Page 1
Special Report
PAKISTAN
S. M. Querishi
SSSMSSSMMSSSMSSSMSqSASMqSLLLSASLLLSAAALLSLLLAAASLSSASSASSAMAMSqMSqqSqSqSqSqSASAAASAAAA
صےحصیححصےح= محصحیح -حیح صحیح۔صحـصـحـی حصے حصےحیح=ے
Devolution & TULF
JVP's foreign policy
- Chi
Chauvinist or radical ?
Yohan Deva
Pushkin in translation
- Lakshmi de
China and Mao
- N. Sanmugat
 
 

N PLAYING WITH FIRE
intaka
nanda
Silva

Page 2
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Page 3
Mrs. B's counter-attack?
Contracts hawe always been the 'tender spot' of many dr. administatson. Earlier this month, the SUN' scooped the US Senate report which refers to gifts to SOT e top Sri Lankans from the US multi-indi tonn. I TEXTRON, the Parent company that manufactures the Bell helicopter. Four of them were given to Sri Lanka by the US (vid the U. K. În order to Circum went Congressional Comtra Ints) as arms ad in April 1971. The surn involved was about half
m//0 rupee5.
Now the highly controversial Hydro-Cracker Tender is back in the пеws. "The sparks are still flying" said din opposition politiCin Comnenting on the fact that Mrs. Bandara naike had teamed up with the TULF leader In giving notice of a motion calling for the appointment of a Select Committee to investigate the affair. "This could be Mrs. B's counter-attack' safd a top UNP'er.
The Wijetilleke Letters
Opposition members who know the inside story of the move say that the materia on which the resolution is based is the Wijetilleke correspondence.
Dr. L. Wijeti seke, a Sri Lankan expatria te sjving in the US, came back home with his family to accept the important post of Managing Director, Ceylon Petroleum Corporation. He has now left the island.
The opposition move is centred on the circumstances of his resignation, on the evaluation of the Hydro-Cracker Tender, on the purchase of a tanker by the CPC.
und
CoolStd ||
SLFP-Alone
The Left part LSSP, which had May Day гаІІ) wiss receive a s. L. G. reported Mrs. B. simply the same platfo And if the LSSP-( that a group I r buro will adopt their plans have after the II na des.ssor taker
Mass Protest
Over 3500 de Je di ffiliated to th (the UNP and notable exceptior two-day Natione organise a Day The Convertion the CTUAC. Ar kers were Alawi the SLFP's SLITU, of the CFTU (the Tampoe of th Weerakoon of Nanayakkara ( Union), J. A. K. A. Aziz of the gathasan of the banda Moorth i of Union Federator
Demonstrating of unity, the fet !0 77 obÎfïse III (55 23 demands put JCTUAC. The m, (d) d minimum 30| (b) restoration a Гations (с) гере public services I, bar or deriori st to picket (f) Inc partation worke
Bės fides these
convention highli, zenship rights
(Corrirred

Jes, rotably the "hopes of a joint with the SLFP rri "No". As the in its last issue, refuses to take rm as the WP. P had any hopes the SLFP Poita different line, to be bridored TOLJE FP PB recently.
gates from Liriors e major parties JWP were the is) decided at a 1. Convention to of Mass Protest. was sponsored by mọng the ó0 speaMoulana from F. L. W. Pondit
Cor) yerior), Bala 2 CMU, Batty CFL, Wasudewa United Workers Perera of PSTUF, OWC, M. SmCTFU and SIthe Turn II Trade
a rare degree
Jerations decided support for the
forward by the Trf dernands Dre 9- Wage increase f subsidies and II of essentia | ct (d) repeal of "ations (e) right in thy wage for
TE
derigrids, the ghted the citiof pldntutjun
Prif page rig)
TRENDS
LETTERS
Terms of German
capital aid
With reference to the article "Aid- an efficient instrument of the new Colonialism" by U. Karuna tillake in the "Lanka Guardian" of March 1st, please permit me to state that in the case of the Federal Republic of Germany, capital aid to Sri Lanka is given as an untied credit at 0.75 Per cent interest per annum over a 50 year period (with a grace period of 10 years) and the recipient country is free to buy its
project equipment anywhere in
the world market, as it pleases.
Heribert Woeke
Minbassador of the Federal Republic of Germary
LMFA
GUARDAN
Wol. 2 No. 22 March T5, 1980 Prica 2,50
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardain Publishing Co. Ltd. First Floor, 88, N. H. M. Abdul Cader Road, (Reclamation Road) Colombo 11.
Edi ECT:
Telepllone:
Merw yn de SI Iwan
21 O9.
CONTENTS
China and Mao News background 3. World news 5 Fondness for dictators 7 Brain drain 9. Development
Energy needs 3 JWP's foreign policy 4. Trials of mowie makers | 6 Fushkin Im Trär såkon 2O Nationalism ChauW|n|5 t of radical 25 Porn and feminism 28 Young artists 29 A5 || || ke It 3]
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Wolfendhal Street, Colombo 13.
Telephone: 35975

Page 4
Letters . . .
CHINA A
I have read with Interest the comments of "Touchstone' (L. n my article onס (G. Feb. I China and the Intelligent questions he has posed. Permit a brief reply.
The first question is how the death of a single person can alter a country's policy so radically. There is an answer. It is not quite correct that it was just Mao's death that Lunde ashed the Courter-rewolutionary flood. The process had started earlier. There was a fierce struggle between the revolutionaries and the revislon|sts durIng Mao’s life. The Cultural Revolution was precisely concerned with this. This Ideological struggle was not a "bureaucratic struggle in which the TTT-55 E TJETE TETE spectators'. Anyone who, like me, had seen Tillions of Chinese march past Tien-man Square where Mao reviewed them; or seen the millions upon millions of big character posters that occupied almost all available open spaces in all the principal cities Will wouchsafe that the masses fully participated in it.
During the second half of the Cultural Revolution, the re wis lonists had jockeyed the Inselves into key positions in the State apparatus. But the immense personal prestige of Mao and his appeal to the ASSES prevented them from acting. They could do nothing so long as Mao was alive. Once this road block was removed, they acted swiftly. But it must not be imagined
that there was
The very fact to be selt fra Shanghal to pa
posters denouncil shows that it W: gol ng Nor is it E
But the real q It is possible to be resto red |k5 the Sowjet Chima after such upheavals. This not yet been stu But || Carl Wei suggestions. The and reaction arties defeat merely bec defeated in a fact, Lепіп опсе defeated bourgeo powerful that t Proletariet. He reasons for it. imperialists are patient. They r easily. They wal and Stalin diCd be the Soviet Union. wa Ited til Mao doing the sa me t The forces that W, list restoration from the for Tert landlord classes inside the priv that grow up ins and the State. In
T2 aCtiO COTS these forces. Ya one of the disgrac analysed this pr article entitled, ba5i5 of Lin Pia clique.''
This developm capitalism can on

ND MAO
no opposition. that men had m Peking to 5te the first ng the "four' is not all easy
YE 1 10''',
|uestion is how for capitalism Coultries tiחa חסUni revolutiопагу question has died in depth. r1t Lure a feW : Imperialists do not accept ause they are revolution. In said that the
isit Was Tore :he Wictorio Lu5 gave three Besides, the willing to be 1ewer give up ted till Lenin fore subverting Similarly, they died before hing in Chna. ork for capIta:ome not only capitalist and but also from illeged classes ide the Party perialism and usly corrupt o Wen-yuaned '''for''-la5 oblem in an "The social o's anti-Party
ent back to y be prevented
by the success of world revolution (not to be confused with Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution). The slogan of socialism in one country was only a tactical slogan for a particular Period. But, as both Stalin and Mao have pointed out, the final guarantee of the success of socialis II-be it in the Soviet Union or in China-depends on the owerthrow of world imperialism and the success of world revolution. As Mao put it, "Only over the grave of world imperialism can we build a new society without exploitation.' Therefore, we should not be content with celebrating anniversaries of revolutions in the Sowet Union or China but work hard to make revolution Successful all ower the World. If a gap is allowed to develop, then imperialism Will uso that opportunity t corrupt the existing socialist states. Let Lus mot forget that Socialist states are surrounded by imperialist states and that the latter can and do corrupt the former by all forms of ingen lous ways. It is a law of dialectical materialism.
As for the so cond question, I had to write within the space allotted to me. But, in the document "| Defence of Mao Tse tung Thought', adopted by our Party, we accept that there were errors in foreign policy from 1971-1972. Most of these were carried out under the influence of Chou En-lai, who, It turns out, was not a genuine follower of Mao. Over some
(Cartrinited on page '')

Page 5
Will devolution
the TULF 2
by Our Political Correspondent
and арреаг, |
he words "Sinhala"
"Tarmi'' do not learn, in the report submitted by Dr. Neelan Tiruchelvam, a member of the Presidentia Commission on Devolution, Decentralisation and District Development Councils. Dr. Tiruchewan
submitted a separate report all on his own while some other members recorded reservations.
The reservations came from the two Moslem members of the Commission chaired by the former Chef Justice, Mr. Wictor Tenne
koon.
While Dr. Tiruchelvam's scrupulous exclusion of all racial
references is un doubtedly laudable, there is little use in pretending that this exercise has nothing to do with the problems of a pluralist society, generally, and the vexed issue of the Tamils in particular. The very composition of the Commission revealed an attempt, un declared, of Course, to represent the diverse interests of a multi-racial country. In that sense, it is fair to speak of the Moslem members of the Com
mission and its Tamil Tembers although Dr. Tiruche Iwam, the Haward - educated lawyer, and Dr. A. Jeyaratnam Wilson, an
expatriate Professor of Political Scienco, would Probably dislike such communal labels.
It would be absurdly disingenuous however to approach the com. mission and its work as an academic exercise or an Iпquiry totally detached from politics, and sectarian politics at that. This could be true of the Sinhala members too. The Psychologies which were brought to bear on these highly sensitive issues could be for example, distinctively "Kandyan" or "Low country".
After all, here is a problem of Power - of the Power-relationship
between the C periphery. How Would the Centro
relieve itself of District Councils "power" so weste just formal bu decision-making
includes the p money.
Call it what
io mal Councils, I District Developm any other, but fr the Bandaranaik Pact (public) an pact (secret), this alled to both Sin leaders as a was In easure of auton Satisfy aggrieved
Thus, the TULF for an independ against the FP's In Yited to nomina
ative. The SLFP d
Dr. Tiruchelwam (who hasn't sigr because of some del Iwery of the r personally and poli with the FP-TULF War I, the only FP UNP-FP coalition, which was part of Chelwa nayakam de Mr. Tiruchowam he of Local Governit
Dr. Wilson is of the FP's found S. J. W. Chewan is not so well Dr. Wilson, in h 35 SOn-in-law E lecturer in politica a Wery importan Tole from 1956 on up this role agar turned to the is: WaCatton, He Wa:

satisfy
entre and the much power е Бергера геa to and west in the Naturally, the ld must not be t effective - a authority which ower to spend
you will - RegDistrict Councils, at Councils or "om the days of e-Chelyanayakam d the UNP-FP idea has appehala and Tami|| Y cof granting a ony that would
Tamil opinion.
, now standing ent Eelam (as federalism") was te a representeclined to do so.
and Dr. Wilson led the report mix-up in the eport) are both El cally associated *... Dr. Tir LuchelMinister in the ап appoiпtпment the Senanayake 2al. Significantly, ald the portfolio let
the son-in-law ing father, Mr. ayakarn. What known is that is dша! capacity ind Peraden ya science, played : if back-stage Wards. He took " When he Teind last year on assisted by a
BACKGROUN
small in-group of professors, both native and foreign. One of his former colleagues in fact said "Willie is both Peradeniya's and the peninsula's answer to Henry Ki 55 inger. . . . . . . . "
If the main (majority) report
has not satisfied either of these Tamil academics (one of whom, Wilson, publicly expressed confidence in devolution as "the best solution') then It is un likely that ||1 thը This cooperative "moderates' in the TULF will accept the Commission's recommendations.
The Commission is known to have studied other essays in devolution - notably the experience of Scotland and Wales.
Here, two questions are likely to be the critical test in regard to TULF acceptance:
a) Whether the Chairman of the DDC will be elected, and if, so what his relationship will be to the District Minister appointed by the Centre? Or will the Commission recommad that the Chairman of the DDC should be the District Minister? Can there be a compromise by which the District Minister will play President to the DDC Chairman's
prime minister in an elected district, assembly
b) What will be the DDC's
budget? How will the money be raised. A grant from the Centre plus locally raised funds in what proportion? Who will select development projects? Will a national experts Committee be given the job?

Page 6
SLFP winds
inds of change are blowing ower the SLFP, often with surprising results.
In Kandy, citadel of the hill country aristocracy, R. P. Wjesi ri, a newcomer to the party who publicly proclaims his so-called "low caste", led an anti-aris to move when the party chose its district organiser. Wiješiri was made president, while ex-Minister Kobb. ekaduwa and kinsman Colonel Anurudda Ratwatte failed to find a place among the office-bearers,
Poor organisation was one of the major causes of the SLFP's 1977 rout, Mrs. B has reapeatedly told party rallies recently.
The new constitution Was Considered an effort to reorganise the party. But it also had the avowed aim of "democratisation'. At the start, there was sharp criticism agaianst the transitional arrangement on the grounds that it concentrated power in the president. It was argued, however, that this was only a temporary measure - a necessary prelude to a party conference.
The conference has still to be held and the election of districtlevel affice-bearers is a preparation for the selection of delegates to the conference.
In Kandy, Wijesiri has fomer Gampola M. P. D.M. (Dimo) Jaya
s secгetaгу. Another sort of "demo' greeted
of chan
naruwa, the con 5 til Deshapriya Senanay crowd of SLFP sup slogans against Rall all sorts of allegal
The Senanayake not done too well brother Dhias Magif chairman under Kalugalle, challeng key post in the But Waterial SLFP'er home by getting m Dharmasiri "5 Wotes
The Raja paksa bi other hand, did becoming organis respective areas. of the casualties Wya 5 the architet constitution, Profes Mahinda Rajap akse a the nore SI he was "charge-s phrase goes by the Mrs. Bandaranai ke disciplinary action deviating from th Afghanistan, Spe2 |Ic meeting in Co ed a Stinging a calling the Peking keys and mandari
You : Tot tā tricka. AnotherW.T. G. Karunarat wisdom of this Č he spotted a m in Ratnapura. Ou young challengers eyebackers, W.T.
Mrs. B. when she wisited Polon
Assault and abuse
it the beginning of a long hot summer or are Government MP's simply losing their cool "ASSAULT RAP on TAN GALLE MP" announces the SUN which reported that the Attorney General will soon indict the Tangalle MP for assault. He is alleged to have caused bodily harm to an employee of the M. P.'s ho5tc I "Sri Wastil",
Last week, all train services beyond Kurunegala were paralysed when the Maho station staff went on a lightning strike,
President JR has ordered a full inquiry into an incident where the
Maho Station Tı a: he was abused b MP. According Ministry statemen the rumpus took station staff det the NP". C15 it the 2nd class with
OORRE
Tha last paragr goda's article " which appeared in | 0 hpu|d Hae
"In this contex ka, by his fa i of the real condi dispels so Tie of ELInventional illu
ther and shatt of the existing Sc

ge
tuency of Ratne take. A sizeable porters shouted the and made tids,
brothers hawe ately. Younger l, a coporation SLFP inster 3d him for the Kegalle district. " "Kalu" rom Ped ore thiar do Lible
rothers, on the
very well by er 5 for their lronically, one of their victory of the 'new' sort Rohanadeera. 's wictory was rprising because hete d', as the party last month. wanted to take against him for е рагty Iіпе оп king at a publombo, Raja pakse tack on China, ; leaders "mon
s'. h an old dog new SLFP wer ne, proved the ld adage when owo against him t-smarting so the and their topG. won the day.
iter claims that y a Government to a Transport it to the press
place when the cted several of ents travelling in 3rd class tickets.
TION Tıph Crı J. UyarıUTHUMANEN|''' L. G. arch read: t, Gamini Forsethful par traya Lions of society, the derthinant 5 it п5 concerning r the optimis fl scia authory ".
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No. 7, Station Road,
Colombo - 3.
Telephone: 21300, 23152, 28008

Page 7
PAK STAN
Playing with f
by S. M. Querishi Q. What are Zia's
survival......?
A. Before | offer you a direct reply, I feel I should make a basic criticism about the comment on Pakistan which you sent me and I found quite interesting.... In making Zia the focus of your commentary you tend to overpersonalize Pakistan's Curt problems and dilemmas,
chances of
If you look at the history of Pakistani foreign policy you would for instance, be far less inclined to take its proclaimed "non alignment" as seriously as you seem to do.
In the first few years the new state was preoccupied with all the physical problems that accomPa nied partition and the political problems of party rule and administration. When it did appear to be sure of its separate identity it began to conco iwe and formulate a foreign policy, That policy was closely tied to AngloAmerican interests. Of course, as British power declincid and British interests din inished. Pakistan became an instrument of US policy. This had several aspects. First of all, it earned the into rise suspicion of India, particularly over Kashmir and western support for Pakistan on that issue. Secondy, Pakistan, step by step, found itself isolated from the general * movement of newly indepen dont Asian and African states; that is, the newly awakened Afro-Asianism which I think you people in Sri Lanka sometimes call the spirit of Bandung, As arms supplies followed defence treaties and other alignments with US and US-sponsored military alliances directed against the two Communist powers, USSR and China, Pakistan was converted into a "cold war' bastion. You will remember the affair or the U-2 spy plane which took off from a base naar Peshawar, Which is now very much in the news
again, Finally Afghanistan, Ct non aligned IT chose ro con policy, helping declared object This was even militaty rule E shed north
Bhutto did t lations with ln( Union but the Pakistan's polit India, anti-Afgh; remained un alt was in a way the US-China Pakistan's rulers or Zia, and the
which is the se un forme di ma5 Pakistan's brok
fine5t ach ic: wemer
| sha | | turn about Zia late becau52 it strik question you posC of my argument
Q. How gen)
tained in the pr
A. Pakistan's
not a free or a decision force concate nation
mainly external. ing factor inter| Za's ir I tial, ir Lo elimirate Bh | Bhutto-ism poli need for legiti bility abroad.
CENTO died The revolución CENTO"5 obtu. not opti for ni formal disability a lultilateral was automatical from objecting movement, the wanted Pakistan movement which

re
while India, ylon etc joined the ovement Pakistan tinue its pro-US
to serWe its we of "containment". morte apparent as e carne the estabi
y to improve re| fa and the Sowjet basic thrust of y (that is antiAnistan, anti-USSR) ered. In fact, it strengthened by rapprochement. , whether Bhutto ! Lupper bureacracy r wille agent of its ter all regard er-role as the it of our diplomacy.
to your question in this reply as me that another : fits into the flow at this point.
Pakistan's It be s Luscontexto
It is 1 Con
se
non alignment was ionest choice but d upon it by a of circumstances,
The chief impellally was of course evocablo decision tto physically and cally, and Zia's nacy and accepta
a natural death. in Iran wrote "y. Pakistan did nalignment. The (membership in military alliance) y remo wed, Far to joining the US and China to get inside a was taking from
FOREIGN NEWS
S. M. Querishi is the pen
na uue of al pronin erit Pakista ni academic who did not wish to disclo5e his identity ""for personal reasons". His letter from Lahore ansvers 5011 : of tille '|uestinn; put to him by the 'Lanka Guardian."
their point of view, a basic direction that was hastie. Didn't som ebody at the Colombo conference talk about "trojan horses'?
Q. Why did Zia talk about 'peanuts' when the US offered him 200 famillion dolars 75 new ad? Does it show dri anti-US tendency in Pakistan today?
A. Not from Zia, and not from the ruling clique, it is not that Zia is unwilling to play the American game. Oh, he is willing all right. He wants a bigger rake-off. He wants his reward to be something more than peanuts. But there is a slight difference in thinking in the upper echelons in Islamabad. Fundamentally, all hold views that compel နှီး(မျိုးt† to play a subordinate, if not servile, role in US-China geostrategy. But there are those who thirk that China is the more reliable friend and patron. There is a common ground between these two lines of thinking. Get arms and money from US, while working closely with the Chinese in Lh Sir regional strategy. Un fortunately, this means Pakistan is pushed into a confrontation with Afghanistan, and therefore with the Soviet Union, This is a very da Ingerou 5 game with Incalculable results. In one sense, It is the culmination of Pakistani foreign policy over the years. In another, it is the timediate result of Zia's own political plight.
Q. How wiss the recent events in neighbouring Afghanistan and the polici es that Pakistan is now
(ČTyrfired' ) P Fuge fi)

Page 8
AFGHANISTAN Disruption
'Tis little, too late" is the a II too familiar werdict com
the reformer who often defeats
his own purpose and prepares his own grawe. Too much, too soon could well be the equally self-destructive method of the
naive or over-eager revolutionary, It is now a well-established fact
that Pakistan is the base camp of the Afghan rebels, and the command centre of the increasingly coordinated operation mounted to de-stabilise and Subwert the revolutionary regime installed in Kabul in April '78. And after the Iranian revolution and the downfall of the Shah,
the regional policeman of the US and the publicly hailed hero of Peking, north-west Pakistan became the operational base of Pakistan's principal patrons, the US and China, in their concerted campaign against the Soviet-backed Kabul regime. (See PAKISTAN: PLAYING WITH FIRE).
But if the possibilities for successful subversion increased it was because of the social and political unrest caused by the sweeping reforms introduced by the revolutionary regime. These social and economic reforms threatened to disrupt the feudal structure of one of the world's most backward countries, traditionally bedevilled by fiercely divisiwe e thinc conflict5.
Noting that the Karmal government has been carefu | not to announce new economic de crees, LIZ THURGOOD, reporting to the GUARDIAN, London from Kabul reminded her readers that Afghanistan the size of France, is described as one of the world's least developed countries. With a population slightly bigger than Sri Lanka's the country's literacy rate is less than 20%. Life exресrancy is поt more than 45 years, and the average income is about Rs, 200/- per month.
Radical reforms (See REFORMS) and steps towards social emancipa
É.
and
REFO
1. Legislatitill Col
2 al celliti 1 by peasants (usury)
3. Extensive lan. January 1st 1979 - ğırabolize: latı Tı idi 'Wiki 5 0, '/', land Owners. Und: a ceiling of 15 at Ali šurplus land without · CCITT) pensati
firect to ll In illes5 | Illads. Alreidy landless families heclare of land C:
680,000 families from the land ref
4. Equal rights to wonten Who We āmd 5{ltl His CDITĩTTl marjages have be limitations placed
5. Pledges ha'ye nationalize at least
5. The national amisari's vario L3 recogniscid. Steps papers, Tai I educational facilities have a destabilising owing to the CX as to the Baluchis.
T: T1 d sta been purged, Eind the rank of major h;
tion can hawe th { effects in the 5 this is not TC T | es som drawn fro societies in rapi seem in this gra James STERBA of TITe5:
Land rc for T at their Willage chiefs. hı reagerled thelr r:| it was the Kabul ri ment's Era riting Coff that pushed orthodo the Pushtun willages in picking up the
"'The government to attend Teetings 5tl ביL מg טha d t Uddin a 40-year old and then fled eight threatern: o Li ir reig iC
"The government cardinancos allowing marry anyong they

subversion
RMS
trade units.
of all debts owed
1 reform ini tità ted - periously all טf thט 5% led byוי : I thic lank | refor III res was imposed. was LC bic: talker | in and distributed peasants and no150,000 formerly h: We recited a clì. A total of it and to benefit Till progral Illi1c.
halwe been granted rc earlier, bought
odities. Arranged em banned and քn do writ:8.
been made to 51% of industry.
rights of AfghJeoples have been :0 €stablish new51rogramcs ind , These Illic: SLIT:s
effect on Pakistan nple it holds out
te apparatus hä8 most officers above
we been dismissed.
: most disrupting hort-run. That ely an academic m the study of d trans li tiol 3 hlc account by
the New York
cm Pats undermined
Portraits of Lenin gious leiders. But Wolution a Ty go Wernew rights to Women : Mise en in f eastern ^fgha istan r gun혹.
Said Our wormen had and our children çals," said Shahab farmer who fought To this ago. "This ... We had to fight.'
imposted YarjOLIS. women freedom to hoise Without their
parents consent," said a former headma
ster, who has adopted the fighting
namic of Zamari.""
* The moment the women were
Invited to the meeting, the fighting
started" Zanima Ti said, "Thq willage men met secretly' he said, 'and organized an attack, which began April 17." "
Playing . . .
(CoriIEd for page 5) pursuing affect, if at all, the
situation in the North-West frontier amd Bd|Luch is ťan?
A. particularly like the point you made when comparing Yahya's legacy and Zia's dangerous course, I also agree generally with your remarks on Baluchistan etc., based | believe, on the excellent analysis of Fred Halliday.
Not all the so-called aid from the US, nor the help from its "most trusted ally", China, nor the money from the Shah or the oil sheiks have rescued Pakistan from its condition of under-development. On the contrary, the economic situation has got worse; the Impoverished masses have been condemned to Intensified forms of exploitation; the problems of
uneven development with in the country have been aggravated, sharpening in turn the national question, the rights of the Baluchis, Pushtuns and so on.
Yahya saw Pakistan lose its
east wing. What will be Pakistan's fate under Zla? Coming now to his own future...... Another major political upheaval and he can be blown off his perch. Or another group of officers with another general as its leader will oust a man who is universally unpopular.
As he goes on playing the USChina game against Afghan Istan, Zia may unwittingly trigger a
fresh upris ing In Baluch is tan and he will have to turn those guns
which he has been promised against the Baluchis. He signed Bhutto's death warrant gladly.
His own death war Tant could be the next.

Page 9
An incurable fo for dictators
by Jack Anderson
TE Iranian crisis Won't disappear when the fate of the hostages in finally settled. Recriminations will start bubbling to the
surface of the American political landscape.
The question to be answered
goes deeper than our humiliation in Tehran, serious as that has been. It goes to the heart of U.S. foreign policy: what is to blamo for the hatred and ridicule that have been heaped on this country. In recent years, and what can be done to reverse the situation? In a way, it's unfortunate that this issue will be discussed In the overblown rhetoric of an election year, because it is one that deserves more dispassionate consideration.
The Iranian crisis is only the latest, and most dramatic, evidence of the enmity the United States has aroused by its support of repressive dictators in the name of anti-communism. In Nicaragua, a Teheran-style backlash was prevented only because the revolutionaries who ousted the U.S. backed Anastasio Sonoza were less fanatical than the nullah in Iran. In Cambodia, revenge for our support of the corrupt Lon No was avoided because there were no Americans left to terrorize. In South America and Africa, we continue to prop up the regimes of generals who beat their countrymen with one hand and rob them with the other.
As a basically decent man who inherited years of locked-inconcreto alliances, Jimmy Carter
has reaped the whirlwind sown by his predecessors. After two years of kowtowing to Shah
Mohammed Reza Pahlawi, for example, he was finally persuaded that
SS
SS The aut har is are af Armerica".
lors d'Îrg cœluminisfs.
the Shah's fate Played a crucial exit.
But It was t late. The rey Custed the Shah the decades of the tyrant, not on him to ng And to our ci: have been tradi COTT TIL | 5 for aid over the abandonment of as simple treach
The intellige role in America' P:ಗ್ದ! is
ooking into. Di gathering agenci accurate informat where it was top levels to co policies already did the experts Intelligence Age Department cet reports to te|| what they want
For years h the shah was u Iranian masses to be deposed by
This informati by U.S. intellige dered the Sh megaloman lac. B. ignored in favour assessilents.
 

indness
sealed, and In his final
Wals
role
to little and too olutionaries who remembered only U.S. support for Carter's pressure iderate his rule. nt dictators, who ng on their antibillions in U.S. ears, Carter's the Shah was seem Iery to an old ally,
nce community's 5. Current O-Wi
certainly worth dour intelligenceies Send honest, ion to Washington, distorted at the inform to political established? Or at the Central ncy and the State 1sor their own the policymakers ced to här?
ad reported that popular with the and quite likely popular revolution.
on was reported In ce, which con 5iäh ån unstable It it was apparently of more optimistic
Only two months before the Shah's Collapse, Carter's national security adviser, Zbigniew ВГze=
zinskl, telephoned the Iranian dictator and assured him OO percent. In a matter of weeks,
the reality of the Shah's collapsing situation finally sank in, and Carter withdrew his pledge of support, afteT the Shah had ref5ad o liberalize his rule.
In Cambodia, knee-jerk communism saddled the United States with another corrupt, un popular dictator, Lon Nol. When this pathetic burn bler was thrown out by the savage Pol Pot regime, which was in turn overthrown by Vietnamese-backed communists, the United States had no place to go. The result was the shameful -U.S. wote in the United Nation5 to recognize the government of Pol Pot, although he had butchered half the population of Cambodia.
at
In Nicaragua, only when it became obvious that Anastasio Somoza - whose corrupt 40 years of family rule was made possible by U.S. backing - was losing out to a popular te wolt, did the United States give up - after ar. attempt to rob the rebels of wictory by back-door manoeuvring.
Our apparently incurable fondness for dictators - who need only to spout a convincing anti-communist line and assure us of their stability
TOT long. In
trouble Argentina
- may get us in before too
SEEING TORTURE CHAMBERS , WCTIWS
mmission shaken by
imaginable atrocities

Page 10
and Chile, we continue to back repressive military regimes to protect U.S. business interests. And in Zaire, another who enjoys Americam support, President Mobutu Sese Seko, is reportedly heading toward a Somoza-style debacle. He has enriched himself while his people starved and imprisoned any who dared critize his dictatorship. But he jovially wines and dines U.S. officials and busine 55 Ten.
Robert Remole former head of the U.S. embassy's political section
in Kinshasa, told me Mobutu's days may be numbered. Remole's summary of the situation Puts
the U. S. Predicament in a nu tshell.
"Mobutu's an 5. o. b.,' he explained, "but the powers-that -be say, as always, that he's our 5. o. b. I'm sure he's not
going to be around much longer.... the people of Zaire will blame the United States for supporting him."
Those who will not learn from history are doomed to relive it. It's time U. S., policymakers read a little of our recent history so we won't be doomed to repeat it endlessly.
tΟ
Letters . . .
(Carrir reeds
of those Mao h
know from
sources that Mac tion of Chilean M: who had rem, him against Chir the Chilean fast he agreed that was wrong and I told them not t, metaphysical an were two line Chinese party ап not always en Correct line Wa: advised the Chi to 5 tick to the
The Te Were, TTlatter's Cin whi to hawa 2TT ed. had occassion il to the Chinese out that its at government of particularly their -was Indefensibli der that Mao T
GSU precision
Union Platform We Counter Scales and are manufacturedí ti international standa: guarantee of absolu Manufactured by
SAMUELSO
37, Old Moor St
 

For page )
ad no control.
un limpeachable i told a delegaarxist-Leninists, instrated with a's attitude to ist junta, that
China's policy *ey Is io |St. Ha be idealist or d that there 5 within the d that he could sure that the 5 followed. He Ilean tom rades correct ideas.
of course, other ch solad 5 Sems
We, ourselves, 1973 to write party and point titude to the * Sri Lanka* prowiding arms e. But we com Sisetung Thought
is fundamentally correct despite
certain a berations in foreign policy matters after 1971. But we do mot subscribe to the
theory of anyone's infallibility. But Mao lewer adwocated an alliance with US imperialism to isolate Soviet social-imperialism.
N, San mugathasan Colomեc 3
Daylight Thuggery We wish to thank you for
the publicity given by the Lanka Guardian' to incidents of thuggery which occured
outside Bank of Ceylon Central Office,
We are confident that your valuable journal will continue to expose acts of Wrong-doing of this nature and serve as the watchdog of the rights of all sections of the people.
A. Walentine Merinnege
Secretary, Bank of Ceylon Briarch of CBEL
- a standard
re by.
zighing Machines,
Spring Balances o the highest
rds - your te quIality.
NS&COMPANY LIMITED
ΓΕΕ L
Colombo 2.
Te: 3234 - 4.

Page 11
BRAIN DRAIN (2)
WHY PROFESSIO
by Mervyn de Silva
hat makes a man migrate?
To uproot one self from one's Dwi'n enwironment and to 5ewer personal and family ties is surely a painful wrench. Yet a great number among the most skilled people in developing Countries continue to take the plunge.
Drawing on studies undertaken by four independent experts, a recent report the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development identifies the lure of higher Income and living standards as the Principal cause. Important also is 'social environment and working conditions'. A closer inquiry into skilled migration, its magnitudes, composition and direction, reveals other impelling factors too. These include the internationalization of skilled manpower, the Comparative advantages gained by some developing countries in producing and exporting skills, and immigration and emigration policies of the rich and the poor countries.
Om both s| des of this relationship there are what is commonly designated as "push", and "pull" factors. An examination of their actual operation points to the crucial fact of dependence, itself a manifestation of the fundamental character of a world economy in which "un equal de wolopment" is a central feature.
Efforts at control
In moving towards action to deal with the situation, there has been a recognition of the different interests of different developing countries. As a result a broader framework for practical measures is emerging. "Intensive", "regulatory" and "de-linking" poli. cies constitute the three main areas of action.
While it is almost impossible to reduce the salary differentials between the rich and Poor nations
in a manner th tially affect emig ti We S 5 Luch 5 remain a stand; such a step, e. lied on a sela TE LOS El Pr ing local wage
Far more ho effort aimed at of the institut professional life. attract back exp; porary research of expatriate prc cular projects mi
ETT 15 YW E.
Restrictions se
Regulatory an 5ures in the sp är other 5 trock-" only invited mc Protest but pr arid self-defeatim line of attack, c the face of pro and demoralised community, so It in to ingeni modes of escap
The argument is rooted in the of educational f Stånd up too w scrutiny. Rathe of these facilitie: more useful is th of professional This would not o ing more rele wa
tions, but Ted Luc. mobility of the iOrla|5. This wo
prevent pooг па each other. To ange of skills, gonal, there c efficient division deve l'oping regia production of a
To del effecti Of human resour several attempts

NALS
it would substan"ation flows, Incenenhanced salaries
rd response. But pecially when app:tive basis, often 2blems by distortSLTUCLu Tes.
eful is a plan ned the improvement onal features of This could even trate skills. Temjobs and the use fessionals in Partily also offer a short
lf-defeating
d restrictive meahere foi emigration, esponse, hawe not 3ral criticism and owed cumbersome g iп ргасtice. This ften abandoned in test, has angered I the professional me times tempting ou 5 and dubious 다.
that the problem "over-expansion' acilities does not "el under serious than a reduction s what might be e "indiganization" training systems. nly make the trainint to local condie the International country's professuld not, of course tions from helping en sure this exchbila teral and Subreould be a more of abour within ns. That Is, in the ld trade in skills.
ively with the flow Ces among nations, hawe been made
EMIGRATE
Part g of a feature specially Writter for and circulated by the U.N Office of Information
N.
to come up with acceptable accounting procedures. One of the UNCTAD experts, Jagdish Bhagwati of MIT has 5uggested that three elements be distinguished in international accounting:
(a) official flows; (b) the nominal private flows;
and (c) the imputed capital flows implicit in the movement
of skillied manpower.
Since two approaches have been proposed with regard to the mode of compution- "Historic cost" (HC) and "Present Discounted Walue" (PDW). The Exporters' Group has recommended that the question of fair and feasible methods of measuring human resource flows be further examined.
Compensation for the drain
With other studies in both deweloping and developed countries, and an increasing body of experti 5e, the international discussion on the "brain drain" has now reached a stage where two questions figure prominently. First, the issue of compensation for the countries
that have helplessly borne this drain for so long. Secondly, the problem of how best the gains
that hawe accrued to the rich can be shared.
Several interesting proposals are now assuming clearer shape. If a "direct assessment' on the host developed country were le vi ed its proceeds could be used for development projects in the poor countries. This could be done directly by the developing country or through a Special Fund. Many variables would determine each country's contribution to the Fund and each poor country's share of
9

Page 12
the proceeds but this exercise would not be too difficult.
The U.S. tax system and taxexemption practices have also nspired ideas that could be profitably adapted. A global tax system could, for example, include a moderate supplementary tax on skilled migrants to be used for developmental projects in the poor countries.
Since mlgrants' rem littances have come to play a not inconsiderable part in the balance of payments of many poor countries, it has been proposed that the IMF's Compensatory Financing Facility be extended to cover fluctuations In earnings from such remittance thus cushion ing the poor from another adverse effect of rece55icnary trends in the developed World.
As the North-South debate contim Lues, wo arte sure to hear morte about these and other Proposals to turn the "Eorain dra In" in to a in irrigation canal.
THE GREY-EYED KING
by Ara Akhrrrrrrlor f'LI
Glory to you, Fair inericling! Yesterday died the grey-eyed king,
The autumn evening was stifling and
red.
At the door Fry rusharid quietly said:
"You know, he werf hur Tirg with
his grid
His lody by the old oak they found.
"So y Jurig!"... I'r ’s sal for the queeri,
they say:
In ore Flight her golder hair turned
grey.
His pipe from the rian relpiece he
τοιοί, And in he Wert ia s'ork or his book.
My daughter in led now I'll wake. In her grey eyes one look II rake.
But beyoned the window the poplars
Είηg: "On earth Honore is your king,
J'olf king.
Translated by Reggi Siriwardena
=ம
 
 
 

Gofidileaf
forgood taste.
خت = جنسی مجھے - ح - atت_][حواحG) for cr,
أمرت المبانية : Rorici the word forts
ਕੁਤੁ tobaccard
taਣ
السي .
LLKKLLLLSaaaL aaSLaLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLS
E' IKI*i II H H H H HF:: "El Hi:LTH

Page 13
DEVELOPMENT (4)
Tradition and progr
by Godfrey Gunatilleke
he questions relating to
traditional value systems, the place of religion, the role of the family and kinship ties did figure as an important element in the vision of a des Trable future || fe. But here it is difficult to draw any significant conclusions. In most cases the responses indicated that the future society which is the outcome of development should reta in these elements and that they were valued by the households who were participating in the dialogue. There were of course the minority which questioned the importance to be assigned to these values in a process of development. But even in these cases many were objecting to the institutional form which religion has taken and the wested interests which had organised themselves around it. The substance of religion and its importance for the lives of individuals was seldom unequivocally dismissed. But the dialogues do not help us to understand how the participants themselves saw the conflict between what they valued in the traditional value systems on the one hand and the new life styles, values, consumption patterns on the other, which would inevitably grow out of the changes and the developments that were taking place. While recognising the importance of religious values and cultural identity, the responses seldom went on to consider how these had to be protected and preserved in the process of development.
First, the dialogues do not seem to have perceived any sharp conflict or confrontation between tradition and modernity, between religious values and the modern scientific materialistic attitudes. Second. while there was a vague awareness of the threat to the preferred systems as a result of the entry of urban life styles and ways of living, this threat itself was not clearly articulated nor was there a sufficient understanding of its significance. On the basis of the
material availab to de rive any how these mantain ther this somewhat frame. One ex awareness of th: On the other likely that the did not perceiv between the re the modern de leading to mate would seen that of expectation sh to the ideology and to the was pursuit of mate and tha wallua emphasisc non somehow are h co-exist at pres useful to examir in greater detai ssary is to ing fact at the le level, these com evolve their on tradition and provide for the different value (engendering shar then. These co are of a specula would need to by much more the village level
in the samt participants bott national levels separation of reli; This was essen against the mobil Support for poli derived from a the religious dim profaned by the and to protect religion in socio of respondents the politicisatior the constructive might play in social change. S they did not el and ethical for society and t

'ess - No conflict
le it is not possible conclusions as to * ural communities equilibri Lum with in confused ideological :Pected a greater : Inherent conflicts. hand, it is also rural communities e a sharp conflict :ligious system and velopment process rial well being. It : the moderateness al 5 SOC: Colti
in the village Y in which the trial improvement
systems which -lateria needs eld together and art. It would be he these themgs l. What is neceLire whather in 255-than-conscious mUn ities Seek to wn synthesis of modernity and Co-existence of Systems without 2 Conflicts between IT Tort5 1o Weyer tiwe nature and be substantiated detailed work at
CQT1 text TTg5 t at the local and argued for a ion from politics. ally a reaction sation of religious ical ends and was Pncern to prevent 2nsion from being Political processes the integrity of y The majority id not distinguish of religion from role that religion evelopment and "Prisingly enough, Ph a šis the moral of religion for 2 Porto Cesses of
This is the final part of the main conclusions reached եy the Marga research project, Nation Dialogue on De felopment.
Government as a whole. The notion of 'dharm is ta' or "righteous' Government, the avowed objective of the ruling party was not Commented upon explicitly in this context. This could have been the result of the way in which the dialogue was structured and the issues were raised. What might have been of great value would have been the axploration
of the popular perception of
"righteous' Government.
The dialogues attempted to
distinguish the perceptions and
aspirations of the younger generation from those of the older households. But in the discussions themselves, while differences are recognisable and there is generally a higher level of expectatic aη απg the youth there is no evidence of a sharp or irreconcilable conflict of attitudes suggesting a deep discontinuity with thẽ past or breakaway from the older genera. tion. Neither does the difference in levels of expectation stand out in sharp contrast to the pattern of differences among households as a whole. More analysis is however needad before any definite conclusions are drawn.
A large majority of the dialogue participants did not wish to see any major departure from the existing political and economic system. Most of them wished to preserve the present political systern which enabled citizens to exercise their power through the Yote and choose between competing Parties. They wanted to achieve the desirable future and impro-wsments to the social system through the processes of Parliamentary democracy. In the uran dialogues, h3. Wewer, there was repeated reference to the evils of the party system, but the discussion itself did not separate the abuses

Page 14
arising from the exercise of power by individual parties on the one hard, and inherent weaknesses of a multiparty system on the other. The consensus however appears to point in the direction of an endorsement of a system which preserves values of freedoms based on free elections and the institutionalisation of political opposition and dissent by citizens. The preference of the majority is clearly for an open society.
On the questions of social and economic organisation, there is again the majority view that there should be a mixed economy. The approach to this question by those who favour a mixed economy was not based on identical grounds, In most cases there Was a distrust of large bureaucracles. The state enterprises appear to hawe left a popular impression of mismanagement and Inefficiency. In this context the private sector is se en as a sector which Tinst play a significant role in development and economic activity. At the same time many participants seem to argue for an important welfare component administered by the state. The dialogues themselves hawe not probled very far to examine the views of participants regarding subsidies and free public services. Some opinions expressed seem to support a general strategy which reduced the element of subsidy provided the pace of development was accelerated and incomes rapidly increased. At the same time many participants appeared to regard the mixed economy as one in which the state played an important role through its welfare services.
The theme of participation in decision-making received more attention in the national dialogues than at the w||lago level. At the national level the need for a more participative system was strongly urged in several seminars. Participants argued that the parlamentary electoral system in which voters made their choice of Government once in several years did not adequately provide mechanisms for continued involvement of the people. The current efforts at decentralisation was endorsed as a movement in the right direction. Forms of 'self-management' in enterprises
|
were strongly ad Trade Union sert be said that the that was proj discussions Was o the processes of and the expansio state machinery a ted instead decer management and of the people. A however the them did not evoke The discussion of and the capacity ment at the loc: produced well-Con ful responses. strengthening lo generally seemed There was still e dependence on administrative act the government sy elicit a morte at the issue of part dialogues would more specifically
What would b be a more deta the subtle Wariatio of expectation ar of development range of village dialogues. In the there are except out. For exampl Medakumbura is looking than mo a marked preferen employment and f. tive jobs outside is influenced by structure of the which includes se employees.
There is less extended family th חס haslsקוחe There is greate nie w walutės and higher level of most other willa images of the b households, willa levels which er dialogues would be examined in Telation o il Cor of exposure to E influences and structures. This taken as part c Work on this pli

'ocated at the nars. It could les irable system cted at the he which avoided ureaucratislation of centralised ld which promotralisation, selfthe participation t the local level : of participation TL COT. Therht. rural Institutions for self-managelevel seldom sidered thoughtThe need for tal government to fird LuppJr. widence of 5 trong initiatives and iom flowing from stem. In order to iye response on icipation, future hawe to focus IE וrם
e reveal Ing would led analysis of ns in the patterns ld the definition goals in the entire and national general Patterns ions which stand a, the village of
more outward st villages with ce for government ir Tore re TJ TT34the village. This the occupational village workforce veral government
walue placed on ties and Thore a nuclear unit, receptivity to in all respects a expectation thal ges. The warious etter lifo at the ge, and national merge from the therefore need to greater depth in пе |evels, exteпt External and urban
socio-economic would be underչf the continuing "oject.
μψITH
THE
COMPLIMENTS OF
DISTRIBUTORS
OF
CTZEN
WRIST WATCHES
& CLOCKS

Page 15
Energy needs of rural
by D. S. R. Seneviratne
(Electriral Engineer, Елғrgy Unit,
Ceylon Electricity Board.
Eifio has always been and shall continue to be an absolute requirement for the existence of mankind. The demand for energy increases with economic developInent. Use of imported fossi fuel || ke coal & oI | wi || soon bo beyond our reach.
We have not yet been lucky in locating oil, coal or natural gas in Sri Lanka. Power through Hydro Electricity generation will be limited and expensive. Dependency on imported fuel to meet our day to day energy needs will conti. nue to drain our foreign exchange rapidly. The ever escalating world oil prices will un doubtadlybe a major threat towards the implementation of the National Development Programme,
E Use of electricity and
subsidies on kerosene.
A major portion of the popula. tion (75%, to 80%) live in villages and ့်%ါ့် 盜 10% of enjoy the facility of using electricity for lighting. The present practice of using keros ene for lighting and cooking by a large number of urban and suburban dwellers will invariably lead to recurrent financial losses to the State by way of annual grants and subsidies. With the increase in the price of kerosene, many more users of kerosene will change over to the use of electricity and fi rgwood.
Cost of materials for transmission lines are increasing rapidly shooting up costs of rural electrification. The domestic consumers find it extremely difficult to meet the initial costs of electrification due to the rising costs of wiring material.
The energy crises that we are faced with, will increase the demand, for the development of alternate sources of energy.
O lise of firewood & defo
Station
Rising cost increase the rat With the dwind II the country will with vast extent land; rendered dried up stream
Seasonal rains lands will prom causing silting resulting in destroying food etc. annually.
O The basic Of the ru
The basic do елегgy in the limited to
(a) Lighting of 2
for 2 to 3
(b) Fuel for cool
a day.
O An appr. utilisation SOLI "Ce Of
Bio-gas obtaine fermentation of w as agricultural y from domesticate LP 5 tra W Water be usefully used fuel for meeting m. meds of the ru
O 0ther Co
obtained bic ferne Tatter"
l. Utilisation c matrial for farm as a soil conditions
2. Improvemen Sanitary condition Process of digas matter such as a faeces. The a nearc destroys many P Pathogenic organist many diseases 5 Work, Hook W. Typhoid, dysenter.

Sector in Sri Lanka
of kertos Ine w III e of deforestation. ing forest reserwes finally end up is of barren open unfertile due to S and rivers.
on these open o te so il erosiom, of waterways frequent floods, crops, houses,
: needs of energy ral sector.
needs of 5 Tito. It is i g
Testic rural
lamps per house hours a day.
king 2 to 3 meals
Dach to was te as an alternate eпergy.
d from anaerobic a Ste ma tte 5uch YaS Ee, droppings d апіппа!s, dried Weeds etc. can 15 ān al Cerrito Ost of the energy a homes.
1rlectad Benefits through anaeroitation of Waste
sf digested Waste yard application
t of general is through the Ing the was te n i mal & human bic fermentation arasitic o ya and This which causes Luch as Round ווזrסrm Tapewב y Hepatitis etc.
3. Control of pollution.
|aם חם וחחם Wir חe
Fuelsaying & other aspectsadaptability to local conditions.
If properly developed bio-gas can be used to run internal combustion engines for use in farms and in small industries.
electrification.
(a) Blo-gas can save fuel used for engines used for the generation of electricity in isolated rural areas.
Lura
Mechanisation of farms.
For running farm-house and agricultural machi ñery such as, paddy hullers, threshers, water բumբ5 etc.
Indirect benefits,
In addition to the above the following can be quantified as some of the benefits that will eventually accrue as a result of using waste matter for the
production of Bio-gas for use as an alternate Source of energy.
I. Benefits to the state, through reduction of oil imports and savings from providing kerosene at subsidised rates.
2. Saving of valuable land for cultivation and development works.
3. Conservation of valuable electrical energy for more productiwe and economic uti|| sation.
4. Sawing of valuable construction materials used for transmission Ines needed for providing elec. tricity;
5. Greater agricultural productivity from plantations, saved from clearing of way leaves, for erecting High Woltage transmissionings.
6. Increased productive working
hours; made available through saving of time, spent in Collect. Ing firewood.
When considered as a section of Sost benefit analysis, the above factors will be of some significance from a national point of view.
3

Page 16
JVP's foreign po
by Chintaka
n an interview with the "Lanka
Guardian" early last year, Mr. N. Sanmugathasan asserted that "today, apart from the pro-Moscow revisionist clique, his (Wijeweera's) is almost the lone voice that supports Soviet Social Imperialism and its Cuban satelite.' I quote this statement of Shan's solely since it is symptomatic of the misleading propaganda spread by Sri Lankar Maoists to the effect that the J.W.P. Is Pro-Soviet, i pro
Cuban and pro-Vietnamese. Ironically enough, this is a virtual mirror image of the myth that
Wijeweera tries to asiduously disseminate, not east among his impressionable young followers. But, just as a person cannot be Judged by what he says about himself, or by what his enemies say about him, neither should we stick a ro-Soviet pro-Cuban label on the W.P. with the readiness that local Maoists demand and Wijeweera wishes. In point of fact, the ideological - theoretical line of the post-'7| J.W. P. is basically neo-Trotskyite and therefore far from a genuinely pro-Soviet/Cuban Wietnamese posture 1, The Contradiction between the J.W.P.'s ideology and its obvious search for international recognition and legitimacy from the 8: bloc in general and Cuba in particular, is a dichotomy that Wijeweera is trying to disguise and suppress. The propaganda by the local Maoists in fact is of considerable assistance to Wijeweera in this intellectually dishonest effort and and negates the possible positive effects of their continuous pole. nical debate with the J.W. P. In order to change a phenomenon it is first necessary to understand that Phenomenon correctly and grasp it 5 es 5 en tial characteristics, Tather than attribute to i nonexistent features arising from one's subjective prejudices - which is what Iolaoist5 continua Lo do In respect of the J.W. P.
As for Lhe Contraldiction between the theoretical lines of the Cuban revolutionary leadership and the
ܩܗܸ.
4.
J.W.P, ewen Wijew compelled to admi reluctantly, in pub our Maoists a 5 Guardian readers find the following in this res Pect. unpublished rough a series of questi Rohana Wijeweera, given by him, at well attended publ the J.W. P at Colom Hall on the 3rd year. (1979). (The weera's speech Wa: significance of the C and the question: a member of the
Q: Comrade, th Leninst Interna flor from the World CCT with Stdin's d55 L You also State thi opportunist who revolution and de post-Lenin Merish Fidel Castro, Che Club din Party ha ye positive historical
consider him a
Lenin15 revolution it corre: dit to Sy J. W.P's views on history of the novementare di f contrary to the v comrades whom yol. sedge as internati
Fjes?
A: Comrade, the local wing Communist Party. views are in de PE correctly present Stali T1. The CorT1 be different. W wiews of Fidel a mer tioned.
Q: So corri rad you accept that y few 5 or this que: different but di to those held by utionary leadersh
A: There is comrade, it is c

licy
Yee Ta has bėlė 1 t it, albeit very |c. I think that well as Lanka n general would text of interest It is a previously translation of ons asked from and the as Wers the end of the Ic rally held by bo's New Town of January last 2 toplc of Wije; 'The historical uban revolution' were raised by audience.)
e J. W.P states that alism disappeared run is rower1 ent mption of power. ut StdIm W75 Tr. retrayed the World lapted a policy of 1ewism. However, Guevara and the spoken of Star's contributions drid great Marxistary leader. Isn't therefore that the Stain and the world communist ferent and fin fact fews of the Cuban yourself acknowonalist revolution
the JWP is not of the Cuban Our theoretical endent. You hawe ed our wiew5 0 rades" wiews may e too hawe reåd nd Che that you
e Weweera, do in fact, the JWP's ; tiom dren't me rely so contradictory the Cuban rewoip?
nothing to accept,
uite obvious.
" that the present stage
Q: Thank you, com rade, My next question concerns the WP's Categorization of the USSR, and
orther socialist countries as "degeneated or d2 formed workers states." Isn't it correct that the Cuban comrades reject this concept and characterise the USSR etc. as sodist states? Aren't your respects Ye views contradictory on this quest or too? By the way, the JWP's new General Secretary, in his introductory speech this evening referred to the USSR as a "socialist workers state." Does this imply a change of views or your part?
A: We hawe not changed our views in the least. We still say that there are certain political degenerations in the USSR. Our General Secretary mentioned to me just now that he used the term "socialist" on its popular sense only. It is true that the Cuban comrades hold a different орIпіоп. They aге completely free to hold a different opinion. They are completely free to hold their
views, just as we are free to hold ours.
Q: More specifically, do you
contrades still assert that the Sowet Union is ruled by a bureaucratic stratum which has to be overthrown by means of a political revolution?
A: Yes, we still that wiew clearly.
55
0: Сопсегліпg the problem of the stage of the revolution, tfie Cuban comrades accept the historical correctness of the theory of the so-called "two-stage revolution,'
while also accepting that the present
stage of the revolution in many countries is socialist. But the WP rejects the concept of "People's
ritorial-democratic revolution'' and denies even the historical validity of the "two-stage revolution." Isn't this thess of yours contradetory to the Cuban position? To clarify my own standpoint, agree of the Sri
Lgrkd revolution is socialist. . . .
A. As a matter of fact comrade, this view that we expressed was our view too, up to 1971. That

Page 17
is the Cuban view too. However, we have progressed since then. Perhaps the Cuban Party will also advance and one day agree with our position. Our position is independent and Marxist-Leninist. We arrived at it through independent study, not by learning from Cuba, the USSR or any other country's Communist Party.
Q: Comrade, various united fronts Such as the Citizens Revolutionary Front, played a significant role on the Cuban revolution. In fact Fides Castro drafted a programme for this united front and foLight for its creation. Even up to today the Cuban leadership strongly urges the unity of Popular forces against Imperials and local reaction. Isn't your view on "unsted front's" diametrica/ly OPPosed to the Cuban position?
A: For Our part we shaII never en ter into any united front with tra itors and opportunists. We Cannot adopt the method of the Cuban revolution, in the 5 ITTE? manner in our country. Simply Because the struggle thero began from the Sierra Maestra mountains, We cannot try to cornmence a Struggle from the Sinharaja forests!
Q. Conrade, the Cuban revolution Provedonce again the correctless of the strategy of armed struggle as the road to socialism.
What is your view on the question
of the armed road and the Fed Ceful road?
A: On this question, our
standpoint is very similar to that Of comrade Castro's, as Cernunciated in his speech following the unsuccessful assault on Moncada. Our view is the same as that
of Engels. In fact | clarified our Position in Iny speech to the C.J.C.. As Engels says in his
"Principles of communism", it is We revolutionaries who wish most fervently for a peaceful transition to socialism. The decision is however made by the rulingbour. geoisie, and not by us.
Q But surely comrade, all the less ons of history so far (ாcluding that of Chile, for instance), goes to Praye that the possibility of a peaceful transition to socialism is highly remote. Wouldn't you மgree?
A: That is not a logical argument comrade. Simply because some
thing didn't ha in history does r Cill Il Dit tar Wy |||| future....
That was the cular exchange,
What this g that on almost of the theoretica and Cuba resp divergence and than the congru men tarity that Mo alike would pre
Both in his as well as in volume survey o rican revolution tique of Arms, COTT TÉ 5 Trotskyists of Unified Secretar Cuban and Wietna These clements w suppOrt in tern Pro Paganda but Ignore the concr gra T1 m (2:5, a Ctical linkages and Policies adopted Would try to o, retical underpinni lutions which are W 58Cti Tİarı tics.
When pressed åt these factors that they had co to Take on the that ther atti Critical support!
Debrary's desc
JWP almost per support for Cub though vociferou
and in tho lasta nia! Its foreign polic slogans are not theoretical convict on Cuba are in from those of Unified Secretaria Socialist Worker Alain Krivine's American Secreta delite USec ed and Peter Camejt Trotskyist groupi Weera's analysis : from these saure account of the CCTT) Luis T after from Trotsky's

pen in the past, 1't mean that it 10t OCCur in the
end of that part
OOS to Prove is every key issue lines of the JWP ectively there is disjuncture rather êncy and compleTaoists and JWPers fer to Imply.
Prison Writings" his brilliant two f the Latin Ameentitled "A Cri" Regis Debray the attitude of the Paris based "ilt Cowards the These revolutions. 'ould extend their 15 of journalistic would prefer to "ete slogans, proallianccs, externa | Post-revolutionary Thereby they 'erlook the the ngs of these rewoContrary to their Strategics and
to look closely they would say rtain réservations se questions and LJ de is o no of
:ription fits the fectly. The JWP l and Wietnam, S, is superficial, y5i5 OPP portunistic. Ey postures and ground 2d in fir ion. Its positions по way different Ernest Mandel's t, Cho ATmerican 's Party (SWP), JCR, the Latin . Fiat of the Manby Livio Maitan 2. All these are ngs and Wijederived largely es just as his history of world Lenin is derived Works such as
"Revolution Betrayed' and Third International after Lenin.'"
Rohana Wije weera is de termined never to repeat his in Larnational isolation of 1971, and has therefore abandoned his earlier Maoist posІtion of "self-reliance." Fine. He has also taken cognizance of the
new militancy of Soviet foreign policy roughly since 1975, and should be congratulated on his
perceptive ness. Ho must howe ver
be forced to confront the contradiction between this external orientation and the theoretical
orientation of the JWP post-1971. This orientation is made explicit In his magnum opus "Proletarlan Internationalism or Opportunism' which owes much to the Fourth International's regular publications such as International Socialist Review (SR), IN PRECORR and "Militant." The JWP's new set of 5 lectures includes one on the "history of the Menshevization (sic) of the world communist movement," which contains an identifiably Trotskyist line of argumentation passed off to the WP cadres as “Comrade Wijeweera's Contribution to Marxism-Leninism and the struggle to rebuild a new Le minist International.''
Wijeweera is seeking to be a beneficiary of the Policy of " 'dua Tecognition" that Cuba accords both to officia | C.P's as well to rewolu tlonary guerri la moyements in Latin America. The Vietnamese also follow this policy. For instance in India, they hawe official links with both th, CP and the C.M.P.
One stumbling block to that kind of recognition however is the WP's refusal to make a gemulime self criticism of the 1971 events, Another obstacle turns out to ba the JVP's refusal to enter a united front with the CPSL on the local scene. But the se questions
do not concern us here. The third obstacle does. It is the contradiction between the JWP"5
current foreign policy posture and their idelogical foundation.
All Marxists including those of the CPSL, should focus on this latter point in order to stimulate discussion and debate among the JWP cadres and leadership.
Nota {1} See WP and Trotskyismo L. G. Wo! | Nos 12 and 3,

Page 18
GAMIN : Trials O
GA MINI FONSEKA, Sri Lanka's hest kr
personality, gave
an exclusive GUARDIAN' or his current file'
Friter y few fo fili UTHLMAN
film, a hard-hitting criticism of police rethods,
system and the cruel injustices imposed on innocer those who wield power, sparked a controversy ir last month. The second part appears in our next
QUESTION - What in your opinion was the reason why your film was not given an airconditioned cinema at the start?
The question forces me to go back a little in time and analyse the various situations the film had to face, I am talking about the time. It was first submitted to the State Film Corporation as a script. The script was held by the Corporation for more than 7 months, the reason being that the Corporation officials felt that it was necessary to submit the script to the IGP, the Police, and also the Ministry of Defence before they could sanction the making of such a film. Don't ask me how I did it, but I managed to get a copy of a letter, a printed form with the blanks filled in, attached to the script which was sent for the
perusal of the police.
First of all I think It was un necessary because they were
seeking the opinions of the Polica but not trying to feed the Police with their opinions. I am talking about the State Film Corporation, The very fact that they attached this printed form with the blanks filled in, making their observations of the script, I thought, could hawe been Interpreted as an attempt to brainwash the police. There was not a single favourable comment on the script. In other words, they had said the script (story) had no social or cultural value. They had categoriend the story in one of the columns meant for that question and answer, as an ordinary love story. Now that most of you hawe seen the film you, Will know that lowe has very little to do with this whole film, but somehow the Corporation official or officials who read the script
Were able to g: Iuch after 7 mont nation. Ewen thė Taw film || CeCe W3 and finally the licet after my unit of artists had arrive It was under at
up with the hi that the licenc granted.
| Illust ment|On that in those 7 already contacted to play various r
and thanks to t official 5 || had ti from their obli:
contract other art I had o Im Lentia ole in to film. to cast Tony Ra II role of Siri pala. Te the necessary to the delay on Tony was comp och T contracts, thankful to him for a much smaller rol on his side, purely a Tony and I had con many films be worked togethel understanding. H those who played role in my eat Wen Lu Te "Par:5 t was determined to ence, so to say, he played the sm; role of the Prosecut I am merely givi Indications of the Yentu Te had to fa time. I w III ta things in relation questions.
Was there any film was not give

f movie - makers
ser e 'LANKA EWI". Tig
the Judicial
people by
le press issue.
ther only this .hs of procra sti
issuing of the is unduly delayed nce was obtained
technicians and ld on location. treat to take It gher authorities
WS finally
at this stage, months had Certain artistes oes in this film he Corporation to release the in
gation and reistes. Personally п of playіпg a My Idea was hasinghe in the He had given date 5, but due the other side, alled to accept However, I am ' agreeing to play ... It was, I think friendly gesture. worked together fore and we had with great e is also one of a very significant "lier directorial Humal" and ho mark his presand as a result all but significant or (state counsel). ng you certain obstacles this ce from time to k about other to your later
reason why this in an air-cond
కెళ్ల
tioned cinema. In Colombo Actually I cannot offer you a reason. The reasons could only
be offered by the State Film Corporation. You know that there was a 5th circuit formed for the purpose of showing films of Cultural or artistic walue and that was done on the orders of His Excellency the President and one of the conditions that were taken for granted more or less, was that such films should receive at least one air-conditioned cinema in Colombo. So, if there were any reasons for not giving me this cinema, I think the best person to answer that should be the General Manager of the State Film Corporation. Here I must say a word of thanks to the Chairman of the Corporation, the new Chairman of the Corporation, Mr. Anton Wickremasinghe, who made
it possible for this film to be shown at all in the 5th circuit. Had he not dono so, the film
would hawe actually been shown at
least one year later.
QUESTION 2 - The Corporation says that the quota of running time for Sinhala films

Page 19
given to the air-conditioned theatres in Colombo was over. Therefore the release of your
film had to be delayed. is this correct?
That's your question. I must
remind the gentlemen of the State Film Corporation that is an arrangement they came to with the sellers of Western Films much later on. At the time my ffilm was censored, or went in for censorship there was no such condition. It was |ater that they came to such agreements. Well I don't know how much later it was, but up to the time my film was ready for release, all films, one after the other, all Sinhala films that were categorised as good films-(l am not going to sit down here and debate whether some of them were good enough for the 5th circuit or not but whatever was chosen as good films) were regularly released with no problems at all. The only film that faced this problem was "Uchumaneni'',
So in relation to this question, again, if that was the case, then why did the General Manager of the Corporation, offer my producer, Mr. Ariyaratne Perera, a release at the Rio and why did he subsequently inform the producer that the Rio w III mot be awailable? If he offered the Rio then there must have been screen time. Subsequently, they offered the Plaza. Theatre. " The release of the Rio Wa5 refused one day before the release of the picture. Then having offered the Plaza, after the producer had sent out the publicity material announcing the release of the film, they refused to give the Plaza for some reason or other. So, I think there is a lot of contradiction in their statement. Then, they say that the quota of running time for Sinhala films was not available. The Rio is an airconditioned cinema, the Plaza is not. Both theatres were offered and at the last moment, just before the copy was sent in, the release was refused. So I think the question should now be addressed to the General Manager of the State film Corporation.
One thing more - must say that the Corporation finally agreed
to give the Reg 20 days after th picture. The pic without a single til The print that W so-called air-cont Colombo had final of 4 days, to be Casino. Theatre, from the Majes or any other th could hawe offer happened after made by a wellower the SLB C; had appeared in Ceylon and after compelled to m2 to a leftist paperc: Suddenly, we fou | ing, suddenly th was available, su time was availab Regal Theatre he us for a period
a UE STO aware of any the Police, the or the medical P were brought t Film Corporatic in Colombo, so would not get
The answort to
of the question because no outs any kind of infl over the theatres who can do that, doing that or wh to do that, wil Film Corporation, to the earlier par I must say the from the police the Censor Boar Cut Certa in Sequi an aware that t the Censor Boarç singhe, objected him, the slaught at that end. It at tempt, to save til image of the Pol only have to read to find out whal up to in this co saying that all the same categor ones hawe done their collective cannot blarine me it in my film.

al cinema exactly 0 release of the ure was released teatre in Colombo. is meant for the litioned cinema in ly, after a delay released in the Matale; a far cry tic, the Liberty eatre that they ed Lus, but this much noise was known film critic after his review
the Timos of producers were ke a 5tatement led the "Aththa.' ld things happene Regal theatre ddenly, the show
le and now the is baen given to of 5 weeks,
N 3 - Aro you pressures from legal profession rofession, which O bear on the in or on theatres that your film a wide showing?
the latter part is a brief "No", der can exercise uence or power The only people who are capable of o have the powers be the State Let us get back t of the question. e was pressure representative on i to delete or inces, to which II he Chalrman of Mr. D. H. AbeySo thanks to 1r was prevented was merely an e Tuch tarnished të force and you :he daily papers the Police are t סm וחtry. I aחJ fficers fa into , but a few bad !nough to tarnish image and one for talking about
The lega|| profession so far has not objected to the film in any way. Instead I had some very encouraging letters, and telephone calls from leading lawyers, but the medical profession did show some opposition to the film. was told by the Chairman of the State Film Corporation, Mr. Anton Wickremasinghe, of a letter that was written by the GMOA protesting thet the doctors had been cast in a bad light-also asking for 5 passes (5 free tickets in other words) to see the picture
and determine whether this complaint was actually true. By this time, the film had been
released, and , on behalf of the producers, refused to grant them any kind of free tickets or a free show for that matter, I told Mr. Wickremasinghe that they were quite free to buy their own tickets and see the film and then find out for themselves the nature of the complaint. I am sure Mr. Wickremasinghe would have conveyed it to them by now. On the other hand, on many occasions there was a great deal of opposition to the film from within the Corporation itself.
I am sure you are aware of the number of odd committees that have been set up, the number of odd advisory committees set up some time ago, who are expected to advise the Corporation, but instead, keep on laying down the law, I am told, even to the present Chairman, There were interested parties, some of then were people involved in the trade,
in the film profession, script writers, people who have been directing films mainly, and such types had for obvious reasons thrown many obstacles in the way of the film. I am told by reliable contacts within the Corporation that the film was viewed and then shelved on a
number of occasion 5.
QUESTION 4 - Were there апy sequences in your film which were cut for political or Other reas On 5 ?
Well I must say there were Thany attempts made, especially as I had said earlier, in the absence of Mr. D. H. Abeysinghe, the Chairman of the Board, who was
|7

Page 20
very much for the film and who
prevented the film from being mutilated by certain interested parties in the Board. But I
think your question Is pertinent in terms of my earlier work. For instance, I wrote the theme for "Sarungale" a film which was 5e en som a tim a Carlier on the screen (a few months earlier). The story was based on the Communal d'Isturbances of 1958 and it was an attempt at pointing out to the Sinhalese and Tamils alike that there was actually not much difference between the two races - their faith 5, their beliefs, their customs and traditions, as made out by politicians whose effort it has been always to capitalise on this human weakness -communalism. "Sarungale" faced many objections by the previous Censor Board. When || say previous, | am talking about the Censor Board appointed by the previous
government. It lingered on even after this government came into power.
The primary objections were to Certa im truths that were shown in the film. I could hawe understood this very much because the incidents shown in this film happened during a different regime whose appointees were the previous Censor Board, but I could not understand at all why the same opinions were upheld by a new Board of Censors appointed by this government-the UNP Gowernment, unless of course they were trying to whitewash politicians or the other side who were in their favour - Politicians of the previous regime who were in their favour cor, unless some of them had already started making overtures to those who would or could come into power in future, I hawe noticed such tendencies among officials, that is why I want to mention this. Just a few months or a few years after a government Comes Into power, you always get the official who stards around wawing to those who are to como,
They slaughtered the film very badly. They also cut one very wery poignant sequence in the film. This finally brought about a total Imbalance in the whole thing. The Sinha lese felt that I had
B
spoken too heavi people. The rea: the sequence was | heard a TurTur i to say that such "upset the susce: Tamil people in th sequence was to di the central charac speaking in opp dermand for Et pointing out to t they had gone wi pointing out to inclined Tails that it was that politics that Tac for the Tm || 5 diri of this country to and peace as they Cent L "log.
Now the Luth decided on this than the Dep Defence, Mr. W Werapitiya, back by the other "y Baärd ärld Wickrar to censor the other words, by Mr. Wera piti ya 7 ho Yw prowed to t People In the fili they were in o Eelam.
hawe heard : Mr. Cyril Matthe il Parla Telt ab | hawe Fheard and R. Premadasā, th,
Minister had to questions. I have MT. Dg5 of II
about this same BBC. If everyone hawe a right to
questions, then W for the film mak t? Is it because believe that the fi in the country a representatives o it because they E hawe been chose the people becau the firest brains
Or is It because believe that all
involved In the f not capable of c« thing towards Int
GESTON any changes ina

Il y for the Tam|| ion for Cutting never explained.
n the background a sequепсе ппаy tibilities of the is country'. The 2 with Nadarajah, ter in the story, o 5 iti on to the elam - Nada rajah he Tails where Tong — Nada rajah the politically
In this country knd of dirty le it impossible
d the Sinha le 5e exist in harmony had for several
ority that finally was nome other ity Minister of Werapitiya. Mr. ed subsequently es" Ten con the nasingine, decided sequences, in this very action Lnd Sthers som ehe more sensible m industry that ther Words for
or read of what aw had to say ut this question. Tead What Mr. e Hol, Prima say on this ; also read what dia had to say question ower the in general would talk about such hy is it wrong er to talk about most politicians mest intellectuals Te the so-called f the people? Is Jelieve that they in to represent se they possess In the country? they since rely those who are ield of arts, are 2ntributing anyelligent thinking?
5- Were there de by the Film
Corporation when your original
script was submitted for
approval?
Yes. Changes were demanded,
which I did not adhere to
shot the film exactly the way wanted to shoot it because thought the demand State Film
from the Corporation WYS superfluous. The very existence of the script board was in my superfluous, because in апу חסpiniס case there was to be a Board of Censors who were ultimately going to decide on the film and they, I thought, (I may be wrong) were capable of thinking right and in any case there was no need for double censorship. There was no need for people at any level, or any calibre to tell the the creatiye artists of this country
how they should think. They were putting in shackles the very thinking process of man, of
Creat We artistes i 1 di Chi5 || think Is totally un necessary, I think the more acceptable thing, like in the socalled developed countries, is self-censorship. Let the artist decide and if som ciday when the product is exhibited, it is possible for the public to state their opposition to any particular sequence or to a film and halt the exhibition of such a film.
First of all I don't think it is ethical for just a small group of people, small group of misfits, especially those who have been ap Pointed to the Censor Board, because of certain favours they had rendered the ruling party and also because of the fact that they were not fit enough to hold any other kind of Post, any responsible post, to sit and decide on What the people of this country should be seeing or what they should be thinking. One cannot easily forgive the audacity of any government that imposes its stooges on the creative thinking of this country.
Th|S So-Caled Censor Board som getirmes consists of in diwiduals, men and Women, whose knowledge of film making, leave alone film Censorship, is not worth talking about. In my own opinion
there are such persons in the present board too. Then you have a situation where persons

Page 21
who are in the trada themse lwes are included in the board. For example a script writer who sells
his work to a producer could impose himself on a producer with, say, the promise that if
the script is written by him or the script work handed to him then the film may not face any obstacles from either the script board or with in the Censor Board i Salf, simply cannot understand why individuals of this type should be included in a censor board which has serious public responsibilities - both to the film maker and other artists, as well as to the mass audience. I know of a man who once wrote a script for a top politician. Subsequently he obtained employment in a major state Corporation. I am rais ing questions of ethics. How can a person with obvious wested interestis In the trade be allowed tio sit in judgement over the creative
work of others, colleagues or competitors?
Let me tell you of a personal experience Wery recently my last directorial venture 'Sagarayak Meda' was submitted for censorship, among those present were various "catchers' - certainly not members of the Censor Board may be neighbours or friends, or friends of friends. Then there was one man who was making open and loud remarks throughout screening of this picture, heard by everybody present. However, the board did not take a decision that day, the film had to be submitted to higher authorities. On the 4th of January the film was se en again by the Censor Board. Also present was the Deputy Minister of Defence.
On account of sor The criticism made by a leftist paper about cutsiders attending censor shows a board official had said on that
particular day "O. K. no outsiders are to be allowed". But the producer had taken the
trouble to place one of his own men at the doar to see that no outsiders went in. After the entire board had entered the theatre two straggers came along.
The producer's representative inquired as to who they were. One replied 'api nikang aawa'.
The producer's that show was or Board. A littl an officia | a | low; Who were the my information c (catcher), the O driver. So ag flouted.
Throughout t busybody stayed and gave a run Was he brain-w
Although you not demand all hawe recounted to give your re the way the Ce ally works.
NEXT: Crime
Trends . .
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Page 22
PUSHKIN N TR,
by Lakshmi de Silva
TWO PLAYS OF ALEKSAN. DER PUSHKIN translated by Reggie Siriwardena. (Rs. 10-)
he translator by the very
nature of his work must possess the paradoxical ability to efface and yet to project personality, to free himself from the confines of his identity and merge with the subject of his contemplation, as mystics are said to do. Apart from his enviable technical wirtuosity, Reggie Siriwardena appears to possess this elusive power. The contrast of the direct poignancy of his Machado translations with the studied grace with which he renders Gongora" 5 in tricate web of both With hills Crisp, brusque presentation of Yevtushenko's sharply -juxtaposed images in Beatnik, made Many Voices a revelation of the range of style and feeling within his scope. Translation requires more than an understanding and love of the particular text in wolwed, an intima te knowledge of the author's outlook, the period he lived in, his distinctive style and the technical turns he habitually employs to achieve it. It calls for a ful awareness of the contrasting natures of two languages, and ideally, the rare ability to convey the characteristic qualities of one through the use of the othar.
The comparison of translations helps a reader ignorant of the original text to gauge something
of the essential quality of a Writer as well as to assess the value of a translation. Here
Pushkin's Tatyana awaits. Onegin's response to her letter.
"But her soul achics, and nothing
Pleases, Her eyes betray her with a tear.
Thic Budden 5 o und of hoofs! ... .........
ha frecze
Now nearer Galloping...... and here Ils Eugenic! By Another porta | Tatyana leaps like nothing mortal
From porch to court, and shadow
- light
O
She flies, she
flight Locks backward;
гш 15 On past the brig The grՃve, the and on, And fleeing bre; And gains the E
fast Where on a Տht falls.......
(Deutsch
Mean While het ceas Elessly;
Her languid eyes
t
A. Sudden litter Nearer. A gallo He's Corine - - Yr
leping Lighter than a : Tayana through From porch to
dare: ԻվEt: 5traight int She flics, she fi
=bd:
Over little bridg Lakewards, Scåtte: Towards. It bro Upon a garden E Sh = falli ........
(Siriward
The audacious slang "hares' Ish justified by the timidity and til Tatyana's frighter it evokes. The of that panic fili; not only by the Position ing of
"look. Ek s hi
The impetuosi movement of th more expressive t end-stopped lines Wersion. Nor is E choice of phrases
there is nothing telling touch
"a
While "panting
TCT CWOC3 t|We

ANSLATION
flies, nor in her
lightening-like she
it parterre, the lawn, bridge, the lake,
k5 the li la C-bush es, rookside, breathing
stic bench at last
: Penguin classics)
1eart ached
were full of
Her blood froze. ling she hears. geny! "Ah!" and
shadow, hares the entrance hall, vard; look back she
io the garden now ies, acro5 5 filo Wer'.
ges, down thic path ring the lilac-heads ok; till panting fast
crich at last
ena : Many Woices)
use of the nearere magnificently
impression of he glimpse of ned eyes which breathless speed ght is conveyed sense but by the
dares Not" " ty and rapid e verse is far
han the sedately of the Penguin ya bette Deutsch's : qually felicitous; to riwal the
ross flower-beds,"
fast' is surely of haste and
agitation than "breathing fast." The clumsy thud of
“By another portal
Tatуапа like nothing mortal'
detracts from the unity of effect, just as
'shadow-light She flies'
is awkwardly in conflict with the distressingly robust
"And fleeing breaks thic lilac bushes".
Two plays of Aleksandr Pushkin reveal a new dimension of Siriwardene's abilities through the shift from lyric to dramatic verse. His sure control of language and prosodic skill have here enabled him to forge the new medium needed to recreate the distinctive effect of a style that is taut, spare and vigorous. It is no small a chiew cment to hawe kept free from any over tones of 17th-century blank verse: a less disciplined craftsman might well have unconsciously let the shadow of Wolpone fall over the Baron amid his coffers.
"Who knows
What bitter abstincrice, what
passions bridled,
Oppressive though 5, days' carcs and
sleepless nights
Hawe been Its Price? пny son say
My heart was overgrown with moss,
that I
Knew no des Tres-"
Or clist will
This is blank verse pruned of rhetoric, moving with a natural life of its own. The rhythm reinforces the Intensity of feeling in the Baron's soliloquy, creating the sense of the haat of imagination and working thought as the old man broods on his visions of the power wealth gives, so that the images function and
, do not be come mere static Con
ceits, as happens, for when Racine's evocation of ferocity of consuming passion.
instance, tՒle
(Солriтнғd ол раgғ:32)

Page 23
NATIONALITY
Cultural and of the Tamil
by K. Kailasapathy
the growth of
describing
cultural and linguistic consciousness of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka, one cannot treat it in isolation, especially from the political and economic factors that
formed the bases for such a consciousness and the inevitable interplay of the two. However, since the political and economic
factors have been dealt with elsewhere, propose to limit the scope of this paper to the Cultural and linguistic aspects,
One preliminary observation ought to be made at the outset. The cultural and linguistic consciousness of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka has always been influenced by developments in India. In general and South India in particular. This applies to politics as much as to culture; accordingly, the major events in India during the last hundred years or so have had their impact on the Tam il community: the rise of the neo-Hindu Movements-Arya Samaj, Bh raham Samaj and the Ramakrishna Mission-the founding of the Indian National Congress (1885), the partition of Bengal (1905), the Swadeshi Move
ment (1906-||9||5), the different regional movements that arose in South India which eventually
crystallized in the emergence of the DMK, the movement for the formation of Linguistic states are some of the more significant ewents that have contributed to the cultural and linguistic consciousnes5 of the Srl Lankan Tamlls.
(Although there have been, and there continues to be certain awowed socio-cultural differences between "Sri Lankan Tamils' - who
Dr. K. Kaila sapaily if Professor dy" Tamil Sr dies a'r Urriver Tīry of Jaffna This paper was presented at The seritar or "Na fortality" orgarfsed by fille Associar for of Social Soïe Friors.
linguist
COTT
hawe been liwing for centuries - a Indian Origin" - here during the plantations - bot shared the comin of looking up te and spiritual sust religion, myth
double SS conti su rwiwal of this deeply embedde: ne55 of the avera with these may Er diwidual Influen like Swami W|We ka Mahatma Gandhi of whom w Este :Y Jaffna accorded rous in Ananda K. Coon 1947) who also more than one
(Special menti: of Coomaraswamy Jaffna Hindu Co which he refer his Tamil ance spoken highly of emphasized the and protect the arn d Ea 5 ter"r T speeches of CooTnara Swamy into Tamil and The evolution of linguistic Conscic Tamils should general backgrou ted the general see the phenome
It is generally
scholars on the many Asian c nationalism W:
religious awaker response to Ch activities. The
elaboration. HC be pointed o religious awaker on the surface,

ic consciousness
unity
In this country Tid the "Tamil 5 of - those who came : heyday of the :ih secticorn 5 hawe 1 on characteristic India for cultural an ance. Language, And history hawe ibuted to the feature, which is in the consciousge Tamil.) Along be considered the :es of personalities manda (853-1902), (1869-1948), both d Sri Lanka and where they were g welcome; and naraswamy (1877– Wisited Jaffna or occasion.
in must be a de 's address at the lege in 1906, in 2d With pri de tio stry and hawling :he Tamil language need "to preserve
flational ideas raditions.") The "I weka manda and were translated
ublished in Jaffna.
the cultura | and шsness among the e Searl ir this id. Hawing delineasсе па one has to non more closely.
accepted by most
subject that in шпtries political i preceded by ngs that a rose in |stian nissonary סח eadsח tוpolr Wawer what should t is that this mg va5, at least of a da nature.
In their response to the proselytizing activities of the Christian churches, the indigenous religions reacted in two different ways: one section appeared to concede the necessity for reform in the traditional religions and thereby obliquely accommodated some of the stances of the Christian churches. This was pronounced among the English educated middle class who were exposed to westelization. The other 5gt was essentially revivalist in character and argued for upholding the traditional beliefs and practices. In the case of Indian history it has
become customary to clite the Brahma Samaj and the Arya Samaj respectively for the re
form ist and revivalist trends.
It is of course arguable, and rightly so, that the two trends were never mutually exclusive and
the differences were more apparent than real. Both the raformers and the rewi wallsts camo
from the Hindu upper castes, but while the former were not only
English educated but also used tha C language for their II welihood and for acquiring social status, the latter were primarily tradtional in their education and used their mother tongue for their liwelihood and social communication. From this orne may postulate another hypothesis: the religious awakening and the activities connected with it took place at two levels or planes.
The reformists were because of their broader wision and greateг exposuite to non-traditional cultures, and higher social position
in their society, ргопе to take a liberal and compromising position. Besides most of thern wrote in English. (One may
illustrate this by the writings of Sri 1u thu Coomaraswany, Sir P. Ramanathan and Sir P. Arunach
2 ||

Page 24
alam all of whom took a keen interest in Hinduism and Indian hilosophy and wrote in English. 器 translated front Tar II into English. In doing Sto they probably had a particular audience in mind- an audience to whom they wanted to prove the antiquity and greatness of their tradition.)
In contrast, the Te’wi walists were largely, and highly erudite in their mother tongue and wrote in it. Their audience was the iocal intelligentsia engaged in the professions and the self employed
who were of respectable stock and generally landowners. In other Words, tho religious awakening and fervour can ba
seen at the larger national level and the local level each with their adherents and their followers. If one might use the term "elites' to describe these people, than a distinction can be drawn between the national and local elites. Bearing in mind the fact that such a distinction Is naver mu LLally exclusive we may adopt it for our analysis.
The religious revival among the Hindus in Sri Lanka was largely due to the pioneering efforts of Arumuga Nawalar (1822-1879) whose death centenary falls this year. This is not the place to na Trate in detail the crucial and seminal role played by him in kIndling a Consclousness amøng the Tamils in Sri Lanka (and South India) about their spiritual heritage. In many ways Navalar could be compared to Dayananda Saraswath (1824-1883) who founded the Arya Samaj in North India, What Dayamanda did for the Wedic religion in the North, Navalar accomplished for the Saiva-Agamic faith in South India and Sri Lanka. Hailed as the father of modern Tam|| prose, originator of public-speaking, the first non-Christian to write and publish Tamil text-books for primary and secondary schools, pioneer textual critic, an innovator in Grammar, and founder of Saiwa Schools, Nawalar strode like a colosus the Hindu-Tamil world of his day. Utilis Ing the profound knowledge he had acquired while help ing Rev. Peter Percival with the Tam il translation of the Bible, Navalar counter attacked the Christian missionaries who were publish
2.
ing tracts ridicul gods and Scriptures, publishing pungent the Christians a Towerment to Win had been converted (Here again one ci between Nawalar Saraswathi whose ( dhi " "Teclamatlon C helped to fortify Hinduism.) As a w Nawalar had few followed in this b disciples, among W ones were Siwa. Sa (1829-1891), Senth i -1924), N. Kathiri 1907), The activit |ed to the fou di Paripalana Sabhai Preservation of S; änd Lhs Jaffna HIn | 890 WF | yayā Hindu College. Ar Hindu Organ (Ju the point clear.
"The idea of by the Hindus for conceived about the late lamented Nawalat Awergal. Y |abours in the fic. and literature Ti the history of Jaffr of co-operation wi to say, 15 ii եlt: cha TacLer, the p Na War fe | | Lhr made i beginning School at Wannarpi. to the opp 5 itin Missionaries, the to register for c:cm Cei Wed by M!; practical shapo ta which in the y, the Jaffna Hindu
The paramount
Nawalar was no religious and ed No doubt they w far reaching. But social outlook tha that of any other reformer of his t Lunhesita tingly thr behind the campa Government Agent Twynam whose
extremely un popula relief measures - for the needy du farmine in || 8 Wé; H behind the four di and Batticaloa C Agricultural Cort whose Prime Pu.

ing the Hindu Nawalar started lamphlets against ld initiated a back those who to Christianity. in see a parallel and Dayananda :oncept of Shudir restowers|com” the cracks in *iter of polemics 2 quals. He was ly almost all his hom the notable ngara Pandit har natha lyer (1848 avel Pillai (1874lies of Nawalar ng of the Saiwa (Society for the livism) in 888, du High School slater renaried
editorial in the ily, 1899) makes
a College founded the Hindus was hirty years ago by iri La 5ri Aru muga whose distingulish Cid of Saiwa religion irk ar epoch ir 1a. Owing to Wint 1ich, ws äre Sarry
our tra iroposal made by Eugh, though he and started a High Znną i, Which gwing of the Wesleyan Go Wic r I ma rnt refused grant. The idea L'all Wa 5 given by the Sabhai, car B9) fou rided College."
role played by t confined to Icational fields. "ere unique and
Navalar had a t went beyond
Tam il religious imes. He had own his weight ign against the of Jaffa W. C.
TEHE LIFS for r; He organized providing meals ring the severe e was the force ng of the Jaffna or rercial and pany Limited, rpose was to
develop agriculture in the TrincoTalee District; Just before his death he campaigned for the selection of P. Ramanathan as the Tamil Representative to the Ceylon Legislature in 1879. The vacancy was created by the death of Sir M. Coomaraswamy in May 1879. Convening a meeting of the Prominent Personalit les in Jaffna, among whom were merchants, Public Notaries, Engineers, Widanes, Udayars and a sub Magistrate. Navalar drew up a memorial to be sent to the Governor (Sir James R. Longden, K. C. M. G.) requesting that Mr. P. Ramanathan be appointed 'a member of the Legislative Council to represent the interests of the community". Thus Navalar created the climate for Rai Tanatham to enter actiwa politics and rise in ladder of public life.
Nawala r was thus able to combine his interests in the religious field with practical actions that were v ital to the community and mingle both socio-politics and religion. This was a major contribution to the subsequent cultural awakern ing arTnong the Tamils.
But there was another aspect to this, Navalar. It may be reinembered spent several years in Madras lecturing and publishing. But many others-C. W. Tamotaram Pillai ( 832.—1901), W. Kanagasabhai Pillai (1855–1906), T. Chellappah Pillai, T. A. Rajaruthnam Pillai, T. Kanagas un daram Piai (8631922), T, Saravanamuthu Pillai, Sabapathy Nawalat (843-1903), A. Muthutambi Pilai (I858-1917), N. Kathiravel Pi || ali (1874—1907)— virtually spent their lives in South India holding positions in Government Service and publish ing their Works with a sense of dedication rarely se en in later times. They did wist Jaffna off and on and founded schools in their willages or helped Cthers to find avenues In Madrá5.
Such close links between Jaffna and Madras was something new. It Was true that there Yere
Connections between the Wo regons populated by people speaking a Common langLI age and cherish - ing a common cultural tradition. But the earlier links were sporadic and few and fair between. Proba - bly there were more traders,
(ராr ஐ நge :)

Page 25
NATIONALITY
Patterns of pol
by K. Sivathamby
T foregoing discussion on the Social formation of the Tamils indicates clearly the differences in the Stand they take both in relation to each other and in relation to their general status within the national polity. More important, it also reveals the pattern of think. ing behind the political actions of the successive governments in deawith the Tam il problem In general.
An analysis of the social formation of a group of people within a state and the impact it has on their political behaviour should by definition include a discussion on their class characteristics.
One factor, seen very clearly within the recent history of this question could be stated here. It could safely be asserted that whenever the government in power adopts a left-oriented economic policy, like nationalisation of estates or interventions into the private sector, the tendency for Sinhala-Tamil polarisation and the intensification of communal feelings have been very high. It would not be far too wrong to see a close connection between the decision of S. Thondaman to join the TULF (as one of its Vice-Presidents) and the decision on the part of the then government to nationalise the estates and impose a ceiling on land holdings. So too with the opposition of the professional classes among the Tamils which has always been higher during the ULF or the SLFP periods of rule than the rule of the UNP. Even if the latter were equally hostile, it is seen that a UNP government is able to evoke class unity and thereby minimise their conflicts with activities of the TULF (as exemplified in the activities of the CINTA-Ceylon Institute of National and Tamil Affairs).
But a class analysis of the Tamils of Sri Lanka should not go along
the lines of a rural The position is d cated one. Amy su first take into : bilities and the caste-class c [ E i5 true that
social organizatic ence the politic: gro LP, and it is already seen, the gå i izati Or1 is not but also very 'c its effectiveness.
Here again the Study done on class formation a The attempt mac fore, necessarily Yery tentati ye.
The Marxist t as defined by L Clue to the unde probler of the
"Classes are lar differing from c. Place they occup determined syste til by ther Te fixed and formu means of produc in Social organiz consequently by
the share of soc they dispose and it'. (A Great B
The social orgar Tic productionar social relationship in the organizatio in Jaffna (as 'fixec in the Tesawalama Batticaloa (as saa ship between the pe lord, the mulaikk Cultivator Who and the wayal karan 52rf a n d |rn the the Cirta ikkudis, bc mined in the light c Would unambiguou class-basis of the ca

itical
urban dichotomy. | finitely a compli:h analysis should ccount the possihe realities of on tinuum, For if
a 'traditional' n is able to influbehaviour of a
so as we hawe n such a social corinly 'traditional" intemporary' in
tre is no specific he character of mong the Tamils. le here is the reexploratory and
Leory of classes en in provides a rstanding of the caste-class conti
e groups of people ach other by the y in a historically m of social produclaton (in Irlast cases a ted in law) to the tion, by their role atin Cf | abour and the di Teisio 13 Cof ial wealth of which
Tio de of requirting tցining):
Iization of econold the ensuing 5 that are se en n of feudalism and formulated" i system) and in in the relation diy or, the feudal :aran, the le55ge ays fixed rent the agricultural constitution of 2nded class), exaif this definition, sly reveal the ste organization.
thinking
A further explication of the method of social control exercised in a feudal society needs to be looked into:
''The man trend of social developIn ent in the feudal society) was for a certa in social Orgari ization, having an exclusive right of discharging soical functions in the sphere of legislation, administration of justice, education, religion and military affairs, to seek to obtain the largest possiblic share of the social product using the social Institutions it had usurped to coerce the labor force" (Martin Side row. What is Historical Materialism. Mscoow-1975-. 42)
Understood in terms of the feudal conditions obtaining in Jaffna and Batticaloa, this clearly shows that the depressed castes in the traditional Tamil hierarchy are also the oppressed classes.
Euro-centric studies on the breakdown of feudalism show that the new class of bourgeoisie grew within it and led the struggle of the peasants to revolutionise it. The historical experience of this translit|on in the Asian countries has been different. Here in most cases defeudalisation took place under the impact of colonialism. we hawa already se en how in the case of the Indian Tamil labourers working in the plantations, the feudal structure was made to conform to the exploitativo demands of colonial capitalism. In the case of the Sri Lankan Tam ils too, it is true, a bourgeois class arose within it; but the first groups that arose within it, historically speaking, did not destroy that system; in fact they strengthened it. Colonialism placed the landlord class in an advantageous position in that they were the only class which could benefit by the acts of "modernization' of the colonial rulers and also in that they could, with their new found social power of administrative authority, contain the new benefits within their class. In fact it was the dialectics of the ines
B

Page 26
capable extension of the educational and social benefits given by the rulers on the basis of the Concepts of equality before law and rule of law (along with the Proselyt Izing activities of the missionaries all of which brought in a sense of egalitarianism not experienced in the previous social order) that gave the lower castes/classes Some taste of higher status and authority.
This is well demonstrated in the history of "modernization' in Jaffna. It has been shown that the "revivalist' movement in Jaffna headed by Arumuga Navalar was really an attempt "to contain the Socio-cultural changes flowing from the very character of British adIn Instration, with in the well-entrenched social framework of the Jaffna Hindu society and that the beneficiaries of these activities, by aim and choice, were the upper caste Hindus' (Social Science Review Wol. I, No. 1)
It is now a well known fact that in spilte of the "Iiberalism" of the British rulers, education and employment opportunities at the start went hand in hard with the caste system, except in small pockets like Manipay, where the missionary impact was rather high.
Up to the end of the second World War, English education was virtually a monopoly in the hands of the high caste Hindu Tamils (except in the case of the non-fishing Karayars who along with an almost peer status in the traditonal hierarchy, had also, the benofit of the services of St. Patrick's College, Jaffna but this again was confined largely to the Catholic Karayars) and thereby also employment with the government. Making full use of the educational system which provided for English education within the denominational system, the upper caste Tamilsliterally the emerging Tamil bourgeoisie-very often denied the same facility to the depressed classes (when admisson was forced, equal seating was not given in class rooms). This was also the time when the "Drift towards Colombo" started. But with in Jaffna, the system was further strengthened by the new employment opportunities found in the Federated Malay States. It
교
is interesting to ne W ford etro to an abundance vity-building tem which preserved ively. And any T. na who wanted social adder in to Jaffna to obtair cation that was Ewell the Sinhale. came to Jaffna fo education.
Thus up to the cades of this ce. class went hand
Social mobility, Caste barriers, coi the cumulative free-education sys basha-medium e di assert themselves, ened around 95 marks the awake sciousness of the the conscious aw: national bourgeoisi This led to an gamation of force the Tam i IS, i. e. castes and higher sed ranks as Tart ti Tė Whic The di were getting org: lines, (not only thr in government s through enterpre rigs) that the er brought into cdui. ploy Tient matters, tendency grew, t voting for the FP It is significant t was elected in 95 the Tam || district: for any left ist.
It would be in that this had effe nes of the Left Mo for the Left Mow really grew as an as Za torn. When the caste clas 5 collabor; gth of the Left Mo considerably. The s the Left Moyennen is the Intelligents
A major consid de Cerrim imed the CF Tamil demands on issue has been th the middle-class outside the Tam||

note that the mic affluence led of building actibles and Schools he system effectml Outslde Jaff
to go up the Ils region came
the English edupassport to it. e from Rajarata their English
first three de1 tury caste and Im hand.
cutting across nes. In only when impact of the em and the Swacation began to and this happ... But 956 also ning of the conpeasantry and uken Ing of the e on ethnic lines. nteresting amals wlthin among the depressed castes now clols. It was at a epressed castes anised on class pugh employment ervice but also nural undertakhnic factor was ational and emAnd when that he Tamils began or the TULF. hat P. Kandiah 6 and since then 5 ha wa mot voted
:e restling to mote cted the fortuwenent in Jaffna ment in Jaffna nti-caste organiTe Was an Interation, the strenwoment declined urviving base for t now In Jaffna
고,
eration that has haracter of the the nationality a necessity for Famils to Stay a reas because
of their employment, trade or profession. The decreasing opportunities for such gainful occupation coupled with the realization of the economic potential of the Tamil areas, especially after the boost the cultivation of subsidiary crops received in the seventies are tending to make even such groups support the demand for a 'separate existence".
The class position in the other Tam|| areas car not be taken as having come up to any substantlal level of consciousness. In Batticaloa the consciousness is rather low, except at urban centres, because neither "westernization" nor "Todernization' have, affected society sufficiently deeply as yet. Conversely, the pattern of settlements In the newly opened up agricultural areas in the Eastern districts is helping to increase communal Consciousness and tension. In WawLniya, the overflow from the plantations is creating a class of agrarian Proletariat.
The presence of a substantial
number of Tamils │n Colombo,
especially within the city, is an important factor to be considered
in this discussion. Although the bulk of them are from the workingclasses and the lower middle-class,
there is an articulate group of industrialists and professionals, whose cla 55 associations hawe dettermined their attitude from time to time. They hawe also act ed as a pressure on the political advocates of the Tamils demands.
Un fortunatly It is not possible to analyse the general trends of the development of class consciousness in this country and how ethnic considerations hawe man - festly become a motivating factor in socio-economic development, but it could be seen that the pattern of decolonization, or rather the ideal relating to the "decolonised state' that is in vogue, has not rejected the symbols of power and authority derived through colonalist tule.
It is clear from the above discussion that the Sri Lankan Tamil problem arises from the very economic basis of social composition of the Tamils. Both the uniting forces and the divisive factors arise from
(Cort tirred or page 5)

Page 27
Chauvinist
by Yohan Dewananda
he questions raised by Reggie
Siri war derna in the Guard lan of January 5th 1980 in response to my article in the Guardians of November 5th and December st 1979 can hardly be answered in a short communication. However, I will try to be as brief as possible.
I did not say that R. S. was one
of the "so-called Marxists" to whom I referred, I was referring to Certa In opinions that were common among certain leftist
leaders in the early years of the left mowe ment in Sri Lanka and that gawe rise to certain arrogant predictions about the imminent demise of Buddhism. Today, as a result of deferred hopes such opinions nay, no doubt, be less common. It is true that leftists may now realise more clearly what R. S.calls "the im mense ideological weight exerted by organised religion as a buttress of the established social order". But it may be asked how many of them realise the depth of genuine sacrificial inspiration in Buddhism that has continued to nourish and
from time to time revive the religious and cultural life of the people at a deep level, despite
the increas Ing corruptions of a decaying social order. Without an understanding of this positive side of Buddhism it is not possible to make correct judgements on Buddhist movements of the past and present and the possibilities of such movements in the future.
R. S. has re-iterated his previous characterisation of the SinhalaBuddhist revival as essentially chauvinist and racialist and seems to deny my contention that there are genuine radical elements. He cites the instance of Sinhala chauvinists in recent months putting up posters with the head of Anagarika Dharmapala. But the mis-using by chauvinists today of the example and teachings of Anagarika Dharmapala cannot alter the fact that he did preform an essential historical function in
ᎤᎵ Ꮫ.
Tousing the nati against the fora and language ar. of the nation Racial harmony a cannot be achiew 55ion of race and their correct
liberation. The oppression of cor is not to be foung of such basic L but in deeper
The arousing of ness has every essential stage modern history Tı0 t|watti qarnı for th; 5tathold. Mart lation of the lmi into German and translation of it
done in the te and were part Towerinent. The
ated with Cal win i because it emanat democratic and tution. Mazzini, bald of modern notable exampl resurgence. Furt res Urgence Is a птепоп алd ope lewըls and Is Inflլ factors both goo in Germany ch Martin Luther E With the rise of while the more ri rewiwalism of The associated with the two clash won the day at TF1013,5 Munzer future generation as well. Rousse; Were to echo when corrupted and institutions they were as sai of true religions.
Then, with rei of the concept asks "was it t the oppressed or from Samsara th

adical?
nal consciousness gner. And race important рагts | consciousness. ld intenationalism d by the supprelation but through expression and cause of the e race by another in the expression rges and needs economic factors. ational consciouswhere been an of progress in and has provided e development of in Luther's transyar|a| Latin Bible William Tyndale's into English were eth of opposition of a dialectical IInoWement associ5 also noteworthy :ed in an advanced "epublican const|- Cavaur and GarlItaly are other les of national her, such national complex pheno. rates at different uenced by diverse d and bad. Thus Ce te wiwalism of 362 CarThe associated the burgher class, adical or anarchist mas Munzer Was the peasants, and ed., Lutheran is : the time but was to influence is in other lands au and Woltaire is prophecies and religious concepts had to be assailed ed in the name
gard to the use of liberation, R. S. 1e II beration of
the liberation at Buddhism was
concerned with?'
fundamental
This is a question which concerns not only Buddhism but all
the major religions. It involves interpretation of history and of the birth of religion or dharma. The view that I have put forward is that the great religious founders were actually key historical figures that were involved in struggle on behalf of the oppressed in periods of radical change. Their religion or dharma grew out of this involvement. So the liberation of the oppressed is an inseparable part of the liberation from Samsara. They are not two different things un connected with each other. But with the subsequent decay of society and the domestication of religious authorities and Institutions by the Establish ment, religion and religious liberation became something quite other from liberation of the oppressed. So if "religious" people today are to get back to the authentic faith or dharma they must take their stand with the oppressed at the point at which history is being made, that is, at the point of struggle against the oppressors, which was the point at which the great founders of religion stood. Only then can they understand. In fact, this is where "Marxists' too must take their stand today if they are to recover the authentic Marx. Of course, it is not always the same point of struggle. The struggle today has advanced far beyond what it was at the time of the Buddha.
Now to come to R. S.'s resort to Trevor Ling. This recalls the famous occasion in Calcutta when Mahatma Gandhi confessed that he learnt about the Buddha from Edwin Arnold's Light of Asia. He was suitably taken to task by Anagarika Dharmapala, who asked how it was that a national leader of a country, in which the Buddha was born and preached his message, should go to a book written by a European to learn about him! As for Trevor Ling, he has taken
25

Page 28
his stand at the Halls of Acaderne and from that Olympian refuge has descended on Sri Lanka to pronounce at the Navarangahala that the country which best exemplifies the practice of Buddhist social ethics today is Burma. This is similar to the claim of certain leaders in this country that the
whole world looks to Sri Lanka for true Buddhism. No further cominent
R. S. quotes from Trevor Ling what he says is "the key document', the Sigala-vada Sutta. To begin with, it is not Sigala-vada, which means the argument (elç) of the fox or "foxism' but Sigalovade, which means advice (826) given to Sigalaka. Further, to take one Isolated quotation and come to a conclusion about such an important and wide subject is, to say the least, surprising. The quotation itself is a small part of a finely constructed discourse on the duties of the various segments of society to one another, which taken in Its context (very different from that of today), can by no means be dismissed as merely "paternalistic'. It must be remembered that, even according to the Marxist materialist conception of history, the feudal society was an advance on the slave society that preceded it and that the serfs had gained various rights and privileges through struggle.
To under5tand the tra nature of Buddhism and the Buddhist social ethic one has to take the Buddha's life and the Buddhist texts as a whole and go to the contral concepts. In my article, referred to the radical character
of the Buddha's life and action (which I admit needs further elaboration). R. S. has nothing
to say about this. With regard to the central concepts, the concept of an icca (one of the 6 scientific dharmas in the Wija bhagiya Sutta) may be given as an example of truly radical thinking. This is, of course, often interpreted in a negative sense. But it is, fundamentally, a rigorously disciplined search for the truth-going beyond the appearance of reality to the reality itself, and shows a clear understanding of the mechanics of change. In his "Dialectics of Nature'' Engels says with regard
26
to the modern dialectics: Thus returned to the of the great fol philosophy. . . . . . essential differer the case of th brilliant intuitio the result of research in : experience." (P. in the same Work to the Buddhists ment in the G other hand, dia precisely because investigation of concepts-is only and for him only a high stage of devel ts and Greeks). again, in "Feuert of classical Gern Engels points out: turning-points ha nied by religiou 5 far as the three which hawe - Cexis present-Buddhism, lslam-ate concern old tribal and na passed away in presumably becaus fulfil the historica change. (Selected and Engels. P 34: shows a certain the ancients, Of he says in his "( of early Christ history of early notable points of the modern work ment. Like the la was originally a oppressed people." Marx and Engels.
In conclusion, refer to two oth ancient and one ancient one is the It is a fascinating how a small and transformed und leadership and b Overcome and da by a big and poy The modern one story by Kumarat Hin Saraya (3-3 for children. It written story of (garden-lizard) ove elephant and a ti

inderstanding of have once again Tode of outlook ders of Greek nly with the that what in Greeks was a is lin . Our Case rictly scientific cordance with 3), Elsewhere Engels attributes lso this developBeks: "On the :ctical thoughtit pre-supposes the nature of possible for Than, a comparatively pment (Buddhis(P. 203). Then, ach and the erld an philosophy" "Great historical fe been accompachanges only so world religions ed up to the Christianity and ed'' while the tional religions I due course, e they did not imperative of Works. Marx 3). Thu 5 Engels appreciation of Christianity too Dn the history ianity": "The Christianity has esern blance with ng-class moveter, Christianity movement of (on Religion.
P. 316).
would like to 2' texts. One
Todern. The
Jmmage Jataka. description of weak people is
a lotte comes able to at an in Wilson
2rful adversary. a children's nga Munidasa{đt:), written
a beautifullyw a Katussa omes both an r. A Swedish
expert on children's education who learnt of this story by questioning a child at a achool in Sri Lanka said it was the finest children's story she had come across, and she is now engaged In making a cartoon film out of it. The author, Kumara tunga Munidasa, was yet another creative leader of the modern national revival who showed a genuine radical and revolutionary spirit.
So I re-iterate chauvinism and racial intolerance must be exposed, opposed and eradicated relentlessly there are, also, clearly, genuine radical elements in the Buddhist revival that must be diligently searched for, acknowledged, articulated more clearly, encouraged and developed, and organised for the revolutionary tasks ahead of us. These things will mature in dua time. "He that hath eyes to see let him see'
that while
Finally, I must acknowledge that | hawe written this in association with Kuliyapitya Fernando, whom | referred to in my article. I must also mention that | may not hawe unlimited time to pursue correspondence further on this subject,
Patterns . . .
(Cj rifir freis fra T1 page of)
it. A cursory glance at the social formation reveals it as basically a problem of uneven (or irregular) development, sharpened by the mode of decolonization.
Decolonization in a country that has had almost four hundred years of colonial rule should not be based on the ideological assumptions received through the superstructures of colonialism; decolonization should take the form of an intense inward search for the com inom social and economic bonds hitherto un recognized and un discovered. The process of de colonization will determine the character of the "genuine" Independence that the country seeks and it should therefore be as democratic and morally justifiable as the anticolonial movement had been, and by democracy is meant, political economic and social democracy.
(Concluded)

Page 29
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Page 30
Porn and
by Patty Rupelt
(A * Arriëricar Scholar wit) Fas recerry in Sri Larks)
Pင့ဖြိုဖွံ့ဖြိုy and degrading images of women in the media have been steadily increasing in the US with few attempts to curb this cultural trend. When buying ata smal neighbourhood store or walking down the street, one is bombarded with magazines, nė WSpapers and movie houses displaying women as sexual objects and victims of torture. One example of this increase in violent images of women was the cower of a popular monthly men's magazine which showed a naked woman being pushed into a meat grinder, being tarnsformed into hamburger.
Un til fairly recently most : tical and Social groups hawe Justified the increase of pornography on the basis of freedom of speech and expression. Those who began to question just whose rights were being defended and whose were being violated by such Images were labelled puritanical and "uptight" and ignored.
Today feminists are rejecting these liberal rationalizations for the increasing violence against Women in the Teda. Feminist analysis of pornography and images of wormām in the med la has pro
gressed beyond our gut-level response of repulsion and anger. We hawe begun to Lunder Stand
that the objectification of Women by the media in advertising and popular culture has paved the path for the new more wiolent image 3 of women in pornography. Woman
has become arı object to be marketed, not human, and thus she is treated as a non-human, degraded and tortured, and supposedly she likes it. Wiolent
pornography is also fueled by the ră pe Thylth a heterosexual perty ersion, that is offspring to the stereotype that women are naturally submissive and masochistic.
Last year two national conferences took place in the US to discuss and for Tulate strategies around the Issue of pornography.
femii
Many Issues we grass roots tact defacement of p rature, shops : education as wel Issue of Censo restrictions on obylous danger c is that they can long run against p whereas the II industry will easi to ayo id en forcem
WAWPM-We in Pornography ar one of the oldes' the organization: issue, Their focus the public as op| for legislative refc Ongoing project which graphically trend towards woman in popular ori albu T covers of Women in E sexual objects. Th of Ch 25 e albus15, targets for thi: adols cent and y לםAlbum c .17-20 (o appeal to thi no connection bet cow or and the WAWPM also or trations against p; films.
The culminatio Conferences w Arte Night' marches FrancisCO and N Oyer 20,000 wo Sarı Francisco in city which Is wo its striptease bars Usually walking |tself i fru 5 träti with its placards
with пеon—nipplє glimpses of nude side the dark
On the night of t crowded and too forcing bars and
Only a Small cont tourist5 mingled W of angry, yet jub

nism
re discussed. . . . ics involving the ornographic liteind films, public as the complex rship and legal }ornography. The pf censorship laws be used in the rogressive forces, illion-dollar porn ly find loopholes erit of such laws.
in against Wiolence ld the Media - is and largest of taking up this is on educating posed to fighting 3rms. One major is a slide show demonstrates the violence against culture, focusing is playiug pictures om dage and as
1 || 1 CC 5 TETS and thus the 5 packaging is 'oung men aged 'ers are designed s audience with Ween the album's music inside. gamises dermonsarticularly violent
of both of the "Take Back the hald in San Jew York City. men matched in an area of the rld-renowned for і апd poггi shops. this streat is TE experience, of nu de Women :S blink ing and då fi ces just in2ned rightclubs. he march wore k over the street, shops to close. ingent of confused rith the proceggion ilant Women.
Pornography is an issue that affects a women. It is not a phenomenon isolated in the West, but has a WorldWide circulation. Although censorship laws are much stricter in Asian countries, imported porn does filter through as well as domestically published and distributed pornography. Although it is not yet the thriving business tbat it is in the West, it appears that its availability and popularity is increasing. Asian women must wake Lip to this Insidious cultural trend and begin to develop their
W analysis and resistice anti-female culture. This demands a strong 5 tilm Ce, goling beyond puritanical objections, reclaiming not only our physical identities, but also our mental and emotional identities as women.
Cultural . . .
Con le st71 page 22)
soldiers and adventurers
scholers and poets.
The opportunities British rule to trawal to India freely not only revived earlier bonds but also established new relationships that were different in quality. By living and working in the midst of Tamils who were themselves experiencing tremendous changes, these scholars from Sri Lanka engaged in a two way trafic of ideas and Tovements that ushered in a new era. These scholars considered themselves part of the mainstream of Tamil culture and contributed to it as much as they received. In fact during the time of Nawalar and about three
than
Lunder tha
decades after his death it was the "Jaffna School" that dolinated the literary scene in Madras.
The later A. W. Subramaniam Ayyar (1900-1976) has rightly remarked that the most eminent Tamil scholar in the last qua ter of 19th Century was perhaps C. W. Tamotaram Pillai. 'He belongs to the band of Jaffna Tamil scholars and is next in importance only to Arum Liga Nawalar who exercised considerable influence ower him and his literary work".
(To be continued)

Page 31
YOUNG ARTIST
call is out to redress an injustice that we have tolerated for un told years — a call for a proPernational Art Gallery in Colombo, a place where our young painters and sculptors will be able to display their work and sel | It, without being fleeced by the un scrupulous entrepreneurs who exploit them mercilessly today. Above al|| we need a haven for the young artists who do not come from families that can afford to organise exhibitions and stock oils and can
V355es for years.
This was most forcefully brought home by Jack Kulasinghe, who will exhibit his work at the Lionel Wendt from the 19th to the 24th March, When he held a of his work some days ago.
Private preview
Jack's paintings are remarkable for their diversity; abstracts in
muted half-tone side with the pi Style of our ancie Leaving the be: 5 earch for old t Contributed his this traditional ing murals at Mo kut Luwa temples has done a few Sarine style, and his compositions range of styles a Te a fark of F artist. A graduat of Aesthetic Stuk be a young arti encouraged and ally since paintin today Is ang fiel talent is advancin behind the schoic ters' and "watery' We car well dow style and form w a true portrait &
Park Rida i frighe ar sark
 

S
s hanging side by imary colours and 2nt temple murals. liten track in his епрles, Jack has mite to preserving art form by copylulk irigala and Pi||- In addition, he Originals in the the originality of and the wide he has mastered is ability as an 2 of the Institute dies, he seems to Si Who should be 3romoted, especig in Sri Lanka d in which young g bra Wely, leaying of "Sunday painlands Capes, which ithout, for a new hich cari present 3f Sri Lånka life.
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Page 32
A DIRECTOR IS
eleased without much publiR: the new Sinhala film Kanchana may run the risk of being mistaken as Just another run-of-the-mill production by filmgoers who have not heard of it. That would be a pity, Kanchana Tarks the advent to the screen of a noteworthy new directorial talent. Sanghadasa is a young man who first drew attention with a short film he made several years ago about forests. I haven't seen that documentary, made under the SFC's short film scheme, but I have heard it highly spoken of, and Kancha na confirms the fact that here is a new director whose work will repay watch ing
Kanchana is a film about a group of people who are making a Sinhala movie. A few months ago We happened to see in an international festival Francois Truffaut's film on a similar subject, Day for Night. The best compliment I can pay to Kanchana is that Sanghadasa (entirely un influenced by the French film and working with much less experience and Infinitely less technical resources) has produced a work that is not disgraced by the comparison. Kancha na has a genuinely local flavour and relevance which to me at any rate make it not less interesting than Day for Night. The film within the film in Kancha na is an old-style Sinhala movie, and Sanghadasa gets some delightful satire at the ex
pense of this tradition and the film-makers who work in it.
There is a memorably strong
performance by Wally Nanayakkara as the Directo T with a Weakne55 for pretty girls and Sriyan Amarase na is also excellent as his longsuffering wife. Kanchana has only two serious weaknesses: the young actress who plays the starlet shows her inexperience, not only on the film-set (where it is appropriate) but off It: and the ending is a conventionally romantic one which doeson't bring to a focus the film's more substantial themes. But in this, his first feature, Sanghadasa
O
shows a comman for the medium suggest that he with a future.
Conrad and
Joseph Conrad much studied in Lu in Sri Lanka, but that reason that draw at tention tC. him by Jeremy | picked up the British Council Lib is one of the
Itics of literatur; out of the straitmulas of 'socialist like Dostoevsky, a Marxist critic's cause he was cor political beliefs, b monstrates that native view of th cularly of Imperi: equated with his Ideology.
What is partic about Hawthorn's titled Joseph Co and Fictional Sel is that Hawthor between a socia analysis of Conra never found part applications of m to literary critici of this kind see make simple ob: needlessly com Call fa 5 h Icon. But E follow the fa 5 hion ican stylistics; he On the work of linguistics like W to bring out the f interest in the pitfalls of langua of his work, and r me55 of the diw social World.
ProbleTin Cor"
The governor for three prison and Peter-and paper discs. Thre white, and two

BORN
of and a feeling which definitly Is a film-Taker
Marxism
Is a nowelIst nversity courses : It isn't just for | 5 houd Like to a new book on -awthor which other day in the brary. Hawthorn younger Marxist who hawe Towed jacket of the forrealism'. Conrad, is a good test of intelligence, beservative in his ut Hawthor deConrad's imaghe world-partiıli 5rT1—can r1ot b 2 consciously held
ularly Interesting book, which is nrad.: Language -Consciousness,
effects a fusion
I and Inguistic d’s Work. I hawe icularly useful the odern linguistics sm: most efforts m to me only to ia Twations in a plicated techniHawthorn doesn't s of Anglo-Amera draws instead Sowjet scholars of ygotsky and Luria act that Conrad's potentialities and ge is at the heart "eflects his awya Teisions within his
e
of a prison sent er5-John, James
5 howed the Tı fi'ye e of them were were black.
Touch stor
"Now," he said, "I'm going to pin one of these discs on the back of each one of you. Each of you Will be able to See the disc5 on the backs of the other two but not your own, and you won't be allowed to communica te w|th each Other, The first rman who te || 5 me corretly the colour of the disa on his back Will be released, but make sure you are right before you answer, because the Price of a Wrong gue 55 iş arı additional five years' sentence."
The governor then pinned a disc on the back of each of the three Ten. After ten Tinutes Peter, the most Intelligent of the the prisioners, told the governor, "My disc is white." How did he work this out?
LANKA GUARDAN
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Page 33
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Page 34
Pushlkin . . .
(Corrín Led frofil page :0)
"C'est Wanus tau entente atti, cho
a a proic"
becomes Cairncross" flaccid
"All Wenus" might has fastened on her prey". The movement of
Siriwardena’s werse has a rapidity and sinewiness perfectly actured to characters who are
Predominantly active, both ment
ally and physically; it has a swiftness, a quality of cut and thrust, a total freedom that makes it ideal material for an
actor; it speaks aloud in the еаг, as it Were. It is evident that here his experience as a dramatic critic has taught him what effec
tive writing for the stage should be.
There is distinct difference of approach in the two plays selec
gd. Whi|| The is tightly-constru logically through of character a The Stone Gue a piece of brawl Pushkin'5 " part. must hawe be E werbal wirtuos|ty admiration, a tra 15 t'Or — met
ease, and all t might expect c "Witty, civilised'
technique is da Zi sections of the
off manificentlyopening, the m Don Juan's speec "Is it a slign of Thai by her riposte t his strid 2-a PASS to project the i Juan's swift Wit,
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Cowetous Knight cted and works the conjunction Id crcumstance, st appears to be Ira Writing on
In Russian, it in a display of
that compelled challenge to a here with seeming
he panache one if the original. " it is, ard the
zling. There are
play that come he pace of the ounting force of :h to Donna Anna, idness?" followed aken so deftly in age which serves mpression of Don
his ar dour and
alacrity of Spirit, with in tem lines The individual voices of Laura and Anna, their cha Tacters and relatioпship to Jшап аге indicated with telling, if una validably sketchy strokes. Inevitably, though, the episodic construction prevents the play from gaining momen cum and deprives it of the compulsive power that marks. The Cowetous Knight.
A direct
tion and a
dic
flexible rhythm hawe been exploited with
down-to-earth
forceful yet
remarkable Tesourcefulness
mirror the ruling passions of the
protagonist and delineate their natures in a way that compels conviction. Siri wardena's fidelity
to his model rewards his readers because it brings Pushkin's crea
tions to life for ther.
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