Page 1
Vol. 2 No. 20
Victoria Project re-examined
L, VW. Medi waka
Who's subsidising whom 2
U. Karunati lake
Gamini's new film
Reggie Siriwardena
Free books : An L. G. Reader
The Outsider
ALSO O Pakistan O New C
 
 
 

у 15, 1980 Price Rs. 2/50
old War O The Indian Tamils

Page 2
People like you.
People like you are the shareholders of Chermanex, the first People's Company. Сһеmа nex герге 5епts a bold at tempt to mobilise the sawings of the people and channel ther into productive effort, Our company is made up of small shareholdings held by the ordinary people of Sri Lanka. | is the Silla || indiwidual
tributi that Takes Chennar hex. With Oil dividual, or family controlling more than 5% of our shares. We represent the desire of millions of people like you to contribute to the Nation's progress by participating & ir Ebu SİTESS, ir rese är Ch är d ir developппеп!..
Chemanex the spearhead
for development
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Page 3
Friction and Factions?
Political forecast, Castrological prediction of Just wishful thinksing? "SNAP-ELECTION 1980" was the front page headline of the SLFP paper The Nation in its Ist February Issue. The second headline had a question mark "WILL PREMADASA LEAD THE UNP?""
The story more than suggests serious divisions in the UNP leadership. It speaks of "The growing strength of the Udagama group (now over 100 MP's)". Similar stories appear frequently in the SLFP Sin hala da i Vy Dinakara.
Last Wi
Laughing off this report UNP'- ers say that it is the SLFP which is riven by internal problems. As evidence two UNP front benchers were talking about What was cased. "The sast wi|| and testarment, ofT. B. Ten na koon." The conversation which was overheard by several parliamentary correspondents took place on the day that the NSA passed the Wote of Cordolence.
than Mr. M. S.
Ever more Them is the posta department employee, Darr7 Ebu Illa Ten na koon symbolized the peoples victory of 1956. UNP'ers clan that they hawe in their possession a letter circulated by Mr. Tennakoon sometime before his death. The letter castigates the "radala" (feudal) clique in command of the SLFP.
Was this part of the scurrillous edflet Campaign. against Mrs. Bandard nai ke and the family? Mr. Tennakoon it is said, was official y asked whether he had In fact written that letter. A popular versifier, Mr. Terrakoon sent done senterce reply "Yes, | մm the guthor".
Address Unknown
So that OPEC petition which was given the full treatment by the mainstream media was for local Consumption Only. The Colombo Embassies of COPEC contries made solemn inquiries about the "state
of the petition' No more. They d publicity stur best forgotten.
There was ay апyway to who WgLJd beg submit
Irrier, T. dБош п delegat ttive 5r L Walks of life, fra 25. BL lyf would receive t. betition, if it i Shores, wī // hawe BLI E to what ad deputy minister Wery helpfu/Iy, ti mữlled tũ thìg U
Demarche
W. S. Link to Wisit Fre according to we і5 іліппїпелt. N given. Nor doe. explain. But believe that it With the propaga a pro-TULF Lo Qгdiлаting Comm been organis ing p Card Lublic sectLII Europe and in t| COLI I tres.
LMNA
GUAR
Wo I. L. U. Februar
Published fortnightly
Publishing Co. L 88. N. H. M. A. E.g.: Recla T1E3 til Roi
Eli III: Merv
Telephone:
CC00','FEER PICTURE : two hugs being a Publice WE 3 taken om J dreds of thugs set up Workers Who War I taken by H. ATHT W. El Preside:L"5 Hwa this year two Press El 55lulcd and their when thugs broke up Central Bank.

TRENDS =
Sometrine ago. " IT II take it as it which is now
ways the question m this petition led and in what dily press wrote for of represenkans - from d|| F1 CT || Cormim Luri1 OPEC country hem? Now the 5 to led we our to be d'Irrlassed. dress? An Iraqi
suggested, not hat Is should bei S off companies.
Ins require visas A French moye, stern diplomats, reason may be Si Paris need to тапy diplomats hĪS TIL CF to do trndan activities of don-based Coli ttelle which Flus ress conferences Tes in Western le Scanding win
LETTERS
Nationality
Your report on the discussion of ethnic and nationality problems of Sri Lanka under the caption "Scholars Explore and Explode Myths" in your journal of 5th January '980, although belated is commendable at a time when communalism is exploited by politicians of varying shades. The Social Scientists Association should be congratulated for organising such a discussion which wi certainly help to forge better understanding between the two communities without appealing LO ET CEO 1.
But may point out that the myth of "Wijayan and Aryan" origin had been "exPloded" long before by such eminent Indian social scientists the great Indologist late Dr. Probod Chandra Bagchi and the well known Bengali linguist late Dr. Sunith Kumar ChatterJee and others over 25 years ago. Had our university dons
reflected on these salient
y 15, 1980 Price 250 CONTENTS
by Lanka Guardia I Letters 교 td., First Floor, News background 3 dul Calder Ruad, d) Colombo II. Foreign news yn de Si Iwa Eוחס חםםI5 5ם Wictoria Project 7 OO.
Development 9 This picture of k 교 prehended by the Free Boo S. uly 20, 1978. Hun- Nationality Öı Luilli TTı:d Balık As I Lika it 25
i strike. The picture, Book review 27
HA բhtitւնgrapher, T 0 வாரு 8 Jhotogr:lphors Were
CEITETE 5 SILIlaisel pickets near the
Pri1[ed by AA, ma, Ilda Pre53 825, Wolfendhal Street, Ըtյltյmbը 13.
Telephone: 35975

Page 4
earlier done
features very much most of the damage could have perhaps been avoided.
Yet it is dishearten ing to note a programme in the S.L.
B.C. "A Sinhala Puranaya' which is another "Pujawaliya' version of Walmikis Ramayana
in which it tries to portray Rama and Rawa na as Aryans, whereas Sugrewa and Hanuman as Dravidians who conspire to bring about a conflict between Rama and Rawa na who were otherwise kith and kiri, with a view to Drawidian expansionist
moves in Lanka. Perhaps it пmay be interesting to here that in early 1950's D.M.K. - Orien teld dramatist.5 staged their own vertion of Ramayana Lunder the title
"Kamayana" in Madura i in which "Ravana" was glorified as the "great Dravidian king" who withstood the "Aryan Rama". What a strange link between our 'Sinhala Language" scholars and D. M.K. - Oriented scholars in Madurai No won der that in 1956 a group of monks went on a pilgrimage and implored the Dravidian God Kadiragama to make Sinhala the only official language of Lank!
This discussion could be broad-based to include Indian historians and social scientists
too. I hope it may pawe the way to widen our common outlook and explode more ."ythsוחי"
Kandy. E. A. Waidyasekara.
Politics and sport Muhamed Ali may be the "greatest". Without a doubt he is the greatest boxer ever. He is also the pride of the Blacks in America. He was
Converted to is as a Moslem marn that he b paigns against the Olympics because of Russ
Afghanistan.
Now we read he eam what really think of policy, and how t ment opposed South Africa w the foul and de of apartheid. It with the Arab ci Israel. Don't with sport. Th; US and the W. preaching. Surel that brain le 55 t{ a this? It is US loves sports by its allies, th African and the It is not that sport of Islam but the Sowiet Russi politics. Does think that back brown Moses to see through
D, E. S. Ra Colombo,
Standard
I noticed belat journal of 15th Dr. Wickramabah has Writtel "bui called progressiv like Dr. Colvin G Cole forwarto i sions", meaning Tamils.
A II || eyer did w the reintroductic Wise and Tedia-w tion of raw larks "A" lewe | gxam ir

Iam and it is and a sportsegan his cam
the holding of
i MOSCOW іап tгоорs in
that in Africa tho, Africa 15 the American he US governa boycott of hich practises grading policy : Is the same against חalEקוחו mix politics it is what the Siti hawa Eodem
y We are not be fooled by Not that thig but it stands e racist South i racist Jews? the US lowes that it hates ns. It is a II Mr. Carter Africans or have no brans this
tnasabapathy.
isation
edly in your January, that Lu Ka "Lunara tre t also the soe intellectuals o Omaratre hawe
-CESחם.5Eםppכ Cor. Ce55 icos, Co
as to advocato in of subjectise standard isaat the G. C. E. lation if these
marks must be used for ranking
of candidates for University admission. I did so in the interests of fa Irness because
the technique is an educationally and statistically walid procedure, and mandatory as the examination is presently constituted.
The charge of being "a socalled progressive intellectual' is impossible to refute. However, | deny the charge that I opposed any "concessions" to a particular ethnic group. Until those who at least by implication call themselves radicals usher in the "age of radical solutions" mentioned in Dr. WK's article, subject and media-Wise standardisation is the best method we have of conferring some degree of reliability to raw marks for Purposes of ranking.
Dr. Co win Goo na rata. Faculty of Medleine
LETTER TO MY WIFE | If I am killed, I want you to
k 77 Go Hy I have lived in struggle for life and for trian A World of all for all.
If I carri killed, a rose 75 reď 3 ry Perf is the oye le ave yo
| If I ar77 killed, it's a the sanie
Г иvол”г See the corл growing
alongside the road
tr: #e off}}" fer der ress for
ஆரி
tre fee,
bur I krio 1-y it H"ilY corrıIg.
If I am killed, il dres ratter. Our case Will go ori living
fers yi corre .
The fut Lire is brilliarir.
Translated by Reggie Siriwardena
(Richardo Morales, teacher, poct and a Sandinista Commander was killed in battle 7() kilometers from Managua, the Nicaraguan capital. He was 43.)

Page 5
TUS take Centre
B: for the sudden spurt of o: provoked by the Galle by-election national politics se em Strangely dormant with few sericus cori from E3 Eicon15 EEE| Ween the main parties. On the Tamil front Where e wer t5 In I979 Were challenging enough to push the government in to declaring an emergency, and send the army out with a Churchillian command to wipe out all forms of terrorism before the New Year, things look so quiet that the press did recover a semblance of credibility when it reported the un usually warm Welcome extended to Trade Minister Athulath Tudali in Jaffna. The Tamil leaders are obviously waiting (some of them with genuine hope and others with some trepidation) for the recommendations of the Presidential Commission on Devolution and District Development Councils,
As for the other major parties, a cynical observer may conclude that there is mot of Conflict inside each them between them.
A grievously divided Opposition forced to dissipate its energies on internal disputes and leadership problems is in no position therefore to exploit what could otherwise be an ideal situation - the soaring prices of all essential commodities. Spiralling living costs are rapidly pauper izing the middle class, once the much-vaunted "bulwark' of a social and political systern where the poor were "cushioned' by social welfare and subsidies.
Opposition immobilised
The government leaders, many of who hawe been Seasoned in opposition politics, must be thanking their guardian deities each day er the good fortu ne of an opposi= -n which is so disorganised it can Take no effective use of the mass mood,
Not un naturally, therefore, the LITTLE hawe mi Olwedd o to the E=ntre stage of national politics. Te Issue after all is economic, Eind the TU's represent the only
J. R. J.
огganised moveп action.
Thuggery In b| the Streets of Col. of several union brutal assaults on TU leaders dram development.
Unions mobilis
Next month, which took the National Conwen no-TheTibers W Already, organis so far kept aloo hawe expressed a the fold. One 5 Estate Stafs Uni to hawe members plantations.
A sign of the strongly worded CWC (see overlea largest single unio has a Cabinet President.
Responding to 畿 at the yde Park rally CTUAC, Preside dene summoned TU representativ the immediate I:
 
 
 
 
 
 

”eivTrierie
ment ready for
road daylight on Ombo, the arrest officials and the tחIneוחסy prחma atized this new
the JCTUAC, lead, will hold a tion to which | || Ee |W|ted. ations that had f of CF JCTUACI | desire to join Juch Lu n ion is the on which claims front over IOOO
times was the protest of the f). The CWC the п, in the countгу, Minister as its
a request made ! Well-attended organised by the n t J. R. ]3yewa ra conference of es. As a result, sue of working
hours and leave wil ba by a committe
5tudied headed by the Transport Minister.
Also significant is the formation
of a new National Mercantile Union in the private sector by the UNP's JSS. The JSS boss,
Industries Minister Cyril Mathew, said on this occasion that the cooperation of the union 5 Was essential for stability.
We publish below President Jayewardene's address to the TU leaders, statements by the Bank Employees Union and the CWC, and an interview with the Secretary of the (New) LSSP.
J. R. on T. Us
President Jayewardene said:
"I am now addressing you as the first trade union leader to be elected to power by the people of Sri Lanka. As such, have a great sympathy and concern in my heart for trade unions. We have to work in unity. I regret that trade unions had not been consulted on the holidays issue.
"With the introduction of new working hours for Public servantsviz.: 8 am to 3.30 pm the working day has been reduced by half an hour. As such the government did not think of consulting trade unions. Also the new holiday scheme applies only to government servants. It would not apply to corporation and bank employees.
"I am not a dictator. I shall place your views for consideration by the Cabinet which approved the new holidays scheme. The new 8 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. working day was introduced to enable everyone to go back horne early.
"Travelling is very difficult now. Price of four too ha increa5ed. It has become essential for everyone
to get back home early after buying their food and other provisions. The government was still incurring losses. In spite of
all these difficulties the government has provided the freedom for everyone including trade union members to air their grievances.
B

Page 6
"Some referred to picketing as peaceful picketing while others called it compassionate picketing. I would not allow any form of picketing aimed at over throwing a democratically elected govern
ment. I was completely against picketing, Although Workers started picketing in a peaceful
man mer with o Lut any talk it can later lead to a demonstration and an anti-government movement aimod at over throwing the .EntוחחחYGסE
"A government should be changed only through an election. No one will be allowed to over throw the government by force. I will not allow a bank union or a political movement to overthrow the government."
Thugs in the Fort
ni a letter to the President, the Ceylon Bank Employees Union gawe an account of what happened.
"Our Union was scheduled to picket the Bank of Ceylon Head Office at York
Street at 2.30 p.m. on the 9th January 1980. Unlike the previous day, where
Scores of policanen street, not a single L. billi ser at Tark At about 1.50 a.m. known to the 1, thic closed to traffic by the Til early six hundred unlawfully at York וחםwh םחס לחbeat a be a pickoter. At thi IT -- Tar-, Wiri - I Li The President of our the doorstep of the B dragged to the pavem by thugs in the pre: security officers at |uEםAbחםlץfCeם unarmad President ar ku k || LI LET5, certainly been beater be for the inter Wer
CWC on
in a letter to th M. S. Sellas amy Secretary states:
IsWe we të shockg know of hoyw a grc Piket eers in For Y d חi $3שf thם bם וח Among these who hands of these ruf Mouliana, General Se Independent Trade
Address;
60, Rodney Street, .8 סbוחסlסC
CEYLON BULBS &
MANUEACTURERS OF SI
AN
DAYLIGHT EILE

were present or the police officor was Strict on the 9th. for easons best York Street was police. Thereafter persons gathered Streitt and brutally they suspected to is ting, none of Our e treet to piekgt. Union who was on ink of Ceylon W:15 sritid mhandled acci of at least 5 red to Bank 5 Lhuե5 եent up our rith Epicycle cha ing 1 HG WHuld häWes | te death had it flot tion of a solitary
constable (Traffic duty) who had apparEnly s trayed there by sccident. Initi TediCLLLLLLL LLLLLLLSLLLLLLSS LLLLLL L LLLLLLLC LHLHHLLCCCL
the thug beating up this constable mercilessly.
“An employee of the Insurance
Corporation was similarly beaten and battered under the Tista kan belief that LL LCLLLLS S LL LLL LLLLLL LL LLL LL LLL LLLLSS Two prominent trade unianists – “Ir CtLLL SLHHLHLaS aLSLKKLS aaLSK Y two press photographers were some of the others who were at the receiving end of this brutal assault by the hired
thu ES. The polico arri''': id a fu || half an hour later. All this happened just 1. hundred yards away from the Fort
policic station and a 'whistles distance" from the Police Headquarters."
Constitutional and TU rights
e President Mt. 3. W. C. General
dand 50 TO ed to up of Trade Union was set a upon by a brutally a55a ultigd. in We suffered at to fans is Mr. Alawi : retary of Sri Lanka Jillion Federation.
"We arc Writing this letter not with a view to lending support to the campaign of the Picketeers but te Lodge our Strongest protest at Trade Unionist being allowed to bo merci les sy attacked by thugs and rowdies.
"We may not necessarily agree with philosophies or campaigns of certain trade unions. But we would certainly fight to defend their right to espouse any cause they chorish.
(CoIrried dri Page 7)
ELECTRICALS LTD.,
UPERGLOW,
D
CTRIC BULBS
JAYANTHI
95567, 96.75
'Lamplight”
Telephone:
Cables:

Page 7
JR is the
by Jayantha Somasunderam
Ince his Interdiction for hoisting
black flags on Feb 4, 1978. Dr. Mickramabahu Karuna ratne, a lecturer in engineering mathematics at the University of Peradeniya, has been the focal personality among the radical Sama Samajists. Expelled from the LSSP in 1972 he launched a newspaper called Vama Samasamaja built a faction within the Party and finally became founder-General Secretary of the Nawa Sama : Samaja Party. The NSSP controls the GCSU whose office bearers were held in custody last month. Karunaratne discussed the Left's response to the current situation.
O. Why did the Government react as it did, ban ning pickets?
They hawe no alternative. It is vital for them to present to foreign investors the image of a completely docile working class.
You're not going to get them
investing here otherwise.
But that is not al. Tha
government wants to force the
opposition to work within its o WW1 constitutional främė Wolk. This means that there can be no room for mass agitation. No room for picketing or hartals. In fact some day even ordinary public meetings may be banned.
O How conscious is the working class of this situation?
We are still in the shadow of the coalition politics of the sixties and seventies. The popular fronts have only bred cynicism among the workers. The UNP victory of July 1977 was the high point in this trend. But this situation is now breaking down. Yet the ITasses are moving into opposition, but not specifically to the Left.
What then is the immediate task of the revolutionary Working class party?
Given the situation it would be fatal to pose an immediate political alternative. This would oñily , alienate the mass movement.
true
e Aren't yo
UNP un
No. They
subjected to a
We see this in Sangamaya. W. strike of the We saw it aft: the pickets, the and almost too depots. In thc are reacting situation and fig ment. Ir it5elf necessarily a fas it Can be a tai We can nobilist יח הוחJB) חסוחויחסם holidays, the ri
What of t
With Arth: Openly and supp
. . . buIt
the UIN)
ment when it can envisage a of the gap betw. of the TULF an the Elangar Pe will thus hawe Work more til Tad calised eller Tam il youth an to Wards the ri - חםil natiוחTa
The Musim 5 ; See what happe last Week. W split developing establish ment ty Muslims who like the rich are These people wi the Police, als growing radicali:
Si Will the | have any b happening
There is litr in drawing a

Bonapartist
L forgetting the
n5
are also being kind of radicalism. the Jathi ka Sewaka e see it in the trishaw drivers. år the attack on ! same mob Went k over the CTB :ir own way they to the economic :hting the managethe SS is not cist force. Rather dical force which : On the basis of is like the cut in se in Prices, etc.
he minorities?
tlingam coming out orting the Govern
the Indian political situation and the local. This a rises out of people putting too much faith In
Parliament. The SLFP is not the only one guilty of this, The LSSP old leadership and the CP are
also anxious to promote some kind of coalition to duplicate the Indian experience. But it is not going to be that easy. JR's
government will not disintegrate like the lanatha IR is a much shrewder Bonapartist. Only a struggle of the working class can break the backbone of this government. The SLFP is only looking as far forward as 1983.
O Did not the UNP play into your hands by breaking up a picket which did not involve a mass issue?
Yes they did. It is that the cut in
holidays mostly
tendencies
there are two ill
P and divisions will emerge . . .
raised prices we affected the "office mahataya'. further widenin But the UNP is in this Sense 2en the leadership with its back to the wall. They
di Its youth wing,
rawai. The Left ап оррогtшпity to osely with the ment among the
di Tobilise them
alisation of the
are also polarising. ned at Slaye Island
See the gaping g between the es and the Poorer
everybody except being pauperised. ho rose up against testify to this
Indian situation earing on What is here
emmen dous parallel
danger be tween
cannot tolerate any kind of protest for fear of driving away foreign Inwestor 5. Ewen the Slawe island incidents are examples of this. But JR is the Bonapartist par excellence. He reacted by making concessions to the bank and corporation employees.
Going back we at täcks on thig students and the CBEU strikes as part of this trend. But at that time people could not clearly perceive the political significance. Today it is different.
a cite the Widyalankara
e What will be the outcome
of a successful opposition саппраigп?
It will accentuate and bring
out the different approaches
contained within the government.
(Car fired or Pagg?)

Page 8
NEW COLD W
ne of the most saliant features of the later 5e wentics has been a widespread recrudescence of cold war politics in the West. The relative novelty of this second round of orchestrated international reaction has been its overwhelming concentration on the USSR as a target-China being largely exempt for its diplomatic complaisance towards the USA."
This is the view expresse di editorially, by the "New Left Review' in a recent issue (No. 7). The British based NLR is together with the U.S. based Monthly Review', one of the bost known and most resPected journals dealing with Marxist themes, albeit from an independent international perspective. The NLR's editorial committee comprises distinguished Marxist scholars and journalists, many of whom rose to prominence with the upsurge of the Student mgy ement in Britain and the west in the sixties. They include Perry Anderson (Editor), Robin Blackburn, Fred ಶ್ದಿ: Anthony Barnett, Alexandar Coc burn (all of whorl Write for the "New Statesmen"), John Merrington, Nicholas Krasso, Quinti Hoare, Tom Na Irm, Lucien Rey, Norman Geras, Jon Halliday, Branka Magas, Juliet Mitchell, Francis Mulhern, Roger Murray, Bob Rowthorn and Gareth Stedman Jones. Just as the "Monthly Review" caused something of an intellectual revolution within the radical Intelligentsia throughout the world by translating and disseminating the ideas of Latin Americam "Third World” Marxists, writings on "dependency and underdevelopment', so too did the New Left Review make its contribution by making available to the English reading public the finest productof European Marxist thinking (motably the writings of Louis Althusser and Regis Debray).
Commenting further on the resurgence of cold war politics the NLR editorial quoted earlier goes, Č Č TE
"The main proximate cause of the new climate is not hard to seek: it dates from the unwellcome shocks suffered by the
6
world Imperialist triumph of the Wi tion, to the Angolan indepeni ance of the Et the survival of and the overturr a facilitated or
50'yiğit armıs () Էhe same time, temporary Russe confined to the TIL TEOS. It increasing Vogue of the Left als their frustration of the Bour m West have taker their aggression Social-derocratic condoned the Maoist zealots fr to the values of ELJTOCommunist fu Suplne befora St found today went סחWulEar and ig theries."
In another arti issue of the jou a discussion of com society Breizh, rhew close. Here
555
al #) חa
th:
"In the pas strategic role an i So'Wiet UrıIorn |n risen sharply. TE tinuing repressior its foreign policy major ; above all tension along Eastern Europe an same time, how has also interve in recent years te upheavals across more di5Et in tres. In Lätin Am Revolution owes economic Surviva CO — Soy|get aid, Russian air-lifts Angolan and Ethic from foreign inva Soviet equipment

/AR
system from the etname 5e RewoluԷՃո5Ճlidation of dence, the susterhiopian Republic,
South Yemen 1 in Afghanistansafeguarded by
" assistance. At hawever, conphobia is not Right. For diffehas become an among sections Well, which in at the Impasse o'w gement in the to discharging upon the USSR. periodicals which Moscow trials, "eshly awake ned the Free World. retionaries once a lin, can all be ilating the most Tant anti-Sowet
cle in the same "nal is featured emporary Russian Twiew of thig
it moly 25 to a
NLR editors
t decade, the d weight of the World affairs has i 2 argas of conand failure in are obvious, and In the zones of ts borders, in
d China. At the Wor, the USSR ined successfully
) sustain popular a wide range of :ernatorial theaегica, the Cшbaп
its flourishing in large part In Africa, timely hawe sawed the pian Revolutions Si on 5. || || Asia, Inched the
final victory of the Wietnamese Revolution."
These views tally with those expressed by Fred Halliday in an article om "The arc: of rewolution 5: Iran, Afghanistan, South Yemen, Ethiopia’ published In No. 4 Wol 20 of Race and Class-a Journal
LLLLLLLLSS SS aaSLLS C LL S S LLLLLaL S LLLL liberat Ion, edited by Sri Lankan A. Swanandan for the Institute of Race Relations (Brita in and the Transnational Institute.) While the entre article was reproduced In the pages of the Lanka Guardian some months ago, one of Halliday's conclusions bears repetition, given the current climate of opinion among this country's Intelligentsia following the recent events in Afghanistan. Halliday wrote:
'The major military initiatives of the Soviet Union in the third
world have been positive ones, designed to assist revolutionary movement:5 that hawe already
achieved state power or are well advanced towards doing So. The regimes in Ethiopia, Afghanistan, South Yemen and earlier, Cuba, fall into the former category, that in Angola and Wietnam the latter. Even in these two latter cases state power had already been formally, if not practically, ach Egyed. These initiatives are the main instances of What Russia's critics call its "expansionism", but in every case the revolutionarly movement has gone a long way before substantial Soviet aid appeared and the military aid has been used by the countries in question to achieve legitimate national rights. In fact, the caution not the "expansionism', of Soviet military aid has been criticized by revolutionaries alg where. The Russians can be rebuked for their failure to
assist other movements that needed their help, not for what they have done. . . . . . . . .
Those on the left who are emibarra 55ed by, or who denounce as "imperialist' this limited Soviet
assistance to regimes in Cuba, Wietnam, South Yemen, Ethiopia and Angola, must reflect that

Page 9
without it these regimes would almost certainly hawe been owerthrown by the counter-evolutionary forces, arrned and to a Considerable extent organised by the USA. The roles of these two countries-misleadingly equated as 'superpowers'-are therefore quite contrary."
Halliday winds up with the a55 ertion that:
"The revolutionary and democratic forces emerging in the "Third World' have to deal with the Soviet Union. Few can exist on their own, They have to develop a working relationship with the USSR, in which they derive what advantages they can without accepting the priority of a Soviet demands." - U. K.
JR is . . .
(Corfinifeed fross Fagg 5)
On the orne hand there are the Premadasa group who want rural upliftment and not massive capitalintensive energy-consuming projects like the FTZ and the Mahawe. Then there will be one group that will press for concessions to the masses in response to the opposition, while the other group will lean more and more on the police.
CWC on Constitutional . . . (சோr for Page )
"Breaking up picket lines by strong arm Tethods smacks strongly of authoritanianism and anti-working class Tanou wers. This also nullifies the constitutional gaurantee of such funda Tantal rights as freedom of Association and expression.
"Wednesday's incident becomes a the rtlere Sericus in the light of the flict that assault had taken place while the police were looking on. Because the Picket eers were opposed to the Gost or that their Carpaign was directed against the Govt is no reason for any one to take the law in their own hands and resort to violence tE dissuade thern fram dC, ing so.
"We shall be most grateful if the
Tents are apprehended, brought bok and dealt with sever : It Would have a salutary effect on these anti trade union elements who ETy to break up de monstrations by underilocratic means and this bringing the Government into disrepute."
 

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Page 10
PAKSTAN
ARMS AND ALMS-Zi
he passing glory of the
Islamic summit, the more secure guarantees of US arms and money, and the predictable promise of Chinese support now appear to be General Zia's last hope. His record of false and broken promises, especially about elections, is endless, AI | hig shady deals with political parties, factions and prominent personalities have como um Stuck. With each move, his manoeuvres to give his regime some semblance of popular backing have been exposed as being motivated solely by his own desire for survival. With each failure, he has turned the screw harder until repression
has become the ordet of the day. As a result, his regime has alienated every significant
section of political opinion in the country.
This process of alienation has left him a narrow power-base, a Punjabi military-bureaucratic clique. (See Selig Harrison). Compounding his political trouEbles i 5 Pakistam "5 e comoric situation. With a critical balance of payments position, Pakistan has lived these past years on foreign loans and "aid".
He has only one thing in his favour. His obsession With his
Wסn)
own survival (a -death for Bhutt coincides with P own ower whelm | re-election.
Faulted for "w and "shilly-shal Mr. Cartet ha 5 as a tough-mind leader whosa pu push up the poi
larity polis. It is gimmickry whic challenger Senat
denounced as i artificially induce The Sunday calls it "the new
While no seri the emerging geo of the 1970's dence of the W -Islamabad axis, to Pakistan of minister Huang Carter's top advi. has to be placed event which is c ficance to the W is the dramatic Gandhi and he India's "abiding the USSR.
the day notorious)
Since
 
 
 

a's survival game
Tatter of life-and c's executioner) resident Carter's ng concern for
eak" "immature' y' presidency, juddenly emerged ld sabre-rattling naciou 5 postures its in the poputhis pre-election h his principal or Kennedy has responsible and d "war hysteria'. Times (London)
cold War".
ou 5 obserwert of -strategic picture eeded morte eviashington-Peking the recent visits Chinese foreign Hua, and Mr. ser Dr. BrZezinsk
beside another if immense signihole region. It comeback of Mrs. reference to friendship" with
s of Kiss inger's
"էլIt'"
towards
(General Zia-ul Huq's ferrn of service in the PakisTa ni army, his only Fubstan7fÈve post Wher Fre (ISSL Fried dictatorial powers, comes to rī erī ir Mfic, Te ar Whợ ra 777 ed hirir self Presiderit now runs his country as Chief Martial Lavy Administrator, Will he retire? If not, what will the other generals do?)
Pakistan, US arms aid to that country has provoked the deepest misgivings in Delhi. Every report com ing out of the Indian capital focusses attention on two developments: (a) the closer coordination of US, Chinese and Pakistani policies in this area and (b) the military muscle which this relationship will acquire with the rearming of Pakistan, the proposed expansion of facilities in Diego Garcia, the enlarged US naval force and the possible creation of a new 'strike force' in the Gulf area.
Would this result in a new arris race on the subcontinent Would it lead to a counter-response in Soviet nawal activity and increased big power rivalries? Should this happen, it would not
FRAGILE REGIME
There is an even more delicate problem: can President Carter's government, iri il the wake of the Irarı fiasco, be seen to be bolstering a fragile regime which has fiogged politicians and journalists into submission and which probably has the capability of making a nuclear bomb?
Pakistan's last balance-of-payments deficit was S 1200 million. Last year il relicd on S1000 millioni in international aid, two thirds of it from the West. Politically, too, it is unstable. Zia's government is un pcp Lula T, and if an election were held he would probably lose. In Lahore last week there were arti-gower II mėn. t d C.IIIJINISL rations, and from Rail Luchiistan province there are reports of pro-Soviet dericon Stration 5.
ANDREW STEPHEN - (Standay Tirries) reporting froni Isla Trabad.

Page 11
only increase tensions in the region but prove a major setback to the Indian Ocean peace zone idea. Next year Colombo will host the first meeting of the littoral states.
The Initia | US offer of 400 million dollars Worth of arms was pooh-poohed by Zia as "peanuts'. LHHLHL S S LLLLaLSL S aL S LSLLLLL S S LLLLS Brzezinski has spoken of the 1959 US-Pak defence agreement. It was Pakistan's CENTO membership and its manifestly military alignments which led India to consistently (and successfully) oppose Pakistan's moves to come closer to the nonalignment move
TÉITIT
Last year, Pakistan, like Iran another CENTO member, join ed the NAM. What will bo India's reaction if the old military alignments are revived
SEPARATIST FORCES
The BalLuchis, Pusht uns and Ethic SinLC aLLLLLSLLGLL HHLLCMLLL CaltHHLLLLLLL S0KS aL Pakistani territory. All three of thesegroup5 tontend with varying degrtes of justic: that they accluded from their fair share of political and econoInic power by a PL Injilibi-çom trolled LLLLT aaLa aHHHLLLLLLLLCLLLCLLL aaaCLCLLCaKS Increasingly influential leaders allorg all three groups have been exploring the possibilities for winning their indicCCaaCHaa La CLCCaa LLaS OCLLLLLL from the Sovje L. LUı iç' the Argib world, India o the West.
The Punjabi-dominated Zia ul-Haq LLaaLLHS CCtCL LCL aLL aLLLLL L L LLLLLL lHCHHC El Illodicum of the political and economic steps needed to nutralize sepiaLLLLLL S 0LLaLLLLLLL H LLa LSLLLLL LLL
CLLLLLLL LLLLLLLK LLL LLLLL aS S LLLLLL their effective military defence if this should become necessary.
The Pakistani Air Force used U.S.- supplied Iranian "helicopters to rilize | Bluchi villägesindiscriniminalitely, lea| Wing a legacy of hiltred that has merely
intensified separatist feeling.
Dormestically, it would si Tengthen the already dispertion: te power enjoyed by the military in Pakistan. Internationally, it would needlessly
S LLLLCLLLLL S SSS S LLLaLLL LaLLLLL LLLL SLLLLLLL
is seeking to use the Afghan crisis to bolster its power position wis-a-vis
Ne WWD). Hii.
- SEL G. HARRISON
Washing for Port. A FelIow of The Carriegle Fordar fort for InferHerforias Peace, Misr. Harri röri Hr:15 a refera II U. S. carresponder in
H5.
Zia has not in for Indo-Pak ur told Indiam edili "How can we t Gandhi).
And on the slaic 5UTTit. the Kashir is storation of the Kashmiri people the Tost a Brasi
In the name holding his han the oil-rich G name of security for a new arr advanced Weapo
What is nos this arms aid politically and et ged regime led man fighting for Thus the situ: with many dang
Zia seized
promise of free and a rapid ret His pledges bec joke that the Martial Law A. called "Cancel M
t". After dubious strateg deceit, zla alloy - and then d PPP. But the | another Party Dost" (Friends and won 70% of is why ho colul the Now. 7 So Tuch so th Khan who imagi the next prime that the people hawe to follow Iran and Afghani: perennial proble Pushtu sepaati: Strong resistan regime in the Sir PLI njab, where th hanged is regarde
It was said tani general, Ya he presided ove Pakistar into soldier, up for beat the wat d of holding on it may well beh side ove the dis (west) Pakistan t

lade things easier lderstanding. He tor Kuldip Nayar : rust her? (Mrs.
Pening day of the
Zia referred to SLue a n d "'the re2 rights' of the - the oldest and We Indo-Pak issue.
of Islam, Zia is d out for aid from If States. In tha , he is appealing moury of highly
S.
t crucial is that will go to a conomically breseiby a desperate his own survival. atlon is fraught ger 5,
power on the and faire lection 5 urn to democracy. a le 5 Luch a so Lur CMLA (Chief dministrator) was ly Last Announce7 Ionths of ems and plain ved local electEons e Barred Bhutto's PPP fought under bā net "Awam of the People) the seats. That d mot dare hold national election. at ewen Ashgar ned he could be mIrista de-ldred Cf Fakistan may the example of 5 tan. Besides the of Baluch and 5 m, there is nowy Ce to the Zia ld and ever in the e Tan who Zia d as a martyr.
if nothic T Paiki 5Ihya Khan, that the division of W. Thi i 5 old retirement, may Tum in the hope to his post, but is destiny to preintegration of the at We now know,
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Page 12
NICARAGUA (6)
The dynamics o
by A. Special Correspondent
Th Nicaraguan revolutionary experience not only teaches us the need for unity (which is the main le 550m that FIF. Cardenal bids us learn), but also that the achievement of unity is a processa process that is organic and dynaTic in character.
A curious yet significant feature of the Lankan Left is that its history is characterized by a total absence of debate on questions of Marxist philosophy. This poverty of philosophy reflects itself in the weakness of methodology. Most theoretical debates within the Lankan Left are characterized by the inability of the protogonists to grasp the dialectical method, ог, to express it поге correctly, the inability of the protagonists to uncover the dialectical anner of the inner workings of all phenomena in the universe. Thus, problems of revolutionary strategy (such as the 5 tage of the revolution, the question of the national bourgeoisie, the United Front, the question of peaceful and armed forms of struggle) are debated in a manner which reveals a static, schematic, mechanistic and therefore profoundly undialectical conception of political phenomena and the underlying social reality. The discussion on the stage of the revolution for instance, proceeds in a fashion which discloses that few of the protagonists are aware that the revolution is both an un interrupted process as well as one involving various stages of development. Rarely is the revolution conceived of in this dynamic and dialectical manner. Rarely is it understood that one stage of the revolution "grows over into the other, with the second stage fulfilling as a by-product of its own development, the remaining tasks of the first. Sedom is it comprehended that the revolution is comprised of stages, each with Its own class alignments and tasks, and yet these stages are not
O
5eparated by a (Lenin).
The fa || Urte to revolution dialecti ing proce 55, orga is reflected equal Various positions question of united who hold that Te Wolution 15. Ni adhere to the ". schema Which II cal[ed nationaI b kyists, covert nec sectarian pseudo that the socialist take place under ship of the revolt the proletariat, d55|fied Stalinists the danger of fasci model of the class front' put Comintern. Little understand the si contemporary phe Theotonio Do5 Sa. endent fascis". peripheral social f hawa as their heg production a domi capitalism, is und could the specific fascism be compre tLI tn would rasu | E irflexible, and le55 ceptualization of Nicaragua teaches is no single mode front which is w the entire length o
5 tage. Pop ular L. Organism, growin phosing as the
process unfalds til Ous stages, pha stages of develop more, while the TOT A S Titic em tit One-dimen5 ioma. us that popular ul layered and multic Plex comprising a of blocs, aliances di Scinctions betwy

f popular unity
"Chinese Wall."
Lui det stand the Cally, as an Ongonic in character, ly clearly in the taken up on the fronts. Maoists he stage of the ew Democratic, Four class Bloc" cludes the sourgeoisie. Trots-Trotskyists and -Stalinists argue revolution must the sole lederJtionary party of Trotskyists and who glimpsed 5T articulate the united working forward by the effort is Inade to Decificity of the norther on which tos terms "depIf the nature of rations which emonic Tode of nated dependent Erstood so too ity of dependent helded. This II I a III Cre creat|Wă
"la 55i5E CO1Lited fronts Luis that there of the United alid throughout f a revolutionary Inity is a living g and metamorrevolutioпагу hrough its variSe:5, and 5ubThent. Furtherunited front is y, neither is it Nicaragua shows 1ILy is a папуlimensional cornwhole metwork and fronts, the en whichi have
been ably drawn here is that unity should not be conceived of In terms of rigourously demarcated classical models of united fronts which are mechanistically counterposed to each other. Unity must be understood as a IIwing growing and complex organism. In fact Lenin's presentations in the ComIntern, Antonio Gramsci's prison writings, Trotsky's essays on Germany 1929-32, Togliatti's Lectures con fascism, and a bow e a II Dmitrov's address to the se venth Comintern congress in 1935, must be appreciated for the mas terple ces they are not so much for the "Todels" of the united front which are derived from them, but rather for the manner in which the degree and form of unity concretized in the slogans presented is related to a correct analysis of the concrete conjuncture and the Interests of the work Ing class in that specific conjuncture.
In his interview given to Granma Which we have referred to earlier in this series, Humberto Ortega tells us that I977/78 was decisive In that the FLSN's Warious tenden tie5 Were al Eble to Conso | Idaté their unity around a single politicomilitary programme, adopt a more flexible line which resulted in the forging of broader alliances, and embark on a strategic offensive. A5 we 5 Ha II see these three factors were inter related and mutually supportive. The divergences with in the FSLN occured not only on questions of military strategy, but also on the question of the role of Warious classes and strata in that given period of the revolution. In other words, the issue of social and political alliances was of fundamental significance in the internal debate which led to the split in 1975. Furthermore, the questions of military strategy were intimately, though not obviously, linked to the questions of sociopolitical alliances and the role of various class forces. Tomas Borges'

Page 13
Prolonged Peoples War' tendency held to a moro or e 55 clasgica model of rural guerilla warfare which necessarily placed emphasis on the need for political work among the peasantry. Jaime Wheelock, returned from the heady atmosphere to Santiago University In the early seventies to lead the Proletarian tendency" which emphasized the need to mobilize the working class and marginalized social SE TOTS i thը urban areas. The third tendency known as the "Terceristas' ('the third ones') were also refered to a 5 the "imgLurroccion is tas' and is the most interest. Ing, since they combined a "moderate political programme with a military strategy that placed heavy emphasis upon the most advanced or "radical" form of struggle-namely, that of arried insurrection, While the "Prolonged Peoples War' and "Proletarian" tendencies are perhaps closest to each other in terms of Ideology, it is the "Proletarian" tendency and the "Insurreccionistas' that drew closest together in the course of the 'strategic synthesis' that took place. The Insurreccionistas leadership, in which the Ortega brothers Daniel and Humberto figure prominently correctly discerned the de composition of the power-bloc that had taken place since 1972, recognised the existence of a real cleavage between the middle classes and the oligarchy. They understood the need to win over the intermediate "strata and the anti-Somoza bourgeois sectors. To h5 end the Tērtēristās" formulated a "moderate social-democratic type minimum Programme, while establishing organisational links with the middle class and bourgeois opposition groups. The question of hegemony the "Terceristas" resolved by adopting and putting into practice the most radicalle. Insurrectionist, form of armed struggle. How this dialectic operated in actual fact we shall examine in a
while. The emphasis the Terceristas' placed on the strategy of insurrection in the urban areas
inevitably led to the appreciation of the positions of the "Proletarian' tendency which emphasized the role of the Urban under Privileged (who as it turned out actually bore the brunt of the armed uprisings). The three Sandinista
tendencies finally a single political military strategy, ista" thinking wa element.
The delete riot '75-'76 split wer the Sandinistas borg frit WHan as the Group of T The Twelvo) w; called openly for jor the armed t we we come ciergymen, intelle businessmen. Ma representatives of 5ations.
At this point attempted to Int and diplomaticalls co-opting the b of the anti-Sot bols tering them counterposed bot Somoza dynasty merely outlined Had Ebecome a II: to the Sandinista were in keeping thinking within U. in the post-war sought to replace With the national its chief neocol through capitalist in placa of quasiof production, bu democracy and E expand the social regimes and there These efforts and gram The 5 mLI5t n rigidly separate contary to the r post-war U. S. g. OP 2 CO Un tat-Tew Wen tion, After la | lrti : "TH the European La (1910):-
" .. .. In ew리ry c Isle ine Witably devis TI I to This interett and Taini and these rinthods each the and at ti i "W" TIL 3, CTT EL these is the methrid, which Tejects a II i labout movement, th Ing all the Ճld and the method of irre reforms. Such is Conservative policy

חסverged upחםם י programme and in which Tercer5 the dominant
5 Ceffect 5 of thig
OWETO TE 2 W Iitti ya 5 חwסחtity kחe חa welve (or simply 15 formed, and
Niruan struggle. The rised respected Cituas and Hibera| ny of these were politica organi
US imperialism ervene politically ... With a wicw to Ourgeois sector's h) Za Copposition, as a 'third force" h to the decribit (which had not Es usefulne 55 but ability) as well as 5. These efforts with a strand of .S. foreign policy period which : the oligarchies bourgeoisies as onial ally, push "modernization" -feudal relations ild up bourgeois Iffect reforms to Jasis of capitalist by defuse crises. -ist proוחrefor ot be seen as from or totally ther aspect of obal policy I. e. olutionary interII as Lanin said e Differences in boLIr Movement"
ountry the bourgeoed Evo Systems f fighting for its i ing its domination
a ti Te Leed 1. El Tg i gyff': ions. The first of of forca the In othod concé5510r15 to the method of supportabsolutea Institution 5, concilably rejecting the nature of the which in Western
Europe is becoming less and less a policy of the landowning classes and G0L L HHHLHK CHLLLLLLL LL LLt S LLLLLLLL LL bourgeois policy. In general. The sceond method Is the mThethod of "Liberilis Ti", of steps towards the development of political rights, towards reforms, concessions, and so firth. The bourgeoisie CC000K LLLHHH LHCC S LLLLLLLALL LHHL S KSK KaLLS not because of the malicious intent of Individuals, and not accidentally, but 3 Willing to the fundamenta II y contradictic Ty nalitura cos II, 5 , own position . . . In consequence Wicilitions in the tactics of the bourgeoisie, transitions to the system of apparent concessions hawe begri charateristic of the history of all
Europa an countries during the |last half Cen Eury, the Yarious countries de Weaping prisiarily the application of the one, Tethod or the other a definite periods."
This holds very true of US imperialism's hegemonistic world policy in the post 1945 period.
Lenin made the further point that no crisis is absolutely Insurmountable for the bourgeoisie and that in the event of the proletariac prowing incapable of decisive intervention, the ruling classes would utilize a judicious mixture of reform and repression to O Worc01 e ri5i5 adattai a stabilization, however temporary, of the system. Lenin's analyses and implicit categorizations of various types of crisis situations is totally alien to the simplistic dichotomies and apocalyptic danouements which charaterize the fantasy world of Trotskyism. (Nicholas Kra55 o was correct when ha das cribed Trotsky's theory of Permanent Revolution as a vision of a "metaphysical carnival of insurrections' resulting from the capitalist crisis. Krasso also criticizes Trotsky for ignoring the massive structural "blockages' in the course of history and reducing Instead the 'crisis of humanity' to a "crisis of leadership'),
Why then was U. S. imperialism Unsuccessful in impo5 ing a bourgeois solution to the Nicaraguan crisis? Why didn't the bourgeois alternative appear as the more viable option to the Nicaraguan masses. How did the FSLN 5uceed in resolving the crisis in a revolutionary fashion? These questions In them Gelwc5 Tcy 23 || the tot incapacity of Trotskyism to underStand the revolution,5 in the periphery. In their analyses of what they continue to misleadingly terrill the "Colonia revolutions",
*

Page 14
Trotskyists either ignore the role of bourgeois fractions or assume a priori that the very presence of such social sectors would newtably result in bourgeois hegemony. Even a journal like "Inprecorr Intercontinental Press' published by Mandel's USec and George Nowak's SWP, and usually given to moderately sensible commentaries
on international events, featured "analysis' on Nicaragua by the Latin American Trotskyist leader
Fans to Amador which drew a grotes que portrait of bourgeois influence within and upon Sandinista thinking. Amador's "critique' of Sandinista military strategy and political programme was contained in four articles published in
Intercontinental Press' issues of Now 21st I977, June 19th 978, October 6th 1978 and June Ith
1979. Symptomatic of his line of argumentation is the following sentiment excerpted from the October '78 issue of Intercontmental Press/InPrecorr: "Wil | the revolutionary Process End iП а decisive defeat for the mass movement because of errors by the leadership? That is certainly a danger, and the lack of a revolutionary leadership assumes ' still more tragic dimensions in view of this possibility..The Sandinistas' programme, alliances and governmental slogans represent serious, perhaps even mortal, dangers to the revolution. The counter-revolution will raise its head and will have to be fought with in the Sandinista camp."
The Nicaraguan people and their revolutionary vanguard, the FSLN has passed its verdict on Trotskyists and Trotskyism-one of the victorious FSLN's first acts was to forcibly deport hundred Trotskyists and jail a further two hundred....
We for our part can state
conclusively that the FSLN's slogan
Calling for the f: national governm: around the 'group
Correct one, si Con Crete governmen! did not greatly rather, gawe expr strivings of the m: This slogan was ar of the FSLN's effo Its support base appeal so as to democratic and classes, strata and tions. The FSLN's
SCOT WW5 TO TITI" also necessary and to a decisive change tion of political force as well as continent
the oligarchy. "For then the unity of asses W. We the vacillatory interidentify and isola enemy." It is th Principle that was
Le ii il hi5 "Two reiterated in "Th Revolution and
Kautsky', practised scale by Stain in and summed up wit. brilliance by Mao "Unite the many, d
While un iting : that could be unit Succeeded in ach I'W within this broad that was rapidly c Coupling the İmpC ment of winning ow ing the anti-im dictatorial sectors o Issie, with the ta struggle to forcib re Pressiwe State ap bourgeoisle. In th these two tasks, that was (correctly the "primary aspect". critique by arms in lative at deci: through bold arme maintaining this in
the key to Sandini

irmation of a ont centerling of Wolwe" Wa5
TICB it "l'H5 a tal slogan which outpace, but ession to the
55 Weet. integral part "t to Broaden and popular encompass all Patriotic 5ocia| political formastand on this al y correct but its moves led in the correlais on a national l scale, against ge and strengthe working or neutralize mediate strata, te the la i is operational set forth by Tactics' and 2 Pro|pata fian the Renegade on a grand World War 2 h characteristic in his slogan: efeat the few."
all the forces ed Ehe FSLN "ing hegemony popular bloc rystallizing by irtant requireSr or neutralizerfallst, a ti f the bourgeosk of är Illed ly smash the paratus of the dialectic of t is the latter ) held to be Practis ing the , elzing 다he i'ya TITO TITO 5 d actions and itiative, proved Sta hegemony.
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Page 15
WORLD POLITICS (3)
Foreign policy
by Mervyn de Silva
he Rhodesian problem was a
trifle anyway when compared to the Palestinian question and its ever-widen ing ripple-effect on the oi|-rich Middle East.
The UN recognises the PLO. Austria's (Jewish) Chancellor Kreisky embraces Arafat who is also treated like a visiting premier by many European countries. While official recognition by several European states is a strong possibility in 1980, a controversy over a confidential chit-chat with the PLC's Terzi provoked Ambassador Andy Young to quit Carter's team. And US blacks and many church os hawa become open supporters of the Palestinian cause. All this may make even knowledgable students forget that just over a decade ago, the Palestinian issue waa regarded as a question of "refugees'. Today it is a question of nationhood.
More, it is not only the western world but the most conservative of Arab States which hawe had, in their own interest, to accomodate the PLO. At the beginning of the decade, King Hussein, the West's stoutest Arab ally among the "confrontation' states, massacred the fedayeen in the infamous Black September. The same Hussein joined the other Arab leaders in denouncing Sadat's treachery over Camp David and endorsed Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League. The armed Palestinian presence radicalised the under-privileged Moslems in Lebanon until cheir fight with the right wing Israel-supported Christians tore asunder the fragile
structure of that "confessional state'.
The Palestinian cause is no
longer confined to statehood. The Palestinians have become the
wanguard of the Arab social revolution, frighten ing not just Israel and the West but the kings and the shelks. Spread
across the Midd brains and guns major political f It was the PLO Un fulled ower th immediately aft revolution.
Limits of pow
:חdraf) וחaחWlat of US power. A its consequences Naom Chomsky 5 warning on how be misunders to prestigious US Chomsky remint the primary threa as the economi of the socialist ways which reduc and ability to industrial econom
This, Chomsky 15. F1, LLILI: ||T1T essential aims of . the statement in Worded. Of co "American foreig can power" "national Intere can be This lead Nation5 do mot independent will The exercise
results in natio a exte 15 Iol C authority of rule groups, and their estis. Policy can r therefore from ko components, frç structure of powe Over" | 15titution society.
True, Nixon's was significantly d and tone from power canпоt b in any manner, time. Yet, note official or go' supports 'the dominion' and it

and US ideology
e-East, Palestinian hawe become a C to T in ha 3 Tea
flag that was e Israeli embassy er the Iranian
tised tha | Imit e5 cliche. Analysing for US policy, ounded a salutary easily this could
td. In 195E, a study group, s, 5 dentified
It of "communism' transformation
Con tre 5 "oi e their willingness complement the ies of the West".
oncludes, remains ning-up of the JS policy, although eads to be teuse terms like policy'''Ameri'national aims" חס ס5 rlחs t" a Ing abstractions. behave from an of their own. if power which Tal decisión 5 is if the effective rs and dominant corporate interever be separated ial and economic
in the actual and the control 5 in American
inaugural address iffer in cott
Kennedy's. US : freely deployed anywhere, at any 5 Chomsky, the erning Ideology will to exercise is translated into
policy means that US policy "must prevent any region from
extricating itself from the USdominated global system and thereby releasing its resources,
human and material, for development gulded by internal needs".
Sub-system
Recognising the limits of power, assessing basic its implications, especially the constraints it imposed on policy and decision-making in crises of varying importance, Kissinger and others prepared for
the '70s new designs and new structures to support American globalism. Certa in conceputal
changes, new approaches, shifts in emphasis, and innovative instrument could be broadly identified: a) A general shift from land to 5ea-based Strategies, b) Avoidance as far as possible of permanent bases with the presence of US troops particularly in countries where politics and public opinion may become an em barras sement. c) The military and economic build-up of selected medium-size
powers which could act as regional gendarmas - Iran, Indonesia, Zaire, Brazil ect. In short,
a sub-system. d) Special attention to specific problems of high -Intensity, and the concentrated effort to find "political-diplomatic'
solutions e, g. Middle-East. Contingency plans for un forseen "threats to security' and "force
Projection' problems e. g. creation of new fleets (5th Fleet), special "strike" or "task forces (Caribbean, Gulf etc) fire-engine theories.
Carter inherited these ideas and worked on them, though "trilateralism" and "human rights'
were cosmetic touches that might have given US policy a "new face". Camp David was the logical outcome of Kissinger's step-by-step diplomacy. Though everybody paid lip service to the Palestinian issue a5, the "Crux of the Middle East problem", it was given
3.

Page 16
secon dary Importance. Of primary concern was the fact that the US adde 55ed it5 mind to the
problem as an inter-state question,
with occupied lands, and Israeli security as the "chips'. In the first instance, a settlement between Israel and Egypt, the major Arab power, and then Jordan
and hopefully Syria. "Autonomy" 'self-governing unit' etc. on the West Baak was an attempt to "Batu Stanise" the Palastimia issu 2. With the anti-US uprising in Iran, the Israeli-Egyptian tie-up has
become of paramount importance, with Sadat openly offering bases and showing a willingness to play local policeman.
To conclude, a personal reminiscence, if I may. In mid1975, I was a member of foreign participants at a four day Colloquim on "US AFTER VIETNAM – foreign perspectives' at Wingspread, a famed conference centre. The symposium was sponsored by Washington's internationally reputed Georgetown Centre for Strategic Studies which Dr. Kissinger served for a brief period
immediately after the last electo 15.
| posed a question about the
viability of the sub-system and the presumed stability of its Props? Wasn't this stability illusory? Wealth, growth, military strength, the apparent lack of opposition . . . . . . did these really imply social and political stability
Challenged to cite a specific case, I said "Iran'. I could see that almost everybody (except the chairman, Dr. Ken Myers, a fine scholar) took it to be a deliberately provocative reply,
with a to Luch of bra WLura do Lu Hitle55.
On the flight back to Washington I was scated next to one of the leading participants at the
A.
seminar, a very whose name ke is ofte in TIME as in academic Kina Wy35 aC o Director of the
Mr. Kline plur: with utilost ser tual detachment CIA's un savoury been earned lar wities of its Dir
T121 . OT CO'W' Ee T has an equally it Intelligence gath
Up to almost the Shah was fc. Mr. Carter was ing and singing h Iran was "lost" many influential med the CIA, for it5 il parti k work of intellige seriously hamper. placed on it by and State Depar was not allowed with the Shah's onents - on the of the Shah, ag U.S.
Carter whose a tion to US for "morality" (hur been the enthu of what Senator described as or corrupt and Ebr ntemporary hiסc not mean that good Christian or Were di Shoest. that US-Iran re firner, Thore SLIb: - the interest: control Artical exercise corpor those interests the real intere5 peoples or will influence the intensity of Con
The business Coolidge. Is busin. may bẹst explai the US perform the Business of m

interesting person eps cropping up and NEWSWEEK journals. Ray те сime Deputy
C. I. A.
Gued the question iousness, intellecand vigour. The reputation has gely by the actiy Tricks Depart"t operations. It Tportant function, pring and analysis.
the Week before rced into exile, publicly defendIs Wrigs. We
as they say, Americans blabut the CIA, aimed that its nce-gathering was !d by restrictions the White House tment. The CIA to keep contact critics and op Pexpress command -reed to by the
P Paren C ಇಂಗ್ಲF: 『igm Ö| C WS ဂျိဋ္ဌိရှိိ၊ Hid siastic Supporter Kennedy recently e of the most u tal regimes in story. This does Carte ISS mot 3 that his intentions
It only means lations had other, ; tantial fou dations of those who Il Institutions, and ate power. Can be reconciled with its of Third World clashes of interest ature, scale and Fict the 1980's
of America, said ess. This a Phorism n why in the '70s gd so poorly in anaging the world.
With 56 years of
experience and tradition
behind us C. W. Mackie &
Co. Ltd., offers you the
expertise in export of
Sri Lanka'5 tradition |
and non-traditional
products. Not only that,
our well established
Import Department with It's competent know how
create that Lun Ique
atmosphere for
International trade.
C. W. Mackie &
Co. Ltd.,
36, D. R. Wijewardene Mawatha,
Colombo.
Telephone:
344卓é,34447,34448,34449
Te2 || Ex: | 2009

Page 17
WHO'S SUBSIDISING
by U. Karunati lake
me track mindedness is the main feature today of the political scene. The cliches like consumer protection, free market, free society, and even free arrest and detention have led up only one track-maximum private profit to a minority at maximum cost to you and me.
Take safety matches for instance.
The so-called outcry was that the box of local matches sold at 5 cts. was of poor quality.
So the consumer protection champs got busy and Imported matches at four times the cost. Though the match boxes that came in were not loaded with high quality matches, the in Woices certainly were, much to the satisfaction of certain people.
Nobody important has talked of quality since then though you and me (and Appuhamy) finds that his imported match breaks in two when struck or flares out within seconds or drops its red hot head in shame on the imported fifty rupee sarong. Worse still, when Appuhamy, sadder but wiser, decides to go back to his old local brand of matches he finds that the price is no longer 5 cts. It is as expensive as the imported variety.
Who has benefitted
When the bulb of Appuhamy's rurally electrified shack gets fused of an ewen ing while the family is settling down to its home work, he remembers that it is the bulb Andor is sold him a few days ago at the kade saying that it was an imported "Pilix' and though costing five rupees would last for five years. So unti consumer protected Appuhamy gets his salary advance from the rubber estate, his family has only day
light for home work. Kerosene and candles of course hawe suddenly become such luxu
ress that only the big homes in
Colombo hatha can afford them. When he gets his salary advance and goes for his local
bulb, he gets as bulb is also now
So much for C tion and free in the gallant imp. hand and the manufacturers of Appuhamy will si end for a family pouts, who even afford an impor bulb every now : perhaps be unabl imported box c imported paint b imported crayons secting set, and
weights. What d ments and box yok els like App
May be, but wha rupee monitor's bclearly in the (Don't come to those, now that are free).
The bad old di ago, when Appul the queue while eighteen cent seems like a life-ti was the Than whi. everything was hi lenty of gloss c Inside, like the everything was 51 ΠΠ Ε.
The switches imported electric function after thre paint flaked off t ted bicycle, and electrical fittings for wiring his rL shack were all ri though un used to
All these thing simple technology |ife he led, had : luxury price brac import" became spite of the fact a || been made lo Standards and ha faW rup2es a , sho
The bicycle hai Rs. 350- to Rs. 7
trī orth from

WHOM?
ock. The local five rupees.
in Sumer protecbort. Between
tes cheerful local
the other, on be left to of 5 chool dro - if they could led five rupee Ind the n, would to afford the if instruments, x and brushes, imported di 5mported box of is 5ecting instruof weights for uhamу апyway. about the five boks, men tioned neat book list. school without the text books
ys, three years hamy cursed in waiting for the exercise books me ago. There told him that gh quality now, In the outside. 2xercise books, Yery much the
of the seek torches did not months. The -rסart, Impוח5 eו the imported used recently rally electrified a functioning as a hot climate.
part of the of the simple hot up into the ket Since "free he gospel, in that they had ally to accepted cost only a t while ago.
shot up from 50-. The elles, 10/- to Rs.
30-, the lamp bulb from Rs. 2.00 to Rs. 5.00, the light switch from Rs. 1- to Rs. 5/- and a main switch from Rs. 30/- to Rs, 00/-,
Appuhamy does not of course know anything about load ing of invoices but the authorities do. For the first time however the authorīties hawe to con Cend with price loading by countries that have provided consumer aid. They may have to turn a blind eye to this but are they as powerless against the flood of substandard imports that are pouring lin?
Let us take electrical switch gear and cables, When there was import substitution some of these Lem5 ware manufactured in Sr| Lanka to standard specifications that were internationally acceptable so much so that Lankan manufacturers were able to export these i te T5 to countries, where unlike Sri Lanka, these specification were strictly enforced.
Today under the slogan of liberalization even such items arte imported into Lanka. The performance of the imported items however makes it qui te apparent that they are the quality control rejects of foreign factories being dumped here.
Where are the safeguards? What is there to prevent our multimillion rupee loans being used on the Import of factory rubbish from the West and Japan in the guise of 'hard' consumables and capital goods. There are absolutely no regulations and no administrative safeguards to prevent either the consumer or the State being swindled in this massive influx of sub standard goods on "liberalized' private, import and on Government tender. Perhaps there are still a few constraints on tender procedure, hence the cry for "liberalization' of tender procedure.
5

Page 18
As far as the foreign institutions are concerned, they hawe rigged up the system and deployed subservient officials of under developed countries for eficient resiphoning of the credit they provide.
So you buy your electrical transformers from England at (5000 and not from India at E000, your tractors from Canada at 3000 instead of Yugoslavia
at OOO, even though the transformers in India, and the tractors in Yugoslavia are being
produced under licence from the same multinationals as in England and in Canada. This is "liberalization' of trade. So what happens When credit obtained so dearly under the most disadvantageous conditions like devaluation on one hånd and lifting of the tariffs that protect local manufacture on the other, is used to purchase the quality control rejects from the production lines of the West and Japan
Development becomes a myth.
The thousand million ruբee budgets so fondly presented to the people have claimed to be 80% investment, 18% basic con
sumption and 2% luxury. It is time the 80%. Investment was analysed in terms of intrinsic
walue. Who determines the real value of investment In an un real aura of deliberately boosted inflation
Inflation artificially sustained by corruption, forced devaluation, and loaded invoicing of channeled capital goods from favoured sources. Also insistance by loaning agencies on the systematic destruction of all local in centives for import substitution ether In the way of ಟ್ವಿಖ್ಖment 5 Par05, OT consumer goods
A tragic example of the unbearable "development' burden being loaded on the masses is the urea fertilizer project, which was first sanctioned on tender at Rs. 200- million and then, in wiolation of all ten der Procedure quickly loaded up to RS. 2,000/- million. At the completion of the project we are Informed that the cost of production of urea will be higher than
the imported co: there will be a change loss if th our refinery is material for prod and that the pla Installed is in an
If this is the investment on it wyi || bg i tere look at the tr; of production-the the plantations. fertilizers and agi conven lently Cowel screen of subsidi Stops to questi chemical imports costly and if the What, without 5 actual Cost of til Smoke screen is of subsidies, it hazy region of chase of obsolete agrochemicals fro giants in the the purchase of the collapsing Aid designed to fixation 01 012
пd Pota; šum T cessing on the c sure recession it as a result of tE
When we see
our plantation
star wed and half gling to use exp ment and chem ground of powert think of these inevitably ask o subsidising whom
Aren't our p their villages an the plantations their drudgery warded toil, will to malnutrition ( toxic chemicals recession hit in the west and t column in our
The people h out of all their only subsidies t of a tertain T1 in Welfare, Wia f education and that their labour un interrupted inf

it of ura, that nett foreign exa Naphtha from werted as raw uction of urea, int and process y case, obsolete!
attern of capital industrialization sting to have a
ditional Sectors rice fields and The cost of
rochemicals is so red by a smoke
es that nobody on why these are, in fact, so y are so costly, ubsidies, is the ho Crops The
not merely one extends into a Aid-Aid for purand dan gerou 5 In the chemical West. Aid for fertilizer from fertilizer glants, pul I Nitrogen hand, Phosphate mining and Prother Out of the is plunging into 1e energy crisis.
our peasants and Workers, af clothed, Strugеп5Іve agгоеqшірicals in a backy and debt, we subsidies and
urselves, who is
por peasants in d the slaves on
subsidis ing with
and poorly reh lives sacrificed e hand andחס החכ on the other, the dustrial giants of 1eir Brown fifth country.
awe been taked real subsidies-the at assured ther imum measure of ood, sanitation, housing-in order
a II 5LI 53 ir a 1 low of goods and
services from a depression ridden west. The subsides hawe now shifted to these goods and services in the name of development. Hawa the subsidles on these imports stimulated growth? They may have stimulated flagging outputs in the West, but do not appear to have had any impact 50 far om our autputs of rige, tea, coconut, or rubber. Worse still in the villages some of our more credulous peasants, who have been talked into buying small agro hardware like pumps, two whaal tractors and sprayers, חhung up i וחredit have theם חס the barns or parked under the jak tree in the garden, because they have become unserviceable even before the loan was paid up.
With inflation, spares and repairs cost more then they paid for the item itself. They say that In some willage5 the people are waiting with crowbars and rocks for the glib Japanese and the sleek wel fed local Salemen, Who ave the "demonstrations". In the azaar towns the mudalalis who actually sold the hardware have their answer ready. They hawe an oil petition to OPEC on the counter for any protesting villager to sign. When the cost of a two wheel tractor front axel goes up from Rs. 50/- to Rs. 500they have the oli Petition ready. This they say is all the fault of the Arabs, just put your signature there and let us see what Hameed Sahib will be able to do on his
next trip.
In the plantations-the State Plantation Corporation scheme for replacing labour lines with cottages has slowed down to a standstill. Was this a subsidy or was it paid for by sweat and toil? The mortality and school drop Out figures on the plantations have suddenly shot up giving a frank indication of the "quality of life' we can soon ex
pect in Sri Lanka. Real wages on the plantations have declined by 50%, in spite of the much publicised cost of living and devaluation wage hikes. On top of this has corne the shattering blow-the removal of subsidies.
(To be concluded)

Page 19
VICTORIA PROJEC without destruct
by L. W. Mediwake
he Wictoria Project planned T the Government under the Mahawell Development Program is essentially a power project, The proposed high dam would Store water in a massive reservoir for the purpose of generating hydro-electricity. Water discharged from tunnels, sluice gates and the spill would not irrigate any new land. Only after this water enters the Rand enigala reservoir Would it be used for irrigation purposes. While Hydro Power is useful in many ways the price at which this power is to be generated is something that the whole nation should know about. Few people in this country realize the magnitude of the damage this particular project would do to existing agricultural, industrial and human activity in the Dumbara Valley by raising the bund to the height of 1,437 feet M.S.L. with the flood level at , 440 feet. The Wictoria Da T1 is to be constructed In the Eastern end of the Dum bara Walley, This Walley is a broad rolling plain and is earmarked to store all this water and in the context of this high dam every extra foot would mean the innundation of thousands of actes of the most valuable agricultural land found in Sri Lanka.
The Planners and the executors of this project seem to think that the Mahawëliga nga in this part of the country is a river flowing through a mighty jungle like the Amazon basin with some jungle dwelling inhabitants and scattered trading posts here and there. A problem that could be easily solved with some compensation and resettlement elsewhere. For those who do not know the Geography of
Tie i fficar l'ús de ecfrer
ir Sri Larrika artid i'r several Universifes Ibro. A Lo. Se from Boi University, he was ராச ரீ the architect of the Institute of Rural Technology.
this 32 | 5 Wo. ing that Dumbar; climate without perature or rai the year. The so an וחaסdy lחtile sa Ing. All these fa ם חם : ake itוון סם ductive and as a the most densel; in Sri Lanka. TH while flowing th begins to drop in ughaסa thrוחga to Wictoria Fall ally is also a ca. dam site Is lagi point where the the Mhliwe II. W tion of this hi. would a major lying and in be innundated and rivulet f| two rivers W further thousar
Long before t ters entered th וח חסwirחd its eחa farTo L 5 foto it-5 crafts and a rich The European the agricultural |ard and Irittod enhance its agric who advocate t Da T may say : of new acres a in the new col compensate for connected with farming know th be successfully and what gro W. climate of Du grown in the a different typ. soil structure. agricultural pra Dumbära Walley farming, as in
 

T - Development
tion
thwhile mentiona has a unlգut: extremmes of te ITnfall throughout ils are mostly fer-n-waterloggסח lם ctors have helped of the most proresult, one of y populated a reas e MahaWeliga nga rough the walley 1 Idway from Haraseries of cataracts which incidenttaract. The actual ted just below the : Huluga nga enters ith the constru Cnlyם tסח gh dam part of the low Dum bara Walley but every stream owing into these Oud in hun date lids of artes,
:he European plane Dumbara Walley en 5 Dumbara Was agricultural crops. cultural heritage. Planters realizing on tential, acquired Liced new crops to | Lur Walue. Those he Wictoria High ifter all thousands re to be developed
Olization a tea 5 to his loss. Only those agriculture and at any crop cannot
grown anywhere 5 in the roderate mbara cannot be not dry zone with e of clinate and
Further Thore the ctices found in the
is Tot subsistence the Dry Zone but
advanced agricultural cropping Pat
terns and practices as seen in the
estates, homesteads and market
gardans. Most of the market gardens are equivalent to or e Wen batter than in the Jaffna Peninsula. While two acres of land is hardly enough for a family to eke out an
axistence in the dry zone half an
acre of land in the Dumbara Walley is enough for a family to live com
fortably because of high value crops and cultivation practices. What grows in the Dumbara Valley is cocoa, coffee, coconut, rubber, Pepper, Kapok, Cloves, Sugarcane, tobacco, vegetables and soft timber war ieties. Whila some of the produce is consumed in Sri Lanka the rest is exported to earn valu
able foreign exchange.
From the market gardens of the Teldenly a region alone approximately six million rupees of vegetables are dispatched annually to the Colombo market in addition to what is consumed locally. From the Haragama and Guru deniya area over two million rupees of vegetables are produced annually Primarily gourds, Pathola, Watakolu, Karaw illa, ninety Per cent of which is sent to Colombo. Without these vegetables one can only imagine the plight of the ordinary consumer in Colombo. The extent of prime agricultural land that would be destroyed by this scheme is over seven thousand acres. Of this extent approximatly three thousand acres is cultivated with paddy, tobacco, vegetables and other food crops. Approximately two thousand acre 5 with mixed horticultural crops such as fruit, cocoa, coconut, pepper, cloves, coffee, tubers and soft Wood in willage gardens and homesteads and an approximately two thousand acres in big and small estates with cocoa, coffee, pepper, rubber, coconut, sugar cane and soft wood. The approximate пet аппшal iпcome from all forms of agriculture in
7

Page 20
this area would well exceed forty million rupees. Furthermore animal husbandry units, crop processing and curing establishments and some of the largest plant nurseries in the country would be wiped out. In addition to the cultivation of food and commercial crops, this same area supplies nearly ten thousand pints of milk a day to the National Milk Board and other CO5LJ 5.
From close observation of work connected with this project one can deduce that socio-economic studies and basic data has been haphazardly col - ected or not done at all, which in fact is a prerequisite for all such undertakings. Even the final figures of the extent of land going under water appeared only a few weeks ago. In the entire history of Sri Lanka's dam construction work, whether medieval, colonial or post colonial, never has a project been undertaken where so much of existing highly developed productive weaIth would be destroyed and dislocate so many thousands of families at a time when rebuilding and reconstruction is at its most expensive level. Over three thousand families may be affected and a total population of twenty thousand or more may be rendered homeless,
The Walue of land, buildings and other installations including infrastructure facilities would well exceed five hundred million rup225 and the annual income from all sources exceed one hundred million.
In its geological wealth, clay for the brick industry, river sand for construction work, dolomite, mica, gems and the latest find copper near Telden iya I would be lost for eyer. A small developing country like Sri Lanka cannot afford to destroy wealth in any form for the purpose of creating new wealth whether it be electricity or апуthing else. Five Rajamaha Viharas or historic temples namely Medamahan uwara, Bambaragala, Rumbukwella, Gonawatte and Kundaale would either ble innundated or remain as isolated temples without Dayakayas - the supporting laity. Numerous other Buddhist, Hindu and Muslim places of worship and
B
Cultural 5|tes Wol fate.
When the IT International A. with developmen lopment withou is difficult to ject with such tions is pursue purely for the more electricity. States of Aler billion dollar hy project was aba dential Order for the traditional variety of fish part of the rive and in many ot tern Europe th the use of agri any other purpo U.S. aid the W. giver is suppose up building large countries due to other problems such undertaking reasons Hydro-P Walley Developm mamy advanced co tlgated in depth a great caution.
In fairness to Development prog of problems does the Randen igala projects. Randen a Il idea | 5ite bec
CÖ'W' 2 r"Bd With sh1r" and a small ext բaddy land.
The people of hope that eveп іп hic ut it is not t government to Portos and Cons of Wictoria high dar is to be construct grant from the Bri
The Consultants
are only too happy this program beca. concerned with themse | wes and t Soon a 5 possible. people of Sri Lan will continue to tricity but not w Coud afford to El have unilaterally de of action seem to
(Carire a

uld suffer the same
Iain the The of all gencies connected it matters is "Dewet Destruction' It magine that a proenormous implicad. In such haste sake of producing . In the United cal very recently a "dro power dam ndoned by Pres
· the sake of sawing life style of a tiny |ving only in that In California her parts of Wes2 destruction or Cultura land for se is prohibited. rld's largest aid d to have given dams. In other enwironmental and connected with 5. For these very ower and Ryer ent Schemes in Tt TI 25 T-2 || 1 y 5nd executed with
} - the Mahawel i gram such an array i 10t Ti 5: With and the Kothale gala is perhaps cause it is a valley lub Jungle, chena *flt of rafl sed
Dumbara Walley this ninety ninth po late for the e-think about the constructing the neven though it ed by an outright tish Government.
and contractors to rush through J se they are only making money for o get away as The ordinary ka have II y ed and li we without elecithout food they uy. Those who cided on a course think that any| Page 5)
VITH
THE
COMPLIMENTS OF
DISTRIBUTORS
OF
CITIZEN
WRIST WATCHES
& CLOCKS

Page 21
DEVELOPMENT (2)
How the dialogu
by Godfrey Gunati leke
A. the inception of the project thore were extensiwe discussions | rn regard to the structure of the dialogue. Some opinions favoured a loosely structured dialogue which raised a few general development issues and thereafter allowed the respondent to range over a broad field according to his specific irsts.
Another alternative was to select a few specific problems which were relevant to the village and thereafter unfold the development dialogue to cover the main development issues. In the case of the former, experience of another project had indicated that while the outcome of the dialogue itself may be interesting, there was a tendency to traverse a whole area in an indiscriminate manner and include problems both of an important as well as of a triwial character, The second approach would hawe required much more preparatory work if it was to Produce satisfactory results and could hawe been organised during the period availaBle. Therefore the Institute de clded that the household dialogues should be organised" round a carefully designed structure which was to be made available to the researcher in the form of a set of questions and themes with guidelines.
These guidelines directed the dialogue to examine problems at three leves- the leyel of the household, level of the village and level of the nation. Each household was expected to reflect on their expectations for the future of the household and how they would perceive the better life to which they aspire, what would be their image of the desirable future household in which they would Ele members, In this se to the household was taken through the main elements of a profile of household aspirations. These in
cluded the basic of food, clothin education. The expected to ri available to the conditions and to elicit how th increments to realistically asp "realistically" is
CQF1'Tlectiom. The required to so es work for the di respondents are to indulge in ide; projections of the Were to be bro to the ground . standards from to project the pc. to their well bei the approach a Succe 55 fu in Con rations within a
might be regard
After an exam CorTiponents of m which also inclue savings, investriner ment, the researc to take Che holi: areas of Well-b qualitative and no tet. The househ questioned om t Ween traditional beliefs and fam one hand, and Iiwing and materi to life Based om on the other. T views regarding children, employr village, the place the type of recr of living -- Weste tional - were als This part of the focus on the hou 5 of thc: 355 ir ble the extent to W to some of the such as close fami the willage, the im gned to religio

e was conducted
: needs category g, housing, health, reseacher wä5 Cord what was m in their present hereafter attempt ey saw the future hich they could fire. The word important in thIs reseachers were tablish the frame
lalogue that the : not permitted all or utopian-type
future life. They
ight down firmly of their present which they were issible increments Ing. By and large, dopted has been ta in ing the aspilframework which ed a Salistic.
ination of those aterial well-being ded prospects of it, future employher was expected sehold to other eing of a more Il-material characolder was to be
ha conflict betvalues, religious h Eם חס Ily tles
urban styles of alistic approaches modern attitudes, he householder's education for his ment outside the of the temple, eation, the styles Tri Yesus tradi - to be obtained. di algoue was to a holder's concept quality of life hi Ich he ing fict träditional wallue5 ly ties, links with portant Place assin and religious
practices, the respect for village customs and so on. To what extent was he looking inwards to and improved life in the village, to what extent outwards, seeking to participate in the World out
side in employment, education status and so on
The second section of the
questionnaire took the householder to the issues relating to the village as a whole. He was required to project his own image of the in Provement to the village and the desirable village of the future. This again took the householder through the whole spectrum of gconomic, social Cultural rei|- g|OLIS, environmental and institut|- onal issues. The third section of the questionnaire raised issues of a national character. One set of questions raised issues regarding the model of development. Here the reseacher was to raise general questions as to the type of society which was preferred the consumerism of the Western society with ewer increas Ing Consumption of material goods or a more balanced model in which there is dug attention paid to man's non-material needs-religious and spiritual.
It was appreciated right at the outset that this area of inquiry would present numerous difficulties. First, the understanding of what the Western model underlyin che development process is be very vague and fragmentary. Most households would find it difficult to respond to Such questions at the willage lewel. But at a more straightforward and simple level the conflicts between mate
rialisti: and non-materialistic values, tradition and modernity, would evoke a response from villagers. The national section also dealt next with the political issues - What kind of political
system they opt for - The competitive party system with elected representatives or alternative more authoritarian forms of government?
9

Page 22
What was their attitude towards democratic freedoms and the preservation of these freedoms? How do they envisage greater participation by the citizen? What forms do they hawe in mind,
e.g. at the village level, at the enterprise level and so on Another set of themes deat
with the organistion of the economy - What was their attitude towards public ownership. Did they favour a fully state-owning ecoпomy or aп есопоппу in which private enterprise is dominant, or a mixed economy?
After the household dialogues Were completed the main Conclusions were to be discussed at a village seminar which included participants in household dialogue as well as othet 5e lected discussants from the village.
The national dialogues were organised on a different pattern. It was not possible to structure the dis CLS5 Ion II terms of the detailed and Con Crete Inquiry into household expectations which was adopted as the basis for the rural
di logues. Instead, the seminar discussion was focused on two sets of development issues, one being problem-oriented and the
other being value-oriented. In the problem-oriented section the seminars were expected to deal with some of the critical problems of development facing the country and to elicit an assessment of the national approches that hawe been adopted and constructive views with regard to future directions. The them es incluided Lunerployment, Power ty, קסקulatiחס growth, the development straitegies in agriculture and industry, and the dienas of īss Education.
The second Part of the discussion dealt with the qualitative aspects of the desirtable fu Liu Te , 5ocia | and economic system for the country, This part ranged over many of the issue 5 which wete raised in the third section of the rural dialogues in relation to the political system, the place of parliamentary democracy, the conflict betweeen tradition and modernity, the role of public and private
蠶 in the economy, the distribution of incorne and power in Society.
교마
In regard to the the most product dialogue was t} relating to househ Here it was co to focus on concr well-defined as pli discussion mo WC2d text. With which was familia T and ideas could be c and articulated. however imply til logy adopted W serious problems. earlier regarding exploring future been televant study. Even in sector the respo in regard to def and sense of rea dialogue proceed two levels, the been less clear is to be expecte holds would not reflected on the village as a w they have form opinions and wie blemil 5. The ITLIral suffered from the quence of varyi capacitу аппопg the 15e wes.
The nature of elicited and its large extent initiative of the corid LucE:5 the dia logue of this r undertaken by th the first time E. a Tea Where a hii culation, fanta,5) thinking can be possible within avala. Ele to ref the methodology
The natio al 5 presented a diffe ble 5, What w the problem-orie obtain a gener citizens of the in which the eco In the process presented intere solution 5 to som i the 5g i Fars W certainly enriche clear from the be

: rural dialogues, ive part of the 1e first section olid expectations. mparatively easy eta Problems and rati o 5 a 5 the Withi a COthe household around which early formulated This does not at the methodoas without any What was said the dangers of expectations has throughout the the household T1585 had Waried inteness, clarity |İsm. But as the di to the Cothig T. responses have y defined. This d. Most househave consciously problems of the hole nor would ed well-defined Ws on the proI dialogues also i inevitable conseոց զuality and the researchers
the information
Coverage to a depends on the researcher who logue. As a diaature had beer 1g To Searchers for articularly in an gh level of speand wishful present, it was the short time ne and improve
eminars however :rent set of pro"as attem Pited in inted part was to all assessment by Broad directors nomy was moving.
If participants sting innovative 2 of the problems could hawe been !d, but it was ginn ing that much
could not be expected in this direction. The discussions at EHC mational leye wete somewhat
disappointing in that a large part of the discussion moved along familiar lines.
This was in part due to the method that had been adopted. More could hawe been i obtained out of these seminars with a longer period of preparation. It might have been possible to so organise the participation as to ensure inputs of better quality by selected participants. This would have required preparation of backgrou Lud Papers and morte Il teisiwe discussions. The Second part of a semInar however was less demanding as it attempted to obtain a cross-section of wie Wys in regard to the changes in value systems and the desirable features of a future system.
NEXT: Main conclusions
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(Reclamation Road), Colombo 11.

Page 23
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Page 24
Free books : An
*H.E. a heaven Sent Copportu
nity for your esteemed journal to meet the oft-repeated crypto-Trotskyist charge that it blindly endorses the official line without reserving its support only for the government's progressive policies" said Dr. Wimal Udgoshana, Associate Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Buffalo in an exclusive interview with our Education correspondent.
Dr. Udgoshana is on a brief re-orientation wisit to Sri Lanka during which he will receive a honorary D. Litt from the University of Galbokke and a honorary DSc from the University of Wak
kumbure, when it is re-opened, which is doubtful.
| Dr. Udgoshana is best known
for his work "Class and Caste: a study in the micromotivation of 17 ex-insurgents" (in collaboration with Janice Riggins), His recent publication (with Yojana Abeysekera, Univ. of Dallas) "Pregnancy Crawings and Fertility Cults Among Wahumpura Women in the Mahaveli LOWer Catchment Area" has been hailed by CERES, the FAO journal, as a "genuinely original contribution to the International Year" of the Child."
"What precisely do you mean, Prof."
"Look, let's cut out the crap... the LG discreetly dodged public support for our petition to OPEC. Why? Well, regular, enlightened readers like myself can follow yошг policy objectives. - yoш 5шpрогted the Iran revolution from the start, and put your considerable weight behind Islamic fundamentalism as part of your basic antihegemonism line -- Smash the US eagle's claws, hit the Big Bear in his soft underbelly in Central Asia.. now that's fine as far as am concerned but your less informed readers, and I have met many, are convinced that the real reason was your pipeline, if I may use the term, to Sheikh Yamani."
The Educati
Reader foro E):
1. This shop has
Father is in h
He is looking He is եւying !
2. Galili is in
He has a bicy He is Washing
Father is look
3. Leela is going
Rilla is ging Lal is going it NiFEL III is going
4. This Wills
RiIa Is in thi He is looking HE is Tehr Lii
(Garlimi is bunyi
"And OW...?
"You hawe a c pleteוחסur Cסy democratic Sociali the free textbook hilt... after all, you |line of Work.: fr the na 55 es, M exciting and edu they'll all forget and s Liu E-sid ised s LI !fact a חi , , קw uטgr our wit tiest politi the other day wi about these pri bread flour, rice
"You have air Shaaէ , ? But he
"I met hiri bat
as I was about to Seychelles and as Whether the f scheme was part
development plan the withdrawal of dies... I mean at t ?וח חr maססthe B koS and dhel . . Brc:

LG Reader
on Ministry
ckward boys
Siri
ship at a shirt
mshirt
he rivier
cle
the bicycle
ing it GaIllini
into the temple into the kiwi
tL the church into the Illusզue
a prost office
post fiice: at a letter
Illini
8חנStim טוחם3 - IIE
hance to declare COİT 2 sm by backing : scherne to the are In the Sale !e knowledge for ake knowledge cation sexy and about free rice gar when they Hameed Shaab, til Wise. Taked len I asked him C | Tre 55 II)
etc..."
eady T1 et Shaul
left for..."
Kingston airport
enplane for the ked him bluntly ree text - Ebook
of the owera II
which included Ehe food subshis rate, I said, ly be back to ithe T SHäu | the
crack od back "Man can mot liwe by breadfruit alone, but all work and no play will make Ja(c)k a fruit-and-nut.'
"What the de wil did he mean prof?"
"Before I could find out he disappeared through the WIP lounge' to board a fast jet I believe to Kabu|| ""
"But prof, the ministry has already issued the books...so what can We do...?"
"Demonstrate your total commitment by introducing a su Perior Product that will blaze a trail.. that would be a signal service to the rising generation's hot pursuit of knowledge..just one sample would do..."
"A few hints, if you'll be kind enough . . ''
"We II. first of a|| || ook at their product consider for instance the English Reader for Grade 3.4 (See box above)
"I did glance through it, doc..."
'See how singularly dul and Un imaginative those 5 imple, straightforward sentences are...sure. I understand, an elementary application of the situational approach but is this good enough?"
"What do you suggest...?"
"I take the English reader because the government has rightly emphasized the vital importance of English... I mean how on earth are we ever going to be another Singapore or South Korea if we just jabber in Sinhala oniy...? Perhaps it's too late for the high school yakkos but we can begin with the kids... catch them young. as the Jesuits used to say..."
"Do you have a superior method is . ."
'미
hawe no objection to 2n inquiry... but insults I don't take..."
The Outsid

Page 25
“Terri bly sorry, Prof... I didn't mean..."
really
"Though some mobile moron masquerading as an educational expert may consider me a pompous pedagogue...I don't need any captive audience, thank you... especially a Post-juvenile one, if I may say so..."
"For god's sake, prof...I told you, I am deeply, abjectly sorry..."
"Yes, I do have a superior method...an integrated approach with an inter-disciplinary technique ...let me explain... I'll go along with the situational approach but make it more Imaginative and dramatic to capture the child's interest... but it must be environment-oriented if the child is to
relate naturally to the reading material...here, the question of credibility crops up, too...and I
speak as an educational psychologist ... once the child distrusts you... disbelieves anything you teach him, you have last hIm forever...“
"An think...'
example would help,
"Well, take that statement that Gamini has a bicycle...an, honest mistake or a deliberate falsehood...? All of us know that it is Lalith
who has a bicycle and rides it ddwyr Galle Road . . "
"I believe I am getting the general drift of your thinking..."
"Next, it's no good introducing him to plain English words... very early we must introduce him to English idioms, proverbs and other expressions so that he can respond truly to the richness of the language and begin to appreciate the multiple meanings of each word or phrase in different situational contexts... also statements alone won't do... throw in some questions too...excite the young
mind... encourage
spirit, the quin knowledge-seekin; song or two, let pose questions bas tions we hawe cre the ABC of polit international eco get a taste of it,
World in which through that inst
The
fol
I. This shop has s Father is in the He is looking at d He sees the pri Father loses his
Questions
Why did Father ls he always so
Did Mother give
YWCA for it
How Core the
WédгӀп
2. Gamin is rear
He wants to di w He is looking at It is called the Now the Bank is
Questions
Why is the Bank ls it for results
If Gamīns does River, what
WI || Father 5e II. Hij
3. N55 || k || 5 Cor
Rgn II Baba is si Nissanka is sing t 5 ted "S

the
essee
inquisitive
of a g. ... introduce a hinn sing them. . 2d on the situaiated... teach him ical science, and homics...let him
a sense of the
he lives, In him
and the
far-reaching, fundamental aims of our economic development effort..."
"Masterly, prof, masterly.... if ".... lyחס
"I know, I know...you want me to give you a few samples...I have to get to Malay Street in a few minutes but let's see, how it goes, shall we? It's all very ten
tative, of course' 'Of course...of course ..."
anka Guardian Reader
r advanced
hirts
shop in imported shirt eே-tரg shit.
Jose his shirt? thoughtless?
it a Way to the s Charity Bazaar?
dhoby’s son is g Father's shirt?
the Riyer
Ert the FfyEr
the Bank
World Brk
looking at him.
Joking at Garnini?
Tot dJWert (Fle will Father do?
down the River?
ing out of the terTple
the root ng him o lullaby gh, Baba, Sigh'
infants
Soon Nissanka will be singing
drother tune.
GALI estions
What tune will Nissanka sing soon? Will it be an old favourite from "My Fair Lady"?
墨 4. Nizam is going into the mosque The politician is shooting a line It is called the party line. Nizam shoots his mouth off The policeman shoots Nizam
Сlша 5 tiоп5
Is the politician a Big Shot? Is the policeman a bad shot? How do these stupid quest fons help Nizamı?
5. Rand is in the post office
He is buying some stamps Gamini is trying to sell some food stdmps Gamini is holding up the queue holding up the post St.
RTF is
Questions
Is Rama a stamp collector?
Or is he an (alleged) tiger?
Can the tiger run faster then the Bull?
23

Page 26
NATIONALITY
Indian Tamil ar
by K. Sivathamby
R the last few years, there have been many changes. The nationalisation of the estates and consequent retrenchments and displacements have forced the worker to migrate to some of the agricultural areas in Jaffna, Mannar and Vavuniya districts. Working as farmhands under absentee landlords they are as much exploited as they were in the estates. but now live without the fear of communal riots.
The Indian Tamil community has had a closed existence and their very existence in such large numbers in the heart of the Sinhala region had been a source of anxiety to the Sinhala-minded politicians. No sooner the Donoughmore Commissioners reCCT merded Lin Wer5a| adult franchise, than the Sri Lankan government of the day had an Order-in-Council passed (1931) which resulted in the disenfran. chiment of a majority of the Indian Tamils.
F. P.
It cannot be said that, up to the time of the formation of the Federal Party in 1949, there had been any political movement among the Sri Lankan Tamils which brought within its vortex the Indian Tamils. Even on the issue of the Citizenship Act, the TC, the leader of which (G. G. Ponnambalam) was a Cabinet Minister of the UNP government that brought in the legislation, was not with the Indian Tamils. In 1931, "the claims of the Indian Tamils were not considered important to the Ceylon Tamils..." as one scholar noted.
As for the Indian Tamils, they too did not have any high opinion of the Sri Lanka Tamils. Of the Sri Lanka Tamils, it is only with the Jaffna Tam Els that they had contacts and under
고
Standably enougE living in estates,
belonging to We other non-Brahm a strong antipat Tamil". The est always regarded
as a selfish persc Tami I in his tu down on the e people of low c.
But with the Ideology of the the estate Tami towards the FP. Per Sewering with Unite al| the T endeared itself estate Tam il yout be argued that necessity for the ranks. With the 5 was due partly t at its grassroot: significant that th on the part of to bring Wavuniy; Sri Lankan Tami W TE Y LE 5 mako the Tamils A that district was c spokesman of th though its leader i However it shoul tloned that in thi חdiaחany IוחarE as farmı hands.
The separation Tamil community Lankan Tami|| co be Seen. In the fa Tamils played no the Sri Lankan OWEr the Constitut the Tamil language thereafter. In fa Language (Special which tries to acc Luse of Tam i withi position, speaks of for the use of Northern and the Ea. The current to slightly altered the

ld his ghetto
"tha Tamilian 5 particulary persons lalan Kallan and Ancaste 5 revealed y to tha Jaffna a te Tamils hawe the Jaffna Tami in and the Jaffna rn, had looked State Tam is as 5.
spread of the DMK, many of youth turned The FP by its effort to a Tills had also to some of the h. It could even the compelling CWC to close ri Lanka In Tami | 5 o such pressure level. It is e recent attempt the government l, traditionally a area within a rict that would minority within riticised by the e CWC, ewen 5 in the Cabinet. d also be mens district there Tamils working
of the Indian from the Sri mmunity could ict that Indian active role in Tamil struggle ional status of In 195E and ct the Tanni Provisions) Act, :ommodate the a Sinhala Only special rights
Tam in the stern provinces. 15 titution has
: position and
Dr. K. Si'altary Associafe Professor at the University of Jaffa. Like the other papers | Presered as the senirar organised Hijo - The Socia! Sciertistino Afissociatio77, Dr. Siya rhairby'r presentation is a first drufr, The fira vers for Holl/ appear in a book To be published by the SSA.
this, S. Thon daman thinks, guarantees the right to use Tamil offically even in the estate areas.
A discussion of the causes for the continuing exclusiveness of the Indian Tamils, should, besides referring to the caste characteristics and to the unever treatment they have received from the governments, which rendered a large majority of them stateless, also refer to the type of Trade Union organization they have had and the leadership it has provided. The historical conditions of the Estate Tamil population had given the Trade Union which had an all Indian Tamil leadership an advantage over the other Trade Unions, especially of those of the left parties. This advantage that the C. W. C. enjoyed could be traced to the fact that the trade unions connected with the Sri Lankan political parties, could not offer a satisfactory solution to
the political problem of the constitutional status of those Workers. The one exception was
the trade Linion formed by the F. P. but even their trade union has not fared well. The dominant hold the C. W. C. has tends to keep these Indian Tamil workers aloof from the rest of the workingclass of this country.
As has been mentioned above, the socio-economic handicaps and
the political isolation have not deterred thern from falling back on their linguistic identity. Encou

Page 27
raged by the wide publicity given to their problems and the social acceptance consented to by the TarT, il parties, the estate Tan Tills 10 w Call the T15ęIVes the Malalakat Tam Illar (Upcountry Tamils).
The leadership of the Upcountry Tamils, conscious of the geographical distribution of their population, i. e. the fact that they hawe to live in traditionally Sinhala areas, have openly dissociated themselves from the separatist demand of the TULF. The Indial Til leadership also accepts the language policy of the present governmentSinhala and Tail as the national languages of the country with Sinhala as the only official language.
Thus inspite of ethnic homogenelty, the social formation of the Indian Tam Ils has kept them away frr: hē Sr Lākā Tāri. could be said that it was only when the demands of the majority were articulated in extremely chau Y in istic, ethno-Centric terrimis, de nying even the right of habitation in certain areas, that the Indian Tamils and the Sri Lankan Tam Is E together In demanding joint political solutions.
TWO areas
An important feature about the Ceylon or Sri Lankan Tami || || 5 that they have been concentrated In two main a reas, the Northern and the Eastern Provinces 50 much so these two areas, are considered the traditional homeand of the Sri Lankan Tamils.
Today the main traditional homelands of the Sri Lam kan Tari || 5 are the North and tha East. Here חסוחmסn Cס ughםth חeve , חagai ethnic terms they are taken as Tamils, there is substatina || difference between the Tamils of these two areas. The relative geographiCal se Paration of these two areas along with the discernible differences in traditional Social organization, economic persuits and, more importantly, waried historical background and the pattern of
Batticillo District
Sri La Tikäli Tallis
Sri Lanka Moors
77,275
Ճ0,889
population distribu marked the out spheres of inte quite often in th double moto. In orchestration of Ta Tils.
Eastern region
The Ea5. Ceir r Tain LIn its-Trneo caloa and it is deserves closer : Trini CoItale e disti social composition half way hou 5e be and Jaffna and Stratego importar har bout, Hi5 outst in importance and еп ошgh seen an ir Sinhala residen 5 (15,296) and 97
The significant di the Bätti cilpā ard could be seen in laws and custo T15 each of these ar. understood as t rules for people' society which ex of the dominant are established safeguarding Co. developing the
and public order the dominant gr Tesawalamai laws Jaffna and the Mi tLIs t- Ilig it if Batt taken as those w to safeguard the Mukk Lu Wa5 || Jaff respectively. It these are only and custors and of dispute the c the land is held the very fact tha existence as laws shows that the t organization in th yet held sway in sp modernization anc
Even a cursory types of social o
Trini Con Eilee , )i:
65,905
ՃՈ,219
(Census and Statistics figures for 1971)

tiom have cloarly a 5 two distinct - rests resulting e sounding of a the political he Sri Larka
egion has two Talee - and Battithe | ter that analysis, for the i. Il te TT55 of 5 e em 5 to be a tween Batticaloa. because of the ice of the natural ripped the other i has significantly crease of 40, 92 between 1953 (55,308).
fference between the Jaffna Tamils the traditional іп operatioп іп el 5. || f | W i 5 he "totality of s behaviour in resses the will group and which with the aim of nsolidating and socia | relations advantageous to oup," then the and Customs of ukku wa laws and caloa could be hich hawe artisen Well allais and the a and Battica||ola
a true that raditional laws that in cases on Ton law of
supreme. But it these are in and (Con Wen tion 5 raditional social 5 to areas lite of increa 5 ing social change.
glance at the rganization that
Amparai trict District
50,519
126,355
CLLLLLLL L LL LLSLLLLLLHH LLLL LLLL LL LLLLLL indicate how different one is from the other.
In the Mukkuva of the family is known as the Kudi. Britto defines Kud as follow 5: The tert Kudi is used by all Tam il speaking classes of Batticaloa to mean every person Who 5 reited to oma on te mother's side only, Persons of the Kudi however distantly related recognized each other as relations." In contemporary Batticaloa it is not only among the Mukkuvas but also among the Wellalas and the Seerpadas (the other two major caste groups) the Kudi system is in vogue. The Wallalas hawe || 2. Kudis, Mukku Was W 3rd the Seerpada group 3. The lower castes, which work for each of these major caste groups are known as "Ciraikkudis' (the bonded Kudis). The artisans and the serfs fall within the bonded Kudis The Kudis are exogamous clans and rights of property in heritance follow along the Kudi | In eage. The Kudi system in Batticaloa is go, WI Ca | to the sociaeconomic relationships that even the Muslims have adopted it. It also incidentally indicates the origin of the Muslims of Batticaloa. The Muk kuwa law, ma tri limaal ag it is, is integral to the organization of feudalism in Batticaloa. Unfo TELUnately no definitive work has yet been done in this field. The feudal lord known as the Podiyar, unlike the feudal ord in Jaffna, |5 mare often an active firmer.
law, the unt
This type of social organization is so different from the one that obtains in Jaffna, that the average Jaffna man has never comprehended the system and considers the Batticaloa ma so Te What lieto his own social system.
The other major factor is that Batticaloa is largely agricultural and therefore the Interests of the Batticaloa Tamil has not been the sa Tie a 5 that of the Jaffna, Tam II. In fact when immediately after the implementation Ճf thiը Donoughmore Commission report there was a boycott of the elections in Jaffna, organized by the Jaffna Youth Congress inspired by the movement for swaraj in
(Cortir Fred or Page 8)
고도

Page 28
THE LONE AVENGER
Go" film, Uthumaпепі, 5 ECT 15 0 hawe impressed some critics and filmgoers as a work of directorial skill. Though it goes without saying that Uthumano ni is better directed thān the Common Tum of Sinhala films, I am less impressed
by this aspect of the film than those critics who have sung its praises, because Gamin's failing
as a director (also evident in his earlier Parasathurnal) seems to me to Ie in his Weakness for flashy and the exhibitionistic. However, my more serious objections to Uthumaneni concern its theme and social implications.
Uthumaneni is a film about a hero who, when all attempts to obtain justice for his wronged
sister and his family fail, takes the law into his own hands. That this is a the The close to
Gamini's heart is brought out by the fact that the figure of the one avenger appears in several other films of his which don't, however, hawe the same artistic pretensions as Uthumaneni. notice that city walls have recently been plastered with posters saying: "Uthumanenl - to be bạnned?" This may be only an advertising gimmick, but it is possible that some censors may have thought Uthunan eni a fill of dubious morality on the ground that it may encourage private revenge.
My objection to it is ver different, because I don't thin it a real danger that people will be Provoked by watch ing the climax of Uthumaneni into running amok with a knife (the influences of the cinema on behaviour in real life are newer as
simple as that). What is more da ngerous and illusory about Uthumaneni is that it invites
the audience to participate emotionally in an orgy of individual revenge as a compensation for the
curruptions of justice and the institutions of society which it portrays, and therefore distracts
attention from the social changes
고,
Touc
that are actu Contrary to wha may have feared I 5 I fält 3 || || || function of the p offering those ps: factions which h
the status quo. ending of Uthurt ficially "tragic' essentially in the the conventional popular films - audience an Indiw
of social conflicts Indentify themsel as an ecape from
Avant-garde in
Siri Gunas Inghe was regarded as Sinhala avant-gard of free were a consciousness PTO 5 of the influences and Lawrence to and Taker of the film, Sath San recent holiday fro exile, Dr. Gunas in
"new and excitin cultural senice, ext of To War H di
that must hawa s his admirers.
Dr. Gunasinghe
the Sunday Obst expressed his sa til revival of these play to a "tradition
part of our culturi to their characte and universal", : for new plays to the Tower. Ha || i
ls it only t nostalgia of the
makes Dr. Guna fresh Wirtues in t drama - just as returning home fili In Pol Sambol ? something more in of a one-time
(CarIrlrread rar
 

Stone
ally necessary. 5 is Uthur maneni Wich i 52 y es the opular cinema of ychological Satiselp to preserve Although the laneni is superWorks I same Way as happy ending of it gives the idual resolution with which to wes emotionally those conflicts.
retreat
In the "fifties a leader of the e - a pioneer nid "5 tream-ofg", trana Tittet of Eliot, Joyce Sinhala writing, the Owerrated udura. On a In his Canadian ghe found little g" in the local :ept the revival “Isl = F W|EW tarted some of
(interviewed by arver) not only sfaction at the is as belonging which is now ', but referred rs as "timeles5 and ewe called He writter In , וחטdl
he sentimental expatriate that singhe discover he Tower H3|| the Sri Larkan Tids a new Telish Or 15 there this conversión experilmentalist
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Page 29
Poetry in
by Reggie Siriwardena
THE PENGUIN BOOK OF POETRY, edited by Ruth Finnegan (Allen Lane Penguin Books Ltd.)
ne reason why poetry has become a minority and elitist
art in Industrialised and urbanised capitalist cultures is that it has become entirely dependent on the printed page. For in all earlier cultures, wherever poetry was a living and popular art, it was closely bound up with oral communication and performance. When poetry ceases to be recited, chanted or sung to an audience, and is read only by the solitary reader in his study, when performance is entirely superseded by silent reading, the sense of rhythm - which is so vital for poetic communication - ceases to be alive for the common reader, and often for the poet himself. Hence in Britain, Western Europe and America today, poetry has tended to become an esoteric and specialised art, through which the poet communicates to a small circle of initiates.
That these processes have not taken place to anything like the same extent in the Soviet Union - in spite of urbanisation and industrialisation - attribute to the fact that communal participation in cultural activity has been kept alive by the new social institutions. Poetry readings are a populär occasion in the Soviet Union in a way that they are not in the West, while the absence of a cleavage between a serious elite culture and a cornTercialised mass culture means that ordinary Soviet readers are more likely to develop a response to poetry than their counterparts in the West.
To those readers who think of poetry only in terms of the printed page and of individualist expression, The Penguin Book of Oral Poetry is a valuable reminder that the greater part of the poetry written during human history the world over has been
perfo
different. Moreo exemplify the tr Words of the anthology) "unwri offer much that, parallel the writ so much morte fi brought up in a
The anthology of oral poetry Cultures ranging Mongol and M Somāli, Yoruba an to PLOEG I E5|| also included English oral poe Sri Lanka Hi5 be particularly wa a Tich store of T be used in the introduce young st The value of the means of acquaint with the elemi structure and a and easily recog long been establi 5 hou |d| We in Sr English classroom selves to Lord Wife of Usher's because these a appropriate mate Studerts? In ou the Scot5 i balia linguistic and ct which sometimes their simplicity means of introdu
| think some c reprinted in this be much better backgrounds of Sri beginning to r English. The stri Gond folk poet placed at the be

a Ce
fer It serves to uth that (in the editor of this tten poetry Can at its best can en poetic forms Inni litr to th058 | iterate culture."
offers a selection
from thirteen from Gond, alay in Asia,
d Zulu in Africa, Kimo in America: arte Irish and try. To us in inthology should luable in offering material that can : classroom to Ludents to poetry. ! popular ballad ing young People 2nts of poetic nguage in simple isable form has shed. But why i Lanka, in the confine ourRandal or The 5 Well merely re regarded as rial for British
o CW con text, ds offet both ultural obstacles detract from of form as a Cing Poetry.
of the folk poems anthology would
suited to the
Lankan students 2ad poetry in king selection of :ry from India ginning of the
from a
book not only comes Culture which ha 5 a natural and social background not remote from our own but is also very moving and powerful poetry even when read on the printed page. The best of it, in fact, is like the classical Chinese poetry translated by Arthur Waley and others in its simple profundity and clarity.
quote one example:
"The ever-touring English men hawe built their bungalows
A | ovor our weet so Test
They drive their trains with smoke
O look at the 11, how they talk on vires to One il rother
With their wires they have bound the whole World together for themselves."
As this quotation shows, one useful feature of this anthology is that it does not encourage the common assumption that oral poetry belongs only to "primitive' or isolated cultures. While the anthology includes much poetry that reflects the reaction of traditional Cultures, Ike the Gond, to the impact of colonialism and Westernisation, it also represents, particularly in its English section, the new folk poetry that has come from workers, prisoners, tramps, soldiers and other such groups in modern urbanised cultures under conditions where communal creation and oral performance were facilitated. This should help to correct the imbalance that comes from school and university study of the ballad exclusively as a porduct of traditional rural societies. The last section of the book also includes selections from epic and heroic poems- sophisticated poems which hawe behind them a tradition of popular poetry and were composed for performance. From Homer to Woody Guthrie - the
book enables us to see better the relation 5 between indiwidual creativity and popular tradition.
27

Page 30
Indian Tamil . . .
(Солтiлшеш1 from Page:5) India, the Batticaloa Tamils did not participate in the boycott and E. R. Tarnbirnuttu was elected to the State Council.
Perhaps the decisive factor in the character of political activities of the Eastern Province has been the preponderant number of Muslims in that region. The table (Page 25) illustrates the position.
This has determined the character of the political demands. In fact It is the presence of a sizeable number of Muslims in Batticaloa that was responsible for the formulation of the concept of the Tam il Speaking Peoples instead of a direct use of the term Tamils.
The educational backwardness of the district had prevented the in habitants of Batticalo from enjoy Ing their du e share in the public service and professional occupations. The Jaffna man ha 5 been dominating officialdom and the administrative machinery. There has been a sharp reaction to this among the Tamils of Batticaloa and quite often antiJaffna Politicians of Batticoloa hawe raised the "Yalppani domination' cгу.
In spite of these socio-economic differences, Batticaloa has played a significant role in the cultural rew|val of the Tamils s'ince 1956; it has also been regarded as the repository of traditional Tamil culture, which has been seriously ero ded in Jaffna due to missionary activity and English education. The movement for the row iwal of the Kuttu tradition provalent in the Batticaloa district has an important place in the rediscovery of the Sri Lankan Tami traditions as distinct from South Indian. Swami Vipulananda, the first Tamil scholar ever to hold the Chair of Tamil in the University of Sri
교B
Lanka (he was Profe 55o of Tam University, S. the contributior Täm i 5 to thig Tam|| 5 tude 5 || Sri Lanka.
Batticaloa, as heritage of the the fact that it needs were wer those of Jaffna, the mowerient by the coloni: Successive gover in the Ampar: militant youth start Ed in Jaffn; encompassed Ba the government hold the election: Municipal Counc inspite of the c TULF MP'5 to the political w I r yet changed dir
NEXT NO
The Lone . .
(Carri ried y and modernist looking traditior politically inflate
Teach yourself
The Lione W this month scri film titled The
Bristles up (2) gram me note rei
"This insignifi ristic police com realised put on 5 Whom we will See again alway. ewen the spoilt ti: by the lack of d respective characi
Translated fre with the help of
пary ? (I guess is Tise original.)

first appointed II at the Annalalai India) symbolises of the Batticaloa development of both India and
eat of the cultural Tamils, Inspite of 5 socio-economic y different from was brought into of ethnic solidarity sation policy of niments, especially, district. The lowement that seems to hawe ticaloa too and decision Not Eo 5 for the Batticaloa indicates that, ross-ower of two the government, Id the te has mot
ector.
rthern Province
Талл. Радуғ:5)
to a backwardthat is being
French andt Film Society Bened a French a Cave which , and the proad as follows :
cant and humoedy being merely ceпe great actors ertainly like to 5. With pleasure lent Is regretted ulness of their er 5."
in the French a Pocket dictioPOLIt On Scene
SCEe || CF
Victoria Project . . .
(Corfirized froy Page 8
one who differs with their line of thinking is (as per the news papers) anti-Mahaweli, anti-government, wested Interests, Cynics and and those suffering from a negative syndrome. However important electricity would be to a country's progress, agriculture and the Production of food would remain to be Sri Lanka's greatest asset cispecially at a time when the country could ill afford to lose export incorne and to import food at exhorbitant prices. To destroy such a vast agricultural and a food producing area would be at the nation's own peril. If engineers alone could influence gover ment thinking it is a sad day for everyone, Agriculturists, Craftsmen, Religious leaders and many others have a right to be heard. Today many thousands who have toiled to develop the Dumbara Valley to its present state and have not done any harm to the government or anyone else, live in a state of fear and insecurity for no fault of theirs.
As farmers they consider it a sacrifice to live the hard life of a rural farmer, producing food for others to live on. Their ancestors are the people who suffered most during periods of Coloni al Conquest
to protect the Buddhist religion
the sovereignity and the heritage of this country. They therefore, consider it their right to protect and preserve their homes, their
livelihood and their heritage just the same way any other group would feel in similar situation in any part of the world. Whether the Victoria High Dam Project
would end as a national asset or a national calamity is a matter for each individual to see, think and
decide when every aspect is presented in accurate honest facts and figures. Otherwise for generations to
come people would say "Here is
the most classic example of the famous Sinhalese saying "Atuwa Kadala Putuwa Haduwa’ meaning those who broke a barn to make a chair.

Page 31
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Page 32
PHOENIX
 

Guided by nature's strange powers, he weaves and weaves a nest so perfect in craftsmanship. The Baya weaver or as we know the Wadu Kurulla.
builds his home with sheer determination, limitless patience and unswerving courage. it is his home sweet home"-a place of his own. Today in Sri Lanka it is building time. And everyone of us could now yearn realistically to achieve that ideal--a home of our ownWe at the Building Materials Corporation are with you all the way, serving you to make
your dream home - a reality. añara Gaur House-buidders C 函 y Service at the Engineering Division for further details.
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Branches throughout Sri Lanka