The verbal forms end as follows:- kanna (cat) bonna (drink) ganna (take),
It is interesting to observe that in the Tamil translations of the Prayer Book from the 19th
century the polite forms of the
Trends . . .
(Carine fro Page )
photo with the man-in-the-news Samarana yake flanked by Severa | monk drid other ex-SLFP supporters.
The opposite page sports another large ddwerti sement in which a single individual (a Mr. A. M. M. MJI WJJ Od) chooses to corvey his pers oria 'annversary greetlngs to the government", with a few Well-chosen words, by way of self-introduction. Mr. Mowlood advertises the fact that he is a foreign exchange earning gen dealer who has "contributed his might" to the government's effort to develop the economy and "feed the hungry misses' He has participated in the Maha Yeli project Jind, 'n keeping with official policy, even given Jobs to ex-insurgents.
second-person pr verbal endings a tently for God, c
Another import should be reme though the Soci changes in the E Sinhaia language the hio Farchic:1|, St ment Oriented religious and soc unaffected in Sri rādi 5 cijā hā
Rev. Dr. D.
The Theological C Pillim tlawa.
Our
It is somewhat recalls the nur representati wes Sr to the missions at which is Wye || k || 3 for her brain powe could prould y bo managing many in t tions, a country wh many able internal tors has appointe not merely medic hawe done da Tage of the country.
missio
Well-known at a certain Sri La Wa,5 ore horizon Also know 1 arte cot which perhaps nee ewen to rimake a po state that these commitment what of responsibility, and were enjoy available perhaps t supported the Gov
power. the good name of only a Inatter reflection. They tion whatsoever absolutely nothin 33; 1 T i Ti year holiday and with a vergeance
This is why it is 5 ha me to see the Sri Linkä once mediocrities to te abroad. Why eve third class lateri: first class laterial

olour and the re used consisillergy and people.
tamt falt which mbered, is that al and political 50's affected the
to SE exte intus and achieve
StTutu Te5 i Ti ial life continue Lanka aywa iting ge.
וafTוagair:ltrחla college of Lanka,
ns. a broad
tragic when one mber of poor i Lanka has sent road a country wil in the World r, a country which 35 Gof ble Img:
rational institLich has produced .ional administra:d Ten - who are crities but who to the good na Te
e stories of how mka Amba55ador tal tham weritical. her Sordi di Storie5 d mot be rec::1 led
dint. Suffice to לוח n had טווח
SO2, 10 SE2 132
no answerability ing the rewards o thOSC. WHO had "ernment it that To most of thern the country was for Tomentary have no concepof the job, and g to lo S2, for it B2 e2 r", bu [I a1 fiw 2 — they enjoyed it
perhaps a crying Ggverr Tent of again nominate Present Sri Lanka ir should w 2 tak 2 l when we hawe available, Except
for a few of the appointments, the others are all political handouts which are being made at the expense of the country and the people.
Perhaps this situation has been brought about by the quality of our foreign service itself. There are many "foreigners' in the service who not only by their ineptitude but also by their mental make-up are totally unsuited for representational duties,
Let us use the able The we hawe for what is un doubtedly cu r most important task at hand - the realisation of the development goals we hawe set for ourselv cs through the efficient implementation of our foreign policy.
Let me draw attention to two factors :-
I. That the Government should Tallis the med to hawa Ten of ability and men who hawe prowed themselves in public Service to represent Lus, and
2. That we draw attention to the need to do away with the systern of political pay-offs at the expense of the country.
How som the UNP has forgotten that contemptuous act of the last administration, when as a care-taker Gower T1 ent it chose to appoint two party cronies as Ambassadors, wasting thousands in foreign exchange? It was thought that the UNP would change. It is still hoped that what was once said of the Franch Bourbons would not be said of the UNP once again, that they learned nothing and forgot nothing!!
Ratna siri Wije singhe.
No forum
Wa hawe no place to air our grievances aga Inst the ris Ing Cost of In 155 circulating newspapers in our country.
Farizacilli Lura. W. K. Wijeratna

Page 5
| News background
UN P’s 2nd year
Policies and
GFack to the land" was a di5 cardCd slogan of the old UNP.... giving back the
and to the old owners seem to be the policy of the new UNP', a high-ranking LSSP'er told the L. G. He was commen ting om the news of the week, the free land distribution exercise to Tark the
Second an ni w carsary of the gover
5.
Mrs. Bandaranai ke made much this same point at the SLFP's very well — at Lended Kuru negala rally, I her own electorate ECU 300 a Te5 had been returned to the former Owners she said.
''This free and distribution is the kind of propaganda at which the UNP excels,' the LSSP spokesman added. "But there were other events to mark the occasion too", he remarked. He pointed to the Food stamps
scheme which he described as another step in the UNP policy
of completely abandoning the food subsidy systeril. "
“A --f155t Elt and basic
demand of the World Bank and the IMF will thus be fulfilled, and that itself is a part, an important part, of the governTent's economic strategy which was made up of devaluation, import liberalisation, invitation to foreign capital massive foreign loans, Crippling the state ventures
encouraging Private enterprise and so om".
Another "yen" he obserwed was the 'draconian law' passed the same Week. "On the Cong H2nd we hawe headlines con cinc
Page about the Un démocratic and Carbarous laws and regulations of
the previous regime.... on the other hand, we see another report in the same newspaper which tells us that these - |la"5 ha'ye been re-introduced ...... The ghost
political
of Satan Felix ha un ting the U
Q. "Are you these Tre piece Arнd If so, пге 'n sweeping ratig
A. "It is a
o Tic policy ar CC reg Li-T i H: tional changes, new political st cessos. At th, second year, th Pattern arę cl change to the pi the Centralisatio the executive the term of
until 1984 so
executive will E the elections a
the P.R. systs cut-off point c CWO-party
guaranteeing th; get a 2/3 maj titlu Liora | .והחב
labour laws, th and now the o made normal year period
of the process,
Q: ''It medո5 with the political
A. "" (Of cor 5 about its dem but that's just tion...... To t would deny, at that this is enterprisa, 1.
... and given position and the that is the cor socialism, they has failed...... 5 Please the Peop 5 νε τα η capita their polities 5
Canı sisterit; Farid policies of the Qd UNIP,

processes
seems to be N|P !'" He 5:i.
SL gesting that sa
5 of a pattern
yQL mot indulgfrig
in disations '
question of ecom
id the integral as with constitulegal changes,
:ructures and proe ed of the e outlines of the carer - from the "esidential system, n of authority in he extension of
the presidency
Lihat the chief 352 i 1. Caffi: 'White; "e held in 1983, sm with a high :onsolidating the system But at no party will
ority, the cons: F1 diments, th: a university act,
ld emergency laws aw for a three a II this is part
definite break
past?"
e the UNP talks 3 tratic socialism , for mass Consumpking UN Poer, 2ast in private, fL ||-blooded fraa 2 an ing capitalism their ideological ir geri Eral beliefs, rect approach
tell III i Erruselweg, o let's try to ble with the other lis IT that is why 2 e i much Tigre thorough than the SLFP or eye the
""COf course, what we hawe to understand is that in an underdeveloped country like ours, a
party such as the UNP, with its own ideological outlook, has no other option".
Q. "Do you see d model......?"
A. "When a leading editor almost loses his job for publishing an article written by some foreign journalist slightly sarcastic 3 baut Mr. Lee Kuan Yew, them the nodel looks obvious ....."
Q. ''Wict of future trends 2"
A. "We hawa locked ourselyes firmly into the international eco
nonic system, that is Iternational capital ....The way things mowe in that System , rec:55ion, depression etc. ... will influence our economic life and therefore our politics......"
Drugs business
AE dangerous drugs banned in the US and UK being sold in this country? With import liberalisation al| 55 rts of drugs in was quantities are re-entering the market. It is a well-documented fact that the big pharmaceutical corporations are dumpin useless drugs on the Third World. This is simply a money-grabbing exercise of the MNC's. What is criminal however is that drugs found to be dan gerous Fm the countries of manufacture are sold to the poor est of the Poor.
By high-press turc sales promotion (advertising, and detailmen) and by co-opting conscienceless private medical practitioners in the countries of the Third World, the MNC's are not only plundering the poor but causing inclculable .ווןarוf
A sign of the times is the 'editorial" from a journal called "The Sri Lanka Family Doctor"
( Ċ II riri l-Fidi ta' Praga: r r)

Page 6
FDB : No more
M. Felix Cas Bandaranaike, ex-Minister of Justice and the author of a multitude of laws, both famous and infamau5, has consulted three SLFP lawyers to ascertain whether his political rights as a member of the SLFP have been a bridged, suspended or robbed by the party's new Constitution!
'The Felix Papers", which reached the Lanka Guardian last Week, reveals an extraordinary turn of event 5 in the con
tinuing crisis of the SLFP.
Has the party leader, Mrs. Sirima Bandaranaike MP, lost confidence in her former Mihi 5
ter of Justice, Public Administration, Home Affairs and Local Government, Finance, de facto Foreign Minister, multiple-Purpose kan and Pr. Fixik FDB himself thinks so although he is still the only SLFP'er who gan address the Leader "My dear Sirima" (one of the letters in the Felix Papers).
The question is : Can Felix register himself a member of the party in the Gampaha District and thus come on the "party's list at a future election. Ewen if the answer is "yes". FDB says he does not want to change his residence from Colom Boo 5,
just as much as he did not change his religion. The actual words he uses in explanation are : "'I don't want to fake residen Ce just as I didn't fake my religious beliefs".
According to FDB, Mrs. Bandara naike told the Weke (Dompe) Bala Mandalaya members that 'my interpretation of the new party constitution was Wrong
L 5 CD ""ECT Lihat | am
disqualified by non-residence".
But "the Felix Papers' include a photocopy of a front page of the SLFP paper “ “DINA KARA" which reports Mrs. Bandaranalike as saying "SLFP offices should be filled with people from
Darripe Fa,
Willage Branches parachutists".
FDB objects pejorative term He thinks that "drop the pilot" imply that he (F chutist bocause it in 1960 dropped chute om the C Where ha made si Point land ing that F the seat But t Finance at the am no parachut: deeply wounded Nor is he ready appellation of because his on elongation was Dias Bandaranaike
A far more arise5 frg FDE"5 Though he addres to three SLFP Played a key r the new party co Mr. Nihal Jayawi Secretary) has su te re Foly. In an first question (c. Jayawick rema stat
"In my opinion Citu tion dog: 5 rnr the continuance o ship by virtue of at Party headquart Pre Wi CLG Constituti
 

SLFP rights?
3 or ! TFro
- no place for
strongly to the "parachutist'. t Mrs. B. can but should not DB) was a parawas Mrs. B. who him with a paraDom Pe electorata Jch a perfect piniē not only bagged le portfolio of age of 29. '비 st", says Felix, by the slight, to accept the "long jumper' ly lapse into frarn Das to
ieriu 5
legal
q LJ (25 tion queries. ised his inquiry lawyers (two ole in drafting Institution) only ckrama (his exbmitted a writ
syv er to FDB's ut of 6), Mr. E5 :
the new Consot contemplate f his memberhi5 registration ers Lundgor the
''
If this interpretation is cortect, hawe al SLFP members lost their membership rights?
If so, FDB can well ask, is there an SLFP under the law.
Mr. Jayawickrema also says that the new constitution cannot be armended until the ins
titutions contemplated by it have been established. The 'transitional arrangements' gave all power to the party president. That arrangement was for 9 Torth 5- i, e. August.
FDB's circular to the Dompe Organizers states:
'After a discussion at which several Weke Bala Mandalaya slernbers Look Part, Mrs.
Bandaranaike, replying, made the following points:-
"... My interpretation new Party Constitution Wrong. It is incorrect am disqualified by
"2. Under the new system of proportional representation, thore Walls no a 55 ural CE that a candidate from any electorate, (Dompe or any where else,) would be included in the Gampaha District List of Candidates.
'3. If the new Party Constitution needed amendment, that would be done, but only after the new institutions were set Lp, in torr 15 of L.
"... The Party re-organisation had to be completed by August 1979, and if there was no-one to undertake the task, she would send a team from Colombo to complete the re-organisation in 24 hours, (as was done at Panadura),
of the
that Ol-resid
"5. She valued my services to the Party highly, and had not lost confidence in me. Although Thy feelings had been hurt, sie hoped I would at the reuest of the people undertake the rC — Organisation."

Page 7
Rosemary,
Sri Lankan success story in A. true American tradition ("Is Bestselling Burgher Beauty Sri Lanka's Answer to Jacqueline Susann – the new Panadura Debate") Ms. Rogers has returned to the native heart for
a short sojourn. The dai lies dutifully hailed our only Dollar mi II icon qire55. Thoit Sunday sisters swarmed about her with
starryeyed awe. The FTZ bosses waited with bated breath for a project proposal. No Catty Com
ments, no Girl Guide giggles were heard. The CDN had a page I picture of her. The 'Queen of Porn', as she was
called, was received in the highest circles and showered with compliments everywhere.
The average middle-class male still not wholly dharm is tarized by the Public Philosophy of the New Puritanism, (while being mesmerized at the same time by a mass media already adapting itself to the New Çonsumerism),
has always had access to what the trade calls soft and hard pornography. A sexy magazine
smuggled to him by some friend
abroad or furtive purchases in a back-street bookshop keep secret fantasies a flame. Ard
Porn and
those who Carl Tot Savage Love' (i Crowd Pleasers' their daily dose
some of them great Buddhist ré
A Thilor de going on in tl HE AXA LOIIlić caloa padre proté on the grounds ous nudity. (Sei thought that Až who believed and goes about
Back came ang won activisits wrote that WOT
sorious TOYeller' tical, social and
cement of Wort testis aga in S L Sex women are d
objects. . . . . . . . a call of predator
As man's pow the female decli jes according shift to pre-his periods where chased capture C gorilla-like mal the lium t, and
a daily dose of
 

the
afford * oS Weet 37.50) or The * (45-) сап get:
in newspapers, ounded by Our wiwalists.
bate has been ng SUN about strip. A Batti
I sted about AXA. of her scandala below). He XA was a "girl in women's Lib fully unclothed. ry protests from ord of whom el's Lib Was a It for "the polieconomic adwanen . . . . that PTClist comics where epicted as sex the beck and IIlales.'
to, do min alte ines, male fanta S
to sociologists, oric or futuristic rude W. 3 I and tamed by es. It is back to AXA obliges With
poses. The poses
New
Culture
cater mainly to three types of fetish legs, breasts and buttocks.
The escapist craze for men from outer space or cave men has an obvious explanation. How
else can naked women be openly Hur Led || k ce a imals Without the police stepping in
The Amazonian AXA, hoWewert is a "typical female' -- terrified of rats as the July 5 strips show! Wham AXA WolunLBErs Tkill the rat, the hero shouts : "Run Woman, your job is breeding mot fighting."
ls this the shape of things to
core is TW with its third rate, racist sexist program (some of them banned in the US) the
gateway to a new Culture
A mason meets a carpenter
| In:lde the Walls
And you made the roof
True, he paid us both
BILL LI thicTc is al bord
"Beware of dogs'
Antl, for Lis the doors al Te
closed
A. P. G. Sarathchundra Habil. Tiduwa,
"Eu Thr: () () - ELRT"
WE 'RE MEN. AREN'T WEP
FN) - WE "PE ALTAPYTSAT's. WWE NEE THESE WOMEN A5
BREEDERS

Page 8
International news
Congress and ti
by Hector Abhayawardana
ight days have passed while ER: is being Written, since
the resignation of Prime Minister Morarji Desai's Government in India and there is as yet no indication of when and how a new Gowernment of India is to be formed. The Janata Party has been reduced to some 203 member. in a House of 543, following the desertion of former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Charan Singh and his supporters to form a Janata (Secular) Party. The Congress lies divided between the official Congress led by Y. B. Chayan with W5, Tefibers and the Congress (Indira) led by |n dira Gandhi with W. Te1 bers. Neither Jamata (SCICLI lart) which has so Te Wéi members, for the official Congress nor Congress (I) can form a Government of its own. It is also virtually impossible for two o mor of them to combine without generating further individual splits,
Whether it be Janata (Secular)' Congress (I), the bulk if those who decide or are of importance in all these orgnisations are veteran Congressmer. anata allone conTains an im Portant, Perhaps even predominant, non-Congress component wiz, the Jan Sangh which today Constitutes almost 50 per cent of the Janata Parliamentary Party and at all times has played a decisive role with in Janata by reason of its unified (Hindu) communal outlook arid its monolithic discipline. Ja mata also contains an important Contingent of Socialists, many of whom have a Congress past, even if an oppositional cor di 55 cm timt character. But all the rest hawa am extensiwe record of activity as members of the Congress party and hawe figured prominently in State level politics during the post-Independen ce period. Mutual riwa Irie 5, deriving from personal ambitions, conflicting interests etc., have
É.
brought about II Compatibi ili ties ar organisational sepal may detach them organisation and selves to anothe time in the purs Other advantage, organisations can il5 unith in kable.
If it is the the Congress mutual rivalries individual Congre: it impossible, o difficult, to form IT ent in India, t why some other does not make u: or paralysis of t Set up its Goy ans War to this q though India is
democracy perm -Party system, pa India has been
monopoly of the
un til it w35 t combination of . the General Elg There were other the Congress Pa this period. Ind other parties besi National Congress
struggle for freed
ru:, But the C party that was Mahatma Gandhi
the li rTnited mor— that he led and British imperialism,
was also the pa Nehru and lesser carefully fashioned of the Indian st British transfered hands. It was
party, led by re. the business a classes and schi experience in the Tobilisation and But it was a part

he new crisis
rreconcilable in1d 1e C2,55 İtated - tiori. Irid iwid LI als sewes from one attach the T1r. fr. Til tir The to uit of Career Qr But that these be compounded
isintegration of Party and the and in trigues of gism en that make at a F1 y ra te a stable Gowere question a rises political party se of the dis array he Congress to
EEL TH uestion is that, a parliamentary itting a multi litical power in yery much a Congress Party disrupted by a ircII 15 E31-25 üt ti F 7. parties besides throughout :ed, there were ides the Indian even during the om fram British Ingress was the
fashioned by for contain ing violent struggle
directed against The Congress rty that Pandit national cadr's to take charge tät. Wh3 m n. it to Indiam a parliamentary E5 ett We5 of ld professional 20 led by long art of political manipulation. y that brooked
Mr. Chiara Singh was appointed Prime Minister by the President list week and took his oaths on July 28 - it few days after this
Article w:1 -- Frittieni.
no challenge to its complete
control of the Indları stilte.
This is not to say that there were constitutional or legal restriction; on Indian parliamentary democracy that made it i Tnpo 55 i ble to set up political Partles to fight the Congress at elections, When Jayaprakash
Narayan led the Socialists out fo the Congress in 1947 and instituted the Socialist Party of India his intention was to challenge the Congress party's monopoly of Power from the Left. Shyampresad Mukherjee, prompted by the RSS hierarchy, cast off the openly communal cloak of the Hindu Maha Sabha for the disguise of Jan Sangh in order to challenge the Congress from the Right. Somewhat later, exasperated by the Socialist demagogy of Nehru and the expanding role of state in the economy through the five -year plans, M. R. Masani launched the Swatan tra Party from a Platform of free and un Tas tricted private enterprise as a secular challenge to the Congress from the Right. There was also the challenge proffered by the ComTunist Party These challengers were able to make headway here
of there in the Stat:25. But om the scale of the Union of India, While the Congress party conCrived to retain its basic organisational integrity, there was ng real threat to its monopoly of power.
This position contrasts with he relationship of general confrontation between the Congress and

Page 9
Left and Right wing opposition partics in the States of India. For so the tire the Govern Ilents
in all States were constituted by the Congress Party. But in the year 1975 a Communist Party Government was set up in Kerala, followed by a United Front Government in West Bengal. Other non-Congress parties, some of them regional in character like ho Gara Lantra Pari5 had of Crissa or the DMK of Tani || Nad or the Akal i Dal of Punjab, succeded in setting up State Governments for time to time. At the General Elections of 1976 the Congress was defeated by a coalition of both Right and Left Opposition parties and nonCongress Governments were Sct up in several States. But at the centre the Congress still enjoyed a Safe majority of 40 un til Morarji
Desai led a revolt of Congress Stato bosses against the Indita Gandhi leadership in New Delhi
and crossed over to the Oppositio H1 in Parliament with 55 members. The Congress Party was reduced
to a minority in Parliament but contriyed to survive with the support of smaller parties, put through radical measures like
Bank Nationalisation and abolition of privy purses of the Princes and returned to power with a greatly enhanced majority at the election of early 197,
Indira. Gandhi wn 5 a ble to restore the monopoly of the Congress Party by appealing directly to the radical urges of the masses of People. It was, however, a mere tactical device as far as she was concerned. She generated hopes of liberation from poverty (''Garibi Hatao' was her election slogan) and set out subsequently to stifle those hopes by a declaration of "Emergency' in early 1975. The radical urges of the T35ses were not so The form of Political per versity. They sprang from their increasing misery, despite four Five-year Plans, and the obvious signs of a general crisis of the Indian economy, This economy had begun to stagnate from the early nineteen -sixties. The index of annual growth of industrial production averaged 3 mere 7 percent between G5I and 1955, slumped to
3.5 per cent in and howered at le between 1970-19 productivity had in the large ho in the mergence Tural bollurge ofisi 2 per cent of wil Had lc 55 tha|| || more than 50 PE people li wed be| |in 3.
The powerful geoisie not only to the deliwarar and oppression c thig willages, E accumulation of ower credit and stituted a brake ment of argiculti, bastion of the class and caste India it was als of the wast : Congress Party. bourgeoisie, whic cities and consti element in the Country as a needed the e: market through cultural producti areas. The|s. Congress Party effected a cea wa Government in the State Gower in the ser wice of Since New Delh Telease tha rur the stranglehold 35 t5, it Wa 5 25: the power of t some Curta ilmer if a way out of economy was cc
| rn dira Gandhi, Mimi|start, Thade need of industria to institute ht of power, BL, RLule did not, not seek to br hold of the " rural economy impact on the itself. The EThe the people of hostility to he her Gowermor yacuum in this: in the country,

99 and 1970 s than 4 percent 5. Agricultural increased greatly dings, resulting of a powerful But over 44 age households cre of land and r cent of village ow the poverty
new rural bourblocked the road ce from hunger f the majority in ut through its and and control marketing conon the developre itself. A5 the whole system of חו חסpre55fםם the foundation tructure of the But the industrial h dominated the tuted the unifying economy of the whole, urgently xpansion of the extension of agrivity in the rural Hi cold ower the at the Centre ge between the New Delhi and "ment which were “kulak' in Cerests. I was Lima ble to al economy from of "kulak' interentia o restrict hese interests by t of democracy the Crisi5 of the
be found.
as Congress Prime Clever Lu 5e of this monopoly capital r own monopoly t her Emergency and indeed could tak the stranglekulak" oyer the and made little C: COTO i "is is rgency only drove India into b| Lter , her party and t and created a tructure of power The Janata Party
was a pathetic attempt to scramble together a political party out of 5e weral diwergent and ewen mutually antagonistic political forces to step in to this vacuum. It was hoped that the winning of state power at the elections would iron out conflicts and disagreements and eventually produce a viable political party. But Jayaprakash Narayan and a curious assortmen of do-gooders, dreamers and careerists were merely being na iwe in promoting thi 5 experi. ment. They paid no heed at all to the deep crisis of the economy that underlay the crisis of the political process and the burden of class and caste oppression that was making life in the villages difficult to endure for the overwhelming majority of their people.
If the Congress Government of ln dira Gandhi clamposed the dictatorship of industrial monopoly capital over the state, reducing the rural bourgeoisie to a posi
tion of junior partner in the administration, the Janata Party by freeing the State from di c
Catorship sought to re-establish a
division of spheres of influence between industrial and agrarian capital on the basis of the demarcation of Centre and State Interest5 But the attempt to bring this about only led to internal Crisi5 with in the Jana ta Party and has resulted in the
break-up of the Party and the collapse of its Government. The real representatiyes of the "kulak' bourgeoisie, viz. Charan Singh and his lieutenants of the former
BILD, hawe walked out of the Janata Party and pitched their camp om 'secular" territory
which different Congress leaderships hawe long made familiar in India. The Janata (S) Party seeks to Engage in a damagogc appeal to all forces which hawe grievances against the tyranny of monopoly capital and the upper castes. But it makes no attempt at all to address itself to the basic crisis of economy and its reflection in the power structure. In that sense, it will re-enact the tragedy of the Janata party from which it split and is certain to do so
CJF f frTitled ar Page IJ)

Page 10
After Nicaragua, what
hen the dictatorship starts
to totter the dictator is the first to flee to safety. Holding on to power as tenaciousy as Wan Thieu, Somoza stayed longer than the Shah. But even in his heavily fortified "bum ket", the ew ident symbol of the growing isolation of his regime at home and abroad, Soloza was seized a fortnight ago by a sense of insecurity. In a characteristic gesture he had his Nitorial Guard collanders declara their loyalty to him on the Nicaraguan radio. "We are with you Chief", they all said, one by one. Now the Chief is not with them. He is in the U.S.
Somoza is gone. The clique of corrupt men who shared the rewards of a dynastic dictatorship installed and sustained by the US, the bankers and the businessmen, the generals who ordered air-strikes on town 5 and villages, the policemen who ran the torture chambers, will be surn mored soon to pay the price of tyranny, perhaps the summary justice of a people too long plundered and oppressed.
Spearheaded by the Sandinista guerrillas, the combined Opposition struggle to cust the dynastic dictătorship of Generaro Somoza approached its climax in June.
was left with few options. In the 1950's, the US marines would hawe intor we med con a pretext as clums ily contrived as that which justified the invasion of the Dominican Republic. In the 60's the interwention would have been more covert, generally through the US-sponsored OAS. But it. Is a sign of the dec|lle of US dom i maç: in the area that eyen the COAS recently refused to back a proposal by Mr. Wance for a Pica cc-keeping force,
Washington
Though the US found itself completely outvoted at the OAS meeting and even Brazil cut off relations with Nicaragua, the possibility of US intervertion could not be entirely ruled out. The Nicaraguan 5itu 3 tion s
paralleled in neighbouring El Salvador and Guatemala although
8
the conflict has critical intensity in Nicaragua.
There is a in the US tha: || must prove that weak or helpless, in Iram was a de the American ps
Could the US in Nicaragua?
Political
In a broad anal; political situatior nessy, Latin Arier of the FT, wrot
"Since 1932 Concentrated mot Four te en Familie: only one, the S Anastasio Somoz; Wa5. hi5 brother" Li also Anastasio, be directly when th Presider cy, or i norm1ir1 el 25; Wwh gr t Somoza 5 ha'we ha , iron grip for ne Aastasio Sao Titoz: installed as head Guard which wa the U.S. Army occupation. He control of one established politi Liberals.
"During its rule has built up a " eimpire based on | and a share in alsT tial enterprise including Mamen |int and Lanica,
THE Saldrig til tion Front (FSLN strategic offensiy half of last ye frequent and fat revolutionary ring Arties ital as I d the the FSLN in offensi y2 to Cici of the las 5 es. F. early last year publisher and I Pedro Joaquin Nicaraguan peo Spontaneo S di ra
backg

next 2
mot. Tached the of the struggle
gro Wing opinion hic Administration
Amirica is not . The rowolution a stating blow to успе.
"teach a le 55 on"
"ՃւInd
sis of the internal l. Hugh O'shaugica correspondent
he power has been in the hards of s but in those of comozas. General is President as is and his father, fgre III. Ether ey occupied the directly through hey did not, the | Nicaragua in an arly five decades, I the e de was
of the National s established by at the end of its subsequently took of the two long cal parties, the
the family dynasty ery big business arge land holdings ost Every Substanin the Country ic, the shipping
ch : airlile.""
National Libera) has been on the e sir Ce Tha latter ar. Avoiding the 3 | error of חה וזוy Worments in Latin
"Third World" hed its military de with the Toad lowing the Turder of the rodena 12wspaper editor
Charlorio the ple engaged in It action and mass
struggle, the zenith of which was the nation-wide popular insurrection of September (L. G. September 15th 1978.) The insurrection was sparked off by the FSLN's spectacular occupation of the Nicaraguan National Assembly - a completely successful operation the choreography of which ensures its place as a classic in the annals of guerrilla warfare. The mass upsurge was not completely anticipated by the Sandinista though they did not fail to play the role of armed spearhead which devolved
on them. Using superior fire'- power, including artillery, tanks and airstrikes against civilian
targets Somoza managed to quel the Insurrection, kIlling over 20, 000 people. The Amnesty International report of June 1979 estimates that around 30, 000 people hawe died in Nicaragua in the past one year.
At time Agence France
Presse reported that U.S. citizens, Cuban and South Wietnamese exiles resident in USA fought 3.5 mercenaries alongside Somoza's National Guard.
In a classic example of the working of the dialectic, Somoza’s temporary military victory ensures his political defeat. The ferocity of his repressive action isolated him completely in the local arena with the National Guard his only source
the
of internal support. He was also isolated politically from his пeighbour5. || п. the region whose perception of their national self interests have led ther to sewer ties with Somoza. Public: Opinio"),
both within the US and globally precluded any overt American support for their grotesque offspring (L. G. Oct. 15th 1978)
In September, th FSLs. combatants made a strategic withdrawal from the smouldering t:0. Wrth 5 - into the mountain 5 and jungles, their ranks swollen by young sters eSCaping Sonoza's genocide. In their "liberated zones' the FSLN learned aid trained readying for combat. With Somoza's political isolation at its maximum, his power base at its mar rowest, h Lih:3 liberal bourgeoisieםiייו paralysed, and objective subjective L0HHLLLLHHL 0L LLLLLS LLLHHL00L S HHHHLLLLLLLS the 35zırlı dili5 tı5, 10 turned.

Page 11
Yugoslavia's spec
by Mervyn de Silva
he non-aligned conference is
the politicised voice of the Third World. The West realises that the greater cohesion of this group and its consolidation, the graver the threat to Western interests, The West is also conscious of another fact. NATO has no chieftain but Wè all know
who it is. The Warsaw Pact has no Bosses but there's no doubt about the identity either. In
that sonse, the non-aligned have "leader" for chairmanship has gone from country to country to country every three years or so. Yet, every movement has active and dynamic members, and many who are not very emergesic; members who carry influence and weight within the movement and those who don't. Pradoxically, a loose organisation which is not too institutionalized, without too many rigid rules, allows the more active and articulate to assert themselves. The position of chairman obviously offers such possibilities.
It is in this light of such awareness that the West's post-73 general manoeuvres vis-a-vis the Third World, and its particular concerns in the pre-Havana period should be understood. To obscure issues, to divert and dissipare Third World energies, to demorali se the group and sow discord through propaganda and to di wide its ranks were all elements in the West's broad strategy. To make Cuba its special target was
its main preoccupation at the ITOTETT.
Yugoslavia's considerable and
steady influence within the group was based not only on its pione eering role. If Nehru fathered the inspirational idea, Yugoslavia becaf The the ideological guru of the movement, and the durable Tito, its father-figure,
Using the Marxist methodology and idiom so familiar to its leadership and its intellectuals, Yugoslavia quietly built up (and
this is a singular which grcat credi may ba called a non-alignment, a principles, and t interpretation an given situations. not merely a fi ble the ackrio 'w le.
What was not the 90's but under the pres:
today is the dist the 5e thico Te LiCl i
the LLal Con ter awn foreign poli
Yugoslavia's o' influenced by an (geography) and frontation with St the Yugoslav lea the latter as th: of national Pol
So sопле поп-. could interpret II l'equidistance" f blocs but Yug: practical pursuit te iw c2d inter"CSIS, 5 hara elven this. tiom beca Luis 2 i obossiye CI CET itself from Mos alysts describe t anti-Sowic List in eign policy but 5 trong a term.
to note howev which China's
anti-Sovietism h; a confluence, an of interests. Wit -aligned nation branded as t renegade and r practice, China' and Yugoslavia": lent have mo" vergence especi: chosen role tod -ally" of the U
*“After Tito, Yy|| in journalistic g| ärd och cision o'' economic future

:ial practice
achievement for t is due) what "a theory' of ser of basic heit + "correct" application in Yugoslavia was bunder member !ged theorist,
so apparent in became wident 5ure of even t5 inctiol between formulations and it of Yugoslavia's
су.
wn policy was
axiomatic factor Es historic Conalin. Since 1948, Hership has seen a major premise fсу.
ligned spokes men non-alignment as rom the power slawia, in the of its own perCould not in fact narrow interpret5 concil its was to ''distance' W. Some inh is as an in bu ||t. Yugoslavia's forthis may be too It is interests ting 2r the way in openly virulent is gradually led to objective link-up, h a leading non which China e fir 5 Marxist wi5ionis E., And i r. ; "" world yiew" own non-aligned to wards Con|ly after China's y as the " "quasi
and the West.
at' is no cxercise bne55, The unity
the republic, its (unlike the other
socialist economies, Yugoslavia has not stood up too well to the external pressures generated by the post-73 crisis of the marketeconomies), the complexion of of post-Tito leadership and its effect on foreign policy and regional relations are all serious questions. These are the anxieties which account for the nervous urgency in Yugoslavia's backstage diplomatic activity today,
Two issues exposed the difference or gap between precept and practice, thus revealing the hidden essence of Yugoslav foreign policy:
(a) Yugoslavia will not support the recognition of the Hem Samrin government because Wietnamese forces are still present in Kampuchea. The principles involved TE "non-interference" and "territorial integrity.' Though so the observers raised the oid issue of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, which may be long 'forgotten' history, it is argued that here two non-aligned nations are involved. But there was the immediately close Parallel of Tanzania and Uganda, a parallel made closer still because both cases involved a genocidal and universally hated dictator, Pol Pot and |di Armin. Where was the concern for principles there? Was it not that Yugoslawia saw in the Asian Situation a chance to attack what it saw as a Sowict interest which was absent in the African instance
(b) Yugoslavia has always regarded the Palesterian issue as the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Now the Arab League has expelled Egypt for betraying the Palestinians, the PLO and the other Arabs by signing a treaty with Israel under the aegis of a superpower, in essence a multilateral arrangement with military implications. Ju 5 t before the Colombo meeting Tito made a special trip to West Asia as part of his effort to dissuade the Arabs from demanding the 'suspension' of Egypt. Again, the
(CorrirIed o Page II)

Page 12
Non-alignment (3)
Havana : real
by A. W. Singham
ha US has found itself in a
major conflict with a very small nation in World politics, namely, Cuba. The United States finds Cuba's policy in Africa and the non-aligned movement antithetical to its own interests. It is not accidental that the United States, West Germany, and China have all called for Cuba's expulsion from the non-aligned movement. The grounds for their calling for Cuba's expulsion was based on a new criterion of membership that the non-aligned movement itself has never accepted. In other words, the West is now argu ing that since Cuba is a MarxistLeninist state and Is ideologically close to the Soviet Union it does not deser we to be a member of the non-aligned movement. This indeed is a very erroneous reading of the nature of the non-aligned movement. It should also be Temembered Lihat if the United States pursues this argument to
its logical conclusion then those non-aligned states that are the most pro-American, like Saudi
A Tabia, Zairce, and SC Talia, would also face the possibility of expulsion. This would indeed mean the destruction of the movement as a whole.
There is another factor that is often overlooked about Cuba's role in the non-aligned movement. Cuba, it must be remembered, is in the final analysis, a Caribbean nation. The Caribbean was the first modern society established in the New World. It was created with fragments from Europe, Asia and most importantly Africa. In a sociological sense, it would be argued that the Caribbean was the
first international society in the New World. This sociological characteristic gives nations like Cuba and Jafna ica a distinct
advantage in World politics. It is therefore no accident that in many international gatherings, Caribbean countrics often assume leadership positions primarily because they seem to be confortable with the
O
challen
whole range of the which they are to in their ow countres like CLI Guyana, continue world politics on understand thern satellites of the
Systern but as i trying to work of in the labyrinth o
Indeed, it is thi World political c Seems to hawe col U.S. foreign policy their incapacity to nations and peo 2. Li tion o TI OLI5 Wie W5 that even those w people are cap independent U.S it would seem, is errone2 QL5 assum the more impor the assumption entrance of the Africa, and Latin the political world
do not hawe thi deal with the comi politics. Such an
to recognise the f the peoples of til hawe had a long dealing with the ni and the world sy As a result of the colonialism, many c hawe developed a w understanding of They thus view th attempt to lecture politics as an ac such an arrogan ill grounded for t the United State: a very new natio of world politics. the fact that the hawe often assum cause a nation is po of being accepted of nations as an ec of these countries that just beca "economically bac||

ge from outside
world's cultures uite accustomed societies. As ba, Jamaica, and to participate in must begin to not merely as existing World dividual nations It their destinics world politics.
; very aspect of evelopment that stantly confused makers, na Tnely,
understand that les do develop of the world and who are a subject able of being ... foreign policy, ; based on sole
ptions. Cne of tant of these fis Lihat the la Le
nations of Asia, America, into means that they experience to lexities of World assumption fails act that many of Third World and prolonged tions of Europe 'stem generally, 5 Luigin5| if these peoples ery sophisticated world politics. e United States' : then on World t of arrogance: ze they deem ley conceive of itself as being in the realm They also resent "Western nations !d that just beor it is incapable into the family |ual unit. Many hawe objected se they are wa Tid" dÇgs tot
make them sociologically, racially, or intellectually inferior.
For the non-aligned peoples, the attitude of the West, and particularly of the United States,
towards them appears to be blatantly racist. It is precisely for these reasons that a normally
moderate leader like Julius Nyerere should become outraged at the Suggestion of Eastern nations as to how Africans should handle the issue of foreign domination. As he stated: "We all know the facts of power in the World. But we cannot all be expected to accept without question this new insult to Africa and to Africans. We may be weak, but we are human, We do know when we are being
deliberately provoked a Tid insulted."
It is of course tragic that a
major power of the stature of the United States should adopt such a hostile attitude towards the nonaligned movement which, in the
final analysis, represents nothing but the "poor and wretched of the earth.' It is becoming
increasingly popular in these days of crude power politics to make the wictims (the poor) responsible for the current world Crisis. Cm another historical occasion, a similar group of people were chosen by a powerful nation to be blamed for the crisis of the world. For it was the poor and oppressed Jewish people in the ghettoes of Europe who were blamed by the fascists for the crisis of Western Civilisation who then proceeded to engage in one of the most da stardy acts of modern history, namely that of at tempting to eli Tiinate the Jews. There is a tendency, especially in times of acute social crisis, to look for scapegoats in history, and what better candidate is there in the twentieth century than the "poor
and oppressed of the world'? The non-aligned movement, in the final analysis, is a mere collection of small, poor, Third World nations

Page 13
who are seeking to find an answer to the twin issues of the twentieth century, namely that of war and of poverty. They call for disama ment and the creation of a new international economic ordet.
The world order sees to be gradually changing from the post World War II period. Most of the assumptions of the cold war period seem no longer relevant. The world is seeing the emergence of new centres of economic power, especially West Germany and Japan who are seriously challenging the United States for Third World markets, China appears to have disassociated itself from the socialist camp and is identifying itself with the West. France which has been dormant appears to be exerting its influence as a world power. In addition Britain and Canada have elected conservative
gowernments who appear L0 bl a junior partners in the growing world capitalist camp. Thus the
NA movement faces a growing challenge from these "new powers' who hawe strong links with the old enemics of non-alignment. Israel and South Africa, Thus in Hawa na the real challenge to the unity of the movement will Come from without the movement and Tot from with im 5 others hawe predicted.
Congress . . .
{corri'r ffers fra F7 Page 7)
much more swiftly than its prede
C.S.C. There is little that
Charan Singh can give India in the form of a stable government.
With both the Congress (Swaran
Singh) and the Congress () incapacitated by their split, Morarji Desa i cannot be blamed
for the obstinacy with which he holds to the ieadership of the Janata Parliamentary Party and Lihat he be sınırı ned to form the Goverument of the ground that his party is numerically the biggest in the Lok Sabha. The question, however, is not whether Morarji Dasai can or cannot form another Government. It is far more important whether such a Government can make any
difference to the the Indian econon tion in the p Without such an i will ather Mora
Tielt läst?.
Yugoslavia's .
{ιση τίπτει γν
non-aligned bure: or suspend membe ple. However Yu, for Sadat in the and Bureau agri Camp Dawid ACCC resolutions, not aligned resolutic question of the Yugoslaw policy.
As the L.G., Castro wiwi|| mot | tuition in non-ali; ideology of inter The 7th summit Baghdad where t met to expel. Egyp the influence i years from its prewithin the group
Yugoslavia favour "procedures' and In efect will d
of the chairman
But non-aligner. have carefully stud itself (and these La rinka delegation) pressed by the sem and rectitude that
Drugs . . .
( kjifforder: W.
(see cover) which shaITnele55 g lee a te here again Y sector per Titted regardless of price LIn der brand narr
Dr. Sak Bi battle against t} Tacket earned hir respect of the l Her Third Wor
his work to be in the interest economic policy sector (See -
article on Page ||2.

a basic crisis of ny and its reflecolitical process. mpact, how long ji Desai Govern
ரr Pபge ஒ)
Lu Cannot cxpel rs, a Walid princigoslavia's support face of PLO, Arab ement that the irds wiollate5 Jħ :O TE tio " lo -- 15, raises the
true content of
(June 5) noted need any special gnment theories, nationai politics. will be held in he Arab League it. Real is ing that wielded these eminent position may slip away, 5 kinds of ““Te forms" which ilute the powers and the bureau.
Il riam Eers whico i ed Cuba Conduct incluid the Sri hay boom imle ofresponsibility Cuba has shown.
"La 777 Page )
announces with Lihat good times with the private to import drugs, 5, and sell then
25.
bile's pilo neoring is world - wide m che regard and , Ml a mid se wera ld Countrie 5. Ils quietly interred 5 of the new and the private J. Karmati||ekc"s
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Բ1 ,"$ أة حقهم ور

Page 14
Medicine
Pharmaceuticals (2)
The 34 Drug P
by U. Karunatilleke
t was in 1973, that the change began with the implementation of the Bibile-S. A. Wickremasinghe recommendations on drugs, As far as local manufacture was concerned, the newly founded State Pharmaceuticals Corporation took over responsibility for the manufacture and distribution of 34 of the most essential and widely used drugs. This was called the 34 Drug Programme. It had an immediate impact on the local drug industry because their hither to idle production capacity was fully
recommendation produced and c their generic n: the market was of fancy name confused doctors for decade 5. expensive promo these names did I and people wer time a ble to affort facing starvation
All private m not enter this ol same degree of
commissioned, sometimes to the fact, as mentic extent of working additional shifts first conference in producing the essential drugs surface differen needed by the large mass of our reluctance. The ski people. In line with WHO by flying Wic
SS
The Sri Lankan Case
What happens when a Third World nation dares to the gian trans national drug cun panies? In Sri Lanka tlı 23 different kinds of tetracycline and 12 soort 5 of chu lor the local market. But from 1962-7) the government cut thi of drugs fron 4,000 to (3) (WHO says that 80-85% of si hospitals in industrial societies can be treated with products, and that basic health needs can be net with drugs' and 30 "complementary" products)
Then the State Pharmaceutical Corporation began t
But in 1964, when there was a cholera outbreak and ti asked the local subsidiary of in American firm to tetra cycline into capsules for the epidemic victins, the cowith questions about patents, contracts, and technical Sri Lankans finally had to airlift tetricycline capsules at inflated prices. When drug officials asked to have nationalized, the American Anbassador personally in the prime tilinister and healed off nationalization.
Next, the drug trans nationals threatened to boyc Pharmaceutical Corporation. Finally, after the Bandari tration lost the mid-1977 elections private las were a to import drugs. Which Was equivalent to underminin As III, III : L LI Tel.
SSLLLLTL LLTLkHL LLLL S SLLTLCLCLGLLLLLLL LTTTLLTLLS S LSKSS
1교

rogram
these drugs were di 5 tributed under ames. Ower night 5 horn of hundreds 3. which had and patients alike Overnight the tional premia on |ot exist anymore for the first d to bo i II withoLut a5 wa||.
anufacturer 5 did peration with the willingness. In red earlier the brought to the degrees of e5 were darkerheid e-Presidents of
Si Hind up to TIL 'TE TIL limplenicial con : total number :k peoplc is 50-800 drug 99 "Lessen til
."לtbrrיוו ת
El gO Y ET I The
Wert lulk. 1:1 || 51 letl : The
from abroad the company :Ty EINE d hitli
If the Silfe aike adminis3 in ullo yiyed
llit: lilityle
research
multinational bring all the of their trade to local administratives and politicians to enlist them against the proposed
companies trying to PTC) OE || 5 ||kj || 5 bear on the
changes. The most raucous voices were raised against the propos als to emphasize generic names. The same pseudoscientific jargon used in drug promotion was now used C0 tWist Such Concepts as bioavailability to support the use of brand names. They also Sough t to strengthen other superstitions held by the public and he medical profession alike about the investment of the big names in the drug business, When the commotion had died down, and the visi ting vice presidents had departed, it was found that most of the private sector manufacturers were regardless of the fuss manufacturing the large volumes of drugs offered by the Government on the 34 drug: Program mię. Cf course | th true traditions of the private sector, wery few admitted that they were in the Programm e. Privately they got down to producing so much drugs on the tograme that the National Drug Quality Control laboratory which Yis also 5 et up on the BibileWickremasinghe recommendations, fund it difficult to cope up with the volume of local production.

Page 15
From 1973, onwards (Table I)
the local pharmaceutical industry showed a steep growth rate. From a 26 million rupee turnower in 1973 it reached 40.4 million in 1976, remarkable growth of 55%. There are hardly any elements of inflation in this growth because there was riigid price control. There was also no devaluation during this period. Hence the increase represents a true volume growth in local drug output. The growth between 1976 and 1978 however has to be discounted for inflation (removal of price control and devaluation of the rupee). This does not of course apply to the Govt. figures when you consider that most Government tenders are won at competetive prices. They are not affected much by removal of price control except in column 2 where there is a massive c.i.f. increase quite out of proportion to devaluation showing that abolition of price control has resulted in a foreign exchange drain. This is confirmed in the last courTin where again the increase between 1976 and 1978 is out of proportion to de Ya Latif,
Con the basis of this grawth the pharmaceutical industry has been
"In 1950, rey sales of prescrip. cd for about revenue of Ari it: cautical first figure is expect 50%. Most of throught sales Til Tk. E3 | '''N'' solellie3 I r - reali
i 'Some drug together to bec: others hawa diw a rez15 as h 35 pita sport ir gods, still Cothic.rs hai, Y', by lil Tgic ta Ingli 963, for exar Stadtd i United Fruit, and Hersley C entered into th 52 les of drugs"
量
“C) ne disa d': of an Irapp FC 11 fu rico : Pharminaccutical drugi
Curi Iris; ''y fier
able to double its employment companies in pro
potential; in the technical grades the dru in take has been oven higher the far
g needs that awayрго8ресс,
call being for Special Chemistry significant fruits Graduate 5 and graduates in already entered
Pharmacy. It must be pointed out the howewer that these represent to
routine production and quality For Contral and riot research in the cou real sense apart from tropicalization clin
local compar bring the mulary to the ntry's poor, ics, and the
studies. There is still so much to 90% of their ri be done by the local pharпnaceutical been di Scharged
Gowt. (Goyt, Hospitals prts & Clinis kar y L.
s: distri b) Litium
1973 (establishen if
S.P.C.) ՀIl III 15 11
1975 climax, controlls) 3 חם ל I
1978 decant Tol) 5. El
S S0 LC C A SSLLLL LL LLLLL LLLLHHLHaHLCLLLaaLH
TAB
Pitt Sector
II. Its
8.
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נון 15

enues from foreign tion drugs accoun23% of thig total ericar-based phar1s. In 1980, this led to be about
Ellis irħit Tielet li: EL LDC's sine LE: r riħ li L u 5 t iilied I. i Wely saturated"".
藝
firmis ha Ye Jii Imed
me One C'Tan; ersified into such | :զulբment, filed, 1nd interta In Ticht; : been purchased : Te: "L:5 , Sin e riple-, Coca-Cola, Ligget and loc y cris, Foremost Dairies, hçı çalı t:5 h: Ye ılı e production and
蓝 tage is the creation pria, te: cr even f drugs and health. companies "push"
Cali::53: "Wige a Le ii other responses
- ch a 5 bra di 50 al 31 environmental changes-are called for. For example, the ratio of detailmen (drug sales Ten) to dispensers (physicams and pharmacists) is higher in the LDC's than im advanced Economies, and they are often paid more than physicians. Other forms of advertising and promotionaire als C Intonic"
ΕΕ
"Finally the profits are more | ik bly to be used to subsidize cxpensive research on "rich man's diseases" such as cancer, heart disease, and psychological di 5 e 15e, which arc acute only in affluent societies. Research in widespread tropical diseases is neglected".
朝
"A second factor is the ability of the TNF to use its connections in the hortle country to influence the host government depending on the Political and economic influence of the company and the need of the host country for militar y cor e cont: T1 |e assistance ".
- Richard Prutt
Lrisperrf / Hawaii
duction of routine research is still a After all the of Tas arch Haye the Formulary. If liES Cais. Cositis. Le roducts of the sick beds of the to the rural village schools, esponsibility has , because after
LE I
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11 CITIS Til
iII1ports
חח f
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1 . Πι IT וח
all the yery poor constitute 90% of our population.
It is relevant to examine some of the constraints in the local scene. Pharmaceutical plant costs comparatively little. With very small investments in equipment a company can simply double and treble its productive capacity. However in preceeding years, the
( ("") rizin red! I FT *'''FE', 1,5)
Local Lical TE:
Produk- Produc= Drug:
tion for tibt li in r Bill
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38 II 2.3 III 10הח 3. י
75 T וון

Page 16
Cinema
"Hansa Villak”-an
by H. A. Seneviratne
he Sinhala film has begun to
display remarkable potentiality as an art. HansaVilak" (A Swan Lake), the preview of which was held
recently shows such remarkability
as far as the craft of our films is concerned, that its director, Dharma Siri Banda ra ma li ke, will
surely emerge as a film director who has mastered one's craft ir his very first film.
Craft by itself, however, Cannot be the strong point in any work of art. As Tolstoy says, in order to express himself so that all may understand it, the artist "" Thust hawa such mastery of his craft that when walking thinks of the laws of
Totion."
The film Hansa Wilak" cornbining both fantasy and reality, utilizes the diverse techniques of
Photography, editing and Scund mixing in all their complexities so much so that there appears
to be much outward novelty in it. But the “receptive spectator the One Who Can', in the words of Oscar Wilde, 'suppress his own silly views, his own foolish prejudices, his own absurd Ideas Of What arL should be or should not be", is sure ta ask himself whether
|| the 5e in Ericas ie5 Ywe te necessary to deal with the subject matter of the film. He might
even leave the auditorium at the end of the fill not with the impact of the subject matter of the fill but under the stress of the complexity of the techniques used. The form of Hansa Wiak' is overdone to the point of repeating several sequences in toto, with dialogues, for a second time, if an attempt to follow a lazy impressionistic style, 35, it Wertë.
also
||
Not only the form, but the subject matter of the
|4
appears to be new to the Shaa
deals Wiwit t problems of two whose atri Toni been suddenly dis
The extra-marit tionship between wife of Douglas, the husband of suddenly disclosed raiding the hote 'illicit" couple had rary lodging. Th Nissa Tika leaving two children, a daughter. This a Miranda leaving h daughter. Nissank AfB Lr iLEd im apparently, their attachment:5 conti them. Douglas a I meetin each oth text of helping tE owercome the 5. ation of her pa
does not like M her for Tier husb not wis it his
SäFT1in Thi his ch goes to her ultir des paration, only out by Samanthi's NE 55a Inka fa [[s in tio of des pair and m by the real meetings of Doug and also by the being thrown out house that he, understand, in hi kills Miranda (rem popular Sinha lä Malak") and an o escape fra T imi Te fil eħils wi suggestive of his Saintiin thi who ha Til Lir", "Fier" with
"Hans Wilak" i: film to atteTipt to with the psycholo in the language c

opportunity lost
чү апd complex film goer. It he emotional married couples
a bord Filad tupted.
al sexual relaMira da, the and Nissanka, Sarlanti is with the police in which the found tempois results, irn his wife år i d gton and a so rei SL | Is in usband and her a asid Miram dal marriage, but. past emotional nue to hara55 d Mira da start Er on the Pre - heir daughter to hock of se på rrets. Nissanka iran da Tneeting arld He does. former wife ildren; but he mately in sheer to be thrown cel der brother. | Such a state erital imbalance ryהוagirוחd iחa | 15 and Mitarı da fact of Hill cf Saman thi's as far as s imagination, iniscent of the film "Duhu i u ld lady in his аginary ST. | th a seque rice re-unior with d come to talk i Mira fi da.
the first Sihah deaf substantially gy of a character if the film. But
the subject matter of the film is not mere fantasy or hallucinations of a man overridden by emotional stress and mental agony. It traverses both fantasy and reality.
Qn his trips to these realms the director - although he has emerged as an auteur in our contemporary film and not just a craftsman-film maker-appears to hawe lost his way. So will the spectators be, since the separation between fantasy and reality in the
film is not very distinct. It would hawe been acceptable to the spectator if the film was
dealing with mere fantasy or with the subject of the thinness of the separation of fantasy and reality itself or with the subject of fantasy being the basis of reality or wice versa. But it is mot 5. as the story willi indicate. Therefore, it will definitely be difficult for the spectator to achieve much aesthetic pleasure from the cornplexity of the film. It will only retard him from achieving it.
The raw-material utilized for the subject matter of the film also shows some novelty. There are the children rendered helpless by the actions and emotions of the eder5, thë te are also the children playing about quite un cancerned and ignorant of the world
of the elders that is cracking u P, th 2 T2 is the blie weer i God who tries to convince that the
only salvation lies in the belief in Him alone, there is also the police who preach morality. But these elements do not combina in the film to project any coherent Qr new view of the world. UltiTately one is left to conclude simply that happiness lies in the repression of one's sex and c wer love in order to protect the disintegration of the family as it exists in a bourgeois Society. But then these things are not as 5i Tiple as all that.

Page 17
An artist is free, however, to give even a decadent view in a work of art. But it must be convincing; otherwise it fails as a work of art.
In Han sa Wilak", there are also certa in gaps or omissions in credibility that will raise uneasy
questions in the mind of the spectator. The question as to how and why the relationship between Nissanka and Miranda
had developed is the most obvious one. This might not have been an important matter if the film were a total fantasy dealing with the psychology of a man, since in that case there will be a greater degree of willing suspencion of disbelief on that score, from beginning to end. But this is a realistic film with the elenents of a fantasy.
Dharmasi ri Bandaranai ke's “Ha, rhsa Wilak" i 5 boLI n d to r"a1is2 important i 55 Le5 relating to aesthetics and art, which will give the film a place of importance. However, it cannot become a landmark in the history of the Sinha la ciner Tha, in the sam se that “Rekawa” or “Gamperaliya” or to some extent. 'Palangetiyo' were. It looks as if that period has come to an end with the natural development of the film not only in Sri Lanka but the world over. Only landmarks in the higher sense of the term, that is in the sense that a work of árt is something that produces a new experience for the spectator, will remain. "Hansa Vilak' has lost a glorious opportunity, which had come so close at hand, to give a new experience to be a work of art
fim,
that becomes a landmark in the higher sense.
Dharmasiri Bandaranalike has
nevertheless shown such remarkable potentiality if he not merely sees what is new but also observes and thinks deeply about them, ignoring the trifles, he will be 222 ble of making a remarkable film indeed,
"Feferences of quotations in this a ticle
Tie E fallows
"== Is Art and E55 anys on Art, Totte, translated by Ayrtlers Alaude, Crford University Press, 1962 Edition, page E.O. 2: The Works of Oscar Wilde, Co || Ins London & Glasgow, 1952 Print page
5.
The 34 Drug
(Салfinited
bureaucracy had capital investm originally enco Concessions men by Setting Lup w; CoTi Tittelės to 3 quan ta of foreig capital items. W rialists were al severa la khs w fancy industries, tical companies for several year: thousand rupees or equipment. c2 wern where the mittee and Pharr; tions had recor of the items to in Westment com us nearly five y to ob ta ir sanct Spectrophotomet: time replacemen becoming increas much of the pla was becoming ob official on thusias to set up the ind it with concass way to bureaucr discrimination. T
one of the Ministers found change situation
that he decreed c indents allowing be licenced.
We pointed ot concerned that W raw materials fra countries with w had barter agree barter agreem er letters of credit and no foreign involved, so the Tonths credit w; It did not affec foreign exchange bureaucracy how We obtained six So we had to tional sources WF Credit. The prie very much more Socialist countries we had to pay In setting out to exchange crisis W25 quietly aggr

"JJ Pi Page )
effectively stiflad 2nt that was raged by the ioned. This was rious im Westman L. rproye even small In exchange for While some industowed to import orth of plant for the pharmaceuhad to haggle to obtain a few worth of plant, This happened Formulary CornLiceuticals CorporaTended purchase the corresponding mittee. It took 2 ars for instance, on to import a :r. At tha same t of plant was ingly difficult and nt in the industry iolete. The early m which helped lustry and nurture ions, had given "atic apathy and here was a time revicu5 Finale the foreign ex50 precarious inly raw material six months credit
it to the officials e were obtaining m the Socialist hom the country
ments. On such ts only rupee were necessary
exchange was question of six s only academic, : the country's situation. The wer insisted that months credit. DL. Tr 1 tr). COPIWC21 - o Could provide es quoted Were tham frQm the and what Totte, hard currency. solve the foreign the bureaucracy wat ing it. Not
Skylab, the harmless dermon,
"It is a demon in the sky, Pray God to save us all, No Scientist Can tæll us when Or where the scourg may fall.
And in the august Lok Sabha, The aged hystic said, I Cannot telt you what to do, HLIt we will all be dead.
Ignorant folk sill ill they had, They Feasted, sang and danced, For they would hawe their final
fling "Ere death on their advanced.
BLlt we in Lankal had no
qual Ins For We had Arthur Clarke, "Enjoy, relax", he boldly Doll panic in the dark.
said
No single human will be hurt By dictoris that II nally fall, I'll give il lakh to anyone Who's eviç'in scratched at alli.
And now the conjured Hals left us all intact, Let's give the palm to Arthur
Clarke For sigtion ind
IL DIST SITTE
for fact. Mervyn Casie Chetty.
only aggravating it. perpetuating it.
They were
The same thing happened with machiпегy imports. Companies were requested to obtain quotations from countries which offered lines of credit on foreign aid agreements. Such quotations when they arrived, were in variably higher than the prices normally quoted for such items. There hawe been instances where we forwardad to the oficias cancerned Corresponding quotations without strings. Howawer la Lters of credit invariably were approved on the higher price. If the bureaucracy had expended a little more effort at the time in including specific Categories of plant in the existing trade agreements signed with several countries, including our neighbouring India, we would not have burned up our credit so rapidly. At the same tim a wa would have had a solid and stea dily progressing in Westment in capitai goods. Unfortunately New Delhi or Warsaw were perhaps not such exciting places for signing of trade agreements as say, Paris or Bonn or Tokyo. To be continued

Page 18
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FROM MUNCHEE

Page 19
| Religion and polítics
Buddhism and
by Reggie Siriwardena
an glad that my article "Where are the radical Buddhist5? (LG, March I5) seems to have pro Tipted Dr. Kumari Jayawardena to write her four-part article "Monks in revolt" LG, May 15, June 15, July I and 15), sincc i II was explicitly my Purpose to Pro w Coke such discussian in raising tentatively the question whether there has be on a radical tradition in Sri Lankan Buddhism. Dr. Jayawardena has brought to bear on her articles an abundance of historical scholarship to which I cannot pretend, but it seems to me that in these artila, Ehe: eru li tim is Tot Thatched by an Equal i nå lytical rigour.
I don't think that clarity of thinking om this subjcct is helped by L5 ing the word "radical' as a blanket-term to cover everybody from the monks who participated in the nationalist revolts of the 19th century to those who were associated with the LSSP and CP in the '30s and '40s. The compari
LANKA GUARDIAN
Ra'isara rilistriar res.
STLL MLOHHHH S LLLL LLLLaHLL CuuuS
Спе year Six r, Local Rs. 60/- Rs.. 40Asia Rs. 300- R 5. || 50/-
LUS S 20. USS O.
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US 30 LJ3 3 2 Č) 5 O
ChEUE5 and Illey Circles to be
Tia de Dut in a visur f Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. LLLS00 LLLSS S L S SSSS ZSL LLLL LL LLLLL LLLaLLLL (Reclamation R. Card), Colubi II
The Commercial Manager,
son which Dr. J ir her first arti thari illI 11 inates'
"Just as pries as id Thomas I 1u the leaders of p | 4th century E century German: Sri Lanka thig took a promint revolts and te bel in the |9th Ce Ti to British imper
John Ball and not only led their pronounce reflected the e mi || 2 maria E5T , . terms, of ar ir: is there any evic Unna 15 e cor Kut: expressed the ideology of the helped to spur they were imbu møre tham d nht Iss. As Dr. : rises, "the adve had been a m: Buddhist religic fo || into decay 2 British occupatic Buddhist Toll resistedirTiperiali of their own therefore, to be
What has to be the "monks in Jayawardena writ article did mo the peasantry it OWI is rests a feudal aristocrac had been weaken To say that thi closely with the enough. Throug have been figu closely with themsel y es at th in revolt, only transmitting age

radicalism
ayawardena makes :le, coifui 5 e 5 rathet
its || ke John Ball 1 zer Were among e a Sant u Prising In ingland and 16th respectively, in
Buddhist monks !nt part in the lion, that occurred tury in resistance tialism.
Thomas Munitzer Jerasånt u prisings: ments and writings gali tarianism and lothed in religious surgent peasantry. lence that I hagama a ha pola Unna fi se class-outlook and a peasantry they :o revolt, or that ed with anything ionalist consciousayavardena recognt of imperialism 1jor blow to the in, whIch furth gr ind disa rray under on." That Tiit :5 should hawe 5 m in the interests
institutions is : expected.
2 asked is whether * e wollt" whom Dr. ..e5 of in her first re than mobili5 e defence of their ind those of the ty whose position 2d by imperialism, bhikkhus moved peasantry' is not hout history there res who "lowed and even placed e head of Thaises to serva a; the ncy of the fideo
logy of other and more privileged classes,
Of 848 we do know that it brought into action broadr strata of the peasantry, and (as Dr. Jayawardena says) was led in the Kandyan regions by low-country adventurers' of the emerging middle class. But, as far as the question of religious radicalism is
concerned, is there any proof that the 1343 rebellion gawe expression to any egalitarian or
socially radical ideology an ideology of non-feudal and non-bourgeois classes - in the language of religion? If the te was such e widence, I presu The Dr. Jayawardena would hawe cited it.
When we come to the nationalist and Buddhist raw iwal of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the question of its class character becomes crucial in deciding whether it can be called "radical'. If may return to the European analogy, Dr. Jayawardena will be: aware that in the period of the rise of the bourgeoisie in western Europe, the ideology of mercantile capitalism was expressed in religious movements such as Calvinism and Presbyterianism. But at the same time radical Christianity in such movements as those of the Anabaptis, the Hussitas, the Diggers and numerous other radical Puritin sects at the time of the English Civil War voiced the world-view and aspirations of the peasantry and smaller artisans and craftsmen in revolt, whose outlook was radically different from that of the big bourgeoisie.
It see sing to me thit in the Buddhist revival of the late || 3th to early 20th century, the parallels with the bourgeois elements of the European Peformation ara clear. Anagarika Dharmapala, for instance, was a Calvin-like figure' with the puritanism characteristic of a
|

Page 20
period of primitive capitalist accumulation. What the nationalist Sri Lanka bourgeoisie could nict beget. however, was a bourgeois Enlighten ment — even to the extent of their Indian counterparts (e. g. the Bengali Renaissance) - because the bourgeoisie behind our nationalist movement were a stunted class - and, for the most
part, little more than a petty bourgeoisie aspiring to be a bourgeoisie. Hence the backward
and reactionary character of their ideology,
But while (with appropriate modifications) one may find the Sri Lankan counterparts of the Calvinists and Presbyterians, I look in wain for a Thoms Mum Czer ort a Gerrard Winstanley. That some Buddhist groups associated themselves with the early labour movement,
and others with the left parties of the '30s and 40s, (as shown in Dr. Jayawardena's third and fourth articles) is true. But in
elevating these tendencies into a 'religious radicalism' Dr. Jayawardena seriously misses the point,
One may, of course, use terms in various ways: what is im Portant is not to be mistaken about the character of the social phenomenon that is under discu 55 ion. What | would characterise as "religious radicalism" would be the expression in religio L5 terms of the ideology of an oppressed class, seeking to transform religious doctrine and practice themselves so as to make them the vehicle of that ideology. Dr. Jayawardena may say that she does not mean the same thing by the term: but what is really at issue is whether one can find in Sri Lankan Buddhism any manifestation of the social phenomen on that I have described.
If there had been a Buddhist radicalism, in ny sense, in Sri Lanka during the period examined by Dr. Jayawardena, I would have expected it to be manifested in a broad and active Thovement for the re-interpretation and re-stateTent of Buddhist doctrine and practice - in, let us say, the re-vitalisation of Buddhist pronouncements or Caste as a weapon against caste oppression, the use
8
of the concept counteracting forc capitalism, or a religious worship conducted in the than in the ari Jayawardana has I discover any deve kind. The most able to find is t bhikkhus of the the participation politics as being the Buddhist con
charya (altruisti Society) — a cor itself paternalisti radical.
As Dr. Jayawar "political bhikkhu who flirted with t were swept away | || sm of the "505 S. W. R. D. Bard in 1955, see th dena's view of th different from ri describes it as or progressive conten a movement of the against the Englis geoisie. I would : | 955 diyerted th those 'underprivil channels, and t preserye the fu Structure i AC - for which we price today, I su differences betwe Jayawardena and | sive" underlie ou оп "Buddhist radi
| conclude that Buddhism the cor of religion have the expense of radical elements, have been found tradition. That monks may be "dr. movements for pc change', as Dr. J in her last senter e But I d socially radical m Lanka Will| hawr Buddhist character inspiration wil| cc as it has done decades, from the : socialist and Mai

of tanha as a ce to acquisitive Ti'ye et for and ritual to be w 2 rn a cLular" rather" tame Fall, Dr. lot been able to :lopments of this she has been hat the political '40s defended of monks in in keeping with Cept of paratha5. mc2p ti which is C rather här
dena admits, the s' of that time Ie left movement by the communawhich carried Iranaike to power at Dr. Jayawaris event is very Tine, Since se le which "had a , in that it was underprivileged h-Speaking bour5 ay instead that e discontent of *ged" İrıca fa|5'e hus helped to darinental class a development are paying the spect that the er what Dr. see as "progres* "1Tİürı t Yİ:y 5 -alism' tag.
ir Sri Lankan solatory aspects teen dominant at any potentially if they could in the Buddhist SO2. ELF i5 Lwn into popular litical and social iyawагdeпа says le, is of course 2n't think any } w Erment il Sri a specifically the intellectual Il Cirue to coInc. 1 the last four 2CLI I år, humanist, XİS traditjarns.
ΨNTH
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Page 21
Satire
Homecoming
6. ook, the Outsider's back." It was of course Monty Koltipathy the batik tie-soen announcing my arrivai to the maitre d" hotel and his minions at the Blue Tiger, oops sorry, Blue Elephant Supper Club. With the same feigned surprise and exultation with which the compere of the B. M. C. sponsored "Take it or Leave it" Show recognis es the tal dark and handsome Chairman of the BMC in the audience Monty threw out a hearty greeting, a welcome grin stretching from right ear to pear-studded shirt front,
"Nice to have you back, . . . . . . we al missed you Outsider... ... been abroad, el caballero... .. ..?"
he asked.
"And I can guess where you've beer . . . . . . Madrid, e h?" inquired l.
We Madrid, . . . . . New York Taiwan, Hong Kong Singapore and here and there" he replied a bit cagily.
"Business. . . . . . . .
Yes, it's about this rubberised chewing gum factory which I am starting in the FTA. . . . . . . . |acal expertise, local labour, local latex ... ... but I had some problem about equity participation . . . . . . . . * know the collateral thing.... ut I am glad to say , . . . . . Look Outsider, I don't mind you writing this . . . . . . I'd rather hawe i C ir your prestigious journal than in the penly press. . . . . . besides you know how I appreciate your work and like to do you a favour w† = newer | Earl . . . . . . I realise you minus II be absolutely starwing for hic news after your long absence ----- talking about starving you will join me, won't you? Nothing ----- just the Lobster TherTECT, With 50 me mos de Lo Wash it down...... good. . . . . . Well, y CU See y CU 3. te looking at the first Sri L3 Iikan businessman to raise 3 ca TI FTIT PISCOF, the Prudential Insurance Society of Florida, a Rockefeller outfit. . . . . .
But I thought } time you got a the Fujiyama Indu something, a Mit SI
י יל
''But that Pathola— — based Synthetic Garmel has already ex consignment to a net foreign walue-added, of , . . . . . . Now that notes (always journalist, eh
ote also that Y new swing-wing point six three the usual interir LH e Euro-do||
"Monty, the raising the se la: think you are Lup in debt.... . .
For God's sak lower your voice. of you. . . . . . thol best infoed iw reporter in this could you be so : t 115 Γις my being broke. a refection o
Confid2 1:ce | hi Wi world's money
''Oh, the old
""A litt or 5 hall we order th,
"But Monty, ... Ioans . . . . . . ?"
"Outsider, plea every sir ra i5Ed has been Compensatory Fi UNCTAD"5 Seco he said, shutting on that line of
But Monty un professional pert vious day I had Lake Hcuse e di editor, when I I

C)LItsider
wou told me last
loa from FISH strial somethingL. bishi conduit. . . .
an was for my Cos Inetics and nts factory which ported its first Upper Wolta with exchange return, 2. Ti || || || D-Mark 5 you are taking the consientious Outsider) please er gan on the Credit line W:15 Percentage below Jank lending rate
at market. . . . . .
way you keep 33:15, 1 e Wou jd
to your eyeballs
2 Outsider, kindly . . . . . Il a T1 a 5 ha Ted ught you were the 2stigative financial island. . . . . . how isgustingly callow othing to do with . . . . . it is morely f the enormous 2 earned in the rmārkets. . . . . ... '"
confidcroces trick
! Wine . . . . . . and e dessert, now."
. . . . these huge
seget this straight gl2 loan | hawe under the special nancing Facility of id Window. . . . . .
the door firmly in quiry. derestimated my inacity. The prebumped into a tor (hic was ar Tiet him But I Am
not sure whether he is still at his desk or merely in transit) who was attending an in-service crash course on journalism. He impressed me a great deal, especially when he spoke with intenso feeling about investigative in-depth reporting on events and issues which had nothing to do with the wornout news concept of 'man-bites-dog".
I had failed to bite Monty for a short-terrim ||cari and was, so to say, chewing the cud when decided, in a rare flash of inspiration, to check his story, indepth-Wise, with Dr. Arthika Pras nati||eke, the Central Bank' 5 leaky think-tank and the reporter's dream come true:
"Art", as he was affectionately called on the Colorado U. campus when on a Fulbright grant he did his doctoral thesis "Kamburupitiya: a micro-study of the paddy economy (1893-1894) and its impact on the animistic beliefs in the southern province, with special reference to the Kataragama Deiyo', was just getting of his salmon-pink Wolvo, a third gift from his second Cousin who is working (when he is not guzzling the stuff in a Milwaukee brewery.
"Hey, Art' I said "hang on a minute, will yah. . . . . . י"ל
My accent obviously hiril,
"What's
impressed
mam?" asked Art.
Աբ,
'Tell me, doc. . . . . . these foreign loans raised by the private sector, specially the FTZ industrialists, will surely increase our debtservicing burden which according to the latest Central Bank report was exceeding twenty percent of export earnings. . . . . . י"ג
My high school economics prompted a scornful laugh.
"Not" said Arthi ka P. categorically' if you regard the rising Lrend in dab. amortization in
terms of the depreciation of the
9

Page 22
oOshkins
Our International correspondent arc all over the lab LLLLLL LLLL HHHLLLL LLLLL S LLLLLLL LLLLLL L LL LCL
Wonda Your to know each of our clients as a friend un der stand your problem as if they are a Lur own. Thi of Colombo in 1951, we have spread to towns and will with the world" Capia I too.
We are better equipped today to carry an gy.cn biggc
L CL MHHLLLC LLLLLL LLLL LLCLLCLLCC L CCC CCL fought-after bank in the local banking circles.
EPE
sian Na OREFRONT W
IEEA, IFFICE L. Li
 
 
 
 
 

k what th Look what we
ple have have done for - e for us the people | .hk. DF herri da O 274 Brach le 1 throughou i ci yiyi hı Lu herd
of the fora Saving D A na twork of 555 pa if a mo ng all Cooperative Rural Brk, Tirriertial banks lis covering rum De rural
h. Luis r
a per flw e Rural Blink 68 Fishiie Bank
20 Is it: 0; Wcr 200 million Од pict Foreig
EE FTP:n ET FOr E I:n
Branch geared to handle
ih na fin" ini Forten part fra de IF Fodil and efficiently
B鬣冒黜。
fter
ght Tri lonkO
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rather thin as a micro customer. We try to It's why from humble beginnings in the city ge:4 in Sri Länk and strang thengd our Ilinks
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d us gain thic Cöw i tid polition of the mar
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I NË O ..

Page 23
rupee's value vis-a-vis foreign Currencies, together with the steady enhancement of the inflow of long-term loans to SDR 680 Tillion in 1978, attributable naturally to the surplus generated in the current account after allowing for tha Luis Lual repurchases from thc: FLund, ower a rhod abowe the gross capital inflows in the non-monetary sector which caused the basic change in the maturity structure of debt otstarding. . , ."
Flabbergased, I said meekly:" "'Doc, you are an economic miracle the way you explain these abstruse facts and figures. . . . . ."
"Come off it Cutsider, ... . . . . out the flattery. . . . . . it's just
Thy job you know......
In the spirit of mutual help which typifies our fra Lernity, passed om this hot-hot information to a top in-depth economics staffer in the
DALY NOOSE''.
In turn, he, an old buddy, gave The an old style H. I. (human interest) story just in case I might pause to ask for the fifty bucks he owed re.
According to the story - a Press Club yarn, probably - Gemunu Perera, a 47 year old postal peon of Buwalikada, Kandy, was knocked down by the CTB when he was riding his brand new bicycle, a post-OPEC price hike purchase. On returning home front hospital a week later" he had plans of sending a bag of brinals to his blood donor, one Wijeyeratne. But then he was torn by the fearful doubt that the donor may hawe been Wijeye ratnam . . . . . . . . What would his Kandyan aristocratic relatives say if they found out? Could he hawe a special blood est or something in some famous hospital abroad. . . . . . in London or New York. . . . . . At this point news of the hapless pean's plight got to the PR man of BANDOS INC., the Tanufacturers of the brand new, creamy, Crunchy, sugarcoated chocolate biscuit (in six colours) and he offered to pay all the hospital expenses. Fortunately, JUNTA, the Chilean charter operators who have just opened an office in Colombo, offered a free return ticket to N. Y. When Perera returns from the Walter Reed hospital, you will see him
іп а псw progга with Ch C retur i the The Whit "BAN FRIEND. . . . . . BAM FOR YOU". Junt a two page Cola the Sunday papers heart-rending rc: the best since the Sweet, savage said Iny newspap
Still trying to 5 cerne after man was glad to be political - intern Praja tantra Bulat Fialyst of a Profaction) monthly. worthy develops Bandara na yake’s s should rimediate ir disputc.
"'But wasn't S.
"Yes, he was the Bosat Bandar Lihat was after Sawdust doll by S long before he
of the pro-China
"But his 't with JR at al.,
"Not sice h
War Latits and bl With boulders, a the Kandy road"
"Was Fle, as t lifting a stone to own feet, . . . . . ?יי
"In order to . .
To Stop JR's Kandy in his the B-C Pact"
It was also ni young Tyrone Fe at his desk as Foreign Minister fifteenth time, a Ranil as Acting F faced with the was instructing t to do if a foreign fel from the ski
Surely we all kn
when a foreign falls from the si back to being
Minister ard Тугог his noxt film T the River K" (K and poor Lester Pii K -ast - wise.

1 on colour TW. ng hero singing DOS THE FAMILY DOS IS GOOD a will be running I r supplement in "It's a truly | life story...... Rosemary, the lovely, returned' Ir friend.
take in the local y weeks away, :lied in on tho: tional front by wita, the political -Peking (Lin Piao
The only notement was S. D. uggestion that JR the Sino-Soviet
D. a SWRD) man?"
the founder of 'anaike party but he was called a WRC) hirmself and bacame secretary
party" had any contact
e used People's locked JR's troops it m bulgoda on
he Chinese say, 3 drop it on his
Long March to campaign against
Ce to find that r när do was back Acting Deputy for the fifth or nd the younger Foreign Minister, SKYLAB danger, he natives what object suddenly 5 . . . . . .
ow what happens object suddenly kies — Rani | goes Deputy Foreign he! starts plann ing The Bridge ower for Koralia wella) Beris has problems
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Page 24
Book reviews
Bold initiative
by J. Uyango da
“Irridu Sahar l-ark'
66 arakrama KodituWakku, pos
P.E. the best known radical Sinhala poet, has come out this til The with something new. It is an anthology of Tamil poems-both South Indian and Lankan-translated into Sinhala by Parakrama himself, The anthology, containing thirty three separate poems is entitled "INDU SAHA LANKA' (India and Lanka) which presum bly con notes Some sort of brotherhood among Indian and Lankan peoples.
Being in the forefront of contemporary Sinhala poets, Parak
rama strongly believes that art has a certain mission to fulfill. In the struggle of the Tasses
against oppression and for emancipation, he holds, art must play its definite role, to use his own words, becoming "a spark in the struggle." By compiling the present anthology, he invites his Sinhala readers to build up a bridge to and conduct a heart-to-heart dialogue with their Tamil and Muslim Brethren. If I am correct, this is the first attempt by any Sinhala writer to present contemporary Tamil literature to the Sinhala reader. We must congratulate and encourage Parak TaTa for his bold initia tiwe.
In this wolu TıE: we hawe elewen Indian poets and nine Lankan poets who though they write in Tamil, belong to both Tamil and Muslim communities. It is claimed in the publishers' note that the works of these poets included here, crystalize and represent the realism and "populist progressiveness" (!!) of new Tamil poetry –ä 5 tä tement which leaves room for sările doubt. | L | 5 true that almost all the poems are written in the realistic - traditio II, but orie Carnot fail floticing, even at first glance, that the translator-editor has not been sensitive enough in
the selection of convey the g sentiments of the 1555, Among Lanka Tamil poet one ca bic: fou thematically with I Tai 1525. S1 tests against cast obroxiou5 dowry obscuratism and etc., which, thoug representativ Terita | and cruci: the Lankan Tam| In this context, to note that Par TG c::IIIT||[[:ata SLI braıri1:ıniLurTh Bh;
quotes with so It must be reci that Bhas a thi w.
rewolu Lionary SoL modern Indian Tission and corn the emancipation Indian II asses.
It is a pity does not displa skill in Sinhala p was abundantly earlier works (Little Brother) putrayakuge Lol disobedient son),
Temarkab | fra TL poetry was that rare sensitivity grasp of the so he expressed thr original use of metaphor. This r шse of poetic 1d Ea a tributed to the majority of th in the anthology in quality,
Incidentally the of the whole to of one or two San Lu Harmeed 'the morning SC; revolutionary po

poems so as to enuine national 2 oppressed Tamil SL che Soccod ms, not a single md which dels he struggle of the :ead we got pro- oppression, the system, religious | rural powerty h important are e of the fundaal issue as far as 5 arg. Concernad. it is regrettable 'akrama has failed the message of a rathi whom he much of faith. alled in passing, 'as not only a ith Indian but a 3 et Yy F1 had a Titrilent towards of the oppressed
that Pārkārtā y his masterly etic |d|corT, which ewid I. i T HIS “Po di Maliye" and Ake sekar L kaya (World of a , () of Lh: res of his early he possessed a to and a fine cial reality that ough a strikingly * language and ära faire he ion can perhaps the fact that e poems included are not so rich
best poems out tion are those
Indian poets, described as Art of Tha: || || dia
2try' is the most
promi ment. His poems, though short, display a power common to the best contemporary Latin A Ti di * "Third War|d" poetry. A ranganathan's Wory short poem (only five words) on Indian Independence has a fina Ironic touch,
Nuhuman-a Lankan-has many a thing to say, but lacks coherence and unity. If you take pains to read his long poems (owercom ng
the clumis ness of the Siri hila translation) you may find traces of some social awareness that
others lack or fail to display. It
is 5 cm e what difficult to unders tard
why Parakrama has included in
this collection a large number of poenTn5 which are Werty poor bo th
in terrils of content and form.
Surely contemporaay Lankan Tami |
poetry is not so arid as the
selection would make out.
The claims that this selection reflect the reālis of TāTi poetry prompts me to say something about the tradition of "realisrn" |t 5eerT15 that a ||fill:5t a│ Qf our radical Wow ft:5 believe that realis T1 in art is merely a depiction of every kind of injustice of the existing social systerns. That is but a vulgarisation. As George Lukas states in his study of the European realistic tradition, true realism in art must reflect the fundarinental and Tim Ost essern Eial aspects and forces of a particular historical epoch. Of Cours 2, Lukas Was talking about great European novels, but, his definition of realism, I believe, applies equally to the Other bra 1 che5 of Creative art. Therefore, the contemporary Tar Ti | literature to be "realist”, in the true serise of the term (different from its present day 5 i pistic definitions), should por
tray, if I may borrow a phrase from Leifr, the essential a spects of this particular historical Si Eull iIT. As far as tha Tail ||
|teraturg in concerned what the portrayal of the sentiments of the Tamil
this country is
ss imperativ C is national
ISS.
ữof Fire's Jrd "eiger :

Page 25
Political history is hi
by Jayantha Somasunderam
Sri Lanka : Third World Deliocracy by Jarres Jepp. Published bjo K. P. G. e Silva & S. Clara.
3.
upp's book is one of the best documented, most readable accounts of the Sena na yake and Bandaranike eras of our history Focusing mainly on Parliament and the tremen dous changes that were wrought through Parliament and in this period, it deals with a period so close to our generation that perhaps we are incapable of analysing it objectively.
Jupp's account of the SinhalaBuddhist revivalism of the fifties and the emergence of the JWP fifteen years later, are the two best written portions of the book. Calling his book Third World Democracy, Jupp seems to restrict this democracy to Parliament.
Bold . . .
(Cary for ved fra FFI Page F)
In this context, the poetry of Subramanium Bharthi, can be cited as exemplary. To quote David Ludden "he (Bharathi) wrote songs that educated the people as to their present condition, their past" and their necessary duties for the sake of nationhood; and he wrote songs that could serve as mantras as hymns of the people in movement. His yrics combine these educative and mantric qualities. He prepared the people for participation in ma55 m ovement Cowa Td5 nati Čilhood, and also wrote songs they could sing as they mowed". (Imperialism and Revolution in South Asia-ed. by Kathleen Gough and Harry P. Sharma.)
Anyway, what is Here Is Para krama’s se 15e of CITIT EITT and un equivocal willinginess to contribute to the cause of the masses through art and Iterature. Refined in Marxist methodology aud world outlook, we hic Pie, he will do a lot in the fu LUTE.
important
What he seems
ignored, is the outside of Parl impact not
Parliamentary pr the future of parl tion S.
Take the Ha effect was mL: give a bellyache yake, undermine the UNP-modar John in office. the only mass ac threatened the The JWP uprisin military sophist T1352 Tl-VETl Elt lly, it was the Ha the mem firorTI LI the Left II overt was concerned.
It was the fift that tha mainstre was incapabie of or carrying a re. to its logical
Jupp deals wit the JWP suffered di ting of the LSS general misfort mowe Tant tha: || But while this radica i Satior of students was also explosion on the which ended in undergratulted ing radicalism of ment, in spite at tempts to crus
Railway Strik
The railway 1976 is much to only was it takir ment with a Workers' activit the traditional established un i Partie5. When out, leadership: of young men Compronise ei management d trade union le:
This :ctivisII urban workers

gh fun
to hawe totally
effect of eʼw a n tg ament and their inly th
ocess, but also on iamentary institu
rtal of 953. Its h Tha Fe tham Lø to Dudley Seramathe position of ates and put Sir It was, to date, tion that seriously bourgeois State, g in spite of its catie) F 1, WR S T Ct 2 acting Spontaneousrtal that separated he boys as far as 121L in Sri Lanka
it clear indication 2am left leadership leading an uprising olutionary upsurge :ofic! Li 5 iom.
h Ehe Setback that ir | 7 | Line discreP and CP and the Lumes of the Left uly 77 highlighted. was going on the the workers and goiпg apace. The Peradeniya Cartı pus the shooting of an escribes the growthe student floweof the consistent h such i riiti: ti w 2S.
strike of December re important. No ig place in a departlong tradition of y, but it was also stronghold of the ors of the Left the strikt: brake: as sed om to in group
y ha refused to hr with the r" the reformist ders,
of students and was taking place
against a background of widespread
radicalism within the established
Left Parties. The constitution of the LSSP under a new leadership brought it in line with the numerous New Left groups which were establishing themselves under young leadership. The very proliferation of such groups, separa Led by subtleties of Marxist ideology, was is celf witne 55 to the Intell 2: tull activity and militancy that was once again being injected in to the
Workers' lowerment,
The ignoring of this trend in the opposition, o da mages any
serious analysis of prospects for Sri Lanka's democracy or her parliamentary institutions.
uРps" book recounts for us the comedy that an earlier generation had made out of politics. There was Prime Minister W. Dahanayake who in 1959 sacked his cabinet Ministers, disowed Parliament ard quit the SLFP saying "I have resigned from the SLFP because I don't want my throat cut in broad daylight. "Then we had N. M. Perera telling a public meeting in 1963, one year before teaming Lup with the government, that the majority of the government party are blockheads. '
Mrs. Kon mara Raja ratna’s ge T was het claimin that "the Yugoslaw ambassador was the secret agent of the Catholic Church and was also for war di ring the interests of American imperialism." Ther there was S.D. Bandarana yake who in 1960 formed a party, the Bosath Barndāra naik: Pakshaya which baie w:d that S.W. R. DÓ. Baida. Tamaik: was a bod! is alwa,
(Of course it wat 5 ar era of ging ta extrem 25 ta es tablish your Sinhala-B LI did hist bona fldes. L. H. Mettananda and Philip Gunawarden a teamed up but the government refused to permit the MEP electio broadcast b 2 tause "from beginning to end it breathes anti-Catholic vanom.“ But Philip promised to distribute lands of the
Cath-J|- Church and thg sosawatt E lasteries aיחi "expe! al foreign fascist Catholics." Mrs.
Коппага Raja ratna concluded that "the LSSP was a Tamil political organisation whose leader Dr. N. M. Ferra ya 5 5 traitor." () ut political history can be high fun.
23

Page 26
As I like it
Torture and
few years ago a group of experimenters at Yale University advertised for volunteers to take part in a psychological experiment, Each volunteer was taken into a room where there was a row of thirty switches with labels ranging from 5 to 450 volts, and marked SLIGHT SHOCK, MODERATE SHOCK and so on, up to the last : DANGER - SEWERE SHOCK. In another room, into which the wounteer could look through a glass panel, sat another man strapped to a chair and with an electrode attached to his wrist.
The scientist conducting the expCriment told Gach volunteer that the purpose of the experiment was to test the effects of punishment on learning. The man strapped in the chair had beceri taught a series of word-pairs. The volunteer was to read out a word, and the
ran in the other room was to give the matching Word. Each time the 'learner' got the
answer wrong, the volunteer was to give him an electric shock by pressing a 5 with - starting with 15 Voits, and Stepping typ is the intensity in increments of 15 volts with each wrong answer.
The experiment would begin. Very soon, as the shocks increas
ed in intensity, the "learner' would show signs of pain, would grunt, then cry out in protest,
demand that he be let out, even scream hysterically that he had a heart condition and that he just couldn't go on.
In reality, the 'learner' an actor, the switches fake, and the actual purpose of the experiment was to di Stower how far people would go in carrying out orders when they believed they were inflicting pain
ή 15 'W'TE
or even running the risk of
causing death.
The results 2 The average
maximum shock which the
24
obedier
Wolunteers We give the victin 370-400 wolts : cent of them end of the scal
I have found story is a useful people's social volent and in usually react in they simply can possibility of ar behaving in this Others, more ha their heads gloo and remark t their worst susp depravity of hum a few get to th matter, indicated the book in whi ment is describi to Authority.
To make tha ono meed only lic the conversations between volunteer scientist during Often the wount un nerved by the and screams and but would res. With ar air cof : scientist: "The e: ires that you go
ansible for appers'. In terwis their reactions, made remarks s "I wouldn't hawa: self. I was just was told." "I fig. is an experime knows what's go they think it's it's all right w when the man room pretended : dead at the end TO nt, one volum as reported by "It didn't to the job.'
What the expt therefore, is no about the in nate

Ce
re Willing to Was between I nd over 60 per Yet J1 to the
that telling this way of Eaugirl E à ttit Lces. Benslocent is tenors credulously, as if "t Conceive the y huma rn being barbarous way. rd-boiled, shika mily or cynica|ly, "lt it cor fir15 icions about the Ian nature. Only e haart of the by the title of ich the experi2d - Obedience
Point clearer, bok at some of which went on and supervising the experiment. eet would be victim's protests Walt Co s Lop, The Wher told uthority by the periment requon. I'm resanything that Wed later about the volunteers Ich as these done it by mydoing what I red: Well, this n t., and Y | ng ori, and if Il right, well, th me." Ewen in the other first to be of the experieer's reaction, himself, was : The. I did a
iment rewcas,
SCT e truth wil af human
Touchstone
nature, but how far people can be made to go in a society where they are conditionado respect authority, carry out orders and shuffle off the sense of Personal responsibility with the thought that they are only doing what they are told. Significantly, the figures of average maximum shock and the percentage of people who carried on to the end fell when the experiTent was carried out not at Yale but in the small town of Bridgeport in a seedy cornmercial building under the name "Research Associates of Bridgeport". As the educationist John Holt says, CCT morting on the experiment: "Authority must be legitimate; not everyone has a right to give orders. One Tlust ha Ye the Proper credentials to be able to torture."
Of course, the volunteers the Yale experiment were under no compulsion to obey orders; they Were free to waik out at any time ; and yet, their respect for the intellectual and scientific authority of Yale University was
enough to maka them overcome
their scruples. But think of men acting under what they believe to be lawful authority to which obedience is obligatory,
and a great deal that otherwise seems horrible and incomprehensible begin S to Tina ke sense.
Confronted with Auschwitz, My Lai, a or Kataragama II 971. Cne may fall too easily Into the temptation of supposing that the torturers and murderers were all sadists, that what we have here is some perverted freak of human nature. But that is a comforting evasion of the ore disturbing truth. As a British lawyer who had worked on the Nuremburg trials once said, an apparent monster like Eichmann was simply the kind of character who in other cir. cum Stances would hawa retired after thirty years of service in a firm with a gold watch. He was just a man doing a job. The biggest atrocities are made possible by un thinking obedience.

Page 27
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